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LIPPIITCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S GAZETTEER. 
 
 NEW AND COMPLETE 
 
 GAZETT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES; 
 
 GIVING A 
 
 FULL AND COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRESENT CONDITION, INDUSTHY, AND RESOUHCES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Mtxim €mttkxnq: S^^/^^^^ 
 
 EMBRACING, ALSO, 
 
 IMPORTANT TOPOGEAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL INFORMATION, 
 
 FROM RECENT AND ORIGINAL SOURCES; TOGETHER WITH THE 
 
 RESULTS OF THE CENSUS OF 1850, AND POPULATION 
 
 AND STATISTICS IN MANY CASES TO 1853. 
 
 By THOMAS BALDWIN and J. THOMAS, M.D. 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO" 
 
 1854. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by 
 
 tIPPINCOTT, 6RAMB0 & CO. 
 
 \ ~* i * k '1 ^^ Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Eastern District of 
 ' ^ " Pennsylvania. 
 
 , A. 
 
 -A: 
 
PUBLISHEES' PEEFACE. 
 
 "We are gratified in being able to offer to the public the most 
 elaborate, comprebensive, and perfect Gazetteer of tbe United States 
 that has ever issued jfrom the press. In its preparation, no considera- 
 tions of expense or labor have been allowed to interfere with a work 
 designed to be as perfect as possible in every department, and in 
 ALL OF ITS DETAILS, l^or have the successive issues of other Gazet- 
 teers, hurried through the press to claim the market, tempted us to 
 offer our book before all of the results of the ample Census of 1850, 
 and other material in the hands of the Editors, were fully digested 
 
 AND ACCURATELY ARRANGED. 
 
 When this Gazetteer was first announced, 900 pages were designed 
 as the utmost limit of the book. But owing to the amount of im- 
 portant matter, accumulated through the personal labors of the 
 Editors, and their assistants, as well as through the active efforts of 
 
 SEVERAL THOUSAND CORRESPONDENTS IN ALL PARTS OF THE UNITED 
 
 States, the work has swelled to above 1300 pages. This new matter 
 is all of a recent character, and in many instances embraces Sta- 
 tistics AND Populations to 1853, obtained since the census was taken. 
 This gives it an inestimable value over every other work of the kind 
 
 in existence. 
 
 Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 
 
 Publishers. 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 At no time since the first settlement of our country have so many 
 important changes taken place as during the last ten years. Within that 
 period the Republic has been increased by the acquisition of territory 
 comprising above 800,000 square miles, an area considerably greater 
 than that of Spain, Italy, France, Great Britain, and Germany combined. 
 This new territory, added to that previously belonging to the United 
 States, gives an extent of about 3,000,000 square miles, nearly equalling 
 the whole of continental Europe ; while in the diversity of its geogra- 
 phical features, as well as in that of its climate, and in the variety of its 
 productions, it greatly surpasses every other country or region of equal 
 area on any portion of the globe. 
 
 Although much of the newly acquired territory is of little value for 
 agricultural purposes, the remote position and exhaustless mineral wealth 
 of one portion has aroused and kept awake a spirit of enterprise that 
 has imparted new life to every department of business. An activity 
 unexampled in the history of our nation, has been communicated not 
 only to commerce and manufactures, to supply the constantly increasing 
 wants of the gold-producing State — but also to the construction of new 
 lines of communication, by which the remoter regions of our vast terri- 
 tory may be rendered readily accessible to all. Hence it is, that within 
 the last two or three years, railroads have been projected on a scale, and 
 are being completed with a rapidity unparalleled in the past achieve- 
 ments of this or any other country. A railway map of our North-western, 
 Western, and South-western States, containing a perfect representation 
 of the roads that were planned and completed a year ago, would now be so 
 far antedated as scarcely to be recognized by one who is familiar with the 
 lines as they exist at present. It is these lines of communication which 
 convey, like so many arteries, the nourishment which has supplied the 
 amazing growth of our hundred and twenty cities. It is to these that 
 Chicago owes her astonishing prosperity, and an increase which, if con- 
 tinued in the same ratio, would, in less than twenty years, give her a 
 population far greater than that of New York at the present time. (See 
 United States, page 1178.) 
 
 5 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 Our country exhibits at present a remarkable combination of all the 
 various elements of national prosperity and progress, at least so far as 
 regards material "wealth and power. On the one hand we see a spirit of 
 boundless activity and enterprise, pervading not only every class, but, we 
 might almost say, every individual of the entire community: on the 
 other, we behold the gifts of fortune poured out without stint or measure 
 everywhere around us. We need only allude to our immense agricultural 
 resources, to our extraordinary commercial advantages, and to those 
 recent discoveries of inexhaustible mineral wealth in different parts of 
 the United States, but more especially in that new El Dorado, whose 
 true history throws into the shade all that was fabled of the ancient 
 
 Hermus, or 
 
 "Rich Pactolus, rolled o'er sands of gold." 
 
 Nor should we omit to mention — what is indeed no less important, and, 
 we may add, is equally the gift of fortune to our country — the thronging 
 myriads that are constantly poured upon our shores from over-peopled 
 Europe, supplying laborers for our great works of internal improvement, 
 and for the development of those unexplored resources which seem too 
 vast for the unassisted efforts of any single nation. 
 
 To represent correctly the present condition of this Republic, so vast 
 in its extent, so various in its features, and so astonishing in its progress, 
 is the task that has been proposed to us. The inherent difEculties of the 
 undertaking — difficulties not so much owing to the endless number and 
 variety of topics, as to the changes that are continually taking place in 
 every city or village throughout the land — must be obvious to every 
 intelligent and reflecting mind. No reasonable person will look for 
 perfection in a work of this kind ; but those who feel an interest in the 
 progress of their country, or who seek information respecting any town 
 or section within the limits of our immense territory, will expect and 
 have a right to demand, that a book professing to be a " Gazetteer of the 
 United States," shall be as nearly perfect in respect to completeness and 
 accuracy, as it is possible for unremitting labor and the most watchful 
 diligence to make it. 
 
 In the performance of our arduous task, we have been anxious to avail 
 ourselves of every possible means through which recent and authentic 
 information might be obtained. We have not only carefully consulted 
 the numerous and valuable works on topography and statistics that have 
 been published within the last few years, but have been at particular pains 
 to collect our materials as much as possible from private and original 
 sources. In the last respect (originality) we feel persuaded that our 
 Gazetteer may claim, both as regards matter and arrangement, a great 
 superiority ever every other work of the kind that has been published in 
 this country. By deriving the most important part of our information 
 
PREFACE. 7 
 
 from individuals actually residing in the particular town or section to be 
 described, we have been enabled to bring our work fully up to the times, 
 and to avoid the numerous errors that result from copying from other 
 works which were either written themselves, or have derived their mate- 
 rials from those that were written many years ago. 
 
 Especial attention has been given to the subject of arrangement, so 
 all-important in every work of reference. A particular explanation of 
 our plan will be found on page 11. It may be proper, however, to 
 observe here, that in all those cases in which the same name — such as 
 Washington, for example — is applied to a multitude of different places, 
 and consequently is repeated a great number of times, the repeated names 
 are so arranged that one who is acquainted with our plan can at once 
 turn to the particular place which he may be in search of. The longer 
 articles are divided into sections, distinguished by headings, which indi- 
 cate to the inquirer at a glance the part where he must look for information 
 respecting the different topics treated of in the article. Under the head 
 of <-<-Ohjects of Interest to Tourists,'" is comprised a much greater variety 
 of subjects than would be implied in the common expression, "Natural 
 Curiosities," inasmuch as it has been deemed proper to point out not only 
 natural, but also artificial curiosities ; in short, all such objects as would 
 be especially interesting to the scientific and general inquirer, as well as 
 to the admirer of the wonders of nature. 
 
 In a work comprising such an immense variety of matter, and contain- 
 ing many thousand names not given in any other Gazetteer, it is obvious 
 that a large number of the descriptions must of necessity be brief. It 
 will, however, be perceived that the notices of all important places are 
 full and comprehensive ; and these have been almost without exception 
 prepared from materials recently furnished by some one residing in the 
 place described, or its immediate vicinity. We have been anxious, as far 
 as our limits would permit, to do full justice to every section of the 
 United States ; but especial attention has been bestowed upon the newer 
 portions of our country, both on account of the greater interest felt by 
 all in the young and rising settlements of the West, and on account of 
 those constant and rapid changes, to keep pace with which, the most 
 unremitting diligence and watchfulness are necessary. The notices of 
 the counties in this Gazetteer will, it is believed, be found far more full 
 and satisfactory than those given in other similar works. The aim of the 
 editors has been, to sum up in a small compass all the more important 
 
 facts, including ALL THE MOST INTERESTING POINTS IN THE STATISTICS 
 FURNISHED BY THE CENSUS OF 1850. 
 
 While on the subject of statistics, it may be observed that the popula- 
 tion of a great number of the Western towns has been very inadequately 
 represented by the census returns of 1850, owing doubtless not only to 
 
b PREFACE. 
 
 the ravages of the cholera in 1849, but to its prevalence also, in many 
 places, at the very time the census was being taken. The knowledge of 
 this fact has made us very anxious to procure from other sources materials 
 whereby the statements of the census might be corrected or confirmed. 
 Accordingly, we have sought and obtained a large amount of local 
 information, which has enabled us, in a multitude of instances, to give 
 the population of towns and villages up to 1853. And although in some 
 cases the populations given are only estimates furnished by some resident 
 of the place, yet such an approximation to the true census as this will 
 generally furnish, is of the greatest service in enabling one to form a just 
 idea of the size and importance of a town ; and, indeed, may be much 
 nearer the actual truth than a regular census taken when, owing to some 
 extraordinary cause, the place may have far less or far more than its 
 average number of inhabitants. 
 
 It will be perceived that in a majority of instances we have given the 
 origin of the names of the different counties, more particularly of such 
 names as have been bestowed in honor of some distinguished individual. 
 This has never before been done in any Gazetteer of the United States. 
 It is due, in our opinion, to posterity, as well as to the reputation of each 
 State, that the names and character of those who have been distinguished 
 for their services, either to the country at large or to the particular settle- 
 ment which they may have honored by their private virtues, or defended 
 by their valor, should be preserved in some more public and enduring 
 record than the memory of those who have been eyewitnesses of their 
 great or noble deeds. It is to be regretted that so many works on the 
 geography or history of the individual States, omit to give us those par- 
 ticulars respecting the character and life of the more prominent of the 
 early settlers, which cannot fail to be of the greatest interest to the next, 
 if not to the present generation, and which it is all the more important to 
 mention, because they are seldom found in works of a more extensive and 
 general character. It is scarcely necessary to observe, that many inte- 
 resting incidents, which could now be readily given with all the attending 
 circumstances, will, in a few years, either be entirely lost, or only con- 
 nected with authentic history by some frail thread of tradition, or some 
 semifabulous legendary story. 
 
 It may be remarked that in a few instances, the pronunciation of 
 geographical names — especially of such as are difficult or of foreign 
 origin^has been given in this work. Those who feel a particular curiosity 
 with regard to this subject, are referred to Baldwin's Pronouncing Gazet- 
 teer, in which the names are not only pronounced, but the principles of 
 geographical pronunciation are laid down and fully explained. 
 
 It remains for us to perform an act of justice by acknowledging our 
 obligations to the different sources whence we have obtained our most 
 
PREFACE. 9 
 
 valuable information. Among the Vorks to wMcli we are especially 
 indebted, is Hunt's "Merchant's Magazine," a commercial journal of 
 the highest character, treating of almost every subject related either 
 directly or indirectly to trade, finance, internal improvements, &c. 
 
 Nor can we omit to express our great obligations to the "American 
 Almanac," a publication of which each successive issue has only contri- 
 buted to establish and extend a reputation that has long been of the very 
 highest order. As a convenient, accurate, and well-digested compendium 
 of scientific and miscellaneous information, we know of no book worthy 
 to be compared with it. 
 
 "We should withhold a just tribute from one of the ablest and most 
 interesting periodicals published in our country, did we omit to acknow- 
 ledge the important assistance we have derived from Db Bow's " Com- 
 mercial Review;" nor are we less indebted to the "Internal Resources 
 of the South and West," a work comprising an immense amount of 
 geographical and statistical information respecting a vast region whose 
 resources have till recently been almost unexplored. 
 
 For no inconsiderable portion of the commercial statistics contained 
 in our work — especially in relation to places situated on the great 
 lakes — we are indebted to Andrews' "Report on Colonial and Lake 
 Trade." 
 
 We would here take occasion to express our heartfelt acknowledg- 
 ments to the Honorable J. Guthrie, Secretary of the Treasury, for the 
 courtesy and promptitude he has manifested in furnishing us, from his 
 department, the various documents necessary in prosecuting our work. 
 
 In addition to the above, we have consulted numerous works on the his- 
 tory and geography of the individual States, among which we may name, 
 Wheeler's "History of North Carolina," White's "Statistics of Geor- 
 gia," and Hunt's " Gazetteer of Wisconsin," published late in the summer 
 of the present year. The editor of the last-named work very kindly 
 forwarded to us the sheets of his Gazetteer as they were printed, many 
 weeks before the entire work was given to the public, by which means we 
 were enabled to avail ourselves of whatever new and valuable matter it 
 contained, respecting one of the most important and rapidly improving 
 of all the Western States. 
 
 But if our acknowledgments are due to the works from which we have 
 derived such important assistance, we owe, indeed, our heartfelt thanks 
 to the gentlemen in difierent parts of the Union, who have so generously 
 contributed to aid us in our laborious undertaking. We are not permitted 
 to give the names of many of those — especially in the Southern and 
 Western States — to whom our warmest acknowledgments are due. But we 
 take great pleasure in paying a just tribute of gratitude to the following 
 gentlemen, who have furnished information, without which our work 
 
10 PREFACE. 
 
 would have been very deficient with respect to many important places 
 in the Eastern and Middle States. 
 
 William Allen, Louis 0. Cowan, S. Cram, David L. Eaton, 
 Archibald Jones, Robert Low, Charles Lowell, (Editor of the 
 "Maine Light,") of Maine. 
 
 James Bell, C. W. Burt, William H. Hackett, of New Hampshire. 
 
 H. B. BoGUE, Jesse Cooper, George W. Hartshorn, Ariel Hunton, 
 M.D., B. F. Langdon, D. G. Peabodt, of Vermont. 
 
 W. T. Davis, Thomas A. Gold, Isaac R. Howe, S. B. Parkman, 
 Leavitt Thaxton, Henry Wheatland, of Massachusetts. 
 
 John Boyd, L. L. Camp, J. T. Clarke, J. H. Carpenter, 0. S. 
 Terry, Ralph Gilbert, George Hubbard, Ralph R. Phelps, E. 
 ScoviLL, J. F. Wade, Samuel W. Woodruff, of Connecticut. 
 
 J. W. Bailey, W. L. Crandal, Jesse P. Haines, Benjamin Hodge, 
 William H, Potter, of New York. 
 
 Maurice Beesley, Allen H. Brown, Samuel Cassidy, J. B. Clarke, 
 Charles D. Hendry, Richard C. Holmes, Robert S. Kennedy, Samuel 
 Lilly, James B. Lane, William Otis, and J. Q. Stearns, M.D., of 
 New Jersey. 
 
 In committing the result of our long and arduous labours to the public, 
 we are encouraged by the reflection that thosewhose criticism is most to be 
 valued or feared, will be most capable of appreciating the extraordinary 
 difl&culties of our undertaking, and will best know how to make allowance 
 for those imperfections from which no human production can be entirely 
 exempt. 
 
 Philadelphia, December 23, 1853. 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN, ETC., 
 
 OF THE PRESENT WORK. 
 
 I. The population of states, counties, and 
 townships, and the agricultural and other 
 statistics of the counties, are invariably given 
 (except in the case of California) according 
 to the census of 1850: in such instances, no 
 date is usually affixed. 
 
 The population and agricultural statistics 
 of the counties of California are given ac- 
 cording to the census of 1852, as stated in 
 the Governor's message, issued January, 
 1853. 
 
 The population of villages and towns (ex- 
 cept of the larger class) being very rarely 
 given in the census, has generally been ob- 
 tained from private correspondents or other 
 recent sources. They usually refer to 1852 
 or 1853 : in these cases, however, the dates 
 are generally affixed. 
 
 II. With regard to arrangement, the great- 
 est care has been used to make it alphabeti- 
 cal in the strictest sense. If a name is com- 
 posed of two or three parts, it is arranged in 
 the same place as if it were written as a 
 single word : thus, Oak Orchard (Oakoe- 
 chard) is placed after Oakland and before 
 Oak Ridge. 
 
 When one and the same name, referring to 
 different places, occurs several times in suc- 
 cession, the repeated names are arranged 
 according to the order of the states or ter- 
 ritories in which the places are situated, as 
 follows: — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
 South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, 
 Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Ten- 
 nessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, 
 Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, AVisconsin, Minne- 
 sota, New Mexico, Utah, California, Oregon, 
 and Washington. Thus, if one is looking for 
 a place named Washington, in Maine, he will 
 find it at the beginning of the series; if in 
 Georgia or Louisiana, near the middle ; if in 
 Iowa or Wisconsin, near the end. If the 
 same name should chance to be given to se- 
 veral townships or villages in one state, these 
 are arranged according to the names of the 
 counties in which they are situated. Thus, 
 Centre, a township of Guernsey county, Ohio, 
 
 will be given after Centre of Columbiana 
 county, and before Centre of Monroe county. 
 
 The general rule of arrangement by states 
 has the following partial exceptions : — 1. Na- 
 tural objects, such as rivers, mountains, &c., 
 are given before states, counties, or towns of 
 the same name. It is important, however, 
 to observe that when the word "river" is an 
 essential part of the name, as in Red River, 
 Bear River, it will take its regular alpha- 
 betical place as a compound word. For ex- 
 ample. Bear River will come after Bear 
 Creek and Bear Mountain, and before Bear- 
 town. 2. All the counties of one name are 
 given together (arranged according to the 
 order of the states, as exhibited above) be- 
 fore any of the towns or villages. 
 
 Cities, villages, and towns of the same 
 name are arranged according to the order of 
 the states, but promiscuously, since there is, 
 in our country, no decided and permanent 
 distinction between a village and a town, or 
 between a town and a city. 
 
 III. It is proper to observe, that what is 
 called a "town" in New England, is a very 
 different thing from a town in most of the 
 other states. In order to prevent any mis- 
 apprehension from this source, as well as for 
 the sake of consistency, the same designation 
 has been applied to these as to townships in 
 other states, for it seems proper, in a gene- 
 ral work on the United States, to avoid as 
 much as possible merely local or sectional 
 terms and phrases. It should, however, be 
 remarked that the townships of New England 
 differ from those of the other states in this — 
 they invariably contain a village of the same 
 name, although this village may have but a 
 few houses, and may be far from being the 
 largest in the township. 
 
 Whenever, after describing a village, the 
 population of the township is given, unless 
 expressly stated to the contrary, the town- 
 ship is to be understood as having the same 
 name as the village. 
 
 IV. Care has been taken to give the cor- 
 rect spelling of names, as this is essential to 
 their proper alphabetical arrangement. As 
 this subject, however, is one of great diffi- 
 culty, inasmuch as the greatest diversity fre- 
 
 11 
 
12 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLAN. 
 
 quently prevails even among writers well ac- 
 quainted with the names in question, two or 
 three different spellings have in many in- 
 stances been given in this Gazetteer, with a 
 reference to what was considered the pre- 
 ferable or more popular spelling. It would, 
 however, have been impossible to do this in 
 all cases, on account of the immense number 
 of names variously written. It is, there- 
 
 fore, recommended that the inquirer should 
 not abandon the search in despair, even if he 
 does not find a name with the spelling with 
 which he is most familiar : e. ^. if he should 
 not find Perryvillb, he may perhaps find 
 the place he is in search of under Perrys- 
 viLLE ; if he cannot find Clarksville, he 
 may very probably succeed in finding 
 Clarkesville, &c. &c. 
 
 A LIST OF ABBKEVIATIONS 
 USED IN THIS WORK. 
 
 Ala. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Ark. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Cal. 
 
 California. 
 
 dis. 
 
 district. 
 
 CO. 
 
 county. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Del. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Fla. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 111. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 lo. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Ky. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 La. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Md. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Me. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Miss. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Mo. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 N. J. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ogn. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 0. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 par. 
 
 parish. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Population. 
 
 R. L 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Ter. or Terr. 
 
 Territory. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Va. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Vt. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 
 
 AAR 
 
 Aaeonsburg, a post-village in the S. E. 
 part of Centre county, Pennsylvania, on an 
 affluent of Penn's creek, about 20 miles E. by 
 S. from Bellefonte, and 89 miles N. N. W. 
 from Harrisburg. Population about 200. 
 
 Aaronsbueg, a post-office of Clinton county, 
 New York. 
 
 Aaron's PiUN, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Kentucky, 65 miles E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Abbaye Point, in the upper peninsula 
 of Michigan, is situated between Huron bay 
 and Keweenaw bay, on Lake Superior. 
 
 Abbebville, a post-office of La Fayette 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Abbeville, a district in the W. N. W. part 
 of South Carolina, bordering on Georgia, has 
 an area of about 960 square miles. The Sa- 
 vannah river (navigable by small boats) forms 
 the entire boundary on the S. W., and the 
 Saluda river on the N. E. ; the district is 
 drained by Long Cane and Rocky rivers, 
 affluents of the Savannah. The surface is 
 elevated, and finely diversified in hill and 
 dale ; the soil is generally fertile, well wa- 
 tered, and extensively cultivated. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, sweet pota- 
 toes, and swine are the staples. This dis- 
 trict produced in 1850, 27,192 bales of cot- 
 ton; 1,054,333 bushels of corn; 99,101 of 
 wheat; 279,935 of oats; and 119,774 of 
 sweet potatoes. There were 39 grist mills, 
 8 saw and planing mills, and 12 tanneries. 
 It contained 43 churches and 2 newspaper 
 establishments. There were 1151 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, 500 attending a col- 
 lege, and 557 attending academies or other 
 schools. Three gold mines are worked in the 
 district. It is intersected by the Greenville 
 and Columbia railroad, lately constructed. 
 Abbeville is one of the most populous districts 
 in the N. W. part of the state. Capital, 
 Abbeville. Populaticn 32,318. 
 
 Abbeville, a small town, capital of the 
 above district, is situated on an affluent of 
 Little river, 97 miles W. by N. from Columbia, 
 (with which it is connected by railroad,) and 
 629 miles S. W. from Washington. It contains 
 a court-house, jail, arsenal, magazine, and a 
 newspaper office. The surrounding country 
 is fertile, and mostly occupied by plantations 
 B 
 
 ABE 
 
 of cotton and Indian corn. Population about 
 400. 
 
 Abbeville, a post-village, capital of Henry 
 county, Alabama, on Yattayabba creek, 211 
 miles S. E. of Tuscaloosa, and 837 W. S. W. 
 from Washington. It was chosen as the county 
 seat in 1834. Present population about 300. 
 
 Abbeville, a post-office of Vermilion par- 
 ish Louisiana. 
 
 Abbeyville, a post-village of Medinx 
 county, Ohio, on a branch of Rocky river, 
 123 miles N. E. of Columbus. 
 
 Abbot, a post-township of Piscataquis 
 county, Maine, 76 miles N. by E. from Au- 
 gusta, intersected by the Piscataquis river. 
 Population 747. 
 
 Abbot, a township of Sheboygan county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Abbott's Ckeek, a post-office of Davidson 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Abbotsfobd, a post-office of Westchester 
 county, New York. 
 
 Abbott's Creek, of Davidson county. North 
 Carolina, flows southward into Yadkin river. 
 
 Abbottstown, a post-village of Adams 
 county, Pennsylvania, on a small affluent of 
 Conewago creek, 16 miles W. S. W. from 
 York, and 29 miles S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Abbottsville, a post-office of Darke coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Abb's Valley, a post-office of Tazewell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Abe Spring, a post-office of Calhoun county, 
 Florida. 
 
 Aberdeen', a flourishing town, capital of 
 Monroe county, Mississippi, is situated on the 
 right bank of Tombigbee river, 165 miles N. 
 E. from Jackson, 28 miles N. from Colum- 
 bus, and about 400 miles by water from 
 Mobile. It is the largest town on the Tom- 
 bigbee, and one of the most flourishing and 
 commercial places in the state. Steamboats 
 navigate the river regularly from Mobile to 
 Aberdeen during the greater part of the 
 year, and about 30,000 bales of cotton are 
 shipped annually from the latter town. It 
 was formerly considered the limit of steam 
 navigation on this river, but recently boats 
 have ascended 40 miles farther during high 
 water. The projected railroad from Mobile 
 
 17 
 
ABE 
 
 ACA 
 
 to the Ohio river passes 5 miles W. from Aber- 
 deen. The adjacent country is highly produc- 
 tive. Two or three newspapers are published 
 in the town. An active emigration has been 
 directed to this vicinity during the last ten 
 years. First settled in 1836. Population in 
 1853, about 5000. 
 
 Aberdeen, a post-office of Monroe county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Abekdeen, a small village of Monroe 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Aberdeen, a post- village of Brown county, 
 Ohio, 123 miles S. W. from Columbus. It is 
 situated on the Ohio river, opposite Mays- 
 ville in Kentucky. Population about 800. 
 
 Aberdeen, a post-office of Ohio county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Aberfoil, a post-office of Macon county, 
 Alabama, 158 miles S. E. of Tuscaloosa, 
 
 Abebnethy, a post-village of Perry county, 
 Missouri, about 10 miles S. W. of Mississippi 
 river. 
 
 Abert (d'bert) Lake, in Minnesota Terri- 
 tory, W. of Sioux river, in lat. 44° 30' N., 
 Ion. 97° 15' W. It is scarcely 2 miles W. from 
 Lake Poinsett ; length about 8 miles, greatest 
 breadth 3 or 4 miles. 
 
 Abert Lake, Oregon, in lat. about 42° 45' 
 N., Ion. 120° W., is about 20 miles long, and 5 
 miles wide. It is a curious fact that neither 
 of these lakes is connected witJi any import- 
 ant body or stream of water. They were 
 named in honor of Colonel J. J. Abert, chief 
 of the Topographical Bureau at Washington. 
 
 Abingdon, a post- village of Harford county, 
 Maryland, about 25 miles N. E. from Balti- 
 more, and 62 N. N. E. from Annapolis. It 
 is situated about 4 miles S. W. of the rail- 
 road connecting Havre de Grace with Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Abingdon, a handsome town, capital of 
 Washington county, Virginia, is pleasantly 
 situated in a valley between the main forks of 
 Holston river, about 7 miles from each, 304 
 miles W. by S. from Richmond, and nearly 8 
 miles from the boundary of Tennessee. It is 
 the most considerable and flourishing town in 
 the S. W. part of Virginia. The situation is 
 elevated, the town is well built, and the prin- 
 cipal street is macadamized. It contains 
 6 churches, 2 academies, 2 printing-offices, 
 and manufactories of leather, saddles, and 
 harness. Abingdon is on the route of the 
 great railroad which is in progress of con- 
 struction between Lynchburg on one hand, 
 and Knoxville, Tennessee, on the other, 
 which, when finished, will form part of the 
 most direct route from New York to New 
 Orleans. Population about 1000. 
 
 Abingdon, a post-village of Lake county, 
 Illinois, 4 miles S. W. from Waukegan, and 
 243 N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Abingdon, a post-office of Jefferson county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Abington, a post-township of Plymouth 
 county, Massachusetts, on the Old Colony 
 18 
 
 railroad, 20 miles S. by E. from Boston. The 
 village contains a bank. Pop., 5269. 
 
 Abington, a post-village of Windham 
 county, Connecticut, 39 miles E. by N. from 
 Hartford. 
 
 Abington, a post-township of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N. from 
 Philadelphia, and 109 E. from Harrisburg. 
 The post-office is at the village of Mooretowa, 
 on the Philadelphia and Doylestown turnpike. 
 Population, 1830. 
 
 Abington, a post-township, Wayne county, 
 Indiana. Population, 836. 
 
 Abington, a post-village, in the above 
 township, on the E. fork of Whitewater river, 
 72 miles E. from Indianapolis. Population 
 about 200. 
 
 Abington, a thriving village in the S. W. 
 corner of Knox county, Illinois. 
 
 Abington, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, about 25 miles 
 N. N. E. from Wilkesbarre. Population, 2880. 
 
 Abington Centre, a flourishing post-vil- 
 lage in the above township, 135 miles N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. It is a place of active bu- 
 siness, and is rapidly improving. It is con- 
 nected by railroad with the New York and 
 Erie railroad at Great Bend. The name of 
 the post-office has been changed to Waverley. 
 
 Abiquiu, a^ be-ke-oo', a post-town of Rio 
 Arriba county. New Mexico, on the left bank 
 of the Rio de Chama, about 60 miles N. W. 
 from Santa Fe, in lat. about 36° 5' N., Ion. 
 106° 40' W. 
 
 Abo, a'bo, a town (now in ruins) of New 
 Mexico, on an affluent of the Rio Grande, in 
 about 34° 26' N. lat., and 106° 15' AV. Ion. 
 
 Aboite, a small river of Allen county, 
 Indiana, flows into Little river. 
 
 Aboite, a post-township, Allen county, In- 
 diana. Population, 539. 
 
 Aboite, a post-village of Allen county, In- 
 diana, on the canal connecting Fort Wayne 
 with Peru. 
 
 Abrahamtown, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Abeam's Creek, a small stream of Colum- 
 bia county. New York, falling into the Hud- 
 son river, 4 miles above Hudson city. 
 
 Abscota, a post-office of Calhoun county, 
 Michigan, 120 miles W. of Detroit. 
 
 Abse'com, (written also, Absecombe, Ab- 
 secum, and Absecon,) a post-village of At- 
 lantic county. New Jersey, on a creek of the 
 same name, 95 miles south from Trenton, 
 and 2 miles above Absecom bay. It is con- 
 nected with Camden by the Absecom rail- 
 road. 
 
 Academia, a post-office of Juniata county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Academia, a post-office of Knox county, 
 Tennessee, 193 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 Academy, a post-office of Ontario county. 
 New York. 
 
 Academy, a post-office of Pochahontas 
 county, Virginia. 
 
AGO 
 
 ADA 
 
 AccATiNK, a post-office of Fairfax county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Accident, a post-office of Alleghany county, 
 Maryland. 
 
 Accomack, a county in the E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on Maryland, has an area of 
 about 480 square miles. It forms part of a 
 peninsula which is washed by Chesapeake bay 
 on the W., a.nd by the Atlantic on the E. The 
 county is about 48 miles long, and 10 miles 
 wide. It comprises numerous low, sandy 
 islands extending along the seacoast, one of 
 which is 8 miles in length. The county was 
 formed from Northampton in 1672, and the 
 name was derived from a tribe of Indians 
 who once frequented this region. The sur- 
 face is level, the soil light and moderately 
 fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are 
 the staples. Capital, Accomack Court House, 
 or Drummond Town. Population 18,790, of 
 whom 12,903 are free, and 4987 slaves. 
 
 Accomack Court Hodse, (Drummond 
 Town,) a small post- village, situated nearly 
 in the centre of the above county, of which 
 it is the capital, 193 miles E. by N. from 
 Richmond. Population about 300. 
 
 Accord, a post-office of Ulster county. 
 New York, 76 miles N. by W. from New York. 
 
 AcHOR, or AcHORTOwN, a post-village in 
 the E. part of Columbiana county, Ohio, 
 about 3 miles W. of the Pennsylvania line. 
 
 AcoMA, a-ko'ma, a pueblo or Tillage in 
 Socorro county. New Mexico, on a small 
 branch of the Puerco river, about 60 miles 
 W. S. W. from Albuquerque, and 20 miles 
 nearly S. from Mount Taylor, in the Sierra 
 Madre. 
 
 AcoNA, a post-office of Holmes county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 AcQUACKANONCK, a post-township of Pas- 
 saic county. New Jersey, 13 miles S. W. of 
 New York, and about 80 N. E. of Trenton. A 
 small village of the same name is situated on 
 the Passaic river, at the head of sloop navi- 
 gation. Population, 2925. 
 
 AcQUiNTON, a post-office of King William 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 AcRA, a post-village of Greene county. New 
 York, 47 miles S. S. W. of Albany. 
 
 Acton, post-township of York county, 
 Maine, 90 miles S. W. from Augusta, on the 
 head waters of the Salmon Falls river. Popu- 
 lation, 1359. 
 
 Acton, formerly a township of Windham 
 county, Vermont, 90 miles S. from Montpe- 
 lier. In 1840 it was annexed to Townshend 
 township, of which it now constitutes the 
 northern part. 
 
 Acton, a post-township of Middlesex coun- 
 ty, ^iassachusetts, situated on the Boston 
 and Fitchburg railroad, 22 miles N. W. from 
 Boston, and intersected by Assabet river. 
 Population, 1605. 
 
 Acton Corner, a post-village of York coun- 
 ty, Maine, about 90 miles S. W. from Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 Acworth, a post-township of Sullivan 
 county, New Hampshire, 46 miles W. from 
 Concord, was formerly noted for the manu- 
 facture of linen, said to be equal to the 
 best imported from Ireland. Population, 
 1251. 
 
 Acworth, a post- village of Cobb county, 
 Georgia, situated on the Western and At- 
 lantic railroad, 12 miles N. W. from Mari- 
 etta. Population about 100. 
 
 Ada, a post-township of Kent county, 
 Michigan, 158 miles W. N. W. from Detroit. 
 Population, 593. 
 
 Ada, a village in the above township, situ- 
 ated at the confluence of Thornapple creek 
 with Grand river. The route of the pro- 
 posed railroad from Port Huron to Grand 
 Haven passes near this village 
 
 Adaies, a post-office of Natchitoches pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Adair, a county in the S. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area of 450 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Green river, and also drained 
 by Little Barren river and Russell's creek. 
 The surface is hilly, and adorned with forests 
 of good timber ; the soil is moderately fer- 
 tile, producing Indian corn, tobacco, and 
 grass. There were raised in this county 
 in 1850, 537,945 bushels of corn; 509,003 
 pounds of tobacco, and 24,307 pounds of 
 wool. Horses, cattle, and swine are export- 
 ed. It contained 27 churches. There were 
 2774 pupils attending public schools, and 20 ■ 
 attending another school. The surface rocks 
 of the county are limestone and slate. Mo- 
 tive power is abundant on the streams, and 
 the county is plentifully supplied with good 
 water. A company has been formed to make 
 a turnpike in this county. Organized in 
 1801, and named in honor of John Adair, 
 United States senator from Kentucky. Capi- 
 tal, Columbia. Population 9898 ; of whom 
 8191 are free, and 1707 slaves. 
 
 Adair, a county in N. N. E. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 570 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Chariton river and by the 
 North Fork of Salt river. The surface pre- 
 sents no great elevations ; the soil is gene- 
 rally fertile, adapted to grain and grass. 
 It produced in 1850, 141,370 bushels of In- 
 dian corn; 5801 of wheat; 11,157 of oats, 
 and 32,605 of butter. Organized about the 
 year 1840. Capital, Kirksville. Population, 
 free 2298, slaves 53 ; total 2351. 
 
 Adair, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is drained by Middle river, an 
 affluent of Des Moines, and by the head 
 streams of Nodaway river. The state road 
 from Fort Des Moines to Council Bluffs 
 passes through the county. Adair county is 
 not included in the census of 1850. County 
 seat not yet located. 
 
 Adairsvillb, a thriving post-village of 
 Cass county, Georgia, on the Western and 
 Atlantic railroad. It is situated in the midst 
 
 19 
 
ADA 
 
 ADA 
 
 of a fine farming region, 156 miles N. W. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Adairsville, a post-village of Logan coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 180 miles S. W. from Frank- 
 fort. The surrounding country is fertile and 
 Tvell cultivated. 
 
 Adaline, a post-office of Marshall county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Adams, a county in the S. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Maryland, has an area 
 of 630 square miles. Conewago creek and 
 its branches, Latimore, Bermudian, and Opos- 
 sum creeks, rise in the N. part and flow to- 
 wards the Susquehanna ; Rock, Marsh, and 
 Middle creeks, the head streams of Monocacy 
 river, rise in the county, and flow nearly 
 southward. The surface is uneven ; the ridge 
 called South Mountain extends along the N. 
 W. border, and numerous hills and ridges of 
 trap rock traverse other'parts of the county. 
 The soil is of various qualities. The lime- 
 stone land in the S. part is the most fertile ; 
 the red shale and trap formations in some 
 parts are moderately productive. This 
 county produced in 1850, 318,842 bushels of 
 wheat; 293,979 of Indian corn; 261,779 of 
 cats ; 36,639 tons of hay, and 620,024 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 47 churches, and 4 
 newspaper establishments. There were 6209 
 pupils attending public schools, and 77 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Copper, 
 iron, and Potomac marble are found in the 
 South Mountain : the copper mines have re- 
 cently been worked with some success. This 
 county was settled by Scotch and Irish, about 
 1740, and organized in 1800. The name 
 was given in honor of John Adams, second 
 President of the United States. Capital, 
 Gettysburg. Population, 25,981. 
 
 Adams, a county in the S. W. part of Missis- 
 sippi, has an area of about 440 square miles. 
 The Mississippi river bounds it on the W., 
 dividing it from Louisiana, and the Homo- 
 chitto on the S. The surface is diversified by 
 hills of moderate height ; the soil is highly 
 productive, and is mostly occupied by plan- 
 tations of cotton and Indian corn, or by 
 beautiful groves of trees. The census of 
 1850 gives among the productions of that 
 year, 334,353 bushels of corn, 35,220 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 17,473^ bales of cotton. 
 The county contained 12 chui'ches and 4 
 newspaper establishments. There were 820 
 pupils attending pxiblic schools, and 195 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Adams 
 county is among the most populous and 
 wealthy in Mississippi, and is important on 
 account of containing the city of Natchez, 
 the largest town of the state, as well as 
 the county seat. Population, 18,601. 
 
 Adams, a county in the S. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 500 square miles. The Ohio 
 river forms its entire boundary on the S., di- 
 viding it from Kentucky, and Brush creek 
 flows through the county from N. to S. The 
 surface is hilly and adorned with forests of 
 20 
 
 good timber ; the soil is generally fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork 
 are the staples. Lumber is also exported. 
 There were raised in this county in 1850, 
 767,798 bushels of corn; 128,904 of wheat; 
 115,797 of oats, and 222,195 pounds of but- 
 ter. It contained 37 churches, and 1 news- 
 paper establishment. There were 4500 pupils 
 attending public schools. Valuable quarries 
 of building stone, and mines of iron ore 
 have been opened in the S. E. part of the 
 county, very near the river. The county is 
 traversed by two plankroads leading to the 
 Ohio, and by the turnpike from Maysville, 
 Kentucky, to Zanesville. Organized in 1797. 
 Capital, West Union. Population, 18,833. 
 
 Adams, a county in the E. part of Indiana, 
 bordering on Ohio, contains 324 sqiiare 
 miles. It is drained by the Wabash and St. 
 Mary's rivers. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil productive. Grain, live stock, and 
 wool are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 101,680 bushels of Indian corn; 
 52,292 of wheat ; 3338 tons of hajs and 9582 
 pounds of wool. It contained 5 churches, 
 and 1 newspaper establishment. There were 
 555 pupils attending public schools. A large 
 portion of the county is covered by forests of 
 oak, liickory, elm, ash, beech, &c. The coun- 
 ty was organized in 1836. CajDital, Decatur. 
 Population, 5797. 
 
 Adams, a flourishing county in the extreme 
 western part of Illinois, bordering on the 
 Mississippi river, which separates it from 
 Missouri, has an area of 760 square miles. 
 The N. W. part of the county is drained by 
 Bear creek, an affluent of the ]\Iississippi, 
 which forms the entire boundary on the west. 
 The surface is generally tmdulating, and 
 adorned with forests of deciduous trees ; the 
 soil is exceedingly rich and extensively cul- 
 tivated. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, 
 and pork are the staples. There were 
 raised in 1850, 2,092,713 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 502,034 of wheat; 277,201 of oats: 
 10,878 tons of hay, and 340,253 pounds of 
 butter, and 59,541 povmds of wool. The 
 county contained 30 churches, and 7 news- 
 paper establishments. There were 4000 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 250 attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. The coun- 
 ty contains extensive beds of stone coal and 
 limestone. A railroad is in progress through 
 the county, designed to connect Quincy with 
 Clayton and other towns in the interior. 
 Adams county is the most populous in the 
 state excepting Cook county, and is rapidly 
 improving. Capital, Quincy. Population, 
 26,508. 
 
 Adams, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Nodaway river, which 
 flows south-westward, and also drained by 
 several of its head streams. This county is 
 not included in the censiTs of 1850, and the 
 county seat is not yet located. 
 
ADA 
 
 ADA 
 
 Adams, a county toward the W. part of 
 Wisconsin, lias an area of 1355 square miles. 
 The Wisconsip river flows through it from 
 N. to S. ; it is also drained by the Le- 
 monweir river. The surface is mostly 
 covered with forests, from which large quan- 
 tities of lumber are procured and rafted 
 down the Wisconsin river. The streams 
 above named furnish extensive water-power. 
 Wheat, oats, Indian corn, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. There were raised in 1850, 
 30,533 bushels of wheat ; 46,675 of oats ; 
 23,149 of corn; 3051 tons of hay, and 
 33,073 pounds of butter. The county seat 
 having not yet been established, this county 
 is attached to Sauk county for judicial pur- 
 poses. Population, 187. 
 
 Adams, a post-township of Berkshire coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 120 miles W. N. W. of Bos- 
 ton comprising two villages. North and South 
 Adams, is intersected by the Hoosack river, 
 and Pittsfield and N. Adams railroad. This 
 township is noted for its great number of 
 mills and factories, and is also remarkable as 
 containing Saddle Mountain and a natural 
 bridge on Hudson's brook, a description of 
 which will be found under the head of Mas- 
 sachusetts. Population 6172. 
 
 Adams, a post-township of Jefferson county. 
 New York, about 160 miles N. W. from Alba- 
 ny; intersected by Sandy creek, and by the 
 railrbad extending from Rome to Water- 
 town. 
 
 Adams, a post-village of the above town- 
 ship on Sandy creek, 162 miles W. N. W. 
 from Albany. It contains several churches, 
 a bank, and more than 100 dwellings. 
 
 Adams, a post-village of Irwin county, 
 Georgia, on the S. W. side of the Ocmulgee 
 river, 97 miles S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 Adams, a township, forming the N. W^. ex- 
 tremity of Champaign county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1123. 
 
 Adams, a township of Clinton county, 
 Ohio. Population, 869. 
 
 Adams, a township in the E. part of Co- 
 phocton county, Ohio, on the W. side of the 
 Tuscarawas river. Population, 1419. 
 
 Adams, a township in the E. part of Darke 
 county, Ohio, S. of Greenville creek. Popu- 
 lation, 1416. 
 
 Adams, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Defiance county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 432. 
 
 Adams, a township in the W. part of Guern- 
 sey county, Ohio, 5 miles W. from Cambridge. 
 Population, 860. 
 
 Adams, a township of Monroe county, Ohio, 
 on Sunfish creek. Population, 1092. 
 
 Adams, a township in the N. part of Mus- 
 kingum county, Ohio, on the Muskingum river 
 and Wells creek. Population, 998. 
 
 Adams, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Seneca county, Ohio, on Green creek, 99 
 miles N. of Columbus. Population, 1416. 
 
 Adams, a township in the N. part of Wash- 
 
 ington county, Ohio, intersected by the 
 Muskingum river. Population, 1293. 
 
 Adams, a township of Allen comity, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1012. 
 
 Adams, a township of Carroll county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 671. 
 
 Adams, a township of Cass county, Indiana. 
 Population, 474. 
 
 Adams, a township of Decatur county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1257. 
 
 Adams, a township of Hamilton county, 
 Indiana. Population, 861. 
 
 Adams, a township of Madison county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1309. 
 
 Adams, a township of Parke county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 879. 
 
 Adams, a township of Ripley county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1524. 
 
 Adams, a post-office of Adams county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Adams, a post-township in the central part 
 of Hillsdale county, Michigan, intersected by 
 the Michigan Southern railroad, 93 miles 
 S. W. from Detroit. Population, 1129. 
 
 Adams, a post-township of Greene county, 
 Wisconsin. Population, 275. 
 
 Adams, a post-office of Walworth county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Adams, a township of Sauk county, Wis- 
 consin. Population, 504. 
 
 Adams, Point or Cape, in Oregon, on the 
 S. side of the mouth of Columbia river. Lat. 
 46° 12' N., Ion. 123° 56' W. 
 
 Adams' Mount, New Hampshire. See 
 Mount Adams. 
 
 Adams' Basin, a post-Tillage of Monroe 
 county. New York, on the Erie canal, about 
 230 miles W. by N. of Albany. 
 
 Adams' Mount, a mountain in Oregon, 30 
 miles N. from the Columbia river, and about 
 100 miles due E. from its mouth : it is de- 
 tached from the Cascade Mountains, being 
 about 25 miles E. of that range. 
 
 Adamsburg, a post-village of Westmore- 
 land county, Pennsylvania, on the road from 
 Greensburg to Pittsburg, 183 miles W. of 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Adamsburg, a post-village of Gasconade 
 county, Missouri, on the road between St. 
 Louis and Jeiferson City, about 50 miles E. 
 by S. from the latter town. 
 
 Adams' Centre, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county. New York, on the N. branch of 
 Sandy creek, 162 miles N. AV. of Albany. 
 
 Adams' Mills, a post-office of Pulaski 
 county, Kentucky, 70 miles S. by E. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Adams' Mills, a post-village of Muskin- 
 gum county, Ohio, on the Ohio canal, 61 
 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Adams' Run, a post-office of Colleton Dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Adams' Store, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg county, North Carolina. 
 
 Adams' Store, a post-office of Tallapoosa 
 county, iVlabama. 
 
 21 
 
ADA 
 
 ADR 
 
 Adamstown, a post-village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsj^lvania, 20 miles N. from Lan- 
 caster, and about 10 S. W. from Reading.. 
 
 Adamstown, a post-office of Frederick 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-village of Franklin 
 county, Massachusetts, 104 miles W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-ofiBce of Newport 
 county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-village of Washington 
 county. New York, 58 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-village of Crawford 
 i^ounty, Pennsylvania, about 250 miles N. W. 
 of Harrisburg. 
 
 Adarisville, a post-office of Harrison 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Adamsville, a village of Cass county, 
 Georgia, about 150 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-office of Marion coun- 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-village of Morgan 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-village of MacNairy 
 county, Tennessee, 139 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-village in Salem town- 
 ship of Muskingum county, Ohio, about 10 
 miles N. N. E. from Zanesville. 
 
 Adamsville, a post-village of Cass county, 
 Michigan, 172 miles W. by S. from Detroit. 
 
 Adaeio, a post-office of Richland county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Adario, a post-office of Waukesha county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Addison, a county in the W. part of Ver- 
 mont, has an area of about 750 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the AV. by Lake Champlain, 
 and is drained principally by Otter creek 
 and its tributaries, which afford most valua- 
 ble water-power. The surface is level or 
 slightly undulating near the lake, but in the 
 E. part rough and mountainous, and more 
 adapted to grazing. The soil is fertile, par- 
 ticularly along the lake shore. Indian corn, 
 wool, oats, and potatoes are the staples. 
 There were raised in 1850, 318,421 bushels 
 of potatoes; 175,478 of corn; 211,385 of 
 oats; 103,434 of wheat; 88,793 tons of hay; 
 876,771 pounds of butter; 817,149 of cheese; 
 025,594 of wool; and 205,268 of maple su- 
 gar. The county contains 1 cotton and 5 
 woollen factories, 7 forges, 1 paper mill, 433 
 saw-mills, besides various other establish- 
 ments. There are in this county quarries of 
 white and variegated marble, which are 
 largely worked. Lake Champlain is naviga- 
 ble along its west border, and sloops can 
 ascend Otter creek 7 miles to Vergennes. 
 The railroad connecting Bellows Falls with 
 Burlington passes through this county. Or- 
 ganized in 1787, and named in honor of 
 Joseph Addison, the celebrated English 
 writer. Capital, Middlebury. Population, 
 26,549. 
 
 22 
 
 Addison, township, Washington county, 
 Maine, 135 miles E. by N. from Augusta, be- 
 tween Indian and Pleasant rivers. Popula- 
 tion, 1152. 
 
 Addison, post-township of Addison county, 
 Vermont, 43 miles W. S. W. from Montpe- 
 lier. Population, 1279. 
 
 Addison, a post-township of Steuben coun- 
 ty. New York, on the Canisteo and Tuscarora 
 creeks, 227 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 3721. 
 
 Addison, a post-township of Somerset coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogheny, 153 
 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. Population 
 1665. 
 
 Addison, a post-township of Gallia county, 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, 107 miles S. S. E. 
 from Columbus. Population, 924. 
 
 Addison, a post-office of Lenawee county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Addison, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Oakland county, Michigan. Popu- 
 lation 424. 
 
 Addison, a township of Shelby county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1917. 
 
 Addison, a post-township of Du Page coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Addison, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Wisconsin, 36 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 waukie. Population, 1092. 
 
 Addison Point, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Maine, 138 miles E. by N. from Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 Adeline, a post-office of Ogle county, Il- 
 linois. 
 
 Adell, a post-village, capital of Dallas 
 county, Iowa, 150 miles W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Adell, a post-office of Sheboygn county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 tIdelphi, a post-village in Colerain town- 
 ship of Ross county, Ohio, 67 miles S. from 
 Columbus. Population about 412. 
 
 Adieondack, a post-village in Newcomb 
 township, Essex co.. New York, W. of Mount 
 Marcy, contains a bank. 
 
 Adirondack Mountains, a group in the 
 State of New York, W. of Lake Champlain. 
 The highest summit. Mount Marcy, has an 
 elevation of about 5460 feet above the sea. 
 
 Admiralty Inlet. See Washington Terr. 
 
 Adolph, a post-office of Chatham co.,N.C. 
 
 Adrian, a flourishing town, capital of Le- 
 nawee county, Michigan, is situated on a 
 branch of the Raisin river, and on the Michi- 
 gan Southern railroad, 37 miles W. from 
 Monroe, 80 miles S. E. from Lansing, and 70 
 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. The Erie and 
 Kalamazoo railroad, which was opened in 
 1836, connects the town with Toledo, 32 miles 
 distant ; and the Southern railroad was ex- 
 tended westward to Chicago in 1852. Since 
 the construction of these improvements, 
 Adrian has increased rapidly, and become 
 the centre of trade for a fine farming region 
 of large extent, which is chiefly appropriated 
 to the growth of the diiferent kinds of grain. 
 
ADR 
 
 ALA 
 
 It has 2 banks. Its extensive ■water-power is 
 employed in mills of various kinds. Adrian 
 has public buildings of a superior order, 
 among which are several places of worship 
 and high schools. This place is the east ter- 
 minus of a plank-road 20 miles long. Popu- 
 lation between 3000 and 4000. 
 
 Adkian, a post-office of Steuben county, 
 New York. 
 
 Adriance, a post-office of Dutchess county, 
 New York, 86 miles S. by E. of Albany. 
 
 Adventure, a post-otfi(ie of Ontonagon 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Africa, a village of Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles E. from Chambers- 
 burg, 143 miles W. from Philadelphia. It 
 contains about 200 inhabitants, who are 
 mostly negroes. 
 
 Agate Harbor, in the N. part of the up- 
 per peninsula of Michigan, on Keweenaw 
 Point. 
 
 Agamenticus Mountain, in York county, 
 Maine, about 4 miles from the ocean. It is 
 important as a landmark for seamen. The 
 summit is 673 feet above the level of the 
 sea. 
 
 Agawam, a post-village of Hampden county, 
 Massachusetts, on the west side of Con- 
 necticut river, 98 miles W. S. W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 Agawan river, a small stream of Ply- 
 mouth county, in the E. part of Massachu- 
 setts, which unites its waters with Butter- 
 milk Bay. 
 
 Agency, or Agenct City, a post-village 
 of Wapello county, Iowa, about 4 miles N. E. 
 from the Des Moines river. 
 
 Agency, a village 9{ AVinnisheik county, 
 Iowa, on Turkey river. 
 
 Agogebic Lake, in the N. part of the 
 tipper peninsula of Michigan : its outlet joins 
 Ontonagon river. Length, following the bend 
 of the lake, about 15 miles ; breadth, 2 miles. 
 
 Agnew's Mills, a post-office of Venango 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 200 miles W. N. 
 W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Agua Caliente, a'gwi ci-le-en'-td, (?. e. 
 "warm water," or "warm spring,") a small 
 settlement in San Diego county, California, 
 about 60 miles N. E. from San Diego. It is 
 named from a warm spring in the vicinity. 
 
 Agua Dulce, ^'gwa dool'si, (i.e. "sweet 
 water,") a creek of Nueces county, Texas, 
 flows into Laguna del Madre. 
 
 Agua Fria, a'gw^ free'a, (t. e. " cold 
 water," or " cold spring,") a small village 
 of New Mexico, in Santa Fe county, about 
 6 miles S. W. from Santa Fe. 
 
 Agua Fria, a post-town in Mariposa coun- 
 ty, California, in the mining district, at the 
 western base of the Sierra Nevada. It is 
 about 70 miles S. E. from Stockton, on a 
 creek of its own name, flowing into Mariposa 
 river. 
 
 Aguila, a small creek of Victoria county, 
 Texas, falling into Lavacca bay. 
 
 Aguilla creek, Texas, flows southward, 
 and enters the Brazos in MacLennan county. 
 
 Ai, a post-office of Fulton county, Ohio. 
 
 Aid, a post-township of Lawrence county, 
 Ohio, about 100 miles S. S. E. from Colum- 
 bus. Population, 884. 
 
 Aiken, a post-office of Barnwell district, 
 South Carolina, 77 miles S. by W. from Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 Air, a town of Bedford county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Big Cove creek. 
 
 Air, a post-office of La Fayette county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Air-line Railroad, a phrase recently in- 
 troduced, signifying a railroad that con- 
 nects two points by the shortest possible 
 distance. An air-line railroad strictly de- 
 notes a straight road, although, understood in 
 a popular sense, it may deviate from a right 
 line, to avoid insurmountable obstacles, but 
 never to connect with way-places. The most 
 important railways of this class now pro- 
 jected are the New York and Boston rail- 
 road — the Chicago St. Charles and Mississippi 
 railroad, and the Chicago and Galena railroad, 
 all of which are in course of construction. 
 The first will pass through Middletown, Conn, 
 that town being directly between the two 
 termini. — See Table of Railroads, Appendix. 
 
 Air Mount, a post-village of Clark county, 
 Alabama, 118 miles S. of Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Aitkin Lake, in the N. part of Minnesota 
 Territory, N. of Sandy Lake. 
 
 Aitkin's Ferry, in Minnesota Territory, 
 on the Mississipi river, near the Fourth Ra- 
 pids. 
 
 Akin's Store, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Akron, a post-village of Erie county, New 
 York, about 270 miles AV. of Albany. 
 
 Akron, a beautiful and flourishing town 
 of Portage township, and capital of Summit 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie canal, at 
 its junction with the Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal, 110 miles in a direct line N. E. from 
 Columbus, and 36 miles S. from Cleveland. 
 It occupies the highest ground on the line of 
 the canal between Lake Erie and the Ohio 
 river, and is 400 feet above the lake. By 
 means of the canal and little Cuyahoga river, 
 the town is amply supplied with water-power, 
 which is employed in a variety of manufac- 
 tures ; and its mercantile business is exten- 
 sive. Immense quantities of wheat are ship- 
 ped here. Akron was laid out in 1825. In 
 1827 the Ohio and Erie canal was constructed 
 to this point, and in 1841 Akron was chosen 
 as the county seat. The canal was finished 
 in 1832 ; cost $5,000,000. The same year 
 the canal which connects it with Beaver, 
 Pennsylvania, was opened, and a new impe- 
 tus given to its improvement. It has several 
 churches, 1 bank, 2 woollen factories, 5 large 
 flouring mills, a steam-engine factory, 1 blast- 
 furnace, and 1 mineral-paint mill, 1 exten- 
 sive stove manufactory, and 1 card manufao- 
 23 
 
ALA 
 
 ALA 
 
 tory, Tiesidcs various other manufactories ; 
 all of which are propelled by water-power. 
 Immense beds of Ohio mineral fireproof paint 
 are found in the vicinity, and the article is 
 exported to all parts of the Union. Popu- 
 lation in 1850, 3266 ; in 1853, about 4500. 
 
 Alaba'ma (al-a-bah'ma) river, of Ala- 
 bama, is formed by the Coosa and Talapoosa, 
 which unite 10 miles N. of the city of Mont- 
 gomery. It then flows westward to Selma 
 with many and wide deviations from its ge- 
 neral direction. Below that point it pursues 
 a very tortuous course toward the south-west, 
 until it unites with the Tombigbee, about 45 
 miles N. from the city of Mobile. The river 
 formed by this confluence is called the Mo- 
 bile. The Alabama is an excellent stream for 
 steamboat navigation, being navigable for 
 the largest class of boats through its whole 
 extent, and at all seasons of the year, except 
 in instances of extraordinary drought. The 
 navigation is not closed by the ice like the 
 Northern rivers, nor obstructed by snags and 
 sawyers like many others in the South-west. 
 The length of the main stream is about 300 
 miles, and the distance from Mobile to We- 
 tumpka, which is at the head of the naviga- 
 tion for large boats, is about 460 miles. 
 The region through which it flows is occu- 
 pied by plantations of cotton, extensive sa- 
 vannas, and forests of valuable timber. 
 
 Alabama creek, or Big Sandy, of Texas, 
 flows into Neches river from the N. W., about 
 15 miles N. from Beaumont. 
 
 Alabama, one of the Southern States of 
 the American confederacy, is bounded on 
 the N. by Tennessee, E. by Georgia, S. by 
 Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by 
 Mississippi. It lies between 30° 10' and 35° 
 N. latitude, and between 85° and 88° 30' W. 
 longitude ; being about 330 miles in extreme 
 length from N. to S., and 300 miles in its 
 greatest breadth ; including an area of 
 50,722 square miles, or 32,462,080 acres, 
 only 4,435,614 of which were improved in 
 1850. 
 
 Population. — The number of inhabitants in 
 the state in 1820 was 127,901 ; 309,527 in 
 1830; 590,756 in 1840; and 771,671 in 1850; 
 of whom 219,728 were white males, 206,779 
 white females, 1047 free colored males, 1225 
 free colored females, and 171,853 male and 
 171,037 female slaves. There were 73,786 
 families, occupying 73,070 dwellings. Re- 
 presentative population 634,514. There were 
 9084 deaths in the year ending June, 1850, 
 or 12 persons in every one thousand. Of 
 the population in 1850, 237,542 only were 
 born within the state; 182,490 in other 
 states; 941 in England; 3639 in Ireland; 
 584 in Scotland ; 67 in Wales ; 49 in British 
 America; 1068 in Germany ; 503 in France ; 
 787 in other countries, and 1109 whose 
 places of birth were unknown. There were 
 308 blind, of whom 1G4 were whites, 3 free 
 colored, and 141 slaves— 211 deaf and dumb, 
 24 
 
 of whom 157 were whites, 1 free colored, and 
 53 slaves. The number of paupers who had re- 
 ceived support in the year ending June 1, 
 1850, was 363, of whom 11 were foreigners. 
 Counties. — There are in Alabama 52 coun- 
 ties, viz. Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Ben- 
 ton, Blount, Bibb, Butler, Chambers, Clarke, 
 Choctaw, Cherokee, Coifee, Conecuh, Coosa, 
 Covington, Dale, Dallas, De Kalb, Fayette, 
 Franklin, Greene, Hancock, Henry, Jackson, 
 Jefi"erson, Lawrence, Lowndes, Lauderdale, 
 Limestone, Macon, Madison, Marion, Ma- 
 rengo, Marshall, Mobile, Monroe. Montgo- 
 mery, Morgan, Perry, Pickens, Pike, Ran- 
 dolph, Russell, Shelby, St. Clair, Sumter, 
 Talladega, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, AValker, 
 Washington, and Wilcox. 
 
 Cities and Toicns. — Mobile is the commercial 
 metropolis of Alabama, with a population of 
 20,513 ; the other principal towns are Mont- 
 gomery, the capital of the state, population 
 4955; Huntsville, population, 2863 ; Tusca- 
 loosa, population above 2000. Florence, popu- 
 lation about 1200. 
 
 Face of the Country, Mountains, ^c. — The 
 Alleghany mountains have their termination 
 in the N. part of Alabama, where they be- 
 come depressed to little more than elevated 
 hills. The state gradually declines from the 
 north to the Gulf of Mexico ; being hilly and 
 broken in the centre, and level for 50 or 60 
 miles from the coast. All the rivers of any 
 magnitude, except the Tennessee, (which 
 makes a bend into the north part of the 
 state,) descend toward the Gulf of Mexico. ' 
 
 Minerals. — Alabama is rich in mineral trea- 
 sures, particularly in coal, iron, lime, and 
 marble. Red ochre, lead, (scattered about 
 the state in various parts,) and manganese 
 are also met with. Iron is found extensively 
 in Shelby, Bibb, Jefferson, and Tuscaloosa 
 counties. Bituminous coal of a superior 
 quality abounds. "A vein of this coal is first 
 seen in the bed of the Black Warrior river, 
 near Tuscaloosa, and pursues a N. E. direc- 
 tion till it crosses the iilabama and Coosa 
 rivers at or just above their falls, and 
 thence probably passes into Georgia." (JJe 
 Bow' s Industrial Resources.) There are salt, 
 sulphur, and chalybeate springs in difi'erent 
 sections of the state. Gold has been found 
 in St. Clair county, and a mine was worked 
 there for a short time. Beautifully varie- 
 gated mai'bles exist near the head of navig.a- 
 tion on the rivers, particularly on the Ca- 
 hawba, and in Talladega county. Some of 
 these marbles are buff-colored, filled Avitli or- 
 ganic remains, some white and crystalline, ant^ 
 some are black. Statuary granite, said to bo 
 the best in the United States, and marble of a 
 superior quality, are found in Coosa county: 
 a more particular notice of these, however, 
 will be given under the head of Coosa. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, ^c. — The principal bays in 
 Alabama are Mobile bay, extending north 
 30 miles from the Gulf of Mexico ; Bonese- 
 
ALA 
 
 ALA 
 
 cour bay, (an eastern arm of Mobile bay,) 
 and Pascagoula bay, or sound, west of Mo- 
 bile bay. All of these open into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Perdido bay lies on the boundary 
 line between Alabama and V/est Florida. 
 All the rivers of Alabama, with the excep- 
 tion of the Tennessee, which makes a sweep 
 into the northern part of the state, and some 
 smaller rivers passing into West Florida, 
 unite their waters in the Mobile river and 
 bay. The Tombigbee comes into Alabama 
 from the N. E. part of Mississippi, receives 
 the Tuscaloosa or Black Warrior from the for- 
 mer state, and unites with the Alabama to 
 form the Mobile. The Alabama, in its turn, 
 is formed by the Tallapoosa and Coosa from 
 the north of Georgia, and flows S. W. till it 
 meets the Tombigbee. The Chattahoochee 
 forms the boundary between Georgia and 
 Alabama for about 150 miles. The Mo- 
 bile river throws off an arm from its east 
 bank, which flows into the bay at Blakely. 
 The Cahawba joins the Alabama, from the 
 middle of the state. The Escambia, Black 
 Water, Yellow Water, and Choctawhatchee 
 flow from the S. E. of Alabama into West 
 Florida. The Tombigbee is about 500 miles 
 long, and all its course in Alabama is navi- 
 gable for steamboats. The Alabama, includ- 
 ing its head waters, is about 600 miles long, 
 and may be ascended by steamboats to We- 
 tumpka, on the Coosa branch, 460 miles from 
 the Gulf. The Tuscaloosa is about 150 miles 
 long, and is navigable for steamers to Tus- 
 caloosa. The Tennessee has 130 miles of 
 its course in Alabama, but its navigation is 
 here obstructed by the Muscle Shoals, above 
 which impediment it is, however, again navi- 
 gable. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Though Ala- 
 bama has no mountains of great elevation 
 or stupendous cataracts, she is by no means 
 deficieiit in objects of interest to the curious 
 and inquiring mind. De Kalb county is 
 noted for wild and picturesque views ; and 
 in Walker county there is a natural bridge, 
 said to be equally curious with the famous 
 one in Bockbridge county, Virginia, v^^hile 
 many wild and romantic gorges lie among 
 its hills, which are the highest south of the 
 mountains. There are, in Alabama, a number 
 of mineral springs for the resort of those 
 seeking health or pleasure : Blount's Springs, 
 in Blount county, a fashionable watering 
 place, contains several diiferent vai-ieties of 
 sulphur waters within the space of twenty 
 feet. Chalybeate waters occur at the same 
 place; and other sulphur springs are found 
 in Talladega and Shelby counties. Bladen 
 Springs is also a fashionable watering place. 
 There are salt springs in Clarke county, now 
 abandoned. The beautiful varieties of mar- 
 ble already mentioned as existing in Talla- 
 dega and Coosa counties, are now attracting 
 niuch attention, and are well worthy of the 
 notice of tourists. 
 
 Climate, Soil, Productions. — Approaching 
 to within 7° of the tropics, Alabama is 
 allied in its climate and productions to the 
 torrid zone. The rivers here seldom freeze 
 in winter, and the summer heats are miti- 
 gated \>j the breezes from the Gulf of Mexico. 
 According to meteorological observations 
 made at Eutaw, in Greene county, in the 
 years 1850-51, the maximum temperature of 
 the three winter months was 82°, the mini- 
 mum 18° ; the mean temperature at 3 o'clock 
 p. M. 48° 25'. The maximum of the spring 
 months was 93°, minimum 22°, average 62° 
 20'. The maximum of the summer months was 
 104°, minimum 60°, mean 81° 49'. • The maxi- 
 mum of November, 82°, the minimum 19°, 
 mean 51° 90'. The bottom lands are un- 
 healthy near the rivers and the Muscle Shoals, 
 but the climate in the uplands is salubrious. 
 Alabama has, in many parts, a soil of exube- 
 rant fertility ; yielding more cotton, the great 
 staple of the South, than any other member 
 of the confederacy. Even the low mountains 
 of the north have fine grazing lands, while 
 the flats between them are very rich in soil. 
 The central part is occupied by fertile 
 prairies ; and the southern, though often 
 sandy and inferior in productiveness, has 
 many fertile alluvial bottoms, which yield 
 rice. In Marengo and Greene counties were 
 formerly extensive canebrakes, which are 
 now nearly cleared, disclosing some of the 
 best lands in the state. Sugar-cane grows 
 in the S. W. neck between Mobile bay and 
 Mississippi. Besides the great staple already 
 named, Alabama produces large quantities 
 of Indian corn, oats, live stock, sweet po- 
 tatoes, and butter ; a considerable amount 
 of wheat, rye, rice, wool, hay, peas, beans, 
 Irish potatoes, fruits, market vegetables, and 
 sugar, and some tobacco, barley, buckwheat, 
 wine, cheese, grass seeds, hops, flax, and 
 silk, are raised. Indigo was formerly culti- 
 vated, but being undersold by the foreign 
 article, its culture was given up, thoiigh 
 not from want of adaptability in the soil. 
 According to the census of 1850, there 
 were in Alabama 41,964 farms, containing 
 4,485,614 acres of improved land, producing 
 294,064 bushels of wheat; 28,754,048 of In- 
 dian corn; 2,965,697 of oats; 892,701 of 
 beans and peas; 261,482 of Irish potatoes; 
 5,475,204 of sweet potatoes; 225,771,600 
 pounds of cotton ; 8,242,000 pounds of sugar ; 
 83,428 gallons of molasses; 164,990 pounds of 
 tobacco; 657,118 pounds of wool; 4,008,811 
 pounds of butter; 2,311,252 pounds of 
 rice ; 897,021 pounds of beeswax and honey ; 
 32,685 tons of hay; live stock valued at 
 $21,690,112; orchard fruits worth $15,408; 
 market goods worth $84,821 ; and slaughter- 
 ed animals worth $4,823,485 ; value of farm- 
 ing implements and machinery, $5,125,663. 
 
 Forest Trees. — In the central and northern 
 parts of the state, oak of different varieties, 
 poplar, hickor}^ chestnut, and mulberry are 
 
 25 
 
ALA 
 
 ALA 
 
 the principal woods, while in the south are 
 cypress and loblolly ; pine is abundant south 
 of the mountains. 
 
 Animals. — Wild deer and turkeys are plen- 
 tiful, and bears, Avolves, and foxes are still 
 met with. 
 
 Manufactures. — But little attention, com- 
 paratively speaking, has been paid as yet to 
 manufactures in Alabama ; but according to 
 the census of 1850, there were in the state 
 1022 establishments, each producing annually 
 $500 and upward ; of which 12 were cotton 
 factories, employing capital to the amount of 
 $651,900, with 346 male and 390 female hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $237,081, 
 and producing 3,081,000 yards of stuffs, and 
 790,000 pounds of yarn, valued at $882,- 
 200; 14 forges, furnaces, &c., employing 
 capital to the amount of $230,125, and 266 
 male hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $111,855, and producing 2537 tons of cast- 
 ings, pig, and wrought iron, valued at 
 $280,876. Capital invested in distilleries 
 $500, hands employed 2, product 3000 gal- 
 lons. There were also 149 tanneries in Ala- 
 bama, employing $200,570, consuming raw 
 material worth $158,247, and producing lea- 
 ther valued at $335,911. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — There were in Ala- 
 bama, in January, 1853, 135 miles of rail- 
 road completed, and 945 in course of con- 
 struction. One connecting Montgomery with 
 West Point ; another extending from Tus- 
 cumbia to Decatur ; and 38 miles of the 
 projected railway from Mobile to the Ohio 
 are completed. Those that are projected 
 or in course of construction are designated 
 as the Memphis and Charleston, the Ala- 
 bama and Mississippi, the Girard and Mo- 
 bile, the Tennessee and Selma, and the Ala- 
 bama and Tennessee railroads. — See Table of 
 Railroads, Appendix. 
 
 Commerce. — This state enjoys great advan- 
 tages for both foreign and internal com- 
 merce, her ports being open to the sea 
 through Mobile bay, and having more than 
 1500 miles of steamboat navigation on her 
 rivers, giving an outlet not only to her own 
 productions, bvit also to some of those of 
 Mississippi and Georgia. According to De 
 Bow, there were 549,499 bales of cotton 
 brought to Mobile in 1851-2, besides what 
 was sent to New Orleans and the ports of 
 Florida. The exports of Alabama in 1851 
 were $18,528,824, imports $413,446. Ton- 
 nage owned in 1851, 21,327-08; number 
 of vessels built in the state, 5, whose ton- 
 nage was only 354-62. Considerable quan- 
 tities of sawed lumber and staves are 
 exported from Mobile to Cuba, to Mexico, 
 and to domestic ports. The sawed lumber 
 exported in 1850-51 amounted to 6,816,054 
 feet, and of staves 360,779. 
 
 Education.— In 1850 there were 127,890 
 children in Alabama, of whom only 35,039 
 were attending schools. The common-school 
 26 
 
 fund in 1852 was $1,075,818, and the uni- 
 versity fund $250,000. There are four col- 
 leges in the state, with an aggregate of 849 
 students, and 21,100 volumes in the libra- 
 ries ; and one law school. The state univer- 
 sity of Alabama, located at Tuscaloosa, is in 
 a very flourishing condition, with an annual 
 income of $15,000. — See Table of Colleges, 
 Appendix. 
 
 Relit/ious Denominations. — Of the 1285 
 churches in Alabama, in 1850, 505 belonged 
 to the different divisions of Baptists ; 13 to 
 the Christians; 16 to the Episcopalians; 
 531 to the Methodists ; 150 to the Presbyte- 
 rians ; and 5 to the Roman Catholics ; the 
 rest were owned by the Africans, the Free 
 Cliurch, Independents, Lutherans, Union- 
 ists, Unitarians, and Universalists. — See Ta- 
 ble of Religions, Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There is a state peni- 
 tentiary at Wetumpka, which had 151 pri- 
 soners on October 1st, 1851. Provision has 
 been made by the state for the establishment 
 of a state lunatic asylum at Tuscaloosa. 
 A blind asylum has been recently esta- 
 blished at Mobile, and $5000 have been ap- 
 propriated by the legislature for organizing 
 and sustaining an institution for the deaf and 
 dumb. The buildings of the Alabama univer- 
 sity, near Tuscaloosa, are very fine, and cost 
 $150,000. The other public buildings, not 
 strictly state institutions, will be described 
 under the head of the respective towns in 
 which they are situated. 
 
 Government. — The governor of Alabama is 
 elected for two years by the people, and re- 
 ceives an annual salary of $2500. The 
 senate consists of 33 members, elected for 
 four years, and the house of representatives 
 of 100 members, elected for two years, both 
 by the people. The pay of members of both 
 branches is $4 per diem. One-half of the 
 senate is elected every second year. The 
 legislature meets biennially. The judiciary 
 consists, 1. Of a supreme court, composed 
 of one chief and four associate judges, 
 elected by the legislature for six years, 
 and receiving $2250 per annum ; 2. Of a 
 court of chancery, composed of three chan- 
 cellors, elected in the same manner ; 8. Of nine 
 circuit courts, holding two sessions a year in 
 each county; 4. The city court of Mobile. The 
 judges of probate, who are also clerks of the 
 court and registers of deeds, are, as well as 
 the circuit judges and the judges of the Mo- 
 bile court, elected by the people for six years^ 
 All these judges receive .$1500 per annum 
 except the judge of the Mobile court, who 
 receives $2000. The assessed value of pro- 
 perty in Alabama in 1850, was $219,476,150; 
 estimated value $228,204,832. Public debt 
 $0,742,889, of which $1,087,501 was contin- 
 gent. Ordinary annual expenses, exclusive of 
 debt and schools, about $100,000. The num- 
 ber of banking institutions, January, 1852, 
 was only two, with a capital of $2,000,000, a 
 
ALA 
 
 ALA 
 
 circulation of $3,500,000, and $1,800,000 in 
 coin. 
 
 History. — The famous exploring expedition 
 of De Soto across the southern part of the 
 (present) United States, about the year 1541, 
 is believed to have been the first visit of the 
 white man to the wilds of Alabama. De 
 Soto met with fierce opposition from tribes 
 of savages, who appear to liave been more 
 populous and less rude than the northern 
 aborigines. He is said to have nearly anni- 
 hilated a tribe numbering many thousands, 
 and to have destroyed their capital, Mau- 
 bilia. He then advanced into the forests, 
 crossing the Tuscaloosa river, (named from 
 the chief of the tribe he had just conquered,) 
 meeting with constant opposition and annoy- 
 ance from the natives, which resulted in a 
 second engagement within the present limits 
 of Mississippi, scarcely less disastrous than 
 the preceding. The houses of these people 
 evinced less barbarism, as before hinted, 
 than many other Indian tribes. " The 
 chief's house was, in one instance, 120 feet 
 by 40, and included small buildings like 
 offices. A remarkable temple found upon 
 the Savannah river, at Silver Bluff, was 100 
 feet long, 40 feet wide, and proportionably 
 high." (Z>e Bow's Industrial Resources of 
 the South and West.) The next we hear of the 
 white man in Alabama is in 1702, when 
 Bienville, a Frenchman, built a fort on Mo- 
 bile bay. The present site of Mobile, how- 
 ever, was not occupied till nine years after. 
 At the peace of 1763, Alabama, with all the 
 French possessions E. of the Mississippi (ex- 
 cept New Orleans) fell to the English. This 
 state formed a part of Georgia until 1802 ; 
 from this date it was included in Mississippi 
 territory till 1817, when it was organized 
 into a separate government, and in 1819 be- 
 came an independent member of the great 
 American confederacy, and now ranks fourth 
 in population of the Southern states. It was 
 in Alabama that General Jackson first gave 
 practical proof of those great military 
 talents which afterwards so won upon the 
 favour of his countrymen. General Jackson 
 routed the Creeks with great slaughter at 
 Talladega, in November, 1812 ; General 
 Floyd at Autossee; and General Claiborne at 
 Ecchauachaca, a few weeks after ; and 
 General Jackson again at Tohopeka, killing 
 about 600 savages, and reducing them to 
 sue for peace. This war against the Creeks 
 had its origin in the massacre, by that tribe, 
 of about 300 men, women, and children at 
 Fort Mimms, whither they had fled for 
 refuge. They were incited to this savage 
 atrocity by the celebrated Tecumseh, who 
 urged them to take advantage of the war 
 with England to regain independent posses- 
 sion of the land of their fathers. 
 
 Alabama, a post-township of Genesee 
 county, New York, 12 miles from Batavia, 
 and 263 W. from Albany. It is inter- 
 
 sected by the Tonawanda creek. Popula- 
 tion, 2054. 
 
 Alabama, a small bayou of Iberville 
 parish, Louisiana, communicating in time of 
 floods with the Atchafalaya. 
 
 Alabama (or Big Sandy) creek, Texas, 
 flows on the S. AV. border of Tyler county, 
 and falls into the Neches 15 miles above 
 Beaumont. 
 
 Alabama, a village of Leon county, Tex- 
 as, on the right bank of Trinity river, 
 about 60 miles in a straight line N. N. E. 
 from Washington, the former capital of the 
 state. 
 
 Alachua, a-latch'u-a, a county in the 
 north-west part of the peninsula of Florida, 
 has an area of about 1000 square miles. 
 The Santa Fe river forms its northern, and 
 the Suwanee its western boundary. Orange 
 lake is partly included in its limits, and it 
 contains several ponds. Surface rolling or 
 level ; soil generally fertile ; Indian corn, cot- 
 ton, rice, and sweet potatoes are the staples. 
 It produced in 1850, 64,724 bushels of corn ; 
 28,063 of sweet potatoes; 561 bales of cot- 
 ton; 17,935 pounds of rice; 5558 gallons 
 of molasses. Capital, Newnansville. Popu- 
 lation, 2524, of whom 1618 were free, and 906 
 slaves. It was named from Alachua savanna, 
 a grassy and marshy plain in the county 
 north of Lake Orange. 
 
 Alaculsa Ckeek, Cherokee county, Geor- 
 gia, a branch of Little river. 
 
 Alaiedon, a post-town of Ingham county, 
 Michigan, about 70 miles W. by N. from De- 
 troit. Population, 377. 
 
 Alamakee. — See Allomakee. 
 
 Alamance, il'a-mance, creek of North 
 Carolina, flows into Cape Fear river from the 
 AV., in Alamance county. 
 
 Alamance, a county in the N. central 
 part of North Carolina, has an area of about 
 500 square miles. Haw river, a branch of 
 Cape Fear, flows through the middle of the 
 county, and Alamance creek, from which the 
 name is derived, flows through the western 
 part into the Haw river. The surface is 
 undulating ; the soil productive. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, hay, cotton, and tobacco 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 419,130 
 bushels of corn : 82,887 of wheat ; 108,265 of 
 oats; 3783 tons of hay; 121 bales of cotton ; 
 14,650 pounds of tobacco, and 80,051 of but- 
 ter. It contained in that year 5 cotton fac- 
 tories, 1 iron foundry, and 30 grist and flour- 
 ing mills. Number of churches 15. The 
 route of the Central railroad, now in pro- 
 gress, passes through the county, and a 
 plank-road is projected from the county seat 
 to the coal mines on the banks of Deep river. 
 The county was formed out of the western 
 part of Orange in 1848. Capital, Graham. 
 Population, 11,444, of whom 8248 were free, 
 and 3196 slaves. 
 
 Alameda, a-l^-mi'di, a town of Ber- 
 nalillo county. New Mexico, on the left bank 
 ^ 27 
 
ALA 
 
 ALB 
 
 of the Pdo Grande, 6 miles above Albu- 
 querque. 
 
 Alamo, Texas. — See Fort Alamo. 
 
 Alamo, al'a-mo, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery county, Indiana, forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 Alamo, a post-township of Kalamazoo 
 county, Michigan, 70 miles W. S. W. from 
 Lansing. 
 
 Alamo, a post-village of Contra Costa 
 county, California. 
 
 Alamobe, a post-office of Reynolds county, 
 Missoui-i. 
 
 Alamutcha, a post-village of Lauderdale 
 county, Mississippi, about 80 miles E. of 
 Jackson. 
 
 Alanthus Grove, a post-office of Gentry 
 county, Missouri, about 200 miles N. W. from 
 Jefferson citj^ 
 
 Alapaha, ah-lap'a-haw, a river of Georgia, 
 flowing into the Suwanee. Length about 
 100 miles. 
 
 Alapaha, a post- village of Lowndes county, 
 Georgia, 262 miles S. of Milledgeville. 
 
 Alatamaha. — See Altamaha. 
 
 Alaqua, al'a-quaw, a small river of Flo- 
 rida, flowing into Choctawhatchee bay. 
 
 Alaqua, a post-village of Walton county, 
 Florida, on the above river, about 125 miles 
 W. by N. from Tallahassee. 
 
 Alarka, a post-office of Macon county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Alarm Fork, a small village of Oregon 
 county, Missouri, 15 miles S. of Thomasville. 
 
 Alba, a post-village of Bradford county, 
 Pennsylvania, 143 miles N. by E. from Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Albany, aul'ba-ne, a county in the E. part 
 of New York, has an area of about 483 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Hudson, 
 and partly on the N. by the Mohawk, and 
 is principally drained by Normanskill and 
 Catskill creeks, which afi'ord valuable water- 
 power. The surface in the W. and N. is 
 rough and mountainous, but along the Hud- 
 son and other streams nearly level. The 
 soil along the river is fertile, but in the inte- 
 rior sandy and in some places quite sterile. 
 Indian corn, buckwheat, rye, oats, potatoes, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 there 
 were raised 244,411 bushels of corn ; 648,389 
 of oats ; 406,040 of potatoes; 970,142 pounds 
 of butter, and 71,804 tons of hay. There 
 were 7 breweries, 13 cabinet-ware manufac- 
 tories, 2 edge-tool manufactories, 3 cotton 
 factories, 8 woollen factories, 8 iron found- 
 ries, 20 flour and grist mills, 23 saw mills, 3 
 planing mills, 3 paper mills, 5 stove and fur- 
 nace manufactories, 15 tanneries, 10 tobacco 
 factories, and 1 bell foundry. It contained 
 in that year 107 churches, and 14 newspaper 
 establishments. There were 17,054 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 1502 attending 
 academies and other schools. Iron ore, gyp- 
 sum, marl, and water limestone are found, 
 although not in great abundance. The Hud- 
 28 
 
 son river, is navigable to Troy and by 
 means of lockage to Lansingburg. The Erie 
 and Champlain canals terminate in the 
 north-eastern part of the county, which is 
 also intersected by the railroad connecting 
 Albany with Utica. Organized in 1683, and 
 named in honor of the Duke of York and Al- 
 bany, afterwards James II. Capital, Alban3^ 
 Population, 93,279. 
 
 Albany, the capital of New York, and the 
 second city in importance in that state, is 
 situated on the W, bank of the Hudson river, 
 145 miles N. from New York city, 164 W. by 
 N. from Boston, and about 370 N. E. from 
 Washington: lat. 42° 39' N., Ion. 73° 44' 49" 
 W. As viewed from some parts of the 
 Hudson, the appearance of the city is highly 
 picturesque and imposing. A low alluvial 
 flat from 15 to 100 rods wide extends along 
 the margin of the river, but west of this 
 the ground rises about 220 feet in the dis- 
 tance of a mile. Albany, compared with most 
 other ■ American cities, is not remarkable 
 for the regularity of its streets, nor gene- 
 rally speaking for the neatness or elegance 
 of its houses ; nevertheless, it contains many 
 haiadsome, and several splendid edifices. The 
 principal street is State street, extending 
 from the Hudson to the capitol ; from the 
 river to Broadway it is quite narrow, but 
 on reaching that street it widens to 150 feet 
 or upwards, and continues of this breadth to 
 its western extremity. The city contains a 
 number of public squares, the most important 
 of which is situated at the end of State 
 street. Among the principal edifices of Al- 
 bany may be mentioned the capitol, a sub- 
 stantial and handsome stone building 115 
 feet long, and about 90 feet wide ; the walls 
 are about 50 feet high, consisting of two sto- 
 ries and a basement story of 10 feet ; it is 
 faced with brown freestone from the quarries 
 on the Hudson below the Highlands. The 
 columns, pilasters, and other decorations are 
 of marble, chiefly from Berkshire, in Massa- 
 chusetts. The edifice is crowned with a 
 dome on which stands a statue in wood of 
 the goddess Themis, (Justice,) 11 feet high, 
 with a sword in her right hand and a balance 
 in her left. The capitol contains an assembly 
 chamber 56 feet long and 50 feet wide and 28 
 high, and a senate chamber 50 feet long, 28 
 feet wide, and the same in height, besides 
 various other apartments. The capitol stands 
 on tlie west side of the public square already 
 alluded to. On the opposite side of tlie 
 square, facing the west, is the state hall, a 
 splendid edifice of marble, containing the dif- 
 ferent offices of the state government: on the 
 same side is situated the city hall, a large and 
 handsome building, also of marble, with a 
 gilded dome. Albany has about 40 churches, 
 many of which are handsome buildings. The 
 Catholic cathedral, not yet finished, will pro- 
 bably be one of the most splendid as well as 
 largest church edifices in the United States. 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 It fronts on Eagle street, having its north 
 and south sides on Lydius and Jefferson 
 streets. Standing on an eminence, it pre- 
 sents the whole of its magnificent propor- 
 tions as the most prominent object to one 
 approaching the city from the south and 
 east. 
 
 Albany is distinguished for her educational 
 and literary institutions, among which may 
 be mentioned the University of Albany, in- 
 corporated in 1852. This is intended to be 
 national in its character, and of a higher 
 order than any similar institution in the 
 country; its object is to furnish the gradu- 
 ates of American colleges the means of com- 
 pleting an education without going abroad : 
 its departments are of law, medicine, scien- 
 tific and practical agriculture, civil and me- 
 cljanical engineering, the mechanic arts, 
 phj'sical geography, political economy, his- 
 tory in its relations to civilization, chemistry 
 in its application to the arts, and astronomy. 
 A splendid observatory, connected with the 
 university, to be called the Dudley Observ- 
 atory, is now being erected at a cost of 
 $25,000. The Albany Medical College was 
 founded in 1839, and is furnished with the 
 most ample means of instruction. It has one 
 of the best museums of the kind in this coun- 
 try, and a well-selected library of 3000 vo- 
 lumes, 500 of which are set apart for the use 
 of students, free of charge : number of st\i- 
 dents in 1852, 114; professors, 8. The State 
 Normal School, a flourishing institution, un- 
 der the control of the state, was established 
 in 1844, "for the instruction and practice of 
 teachers of common schools in the science of 
 education and the art of teaching:" it has a 
 library of 700 volumes. The Albany Acade- 
 mj, on the east side of the public square, 
 opposite the capitol, and the Albany Female 
 Academy in Pearl street, enjoy a high 
 reputation as institutions of instruction. 
 The former, which is incorporated, is for 
 the education of boys, and has [in 1853] 394 
 students : they are fitted for any class in 
 college or for business pursuits. The lat- 
 ter, also incorporated, has about 300 pupils. 
 There are also 11 public schools in the 
 city, where a good English education can 
 be obtained free of expense. Belonging to 
 them are libraries numbering in all 8050 
 volumes. The Albany Institute, having for 
 its object the collection and diffusion of sci- 
 entific information, possesses a valuable mi- 
 neralogical cabinet and a library of 5000 vo- 
 lumes : it is in a tlourishing condition. The 
 Young Men's Association, established for mu- 
 tual improvement, has a valuable library of 
 8000 volumes, and sustains annually, during 
 the winter season, a course of lectures upon 
 literary and scientific subjects. Besides the 
 libraries mentioned, there are the State Li- 
 brary, open to the public, containing 27,000 
 volumes, and an Apprentices' Library of 3000 
 volumes. 
 
 The State Agricultural Booms, in the old 
 State House building, on State street, con- 
 tain a valuable and most interesting collec- 
 tion in natural history and agriculture ; 
 above them are the Geological Rooms. In the 
 same building are the valuable collections 
 made in the progress of the preparation of 
 the magnificent State Natural History. 
 
 Among the benevolent institutions may be 
 named the Orphan Asylum, which is liberally 
 endowed, and provides for all the destitute 
 orphans of the county : the building is a fine 
 structure, situated one mile west of the City 
 Hall. St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, incor- 
 porated in 1849, is a Catholic institution, 
 under the direction of the Sisters of Charity. 
 The Emigrant's Friend Society furnishes pro- 
 tection and information to emigrants. A 
 society under the direction of a number of 
 benevolent ladies was organized in Decem- 
 ber, 1850, for the piirpose of giving fair and 
 liberal prices to seamstresses : large num- 
 bers have been employed by the society, 
 which is now in a most flourishing con- 
 dition. 
 
 Albany is advantageously situated for com- 
 merce, at the head of the sloop navigation on 
 the Hudson, and communicates by means of 
 canals with Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and 
 Lake Champlain. It is also the centre in 
 which a number of very important railroads 
 meet, connecting it with New York, Boston, 
 Buffalo, and other less prominent places. The 
 tonnage of property arriving at Albany by 
 canal in 1852, amounted to 1,019,307 tons, be- 
 ing an increase of that year over the preceding 
 of 96,597 tons: the aggregate tonnage cleared 
 at this place in 1852, was 177,084 tons, ex- 
 ceeding that of the previous year by 41,559 
 tons. The value of property arriving here by 
 canal in 1852, was $27,439,180, being an 
 increase over that of the preceding year of 
 $4,982,625. The value of property cleared 
 the same year amounted to $31,476,375, ex- 
 ceeding that of 1851 by $8,613,748. One 
 of the most important articles in the com- 
 merce of Albany is lumber. The clear pine of 
 Michigan and Canada, the oak, cherry, and 
 poplar of Ohio, the common pine of Pennsyl- 
 vania and New York, meet here, furnisliing 
 probably the largest lumber market in the 
 world. The value of the lumber received by 
 canal in 1852, amounted to $6,421,219. The 
 same year there were received 1,651,789 bar- 
 rels of flour, valued at $7,482,604 ; 4,145,970 
 pounds of wool, valued at $1,741,307; 
 2,981,938 bushels of corn, amounting in 
 value to $1,997,898; 1,495,714 bushels of 
 wheat, valued at $1,525,628; 1,386,678 
 bushels of barley, worth $1,012,275; un- 
 manufactured tobacco, valued at $1,303,698, 
 besides other articles of less amount. Al 
 bany contains 9 or 10 newspaper offices, and 
 10 banks. The total assessed value of real 
 estate in this city is $15,831,630, and of per- 
 sonal property, $4,078,671. 
 
 29 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 Among .he principal hotels of Albany may 
 1)6 mentioned the Delavan House, the City 
 Hotel, and the Mansion House, on Broadway, 
 near the river ; Congress Hall, on Washing- 
 ton street, on the hill near the capitol. 
 
 The population of Albany in 1850 was 
 50,763. 
 
 Albany, a post-township of Oxford county, 
 Maine, 15 miles "VV. by N. from Paris. Popu- 
 lation, 747. 
 
 Albany, a post-township of Carroll county, 
 New Hampshire, about 60 miles N. by E. 
 from Concord. Population, 455. 
 
 Albany, a post-township of Orleans county, 
 Vermont, 6 miles S. of Irasburg. Population, 
 1052. 
 
 Albany, a post-township of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1406. 
 
 Albany, a township forming the south- 
 eastern extremity of Bradford county, Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 1043. 
 
 Albany, a flourishing town of Baker coun- 
 ty, Georgia, on the right bank of Flint river, 
 at the mouth of Kinchafoonee creek, 110 
 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. It is the 
 largest town in the county, and is a place of 
 much activity. Steamboats ascend the river 
 from the Gulf of Mexico to this place. The 
 cottoii which is annually shipped here 
 amounts to about 12,000 bales. The South- 
 western railroad, which now terminates at 
 Oglethorpe on Flint river, will probably be 
 extended to Albany, and increase its import- 
 ance. The adjacent country is considered as 
 fertile as any part of the state. Albany is 
 incorporated, and contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 18 stores and a newspaper office Pop. 1000. 
 
 Albany, a post-office of Caddo parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Albany, a post-village of Henry county, 
 Tennessee, 106 miles W. from Nashville. 
 
 Albany, a small post-village, capital of 
 Clinton county, Kentucky, 126 miles S. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Alb,\ny, a post-village of Tuscarawas 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Albany, a post-village of Delaware county, 
 Indiana, about 10 miles N. E. from Muncie. 
 
 Albany, a flourishing post-village of White- 
 sides county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 
 177 miles N. by W. from Springfield. It car- 
 ries on an active trade on the river. 
 
 Albany, a post-village of Albany township, 
 Greene county, Wisconsin, on Sugar river, 
 about 26 miles S. from Madison; was settled 
 since 1846. The river furnishes fine water- 
 power, which gives motion to several mills. 
 
 Albany, a township of Marquette county, 
 Wisconsin, 50 miles N. by E. from Madison. 
 Population, 494. 
 
 Albany, a post-village of Linn county, 
 Oregon, on the right bank of the Willamette, 
 at its junction with the Callapooya river, 
 about 25 miles S. from Salem. 
 
 Albemarle (M-be-marl') Sound, situated 
 in the N. E. part of North Carolina, extends 
 30 
 
 from the Atlantic westward about 60 miles, 
 and is from 4 to 15 miles wide. It communi- 
 cates with Currituck sound and with Pam- 
 lico sound by narrow inlets. The water is 
 nearly fresh, and not affected by the tide 
 Avave of the sea, from which it is separated 
 by a narrow island. 
 
 Albemaele, a county in the E. central part 
 of Virginia, has an area of about 700 square 
 miles. The James river forms its southern 
 boundary, and it is drained by the Rivanna 
 and Hardware rivers, affluents of the James, 
 which rise by several small branches in the 
 W. part of the country. The Blue Ridge 
 forms its N. W. boundary, and a ridge called 
 South-west Moimtain, or Carter's Mountain, 
 extends across the county in a N. E. and S. 
 ^Y. direction. The surface is beautifully di- 
 versified, and the scenery in all parts of the 
 county is exceedingly picturesque. The soil 
 of the valleys and river bottoms is remark- 
 ably fertile, and a large portion of the high- 
 lands is susceptible of cultivation. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, wool, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 798,354 bushels of corn; 278,575 of wheat, 
 191,549 of oats; 4328 tons of hay; 1,456,300 
 pounds of tobacco, and 164,882 pounds of 
 butter. The produce of corn was greater 
 than that of any other county in the state. 
 It contained in that year 44 churches, and 4 
 newspaper establishments. There were 550 
 pupils attending public schools, and 465 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 Piivanna river is navigable in the eastern 
 part of the county, which is intersected by 
 the Central railroad of Virginia, lately con- 
 structed, while the James River Canal passes 
 along the south border. Albemarle is among 
 the most populous and highly cultivated 
 counties of Virginia, and is distinguished as 
 the native place of Thomas Jefi"erson, third 
 President of the United States, whose resi- 
 dence, Monticello, is beautifully situated 3 
 miles S. E. from Charlottesville, commanding 
 a magnificent view of the distant mountains, 
 and of the Rivanna river, which flows in the 
 immediate vicinity. Capital, Charlottesville. 
 Population, 25,800, of whom 12,462 were 
 free, and 13,338 slaves. 
 
 Albemaele, a post-village, capital of Stan- 
 ley county. North Carolina, 120 miles W. S. 
 W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Albemarle, a post-office of Carroll county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Alberts, a post-office of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Albeetson's, a post-office of Duplin county, 
 North Carolina, about 80 miles S. E. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Albertson, a small village of Tippah 
 county, Mississippi, 16 miles S. from Ripley, 
 the county seat, and about 200 miles N. from 
 Jackson. It is surrounded by rich planta- 
 tions of cotton. 
 
 Albia, a new and thriving town, capital of 
 
ALB 
 
 ALE 
 
 Monroe county, loiva, about 90 miles W. S. 
 W. from Iowa city, and about 30 miles from 
 Oskaloosa. It is situated in a fertile farming 
 district, diversified by prairies and woodlands. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
 Albion, a post-township of Kennebec coun- 
 ty, Maine, 26 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1604. 
 
 Albion, a post-office of Providence county, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Albion, a stopping-place on the New 
 York and Erie railroad, in the township 
 of New Albion, 31 J miles E. S. E. from Dun- 
 kirk. 
 
 Albion, a post-village and capital of Or- 
 leans county, New York, is situated in Barre 
 township, on the Erie Canal and the Roches- 
 ter, Lockport and Niagara Falls railroad, 
 about 40 miles N. E. of Buffalo. It contains 
 5 churches, 1 academy for boys, 1 female 
 seminary, 7 steam-engines for driving machi- 
 nery, 1 court house, 1 jail, 2 stove foundries, 
 2 banks and 3 newspaper offices Pop. 3500. 
 
 Albion, or Jacksonville, a thriving post- 
 village of Erie county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Beaver and Erie canal, 26 miles S. W. from 
 Erie, and 139 miles by canal from Pittsburg. 
 It owes its growth to the navigation of the 
 canal, which was completed in 1845. Lum- 
 ber is a leading article of its business. Popu- 
 lation, near 300. 
 
 Albion, a post-village of Ashland county, 
 Ohio, on Muddy Fork of Walhonding river, 
 about 80 miles in a straight line N. N. E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Albion, a post-township of Calhoun county, 
 Michigan, 97 miles W. from Detroit. Popu- 
 lation, 1665. 
 
 Albion, a flourishing post-village of Cal- 
 houn county, Michigan, in the above town- 
 ship, on the Kalamazoo river and Michigan 
 Central railroad, 97 miles AV. from Detroit, 
 12 miles E. from Marshall, in the midst of 
 an undulating and fertile country. It is a 
 place of considerable importance, and one of 
 the principal villages in the county. Popu- 
 lation about 1200. 
 
 Albion, a thriving town, capital of Noble 
 county, Indiana, 125 miles N. N. E. from In- 
 dianapolis, and 26 miles N. W. from Fort 
 Wayne, was laid out in 1847. The county 
 has a fertile soil, and is settling rapidly. 
 
 Albion, a post-village, capital of Ed- 
 ward's county, Illinois, 170 miles S. E. from 
 Springfield, has a high and healthy situation. 
 A plauk-road, about 13 miles long, connects 
 it with Graysville, on the Wabash river, and 
 is to be extended 20 miles westward. Albion 
 contains a brick court house. 
 
 Albion, a post-township of Dane county, 
 Wisconsin. The village is about 25 miles S. 
 E. from Madison. 
 
 Albion, a small village of Iowa county, 
 Wisconsin, about 56 miles W. from Madison. 
 
 Albion Gore, a small district or township 
 in Kennebec county, Maine. Population, 110. 
 
 Albrights, a post-village of Des MoinvS 
 county, Iowa, about 3 miles N. W. of the 
 Mississippi river, and 65 miles S. S. E. from 
 Iowa city. 
 
 Albrightsville, a post-village of Carbon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Albuquerque, al-boo-keR'ki, almost al- 
 boo-kair'kd, a post-town of Bernalillo coun- 
 ty. New Mexico, on the left bank of the Rio 
 Grande, about 60 miles S. W. from Santa Fe. 
 Camp Vigilance, a United States military post, 
 garrisoned by dragoons, is in the immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 Alburg, a post-township of Grand Is?^ 
 county, Vermont, situated on a peninsula be- 
 tween the Canada line and Missisque bay and 
 Richelieu river, communicating with lake 
 Champlain. Population, 1568. 
 
 Alburg Springs, a post-village of Grau' 
 Isle county, Vermont, 87 miles N. VV. from 
 Montpelier. 
 
 Alcasalica Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Ocmulgee in Irwin county. 
 
 Alcofahalchee River. See Ulcofauhachee. 
 
 Alcona, a new and unorganized county in 
 the E. N. E. part of Michigan, bordering on 
 Lake Huron, contains about 630 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Au Sable river. 
 The census of 1850 gives no returns of the 
 population or productions of this county. 
 
 Alcorn's, a village of Adair county, Iowa, 
 160 miles W. by S. from Iowa city. 
 
 Alcove, a post-village of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin, about 70 miles N. E. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Alcovy River, Georgia. — See Ulcofau- 
 hachee. 
 
 Alden, a post-township of Erie county, 
 New York, 22 miles E. from Buffalo, and 220 
 W\ from Albany. Population, 2520. The vil- 
 lage is situated on the Rochester and Buffalo 
 railroad. 
 
 Alden, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Mclienry county, Illinois. 
 
 Alden, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 70 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Aldenville, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Alderbrook, a post-office of Independence 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Alder Creek, a post-office of Oneida coun- 
 ty. New York, 107. miles W.N.W. from Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Aldie, a small post-village of Loudon 
 county, Virginia, on Little river, 149 miles 
 N. from Richmond. A slackwater naviga- 
 tion is in progress of construction, which will 
 extend from this village to the Potomac, a 
 distance of 17 miles. 
 
 Alert, a post-village of Butler county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Aleppo, a township of Greene county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1176. 
 
 Alexander, a county toward the W. part 
 of North Carolina, has an area of perhaps 
 300 square miles. It is drained by the South 
 
 31 
 
ALE 
 
 ALE 
 
 Yadkin. The surface is elevated and hilly ; 
 a portion of the soil is fertile. Indian corn, 
 ■wheat, oats, and grass are the staples. In 
 ]850 this county produced 165,805 bushels 
 of corn ; 10,501 of wheat ; and 28,996 pounds 
 of butter. There were 4 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 16 churches. The county was formed 
 in 1846, from Wilkes, Caldwell, and Iredell 
 counties. Capital, Taylorsville. Population, 
 5220, of whom 4677 were free, and 543 slaves. 
 
 Alexander, a county forming the southern 
 extremity of Illinois, has an area of 245 
 square miles. It is situated at the conflu- 
 ence of the Ohio with the Mississippi river, 
 the latter of which forms its boundary on 
 the south and south-west, and separates it 
 from Missouri. Cash river flows along the 
 eastern border of the county until it enters 
 the Ohio a few miles from the mouth of the 
 latter. The surface is low, and some parts 
 are subject to inundation; the soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, grass, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 92,920 bushels 
 of corn; 1698 of wheat, and 19,810 pounds 
 of butter. It contained in that year 4 
 churches, and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 There were 228 pupils attending public 
 schools. The Central railroad of Illinois 
 (not yet finished) has its southern terminus 
 at Cairo, in this county. Capital, Thebes. 
 Population, 2484. 
 
 Alexandeb, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Maine, 25 miles N. from Machias. 
 Population, 544. 
 
 Alexander, a post-township of Genesee 
 countj''. New York, 258 miles W. from Albany, 
 intersected by Tonawanda creek. Popula- 
 tion, 1927. 
 
 Alexander, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Tonawanda creek and the Ba- 
 tavia and Attica railroad. It contains 6 
 stores, 3 churches, and a flourishing semi- 
 narj'. Population, 350. 
 
 Alexander, a post-village of Burke coun- 
 ty, Georgia, near the source of Beaver Dam 
 creek, about 80 miles in a straight line due 
 east from Milledgeville. 
 
 Alexander, a small village of Cannon 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Alexander, a township of Athens county, 
 Ohio, about 80 miles S. E. from Columbus. 
 The village is nearly in the centre of the town- 
 ship on the road which runs S. from Athens 
 to the Ohio river. 
 
 Alexander, a village of Licking county, 
 Ohio, on the Raccoon Fork of Licking river, 
 about 12 miles W. from Newark. Popula- 
 tion, 350. 
 
 Alexandersville or Alexandervilie, a 
 post-village of Montgomery county, Ohio, on 
 the Miami canal, and near the Mad river and 
 I-ake Erie railroad, 7 miles S. from Dayton, 
 fjid 75 W. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Alexandria, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on the Potomac river, 
 opposite Washington City, has an area of 
 32 
 
 about S6 square miles. The surface is hilly; 
 the soil thin. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 hay are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 28,380 bushels of corn; 6238 of 
 wheat; 6312 of oats; and 912 tons of hay. 
 There were one cotton factory, 1 grist mill, 
 2 iron foundries, 1 tannery, 2 chandleries, 
 and 2 agricultural implement manufactories. 
 It contained 12 churches, and 3 newspaper es- 
 tablishments. There were 619 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 304 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. The Potomac is navi- 
 gable for large ships on the border of the 
 county. The Orange and Alexandria rail- 
 road terminates at Alexandria, the capital 
 of the county ; and a canal has been made 
 from that city to Georgetown, District of 
 Columbia. Population, 10,008, of whom 
 8626 were free, and 1382 slaves. This coun- 
 ty formerly constituted a part of the District 
 of Columbia. It was retroceded to Virginia 
 during the Congress of 1845-6. 
 
 Alexandria, a post-township of Grafton 
 county, New Hampshire, 34 miles N. N. W. 
 from Concord. Population, 1273. 
 
 Alexandria, a village near the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Essex county, New York, near the 
 N. end of Lake George. 
 
 Alexandria, a post-township of Jefl'erson 
 county. New York, on the river St. Lawrence ; 
 it comprises within its limits a portion of 
 the Thousand Islands in that river. Popula- 
 tion, 3178. 
 
 Alexandria, a village in the above town- 
 ship, about a mile from the St. Lawrence, 
 and 27 miles N. of Water town. 
 
 Alexandria, a township of Hunterdon 
 county. New Jersey, 12 miles N. E. from 
 Flemington. Population, 3811. 
 
 Alexandria, a post-borough in Morris 
 township, Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Pennsylvania canal, and on Franks- 
 town Branch of Juniata, 98 miles W. by N. 
 from Harrisburg. It is a place of active 
 business, and one of the largest towns in the 
 county. Population, 601. 
 
 Alexandria, a city port of entry and 
 capital of Alexandria county, Virginia, on 
 the right bank of the Potomac, 7 miles below 
 Washington. Lat. 38° 49' N. Lon. 77° 4^ W. 
 The river, here one mile wide, forms a com- 
 modious harbor, sufficiently deep for the 
 largest ships. The city is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on undulating ground, with a fine 
 view of the capitol at Washington and of 
 the broad Potomac. The streets cross each 
 other at right angles and are generally 
 well paved and lighted with gas. The pub- 
 lic buildings are a court house and about 
 12 churches. There are 3 banks, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and several excellent schools. 
 The water of the river has recently been 
 introduced into the city by means of ma- 
 chinery. A considerable amount of shipping 
 is owned here, in which corn, tobacco, 
 and stone coal are exported. A canal has 
 
ALE 
 
 ALL 
 
 been opened to Georgetown intersecting the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio canal, and a railroad 
 90 miles long extends from this city to Gor- 
 donsville on the Central railroad. These 
 improvements were finished in 1852, and 
 have attracted considerable trade to this port. 
 The manufacture of cotton cloths has re- 
 cently been introduced here, and is carried 
 on quite extensively, a number of mills be- 
 ing in successful operation. Population, 
 8752 
 
 Alexandria, a post-village of Benton 
 county, Alabama, about 136 miles N. E. from 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Alexandria, a post-village, capital of Ra- 
 pides parish, Louisiana, on Red river, 350 
 miles by water W. N. W. from New Orleans, 
 and 150 miles by the course of the river from 
 its mouth. Steamboats ply frequently at all 
 seasons between this town and New Orleans, 
 and they can also ascend many miles farther. 
 The village is pleasantly situated on a plain 
 in the centre of' a rich cotton growing region. 
 Population about 600. 
 
 Alexandria, a post-village of De Kalb 
 county, Tennessee, 45 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Alexandria, a post-village, capital of 
 Campbell county, Kentucky, on the state 
 road leading from Newport (the former capi- 
 tal of the county) to Lexington, about 13 
 miles S. S. E. from Newport, and 60 miles 
 N. N. E. from Frankfort. Population, about 
 1000. 
 
 Alexandria, a post-village of Scioto coun- 
 ty, Ohio, near the mouth of Scioto river, 4 
 miles W. S. W. of Portsmouth. 
 
 Alexandria, a flourishing post-village of 
 Madison county, Indiana, on Pipe creek, 
 about 45 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 This place has several steam saw mills and 
 stores, and is improving rapidly. 
 
 Alexandria, a thriving town of Clarke 
 county, Missouri, situated on Fox river, 
 near its entrance into the Mississippi. It 
 contains some 20 stores or upwards, and 
 would doubtless rise to be a place of much 
 importance, was it not unfortunately subject 
 to inundations. 
 
 Alexandria Centre, a post-village of Jef- 
 ferson county, New York. 
 
 Alexandriana, a post-village of Mecklen- 
 burg county. North Carolina, 160 miles S. W. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Alfont, a post-village of Madison county, 
 Indiana, 24 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Alford, a post- township of Berkshire coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on Green river, an aiHu- 
 ent of the Housatonic, 130 miles W. from 
 Boston. Population, 502. 
 
 Alfordsville, a post-village of Robeson 
 county, North Carolina, 107 miles S. S. W. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Alfordsville, a village of Daviess county, 
 Indiana, near the E. Fork of White river, and 
 15 miles S. E. from "Washington, the county 
 seat. 
 
 c 
 
 Alfred, a post-township of York county, 
 Maine, 78 miles S. W. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 1319. 
 
 Alfred, a small village in the above 
 township, is one of the capitals of York 
 county. 
 
 Alfred, a post-township of Alleghany coun- 
 ty. New York, intersected by the New York 
 and Erie railroad, about 250 miles W. S. \Y. 
 from Albany. Population, 2679. 
 
 Alfred, a post-village in Orange township, * 
 Meigs county, Ohio, about 100 miles S. E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Alfred Centre, a post-village in Alfred 
 township, Alleghany county. New York, 250 
 miles "W. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Alganseb, or Algansi, a post-township of 
 Branch county, Michigan. Population, 609. 
 
 Algiers, Louisiana. See New Orleans. 
 
 Algodones, il-go-do'niz, a small village 
 of New Mexico, on the left bank of the Rio 
 Del Norte, 38 miles S. W. from Santa Fe. 
 
 Algo'ma, a post-village of Winnebago coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, about 80 miles N. N. E. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Algonac, formerly Manchester, a post- 
 village of St. Clair county, Michigan, on St. 
 Clair river, 40 miles N. E. from Detroit. It 
 contains one or two churches and several 
 stores. 
 
 Algonquin, a post-ofiice of Carroll county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Algonquin, a post-village of Houghton 
 county, Michigan, about 400 miles in a 
 straight line N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Algon'quin, a post-township of McHenry 
 county, Illinois, about 50 miles N. W. from 
 Chicago, intersected by the Illinois and Wis- 
 consin railroad. 
 
 Alham'bea, a post-village of Madisou 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Alida, a post-office of Stephenson county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Alisonia. See Allisonia. 
 
 Allamucht, or Allamuchee, a post- village 
 of Warren county. New Jersey, about 60 miles 
 N. from Trenton. 
 
 Allandale, a post-village of Habersham 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Allapaha. See Alapaha. 
 
 Allatoo'na, a post-village of Cass county, 
 Georgia, on the Western and Atlantic rail- 
 road, 130 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Allbright, a post-office of Preston county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Allegan, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Michigan, bordering on Lake Michigan, has 
 an area of 840 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Kalamazoo river, (navigable by 
 small steamboats,) and also drained by 
 Black and Rabbit rivers. The surface is ge- 
 nerally undulating ; the soil on the margins' 
 of the rivers is a deep, black alluvion, and 
 in some other parts sand and clay predomi- 
 nate. The county is mostly covered with 
 forests, from which large quantities of lum- 
 
 33 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 ber are procured. Indian corn, -wheat, oats, 
 hay, potatoes, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850, the county produced 52,155 bushels of 
 corn; 2521 of wheat; 16,711 of oats ; 43,741 
 of potatoes, and 92,610 pounds of maple su- 
 gar. It contained in that year 6 churches 
 and 1 newspaper establishment. There were 
 1196 pupils attending public schools. A lime- 
 stone quarry has been opened in the S. W. 
 part of the county. Capital, Allegan. Po- 
 pulation, 5125. 
 
 Allegan, a thriving post- village, capital of 
 Allegan county, Michigan, on both sides of the 
 Kalamazoo river, 160 miles W. by N. from 
 Detroit. It is situated at the head of navi- 
 gation for small boats, and has an active 
 trade. Lumber is the chief article of export. 
 Laid out in 1885. A bridge crosses the river 
 at this place. Population of the township, 
 752. 
 
 Allegany. See Alleghany. 
 
 Alleghany,* al-le-gA'ne, a river which rises 
 in Potter county, in the N. part of Pennsyl- 
 vania. After making a circuit in New York, 
 it returns again into Pennsylvania, and 
 uniting with the Monongahela at Pittsburg, 
 forms the Ohio. It flows through a hilly 
 country, in which pine timber and stone coal 
 are abundant, and is navigable for small 
 steamboats nearly 200 miles from Pittsburg. 
 Its principal towns on its banks are Warren, 
 Franklin, and Kittaning. 
 
 Alleghany Mountains, or Allegha- 
 NiES, a designation sometimes used as sy- 
 nonymous with Appalachian Mountains, 
 and employed to denote the great moun- 
 tain chain or system which extends south- 
 westerly, nearly parallel to the Atlantic 
 coast, along the south-eastern side of the 
 North American continent. (See Appala- 
 chian Mountains.) This name is, however, 
 more commonly, though rather loosely, ap.- 
 plied to that portion of the Appalachian sys- 
 tem lying south-west of the Hudson river, 
 and constituting the line which divides the 
 waters that flow into the Atlantic on the 
 east, from those which descend the Missis- 
 sippi on the west. 
 
 * It is much to be desired that a uniform orthography 
 of this name should be adopted. In Kew York it is com- 
 monly written Allegany; in Pennsylvania, ^Weg'/ieny; 
 and in Virginia and the Southern States, Alleghavy. 
 As nearly all of the works on general geography, even 
 those published in New York and PennsylTauia, spell 
 the name Alleghany, the citizens of those states might, 
 it is believed, without any unmanly concession, or with- 
 out the slightest abandonment of what is due to the dig- 
 nity of sovereign states, conform in this respect to the 
 usage of the majority. The impropriety, not to say ab- 
 Kurdity of this discrepancy in the spelling, will be seen 
 by referring to a representation of New York and Penn- 
 sylvania on the same map. We shall there find one and 
 the same river named Allegheny, near its source ; while 
 lower dowu, for the distance of some 40 or 50 miles, 
 it is Allegany, and then again Allegheny for the rest of 
 its course. If we have occasion to speak of the moun- 
 tains, we must, according to this method, call them Alle- 
 gany in a description of New York ; Allegheny in an arti- 
 cle on Pennsylvania; and Alleghany in treating of Vir- 
 ginia or any of the Southern or Western States. 
 
 34 
 
 The term Alleghany Mountains, in a still 
 more restricted sense, is applied to a broad 
 range or mass of mountains in Pennsylvania, 
 Maryland, and Virginia, forming the western 
 portion of the great Appalachian sj'stem in 
 those states. The ridges which form the 
 Alleghany are not very distinctly defined, 
 although th6 entire chain is so remarkable a 
 feature in the geography of our country. The 
 length of this mountain range may be stated 
 at 300 miles ; the mean height is about 2500 
 feet. Like most of the other chains of the 
 Appalachian system, the Alleghany does not 
 rise into peaks, but stretches in parallel 
 ridges, which, to the view from either side, 
 exhibits the appearance of gently rounded or 
 swelling knolls, or of easy curves or undu- 
 lations, marking the line of the far distant 
 horizon. 
 
 Alleghany, a county in the W. S. W. part 
 of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania, 
 has an area of about 1045 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Genesee river, and 
 principally drained by its tributaries, which 
 turn numerous grist and saw mills. The 
 Genesee Falls at Portage, in the N. part of 
 the county, produce an immense water- 
 power. The country on each side of the 
 Genesee valley rises, and in the E. and W. 
 parts the surface consists of table-land. The 
 soil is generally fertile ; in the N. part best 
 for grain, although the whole county is bet- 
 ter adapted to grazing than tillage. Wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 183,631 bushels 
 of wheat; 504,466 of oats ; 258,870 of pota- 
 toes ; 73,212 tons of hay; 1,141,162 pounds 
 of butter; 270,212 of wool, and 1,145,391 of 
 cheese. There were 18 flour and grist mills, 
 122 saw mills, 18 tanneries, 5 woollen fac- 
 tories, 8 iron foundries, and 2 carding and 
 fulling mills. It contained in that year 46 
 churches and 3 newspaper establishments. 
 There were 6301 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 384 attending academies or 
 other schools. Bog iron ore and limestone 
 are found. The New York and Erie rail- 
 road and the Genesee canal traverse this 
 county. Organized in 1806, having been 
 formed from a portion of Genesee county. 
 Capital, Angelica. Population, 37,808. 
 
 Alleghany, a county in the W. S. W. part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 750 
 square miles. The Alleghany and Mononga- 
 hela rivers unite near the centre of the 
 county, and form the Ohio, which flows to- 
 ward the S. W. It is also drained by the 
 Youghiogeny river, and by Chartiers, Turtle, 
 and Pine creeks. The surface in the vicinity 
 of the rivers is much broken, and furrowed 
 into deep ravines ; a large portion of the 
 upland is rolling or hilly, and presents a 
 beautiful variety of landscape. The soil of 
 the S. E. part is excellent, having a basis of 
 limestone ; in the N. W. part the soil is 
 clayey, and nearly all of the county is ara- 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 ble land. Grain, cattle, potatoes, wool, hay, 
 find butter are the staples of agriculture. 
 In 1850 this county produced 620,856 bushels 
 of wheat; 438,966 of corn; 257,408 of po- 
 tatoes; 35,830 tons of hay, and 971,434 
 pounds of butter. There were 28 distilleries, 
 8 nail factories, 2 coach-spring manufac- 
 tories, 84 clothing establishments, 57 cabinet- 
 ware manufactories, 9 glass manufactories, 
 2 glass-cutting establishments, 17 iron foun- 
 dries, '4 hardware establishments, 13 ma- 
 chine shops, 13 rolling mills, 1 copper re- 
 finery, 69 flour and grist mills, 32 saw mills, 
 and 21 tanneries. It contained 179 churches 
 and 36 newspaper establishments. There 
 were 12,664 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 3468 attending academies and other 
 schools. Large quantities of bituminous 
 coal are procured from the hills in the vi- 
 cinity of Pittsburg. The manufacture of 
 iron, glass, wool, &c. is carried on very ex- 
 tensively in the county ; a more particular 
 account of this branch of industry will be 
 found under the head of Pittsburg, the coun- 
 ty seat. The county is liberally supplied 
 with water-power. The Pennsylvania canal 
 follows the course of the Alleghany and Ohio 
 rivers through the county ; the Central rail- 
 road has its western terminus at Pittsburg ; 
 the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad extend 
 westward to Indiana, &c., and others are in 
 progress toward Erie and Steubenville. In 
 respect to population and manufacturing in- 
 dustry, Alleghany county is the second in 
 the state. Organized in 1788, and named 
 from the Alleghany river. Capital, Pittsburg. 
 Population, 138,290. 
 
 Alleghany, a county forming the western 
 extremity of Maryland, bordering on Penn- 
 sylvania and Virginia, has an area of about 
 800 square miles. The extreme length is 
 65 miles, the breadth varies from 7 to 35 
 miles. The southern boundary is formed by 
 the Potomac river and its north branch ; 
 the county is intersected in the western part 
 by the Youghiogeny river, and also drained 
 by Town, Evits Wills, and Glade creeks. It 
 is traversed by the main Alleghany moun- 
 tain, and by several minor ridges, and the 
 surface is exceedingly broken and rocky. 
 The mountainous districts present broad 
 valleys, called glades, the soil of which is fer- 
 tile, and peculiarly adapted to grazing and 
 dairy farms. They furnish the celebrated 
 glades butter and mountain mutton. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, butter, and hay are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 101,773 bushels of corn; 73,525 of wheat; 
 163,943 of oats; 231,038 pounds of butter, 
 and 10,890 tons of hay. It contained in that 
 year 2 woollen factories, 1 iron foundry, 1 
 iron furnace, 4 saw mills, 1 machine shop. 
 There were 31 churches and 3 newspaper 
 establishments, 2480 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 105 attending academies and 
 Other schools. The prevailing rocks are 
 
 limestone and variously colored sandstones. 
 Iron ore abounds in many parts of the coun- 
 ty ; large quantities of stone coal are pro- 
 cured from the mines a few miles W. from 
 Cumberland. The beds of coal are from 3 
 to 14 feet in thickness, and extend from the 
 Potomac river to the boundary of Pennsyl- 
 vania. The county is intersected by the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Capital, Cum- 
 berland. Population, 22,769, of whom 22,045 
 are free, and 724 slaves. 
 
 Alleghany, a county situated a little S. W. 
 from the centre of Virginia, has an area of 
 about 500 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Jackson's river, which unites with the Cow 
 Pasture river on the E. border, to form the 
 James river ; and it is also drained by Potts 
 and Dunlap creeks. The main Alleghany 
 chain forms its boundary on the N. W. ; a 
 ridge called Middle Mountain extends along 
 the S. E. border, and the Warm Springs and 
 Peter's mountains extend across the middle 
 of the county. The scenery of this county 
 is remarkably fine, particularly at the pas- 
 sage of Jackson's river, through one of the 
 mountains. The soil of the valleys is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 88,426 bushels of corn; 16,937 of 
 wheat; 42,210 of oats; 1211 tons of hay, 
 and 29,712 pounds of butter. It contained 
 in that year 2 iron furnaces, 2 forges, 2 flour 
 mills. There were 10 churches, 153 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 30 attending 
 an academy. Iron ore is found in the coun- 
 ty. The James Paver canal is designed to 
 terminate at Covington, the county seat. A 
 railroad is projected from this point to the 
 Ohio river at Guyandotte. The Red Sweet 
 Springs of this county have some celebrity, 
 and have been finely improved. Capital, 
 Covington. Population, 3515, of whom 2821 
 were free, and 694 slaves. 
 
 Alleghany, formerly called Burton, a 
 post-village of Alleghany township, Catta- 
 raugus county. New York, on the north bank 
 of the Alleghany river, and on the New York 
 and Erie railroad, 408 miles from New York 
 city. This place receives the business of 
 the valley of the Five-mile Run. Popula- 
 tion, 1037. 
 
 Alleghany City. — See Pittsburg. 
 
 Alleghany, a post-of&ce of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Alleghany, a township of Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Kiskiminitas creek. 
 Population, 2506. 
 
 Alleghany, a township of Blair county, 
 Pennsylvania, drained by Beaverdam creek, 
 an aflSuent of the Frankstown branch of the 
 Juniata. Population, 2352. 
 
 Alleghany, a township of Cambria coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on Clearfield creek. Po- 
 pulation, 1488. 
 
 Alleghany, a township of Potter county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 381. 
 
 35 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 Alleghant, a township of Somerset coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the E,aystown branch 
 of the Juniata. Population, 948. 
 
 Alleghany, a township of Venango coun- 
 ty, PennsylTania, on the Alleghany river. 
 Population, 1174. 
 
 Alleghany, a township of Westmoreland 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany 
 river. Population, 3329. 
 
 Alleghany Beidge, a post-office of McKean 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Allbmance County. — See Alamance. 
 
 Allemance, a post-ofBce of Guilford coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Allen, a county in the S. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee, has an area 
 of 300 square miles. Big Barren river 
 forms its boundary on the N. E., and it is 
 traversed by Trammel's creek. The surface 
 is generally level ; the soil moderately fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, cat- 
 tle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 411,655 bushels of corn; 9563 of 
 wheat; 65,206 of oats, and 760,806 pounds 
 of tobacco. It contained in that year 24 
 churches. There were 931 pupils attending 
 public schools. Several caves have been 
 found in the limestone formation of this 
 county, but they have not been explored to 
 any great extent. Salt springs are found. 
 The county was formed in 1815, and named 
 in memory of Colonel John Allen, who fell 
 at the battle of the river Raisin. Capital, 
 Scottsville. Population, 8742, of whom 7428 
 were free, and 1314 slaves. 
 
 Allen, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 405 square miles. It 
 is intersected by iVuglaize and Ottowa rivers, 
 and also drained by Fdley and Sugar creeks. 
 The general surface is level ; the soil is fer- 
 tile, and well timbered with hard wood. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, potatoes, cat- 
 tle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 288,450 bushels of corn; 
 140.580 of wheat; 62,254 of oats ; 8636 tons 
 of hay, and 191,831 pounds of butter. It 
 contained in that year 19 churches and 1 
 newspaper establishment. There were 4500 
 pupils attending public schools. The county 
 is intersected by the Miami canal, and by 
 the Ohio and Indiana railroad, in progress 
 of construction. The canal aflfords valuable 
 water-power. Capital, Lima. Population, 
 12,109. 
 
 Allen, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Indiana, bordering on Ohio, has an area of 
 638 square miles. The St. Joseph and St. 
 Mary rivers, which rise in Ohio, unite at the 
 county seat, and form the Maumee ; the 
 county is also drained by the sources of the 
 Aboite and Little rivers, and by Cedar and 
 Crooked creeks. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is excellent, well watered, and ex- 
 tensively cultivated. Excepting some wet 
 prairies and "oak openings" of moderate 
 extent, the county is well timbered with 
 36 
 
 oak, hickory, beech, maple, ash, &c. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and swine are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 more wheat than any county in the state, 
 excepting La Porte. There were raised in 
 that year 281,339 bushels of corn; 189,509 
 of wheat; 58,125 of oats, and 5919 tons of 
 hay. It contained 12 churches and 2 news- 
 paper establishments. There were 2500 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 410 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 county is intersected hj the Wabash and 
 Erie canal, and by several plank-roads. The 
 Ohio and Indiana railroad, now in progress, 
 extends from Crestline, Ohio, to Fort Wayne, 
 the capital of the county. Allen county was 
 organized in 1824, and named in honour of 
 Colonel William Allen, of Kentucky. Popu- 
 lation, 16,919. 
 
 Allen, a post-township of Alleghany coun- 
 ty. New York, 260 miles W. S. W. from Al- 
 bany. Population, 955. 
 
 Allen, a post-office of Cumberland county, 
 Pennsylvania, 18 miles W. S. W. from Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Allen, a former township of Cumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania, now divided into Up- 
 per and Lower Allen, (which see.) 
 
 Allen, a township of Northampton county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1156. 
 
 Allen, a township of Darke county, Ohio. 
 Population, 290. 
 
 Allen, a township of Hancock county, 
 Ohio. Population, 747. 
 
 Allen, a township in the W. part of Union 
 county, Ohio, intersected by Big Darby 
 creek. Population, 979. 
 
 Allen, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Hillsdale county, Michigan, intersected by 
 the Michigan Southern railroad. Population, 
 1033. 
 
 Allen, a post-office of Guthrie coun- 
 ty, Iowa, about 160 miles W. from Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Allen Centre, a post-village in Allen 
 township, Alleghany county. New York, about 
 270 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 
 Allen Centre, a post-village in Allen 
 township. Union county, Ohio, about 36 N. 
 W. from Columbus. 
 
 Allendale, a post-office of Barnwell dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Allendale, a post-office of Greene county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Allendale, a post-township of Ottowa 
 county, Michigan, 20 miles S. E. from Grand 
 Haven. Population, 168. 
 
 Allen's, a post-office of Miami county, 
 Ohio, 62 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Allen's Bridge, a post-office of Marion 
 district. South Carolina, about 130 miles E. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Allen's Bridge, a small village of Marion 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Allensburo, a post-village of Highland 
 county, Ohio, 8 miles AY. from Hillsborough. 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 Ailen's Creek, a post-office of Amherst 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Allen's Fresh, a post-office of Charles 
 county, Mai-yland. 
 
 Allen's Bridge, a small village of Ma- 
 rion county, Alabama. 
 
 Allen's Grove, a village of Scott county, 
 Iowa, about 50 miles E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Allen's Grove, a post-village of Walworth 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Allen's Hill, a post-village of Ontario 
 county. New York, 217 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Allen's Spring, a post-office of Allen 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Allen's Settlement, a post-office of Clai- 
 borne parish, Louisiana, about 400 miles N. 
 W. from New Orleans. 
 
 Allenstown, a post-township of Merri- 
 mack county. New Hampshire, intersected 
 by Suncook river, 10 miles S. E. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 526. 
 
 Allensville, a post-village of Mifflin coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 76 miles N. W. from Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Allensville, a post-office of Todd coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 186 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Allensville, a village of Logan county, 
 Kentucky, situated in the midst of a fertile 
 agricultural district, about 180 miles S. W. 
 from Frankfort. 
 
 Allensville, a post-village of Vinton 
 county, Ohio, about 60 miles S. S. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Allensville, a post-village of Switzer- 
 land county, Indiana, about 100 miles S. E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Allenton, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Allenton, a post-village of Wilcox county, 
 Alabama, about 110 miles S. by E. from Tus- 
 caloosa. 
 
 Allentown, a post-village in Upper Free- 
 hold township, Monmouth county. New Jer- 
 sey, 12 miles E. by N. from Trenton. It has 
 3 churches and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Allentown, formerly Northampton, a 
 thriving borough, capital of Lehigh county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Jordan creek, an affluent 
 of the Lehigh, half a mile from the latter ; 
 85 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg, and 
 51 miles N. by W. from Philadelphia. It is 
 pleasantly situated on an eminence ; the 
 streets are wide and straight, and the dwell- 
 ings are substantially built of brick and 
 stone. It contains a court-house, an acade- 
 my, 2 public libraries, 5 churches, a bank, 
 and 6 newspaper offices. A substantial stone 
 bridge crosses the Jordan creek, and another 
 the Lehigh, near this place. The canal of the 
 Lehigh Coal Company, which passes through 
 Allentown, contributes largely to its pros- 
 perity. The proposed railroad leading from 
 Easton to Mauch Chunk will, when com- 
 pleted, pass through this town. The adja- 
 cent country is fertile, and highly improved, 
 •And contains extensive beds of iron ore and 
 
 roofing-slate. There are in the town and 
 its vicinity some 15 flourishing mills, and 8 
 or 9 large anthracite furnaces. Population 
 in 1853, about 6000. 
 
 Allentown, a post-village of Allen coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on Ottowa creek, 6 or 7 miles W. 
 from Lima, and 90 N. W. from Columbus. 
 Population about 200. First settled about 
 1843. 
 
 Alley's Mills, a post-office of Cass coun- 
 ty, Texas, about 300 miles N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Allgosa, a post-office of Spartanburg dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Alliance, a post-village of Lexington 
 township, Starke county, Ohio, on the Penn- 
 sylvania and Ohio railroad, where it is 
 crossed by the Cleveland and Pittsburg rail- 
 road, 82 miles N. W. from Pittsburg, and 136 
 miles N. E. from Columbus. It was laid out 
 in 1850, and seems destined to become a 
 place of some importance. 
 
 Alligator river of North Carolina, is an 
 inlet which extends from Albemarle sound, 
 southward, into Tyrrell county, and into the 
 Alligator swamp. 
 
 Alligator, a small post-village, capital of 
 Columbia county, Florida, on the road from 
 Tallahassee to Jacksonville, 120 miles E. 
 from the former. It contains 6 stores, a 
 steam saw-mill, a tannery, and about 300 
 inhabitants. The county is thinly settled. 
 
 Alligator, a post-office of St. Mary's pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Allison, a township of Clinton county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 411. 
 
 Allison, a post-office of Logan county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Allisonia, a thriving post-village of Frank- 
 lin county, Tennessee, on Elk river, and on 
 the railroad between Nashville and Chatta- 
 nooga, 77 miles S. E. from the former and 74 
 miles from the latter. It is an important 
 station on the railroad, and has a large 
 cotton factory, which cost about $100,000, 
 including machinery. The water-power is 
 said to be unsurpassed by any in the state. 
 Laid out about 1850. 
 
 Allison's Creek of York district. South 
 Carolina, flows into Catawba river from the 
 right. 
 
 Al'lo-ma-kee', a county forming the N.E. 
 extremity of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, 
 and on the Mississippi river, which sepa- 
 rates it from Illinois, has an area of about 
 660 square miles. It is bounded on the S. 
 by Yellow river, and intersected by the Up- 
 per Iowa. The surface is undulating, di- 
 versified by prairies and woodlands; the soil 
 is productive. In 1850 this county produced 
 600 bushels of corn ; 650 of wheat ; lOnO of 
 oats ; 800 pounds of butter, and 60 tons of 
 hay. Capital, Columbus. Population, 777. 
 
 Alloway, a post-village of Lyons town- 
 ship, Wayne county. New York, on the Ca- 
 nandaigua Outlet, 3 miles S. from Lyons. 
 
 Alloway's Creek, of Salem county. New 
 S7 
 
ALL 
 
 ALT 
 
 Jersey, flows into the Delaware river, 6 miles 
 S. from Salem. 
 
 Allowatstown, a post-village of Salem 
 county, New Jersey, 60 miles S. S. W. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 Allsbokough, a post-village of Franklin 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Albiirante, a post-village of Walton coun- 
 ty, Florida, near the Yellow Water river, 
 about 140 W. N. W. from Tallahassee. 
 
 Almond, a post-township of Alleghany 
 county. New York, on the Canisteo river, 14 
 miles E. from Angelica, and about 260 miles 
 W. by S. from Albany. Population, 1914. 
 
 Almond, a prettily situated village in the 
 above township, on the New York and Erie 
 Kailroad, 123 miles E. from Dunkirk. Popu- 
 lation about 1200. 
 
 Almond, a post-office of Randolph county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Almond, a post-village of Portage county, 
 Wisconsin, about 90 miles N. from Madison. 
 
 Almond Grove, a post-office of Eed River 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Almont, a township in the S. E. part of La- 
 peer county, Michigan, intersected by Belle 
 river. Population, 1452. 
 
 Almont, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on an affluent of Clinton river, 50 miles 
 N. from Detroit. 
 
 Alna, a post-township of Lincoln county, 
 Maine, 20 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 916. The village of Alna is on 
 the Sheepscot river. 
 
 Alpena, originally called Anamickee, a 
 new county in the N. E. part of Michigan, 
 bordering on Lake Huron and Thunder bay. 
 The area is estimated at 700 square miles. 
 It is drained by Thunder Bay river. The 
 census of 1850 furnishes no returns for this 
 county. 
 
 Alpha, a post-office of Clinton county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Alpha, a post-office of Greene county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Alpine, a post-office of Tomkins county. 
 New York. 
 
 Alpine, a post-village of Chattooga coun- 
 ty, Georgia, near the boundary line of Ala- 
 bama, about 190 miles N. W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Alpine, a post-office of Clarke county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Alpine Depot, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Alps, a post-village in Nassau township, 
 of Rensselaer county. New York, 24 miles 
 E. by S. from Albany. 
 
 Alquina, a small post-village of Fayette 
 countj'-, Indiana, 62 miles E. S. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Alsace, a township in the central part of 
 Berks county, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles 
 N. E. from Reading. Population, 2697. 
 
 Alstead, a post-township, Cheshire coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire, 50 miles W. by S. from 
 38 
 
 Concord. Although well-cultivated, the prin- 
 cipal industry of its inhabitants is directed 
 to manufactures. Population, 1425. 
 
 Alston, a post-office of Fairfield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Altamaha, aul'ta-ma-hau', a river of 
 Georgia, formed by the union of the Oconee 
 and Ogeechee, in the S. E. central part of 
 the state. It flows south-eastward through 
 sandy plains, which are partly occupied by 
 pine barrens, and empties itself into the At- 
 lantic, 12 miles below Darien, and about 60 
 miles S. W. from Savannah. It is navigable 
 for vessels of 30 tons through its whole ex- 
 tent, which is about 140 miles. 
 
 Altamonte, a small post-village, capital of 
 Grundy county, Tennessee, situated on the 
 top of Cumberland mountain, 80 miles S. E. 
 from Nashville, was laid out in 1848, in the 
 midst of the woods. 
 
 Alta Springs, a small post-village of 
 Limestone county, Texas. 
 
 Altay, a post-office of Steuben county. 
 New York. 
 
 Altenburg, a village of Perry county, 
 Missouri, about 5 miles W. of the Mississippi. 
 
 Alto, a post-office of Louisa county, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Alto, a post-office of Cherokee county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Alto, a post-office of Kent county, Michigan. 
 
 Alto, a post-office of Howard county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Alto, a post-township forming the south- 
 western extremity of Fond du Lac county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Alton, a post-office of Penobscot county, 
 Maine. 
 
 Alton, a post-township of Belknap coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire, on the Cocheco railroad, 
 22 miles N. E. from Concord. Pop., 1795. 
 
 Alton, a post-village of Sodus township, 
 Wayne county, New York, is situated on a 
 branch of the Syracuse and Rochester rail- 
 road, 10 miles N. from Lyons. 
 
 Alton, a post-village, capital of Denton 
 county, Texas, is about 240 miles N. by E. 
 from Austin City, and a few miles W. from 
 the main Fork of Trinity river. It is situ- 
 ated in a rich farming district, which produces 
 cotton, wheat, and Indian corn, and is well 
 supplied with timber. The county is tra- 
 versed by the large forests called the "Cross 
 Timbers." Alton has sprung up since 1846. 
 
 Alton, a post-village of Franklin county, 
 Ohio, on the national road, 9 miles W. from 
 Columbus, has about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Alton, a post-office of Kent county, Michi- 
 gan. 
 
 Alton, a city and river port of Madison 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 21 
 miles above St. Louis, 3 miles above the 
 mouth of the Missouri, and 76 miles S. S. W. 
 from Springfield. It has a favorable position 
 for trade, and its landing is one of the best 
 on the river. A railroad has been completed 
 
ALT 
 
 AME 
 
 from this place to Springfield, and two others 
 are in course of construction, which will con- 
 nect it with Jacksonville, and with Terre 
 Haute, Indiana. Alton contained but few 
 houses until the penitentiary was located 
 here in 1832, since which it has increased 
 rapidly. It has wide streets, several public 
 squares, and a large space along the margin 
 of the river reserved for a public landing and 
 promenade. It contains about 6 churches, a 
 lyceum, a theological seminary, and a news- 
 paper office. Upper Alton, 1^ or 2 miles to 
 the E., is the seat of Shurtleff College, under 
 the direction of the Baptists. Large quar- 
 ries of fine limestone have been opened near 
 Alton, and stone coal and timber are abun- 
 dant in the vicinity. Population, 3875. 
 
 Alton Bay, a post-office of Belknap coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire. 
 
 Alton Hill, a post-office of Macon county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Altoona, a thriving post- village of Blair co. 
 Pennsylvania, on the Central railroad, 244 
 miles W. from Philadelphia, and 150 miles E. 
 from Pittsburg. It stands near the east base 
 of the Alleghany mountain, where the railroad 
 begins to ascend it, and contains a bank, a 
 newspaper office, a large hotel, and extensive 
 engine houses, and machine shops of the rail- 
 road company, who employ about 1500 opera- 
 tives. Locomotives and railway cars are ma- 
 nufactured here. Laid out in 1849. Popu- 
 lation, about 2500. 
 
 Alum Bank, a post-office of Bedford co.,Pa. 
 
 Alum Creek, of Ohio, rises in Delaware 
 county, and flows into Big Walnut creek, 
 about 8 miles from Columbus. 
 
 Alum Creek, a post-office of Bastrop coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Alum Creek, a post-office of Delaware 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Alum Rock, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Alum Springs, a post-office of Rockbridge 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Alvan, a post-office of Jefferson county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Alverson, a post-office of Ingham county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Alvira, a post-office of Lycoming county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Alviso, &l-vee'so, a small town of 
 Santa Clara county, California, at the head 
 of San Francisco bay. A steamboat runs 
 regularly between this place and San Fran- 
 cisco. 
 
 Amacetta, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Amagansett, a post-village of East Hamp- 
 ton township, Suffolk county. New York, near 
 the E. end of Long island, about 25 miles 
 from Riverhead. 
 
 Amanda, a post-office of Greenup county, 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 138 miles E. N. 
 E. from Frankfort. 
 
 Amanda, a township of Allen county, Ohio, 
 
 90 miles N. W. from Columbus. Population, 
 607. 
 
 Amanda, a village of Butler county, Ohio, 
 in Lemon township, on the Miami canal, 12 
 miles N. E. from Hamilton. 
 
 Amanda, a post-village of Fairfield county, 
 Ohio, on the Zanesville and Maysville turn- 
 pike, 8 miles S. W. from Lancaster, the coun- 
 ty seat, and 130 miles from Cincinnati. Popu- 
 lation, 420. 
 
 Amanda, a township of Hancock county, 
 about 10 miles S. E. from Finley. Popula- 
 tion, 1162. 
 
 Amanda, a township of Allen county, to- 
 ward the N. W. part of Ohio, intersected by the 
 Big Auglaize river, about 10 miles W. S. W. 
 from Lima. Population, 607. 
 
 Amandavillb, a post-office of Elbert coun- 
 ty, Georgia, about 90 miles N. W. from Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 Amazon, a village of Boone county, Illinois, 
 about 15 miles N. E. from Belvidere. 
 
 Amber, a post-village of Otisco township, 
 Onondago county. New York, is situated near 
 Otisco Lake, about 14 miles S. S. E. from 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Amberson's Valley, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ambler's Mills, a post-office of Louisa 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Amboy, a post-township of Oswego county, 
 toward the N. part of New York, about 
 17 miles S. E. from Pulaski. Population, 
 1132. 
 
 Amboy, a township of Fulton county, in 
 the N. W. part of Ohio, bordering on Michi- 
 gan, about 12 miles N. E. from Dover. Popu- 
 lation, 460. 
 
 Amboy, a post-office of Ashtabula county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Amboy, a post-office of Lapeer county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Amboy, a post-office of Washington county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Amboy Centre, a post-office of Oswego 
 county, New York. 
 
 Amboy, Perth, New Jersey. See Perth 
 Amboy. 
 
 Ambrosia, a post-office of Lee county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Amelia, a county toward the S. E. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 300 square miles. 
 The Appomattox river forms about half of the 
 boundary, enclosing it on nearly all sides ex- 
 cepting the south : it is also drained by Na- 
 mazine Flat and Deep creeks. The surface 
 is somewhat diversified ; the soil 'if the val- 
 leys is naturally fertile, but impoverished 
 by long cultivation. A portion of the land 
 has been "turned out," and can be bought 
 at a merely nominal rate. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, tobacco, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 250,251 bushels 
 of corn; 109,960 of wheat; 70,075 of oats; 
 1,786,788 pounds of tobacco, and 56,790 
 pounds of butter. It contained in that year 
 
 39 
 
AME 
 
 AMH 
 
 3 grist mills and 2 coach factories. There 
 were 14 churches, 145 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 61 attending academies or 
 other schools. The county is intersected by 
 the Richmond and Danville Railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1734. Capital, Amelia Court 
 House. Population, 9770, of- whom 2951 
 were free, and 6819 slaves. 
 
 Amelia Court House, a post-village, ca- 
 pital of Amelia county, Virginia, 47 miles 
 S. W. from Richmond ; contains very few 
 dwellings. 
 
 Amelia, a post-village of Clermont county, 
 Ohio, in Batavia township, 25 miles E. by 
 S. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Amelia Island is situated on the coast of 
 Nassau county, in the N. E. part of Florida. 
 It is about 16 miles in length and 4 in 
 breadth, and is separated from the main land 
 by a channel of from 2 to 4 miles wide. The 
 soil is generally fertile. 
 
 Amenia, a post-township of Dutchess coun- 
 ty, in the S. E. part of New York, bordering 
 on Connecticut, about 22 miles E. N. E. from 
 Poughkeepsie. Population, 2229. 
 
 Amenia, a post- village of Amenia township, 
 Dutchess county. New York, on the Harlem 
 railroad, 88 miles N. N. E. from New York. 
 It contains several churches, a bank, an 
 academy, and a few stores. 
 
 Amenia Union, a post-village of Amenia 
 township, Dutchess county. New York, about 
 25 miles E. N. E. from Poughkeepsie. 
 
 America, a small post-village of Wabash 
 county, Indiana, about 80 miles N. N. E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 American Creek, a small stream of Marin 
 county, in the W. N. W. part of California, 
 falls into the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 American River, in the N. central part of 
 California, is formed by the union of its 
 North and South forks at the W. extremity 
 of El Dorado county, and after flowing in a 
 general S. W. course between Placer and Sa- 
 cramento counties, falls into the Sacramento 
 river near the city of this name. It has 
 lately been rendered navigable for small 
 steamboats for about 6 miles. 
 
 Branches. — North fork, (considered by 
 some as the true American river,) rising 
 among the hills at the foot of the Sierra Ne- 
 vada, flows in a general W. S. W. direction, 
 marking the greater part of the boundary 
 between Placer and El Dorado counties, and 
 after a course of near 100 miles, unites with 
 the South fork from 25 to 30 miles above Sa- 
 cramento City. South fork takes its source 
 from Bonpland lake, in El Dorado county, 
 and flowing first in a W. S. W. and then in 
 a nearly W. course, forms part of the bound- 
 ary between El Dorado and Sacramento coun- 
 ties. Gold is abundant on these streams, 
 which pass through one of the principal 
 mining districts. 
 
 American Fork, a post-oflBce of Utah ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 40 
 
 Americus, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Sumter county, Georgia, on the Muckalee 
 creek, 100 miles S. W. from Milledgeville, is 
 the centre of an active retail trade. It con- 
 tains 3 churches, 2 academies, and several 
 stores and mechanics' shops. Incorporated 
 in 1882. Population, about 600. 
 
 Americus, a post-village of Tippecanoe 
 county, Indiana, on the Wabash river and 
 canal, 10 miles N. E. from Lafayette,. is sur- 
 rounded by a rich farming district which is 
 improving rapidly. 
 
 Ames, a post-village of Canajoharie town- 
 ship, Montgomery county. New York, about 
 13 miles nearly S. W. from Fonda. 
 
 Ames, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Athens county, Ohio, about 80 miles W. from 
 Marietta. Population, 1482. 
 
 Amesburt, a post-township of Essex coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on the N. side of the 
 Merrimack river, and bordering on New 
 Hampshire. The village, situated in the W. 
 part, 40 miles N. of Boston, and about 7 
 miles N. V/. from Newburyport, has 6 
 churches, and a flannel manufacturing com- 
 pany, with a capital of $200,000. Popula- 
 tion, 3143. 
 
 Amesville, a post-office of Ulster county, 
 New York. 
 
 Amesville, a small post-village of Athens 
 county, Ohio, in Ames township, on the road 
 from Marietta to Athens, 11 miles N. E. from 
 the latter, in the midst of a rich farming 
 district. 
 
 Amesville, a post-village of Boone county, 
 Illinois, on the Chicago and Galena railroad, 
 70 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Amherst, a county in the S. central part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 418 square miles. 
 The James river flows along its S. W. and S. 
 E. borders, forming in its course almost a 
 right angle, and constituting about half of 
 the entire boundary. The Blue Ridge forms 
 the boundary of the county on the N. W., and 
 the surface is beautifully diversified by moun- 
 tains and valleys. The passage of James 
 river through the Blue Ridge is a sublime 
 feature in the scenery of this region. The 
 soil is naturally fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, tobacco, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 358,183 bushels 
 of corn; 122,088 of wheat; 94,262 of oats; 
 948,261 pounds of tobacco, and 84,968 of 
 butter. It contained 24 churches ; 250 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 130 attending 
 academies and other schools. A canal has 
 been opened along James river, on the bor- 
 der of the county. The county was formed 
 from Albemarle in 1761. Capital, Amherst 
 Court House. Population, 12,699, of whom 
 6746 were free, and 5953 slaves. 
 
 Amherst, a post-township of Hancock 
 county, Maine, 25 miles E. of Bangor, inter- 
 sected by the head waters of the Union river. 
 Population, 323. 
 
 Amherst, a post-township of Hillsborouglx 
 
AMH 
 
 AMS 
 
 county, New Hampshire, 23 miles S. of Con- 
 cord, on the Souhegan river, which affords 
 very fine water-power. Population, 1613. 
 
 Amheest, a post-township of Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts, 82 miles AV. of Bos- 
 ton, intersected by two branches of the Con- 
 necticut river, affording good water-power. 
 It contains a number of manufactories of 
 cloth, leather, ploughs, &c. Amherst Col- 
 lege, a very flourishing institution, incorpo- 
 rated in 1821, is situated in this township ; 
 the buildings are on an elevation command- 
 ing a beautiful view of the surrounding coun- 
 try. 2 papers are issued here. Pop. 8057. 
 
 Amherst, a township of Erie county, New 
 York, bordering on the Tonawanda creek, 
 about 10 miles N. E. from Buffalo. Popula- 
 tion, 4153. 
 
 Amherst, a small village of Allen county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Amherst, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Lorain county, Ohio, about 30 miles S. W. 
 by W. from Cleveland. Population, 1899. 
 
 Amherst, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 83 miles S. W. by W. from Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 Amherst Court House, a small post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Amherst county, Virginia, 
 about 15 miles N. by E. from Lynchburg. 
 
 Amherst Four Corners, a small village in 
 Amherst township, Lorain county, Ohio, 
 about 85 miles S. AV. by W. from Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 Amicalola, a post-office of Lumpkin coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Amissville, a small post- village of Rappa- 
 hannock county, Virginia, 121 miles N. W. 
 from Richmond, has about 75 inhabitants. 
 
 Amite river, of Mississippi and Louisiana, 
 rises in the S. W. part of the former, and, 
 passing into Louisiana, pursues a southei'ly 
 course until it reaches Ascension parish, 
 where it turns to the E. and enters Lake 
 Maurepas. Small steamboats navigate it for 
 a distance of GO miles. 
 
 Amite, a county in the S. W. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, bordering on Louisiana, has an area 
 of about 700 square miles. The Amite river, 
 from which it derives its name, flows nearly 
 through the middle, and the Homochitto 
 washes its N. W. border. The surface is 
 uneven, and the soil fertile. A large part of 
 the county is occupied by plantations of cot- 
 ton, and by forests. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 rice, and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 it produced 7847 bales of cotton; 
 380,917 bushels of corn; 111,335 of sweet 
 potatoes; and 151,603 pounds of rice. It 
 contained in that year 16 churches and 1 
 newspaper establishment. There were 685 
 pupils attending public schools, and 30 at- 
 tending another school. Capital, Liberty. 
 Population, 9694, of Avhom 3644 were free, 
 and 6050, slaves. 
 
 Amitt, a post-township of Aroostook 
 county, Maine, about 100 miles N. E. of 
 
 Bangor, has good soil for wheat. Popula- 
 ion, 256. 
 
 Amity, a township in the S. central part 
 of Alleghany county. New York, intersected 
 by the Genesee river, about 255 \V. S. W. 
 from Albany. Population, 1792. 
 
 Amitt, a small post-village of Orange coun- 
 ty. New York, about 120 miles S. of Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Amitt, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Berks county, Pennsylvania, about 12 miles 
 E. by S. from Reading. Population, 1566. 
 
 Amitt, a township in the S. E. part of Erie 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 17 miles S. E. 
 from Erie. Population, 739. 
 
 Amity, a small post-village of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 35 miles S. W. 
 from Pittsburg. 
 
 Amitt, a small post-village of Clarke coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Amitt, a small post-village of Johnson 
 county, Indiana, on the railroad from Madi- 
 son to Indianapolis, 6 or 7 miles S. E. from 
 Franklin, the county seat. 
 
 Amitt, a post-office of Scott county, Iowa. 
 
 Amity, a post-office of Yam Hill county, 
 Oregon. 
 
 Amitt Hill, a post-office of Iredell county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Amittville, a post-office of Suffolk county, 
 New York. 
 
 Ammonia, a post-office of Shelby county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Ammonoosuck River, in the N. central part 
 of New Hampshire, rises in Coos county near 
 the foot of Mount Washington, and, running 
 through Grafton county, falls into the Connec- 
 ticut river. 
 
 Amoskeag, an important manufacturing 
 post-village of Hillsborough county. New 
 Hampshire, 17 miles S. by E. from Concord. 
 The Merrimack river here falls 54 feet in a 
 mile and a half, affording extensive water- 
 power. See Manchester. 
 
 Amsterdam, a township in the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Montgomery county, New York, 
 about 30 miles N. E. from Albany. Popula- 
 tion, 4128. 
 
 Amsterdam, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the left or N. bank of the Mo- 
 hawk river, and on the Utica and Schenec- 
 tady railroad, 33 miles N. W. from Albany, 
 and 62 miles E. by S. from Utica. It con- 
 tains churches for the Presbyterians, Bap- 
 tists, Methodists, and Universalists ; a bank, 
 an academy, a printing office, and manufac- 
 tories of several kinds. A bridge crosses the 
 river at this place. Population in 1852, esti- 
 mated at 2000. 
 
 Amsterdam, a post-village of Botetourt 
 county, Virginia, 181 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond, contains 1 brick church and several 
 tradesmen's shops. 
 
 Amsterdam, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, Ohio, in Springfield township, about 
 21 miles W. N. W from Steubenville. 
 
 4] 
 
AMS 
 
 AND 
 
 Amsterdam, a post-village of Cass county, 
 Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie canal, 9 
 miles W. by S. from Logansport. 
 
 Amsterdam, a small village of Marion 
 county, Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 88 
 miles W. by S. from Iowa city. 
 
 Amwell, a township of Hunterdon county, 
 New Jersey, on the S. branch of the Raritan 
 river, bordering on the Delaware river. Po- 
 pulation, 2505. 
 
 Amwell, a township of Washington county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 30 miles S. AV. by S. 
 from Pittsburg. Population, 1754. 
 
 Anacoca, a post-ofSce of Sabine county, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Anacostia, a post-office of Washington 
 county, District of Columbia. 
 
 Anadarco, a post-office of Rush county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Anagua, a post-office of Victoria county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Anahuac (an-a-wack') mountains, a moun- 
 tain chain W. of the upper portion of the Rio 
 del Norte, and running nearly parallel to it. 
 It may be regarded as a branch of the Rocky 
 mountains. 
 
 Anahuac, a small post-village in Liberty 
 county, Texas, near the N. E. extremity of 
 Galveston bay, opposite to the mouth of Tri- 
 ^nity river, about 85 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Galveston. 
 
 Analomink, a post-office of Monroe county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Anamosa, a post-village, capital of Jones 
 county, Iowa, on the Wapsipinicon river, 
 40 miles N. N. E. from Iowa city. It is situ- 
 ated in a fertile farming region, which is 
 occupied by prairies and forests of hard tim- 
 ber. The latter are distributed along the 
 large streams. 
 
 Anandale, a small post-village of Butler 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Anandale, a post-office of Fairfax county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Anaquasscook, a post-office of Washington 
 county. New York. 
 
 Anastasia, an island on the E. coast of 
 Florida, is 18 miles long and 1 J broad. Lat. 
 about 29° 40' N., Ion. 81° W. 
 
 Ancient, a post-office of Dane county, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 Ancram, a post-township in the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Columbia county, New York, 
 about 45 miles S. E. by S. from Albany. Po- 
 |>ulation, 1569. 
 
 Ancram Lead Mine, a small post-village 
 in the above township, 50 miles S. S. E. from 
 jVlbany. Lead ore of a good quality is found 
 in the vicinity, but it is not worked to any 
 extent. 
 
 Andalusia, a post-office of Bucks county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Andalusia, a post-village of Covington 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Andalusia, a post-office of Gibson county, 
 Tennessee. 
 42 
 
 Andalusia, a village of Rock Island coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on the S. bank of the Mississippi 
 river, 10 miles S. W. from Rock Island. 
 
 Anderson, a district in the N. W. part of 
 South Carolina, bordering on the Savannah 
 river, which separates it from Georgia ; has 
 an area of about 800 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by Saluda river, inter- 
 sected by Kiowee river, a branch of the Sa- 
 vannah, and also drained by Rocky river and 
 Deep creek. The surface is- diversified by 
 hill and dale; the soil is generally fertile, 
 well watered, and extensively cultivated. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 820,549 bushels of corn; 120,382 
 of wheat, (a greater quantity than any dis- 
 trict in the state excepting Laurens;) 209,067 
 of oats ; 6670 bales of cotton, and 956,940 
 pounds of rice. It contained in that year 21 
 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 1 cotton factory, 8 
 tanneries, 54 churches, and 3 newspaper es- 
 tablishments. There were 823 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 398 attending acade- 
 mies and other schools. The district is 
 intersected by the Greenville and Columbia 
 railroad. Anderson was formed out of a part 
 of the former district of Pendleton. 
 
 Anderson, a county in the E. central part 
 of Texas, contains 900 square miles. The 
 Trinity and Neches rivers wash its western 
 and eastern borders. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and the soil is generally fertile. 
 Wheat, maize, and cotton are the chief pro- 
 ductions. In 1850 this county produced 
 87,506 bushels of corn; 1296 of oats; 19,167 
 of sweet potatoes ; 734 bales of cotton ; 
 39,524 pounds of butter, and 1681 of wool. 
 It contained 1 newspaper, 58 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 38 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. The Trinity river, 
 which is navigable for steamboats as high as 
 this county, flows through a rich valley which 
 is well supplied with timber. An active 
 emigration has been directed to this region 
 for a few years past. Capital, Palestine. 
 Population, 2884, of whom 2284 were free, 
 and 600 slaves. 
 
 Anderson, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Tennessee, has an area of about 600 square - 
 miles. It is intersected by the Clinch river, 
 navigable by small boats, and also drained 
 by Powell's river. The greater part of the 
 county consists of a deep and fertile valley 
 between Cumberland mountain on the N. W. 
 and Chestnut Ridge on the S. E. The land 
 is well timbered and well watered. Indian 
 corn, oats, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850, Anderson county produced 317,724 
 bushels of corn; 52,703 of oats; 61,755 
 pounds of butter, and 10,191 of wool. It 
 contained 9 churches, 1347 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 105 attending academies 
 and other schools. Stone coal is found ia 
 some parts of the county; also valuable salt 
 springs and sulphur springs at Estabrook. * 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 Capital, Clinton. Population, 6938, of whom 
 6io'2 were free, and 506 slaves. 
 
 Anderson, a county in the N. central part 
 of Kentucky, has an area of about 300 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by Kentucky 
 river, intersected by Salt river, and also 
 drained by Crooked, Stony, and Hammond 
 creeks. The surface is generally rolling, 
 though some portions are level ; the soil is 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hemp, and 
 grass are the staples. Cattle, horses, mules, 
 and swine are the chief articles of export. 
 In 1850 the county produced 338,595 bushels 
 of corn; 13,258 of wheat; 65,041 of oats; and 
 55 tons of hemp. It contained 18 churches, 
 332 pupils attending public schools, and 50 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 Kentucky river is navigable on the border of 
 the county. A railroad is in progress through 
 it from Frankfort to Harrodsburg. Named 
 in honour of Richard C. Anderson, former 
 member of Congress from Kentucky. Capital, 
 Lawrenceburg. Population, 6260, of whom 
 4978 were free, and 1282, slaves. 
 
 Anderson, a post- village of Warren county, 
 New Jersey, 60 miles N. from Trenton. 
 
 Anderson, a post-village, capital of Ander- 
 son district. South Carolina, 148 miles W. N. 
 W. from Columbia. A branch railroad ex- 
 tends from this place to the Greenville and 
 Columbia railroad. It contains several 
 churches and stores, and a newspaper oflBce. 
 
 Anderson, a post-oflBce of Walker county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 ' Anderson, a post-village, capital of Grimes 
 county, Texas, about 140 miles E. by N. from 
 Austin City. 
 
 Anderson, a township of Hamilton county, 
 Ohio, on the N. side of Ohio river, about 12 
 miles E. by S. from Cincinnati. Population, 
 S048. 
 
 Anderson, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Rush county, Indiana, about 48 miles S. E. 
 from Indianapolis. Population, 1433. 
 
 Anderson, or Andersontown, a flourisb- 
 ing post-village, capital of Madison county, 
 Indiana, on the left bank of White river, and 
 on the railroad from Belfontaine, Ohio, to 
 Indianapolis, 34 miles N. E. from the latter. 
 It is beautifully situated on a bluff 50 feet 
 above the river. The fertility of the adjoin- 
 ing land and the facilities for transportation 
 render this a place of active business, which 
 is rapidly increasing. A dam has been 
 thrown across the river, a few miles above, 
 by which a fall of 34 feet is obtained, and 
 the water-power is very extensive. Popu- 
 lation of the village, about 500; of the town- 
 ship, 990. 
 
 Anderson, a post-office of Clark county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Andersonburg, a post-office of Perry coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Anderson River, a post-office of Spencer 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Anderson's Creek, of Clearfield county, 
 
 Pennsylvania, enters the W. branch of Sus- 
 quehanna river. 
 
 Anderson's Creek, of Indiana, rises in 
 Crawford county, and forms the boundary 
 between Spencer and Perry counties, until it 
 falls into the Ohio near Troy. 
 
 Anderson's Mills, a post-office of Butler 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Anderson's Store, a post-office of Caswell 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Anderson's Store, a small post-village of 
 McNairy county, Tennessee. 
 
 Anderson's Stoke, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Andersonville, a post-village of Anderson 
 district. South Carolina, at the confluence 
 of the Tugaloo and Kiowee rivers, which form 
 the Savannah, 145 miles W. N. W. from Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 Andersonville, a post-village in the N. 
 W. part of Franklin county, Indiana, about 
 50 miles S. E. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Andes, a post-township in the centriil part 
 of Delaware county. New York, about 65 
 miles S. W. from Albany. Population, 2672. 
 
 Andesville, a post-office of Perry county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Andora, a post-office of Philadelphia coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 An'dover, a post-township of Oxford coun- 
 ty, Maine, about 30 miles N. W. of Paris, is 
 well-watered by Ellis's river, an affluent of 
 the Androscoggin. Population, 710. 
 
 Andover, a post-township of Merrimack 
 county. New Hampshire, 21 miles N. W. of 
 Concord, intersected by the Northei'n rail- 
 road. Population, 1220. 
 
 Andover, a post-township of Windsor 
 county, Vermont, 68 miles S. by W. of Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 275. 
 
 Andover, a post-township of Essex coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 21 miles N. from Boston, 
 and 16 miles N. E. from Salem. The town- 
 ship extends to the Merrimack river on the 
 N., and is intersected by several railroads. 
 The situation of the village is elevated 
 and pleasant. The streams in the vicinity 
 afford excellent water-power, which is exten- 
 sively employed in manufacturing. Flannels, 
 linen, and shoe-thread are the principal arti- 
 cles. Andover is the seat of Phillips Academy, 
 one of the oldest and best-endowed acade- 
 mical institutions in New England ; and of 
 Andover Theological Seminary, founded in 
 1807. Phillips Academy was instituted in 
 1788, principally through the efforts of the 
 Hon. Samuel and John Phillips, from whom 
 it derives its name. It has a valuable 
 chemical and philosophical apparatus, and 
 libraries containing 2500 volumes. The 
 buildings are on a range with those of the 
 theological seminary, about 40 rods distant 
 The large income arising from the funds, 
 amounting to about $60,000, enables the 
 trustees to secure the services of distinguished 
 teachers, and at the same time make but a mo- 
 
 43 
 
AND 
 
 ANG 
 
 derate charge for tuition. The Andover 
 Theological Seminary, under the direction 
 of the Congregationalists, stands on a plea- 
 sant elevation, commanding a fine prospect. 
 A president and five professors compose the 
 faculty. Qualifications for entering are tes- 
 timonials ot a good character and a liberal 
 education. The course of study requires 
 three years. Tuition and room-rent are free 
 to all, and additional aid is furnished to in- 
 digent students. Number of graduates up 
 to 1852, 1066. Number of students the same 
 year, 87. Volumes in the library, 21,259. 
 Besides these, Andover contains a number 
 of other educational institutions, several 
 churches, and a bank. A quarterly periodi- 
 cal, the Bibliotheca Sacra, is published in this 
 place. Incorporated in 1646. Population in 
 1830, 4540; 1840, 5207; 1850, 6945. 
 
 Andover, a post-village in Hebron town- 
 ship, Tolland county, Connecticut, about 18 
 miles E. by S. from Hartford. 
 
 Andovek, a post-township of Alleghany 
 county. New York, intersected by the New 
 York and Erie railroad, 258 miles from New 
 York city. Population, 1476. 
 
 Andover, a village in the above township, 
 on a tributary of the Genesee river, where it 
 is crossed by the New York and Erie railroad. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 Andover, a post-village near the S. ex- 
 tremity of Sussex county, New Jersey, about 
 65 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 Andover, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Ashtabula county, Ohio, about 55 miles 
 N. E. by E. from Cleveland. Population, 963. 
 
 Andover, a small post-village of the above, 
 205 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Andover, a small village of Calhoun 
 county, Michigan, about 140 miles W. from 
 Detroit. 
 
 Andover, a post-office of Henry county, 
 Illinois, about 75 miles N. W- from Peoria. 
 
 Andrew, a county in the N. W. part of Mis- 
 souri, bordering on the Missouri river, which 
 separates it from Indian Territory, has an 
 area of 425 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by the Nodaway river, and intersected 
 by the Platte, and One Hundred and Two 
 rivers, which flow from N. to S. The soil is 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, tobacco, hemp, 
 and grass, cattle and swiue are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 518,795 bushels 
 of corn; 109,547 of wheat ; 59,293 of oats ; 
 2478 tons of hay, and 475 tons of hemp. It 
 contained 8 chm*ches, and 1600 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Savannah. 
 Population, 9538, of whom 8871 were free, 
 and 662 slaves. 
 
 Andrew, a small post-village of Jackson 
 county, Iowa, about 12 miles S. W. from 
 Bellevue, the county seat. 
 
 Andrew Chapel, a post-office of Madison 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Andrews, a post-office of Spottsylvania, 
 Virginia. 
 
 U 
 
 Andrews, a small post-village in Congress 
 township, Morrow county, Ohio, about 46 
 miles N. by E. from Columbus. 
 
 Andrew's Mill, a small village in Loran 
 township, Stephenson county, Illinois, about 
 15 miles W. by S. from Freeport. 
 
 Andrewsville, a post-office of Franklin 
 county. New York. 
 
 Androscoggin or Ameriscoggin river is 
 formed by the junction of the Margallaway 
 river and the outlet of Umbagog lake, in 
 Coos county, New Hampshire, and flowing 
 southerly for some distance, turns into Maine. 
 After constituting the boundary between 
 Kennebec and Oxford, and Cumberland and 
 Lincoln counties, it falls into the Kennebec 
 river, about 20 miles from its mouth. Its 
 whole length is about 140 miles. 
 
 Angel' iCA, a post-village of Angelica town- 
 ship, capital of Alleghany county. New York, 
 on Angelica creek, 262 miles W. by S. from 
 Albany, and about 3 miles N. from the Erie 
 railroad. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 2 
 printing offices, a bank, and numerous stores- 
 A large quantity of lumber is procured in the 
 vicinity. Population of the township, 1592; 
 of the village, about 1200. 
 
 Angelina, a small river of Texas, rises in 
 Smith county, toward the N. E. part of the 
 state, and enters the Neches a few miles from 
 Bevilport, Jasper county. Its general di- 
 reetion is S. S. E. The upper portion is 
 called Mud creek, until it passes the mouth 
 of Shawnee creek. 
 
 Angelina, a county in the E. part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by Angelina river, from 
 which the name is derived, and on the S. W. 
 by Neches river. The surface is diversified 
 by prairies and groves ; the soil produces In- 
 dian corn, cotton, and pasture. In 1850 it 
 yielded 21,985 bushels of corn ; 1017 of oats; 
 10,716 of potatoes; 174 bales of cotton ; 
 1190 pounds of tobacco ; 3975 of rice; and 
 12,390 of butter. There were 62 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Marion. 
 Population, 1165, of whom 969 were free, 
 and 196 slaves. 
 
 Angel's Camp, a very prosperous mining 
 camp, of Calaveras county, California, is 
 situated toward the western part of the 
 county, on the main road from Sacramento 
 City to Sonora, about 7 miles from the Stanis- 
 laus river. Water for mining is scarce. 
 
 Angerona, a post-office of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Anglex's Branch, a post-office of Barn- 
 well District, South Carolina. 
 
 Angola, a post-office of Erie county, New 
 York. 
 
 Angola, a post-office of Sussex county, 
 Delaware. 
 
 Angola, a post-office of Onslow county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Angola, a post-village, capital of Steuben 
 county, Indiana, 144 miles in a straight line 
 
ANG 
 
 ANS 
 
 N. E. from Indianapolis, is surrounded by a 
 fertile region which is rapidly improving. 
 The village has an active trade and about 
 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Angola, a small post-village of Lake coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 45 miles N. W. by N. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Anguilla, a post-office of Clay county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Annap'olis, a city and port of entry, capi- 
 tal of the state of Maryland, and of Ann 
 Arundel county, on the right bank of Severn 
 river, 2 miles from its entrance into Chesa- 
 peake bay, 25 miles S. by E. from Baltimore, 
 and 37 miles E. by N. from Washington. Lat. 
 38° 58' 50" N., Ion. 76° 29' W. The Anna- 
 polis and Elk Ridge railroad, 21 miles long, 
 connects it with the Baltimore and Washing- 
 ton railroad. Annapolis contains a fine state- 
 house, a naval academy, a bank, 2 or 3 
 churches, a market-house, and 2 printing offi- 
 ces. It is the seat of St. John's College, found- 
 ed in 1784 by the Roman Catholics, but at 
 present supported and directed by Pro- 
 testants. Three nevrspapers are issued at 
 Annapolis. A United States naval academy, 
 to qualify young men to become officers in the 
 navy, was established here in 1845. It had 
 in 1853, 116 students. Pop. in 1850, 3011. 
 
 Annapolis, a small village of Craw- 
 ford county, Ohio, 68 miles N. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Annapolis, a post-village of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 15 miles W. from Steubenville. 
 
 Annapolis, a flourishing post-village of 
 Parke county, Indiana, 75 miles W. from In- 
 dianapolis, is surrounded by a fertile coun- 
 try, which is mostly well cultivated. 
 
 Annapolis Junction, a post-office of Ann 
 Arundel county, Marj'land. 
 
 Ann Arbok, a flourishing city, capital of 
 Washtenaw county, Michigan, on Huron 
 river, and on the Michigan Central railroad, 
 40 miles W. from Detroit. It has the repu- 
 tation of being one of the most pleasant and 
 healthy places in the state. The site is ele- 
 vated and dry, and the town is regularly 
 laid out. The state university established at 
 this place in 1837, is a flourishing and liberally 
 endowed institution, attended by over 200 
 students. The buildings are large and 
 pleasantly situated. A fund has been com- 
 menced by the citizens of Detroit for the 
 erection of an observatory here ; and the 
 citizens of Ann Arbor have made liberal do- 
 nations for the increase of the university li- 
 brary. Ann Arbor is situated in an excellent 
 farming district, has an active trade, and con- 
 tains manufactories of wool, iron, ploughs, 
 and flour, for which the river furnishes mo- 
 tive-power. The city also contains a bank, an 
 academy, and several churches. In respect to 
 population, it is probably the second town in 
 the state. The township contained in 1850, 
 4868 inhabitants. 
 
 Ann Arundel, a county in the central part 
 
 of Maryland, on the West shore of Chesa- 
 peake bay, about 5 miles S. from Baltimore, 
 has an area of 430 square miles. The Pa- 
 tapsco river forms its boundary on the N. 
 and N.E., the Patuxent on the S. W., andtha 
 eastern part is traversed by South and Severn 
 rivers. The surface varies from undulating 
 to hilly ; the soil is generally fertile. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, tobacco, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 925,448 
 bushels of corn, (more than any other coun- 
 ty of the state excepting Prince George;) 
 360,923 of wheat ; 147,263 of oats ; 4,523,340 
 pounds of tobacco, (more than any other 
 county excepting Queen Anne,) and 170,600 
 pounds of butter. It contained in that 
 year 2 cotton factories, 3 iron furnaces, 
 and 2 paper mills. There were 82 churches 
 and 3 newspaper establishments; 1283 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 270 attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. The prin- 
 cipal rocks are red sandstone, gneiss, and 
 serpentine ; copper and iron are found. The 
 county is intersected by the Baltimore and 
 Washington railroad, and in part by the An- 
 napolis Branch railroad. Ann Arundel is 
 the third county in the state with respect to 
 population, and is important as containing 
 Annapolis, the capital of Maryland. Popula- 
 tion, 32,393, of whom 21,144 were free, and 
 11,249 slaves. 
 
 Annawaiica, a post-office of De Kalb coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Annin Creek, a post-office of McKean 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Annisquam, a post-office of Essex county, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Annsburg, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Washington county, Maine, about 45 
 miles E. by S. from Bangor. Population, 
 126. 
 
 Annsville, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Oneida county, New York, about 35 
 miles N. E. from Syracuse. Population, 
 2686. 
 
 Annsville, a small village of Dinwiddie 
 county, Virginia, about 75 miles N. W. by W. 
 from Norfolk. 
 
 Annville, a post-office of Lebanon county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Anselm, a post-office of Gallia county, Ohio. 
 
 Anson, a county in the S. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on South Carolina, has 
 an area of 650 square miles. Rocky river 
 forms its entire boundary on the N., and 
 the Yadkin or Pedee on the E. It is 
 also drained by Brown's and Lane's creeks. 
 The surface is undulating or hilly; the soil 
 is mostly fertile. Cotton is the staple pro- 
 duct: Indian corn is also cultivated. In 
 1850 this county produced 889,828 bushels 
 of corn; 35,796 of wheat; 95,113 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 10,804 bales of cotton. The 
 quantity of cotton was the greatest produced 
 by any county in the state except Surry. 
 It contained 26 churches and 2 newspaper 
 
 45 
 
ANS 
 
 APA 
 
 establishments. There were 11 corn and 
 flour mills, 9 saw mills, and 2 tanneries. 
 Granite vinderlies a portion of the county. 
 The forests contain the white oak and other 
 hard timber. The Yadkin furnishes motive- 
 power for several cotton factories in this 
 county. It is intersected by a plank-road 
 leading to Cheraw, South Carolina. Capital, 
 Wadesborough. Formed in 1749, and named 
 in honour of Admiral Anson, the famous na- 
 vigator. Population, 13,489, of whom 6657 
 were free, and 6832 slaves. 
 
 Anson, a post-township of Somerset coun- 
 ty, Maine, on the W. side of Kennebec river, 
 about 40 miles N. by W. of Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 848. 
 
 Ansonia, a flourishing manufacturing post- 
 village of Derby township. New Haven coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, on the Naugatuck railroad 
 and river, 5 miles N. from Derby, and 16 N. 
 from Bridgeport. This village, which has 
 grown up within the last 4 or 5 years, owes 
 its prosperity entirely to manufactures, 
 which are here extensively carried on. It 
 contains 2 or 8 churches, and a fine school, 
 the building for which has been erected 
 during the past year. 
 
 Antalon, a township of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1045. 
 
 Antes, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Blair county, Pennsylvania. Population, 
 2452. 
 
 Antestown, a post-of&ce in Blair county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Anthony, a post-oflice of Kent county, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Anthony, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Montour county, Pennsylvania. Population, 
 962. 
 
 Anthony, a township of Lycoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the N. side of the Sus- 
 quehanna, about 6 miles W. from Williams- 
 port. Population, 1076. 
 
 Anthony, a post-ofiice of Delaware county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Anthony's Creek, a post-ofSce of Green- 
 brier county, Virginia. 
 
 Anthony's, or St. Anthony's Nose, in 
 Montgomery county, New York, the extre- 
 mity of a hill or mountain called the Klips, 
 (i. e. "rock or cliff,") on the N. bank of the 
 Mohawk, resembling a nose 800 or 400 feet 
 long. 
 
 Anthony's, or St. Anthony's Nose, in 
 l*utman county. New York, a bold promon- 
 tory on the E. side of the Hudson, projecting 
 from the S. side of Breakneck hill, at the N. 
 entrance to the Highlands. 57 miles from 
 New York. 
 
 Anthony's Shoals, a post-office of Elbert 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Anti Lank, a post-office of Hinds county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Antietam creek, rises in the S. part of 
 Pennsylvania, and flowing S. into Maryland, 
 falls into the Potoma,c river. 
 46 
 
 Antigch, a post-office of York district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Antioch, a post-village of Troup county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Antioch, a post-office of Picken's county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Antioch, a post-office of Gibson county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Antioch, a small post-village of Monroe 
 county, Ohio, 128 miles E. from Columbus, 
 contained in 1850, 107 inhabitants. 
 
 Antioch, a small post-village in Lake 
 county, Illinois, about 50 miles N. W. by N. 
 from Chicago. 
 
 Antoin, a post-office of Clark county, Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 Antrim, called also Mecisseb, an unor- 
 ganized county of Michigan, in the N. W. 
 part of the lower peninsula, bordering on 
 Grand Traverse bay of Lake Michigan. The 
 area is estimated at about 700 square miles. 
 The census of 1850 furnishes no returns for 
 this county. 
 
 Antrim, a post-township of Hillsborough 
 county. New Hampshire, 25 miles S. W. from 
 Concord, on the E. side of Contoocook river. 
 Land hilly and productive. This township has 
 a number of valuable mill-seats, also several 
 ponds well stored with fish. Population, 
 1143. 
 
 Antrim, a post-office of Alleghany county, 
 Pennsylvania, 209 miles W. from Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Antrim, a township in the S. part of 
 Franklin county, Pennsylvania. Population, 
 3005. 
 
 Antrim, a small post-village of Madison 
 township, Guernsey county, Ohio, 91 miles 
 E. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 Antrim, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Shiawassee county, Michigan, about 60 miles 
 N. W. from Detroit. Population, 282. 
 
 Antrim, a township in the S. E. part of 
 AVyandott county, Ohio, about 58 miles N. 
 by W. from Columbus. Population, 757. 
 
 Antwerp, a post-township forming the N, 
 E. extremity of Jefferson county, New York, 
 with a small village of the same name. Po- 
 pulation, 3665. 
 
 Antwerp, a small post-village of Paulding 
 CO., Ohio, on the Wabash and Erie canal. 
 
 Antwerp, a township in the E. part of Van 
 Buren co., Michigan. Population, 614. 
 
 Anvil, a post-office of Clark co., Arkansas. 
 
 Anville, a former township in the S. W. 
 part of Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, since 
 divided into North and South Anville. 
 
 AoNiA, a post-office of Wilkes county, 
 Georgia, 44 miles W. by N. from Augusta. 
 
 Apache (a-pa'chd) Indians, a predatory 
 tribe inhabiting the W. part of Texas, and 
 the S. part of New Mexico. 
 
 Apalachee or Appalachee River, a name 
 sometimes given to an arm of Appalachee 
 Bay. See St. Mark's. 
 
 Apalachicola, see Appalachicola. 
 
APO 
 
 APP 
 
 Apolacon, a township of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Apollo, a post-borough of Armstrong coiin- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Kiskiminetas river, 
 42 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. The Penn- 
 sylvania canal passes through the place. Po- 
 pulation, 331. 
 
 Appalachee, a small river of Georgia, 
 rises in Gwinett county, and flowing S. E. 
 enters the Oconee, about 8 miles S. W. from 
 Greensborough. 
 
 Appalachee Bat is situated on the coast 
 of Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Appalachian Mountains, also called Al- 
 leghany mountains, the general appellation 
 of the vast mountain system in the south- 
 eastern part of North America, extending, 
 under various names, from Maine, south- 
 westward, to the northern part of Alabama. 
 In New Hampshire, near the northern ter- 
 mination of this chain, it is less than 100 
 miles from the Atlantic coast, but it gradu- 
 ally diverges as it advances southward, so 
 that towards its southern extremity it is 
 about 800 miles from the sea. In New Eng- 
 land and New York the chain is somewhat 
 broken and irregular, many of the ridges of 
 which it is composed, running nearly north 
 and south. But in Pennsylvania and the 
 Southern states, the different ranges are more 
 continuous, and for the most part nearly 
 parallel to the general direction of the entire 
 chain. The name Alleghany Mountains is 
 more commonly applied to that portion of 
 the Appalachian system lying south of the 
 northern boundary of Pennsylvania, although 
 it is often extended to the mountains in the 
 N. W. part of New Jersey, and the S. and E. 
 parts of New York, including the Catskill. 
 But as the chain is scarcely less interrupted 
 by the Delaware than by the Hudson, it 
 seems difficult to assign any good reason 
 why the mountains of New England should 
 not be included under this general appella- 
 tion as well as those of New York. On the 
 whole, it would perhaps be better to limit 
 its use as a general appellative to its popular 
 signification, always employing Appalachian 
 to denote the entire mountain system, as 
 above indicated. 
 
 The different mountain groups and ranges 
 composing this chain will be treated under 
 their respective heads. 
 
 Appalachico'la, a river of Florida, formed 
 by the Chattahoochee and Flint, which unite 
 at the S. W. extremity of Georgia. It flows 
 southward through Florida, and after a 
 course of about 100 miles, empties itself 
 into the Gulf of Mexico, through a bay of 
 its own name. It is navigable for steamboats 
 through its whole course. 
 
 Appalachicola, a post-town, port of en- 
 try, and capital of Franklin county, Florida, 
 at the mouth of the river of the same name, 
 (which flows through Appalachicola bay into 
 the Gulf of Mexico,) 135 miles S. W. from 
 
 Tallahassee. The harbor is accessible by 
 steamboats from the gulf, and large quanti- 
 ties of cotton are shipped here. It contains 
 2 churches, 1 newspaper office, and numerous 
 stores and warehouses. 
 
 Appalachin, or Apalachin, a post-office 
 of Tioga county. New York. 
 
 Appanoose, a county in the S. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an area of 
 492 square miles. The Chariton river flows 
 diagonally through the county, in a S. E. 
 direction. The county is drained also by the 
 S. fork of Chariton, and by Walnut and 
 Cooper creeks. The surface is rolling or 
 nearly level ; the soil is fertile but mostly 
 uncultivated. Indian corn, butter, and wool 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 80,930 bushels of Indian corn; 7893 
 of oats; 2337 pounds of wool: and 13,896 
 pounds of butter. Large beds of stone coal 
 are found in several places. The county 
 contains numerous prairies, and many of the 
 streams are bordered by tracts of timber. 
 Chariton river furnishes ample water-power. 
 The county was first settled about the year 
 1845. Capital, Centreville. Population, 3131. 
 
 Appanoose, a village of Hancock county, 
 in the W. part of Illinois, on the Mississippi 
 river, about 6 miles N. E. from Nauvoo. 
 
 Appersons, a post-office of Charles City 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Apple Rivee, in the N. W. part of Illinois, 
 rises in Jo Davies's county, and flowing in a 
 southerly course with a very winding chan- 
 nel, falls into the Mississippi river, in Carroll 
 county. 
 
 Applebachsville, a post-office of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Apple Creek, a post-office of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 99 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Apple Creek, Illinois, falls into the Illi- 
 nois river in Green county. 
 
 Apple Creek, a small post-village of Cape 
 Girardeau county, Missouri, 170 miles S. E. 
 from JeS'erson city. 
 
 Apple Creek, a small stream of Henry 
 county, in the W. part of Missouri, falls into 
 Grand river, an affluent of the Osage river. 
 
 Apple Grove, a post-office of York county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Apple Grove, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Apple Grove, a post-office of Meigs coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Apple Grove, a post-office of Polk county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Appleton, a township of Waldo county, 
 Maine, 25 miles E. by S. from Augusta ; soil 
 favorable to wheat. Population, 1727. 
 
 Appleton, a post-township in Licking 
 county, Ohio. Population, 66. 
 
 Appleton, a small post-village of Perry 
 county, Illinois, 12 miles N. E. from Pinck- 
 neyville. 
 
 Appleton, or Grand Chute, a post-village, 
 capital of Outagamie county, Wisconsin, on 
 
 47 
 
APP 
 
 ARB 
 
 the Neenali or Fox river, 30 miles from its 
 mouth, 95 miles N. E. from Madison, and 
 about 4 miles from the foot of Winnebago 
 lalie. It is situated near the rapids called 
 the Grand Chute, -where the river descends 
 about 30 feet in the course of one mile and a 
 half, affording immense ■water-power. Five 
 dams have been built across the river, which 
 render it navigable for steamboats through 
 its whole course. By this means steam- 
 boats can pass from Lake Michigan to the 
 Mississippi. The county was organized in 
 1850. 
 
 Appleton, a post-office of Winnebago coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Applixg, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 1060 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. and N. E. by the 
 Altamaha river, and drained by the Little 
 St. Ilia river and Hurricane creek. The 
 surface is level, and the soil sandy and poor. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, sugar, sweet potatoes, 
 and pine lumber are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 63 bales of cotton ; 
 53,794 bushels of corn; 2038 of oats; and 
 85,234 of sweet potatoes. It contained 17 
 churches, and 222 pupils attending public 
 schools. Named in honor of Colonel Daniel 
 Appling, an officer in the war of 1812. Capi- 
 tal, Holmesville. Population, 2949, of whom 
 2545 were free, and 404 slaves. 
 
 Appling, a post-office of Jefferson county, 
 New York. 
 
 Appling, a post-village, capital of Co- 
 lumbia county, Georgia, 23 miles W. from 
 Augusta, is in a declining condition. It has 
 a court-house, academy, and a few shops. 
 
 Appomat'tos, a river in the S. E. part of 
 Virginia, rises in Appomattox county, and 
 flowing in a general eastward direction forms 
 the boundary between several counties on 
 each side, passes by the city of Petersburg 
 and enters the James river at City Point. 
 It is a valuable stream for navigation, having 
 a narrow and deep channel. Large vessels 
 ascend to Petersburg, about 20 miles from 
 its mouth, and batteaus to Farmville, per- 
 haps 100 miles farther. The whole length is 
 estimated at 150 miles. The navigation is 
 good at all seasons for boats of 5 or 6 tons 
 to Farmville. 
 
 Appomattox, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 260 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. W. by the 
 James river and canal, and drained by the 
 sources of the Appomattox river, from which 
 the name is derived. The surface is diver- 
 sified by several small ranges of mountains 
 and covered with extensive forests. The soil 
 is generally fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 o.its, tobacco, hay, and butter are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 the county produced 186,855 
 bushels of corn ; 76,345 of wheat; 92,116 
 of oats ; 964,100 pounds of tobacco, and 
 83,299 of butter. It contained in that year 
 ] iron furnace, 5 flour mills, and 2 tanneries. 
 48 
 
 There were 22 churches, 361 pupils attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. It is in- 
 tersected by the South Side railroad, extend- 
 ing from Petersburg to Lynchburg, which is 
 a source of much improvement. A plank- 
 road has lately been laid in the county. 
 Capital, Clover Hill. Population, 9193, of 
 whom 4394 were free, and 4799, slaves. 
 
 Appomattox Depot, a post-office of Amelia 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Appoquinnimink, a small creek of New 
 Castle county, Delaware, flows eastward into 
 Delaware bay. 
 
 ArpoftriNNiMiNK, a hundred of Newcastle 
 county, Delaware, has a population of 3126. 
 
 Apulia, a post-office of Onondaga county, 
 New York, 124 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Aqtjackanock, New Jersey. See Acqita- 
 canonck. 
 
 Aquasco, a post-office of Prince George's 
 county, Maryland, 51 miles S. W. from An- 
 napolis. 
 
 Aquia creek, in the E. part of Virginia, 
 flows through Stafford county into the Po- 
 tomac river, and is navigable for schooners 
 several miles from its mouth. 
 
 Aquia, a post-office of Stafford county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Aquila, a post-office of Franklin county, 
 Georgia, 118 miles N. by E. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Aquokee river. See Tocoa. 
 
 Aquone, a post-office of Mason county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Arago, a cape of Oregon, about 20 miles 
 S. of the mouth of Umpqua river. 
 
 Aramingo, a district of Philadelphia coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 4 miles N. by E. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Aransas, a small river of Texas, rises 
 near the S. E. border of Bexar county, and 
 flowing south-eastward, forms the boundary 
 between San Patricio county on one hand, 
 and Goliad and Refugio on the other, until 
 it empties itself into Aransas bay. 
 
 Aransas Bat, (otherwise called Aransazua, 
 and Aransaso bay,) on the coast of Texas, 
 is immediately N. of Corpus Christi bay. 
 Length about 18 miles, greatest breadth 8 
 miles. 
 
 Aransas, a small post-village of Eefugio 
 county, Texas, on Aransas bay. 
 
 Ar-ap''a-hoe Indians, a tribe dwelling be- 
 tween the S. fork of Platte river, and the 
 head waters of the Arkansas. 
 
 Ararat Mountain. See Pilot MorNTAijf. 
 
 Ararat, a small river of North Carolina, 
 which enters Yadkin river from the N. W. 
 a few miles E. from Rockford. 
 
 Ararat, a post-office of Patrick county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Aratoe or Aee-ator, a post-village of 
 Pettis county, Missouri, 58 miles W. by N. 
 from Jefferson city. 
 
 Area, a post-office of Pvandolph county, 
 Indiana. 
 
ARE 
 
 ARK 
 
 Arbacoochee, a post-office of Randolph 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Aebela, a post-office of Scotland county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Aebokvite, a post-office of Pike county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Akbuckle, a post-office of Mason county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Akcade, a small village in China township, 
 Wyoming county. New York, about 35 miles 
 S. E. of BuflFalo. It contains 2 flouring mills, 
 2 woollen factories, 3 stores, and 1 academy. 
 
 Akcadia, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Rhode Island. 
 
 Arcadia, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Wayne county, New York, about 30 miles 
 E. by S. from Rochester, intersected by the 
 Erie canal, the Syracuse and Rochester rail- 
 road, and the railroad connecting Elmira 
 and Sodus bay. Population, 5145. 
 
 Arcadia, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Erie canal, and on the Rochester 
 and Syracuse railroad, 185 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. It contains 1 or 2 churches 
 and several stores. 
 
 Arcadia, a post-office of Bienville parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Arcadia, a post-office of Sullivan county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Arcadia, a post-office of Hamilton county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Arcadia, a post-office of Morgan county, 
 Illinois, 40 miles S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Arcadia, a small post-village of Madison 
 county, Missouri, on one of the sources of 
 St. Francis river, 120 miles S. E. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Arcanum, a post-office of Darke county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Archer, a post-township in the central 
 part of Harrison county, Ohio, about 110 
 miles N. E. by E. from Columbus. Popula- 
 tion, 875. 
 
 Archibald, a thriving post-village of 
 Blakely township, Luzerne county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Lackawanna river, 4 miles S. S. 
 W. from Carbondale, and 26 miles N. E. from 
 Wilkesbarre. The Delaware and Hudson 
 railroad, 17 miles long, connects it with 
 Honesdale. The village owes its import- 
 ance and rapid growth to the rich coal 
 mines which are worked in the vicinity by 
 the Delaware and Hudson Canal company. 
 The iron business is also carried on exten- 
 sively. The Lackawanna river flows through 
 a fertile and populous valley, bounded on 
 each side by high ridges. Population, 1500. 
 
 Arcola, or Gum Spring, a post-village of 
 Loudon county, Virginia, 146 miles N.from 
 Richmond, contains a few stores. 
 
 Arcola, a post-office of Warren county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Arcola, a small village in the E. part of 
 Lake county, Ohio, about 36 miles N. E. from 
 Cleveland. 
 
 Arena, a post-village of Iowa county, Wis- 
 
 consin, on the S. bank of Wisconsin river, 
 about 30 miles W. by N. from Madison. 
 
 Arenac, a new county in the E. part of 
 Michigan, bordering on Saginaw bay, con- 
 tains about 544 square miles. It is drained 
 by Sandy river. The surface is mostly co- 
 vered with forests. The county is not j'et 
 organized, and is attached to Saginaw coun- 
 ty for judicial purposes. It is not named 
 in the census of 1850. 
 
 Arendtsville, a post-office of Adams 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Arenzville, a small post-village of Cass 
 county, Illinois, on Indian creek, about 48 
 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Argentine, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Genesee county, Michigan, about 55 miles 
 N. Vv. from Detroit. Population, 436. 
 
 Aego, a post-office of Hall county, Georgia, 
 120 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Argo, a small post- village of Carroll coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 200 miles N. from Springfield 
 and 6 miles E. from the Mississippi river. 
 
 Argo, a post-village of Crawford county, 
 Missouri, 60 miles S. E. from Jefi"erson city. 
 
 Argosyille, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county. New York, 46 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Argus, a post-office of Montgomery coun- 
 ty, Alabama, 141 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa'. 
 
 Akgtle, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, about 90 miles N. E. from 
 Augusta ; soil fertile, producing excellent 
 wheat. Population, 338. 
 
 Aegyle, a post-township of Washington 
 county. New York, 36 miles N. from Albany. 
 Population, 3274. 
 
 Argtle, a village in the above township, 
 on Moseskill creek. 
 
 Argtle, a post-village in Cumberland 
 county. North Carolina, 74 miles S. S. W. 
 from Pialeigh. 
 
 Aegyle, a post-office of Decatur county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Argtle, a post-office of McDonough coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 92 miles N. W. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Argtle, a post-office of Jefferson county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Argtle, a small post-village of Lafayette 
 county, AVisconsin, on the Wassemon river, 
 about 45 miles N. E. from Galena. 
 
 Ariel, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ariel, a post-office of Marion district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Arietta, a township in S. part of Hamil- 
 ton county. New York, about 65 miles S. W. 
 from Albany. Population, 108. 
 
 Arispe, a small post-village of Bureau 
 county, Illinois, about 60 miles N. from 
 Peoria. 
 
 Ark, a post-office of Lafayette county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Arkadelphia, a post-village, capital of 
 Clark county, Arkansas, on the right bank of 
 V^ashita river, about 75 miles S. W. from Lit 
 
 49 
 
ARK 
 
 ARK 
 
 tie Rock. It has one newspaper office. Small 
 boats navigate the river above and below 
 this place. 
 
 Arkan'sas, formerly pronounced Ar'kan- 
 saw\ a river of the United States, next to the 
 Missouri the largest affluent of the Missis- 
 sippi. Rising in the Rocky mountains near 
 the boundary between Utah and the Indian 
 territory, it pursues an easterly course for 
 several hundred miles. Near the 98th de- 
 gree of W. longitude, it turns and flows 
 south-eastward to Fort Smith on the western 
 boundary of Arkansas. Continuing in the 
 same general direction, it traverses that state 
 dividing it into two nearly equal portions, 
 and empties itself into the Mississippi in 
 lat. 3.3° 54' N., Ion. 91° 10' W. 
 
 The whole length exceeds 2000 miles. The 
 current is not obstructed by considerable 
 falls or rapids. It is navigable by steam- 
 boats during nine months of the year for a 
 distance of 800 miles from its mouth. The 
 diiference between high and low water in 
 this river is about 25 feet. It is from f to J 
 a mile wide throughout the last GOO miles 
 of its course. Stone coal is found in 
 many places along its banks between Little 
 Rock and Van Buren. In the former part 
 of its course it flows through sterile plains 
 of great extent, but after entering the state 
 of Arkansas the soil of the regions which 
 it traverses is generally very productive. 
 
 Arkansas, generally classed as one of the 
 Western states, but having for the most 
 part the soil and products of the Southern, 
 is bounded on the N. bj' Missouri, E. by 
 Missouri and the Mississippi river, (which 
 separates it from the states of Tennessee 
 and Mississippi,) S. by Louisiana and Texas, 
 and W. by Texas and Indian territory. It 
 lies between .38° and 36° 30' N. lat., and be- 
 tween 89° 45' and 94° 40' W. Ion. ; being 
 about 240 miles in length from N. to S., and 
 224 in breadth from E. to W. ; and including 
 an area of near 52,198 square miles, or 
 33,406,720 acres, only 781,531 of which 
 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — There weve in Arkansas in 
 1820, 14,273 inhabitants; 30,888 in 1830; 
 97,574 in 1840; and 209,639 in 1850: oi' which 
 85,689 were white males, 76,369 were white 
 females, 318 free coloured males, 271 free 
 coloured females, and 46,982 slaves. There 
 were also in 1850, 28,416 families occupying 
 28,252 dwellings. Representative population, 
 190,846. The number of deaths in the year 
 ending June 1st, 1850, Avas 2987, or nearly 
 fifteen in every one thousand persons. Of the 
 population at the last census there were 
 63,286 born in the state, 97,139 in other 
 states of the Union, 196 in England, 514 in 
 Ireland, 71 in Scotland, 11 in Wales, 41 in 
 British Aiiierica, 516 in Germany, 77 in 
 France, 202 i:> otlier countries, and 824 
 whose places of birth were unknown. The 
 whole number of paupers who received aid 
 50 
 
 in the year ending June 1st, 1850, was 105. 
 8 of whom were foreigners. Blind, 75 whites. 
 1 free coloured, and 5 slaves — total, 81. Deaf 
 and dumb, 83 whites, and 6 slaves. 
 
 Counties. — There are in Arkansas 54 coun 
 ties, viz. Arkansas, Ashley, Benton, Brad- 
 ley, Carroll, Chicot, Clark, Conway, Ci-aw- 
 ford, Crittenden, Dallas, Desha, Drew, Frank- 
 lin, Fulton, Greene, Hempstead, Hot Spring, 
 Independence, Izard, Jackson, Jefferson, 
 Johnson, Lafayette, Lawrence, Madison, Ma- 
 rion, Mississippi, Monroe, Montgomery, New- 
 ton, Perry, Phillips, Pike, Poinsett, Polk. 
 Pope, Prairie, Pulaski, Randolph, St. Francis, 
 Saline, Scott, Searcy, Sevier, Union, Van 
 Buren, Washington, Washita, White, and Yell.- 
 These three have been formed since 1850: 
 Calhoun, Columbia, and Sebastian. 
 
 Towns. — There are but few large towns in 
 Arkansas. The principal are Little Rock, the 
 capital of the state, with a population of about 
 3000 ; Van Buren, the most commercial towr* 
 in the state, with a population of 1500; Fort 
 Smith, poi^ulation 1500 ; Camden, population 
 1400; Batesville, population about 1600. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The eastern part of 
 Arkansas for about 100 miles back from the 
 Mississippi, is generally a vast plain covered 
 with marshes, swamps, and lagoons, but oc- 
 casionally interspersed with elevations, (some 
 of which are 30 miles or more in circuit,) 
 which, when the rivers are overflowed, form 
 temporary islands. A plank-road is about 
 to be made through a part of this region. A 
 bill having recently been passed by Congress, 
 giving to the Southern and Western States 
 all the overflowed swamp-lands within their 
 respective limits, the state of Arkansas is 
 now constructing, along the whole eastern 
 boundary, levees of great strength, by means 
 of which extensive tracts, that have hitherto 
 been entirely worthless, will be converted 
 into cultivable land of extraordinary ferti- 
 lity. The Ozark mountains, which enter the 
 N. W. part of the state, are of uncertain 
 height; they do not, however, exceed 2000 
 feet, and are generally much below that ele- 
 vation. These mountains divide the state 
 into two unequal parts, of which the north- 
 ern has the climate and productions of the 
 Northern States, while the southern portion, 
 in the character of its climate and produc- 
 tions, resembles Mississippi or Louisiana. 
 The Black hills in the north, and the Washita 
 hills in the west, near the Washita river, are 
 the only other considerable elevations. The 
 central parts of the state, as well as the re- 
 gions north of the Ozark mountains, are 
 broken and undulating. 
 
 Minerals. — Arkansas gives indications of 
 considerable affluence in mineral resources, 
 which are principally coal, iron, lead, zinc, 
 manganese, gypsum, and salt. The coal field 
 of Arkansas commences 40 miles above Little 
 Rock, and extends on both sides of the river 
 beyond the western boundary of the state. 
 
ARK 
 
 Cannel, anthracite, and bituminous coal are 
 all found in the state. Gold is said to have 
 been discovered in White county. Near the 
 Hot Springs is a celebrated quarry of oil- 
 stone, superior to any thing else of the kind 
 in the known world: the quantity is inex- 
 haustible : there are great varieties, ex- 
 hibiting all degrees of fineness. According 
 to a writer in De Bow's Resources of the 
 South and West, there is manganese enough 
 in Arkansas to supply the world ; in zinc it 
 excels every state except New Jersey ; and 
 has more gypsum than all the other states 
 put together, while it is equally well supplied 
 with marble and salt. The lead ore of this 
 state is said to be particularly rich in silver. 
 Pavers, Lakes, ^-c. — Arkansas has no sea- 
 board, but the Mississippi river (which re- 
 ceives all the waters of this state) coasts the 
 almost entire eastern boundary, and renders 
 it accessible to the sea from many points. 
 Probably no state in the Union is penetrat- 
 ed by so many navigable rivers as Arkan- 
 sas: owing, however, to the long-continued 
 droughts which prevail in the hot season, 
 none of these streams can be ascended by ves- 
 sels of any size more than about nine months 
 in the year. The Arkansas is the principal 
 river that passes wholly through the state. 
 It enters the western border from the Ind- 
 ian Territory, and sweeping almost directly 
 through the middle of the state for about 500 
 miles, (the whole distance navigable for 
 steamboats,) after receiving a number of 
 small tributaries, discharges its waters into 
 the Mississippi. The White river and the 
 St. Francis, with their affluents, drain the N. 
 E. part of the state. They have their sources 
 in Missouri, and their outlet in the Missis- 
 sippi river. The White river, which de- 
 bouches by one channel into the Arkansas, 
 and into the Mississippi by the other, is na- 
 vigable for steamboats 500 miles, the Big 
 Black for 60, and the St. Francis for 300 
 miles. The Red river runs through the S. 
 W. angle of the state, and receives some 
 small tributaries within its limits. It is na- 
 vigable for steamboats beyond Arkansas. 
 The Washita and its numerous affluents drain 
 the southern portion of the state. The main 
 stream is navigable for 375 miles, and its 
 tributary, the Saline, for 100 miles. The 
 Bayous Bartholomew, Boeuf, Macon, and 
 Tensas are all tributaries of the Washita, 
 and have an aggregate of 635 miles of na- 
 vigable water. They all rise in the S. part 
 of Arkansas and flow into Louisiana, where 
 they join the Red river. The Little Missouri 
 and Bayou D'Arbonne are western branches 
 of the Arkansas, the former navigable 60, 
 and the latter 50 miles, for light steamboats! 
 There are no considerable lakes in Arkansas. 
 Objects of Interest to Toiirists.~\]ndev this 
 head stand prominent the Hot Springs, situ- 
 ated in a county of the same name, about 60 
 miles S. W. of Little Rock. From a point or 
 
 ARK 
 
 ridge of land forming a steep bank from 150 
 to 200 feet high, projecting over Hot Spring 
 creek, an affluent of the Washita, more than 
 100 springs issue at different elevations, and 
 of different temperatures, from 135° t-o 160° 
 of Fahrenheit. A considerable portion of this 
 bank consists of calcareous deposites, formed 
 from the water as it is exposed to the air. 
 These springs are visited annually by thou- 
 sands of people. The waters are esteemed 
 particularly beneficial to persons suffering 
 from the chronic effects of mercury ; also in 
 rheumatism, stiffness of the joints, &c. &c. 
 Near the top of the bank above alluded to, 
 there is a fine cold spring so near to the 
 warm springs, that a person can put one 
 hand into cold, and the other into hot water 
 at the same time. The creek below the 
 springs is rendered warm enough to bathe 
 in, even in the coldest season. Cane Hill, 
 in Washington county, elevated about 1000 
 feet, is flat or rolling on the top, with exactly 
 the same growth of trees, &c. (including the 
 grape-vine, papaw and gum trees) as on the 
 river bottoms. It was originally covered 
 with cane, hence the name. It is 4 or 5 
 miles wide, and perhaps 10 miles long, and 
 densely populated. The mountains on the 
 western border of the state, abound with 
 picturesque and romantic scenery. There is 
 in Pike county on the Little Missouri river, 
 a mountain of alabaster, said to be of the 
 finest quality, and white as the driven snow. 
 In the same county also there is a natural 
 bridge, which is regarded as a great cu- 
 riosity. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of the northern and 
 western parts of Arkansas is allied to that 
 of the North-Western States, while the south- 
 ern and eastern portion partakes of that of 
 Louisiana. (See Face of the Country, page 
 50.) The lowlands are unhealthy, but the 
 uplands will compare favorably with the most 
 healthful regions of the Western States. The 
 following extract from the letter of a gen- 
 tleman of great respectability, residing at 
 Little Rock, contains much interesting and 
 valuable information in relation to this sub- 
 ject: "We never have very deep snows in Ar- 
 kansas, though in the northern and moun- 
 tainous parts it is sometimes a foot deep, 
 but lasts a short time only. The peach- 
 tree thrives here beyond parallel. The 
 fruit is as good as any in the world, and 
 is indigenous. [1) It blossoms in February or- 
 dinarily, although I have seen them bloom in 
 .January, with pilenty of fruit the same year; 
 the average time is the middle of February. 
 We often eat corn here in June, though crops 
 do not ripen so soon, because not planted soon 
 enough. It ripens by the middle of August, 
 and is often gathered in August. According 
 to a meteorological table kept in Pulnski 
 county, near Little Rock, the mean tempera- 
 ture of the year from the 16th December, 
 1850, until the 15th December, 1851, inclu- 
 
 51 
 
ARK 
 
 sive, was 62° 66'. Mean temperature of the 
 months of December, January, and Feb- 
 ruary, for the years 1849 and 1850, 45° 82'. 
 Mean temperature for the correspond- 
 ing months for the years 1850 and 1851, 
 44° 52'. Mean temperature for the months 
 of June, July, and August, for the year 
 
 1850, 79° G6'. Mean temperature for the 
 corresponding months, for the year 1851, 
 80° 26'. There were 47 days during the 
 summer of 1850, when the mercury rose to 
 90° and upwards ; 51 days during the sum- 
 mer of 1851, when the mercury rose to 90° 
 R-nd upwards. The greatest elevation of the 
 mercury, 1850, was the 24th August, when 
 it rose to 99°. The greatest elevation for 
 
 1851, was the 16th August, when it rose to 
 99A°. The lowest depression of the mercury 
 during the year 1850, was 8°, the 8th of De- 
 cember. The lowest depression during the 
 year 1851, was 12°, the 19th January. From 
 the 1st of March, 1850, until the SOth of No- 
 vember, 1851, inclusive, there fell in rain 
 and snow 79-66 inches of water, making an 
 average of about 3-79 inches per month, and 
 45-52 inches in 12 months. The greatest 
 amount of rain during one month, was April, 
 1850, when there fell 7-93 inches of water; 
 the least that fell in any one month was Sep- 
 tember, 1851, when there fell -02 of an inch." 
 
 Soil and Productions. — There is a great va- 
 riety in the soil of Arkansas ; along the river 
 intervals, it is of the richest black mould, 
 ^ (yielding from 50 to 80 bushels of Indian 
 corn to the acre,) but mucli of it unfit for 
 cultivation for want of a system of drainage. 
 On the White and St. Francis rivers there is 
 some land of especial excellence ; while in 
 the country back from the rivers there are 
 some sterile ridges. Grand prairie, between 
 White and Arkansas rivers, about 90 miles 
 long and 30 broad, is badly supplied with 
 water, but most of the other prairie lands 
 are well watered. The region north of the 
 Ozark mountains, including about two tiers 
 of counties, is well adapted to grazing ; it 
 produces also abundance of excellent wheat, 
 and, perhaps, the finest apples in the world. 
 This section of the country is elevated, hilly, 
 or rolling, interspersed with prairies, and 
 abounds with fine springs of excellent water. 
 Grain and stock are the staples. The tops 
 of the hills and mountains are often flat or 
 rolling, and covered with a good soil and a 
 heavy growth of timber. The staple pro- 
 ducts of Arkansas are Indian corn, cotton, 
 and live stock, and considerable quantities 
 of wlieat, oats, tobacco, wool, peas, beans, 
 sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, fruits, garden 
 vegetables, butter, hay, rice, beeswax, and 
 honey, with some rye, barley, buckwheat, 
 wine, cheese, grass-seeds, hops, hemp, flax, 
 silk, and maple sugar. There were in Ar- 
 kansas in 1850, 17,758 farms, occupying 
 781,531 acres of improved land, and pro- 
 ducing live stock worth $6,847,969 ; 199,639 
 52 
 
 ARK 
 
 bushels of wheat; 8,893,939 of Indian corn ; 
 656,183 of oats; 285,738 of peas and beans; 
 193,832 of Irish potatoes; 788,149 of sweet 
 potatoes; 63,179 pounds of rice; 218,936 
 of tobacco; 23,038,400 of cotton; 182,595 
 of wool; 1,854,239 of butter; 3977 tons of 
 hay; 192,338 pounds of beeswax and ho- 
 ney; orchard products valued at $40,041; 
 and market vegetables at $17,150. 
 
 Forest-Trees. — In Arkansas the bottom lands 
 are generally covered with a heavy growth 
 of cotton-wood, ash, cypress, and gum. The 
 mountains or hilly portions have hickory and 
 the different kinds of oak. Pine is found in 
 considerable abundance on the Arkansas 
 river, near the centre of the state, and from 
 this southward to Red river. Beech is said 
 to be found in great abundance on the St. 
 Francis river. Immense quantities of these 
 different kinds of timber are sent down the 
 Mississippi river to New Orleans. From 
 the letter referred to on the preceding page, 
 we extract the following passage: — "The 
 principal forest- trees are the oak, (white,) 
 found in remarkable abundance and of good 
 quality: the other oaks are also abundant 
 and very fine. White oaks, 5 feet in diameter 
 and 60 or 80 feet without a limb, are common. 
 Hickory, ash, black walnut, gum, cherrj', 
 pine, red cedar, dogwood, cypress, niaple, 
 beech, cotton-wood, poplar, sugar-maple in 
 the north parts ; bois d'arc, (pronounced 
 bo dark,) sassafras, and black locust; all 
 these are found in abundance, and are very 
 valuable. The pecan is included in hickory, 
 and is also very abundant." 
 
 Animals. — Arkansas is still the home of 
 many wild animals, and the bear, buifalo, 
 (a few of which are still found in the Missis- 
 sippi swamp in Crittenden county,) deer, 
 wolf, catamount, wildcat, beaver, otter, rac- 
 coon, and gopher yet infest its forests, prai- 
 ries, and savannas. The gopher is a little 
 animal found chiefly, it is said, west of the 
 Mississippi. It is rather larger than a rat, 
 and has pouches on each side of its head and 
 neck, in which it carries out the dirt it makes 
 while excavating its burrow. It is very de- 
 structive to trees by gnawing their roots. Of 
 birds, there are found wild geese, turkeys, 
 and quails. The streams abound in fish, 
 particularly trout. 
 
 Manufactures. — This state is not extensively 
 engaged in manufactures. According to the 
 census of 1850, there were only 271 manu- 
 factories producing each $500 and upwards, 
 annually. Of these 3 were engaged in the 
 manufacture of cotton, employing $16,500 
 capital, and 13 male and 18 female hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $8975, and 
 producing 81,250 pounds of yarn, valued at 
 .$] 6,637 ; but no wooden or iron manufacto- 
 ries or distilleries reported. There were also 
 fabricated in 1850, home-made manufactures 
 valued at $646,938, and 51 tanneries, em- 
 ploying $42,100 capital, consuming raw ma- 
 
ARK 
 
 ARM 
 
 terial wortli $35,230, and producing leather 
 valued at $78,734. 
 
 Internal Improvemenis. — This young state 
 has as yet made little advance in this respect, 
 having full occupation in the preliminary 
 steps of clearing and settling tlie country. 
 Some plank-roads are in course of construc- 
 tion. But Arkansas is so well supplied with 
 river navigation, she will scarcely feel the 
 want of other means of communication till 
 her back country is more settled. 
 
 Commerce. — This state has no foreign com- 
 merce, though it has considerable boating 
 trade with New Orleans, engaged in the ex- 
 port of its productions. The rivers of Ar- 
 kansas afford an interior navigation of more 
 than 1000 miles, bringing a large portion of 
 the state within the reach of navigable wa- 
 ter. According to De Bow the White river is 
 more easily navigated than the Ohio ; in ad- 
 dition to this the Arkansas is navigable the 
 entire breadth of the state, the St. Francis 
 for 300, and the Big Black river for 100 
 miles. The S. and S. W. portion of the state 
 may be approached by steamboats through 
 the Red river, the Washita, and their 
 branches. Lumber, cotton, slaughtered ani- 
 mals, and Indian corn are the great articles 
 of export. 
 
 Education. — This state has no colleges, nor 
 has she yet organized a system of public 
 schools. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 185 
 churches in Arkansas, the different sects of 
 Baptists owned 73 ; the Episcopalians 2 ; 
 the Free Church 1 ; the Methodists 73 ; the 
 Presbyterians 25; the Roman Catholics 6; 
 and the Union Church 7. 
 
 Public Institutions. — As yet Arkansas has 
 no institutions for the insane, or for the deaf 
 and dumb, or blind. There is at Little Rock 
 one state penitentiary, which has been once 
 or twice burned down by the convicts. 
 
 Government — Finances, ^c. — The governor 
 is elected by the people for 4 years, and re- 
 ceives a salary of $1800 per annum and the 
 use of a house. The senate consists of 25 
 members, elected for 5 years, and a house of 
 representatives of 75 members, elected for 2 
 years, both by the people. The members of 
 both these bodies receive !ti3 per diem during 
 the session, and S3 for every 20 miles travel. 
 The Judiciary, Consists, 1st, of a supreme 
 court, composed of a chief justice and two 
 associates, elected by the legislature for 8 
 years, and receiving a salary of $1800 each 
 per annum ; and, 2d, of six circuit courts, 
 held twice a year in each circuit. The cir- 
 cuit judges are elected by the people for 4 
 years, and the prosecuting attorney for two 
 years. The circuit judges receive §1250 per 
 annum. Arkansas sends two members to the 
 national house of representatives, and is 
 entitled to four electoral votes for president 
 of the United States. The national debt in 
 1852 was $1,506,562; school fund, none; an- 
 
 nual expenditures, inclusive of debt and 
 schools, $35,000. The assessed value of 
 real and personal property in 1850 was 
 $36,428,675. There were no banks in Ai-- 
 kansas in January, 1852. 
 
 History. — Arkansas was settled by the 
 French at Arkansas Post as early as 1685, 
 and formed a part of the great tract pur- 
 chased from France in 1803, under the name 
 of Louisiana. It made little progress until 
 after its formation into a teri-itory of the 
 United States in 1819. It became a member 
 of the American Union in 1836. 
 
 Arkansas, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Arkansas, contains 1206 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the river of its own name, 
 and the White river flows along its E. border. 
 The surface is generally level, and about one- 
 third of it is occupied by Grand prairie, the 
 largest in the state. The soil of this part ia 
 fertile and adapted to corn and cotton. The 
 rivers are navigable by steamboats nearly 
 the whole year. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 116,535 bushels of Indian corn; 4204 
 of peas and beans ; 10,712 of sweet potatoes, 
 and 3769 bales of cotton. There were 95 
 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Arkansas Post. Population, 3245, of whom 
 1707 were free, and 1538 slaves. 
 
 Arkansas Post, a post-village, capital of 
 the above county, is situated on the left bank 
 of Arkansas river, about 50 miles from its 
 mouth, and 117 miles S. E. from Little Rock. 
 It has a landing for steamboats and contains 
 several stores. It was settled by the French 
 in 1685, and was for many years the 
 depository for all the peltries of this region. 
 
 Arkport, a post- village of Steuben county, 
 New York, on the Canisteo river, 246 miles 
 W. by S. from Albany. 
 
 Arkville, a post-office of Delaware coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Arkwright, a post-township of Chau- 
 tauque county. New York, 18 miles N. E. 
 from Maysville. Population, 1283. 
 
 Arlington, a post-township of Bennington 
 county, Vermont, 106 miles S. W. from Mont- 
 pelier, is well watered by several streams 
 which afford valuable motive-power. This 
 township contains an abundance of white, 
 gray, and clouded marble, a medicinal 
 spring, and a large cave. Population, 1084. 
 
 Arlington, a post-office of Hancock coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Arlington, a post-office of Van Buren 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Arlington, a post-office of Bureau county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Arlington, a post-office of Columbia coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Armacolola creek, Georgia, enters the Eto- 
 wah from the right, near the S. W. corner of 
 Lumpkin county. 
 
 Armada, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Macomb county, Michigan, about 35 
 miles N.byE. from Detroit. Population, 1146. 
 
 53 
 
ARM 
 
 ARE 
 
 Armagh, a post-borough of Indiana coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Blairs- 
 ville to Ebensburg, 52 miles in direct line E. 
 from Pittsburg. Population, 152. 
 
 Armagh, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Mifflin county, Pennsylvania. Population, 
 1742. 
 
 Armenia, a township in the W. part of 
 Bradford county, Pennsylvania. Population, 
 310. 
 
 Armenia, a post-village of Scriven county, 
 Georgia, on the Central railroad, 46 miles 
 N. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Armiesburgh, a post-office of Parke coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Armington, a small post-village of Taze- 
 well county, Illinois, 45 miles N. N. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Armstrong, a county in the W. central 
 part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 
 750 square miles. It is intersected by Alle- 
 ghany river; the Kiskiminetas river forms 
 its S. W. boundary ; the Red Bank creek 
 washes its northern border ; and it is also 
 drained by Mahoning, Cowanshannock, and 
 Crooked creeks. The surface is generally 
 hilly or rolling ; the soil is mostly fertile, 
 especially on the river bottoms ; nearly one- 
 fourth of the county is unfit for cultivation. 
 Grain, cattle, lumber, and wool are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 197,697 
 bushels of wheat; 195,501 of Indian corn; 
 470,742 of oats; 16,047 tons of hay, and 
 489,103 pounds of butter. There were 21 
 flour and grist mills, 12 salt-boiling establish- 
 ments, 5 carpentering and building establish- 
 ments, 13 saw mills, 9 manufactories of 
 brick, and 3 of tin and sheet-iron ware, 2 
 woollen factories, 1 nail factory, 2 iron foun- 
 dries, 2 forges, 1 furnace, and 8 tanneries. 
 It contained in that year 65 churches, and 2 
 newspaper establishments. There were 
 6477 pupils attending public schools, and 
 135 attending academies or other schools. 
 Iron, salt, and stone coal are the princi- 
 pal mineral products of the county; lime- 
 stone is also abundant. The Pennsylvania 
 canal extends along the southern border, 
 and the turnpike from Indiana to Butler 
 passes through the county. Organized in 
 1800, and named in honor of General Arm- 
 strong. Capital, Kittaning. Population, 
 29,560. 
 
 Armstrong, a township in the W. part of 
 Indiana county, Pennsylvania, about 40 
 miles N. E. by E. from Pittsburg. Popula- 
 tion, 1185. 
 
 Armstrong, a township of Lycoming coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, S. of Williamsport, from 
 which it is separated by the Susquehannah 
 river. Population, 428. 
 
 Armstrong, a small post-village of AVa- 
 bash county, Illinois, on the Wabash river, 
 9 miles N. N. E. from Mount Carmel. 
 
 Armstrong Ac.vdemy, a post-office of 
 Choctaw Nation, Arkansas. 
 54 
 
 Arbistbong Mills, a post-office of Bel- 
 mont county, Ohio. 
 
 Akmuohee, a post-office of Floyd county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Aenettown, a post-village in Hanover 
 township, Burlington county. New Jersey, 
 about 15 miles S. E. from Trenton. It con- 
 tains a large Friends' meeting-house. 
 
 Abnheim, a post-village of Brown county, 
 Ohio, 100 miles S. S. W. from Columbus, has 
 61 inhabitants. 
 
 Aknoldton, a post-office of Ulster county, 
 New York. 
 
 Arnolbton, a small village in the S. W. 
 part of Campbell county, Virginia, about 
 110 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Arnold's Creek of Indiana, flows into the 
 Ohio 2 miles below Rising Sun. 
 
 Arnon, a small post-village of Will coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Aroma, a post- village of Will county,Illinois. 
 
 Aroostook river rises in Piscataquis coun- 
 ty, in the N. part of Maine, and flowing in a 
 general north-easterly course through Pe- 
 nobscot and Aroostook counties, falls into 
 the St. John's river in New Brunswick. 
 Length, about 120 miles. 
 
 Aroostook, a county forming the N. E. , 
 extremity of Maine, has an area of about 
 4956 square miles. The St. John's river 
 forms its northern boundary, and it is 
 drained by the Aroostook, Mattawamkeag, 
 and other smaller streams. A great part 
 of this county is still a thickly wooded wil- 
 derness, the southern districts only being 
 settled. The surface is undulating, with a 
 few mountain peaks, the principal of which 
 are Chase's Mount and Mars Hill. The soil 
 in the cultivated portions is fertile, and it is 
 said to be also of excellent quality in the 
 northern part, especially along the banks of 
 the Aroostook and other streams. Wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, and grass are the staples. la 
 1850 this county produced 10,675 bushels of 
 wheat; 201,637 of oats ; 191,541 of pota- 
 toes; 17,314 tons of hay, and 186,691 
 pounds of butter. There were 18 lumber 
 establishments, 5 grist mills, 8 saw and 
 planing mills, 13 shingle mills and 2 tan- 
 nei'ies. It contained in that year 8 churches, 
 2021 piipils attending public schools, and 
 129 attending academies or other schools. 
 The St. John's river is navigable along the 
 border of this county, and from thence to its 
 mouth, (two short carrying-places excepted,) 
 for vessels of fifty tons burden. Organized 
 in 1839, having been formed out of portions 
 of Penobscot and Washington counties. Ca- 
 pital, Iloulton. Population, 12,529. 
 Aroostook, post-office of Aroostook co.,Me. 
 Arrington, post-office of Williamson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Arroo Islands, a group on the N. W. coast 
 of Washington Ter., E. of Vancouver's Island. 
 Arrowooi), a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
ARE 
 
 ASH 
 
 Aeeow Rock, a small post-yillage of Sa- 
 line county, Missouri, on the Missouri river, 
 72 miles by water N. W. from Jefferson city. 
 It stands on a high bluff, and has a good 
 landing and a fen-y. 
 
 Arrowsic, a township in Lincoln county, 
 Maine, occupying an island at the mouth of 
 Kennebeck river. Population, 311. 
 
 Aeeowsmiths, a post-office of Defiance 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Arsenal, a post-offi.oe of Alleghany coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Arthuesbukgh, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county, New York. 
 
 Artic, a post-office of De Kalb county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Arton, a township in Penobscot county, 
 Maine. Population, 252. 
 
 AsBDRT, a post-village in Mansfield town- 
 ship, Warren county. New Jersey, about 40 
 miles N. N. W. from Trenton. 
 
 AsBURY, a post-office of Troup county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 AsBURY, a post-office of Fayette county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 AsBURT, a post-office of Montgomery coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 AsBURY, a post-office of Perry county, Ohio. 
 
 AsBURY, a post-office of La Salle county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Ascension, a parish, situated towards the 
 S. E. part of Louisiana, on both sides of 
 the Mississippi, contains about 420 square 
 miles. The surface is an alluvial plain, the 
 highest parts of which are the banks of the 
 river, and a portion of the land is subject to 
 inundation. The soil near the river is fer- 
 tile, and is occupied by plantations of 
 sugar-cane and maize. In 1850, this pa- 
 rish produced 13,438 hogsheads of sugar; 
 554,975 gallons of molasses, and 368,500 
 bushels of Indian corn. It contained in that 
 year 3 churches and one newspaper esta- 
 blishment. There were 300 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 43 attending an 
 academy. Bayou La Fourche, a navigable 
 outlet of the Mississippi, commences at Do- 
 naldsonville, which is the seat of justice. 
 Population, 10,752 ; of whom 3486 were free, 
 and 7266 slaves. 
 
 AscDTNEY Mountain, a huge mass of gra- 
 nite in Windsor county, Vermont. From 
 the summit there is a fine view of the Con- 
 necticut river. 
 
 AscuTNEYViLLE, a post-officc of Windsor 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Ash, a township in the N. E. part of Mon- 
 roe county, Michigan, about 27 miles S. W. 
 by S. from Detroit. Population, 1229. 
 
 AsHAPOo Ferry, a post-office of Colleton 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 AsHAWAY, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Rhode Island. 
 
 AsHBOROUGH, & post-village, capital of 
 Randolph county. North Carolina, is situated 
 on the plank-road from Fayetteville to Salem, 
 
 78 miles N. W. from the former. One news- 
 paper is issued here. The Deep river, 5 miles 
 distant, affords fine water-power, which is 
 employed in several cotton factories. 
 
 AsHBUBNHAM, a post-township of Worces- 
 ter county, Massachusetts, 50 miles N. W. 
 from Boston, is intersected by the Cheshire 
 railroad, and has a number of valuable mill 
 seats ; with manufactures of cotton goods, 
 boots, cabinet ware, &c. Population, 1875. 
 
 AsHBURNHAM Depot, a post-officc of Wor- 
 cester county, Massachusetts. 
 
 AsHBY, a post-township, Middlesex county, 
 Massachusetts, 40 miles N. W. of Boston ; 
 contains some manufactories of boots, hats, 
 &c. Population, 1218. 
 
 AsHBY, a small village of Coles county, Il- 
 linois. 
 
 AsHBYSBURG, a post-village of Hopkins 
 county, Kentucky, on Green river, about 200 
 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort, is a shipping 
 point for a portion of the county. 
 
 Ash Creek, a post-office of Oktibbeha 
 county, Mississsppi. 
 
 Ashe, a county forming the N. W. extre- 
 mity of North Carolina, bordering on Vir- 
 ginia and Tennessee, has an area of about 600 
 square miles. The Watauga and New rivers 
 rise in it. This county consists of a moun- 
 tainous region, situated between the Blue 
 Ridge on the S. E. and the Stone Mountain on 
 the W. The soil in many parts is fertile, and 
 produces good pasture. Indian corn and oats 
 are cultivated. In 1850 this county yielded 
 210,533 bushels of corn; 6164 of wheat; 
 161,487 of oats; 4904 pounds of tobacco; 
 107,757 of butter, and 9702 tons of hay. It 
 contained 28 churches. Organized about 
 1800. Capital, Jefferson. Population, 8777, 
 of whom 8182 were free, and 595 slaves. The 
 name was given in honor of Samuel Ashe, 
 former governor of the state. 
 
 Ashepoo or AsHAPOo, a small river of 
 Colleton district. South Carolina, which flows 
 into the sea through an estuary called Coo- 
 saw river. 
 
 AsHERY, a post-office of Hancock county, 
 Ohio, 
 
 Ashe's Creek, a post-office of Spencer 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 AsHEviLLE, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 AsHEviLLE, a flourishingpost- village, capi- 
 tal of Buncombe county. North Carolina, is 
 situated on the Buncombe turnpike, 1 J miles 
 E. from the French Broad river, and 255 miles 
 W. from Raleigh. It is on the route of the 
 Western turnpike, which is now in process 
 of construction, from the S. W. extremity of 
 the state to Salisbury. It contains a bank, 
 an academy, 2 newspaper offices, and several 
 churches. Population, about 1000. The 
 site of Asheville is ascertained to be 2200 
 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Asheville, a small post-village, capital 
 of St. Clair county, Alabama, 120 miles N. 
 
 55 
 
ASH 
 
 ASH 
 
 from Montgomery, has a few stores, and 
 about 250 inhabitants. The county contains 
 extensive beds of bituminous coal, which 
 •will probably be worked when the railroad 
 is finished from Selma to the Tennessee river. 
 
 AsHviLLE, a post-office of Harrison county, 
 Texas. 
 
 ii SHviLLE, a post-ofSce of Pickaway coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 AsHFiELD, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Massachusetts, about 105 miles W. 
 by N. of Boston, between the Westfield and 
 Deerfield rivers. Population, 1394. 
 
 AsiiFOBD, a post-township of Windham 
 county, Connecticut, 30 miles E. by N. of 
 Hartford ; the soil is rough and rocky, but 
 well adapted to grazing. Population, 1296. 
 
 AsHFOUD, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Cattaraugus county. New York, about 40 
 miles S. S. E. from Buffalo. Population, 
 1658. 
 
 AsHFORD, a post-office of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Ash Grove, a post-office of Iroquois coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Ash Grove, a post-office of Green county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Ashland, a county in Ohio, situated in the 
 N. E. central part of the state, and contains 
 about 390 square miles. It is watered by 
 the Black fork and Lake fork, which, short- 
 ly after crossing the S. line of the county, 
 unite and form the Mohiccan or Walhonding 
 river. The surface in the south is hilly, 
 and the remainder rolling. The soil is not 
 surpassed in fertility by any in the state, 
 and it is particularly well adapted to wheat, 
 grass, or fruit. In 1850, this county yielded 
 446,818 bushels of corn; 338,718 of wheat ; 
 273,610 of oats; 64,976 of potatoes ; 22,826 
 tons of hay; 205,566 pounds of wool, and 
 368,988 of butter. It contained 44 churches, 
 2 newspaper establishments, 4295 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 70 attending 
 academies and other schools. The Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad passes through the 
 county. The streams above named afford 
 extensive water-power. Formed in 1846. 
 Capital, Ashland. Population, 23,811. 
 
 Ashland, a post-township in Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, on the Boston and 
 Worcester railroad, 24 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 1304. 
 
 Ashland, a post-township in the N. W. 
 ])art of Greene county, New York, 38 miles 
 a. W. from Albany. Population, 1290. 
 
 Ashland, a village of Schuylkill county, 
 I'ennsylvania, on the road from Pottsville to 
 (Jatawissa, 12 miles N. W. from Pottsville. 
 It owes its rapid growth to the coal business. 
 I'opulation, 224. 
 
 Ashland, a village of Wayne county, Penn- 
 ssyivania, on the Honesdale and Delaware 
 plank-road, 170 miles N. E. from Ilarrisburg. 
 It is halfway between Honesdale and the 
 Erie railroad. 
 56 
 
 Ashland, a post-office of Cabell county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Ashland, a post-office of Bertie county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Ashland, a post-office of Forsythe county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Ashland, a post-office of De Soto county, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Ashland, a small post-village of Wayne 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Ashland, a post-office of Union county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Ashland, a handsome town of Montgo- 
 mery township, and capital of Ashland coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 85 miles N. N. E. from Columbus, 
 and 55 miles by direct line S. W. from Cleve- 
 land. It is situated in a fine farming coun- 
 try, and is the centre of an active trade. 
 There is a large woollen factory in operation 
 here. The town contains an academy, 5 or 
 6 churches, and many elegant residences. A 
 railroad is projected from this town to the 
 Cleveland and Columbus railroad at New 
 London. Population, 1344. 
 
 Ashland, a thriving post-village of Fayette 
 county, Indiana, on the White Water river 
 and canal, 7 miles below Connersville, the 
 county town, and 65 miles E. by S. from In- 
 dianapolis. It is a place of active business, 
 and has valuable water-power. 
 
 Ashland, a post-office of Henry county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Ashland, a post-office of Wapello county, 
 Iowa, 72 miles S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Ashland, a post-office of Butte county, 
 California. 
 
 Ashland Furnace, a post-office of Cam- 
 bria county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ashley, a small river of South Carolina, 
 which rises in Colleton district, and flowing^ 
 south-eastward, unites with Cooper river at 
 Charleston, to form Charleston harbour. 
 
 Ashley, a county in the S. E. part of Ar- 
 kansas, bordering on Louisiana, contains 
 865 square miles. It is intersected by Bar- 
 tholomew bayou, (navigable by steamboats,) 
 and bounded on the W. by Saline and 
 Washita rivers. The surface is nearly level 
 or undulating, and is occupied by several 
 small praii'ies. The chief productions are 
 cotton, Indian corn, and tobacco. In 1850 
 there were raised 65,787 bushels of corn; 
 14,979 of sweet potatoes; 689 bales of 
 cotton, and 42,130 pounds of tobacco, the 
 greatest quantity of that article produced in 
 any one county of the state. It contained 
 10 churches, and 150 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Fountain Hill. Popula- 
 tion, 2058, of whom 1414 were free, and 
 644 slaves. 
 
 Ashley, a small village of Carroll county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Ashley, or Oxford, a flourishing village 
 of Oxford township, Delaware county, Ohio, 
 on the railroad from Cleveland to Columbus, 
 104 miles S. W. from the farmer, and SI 
 
ASH 
 
 ASS 
 
 miles W. from the latter. It is an import- 
 ant depot on the railroad, and is a place of 
 active business. Laid out in 1850. Popu- 
 lation, near 600. 
 
 Ashley City, or New Baltimore, a small 
 village of Macomb county, Michigan, on 
 Lake St. Clair, 7 miles N. from the mouth 
 of Clinton river, and a few miles N. E. from 
 Mount Clemens. The harbor is accessible 
 for large steamboats. The village was laid 
 out in 1851, and is improving rapidly. 
 
 Ashley, a post-office of Pike county, Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 Ashley, a lake in Iron county, Utah Ter- 
 ritory, in lat. about 38° 25' N., Ion. 114° 10' 
 W. Length about 25 miles ; greatest breadth 
 10 miles. It has no known outlet. 
 
 Ashley Falls, a post-office of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 AlShley's Fork, a tributary of the Green 
 river of the Colorado, in Salt Lake and Utah 
 counties, Utah Territory, it enters the left 
 bank of the river from W. N. W., about 50 
 miles below Brown's Hole. 
 
 Ashleyville, a post-office of Hamden 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Ashleyville, a small village of Sheffield 
 township, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Ashleyville, a post-office of Macomb 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Ash Park, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York. 
 
 Ashpetuck river, a small stream of Fair- 
 field county, in the S. W. part of Connecti- 
 cut, flows into Saugatuck river. 
 
 Ashport, a small village in the W. part 
 of Lauderdale county, Tennessee, on the E. 
 bank of the Mississippi river, about 170 
 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Ash Bidge, a post-office of Brown county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ash Ridge, a post-office of Pulaski coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Ash Rttn, a post-office of Pendleton coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Ash Spring, a post-office of Harrison coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Ashtabula creek of Ohio enters Lake 
 Erie in the county of its own name. 
 
 Ashtabula, a county forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Ohio, bordering on Pennsyl- 
 vania and Lake Erie. It is drained by Grand 
 and Conneaut rivers. The surface is level ; 
 the soil contains a large portion of clay, and 
 is adapted to grazing. In 1850 the county 
 produced 66,618 tons of hay ; 704,291 pounds 
 of butter; 135,203 of wool ; 267,209 bushels 
 of corn, and 189,478 of oats. It contained 
 55 churches and 3 newspaper establishments. 
 There were 4688 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 230 attending academies and 
 other schools. Hay, Indian corn, oats, but- 
 ter, cheese, wool, and cattle are the sta- 
 ples. It is intersected by a railroad lead- 
 ing from Cleveland to Erie. The county 
 was first settled in 1796 by natives of New 
 
 England. Capital, JeflTerson. Population, 
 28,766. 
 
 Ashtabula, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Ashtabula county, Ohio, on Lake Erie, 
 about 12 miles N. of Jefi'erson. Population, 
 2177. ., 
 
 Ashtabula, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the river of same name, 
 about 3 miles from Lake Erie, 213 miles N. 
 E. from Columbus, and 60 miles E. N. E. from 
 Cleveland. It is pleasantly situated, and 
 many of the houses are neatly built, and is 
 a place of considerable business. The har- 
 bor at the mouth of the river is visited by 
 the lake steamers. A railroad connects 
 Ashtabula with Cleveland, and Erie, Pennsyl- 
 vania. The village contains churches of 4 or 
 5 denominations, and 1 bank. This place was 
 settled by descendants of the Puritan stock. 
 Population, 821. 
 
 AsHTON, a mining village of Carbon coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 10 miles W. from Mauch 
 Chunk, IJ mile from Summit Hill coal mines, 
 and 115 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. The 
 inhabitants are mostly employed in the coal 
 business. 
 
 AsHTON, a post-office of Carroll parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 AsHTON, a post-office of Clark county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 AsHTON, a post-office of Dane county, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 Ashton's, a post-office of Shelby county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Ashton's Mills, a post-office of Frederick 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 AsHUELOT river, Cheshire county, New 
 Hampshire, falls into the Connecticut river, 
 about 3 miles from the S. boundary of the 
 State. 
 
 AsHviLLE, North Carolina and Alabama. 
 See AsHEViLLE. 
 
 AsHviLLE, a post-office of Harrison county, 
 Texas. 
 
 AsiiyiLLB, a post-office of Pickaway coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 AsHwooD, a post-office of Tensas parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 AsHwooD, a post-office of Maury count;, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Aspalaga, a small village in the N. E. part 
 of Gasden county, Florida, about 45 miles 
 N. AV. from Tallahassee. 
 
 Aspengrove, a post-office of Pittsylvani.* 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Aspengrove, a post-office of Calhoun coun- 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 A SPENWALL, a post-office of Charlotte CO., Va. 
 
 Aspinwall. See Chagres. 
 
 AssABBT river, a small stream near the 
 centre of Massachusetts, rises in Worcester 
 county, and running a north-easterly course, 
 unites with Sudbury river, to form the Con- 
 cord river at Concord. 
 
 AssABET, a post-office of Middlesex county, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 57 
 
ASS 
 
 ATH 
 
 AssAMOONiCK, a post-office of Soutliampton 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 AssHUPUN, a post-office of Dodge county, 
 V i'iconsin. 
 
 AssiscuNK creek, Burlington county, New 
 Jessey, falls into the Delaware river just 
 ajove Burlington. 
 
 Assumption, a parish in the S. E. part of 
 Louisiana, contains 320 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by Grand river, and inter- 
 sected by Bayou La Fourche, derived from the 
 Mississippi river. The surface is nearly level, 
 the soil is alluvial and fertile. Molasses, sugar, 
 maize, oranges, and cattle are the chief pro- 
 ductions. In 1850 there were raised 930,185 
 gallons of molasses; 17,160 hogsheads of 
 sugar, and 564,302 bushels of Indian corn. 
 The above quantity of molasses was greater 
 than was produced by any other county in 
 the United States except Iberville parish, 
 Louisiana, and that of corn greater than of 
 any other parish in the state. It contained 
 in that year 3 churches and 1 newspaper es- 
 tablishment. There were 693 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 10 attending an 
 academy. Lake Verret, which is situated in 
 this parish, is about 10 miles long and 3 miles 
 wide. Bayou La Fourche is navigated by 
 steamboats. Capital, Assumption Court 
 House. Population, 10,538, of whom 5197 
 were free, and 5347, slaves. 
 
 Assumption, a small post-village in the 
 central part of Assumption parish, on the W. 
 side of Bayou La Fourche, about 38 miles S. 
 by E. from Baton Rouge. 
 
 AssuNPiNK, or AssANPiNK creek, of New 
 Jersey, rises in the W. part of Monmouth 
 county, and flowing first north-westerly and 
 then south-westerly, falls into the Delaware 
 at Trenton. 
 
 Assyria, a post-office of Barry county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Aston, a township in the S.' part of Dela- 
 ware county, Pennsylvania, about 20 miles 
 S. W. by W. from Philadelphia. Population, 
 1558. 
 
 Astonville, a small village of Lycoming 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Lycoming creek, 
 about 18 miles N. from Williamsport. It has 
 mines of coal and iron in the vicinity, and 
 an iron furnace in operation. 
 
 AsTOR, a village of Brown county, Wiscon- 
 sin, at the S. W. end of Green bay. 
 
 Astoria, a post-village of Queen's county. 
 New York, on Hallett's cove, just below Hurl 
 Gaie, aoout 6 miles from New York city. It 
 contains several churches and about 500 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Astoria, a post-village of Fulton county, 
 Illinois, about 18 miles S. W. from Lewis- 
 town, the county seat, contains a few stores, 
 &c. The adjacent land is highly productive, 
 forming part of the valley of Illinois river. 
 
 Astoria, a small post-village of Wright 
 county, Missouri, 96 miles S. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 68 
 
 Astoria, a small post-village in the N. W. 
 part of Clatsop county, Oregon, on the S. 
 side of Columbia river, about ten miles from 
 its mouth. It was formerly an important 
 depot of the fur trade, and was named in 
 honor of its founder, John J. Astor, of New 
 York. 
 
 Asylum, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Bradford county, Pennsylvania, on the S. 
 side of Susquehanna river, about 38 miles 
 N.W.byN. from Wilkesbarre. Population,820. 
 
 Asylum, a post-office of Granville county, 
 North Cavolina. 
 
 ATAg-DOSA creek, Texas, rises in Bexar 
 couijty, and flowing south-easterly enters Rio 
 Frio a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Atchafalaya (a-chaf'a-H'a.) Bayou, Louisi- 
 ana, an outlet of Red river, commences a few 
 miles from the mouth of the river, at the N. 
 extremity of Pointe Couple parish. It flows 
 nearly southward through Chetimaches lake, 
 and enters Atchafalaya bay, on the Gulf 
 of Mexico. The whole length is estimated 
 at 250 miles. The channel is obstructed by 
 driftwood, but in high water, steamboats na- 
 vigate it from the gulf to its head. Its name 
 in the Indian dialect signifies ^'lost ivater." 
 There are strong reasons for believing that 
 this bayou was formerly the main channel of 
 Red river. 
 
 Atchison, a county forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Missouri, bordering on Iowa and 
 the Missouri river, has an area of 695 square 
 miles. The Missouri separates it from Ne- 
 braska on the W., the Nodaway forms its 
 boundary on the E., and it is intersected by 
 the Tarkeo and Nishnabatona rivers. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 149,387 
 bushels of corn; 15,577 of wheat, and 9773 
 of oats. There were 175 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Linden. Popula- 
 tion, 1678, of whom 1648 were free, and 30, 
 slaves. 
 
 Athens, a county in Ohio, situated in the 
 S. E. part of the state on the Ohio river, 
 contains about 430 square miles. It is wa- 
 tered by the Hockhocking river. The surface 
 is hilly, with intervals of rich bottom lands, 
 and the hills are covered with fertile soil and 
 a heavy growth of trees. Wheat, corn, oats, 
 butter, and wool are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 443,546 bushels of corn; 72,146 
 of wheat; 12,188 tons of hay ; 257,302 pounds 
 of butter, and 92,990 of wool. It contained 
 24 churches and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 There were 3936 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 105 attending academies or 
 other schools. Iron ore is found in many 
 places, coal is abundant, and salt is manu- 
 factured extensively in the count}'. The 
 Hocking canal extends from the centre of 
 the county to the Ohio canal. Capital, 
 Athens. Population, 18,215. 
 
 Athens, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Maine, 45 miles N. of Augusta, in- 
 
ATH 
 
 ATH 
 
 tersected by a bi-anch of the Kennebec river. 
 Population, 1460. 
 
 Athens, a post-township of Windham 
 county, Vermont, about 100 miles S. of 
 Montpelier; soil well adapted to grazing. 
 Population, 359. 
 
 Athens, a post-borough of Greene county, 
 New York, on the W. bank of Hudson river, 
 29 miles below Albany, and opposite the 
 city of Hudson. It contains 5 or ii churches 
 and numerous stores. Incorporated in 1805. 
 Estimated population in 1852, 1400. A steam 
 ferry-boat plies between Athens and Hudson. 
 Population of the township, 2986. 
 
 Athens, a thriving post-borough of Brad- 
 ford county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank 
 of the N. branch of Susquehanna river, 15 
 miles N. from Towanda. The Tioga or Che- 
 mung river flows along the W. side of the 
 borough and enters the Susquehanna 2 miles 
 below. The confluence of these streams forms 
 an elliptical peninsula, the lower extremity 
 of which is known as Tioga Point, which was 
 formerly a noted station of Indian traders. 
 Athens is delightfully situated in the nar- 
 rowest part of the peninsula. It contains 
 several mills and factories, and carries on an 
 active trade by means of the North Branch 
 canal. Incorporated in 1831. Population in 
 1853, from 1200 to 1500. Population of the 
 township in 1850, 2127. 
 
 Athens, a township in the E. part of Craw- 
 ford county, Pennsylvania, about 20 miles 
 E. N. E. from Meadville. Population, 928. 
 
 Athens, a post-office of Caroline county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Athens, a flourishing town of Clarke coun- 
 ty, Georgia, is situated on the Oconee river, 
 at the terminus of the Athens Branch rail- 
 road. 92 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 
 71 miles N. from Milledgeville. The situa- 
 tion is healthy and the climate delightful. 
 Since the construction of the railroad the 
 town has increased rapidly, and has become 
 the market for an extensive cotton-growing 
 region. Among the public buildings are 5 
 churches, a town-hall, a bank, and several 
 large hotels. There is a cotton manufactory 
 in this town and 3 others within a few miles. 
 The Franklin College of this place is a flou- 
 rishing institution. Four or five newspapers 
 are issued in Athens. 
 
 Athens, a post-village, capital of Lime- 
 stone county, Alabama, 154 miles N. N. E. 
 from Tuscaloosa, and 25 miles W. by N. from 
 Huntsville. It contains a court house, 1 
 printing-office, and several stores. 
 
 Athens, a post-village of Monroe county, 
 Mississippi, 5 miles E. from Aberdeen, the 
 county seat, and 170 miles N. E. from Jack- 
 son. It is surrounded by a tract of highly 
 productive land, which has been settled ra- 
 pidly in the last ten years. 
 
 Athens, a small post-village of Claiborne 
 parish, Louisiana, on the road from Homer, 
 the seat of justice, to Sparta. 
 
 Athens, a post-village, capital of Hender- 
 son county, Texas, 20 miles E. from the Tri- 
 nity river, and 220 miles N. E. from Austin 
 city. It is situated in a beautiful undulating 
 country, which is supplied with good water, 
 and is well adapted to the cultivation of cot- 
 ton and maize. Laid out in 1851. In 1852 
 it had 3 stores and several dwellings. 
 
 Athens, a small village in Izard county, 
 Arkansas, on the N. bank of White river, at 
 the mouth of Pine Bayou, about 6 miles N. 
 by E. from Mount Olive. 
 
 Athens, a post-village, capital of McMinn 
 county, Tennessee, on the E. Tennessee and 
 Georgia railroad, 55 miles N. E. from Dal- 
 ton, and 154 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 It contains a court house, 3 churches, several 
 seminaries, 1 printing office,2 banks, and nu- 
 merous stores. 
 
 Athens, a handsome post-village of Fa- 
 yette county, Kentucky, on the turnpike from 
 Lexington to Richmond, 11 miles S. E. from 
 the former, is surrounded by rich, well-culti- 
 vated farms and a prosperous community. 
 It has 2 churches, several stores, and about 
 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Athens, a post-township in the central 
 part of Athens county, Ohio, about 35 miles 
 W. S. W. from Marietta. Population, 2360. 
 
 Athens a post-village, capital of Athens 
 county, Ohio, is pleasantly situated on the 
 Hockhocking river, 72 miles S. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. It is the seat of the Ohio Univer- 
 sity, the oldest college in the state, having 
 been founded in 1804. The Hocking canal 
 connects this village with the Ohio canal. Here 
 is a branch of the state bank. Pop., near 1000. 
 
 Athens, a township in the S. part of Har- 
 rison county, Ohio, about 28 miles S. W. 
 from Steubenville. Population, 1416. 
 
 Athens, a post-township on the S. W. part 
 of Calhoun county, Michigan, about 20 miles 
 S. W. from Marshall. Population, 532. 
 
 Athens, a small post-village of Menard 
 county, Illinois, 12 miles N. N. W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Athens, a small village of St. Clair county, 
 Illinois, on the Kaskaskia river, 33 miles S. 
 E. of St. Louis. The river is navigable for 
 small boats to this point. 
 
 Athens, a small post-village of Clarke 
 county, Missouri, on the Des Moines river, 
 25 miles from its mouth, has 3 stores and a 
 flouring mill. 
 
 Athens, a post-office of Dodge county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Athensvillb, a small village of Delaware 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 8 miles W. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Athensville, a small post-village of Greene 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Athol, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, about 60 miles W. N. 
 W. from Boston, intersected by Miller's river, 
 which affords abundant water-power, and by 
 the Vermont and Mass. railroad. It is noted 
 
 59 
 
ATH 
 
 ATT 
 
 for its manufactures of leather, machinery, 
 &c. Population, 2033. 
 
 Athol, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Warren county, N. Y., about 58 
 miles N. N. W. from Albany. Population, 
 1590. 
 
 Athol, a village in Athol township, War- 
 ren county. New York, situated on the S. 
 bank of a small tributary of the Hudson. 
 
 Athol Depot, a post-office of AVorcester 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Atkinson, a post-township of Piscataquis 
 county, Maine, about 80 miles N. E. from 
 Augusta, has an academy which may claim 
 its origin from John Adams. Population, 
 895. 
 
 Atkinson, a post-township of Rockingham 
 county. New Hampshire, about 35 miles S. S. 
 E. from Concord. Population, 600. 
 
 Atkinson, a post-ofBce of Christian county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Atkinson's Mills, a post-office of Mifflin 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Atlanta, a flourishing city of De Kalb 
 county, Georgia, is situated about 7 miles S. 
 E. from the Chattahoochee river, and on the 
 line of railroads leading from Savannah to 
 Chattanooga and Nashville, Tennessee, 101 
 miles N. W. from Macon, 171 AV. from Au- 
 gusta, and 291 miles from Nashville. The 
 situation is elevated and remarkably healthy. 
 Four of the principal railroads of the state 
 terminate at this town, and render it a place 
 of great activity in business, and a depot for 
 the cotton and grain of several adjoining 
 counties. The Georgia railroad extends 
 from Atlanta to Augusta ; the Macon and 
 Western railroad to the city of Macon; the 
 Atlantic and AVestern railroad, which was 
 opened in 1850, leads to Chattanooga, Ten- 
 nessee ; and the La Grange railroad, which 
 was finished in 1852, connects Atlanta with 
 West Point, 72 miles distant. Atlanta was 
 laid out in 1845, since which it has increased 
 with great rapidity, and become one of the 
 most populous and important towns in the 
 northern part of the state. In 1847 it was 
 incorporated as a city. It has 5 or 6 churches, 
 6 schools, 2 newspaper offices, and a bank. 
 The surrounding country contains gold, iron, 
 and other valuable minerals. Population in 
 1850, 2572; in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 Atlantic, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 New Jersey, has an area of about 620 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by Little 
 Egg Harbor river, on the S. E. by the Atlan- 
 tic ocean, and partly on the S. by Tuckahoe 
 creek, and intersected by Great Egg Harbor 
 river, which falls into a bay of the same 
 name. It is indented by Great bay, Abse- 
 c'lm bay. Grassy bay, and Lakes bay, which 
 Contain beds of oysters and other shell-fish. 
 The surface is level, the soil near the sea- 
 coast marshy, but in the interior light and 
 sandy. Indian corn, hay, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 60 
 
 68,868 bushels of corn; 16,592 of potatoes; 
 8350 of rye, and 9569 tons of hay. There 
 were 1 cotton mill, 7 flour mills, 2 glass 
 works, 1 iron furnace, 1 forge, and 2 foun- 
 dries. It contains 18 churches, and 840 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Great and 
 Little Egg Harbor rivers are navigable for 
 some distance. The railroad from Camden 
 to Absecum passes through this county. 
 Organized in 1837, having been formed from 
 the eastern portion of Gloucester county, and 
 named from the ocean on which it borders. 
 Capital, May's Landing. Population, 8961. 
 
 Atlantic, a post-township of Monmouth 
 county. New Jersey. Population, 1493. 
 
 Atlantic City, a village of Atlantic co.. 
 New Jersey, the S. E. terminus of the new 
 railroad connecting Camden with Absecom 
 Beach. It contains as yet only 5 or 6 houses. 
 
 Atlas, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Lapeer county, Michigan. 
 
 Atlas, a post-village in Pike county, Illi- 
 nois, about 12 miles S. AV. from Pittsfield. 
 
 Atbis'co, a village of Bernalillo county, 
 New Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio 
 Grande, about a mile below Albuquerque. 
 
 Atsena Otie, a post-office of Levy county, 
 Florida. 
 
 Atsion, a river of New Jersey, forming a 
 part of the boundary between Atlantic and 
 Burlington counties, unites with the Little 
 Egg Harbor river. 
 
 Atsion, a post-village in Galloway town- 
 ship, Burlington county. New Jersey, about 
 27 miles S. E. from Camden. 
 
 Attala, a county in the central part of 
 Mississippi, contains about 630 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the AV. by the Big Black 
 river, and intersected by the Yukamokluna. 
 The surface is undulating or nearly level, the 
 soil in some parts is fertile. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, sweet potatoes, and sugar are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 5631 bales of 
 cotton; 522,503 bushels of corn; 112,153 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 120 hogsheads of sugar. 
 It contained in that year 15 churches and 3 
 newspaper establishments. There were 440 
 pupils attending public schools, and 150 
 attending academies or other schools. Capi- 
 tal, Kosciusko. Population, 10,991, of whom 
 7579 were free, and 3412, slaves. 
 
 Attalayille, a post-office of Attala coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Attapulgus, a post-office of Decatur coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Attica, a post-township of Wyoming coun- 
 ty. New York, about 35 miles E. from Buf- 
 falo. Population, 2363. 
 
 Attica, or Attica Centbe, a post-village 
 in the above township, on Tonawanda Creek 
 and the BuflTalo and New York City railroad, 
 about 34 miles E. from Buffalo. It contains 
 1 large flour mill, 1 saw mill, 3 churches, 1 
 carriage manufactory, and 5 or 6 stores. 
 
 Attica, a post-village of Venice township, 
 Seneca county, Ohio, 90 miles N. from Co- 
 
ATT 
 
 AUB 
 
 lumbus, and 27 miles in a direct line from 
 Lake Erie. It has an active trade, supported 
 by a populous and well-improved country. 
 
 Attica, a township of Lapeer county, 
 Michigan, about 60 miles N. from Detroit. 
 Population, 462. 
 
 Attica, a post-office of Lenawee county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Attica, a flourishing post-village of Foun- 
 tain county, Indiana, is finely situated on 
 the AVabash river and canal, 14 miles above 
 Covington, the county seat, and 75 miles N. 
 W. from Indianapolis. The surrounding 
 counti'y is diversified by majestic forests and 
 beautiful prairies, and possesses a soil of 
 extreme fertility. Since the canal was com- 
 pleted to this point, (1846,) Attica has ra- 
 pidly increased in trade and population, and 
 a large amount of grain, pork, &c. is re- 
 ceived here annually. There is a valuable 
 water-power in the vicinity. Population in 
 1852, about 1500. 
 
 Attica, a post-office of Green county, 
 Wisconsin, about 25 miles S. from Madison. 
 
 Attica Centre, New York. 8ee Attica. 
 
 Attleborocgh, a post-township of Bris- 
 tol CO. Massachusetts, on the Boston and 
 Providence railroad, 31 miles S. S. E. from 
 Boston, and 11 miles N. N. E. from Provi- 
 dence. It is intersected by Mill river, which 
 affords fine water privileges. The manufac- 
 ture of cotton goods and other articles of 
 utility is extensively carried on. From this 
 place a branch railroad, 4 miles long, extends 
 to the Providence and Worcester railroad, at 
 Valley Falls. It contains a bank. Pop. 4200. 
 
 Attleborough, a post-village of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania, 120 miles E. from 
 Harrisburg, and 8 miles N. W. from the De- 
 laware at Bristol. Population, about 1000. 
 
 Attlebury, a post-office of Dutchess coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Attotac, a small river of Texas, rises in 
 Rusk county, and flowing southward, enters 
 Angelina river at the S. E. extremity of Na- 
 cogdoches county. 
 
 Atwater, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Portage county, Ohio, about 12 miles S. 
 by E. from Ravenna, and intersected by the 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1119. 
 
 Attwood, a post-office of De Kalb county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Aubbeenaubee, post-office of Fulton CO. Ind. 
 
 Auburn, a post-township of Cumberland co. 
 Me., on the Androscoggin river and the An- 
 droscoggin and Kennebec railroad. Pop. 2840. 
 
 Auburn, a post-township in Rockingham 
 county. New Hampshire. Population, 810. 
 
 Auburn, a post-township of Worcester co., 
 Mass., about 5 miles W. by S. of Worcester, in- 
 tersected by the Western railroad and Nor- 
 wich and Worcester railroads. Pop., 879. 
 
 Auburn, a beautiful city, capital of Cayu- 
 ga county. New York, on the line of railroad 
 connecting Albany and Bufl"a]o, 174 miles W. 
 
 from the former, and 152 miles E. from the 
 latter. It is 2^- miles N. by W. from Owasco 
 lake, the outlet of which flows through the 
 town. Lat. 42° 53' N., Ion. 76° 40' W. The 
 site of this town is somewhat uneven, and 
 the streets present some deviations from a 
 rectangular plan. They are generally wide, 
 well shaded, and furnished with good side- 
 walks. The city on the whole is very hand- 
 somely built, and adorned with beautiful 
 gardens, as well as with ornamental shrubs 
 and trees. The principal public buildings 
 and mercantile houses are on Genesee street. 
 They are mostly built of brick or stone, and 
 have 3 or 4 stories. Auburn is the seat of 
 a theological seminary, founded in 1821, 
 under the direction of the Presbyterians, 
 with a library of 6000 volumes. The whole 
 number educated in this institution is 580. 
 It contains 8 churches, viz. 2 Presbyterian, 
 1 Episcopalian, 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 
 Universalist, 1 Second Advent, and 1 Roman 
 Catholic, the Auburn Academy, 8 banks, 
 and 6 or 7 newspaper offices. The Auburn 
 State Prison has acquired much celebrity 
 for its peculiar system of prison discipline. 
 The building is a large and costly stone struc- 
 ture, enclosed by a wall, which measures 
 500 feet on each side, and about 30 feet in 
 height. The number of convicts sometimes 
 amounts to more than 600. They are em- 
 ployed in a variety of manufactures, the an- 
 nual proceeds of which are generally suffi- 
 cient, it is said, to defray the expenses of 
 the establishment. The Auburn Academy 
 has from 75 to 100 students, and is fur- 
 nished with good apparatus and cabinets of 
 natural history. There are 5 public free- 
 schools, all in a flourishing condition. The 
 principal hotels are the American, the Au- 
 burn House, and the Western Exchange. 
 The Owasco outlet furnishes extensive wa- 
 ter-power, which is employed in the town or 
 its immediate vicinity, in manufactories of 
 cotton, wool, carpets, iron, and paper, and 
 in mills of various kinds. A railroad is in 
 course of construction from Auburn to Itha- 
 ca, a distance of 40 miles. Population, 
 in 1850, 9548 1853, about 10,500. 
 
 Auburn, a small village^* of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia 
 and Reading railroad, 83 miles N. W. from 
 Philadelphia, and 9 miles S. E. from Potts- 
 ville. Population, 100. 
 
 Auburn, a post-office of Fauquier county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Auburn, a post-office of Wake county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Auburn, a post-office of Gwinnett county, 
 Georgia, 42 miles N. E. from Atlanta. 
 
 Auburn, a thriving post-village of Macon 
 county, Alabama, on the railroad between 
 Montgomery and West Point, Georgia, 60 
 miles N. E. from the former. It has a 
 healthy situation, and is a place of some im- 
 portance, on account of its institutions for 
 
 61 
 
AUB 
 
 AUG 
 
 learning. A fii'e occurred here in the winter 
 of 1851-2, by which a number of houses were 
 consumed. 
 
 AuBUBN, a post-office of Hinds county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 AuBUEN, a post-office of Cannon county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Adburn, a township of Crawford county, 
 Ohio. Population, 951. 
 
 Auburn, a township of Fairfield county, 
 Ohio. Population, 626. 
 
 Auburn, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Geauga county, Ohio, about 27 miles S. E. 
 by E. from Cleveland. Population, 1184. 
 
 Auburn, a post-village of Oakland county, 
 Michigan, on Clinton river, and the canal 
 between Clinton river and Lake Michigan, 
 75 miles E. by S. from Lansing, and 4 miles 
 E. from Pontiac, the county seat. It con- 
 tains 1 or 2 churches, an academy, several 
 stores and mills. 
 
 Auburn, a small post-village, capital of De 
 Kalb county, Indiana, on Cedar creek, 134 
 miles N. E. from Indianapolis, and 22 miles 
 N. from Fort Wayne. It was first settled in 
 1836. 
 
 Auburn, a post-village, capital of Moultrie 
 county, Illinois, 2 or 3 miles N. from the 
 Kaskaskia, and 65 miles in a direct line E. 
 by S. from Springfield. 
 
 Auburn, a post-village of Sangamon 
 county, Illinois, 17 miles S. S. W. from 
 Springfield, is situated in a rich farming 
 district, which is* rapidly increasing in popu- 
 lation. 
 
 Auburn, a small village in the N. central 
 part of Lincoln county, Missouri, about 56 
 miles N. W. fi-om St. Louis. 
 
 Auburn, a small post-village of Mahaska 
 county, Iowa, on the N. bank of Des Moines 
 river, about 73 miles S. W. by W. from Iowa 
 City. ' 
 
 Auburn, a post-township of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin. Population, 248. 
 
 Auburn, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 50 miles N. W. from Milwaukie. 
 
 Auburn, a town of Placer county, to- 
 wards the N. part of California, is situated 
 on the main road from Sacramento to Neva- 
 da, near the junction of the N. and S. forks 
 of American river, and 97 miles N. E. of San 
 Francisco. Pop. 1853, about 1400. 
 
 Auburn Centre, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Auburn Four Corners, a post-office of 
 Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 AUCHEEHACHEE. Or AuCHENEHATCHEE, a 
 
 small river of Georgia, is sometimes called 
 Little Ocmulgee, (which see.) 
 
 AuciLLA, a post-office of Jefferson county, 
 Florida. 
 
 Audrajn, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Missouri, has an area of 680 square 
 miles. It is drained by the South Fork and 
 Long Branch of Salt river, and by the sources 
 of lliviere au Cuivre. The surface is level 
 62 
 
 or undulating, the soil fertile. A large por- 
 tion of the countj' consists of prairies, which 
 are well adapted to the pasturage of cattle. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, hay, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 285,186 bushels of corn; 11,448 
 of wheat ; 76,022 of oats ; 1092 tons of hay ; 
 144,380 pounds of tobacco, and 61,044 of but- 
 ter. It contained 13 churches; 400 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 60 attending 
 an academy. Capital, Mexico. Population, 
 3506, of whom 3049 were free, and 457, 
 slaves. 
 
 Audubon, a new county towards the S. W. 
 part of Iowa, has an area of about 630 square 
 miles. It is traversed by the Nishnabatona 
 river, an affluent of the Missouri. This coun- 
 ty is not included in the census of 1850, and 
 has few if any inhabitants. Named in honor 
 of John J. Audubon, the distinguished or- 
 nithologist. 
 
 Audubon, a post-office of Hardeman coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Audubon, a small post-village of Montgo- 
 mery county, Illinois. 
 
 Auglaize river of Ohio, rises in the N. W. 
 central part of the state, and flows into the 
 Maumee river at Defiance. It is navigable 
 for keel-boats to Wapakonetta. The largest 
 affluents of this river are Blanchard's fork 
 and Ottawa river. 
 
 Auglaize, a river in the W. central part 
 of Missouri, formed by the union of two 
 branches, termed the Wet and Dry Auglaize, 
 falls into the Osage a few miles below Erie 
 in Camden county. The main stream is also 
 termed the Grand Auglaize, and the Grand 
 Glaze. 
 
 Branches. — The Dry Auglaize, named from 
 the circumstance that a part of its sources 
 are in the tract called the "Dry Glaze," in 
 La Clede county, after intersecting Camden 
 county, joins the other branch to form the 
 Grand Auglaize. The Wet Auglaize is chiefly 
 comprised in Camden county, and derives its 
 name from the tract called the "Wet Glaze," 
 through which it flows. 
 
 Auglaize, a county in the W. part of Ohio, 
 contains 399 square miles. It is drained 
 by the head streams of the Auglaize and St. 
 Mary's rivers, from the former of which the 
 name is derived. The surface is nearly 
 level, and partly covered with forests of hard 
 timber ; the soil is good. Indian corn, whea,t, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 289,544 bushels 
 of corn ; 77,501 of wheat, and 8669 tons of 
 hay. It contained 11 churches and 2 news- 
 paper establishments. There were 580 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. The county 
 is intersected by the Miami and Erie canal. 
 Near the W. border is a reservoir, 9 miles 
 in length, formed to supply the canal, and 
 occupying the summit level between the 
 Ohio river and Lake Erie. Auglaize county 
 was formed a few years ago by a division of 
 
AUG 
 
 AUG 
 
 Allen and Mercer counties. Capital, Wapah- 
 konetta. Population, 11,338. 
 
 Auglaize, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Allen county, Ohio, about 28 
 miles N. N. W. from Bellefontaine. Popula- 
 tion, 1344. 
 
 Auglaize, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Paulding county, Ohio, about 
 8 miles S. by W. from Defiance, intersected 
 by the Miami canal. Population, 304. 
 
 Auglaize, a post-office of Van Wert coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Augusta, a county in the central part of 
 Virginia, forming part of the Great Valley 
 which extends along the N. W. base of 
 the Blue Ilidge. The area is about 900 
 square miles. The Shenandoah and Calf 
 Pasture rivers rise in the county. The S. E. 
 boundary is formed by the Blue Ridge ; the 
 surface of the valley is elevated and hilly ; 
 the soil is calcareous, and very productive 
 of grain and grass. In 1850 there were 
 raised 419,006 bushels of wheat; 505,800 
 of Indian corn ; 250,026 of oats ; 15,285 tons 
 of hay, and 275,483 pounds of butter. The 
 quantity of hay was greater than was pro- 
 duced in any other county of the state, ex- 
 cept Rockingham county ; and that of but- 
 ter greater than in any except Loudon coun- 
 ty. There were 41 flour and grist mills, 20 
 saw mills, 2 irOu furnaces, 2 iron forges, and 
 13 tanneries. It contained 41 churches; 745 
 pupils attending public schools, and 226 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Fine 
 limestone underlies a great part of the valley, 
 and extensive beds of anthracite coal have 
 been opened. A description of the celebrated 
 Weyer's cave of this county will be found 
 under the head of Virginia. The Central 
 railroad of Virginia (lately commenced) will 
 pass through this county and connect it with 
 Richmond. Augusta county was formed from 
 Orange in 1738. Capital, Staunton. Popu- 
 lation, 24,610, of whom 10,557 were free, and 
 50"58 slaves. 
 
 Augusta, a city, seat of justice of Kenne- 
 bec county, Maine, and capital of the state, 
 at the head of sloop navigation, on the Ken- 
 nebec river, 43 miles from its mouth by 
 railroad. It is 60 miles N. N. E. from Port- 
 land, 65 miles S. W. from Bangor, and 1 05 
 N. N. E. from Boston. Lat. 44° 19' N., 
 Ion. 69° 50' W. The city is situated princi- 
 pally on the right bank of the Kennebec 
 river, which is here crossed by a bridge 520 
 feet long. A short distance westward from 
 the river the ground suddenly rises to a con- 
 siderable elevation, after which the ascent is 
 very gradual. On this elevation are most 
 of the residences and hotels. The business 
 portion of the city is principally along the 
 bank of the river under the hill. The state 
 house, a noble structure of whitish granite, 
 about half a mile south from the city, occu- 
 pies an eminence commanding a wide and 
 varied prospect. Immediately in front is a 
 
 spacious park, handsomely adorned with 
 walks and shade-trees. On the east side of 
 the river is the United States Arsenal, sur- 
 rounded with extensive grounds, tastefully 
 laid out and enclosed by a neat iron fence. 
 The arsenal contains about 2000 stand of 
 arms, besides cannon and other munitions of 
 war. The hospital for the insane, on the 
 same side of the river, occupies an elevated 
 position, overlooking a landscape of almost 
 unrivalled beauty. Four or five newspapers 
 are published in Augusta. The city contains 
 a flourishing female academy, several manu- 
 factories, a number of hotels, 3 banks, and 9 
 or 10 churches of various denominations. 
 A dam, 584 feet in length, has been con- 
 structed across the Kennebec, about half a 
 mile N. of the city, for the purpose of im- 
 proving the navig.ition of the river above. 
 A vast hydraulic power has thus been created, 
 which is extensively employed for manufac- 
 turing purposes. A steamboat plies daily on 
 the river above the dam, between Waterville 
 and this city.. The railroad connecting Port- 
 land with I5angor passes through Augusta. 
 It was settled in 1771, and incorporated as a 
 town in 1797. Population in 1830, 3980; 
 1840, 5314 ; 1850, 8231 ; in 1853, about 
 9500. 
 
 Augusta, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Oneida county. New York, 
 100 miles W. N. W. from Albany. Popula- 
 tion, 2271. 
 
 Augusta, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Skanandoa creek, about 100 miles W. 
 by N. from Albany. It has 3 or 4 churches, 
 an academy, and several stores. 
 
 Augusta, a small post-village in the cen- 
 tral part of Sussex county. New Jersey, 
 about 65 miles N. of Trenton. 
 
 Augusta, a former township of Northum- 
 berland county, Pennsylvania, since divided 
 into Upper and Lower Augusta, (which see.) 
 Augusta, a thriving village of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Kettle creek, an affluent of 
 the Susquehanna. The township is said to 
 be connected by water (not navigable) with 
 the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, and Chesa- , 
 peake bay. Pine timber abounds in the vi- 
 cinity and forms the chief article of export. 
 
 Augusta, a handsome city of Georgia, 
 and capital of Richmond qounty, on the 
 Savannah river, 231 miles from its mouth, 
 120 miles N. N. W. from Savannah, and 130 
 miles N. W. from Charleston. Lat. 33° 28' N., 
 Ion. 81° 54' W. It is the second city of the 
 state in population and importance. The 
 Georgia railroad, of which Augusta is the 
 eastern terminus, extends to Atlanta, and 
 the South Carolina railroad connects it with 
 Charleston. The following extract from a 
 letter received from a highly intelligent gen- 
 tleman of this place, will be interesting, as 
 explaining the causes of its former and pre- 
 sent prosperity: — " Situated at the head of 
 navigation on Savannah river, it was for 
 
 63 
 
AUG 
 
 AUH 
 
 many years the chief and indeed only inland 
 town of the state of any commercial import- 
 ance, and so continued until that spirit of 
 internal improvement was aroused in the 
 people of Georgia which has acquired for 
 our state the enviable fame of the empire 
 state of the South. For some years after 
 the construction of the Georgia railroad 
 Augusta visibly declined, as was manifested 
 , by the tenantless houses, empty streets, and 
 decrease in population. This decline was 
 owing to the fact that the peculiar kind of 
 trade (the wagon trade) on which the pros- 
 perity of the city had depended, was entire- 
 ly taken away from her. This blight, how- 
 ever, was not of long duration. The charac- 
 ter of our business has altogether changed. 
 The upper country of Georgia has been 
 densely settled, the advance in improvement 
 and civilization has created new wants 
 where none before existed ; villages have 
 sprung mushroom-like into life, and the mer- 
 chants of tliese country villages have become 
 to those of Augusta what the merchants of 
 Augusta were to those of Charleston, New 
 York, and Philadelphia. In a word, our 
 merchants have established a wholesale bu- 
 siness, and now sell tens of thousands where 
 before they sold but thousands. Another 
 cause of prosperity is the Augusta canal, 
 which was constructed in 1845. It is nine 
 miles in length, and brings the waters of 
 the Sa-vannah river some 35 or 40 feet above 
 the level of the city. By the water-power 
 thus furnished, factories, machine shops, and 
 other such establishments have been erected 
 and are now in successful operation. Now 
 there are no houses tenantless, and none to 
 be procured at any rent. New buildings are 
 going up every day for the accommodation 
 of our increased population. Augusta has 
 increased in population wonderfully in the 
 last 5 or 6 years, and wo now number, by a 
 recent city census, over 12,000." The streets 
 are wide, straight, and lighted with gas. 
 Among the remarkable public buildings are 
 the city hall, which cost $100,000, the 
 Richmond Academy, a Masonic hall, and a 
 Medical college. Augusta also contains 
 about 14 churches, a hospital, arsenal, 6 
 banks, (including a branch of the state 
 bank,) and 4 or 5 newspaper offices. A line 
 of steamboats communicates with Savannah. 
 A bridge crossing the river connects the city 
 with Hamburg in South Carolina. 
 
 Augusta, a post-office of Benton co., Fla. 
 
 Augusta, a post-village, capital of Perry 
 CO., Mississippi, on the Leaf river, a branch of 
 the Pascagoula, 173 miles S. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Augusta, a village of De Soto parish, Lou- 
 isiana, 11 miles N. E. from Mansfield. 
 
 Augusta, a flourishing post-village of Jack- 
 son CO., Arkansas, on White river, and on 
 the route of the projected railroad from Lit- 
 tle Rock to St. Louis. 
 
 Augusta, a pos*--villagc of Bracken coun- 
 64 
 
 iy, Kentiicky, is beautifully situated on the 
 Ohio river, 45 miles above Cincinnati, 74 
 miles N. E. from Frankfort. It has a good 
 landing, and is the most important town iu 
 the county, on apcount of trade and manu- 
 factures. It contains a town hall, 3 brick 
 churches, several tobacco warehouses, large 
 steam flouring mills, and a tannery. This 
 place is the seat of Augusta college, which 
 was founded in 1825. Population, about 1 000. 
 
 Augusta, a post-village of Carroll county, 
 Ohio, 135 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Augusta, a post-village of Kalamazoo 
 county, Michigan, on the Kalamazoo river, 
 and on the Central railroad, 130 miles W, 
 from Detroit, and 12 miles E. by N. from 
 Kalamazoo village. 
 
 Augusta, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Washtenaw county, Michigan. 
 Population, 808. 
 
 Augusta, a post- village of Marion county, 
 Indiana, on the Michigan road, 9 miles N. N. 
 W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Augusta, a village of Noble county, In- 
 diana, about 125 miles N. N. E. from Indian- 
 apolis, was foi'merly the county seat, and 
 still contains the jail and recorder's office. 
 
 Augusta, a small post-village of Hancock 
 county, Illinois, about 95 miles N. W. from 
 Springfield, is situated in a rich prairie, and 
 has some trade. 
 
 Augusta, a post-office of St. Charles coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Augusta, or North Augusta, a post-village 
 of Des Moines county, Iowa, on the left bank 
 of Skunk river, about 11 miles W. S. W. from 
 Burlington, and opposite the village of South 
 Augusta in Lee county. 
 
 Augusta, called also South Augusta, a 
 small post-village of Lee county, Iowa, on 
 Skunk river, about 10 miles N. N. E. from 
 Fort Madison, the county seat. The river 
 affords water-power for a few mills. Popu- 
 lation, about 200. 
 
 Augusta Springs, Augusta county, Vir- 
 ginia, 12 miles N. W. from Staunton, the 
 county seat. The situation of this medi- 
 cinal fountain is highly picturesque and de- 
 lightful, and the accommodations for visitors 
 are ample. 
 
 AuMACKSTOWN Tillage, New Jersey. See 
 Cedar Creek. 
 
 Auman's Hill, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery county. North Carolina. 
 
 AuRARiA, a small post-village of Lumpkin 
 county, Georgia, 135 miles N. N. W. from 
 Milledgeville, is surrounded by a hilly re- 
 gion containing valuable gold mines. 
 
 AuREHUS, a post-township of Cayuga 
 county. New York, about 160 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany, is situated at the N. end of 
 Cayuga lake. Population, 2831. 
 
 AuRELius, a post-township in the N. part 
 of AVashington county, Ohio, about 15 miles 
 N. of Marietta. Population, 1251. 
 
 AuBEHUS, a township of the S. W. part of 
 
AUR 
 
 AUS 
 
 Ingham county, Michigan, about 80 miles N. 
 W. by W. from Detroit. Population, 500. 
 
 AuRiEsviLLE, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, New York. 
 
 AuROEA, a post-township, Hancock county, 
 Maine, about 100 miles E. N. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Popalation, 217. 
 
 Aurora, a post-village of Ledyard town- 
 ship, Cayuga county, New York, on the east 
 shore of Cayuga lake, 170 miles \V. from Al- 
 bany. It is delightfully situated and has 
 many elegant residences and gardens, over- 
 looking a broad and beautiful expanse of 
 water. The village contains the Cayuga 
 County Academy, with about 70 pupils ; 1 
 Presbyterian church, 1 Episcopal, 1 Metho- 
 dist, and 1 Catholic, and several stores. It 
 has an active business in shipping produce. 
 A steamboat regularly stops here in its pas- 
 sage from Ithaca to Cayuga, and on its re- 
 turn. Population, about 600. 
 
 Aurora, a township of Erie county. New 
 York, 15 miles S. E. from Buffalo. Pop., 8435. 
 
 Aurora, a thriving village in the above 
 township, on Cazenove creek, contains 5 or 6 
 churches, and 6 stores. Pop., near 2000. 
 
 Aurora, a post-office of Marshall co., Ky. 
 
 Aurora, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Portage county, Ohio, about 25 
 miles S. E. from Cleveland. Population, 823. 
 
 Aurora, a beautiful town of Dearborn 
 county, Indiana, on the Ohio river, 26 
 miles below Cincinnati, and 86 miles S. E. 
 from Indianapolis, is surrounded by a rich 
 farming region, which has been settled part- 
 ly by immigrants from Germany. It is a 
 place of considerable business, and commu- 
 nicates daily with Cincinnati by steamboat. 
 It contains 3 or 4 churches and near 20 stores. 
 Incorporated as a city in 1848. Population, 
 2500. 
 
 Aurora, a thriving post-village of Kane 
 county, Illinois, on Fox river, and on the 
 Chicago and Aurora railroad, 43 miles W. 
 by S. from Chicago, is rapidly increasing in 
 business and population. The river affords 
 a fine water-power, which is extensively em- 
 ployed. 
 
 Aurora, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Au Sable river of Essex county. New 
 York, falls into Lake Champlain, about 15 
 miles S. of Plattsburg, after forming part of 
 the boundary between Clinton and Essex 
 counties. 
 
 Au Sable, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Clinton county, New York, on 
 the N. side of the above river, about 15 
 miles S. S. ^V. from Plattsburg. Population, 
 4492. 
 
 Au Sable, a post-office of Kendall county, 
 Illinois, 50 miles S. AV. from Chicago. 
 
 Au Sable Forks, a small manufacturing 
 post-village in Jay township, Essex county. 
 New York, on Au Sable river, about 128 
 miles N. of Albany. 
 
 Austerlitz, a post-township of Columbia 
 county. New York, 80 miles S. S. E. from Al- 
 bany. Population, 1873. 
 
 Austerlitz, a small post-village in the 
 above township, 31 miles S. S. E. from Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Austerlitz, a post-office of Kent county, 
 Michigan, 178 miles W. by N. from Detroit. 
 
 Austin county, in the S. E. central part 
 of Texas, contains 950 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Brazos river. The soil in the 
 N. is fertile ; the S. part is sandy and infe- 
 rior. Its principal products are Indian corn, 
 sweet potatoes, cotton, tobacco, butter, and 
 sugar. In 1850 this county produced 149,220 
 bushels of corn; 37,322 of sweet potatoes; 
 3205 bales of cotton; 9663 pounds of tobac- 
 co; 97,020 of butter; 2317 of wool, and 60 
 hogsheads of sugar. It contained 4 churches, 
 and 142 pupils attending public schools. 
 The larger streams are bordered by strips 
 of woodland, in which the live oak and red 
 cedar are found. The Brazos is navigated 
 by steamboats through this county when the 
 water is high. Capital, Bellville. Popula- 
 tion, 3841, of whom 2292 were free, and 1549, 
 slaves. 
 
 Austin, a small post-village, capital of 
 Tunica county, Mississippi. 
 
 Austin, capital of Texas, and seat of jus- 
 tice of Travis county, on the left or N. bank 
 of the Colorado river, about 200 miles by 
 land from its mouth, and 230 miles W. N. W. 
 from Galveston. Lat. 30° 15' N., Ion. 97° 
 47' W. The scenery around Austin is highly 
 picturesque, and the view from the presi- 
 dent's house remarkably fine. The Colorado 
 is navigable by steamboats to this point 
 during high water, that is in the winter. 
 Austin contains, besides the state and county 
 buildings, 3 or 4 newspaper offices, and nu- 
 merous stores. A fine state, house is now in 
 course of erection. The supreme court is 
 held here once in the year. The seat of go- 
 vernment was established at Austin about 
 the year 1844. Population in 1853, esti- 
 mated at 3000. 
 
 Austin, a post-office of Ross co., Ohio. 
 
 Austin, a small village of Atchison co.. Mo. 
 
 Austin, a small post-village in the S. part 
 of Fremont county, Iowa, about 8 miles E. 
 of the Missouri river. 
 
 AusTiNBURG, a pleasant and thriving post- 
 village of Ashtabula county, Ohio, 50 miles 
 E. N. E. from Cleveland, and 10 miles from 
 Ashtabula harbor on Lake Erie. It is sur- 
 rounded by a community of prosperous far- 
 mers, who are mostly employed in the dairy 
 business, and is a place of active trade. The 
 village contains 3 churches, and the Grand 
 River Institute, a flourishing seminary, which 
 has about 150 pupils of both sexes. First 
 settled in 1799. 
 
 Austin's Lake, a post-office of Kalamazoo 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 AusTiNTOWN, a township in the N. part of 
 65 
 
AUS 
 
 AYO 
 
 Mahoning county, Ohio, about 12 miles S. 
 by E. from Warren. Population, 1174. 
 
 AusTixviLLE, a post-office of Wythe coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 AusTiNviLLE, a post-village of Livingston 
 county, Missouri, 140 miles N. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Autauga creek, Alabama, enters Alaba- 
 ma river from the N. about 12 miles W. from 
 Montgomery. 
 
 AcTAUGA, a county in the central part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 1100 square miles. 
 The Alabama and Coosa rivers form the en- 
 tire boundaries of the county on the S. and 
 E. respectively. It is also drained by the Au- 
 tauga and Mulberry creeks, from the former 
 of which the name is derived. The surface 
 is hilly or undulating ; the soil is fertile, and 
 finely adapted to the production of grain or 
 pasture. Cotton, Indian corn, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 there were raised 12,016 
 bales of cotton; 492,381 bushels of corn; 
 131,650 of sweet potatoes, and 75,647 pounds 
 of rice. There were 2 machine shops, 1 cotton 
 factory, and 1 grist and saw mill. It contained 
 in that year 41 churches, and 710 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Tlie Alabama river 
 is navigable by large steamboats through its 
 whole course. The county is intersected by 
 a plank-road from Montgomery to Tusca- 
 loosa, and by the route of the railroad lately 
 commenced from Selma towards the Tennes- 
 see river. Capital, Kingston. Population, 
 15,023, of whom 6293 were free, and 8730, 
 slaves. 
 
 AuTAUGAViLLE, a post-office of Autauga 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 AvA, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Oneida county, New York, about 50 miles 
 N. E. from Syracuse. Population, 1037. 
 
 AvA, a small village in the above town- 
 ship. 
 
 AvA, a post-office of Lowndes county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 AvA, a post-office of Winnebago county, 
 Illinois, 18 miles AV. N. W. from Rockford. 
 
 AvERiLL, a township of Essex county, 
 Vermont, about 30 miles N. by E. from 
 Guildhall, near the Canada line, intersected 
 by a branch of Nulhegan river: soil indif- 
 ferent. Population, 7. 
 
 Avery, a post-office of Jo Daviess coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Avery, a small post-village of Monroe 
 county, Iowa, about 100 miles W. N. W. from 
 Keokuk. 
 
 AvERYSBOROTJGH, a small village of Cumber- 
 land county. North Carolina, on Cape Fear 
 river, about 40 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Avery's Creek, a post-office of Buncombe 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Avery's Gores — A number of tracts of 
 land in Vermont, granted to Samuel Avery 
 in 1791, have received the name of Avery's 
 Gores. Most of these have been annexed to 
 townships in the vicinity. Among them may 
 66 
 
 be mentioned Avery's Gore, in Addison coun- 
 ty, situated nearly on the summit of the 
 Green Mountain ; the greater part of which 
 has been annexed to Granville ; and Avery's 
 Gore, a township in the E. part of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, about 45 miles N. by W. 
 from Montpelier. Population, about 50. 
 
 AviLiA, a post-office of Noble county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 AvisTON, a small post-village in the W. 
 part of Clinton county, Illinois, about 80 
 miles S. of Springfield. 
 
 Avo, a post-office of Patrick county, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Avo''CA, a post-township in the N. central 
 part of Steuben county, New York. Popula- 
 tion, 1574. 
 
 AvocA, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Conhocton creek, and on the 
 Buffalo and Corning railroad, 225 miles W. 
 by S. from Albany. It has 1 or 2 churches, 
 and several stores and mills. 
 
 AvocA, a post-office of Lawrence county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 AvocA, a small post-village of Livingston 
 county, Illinois, on the S. fork of Vermilioa 
 river, 98 miles N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 AvocA, a post-village in the S. part of Jef- 
 ferson county, Missouri, about 14 miles W, 
 S. W. from the Mississippi river. 
 
 AvocA, a post-village of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin, 80 miles N. E. from Ma- 
 dison. 
 
 xVvoN, a post-township of Franklin county, 
 Maine, on the S. side of Sandy river, about 
 40 miles N. W. from Augusta. Population, 
 778. 
 
 Avon, a post-township in Hartford coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, 9 miles W. by N. frony 
 Hartford, intersected by the New Havenii 
 and Northampton railroad. Population, 
 995. 
 
 Avon, a post-township of Livingston coun- 
 tj'. New York, intersected by the Genesee 
 River, 19 miles S. by W. from Rochester, and 
 25 miles W. from Canandaigua. Population, 
 2809. 
 
 Avon, a post-village in the above township, 
 delightfully situated on the right bank of 
 the Genesee river, on an elevated terrace 
 100 feet above the water, commanding a 
 beautiful and varied prospect. In the im- 
 mediate vicinity are two celebrated mineral 
 springs, which are a great resort for invalids 
 dui-ing the summer season. The waters con- 
 tain sulphur and various salts, and are 
 esteemed particularly efficacious in cutane- 
 ous aflPections, rheumatism, and indigestion. 
 The village has 3 or 4 churches, several fine 
 hotels, and a number of factories. 
 
 Avon, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Lorain county, Ohio, about 20 miles E. by 
 S. from Cleveland. Population, 1782. 
 
 Avon, a post-office of Ionia county, Michi- 
 gan. 
 
 Avon, a township in the E. part of Oak 
 
AVO 
 
 BAH 
 
 land county, Michigan, about 28 miles N. by 
 W. from Detroit. Population, 1456. 
 
 Avon, a post-office of Fulton county, Il- 
 linois. 
 
 Avon, a small village in Kane county, Il- 
 linois, about 48 miles W. from Chicago. 
 
 Avon, a post-village of St. Genevieve coun- 
 ty, Missouri, about 15 miles S. W. of the Mis- 
 sissippi river. 
 
 Avon, a post-township, forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Rock county, "Wisconsin, 38 
 miles S. from Madison. Population, 579. 
 
 AvoNDALE, a post-office of Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania, 70 miles S. E. from Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Avon Lake, a post-office of Lorain county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Avoyelles, a parish of Lou.isiana, situated 
 at the mouth of Red river, has an area of 
 about 800 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Red river, which also forms part of its 
 eastern boundary ; the Atchafalaya flows 
 along the eastern, and Saline bayou along 
 the north-eastern border. The surface is 
 nearly level, and the eastern part is subject 
 to periodical overflow. The western portion 
 consists mostly of prairies, which are mode- 
 rately fertile. Sugar-cane, cotton, Indian 
 corn, and sweet potatoes are the staples. 
 It produced in 1850, 3538 bales of cotton; 
 310,985 bushels of corn; 4481 hogsheads of 
 sugar, and 248,720 gallons of molasses. It 
 contained 3 saw and planing mills, and 1 
 tannery. Number of churches, 3 ; of news- 
 paper establishments, 2. There were 566 
 pupils attending public schools, and 100 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Red 
 river is navigable by steamboats through the 
 parish. Capital, Marksville. Population, 
 9326, of whom 4165 were free, and 5161, 
 slaves. 
 
 Ayersville, a post-office of Stokes coun- 
 ty, North Carolina, 122 miles W. N. W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Ayeesville, a post-office of Defiance coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Ayish bayou, a small stream of San Au- 
 gustin county, Texas, intersects the county 
 from N. to S., and empties itself into Ange- 
 lina river. 
 
 Ayr, a township in the E. part of Fulton 
 county, Pennsylvania. Population, 1055. 
 
 Atletts, a post-office of King William 
 county, Virginia, 28 miles N. E. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Aysville, a post-office of Davis county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 AzALiA, a post-village of Bartholomew 
 county, Indiana, on the E. fork of White 
 river, 51 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis, is 
 situated in a rich farming district. Popula- 
 tion, 250. 
 
 AzTALAN, a post-township in Jefferson 
 county, Wisconsin, about 50 miles W. from 
 Milwaukie. Population, 597. 
 
 AzTALAN, a post-village in the above town- 
 
 ship, on the W. branch of Rock river, 50 
 miles W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 B 
 
 Babcock Hill, a post-office of Oneida 
 county. New York. 
 
 Babcock's Grove, a post-office of Du Page 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Babylon, a post-village of Suffolk county, 
 New York, near South bay, 185 miles S. by 
 E. from Albany. It has a church and seve- 
 ral stores. 
 
 Bachelor's Grove, a post-offi(5e of Rock 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Bachelor's Hall, a post-office of Pittsyl- 
 vania county, Virginia. 
 
 Bachelor's Retreat, a post-office of Pick- 
 ens district, South Carolina. 
 
 Bachman's Mills, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, ^laryland. 
 
 Back Creek, in the N. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Frederick county, flows north- 
 eastward through Berkely, and enters the 
 Potomac about 10 miles N. from Martins- 
 burg. 
 
 Back Creek, of Indiana, flows into Gu- 
 thries' creek, in Lawrence county. 
 
 Back Creek Valley, a post-office of 
 Frederick county, Virginia. 
 
 Back Riveb, a small stream of Stafford 
 county, in the S. E. part of New Hampshire, 
 unites its waters with the Piscataqua. 
 
 Bacon's Castle, a post-office of Surry 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bad Axe, a county in the W. part of Wis- 
 consin, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 contains 772 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Bad Axe and Kickapoo rivers, from the 
 former of which the name is derived. The 
 surface is uneven. This county is not in- 
 cluded in the census, as it was not organized 
 in 1850. Capital, Springville. 
 
 Bad Axe, a post-office of Crawford county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 B.iD Axe River, a small stream of Wiscon- 
 sin, enters the Mississippi in the county of 
 its own name. 
 
 Baden, a small post-village of Beaver 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river, and 
 on the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad, 21 
 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Bad River, of Saginaw county, Michigan, 
 falls into the Shiawassee. 
 
 Bagdad, a post-office of Smith county, 
 Tennessee, 64 miles E. N. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Bagdad, a post-office of Lafayette county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Bahala creek, of Mississippi, enters Pearl 
 river in Lawrence county. 
 
 Bahama Channel, on the Gulf of Florida, 
 the narrow sea between the Florida coast and 
 the Bahama islands, near 140 miles long, 
 and about 45 wide. The currents here are 
 violent, caused by a curve in the gulf stream, 
 
 67 
 
BAI 
 
 BAR 
 
 running among the islands at a rate of from 
 2 to 5 miles an hour ; many vessels have 
 been wrecked in this strait. 
 
 Bailey Creek, apost-ofiice of Tioga coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bailetsbfrg, a post-ofBce of Perry coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bailetsburg, a small post-village near 
 the S. extremity of Surry county, Virginia, 
 about 50 miles S. S. E. from Eichmond. 
 
 Bailey'-s Creek, a post-office of Osage 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Bailey's Four Corners, a post-office of 
 Greene county. New York. 
 
 Baileytown, a village of Porter county, 
 Indiana, 14 miles N. by W. from Valparaiso. 
 
 Baileyville, a post-township of Washing- 
 ton county, Maine, about 80 miles E. N. E. 
 from Bangor, on the western bank of the St. 
 Croix river, watered ou the north by the out- 
 let of Schoodic lakes. Population, 431. 
 
 Bainbridge, a post-township of Chenango 
 county, New York, about 100 miles W. by S. 
 from Albany, is intersected by the Susque- 
 hanna river. Population, 3338. 
 
 Bainbridge, a post-village of Chenango 
 county, New York, on the E. branch of the 
 Susquehanna, 104 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. It contains a bank and several 
 stores. 
 
 Bainbridge, a post-village in Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Susquehanna, 20 miles E. S. E. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 503. 
 
 BAiNBRir>GE, a post-village, capital of De- 
 catur county, Georgia, on the left bank of 
 the Flint rivev, 188 miles S. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville, contains a court house and a few 
 dwellings. 
 
 Bainbridge, a post-office of Christian 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Bainbridge, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Geauga county, Ohio, about 25 
 miles S. S. E. from Cleveland. Population, 
 1014. 
 
 Bainbridge, a thriving post-village of 
 Paxton township, Ross county, Ohio, on Paint 
 creek, 19 miles S. W. from Chilicothe, and 
 54 miles E. from Cincinnati. The adjacent 
 country is highly productive, and finely di- 
 versified in scenery, and the village has an 
 active trade. It is on the route of the Ma- 
 rietta and Cincinnati railroad, which is in 
 process of construction. The village con- 
 tains 2 or more churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 1 iron forge, and 750 inhabitants. It was 
 laid out in 1805. 
 
 Bainbridge, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Berrien county, Michigan, about 15 
 miles N. by E. from Berrien, with a village 
 of its own name. 
 
 Bainbridge, a township in Du Bois coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 1491. 
 
 Bainbridge, a small post-village of Put- 
 nam county, Indiana, 36 miles W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 68 
 
 Bainbridge, a post-ofBce of Williarason 
 county, Illinois, about 175 miles S. by E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Bainbridge, a small village in the E. part 
 of Cape Girardeau county, Missouri, on the 
 W. bank of the Mississippi river, about 14 
 miles E. by N. from Jackson. 
 
 Bairdstown, a flourishing post-village of 
 Oglethorpe county, Georgia, on the Athens 
 Branch of Georgia railroad, 83 miles W. from 
 Augusta. It is surrounded by rich cotton 
 plantations, and is one of the principal 
 places in the county. There is an extensive 
 carriage factory here. 
 
 Bairdstown, Kentucky. See Bardstown. 
 
 Baiting Hollow, a small post-village of 
 Suffolk county, New York, 221 miles S. S. E. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Baker, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 1400 square miles. 
 It is traversed by the Flint river, (navigable 
 by steamboats,) and also drained by Icha- 
 waynochaway creek. The surface is level, 
 the soil excellent. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 sugar, and sweet potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 8820 bales of 
 cotton; 284,595 bushels of corn; 80,170 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 669 hogsheads of sugar; 
 the quantity of sugar was the greatest made 
 in any county of the state. There were 4 
 saw mills, 1 manufactory of cabinet ware, 
 and 1 of guns. It contained in that year 
 20 churches and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 There were 250 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 100 attending academies and 
 other schools. The creek above named fur- 
 nisuts valuable water-power. Organized 
 in 1825, and named in honor of Colonel 
 John Baker, an officer in the War of the 
 Revolution. Capital, Newton. Population, 
 8120, of whom 4355 were free, and 3765 
 slaves. 
 
 Baker, or Baker's, a post-village of Cham- 
 paign county, Ohio, 56 miles W. from Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 Baker, a township of Martin county, In- 
 diana. Population, 670. 
 
 Baker, a township of Morgan county, In- 
 diana. Population, 335. 
 
 Baker's, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Baker's Bridge, a village of Alleghany 
 county, New York, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 15 miles E. by S. from Ange- 
 lica. 
 
 Baker's Corners, a post-office of Wal- 
 worth county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Baker's Falls, of the Hudson river, are 
 situated on the border of Sandy Hill town- 
 ship, Washington county, in the E. part of 
 New York. The river here descends 70 feet 
 in about 100 rods. 
 
 Bakersfield, a post-township in Franklin 
 county, Vermont, about 40 miles N. N. AV. 
 from Montpelier, intersected by branches of 
 the Missisque river. Population, ] 523. 
 
BAK 
 
 BAL 
 
 Baker's Gap, a post-office of Johnson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Baker's River, of Grafton county, near 
 the centre of New Hampshire, falls into the 
 Pemigewasset river a few miles above Ply- 
 mouth. 
 
 Baker's Run, a post-office of Hardy coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bakerstown, a small post-village in West 
 Deer township, Alleghany county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 16 miles N. by E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Bakeesville, a post-office of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Bakersville, a village of Clinton county, 
 New York, on Saranac river. 
 
 Bakersville, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bakersville, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Bakersville, a small post-village in Yan- 
 cey county. North Carolina, about 200 miles 
 W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Bakersville, a post-office of Coshocton 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Balcony Falls, a post-office of Rock- 
 bridge county, Virginia, on James river, 153 
 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Bald Creek, a post-office in Yancey coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Bald Eagle, a township of Clinton coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, a few miles W. from Lock 
 Haven, borders on the West Branch of the 
 Susquehanna, and is drained by Bald Eagle 
 creek. Population, 683. 
 
 Bald Eagle, a post-office of York county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bald Eagle Creek rises near the centre of 
 Pennsylvania, and empties itself into the West 
 Branch of the Susquehanna at Lock Haven. 
 
 Bald Eagle Mountain, Pennsylvania, 
 situated S. E. from Bald Eagle creek, 
 extends from Huntingdon north-eastward 
 through the middle of Centre county, and 
 through Clinton into Lycoming county. 
 
 Bald Head, in North Carolina, a point of 
 Smith's Island, at the mouth of Cape Fear 
 river. 
 
 Bald Head Cape, in Well's bay, Maine, 
 about SO miles, S. by W. from Portland. 
 
 Bald Hill, a post-office of Norfolk coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts. 
 
 Bald Hill, a post-office of Muscogee coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Bald Mount, a post-office of Luzerne coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bald Mountain, an isolated peak of So- 
 merset county, Maine. 
 
 Bald Mountain Ridge, in the N. W. part 
 of Somerset county, Maine. 
 
 Bald Spring, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Baldwin, a county near the centre of 
 Georgia, has an area of 257 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Oconee, bounded on 
 the N. by Little river, and also drained by 
 Black Camp and Fishing creeks. The sur- 
 
 face is generally hilly excepting the southern 
 part : the dividing line between the primary 
 and tertiary formations passes through the 
 county in a N. E. and S. W. direction. The 
 soil in the vicinity of the river is fertile, and 
 in some other parts much worn. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, cotton, peaches, 
 and grapes are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 255,910 bushels of corn ; 
 20,962 of oats; 47,127 of sweet potatoes, 
 and 4443 bales of cotton. It contained in 
 that year 1 cotton factory, 1 tannery, and 
 several mills. There were 6 churches, and 
 5 newspaper establishments; 218 pupils 
 attending academies or other schools. A 
 branch of the Central railroad passes through 
 the county. Milledgeville is the county seat, 
 and capital of the state. Named in honor 
 of Abraham Baldwin, United States senator 
 from Georgia. Population, 8148, of whom 
 3566 were free, and 4602, slaves. 
 
 Baldwin, a county, Alabama, situated in 
 the S. part of the state, at the mouth of Mo- 
 bile river, bordering on Florida and the Gulf 
 of Mexico, has an area of about 1900 square 
 miles. The Mobile river forms its boundary 
 on the W., the Alabama on the N. W., and 
 the Perdido on the E. The surface is level 
 and undulating; the soil sandy and unpro- 
 ductive. Pine timber is abundant. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, and rice are the staples, la 
 1850 there were raised 628 bales of cotton ; 
 74,301 bushels of corn; 23,071 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 52,075 pounds of rice. There 
 were 28 saw mills, 2 flour and grist mills, 
 and 2 potteries. The county contained 6 
 churches : 88 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 11 attending an academy or other schools. 
 A railroad is projected through this county 
 from Mobile bay to Girard. Capital, Blakely. 
 Population, 4414, of whom 2196 were free, 
 and 2218, slaves. 
 
 Baldwin, a township of Cumberland coun- 
 ty, Maine, about 20 miles W. N. W. from 
 Portland. Population, 1100. 
 
 Baldwin, a post-office of Chemung county, 
 New York. 
 
 Baldwin, a township of Alleghany county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela river, about 
 3 miles above Pittsburg. Population, 1610. 
 
 Baldwin, a small post-village of Butler 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Baldwin, a small village in Hinds county, 
 Mississippi, on Big Black river, about 35 
 miles from Jackson. 
 
 Baldwin, a small village of St. Louis coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 20 miles W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Baldwinsville, a small post-village in 
 Templeton township, Worcester county, Mas- 
 sachusetts, about 55 miles W. N. W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 Baldwinsville, a post-village of Lysan- 
 der township, Onondaga county. New York, 
 on the Seneca river, where it is crossed by 
 the Oswego and Syracuse railroad, 12 miles 
 N. by W. from Syracuse, and 21 miles S. by 
 
 69 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 E. from Os-vvego. The Seneca river affords 
 good water-power, which is improved for 
 manufacturing purposes. It contains 10 or 
 12 stores, several mills and factories, and a 
 flourishing academy. Canal-boats are con- 
 ducted to the village through the Seneca 
 river from the Oswego canal. Population, 
 about 1200. 
 
 BALmvissviLLE, a post-ofiBce of Edgar 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Baldwinsville, a small village in Missis- 
 sippi county, Missouri, on the bank of the Mis- 
 sissippi river, 3 or 4 miles above Wolf Island. 
 
 Ballaed, a county in the W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Missouri and Illinois, 
 from which it is separated by the Ohio river. 
 It is traversed by Mayfield's creek. The 
 surface is undulating, and well timbered ; 
 the soil of the S. part is fertile, and of the N. 
 part poor. Tobacco, hemp, Indian corn, and 
 oats are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 272,550 bushels of corn; 9141 of 
 wheat; 25,280 of oats; 152,700 pounds of 
 tobacco ; 8680 of wool, and 7351 of flax. It 
 contained 10 churches, and 480 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The county was 
 formed out of parts of McCracken and Hick- 
 man counties, in 1842, and was named in 
 honor of Captain Bland Ballard, an officer in 
 the war of 1812. Capital, Blandville. Po- 
 pulation, 5496, of whom 4654 were free, and 
 842, slaves. 
 
 Ballard's Bridge, a post-office of Chowan 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Ballardsville, a small post-village in the 
 N. part of Boone county, Virginia, about 
 250 miles W. by N. from llichmond. 
 
 Ballardsville, a small post-village of Old- 
 ham county, Kentucky, about 30 miles E. by 
 N. from Louisville, has 1 church and 2 stores. 
 
 Ballard Vale, a post-office of Essex 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Ball Camp, a post-office of Knox county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Ballew's Ferry, a post-office of St. 
 Landry parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Ball Ground, a post-office of Cherokee 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Ball Mountain, a post-office of Oakland 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Ball Play, a post-office of Monroe coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Ball's Pond, a post-office of Fairfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Ballston, a post-township of Saratoga 
 county. New York, 25 miles N. from Albany, 
 is intersected by the Schenectady and Sara- 
 toga railroad. Population, 2269. 
 
 Ballston Centre, a post-village of Sara- 
 toga county, New York, 25 miles N. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Ballston Spa, a post-village, capital of 
 Saratoga county. New York, on the Saratoga 
 and Schenectady railroad, 30 miles N. from 
 Albany, and 7 miles S. AV. from Saratoga 
 Springs. The mineral springs at this place 
 70 
 
 have considerable celebi'itj. The Tillage 
 contains a court house, several churches, a 
 bank, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and the Sans 
 Soufii hotel, which is 160 feet long, with 
 wings extending back 153 feet. Population, 
 in 1852, about 2000. 
 
 Ballstown, a post-office of Ripley county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Ballsa^lle, a post-office of Powhattan 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Ballsville, a village of Sandusky county, 
 Ohio, on the Sandusky river, 1^- mile above 
 Fremont. The falls of the river afi^ord valu- 
 able water-power, which is emploj'ed in 1 
 cotton factory, 1 woollen factory, and several 
 mills. 
 
 Ballville, a village of Orange county, 
 New York, 23 miles W. by N. from Newburg. 
 
 Ballville, a township in the S. part of San- 
 dusky county, Ohio, about 28 miles S. W. 
 from Sandusky City. Population, 1556. 
 
 Baltimore, a county in the N. part of Ma- 
 ryland, bordering on Pennsylvania, and on the 
 Chesapeake bay, has an area of about 700 
 square miles. The Patapsco river forms its 
 boundary on the South and West, and it is 
 intersected by Gunpowder river. The sur- 
 face is i^leasantly diversified by hills, some 
 of which rise about 800 feet above the tide- 
 water. The ledge of primitive rock which 
 limits the ascent of the tide, traverses the 
 south-eastern part of the county. The land 
 in many parts is rocky, but in general pro- 
 ductive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, but- 
 ter, beef, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced more oats than any 
 other county in the state. There were raised 
 in that year 755,224 bushels of corn ; 294,187 
 of wheat ; 280,288 of oats, and 21,810 tons of 
 hay. It contained 22 cotton factories, 4 
 woollen factories, 13 paper mills, 2 glass 
 works, 13 iron foundries, 10 brass foundries, 
 26 coach factories, 8 potteries, 10 manufac- 
 tories of agricultural implements, 111 of 
 cabinet-ware, 46 flour and grist mills, 2 
 powder mills, 4 nail factories, 4 iron fur- 
 naces, and 5 manufactories of chemicals. 
 Capital invested in manufactures, $9,929,232. 
 Value of annual productions, $24,540,014. 
 There were 162 churches, and 22 newspaper 
 establishments ; 10,308 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 5191 attending academies 
 or other schools. Granite, gneiss, horn- 
 blende, limestone, and soapstone are the 
 principal rocks of the county, which also 
 contains mines of copper, iron, and chrome, 
 and beds of red and yellow ochre and mag- 
 nesia. The Baltimore and Ohio, the Balti- 
 more and Susquehanna, and the Philadelphia 
 and Baltimore railroads all terminate in this 
 county, which is by far the most populous 
 and important in the state. Capital, Balti- 
 more. Population, 210,646. 
 
 Baltimore, a township of Windsor county, 
 Vermont, about 65 miles S. of Montpelier. 
 Population, 124. 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 Baltimoke, a city, port of entry, and seat 
 of justice of Baltimore county, Maryland, 
 is situated on a small bay or estuary which 
 extends about two miles and a half inland 
 from the N. side of Patapsco river, about 12 
 miles from its entrance into Chesapeake bay. 
 The city, by, ship channel, is about 200 miles 
 from the ocean. It is 38 miles by railroad N. 
 E. from Washington, and 98 miles S. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Lat. 39° 17' N., Ion. 76° 87' 
 W. Baltimore is admirably situated both for 
 foreign and internal commerce. The bay 
 around which it is built affords a secure and 
 spacious harbor, and it has communication 
 by railway not only with Philadelphia and 
 Washington, but with Winchester, Annapolis, 
 Cumberland, Frederick City, York, Lancas- 
 ter, and Harrisburg. The limits of the city 
 comprise about 10,000 acres of land, extend- 
 ing about four miles and a half from east to 
 west, and three and a half from north to 
 south. It consisted originally of more than 
 fifty elevations or hills, separated by abrupt 
 valleys, or ravines, and in a few instances bj' 
 formidable marshes, while, nearly in the 
 centre, it is divided by a rapid stream of 
 water known as " Jones' Falls." This stream 
 has several times overflowed its banks, caus- 
 ing loss of life as well as occasioning a great 
 damage to property. The city authorities 
 have in consequence been at great pains to 
 remove all obstructions from its bed, and 
 have taken care that the numerous bridges 
 by which the stream is crossed should be 
 constructed with a single arch, and of such 
 a height as to remove all further danger 
 from this source. The city east of Jones' 
 Falls is divided into two parts. Fell's Point 
 and the Old Town. The Point is the most 
 easterly portion of Baltimore, and has the 
 advantage of greater depth of water at the 
 wharves than the upper harbor contains. It 
 is the resort of seamen and immigrants, and 
 the place where the greater part of the ship- 
 building and manufactures of the city are 
 carried on. Old Town lies north and west 
 of this, and is principally inhabited by me- 
 chanics and laborers. The portion west of 
 " the Falls" is likewise divided into two 
 parts, the City Proper and Spring Garden 
 section. The former is the centre of trade, 
 and contains most of the residences of the 
 more wealthy citizens. Spring Garden sec- 
 tion is the extreme south-western quarter, 
 and is inhabited chiefly by mechanics and 
 laborers. From the number and prominence 
 of its monuments, Baltimore has been de- 
 nominated the Monumental city. The most 
 remarkable of these is the Washington mo- 
 nument, which stands on an eminence at the 
 intersection of Charles and Monument streets, 
 about 150 feet above high-water mark. Its 
 base, 20 feet high and 50 feet square, sup- 
 ports a Doric column 167 feet in height, 
 surmounted by a statue of Washington 13 
 feet high. The shaft, 20 feet square at the base 
 
 and 14 at the top, is ascended by means of 
 a winding stairway within. The whole is 
 composed of white marble, and cost $200,000. 
 Its summit commands a beautiful and varied 
 prospect. Battle monument, at the corner 
 of Calvert and Fayette streets, was erected 
 in 1815, to the memory of those who fell 
 while defending the city from the attack of 
 the British, September 12, 1814. The base 
 is square and 20 feet in Ijeight, with an 
 Egyptian door on each front. The column, 
 18 feet high, is in the form of the Roman 
 fasces, and encircled by bands having the 
 names of those who fell in the battle in- 
 scribed on them in letters of gold. On its 
 summit stands a beautiful statue of a female, 
 emblematical of the city of Baltimore, making 
 the entire height of the monument 52 feet. 
 The Armistead monument, a beautiful speci- 
 men of sculpture, near the city fountain, was 
 erected to the memory of Colonel George Ar- 
 mistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, 
 when bombarded by a British fleet in Sep- 
 tember, 1814. Among the public edifices of 
 Baltimore may be named the city hall, on 
 Holiday street, occupied by the city council 
 and public offices ; it is a plain building 
 three stories high, with a portico supported 
 by four massive pillars. The court house, 
 a commodious edifice at the corner of Wash- 
 ington and Lexington streets, contains the 
 rooms of the city and county courts. It is 
 145 feet long, 65 feet wide, and two stoi-ies 
 high, surmounted by a dome. Being elevated 
 considerably from the ground, the approach 
 to it from the front and rear is by flights of 
 steps, above which is a colonnade of marble 
 pilasters, of the Ionic order, supporting a plain 
 entablature at the top. The state penitentiary, 
 at the corner of Madison and Forrest streets, 
 consists of three separate buildings besides the 
 workshops. The whole occupies about four 
 acres of ground, which is surrounded by a 
 stone wall 20 feet high. A short distance 
 from the penitentiary stands the county 
 prison, a handsome building, surmounted by 
 a cupola, and ornamented with a tower at 
 each end in the form of an octagon. The 
 exchange, in Gay street near Water, is a 
 spacious structure 225 feet in front, 141 in 
 depth, and three stories high above the base- 
 ment. It is surmounted by a dome, the top 
 of which is 115 feet from the ground. On 
 the east and west sides is a colonnade of six 
 Ionic pillars, each a single block of beau- 
 tifully wrought Italian marble. The mer- 
 chants' room, which is the principal one in 
 the building, is 50 feet square. The south 
 wing, fronting on Lombard street and en- 
 tered from Water street, is occupied as a 
 custom house. Among the first objects that 
 strike the attention of one approaching the 
 city are the shot towers, one of which, the 
 Merchants' Shot Tower, is the highest in 
 the world, having an elevation of 250 feet. 
 The most imposing church edifice in Balti- 
 
 71 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 more is the Roman Catholic cathedral, on 
 Mulberry street, betAveen Charles and Ca- 
 thedral streets. It is a massive granite 
 structure, 190 feet long, 177 broad, and 
 127 feet from the ground to the top of the 
 cross surmounting the dome. At the west 
 end of the building are two towers crowned 
 with Saracenic cupolas, resembling the mi- 
 narets of a Mohammedan mosque. The ori- 
 ginal design was to place an Ionic portico 
 between these towers. The cathedral con- 
 tains one of the largest organs in the United 
 States, having 600 pipes and 36 stops ; and 
 two beautiful paintings, one, " The Descent 
 from the Cross," presented by Louis XVI. of 
 France ; the other, " St. Louis burying his 
 officers and soldiers slain before Tunis," pre- 
 sented by Charles X. The Catholics have a 
 number of other churches besides the cathe- 
 dral, the principal of which are St. Mary's 
 chapel, on Pennsylvania avenue, and St. Pe- 
 ter's, in Saratoga near Charles street, the old- 
 est Catholic church in the city. The Unitarian 
 church, at the corner of Franklin and Charles 
 streets, is miich admired for its architecture. 
 It is 108 feet long and 78 wide, with a dome 55 
 feet in diameter, supported by 4 arches, each 
 83 feet span. It is 80 feet from the ground 
 to the summit of the cupola. In front is a 
 colonnade formed by four Tuscan columns and 
 two pilasters. The interior of the building 
 is a square, the entrance to which is by five 
 bronze doors, in imitation of the Vatican at 
 Rome. St. Paul's, an Episcopal church on 
 the corner of Saratoga and Charles streets, 
 the First Presbyterian church, corner of 
 North and Fayette streets, the First Baptist 
 church, at the corner of Lombard and Sharp 
 streets, and the German Reformed church in 
 Second, between Gay and Belvidere streets, 
 are all distinguished either for elegance or 
 their style of architecture. At the last cen- 
 sus, Baltimore contained 99 churches of the 
 various denominations. Hunt's Magazine 
 (article on Baltimoee, vol. xxiii. p. 34) gives 
 104 churches, as follows: — Methodist, 43 ; 
 Protestajit Episcopal, 12; Presbyterian, 11; 
 Roman Catholic, 11; Lutheran, 8; Baptist, 
 5; Disciples, 2; German Reformed, 3; Evan- 
 gelical Association, 2; Friends, (Quakers,) 
 3 ; United Brethren, 1 ; Universalist, 1 ; Uni- 
 tarian, 1 ; Winnebrannians, 1 ; besides 2 Jew- 
 ish synagogues. 
 
 Institutions. — The educational, literary, and 
 benevolent institutions of Baltimore are nu- 
 merous. St. Mary's College, founded in 1805, 
 and situated at the corner of Franklin and 
 Green streets, is a well-conducted and flou- 
 rishing institution, under the direction of the 
 Catholics. The medical school of the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland was founded in 1807. In 
 1852 it had 909 graduates, 100 students, and 
 6 professors. Washington Medical College 
 was founded in 1827, and has 25 students, 
 and C professors. The University of Mary- 
 land, founded in 1812, is situated on Lom- 
 72. 
 
 bard street, between Green and Paca streets : 
 connected with it is the Baltimore Eye and 
 Ear Infirmary, where students have an op- 
 portunity of attending lectures and witness- 
 ing operations. The Maryland Institute oc- 
 cupies a suite of rooms in the Athentfium, 
 at the corner of Lexington and St. Paul 
 streets. Its object is, the diffusion of use- 
 ful knowledge and the promotion of the 
 mechanic arts. It possesses an extensive 
 chemical laboratory, and a very complete 
 philosophical apparatus. The building is a 
 noble brick edifice, 112 feet by 50, and 66 in 
 height. It was completed in 1848, at a cost 
 of over $28,000. The various apartments be- 
 sides those appropriated to the use of the 
 Institute are occupied by the Mercantile 
 Association, who have a well-selected library 
 of 8000 volumes, and an ample supply of the 
 choicest magazines and papers of the day ; 
 the Baltimore Library company possessing a 
 valuable library of 14,000 volumes and the 
 Maryland Historical Society, whose library 
 numbers about 15,000 volumes, consisting for 
 the most part of statistical and historical 
 works. The City Library, designed for the 
 use of the stockholders, the Apprentices' 
 Library, and the Exchange Reading-room, 
 are all important institutions. The Ex- 
 change Reading-room is supported by sub- 
 scription. Strangers and masters of vessels, 
 however, have access to the periodicals and 
 newspapers, free of expense. The Baltimore 
 Hospital, in the north-western suburb of the 
 city, consists of a centre building, four 
 stories high, flanked with wings that connect 
 with two other buildings which form the ends 
 of the vast pile. The entire structure cost 
 $150,000. It occupies a commanding eleva- 
 tion, overlooking the city, the bay, and a 
 wide extent of country. The interior ar- 
 rangements are upon the most approved 
 plan. The Almshouse is on the Franklin 
 road, about 2 miles N. W. from the city : the 
 building consisting of a centre and two wings, 
 has 375 feet front, and is surrounded with 
 spacious grounds. The Baltimore Manual- 
 Labor School for Indigent Boys has connect- 
 ed with it a tract of land, on which, between 
 the hours of study, the pupils are occupied in 
 labor, thus combining useful employment with 
 healthful exercise. The Baltimore Associa- 
 tion for Improving the Condition of the Poor 
 is under the direction of those whose duty it is 
 to visit and inquire into the circumstances and 
 character of the persons relieved, with a view 
 to discourage indiscriminate and injudicious 
 alms-giving. The other prominent benevolent 
 institutions are the City Dispensary, corner of 
 Holliday street and Orange Alley, the Eastern 
 Dispensary, corner of Market street and Hart- 
 ford Run avenue, two Orphan asylums, and the 
 Indigent Sick Society, composed of ladies, 
 who visit the poor and minister to their com- 
 forts in sickness. 
 Education. — The system of public instruc- 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 tion in Baltimore has, within a few years 
 past, been much improved, and is now rapid- 
 ly increasing in public favor. December 
 3 1st. 1852, there were in the city 3 high 
 schools, 21 grammar, and 26 primary schools, 
 being an increase from 36 to 50 schools dur- 
 ing the year. For these there were 173 
 teachers, 35 males and 138 females : increase 
 over the former year, 35. The whole num- 
 ber of scholars in all the schools at this date 
 was 9081 ; 482 of whom were in the high 
 schools ; 2477 in the male, and 2321 in the 
 female grammar schools, and 3783 iu the 
 primary schools. Increase of pupils over 
 the previous year 1070. Salaries of the 
 principals in the high schools $1000, except 
 in the Central High School, which is $1200. 
 Salaries of the principals in the male gram- 
 mar schools, $850 ; of the male assistants, 
 $460; female assistants, $150. Salaries of 
 the principals in the female grammar schools, 
 $450 ; in the primary schools, $250. Sala- 
 ries of music teachers, $600. AVhole amount 
 expended for school purposes during the 
 year ending December 31st, 1852, was 
 $75,308 89. Attached to the high schools 
 are normal classes, instituted with a par- 
 ticular view to qualify pupils to become 
 thorough and competent teachers. 
 
 Commerce, Finances, ^c. — In commercial im- 
 portance, Baltimore ranks among the first 
 cities in the United States. Its position is 
 such as to render it a great centre of trade. 
 Situated near the head of Chesapeake bay, it 
 enjoys superior advantages for foreign com- 
 merce, while the numerous lines of railwaj^s 
 that here have their termination, invite to 
 it the agricultural and mineral wealth of a 
 vast interior. The recent completion of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad to Wheeling is 
 a most important event, and destined to exert 
 an immense influence on the commercial acti- 
 vity of this great emporium. In the eloquent 
 language of one of her citizens, " We have 
 reached the threshold and stepping-stone of 
 our true commercial greatness, and there is 
 nothing now that can turn us back. The wide 
 and far West has opened her ample arms to 
 receive us, and bids us God-speed in our 
 efforts to secure the prize which nature has 
 so long and so patiently held out to us." 
 The arrivals at the port of Baltimore, exclu- 
 sive of the bay craft, during the year ending 
 December 31st, 1852, were 128 ships, 292 
 barques, 401 brigs, and 1068 schooners; 
 total, 1889 vessels. Of these, 39 ships, 63 
 barques, 97 brigs, and 29 schooners were 
 from foreign ports. During the same year 
 the number of vessels engaged in foreign 
 trade, clearing at this port, was 583, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 147,570 tons : 227 of 
 these, the aggregate burthen of which was 
 58,772 tons, were owned in foreign countries. 
 In the same period 72 vessels, of 14,598 tons 
 burthen, were admeasured. There were re- 
 ceived at Baltimore in 1852, 256,000 tons of 
 
 Cumberland, and 125,000 of anthracite coal, 
 (an increase from former years ;) 33,594 bales 
 of cotton ; coffee from South America, 
 253,692 bags; hides, do., 173,987, (a de- 
 crease from former years ;) Peruvian guano, 
 25,500 tons ; sugar, 25,772 hogsheads, and 
 2960 barrels ; West India molasses, 7027 
 hogsheads, 2064 tierces, and 80 barrels^- 
 coastwise, 838 hogsheads, 153 tierces, and 
 14,794 barrels; wool, about 925,000 pounds, 
 of which some 325,000 pounds were of fo- 
 reign raising; 3,416,150 bushels of wheat; 
 3,745,900 bushels of Indian corn: the total 
 of all kinds of grain and pulse, 8,177,050 
 bushels; about 115,000 barrels of whisky; 
 76,402,129 feet of lumber, and 66,572 hogs- 
 heads of tobacco. There were also inspected 
 at Baltimore the same year, wheat flour, 
 1,307, 165 barrels; rye flour, 6449 barrels; corn 
 meal, 447 hogsheads, and 52,658 barrels; 
 mackerel, 22,337 barrels; herring, 29,000 
 barrels, and shad 4565 barrels. The provi- 
 sion trade of Baltimore is estimated at 
 $8,000,000 annually. Imports of Baltimore 
 in 1850, $6,417,113; 1851, $7,243,963. Ex- 
 ports in 1850, $8,530,970; 1851, $6,466,165; 
 
 1852, $7,649,766. There were, January 3, 
 
 1853, 12 banks in Baltimore, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $7,291,415, and a circulation 
 of $2,074,587; 2 other banks have since been 
 chartered; 1 health and 10 fire and marine 
 insurance companies, besides many insurance 
 agencies. The total assessed value of the 
 real and personal property of the city of 
 Baltimore in 1850, amounted to $80,237,960. 
 It is contemplated to establish a line of 
 steamers between Baltimore and Savan- 
 nah. The steamer Palmetto, sailing to 
 Charleston, is to have a consort of 1300 
 tons, (the largest steamship ever built at 
 Baltimore,) which is already in an advanced 
 stage of construction. 
 
 Baltimore enjoys superior advantages for 
 manufactures. Jones's Falls and Patapsco 
 I'iver afford immense water-power, which is 
 extensively employed for flouring mills, of 
 which there are over 60 within 20 miles of 
 the city. Numerous cotton and other manu- 
 factories are also in operation. Mr. Rosa 
 Winans has here one of the largest enginei 
 establishments in the United States, whefij 
 near 100 locomotives, worth each about 
 $10,000, are made annually. 
 
 This citjr has an abundant supply of puro 
 water, both from springs and from Jones's 
 Falls. These springs, or fountains, are 
 in different parts of the city, and enclosed 
 with circular iron railings. Over them are 
 small open temples, consisting of a dome 
 supported by pillars. The water from Jones's 
 Falls is brought by means of an aqueduct, 
 about half a mile long, to a reservoir in Cal- 
 vert street, and from thence is conducted 
 through distributing pipes to the various 
 parts of the city. The more elevated por- 
 tions, however, are supplied from a reservoir 
 
 73 
 
BAL 
 
 BAN 
 
 replenished by forcing-pumps on an emi- 
 nence in Charles street, near Washington 
 Monument. On Federal Hill is an observa- 
 tory, which serves, in connection with an- 
 other at Bodkin Point, to announce the ap- 
 proach of vessels. In this -way a marine 
 telegraph is established, by whicli informa- 
 tion is conveyed in a few minutes from the 
 mouth of the Patapsco to an observatory in 
 the exchange. 
 
 Among the numerous hotels which Balti- 
 more contains, may be mentionea the City 
 Hotel, (formerly Barnum's,) in Calvert street, 
 near the Battle Monument; Mcintosh Howard 
 House, in Howard street ; the Eutaw House, 
 corner of Eutaw and Baltimore streets; the 
 Fountain Hotel, in Light street; and the 
 United States Hotel. About 25 newspapers are 
 issued in Baltimore, of which 6 or 7 are 
 dailies. 
 
 History. — The present site of the city of 
 Baltimore was first fixed upon for a town in 
 1729 ; the name Baltimore was given to it in 
 1745. In 1768 it became the shire town of 
 the county. Its first newspaper, " The Ma- 
 ryland .Journal and Baltimore Advertiser," 
 a weekly, was issued on the 20th of August 
 in 1773. It became a port of entry, a cus- 
 tom house was opened, and a naval ofiScer 
 appointed in 1780. None of the streets were 
 paved till 1782, when a beginning was made 
 on Baltimore street, which has always been 
 regarded as the main street of the city. In 
 the same year the first regular communica- 
 tion with Philadelphia — a line of stage 
 coaches — was commenced ; watchmen were 
 employed in 1784 ; an act of incorporation 
 was obtained on the last day of the year 
 1796, and the city government was organized 
 in 1797. A census was taken in 1775, when 
 .the town was found to contain 564 houses 
 and 5934 persons. In 1790, there were in 
 Baltimore 13,580 inhabitants; in 1800, 
 26,514; in 1810, 46,455; in 1820, 62,738; 
 in 1830, 80,620; in 1840, 102,513; in 1850, 
 169,054 ; in 1858, about 195,000. 
 
 Baltimore, a flourishing post-village of 
 Liberty township, Fairfield county, Ohio, on 
 the Ohio and Erie canal, 24 miles in a direct 
 line S. E. from Columbus. It is one of the 
 principal business places in the county. Po- 
 pulation, 492. 
 
 Baltimore, a post-office of Barry county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Baltimore, a post-office of Warren county, 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river, 78 miles N. 
 W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Baltimore, a post-village of Jo Daviess 
 county, Illinois, 10 miles E. N. E. of Galena. 
 
 Baltimore, a small town near the bound- 
 ary between Tuolumne and Mariposa coun- 
 ties, California, on the left bank of the Mer- 
 cede river, about 1 mile from its junction 
 with the San .Joaquin. 
 
 Baltimore hundred, Sussex county, Dela- 
 ware. Population, 2910. 
 74 
 
 Bancroft, a new county in the N. N. W. 
 part of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an 
 area of 450 square miles. It is principally 
 drained by Manketo river and its tributaries. 
 Several small Jakes are situated in and near 
 the N. border of this county. It is not in- 
 cluded in the census of 1850. County seat 
 not located. 
 
 Bakcroft, a township in Aroostook coun- 
 ty, Maine. Population, 157. 
 
 Bancroft, a post-office of Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Bancroft, a small village of Franklin 
 county,Georgia, llOmilesN.W. from Augusta. 
 
 Banela, a post-village of Chickasaw coun- 
 ty, Mississippi, on the Yallobusha river, at the 
 head of keel-boat navigation, 132 miles N. by 
 E. from Jackson. It is surrounded by rich 
 plantations of cotton, and has an active trade. 
 
 Bangall, a post-office of Dutchess county, 
 New York. 
 
 Bangor, a township in Elk Hart county, 
 Indiana. Population, 587. 
 
 Bangor, a city, port of entry, and seat 
 of justice of Penobscot county, Maine, on 
 the right bank of Penobscot river, about 60 
 miles from its mouth. It is 66 miles E. N. E. 
 from Augusta, 116 W. from Eastport, 126 N. 
 E. from Portland, 231 N. E. from Boston, and 
 661 miles N. E. from Washington. Lat. 
 44° 47' 50" N., Ion. 68° 47' W. It is situated 
 on both sides of the Kenduskeag river, which 
 here enters the Penobscot. This stream, about 
 190 yards wide, is crossed by several bridges, 
 uniting the two parts of the city. A fall in 
 the Kenduskeag, about a mile from its mouth, 
 aflfords extensive water-power. A short dis- 
 tance above the city, a bridge 1320 feet long 
 extends across the Penobscot, connecting 
 Bangor with Orriugford. The harbor, which 
 is at and below the mouth of the Kenduskeag, 
 is nearly 500 yards wide, and at high tide (the 
 tide rises here 17 feet) is of sufficient depth 
 for A'essels of the largest size. Bangor is 
 one of the greatest lumber depots in the 
 world. The great extent of country drained 
 by the Penobscot and its tributaries is heavi- 
 ly timbered with pine, the cutting and haul- 
 ing of which to the numerous saw mills that 
 everywhere line the banks of the rivers, af- 
 ford one of the chief occupations of the in- 
 habitants. The vast amount of lumber which 
 these mills yearly produce is all brought to 
 Bangor for exportation ; this port being 
 at the head of navigation on the Penob- 
 scot. Nearly 2000 vessels are annually em- 
 ployed in this trade during the season of 
 navigation, which usually continues eight or 
 nine months in the year. Bangor is also 
 extensively engaged in foreign commerce, in 
 the coast trade and in ship-building. The 
 city has a pleasant location, commanding a 
 fine view of the river and surrounding coun- 
 try. The buildings are generally neat and 
 well constructed, while some exhibit a style 
 of superior elegance. It contains a theologi- 
 
BAN 
 
 BAR 
 
 cnl seminary and a number of other edu- 
 cational institutions, several fine churches 
 and hotels, a custom house, 11 banks, be- 
 sides the county buildings. The Bangor 
 Theological Seminary is situated in the more 
 elevated portion of the town, commanding a 
 fine view of the Penobscot river. It was ori- 
 ginally established at Hampden, 6 miles S. 
 of Bangor. Four newspapers are published 
 in the city. Steamboats make regular trips 
 from this place to Boston, Portland, and 
 places along the river about two-thirds of 
 the year. Bangor is connected by railroad 
 with Old Town, 12 miles distant. It is also 
 in the line of the Eastern railroad. The 
 lumber surveyed at this port in 1852, 
 amounted to 199,389,422 feet. The aggre- 
 gate burden of the shipping, June 80th, 1852, 
 of the same year, amounted to 12,570 tons 
 registered, and 19,660 tons, enrolled and li- 
 censed : total, 32,230 tons. During the year, 
 29 vessels, (7 of them ships,) with an aggre- 
 gate of 4615 tons, were admeasured. Popu- 
 lation in 1820, 1221; 1830, 2868; 1840, 
 8627; 1850, 14,432. 
 
 Bangok, a post-township of Franklin coun- 
 ty. New York, about 160 miles N. by W. from 
 Albany, is intersected by the Northern rail- 
 road. Population, 2159. 
 
 Bakk Lick, a post-office of Kempton coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Banks, a township forming the western ex- 
 tremity of Carbon county, Pennsylvania, 10 
 Kiiles N. W. from Mauch Chunk. It contains 
 the Beaver Meadow coal mines. Population, 
 1745. 
 
 Bankston, a post-office of Choctaw coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Bankton, a small post-village of Saline 
 county, Illinois, about 10 miles S. W. from 
 Kaleigh. 
 
 Banksville, a post-office of Fairfield coun- 
 ty, Connecticut. 
 
 Ban'nacks, (incorrectly written Boonacks,) 
 a tribe of Indians in the S. E. part of Oregon. 
 
 Banistek, a river in the S. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Pittsylvania county, and fl.ow- 
 ing in a south-eastei-ly course, enters the 
 Dan river in Halifax county, about 10 miles 
 below the village of Banister. It is naviga- 
 ble by batteaus from its mouth to Meadsville. 
 
 Banister, or Halifax Court House, a 
 floui-ishing post-village, capital of Halifax 
 county, "Virginia, on Banister river, 10 miles 
 above its entrance into the Dan river, and on 
 the Richmond and Danville railroad, 120 
 miles S. W. from Eichmond. The situation 
 is elevated and pleasant. Banister has a 
 very active mercantile business, in which a 
 capital of $200,000 is invested. It is the 
 terminus of three lines of stages. The Ba- 
 nister river is navigable for batteaus from 
 its mouth to Meadsville, about 10 miles above 
 the court house. A rich mine of plumbago 
 has recently been opened, 6 miles from this 
 place. Population in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 Bannerman, a post-office of New Hanover 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Bannebsville, a post-village of Bartholo- 
 mew county, Indiana. 
 
 Bantam, a post-office of Clermont county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Bantam Falls, a post-office of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Baptist Mission, a post-office of Cherokee 
 Nation, Arkansas. 
 
 Baptisttown, a small post-town of Ring- 
 wood township in the W. part Hunterdon 
 county. New Jersey, 8 miles in a straight line 
 W. by N. from Flemington. 
 
 Baptist Valley, a post-office of Tazewell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bar, a township in Daviess county, Indiana. 
 Population, 1802. 
 
 Baraboo. See Barraeoo. 
 
 Barataria bay, situated in the S. E. part 
 of Louisiana, extends northward from the 
 Gulf of Mexico, between the parishes of 
 Jeiferson and Plaquemine. It is about 15 
 miles long, and 6 miles wide. 
 
 BARBite, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Barberry Mills, a small village of Choc- 
 taw county, Alabama. 
 
 Barber's, a post-office of Columbia county, 
 Florida. 
 
 Barber's Corners, a small post-village of 
 Will county, Illinois, 15 miles N. from Joliet. 
 
 Barber's Creek, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Georgia, about 12 miles W. from 
 Athens. 
 
 Barber's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Isle of Wight county, Virginia. 
 
 Barbersville, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Barbour, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 330 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Tj'gart's Valley river, a 
 branch of the Monongahela, and also drained 
 byBuchanan river and Elk creek. The western 
 part is hilly and the eastern mountainous : a 
 ridge called Laurel Mount forms the E. bound- 
 ary. The soil in many parts is good, and par- 
 ticularly adapted to pasturage. Indian corn, 
 wheat, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 209,673 bushels of corn; 
 38,110ofwheat, 9916 tons of hay, and 147,649 
 pounds of butter. It contained 19 churches, 
 and 546 pupils attending public schools. 
 Stone coal and iron are abundant. It was 
 formed in 1843, from Harrison, Lewis, and 
 Randolph, and derived its name from a dis- 
 tinguished family of Virginia. Capital, Phi- 
 lippi. Population, 9005, of whom 8892 were 
 free, and 113, slaves. 
 
 Barbour, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 825 square miles. 
 The Chattahoochee river forms the entire E. 
 boundary, and it is also drained by Pea 
 river. The surface is undulating ; the soil 
 of the river bottoms is fertile. Cotton and 
 Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 it 
 
 75 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 produced 21,573 bales of cotton; 742,132 
 bushels of corn; 81,164 of oats, and 5290 
 hogsheads of sugar, a greater quantity than 
 ■was raised in any other county of the state. 
 There were 3 tanneries, 10 grist and saw 
 mills, and 5 wheelwright establishments. It 
 contained 35 churches, and 3 newspaper es- 
 tablishments. There were 435 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 240 attending acade- 
 mies and other schools. The county is part- 
 ly covered by forests of pine. The Chatta- 
 hoochee river is navigable for steamboats. 
 Capital, Clayton. Population, 23,632, of 
 whom 12,852 were free, and 10,780, slaves. 
 
 Barboub, a post-office of Choctaw county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Barbouk's Mills, a post-office of Lyco- 
 ming county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Barboursville, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Cabell county, Virginia, on the Guy- 
 andotte river, 7 miles from its entrance into 
 the Ohio, and 352 miles W. N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. The main road leading from the 
 Virginia Springs to the Ohio river passes 
 through this village. Population, about 250. 
 
 Barboursville, a small post-village of 
 Greene county, Virginia, 76 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond, has a pleasant situation, and con- 
 tains several stores and mechanic shops. 
 
 Barboursville, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Knox county, Kentucky, on the Cum- 
 berland river, 122 miles S. S. E. from Frank- 
 fort. The road from Frankfort to Tennessee, 
 by the Cumberland Gap, passes through it. 
 Coal and iron ore are abundant in the vicini- 
 ty. The village has 3 churches, several 
 stores, and nearly 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Barboursville, a village of Jefferson 
 county, Indiana, 13 miles N. N. E. from Ma- 
 dison. 
 
 Barbourville, a post-village of Delaware 
 county, New York, about 30 miles E. from 
 Binghamton. 
 
 Barbourville, a post-office of Orange 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Barcelona, a post-village of Westfield 
 township, Chautauque county. New York, 
 on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Chautauque 
 creek, 57 miles S. W. from Buffalo. The 
 Buffalo and State Line railroad passes 
 through it. It has a steamboat landing and 
 considerable business in shipping produce. 
 The exports and imports in 1851 were va- 
 lued at $339,183. 
 
 Barolat, a post-ofBce of Whitesides coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Barclay's Fork, a post-office of San Mi- 
 guel county, New Mexico. 
 
 Babclaysville, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land county, North Carolina. 
 
 Bardstown, also written Bairdstown, a 
 flourishing town of Nelson county, Ken- 
 tucky, on the turnpike from Louisville to 
 Nashville, 40 miles S. E. from the former, and 
 50 miles S. W. from Frankfort. It is hand- 
 somely situated on an elevated plain, three- 
 76 
 
 fourths of a mile north from the Beech fork 
 of Salt river, and is a place of some import- 
 ance for its manufactures and educational ad- 
 vantages. It contains St..Joseph's College, (Ro- 
 man Catholic,) several churches, and 3 aca- 
 demies, which are in a flourishing condition. 
 It has also 1 cotton, 1 woollen, and 1 bag- 
 ging factory, and 2 newspaper offices. The 
 railroad from Louisville to Nashville, when 
 finished, will probably pass through this 
 town. Population, near 2000. 
 
 Babe Mountain, a peak in the W. part 
 of the Highlands in Orange county, New 
 York. 
 
 Barbstille, a post-office of Monroe coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Bareville, a post-office of Lancaster coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Babgaintown, a small post-village and 
 port of entry in the S. E. part of Atlantic 
 county. New Jersey, about 55 miles S. S. E. 
 from Camden. 
 
 Barhamsville, a post-office of New Kent 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bar Harbor, a post-office of Hancock 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Baring, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Maine, on the south side of the St. 
 Croix river, about 150 miles N. E. by E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 380. 
 
 Barker, a township of Broome county, 
 New York, 12 miles N. from Binghampton. 
 Population, 1456. 
 
 Barker's Settlement, a post-office of Bar- 
 bour county, Virginia. 
 
 Barkersville, a post-office of Saratoga 
 county. New York. 
 
 Barkersville, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Barkeryille, a manufacturing village of 
 Pittsfield township, Berkshire county, Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 Barkhampstead, a post-township of Litch- 
 field county, Connecticut, 20 miles N. W. 
 from Hartford, contains some very fine water 
 privileges. Population, 1525. 
 
 Bark River of Wisconsin, rises in Wash- 
 ington county, and enters Rock river in Jef- 
 ferson county. 
 
 Bark River, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Barksdalb, a post-village of Halifax coun- 
 ty, Virginia, 132 miles S. W. from Richmond, 
 
 Barkton, a village of Saline county, Illi- 
 nois, 8 miles S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Barlow, a post-township in the W. central 
 part of Washington county, Ohio, about 12 
 miles W. from Marietta. Population, 1062. 
 
 Barnard, a township of Piscataquis coun- 
 ty, Maine, about 85 miles N. N. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 181. 
 
 Barnard, a post-township of Windsor 
 county, Vermont, about 35 miles S. of Mont- 
 pelier, watered by several tributaries of 
 White river. Population, 1647. 
 
 Babnardsville, a small post-village in 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 Roane county, Tennessee, about 130 miles 
 E. by S. from Nashville. 
 
 Baknegat, a small village of Dutchess 
 county, New York, on the Hudson river, 4 
 miles below Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Barnegat, a post-town of Union town- 
 ship, in the S. part of Ocean county, New 
 Jersey, is situated on Double creek, nearly 
 opposite the inlet of that name, 1 mile from 
 Barnegat bay, and about 14 miles S. from 
 Tom's river. It has 2 places of w^orship, an 
 academy, a temperance hall, and 3 stores. 
 The inhabitant are largely engaged in navi- 
 gation and the coasting trade, and about 
 three-fourths of the capital owned here is 
 invested in vessels trading from New York 
 and Jersey City to the South. This place is 
 much frequented by gunners in quest of wild 
 fowl, which abound in the bay, and the 
 boarding-house on the beach opposite the 
 village is resorted to for bathing. Lines of 
 stages connect this place with New York, 
 Philadelphia, and Tuckerton. Population, 
 about 650. 
 
 Baunegat Bat, on the E. border of Ocean 
 county, New Jersey, extends N. from Bar- 
 negat inlet to the mouth of Metetecunk 
 river, about 23 miles long, and from 1 to 4 
 wide. It is separated from the ocean by 
 Squam Beach and Island Beach, narrow 
 strips of land from a quarter of a mile to a 
 mile wide. It receives the waters of Mete- 
 tecunk river. Kettle creek, Tom's river, 
 Cedar creek, and Forked river. The inlet 
 from the ocean is over a mile in width. 
 
 Babneryille, a post-ofiBce of Schoharie 
 county. New York. 
 
 Barnes, a post-office of Richland county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Barnesborough, a small post-village of 
 Gloucester county, New Jersey, 7 miles S. by 
 W. from Woodbury. 
 
 Barnes's Corners, a post-office of Lewis 
 county. New York. 
 
 Barnes's Cross Roads, a post-office of Dale 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Barnesville, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mery county, Maryland, 38 miles N. W. from 
 Washington, and 4 miles E. from the Poto- 
 mac river. 
 
 Barnesville, a thriving post-village of 
 Pike county, Georgia, on the Macon and 
 Western railroad, 40 miles N. W. from Ma- 
 con, and 18 miles from Griffin. The village 
 has an active business in cotton, &c., and 
 contains a church, and 5 stores. 
 
 Barnesville, a thriving post-village of 
 Belmont county, Ohio, 18 miles S. W. from 
 St. Clairsville. It contains. 2 churches, an 
 academy, and several stores. Population, 
 823. 
 
 Barnesview, a small village in Clark 
 county, Missouri, about 2 miles E. of Wya- 
 conda river. 
 
 Baknet, a post-township of Caledonia 
 county, Vermont, about 25 miles E. bj' N. 
 
 from Montpelier, watered by Passumpsic 
 and Stevens rivers, which afford valuable 
 water-power to a number of mills. Popula- 
 tion, 2521. 
 
 Barnet, a township of Forest county, 
 Pennsylvania, in the W. S. W. part of th^ 
 county, intersected by Clarion river. Popu- 
 lation, 579. 
 
 Barnett's Mills, a small post-village of 
 Fauquier county, Virginia, on the Rappa- 
 hannock river, 93 miles N. by W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Barney's, a post-office of Phillips county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Barnhart's Mills, a small post-village of 
 Butler county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Barnstable, the most eastern county of 
 Massachusetts, has an area of about 295 
 square miles. It consists of a peninsula and 
 a number of islands, and includes Cape Cod, 
 which extends in a northerly direction for 
 about 65 miles. The soil is generally light 
 and sandy. Large quantities of salt are ma- 
 nufactured here from the sea-water. Indian 
 corn, potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 52,639 bushels of 
 corn; 34,756 of potatoes ; 9142 tons of hay, 
 and 108,128 pounds of butter. There were 
 2 nail manufactories, 2 woollen factories, 1 
 iron foundry, 1 glass works, 15 sail-making, 
 4 ship-building, and 51 carpentering esta- 
 blishments, 6 salt manufactories, and 2 saw 
 mills. It contained in that year 72 churches 
 and 3 newspaper establishments. There were 
 7682 pupils attending public schools, and 1082 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 N. W. pai-t of the co. is crossed by the Cape Cod 
 Branch railroad. Organized in 1685, and pro- 
 bably named from Barnstaple, a seaport town 
 of England. Capital, Barnstable. Pop., 35,276. 
 
 Barnstable, a port of entry, and seat of 
 justice of Barnstable county, Massachusetts, 
 on the south side of Barnstable Bay, which 
 opens into Cape Cod Bay. The Old Colony 
 railroad is intended to extend to this place, 
 65 miles S. E. from Boston, and 28 miles S. 
 E. from Plymouth. The township reaches 
 entirely across the cape, including several 
 villages within its limits. At the mouth of 
 the bay is a bar, having on it from 6 to 7 
 feet of water. The inhabitants are exten- 
 sively engaged in the coast trade and the fish- 
 eries. One weekly newspaper is published in 
 Barnstable. The aggregate burthen of the 
 shipping, June 30th, 1852, was 8828 tons 
 registered, and 67,568 tons enrolled and 
 licensed: total, 76,394. During the year, 
 11 schooners, with an aggregate burden of 
 1085 tons, were admeasured. Packets and 
 steamboats are constantly plying between 
 this port and Boston. Population, 4901. 
 
 Barnstead, a post-township of Belknap 
 county. New Hampshire, about 15 miles N. 
 E. of Concord. Population, 1848. 
 
 Barnvtell, a district in the S. W. part of 
 South Carolina, bordering on the Savannah 
 
 77 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 river, which separates it from Georgia, has 
 an area of 1550 square miles. It is bounded 
 by South Edisto river, and drained by the 
 sources of the Salkehatchie, which flow 
 south-eastward. The surface is hilly, the 
 soil moderately fertile, especially near the 
 rivers. The pine is one of the most common 
 forest-trees. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet po- 
 tatoes, and live stock are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 10,138 bales of 
 cotton; 839,629"bushels of corn, and 168,6G4 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 15 timber 
 and hewing, and 1 wheelwright establish- 
 ment, and G5 saw and planing mills. It con- 
 tained 50 churches, and 450 pupils attending 
 public schools. The Savannah river is navi- 
 gable for steamboats on the border of the 
 district, which is also intersected by the 
 South Carolina railroad, extending to Char- 
 leston. Capital, Barnwell Court House. Po- 
 pulation, 26,608, of whom 12,600 were free, 
 and 14,008, slaves. 
 
 Barnwell, a post-village, capital of Barn- 
 well district, South Carolina, near Salke- 
 hatchie i-iver, 55 miles in a direct line S. S. 
 W. from Columbia. It is situated in a fer- 
 tile cotton district, and has some trade. It 
 contains a court house and several churches. 
 
 Barraboo or Baraboo river of Wiscon- 
 sin, rises near the N. W. corner of Sauk 
 county, and falls into the "Wisconsin river, 
 about 3 miles above Dekorra. 
 
 Baraboo, a post-township in Sauk county, 
 Wisconsin, about 30 miles N. W, from Prai- 
 rie' du Sac. Population, 707. 
 
 Babraboo, or Baraboo, a small post-vil- 
 lage in Sauk county, Wisconsin, on Parraboo 
 river. Population, 255. 
 
 Bareacksville, a village of Marion county, 
 Virginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 
 
 Barrallville, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Barre, bar're, a post-township of Washing- 
 ton county, Vermont, 6 miles S. by E. from 
 Montpelier, is well watered by two branches 
 of the Onion river, which affords good mill 
 privileges. The soil is perhaps the best in 
 the state. The township contains a quarry 
 of superior granite, from which the stone 
 used in building the state house was taken. 
 Population, 1835. 
 
 Barre, a post-township of Worcester coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, about 55 miles W. from 
 Boston, well watered by the Ware river, 
 which affords many valuable mill-seats. It is 
 noted for its extensive manufacture of wool- 
 len and cotton goods, shoes, &c. Population, 
 2976. 
 
 Barre, a township of Orleans county. New 
 York, 44 miles N. E. from Buffalo. The 
 Erie canal and the Ptochester and Lock- 
 port railroad pass through it. Population, 
 4186. 
 
 Barre, a small village in the above town- 
 ship, 2 or 3 miles S. from the Piochester and 
 Lockport railroad. 
 
 Barr^, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, about 12 
 miles N. N. E. from Huntingdon. Pojjulation, 
 1271. 
 
 Barre Centre, a post-village of Barre 
 township, Orleans county. New York, 254 
 miles W. by N. from Albany, has 1 or 2 
 churches and several stores. 
 
 Barre Forge, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Barren or Big Barren river rises in 
 Smith and Jackson counties, near the N. bor- 
 der of Tennessee. Passing into Kentucky 
 it flows westward and north-westward until 
 it enters Greene river at the N. W. extremity 
 of Warren county, after a course of about 
 100 miles. Steamboats of medium size 
 ascend about 30 miles to Bowling Greene, in 
 all stages of water. 
 
 Barren, a county in the S. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area of about 500 square miles. 
 It is drained by Little Barren river, and by 
 Beaver and Skeggs creeks. The surface is 
 generally rolling, and in some parts hilly ; 
 the soil is more fertile than the name would 
 imply, though not of the first quality. The 
 origin of the name may be traced to the 
 thinly timbered tracts which are called 
 " Barrens" in this part of the West. Tobacco, 
 Indian corn, oats, cattle, horses, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1 850 this county produced 
 2,155,551 pounds of tobacco ; 40,626 of wool; 
 1,007,560 bushels of corn, and 208,393 
 of oats. It contained 49 churches, and 1 
 newspaper establishment. There were 1087 
 pupils attending public schools, and 225 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 rock which underlies the surface is a cavern- 
 ous limestone. Sulphurous and saline springs 
 are found in the county, and several fur- 
 naces have been established for the prepara- 
 tion of salt. Organized in 1798. Capital, 
 Glasgow. Population, 20,234, of whom 
 15,650 were free, and 4584, slaves. 
 
 Barren, a post-office of Williamson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Barren, a post-office of Harrison county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Barren Creek Springs, a post-office of 
 Somerset county, Maryland. 
 
 Barren Grove, a small post-village of 
 Bureau county, Illinois, 20 miles W. by S. 
 from Princeton. 
 
 Barren Hill, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Barren Hill, a post-office of Henry coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Barren Plain, a post-office of Robertson 
 county, Tennessee, 32 miles from Nashville. 
 
 Barren Ridge, a post-office of Vanzant 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Barre Plains, a post-office of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Barret, a township in Jefferson county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 579. 
 
 Barretsville, a small post-village in 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 Lumptin county, Georgia, about 110 miles 
 N. N. W. from MilledgeYille. 
 
 Barret's, a district in Lumpkin county, 
 Georgia. Population, 492. 
 
 Babeet's, a small village of Ohio county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Bakreville, a post-village of McHenry 
 county, Illinois, 46 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Barrington, a post-township of Strafi'ord 
 county. New Hampshire, 80 miles E. of Con- 
 cord, has many streams affording excellent 
 water-power. Population, 1754. 
 
 Barrington, a post-township of Bristol 
 county, Rhode Island, about 8 miles S. E. of 
 Providence, intersected by Palmer's river. 
 Population, 795. 
 
 Barrington, a post-township of Yates 
 county. New York, on Crooked lake, about 
 54 miles S. E. from Rochester. Population, 
 1550. 
 
 Barrington, a post-township in Cook coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 35 miles N. W. from Chi- 
 cago. Population, 676. 
 
 Barrington, a post-village in the above 
 township, 36 miles N. AV. from Chicago. 
 
 Barrowdale, a small village in Fairfield 
 district. South Carolina, about 25 miles N. of 
 Columbia. 
 
 Barr's Store, a post-ofiBce of Macoupin 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Barry, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Thornapple river, and 
 also drained by Fall and Muddy creeks. 
 The surface is undulating, and is diversified 
 by numerous small lakes, prairies, and 
 forests of heavy timber, among which the 
 sugar-maple, ash, beech, and tulip-tree are 
 found. The soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, hay, potatoes, and wool 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 79,999 bushels of wheat; 108,242 of 
 corn; 41,819 of oats ; 63,612 of potatoes, and 
 6541 tons of hay. It contained 1189 pupils 
 attending public schools. The Thornapple 
 river furnishes water-power. Capital, Hast- 
 ings. Population, 5072. Named in honor 
 of William T. Barry, postmaster-general 
 under President .Jackson. 
 
 Barry, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, has an 
 area of 703 square miles. It is traversed 
 by White river, of Arkansas, and also drained 
 by King's river and Flat creek. The surface 
 is hilly and diversified by prairies and fo- 
 rests : the soil is generally fertile. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 194,525 
 bushels of corn; 13,166 of wheat; 23,324 
 of oats, and 28,109 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 3 churches, and 148 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Limestone is one of the 
 principal rocks. The county contains mines 
 of lead, which have not been explored to 
 much extent. It is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. Capital, Cassville. Popula- 
 
 tion, 3567, of whom 3317 were free, and 150 
 slaves. 
 
 Barry, a post-township of Schuylkill coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. W. from Potts- 
 ville, intersected by the Pottsville and Dan- 
 ville railroad. Population, 689. 
 
 Barry, a post--of&ce of Frederick county, 
 Maryland. 
 
 Barry, a post-village of Cuyahoga coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 15 miles E. S. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 Barry, a post-village of Jackson county, 
 Michigan, on Sandstone creek, and on the 
 Central railroad, 82 miles W. from Detroit. 
 It has some trade, and contains 1 or 2 mills. 
 There is a sandstone quarry in the vicinity. 
 
 Barry, a township in Barry county, Michi- 
 gan, about 10 miles S. S. E. from Hastings. 
 Population, 478. 
 
 13arry, a pleasant post-village of Pike 
 county, Illinois, 83 miles W. from Spi'ingfield, 
 and about 10 miles from the Mississippi river. 
 It is situated in an undulating and fertile 
 prairie, which is mostly under cultivation. 
 The village has several stores, and is improv- 
 ing. Population, about 400. 
 
 Barry, a post- village of Clay county, 
 Missouri, 17 miles N. W. from Independence. 
 
 Barry's Bridge, a post-oflSce of Lunenburg 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Barryton, a post-village of Choctaw coun- 
 ty, Alabama, 133 miles S. by W. from Tusca- 
 loosa, and 5 or 6 miles W. from the Tombig- 
 bee river. It was formerly the capital of 
 Washington county. 
 
 Barrytown, a small post-village and rail- 
 road station of Dutchess county. New York, 
 on the Hudson Paver railroad, about 50 miles 
 S. from Albany. 
 
 Barryville, a post-village of Sullivan 
 county. New York, on the Hudson and Dela- 
 ware canal, 117 miles from New York city. 
 The railroad station, formerly called Shohola, 
 is on the opposite bank of the Delaware river, 
 in Pike county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Barryville, a post-village of Stark coun- 
 tj, Ohio, 130 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Bart, a post-township of Lancaster coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 14 miles S. E. from Lan- 
 caster. Population, 2337. 
 
 Barter Brook, a post-office of Augusta 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bartersville, a post-office of Pontotoc 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Bartholomew bayou, of Arkansas and 
 Louisiana, rises in Jefferson county of the 
 former state, and flowing nearly southward 
 into Louisiana, enters the Washita at Wa- 
 shita City, near the S. W. extremity of More- 
 house parish. It is navigable by steamboats 
 250 miles. 
 
 Bartholomew, a county in the S. E. cen- 
 tral part of Indiana, contains 400 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Driftwood fork 
 of White river, and by Flat Rock and Olifty 
 creeks. The surface in the W. is hilly, and 
 in the other parts mostly level. The soil is 
 
 79 
 
BAR 
 
 BAT 
 
 fertile. Wheat, corn, oats, pork, cattle, and 
 horses are the principal exports. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,173,902 bushels of 
 corn ; 102,531 of wheat ; 59,850 of oats, and 
 2558 tons of hay. It contained 20 churches, 
 and 2 newspaper establishments. There 
 were 2558 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 95 attending academies or other schools. 
 The county is largely supplied with water- 
 r power. The Madison and Indianapolis rail- 
 road passes through it. The county was 
 named in honor of General Joseph Bartho- 
 lomew, a senator of the state. Capital, Co- 
 lumbus. Population, 12,428. 
 
 Bartholomew, a post-office of Chicot 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Bartholomew, a township in Jefferson 
 county, Arkansas. Population, 147. 
 
 Baktlett, a post-township of Coos county. 
 New Hampshire, 80 miles N. E. of Concord, 
 intersected by the Saco river. Population, 
 761. 
 
 Bartlett, a post-village of Washington 
 county, Ohio, 20 miles W. by S. from Ma- 
 rietta. 
 
 Bartlett's Island, of La Pointe coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, in Lake Superior, is about 7 
 miles in length, and 8 in its greatest breadth. 
 Latitude 47 N., Ion. 90° 30' W. 
 
 Barton, a post-township of Orleans coun- 
 ty, Vermont, about 40 miles N. E. from 
 Montpelier, is drained by Barton river, and 
 has fine water-power. Population, 987. 
 
 Barton, a post-towilship of Tioga county. 
 New York, on the New York and Erie railroad, 
 259 miles from New York city, with a village 
 of its own name. Population, 8522. 
 
 Barton, a post-office of Lowndes county, 
 Mississii^pi. 
 
 Barton, a township in Gibson county, In- 
 diana. Population, 491. 
 
 Barton, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Barton Hill, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county, New York. 
 
 Bartonia, a small post- village of Randolph 
 county, Indiana, 8 miles S. E. from Winches- 
 ter, the county town. 
 
 Barton River, a small stream of Orleans 
 county, in the N. part of Vermont, falls into 
 Memphremagog lake. 
 
 Barton's Creek, of Tennessee, flows into 
 Cumberland river from the left, in the S. 
 part of Montgomery county. 
 
 Barton's Creek, a post-office of Dickson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Barton's Landing, a small post-village of 
 Orleans county, Vermont. 
 
 Barton Village, a small village of Orleans 
 county, Vermont, contains a model school 
 house. 
 
 Bartonsville, a post-office of Windham 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Bartonsville, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bascobel, a post-village of Jackson coun- 
 80 
 
 ty, Georgia, 80 miles N. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Bascona, a post-office of Seneca county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Base Lake, a post-office of Washtenaw 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Basham's Gap, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Basham's Mills, a post-office of Johnson 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Basuan, a post-office of Meigs county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Bashi, a post-office of Clark county, Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 Basil, a small village in Liberty township, 
 Fairfield county, Ohio, on the Ohio canal, 
 about 12 miles N. by W. from Lancaster. 
 Population, 200. 
 
 Basin Harbor, a village and port of Ad- 
 dison county, Vermont, on Lake Champlain, 
 20 miles S. from Burlington. 
 
 Basin Knob, a small post-village of John- 
 son county, Missouri, near a hill of its own 
 name, 115 miles W. fey N. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Baskahegan river, Maine, rises in a lake 
 of its own name, and empties itself into the 
 Matawamkeag. 
 
 Baskingridge, a small post-village in the 
 N. E. part of Somerset county. New Jersey, 
 about 40 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. It 
 contains a Presbyterian church, a classical 
 academy, and several stores. 
 
 Basnettstille, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bason Springs, a post-office of Grayson 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Bass River Hotel, a post-office of Bur- 
 lington county. New Jersey. 
 
 Bassett's creek of Alabama flows south- 
 westward through Clarke county, into Tom- 
 bigbee river. 
 
 Bassora, a small village of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Missouri, on the Missouri river, 50 miles 
 W. from St, Louis. 
 
 Bastrop county, Texas, in the central part 
 of the state, contains 890 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Colorado river. The 
 surface is undulating ; the soil is generally 
 very fertile. The staple products are cot- 
 ton, maize, rice, and indigo ; the latter grows 
 in abundance without cultivation. In 1 850 
 this county yielded 148,360 bushels of corn ; 
 6572 of oats; 18,552 of sweet potatoes; 
 1478 bales of cotton; 91,536 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 1626 of wool. It contained 7 
 churches. The count}' is liberally supplied 
 with water-power. Steamboats navigate the 
 Colorado through this county during six 
 months or more of the year. Named in ho- 
 nor of Baron De Bastrop, a Mexican. Capi- 
 tal, Bastrop. Population, 3099, of whom 
 2180 were free, and 919, slaves. 
 
 Bastrop, a small post-village, capital of 
 Morehouse parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Bar- 
 tholomew, an affluent of Washita river, about 
 
BAS 
 
 BAT 
 
 800 miles N. by W. from Baton Rouge. It 
 is situated in a fertile district, and it has 
 some trade. The navigation of the bayou 
 has been opened for steamboats to this 
 place. 
 
 Bastrop, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Bastrop county, Texas, on the left bank 
 of the Colorado river, 35 miles E. S. E. from 
 Austin City, and 141 miles N. W. from Mata- 
 gorda. The river flows through an undu- 
 lating and fertile cotton-planting district, 
 and is navigable by steamboats. 
 
 Batavia, a post-township of Genesee coun- 
 ty, New York, about 240 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. Population, 44G1. 
 
 Batavia, a handsome post-village in the 
 above township, capital of Genesee county, 
 on Tonawanda creek, and on the Buffalo and 
 Rochester railroad, 86 miles E. by N. from 
 Buffalo, and 32 miles W. S. W. from Roches- 
 ter. It contains churches for Presbyterians, 
 Baptists, Methodists, Episcopalians, and 
 Catholics ; 2 banks, over 40 stores, and the 
 office of the Holland Land Company. The 
 streets are wide and well shaded, and the 
 houses neatly built. Batavia is the terminus 
 of the Batavia and Attica railroad, and of 
 another line leading to Corning. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1823. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. Pop. in 18-53, about 3000. 
 
 Batavia, a small post-village of Batavia 
 township, capital of Clermont county, Ohio, 
 on the E. fork of Little Miami river, 21 miles 
 E. from Cincinnati, and 100 miles S. W. from 
 Columbus. It was laid out about 1820. 
 
 Batavia, a township in the E. part of 
 Geauga county, Ohio, about 35 miles E. by 
 S. from Cleveland. 
 
 Batavia, a post-township in the central 
 part of Branch county, Michigan, about 6 
 miles E. of Branch. Population, 724. 
 
 Batavia, a post-township of Kane county, 
 Illinois. Population, 892. 
 
 Batavia, a thriving post-village of Kane 
 county, Illinois, on the Fox river, 35 miles 
 W. from Chicago, has an active trade, and 
 has advantages for manufacturing by water- 
 power. It is connected by railroad with 
 Chicago and Galena. 
 
 Batavia Kill, a post-office of Delaware 
 county. New York. 
 
 Bateman, or Batejian's Store, a post-vil- 
 lage of Houston county, Georgia, 21 miles 
 S. W. from Macon. 
 
 Bates, a county in the W. part of Mis- 
 souri, bordering on the Indian Territory, has 
 an area of 1380 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed by the Marais des Cygnes, or Osage 
 river, and also drained by the Little Osage 
 and Marmiton rivers, which unite and en- 
 ter the first-named river within the county. 
 The surface is undulating, and consists 
 mostly of prairie. The soil produces Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and hay. In 1850 there 
 were raised in the county 120,340 bushels 
 of corn; 8614 of wheat; 49,035 of oats, and 
 
 859 tons of hay. It contained 5 churches, 
 and 285 pupils attending public schools. 
 Named in honor of Frederick Bates, former 
 governor of Missouri. Capital, Papinsville, 
 Population, 3669, of whom 3528 were free, 
 and 141, slaves. 
 
 Batesville, a post-village of Habersham 
 county, Georgia, 145 miles N. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Batesville, a thriving town, capital of 
 Independence county, Arkansas, on White 
 river, about 400 miles from its mouth, 90 
 miles N. N. E. from Little Rock, and 115 
 miles from Memphis, Tennessee. Small 
 steamers can ascend the river to this point 
 at nearly all seasons. A great influx of emi- 
 gration is directed to this section of the state, 
 which offers strong inducements in soil and 
 climate. Pine timber and water-power are 
 abundant in the county. Batesville is the 
 most important town in the N. E. part of the 
 state, and has an active trade. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, several churches 
 and 2 newspaper offices. Population in 1852, 
 about 1600. 
 
 Batesville, a post-village in Guernsey 
 county, Ohio, about 90 miles E. of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Batesville, a small village of Bates coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Bath, a county in the central part of Vir- 
 ginia, contains 725 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Cowpasture and Jackson's 
 rivers, branches of James river. The sur- 
 face is traversed by valleys and mountain 
 ridges of the Alleghany chain, and displays 
 a profusion of magnificent scenery. The 
 highlands produce valuable timber and ex- 
 cellent pasture. The productions are corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, fruits, wool, butter, &c. 
 Cattle and horses are exported. In 1850 
 there were raised 73,671 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 17,502 of wheat; 42,676 of oats; 
 3853 tons of hay ; 12,271 pounds of wool, 
 and 36,120 of butter. There were 9 saw 
 mills, 8 grist mills, 4 wool-carding mills, 2 
 agricultural implement manufactories, and 2 
 tanneries. It contained 6 churches; 70 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 85 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Limestone 
 and iron ore are abundant. Bath county 
 derives its name from the numerous medi- 
 cinal springs which occur in it. Capital, 
 Warm Springs. The county was organized 
 in 1791. Population, 3426, of whom 2479 
 were free, and 947 slaves. 
 
 Bath, a county in the N. E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area of about 290 square miles. 
 The Licking river forms the entire boundarj'- 
 on the N. E., and it is also drained by Slate 
 creek. The surface is diversified, being in 
 some parts level, in others undulating, or 
 hilly. The N. W. portion of the county is 
 based on limestone and is very fertile j 
 the soil of the other portion is inferior. In- 
 dian corn, cattle, mules, and swine are the 
 
 81 
 
BAT 
 
 BAT 
 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,033,990 bushels of corn ; 22,048 of wheat; 
 91,774 of oats, and 142 tons of hemp. It 
 contained 22 churches ; 898 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 160 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Stone coal and iron 
 are abundant in the S. E. part. The county 
 derives its name from the numerous medi- 
 cinal springs found within it, among which 
 are the "celebrated Olympian or Mud Lick 
 Springs!" Capital, Owingsville. Population, 
 12,385, of whom 9850 were free, and 2535, 
 slaves. 
 
 Bath, a city and port of entry of Lincoln 
 county, Maine, on the right bank of Kenne- 
 bec river, 16 miles from its mouth. By rail- 
 road it is 34 miles N. E. from Portland, 30 
 miles S. from Augusta, 111 miles N. E. from 
 Boston. The city extends about IJ mile 
 along the bank of the river, and nearly one 
 mile back. The surface is rather uneven, 
 sloping gradually towards the east. The 
 streets are regular and generally intersect 
 each other at right angles. With the excep- 
 tion of one or two localities, the place is not 
 very compactly built. Many of the buildings 
 are at considerable distances from each other, 
 and are surrounded with spacious yards, or- 
 namented with shade-trees and shrubbery. 
 In the business of ship-building, Bath is 
 surpassed only by New York, Boston, and 
 Philadelphia. Forty-eight vessels, with an 
 aggregate burden of 24,339|| tons, were ad- 
 measured in the district during the year end- 
 ing June 30th, 1852. Of these, 40 were ships, 
 5 brigs, and 3 schooners. This port also 
 ranks the seventh in the United States in the 
 importance of its shipping, which amounted, 
 at the above-named date, to 84,695|| tons 
 registered, and 26,545^f tons enrolled and 
 licensed, making the total burden 111,241|| 
 tons. It enjoys superior advantages for na- 
 vigation, as the river here is seldom frozen 
 in winter. Bath contains several churches, 3 
 banks, and 4 newspaper offices. Steamboats 
 ply regularly between this place, Portland, 
 and Boston. A branch railroad connects 
 it with the Portland and Augusta railroad. 
 Settled in 1756, and incorporated 1780. 
 Population in 1820, 3026; 1830,3773; 1840, 
 5141 ; 1850, 8020. 
 
 Bath, a post-township of Grafton county. 
 New Hampshire, on the E. side of the Con- 
 necticut river, about 80 miles N. E. of Con- 
 cord, watered by the Amonoosuck river, 
 which affords many fine mill-seats and 
 abundant watei'-power. Population, 1574. 
 
 Bath, a village of Rensselaer county. New 
 York, on the Hudson river, opposite Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Bath, a thriving post-village of Bath town- 
 ship, capital of Steuben county. New York, 
 on the left bank of Conhocton creek, and on 
 the Buffalo, Corning, and New York railroad, 
 219 miles W. by S. from Albany, and 20 
 miles N. W. from Corning. It contains, be- 
 
 sides the county buildings, about 6 churches, 
 1 bank, and several newspaper offices. There 
 are a number of mills and factories in the 
 vicinity. Bath is surrounded by a rich and 
 populous country, and has considerable bu- 
 siness. Incorporated in 1836. Population 
 of the township, 6185. Population of the 
 village in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Bath, a small post-village of Northampton 
 county, Pennsylvania, 100 miles E. N. E. 
 from Harrisburg, and 12 miles W. from 
 Easton. 
 
 Bath, a small post-village of Beaufort 
 county. North Carolina, 143 miles E. by S. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Bath, a post-office of Edgefield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Bath, a small village in Jefferson county, 
 Georgia, about 60 miles E. N. E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Bath, a post-village of Richmond county, 
 Georgia, is delightfully situated about 20 
 miles S. W. from Augusta, and is a place of 
 resort for planters during the summer. 
 
 Bath, a township in Allen county, Ohio, 
 about 38 miles N. N. W. from Bellefontaine. 
 Population, 2266. 
 
 Bath, a township in Greene county, Ohio, 
 about 12 miles N. W. from Xenia. Popula- 
 tion, 1647. 
 
 Bath, a post-township in Summit county, 
 Ohio, about 22 miles W. from Ravenna. Po-i 
 pulation, 1400. 
 
 Bath, a township of Clinton county, Mi- 
 chigan. Population, 222. 
 
 Bath, a township in Franklin county, In- 
 diana. Population, 797. 
 
 Bath, a village of Union county, Indiana, 
 about 50 miles E. from Shelbyville. 
 
 Bath, a small post-village of Mason coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on the left bank of the Illinois 
 river, 50 miles below Peoria. It is situated 
 in a fertile country and has some trade : it 
 was formerly the county seat. 
 
 Bath Court House, Bath county, Virginia. 
 See Waem Springs. 
 
 Bath, or Berkley Springs, capital of 
 Morgan county, Virginia, is situated about 
 3 miles from the Potomac river and Balti- 
 more and Ohio railroad, and 186 miles N. N. 
 W. from Richmond. The Berkley springs, 
 which rise in the midst of this town, are es- 
 teemed very efficacious in dyspepsia, neural- 
 gia, chronic rheumatism, &c., and are fre- 
 quented by large numbers of invalids. The 
 temperature is 74°. The accommodations 
 are elegant, and sufficiently extensive for 
 700 persons. 
 
 Bath Alum, a post-office of Bath county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bath Alum Springs, a fashionable water- 
 ing-place of Bath county, Virginia, situated 
 at the eastern base of the "Warm Springs 
 Mountain," 164 miles W. N. W. from Rich- 
 mond, and 6 miles S. E. from the Warm 
 Springs. The proprietor has expended above 
 
BAT 
 
 BAT 
 
 thirty thousand dollars iu the erection of 
 buildings and other improvements. 
 
 Bath Spring, a post-office of Decatur 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Baton Rouge, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Baton Rouge, a city, capital of the state 
 of Louisiana, and seat of justice of the pa- 
 rish of East Baton Rouge, is situated on the 
 left or E. bank of the Mississippi, 129 miles 
 above New Orleans. Lat. 30° 28' N., Ion. 
 85° 11' W. It stands on the first bluflF or 
 high bank which occurs in ascending the 
 river. This bank is elevated about 25 or 30 
 feet above the highest overflowings. Baton 
 Rouge has the reputation of being one of the 
 healthiest towns in the southern portion of 
 the Mississippi valley. The esplanade in 
 front of the town presents a delightful view 
 of the majestic Mississippi and the rich 
 tracts of cultivation which line its banks. 
 Below Baton Rouge the broad and deep river 
 sweeps through a plain which is occupied by 
 luxuriant plantations of sugar-cane, and 
 adorned by splendid villas and gai'dens and 
 groves of tropical fruit trees. To protect 
 these from inundation, a levee or embank- 
 ment of earth has been raised to the height 
 of 6 or 8 feet. The seat of government was 
 established here in 1847. Since that period 
 the business of the place has become more 
 active, and the value of property has been 
 greatly enhanced. It contains an elegant 
 state house, situated immediately on the 
 bank of the river, Baton Rouge College, 4 
 churches, an arsenal and barracks of the 
 United States, 2 newspaper offices, and a 
 penitentiary. Population, in 1858, about 
 4500. 
 
 Batsto river, of Burlington county, New 
 Jersey, falls into Little Egg Harbor. 
 
 Batsto, a post-village of Burlington coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, on the above river, about 40 
 miles S. E. from Camden. 
 
 Battahatchee River, Alabama. See But- 
 tahatchie. 
 
 Batten Kill river rises in Vermont, and 
 flowing westwardly, falls into the Hudson 
 river in Washington county, in the E. part 
 of New York. 
 
 Battenville, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county. New York, 38 miles N. by E. 
 from Albany. It has several stores and 
 mills. 
 
 Battlebokough, a small post-village in 
 Edgecombe county, North Carolina, about 60 
 miles E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Battle Creek, of Michigan, the largest 
 tributary of the Kalamazoo, rises in Eaton 
 county, and enters the river at the village of 
 Battle Creek. It furnishes extensive water- 
 power. The Indian name of this creek is 
 Wapikisko. 
 
 Battle Creek, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Tennessee, 110 miles S. E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Battle Creek, a flourishing post-village 
 of Battle Creek township, Calhoun county, 
 Michigan, on the Michigan Central railroad, 
 at the junction of the Kalamazoo river and 
 Battle creek, 122 miles W. from Detroit, and 
 13 miles W. from Marshall. It is liberally 
 supplied with water-power, and is surrounded 
 by a very productive country. The village 
 has an active trade and contains 1 academy, 
 2 woollen factories, 4 flouring mills, and se- 
 veral saw mills and machine shops. Popu- 
 lation, about 1800. There are quarries of 
 fine sandstone in the vicinity. 
 
 Battlefield, a post-village of Lauderdale 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Battle Ground, a village of Cherokee 
 county, Georgia, 130 miles N. N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Battle Ground, a post-office of Emanuel 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Battle Ground, a post-office of Tippeca- 
 noe, Indiana. 
 
 Battle Springs, a post-office of Hinds 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Battsville, a post-office of Barbour coun- 
 ty, Alabama. ^ 
 
 Baubaugo Creek, of Indiana, flows into 
 St. Joseph's river, a few miles above Misha- 
 wawka. 
 
 Baughman, a post-township in Wayne 
 county, Ohio, about 15 miles E. N. E. from 
 Worster. Population, 1727. 
 
 Baumstown, a small post-village in Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bavington, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bat, a township in Ottowa county, Ohio, 
 about 20 miles W. by N. from Sandusky City. 
 Population, 359. 
 
 Bat, a post-office of Pope county, Hli- 
 nois. 
 
 Batard, a post-office of Columbiana coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Bay Creek, a post-office of Laurens coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Bay Hundred, a post-office of Talbot coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 Bat Mount, a post-office of Greene county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Batou, bi'oo, or, more usually, bl'o, a term 
 confined chiefly to the states of Louisiana and 
 Arkansas, sinifying properly any stream 
 which is derived from some other stream, or 
 from a lake ; in other words, any stream 
 which is not fed by fountains. The word is 
 supposed to be a coz-ruption of the French 
 hoyau, a "gut" or "channel," a derivation 
 which is rendered more probable by the pre- 
 valent pronunciation, bi'o. 
 
 Bayou Bartary, a post-office of Living- 
 ston parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bayou Bceuf, a post-office of St. Landry 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bayou Chicot, a small village in Calcasieu 
 parish, Louisiana, about 75 miles N. W. from 
 Baton Rouge. 
 
 83 
 
BAY 
 
 BEA 
 
 Bayou Chicot, a post-ofEce of St. Landry 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bayou Chitto, Louisiana and Mississippi. 
 See Chitto Bayou. 
 
 Bayou GouLA, a post-ofEce of Iberville pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bayou Pierre, a post-oiSce of De Soto pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bayou Ramois, a post-office of St. Mary's, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Bayou Rouge, a post-office of Avoyelles 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bayou Sara, a thriving post-village of W. 
 Feliciana parish, Louisiana, on the Missis- 
 sippi river, 165 miles above New Orleans, 
 and at the S. terminus of a railroad leading 
 to Woodville, Mississippi. It is a shipping 
 point for the cotton and corn produced in 
 the vicinity. The bayou of the same name 
 enters the river at this place. 
 
 Bay Place, a small village of Poinsett 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Bay River, a post-office of Craven county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Bay's Bottom, a post-office of Gallia coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Bay Springs, a post-office of Tishemings 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Bay View, a post-office of Northampton 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bayville, a village in the S. part of Pike 
 county, Illinois, 5 miles N. E. from the Mis- 
 sissippi river. 
 
 Bazetta, a post-township in Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, about 6 miles N. E. from War- 
 ren. Population, 1302. 
 
 Beach Branch, a post-office of Beaufort 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Beach Creek, a township of Clinton coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 100 miles N. N. W. 
 from Harrisburg, drained by a creek of the 
 same name. Population, 683. 
 
 Beach Grove, a post-office of Luzerne 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beach Grove, a post-office of Darke coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Beach Haven, a post-office of Luzerne 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beacon Hill, or Old Beacon, a mountain 
 in Dutchess county, New York, near Fishkill, 
 is one of the highest summits of the High- 
 lands, having an elevation of about 1470 feet. 
 
 Beale, a township in Juniata county, Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles S. W. from Mifflin- 
 town. 
 
 Beale's Mills, a post-office of Juniata 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bealeton, a post-office of Fauquier coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bealsville, a small post- village in Wash- 
 ington county, Pennsylvania, about 28 miles 
 S. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Bealsville, a post-village of Monroe 
 county, Ohio, 428 miles E. from Columbus. 
 It contains 3 churches, and near 300 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 84 
 
 Bealville, a small village of Desha coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Beamsville, a small post-village of Darke 
 county, Ohio, 98 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Bean Blossom, a township in Monroe coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 996. 
 
 Bean Blossom, a post-office of Brown coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Bean Blossom Creek, of Indiana, rises in 
 Brown county, and flowing nearly westward 
 enters the W. fork of White river, in Monroe 
 county. It is navigable in high water about 
 20 miles. 
 
 Bean Creek, Ohio. See Tifhn's River. 
 
 Bean's Station, a post-village of Grainger 
 county, Tennessee, 226 miles E. from Nash- 
 ville, and 2 miles from the Gap of Clinch 
 mountain. It is proposed to lay a plank- 
 road from the E. Tennessee andVirgina rail- 
 road through this village to some point near 
 Cumberland Gap. Mineral springs and me- 
 tallic ores abound here. 
 
 Beantown, a post-office of Charles county, 
 Maryland. 
 
 Bear Bone, a post-office of Calcasieu pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bear Branch, a post-office of Duplin 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Bear Branch, a post-office of Ohio eounty, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Bear Camp River, a small stream in Car- 
 roll county, in the E. part of New Hampshire, 
 falls into Ossipee lake. 
 
 Bear Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 Alleghany river in Armstrong county. 
 
 Bear Creek, of Alabama, flows through 
 Franklin county, and enters the Tennessee 
 near the N. W. extremity of the state, and 
 on the line between Alabama and Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 Bear Creek, in the W. central part of 
 Kentucky, rises in Grayson county, flows S. 
 W. and enters Greene river at the E. extremi- 
 ty of Butler county. 
 
 Bear Creek, of Lenawee county, Michi- 
 gan, flows into the Raisin river. 
 
 Bear Creek, Iowa, falls into the Mako- 
 quota river in Jackson county. 
 
 Bear Creek, a post-office of Luzerne coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bear Creek, a post-office of Henry coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Bear Creek, a post-office of Pickens coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Bear Creek, a post-office of Sabine coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Bear Creek, a post-office of La Fayette 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Bear Creek, a post-township in Jay coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 737. 
 
 Bear Creek, a township in Gallatin coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 462. 
 
 Bear Creek, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Bear Creek, a small village of Cedar 
 county, Missouri. 
 
BEA 
 
 BEA 
 
 Beak Creek, a post-ofSce of Poweshiek 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Beardbn, a post-office of Lavacca county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Bearden, a villaga of Gentry county, Mis- 
 souri, about 80 miles N. by E. from Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Beard's Creek, of Georgia, rises in Tat- 
 nall county, and flows sodthward through 
 Liberty county, into the Altamaha. 
 
 Bearb's Bluff, a small post-village of 
 Marshall county, Alabama. 
 
 Beardstown, a small post-village of Perry 
 county, Tennessee, on BuiFalo river, 98 miles 
 S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 ^ Beardstown, a thriving town, capital of 
 Cass county, Illinois, on the left bank of Illi- 
 nois river, 50 miles W. N. W. from Springfield. 
 It contains, besides the county buildings, 
 several churches, and one newspaper office. 
 
 Bearfield, a township in Perry county, 
 Ohio, about 20 miles S. by W. from Zanesville. 
 Population, 1580. 
 
 Bear Gap, a pos^office of Northumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bearmont, a post-office of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bear Mountain, Pennsylvania, is situated 
 near the N. E. extremity of Dauphin county. 
 At its foot flows Bear creek, on which is the 
 Bear Valley coal basin, containing beds of 
 coal from 7 to 24 feet thick. The mountains 
 enclosing Bear Valley rise about 750 feet 
 above the level of the creek. 
 
 Bear or Utah River, of Utah Terri- 
 tory, rises near 41° N. lat. and 111° W. 
 Ion., and flowing at first N., then N. W., and 
 at last nearly S. S. W. in its general direc- 
 tion, it falls into the Great Salt lake. Al- 
 though it begins and terminates in Utah, 
 nearly one-half of its course (the middle 
 portion) is included within the limits of 
 Oregon tei-ritory. The entire length is about 
 400 miles. 
 
 Bear River, towards the N. part of Cali- 
 fornia, rises on the slope of the Sierra Ne- 
 vada, and after forming the boundary be- 
 tween Yuba and Placer counties, for its whole 
 length, empties itself into Feather river, 31 
 miles below Marysville. 
 
 Bearsville, a post-office of Ulster county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Bearsville, a small village of Ohio town- 
 ship, Monroe county, Ohio, in the E. part of 
 the county, has 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Beartown, a post-office of Lancaster coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bear Valley. See Bear Mountain. 
 
 Bear Wallow, a post-office of Barren 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Beaseley, a post-office of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 Beattie's Bluff, a post-office of Madison 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Beattie's Ford, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Beattie's Prairie, a small village of Ben- 
 ton county, Missouri. 
 
 Beatty's Bridge, a post-office of Bladen 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Beattiestown, a small post-village in 
 Warren county. New Jersey, about 45 miles 
 N. by W. from Trenton. 
 
 Beaty's Mills, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bbaucoup, a small bayou of Caldwell pa- 
 rish, Louisiana, flows south-eastward into 
 Bayou Castor. 
 
 Beaucoup, a small village of Washington 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Beaufort, a county in the E. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on Pamlico Sound, 
 at the mouth of Pamlico river, by which it 
 is intersected. The surface is level ; the 
 soil sandy, and in some places marshy. The 
 chief productions are cotton, maize, turpen- 
 tine, and tar. In 1850 this county produced 
 198,542 bushels of corn; 121,941 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 28,409 pounds of butter. 
 There were 21 saw mills, 5 shingle mills, 47 
 tar and turpentine manufactories, 2 turpen- 
 tine distilleries. It contained 14 churches 
 and 1 newspaper establishment. The Pamlico 
 river is navigated through the county by 
 vessels drawing 8 feet of water. Capital, 
 Washington. Formed in 1741, and named 
 in honor of the Duke of Beaufort, one of 
 the proprietors of the soil. Population, ■ 
 14,811, of whom 8567 were free, and 6244, , 
 
 Beaufort, a district forming the southern 
 extremity of South Carolina, bordering on 
 the Atlantic, and on the Savannah river, 
 which separates it from Georgia. It is about 
 60 miles long, and has an area of 1540 
 square miles. The Combahee river forms 
 its boundary on the N. E., and it is inter- 
 sected by the Coosawhatchie, which enters 
 the sea by two main channels. Broad and 
 Coosaw rivers. The surface is a level plain, 
 but little elevated above the sea: the soil 
 alluvial and sandy. Cotton, rice, Indian corn, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this district produced 47,230,082 pounds of 
 rice, (more than any county in the United 
 States;) 12,672 bales of cotton; 492,671 
 bushels of corn; 485,077 of sweet potatoes, 
 (more than any other district in the state, 
 except Charleston,) and 29,267 of oats. 
 There were 2 grist mills, 1 rice mill, and 10 
 saw and planing mills. It contained 55 
 churches and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 There were 598 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 302 attending academies or 
 other schools. The Savannah river is navi- 
 gable for steamboats along the border, and 
 the other streams for smaller craft. Beau- 
 fort is among the most populous districts of 
 the state. Capital, Coosawhatchie. Popu- 
 lation, 38,805, of whom 6526 were free, and 
 32,279, slaves. 
 
 Beaufort, a port of entry, capital of Car- 
 85 
 
BEA 
 
 BEA 
 
 teret county, North Carolina, at the mouth 
 of Newport river, a few miles from the sea, 
 168 miles E. S. E. from Raleigh, and 11 miles 
 N. W. from Cape Lookout. The harbor is 
 the best in the state, and is accessible by 
 steamboats from Albemarle Sound. The 
 town has a considerable trade, particularly 
 in turpentine, resin, and other products of 
 the pine. A light-house has been erected 
 on Cape Lookout, and the entrance of the 
 harbor is defended by Fort Macon. Beau- 
 fort contains, besides the county buildings, 
 several seminaries, and 1 or 2 churches. 
 Population in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Beaufort, a post-town and port of entry, 
 of Beaufort district. South Carolina, on a 
 small arm of the sea, called Port Royal 
 river, about 50 miles in a direct line W. S. 
 W. from Charleston, and 16 miles from the 
 sea. It has a good harbor, Avith about 11 
 feet of water over the bar at Port Royal en- 
 trance. The census of 1850 states the white 
 population at 879 ; the number of slaves is 
 not given. 
 
 Beaufort, a post-office of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Beaumont, a post-office of Luzerne coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beaumont, a post-office of Chatham coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Beaumont, a post-village, capital of Jef- 
 ferson county, Texas, on the Neches river, 
 about 30 miles from its mouth, and 300 miles 
 E. from Austin City. Small vessels ply re- 
 gularly between Galveston and this place. 
 The county consists of a level plain, which 
 is sparsely inhabited. The chief business 
 of the people is the raising of cattle and 
 horses, immense herds of which range over 
 the vast prairies, and feed on the natural 
 grasses. 
 
 Beaver, a county in the W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Ohio, contains 650 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Ohio 
 and Beaver rivers. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and the soil highly productive, espe- 
 cially on the river bottoms. The staple 
 productions are wheat, corn, oats, wool, 
 pork, &c. In 1850 there were raised 244,112 
 bushels of wheat ; 226,253 of Indian corn ; 
 329,481 of oats; 17,915 tons of hay, and 
 498,772 pounds of butter. There were 25 
 flour and grist mills, 3 paper mills, 13 saw 
 mills, 5 woollen factories, 1 cotton factory, 
 1 boat yard, 4 manufactories of agricultural 
 implements, 1 of edge tools, and 1 of wooden 
 ware, 5 breweries, 4 iron foundries, 1 wool- 
 carding mill, and 18 tanneries. It contained 
 60 churches and 2 newspaper establish- 
 ments. There were 5279 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 367 attending academies 
 or other schools. Extensive beds of bitu- 
 minous coal and strata of limestone occur 
 in nearly every part of the county, and the 
 forests aiford an abundance of timber. The 
 county is liberally supplied with water- 
 88 
 
 power. It is intei*sected by the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad. Capital, Beaver. Po- 
 pulation, 26,689. 
 
 Beavek, a post-borough, capital of Beaver 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of 
 the Ohio, a little below the mouth of Beaver 
 river, 28 miles N. W. from Pittsburg, and 
 230 miles W. from Ilarrisburg. It is plea- 
 santly situated on a plain, and contains, be- 
 sides the county buildings, an academy, 3 
 or 4 churches, and numerous stores. Beaver 
 river furnishes extensive water-power, which 
 is employed in factories of various kinds. 
 Laid out in 1791. Population, 2054. 
 
 Beaver, a township of Clarion county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Clarion river, about 6 
 miles W. from the county seat. Population, 
 2804. 
 
 Beaver, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, 
 20 miles N. W. from Meadville. Population, 
 672. 
 
 Beaver, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Columbia county, Pennsylvania, 18 miles N. 
 from Pottsville, is drained by Catawissa 
 creek. Population, 672. 
 
 Beaver, a township in Jefferson county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 662. 
 
 Beaver, a post-township of Union county, 
 Pennsylvania, 40 miles N. N. W. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 1659. 
 
 Beaver, a post-office of Anderson county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Beaver, a township in Columbiana coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Beaver, a township in Mahoning county, 
 Ohio, about 8 miles S. S. E. from Caniield. 
 Population, 2144. 
 
 Beaver, a township of Noble county, Ohio, 
 36 miles N. by E. from Marietta. Popula- 
 tion, 1991. 
 
 Beaver, a post-township in Pike county, 
 Ohio, about 25 miles S. S. E. from Chilicothe. 
 Population, 520. 
 
 Beaver, a township in Jasper county, In- 
 diana. Population, 224. 
 
 Beaver, a township in Pulaski county, In- 
 diana, about 18 miles N. from Monticello. 
 Population, 168. 
 
 Beaver, a post-office of Boone county, Il- 
 linois. 
 
 Beaver Brook, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, New York. 
 
 Beaver Creek of South Carolina enters 
 Congaree river from the right at the S. E. 
 extremity of Lexington district. 
 
 Beaver Creek of Marengo county, Ala^ 
 bam a, flows into Tombigbee river. 
 
 Beaver Creek of Alabama enters the Ala- 
 bama from the W. in Wilcox county. 
 
 Beaver Creek of Missouri flows into 
 White river from the left in Taney county, a 
 few miles below Forsyth. Little Beaver en- 
 ters the above creek in the same county. 
 
 Beaver Creek of Ohio, enters the Maumee 
 in Wood county. 
 
BEA 
 
 BEC 
 
 Beaver Creek of Loi'ain county, Ohio, 
 flows into Lake Erie. 
 
 Beavek Creek of Indiana, enters the White 
 river in Martin county. 
 
 Beaver Creek of Lenawee county, Michi- 
 gan, flows into Raisin river near Adrian. 
 
 Beaver Creek of Iowa, rises in Boone 
 county, and enters the Des Moines in Polk 
 county. 
 
 Beaver Creek of Iowa, an affluent of Iowa 
 river, enters the latter near Marengo, Iowa 
 county. 
 
 Beaver Creek, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Beaver Creek, a post-office of Campbell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Beaver Creek, a post-office of Dale coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Beaver Creek, a post-office of Columbia 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Beaver Creek, a township in Greene coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 10 miles W. N. W. from Xe- 
 nia. Population, 7055. 
 
 Beaver Creek, a post-office of Bond coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 80 miles S. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Beaver Dale, a post-office of Fayette 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Beaver Dam, a post-office of Goochland 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Beaver Dam, a post-office of Union coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Beaver Dam, a post-office of Middleburg 
 District, South Carolina. 
 
 Beaver Dam, a post-office of Clark county, 
 Mississippi. 
 ■ ,' ; Beaver Dam, a post-office of Ohio county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Beaver Dam, a post-office of Allen county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Beaver Dam, a post-office of Kosciusko 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Beaver Dam, a thriving post-village of 
 Beaver Dam township. Dodge county, Wis- 
 consin, on a creek of the same name, about 
 45 miles N. E. from Madison, and 9 miles N. 
 W. from Juneau. It is the largest place in 
 the county, and is important, on account of 
 its valuable water-power, which gives mo- 
 tion to a large flouring mill, 3 saw mills, 1 
 woollen factory, and other machinery. Set- 
 tled about 1840- Population in 1852, nearly 
 1000. 
 
 Beavekdam Creek of Georgia, rises in 
 Burke county, and enters Briar creek near 
 Jackfionborough. 
 
 Beaverbam Creek of Elbert county, Geor- 
 gia, flows S. E. into the Savannah, about 20 
 miles E. from Ellerton. 
 
 Beaverdam Creek of Michigan, flows into 
 the Shiawassee in Saginaw county. 
 
 Beaverdam River of Dodge county, Wis- 
 consin, rises in Fox lake, and flows south- 
 ward into Rock river. 
 
 Beaver Dam Depot, a post-office of Hano- 
 ver county, Virginia. 
 
 Beaver Dam Forks, a post-office of Tipton 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Beaver Dams, a post-office of Chemung 
 county. New York. 
 
 Beaver Dams, a small village of Queen 
 Anne county, Maryland. 
 
 Beaver Dam Springs, a post-office of Hick- 
 man county, Tennessee. 
 
 Beaver Furnace, a small village of Union 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beaver Island, a post-office of Michili- 
 mackinac county, Michigan. 
 
 Beaver Islands, a group near the north- 
 ern extremity of Lake Michigan, between 
 45° 30' and 45° 50' N. lat., and near 85° 30' 
 W. Ion. The principal one. Big Beaver, has 
 an area of about 40 square miles. 
 
 Beaver Kill, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, New York. 
 
 Beaver Lake of Indiana, situated in Jas- 
 per county, the largest lake within the bor- 
 ders of the state, having an area of 16,000 
 acres. 
 
 Beaver Meadow, a post-village of Carbon 
 county, Pennsylvania, 1 1 miles N. W. from 
 Mauch Chunk, and about 100 miles N. N. W. 
 from Philadelphia. A railroad extends from 
 the coal mines of this place to the Lehigh 
 river, near Mauch Chunk, by which a large 
 quantity of coal is transported. 
 
 Beaver River rises in Rockingham coun- 
 ty, in the S. E. part of New Hampshire, and 
 falls into the Merrimack near Lowell. It 
 forms part of the boundary between Rock- 
 ingham and Hillsborough counties. 
 
 Beaver River of New York, rises in Her- 
 kimer county, in the N. E. central part of 
 the state, and falls into Black river, in Lewis 
 county. 
 
 Beaver River, formed by the union of the 
 Mahoning and Shenango, in the W. part of 
 Pennsylvania. It flows in a southerly direc- 
 tion, and joins the Ohio river at the town of 
 Beaver. 
 
 Beaver Ponds, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery county, Kentucky. 
 
 Beaver Ridqe, a post-office of Knox coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Beaver Ruin, a post-office of Union coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Beaver Springs, a post-office of Union 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beaverton, a post-office of Marion county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Bbavertow.n, a post- village of Union coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 14 miles S. W. from 
 New Berlin, the county seat. 
 
 Beccaria, a township of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania, 16 miles S. from Clearfield. 
 Population, 687. 
 
 Bechtelsville, a post-office of Berks coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beckamsville, a post-office of Chester 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Beckersville, a post-office of Berks coun • 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 
 
 87 
 
BEC 
 
 BED 
 
 Becket, a post-township of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, on the Western rail- 
 road, 135 miles W. by S. of Boston. Popula- 
 tion, 1223. 
 
 Becketsville, a small post-village of Tal- 
 lapoosa county, Alabama. 
 
 Beckett's Store, a post-office of Pickaway 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Becklet, a post-village, capital of Raleigh 
 county, Virginia, 210 miles in a direct line W. 
 from Pv,ichmond. The county has a moun- 
 tainous surface, and is very thinly inha- 
 bited. 
 
 Beck's Ckeek, a post-office of Shelby coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Beckville, a post-office of Carroll county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Beddington, a township of Washington 
 county, Maine, about 38 miles E. by l*f. from 
 Bangor. Population, 147. 
 
 Bedford, a county in the S. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Maryland, has an 
 area of about 1000 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed by Raystown branch of the Juniata 
 river, and also drained by Dunning' s, Augh- 
 wick, and Wills creeks. The surface is very 
 mountainous, being traversed by numerous 
 ridges of the Alleghany range, the prin- 
 cipal of which are named Warrior ridge, 
 Tussey's mountain, Dunning's mountain, 
 and Broad Top mountain. The main Alle- 
 ghany extends along the W. border of the 
 county. Many of the valleys are of the 
 richest limestone ; the slate, shale, and 
 sandstone lands, where sufficiently level, are 
 susceptible of much improvement ; but one- 
 half of the county is rocky mountain, unfit 
 for cultivation. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 hay, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 there were raised 248,302 bushels ef wheat; 
 206,344 of corn; 240,808 of oats; 18,094 
 tons of hay, and 346,587 pounds of butter. 
 There were 55 flour and grist mills, 7 saw 
 mills, 3 manufactories of cabinet-ware, 3 of 
 coaches, 1 of edge tools, 1 of stoves and 
 ranges, and 2 of agricultural implements, 
 1 linseed-oil mill, 1 tobacco factory, 6 wool- 
 len factories, 1 iron foundry, 2 furnaces, and 
 20 tanneries. It contained in that year 52 
 churches, and 3 newspaper establishments. 
 There were 5229 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 52 attending academies or other 
 schools. Iron ore is abundant, and rich 
 mines of stone coal have been opened on 
 Broad Top mountain, in the N. part of the 
 county. The streams furnish extensive wa- 
 ter-power. A turnpike leading from Pitts- 
 burg to Philadelphia passes through the 
 county. Bedford county was formed in 1771, 
 and named from a county in England. Ca- 
 pital, Bedford. Population, 23,052. 
 
 Bedford, a county in the S. central part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 504 square miles. 
 The James river forms its N. E., the Staun- 
 ton its S. W. boundary, and Otter creek flows 
 through the middle. The county has an ele- 
 
 vated surface, and the scenery is delightful, 
 the N. AV. boundary passing along the sum- 
 mit of the Blue Ridge, which here attains in 
 the Peaks of Otter the height of 5307 feet 
 above the sea. The soil is highly productive. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and but- 
 ter are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 602,362 bushels of corn; 178,990 of 
 wheat; 294,852 of oats, the greatest quanti- 
 ty produced in any one county of the state, 
 except Halifax county ; 1,955,486 pounds of 
 tobacco, and 238,233 of butter. There were 
 5 tanneries, 14 flour, grist and saw mills, and 
 4 tobacco factories. It contained 40 churches ; 
 638 pupils attending public schools, and 72 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 James River canal passes along the border, 
 and the Virginia and Tennessee railroad 
 passes through the county. Bedford county 
 was formed from Lunenburg in 1763. Capi- 
 tal, Liberty. Population, 24.080, of whom 
 14,019 are free, and 10,061, slaves. 
 
 Bedford, a county in the S. central part 
 of Tennessee, has an area of 550 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Duck river. The 
 surface is undulating, the soil fertile, and 
 extensively cultivated. Indian corn, oats, 
 tobacco, cattle, and swine are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 1,521,867 
 bushels of Indian corn ; 270,132 of oats, 
 the greatest quantity raised in any one 
 county of the state ; 145,432 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 36,872 of wool. It contained 49 
 churches, 1 newspaper establishment, 2056 
 pupils attending public schools, and 210 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 county is intersected by a turnpike leading 
 to Nashville, and by the Nashville and Chat- 
 tanooga railroad, lately opened. The streams 
 furnish a considerable water-power. Capi- 
 tal, Shelbyville. Population, free, 16,010; 
 slaves, 5502; total, 21,512. 
 
 Bedford, a post-township of Hillsborough 
 county, New Hampshire, about 20 miles S. 
 by E. from Concord, watered by the Merri- 
 mack and Piscataquoag rivers. Population, 
 1905. 
 
 Bedford, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, 15 miles N. W. from 
 Boston, bordering on Concord river. Popu- 
 lation, 975. 
 
 Bedford, a village and railroad station 
 of King's county, New York, on the Long 
 Island railroad, 5 miles S. E. from New 
 York. 
 
 Bedford, a small village in Saranac town- 
 ship, Clinton county. New York, on the Sara- 
 nac river, about 140 miles N. from Albany. 
 It contains 1 glass manufactory. Popula- 
 tion, about 300. 
 
 Bedford, a post-village and semi-capital 
 of Westchester county, New York, 125 miles 
 S. by E. from Albany. It contains, besides 
 the county buildings, several stores and 2 or 
 3 churches. 
 
 Bedford, a post-township of Bedford 
 
BED 
 
 BEE 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, drained by Dunning's 
 creek, contains the borough of its own name. 
 Population, 1831. 
 
 BsDFOKD, a post-borough, capital of Bed- 
 ford county, Pennsylvania, on the Raystown 
 branch of the Juniata, 104 miles W. S. W. 
 from Harrisburg. It is beautifully situated 
 on elevated ground, and, enclosed on two 
 sides with high ridges, one of which rises 
 about 1200 feet above the valley. The houses 
 are mostly built of brick and stone. About 
 a mile from the town are the Bedford 
 Springs, which are much resorted to by in- 
 valids and others in summer. They con- 
 tain carbonic acid, sulphate of magnesia, 
 sulphate of lime, and muriate of soda. Po- 
 pulation, 1203. 
 
 Bedford, a post-village, capital of Trim- 
 ble county, Kentucky, about 40 miles N. W. 
 from Frankfort, and 6 miles from the Ohio 
 i-iver, contains the usual public builingsj 3 
 churches, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Bedford, a post-township in Cuyahoga 
 county, Ohio, about 10 miles S. S. E. from 
 Cleveland. Population, 1853. 
 
 Bedford, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg 
 railroad, 14 miles S. E. from Cleveland, con- 
 tains several churches, stores, and mills. 
 
 Bedford, a township in Coshocton county, 
 Ohio, about 10 miles W. from Coshocton. 
 Population, 1221. 
 
 Bedford, a township in Meigs county, 
 Ohio, about 35 miles S. W. from Marietta. 
 Population, 907. 
 
 Bedford, a post-township in Calhoun coun- 
 ty, Michigan. Population, 747. 
 
 Bedford, a township in Monroe county, 
 Michigan, about 47 miles S. W. by S. from 
 Detroit. Population, 888. 
 
 Bedford, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Lawrence county, Indiana, is pleasantly 
 situated on high ground, 3 miles from the E. 
 Fork of White river, and 75 miles S. S. W. 
 from Indianapolis. It contains a fine court 
 house, 8 churches, a county seminary, a 
 newspaper office, &c. It is connected with 
 New Albany by a railroad, which is to be ex- 
 tended towards Chicago. 
 
 Bedford, a village in the S. part of Hen- 
 derson county, Illinois. 
 
 Bedford, a small village of Livingston 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Bedford Station, a post-office of Westches- 
 ter county. New York. 
 
 Bedi, a post-office of Grimes county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Bedminster, a township of Somerset coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, 8 miles N. W. from Somer- 
 ville. Population, 1841. 
 
 Bedminster, a post-township of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 35 miles N. from 
 Philadelphia, drained by Tohickon creek. 
 Population, 1911. 
 
 Bee Branch, a post-office of Pettis coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Beech Bluff, a post-office of Madison 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Beech Bluff, a post-office of Dallas coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Beech Creek, a post-office of Clinton 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beech Creek, a post-office of Clark coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Beechbr's Island, a small village of Tio- 
 ga county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beech Fork, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Beech Grove, a post-office of Phillips coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Beech Grove, a post-office of Coffee coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Beech Grove, a post-office of Rush coun- 
 ty, Indiana, about 35 miles E. by S. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Beech Island, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Beech Land, a post-office of Washington 
 county^ Kentucky. 
 
 Beech Land, a post-office of Licking coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Beech Level, a post-office of Union coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Beech Point, a post-office of Gibson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Beech Wood, a post-office of Sheboygan 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Beech Woods, a post-office of Warren coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beechy Mine, a post-village of Union coun- 
 ty, Indiana, near the Ohio line. 
 
 Bee Creek, a small village of Platte coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 85 miles N. W. from Independ- 
 ence. 
 
 Bee Hive, a post-village of Clinton coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 40 miles N. by E. from Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Beekman, a post-township of Dutchess 
 county. New York, 14 miles S. E. from Pough- 
 keepsie, is drained by Fishkill creek. Popu- 
 lation, 1386. 
 
 Beekman's Mills, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Beekmantown, or Beckman, a post-town- 
 ship of Clinton county. New York, on thrj 
 W. shore of Lake Champlain, a few miles 
 N. from Plattsburg. Population, 3384. 
 
 Beekmantown, a small post-village in 
 the above township, about 160 miles N. of 
 Albany. 
 
 Beeler's Station, a post-office of Mar- 
 shall county, Virginia. 
 
 Beemerville, a post-village of Susses 
 county, New Jersey, about 12 miles N. by E, 
 from Newton, has 2 churches, and several 
 stores and mills. 
 
 Beer Creek, of Jay county, Indiana, flows 
 into the Wabash. 
 
 Bee Ridge, a post-office of Knox county, 
 Mssouri. 
 
 Beersville, a village of Knox county, 
 Indiana, on the ^Y. Fork of White river. 
 
 89 
 
BEE 
 
 BEL 
 
 Beeslet's Point, a post-office of Cape 
 May county, New Jersey. 
 
 Beetown, a township of Grant county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Beetown, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 24 miles S. S. E. from Prairie du Chien. 
 Beetree, a post-office of Kershaw district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Begleys, a post-office of Perry county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Bel Aib, a post-village, capital of Har- 
 ford county, Maryland, 22 miles N. E. from 
 Baltimore, and 60 miles N. by E. from An- 
 napolis. It has recently been improved by 
 the paving of the streets and the making of 
 a turnpike to Baltimore. The village con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, 1 or 2 
 churches and an academy. 
 
 Belaie, a small post-village in Lancaster 
 district. South Carolina, 90 miles N. by E. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Belair, a small post-village of Richmond 
 county, Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, 10 
 miles W. from Augusta. 
 
 Bell Air, a small village of Clarke county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Belair, or Bell Air, a small post-village 
 of Crawford county, Illinois, 123 miles S. E. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Belcher, a post-office of Washington 
 county. New York. 
 
 Belcheetown, a post-township of Hamp- 
 shire county, Massachusetts, 70 miles W. by 
 S. of Boston. Population, 2680. 
 
 Belden, a post-office of McHenry county, 
 Illinois, 76 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Belfast, a seaport, port of entry, and 
 seat of justice of Waldo county, Maine, at 
 the head of Penobscot bay. It is 30 miles 
 from the ocean, 30 miles S. from Bangor, 
 1 09 miles E. N. E. from Portland, and 125 miles 
 W. S. W. from Eastport. On the opposite 
 side of the bay, 9 miles distant, is Castine. 
 It is irregularly built, but has a pleasant 
 situation on the side of a hill. The Paasag- 
 gassassawakeag river, a small stream, passes 
 nearly through its centre, dividing it into two 
 parts. It is extensively engaged in foreign 
 commerce, in the coast trade, and in the 
 fisheries. The harbor, which is rarely ob- 
 structed with ice, is spacious, well protected, 
 and of sufficient depth for vessels of the 
 largest class. During the winter season it 
 is the centre of a large portion of the trade 
 of the Penobscot valley, the river above be- 
 ing frozen. Lumber and fish are the prin- 
 cipal exports. Ship-building is extensively 
 carried on. Thirty vessels, (7 of them ships,) 
 with an aggregate burden of 5803 tons, were 
 admeasured during the year ending June 
 30th, 1852. The shipping of the port at this 
 date amounted to 15,315 tons registered, and 
 36,729 tons enrolled and licensed, making 
 the total burden 52,044 tons. A court house 
 has recently been built in the place, and a jail 
 is now in process of erection. Belfast also 
 90 
 
 contains a number of churches, a bank, 2 
 newspaper offices, and several tanneries. 
 Population of the township, 1830, 3077; 
 1840, 4186; 1850, 5051. 
 
 Belfast, a post-township of Alleghany 
 county. New York, about 60 miles S. E. from 
 BuflFalo, is intersected by the Genesee river 
 and canal. Population, 1679. 
 
 Belfast, a toVnship of Fulton county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 75 miles W. S. W. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 764. 
 
 Belfast, a post-office of Northampton 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Belfast, a post-office of Marshall county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Belfast, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 Belfast, a small village of Highland coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 72 miles S. by AV. from Columbus. 
 
 Belfast, a village of Lee county, Iowa, oa 
 the Des Moines river, 18 miles W. S. W. from 
 Fort Madison. 
 
 Belfoed, a small post-village in Nash 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Belgium, a township in Washington coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, about 35 miles N. from Mil- 
 waukie. Population, 1154. 
 
 Belgrade, a post-township of Kennebec co., 
 Me., on the Androscoggin and Kennebec rail- 
 road, 67 miles N. N. E. of Portland. Pop., 1722. 
 
 Belgrade, a small village of Newton coun- 
 ty, Texas, on the W. bank of Sabine river, 
 about 55 miles N. by E. from Sabine city. 
 
 Belgrade Mills, a small post-village in 
 Kennebeck county, Maine, about 16 miles 
 N. W. from Augusta. 
 
 Belknap, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of New Hampshire, has an area of aboat 
 387 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by the Pemigewasset, and on the S. by the 
 Winnipiseogee river, the two principal 
 branches of the Merrimack, and Winnipiseo- 
 gee lake forming the greater part of its N. E. 
 boundary. It contains numerous lakes and 
 ponds, and many fine mill streams. The sur- 
 face is rough and sometimes rocky, but the 
 soil is generally fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 potatoes and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this countyproduced 14,028 bushels of wheat; 
 118,007 of corn; 335,092 of potatoes; 38,445 
 tons of hay, and 471,143 pounds of butter. 
 There were 4 cotton and 6 woollen factories, 
 1 car manufactory, 1 iron foundry, 6 flour 
 mills, 1 grist mill, and 18 saw mills. It con- 
 tained 39 churches and 2 newspaper esta- 
 blishments. There were 4930 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 290 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. The railroad connect- 
 ing Concord and Warren passes through the 
 W. end of this county, and it is partly inter- 
 sected by that connecting Dover with Al- 
 ton. Capital, Gilford. Population, 17,721. 
 
 Bell, a county in the central part of 
 Texas, has an area of 850 square miles. It 
 is traversed by the Leon river and Lampasas 
 creek, which unite near the county seat to 
 form the Little river. The surface is uneven. 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 The land is adapted to pasturage. Bell 
 county was formed since the census of 1850 
 was taken. Capital, Belton. 
 
 Bell, a township of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania, 18 miles S. W. from Clearfield, 
 drained by the Susquehanna river. Popula- 
 tion, 489. 
 
 Bell, apost-ofSce of Highland county, Ohio. 
 
 Bell Air, Illinois. See Belair. 
 
 Bell Air, a small post-village in Richmond 
 county, Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, 
 about 12 miles W. by S. from Augusta. 
 
 Bell Air, a post-village of Cooper county, 
 Missouri, about 40 miles VV. N. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Bellaiee, or Bell Air, a small post-vil- 
 lage of Belmont county, Ohio, near the Ohio 
 river, about 60 miles N. E. from Marietta. 
 
 Bellbrook, a post-village of Greene coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 70 miles W. S. W. from Columbus, 
 contains several churches and stores. Popu- 
 lation, near 350. 
 
 Bellbuckle, a post-office of Bedford coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Belle River, a small stream of Michigan, 
 rises in Lapeer county, and enters the St. 
 Clair river at Newport. 
 
 Belle Air, a post-village of Clay county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Belle Centre, a post-village of Logan 
 county, Ohio, on the Mad river and Lake 
 Erie railroad, about 60 miles N. W. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Bellefontaine, a post-office of Choctaw 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Bellefontaine, bePfon-tain', («. e. " fine 
 fountain,") a flourishing post-village of Lake 
 township, and capital of Logan county, Ohio, 
 on the Cincinnati and Sandusky railroad, at 
 its junction with the Bellefontaine and Indi- 
 ana railroad, 116 miles N. N. E. from Cincin- 
 nati, and 55 miles N. W. from Columbus. It 
 is surrounded by a rich, thickly settled coun- 
 try, has an extensive produce trade, and is 
 rapidly increasing. In 1851, fifty new build- 
 ings were erected, and it then contained, be- 
 sides several churches, 2 steam mills, 1 bel- 
 lows foundry, 4 large warehouses, &c. The 
 name is derived from the fine springs in the 
 vicinity. Two newspapers are published 
 here. Laid out in 1820. Population in 
 1853, estimated at 2000. 
 
 Bellefontaine, a village of Jay county, 
 Indiana, 7 miles E. from Portland. 
 
 Bellefontaine, a small village in St. Louis 
 county, Missouri, about 15 miles N. from St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Bellefontaine, a thriving post-village of 
 Mahaska county, Iowa, on the Des Moines 
 river, 11 miles W. from Oskaloosa, and 80 
 miles W. S. W. from Iowa city. 
 
 Bellefonte, a post-borough of Spring 
 township, and capital of Centre county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Spring creek, 86 miles N. 
 W. from Harrisburg, and 177 from Wash- 
 ington. It has a beautiful situation, near 
 
 the foot of the Bald Eagle mountain, and ia 
 surrounded by hills. The name is derived 
 from a large spring, from which water is dis- 
 tributed in pipes through all parts of the 
 town. Spring creek, a rapid and permanent 
 stream, affords abundant water-power, which 
 is employed in a variety of manufactures. 
 Large quantities of iron and grain are ex- 
 ported from Bellefonte by means of a canal 
 which extends to the Susquehanna river. 
 The town contains 2 large axe factories, and 
 2 iron foundries. Three newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. Population in 1850, 1179. 
 
 Bellefonte, a post- village, capital of Jack- 
 son CO., Alabama, near the W. bank of Ten- 
 nessee river, 166 miles N. E. from Tuscarora. 
 It contains several churches and stores. 
 
 Bellefonte, a post-village of Pulaski 
 county, Missouri, about 60 miles S. by W. 
 from Jefferson city. 
 
 Belle Fount, a small village of Washing- 
 ton county, Missouri. 
 
 Bellefountain, a post-office of Columbia 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Belle Haven, a post-office of Accomac 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Belle Isle, a small post-village of Onon- 
 daga county, New York, 137 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Bellemont, a small post- village of Fayette 
 county, Tennessee, about 40 miles N. E. 
 from Memphis, has 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 Bellbmonte, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bellemonte, a post-office of St. Louis 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Belle Ombre, a post-office of Ballard 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Belle Plain, a small village of Clarke 
 county, Missouri, about 20 miles W. S. AV. 
 from Keokuk. 
 
 Belle Point, a post-village of Delaware 
 county, Ohio, on the Scioto river, about 24 
 miles N. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Bellepoint, a post-office of Boone county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Belle Port, a small post-village of Suf- 
 folk county. Long Island, New York, near 
 Fireplace Bay, 210 miles S. S. E. from Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Belle Prairie, a post-office of Hamilton 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Belle River, a post-office of St. Clair 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Bbllevale. See Bellvale. 
 
 Belle Vernon, a small post-village of Fa- 
 yette county, Pennsylvania, on the right 
 bank of the Monongahela river, about 28 
 miles S. by E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Belle Vernon, a post-village of Wyandott 
 county, Ohio, about 50 miles S. W. from San- 
 dusky City. 
 
 Belleview, a small village of Jefferson 
 county, Pennsylvania, 5 miles S. from Brook- 
 ville, the county seat, contains 2 stores and 
 a few dwellings. 
 
 91 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 Belleview, a small village of Lebanon 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 28 miles E. N. 
 E. of Harrisburg, has about 30 houses. 
 
 Belleview, a post-village of Talbot coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 60 miles W. from Macon. 
 
 Belleview, a post-village, capital of Bos- 
 sier parish, Louisiana, is situated about 20 
 miles N. E. from Shreveport, and 1 mile S. 
 E. from Lake Bodcau. 
 
 Belleview, a post-office of Rush county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Belleview, a small post-village of Chris- 
 tian county, Kentucky, 10 miles from Hop- 
 kinsville, the county seat, has 1 church and 
 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 Belleview, a post-village of Calhoun coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 2 miles E. from the Mis- 
 sissippi river. 
 
 Belleview, a township in Washington 
 county, Missouri. Population, 1838. 
 
 Belleville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, New York, on the Sackett's Harbor 
 and Ellisburg railroad, 170 miles N. W. from 
 Albany, has an academy, several stores and 
 mills. 
 
 Belleville, a post-township of Essex 
 county, New Jersey, on the W. side of Pas- 
 saic river, 3 miles above Newark. Popula- 
 tion, 3514. 
 
 Belleville, a thriving post-village of the 
 above township, on the right bank of the 
 Passaic river, 3 miles above Newark, and 10 
 miles W. by N. from New York. It contains 
 churches for the Episcopalians, Methodists, 
 Reformed Dutch, and Catholics. It has se- 
 veral manufactories, and is a place of active 
 business. Population in 1853, estimated 
 at 1800. 
 
 Belleville, a small post-village of Mifflin 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 8 miles W. by 
 N. from Lewistown. 
 
 Belleville, a post-office of Wood county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Belleville, a post-village of Hamilton 
 county, Florida, on the Withlacoochee river, 
 90 miles E. from Tallahassee, has 3 stores, 
 and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Belleville, a post-village of Conecuh 
 county, Alabama, 10 miles N. W. from Spar- 
 ta, the county seat, contains 2 churches, 1 
 school, and 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 Belleville, a post-village, capital of Aus- 
 tin county, Texas, about 110 miles E. S. E. 
 from Austin City, and 100 miles in a direct 
 line N. W. from Galveston. 
 
 Belleville, a small village in Desha coun- 
 ty, Arkansas, on the S. side of Arkansas 
 river, about 8 miles S. E. from Arkansas 
 Post. 
 
 Belleville, a small village of Dickson 
 county, Tennessee, on the left bank of Cum- 
 berland river, at the mouth of Harpeth river, 
 about 28 miles N. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Belleville, a post-office of Roane county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Belleville, a thriving post-village of 
 92 
 
 Richland county, Ohio, on the railroad be- 
 tween Mansfield and Newark, 10 miles S. 
 from the former, and 58 miles N. N. E. from 
 Columbus. A fork of Mohiccan river flows 
 through the place. Population, above 500. 
 
 Belleville, a post-office of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Bellville, a flourishing post-village of 
 Hendricks county, Indiana, on the national 
 road, 19 miles W. S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 The Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad 
 passes near it. Population, 294. 
 
 Belleville, a flourishing city, capital of 
 St. Clair county, Illinois, is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on high ground, 110 miles S. from 
 Springfield, and 16 miles S. E. from St. 
 Louis. It is a place of much activity in 
 trade and manufactures, and is rapidly in- 
 creasing in population. The surrounding 
 country is very productive, and compara- 
 tively populous. The town is supplied with 
 excellent water, and has beds of stone coal, 
 which are said to extend 30 feet below the 
 surface. Belleville contains a handsome 
 court house, several churches and semina- 
 ries, 1 bank, 2 steam flouring mills, 2 brew- 
 eries, 2 distilleries, 1 woollen factory, and 2 
 newspaper offices. Population in 1850, 2941 ; 
 in 1853, it is estimated at 5000. 
 
 Belleville, a post-office of Dane county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Bellevue, a flourishing post-village of 
 Lyme township, Huron county, Ohio, on the 
 Mad River railroad, at its junction with 
 the railroad which connects Cleveland with 
 Toledo, 96 miles N. from Columbus, and 15 
 from Lake Erie. It is one of the largest vil- 
 lages in the county, and has a considerable 
 trade. 
 
 Bellevue, a post-township of Eaton coun- 
 ty, Michigan. Population, 769." 
 
 Bellevue, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Battle creek, 120 miles W. from 
 Detroit, and 16 miles N. from Marshall, was 
 formerly the county seat. It contains seve- 
 ral mills, propelled by water-power, and has 
 a valuable quarry of limestone in the vi- 
 cinity. 
 
 Bellevue, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Jackson county, Iowa, on the Mississippi 
 river, 24 miles below Dubuque, and 13 miles 
 S. from Galena. It is situated at the end 
 of a beautiful valley, on a bank elevated 30 
 feet above high-water mark, and has one of 
 the finest landings on the river, formed by a 
 gravelly beach, with sufficient depth of 
 water. A fine farming district lies back of 
 this place, the produce of which is shipped 
 here by steamboats. 
 
 Bellfair Mills, a post-office of Stafford 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bellfont, a small village of Columbiana 
 county, Ohio, 15 miles E. by S. from New 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Bellingham, a post-township of Norfolk 
 county, Massachusetts, 30 miles S. W. of 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 Boston, intersected by branches of Charles 
 river, affording good water-power. Pop., 1281. 
 
 Bell Mont, a post-office of Somersetco.,Md. 
 
 Bellingham Bat, at the N. W. extremity of 
 Washington Ter. E. of the Arroo Islands. Here 
 is a flourishing settlement with a good harbor. 
 
 Bellona, a village of Yates county. New 
 York, near the W. shore of Seneca Lake, 
 about 185 miles W. by S. from Albany, con- 
 tains 1 church, 8 stores, and 250 inhabitants. 
 The Canandaigua and Elmira railroad passes 
 through it. 
 
 Bellows Falls, a post-village of Wind- 
 ham county, Vermont, on the E. side of Con- 
 necticut river, 80 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. In the river, nearly opposite this 
 place, are numerous falls, having a descent 
 of 44 feet in the course of half a mile. 
 Around these falls, a canal with nine locks 
 has been cut through the solid rock. A 
 bridge, erected in 1785, of above 350 feet in 
 length, crosses the river at this place. The 
 village is situated at the intersection of the 
 railroads connecting Boston with Montreal, 
 and New Haven with St. Johnsbury. It is 
 remarkable for its beautiful scenery, and for 
 containing a celebrated medicinal spring. 
 There is a bank in the village. 
 
 Bell Plain, a post-office of Marshall co.. 111. 
 
 Bell Point, a post-office of Giles county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bell Prairie, a post-office of Benton 
 county, Minnesota Territory. 
 
 Bell Roi, a post-office of Gloucester coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bellsboeough, a village of Ohio county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Bellsburgh, a post-office of Dickson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Bell's Cross Roads, a post-office of Louisa 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bell's Landing, a small post-village in 
 Monroe county, Alabama. 
 
 Bell's Mines, a post-office of Crittendon 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Bell's Ridge, a post-office of Madison 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Bell's Store, a post-office of Fairfield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Bell's Valley, a post-office of Rockbridge 
 county, Virginia, 147 miles W. from Piich- 
 mond. 
 
 Belltown, a post-office of Monroe county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Bellvale, a post-village of Orange coun- 
 ty. New York, 26 miles S. W. from New- 
 bury. 
 
 Bellville, a post-office of Hamilton coun- 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 Bellville, or Belleville, a post-village, 
 capital of of Austin county, Texas. 
 
 Belmont, a county in the E. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on the Ohio river, which separates 
 it from Virginia, contains 620 square miles. 
 It is drained by Indian, Wheeling, Captina, 
 and McMahon creeks, which flow nearly 
 
 eastward. The surface is finely diversified 
 by hills, Avhich are capable of cultivation to 
 the summit. The soil is excellent. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, grass, tobacco, butter, 
 cattle, and horses are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 854,771 bushels of 
 corn; 359,399 of wheat; 360,040 of oats; 
 16,397 tons of hay; 1,652,598 pounds of 
 tobacco, and 612,238 of butter. It contained 
 74 churches and 3 newspaper establish- 
 ments. There were 4008 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 200 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county contains an 
 abundance of stone coal. It is intersected 
 by the Central railroad of Ohio. Capital, 
 St. Clairsville. Population, 34,600. 
 
 Belmont, a post-township of Waldo coun- 
 ty, Maine, about 35 miles E. by N. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1486. 
 
 Belmont, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, New York, 35 miles W. from Platts- 
 burg, is drained by the Chateaugay river. 
 Population, 660. 
 
 Belmont, a post-office of Loudon county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Belmont, a post-office of Newberry dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Belmont, a post-office of Sumpter county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Belmont, Mississippi. See Belmonte. 
 
 Belmont, a post-office of Sabine county, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Belmont, a post-office of Gonzales county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Belmont, a post-office of Crawford county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Belmont, a post-office of Fayette county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Belmont, a small village of Campbell 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Belmont, a small post-village of Belmont 
 county, Ohio, about 22 miles W. by S. from 
 Wheeling, has 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Belmont, a post-office of Pike county Illi- 
 nois, 70 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Belmonte, a small post-village of Panola 
 county, Mississippi, on the Tallahatchie river, 
 7 miles above Panola, the county seat, and 
 167 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Belmonte, a village of La Porte county, 
 Indiana, 11 miles S. by W. from La Porte. 
 
 Belmonte, or Belmont, a small village of 
 La Fayette county, Wisconsin, about 60 miles 
 W. S. W. from Madison, was formerly the 
 seat of territorial government. Three mounds 
 rise from the prairie in this vicinity to the 
 height of about 100 feet, one of which is 
 called the Belmont mound. 
 
 Belmore, or Bellmore, a small village of 
 Parke county, Indiana, 54 miles W. from In- 
 dianapolis, with which it is connected by a 
 plank-road, has about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Beloit, a post-township in Rock county, 
 Wisconsin, about 12 miles S. by AV. from 
 Jamesville. Population, 2730. 
 
 Beloit, a flourishing post-village of Beloit 
 93 
 
BEL 
 
 BEN 
 
 township, Rock county, Wisconsin, on the 
 left bank of Rock river, at the mouth of Tur- 
 tle creek, 50 miles S. S. E. from Madison, 
 78 miles S. W. from Milwaukie, and very 
 near the S. line of the state. It is situated 
 on a beautiful plain, from which the ground 
 rises abruptly 50 or 60 feet, affording desira- 
 ble sites for residences. The part of the 
 county E. from Rock river is occupied by a 
 fertile prairie, the largest in the state. The 
 ■village has an active trade, and is amply 
 supplied with water-power, which has been 
 increased by a dam across Rock river, and 
 gives motion to mills and factories of vari- 
 ous kinds. Beloit is noted for its fine 
 churches, and handsome, spacious streets. 
 It has several flourishing seminaries, and is 
 the seat of Beloit College, founded in 1846. 
 The Congregational church, built of gray 
 limestone is described as one of the most 
 beautiful in the state. Beloit contains 6 
 churches, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, more than 
 40 stores, 3 hotels, 3 flouring mills, 1 iron 
 foundry with machine shop, 1 manufactory of 
 woollen goods, 1 of reapers and fanning mills, 
 2 of carriages, and 1 of scales. A branch 
 railroad 18 miles long connects it with the 
 Galena and Chicago railroad, another is in 
 course of construction to Madison, and a third 
 projected to Milwaukee. Settled about 1837, 
 and incorporated in 1845. Pop. of township in 
 1850, 2782; of village in 1853, about 3300. 
 
 Belpee, a post-village in Washington co., 
 Ohio, on the N. bank of Ohio river, about 15 
 miles 3. W. from Marietta. Two railroads 
 terminate here, viz. the Cincinnati and Belpre 
 and the Columbus and Hocking Valley, (un- 
 finished.) Pop. of the township, 1522. 
 
 Belsano, a post-office of Cambria co., Pa. 
 
 Belton, a post-office of Anderson dis., S. C. 
 
 Belton, a post-village, capital of Bell co., 
 Texas, 70 miles N. N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Beltsville, a post-office of Prince George's 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Belvidere, a township of Lamoille coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 30 miles N. by E. from Montpe- 
 lier, watered by branches of the Lamoille 
 river. Population, 256. 
 
 Belvidere, a post-village of Amity town- 
 ship, Alleghany county, New York, on the S. 
 side of the Genesee river, near the point 
 where it is crossed by the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 379 miles from New York city. 
 
 Belvidere, a post-town of Oxford town- 
 ship, Warren county. New Jersey, is situ- 
 ated on both sides the Request river, at 
 its junction with the Delaware, 13 miles 
 above Easton, and 65 miles W. from New 
 York city. The Belvidere and Delaware rail- 
 road extends from this place to Trenton. It 
 contains a court house, 2 banks, a new aca- 
 demy, 4 churches, 2 printing offices, and 12 
 stores. There is a bridge across the Dela- 
 ware, and one across the Pequest river. The 
 latter stream falls nearly 50 feet in the last 
 mile of its course, aff"ording abundant water- 
 94 
 
 power. Belvidere has 1 iron foundry, 1 large 
 new cotton factory, 1 grist and 3 saw mills. 
 Population, about J 000. 
 
 Belvidere, a post-village, capital of Boone 
 county, Illinois, on the Kishwaukee river, 
 and on the Chicago and Galena railroad, 78 
 miles W. N. W. from Chicago, and 15 miles 
 E. from Rockford. It is situated in a fertile 
 and undulating country, and has an active 
 trade. Population, in 1850, estimated at 
 2000. 
 
 Bellevue, a village of Putnam county, 
 Georgia, 18 miles N. N. W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Belzora, a post-office of Smith county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Bem, a post-office of Green county, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 Beman's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Sampson county. North Carolina. 
 
 Bemis's Creek, a post-office of Cambria 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bemds's Heights, a post-village of Sara- 
 toga county, New York, on the Champlain 
 canal, 24 miles N. by E. from Albany. 
 
 Benbrook's Mills, a post-office of Izard 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Bendersville, a post-village of Adama 
 county, Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. from Get- 
 tysburg, has 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Bendy's Landing, a post-office of Tyler 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Benedict, a small post-village in Charles 
 county, Maryland, on the W. side of Patux- 
 ent river, about 38 miles S. S. W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Benedicta, a township in Aroostook county, 
 Maine. Population, 325. 
 
 Benela. See Banela. 
 
 Benevola, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Benevola, a post-office of Pickens county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Benezet, a township of Elk county, Penn- 
 sylvania, about 140 miles N. W. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 240. 
 
 Benford's Store, a post-office of Somer- 
 set county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bengal, a post-township in Clinton coun- 
 ty, Michigan, about 40 miles N. E. from 
 Hastings. Population, 143. 
 
 Benhaden, a post-office of Wakulla coun- 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 Benicia, be-nish'e-a, the present capital 
 of the state of California, is situated in So- 
 lano county, on the N. side of the strait of 
 Karquenas, connecting San Pablo and Suisun 
 bays. The strait is from one to two miles 
 wide and several miles long. The site of the 
 town is excellent, the land gently rolling for 
 about a mile from the extreme water or S. 
 front, and a little over that distance E. and 
 W. Beyond these limits in the rear, the hills 
 gently rise, and beyond them again, are a 
 succession of hills and valleys, the latter of 
 which are capable of cultivation. There is 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 little or no cultivation in or around the town, 
 and not a tree to be seen, though the extent 
 of vision is necessarily contracted by the 
 prosimity of the surrounding hills. The 
 houses are mostly of wood, but being com- 
 paratively new, present a neat and respecta- 
 ble appearance. There are several large 
 hotels in full operation, and now that the 
 legislature holds its sessions here, a great 
 impetus has been given to business ; and to 
 answer the increased demand of trade, va- 
 rious buildings ate in the course of erection, 
 while others are removed from their old loca- 
 tions to more desirable ones. The capitol is 
 a fine large brick edifice, and stands on the 
 brow of a slope a half a mile from the water 
 front of the city. It is two stories in height, 
 with numerous windows, and adorned in front 
 by two large Corinthian columns. The caps 
 of the latter, as well as the foundation blocks, 
 door-sills, and window-pieces, are of stone, 
 quarried a short distance below the town. 
 These quarries are inexhaustible. The stone 
 is of a light brownish colour, very soft, and 
 easily wrought: it is said, however, to 
 harden with exposure and age. Ships of the 
 largest size can lie in the harbor close to the 
 town. There is at this place an arsenal and 
 navy station. At the eastern end of the town 
 are the works of the Pacific Mail-Steamship 
 Company, where there are all the necessary 
 machinery and apparatus for working in iron, 
 as well as extensive carpenter shops, &c. 
 Two large brick foundries have been erected 
 by the company in the rear of their present 
 building, which will compare favorably with 
 any similar buildings in Philadelphia or New 
 York. Several steamboat lines, running be- 
 tween San Francisco and Sacramento, touch 
 at Benicia. This town is a port of entry. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 2000. 
 
 Benlak, a post-ofBce of Benton county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Benxersville, a small village of Centre 
 county, Pennsylvania, situated in Half Moon 
 valley, 12 miles S. W. from Bellefonte, and 98 
 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. The name of 
 the post-office is Half Moon. 
 
 Bennettsbuegh, a post-office of Tompkins 
 county, New York. 
 
 Bennet's Cokners, a post-office of Madi- 
 son county, New York. 
 
 Bennett's Corners, a post-office of Jack- 
 son county, Michigan. 
 
 Bennett's Creek, a post-office of Steuben 
 county. New York. 
 
 Bennett's Creek, of Frederick county, Ma- 
 ryland, flows westward in the Monocacy 
 river. 
 
 Bennett's Creek, of North Carolina, flows 
 into the Chowan river from the north at the 
 S. part of Gates county. 
 
 Bennett's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Sampson county, North Carolina. 
 
 Bennett's Ferry, a post-office of Jack- 
 son county, Tenness-ee. 
 
 Bennett's Mills, a post-office of Lewis 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bennett's River, a post-office of Fulton 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Bbnnettsville, a post-office of Chenango 
 county. New York. 
 
 Bennettsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Marlborough district. South Carolina, about 
 8 miles E. from Great Pedee river, and 100 
 miles E. N. E. from Columbia. It has several 
 churches and stores. 
 
 Bennettsville, a post-office of St. Clair 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Bennettsville, a post-village of Clarke 
 county, Indiana, on the railroad from New 
 Albany to Salem, 10 miles N. from the for- 
 mer. 
 
 Bennettsville, a small village of Scott 
 county, Indiana, on the railroad from JefFer- 
 sonville to Columbus. 
 
 Bennington, a county forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Vermont, has an area of about 
 700 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 waters of Battenkill, Hoosick, and Deerfield 
 rivers, and other small streams, which fur- 
 nish abundant water-power. Although some 
 good land is found within the limits of this 
 county, a greater part of the surface is 
 mountainous and unfitted for cultivation. 
 The attention of the inhabitants is in great 
 measure turned to manufactures of cotton 
 and wool. Great quantities of spruce and 
 other lumber are found in all parts of this 
 county. Indian corn, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 150,920 bushels of corn; 200,013 of 
 potatoes; 54,600 tons of hay; 502,786 
 pounds of butter, and 558,494 of cheese. 
 There were 3 cotton and 4 woollen factories, 
 4 foundries, 3 grist mills, 2 paper mills, 1 
 planing mill, 2 powder mills, and 40 saw 
 mills. It contained 29 churches and 2 news- 
 paper establishments. There were 6177 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 205 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. This 
 county contains quarries of white, gray, and 
 cloudedmarble, which are extensively worked, 
 and beds of yellow ochre and iron ore ; lead 
 is also sometimes found. The railroad con- 
 necting Troy with Rutland crosses the N. W. 
 part of the county, and that extending from 
 Rutland to Bennington partly intersects it. 
 Seats of justice, Bennington and Manchester. 
 Population, 18,589. 
 
 Bennington, a post-township in Hillsbo • 
 rough county, New Hampshire. Population, 
 541. 
 
 Bennington, a post-township of Benning- 
 ton county, Vermont, 117 miles S. by Vf. 
 from Montpelier. The battle of Benning- 
 ton, in which a detachment of the army 
 under General Burgoyne was defeated, was 
 fought here, August 16th, 1777. Population, 
 3923. 
 
 Bennington, a post-township of Wyoming 
 county, New York, 25 miles S. E. from Buf- 
 
 95 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 falo, is drained by Cayuga creek. Popula- 
 tion, 2406. 
 
 Bennington, a small village of Blair coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. It has recently sprung up 
 at the coal mines on Alleghany mountain. 
 
 Bennington, a township in Licking coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 30 miles N. E. from Colum- 
 bus. Population, 1145. 
 
 Bennington, a post-township in Morrow 
 county, Ohio, about 82 miles N. N. E. from 
 Columbus. Population, 1265. 
 
 Bennington, a small village of Putnam 
 county, Ohio, about 100 miles W. S. W. from 
 Sandusky City. 
 
 Bennington, a post-township in Shiawas- 
 see county, Michigan, about 80 miles N. W. 
 from Detroit. Population, 601. 
 
 Bennington, a thriving post-village of 
 Switzerland county, Indiana, 8 miles from 
 the Ohio river at Vevay. 
 
 Bennington, a small post-village of Marion 
 county, Iowa, on the Des Moines river, about 
 25 miles S. E. from Fort Des Moines. 
 
 Bennington Centre, or Old Village of 
 Bennington, a post-village, semi-capital of 
 Bennington county, Vermont, in Bennington 
 township, 117 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier, contains the county buildings and a 
 bank. Population, between 400 and 500. 
 
 Bennington East Village, a manufac- 
 turing village of Bennington township, Ben- 
 nington county, Vermont, about 1^ mile E. 
 from the old village. It contains 4 or 5 
 churches, an academy, and 1 or 2 printing 
 offices. Besides the several factories, foun- 
 dries, and tanneries in the place, there is an 
 establishment for making a peculiar kind of 
 fire-brick. These bricks are used in glass 
 ovens and furnaces where a high heat is re- 
 quired, and are generally preferred to any 
 imported. They are composed chiefly of 
 quartz and kaolin, a species of feldspar — 
 minerals found in great abundance in the 
 eastern part of the township. Population, 
 about 800. 
 
 Bennington Iron Works, situated about 3 
 miles E. from Bennington Centre, consisting 
 of several large furnaces, which give employ- 
 ment to about 200 hands, and produce from 
 2000 to 3000 tons of pig iron annually. 
 
 Bensalem, a township forming the south- 
 ern extremity of Bucks county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, bordering on the Delaware river, 16 
 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. Population, 
 2239. 
 
 Bensboeough, a small village in the N. 
 part of La Clede county, Missouri, on an 
 affluent of the Auglaize river. 
 
 Benson, a post-township of Paitland coun- 
 ty, Vermont, about 60 miles S. W. of Mont- 
 peliev. Population, 1305. 
 
 Benson, a post-village of Hamilton co.N. 
 York, about 50 miles N. N. AV. from Albany. 
 
 Benson's Landing, a post-office of Rutland 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Bent Creek, a neat post-villnge of Appo- 
 
 9a 
 
 mattox county, Virginia, on James river, at 
 the mouth of Bent creek, 112 miles W. from 
 Richmond. A plank-road extends from this 
 place to Clover Hill, the county town. It 
 has several stores, and a large flouring mill. 
 
 Bentevoglio, a post-office of Albemarle 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bentley's Corners, a post-office of Jef- 
 ferson county. New York. 
 
 Bentleyville, a small post-village of 
 AVashington county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bentleyville, a post-village of Halifax 
 county, Virginia, on Staiftiton river, 115 
 miles S. W. from Pvichmond. 
 
 Bentley Creek, a post-office of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Benton, a county in the AV. part of the 
 Peninsula of Florida, bordering on the Gulf 
 of Mexico, has an area of perhaps 1000 
 square miles. The AVithlacoochee river forms 
 its northern boundary. The surface has but 
 little elevation, and is mostly occupied by 
 pine woods and swamps ; the soil is sandy, 
 and produces sugar-cane, Indian corn, and 
 rice. In 1850 the county produced 23,515 
 bushels of corn; 86 hogsheads of sugar; 
 3910 gallons of molasses, and 5150 pounds 
 of rice. It contained 7 churches, and 60 
 pupils attending public schools. Named iu 
 honor of Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri. 
 Capital, Melendez. Population, 926, of whom 
 604 were free, and 322, slaves. 
 
 Benton, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Alabama, bordering on Georgia, has an area 
 of 1170 square miles. The Coosa river 
 washes its N. AV. border ; the Tallapoosa 
 flows through the S. E. part ; and it is also 
 drained by Tallasaliatchee and Chocolocco 
 creeks. The county is traversed by moun- 
 tain ridges. The soil of the valleys is exceed- 
 ingly fertile, and much improved. Cotton, 
 wheat, and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 5995 bales of cot- 
 ton; 580,356 bushels of corn; 92,360 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 69,452 of oats. There were 9 
 grist and saw mills, 1 carding and fulling mill, 
 and 1 iron furnace. It contained 26 churches 
 and 1 newspaper establishment. There were 
 1633 pupils attending public schools, and 
 206 attending academies or other schools. 
 The mountains are rich in minerals ; gold 
 and lead have been found. Iron ore, fine 
 marble, and limestone are abundant. Cha- 
 lybeate and other mineral springs occur 
 in several places. The long-leaved pine is 
 one of tlie most numerous trees in the fo- 
 rests. The railroad lately commenced be- 
 tween Selma and Tennessee river passes 
 through the county. Capital, Jacksonville. 
 Population, 17,163, of whom 13,400 were 
 free, and 3763, slaves. 
 
 Benton, a county forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Arkansas, contains about 900 
 square miles. It is drained by the Illinois 
 river and Flag creek. The surface is mostly 
 level, and the soil very productive. Indiam 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 corn, Tfheat, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 there were raised 144,385 bushels of 
 corn; 12,405 of -wheat; 26,240 of oats, and 
 34,101 pounds of butter. There were 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 carding and fulling mill, 1 
 flour and grist mill, and 1 tannery. It con- 
 tained 2 churches; 146 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 55 attending academies or 
 other schools. The streams afford excellent 
 water-power. A strong current of emigra- 
 tion is moving toward this section of the 
 state. Capital, Bentonville. Population, 
 3710, of whom 3509 were free, and 201, 
 slaves. 
 
 Benton, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Tennessee, has an area of about 400 square 
 miles. The Tennessee river (navigable by 
 steam) forms its entire boundary on the E., 
 and the Big Sandy washes its N. W. border. 
 The soil is said to be fertile. Indian corn, 
 oats, pork, and tobacco are the staples. 
 The county is well timbered. In 1850 it 
 produced 305,490 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 144,508 pounds of tobacco, and 48,802 of 
 butter. It contained 37 churches, 600 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 60 attending 
 an academy. Capital, Camden. Population, 
 305, of whom 5942 were free, and 363, slaves. 
 
 Benton county, in the AV. N. W. part of 
 Indiana, bordering on Illinois, contains 414 
 square miles. It is drained by Pine and 
 Sugar creeks. More than half of the sur- 
 face is an undulating prairie, the soil of 
 which is highly productive ; and about one- 
 fifth is covered with forests of oak, ash, su- 
 gar-maple, walnut, &c. The chief produc- 
 tions are wheat, maize, oats, pork, and cat- 
 tle. In 1850 this county produced 160,400 
 bushels of corn; 2612 of wheat; 14,308 of 
 oats, and 948 tons of hay. It contained 180 
 pupils attending public schools. Organized 
 in 1840. Capital, Oxford. Population, 1144. 
 
 Benton, a county in the W. central part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 770 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Osage river, which 
 flows eastward, and in its passage receives 
 the Pomme de Terre and Grand rivers. The 
 county is also drained by Tebo, Beaver, and 
 Cole Camp creeks. The surface is somewhat 
 diversified, and consists partly of prairies ; 
 the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 cattle, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 154,965 bushels of 
 corn; 11,072 of wheat, and 39,415 of oats. 
 It contained 4 churches and 1 newspaper 
 establishment. The Osage river is naviga- 
 ble during high water. Lead is found in 
 the county. Capital, Warsaw. Population, 
 5015, of whom 4555 were free, and 460, 
 slaves. 
 
 Benton, a new county in the E. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 720 square 
 miles. It is traversed by Cedar river and 
 by Prairie creek, and the Iowa river touches 
 its S. W. extremity. The prairies of this 
 county are said to be more extensive than 
 Q 
 
 the woodlands : the soil is fertile, and the 
 climate healthy. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 and potatoes are cultivated. In 1850 this 
 county produced 19,370 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 8013 of wheat; 2483 of oats; 638 of 
 potatoes; 1068 pounds of wool, and 678 tons 
 of hay. Capital, Vinton. Population, 672. 
 
 Benton, a county in the E. part of Min- 
 nesota, containing an area of 1450 square 
 miles. The Mississippi river forms its bound- 
 ary on the W., and Pium river flows along 
 the eastern border. It is also drained by Flat 
 river, Nokay and Elk rivers. The surface 
 is uneven, and partly covered with forests 
 of pine and other timber. Lumber, Indian 
 corn, potatoes, and hay are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 3650 bushels of 
 potatoes; 160 of corn, and 1121 tons of hay. 
 Capital, Sauk Rapids. Population, 418. 
 
 Benton, a county in the W. part of Oregon, 
 has an area of about 1100 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Willammette 
 river, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, 
 and is drained by a small stream flowing 
 into the above-mentioned river. Mount 
 Snelling, near its centre, is the principal 
 elevation. Cape Foulweather is situated on 
 the N. W. coast. Wheat, wool, and butter 
 are the principal products. In 1850 there 
 were raised 14,913 bushels of wheat; 40 of 
 corn ; 193 of oats ; 1402 of potatoes ; 1856 
 pounds of wool, and 41,065 of butter. Capi- 
 tal, Maysville. Population, 814. 
 
 Benton, a post-oSice of Kennebec county, 
 Maine. 
 
 Benton, a post-township in Grafton coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire. Population, 478. 
 
 Benton, a post-township of Yates county, 
 New York, on the west shore of Seneca lake, 
 about 180 miles W. from Albany. It is in- 
 tersected by the Canandaigua and Elmira 
 railroad. Population, 3456. 
 
 Benton, a small post-village in the above 
 township, 7 miles N. by E. from Pen Yan. 
 
 Benton, a post-office of Columbia county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Benton, a township in the north part of 
 Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, 30 miles N. 
 N. E. from Wilkesbarre, intersected by the 
 Lackawanna and Western railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 849. 
 
 Benton, a post-village of Lowndes county, 
 Alabama, on the Alabama river, about 35 
 miles W. from Montgomery. It owes its im- 
 portance to the navigation of the river, and 
 does a large business in proportion to its 
 size. The land in the vicinity produces 
 good crops of cotton. Population, 400 or 
 500. 
 
 Benton, a post-village of Yazoo county, 
 Mississippi, about 40 miles N. from Jackson, 
 and 11 miles E. from Yazoo City, was for- 
 merly the county seat. It contains 1 church, 
 1 academy, and several stores. 
 
 Benton, a small post-village, capital or 
 Saline county, Arkansas, 25 miles S. W. from 
 
 97 
 
BEN 
 
 BER 
 
 Little Eock, and 2 miles N. E. from Saline 
 river, -which affords water-power. It has a 
 court house, jail, and a few shops. Fine 
 marble, soapstone, and silver are found in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Benton, or Bentonvillb, a post-village, 
 capital of Polk county, Tennessee, 4 miles 
 S. from Hiawassee river, and 75 miles S. S. 
 W. from Knoxville. It has a court house, 
 jail, academy, 2 or 3 churches, and several 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Benton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Marshall county, Kentucky, on Clark's river, 
 about 270 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Benton, a small village of Mercer county, 
 Kentucky, on Chaplin river. 
 
 Benton, a small village of Brown county, 
 Ohio, about 40 miles E. from Cincinnati, has 
 87 inhabitants. 
 
 Benton, a thriving post-village of Han- 
 cock county, Ohio, about 84 miles in a direct 
 line N. N. W. from Columbus. The post- 
 oflBce is called Benton Ridge. 
 
 Benton, a small post-village of Holmes 
 county, Ohio, 92 miles N. E. from Colum- 
 bus. - 
 
 Benton, a township in Ottawa county, 
 Ohio. Population, 64. 
 
 Benton, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Paulding county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 61. 
 
 Benton, a township in Pike county, Ohio, 
 about 30 miles N. by W. from Portsmouth. 
 Population, 639. 
 
 Benton, a small village near the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Portage county, Ohio. 
 
 Benton, a township in the N. AV. part of 
 Berrien, county, Michigan. The N. W. cor- 
 ner touches Lake Michigan. 
 
 Benton, a township in Eaton county, 
 Michigan, aboixt 28 miles S. S. E. from Ly- 
 ons. Population, 844. 
 
 Benton, a post-township in Elkhart coun- 
 ty, Indiana, about 10 miles S. S. E. from 
 Goshen. Population, 1128. 
 
 Benton, a village in the above township, 
 on the Elkhart river, 7 miles S. E. from 
 Goshen, the county seat, has 2 churches, 
 a large flouring mill, 2 tanneries, and seve- 
 ral stores. Population, about 200. 
 
 Benton, a township in Monroe county, 
 Indiana. Population, 622. 
 
 Benton, a post-office of Washtenaw coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Benton, a township in Adam's county, Il- 
 linois. Population, 1226. 
 
 Benton, a post-village, capital of Frank- 
 lin county, Illinois, is situated on a prairie 
 near Big Muddy river, 152 miles S. by E. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Benton, a village in the N. part of Hen- 
 derson county, Illinois, 2 miles E. from the 
 Mississippi river. 
 
 Benton, a township in Lake county, Il- 
 linois. Population, 730. 
 
 Benton, a small post-village, capital of 
 98 
 
 Scott county, Missouri, 240 miles E. S. E. 
 from Jefferson City, has a court house, jail, 
 and a few stores. 
 
 Benton, a thriving post-village of La Fa- 
 yette county, Wisconsin, is half a mile W. 
 from Fever river, 13 miles N. from Galena, 
 Illinois, and 85 miles S. W. from Madison. 
 It is surrounded by rich lead mines, in which 
 many persons are employed, and is a place 
 of active business. The village contains 2 
 churches, 5 stores, 1 smelting furnace, and 
 about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Benton Centre, a post-village of Benton 
 township, Yates county. New York, 189 miles 
 W. from Albany. 
 
 Benton Ridge, a post-office of Hancock 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Bentonspoet, a small post-village of Van 
 Buren county, Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 
 about 6 miles E. from Keosauque. 
 
 Eentonsville, a post-office of Johnson 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Bentonville, a post-office of Warren 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bbntonyille, a small post-village, capital 
 of Benton county, Arkansas, 225 miles N. W. 
 from Little Rock, and about 25 miles from 
 the N. W. extremity of the state. The county 
 has a large portion of good arable land, and 
 is liberally supplied with water-power. The 
 population of this section is increasing ra- 
 pidly by immigration. Population, about 
 500. 
 
 Bentonville, Tennessee. See Benton. 
 
 Bentonville, a thriving post-village of 
 Adams county, Ohio, 12 miles from the Ohio 
 river, and 108 S. S. W. from Columbus. It 
 is connected by a plank-road with the Ohio 
 river at Manchester. Population, 378. 
 
 Bentonville, a post-village of Fayette 
 county, Indiana, 11 miles N. W. from Con- 
 nersville, the county town. 
 
 Benvenue, a post-office of Dauphin coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Benzingek, a post-township of Elk county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 160 miles N,. W. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 1268. 
 
 Berea, a post-office of Granville county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Berea, a manufacturing post-village of 
 Cuyahoga county, Ohio, on the Cleveland 
 and Columbus railroad, 12 miles S. W. from 
 Cleveland. 
 
 Bergen, a county in the N. E. part of New 
 Jersey, bordering on New York, has an area 
 of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by Hudson river, and is intersected 
 by Ramapo, Hackensack, and Saddle rivers, 
 which afford valuable water-jjower. The 
 famous palisades of the Hudson are situated 
 on the E. border of this county. The surface is 
 generally uneven, and in the W. part moun- 
 tainous. The soil is fertile, particularly 
 along the valleys of the streams. Indian 
 corn, potatoes, hay, and butter are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 150,709 
 
BER 
 
 BEE 
 
 bushels of corn ; 57,686 of oats; 166,368 of 
 potatoes; 16,58:2 tons of hay, and 328,759 
 pounds of butter. It contained 4 cotton and 
 1 woollen mill, 1 calico print works, 15 flour, 
 3 paper, and 15 saw mills. There were 21 
 churches, and 2725 pupils attending public 
 schools. Magnetic iron ore and limestone 
 are found. The railroad connecting Jersey 
 City with Binghampton, in New York, tra- 
 verses the western part of this county. 
 Organized in 1710, but the area has since 
 been considerably diminished by the forma- 
 tion of Passaic and Hudson counties. Capi- 
 tal, Hackensack. Population, 14,725, of 
 whom 41 were slaves. 
 
 Bekgen, a post-township of Genesee coun- 
 ty, New York, about 235 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. It is intersected by the Rochester 
 and Batavia railroad. Population, 1897. 
 
 Beegen, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Rochester and Batavia railroad, 
 about 235 miles W. by N. from Albany. Po- 
 pulation, about 250. 
 
 Bergen, a post-township of Hudson county. 
 New Jersey, lying between New York bay on 
 the E., and Newark bay on the W., 4 miles 
 W. from New York. Population, 2758. 
 
 Bergen, a post-village of the above town- 
 ship, on the top of Bergen Ridge, 3 miles W. 
 from New York city. It has an elegant 
 church, a bank, and 30 or 40 dwellings. Set- 
 tled about the year 1616. 
 
 Bergen Iron Works, a post-village of 
 Brick township, Ocean county, New Jer- 
 sey. 
 
 Bergen Point, a post-office of Hudson 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 Bergen's Store, a post-office of Pittsylva- 
 nia county, Virginia. 
 
 Bergholtz, or New Bergholtz, a post- 
 village in Wheatfield township, Niagara coun- 
 ty. New York, about 15 miles N. of Buffalo. 
 The village and immediate vicinity contain 
 1 church, and 2 school-houses with 3 teach- 
 ers and 200 scholars. This place was set- 
 tled in 1843, by Lutheran emigrants from 
 Bergholtz, Pi^ussia. Population, about 2000, 
 including that of two other villages in the 
 immediate neighbourhood, which may be re- 
 garded as suburbs. 
 
 Berk, a post-office of Dane county, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 Berkeley, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on the Potomac river, 
 which separates it from Maryland, has an 
 area of about 250 square miles. It is bound- 
 ed on the S. E. by Opequan creek, and inter- 
 sected by Back creek. It occupies the most 
 northern part of the Valley of Virginia. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous, the soil of 
 the valleys and river bottoms is mostly fer- 
 tile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 356,234 bushels of wheat; 171,686 
 of corn; 50,531 of oats; 6667 tons of hay, 
 and 157,850 pounds of butter. There were 
 
 24 flour mills, 11 grist mills, 14 saw mills, 1 
 paper mill, 1 railroad machine shop, and 4 
 tanneries. It contained 30 churches, 550 
 pupils attending public schools, and 102 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Lime- 
 stone underlies a large part of the county ; 
 anthracite coal and iron are abundant. The 
 streams furnish considerable water-power. 
 The county is intersected by the Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad. Organized in 1772, and 
 named probably from Sir William Berkeley, 
 formerly governor of Virginia. Capital, Mar- 
 tinsburg. Population, 11,771, of whom 9815 
 were free, and 1956, slaves. 
 
 Berkley, a post-township of Bristol 
 county, Massachusetts, 35 miles S. of Bos- 
 ton, on the E. side of Taunton river. Popu- 
 lation, 908. 
 
 Berkley, a post-office of Madison county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Berkley, a. township in Jasper county, 
 Indiana. Population, 597. 
 
 Berkley Springs, Virginia. See Bath. 
 
 Berks, a county in the S. E. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, has an area of 920 square miles. 
 Schujdkill river flows through the county in 
 a S. E. direction, dividing it into nearly equal 
 parts, and it is drained also by Tulpehocken, 
 Maiden, Manatawny, and Little Swatara 
 creeks. The surface is finely diversified. 
 The Kittatinny or Blue mountain forms its 
 N. W. boundary, the S. E. central part is 
 traversed by a ridge which is here called 
 South mountain, and in Virginia the Blue 
 Ridge. Between these is the Kittatinny val- 
 ley, in which a large part of the county is 
 comprised. The soil of this valley is of lime- 
 stone formation, highly productive, and well 
 cultivated ; the slate and shale lands of the 
 declivities are also susceptible of profitable 
 cultivation. Grain of various kinds, pota- 
 toes, cattle, horses, and pork are the chief 
 products of the farm. In 1850 there were 
 raised 811,947 bushels of Indian corn; 
 577,668 of wheat; 880,769 of oats; 246,358 
 of potatoes; 83,25.7 tons of hay, and 1,873,294 
 pounds of butter. There were 168 flour and 
 grist mills, 76 saw mills, 69 carpentering and 
 building establishments, 35 lime-burning es- 
 tablishments, 12 manufactories of agricul- 
 tural implements, 19 of tin and sheet iron 
 ware, and 2 of piano-fortes, 3 rolling mills, 
 10 iron foundries, 11 furnaces, 17 forges, 1 
 comb factory, 4 breweries, 4 paper mills, 1 
 powder mill, 4 linseed-oil mills, 7 potteries, 
 8 distilleries, and 59 tanneries. It contained 
 102 churches and 9 newspaper establish- 
 ments. There were 14,156 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 1275 attending academies 
 and other schools. The iron mines of this 
 county are rich and extensively worked ; 
 copper is found in small quantities, in con- 
 nection with the iron. The Schuylkill canal 
 passes through the county, and the Union 
 canal extends from Reading to the Susque- 
 hanna river. It is intersected by the Phila- 
 
 99 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 delphia and Reading railroad, and by several 
 turnpikes. Berks was first settled by Ger- 
 mans about 1734, and organized in 1752. 
 Capital, Reading. The name is derived from 
 Berks county, England. Population, 77,129. 
 
 Berkshike, a county forming the W. ex- 
 tremity of Massachusetts, extending across 
 the entire breadth of the state, has an area 
 of about 1000 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Housatonic, Deerfield, Farmington, 
 and Hoosick rivers, and other smaller streams 
 which furnish abundant water-power. The 
 surface is uneven or hilly, and in some parts 
 mountainous. Saddle mountain, in the N. 
 part, is the highest elevation in Massachu- 
 setts. Berkshire is remarkable for its varied 
 and picturesque scenery. The soil is gene- 
 rally fertile and well adapted to grazing. 
 Indian corn, potatoes, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 240,899 
 bushels of corn; 369,642 of potatoes; 92,460 
 tons of hay; 1,060,807 pounds of butter, 
 and 2,575,145 of cheese. There were 21 cot- 
 ton and 14 woollen factories, 6 iron furnaces, 
 5 iron foundries, 1 glass works, 1 India-rub- 
 ber manufactory, 7 machine shops, 15 grist, 
 18 paper, 1 powder, and 75 saw and planing 
 mills, 1 calico-printing and 18 lime-burning 
 establishments, 2 distilleries, 5 coach manu- 
 factories, 12 charcoal-burning establishments, 
 and 22 tanneries. It contained 87 churches 
 and 5 newspaper establishments. There 
 were 10,213 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 880 attending academies and other 
 schools. Marble, iron ore, and limestone 
 are abundant. The railroads connecting 
 Boston with Albany, and Bridgeport with 
 Albany, traverse this county, and two branch 
 railroads are included within it. Organized 
 in 1770, and named from Berkshire, a county 
 in England. Capital, Lenox. Population, 
 49,591. 
 
 Berkshike, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, about 50 miles N. by E. 
 from Montpelier, on the N. side of Missisque 
 river, has very great water privileges. Po- 
 pulation, 1955. 
 
 Berkshire, a post-township of Tioga 
 county, New York, 15 miles N. N. E. from 
 Owego. Population, 1049. 
 
 Berkshire, a post-office of Gwinnett coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Berkshire, a thriving post-village of Dela- 
 ware county, Ohio, about 24 miles N. N. E. 
 from Columbus, has several stores. 
 
 Berkshire, a post-village of Kane county, 
 Illinois, 50 miles W. by N. from Chicago. 
 
 Berkshire Valley, a small post- village 
 of Morris county. New Jersey, 12 miles N. 
 W. from Morristown, has one Presbyterian 
 church. A branch of Rockaway river, flowing 
 through the place, gives motion to several 
 forges. 
 
 Berlin, a township of Franklin county, 
 Maine, 45 miles N. W. of Augusta. 
 
 Bkrlin, a post-township of Coos county, 
 100 
 
 New Hampshire, about 125 miles N. of Con- 
 cord, well-watered by the Androscoggin and 
 Amonoosuck rivers. Population, 173. 
 
 Berlin, a township of Washington county, 
 Vermont, 5 miles S. by W. from Montpelier, 
 intersected by the Vermont Central railroad 
 Population, 1507. 
 
 Berlin, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, 30 miles W. of Bos- 
 ton, enjoys good water privileges. Popula- 
 tion, 866. 
 
 Berlin, a post-township of Hartford coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, on the Hartford and New 
 Haven railroad, 11 miles S. by W. from Hart- 
 ford, and 25 miles N. by E. from New Haven. 
 The manufacture of tin was early introduced 
 here and is still carried on. Population, 
 1869. 
 
 Berlin, a post-township of Rensselaer 
 county. New York, about 22 miles E. from 
 Albany. Population, 2005. 
 
 Berlin, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 26 miles E. from Albany, has several 
 stores and mills. 
 
 Berlin, a post-borough of Somerset coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 78 miles S. E. from Pitts- 
 burg, and 143 W. from Harrisburg, is near 
 the western base of the Alleghany mountain. 
 It is one of the largest towns in the county, 
 and has an active trade. The plank-road 
 from Cumberland, Maryland, to the Youghio- 
 gheny river, passes through this place. Bed* 
 of excellent coal, 5 feet in thickness, have 
 been opened very near the town. Popula- 
 tion, 665. 
 
 Berlin, a township of AVayne county, 
 Pennsylvania, a few miles E. from Honesdale. 
 Population, 803. 
 
 Berlin, a flourishing post-village of Wor- 
 cester county, Maryland, 7 miles from the 
 Atlantic, and 123 miles S. E. from Annapo- 
 lis. It has considerable trade. Population, 
 about 800. 
 
 Berlin, a post-office of Southampton coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Berlin, a small post-village in Sumter 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Berlin, a thriving post-village of Harde- 
 man county, Tennessee, on the State Line 
 road from Memphis to Tuscumbia, about 50 
 miles E. from the former. It is situated in a 
 wealthy neighbourhood, and has an active 
 business. The route of the Memphis and 
 Charleston railroad passes very near the 
 village. Population in 1851, about 300. 
 
 Berlin, a township in Delaware county, 
 Ohio, about 20 miles N. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, 1151. 
 
 Berlin, a township in Erie county, Ohio, 
 .about 15 miles S. E. from Sandusky City. 
 Population, 1582. 
 
 Berlin, a post-township in Holmes county, 
 Ohio, about 8 miles E. from Millersburg. 
 Population, 1452. 
 
 Berlin, a post-village of Holmes county, 
 Ohio, 94 miles N. E. from Columbus. It 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 contains 2 churches, 1 foundry and machine 
 shop, and several stores. 
 
 Berlin, a small post-village of Jackson 
 county, Ohio, near the Scioto and Hocking 
 Valley railroad, 81 miles S. S. E. from Co- 
 lumbus, has about 75 inhabitants. The post- 
 office is Berlin Cross Roads. 
 
 Berlin, a township in Knox county, Ohio, 
 about 10 miles N. by W. from Mount Vernon. 
 Population, 1156. 
 
 Berlin, a township in Mahoning county, 
 Ohio, about 12 miles W. from Canfield. Po- 
 pulation, 1376. 
 
 Berlin, a village of Shelby county, Ohio, 
 on the Miami and Erie canal, 88 miles W. by 
 N. from Columbus, contains about 150 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Berlin, a township in Ionia county, Mi- 
 chigan, about 14 miles S. W. from Lyons. 
 Population, 391. 
 
 Berlin, a post-office of Ottowa county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Beulin, a post-township in St. Clair coun- 
 ty, Michigan, about 75 miles N. N. E. from 
 Detroit. Population, 533. 
 
 Berlin, a small post-village of Clinton 
 county, Indiana, about 40 miles N. from In- 
 dianapolis, was laid out in 1847. It has 2 
 stores and about 75 inhabitants. 
 
 Berlin, a small village of Mercer county, 
 Illinois, on the road from Knoxville to Rock 
 Island, 150 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Berlin, a post-village of Sangamon coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on the railroad between Spring- 
 field and Jacksonville, 15 miles W. by S. 
 from the former. 
 
 Berlin, a small post-village in Scott coun- 
 ty, Iowa, on the W. side of Mississippi river, 
 about 25 miles S. E. from Dewitt. 
 
 Berlin, a flourishing post-village of Mar- 
 quette county, Wisconsin, on the Neenah 
 river, about 75 miles N. N. E. from Madison. 
 It has a good landing for steamboats, and is 
 the principal shipping point of the county. 
 Population estimated at 1000. 
 
 Berlin Centre, a small village in Berlin 
 township, Rensselaer county. New York, 20 
 miles E. from Albany. 
 
 Berlin Centre, a post-offiee of Mahoning 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Berlin Cross Roads, a post-office of Jack- 
 son county, Ohio- 
 
 Berlin Falls, a post-offiee of Coos county. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Beklinville, a small post-village of Erie 
 county, Ohio, 108 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Berming. See Birming. 
 
 Bbrmudian, a small post-village of Adams 
 county, Pennsylvania, 19 miles S. by W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Bernadotte, a post-township in Fulton 
 county, Illinois. Population, 787. 
 
 Bernadotte, a small post-village in the 
 above township, on Spoon river, an affluent 
 of the Illiaois, 65 miles N. W. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Bernalillo, a county in the E. central 
 part of New Mexico, has an area of about 
 900 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by 
 the Rio de San Jose, and is drained by the 
 Rio Grande and the Rio Puerco, which inter- 
 sect it. The surface in the E. part is rough 
 and mountainous. Wheat, Indian corn, and 
 wool are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 17,701 bushels of wheat; 39,303 
 of corn ; 2300 of peas and beans ; 8500 
 pounds of wool, and 390 gallons of wine. 
 The quantity of wool was the greatest pro- 
 duced in any county of the territory with the 
 exception of Rio Ariba county, and that of 
 wine greater than in any except Santa Fe 
 county. It contained 10 churches. Popula- 
 tion, 7751. 
 
 Bernards, a township of Somerset county, 
 New Jersey, 7 miles N. E. from Somerville, 
 drained by the North Branch of the Raritan. 
 Population, 2263. 
 
 Bernardstown, a post-township of Frank- 
 lin county, Massachusetts, on the Connecti- 
 cut River railroad, 100 miles W. N. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 937. 
 
 Beenardsville, a small village of Mercer 
 county. New Jersey, on the Delaware river, 
 8 miles above Trenton, has a lattice bridge 
 across the river. 
 
 Berne, a post-township of Albany county, 
 New York, 22 miles W. from Albany. Popu- 
 lation, 3441. 
 
 Berne, a township of Berks county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Schuylkill river, 2 or 3 miles 
 above Reading, intersected by the Philadel- 
 phia and Reading railroad. Population, 
 1734. 
 
 Berne, a township in Athens county, Ohio, 
 about 14 miles N. E. from Athens. Popula- 
 tion, 819. 
 
 Berne, a township in Fairfield county, 
 Ohio, about 5 miles S. E. from Lancaster. 
 Population, 2656. 
 
 Berne, a post-office of Monroe county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Bernhard's Bat, a post-office of Oswego 
 county. New York. 
 
 Bernon, a small village in Woonsocket 
 township. Providence county, Rhode Island, 
 about 12 miles N. of Providence. 
 
 Bernville, a small post-village of Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Tulpehocken creek, 
 12 miles N. W. from Reading. 
 
 Berrie, a township in Athens county, Ohio. 
 Population, 819. 
 
 Berrien, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Michigan, bordering on Lake Mi- 
 chigan and Indiana, has an area of about 600 
 square miles. It is drained by St. Joseph's, 
 Pawpaw, and Galien rivers. The surface 
 is rolling ; the soil of various qualities. 
 The valley of the St. Joseph's has a deep 
 black sandy loam, extremely fertile, and is 
 covered with dense forests of hard timber. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 
 101 
 
BER 
 
 BET 
 
 ty produced 224,306 bushels of corn; 88,239 
 of wheat; 73,600 of oats; 59,158 of pota- 
 toes, and 6165 tons of hay. It contained 15 
 churches and 3 newspaper establishments. 
 There were 4032 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 30 attending an academy. The 
 St. Joseph's river is navigable for keel-boats 
 through this county. The latter is amply 
 supplied with water-power, and contains 
 several quarries of sandstone. It is inter- 
 sected by the Central railroad. Capital, 
 Berrien. Population, 11,417. 
 
 Beeeien, a post-office of Cherokee county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Bbreien, a small village of Heard county, 
 Georgia, 8 miles W. S. W. from Franklin. 
 
 Beeeien, or Bekrien Speings, a post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Berrien county, Michigan, 
 in a township of its own name, on the 
 St. Joseph's river, 15 miles in a direct 
 line from its entrance into Lake Michigan, 
 and 160 miles W. S. W. from Lansing. The 
 river is navigable for keel-boats about 130 
 miles from its mouth, and flows through a 
 rich farming country. Population, 300. 
 
 Bekey, a post-township in Dane county, 
 Wisconsin. Population, 234. 
 
 Beerysbubg, a post-village of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, in Lykens valley, 39 
 miles N. from Harrisburg. The high ridges 
 which bound the valley contain abundance 
 of coal. 
 
 Berry's Ferry, a post-of&ce of Livingston 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Berry's Lick, a post-village of Butler 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Berry's Mill, a post-village of Union 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Bberysville, a post-township in Knox 
 county, Indiana, about 16 miles E. by S. 
 from Vincennes. 
 
 Beerytown, a post-village of Kent county, 
 Delaware, 14 miles S. by W. from Dover. 
 
 Berrytown, a small post-village of Cass 
 county, Illinois, about 30 miles W. N. W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Bebbyville, a small town, capital of Clarke 
 county, Virginia, on Opequan creek, and on 
 the turnpike from Winchester to Washington, 
 12 miles E. from the former, and 158 miles N. 
 by AV. from Kichmond. It has some trade, 
 and contains an academy and 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 Berbytille, a post-village in Scott county, 
 Mississippi, about 40 miles E. by N. from 
 Jackson. 
 
 Bebbyville, a post-office of Carroll coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 _ Berbyville, a small village of Highland 
 county, Ohio, 6 miles S. E. from Hillsborough, 
 contained, in 1850, near 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Bersheba. a post-office of Henry county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Bersheba Springs, a post-office of Grundy 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Bertie, a county in the N. E. part of North 
 Carolina, at the western end of Albemarle 
 102 
 
 sound, contains about 900 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Chowan, and on 
 the S. by the Eoanoke river, and drained by 
 Cashie river. The surface is nearly level, 
 and the soil fertile. Indian corn, cotton, 
 sweet potatoes, and hay are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 762,563 bushels of 
 corn; 94,836 of sweet potatoes ; 1310 bales 
 of cotton, and 3666 tons of hay. There were 
 6 corn and flour mills, 4 saw mills, 7 tar and 
 turpentine distilleries. It contained 16 
 churches. Capital, Windsor. Population, 
 12,851, of whom 5657 were free, and 7194, 
 slaves. 
 
 Bertrand, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Berrien county, Michigan. 
 
 Berteand, a post-village in the above 
 township, on St. Joseph's river, 14 miles S. 
 S. E. from Berrien. 
 
 Berwick, a township of York county, 
 Maine, 80 miles S. W. by S. from Augusta. 
 Population, 2121. 
 
 Ijerwick, a township in the E. part of 
 Adams county, Pennsylvania, 28 miles S; by 
 W. from Harrisburg. Population, 811. 
 
 Ber-\vick, a village in Adams county, Penn- 
 sylvania. See Abbottstown. 
 
 Berwick, a post-borough of Briar Creek 
 township, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the right bank of the North Branch of the 
 Susquehanna river, 95 miles N. N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. The North Branch canal passes 
 through the place, and a bridge, 1260 feet long, 
 connects it with Nescopeck, a village of Lu- 
 zerne county. Iron ore and stone coal are 
 abundant in this neighbourhood. Berwick 
 has 1 or 2 churches and several stores. Po- 
 pulation, about 600. 
 
 Bebwick, a post-office of Seneca county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Berwick, a post-village of Warren county, 
 Illinois, 95 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Berzelia, a post-village of Columbia coun- 
 ty, Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, 20 miles 
 W. from Augusta. 
 
 Bestland, a post-office of Essex county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bethabara, a Moravian village in Forsyth 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Bethania, a small post-village in Forsyth 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Bethany, a post-township of New Haven 
 county, Connecticut, 8 miles N. by W. from 
 New Haven. Population, 914. 
 
 Bethany, a post-township of Genesee coun- 
 ty, New York, about 240 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. Population, 1904. 
 
 Bethany, or Bethany Centre, a post-vil- 
 lage in the above township, about 35 miles 
 S. W. from Rochester. 
 
 Bethany, a post-borough of Dyberry town- 
 ship, Wayne county, Pennsylvania, 3 miles 
 N. from Honesdale, and 1 mile W. from Dy- 
 berry creek. It was the county seat until 
 1842. The borough contains 1 church, an 
 academy, and about 350 inhabitants. 
 
BET 
 
 BET 
 
 Bethany, a post-village of Brooke county, 
 Virginia, on Buffalo creek, 7 miles from the 
 OMo river, and 16 miles N. E. from Wheeling. 
 The surrounding country is fertile and beau- 
 tiful. The village is the seat of Bethany 
 College, which was established in 1841, by 
 Alexander Campbell, a Baptist minister. 
 
 Bethany, a post-office of York district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Bethany, a small village of Greene county, 
 Georgia, 35 miles N. by E. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Bethany, a post-office of Panola county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Bethany, a post-village of Butler county, 
 Ohio, 20 miles N. N. E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Bethany, a small village of Bartholomew 
 county, Indiana, 8 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Bethany, a little village of Christian coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 20 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Bethany, a small village of Clay county, 
 Missouri, 15 miles N. N. E. from Liberty. 
 
 Bethany, a small post-village, capital of 
 Harrison county, Missouri. 
 
 Bethany Church, a post-office of Iredell 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Beth Eden, a post-office of Newberry dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Bethel, a post-township of Oxford county, 
 Maine, 45 miles W. by N. from Augusta. 
 Population, 2253. 
 
 Bethel, a post-township of Windsor coun- 
 ty, Vermont, on the Vermont Central rail- 
 road, 38 miles S. from Montpelier, and 89 
 miles N. from Windsor. In the place is an 
 ineshaustible quarry of soapstone, which is 
 exported in considerable quantities. Popu- 
 lation, 1730. The village contains a bank. 
 
 Bethel, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, contains several stores, a number of 
 mills, and 3 or 4 tanneries. 
 
 Bethel, a flourishing post-village in Dan- 
 bury township, Fairfield county, Connecticut, 
 about 25 miles N. W. by W. from New Ha- 
 ven. The principal articles of manufacture 
 are hats and combs. It contains 1 bank. 
 
 Bethel, a post-township of Sullivan coun- 
 ty. New York, 60 miles W. by N. from New- 
 burg. Population, 2087. 
 
 Bethel, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 120 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Bethel, a post-township forming the W. 
 extremity of Berks county, Pennsylvania, 
 35 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Popula- 
 tion, 1871. 
 
 Bethel, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Delaware county, Pennsylvania, bordering 
 on the state of Delaware. Population, 
 426. 
 
 Bethel, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Fulton county, Pennsylvania, 
 about 85 miles W. S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 1137. 
 
 Bethel, a township of Lebanon county, 
 Pennsylvania, 28 miles N. E. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 1894. 
 
 Bethel, a post-office of Mercer county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bethel, a small village in Hertford coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Bethel, a post-office of York district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Bethel, a post-village of Glynn county, 
 Georgia, on Turtle river, about 70 miles in a 
 direct line S. S. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Bethel, a post-office of Wilcox county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Bethel, a post-office of Giles county, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Bethel, a small post-village of Bath coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Bethel, a township in Clark county, Ohio, 
 about 10 miles W. from Springfield. Popu- 
 lation, 2646. 
 
 Bethel, a post-village of Tate township, 
 Clermont county, Ohio, 33 miles S. E. from 
 Cincinnati, is one of the oldest villages of 
 the county. It contains several stores and 
 shops. Population, estimated at 400. 
 
 Bethel, a township in Miami county, 
 Ohio. Population, 1656. 
 
 Bethel, a township in Monroe county, 
 Ohio, about 22 miles N. E. from Marietta. 
 Population, 1028. 
 
 Bethel, a township in the S. W. central 
 part of Branch county, Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 079. 
 
 Bethel, a township in St. Clair county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Bethel, a township in Posey county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 382. 
 
 Bethel, a post-office of Wayne county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Bethel, a small post-village of Morgan 
 county, Illinois, near the Sangamon and 
 Morgan railroad, 48 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Bethel, a thriving post-village of Shelby 
 county, Missouri, on the N. fork of North 
 river, 98 miles N. N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 It was settled about 1842 by a company of 
 Germans from Pennsylvania. The title of 
 their property is vested in one person, and 
 held for the benefit of the community. They 
 have 4000 acres of fertile land, and carry on 
 farming and mechanic arts with success. 
 The German language is taught in their 
 schools exclusively, and commonly used 
 among themselves. They have a large and 
 elegant place of worship. The village con- 
 tains a glove factory and mills of various 
 kinds. Population, about 800. 
 
 Bethesda, a post-office of Williamson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-township of Grafton 
 county, New Hampshire, 75 miles N. by E. 
 from Concord. Population, 950. 
 
 Bethlehem, or Bethlbm, a post-township 
 of Litchfield county, Connecticut, 30 miles 
 N. W. from New Haven. Population, 815. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-township of Albany 
 county, New York, on the Hudson river, 5 
 miles S. from Albany. Population, 4102. 
 
 103 
 
BET 
 
 BEX 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-township of Hunterdon 
 county, New Jersey, 13 miles N. W. from 
 Flemington. Population, 2745. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-township of Northamp- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh 
 river, 7 miles W. by S. from Easton. Popu- 
 lation, including the borough of same name, 
 8620. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-borough in the above 
 township, on the left bank of the Lehigh 
 river, 11 miles above Easton, and 51 miles 
 N. from Philadelphia. It has a pleasant and 
 commanding situation, and is an agreeable 
 place of resort in summer. This town was 
 founded in 1741 by the Moravians, who have 
 a large stone church in the Gothic style, 142 
 feet long ; and a female seminary which en- 
 joys a high reputation, besides other schools 
 and benevolent institutions. There is a 
 bridge 400 feet long across the Lehigh at this 
 place. The town contains several flouring 
 and saw mills. Population, 2104. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-oiSce of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-office of Chambers 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-office of Marshall coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Bethlehem, a township in Coshocton coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 10 miles N. W. from Coshoc- 
 ton. Population, 822. 
 
 Bethlehem, a township in the S. part of 
 Starke county, Ohio. 
 
 Bethlehem, a village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Ohio canal, 60 miles S. by E. 
 from Cleveland. 
 
 Bethlehem, a township in Cass county, 
 Indiana. Population, 664. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-township in Clarke 
 county, Indiana. Population, 872. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Ohio river, 18 miles below 
 Madison, has 1 church and about 300 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Bethlehem, a small village of Hamilton 
 county, Indiana, about 15 miles N. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Bethlehem, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Bethlehem Centre, a post-office of Albany 
 county, New York. 
 
 Bethmont, a post-office of Orange county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Bethpage, a small village of Harrison 
 county, Missouri, on Big creek. 
 
 Bettsville, a post- village in Liberty town- 
 ship, Seneca county, Ohio, 40 miles W. S. W. 
 from Sandusky City. 
 
 Betjlah, a post-office of Johnson county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Bevans, a post-office of Sussex county. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Beverly, a post-village, in a township of 
 the same name, of Essex county, Massachu- 
 setts, 2 miles N. of Salem, and 16 miles N. 
 N. B. from Boston, with which it is connected 
 104 
 
 by railroad. Another railroad branching oflF 
 from the Eastern Railroad, connects it with 
 Gloucester. The principal industry of the 
 inhabitants is directed to commerce and the 
 fisheries ; it is also noted for its manufactures 
 of shoes, tin-ware, &c. It contains 5 or 6 
 churches, a bank, and a newspaper office. 
 Population of the township, 5376. 
 
 Beverly, a post-borough of Burlington 
 county. New Jersey, is pleasantly situated 
 on the Delaware river, and on the Camden 
 and Amboy railroad, 15 miles above Phila- 
 delphia. It has been built since 1848, and 
 contains 3 or 4 churches, a town hall, 2 
 hotels, and about 130 dwellings. Steam- 
 boats touch at this place several times every 
 day in their passage between Philadelphia 
 and Burlington. Population, in 1858, about 
 1000. 
 
 Beverly, a post-village, capital of Ran- 
 dolph county, Virginia, on the Tygart's Val- 
 ley river, 210 miles N. W. from Richmond, is 
 pleasantly situated in a valley among the 
 Alleghany mountains. It has a few stores 
 and shops. 
 
 Beverly, a post-office of Anson county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Beverly, a thriving post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Ohio, on the left bank of the 
 Muskingum river, 20 miles above Marietta, 
 and 60 below Zanesville. The river has been 
 made navigable for steamboats by a series 
 of dams, and one of these produces fine 
 water-power here, which is partly improved. 
 
 Beverly, a post-village of Adams county, 
 Illinois, about 30 miles E. S. E. from Quincy, 
 is situated in a rich farming district, and 
 contains several stores. 
 
 Beverly, a post-township, forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Adams county, Illinois. Po- 
 pulation, 914. 
 
 Beverly Farms, a post-office of Essex 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Bevilport, a post-village of Jasper coun- 
 ty, Texas, on the Angelina river, just above 
 its entrance into the Neches river, 6 or 
 8 miles W. from Jasper, the county seat. 
 The Neches is navigable in high stages of 
 water. The village has 1 warehouse and 1 
 store. 
 
 Bevis's Tavern, a post-office of Hamilton 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Bewleyville, a post-office of Breckenridge 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Bexar, a large county in the S. part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 8960 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. by the 
 Nueces river, on the N.E. by the Cibolo, and 
 intersected by the Medina, San Antonio, Rio 
 Frio, and San Miguel rivers. The county 
 contains extensive prairies ; the soil is ge- 
 nerally sandy, and some parts are fertile. 
 Indian corn, sweet potatoes, cattle and 
 horses are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 82,975 bushels of corn ; 2365 of 
 oats; 1968 of potatoes; 18,761 pounds of 
 
BEX 
 
 BIG 
 
 butter, and 5225 of wool. It contained 2 
 churches, 2 newspapers, 16 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 98 attending academies 
 or other schools. Capital, San Antonio. Po- 
 pulation, 6052, of whom 5663 were free, and 
 889, slaves. 
 
 Bexae, a post-village of Coweta county, 
 Georgia, 120 miles W.N. W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Bexab, a post-office of Marion county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Bibb, a county near the centre of Georgia, 
 has an area of about 250 square miles. It 
 is traversed from N. to S. by the Ocmulgee 
 river, bounded on the S. W. by Echaconnee 
 creek, and also drained by the Tobesofka 
 and other creeks. The surface is hilly ; the 
 soil is generally poor, except in the vicinity 
 of the Ocmulgee river. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 oats, and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 3394 bales of cot- 
 ton; 255,275 bushels of corn; 30,312 of oats, 
 and 80,240 of sweet potatoes. There were 1 
 woollen factory, 1 foundry, 1 machine shop, 
 10 flour mills, and 14 saw mills. It con- 
 tained 15 churches and 5 newspaper esta- 
 blishments. There were 653 pupils attending 
 academies and other schools.^ Macon county 
 is partly intersected by three extensive lines 
 of railway, which connect at Macon, the 
 county seat. Named in honor of Dr. William 
 Wyatt Bibb, a former member of Congress 
 from Georgia. Population, 12,699, of whom 
 7062 were free, and 5637, slaves. 
 
 Bibb, a county near the -centre of Alaba- 
 ma, has an area of 1030 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Cahawba river, which, in 
 passing through it, receives the Little Ca- 
 hawba. The surface is hilly, the soil in 
 some parts fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 4643 bales of cotton ; 
 343,455 bushels of corn, and 80,547 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 4 grist and saw mills, 
 1 cotton factory, and 1 iron forge. It con- 
 tained 33 churches, and 400 pupils attending 
 public schools. Extensive beds of iron ore 
 and stone coal are found in the county. 
 Capital, Centreville. Population, 9969, of 
 whom 7108 were free, and 2861, slaves. 
 
 Bickley's Mills, a post-office of Russel 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 BicKwiTHS, a small village of Mississippi 
 county, Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 
 15 miles below the mouth of the Ohio. 
 
 BiDAis Creek of Walker county, Texas, 
 flows into Trinity river. 
 
 BiDDEFORD, a post-township of York coun- 
 ty, Maine, on the S. side of Saco river, about 
 20 miles S. W. by S. from Portland. (For a 
 description of the town of Biddeford, see 
 Saco.) Population, 6095. 
 
 Bidwill's Bar, a post-office of Butte 
 county, California. 
 
 Bienville parish, towards the N. W. part 
 of Louisiana, contains 681 square miles. It 
 
 is bounded on the W. by Lake Bistineau, and 
 intersected by Black Lake and Saline bayous. 
 The surface is mostly occupied by forests 
 and by plantations of cotton and maize. In 
 1850 this parish produced 1648 bales of cot- 
 ton, and 122,530 bushels of Indian corn. 
 It contained 2 grist mills and 12 churches; 
 766 pupils attending public schools, and 85 
 attending academies or other schools. Lake 
 Bistineau, the outlet of which enters lied river 
 near the S. W. corner of the parish, is navi- 
 gable by steamboats for about 60 miles. 
 Bienville was formed since 1846, from part 
 of Claiborne parish. Capital, Sparta. Po- 
 pulation, 6539, of whom 3644 were free, and 
 1895, slaves. 
 
 Bienville, a post-office of Yazoo county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 BiERY Town, a post-village in Fayette 
 township, Seneca county. New York, about 
 8 miles S. E. by S. from Waterloo. It is 
 finely situated on elevated ground in the 
 midst of a fertile country. It contains 2 
 churches, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and 1 steam 
 mill. Population, about 150. 
 
 Big Bar, a post-office of Trinity county, 
 California. 
 
 Big Barren, a post-office of Claiborne 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Big Bay Creek, near the S. E. extremity 
 of Illinois, falls into the Ohio river. 
 
 Big Beaver, a township of Beaver county,, 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on the river of same 
 name, 36 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. Po- 
 pulation, 922. 
 
 Big Beavek, a post-office of Oakland coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Big Bend, a small post-village of Venango 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Big Bend, a post-office of Gilmer county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Big Bend, a post-office of Avoyelles parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Big Bend, a post-village of Waukesha 
 county, Wisconsin, on Fox river, and on the 
 plank-road from Milwaukie to East Troy, 
 about 20 miles S. W. from the former. 
 
 Big Black Piiver of Mississippi, rises in 
 Choctaw county, and flowing south-west- 
 ward, empties itself into the Mississippi at 
 Grand Gulf. The length is estimated >it 
 about 200 miles. It flows through fertile 
 plains, mostly occupied by plantations of 
 cotton. 
 
 Big Blue, a small village of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 8 miles W. from Independ- 
 ence. 
 
 Big Blue River of Jackson county, Mis- 
 souri, flows northward into Missouri river. 
 Little Blue river flows through the same 
 county, and enters the Missouri farther 
 down. 
 
 Big Brook, a post-office of Oneida county, 
 New York. 
 
 Bigby Fork, a post-office of Monroe coun 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 105 
 
BIG 
 
 BIG 
 
 BiGBTViLLE, a post-office of Maury county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Big Cane, a post-office of St. Landry parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Big Cedar, a post-village of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 14 miles S. from Independence. 
 
 Big Ceuar Creek, of South Carolina, en- 
 ters the Broad river from the left, near the 
 N. W. part of Richland district. 
 
 Big Cedar Creek, Iowa, flows into Skunk 
 river, in Henry county. 
 
 Big Cedar Creek, a post-office of Green 
 Brier county, Virginia. 
 
 Big Cedar Grove, a creek of Indiana, 
 which enters the White Water, 6 miles below 
 Brookville. 
 
 Big Cole, a post-office of Boone county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-village of Forsyth 
 county, Georgia, 10 miles S. W. from Gum- 
 ming. 
 
 Big Creek of Greene county,- Alabama, 
 flows into Black Warrior river. 
 
 Big Creek, a township in Crawford coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. Population, 395. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-township in Phillips 
 county, Arkansas. Population, 677. 
 
 Big Creek, Arkansas, rises in the E. part 
 of the state, and flowing southward, enters 
 the White river in Desha county. 
 
 Big Creek of Indiana, rises in Ripley 
 county, and falls into Graham's Fork of 
 White river, in Jefferson county, after a 
 course of 40 miles. 
 
 Big Creek, in the W. part of Missouri, 
 flows S. E., and enters Grand river in Henry 
 county, a few miles W. from the county seat. 
 
 Big Creek, in the N. W. part of Mis- 
 souri, flows southward through Harrison 
 county, and enters Grand river in Daviess 
 county. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Steuben county. 
 New York. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Stokes county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Dale county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Yallobusha 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Rapides parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Fort Bend 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Shelby county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-office of Edgar county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Big Creek, a post-village of Johnson 
 county, Missouri, on a stream of its own 
 name, 40 miles S. E. by S. from Independ- 
 ence. 
 
 Big Creek, a township in Henry county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Big Cypress Bayou, of Texas, rises in 
 106 
 
 Wood and Hopkins counties, and flows into 
 Caddo or Soda lake, a few miles below Jeffer- 
 son, in Cass county. The lake extends across 
 the E. boundary into Louisiana and flows 
 into Red river. Steamboats ascend from 
 Red river to Jefferson during more than 
 half of the year. 
 
 Big Dollar, a post-office of Wood county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Big Dry Wood Creek, of Missouri, flows 
 into Marmiton river from the right, in Bates 
 count3^ 
 
 BiGELOw's Mills, a post-office of La Porte 
 county, Indiana, 15 miles S. W. from La 
 Porte. 
 
 Big Fishing Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Bald Eagle creek in Clinton county, 3 or 
 4 miles W. from Lock Haven. 
 
 Big Falls, a post-office of Orange county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Big Flats, a post-township of Chemung 
 county, New York, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 293 miles from New Yoi'k city. 
 Population, 1079. 
 
 Big Foot Prairie, a post-office of Wal- 
 worth county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Bigger, a township of Jennings county, 
 Indiana. Population, 714. 
 
 Big Glades, a post-office of Russell coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Big Hatchy river, Tennessee. See Hatchie 
 River. 
 
 Big Hill, a post-office of Madison county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Big Hollow, a post-office of Greene coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Big Horn River, of Missouri Territory, 
 the largest affluent of the Yellow Stone river, 
 rises near Fremont's Peak, in lat. above 42° 
 20' N., Ion. 110° W., flowing at first easterly, ■ 
 and then northerly, it falls into the Yellow 
 Stone in about 46° N. lat., and 106° SO' W, 
 Ion. Entire length about 400 miles. 
 
 Big Indian Creek, of Indiana, rises in 
 Floyd county, and flowing south-westward 
 passes Corydon and enters the Ohio about 9 
 miles above Leavenworth. It is about 50 
 miles long. 
 
 Big Island, a post-office of Bedford coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Big Island, a post-office of Marion coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Big' Laurel, a post-office of Madison coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Bigbyville, a small village of Maury 
 county, Tennessee, 50 miles S. by W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Big Lick, or Gainsboro, a small post-vil- 
 lage of Roanoke county, Virginia, 170 miles 
 W. by S. from Richmond. The Virginia and 
 Tennessee railroad passes through it. 
 
 Big Lick, a post-township in Hancock 
 county, Ohio, about 40 miles N. N. AY. from 
 Marion. Population, 1008. 
 
 Big Meadow, a post-office of Grayson 
 county, Virginia. 
 
BIG 
 
 BIG 
 
 Big Meto, a small stream of Arkansas, rises 
 near Little Rock, and flowing S. E. enters 
 the Arkansas river in Arkansas county. 
 
 Big Mill Creek, of Elk county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, falls into the Clarion river. 
 
 Big jMills, a post-office of Dorchester 
 county, Mai-yland. 
 
 Big Mound, a post-office of Lee county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Big Neck, a post-office of Adams county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Big North Fork, of White river. See 
 White River, of Arkansas. 
 
 Big Oak, a post-office of Kemper county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Big Oak Flat, a post-office of Tuolumne 
 county, California. 
 
 Big Otter, a post-office of Braxton coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Big Pigeon river, of North Carolina and 
 Tennessee, rising on the N. W. declivity of 
 the Blue Ridge, in the W. part of the former 
 state, it flows north-westward and westward 
 into Tennessee, and enters French Broad river 
 a little below Newport. 
 
 Big Pine Creek, of Texas, enters Neches 
 river from the W. at the E. extremity of 
 Trinity county. 
 
 Big Pine Creek, Indiana. See Pine 
 Creek. 
 
 Big Pine Tree Creek, of Kershaw district, 
 South Carolina, flows into the Wateree, near 
 Camden. 
 
 Big Piney Fork of Gasconade river. See 
 Gasconade. 
 
 Big Plain, a post-office of Madison coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Big Plover Rivee, of Wisconsin, rises to- 
 wards the N. E. part of the state, and flows 
 into the Wisconsin at Portage court house. 
 
 Big Pond, a post-office of Fayette county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 , Big Pond Furnace, a small village of Cum- 
 "berland county, Pennsylvania. _ 
 • Big Prairie, a post-office of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Big Prairie, a post-office of Newago coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Big Prairie, a post-office of Logan coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 ■ Big Raccoon Creek, of Indiana. See Rac- 
 coon. 
 
 B[G Ready, a post-office of Edmonson 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Big River, of Missouri, rises in Washing- 
 ton county, and flows N. through Jeiferson 
 county into Maramec river. 
 
 Big River Mills, a post-office of St. Fran- 
 cois county, Missouri. 
 
 Big Rock, a small village of Morgan coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on the Muskingum river, 85 miles 
 S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Big Rock, a post-township of Kane coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 496. 
 
 Big Sandy Creek, Texas. See Alabama 
 ■ Creek. 
 
 Big Sandy Creek, of Indiana, falls into 
 the Ohio in Spencer county. 
 
 Big Sandy Creek, a river in the W. part 
 of Tennessee, rises in Henderson county 
 and falls into the Tennessee river at the N. 
 extremity of Benton county. Its course is 
 nearly N. by E., and its whole length per- 
 haps 80 miles. 
 
 Big Sewickly Creek, of Pennsylvania, 
 falls into the Youghiogheny river. 
 
 Big Skin Creek, a post-office of Lewis 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Big Snibar Creek, of Missouri, enters 
 the Missouri river from the right in Lafa- 
 yette county, about 5 miles above Lexing- 
 ton. 
 
 Big Spring, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Big Spring, a post-office of Haywood coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Big Spring, a small post-village of Mar- 
 shall county, Alabama. 
 
 Big Spring, a post-office of Wilson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Big Spring, a post-village of Breckenridge 
 county, Kentucky, about 44 miles S. W. from 
 Louisville, is situated partly in Meade and 
 Hardin counties. A large spring rises near 
 the middle of the village and flows several 
 hundred feet, then sinks into the ground and 
 disappears. The village has one church and 
 several stores. 
 
 Big Spring, a township in Seneca county, 
 Ohio, about 45 miles S. W. from Sandusky 
 City. Population, 1932. 
 
 Big Spring, a post-office of Ottoway coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Big Spring, a small village of Crawford 
 county, Indiana, 14 miles N. from Leven- 
 worth. 
 
 Big Spring, a post-office of Shelby coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Big Spring, a small post-village of Mont- 
 gomery county, Missouri. 
 
 Big Spring Point, a post-village of Yates 
 county, New York, 190 miles W. from Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Big Springs, a post-office of Pocahontas 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Big Springs, a post-office of La Porte coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Big Swamp, a post-office of Colum'bus coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Big Timber Creek, in the S. W. part of New 
 Jersey, forms the boundary between Camden 
 and Gloucester counties until it enters the 
 Delaware, 5 miles below Camden. 
 
 Big Tree Corners, a post-office of Erie 
 county. New York. 
 
 Big Vermilion river, of Indiana. See 
 Vermilion. 
 
 Big Waxnut Creek, of Ohio, rises in the 
 N. central part of the state, and enters the 
 Scioto about 12 miles S. from Columbus. 
 
 Bio Wauhoo, a post-office of Hall county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 107 
 
BIG 
 
 BIR 
 
 Big Woods, a post-office of Du Page co., 111. 
 
 BiLLERiCA,abeautiful post- village ofMiddle- 
 sex CO., Mass., 18 miles N. by W. from Boston. 
 It contains 4 cliurches, anew town house, and 
 the Howe School, opened in 1852, with a fund 
 of $30,000. Pop. of township, 1646. 
 
 Billing's Geove, a post-office of Living- 
 ston county, Illinois. 
 
 Billingsport, a small village of Glouces- 
 ter county. New Jersey, on the Delaware 
 river, 12 miles below Camden. 
 
 BiLLiNGSViLLE, a Small post-village of 
 Union county, Indiana, 76 miles E. S. E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Bills Creek, Iowa, one of the head 
 branches of Otter creek, which it enters be- 
 tween Warren and Lucas counties. 
 
 Billums Creek, a post-office of Tyler 
 county, Texas. 
 
 BiLOXi, be-lox'e, a post-village of Harrison 
 county, Mississippi, on Biloxi bay, which com- 
 municates with the Gulf of Mexico, about 90 
 miles E. N. E. from New Orleans. It is a 
 place of summer resort for the citizens of 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Bingham, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Maine, on the E. side of the Kenne- 
 bec river, about 60 miles N. of Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 752. 
 
 Bingham, a post-township of Potter county, 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on New York state, 
 18 miles N. E. from Coudersport, is drained 
 by the Genesee river. Population, 584. 
 
 Bingham, a post-township in Clinton coun- 
 ty, Michigan, about 22 miles E. from Lyons. 
 Population, 185. 
 
 I3INGHAMPT0N, a post-village in Chenango 
 township, and capital of Broom county, New 
 York, at the junction of the Chenango and 
 Susquehanna rivers, where the former is 
 crossed by the New York and Erie railroad, 
 225 miles from New York city. It is hand- 
 somely laid out, and contains 3 or 4 news- 
 paper offices, 7 or 8 churches, about 50 
 stores and warehouses, 9 or 10 manufacto- 
 ries, 2 banks, and several schools. The 
 flour and lumber trade are extensively 
 carried on. Excellent water-power is fur- 
 nished by the Chenango river. Wooden 
 bridges connect the main village with the 
 opposite sides of the Chenango and Susque- 
 hanna rivers. The Chenango canal unites 
 Binghampton with Utica. The place was 
 settled in 1787 by Mr. Bingham, from whom 
 it received its name, and was incorporated in 
 1818. Population of the township, 8734; of 
 the village of Binghampton, about 5000. 
 
 BiNGHAMTON, a Small post-village of Lee 
 county, Illinois, about 100 miles W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Binkley's Bridge, a post-office of Lancas- 
 ter county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Birchardville, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 BiRCHETTSviLLE, a post-officc of Cleveland 
 county, North Carolina. 
 108 
 
 Birch Pond, a post-office of Crawford 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Birch Pond, a small village of Dent coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Birch River, a post-office of Nicholas 
 county, Virginia, 284 miles W. by N. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 BiRCHTON, a post-office of Braxton county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 BiROHviLLE, a township of St. Clair county, 
 Michigan, on Lake Huron. Population, 731. 
 
 Bird, a post-office of Hillsdale county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Bird in Hand, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the railroad, 7 miles 
 E. from Lancaster. 
 
 Birdsall, a post-township of Alleghany 
 county, New York, about 60 miles S. by W. 
 from Rochester. Population, 597. 
 
 BiRDSBOROUGH, a post-officB of Berks coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 BiRDsoNG Creek, in the W. part of Ten- 
 nessee, enters the Tennessee river from the 
 left, in Benton county. 
 
 Bird's Run, a post-office of Guernsey coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 BiRDSviLLB, a small village in Burke coun- 
 tj^ Georgia, about 70 miles E. S. E. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 BiRDSviLLE, a post-village, capital of Tar- 
 rant county, Texas, on the W. fork of the 
 Trinity river, about 250 miles N. by E. from 
 Austin City. It is situated in a fine and fer- 
 tile prairie, which is as yet, however, thinly 
 settled. Commenced in 1851. 
 
 Bird Woods, a post-office of Campbell 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 BiRMiNG, or Berming, a post-village of Bu- 
 chanan county, Missouri, 45 miles N. W. by 
 N. from Independence. 
 
 Birmingham, a flourishing manufacturing 
 village of Derby township. New Haven coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, at the intersection of the 
 Naugatuck with the Housatonick river, 40 
 miles N. N. E. from Bridgeport, and 11 miles 
 N. by W. from New Haven. The Naugatuck 
 railroad passes through Derby on the oppo- 
 site side of the Naugatuck river. A sub- 
 stantial bridge connects the two places. A 
 steamboat also plies daily between Derby 
 and New York. The village is principally 
 situated on a hill, and commands a fine view 
 of the Housatonick and Naugatuck valley. 
 It is handsomely laid out, having a public 
 square in the centre, around which stand the 
 churches and schools. The street leading to 
 the river is occupied, the upper part of it 
 with stores, and the lower with large manu- 
 factories, extensive warehouses, lumber and 
 coal yards. Few villages in Connecticut have 
 increased more rapidly than this. It is 
 scarcely 10 years since the first house wns 
 erected, and now (1853) it ranks among the 
 first manufacturing towns in the state. It 
 contains a bank, and about 1800 inliabitants. 
 
 Birmingham, a small manufacturing village 
 
BIR 
 
 BLA 
 
 in Au Sable to-wnship, Cliuton county, New 
 York, on Au Sable river, about 100 miles N. 
 of Albany. 
 
 Birmingham, a small village of Mercer 
 county. New Jersey, 5 miles N. N. W. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 Birmingham, a small village of Burlington 
 county, New Jersey, on the N. branch of 
 Bancocus creek, 4 miles E. from Mount 
 Holly, has several mills. 
 
 Birmingham, a township of Chester coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Brandywine creek, 5 
 miles S. from West Chester. Population, 328. 
 
 Birmingham, a township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Delaware county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, bordering on Brandywine creek, 28 
 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. Population, 
 666. 
 
 Birmingham, a flourishing borough of Al- 
 leghany county, Pennsylvania, on the left 
 bank of the Monongahela river, 2 miles 
 from its confluence with the Alleghany. A 
 fine bridge, 1500 feet long, connects it with 
 Pittsburg. The manufacture of glass and 
 iron constitutes the principal business of the 
 place. See Pittsburg. Population, 3742. 
 The name of the post-office is Buchanan. 
 
 Birmingham, a thriving post-borough of 
 Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, on Little 
 Juniata river, and on the central railroad, 
 105 miles W. N. W. from Hai-risburg. It is 
 a place of active trade, and has extensive 
 iron works in the vicinity. Population, 
 266. 
 
 Birmingham, a post-ofiice of Jackson 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Birmingham, a post-ofSce of Pontotoc 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Birmingham, a post-office of Marshall 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Birmingham, a thriving post- village of Erie 
 county, Ohio, on Vermilion river, 115 miles 
 N. by E. from Columbus. It possesses ex- 
 cellent water-power, and is improving ra- 
 pidly. 
 
 Birmingham, a small village of Mahoning 
 county, Ohio, about 12 miles W. S. W. from 
 Canfield. 
 
 Birmingham, a thriving post-village of 
 Bloomfield township, Oakland county, Michi- 
 gan, on the railroad from Detroit to Pontiac, 
 18 miles N. W. from the former. The N. 
 branch of Rouge river passes through the 
 place, aff'ording water-power. The village 
 has 2 stores, 1 flour mill, and 1 foundry. 
 
 Birmingham, a small post-village of Schuy- 
 ler county, Illinois, on Crooked creek, an 
 affluent of Illinois river, about 80 miles W. 
 N. W. from Springfield, and on the border of 
 an extensive and fertile prairie. It has a 
 saw mill and grist mill. 
 
 Birmingham, a small village of Cape Gi- 
 rardeau county, Missouri, on the Mississippi, 
 about 14 miles N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Birmingham, a small village of Perry 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Birmingham, a post-village 'of Van Buren 
 county, Iowa, 12 miles N. from Keosauque. 
 
 Bishop Hill, a post-office of Henry coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Bishopville, a post-office of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 BissELL, a small post-village of Calhoun 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Bissbl's, a post-office of Geauga county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Bistineau Lake, situated near the N. W. 
 extremity of Louisiana, forms the boundary 
 between Bossier and Bienville parishes, and 
 extends N. and S. about 30 miles, following 
 the bendings, with a mean breadth of about 
 2 miles. The Dauchite river enters the Lake 
 at the N. extremity, and a short outlet con- 
 nects it with Red river on the S. Steamboats 
 navigate its whole extent. 
 
 Bistineau, or Bisteneau, a post-office of 
 Bossier parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bivingsville, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Black, a township in Perry county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 2376. 
 
 Black Bayou, a small stream of Terre 
 Bonne parish, Louisiana, communicates 
 through Atchafalaya bayou with the Gulf of 
 Mexico. It is navigable by small steamers 
 from the gulf to Tiger ville. 
 
 Blackberry, a post-township in Kane 
 county, Illinois. Population, 725. 
 
 Blackbird, a post-office of New Castle 
 county, Delaware. 
 
 Black Brook, a post-township of Clinton 
 county, New York, 20 miles S. W. from 
 Plattsburg ; is intersected by the Saranac 
 river. Population, 2525. 
 
 Black Creek, a small stream of Alleghany 
 county. New York, flows north-eastward and 
 enters the Genesee river 4 or 5 miles W. by 
 N. from Angelica. The Genesee Valley canal 
 follows the course of this creek for about 10 
 miles. 
 
 Black Creek, of Johnson county. North 
 Carolina, flows into the Neuse, a few miles 
 below Smithfield. 
 
 Black Creek, of Mississippi, rises in Ma- 
 rion county, and flowing S. E. enters the 
 Pascagoula near the centre of Jackson 
 county. 
 
 Black Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 south-eastward through Darlington district, 
 and enters the Great Pedee at the S. ex- 
 tremity of Marlborough district. 
 
 Black Creek, a post-village of Alleghany 
 county, New York, 275 miles W. by S. from 
 Alb an J'. 
 
 Black Creek, a post-township of Luzerne 
 county, Pennsylvania. Population, 425. 
 
 Black Creek, a post-office of Wayne 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Black Creek, a post-office of Scriven 
 county, Georgia, about 58 miles N. W. from 
 Savannah. 
 
 Black Creek, a township in Mercer coun- 
 109 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 ty, Ohio, about 60 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Bellefontaine. Population, 490. 
 
 Black Ckeek, a post-office of Holmes 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Black Creek, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 ■Black Creek, a post-office of Marquette 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Black Earth, a post-village of Dane coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, about 15 miles W. from Ma- 
 dison, contains a good flouring mill, and near 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Black Face, a post-office of Nottaway coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Black Ferbt, a post-office of Eandolph 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Blackfeet Indians, (Fr. Pieds Noirs, 
 pe-4' nvraB,,) a powerful and vcarlike tribe in 
 the N. and W. portions of Missouri Territory. 
 
 Blackfish, a small river of Arkansas, 
 flows through Crittenden county into Ht. 
 Francis river. 
 
 Blackford, a county in the E. N. E. part 
 of Indiana, contains 180 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Salamonie river. The sur- 
 face is partly level and partly undulating, 
 and the soil productive. Wheat, rye, corn, 
 oats, pork, cattle, and horses are the staple 
 productions. In 1850 this county produced 
 67,060 bushels of corn; 18,262 of wheat; 
 9384 of oats, and 1254 tons of hay. It con- 
 tained in that year 5 churches, and 20 pupils 
 attending public schools. The Salamonie 
 river is a fine mill-stream. Blackford was 
 organized in 1837. Capital, Hartford. Po- 
 pulation, 2860. 
 
 Blackford, a post-office of Hancock coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Blackford, Indiana. See Hartford. 
 
 Black Fork, of Richland county, Ohio, 
 flows into the Mohiccan river. 
 
 Black Hall, a district in De Kalb county, 
 Georgia. Population, 1078. 
 
 Black Hawk, a new county in the N. E. 
 central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Cedar 
 river, which flows in a S. E. direction, divid- 
 ing it into nearly equal parts. The prairies 
 of this county are estimated to be more ex- 
 tensive than the timbered land. The soil 
 produces Indian corn, wheat, oats, and po- 
 tatoes. In 1850 there were raised 2150 
 bushels of Indian corn ; 160 of wheat, and 
 235 tons of hay. This county is not yet 
 fully organized. Population, 135. 
 
 Black Hawk, a small post-village of Bea- 
 ver county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Black Hawk, a small post- village of Carroll 
 county, Mississippi, 80 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Black Hawk, a village of Clark county, 
 Missouri, on the right bank of the Des Moines 
 river. 
 
 Black Hawk, a post-office of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Black Hawk Creek, Iowa, enters the Red 
 Cedar river in Black Hawk county. 
 110 
 
 Black Heth, a post-office of Chesterfield 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Black Hill, a post-office of Kaufman 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Black Hills, the name of a mountain 
 range in Missouri Territory: commencing 
 near the Missouri river in about 47° N. lat. 
 and 103° W. Ion., it extends nearly along this 
 meridian to about 43° N. lat., and then sud- 
 denly changes its direction, running nearly 
 due west, till it is lost among the spurs of 
 the Rocky Mountains. It divides the tribu- 
 taries of the Yellowstone from those of the 
 Missouri on the east, and from those of the 
 Platte river on the south. Laramie Peak, 
 the highest known summit of this range, has 
 an elevation of about 8000 feet above the sea. 
 Recent explorations have shown that the 
 portion running north and south is much 
 nearer to the Missouri river than was for- 
 merly supposed ; in consequence of which, 
 several affluents of that river are consider- 
 ably shorter than they are usually repre- 
 sented on the maps. 
 
 Black Hole, a post-office of Lycoming coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Black Horse, a post-office of Chester coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Black .Jack, a post-office of De Soto pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Black Jack, a post-office of Scott county, 
 Arkansas. ■^ 
 
 Black Jack, a post-office of Robertson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Black Jack, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Black Jack Grove, a small village of 
 Hopkins county, Texas. 
 
 Black Jack Valley, a post-office of Spar- 
 tanburg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Black Lake, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 county. New York. 
 
 Black Lake, of Natchitoches parish, Lou- 
 isiana, is formed by a bayou of its own name, 
 and discharges its waters through Saline 
 bayou. 
 
 Black Lake Batoit, of Louisiana, com- 
 mences in Claiborne parish, and flowing 
 southward enters Black Lake in Natchitoches 
 parish. 
 
 Black Land, a post-office of Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Blackleyville, a post-village in Wayne 
 county, Ohio, about 8 miles S. W. from Wooster. 
 
 Black Lick, a post-township of Indiana 
 county, Pennsylvania, bordering on the Cone- 
 maugh river, 12 miles S. by W. from Indiana. 
 Population, 2043. 
 
 Black Lick Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Conemaugh in Indiana county. 
 
 Black Log Mountain, Pennsylvania, ex- 
 tends from the Juniata river soutli-westward, 
 along the S. E. boundary of Mifflin, sepa- 
 rating it from Juniata county. 
 
 Blackleysville, a post-office of Wayne 
 county, Ohio. 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 Black Mingo, a post-office ofWilliamsburgli 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Black Mountain. See Mount Mitchell. 
 
 Black Mountain, a post-office of McDow- 
 ell county, North Carolina. 
 
 Black Oak, a post-office of Charleston dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Black Oak Ghove, a post-office of Harde- 
 man county, Tennessee. 
 
 Black Oak Point, a post-office of Hickory 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Black Riveb, of Windsor county, Vermont, 
 falls into the Connecticut river a little below 
 Springfield. 
 
 Black Rivee, of Orleans county, in the N. 
 part of Vermont, falls into Memphremagog 
 lake. 
 
 Black River, of New York, rises in Her- 
 kimer county, and flows north-westward 
 through Oneida and Lewis counties to the 
 Great Bend. Below this it pursues a wester- 
 ly course, and passing by Watertown, flows 
 through Black River bay into Lake Ontario. 
 The whole length is about 125 miles, and 
 the breadth at Watertown (6 miles from its 
 mouth) is CO yards. There is a fall of 63 
 feet near Turin, Lewis county, below which 
 the river is navigable about 40 miles to Car- 
 thage. From the latter place to Watertown 
 the navigation is obstructed by extensive 
 rapids. A canal has been opened from the 
 upper falls to the Erie canal at Rome. 
 
 I3lack River, of New Jersey. See La- 
 mington River. 
 
 Black River, of South Carolina, rises near 
 the N. W. border of Sumter district, and flow- 
 ing in a south-easterly course, falls into the 
 Pedee river near its mouth, and a few miles 
 above Georgetown. 
 
 Black River, of Louisiana. See Washita. 
 
 Black PiIver, or Big Black River, of 
 Missouri and Arkansas, the largest affluent 
 of White river, rises in the S. E. part of the 
 former state, and flowing in a general south- 
 erly course, enters the White river about 40 
 miles below Batesville, in Arkansas. It is 
 navigable by steamboats during 9 months of 
 the year, for about 100 miles from its mouth. 
 Its whole length is perhaps 400 miles. It 
 abounds with trout and other excellent fish. 
 
 Black River, formed by two branches 
 which rise in the N. part of Ashland county, 
 Ohio, flows in a general northerly direction, 
 and after traversing Lorain county, empties 
 itself into Lake Erie. 
 
 Black River, or North Black River, of 
 T>Iichigan, a small stream which rises in the 
 W. part of the state and enters Lake Michi- 
 gan on the line between Allegan and Ottawa 
 counties. 
 
 Black River, or Dulude, of Michigan, 
 rises in Sanilac county, and flowing nearly 
 southward, enters St. Clair river at Port Hu- 
 ron, 2 miles S. from Lake Huron. The whole 
 length is, perhaps, 80 miles. Small vessels 
 can ascend 20 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Black River, or South Black River, 
 of Michigan, a small stream which enters 
 Lake Michigan at South Haven, in Van Bnren 
 county. 
 
 Black River, of Missouri, rises in John- 
 son county, and flowing north-eastward, 
 falls into Lamine river in Cooper county, 
 about 20 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Branches. — The Clear fork enters the river 
 from the right, in Johnson county. Dan's fork 
 flows into it from the left, in Saline county. 
 The Salt Fork flows through Saline county 
 and enters the river from the left. These 
 are more properly affluents than branches. 
 
 Black River, of Wisconsin, rises in Ma- 
 rathon county, in the N. central part of the 
 state, and flows in a south-westerly course 
 through La Crosse county into the Missis- 
 sippi. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, 
 and maintains that width for about 50 miles 
 to the falls, which are at the head of navi- 
 gation for small boats. The Indian name 
 is Sappah. 
 
 Black River, of Missouri Territory, falls 
 into the N. fork of Platte river about 160 
 miles below Fort Laramie. 
 
 Black River, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, New York. 
 
 Black PavER, a township in Independ- 
 ence county, Arkansas. Population, 742. 
 
 Black River, a township in Lawrence 
 county, Arkansas. Population, 663. 
 
 Black River, a post-township in Lorain 
 county, Ohio. Population, 659. 
 
 Black River, a post-village in the above 
 county, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Black 
 river, 124 miles N. N. E. from Columbus, and 
 8 miles N. from Elyria. It is the principal 
 port of the county, having a beacon and 
 several warehouses. 
 
 Black River Chapel, a post-office of New 
 Hanover county, North Carolina. 
 
 Black River Falls, a post-offxce of La 
 Crosse county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Black Rock, a post-town of Erie county. 
 New York, at the commencement of Niagara 
 river, about 2 miles below Buffalo. It may 
 properly be regarded as a part of Buffalo, 
 with which it is soon to be incorporated. It 
 has 5 or 6 stores, and 3 churches, viz. 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, and 1 Baptist. 
 It possesses abundant water-power, furnished 
 by the Niagara river : there are numerous 
 flour mills, and other establishments. Popu- 
 lation, about 2000. 
 
 Black Rock, a post-office of Baltimore 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Black Rock, a post-office of P^appahan- 
 nock county, Virginia. 
 
 Blacks and Whites, a post-office of Not- 
 toway county, Virginia. 
 
 Black's Bluff, a post-office of Wilcos 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Blacksbueg, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Virginia, about 200 miles W. by S 
 from Richmond. Population, about 250. 
 
 Ill 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 Biackshiee's, a post-office of Marion coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Black Spring, a small village of Baldwin 
 county, Georgia, about 158 miles N. W. from 
 Savannah. 
 
 Blackstocks, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Blackstone, a post-township in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 35 miles N. W. from Bos- 
 ton. It contains a bank. Population, 4391 
 
 Blackstone River, Mass., rises in Wor- 
 cester CO., and running in a S. E. course, 
 meets the tide-waters in Providence river. 
 The Blackstone canal follows this river from 
 Worcester to within about 8 miles of its 
 mouth. It affords valuable water-power. 
 
 Blacksville, a post-village of Monongalia 
 county, Virginia, 20 miles N. W. from Mor- 
 gantown. The line between Virginia and 
 Pennsylvania passes through the village. 
 It has a few stores, and about 100 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Black Swamp, a post-office of Sandusky 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Blackville, a small village of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Blackville, a small post-village of Barn- 
 well district, South Carolina, on the South 
 Carolina railroad, 90 miles W. N. W. from 
 Charleston. 
 
 Black Walnut, a small post-village of 
 Halifax county, Virginia, 138 miles S. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Black Warrior river, Alabama, is formed 
 by the Mulberry fork and Locust fork, which 
 unite near the S. extremity of Walker coun- 
 ty. The river then flows south-westerly, 
 and passing by Tuscaloosa and Eutaw, falls 
 into the Tombigbee, a little above Demopolis. 
 It is navigable for steamboats 150 miles from 
 its mouth, which is nearly the whole extent 
 of the main stream. Large steamboats make 
 regular passages from Mobile to Tuscaloosa, 
 a distance of 305 miles. Stone coal, iron, 
 and other valuable minerals are found along 
 its banks. This river is sometimes called 
 Tuscaloosa, which was the Indian name. 
 
 Black Water, a post-office of Sussex coun- 
 ty, Delaware. 
 
 Black Water, a post-office of Sussex coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Black Water, a post-office of Kemper 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Black Water, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Blackwater Creek of Walker county, 
 Alabama, enters the Mulberry fork of Black 
 Warrior river. 
 
 Blackwater River, Merrimack county, 
 New Hampshire, falls into the Contoocook 
 river, about 8 miles N. W. of Concord. 
 
 Blackwater River, in the S. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge, 
 and flows eastward through Franklin county 
 into the Staunton river. 
 
 Blackwater River, in the S. E. part of 
 112 
 
 Virginia, rises in Prince George county, and 
 flowing in a general S. E. course, falls into 
 Nottaway river, near the boundary between 
 Virginia and North Carolina, after forming 
 the boundary between Southampton on the 
 right, and Isle of Wight and Nansemond on 
 the left. 
 
 Blackwell, a post-office of Caswell coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Blackwell's, a small village of Somerset 
 county. New Jersey, on Millstone river, 6^ 
 miles S. from Somerville. 
 
 Blackwell's Island, in the East River, 
 opposite New York, is the seat of the city 
 penitentiary. 
 
 Black Wolf, a small post-village of Win- 
 nebago county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Blackwoodtown, a thriving post-village 
 of Camden county, New Jersey, on Big Tim- 
 ber creek, 12 miles S. S. E. from Camden. 
 It has 2 or 3 churches, and several stores and 
 mills. 
 
 Bladen, a county in the S. E. part of 
 North Carolina, has an area of about 800 
 square miles. It is intersected by Cape Fear 
 river, and bounded on the N. E. by South 
 river. The surface is generally level, and is 
 diversified by a number of small and beauti- 
 ful lakes, which abound with trout and other 
 fish : some of these lakes are 3 or 4 miles in dia- 
 meter. The soil of the county is sandy, and 
 rests on extensive beds of marl. The chief 
 products are Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 rice. In 1850 this county produced 217,415 
 bushels of corn; 100,523 of sweet potatoes, 
 and 73,580 pounds of rice. There were 6 
 saw mills, 6 turpentine distilleries, and 41 
 tar and turpentine manufactories. It con- 
 tained 26 churches. Tar, turpentine, and 
 other products are procured from the pine 
 forests. Cape Fear river is navigated by 
 steamboats through this county. Capital, 
 Elizabeth. The county was formed in 1734, 
 and named in honor of Martin Bladen, one 
 of the Lords Commissioners of Trade and 
 Plantations. 
 
 Bladensburg, a post-village of Prince 
 George county, Maryland, on the East Branch 
 of the Potomac, and on the Baltimore and 
 Washington railroad, 6 miles N. E. from 
 Washington. Population, about 500. 
 
 Bladenseurg, a post-village of Knox coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 43 miles in a direct line N. E. from 
 Columbus. The land around it is fertile and 
 well cultivated. 
 
 Bladon's Landing, a village of Choctaw 
 county, Alabama, on the Tombigbee river, 4 
 miles above Cofieeville. 
 
 Bladon's Springs, a post-village and fash- 
 ionable watering-place of Choctaw county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Blain, a post-office of Perry county, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Blaine, a post-office of Lawrence county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Blain's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 Grainger county, Tennessee, 202 miles from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Blainsville, a post-village of Posey coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the plank-road from Evans- 
 ville to New Harmony, 13 miles N. W. from 
 the former. 
 
 Blair, a county in the S. S. W. central 
 part of Pennsylvania, has an area of 650 
 square miles. The Little Juniata rises in 
 the N. part, and the Frankstown branch of 
 Juniata flows through the county in a north- 
 easterly direction : it is also drained by Clover 
 creek. The surface is very mountainous, 
 the Alleghany mountain forming the bound- 
 ary on the W., and Tussey's mountain on the 
 E. The interior is also traversed by Dun- 
 ning' s and Brush mountain. The soil of the 
 limestone valleys is very fertile, and well 
 cultivated, but nearly half of the county is 
 too rugged and sterile for tillage. Grain, 
 cattle, pork, and iron are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 267,349 bushels 
 of wheat; 145,851 of corn; 173,017 of oats; 
 13,637 tons of hay, and 203,088 pounds of 
 butter. There were 30 flour and grist mills, 
 12 saw mills, 3 iron-mining establishments, 
 11 forges, 9 furnaces, 2 foundries, 2 nail fac- 
 tories, 2 manufactories of cabinet ware, 3 of 
 agricultural implements, 3 of stoves and 
 ranges, and 1 of coaches, 4 woollen factories, 
 1 rolling mill, 1 distillery, and 16 tanneries. 
 It contained 39 churches and 4 newspaper 
 establishments. There were 6249 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 190 attending 
 academies or other schools. The iron mines 
 of this county are rich, and extensively 
 worked; bituminous coal is found in the 
 mountain on the W. border. The Central 
 railroad passes through the county. The 
 Pennsylvania canal and Portage railroad ter- 
 minate at the county seat. Blair county was 
 formed in 1845-6 out of parts of Bedford and 
 Huntingdon, and named in honor of John 
 Blair, one of the early settlers of this re- 
 gion. Capital, Hollidaysburg. Population, 
 21,777. 
 
 Blaie, a township of Blair county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Frankstown branch of Juni- 
 ata river, 120 miles W. from Harrisburg, is 
 intersected by the Pennsylvania railroad and 
 canal. Population, including Hollidaysburg, 
 3421. 
 
 Blaiestown, a post-township of Warren 
 county. New Jersey, on Paulinskill creek. Po- 
 pulation, 1405. 
 
 Blairstown, formerly Gravel Hill, a 
 post-village in the above township, on Pau- 
 linskill creek, 85 miles N. by W. from Trenton. 
 It contains 2 churches, a classical academy, 
 a large grist mill, and about 30 dwellings. 
 
 Blaiksville, a thriving post-borough of 
 Indiana county, Pennsylvania, on the Cone- 
 maugh river, and on the Pennsylvania ca- 
 nal, 75 miles by canal E. from Pittsburg, 171 
 miles W. from Harrisburg, and about 3 miles 
 N. from the Central railroad. It is a place 
 
 of active trade, and the most populous town 
 of the county. The greater part of the grain, 
 pork, lumber, and coal which are exported 
 from the county, are shipped at this place. 
 The river is crossed here by a handsome 
 bridge, with a single arch of 295 feot. Blairs- 
 ville contains 5 or 6 churches and a number 
 of substantial buildings of brick and stone. 
 Two papers are issued here. Pop. 1135. 
 
 Blairsvillb, a post-of&ce of York district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Blairsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Union county, Georgia, 165 miles N. by W. 
 from Milledgeville. It is surrounded by the 
 magnificent mountain scenery of the Blue 
 Ridge, and by a region which is remarkablj' 
 rich in minerals. Among these are gold, 
 iron, and marble. The village contains a 
 court house, 2 hotels, 1 school, and 6 stores. 
 
 Blairsville, a small post-village in Posey 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Blairsville, a small village of Williamson 
 county, Illinois, on Big Muddy river, 40 miles 
 from its entrance into the Mississippi, was 
 laid out in 1847. 
 
 Blakely, a township of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, 25 miles N. E. from Wilkes- 
 barre, is drained by Lackawanna river, and 
 contains large mines of anthracite coal. Po- 
 pulation, 1703. 
 
 Blakely, a post-office of Stokes county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Blakely, a small post-village, capital of 
 Early county, Georgia, 170 miles S. W. from 
 Milledgeville, contains 1 church, 1 school, 
 and several stores. It was made the county 
 seat in 1826. 
 
 Blakely, a post-village^ capital of Bald- 
 win county, Alabama, on the Tensaw river, 
 at its entrance into Mobile bay, about 12 
 miles E. by N. from Mobile. It has a har- 
 bour accessible to steamboats, and contains 
 a court house and. numerous stores. 
 
 Blakesburg, a village of Putnam county, 
 Indiana, 11 miles N. from Greencastle, the 
 county town. 
 
 Blakesburg, a post-office of Wapello coudj- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Elakesville, a small village of Harrison 
 county, Indiana, on the Ohio river, about 20 
 miles S. S. E. from Corydon. 
 
 Blanc, a post-ofBce of Fulton county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Blanchard, a post-township of Piscata- 
 quis county, Maine, about 120 miles N. of 
 Augusta, intersected by the Piscataquis river. 
 Population, 192. 
 
 Blanchard, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Hancock couny, Ohio. Population, 1051. 
 
 Blanchard, a township in tl^e N. part of 
 Hardin county, Ohio. Population, 252. 
 
 Blanchard, a township in the E. part of 
 Putnam county, Ohio. Population, 1395. 
 
 Blanchard's Bridge, a small post-village 
 in Hancock county, Ohio. 
 
 Blanchard's Fork rises in the N. W. cen- 
 113 
 
BLA 
 
 BLO 
 
 tral part of Ohio, and joins the Auglaize river 
 in Putnam county. 
 
 Blanche, a post-office of Lafayette county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Blanche Furnace, a small yillage of Mer- 
 cer county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Blanchestek, a small post-village of Clin- 
 ton county, Ohio, 15 miles S. S. AV. from 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Blanbensville, or Blandensbukg, a small 
 post-village of McDonough county, Illinois, 
 100 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Blandville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Ballard county, Kentucky, on Mayfield 
 creek, about 7 miles from its entrance into 
 the Mississippi river. It has 2 churches and 
 several stores. Population, near 500. 
 
 Blanford, a post-township of Hampden 
 county, Massachusetts, 15 miles W. by N. of 
 Springfield, is intersected by branches of 
 Westfield river, and has excellent water- 
 power. Population, 1418. 
 
 Blanket Hill, a post-office of Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Blauveltville, a post-village of Rockland 
 county. New York, on the Erie railroad, 29 
 miles N. from New York city. 
 
 Blawenburg, a post-village of Somerset 
 county, New Jersey, 15 miles N. by E. from 
 Trenton, has 1 church and 1 store. 
 
 Bledsoe, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Tennessee, has an area of 480 square 
 miles. It is drained by Sequatchy river. 
 The surface is elevated and rather moun- 
 tainous. The soil produces Indian corn, 
 oats, and grass. In 1850 there were raised 
 407,025 bushels of corn ; 83,670 of oats, and 
 42,427 pounds of butter. Stone coal is found 
 in the county. It contained 23 churches : 
 600 pupils attending public schools, and 40 
 attending academies and other schools. Ca- 
 pital, Pikeville. Population, 5959, of whom 
 5132 were free, and 827, slaves. 
 
 Bledsoe, a post-office of Hickory county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Bledsoe's Landing, a post-office of Crit- 
 tenden county, Arkansas. 
 
 Bleekee, a post-township of Fulton coun- 
 ty. New York, about 50 miles N. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 510. 
 
 Blendon, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Franklin county, Ohio. Population, 
 1303. 
 
 Blendon Institute, a small village in 
 Franklin county, Ohio. 
 
 Blenheim, a post-township of Schoharie 
 county. New York, 42 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 1314. 
 
 Blenheim, a post-village in the S. part of 
 Schoharie county. New York, 45 miles W. S. 
 "W. from Albany. 
 
 Blink Bonny, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 county. New York. 
 
 Blish's Mills, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Blissfield, a township in the E. part of 
 114 
 
 Lenawee county, Michigan. Population, 
 924. 
 
 Blissfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Raisin river, and on the 
 railroad from Toledo to Adrian, 22 miles N. 
 W. from the former, and 10 miles from 
 Adrian. It contains several stores and mills, 
 and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Blissville, a post-office of Oneida county. 
 New York. 
 
 Blissville, a post-office of Marshall coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Blissville, a post-office of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Bliven's Mills, a post-office of McHenry 
 county, Illinois, 23 miles W. N. W. from 
 Waukegan. 
 
 Blocker's, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Block House, a post-office of Scott coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Block Island, belonging to Rhode Island, 
 is situated in the Atlantic ocean, about mid- 
 way between Point Judith and Montauk 
 point, the eastern extremity of Long Island. 
 It is 8 miles in length, and from 2 to 5 miles 
 in breadth, and constitutes the township of 
 New Shoreham. On the N. W. part are 2 
 fixed lights, 58 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lat. 41° 13' N., Ion. 71° 35' W. 
 
 Blockley, a post-township of Philadelphia 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill 
 river, opposite Philadelphia, intersected by 
 the Columbia railroad. Population, 5916. 
 
 Blockville, a post-office of Chautauque 
 county. New York. 
 
 Blodgett's Mills, apost-officeof Cortlandt 
 county. New York. 
 
 Blood's Point, a post-office, situated in, 
 the N. part of De Kalb county, Illinois. 
 
 Bloody Run, a post-village of Bedford 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Raystown branch 
 of the Juniata, 8 miles E. from Bedford. It 
 has a church and several stores. 
 
 Bloom, a township of Columbia county, 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on the Susquehanna 
 river, immediately above the mouth of Fish- 
 ing creek. It contains Bloomfield, the county 
 seat. Population, 3122. 
 
 Bloom, a township in the W. part of Fair- 
 field county, Ohio. Population, 2289. 
 
 Bloom, a township in Morgan county, Ohio, 
 about 35 miles N. W. from Marietta. Popu- 
 lation, 1346. 
 
 Bloom, a township in the E. part of Scioto 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1648. 
 
 Bloom, a township in the S. part of Seneca 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1742. 
 
 Bloom, a township in Wood county, Ohio, 
 about 20 miles S. from Maumee City. 
 
 Bloom, a post-office of Rush county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Bloom, a post-township in Cook county, 
 Illinois, about 27 miles S. from Chicago. 
 
 Bloom Centre, a post-office of Logan 
 county, Ohio. 
 
BLO 
 
 BLO 
 
 Bloomee, a post-office of Sebastian county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Bloomeet, a post-office of Hampshire coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Maiiie, 32 miles N. from Augusta. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the S. side of Kennebeck river, 
 opposite Skowhegan, with which it is con- 
 nected by a bridge, about 30 miles N. by E. 
 from Augusta. The principal portion of the 
 inhabitants are engaged in the lumber busi- 
 ness. It contains 2 churches, an academy, 
 1 paper mill, 1 bank with a capital of .$75,000, 
 and several shoe manufactories. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-township of Essex 
 county, Vermont, on the W. side of Connec- 
 ticut river, about GO miles N. E. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 244. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-township of Hartford 
 county, Connecticut, 7 miles N. W. from 
 Hartford, intersected by Wood river. Popu- 
 lation, 1412. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-township of Essex 
 county, New Jersey, 3 or 4 miles N. from 
 Newark, intersected by the Morris canal. 
 Population, 3385. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-village of the above 
 township, 3 J miles N. N. W. from Newark, 
 and 54 miles N. E. from Trenton. It is built 
 principally on one street, 2 or 3 miles in 
 length, and contains 4 or 5 churches and se- 
 veral seminaries. In the vicinity are manu- 
 factories of cotton, wool, paper, &c. Popu- 
 lation, estimated at 2000. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-township of Crawford 
 county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. E. from 
 Meadville, drained by Oil creek. Population, 
 838. 
 
 Bloomfield, a small post-village in the 
 above township, about 240 miles N. W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Bloomfield, a small post-borough of Cen- 
 tre township, and capital of Perry county, 
 Pennsylvania, 24 miles N. W. from Harris- 
 burg, and 5 miles from the Central railroad. 
 It has a court house, several churches, an 
 academy, and over 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-village of Loudon 
 county, Virginia, 168 miles N. by W. from 
 Richmond, has a church and a few stores. 
 
 Bloomfield, a handsome post-village of 
 Nelson county, Kentucky, 39 miles S. W. 
 from Frankfort, is situated in a rich farming 
 district, and is one of the largest places in 
 the county. It contains one church, several 
 stores, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Bloomfield, a township in the E. part of 
 Jackson county, Ohio. Population, 1402. 
 
 Bloomfield, a village of Jefferson county, 
 Ohio, 12 miles W. by S. from Steubenville. 
 
 Bloomfield, a township in the W. part of 
 Logan county, Ohio. Population, 671. 
 
 Bloomfield, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Morrow county, Ohio. 
 
 Bloojifield, a small post-village in the 
 
 above township, about 31 miles N. N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Bloomfield, a village of Pickaway county, 
 Ohio, 10 miles N. by W. from Circleville. 
 
 Bloomfield, a village of Scioto county, 
 Ohio, on the Scioto and Hocking Valley rail- 
 road, 18 miles from Portsmouth, and about 
 100 miles S. from Columbus. Population, 
 150. 
 
 Bloomfield, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Trumbull county, Ohio. Population, 789. 
 
 Bloomfield, a township in the S. E. cen- 
 tral part of Oakland county, Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 1603. 
 
 Bloomfield, a village of Jay county, Indi- 
 ana, 7 miles N. from Portland. 
 
 Bloomfield, a township in La Grange 
 county, Indiana, about 20 miles N. by E. 
 from Albion. Population, 93. 
 
 Bloomfield, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Greene county, Indiana, near the W. 
 Fork of White river, and on the Wabash and 
 and Erie canal, 80 miles S. W. from Indian- 
 apolis. It is situated on high ground, one 
 mile E. from the river. Tiie fertility of the 
 surrounding land, and the navigation of the 
 canal, render this a place of active business. 
 
 Bloomfield, a village of Adams county, 
 Illinois, 6 miles E. from the Mississippi river. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-village of Edgar coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 125 miles E. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Bloomfield, a village of McDonough coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 3J miles S. E. from Macomb. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-village, capital of 
 Stoddard county, Missouri, on Lick creek, a 
 tributary of Lake Stoddard, 280 miles S. E. 
 from Jefferson City. 
 
 Bloomfield, the capital of Davis county, 
 Iowa, 95 miles S. W. from Iowa City, is situ- 
 ated on a fine rolling prairie, and is the 
 principal town in the county. It is sur- 
 rounded with land of great fertility, which 
 is rapidly filling up with settlers. 
 
 Bloomfield, a small post-village of Des 
 Moines county, Iowa. 
 
 Bloomfield, a post-township in Walworth 
 county, Wisconsin, about 45 miles S. S. W. 
 from Milwaukie. Population, 879. 
 
 Bloomfield Centee, a village in Bloom- 
 field township, Oakland county, Michigan, 
 on the Detroit and Pontiac railroad, 20 miles 
 N. N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Bloomingbueg, a post-village of Sullivan 
 county. New York, 100 miles S. S. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Bloomingbueg, a post-village of Fayette 
 county, Ohio, on the E. Fork of Paint creek, 
 32 miles S. W. from Columbus. It is one of 
 the principal villages of the county, contain- 
 ing 3 churches and several stores. 
 
 Bloomingdale, a small post-village of 
 Passaic county. New Jersey, on Pequannock 
 creek, 25 miles N. W. from Newark. 
 
 Bloomingdale, a post-office of Jeffersoa 
 county, Ohio, 124 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 115 
 
BLO 
 
 BLO 
 
 Bloomingdale, a township in Van Buren 
 county, Michigan, about 20 miles W. N. W. 
 from Kalamazoo. Population, 160. 
 
 Bloomingdale, a post-township in Du 
 Page county, Illinois, about 25 miles W. by 
 N. from Chicago. 
 
 Bloomingdale, a village of Logan county, 
 Illinois, 85 miles S. S. E. from Peoria. 
 
 Bloomingdale, a township in Winnebago 
 county, Wisconsin. Population, 909. 
 
 Bloomingdale, a small village of Winne- 
 bago county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Blooming Grove, a post-township near 
 the centre of Orange county, New York. Po- 
 pulation, 2184. 
 
 Blooming Grove, a township in Eichland 
 county, Ohio, about 15 miles N. from Mans- 
 field. Population, 1430. 
 
 Blooming Grove, a small village of PJch- 
 land county, Ohio. 
 
 Blooming Grove, a village of Berrien coun- 
 ty, Michigan, on the Lake shore, 5 miles S. by 
 W. from St. Joseph. 
 
 Blooming Grove, a post-township in 
 Franklin county, Indiana, about 5 miles N. 
 from Brookville. Population, 1276. 
 
 Blooming Grove, a small village in the 
 above township. 
 
 Blooming Grove, a village in Bloom- 
 ingdale township, in the N. part of Du Page 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Bloomingport, a small village of Kan- 
 dolph county, Indiana, 12 miles S. from 
 Winchester. 
 
 Bloomingsburg, a post-village of Fulton 
 county, Indiana, 35 miles N. N. E. from Lo- 
 gansport. 
 
 Bloomington, a decayed post-village of 
 Tipton county, Tennessee, is nearly de- 
 serted. 
 
 Bloomington, a post-ofBce of Morgan coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Bloomington, a post-ofEce of Clinton coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Bloomington, a post-township in Monroe 
 county, Indiana, about 50 mil^s S. S. W. from 
 Indianapolis. Population, 2532. 
 
 Bloomington, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Monroe county, Indiana, 51 miles 
 S. AV. from Indianapolis, and 80 miles N. 
 W. from Louisville, Kentucky. It is plea- 
 santly situated on the dividing ridge be- 
 tween the E. and W. forks of White river. 
 The place was first settled in 1819. About 
 half of the houses are built of brick, and 
 the remainder of wood. The State Uni- 
 versity at this place is a flourishing institu- 
 tion. It was organized in 1829, and had in 
 1852, 175 students, with a library of 4200 
 volumes. The village contains one female 
 academy, several churches, and 8 printing 
 offices. The railroad which is extending 
 fi-om New Albany towards Chicago will pass 
 through Bloomington. About 70 miles of 
 the road were in operation in 1852. Popu- 
 Jation, estimated at 2000. 
 116 
 
 Bloomington, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of McLean county, Illinois, on the Ga- 
 lena Branch of the Central railroad. 65 miles 
 N. E. from Springfield. It is pleasantly situ- 
 ated, and contains several churches, an aca- 
 demy, and a newspaper ofiice. Population, 
 1594. 
 
 Bloomington, a township in Buchanan 
 county, Missouri. Population, 1295. 
 
 Bloomington, a thriving post-village of 
 Buchanan county, Missouri, on the road from 
 St. Joseph to Weston, 12. miles from each. 
 The land around is fertile and well culti- 
 vated. Tke name of the post-ofBce is De 
 Kalb. The village has 4 dry-goods stores. 
 
 Bloomington, a post-village, capital of 
 Macon county, Missouri, 106 miles N. by W. 
 from Jefferson City, and 2 miles W. from the 
 E. Fork of Chariton river, had, in 1850, 194 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Bloomington, Iowa. See Muscatjne. 
 
 Bloomington, a township of Dane county, 
 Wisconsin. Population, 291. 
 
 Bloomington, a post-office of Polk county, 
 Oregon. 
 
 Blooming Valley, a small post-village of 
 Crawford county, Pennsylvania, on the State 
 road, 6 miles N. E. from Meadviiie, has about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Bloomingville, a post-village of Erie 
 county, Ohio, 6 miles S. from Sandusky City. 
 
 Bloomsburg, a thriving post-borough of 
 Bloom township, capital of Columbia county, 
 Pennsylvania, is situated on Fishing creek, 
 1 mile N. from the N. Branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna, 78 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 It is pleasantly situated and well-built, and 
 contains a new court house, 4 churches, 2 
 iron furnaces, and 1 foundry. The surround- 
 ing country contains abundance of iron ore 
 and limestone. Two newspapers are published 
 in the borough. Bloomsburg has consider- 
 able trade, for which the N. Branch canal 
 affords facilities. The seat of justice was 
 removed from Danville to this town by a vote 
 of the people in 1846. Population of the 
 township, 3122. 
 
 Bloomsburg, a post-village in Halifax 
 county, Virginia, about 116 miles W. S. W. 
 from Norfolk. 
 
 Bloomsburt, a thriving post-village of 
 Warren and Hunterdon counties, New Jer- 
 sey, on the Musconetcong river, and on the 
 New Jersey Central railroad, about 40 miles 
 N. W. from Trenton, and 7 miles E. S. E. 
 from Easton. It is pleasantly situated in a 
 valley, and on the boundary between Hun- 
 terdon and and Warren counties. It contains 
 a cotton factory, a large merchant mill, and 
 several stores. 
 
 Bloomsbiiey, of Mercer county, New Jer- 
 sey. See Trenton. 
 
 Bloomville, a post-village of Delaware 
 county. New York, on the Coquago river, 
 74 miles S. W. from Albany. It has 1 or 2 
 churches, and several stores. 
 
BLO 
 
 BLU 
 
 Bloomville, a post-village in Bloom town- 
 ship, Seneca county, Ohio, 36 miles S. AV. 
 from Sandusky City. 
 
 Bloomville, a post-village of Will county, 
 Illinois, 50 miles S. S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Bloss, a township of Tioga county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 133 miles N. from Harrisburg, is 
 intersected by the Corning and Blossburg 
 railroad. Population, 850. 
 
 Blossburg, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Tioga river, at the S. 
 terminus of the Corning and Blossburg rail- 
 road, 133 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. 
 It owes its growth and importance to the 
 valuable mines of bituminous coal which are 
 worked in the vicinity. Iron ore is also 
 found, in connection with the coal, and there 
 is a furnace in operation at this place. 
 
 Blossomhill, a post-office of Caddo pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Blossom Praikib, a post-oiiice of Lamar 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Blount, a county towards the N. part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 955 square miles. 
 It is drained by the sources of the Locust 
 Fork, and Mulberry Fork, of Black AVarrior 
 river. The county is partly occupied by 
 small mountains, connected with the Blue 
 Kidge, which extends near the N. border. 
 The highlands affords fine timber and pas- 
 ture ; cotton and Indian corn are raised in 
 the valleys. In 1850, Blount county produced 
 267,025 bushels of corn; 28,420 of sweet 
 potatoes ; 21,204 of oats, and 248 bales of 
 cotton. There were 2 grist and saw mills, 
 2 tanneries, and 1 cabinet-ware manufactory. 
 It contained 13 churches, and 435 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Blount's Springs are 
 in this county. Capital, Blountsville. Po- 
 pulation, 7367, of whom 6941 were free, and 
 426, slaves. 
 
 Blount, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina, has 
 an area of about 450 square miles. The 
 Holston river, navigable by steamboats, forms 
 its boundary on the N. AV., the Tennessee on 
 the AV. ; the county is also intersected by 
 Little river and numerous creeks. The sur- 
 face is elevated and beautifully diversified 
 by mountain ridges, the highest of which are 
 called Iron or Smoky mountain, and Chilho- 
 wee mountain. The soil of the valleys is 
 very fertile, and much improved. Indian 
 corn, wheat, and oats are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 621,981 bushels 
 of corn; 36,107 of wheat; 175,314 of oats, 
 and 71,651 pounds of butter. It contained 
 15 churches, and 1283 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. The streams of this county are 
 rapid, and furnish immense motive-power. 
 The E. Tennessee and Georgia railroad passes 
 near the AV. border. Extensive beds of mar- 
 ble, limestone, and iron ore are found. Ca- 
 pital, Marysville. This county, which is 
 one of the oldest in the state, was named in 
 tonor of AVillie Blount, the first govei-nor of 
 
 Tennessee. Population, 12,382, of whom 
 11,298 were free, Mid 1084, slaves. 
 
 Blount's Creei^ a post-office of Beaufort 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Blount's Feery, a post-office of Columbia 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Blount's or Blunt's Spring, a fashionable 
 watering place of Blount county, Alabama, 
 on the Mulberry fork of Black AVarrior river, 
 about 80 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. Chaly- 
 beate springs, with nearly every variety of 
 sulphur springs, are found here. 
 
 Blountstown, a small post-village of Cal- 
 houn county, Florida. 
 
 Blountsville, a village of Jones county, 
 Georgia, 16 miles W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Blountsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Blount county, Alabama, on the Locust fork 
 of Black AVarrior river, about 100 miles N. 
 E. from Tuscaloosa. It contains a court 
 house, 1 or 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 Blountsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Sullivan county, Tennessee, a few miles N. 
 AV. from the Holston river, and about 100 
 miles N. E. from Knoxville. 
 
 Blountsville, a small post-village of Dela- 
 ware county, Indiana, 24 miles N. AV. from 
 Centreville. 
 
 Blowing Cave, a post-office of Decatur 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Blue Ball, a small village of Monmouth 
 county, New Jersey, 3 or 4 miles S. from 
 Freehold, has 2 churches, and about 25 
 dwellings. 
 
 Blue Ball, a small post-village of Lancas- 
 ter county, Pennsylvania, 
 
 Blue Ball, a post-office of Cecil county, 
 Maryland. 
 
 Blue Ball, a post-office of Butler county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Blue Bayou, of Louisiana, flows S. E. on 
 the boundary between Terre Bonne and La 
 Fourche, interior parishes, and enters the Gulf 
 of Mexico. It traverses a flat, swampy dis- 
 trict, in which there is but little arable 
 land. 
 
 Blub Bell, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Blue Creek of Ohio, enters the Auglaize 
 river in Paulding county. 
 
 Blue Creek, a post-office of Habersham 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Blue Creek, a post-office of Pike county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Blue Creek, a post-office of Adams coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Blue Creek, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Indiana, 6 miles S. by AV. from 
 Brookville. 
 
 Blue Creek, a township in Adams county, 
 Indiana, about 10 miles S. S. E. from Deca- 
 tur. Population, 425. 
 
 Blue Earth, a large county in the S. AV 
 part of Minnesota, bordering on Iowa, bounded 
 on the N. E. by the Minnesota river, and on 
 the W by 'the Missouri. It is intersected by the 
 
 117 
 
BLU 
 
 BLU 
 
 Kivibre a Jacques, the Sioux, and the Mankato 
 or Blue Earth rivers, from the last of which 
 its name is derived. This county is not included 
 in the census of 1850. Capital, Mankato. 
 
 Blue Eye, a post-ofiSce of Benton co., Ala. 
 
 Blue Geass, a post-office of Fulton co., Ind. 
 
 Blue Geass, a post- village of Scott county, 
 Iowa, 45 miles E. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Blue Hill, a post-township of Hancock 
 county, Maine, about 80 miles E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1939. 
 
 Blue Hill, a post-office of Williamson 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Blue Hill Falls, a post-office of Hancock 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Blue Hills, a ridge in New Hampshire, 
 of which Saddleback mountain is the princi- 
 pal peak. 
 
 Blue House, a post-office of Colleton dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Blue Lick, a post-office of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Blue Lick, a post-office of Clark county, 
 Indiana, 9 miles W. N. W. from Charles- 
 ton. 
 
 Blue Lick Springs, a post-office of Nicho- 
 las CO., Ky. See Kentucky, p. 561. 
 
 Blue Mound, a post-township in Dane 
 county, "Wisconsin, about 22 miles S. W. from 
 Madison. Population, 3o4. 
 
 Blue Mounp, a small village of Iowa coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Blue Mountain, a township in Izard 
 county, Arkansas. Population, 334. 
 
 Blue Mountains, of Pennsylvania. See 
 Kittatinny. 
 
 Blue Mountains, of Oregon, a range ex- 
 tending from about 46° N. lat. , southward 
 to the limits of Utah Territory. It is about 
 200 miles E. from the Coast Range, with 
 which it is nearly parallel. 
 
 Blue Plum, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Blue Pond, a post-office of Cherokee coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Blue Ridge, the most easterly ridge of 
 the Alleghany mountains, extending in an 
 almost continuous chain from West point, in 
 New York, through Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
 North Carolina, Georgia, to the N. part of 
 Alabama. This range, after passing through 
 the north-western counties of New Jersey, is 
 traversed by the Delaware, immediately be- 
 low the influx of the Lehigh, and again by 
 the Schuylkill at Reading. It runs in a 
 south-westerly course, nearly parallel to the 
 Blue mountains of Pennsylvania, between 
 Lancaster and Lebanon, York and Cumber- 
 land, Franklin and Adams counties, to the 
 Maryland line. In Pennsylvania it is termed 
 the South mountain. Crossing the Potomac 
 at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, it first takes 
 the name of Blue Ridge. It forms the di- 
 viding line between Eastern and Western 
 Virginia. A large portion of the streams of 
 Eastern Virginia have their sources on the 
 118 
 
 south-eastern slope of this range. Tho 
 Roanoke and James river alone take their 
 rise considerably farther inland, breaking 
 through the E4ue Ridge, in order to convey 
 their waters to the distant sea. This moun- 
 tain range advancing south, passes near the 
 western limit of North Carolina, grazes the 
 N. W. extremity of S. Carolina, intersects 
 the N. W. part of Georgia, and is finally lost 
 in Alabama. Mount Mitchell, 6476 feet high, 
 in North Carolina, is the most elevated sum- 
 mit of this range, and of the whole Appala- 
 chian system. The Otter peaks, in Bedford 
 county, Virginia, the next highest portion 
 of the Blue Ridge, have an elevation of about 
 4200 feet above the sea. 
 
 Blue Ridge, a post-office of Botetourt 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Blue Ridge, a post-office of Yancey coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Blue Ridge, a post-office of Gilmer coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Blue Ridge, a post-office of Shelby coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Blue Rivee of Indiana, rises in Henry 
 county, in the E. part of the state, and flows 
 in a S. W. direction to the mouth of Sugar 
 creek, in Johnson county ; after which it 
 takes the name of Driftwood fork, or East 
 fork of White river. It is from 30 to 60 
 yards wide above Sugar creek, and affords 
 excellent water-power. The chief towns on 
 its banks are Newcastle and Shelbyville. 
 
 Blue Rivee, in the S. part of Indiana, is a 
 fine mill stream, which rises in Washington 
 county, and flowing south-westerly, falls into 
 the Ohio at Levenworth. 
 
 Blue River, a small stream of Whitley 
 county, Indiana, flows into Eel river, 2 miles 
 below Columbia. 
 
 Blue Rivee, a small stream of Grant coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, flows into the Wisconsin 
 river. 
 
 Blue River, a township in Harrison coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Blue Rivee, a township in Johnson coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 964. 
 
 Blue Rivee, a small village of Iowa coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Blue Rock, a post-office of Chester coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Blue Rock, a post-township in Muskingum 
 county, Ohio, about 15 miles S. S. E. from 
 Zanesville. Population, 1476. 
 
 Blue's Point, a post-office of Crittenden 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Blite Spring, a post-office of Smy the coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Blue Spring, a post-office of Morgan coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Blue Speing, a village of Baker county, 
 Georgia, 20 miles N. E. from Newton. 
 
 Blue Spring, a post-office of Stewart coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Blue Speing Geove, a post-office of Bar- 
 ren county, Kentucky. 
 
BLU 
 
 Boa 
 
 Bltte Springs, a post-village of Jackson 
 county, Missouri, 9 miles S. E. from Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Bluestone, a small river in the S. W. part 
 of Virginia, rises in Tazewell county, flows 
 north-eastward through Mercer county, and 
 falls into the New river, 5 miles above the 
 mouth of the Greenbrier. 
 
 Blue Stone, a post-office of Tazewell coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Blue Sulphur Springs, a post-office of 
 Greenbrier county, Virginia. 
 
 Blue Wing, a post-office of Granville coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Bluff, a village of Holt county, Missouri, 
 about 90 miles N. W. from Independence. 
 
 Bluff, a post-office of Sauk county, Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 Bluffdale, a post- village of Greene county, 
 Illinois, 65 miles W. S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Bluffdale, a small post-village of Des 
 Moines county, Iowa. 
 
 Bluff Point, a post-office of Yates county, 
 New York. ■ 
 
 Bluff Poet, a post-office of Sumter coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Bluffport, a village of Howard county, 
 Missouri, on the left bank of the Missouri 
 river. 
 
 Bluff Spring, a post-village of 'Talbot 
 county, Georgia, about 30 miles N. E..from 
 Columbus City. 
 
 Bluff Spring, a post-office of Talladega 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Bluff Spring, a post-village of Attala 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Bluff Spring, a post-office of Johnson 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Bluff Springs, a post-office of Gibson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Bluff Springs, a small village of Jackson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Bluffton, a post-office of Beaufort county, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Bluffton, a post-village, capital of Wells 
 county, Indiana, on the Wabash river, 101 
 miles N. E. from Indianapolis, 25 miles S. 
 from Fort Wayne, was first settled in 1838. 
 It contains a good court house, 4 or 5 
 churches, and 477 inhabitants. 
 
 Bluffton, a small post-village of Mar- 
 quette county, Wisconsin, 60 miles N. by E. 
 from Madison. 
 
 Bluffville, a post-office of Carroll county, 
 Illinois, 3 miles E. from the Mississippi river. 
 
 Blundertille, a village of Ballard county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Blythe, a township of Schuylkill county, 
 Pennsylvania, on both sides of Schuylkill 
 river, 5 miles N. E. from Pottsville, is inter- 
 sected by the Schuylkill Valley railroad. 
 Population, 3778. 
 
 Bltthe, a township in Marion county, Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 273. 
 
 Blythevillb, a post-village in the S. part 
 of Jasper county, Missouri. 
 
 BoALSBURG, a post-village of Harris town- 
 ship. Centre county, Pennsylvania, is beauti- 
 fully situated in Penn valley, near the source 
 of Spring creek, 85 miles N. W. from Harris- 
 burg, and 10 miles S. from Belief onte. Popu- 
 lation, near 400. 
 
 BoARDMAN, a post-township in Mahoning 
 county, Ohio, about 6 miles E. from Canfield. 
 Population, 1026. 
 
 BoARDTREE, a post-office of Cherokee coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 BoARDViLLE, a Small village of Passaic 
 county, New Jersey, on Ringwood river, 21 
 miles N. W. from Hackensack. 
 
 BoBTOWN, a small manufacturing village 
 in Pittsfield township, Berkshire county, 
 Massachusetts, about 30 miles W. N. W. from 
 Northampton. The principal articles of ma- 
 nufacture are woollen goods. 
 
 BoDCAu Lake, of Bossier parish, in the N. 
 W. part of Louisiana. Bodcau bayou or river 
 enters the N. E. extremity, and also forms the 
 outlet by which the water is discharged from 
 the other end into Red river. Length, about 
 20 miles; greatest breadth, 3 or 4 miles. 
 
 BoDCAU Bayou or River, of Arkansas and 
 Louisiana, rises in the S. W. part of the former 
 state, and flowing southward into Louisiana, 
 enters Red river in Bossier parish, after pass- 
 ing through Bodcau lake. 
 
 Bodega, a small village of Sonoma county, 
 in the N. W. part of California, is situated 
 near the seacoast, 62 miles in a straight line 
 N. W. by N. from San Francisco. 
 
 BoDENHAM, a post-village in Giles county, 
 Tennessee, about 70 miles S. S. W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Body Camp, a post-office of Bedford coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Boetia, a post-office of Mercer county,Ohio. 
 
 BoEUF (bef) Bayou, in Louisiana, com- 
 municates with Red river and the Atcha- 
 falaya. 
 
 BoEUF Bayou, of Arkansas and Louisiana, 
 commences in Chicot county of the former 
 state, a few miles W. from the Mississippi, 
 from which it derives supplies in times of 
 floods. After passing into Louisiana, it flows 
 south-westward to the E. border of Caldwell 
 parish, and turning toward the S. E., unites 
 with Washita river, about 10 miles above 
 Harrisonburg. In high-water, steamboats cau 
 ascend from the Washita about 150 miles. 
 
 BoEUFF Prairie, a post-office of Franklin 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 BoGANDS, a post-village of Carroll county, 
 Missouri, about 100 miles N. W. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 BoGANSviLLE, a post-officc of Union district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BoGARD, a post-township in Daviess coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 598. 
 
 Boo Grove, a township in Kendall county, 
 Illinois. Population, 1343. 
 
 BoGGS, a township of Centre county, Penn- 
 sylvania, about 90 miles N. W. from Harris- 
 
 119 
 
BOG 
 
 BOL 
 
 burg, drained by Bald Eagle creek. Popu- 
 lation, 1928. 
 
 BoGGS, a township of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania, 115 miles N. W. from Harris- 
 burg, drained by Clearfield creek. Popula- 
 tion, 464. 
 
 BoGHT, a post-office of Albany county, New 
 York. 
 
 BoGUE Homo Ceeek, of Mississippi, falls 
 into Leaf river from the N. in Perry county, 
 a few miles below Augusta. 
 
 Bogus Run, a post-office of Stark county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Bohemia Ceeek, Maryland, flows into Elk 
 river. 
 
 Boiling Spring, a post-office of Fentress 
 county, Tennessee, 133 miles E. by N. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Boiling Springs, a small post- village of 
 Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Boiling Springs, a post-office of Benton 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 BoiLSTON, a post-office of Henderson, coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Bois Blanc Island, in Lake Huron, about 
 10 miles S. E. from Mackinaw, is 10 miles 
 long and 3 broad. 
 
 Bois d'Arc, a township in Hempstead 
 county, Arkansas. Population, 351. 
 
 Bois d'Arc, a village of Green county, 
 Missouri, about 130 miles S. W. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Bois d'Arc (bo^dark') River of Texas, 
 also called East Fork of the Trinity, rises in 
 the N. part of the state, and flowing south- 
 ward, enters Trinity river in Kaufman county. 
 
 Bois d'Arc Creek, Ellis county, Texas, 
 flows eastward into Trinity river. 
 
 Boke's Creek, a township in Logan coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 583. 
 
 Boke's Creek, a post-office of Union coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Boland's, a post-office of Itawamba coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Boligee, a post-office of Greene county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 BoLiNGREEN, a post-office of Holmes coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 BoLiNGTON, a post-office of Loudon county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bolivar, a county in the W. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, has an area of about 800 square 
 miles. The Mississippi river forms its W. 
 boundary, separating it from Arkansas. The 
 surface is a level and alluvial plain, usually 
 called "swamp land," part of which is fre- 
 quently overflowed by the river. The soil is 
 extremely fertile, but a large part of it re- 
 mains uncultivated, being considered less 
 healthy than the uplands of the interior. 
 Cotton is the chief product. In 1850 this 
 county produced 4723 bales of cotton ; 
 107,075 bushels of corn, and 29,066 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 3 churches. Capital, 
 Bolivia. Population, 2577, of whom 397 
 ■were free, and 2180, slaves. 
 120 
 
 Bolivar, a post-township of Alleghany 
 county. New York, 285 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 708. 
 
 Bolivar, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 285 miles W. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Bolivar, a village of Westmoreland coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Central railroad and 
 Pennsylvania canal, 24 miles E. N. E. from 
 Greensburg. A plank-road connects this 
 point with Indiana court house. 
 
 Bolivar, a post-office of Frederick county, 
 Maryland. 
 
 Bolivar, a post-office of Jackson county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Bolivar, Galveston county, Texas. See 
 Point Bolivar. 
 
 Bolivar, a township in Jefi'erson county, 
 Arkansas. Population, 686. 
 
 Bolivar, a post-village, capital of Poinsett 
 county, Arkansas, 147 miles N. E. from Lit- 
 tle Eock. It is situated in a level and fertile 
 region, which produces cotton and maize. 
 
 Bolivar, a handsome and thriving town, 
 capital of Hardeman county, Tennessee, ia 
 situated 1 mile S. from the Hatchee river, 
 and 170 miles S. W. from Nashville. The 
 river is navigable for steamboats from six 
 to nine months in the year. Bolivar is sur- 
 rounded by rich land and wealthy planters, 
 and has an active, increasing trade. It con- 
 tains. 3 or more churches, 2 academies, and 
 (in 1853) about 1200 inhabitants. 
 
 Bolivar, a thriving post-village of- Tusca- 
 rawas county, Ohio, at che junction of the 
 Sandy and Beaver canal with the Ohio canal, 
 111 miles N. E. from Columbus. Population, 
 about 500. 
 
 Bolivar, a post-village, capital of Polk 
 county, Missouri, about 110 miles S. W. from 
 Jefi'erson City. It contains a court house and 1 
 or 2 churches. Population in 1852, about 500. 
 
 Bolivia, a post-village, capital of Bolivar 
 county, Mississippi, on the Mississippi river, 
 about 150 miles above Vicksburg, has a land- 
 ing for steamboats, and a few houses. 
 
 Bolivia, a village of St. Genevieve county, 
 Missouri, about 20 miles S. W. from the Mis- 
 sissippi river. 
 
 Bolsten's Mills, a post-office of Cumbe]> 
 land county, Maine. 
 
 Bolton, a township of Chittenden county, 
 Vermont, about 20 miles N. W. from Mont- 
 pelier, intersected by the Vermont Centra] 
 railroad. Population, 602. 
 
 Bolton, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, 27 miles W. by N. of 
 Boston. Population, 1263. 
 
 Bolton, a post-township of Tolland co.. 
 Conn., on the Providence, Hartford, and Fish- 
 kill railroad, about 15 miles E. from Hartford. 
 This township contains an extensive quarry 
 of a superior quality of stone. Pop., 600. 
 
 Bolton, a post-township of AVarren coun- 
 ty. New York, on Schroon river and Lake 
 George, about 68 miles N. from Albany. Po- 
 pulation, 1147. 
 
BOL 
 
 BOO 
 
 Bolton, a post-village near the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Williamson countj'^, Illinois. 
 
 Bolton's Depot, a post-oifice of Hinds 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 BoLTONViLLE, a post-office of Cobb county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Bolt's Fork, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Bombay, a post-township of Franklin coun- 
 ty, New York, on Little Salmon river, about 
 20 miles N. W. from Malone. Population, 
 1963. 
 
 Bon Air, a small village of White county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Bon Air Springs, a post-office of White 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Bonaparte, a post-village of Du Page 
 county, Illinois, 25 miles W. by S. from Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Bonaparte, a thriving post-village of Van 
 Buren county, Iowa, on the river Des Moines, 
 about 35 miles N. W. from Keokuk. It is 
 situated in a rich farming district, and has 
 several stores and a large mill. 
 
 Bon Aqua, a post-office of Hickman coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 BoNBROOK, a post-office of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bond, a county, in the S. W. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of about 400 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Shoal creek and 
 its branches, the East and West Forks, 
 which flow southward ; the Kaskaskia river 
 touches the S. E. extremity. The surface is 
 undulating, and presents an alternation of 
 beautiful prairies and tracts of timber in 
 nearly equal proportions. The soil is highly 
 productive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 460,985 bushels of Indian 
 corn ; 7655 of wheat ; 84,771 of oats, and 
 114,970 pounds of butter. It contained 16 
 churches and 4 newspaper establishments. 
 There were 1500 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 310 attending academies or 
 other schools. Stone coal is found near Shoal 
 creek. The National road and the projected 
 railway from Terre Haute to St. Louis pass 
 through the county. Named in honor of 
 Shadrach Bond, first governor of Illinois. 
 Capital, Greenville. Population, 6144. 
 
 Bond's Point, a post-office of Christian 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Bond's Village, a post-office of Hampden 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 BoNDviLLB, a post-office of Bennington 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Bone Creek, a post-office of Ritchie coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bonesecour Bat. See Bonsecottrs Bat. 
 
 Bone Yard, a post-office of Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi. ' 
 
 BoNHAM, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Fannin county, Texas, about 12 miles S. from 
 Red river, and 270 miles N. by E. from Aus- 
 tin City. It is situated on Bois d'Arc creek. 
 
 and in a large and fertile prairie, which pro- 
 duces cotton, wheat, &c. Steamboats navi- 
 gate Red river on the border of Fannin 
 county. 
 
 BoNHAMTOWN, a Small village of Middlesex 
 county, New Jersey, 5 miles N. E. from New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Bon Harbour, a small village of Daviess 
 county, Kentucky, on the Ohio rivev. L58 
 miles below Louisville, and 3 miles below 
 Owensboro, the county seat. There is a rich 
 coal mine worked in the vicinity. The village 
 has a good harbor and a large manufactory 
 of cotton and wool. 
 
 Bon Homme, a post-township in St. Charles 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Bonn, a post-village of Washington county, 
 Ohio, 10 miles N. by E. from Marietta. 
 
 Bonne Femme Creek, of Missouri, flows 
 through the middle of Howard county, and 
 passing the county seat, falls into the Mis- 
 souri river about 6 miles below Boonville. 
 
 Bonner's Mine, a village in the S. part of 
 Carroll county, Georgia, near the Tallapoosa 
 river. 
 
 Bonnet Carr:e, a post-village, capital of 
 St. John Baptist parish, Louisiana, on the 
 Mississippi, 45 miles above New Orleans. 
 
 BoNNT DooN, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Bono, a post-township in Lawrence county, 
 Indiana, about 15 miles S. S. E. from Bed- 
 ford. Population, 1001. 
 
 Bono, a small post-village in the above 
 township, on White river, 16 miles S. E. from 
 Bedford. It stands on a high bluif. Popu- 
 lation, 200. 
 
 Bon Pas, a post-office of Richland county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 BoNPLAND Lake, of El Dorado county, to- 
 wards the N. part of California, is about 14 
 miles long by 6 miles wide. Named in hono^ 
 of M. Bonpland, the travelling companion of 
 Baron Humboldt. 
 
 BoNSECouRS, or Bonesecour (bone^se- 
 koor') Bat, Alabama, a triangular projec- 
 tion or arm on the E. side of Mobile bay. 
 
 Bonus, a post-township in Boone county^ 
 Illinois, about 8 miles N. E. from Belvi- 
 dere. 
 
 Bonus Prairie, a post-village of Boone 
 county, Illinois, about 6 miles N. E. from 
 Belvidere. 
 
 Bookeersville, a village of Wilkes coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 45 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. 
 
 Boone, a new county in the W. S. W. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 525 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. E. by Coal river, an 
 affluent of the Kanawha, and also drained by 
 Little Coal river and Laurel creek. The sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous, and mostly 
 covered with forests. The soil in some parts 
 is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, 
 and ginseng are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 134,040 bushels of corn; 
 3215 of wheat ; 19,185 of oats, and 33,996 
 
 121 
 
BOO 
 
 BOO 
 
 pounds of butter. There were 2 saw mills, 
 and 1 coal-mining establishment. It con- 
 tained 6 churches, and 171 pupils attending 
 public schools. I?oone county was formed 
 out of portions of Logan and Kanawha coun- 
 ties, and named in honor of Daniel Boone, 
 the renowned pioneer of the West. Capital, 
 Boone Court House. Population, 3237, of 
 whom 3054 were free, and 183, slaves. 
 
 Boone, a county forming the N. extremity 
 of Kentucky, contains about 300 square 
 miles. The Ohio river bounds it on the N. 
 and W. for a distance of about 40 miles, 
 forming the " Great North Bend," and sepa- 
 rating it from Ohio and Indiana. The sur- 
 face is generally hilly ; the soil is based on 
 limestone, and is productive. The staple 
 productions are Indian corn, wheat, oats, to- 
 bacco, hay, fruit, and pork. In 1850 this 
 county produced 1,056,650 bushels of corn ; 
 71,749 of wheat; 62,719 of oats; 298,152 
 pounds of tobacco; 35,027 of wool', and 19,074 
 of flax. It contained 28 churches, 1 newspa- 
 per establishment, 650 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 70 attending academies or other 
 schools. The rock found next to the surface 
 is the blue or Trenton limestone. Boone 
 county was formed in 1798. Capital, Bur- 
 lington. Population, 11,185, of whom 9081 
 were free, and 2104, slaves. 
 
 Boone, a county situated a little N. W. from 
 the centre of Indiana, contains 408 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Eagle and Sugar 
 creeks. The surface varies from level to un- 
 dulating ; the soil is several feet deep, and 
 well adapted to grain or grass. Wheat, corn, 
 oats, beef, pork, and horses are the chief ar- 
 ticles of export. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 583,045 bushels of corn; 76,289 of 
 wheat; 46,187 of oats, and 4,259^- tons of 
 hay. It contained 29 churches, 2708 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 75 attending 
 an academy. This county was originally 
 covered with a dense forest of the oak, ash, 
 beech, sugar-maple, and walnut. Great im- 
 provement has been made within the last 10 
 years. It is intersected by the Lafayette 
 and Indianapolis railroad. Capital, Lebanon. 
 Population, 11,631. 
 
 Boone, a county in the N. part of Illinois, 
 bordering on Wisconsin, has an area of 270 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Kish- 
 waukee river, an affluent of Rock river ; it 
 is also drained by the Piskasaw and other 
 creeks. The surface is undulating, and is 
 divided by prairies and woodlands ; the soil 
 is excellent. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and 
 hay are the staples. In 1850, Boone county 
 produced 248,107 bushels of wheat ; 159,114 
 of corn; 141,825 of oats; 12,676 tons of 
 hay, and 173,966 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 6 churches, 1843 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 90 attending other schools, 
 ^iie Chicago and Galena railroad passes 
 through the county. Capital, Belvidere. 
 Population, 7626. 
 122 
 
 Boone, a county in the N. central part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 648 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. W. by the Missouri 
 river, and on the E. by Cedar creek, and tra- 
 versed by Roche Percee and Petite Bonne 
 Femme rivers, which flow nearly southward 
 into the Missouri. The surface is moderate- 
 ly diversified, and consists partly of prairie 
 and partly of timbered land : the soil 'is uni- 
 formly and highly productive, and extensive- 
 ly cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, to- 
 bacco, hemp, cattle, and pork are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 1,001,983 
 bushels of corn; 70,163 of wheat; 80,543 
 of oats; 584,949 pounds of tobacco, and 51 
 tons of hemp. It contained 51 churches, 
 and 1 newspaper establishment. There were 
 2460 pupils attending public schools. Stone 
 coal and limestone are found in the county. 
 Boone county is one of the most populous 
 in the state. Capital, Columbia. Popula- 
 tion, 14,979, of whom 11,313 were free, and 
 3666, slaves. 
 
 Boone, a county in the W. central part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Des Moines river, 
 dividing it into two nearly equal parts. The 
 county has a fertile soil, is well timbered, 
 and contains stone coal. The population ia 
 increasing rapidly. Capital, Booneville. 
 
 Boone, a post-village, capital of Watauga 
 county, North Carolina, about 200 miles W. 
 by N. from Raleigh. It is situated in a 
 mountainous district. Daniel Boone, from 
 whom the name is derived, once resided in 
 the vicinity. The seat of justice was esta- 
 blished here at the formation of the county in 
 1849. 
 
 Boone, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Cass county, Indiana, about 14 
 miles N. W. from Logansport. Population, 
 594. 
 
 Boone, a township in Crawford county, 
 Indiana. Population, 406. 
 
 Boone, a township in Madison county, In- 
 diana. Population, 299. 
 
 Boone, a township in Porter county, In- 
 diana, about 12 miles S. by W. from Valpa- 
 raiso. Population, 541. 
 
 Boone, a township in Warrick county, In- 
 diana. Population, 2207. 
 
 Boone, a small post-village in the above 
 township. Population, about 200. 
 
 Boone, a post-township in Boone county, 
 Illinois, about 10 miles N. E. from Belvi- 
 dere. 
 
 Boone, a post-township in Franklin coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Boone, a post-office of Dallas county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Boone Court House, a small post- village, 
 capital of Boone county, Virginia, on the 
 Little Coal river, 245 miles in a direct line 
 W. from Richmond. The surrounding coun- 
 try is very thinly settled. 
 
 Boone Riyek, Iowa, rises in the N, part 
 
BOO 
 
 BOR 
 
 of the state, and flowing southward, enters 
 Des Moines river on the E. border of Yell 
 county. 
 
 BooNESBOEOTiGH, a post-officc of Washing- 
 ton county, Arkansas. 
 
 BooNESBOEOUGH, a small and decayed vil- 
 lage of Madison county, Kentucky, on the 
 Kentucky river, about 18 miles S. E. from Lex- 
 ington. This place is memorable as the site 
 of a fort which was built in 1775 by Daniel 
 Boone, the pioneer of Kentucky, and was 
 the first erected in the state. Here also 
 convened, more than 75 years ago, the first 
 legislative assembly of the Western States. 
 
 BooNESBOEOUGH, a post-office of Boone 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 BooNESBOROUGH, a Small post-village of 
 Boone county, Missouri, 30 miles N. from 
 Jefi'erson City. 
 
 Boone Valley, a post-office of Letcher 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 BooNEViLLE, a post-village of Oneida coun- 
 ty, New York, on the Black River canal, 31 
 miles N. from Utica, contains several churches, 
 a bank, and numerous stores and mills. Po- 
 pulation, estimated at 700. 
 
 BooNEViLLE, a post-village, capital of Bra- 
 zos county, Texas, 110 miles E. by N. from 
 Austin, and about 10 miles E. from Brazos 
 river. 
 
 BooNEViLLE, a small post-village of Scott 
 county, Arkansas, about 36 miles S. E. from 
 Van Buren. 
 
 BooNEViLLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Owsley county, Kentucky, on the S. fork of 
 the Kentucky river, about 100 miles S. E. 
 from Frankfort, containing 1 church, 1 school, 
 and several stores. 
 
 BooNEViLLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Warwick county, Indiana, is situated on ele- 
 vated ground, 11 miles from the Ohio river, 
 and 170 miles S. S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 It was settled in 1817. 
 
 BooNEViLLE, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Cooper county, Missouri, is situated on the 
 right (S.) bank of the Missouri river, 48 miles 
 N. W. from Jefferson City. It owes its pros- 
 perity and importance to its advantages as 
 a commercial point, which have drawn to it 
 the principal trade of S. W. Missouri, of a 
 portion of Arkansas, and the Cherokee na- 
 tion. For health, it is unsurpassed by any 
 city of the Union, both town and country 
 having entirely escaped the ravages of the 
 cholera during the epidemic of 1849 and '50. 
 Three or four newspapers are published 
 here. It is surrounded by a rich farming re- 
 gion. The grape is extensively cultivated 
 1 here, and will soon be an important article 
 of export. Iron, lead, stone coal, marble, 
 and hydraulic limestone are abundant in the 
 vicinity. This place was settled by Daniel 
 Boone, the celebrated pioneer of Kentucky. 
 Population, 2336. 
 
 BooNEViLLE, a village of Boone county, 
 Iowa, 140 miles W. by N. from Iowa City. 
 
 Boon Geove, a post-office of Porter coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 BooNHiLL, a post-office of Johnson county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 BooNSBOEOUGH, a post-villagc of Washing- 
 ton county, Maryland, 1 miles S. by E. from 
 Hagerstown, and 91 miles from Annapolis. 
 Population, 944. 
 
 BooNSBOuouGir, a village of Ogle county, 
 Illinois, 110 miles N. from Peoria. 
 
 BooNSBOEOUGH, a Small village of Howard 
 county, Missouri, 2 or 8 miles E. from Mis- 
 souri river, and about 14 miles W. from 
 Fayette, the county seat. 
 
 IJoon's Creek, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Tennessee. 
 
 Boon's Grove, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Boon's Hill, a post-office of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Boon's Lick, a post-office of Howard coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Boon's Mills, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Virginia, 184 miles W. by S. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Boon's Station, a post-office of Alamance 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 BooNTON, an important post-town of Han- 
 over township, Morris county. New Jersey, 
 is situated on the Rockaway river, and on 
 the Morris canal, 8 miles N. E. from Mor- 
 ristown. This town has an extensive iron 
 manufactory, consisting of a blast fur- 
 nace, a large rolling mill, and a nail fac- 
 tory, the whole forming one of the most com- 
 plete and extensive establishments in the 
 country. 
 
 BooNTON, a small village in the W. part 
 of Boone county, Missouri. 
 
 BooNviLLE, a village in the S. W. part of 
 Adams county, Indiana, on the Mississippi 
 river. 
 
 BooTHBAT, apost-township of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Maine, about 40 miles S. S. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 2504. 
 
 BooTHsviLLB, a village of Marion county, 
 Virginia, with about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Booton's Tan- Yard, a post-office of Madi- 
 son county, Virginia. 
 
 Boque's creek of Ohio, enters the Scioto 
 river in Delaware county. 
 
 BoQUET river of Essex county. New York, 
 falls into Lake Champlain. 
 
 Bordeaux, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Boedentown, a post-borough of Chester- 
 field township, Burlington county, New Jer- 
 sey, on the Camden and Amboy railroad, 30 
 miles N. E. from Philadelphia, 57 miles S. 
 W. from New York City, and 6 miles S. E. 
 from Trenton. It is pleasantly situated ou 
 an elevated plain on the left bank of the 
 Delaware river, about 65 feet above the leve' 
 of the water. The railroad passes under the 
 principal streets by means of a viaduct. 
 There are 25 or 30 buildings now in process 
 
 123 
 
BOR 
 
 BOS 
 
 of construction, among which is a large pub- 
 lic school house, calculated to accommodate 
 400 pupils. The place contains 9 public 
 schools, several private schools, and a bank. 
 The value of the lumber brought to this de- 
 pot the present season exceeds $600,000. 
 The mansion formerly occupied by Joseph 
 Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, in the vicinity, 
 is an object of much interest to visitors. 
 Eordentown is the terminus of the Delaware 
 and Raritan canal. A railroad also con- 
 nects it with Trenton. Steamboats from 
 Philadelphia touch at this place, causing it 
 to be much frequented in the summer sea- 
 son. Incorporated in 1825. Population, 
 about 3000. 
 
 BoEDLEY, a village of Union county, Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 BoKGNE, a lake, or rather bay, situated in 
 the S. E. part of Louisiana, 12 miles E. from 
 New Orleans, communicates with the Gulf 
 of Mexico on the E., and is connected with 
 Lake Pontchartrain on the W. by means of 
 the Rigolets pass, about 10 miles long. 
 Length, about 60 miles ; greatest breadth, 
 26 miles. 
 
 Borland, a post-office of Newton county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Borodino, a post-village of Onondaga 
 county, New York, 18 miles S. W. from Syra- 
 cuse. 
 
 Borodino, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Borough of Cambridge, a village in Cam- 
 bridge township, Lomoille county, Vermont, 
 contains 1 church, 2 taverns, and 2 stores. 
 
 BoscAWEN, a post-township of Merrimack 
 county. New Hampshire, 10 miles N. by W. 
 from Concord, on the W. side of Merrimack 
 river, intersected by the Northern railroad. 
 Population, 2063. 
 
 BossARDSviLLE, a post-officB of Monroc 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bosseeman's Mills, a post-office of Perry 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bossier, a parish in the N. W. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on Arkansas, contains 
 1066 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by Red river, and on the E. by Dauchite 
 bayou and Lake Bistineau. The chief pro- 
 ductions are cotton and maize. In 1850 
 there were raised 4181 bales of cotton, and 
 225,122 bushels of Indian corn. It contained 
 5 churches and 460 pupils attending public 
 schools. Red river is navigated by steam- 
 boats to the "Raft," which is situated on 
 the border of this parish. Bossier was 
 formed out of the W. part of Claiborne pa- 
 rish. Capital, Belleview. Population, 6962, 
 of whom 2507 were free, and 4455, 
 slaves. 
 
 Bossier Point, a post-office of Bossier 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Bostick's Mills, a post-office of Richmond 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Boston, a city and seaport, seat of justice 
 124 
 
 of Suffolk county, Massachusetts, and capi- 
 tal of the state, is situated at the western 
 extremity of Massachusetts bay. By rail- 
 road, it is 464 miles N. E. from Wash- 
 ington ; 236 miles N. E. from New York ; 
 200 miles E. by S. from Albany; 111 miles 
 S. S. W. from Portland; 43 miles N. N. E. 
 from Providence ; 76 miles S. S. E. from 
 Concord ; and 124 miles N. E. from Hartford. 
 Lat. of the state house, 42° 21^ 22" N., Ion. 
 71° 4^ 9" W. The city consists of three 
 parts, Boston Proper, East Boston, and South 
 Boston. Boston Proper, or Old Boston, oc- 
 cupies a peninsula embracing about 700 
 acres ; the surface is very uneven, and in 
 three places rises into hills of considerable 
 elevation, the highest being 138 feet above 
 the level of the sea. A narrow isthmus, or 
 "Neck," as it is called, a little more than a 
 mile in length, joins the peninsula to the 
 mainland of Roxbury on the south. This 
 Neck, once overflowed by the tides, was the 
 only passage to the city till the year 1786, 
 and by fortifying it in the early part of the 
 revolution, the British were enabled to cut 
 oif all intercourse between Boston and the 
 surrounding country. It has since been 
 raised, and made much wider, so that at 
 present there are four broad avenues leading 
 over it from Roxbury to Boston. Besides 
 these thoroughfares, seven bridges connect 
 Boston Proper with East Boston, South Bos- 
 ton, and the mainland. The first one built 
 was the Charles River bridge, 1503 feet 
 long, leading to Charlestown. It was opened 
 for travel on the eleventh anniversary of the 
 battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17th, 1786. 
 The Old Cambridge bridge, 2758 feet in 
 length, with a causeway of 3432 feet extend- 
 ing across Charles River to Cambridge road, 
 was completed in 1793. The South Boston 
 bridge, 1550 feet long, leading from the 
 Neck to South Boston, was opened iu 1805. 
 Canal Bridge, 2790 feet in length, connect- 
 ing Boston with Lechmere Point, was finished 
 in 1809. From the centre of this bridge 
 another bridge, 1820 feet in length, ex- 
 tends to Prison Point, in Charlestown. Bos- 
 ton Free bridge, about 500 feet in length, 
 leading to South Boston, and Warren bridge, 
 1390 feet long, leading to Charlestown, were 
 finished in 1828. In addition to these, the 
 Western avenue, about IJ miles long, and 
 from 60 to 100 feet wide, extends from the 
 foot of Beacon street to Sewell's Point in 
 Brookline. It is built upon a substantial 
 dam, which is constructed across the bay, 
 enclosing an area of about 600 acres. By 
 means of a cross-dam, this enclosure is di- 
 vided into two large basins, which, by the 
 aid of tide-gates, are filled at flood tides, 
 thereby creating a vast hydraulic power, 
 at all times available. The partition dam 
 also forms the basis of a branch avenue 
 leading from the main one to Roxbury. 
 The entire work was completed in 1821, 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 at a. cost of over $600,000. With the 
 exception of Western avenue, all the others 
 leading from the city, either are or will be- 
 come, at a given time, the property of the 
 state, and free for public use. The various 
 railroads conducting into the city proper 
 have bridges constructed expressly for their 
 accommodation. Places in the vicinity, not 
 reached by any of these thoroughfares, com- 
 municate with Boston by means of steam- 
 ferries. 
 
 South Boston, set off from Dorchester in 
 1804, extends about two miles along the 
 south side of the harbor, between Boston 
 Proper and Fort Independence. It embraces 
 about 000 acres of varied surface, and is 
 handsomely laid out ; many of the streets in- 
 tersect each other at right angles, and form 
 squares. Near the centre, and about two 
 miles from the state house, are the famous 
 " Dorchester Heights," by the fortification 
 of which, in the revolutionary war, the 
 Americans succeeded in expelling the enemy 
 from Boston. These " Heights," nearly 130 
 feet above the level of the ocean, afford a 
 magnificent view of the city, bay, and sur- 
 rounding country. One of them contains a 
 capacious reservoir of the Boston Water- 
 works. 
 
 East Boston occupies the western part of 
 ■what was formerly known as Noddle's Island. 
 Samuel Maverick lived on this island as his 
 homestead in 1630, the same time that John 
 Blackstone owned and improved the penin- 
 sula. It embraces about 660 acres of arable 
 land, together with a large body of flats. 
 The surface is quite uneven, portions of it 
 rising into considerable elevations, which 
 afford fine sites for dwellings. The island 
 is situated at nearly the same distance 
 (about 650 yards) from Boston Proper as 
 from Charlestown. It was purchased and 
 laid out into streets in 1832, since which 
 time it has increased rapidly in population. 
 It has already become a place of extensive 
 business, particularly in ship-building and 
 the various branches of manufactures, among 
 the more important of which may be men- 
 tioned an immense sugar refinery, and a 
 large steam flouring mill. A wharf, 1000 
 feet in length, is devoted to the use of the 
 Cunard line of Liverpool steamships. East 
 Boston is the terminus of the Grand Junction 
 railroad. The several parts of the city, to- 
 gether with the town of Chelsea, constitute 
 the county of Suffolk. 
 
 The streets of Boston were originally laid 
 out upon no systematic plan, and being ac- 
 commodated to the unevenness of the surface, 
 many of them are crooked and narrow ; but 
 these defects have of late been remedied to 
 a considerable extent, so that now the prin- 
 cipal thoroughfares are convenient and spa- 
 cious. Washington and Tremont streets are 
 the fashionable promenades. Although Bos- 
 ton Proper is circumscribed in its limits, it 
 
 contains one of the finest public parks, the 
 Common, that is to be found in any city of 
 America. Known to the earliest settlers by 
 the name of "Tower Fields," and occupied 
 afterwards as a town cow-pasture, Boston 
 Common has since been set apart, ornament- 
 ed, and carefully preserved for the common 
 benefit of the citizens in all coming time. 
 Nearly 50 acres are included within its 
 boundaries, embracing almost every variety 
 of surface, from the level plat to the gentle 
 slope and abrupt ascent. Towering elms, 
 some of which are a hundred years old, en- 
 close the borders, while within, graded walks, 
 beautifully shaded, intersect each other in 
 every direction. Near the centre is a small 
 pond where a fountain of Cochituate sends 
 up its crystal stream whirling and sparkling 
 60 or 70 feet into the air. The entire grounds 
 are surrounded by a costly iron fence, 1977 
 yards in length. The northern portion of 
 the common, occupying the southern de- 
 clivity of Beacon Hill, affords a fine view of 
 Charles river, and the country in that direc- 
 tion. The space towards the west, between 
 the common and Charles river, is occupied 
 by a botanic garden, covering about 25 acres. 
 Other public grounds have been laid out in 
 the newer portions of the city, some of which 
 are beautifully ornamented, and have foun- 
 tains in the centre. 
 
 Boston harbor opens to the sea betweei) 
 two points nearly 4 miles distant from each 
 other — Point Alderton on Nantasket, and 
 Point Shirley in Chelsea. It is sheltered 
 from the ocean by the peninsulas of which 
 these two points are the extremities, and a 
 large number of islands, between which are 
 three entrances. The main passage, which 
 is about 3 miles S. E. from the navy-yard, 
 and so narrow as scarcely to admit two ves- 
 sels to pass abreast, lies between Castle and 
 Governor's islands, and is defended by Fort 
 Independence and Fort Warren. A passage 
 N. of Governor's island is also protected by 
 Fort Warren. A new fortress, of great size 
 and strength, now nearly completed, on 
 George's island, guards the entrance to the 
 outward or lower harbor. The entire sur- 
 face included within Point Alderton and Point 
 Shirley is estimated at 75 square miles, 
 about half of which affords good anchorage 
 ground for vessels of the largest class. It is 
 easy of access, free from sandbars, and sel- 
 dom obstructed with ice. The whole is 
 thickly studded with islands, and is the re- 
 servoir of several small streams, among 
 which are the Mystic, Charles, Neponset, and 
 the Manatiquot rivers. 
 
 Among the public buildings, the state house 
 from its position is the most conspicuous. 
 It stands on the summit of Beacon Hill, 
 fronting the common. It was erected in 1798 
 on ground termed in the grant, "Governor 
 Hancock's pasture." The edifice is 173 feet 
 long, and 61 feet wide, with a dome 50 feet in 
 
 125 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 diameter, and 30 feet high, the summit of 
 ■which is about 120 feet from the ground, and 
 230 feet above the level of the sea. The view 
 which is aft'orded from the cupola is unsur- 
 passed by any thing in the United States, if 
 not in the world. Evei-y portion of the city 
 is before the eye of the beholder. The har- 
 bor is spread out towards the east, embosom- 
 ing a multitude of beautiful islands, and 
 whitened with a thousand sails. On the 
 other hand is an illimitable expanse of coun- 
 try adorned with fruitful fields, and every- 
 ■where dotted over with elegant villas and 
 flourishing villages ; while to the north towers 
 Bunker Hill monument, marking the place 
 where the first great battle of the Revolution 
 was fouglit. The number of persons who 
 visited the cupola of the state house from 
 April to November, ]849, was 62,430. On 
 the entrance-floor stands a fine statue of 
 Washington, by Chantrey. The representa- 
 tives' hall is in the centre on the principal 
 floor, the senate chamber in the east, and 
 tlie governor's and council chamber in the 
 west wing. The old state house is still stand- 
 ing at the upper end of State street, on the 
 site occupied as the seat of government in 
 Massachusetts 140 years. The first building 
 was erected in 1059, (afterwards destroyed 
 by fire;) the second in 1714, (also destroyed 
 by fire;) and the present one in 1748. Fa- 
 'neuil Hall, the *' Cradle of Liberty," as it is 
 called, is an object of much interest, as be- 
 ing the place where the orators in the days 
 of Hancock and Adams roused the people to 
 resistance against British oppression. It is 
 situated in Dock square, and is 100 feet long, 
 80 wide, and 3 stories high. The hall is 76 
 feet square, and 28 feet high, with deep gal- 
 leries on three sides. The building was pre- 
 sented to the citizens, iu 1742, by Peter Fa- 
 neuil, Esq. Faneuil Hall Market, immediately 
 east of Faneuil Hall, on Dock street, was at 
 the time of its erection the handsomest mar- 
 ket-house in the United States. It is upwards 
 of 500 feet long, 50 feet wide, and two stories 
 high, with a dome. The second story, called 
 Quincy Hall, is so constructed that it can be 
 occupied as several apartments, or thrown 
 into one, as occasion may require. The 
 building was erected in 1826, at a cost of 
 about $150,000. There are several other 
 markets in the city, besides those at East 
 Boston and South Boston. The custom 
 house is near the head of Long AVharf, front- 
 ing both on Commerce street and on the har- 
 bor. It is built of granite, in the form of a 
 cross, and surmounted by a dome, the top of 
 which is 90 feet from the ground. The found- 
 ations rest upon 3000 piles. Its length is 
 140 feet; width, including the projections of 
 the cross, 95 feet. Each front has a portico 
 of six Doric columns — each a single stone, 
 costing about $5000. The entire cost of the 
 building was upwards of $1,000,000. The 
 Merchants' Exchange is a magnificent fire- 
 126 
 
 proof building, situated on the south side of 
 State street. It has 70 feet front, and ex- 
 tends back 250 feet to Lindall street, cover- 
 ing 18,000 feet of ground. The front is com- 
 posed of Quincy granite, with four pilasters, 
 each a single stone 45 feet high, and weigh- 
 ing about 55 tons. The roof is of wrought 
 iron, covered with galvanized sheet-iron. 
 The great central hall, 80 feet by 58, is occu- 
 pied as the Merchants' Exchange and read- 
 ing room. In the basement is the city post- 
 office. The building was finished in 1842, 
 and cost, exclusive of the ground, $175,000. 
 Tlie city hall, a granite building, consisting 
 of an octagon centre with wings, is located 
 on a plat of ground between Court square 
 and School street. Tlie court house, also of 
 granite, is in Court square between the city 
 hall and Court street. It contains the rooms 
 of the city, county, and United States courts. 
 The city prison, consisting of a centre build- 
 ing in the form of an octagon with four wings 
 extending in opposite directions, is near the 
 foot of Cambridge street. Masonic Temple, 
 in which the Freemasons have a lodge, is on 
 Tremont street, fronting the Common. The 
 new Tremont Temple, erected on the site of 
 the one burnt in 1852, is on Tremont street, 
 opposite the Tremont House. The main liall, 
 which is on the upper floor, is 130 feet by 
 about 73, and 45 feet in height, having gal- 
 leries on three sides, with eight separate 
 flights of stairs. Directly under this hall 
 are 13 rooms, averaging about 16 feet in 
 width, and from 32 to 38 feet in length. 
 Fronting on Tremont street are four rooms 
 occupied as stores, in the rear of which are 
 two others, each 32 feet by 16, and a vestry, 
 73 feet by 33. Still fartlier in the rear is 
 another hall or chapel, 73 feet by 53, with a 
 ceiling 25 feet high. In a recess at one end 
 of the great hall stands one of the largest or- 
 gans in America. It is 45 feet high, and 36 
 feet wide, containing 70 stops and 3010 pipes. 
 The Boston Music Hall, completed in 1852, 
 fronts both on Winter street and on Bum- 
 stead place. The length of the central hall 
 is 130 feet; width 80 feet; height 05 feet. 
 The Fitchburg railroad depot, at the corner 
 of Causeway and Haverhill streets, was at 
 the time of its completion the handsomest 
 railroad edifice in the United States, and 
 cost upwards of $70,000 
 
 In Boston there are nearly a hundred 
 churches of the various denominations, viz. 
 Unitarian 22; Congregationalist 14 ; Baptist 
 13 ; Methodist 12 ; Episcopalian 11 ; Roman 
 Catholic 11 ; Universalist 6, besides those of 
 various other denominations. Christ church, 
 (Episcopal,) built in 1723, is the oldest church 
 edifice in Boston. The Old South Meeting- 
 house, erected in 1730, is the next. From 
 the great historical interest connected with 
 this church, it is selected for the annual elec- 
 tion sermon, preached before the governor 
 and general court. 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 The -wharves and warehouses of Boston are 
 on a scale of magnitude and grandeur sur- 
 passed by no other city of equal population. 
 The N. and E. sides of Old Boston are lined 
 with wharves and docks, which, taken toge- 
 ther, make up an aggregate length of over 
 6 miles. Many of them are stupendous 
 structures. Long wharf, lined with spacious 
 warehouses, extends into the harbor 1800 
 feet; T wharf reaches from the centre 
 nearly to the outer extremity of this wharf 
 on the N. side, and is parallel to it. The two 
 are united by means of a short cross-wharf. 
 The next S. of Long wharf is Centre wharf, 
 1379 feet long, with a uniform range of ware- 
 houses four stories high, throughout its 
 whole extent. The custom house is situated 
 between these two, on Commercial street. 
 Still farther S. is India wharf, 980 feet in 
 length, and from 246 to 280 in breadth, hav- 
 ing a range of lofty warehouses in the cen- 
 tre. Here are found vessels from China and 
 India. The most important N. of these are 
 Commercial wharf, Lewis's wharf, and the 
 Eastern Railroad wharf. Commercial wharf 
 and Lewis's wharf are each occupied by a 
 range of massive granite warehouses. On 
 the Eastern Railroad wharf, the landing of 
 the East Boston ferry, there are two such 
 ranges, with an avenue between leading to 
 the station house. 
 
 Institutions. — Boston contains a great num- 
 ber of literary, scientific, and educational 
 institutions, among which may be mentioned 
 the Boston Athenaeum, incorporated in 1807, 
 situated on Beacon street. It has one of the 
 largest and most valuable libraries in the 
 United States, numbering about 50,000 bound 
 volumes, upwards of 20,000 pamphlets, and 
 nearly 600 volumes of engravings, besides a 
 rare collection of coins. About 450 bound 
 volumes, and from 800 to 1000 pamphlets, 
 formerly belonging to the library of Wash- 
 ington, have recently been added to it. The 
 Athenteum likewise contains a fine gallery of 
 sculpture, and also one of paintings. The 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, organized 
 in 1790, possesses a library of 7000 bound 
 volumes, and about 450 volumes of manu- 
 scripts, together with an extensive collec- 
 tion of pamphlets, maps, charts, coins, and 
 other relics. The Boston Library Society, 
 founded in 1792, have a hall in the Tontine 
 buildings, and a library of over 12,000 vo- 
 lumes. The American Academy of Arts and 
 Sciences has a library of 8000 volumes. 
 Excepting the American Philosophical So- 
 ciety at Philadelphia, this is the oldest or- 
 ganization of the kind in the United States, 
 having been founded in 1780. The Mercan- 
 tile Library Association, instituted in 1820, 
 has a collection of upwards of 13,600 volumes. 
 The first Mechanics' Apprentices' Library 
 Association ever organized was established 
 in Boston in 1820. The origin o-f this class 
 of institutions is traced to Dr. Franklin. 
 
 Efforts are now being made to establish a 
 Free City Library, towards which the con- 
 tributions have been very liberal. The Low- 
 ell Institute was established by John Lowell, 
 junior, who bequeathed to it a legacy of 
 $250,000. The bequest provides for regu- 
 lar courses of free lectures, to be given upon 
 natural and revealed, religion, physics and 
 chemistry in their application to the arts, and 
 numerous other important subjects. There 
 are also many other similar societies, such 
 as the New England Historical and Genea- 
 logical Society; the Boston Society of Na- 
 tural History; the American Oriental So- 
 ciety ; the American Statistical Association ; 
 the Boston Lyceum ; the Handel and Haydn 
 Society ; the Musical Educational Society, 
 and the Boston Academj' of Music. 
 
 Closely identified with the history of Bos- 
 ton is her system of public instruction. Ever 
 cherished with maternal care, her schools 
 have long been ornaments to the city and 
 the pride of New England. As early as 1685, 
 the town records bear evidence to the esta- 
 blishment of a "free school," and from that 
 hour to the present no interest has received 
 more earnest attention than the subject of 
 education. The system comprises four grades, 
 primary, grammai-, high, and Latin schools. 
 There are about 190 primary, and 21 gram- 
 mar schools. The high and Latin schools are 
 exclusively for boys. There were in the pri- 
 mary schools in 1852, about 12,000 pupils; in 
 the grammar schools, 9979; in the high 
 schools, 173; and in the Latin schools, 185: 
 total number in all the scLools, approxi- 
 mately, 22,307 pupils; number in the gram- 
 mar, high, and Latin schools, 10,337 ; over 
 15 years of age, 610; average attendance, 
 90G4. Number of masters in the grammar, 
 high, and Latin schools, 31 ; sub-masters, 11 ; 
 ushers, 17; female assistants, 144. Salaries 
 of the masters in the high and Latin schools, 
 $2400; sub-masters,$1500; ushers,$800, with 
 an increase of $100 a year till the salary 
 amounts to $1200. Masters in the grammar 
 schools, $1500 ; sub-masters, $1000 ; ushers, 
 $800; head assistants, $400; others, $250 
 the first year, $300 the second, and $350 the 
 third and succeeding years ; teachers of mu- 
 sic, ,$100 in each school. All salaries are 
 fixed by the school committee. The amount 
 of money expended in the Boston schools for 
 the year 1850-51 was $325,126 60. Average 
 cost of tuition of each scholar per annum for 
 the last ten years in the public schools has 
 been $10 59 ; in the grammar, high, and 
 Latin schools, $15 26; primary, $6 28. To- 
 tal amount expended for school edifices up to 
 May 1st, 1851, $1,271,273 57. The school 
 committee consists of the mayor of the city, 
 the president of the common council, and 24 
 other persons chosen for the purpose. 
 
 The benevolent institutions of Bostor 
 are numerous and well endowed. The 
 Massachusetts General Hospital occupies 
 
 127 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 a plot of four acres of ground in the west- 
 ern part of the city, on the right bank of 
 Charles river. The building is constructed 
 of Chelmsford granite, 274 feet long and 
 54 wide. Besides a permanent fund of 
 $171,119, it has other sources of income, 
 making the total receipts for the year 1850, 
 $38,517. The number of patients admitted 
 during the same period was 746. The Mc- 
 »Lean Asylum for the Insane, a branch of the 
 General Hospital, is delightfully situated on 
 an eminence in Summerville, about 2 miles 
 N. W. of Boston. The asylum comprises 
 a group of iive elegant buildings, surround- 
 ed with 15 acres of ground, beautifully laid 
 out and ornamented. Thirty thousand dol- 
 lars have been contributed since 1843 for 
 the support of this institution, by a single 
 individual, the Hon. William Appleton of 
 Boston. The McLean Asylum received its 
 name from John McLean, Esq., of Boston, 
 a liberal benefactor of the General Hospital. 
 The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts 
 Asylum for the Blind occupies the fine build- 
 ing formerly known as the Mount Washing- 
 ton house, in South Boston. In addition to 
 other contributions, it receives $9000 annu- 
 ally from the state. The average number 
 of pupils is about 100. There are also lo- 
 cated in South Boston, the Boston Lunatic 
 Hospital and the houses of Industry and Re- 
 formation. Belonging to these two last 
 named are 60 acres of land, in the cultiva- 
 tion of which the inmates are employed. 
 The new almshouse, an imposing structure 
 in the form of a Latin cross, is on Deer 
 island, and the Quarantine Hospital on 
 Rainsford's island. In the western portion 
 of the city is the Boston Eye and Ear In- 
 firmary, and in the southern part, the New 
 England Female Medical College. 
 
 There are issued in Boston about 100 pe- 
 riodical publications, treating of almost every 
 subject, whether of news, art, literature, or 
 science. Of these, more than 12 are dailies. 
 Among the others are comprised several of 
 the most distinguished literary and scientific 
 journals in the United States. 
 
 Commerce, Finances, S^c. — In commercial 
 importance, Boston is among the first cities 
 of America. Her foreign commerce has al- 
 ways been great, and extends to almost every 
 nation on the globe. Her coast trade is also 
 immense. Along the wharves, in every direc- 
 tion and at all times, may be seen forests of 
 masts, and vessels from all parts of the 
 world. During the year 1852 there were at 
 Boston 2974 foreign, and 6406 coastwise ar- 
 rivals. Of the coastwise, 1838 were from 
 Philadelphia, 500 from New York, 298 from 
 Bangor, 283 from Baltimore, 277 from Port- 
 land, 156 from New Orleans, and smaller 
 numbers from other ports. Of the foreign ar- 
 rivals, about 75 were from the Cape of Good 
 Hope and beyond. The clearances from 
 Boston for the same year were 6154 vessels, 
 V19 
 
 of which 188 ships, 350 barques, 839 brigs, 
 and 1486 schooners were bound for foreign 
 ports, and 78 ships, 14 barques, 5 brigs, and 
 1 schooner for California. The burthen of 
 the vessels cleared from this port in 1851, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 494,063 tons. 
 The aggregate shipping, June 30th, 1852, was 
 326,529 tons registered, and 54,584 tons en- 
 rolled: total, 381,088 tons. During the year, 
 46 vessels, (23 of them ships,) with an ag'- 
 gregate of 24,970 tons burthen, were admea- 
 sured. Three-fourths of the trade carried 
 on by the United States with Paissia, and 
 more than half with East India, comes to this 
 port. Boston has also extensive commercial 
 relations with the countries bordering on the 
 Mediterranean, with South America, and the 
 West India islands. 
 
 The annexed table exhibits some of the 
 leading imports and exports of Boston, for 
 the year ending December 31st, 1852: 
 
 
 hags and pieuls 
 
 Received. 
 
 Exported." 
 
 Coffee 
 
 173,305 
 
 106,147 
 
 Cotton 
 
 bales 
 
 281,166 
 
 3,146 
 
 Logwood 
 
 tons 
 
 10,998 
 
 8,131 
 
 Beef 
 
 bbls. 
 
 28,115 
 
 11,967 
 
 Pork 
 
 ,... " 
 
 72,016 
 
 30,232 
 
 Lard 
 
 " 
 
 37,658 
 
 10,333 
 
 " 
 
 kegs 
 
 37,972 
 
 24,877 
 
 *Mackerel .... 
 
 hhls. 
 
 48,570 
 
 120,043 
 
 Herring 
 
 , " 
 
 20,567 
 
 tl7,529 
 
 Codfish 
 
 quintals 
 
 48,110 
 
 63,568 
 
 " 
 
 casks 
 
 241 
 
 
 " 
 
 drums 
 
 2,856 
 
 7,356 
 
 Flour 
 
 .bbls. 
 
 896,454 
 
 269,771 
 
 Sugar 
 
 hhds. and casks 
 
 16,637 
 
 429' 
 
 44 
 
 hhls. 
 
 8,654 
 98,632 
 86,477 
 
 4,846 
 
 " hncs 
 
 
 
 boxes 
 
 6,15T 
 
 Molasses 
 
 hhds. 
 
 71,504 
 
 6,319 
 
 " 
 
 tierces 
 
 3,339 
 
 50& 
 
 (4 
 
 bbls. 
 
 4,481 
 762,939 
 
 3 205 
 
 Wheat 
 
 bushels 
 
 25,187 
 
 Corn 
 
 " 
 
 2,118,338 
 
 74,180. 
 
 Itesin 
 
 bhis. 
 
 36,332 
 
 11,470 
 
 
 44 
 
 22,964 
 
 22,419 
 
 $578,751 
 
 $56,507 
 
 440' 
 
 Tar " 
 
 5,075 
 
 $3,355,367 
 
 $152,302 
 
 Gold 
 
 Silver 
 
 There were also received the same year at 
 this port, coal, from Great Britain and the 
 Provinces, 9343 tons and 40,764 chaldrons ; 
 from domestic ports, 431,270 tons and 14,000 
 bushels. Iron, bars, 696,042, tons, 3717; 
 railroad, bars, 18,-G22, tonS;, 4870 ; bundles-, 
 185,191; plates, 20,508; blooms, 1382, 
 tons, 53; scrap, 1558; pig, tons, 34,656. 
 Of the bars, 5184 were from Russia; 29,118, 
 Sweden; 543,185, Great Britain, and 118,555 
 coastwise. Bundles, 9640, from Russia ; 140, 
 Sweden; 146,703, Great Britain, and 28,699, 
 coastwise. Hides, 479,288, of which 141,680 
 were from Buenos Ayres ; goatskins, 107,853 ; 
 leather, 397,628 sides, and 93,447 bundles. 
 Sperm oil, 74,430 barrels; whale do. 83,013 
 barrels, (the whale oil received in 1851 was 
 
 * Inspections not completed : as far as made, they show 
 a decrease from former years. This falling off is attri- 
 buted chiefly to the obstructions thrown in the way of 
 the fisheries by the British authorities. 
 
 f Boxes. 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 328,483 barrels;) linseed oil, 915,000 gal- 
 lons; whisky, 250,811 barrels; rye, 18,751 
 bushels; oats, 8i9,17<j bushels; shorts, 
 149,474 bushels. 
 
 Exported — boots and shoes, 195,120 cases; 
 tobacco, 991 hogsheads, 6036 bales and cases, 
 19,452 boxes and kegs; ice, 96,482 tons, of 
 ■which 11,207 tons were for the West Indies. 
 The foreign exports of cotton manufactures 
 for 1852 were much greater than any pre- 
 vious year, and consisted of 62,669 packages. 
 Of these, 24,677 packages, value $1,252,051, 
 were for the East Indies; 23,603 do., value 
 $1,125,205 89, for South America, and 2018 
 do., value $154,313, for Hayti. The total 
 value of foreign exports in cotton manufac- 
 tures for 1850 amounted to $1,896,148; 
 1851, $2,507,703, and 1852, $3,090,106 59. 
 
 The total value of foreign imports into Bos- 
 ton for 1850 amounted to $29,909,376; 1851, 
 $31,350,553; 1852, $33,987,144. 
 
 There were in December, 1852, 32 banks 
 in Boston, with an aggregate capital of 
 $24,660,000; circulation, $8,304,591 ; specie, 
 $2,784,792; proportion of circulation to one 
 dollar of specie, $2.98; amount of circula- 
 tion and deposits, $18,597,678. Five other 
 banks have since gone into operation. There 
 were 18 insurance companies, with resources 
 to the amount of $6,783,172, and liabilities 
 amounting to $5,956,060. The assessed value 
 of real and personal property in Boston, in 
 1851, was about $187,000,000, on which a 
 tax was collected at the rate of $7 on $1000, 
 to the amount of $1,350,000. 
 
 The expense of the city police for the 
 year ending May 1st, 1852, was $49,737, 
 and of watch for the same period, $95,645. 
 The entire cost of the Boston water-works 
 up to January 1st, 1852, amounted to 
 $5,185,711. The cost of introducing water 
 into East Boston was $306,980. During the 
 year 1852, a loan of £400,000 was made for 
 the balance of the temporary water debt, at 
 4| per cent., payable in 20 years, in London. 
 The total amount of city debt, May 1st, 1853, 
 was $1,830,000. 
 
 The want of river advantages is supplied 
 to Boston by railroads, of which seven great 
 lines terminate in this city. There are lines 
 of railway recently completed, opening com- 
 munication with the St. Lawrence river at 
 Ogilensburg in New York and La Prairie 
 in Canada, and another in process of con- 
 struction through Maine, that is to con- 
 nect with Montreal. The Great Western line 
 extends through Albany, Buffalo, Detroit, 
 and Chicago, and when completed, will con- 
 nect with the Mississippi at two points, Ga- 
 lena and Rock Island. 
 
 Although the peninsula on which Boston 
 is situated furnishes large quantities of ex- 
 cellent water from springs, still the supply 
 has been found inadequate to the wants of 
 the rapidly increasing population. As early 
 as 1795, a company was incorporated for 
 
 the purpose of conducting water into the 
 city from Jamaica Pond. In 1845, nearly 
 15 miles of pipe had been laid, and about 
 3000 houses furnished with water. But the 
 elevation of the pond proved to be too low to 
 supply the higher portions of the city. 
 During the year 1845, a plan was under- 
 taken to bring water into Boston from Lake 
 Cochituate, or Long Pond, as it was formerly 
 called. Cochituate lake lies about 20 miles 
 west of Boston, partly in three towns, Farm- 
 ington, Wayland, and Natic. It covers 
 over 650 acres of surface, is 70 feet deep in 
 places, and drains an area of more than 
 11,000 acres. Its elevation is 124 J feet 
 above spring tide, and is capable of supply- 
 ing 10,000,000 gallons of water daily. The 
 water is conveyed by means of a brick con- 
 duit to a grand reservoir in Brookline, and 
 from thence to the different distributing re- 
 servoirs at Boston Proper, East Boston, and 
 South Boston. Over Charles river it is car- 
 ried in two iron pipes, each 30 inches in 
 diameter, resting on a granite bridge, having 
 3 arches, each 30 feet span. The entire 
 length of all the pipe laid from the com- 
 mencement, up to January 1st, 1852, was a 
 little more than 100 miles. 
 
 Among the principal hotels of Boston may 
 be named the following : — The Tremont 
 House, on Tremont street; the Revere House, 
 on Bowdoin square ; the American House, 
 on Hanover street ; the Winthrop House, on 
 Tremont street, and the Adams House, on 
 Washington street. Most of the above are 
 first class hotels. 
 
 History. — The Indian name of the Boston 
 peninsula was Shawmut, signifying Living 
 Fountains. From the peculiar conformation 
 of its surface, the first settlers called it Tre- 
 mont, or Trimountain. This name, however, 
 was soon dismissed for the present one, 
 which was giver, it in honor of the Rev. John 
 Cotton, who emigrated from Boston, Eng- 
 land. The Rev. John Blackstone was the 
 first white inhabitant of the peninsula. Here 
 he lived alone until the arrival of John Win- 
 throp, the first Governor of Massachusetts, 
 who came to Charlestown with a small party 
 of emigrants, and having remained a short 
 time, removed across the river in 1630. 
 About the year 1635, Mr. Blackstone re- 
 moved to Rhode Island, having sold his 
 "right and title to the peninsula of Shaw- 
 mut" for £30. The first church was built 
 in 1632, and the first wharf in 1673. 
 Four years after, John Hayward was ap- 
 pointed postmaster, "to take in and convey 
 letters according to direction." The first 
 newspaper was issued April 17th, 1704, 
 called the Boston News Letter. Benjamin 
 Franklin was born January 17, 1706. In 
 1768, the difficulties between the colonies 
 and the mother country becoming serious, 
 two regiments of British soldiers were landed 
 in Boston, October 1st, and quartered in the 
 
 129 
 
BOS 
 
 BOU 
 
 old state house. March 5th, 1770, the citi- 
 zens "were fired on in the streets by the sol- 
 diery, and several killed and wounded. 
 March 31st, the port of Boston was closed by 
 act of Parliament. On the 17th of June, 1775, 
 was fought the battle of Bunker Hill. From 
 this time, the British army, to the number of 
 about 10,000 troops, had possession of Bos- 
 ton till March, 1776, when they were com- 
 pelled by the Americans intrenched on Dor- 
 chester Heights to withdraw from the town 
 and harbor. The first blood shed in defence 
 of American liberty was shed in Boston, and 
 throughout the entire war no people contri- 
 buted more largely towards its support. 
 Boston continued a town until its popula- 
 tion had increased to nearly 45,000. The 
 government was administered by a board of 
 selectmen, according to the custom of other 
 towns in New England. At length a ma- 
 jority being favorable to a municipal or- 
 ganization, Boston became an incorporated 
 city, February 23d, 1822. The city is di- 
 vided into 12 wards, and governed by a 
 mayor, 8 aldermen, and a board of common 
 council, consisting of 48 members, 4 from 
 each ward. The mayor and aldermen con- 
 stitute one board, and the common council 
 another. Population, in 1800, 24,937 ; 1810, 
 33,250; 1820, 43,298; 1830, 61,391; 1840, 
 93,383; 1850, 136,881. 
 
 Boston, a post-township of Erie county. 
 New York, 18 miles S. by E. from BuflTalo. 
 Population, 1872. 
 
 Boston, a small village in the above town- 
 ship. 
 
 Boston, a post-ofl5ce of Northampton coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Boston, a post-office of Culpepper county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Boston, a post-village of Thomas county, 
 Georgia, 11 miles S. E. from Thomasville. 
 
 Boston, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Bowie county, Texas, 350 miles N. E. from 
 Austin City, and about 12 miles S. from Red 
 river, which, in this part of its course, is a 
 large navigable stream, flowing through a 
 rich farming region. 
 
 Boston, a township in Franklin county, 
 Arkansas. Population, 338. 
 
 Boston, a post-office of Williamson county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Boston, a post-office of Nelson county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Boston, a small village of Whitley county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Boston, a small village in the S. W. part 
 of Belmont county, Ohio. 
 
 Boston, a township near the N. extremity 
 of Summit county, Ohio. Population, 1180. 
 
 Boston, a small post-village in the above 
 township, 139 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Boston, a post-township in Ionia county, 
 Michigan, on both sides of Grand river. Po- 
 pulation, 424. 
 
 Boston, a post-township in Wayne county, 
 130 
 
 Indiana, about 8 miles S. E. from Centre- 
 ville. Population, 959. 
 
 Boston, a small post-village of Harrison 
 county, Indiana, on the Ohio river, was laid 
 out in 1850. 
 
 Boston, a village of Washington county, 
 Indiana, 7 miles E. S. E. from Salem, 
 
 Boston, a small post-village of Andrew 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Boston, a village of Warrick county, In- 
 diana, on the Evansville and Illinois railroad, 
 10 miles N. W. from Booneville. 
 
 Boston, a small town of Placer county, 
 California, on the right bank of American 
 river, about 5 miles above its entrance into 
 the Sacramento river. 
 
 Boston Corner, a post-office of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Bost's Mills, a post-office of Cabarras 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 BosTwicK Lake, a post-office of Kent 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Botanic Hill, a post-office of Nash coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Botetourt, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 550 square 
 miles. It is intersected by James river, and 
 also drained by Craig's and Catawba creeks. 
 The Blue Ridge forms the S. E. boundary, 
 and the surface is broken by other high ridges. 
 The famous Peaks of Otter rise near the 
 boundary between this and Bedford county. 
 The soil in some parts is good. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 368,141 bushels 
 of corn; 121,694 of wheat ; 154,068 of oats ; 
 5531 tons of hay, and 140,885 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were 6 flour mills, 5 saw mills, 
 3 iron furnaces, 2 iron foundries, 1 iron 
 forge, and 1 woollen factory. It contained 
 21 churches, 428 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 62 attending academies or other 
 schools. The James River canal has been 
 opened from Richmond to Buchanan, in this 
 county, which is intersected by the Virginia 
 and Tennessee railroad. Organized in 1769, 
 and named in honor of Governor Botetourt. 
 Capital, Fincastle. Population, 14,908, of 
 whom 11,172 were free, and 3736, slaves. 
 
 Botetourt Springs, a post-village in Ro- 
 anoke county, Virginia. 
 
 BoTHELLE, a post-office of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Bottle Hill, New Jersey. See Madison. 
 
 BoTTSFORD, a small village of Sumter coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 112 miles S.W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 BoucKviLLE, a post-office of Madison coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 BouiE River, a small stream of Missis- 
 sippi, flows into Leaf river in Perry county. 
 
 BouLD Springs, a post-office of McClen- 
 nan county, Texas. 
 
 Boundary, a post-office of Jay county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Bound Brook, a post-village of Bridgewa- 
 
BOU 
 
 BOW 
 
 ter township, Somerset county, New Jersey, 
 on the Raritan river, and on the New Jersey 
 Central railroad, 35 miles AV. S. W. from New 
 York, and 7 miles N. W. from New Bruns- 
 wick. It has a Presbyterian church, an 
 academy, and numerous stores. The upper 
 part of the village is called Middlebrook. 
 Population, estimated at 600. 
 
 Bounty Land, a post-office of Pickens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 BouRBEUSE, a small river in the E. part of 
 Missouri, rises by several branches in the N. 
 part of Crawford county, and flowing in a 
 uorth-easterly direction, enters the Maramec 
 river in Franklin county, about 8 miles S. E. 
 from Union. It affords excellent and perma- 
 nent water-power, and traverses a district 
 abounding in copper, iron, and lead. The 
 name in French signifies "muddy." 
 
 Bourbon, a county in the N. central part 
 of Kentucky, has an area of about 800 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by 
 the South Licking river, and drained by 
 Hinkston, Stoner's, and Stroad's creeks. The 
 surface is gently undulating ; the soil is de- 
 rived from fine limestone, and is extremely 
 rich, forming part of the region called the 
 " Garden of Kentucky." Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hemp, wool, cattle, horses, and swine 
 are the staples. By the census of 1850, this 
 county produced more wool than any other 
 county in the state, and more corn than any 
 other, excepting Shelby county. Great num- 
 bers of live stock are exported annually. In 
 1850 this countj' produced 1,705,599 bushels 
 of corn; 78,133 of wheat; 180,582 of oats, 
 and 1205 tons of hemp. It contained 28 
 churches, and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 There were 281 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 175 attending academies or 
 other schools. Primitive limestone occurs 
 in large masses in some parts of the county. 
 Lead ore is found in small quantities, and 
 sulphur and chalybeate springs are nume- 
 rous. The county is intersected by the Mays- 
 ville and Lexington railroad. Organized in 
 1785, and named in compliment to the royal 
 family of France. Capital, Paris. Popula- 
 tion, 14,466, of whom 7400 were free, and 
 7066, slaves. 
 
 Bourbon, a post-office of Marshall county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 BouRBONTON, a Small post-village of Boone 
 county, Missouri, 25 miles N. from Columbia, 
 the county seat, is situated in a rich farming 
 district, and has some trade. 
 
 BouRNEviLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Ross county, Ohio, 11 miles S. W. fromChili- 
 cothe, contains several stores, and about 300 
 inhabitants. 
 
 BouRNSBtJRG, a small village in Randolph 
 county, Missouri, about 55 miles N. N. W. 
 from Jefferson City. 
 
 BouTONViLi.E, a post-office of Westchester 
 county. New York. 
 
 BoviNA, a post-township of Delaware coun- 
 
 ty. New York, about 60 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 1316. 
 
 BoviNA, a small post-village of Warren 
 county, Mississippi, on the railroad between 
 Vicksburg and Jackson, 12 miles E. from the 
 former, is a depot for the cotton raised in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 Bow, a post-township of Merrimack coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire, about 5 miles S. of Con- 
 cord, on the E. side of Merrimack river. Po- 
 pulation, 1055. 
 
 BowDARK, a post-office of Green county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 BowDOiN, a post-township of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Maine, about 20 miles S. S. W. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1857. 
 
 BowDoiN Centre, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Bowdoinham, a post-township of Lincoln 
 county, Maine, on the W. side of the Kenne- 
 bec river, 25 miles S. by W. from Augusta, 
 intersected by the Kennebec and Portland 
 railroad. Population, 2382. 
 
 BowDON, a post-office of Carroll co., Ga. 
 
 BowDON, a post-office of Talladega county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 BowEN, a township in Madison county, 
 Arkansas. Population, 648. 
 
 Bowen's Mills, a small village of Irwin 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Bowen's Prairie, a post-village of Jones 
 county, Iowa, about 50 miles N. N. E. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 BowENViLLE, a small post-village of Car- 
 roll county, Georgia, on Snake's creek, 130 
 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. The creek 
 affords excellent water-power, which has 
 been improved by the erection of a cotton 
 manufactory. 
 
 Bower, a post-office of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bower Bank, a post-office of Piscataquis 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Bower Hill, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bower's, a post-office of Southampton coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bower's Mills, a small village of Law- 
 rence county, Missouri. 
 
 Bowersville, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Georgia, 121 miles N. by E. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Bowersville, a small post-village in the 
 S. E. part of Greene county, Ohio. 
 
 Bowie, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Texas, and bordering on Arkan- 
 sas, contains 960 square miles. The Red 
 river bounds it on the N., and the Sulphur 
 fork of Red river on the S. A large part 
 of the surface is covered with timber. The 
 soil is very good and adapted to cotton, grain, 
 and pasture. Many horses and cattle are 
 reared here and exported to New Orleans. 
 In 1850 the county produced 1113 bales of 
 cotton; 93,110 bushels of corn, and 44,355 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 1 newspaper 
 
 131 
 
BOW 
 
 BOY 
 
 establishment. Steamboats navigate the Red 
 river above and below Bowie county. Capi- 
 tal, Boston. Population, 2912, of whom 
 1271 were free, and 1641, slaves. Named 
 in honor of James Bowie, who fell at Fort 
 Alamo, inventor of the weapon which bears 
 his name. 
 
 BowLESviLLE, a post-office of Fluvanna 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bowling Green, a post-village, capital of 
 Caroline county, Virginia, on the road from 
 Richmond to Fredericksburg, 45 miles N. 
 from the former, is situated in a fertile and 
 healthy region. It contained 2 churches, 3 
 stores, 2 mills, and about SOO inhabitants. 
 
 Bowling Green, a post-village of Ogle- 
 thorpe county, Georgia, 57 miles N. from 
 Milledgeville, and 3 miles from the Athens 
 Branch railroad. 
 
 Bowling Green, a small village of Stewart 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Bowling Green, a flourishing post- village 
 capital of Warren county, Kentucky, on Bar- 
 ren river, an affluent of Green river, 145 
 miles S. W. from Frankfort. It is situated 
 at the head of navigation, and is a place of 
 active trade, particularly in pork and to- 
 bacco. The river has been made navigable 
 in all stages of water for steamboats of me- 
 dium size, several of which make regular 
 passages between this place and Louisville. 
 Much attention has been directed to manu- 
 factures at this place. It has 1 iron foundry, 
 1 woollen and 1 candle factory, and several 
 mills. A newspaper is issued here. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, 2500. 
 
 Bowling Green, a township in Licking 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1538. 
 
 Bowling Green, a township in Marion 
 county, Ohio, about 15 miles W. by S. from 
 Marion. Population, 424. 
 
 Bowling Green, a thriving post-village of 
 Wood county, Ohio, 130 miles N. N. W. from 
 Columbus, and 12 miles S. from Perrys- 
 burg. 
 
 Bowling Green, a post-village, capital of 
 Clay county, Indiana, on the left bank of Eel 
 river, an affluent of White river, 60 miles 
 W. S. W. from Indianapolis. It has a brick 
 court house, a county seminary, and about 
 100 houses. Laid out in 1825. 
 
 Bowling Green, a post-village of Fayette 
 county, Illinois, 50 miles in a direct line S. 
 E. from Springfield. 
 
 Bowling Green, a post-village, capital of 
 Pike county, Missouri, 76 miles N. E. from 
 Jefferson City, is situated on an arm of 
 Grand prairie. It has a court house, a 
 newspaper office, and several stores. 
 
 Bowlingsville, a post-ofiBce of Union dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Bowman, a post-office of Marshall county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bowman's Creek of Wyoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, flows into the Susquehanna 
 river. 
 
 182 
 
 Bowman's Creek, a post-office of Wyoming 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bowman's Mills, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham county, Virginia. 
 
 Bowman's Mountain, Pennsylvania, ia 
 situated in the S. part of Wyoming county, 
 E. of Bowman's creek, an affluent of the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 BowMANSViLLE, a post-office of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 BowNE, a post-office of Kent county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 BowsHERSA'iLLE, a Small post-village of 
 Wyandot county, Ohio. 
 
 Bowyer's Knob, a post-office of Fayette 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 BoxBOROUGH, a post-township of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, 24 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston. Population, 396. 
 
 Box Creek, post-office of Cherokee co., Tex 
 
 BoxFORD, a post-township of Essex coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, about 25 miles N. from 
 Boston. Population, 982. 
 
 BoxLEY, or BoxLETTOWN, a post-village of 
 Hamilton county, Indiana, 30 miles N. from 
 Indianapolis. Population, about 150. 
 
 BoxviLLE, a small post-village of Mont- 
 gomery county, Georgia, about 100 S. from 
 Milledgville. 
 
 Boyd's Creek, a post-office of Sevier coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Boydston's Mills, a post-office of Kos- 
 ciusko county, Indiana. 
 
 Boyd's Store, a small village of Polk 
 county, Missouri, 110 miles S. Y'f. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 BoYDSviLLE, a small post-village of Weak- 
 ly county, Tennessee, 124 miles W. by N. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 BoYDTON, a post-office of York district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 BoYDTOWN, a post-village, capital of Meck- 
 lenburg county, Virginia, 6 miles N. from 
 the Roanoke river, and 90 miles S. W. from 
 Richmond. A plank-road, 76 miles long, 
 connects it with Petersburg. It contains 3 
 churches and a number of stores. About a 
 mile from Boydtown is the Randolph Macon 
 College, under the direction of the Methodists. 
 
 BoYER PiiVER, Iowa, rises in the N. W. 
 part of the state, and flowing south-west- 
 ward, enters the Missom-i a few miles from 
 Kanesville. 
 
 Boyer's Settlement, a post-village of 
 Buchanan county, Missouri, on an affluent 
 of the Platte river, 55 miles N. by W. from 
 Independence. 
 
 Boyerstown, a post-office of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Boykin's Depot, a small post-village of 
 Kershaw district. South Carolina, on the 
 Camden Branch railroad, 9 miles S. from 
 Camden. 
 
 Boyle, a county in the central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area of 180 square miles. 
 It is bounded oa the N. E. by Dick's river, 
 
BOY 
 
 BRA 
 
 an affluent of the Kentucky, and drained by 
 the head streams of Salt river. The surface 
 is somewhat diversified, the soil is very deep 
 and rich. Indian corn, oats, hemp, hay, and 
 live stock are the staples. In 1850 the coun- 
 ty produced 689,780 bushels of corn ; 103,346 
 of oats; 307 tons of hemp. It contained 16 
 churches and 1 newspaper establishment; 658 
 pupils attending public schools, and 191 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The 
 principal rock which underlies the county is 
 limestone. Seven McAdamized roads ter- 
 minate at Danville, and a railroad has been 
 commenced from that town to Lexington. 
 Formed in 1841, and named in honor of 
 John Boyle, chief justice of Kentucky. Ca- 
 pital, Danville. Population, 9116, of whom 
 5692 were free, and 3424, slaves. 
 
 Boyle's Mill, a village in the S. part 
 of Henry county, Iowa. 
 
 Botler's Mills, a post-office of Benton 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 BoTLSTON, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, about 35 miles W. 
 of Boston. Population, 918. 
 
 BoYLSTON, a post-township of Oswego 
 county, New York, 140 miles N. W. from Al- 
 bany. Population, 661. 
 
 BoYLSTON Cbntke, a post-office of Worces- 
 ter county, Massachusetts. 
 
 BozRAH, a post-township of New London 
 county, Connecticut, about 35 miles E. S. E. 
 from Hartford, well watered by the Yantic 
 river. Population, 867. 
 
 BozEAHYiLLE, a Small post-village in the 
 above township. 
 
 Brackville, a post-township in Trumbull 
 county, Ohio. Population, 956. 
 
 Brackabeen, a post-village of Schoharie 
 county. New York, 45 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Bracken, a county in the N. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Ohio, containing about 
 200 square miles. The Ohio river bounds 
 it on the N. ; it is also drained by the N. 
 Fork of the Licking. The surface is rolling 
 and hilly ; the soil is based on limestone, 
 and is mostly fertile. The chief produc- 
 tions are tobacco, wheat, Indian corn, and 
 pork. In 1850 this county produced 370,025 
 bushels of corn ; 27,410 of wheat; 62,818 of 
 oats; 2,129,370 pounds of tobacco; 13,550 
 of wool, and 1675 of flax. It contained 15 
 churches, and 500 pupils attending public 
 schools. The name of the county is de- 
 rived from a small creek which rises in it. 
 Organized in 1796. Capital, Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 8903, of whom 8063 were free, and 
 840, slaves. 
 
 Bracket's Bridge, a village in the W. 
 part of Fulton county, New York. 
 
 Brackett's, a small village of Effingham 
 county, Illinois, 35 miles E. from Vandalia. 
 
 Brackney, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Braddock's Field, a noted battle-field on 
 the right bank of the Monongahela river, 
 
 11 miles above Pittsburg, where General 
 Braddock was defeated by the French and 
 Indians. A plank-road runs through the 
 place, and the Pennsylvania railroad passes 
 along the high ground immediately above. 
 
 Bradenville, a post-office of Westmore- 
 land county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bradford, a county in the N. N. E. part 
 of Pennsylvania, bordering on New York, 
 has an area of 1170 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the N. Branch of Susquehanna 
 river, and drained also by Tioga river, and 
 by Towanda, Wyalusing, and Sugar creeks. 
 The surface is broken and hilly, and covered 
 by extensive forests of pine, hemlock, and 
 sugar-maple. The soil is moderately fertile. 
 Lumber is the chief article of export. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, but- 
 ter, and maple sugar are the staples. In 
 1850 it produced 371,143 bushels of corn; 
 301,675 of wheat; 510,176 of oats ; 322,316 
 of potatoes, (the greatest quantity produced 
 by any county of the state except Phila- 
 delphia county;) 74,028 of hay; 1,590,248 
 pounds of butter, and 193,391 of maple su- 
 gar. There were 40 flour and grist mills, 
 283 saw mills, 12 manufactories of cabinet 
 ware, 6 of agricultural implements, 4 of tin 
 and sheet-iron ware, 9 of saddles and har- 
 ness, 3 of sashes and blinds, and 1 of stoves 
 and ranges, 4 iron foundries, 1 furnace, 6 
 woollen factories, 5 distilleries, and 15 tan- 
 neries. It contained 53 churches and 3 
 newspaper establishments. There were 
 11,333 pupils attending public schools, and 
 250 attending academies or other schools. 
 The county contains iron and bituminous 
 coal ; sandstone underlies the greater part 
 of the surface. The streams afl'ord motive 
 power for numerous mills. The county is 
 traversed by a turnpike fi'om Berwick to 
 Elmira, and by the railroad, not yet finished, 
 from Williamsport to Elmira. Formed in 
 1810, and called Ontario; in 1812 the name 
 was changed to Bradford, in honor of William 
 Bradford, Attorney-General of the United 
 States. Capital, Towanda. Population, 
 42,831. 
 
 Bradford, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, about 85 miles N. E. of Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1296. 
 
 Bradford, a post-township of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Merrimack and 
 Connecticut River railroad. Pop., 1341. 
 
 Bradford, a post-township of Orange co^, 
 Vermont, on the W. side of the Connecticut 
 river, and on the Connecticut and Passumpsio 
 Rivers railroad, about 30 miles S. W. of 
 Montpelier. Two papers are published in the 
 village. Population, 1723. 
 
 Bradford, a post-township of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the S. side of Merrimack 
 river, and on the Boston and Maine railroad, 
 32 miles N. of Boston. It contains two cele- 
 brated academies, one for males, and one for 
 females. Population, 1328. 
 
 133 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 Beadeord, a village in the above town- 
 ship, opposite to Haverhill, and on the Bos- 
 ton and Maine railroad, where it crosses the 
 Merrimack river. 
 
 Bradford, a post-township of Steuben 
 county. New York, about 60 miles S. S. E. 
 from Rochester. Population, 2010. 
 
 Bradford, a township of Clearfield coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the W. Branch of the 
 Susquehanna, 5 miles E. from Clearfield. 
 Population, 792. 
 
 IBradford, a township of McKean county, 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on New York, 14 
 miles N. W. from Smethport. Population, 
 990. 
 
 Bradford, a thriving manufacturing post- 
 village of Coosa county, Alabama, on Socha- 
 patoy creek, 50 miles N. by E. from Mont- 
 gomery, and 36 miles from Wetumpka. It 
 has grown up since 1848. The extensive 
 water-power is improved by the erection of 
 a cotton factory, which employs about 100 
 hands. Bradford is connected by a plank- 
 road with Wetumpka and the Tennessee 
 river. About 1 mile from the village there 
 is a quarry of beautiful gray statuary gra- 
 nite, which is capable of being split in any 
 direction, and worked into any desirable 
 shape. 
 
 Bradford, a village of Scioto county, 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river. 
 
 Bradford, a post-village of Harrison coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 12 miles N. N. E. from Coi-ydon. 
 Bradford, a post-ofiice of Chickasaw coun- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Bradford, a township in the E. part of 
 Rock county, Wisconsin, about 12 miles E. 
 S. E. from Janesville. Population, 703. 
 
 Bradford Centre, a post-office of Orange 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Bradford Institute, a post-office of Sum- 
 ter district, South Carolina. 
 
 Bradford Springs, a post-office of Sumter 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Bradfordsville,. a small post-village of 
 Marion county, Kentucky, on the Rolling 
 fork of Salt river, 69 miles S. by W. from 
 Frankfort. It contains 2 churches, and 
 above 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Bradley, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Georgia, has an area 
 of about 400 square miles. The Hiawassee 
 river forms its N. E. boundary. The surface 
 is mountainous, particularly in the S. part. 
 The soil is mostly fertile, and well watered. 
 Indian corn, oats, tobacco, and cotton are 
 cultivated. In 1850 this county produced 
 594,698 bushels of corn; 151,419 of oats ; 
 34,662 of wheat; 1600 bales of cotton, and 
 81,187 pounds of butter. It contained 22 
 churches, and 3000 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county is intersected by the 
 great railroad of E. Tennessee. The high- 
 lands produce abundance of timber. Capi- 
 tal, Cleveland. Population, 12,259, of whom 
 11,515 were free, and 744, slaves. 
 134 
 
 Bradley, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Arkansas, contains 958 square miles. It is 
 traversed by the Saline river and bounded 
 on the W. by Moro river. The surface pre- 
 sents no great inequalities. Cotton and 
 maize are the chief productions. In 1850 
 there were raised 1425 bales of cotton; 
 145,865 bushels of Indian corn; 12,615 of 
 peas and beans, and 36,746 of sweet pota- 
 toes. It contained 12 churches, and 140 
 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Warren. Population, 3819, of whom 2603 
 were free, and 1226, slaves. 
 
 Bradlet, a township of Penobscot county, 
 Maine, on the E. side of the Penobscot river, 
 about 45 miles N. by E. from Bangor. Po- 
 pulation, 796. 
 
 Bradley, a post-office of Allegan county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Bradley, a small post-village in the N. 
 part of Jackson county, Illinois, 14 miles S. 
 W. from Pinckneyville. 
 
 Bradleysvale, a township of Caledonia 
 county, Vermont, about 45 miles N. E. by E. 
 from Montpelier. Population, 107. 
 
 Bradleyville, a post-office of Sumter 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Bradsiiaw, a post-office of Giles county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Brady, a township in the W. part of Clear- 
 field county, Pennsylvania, about 140 miles 
 W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Population, 
 1083. 
 
 Brady, a township in the E. part of Hunt- 
 ingdon county, Pennsylvania, on the Juniata 
 river, 60 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 1020. 
 
 Brady, a township in Williams county, 
 Ohio, about 22 miles N. by W. from Defiance. 
 Population, 1128. 
 
 Brady, a township in Kalamazoo county, 
 Michigan, about 15 miles S. S. E. from Kala- 
 mazoo. Population, 578. 
 
 Brady's Bend, a post-township in Arm- 
 strong county, Pennsylvania, on the W. side 
 of Alleghany river, about 15 miles N. N. W. 
 from Kittanning. Population, 2325. 
 
 Brady's Creek, of Texas, flows eastward, 
 and enters San Saba river in Bexar county. 
 
 Brady's Mill, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Bradysville, or Bradyvihe, a small post- 
 village of Adams county, Ohio, on the Mays- 
 ville turnpike, 8 miles from the Ohio river. 
 
 Bradyville, a post-village of Cannon 
 county, Tennessee, 56 miles E. S. E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Braggs, a post-office of Lowndes county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Braggville, a post-office of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Brainerd's Bridge, a post-village of Rens- 
 selaer county, New York, on Kinderhook 
 creek, 16 miles S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Braintree, a township of Orange county, 
 Vermont, 20 miles S. by W. from Montpe- 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 tier ; intersected by the Vermont Central rail- 
 road. Population, 1228. 
 
 Bkaintree, a post-townsliip of Norfolk co., 
 Mass., on the S. Shore and Old Colony rail- 
 road, 10 miles S. by E. of Boston. Pop., 2969. 
 
 Braintkee, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Wyoming county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 N. branch of the Susquehanna river, 30 miles 
 N. by W. from Wilkesbarre. Population, 836. 
 
 Braintbem, a post-ofBce of Wyoming coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brake's Run, a post-office of Hardy coun- 
 ■y, Virginia. 
 
 Braman's Corners, a post-office of Sche- 
 aectadjr county, New York. 
 
 Branch, a county in the S. part of Michi- 
 gan, bordering on Indiana, contains 528 
 square miles. It is traversed by the St. Jo- 
 seph's and Prairie rivers, and also drained 
 by the Coldwater and Hog rivers. The 
 surface is rolling ; the soil is a rich, sandy 
 loam, mostly free from stones. About two- 
 thirds of the county are occupied by oak open- 
 ings, and the remainder is heavily timbered. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, and 
 wool are the staples. In 1850 Branch county 
 produced 161,284 bushels of wheat; 266,818 
 of corn; 123,293 of oats; 113,892 of pota- 
 toes ; 11,003 tons of hay, and 57,007 pounds 
 of wool. It contained 6 churches and 1 news- 
 paper establishment. There were 348 pupils 
 attending public schools. Iron ore is found 
 in the county. It is intersected by the South- 
 ern railroad. Organized in 1833, and named 
 in honor of John Branch, secretary of the 
 pavy under President Jackson. Capital, Cold- 
 water. Population, 12,472. 
 
 Branch, a township of Schuylkill county, 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. AV. from Pottsville, 
 intersected by the Mine Hill railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 2653. 
 
 Branch, a post-village of Branch county, 
 Michigan, on the W. branch of Coldwater 
 river, 89 miles S. S. W. from Lansing, was 
 formerly the county seat. 
 
 Branchburg, a township of Somerset 
 county, New Jersey. Population, 1137. 
 
 Branch Dale, a post-office of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Branch Hill, a post-office of Clermont 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Branch Island, a post-office of Pickens 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Branchport, a post-village of Jerusalem 
 township, Yates county, New York, at the 
 N. W. extremity of Crooked lake, about 200 
 miles W. from Albany. It contains 10 
 stores, 1 tavern, 2 mills, and 2 churches. 
 It derives its name from its position on one 
 of the branches of Crooked lake. Popula- 
 tion, about 350. 
 
 Branch River, of Rhode Island, falls into 
 the Blackstone river about 4 miles above 
 Woonsocket. 
 
 Branch Village, a small manufacturing 
 village in Smithfield township, Providence 
 
 county, Rhode Island, about 10 miles N. N. 
 W. from Providence. It contains 1 cotton 
 mill, employing 25 hands, producing $25,000 
 per annum, and 1 scythe manufactory, 
 capable of turning out 3000 or 4000 dozen 
 scythes annually. Population, about 100. 
 
 Branchville, a post-village of Sussex 
 county. New Jersey, on a branch of the Pau- 
 linskill, 77 miles N. from Trenton. It con- 
 tained a church, an academy, and several 
 stores and mills. 
 
 Branchville, a post-office of Southamp- 
 ton county, Virginia. 
 
 Branchville, a post-village of Orange- 
 burg district, South Carolina, on the South 
 Carolina railroad, at the junction of the Co- 
 lumbia. Branch, 62 miles W. N. W. from 
 Charleston, and 67 miles S. from Columbia. 
 
 Branchville, a post-office of St. Clair 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Brandenburg, capital of Meade county, 
 Kentucky, on a high bluff of the Ohio river, 
 40 miles below Louisville, and 90 miles W. 
 by S. from Frankfort. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches, 2 flouring mills, 4 warehouses, and 
 kas considerable trade. Population, esti- 
 mated at 700. 
 
 Brandon, a post-township of Rutland 
 county, Vermont, about 40 miles S. W. from 
 Montpelier, on Otter creek, and on the Rut- 
 land and Burlington railroad. Population, 
 2835. 
 
 Brandon, a township of Franklin county. 
 New York, about 60 miles E. from Ogdens- 
 burg. Population, 590. 
 
 Brandon, a post-village, capital of Ran- 
 kin county, Mississippi, at the eastern ter- 
 minus of the Vicksburg and Brandon rail- 
 road, 12 miles E. from Jackson. Fifteen 
 years ago it was a flourishing place, and 
 about that date the failure of the Brandon 
 Bank rendered it a "deserted village," until 
 the railroad restored it to prosperity. About 
 10,000 bales of cotton are shipped here an- 
 nually. Population, 800. 
 
 Brandon, a post-office of Knox county, Ohio. 
 
 Brandon, a post-township of Oakland 
 county, Michigan, about 38 miles N. N. W. 
 from Detroit. Population, 893. 
 
 Brandonville, a thriving post-village of 
 Preston county, Virginia, 280 miles N. W. 
 from Richmond. A turnpike road extends 
 from this village to Fishing creek. 
 
 Brand's Iron Works, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Brandt, a post-township of Erie county, 
 New York, on Lake Erie, 24 miles S. S. W. 
 from Buffalo. It is intersected by Lake 
 Shore railroad. Population, 1028. 
 
 Brandt, a post-office of Miami county, Ohio 
 
 Brandt Lake, of Warren county, in the 
 north-eastern part of New York, discharges 
 its waters by Schroon river. Its length is 
 about 6 miles. 
 
 Brandy Station, a post-office of Culpep- 
 per county, Virginia. 
 
 135 
 
b:ra 
 
 BEA 
 
 Bkandtwine creek, of Pennsylvania and 
 Delaware, is formed by the E. and W. branches, 
 TS-hich unite in Chester county of the former 
 state. Flowing in a south-easterly course, it 
 falls into the Christiana creek at Wilming- 
 ton, Delaware. A noted battle was fought 
 on its banks between the British and Ameri- 
 cans in 1777. 
 
 Brandywine creek, of Indiana, rises in 
 Hancock county, and flows south-westward 
 into Blue river, a few miles below Shelbyville. 
 
 Brandywine, a post-ofiice of Prince 
 George's county, Maryland. 
 
 Brandywine, a township in Hancock coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 837. 
 
 Brandywine, a post-township in Shelby 
 county, Indiana, about 7 miles N. W. from 
 Shelbyville. Population, 764. 
 
 Brandywine, a small post- village of Shelby 
 county, Indiana, on a plank-road, 6 miles N. 
 VV. from Shelbyville. 
 
 Brandywine, a hundred of New Castle 
 county, Delaware. 
 
 Brandywine Manor, a post-office of Ches- 
 ter county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brandywine Mills, a small post-village in 
 Summit county, Ohio. 
 
 Brandywine Springs, New Castle, Dela- 
 ware, 4 miles N. W. of Wilmington. 
 
 BRANroRD, a post-township of New Haven 
 county, Connecticut, bordering on Long 
 Island sound. Population, 1423. 
 
 Branford, a post-town and seaport in 
 the above township, on the New Haven and 
 New London railroad, 8 miles E. by S. from 
 New Haven. The harbor, which is about 1^ 
 mile S. W., is well protected from the sea, 
 and of sufficient depth for vessels of over 300 
 tons. A substantial wharf has been con- 
 structed here for the accommodation of the 
 shipping. This port, in early times, was the 
 rival of New Haven, and the centre of an 
 important foreign trade. 
 
 Branford, a township in Lee county, Hli- 
 nois. Population, 158. 
 
 Brant. See Brandt. 
 
 Brantingham, a post-office of Lewis coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Brasher, a township of St. Lawrence 
 county. New York, about 40 miles N. E. from 
 Ogdensburg, is intersected by St. Regis river. 
 Population, 2.582. 
 
 Brasher Falls, a post-village of St. Law- 
 rence county. New York, on the St. Regis 
 river, and on the Northern railroad, 35 miles 
 E. from Ogdensburg. It has several facto- 
 ries and stores. 
 
 Brasher Iron Works, a post-office of St. 
 Lawrence county. New York. 
 
 Brashersville, a post-office of Perry 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Brasstown, a post-office of Union county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Brattleboeough, a post-township of 
 Windham county, Vermont, on the right 
 bank of Connecticut river, 100 miles S. from 
 13J 
 
 Montpelier. A fort, called Fort Dammer, 
 was built in 1724, in the S. W. part of the 
 township, on what is now called "Dummer 
 Meadows." This was the first settlement 
 made in Vermont. Population, 3816. 
 
 Brattleborough East Village, a flourish- 
 ing post-village of Brattleborough township, 
 Windham county, Vermont, at the junction 
 of AVhetstone creek with the Connecticut 
 river, about 100 miles S. from Montpelier. 
 It is one of the most active business places 
 in the state, and contains, besides the public 
 buildings, numerous manufactories, a bank, 
 several water-power printing presses, and an 
 asylum for the insane. A covered bridge 
 across the Connecticut connects the place 
 with Hinsdale in New Hampshire. It is also 
 in the line of the Connecticut River railroad. 
 The asylum for the insane is situated a short 
 distance N. W. of the village, and is in a 
 flourishing condition. In addition to a legacy 
 of $10,000 bequeathed it by Mrs. Anna 
 Marsh, the state has also made it several 
 handsome appropriations. It was opened in 
 1836. 
 
 Brattleborough West Village, a post- 
 village of Brattleborough township, Windham 
 county, Vermont, on AVhetstone creek, about 
 2 miles AV. of the East village, and 100 miles 
 S. from Montpelier. 
 
 Brattleville, a small village in the S. 
 part of McDonough county, Illinois. 
 
 Brattonsville, a post-office of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Brattonville, a post-office of Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Braunfels, a post-office of Manitoowoc 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Brawdie's Grove, a post-office of Ogle 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Braxton, a county in the N, W. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 646 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Elk and Lit- 
 tle Kanawha rivers, and also drained by 
 Holly river and Birch creek. The surface is 
 hilly and rough, extensively covered with 
 forests, the soil is well watered and generally 
 fertile. Indian corn and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1860 this county produced 137,120 
 bushels of corn, and 72,409 pounds of butter. 
 There were 6 grist mills, 4 saw miUs, 2 wool- 
 carding mills, 1 salt-boiling establishment, 
 and 1 tannery. It contained 2 churches. 
 Stone coal is found in several places, and 
 salt springs in the N. part of the county. 
 This county was formed in 1836, and named 
 in honor of Carter Braxton, one of the signers 
 of the Declaration of Independence. Capital, 
 Sutton. Population, 4212, of whom 4123 
 were free, and 89, slaves. 
 
 Braxton Court House, Virginia. See 
 Sutton. 
 
 Brazil, a small post-village of Clay coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the national road, and on the 
 Terre Haute railroad, 16 miles E. from Terre 
 Haute. 
 
BRA 
 
 ERE 
 
 Brazobia, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, con- 
 tains about 18oU square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Brazos and San Bei-nard rivers. 
 The surface is nearly level ; the soil allu- 
 vial and sandy. A large part of the county 
 is occupied by prairies, which are mostly un- 
 cultivated. The soil of the river bottoms is 
 fertile, and is covered with forests of the live 
 oak, red cedar, &c., which extend 2 or 3 miles 
 back from the stream. Sugar, cotton, and 
 Indian corn are the staple products. In 1850 
 the county produced 4811 hogsheads of su- 
 gar, (more than any other county in the 
 state ;) 3531 bales of cotton ; 213,525 bushels 
 of corn, and 78,100 of sweet potatoes. Capi- 
 tal, Brazoria. Population, 4841, of whom 
 1884 were free, and 3507, slaves. 
 
 Brazokia, a post-village, capital of Bra- 
 zoria county, Texas, on the W. bank of Bra- 
 zos river, about 30 miles from its mouth, and 
 60 miles W. by S. from Galveston. The river 
 is navigable for 150 miles during a large por- 
 tion of the year. Brazoria is said to be sta- 
 tionary at present, the trade of the river 
 having been diverted to Columbia, which is 
 10 miles above. 
 
 Bbazos, a river of Texas, the largest that 
 intersects the state, excepting, perhaps, the 
 Colorado. It rises in the table land of Bexar 
 county, in the W. part of the state, and flows 
 first eastward until it approaches the Upper 
 Cross Timbei's of Cook county. Here it as- 
 sumes a S. S. E. direction, which it maintains 
 in general for the remainder of its course, 
 and flows nearly parallel with the Trinity. 
 After passing by Waco, Washington, Rich- 
 mond, and Columbia, it empties itself into 
 the Gulf of Mexico, about 40 miles S. W. 
 from Galveston. The whole length is esti- 
 mated at more than 900 miles ; the direct 
 distance from its source to its mouth is near 
 600. In the rainy season, from February to 
 May inclusive, it is navigable for steamboats 
 to Washington, which is about 300 miles 
 from its mouth, and at all seasons as far as 
 Columbia, about 40 miles. In the lower 
 half of its course it flows through an alluvial 
 plain, which is but little elevated above the 
 sea. The valley of the Brazos is occupied 
 by plantations of cotton, Indian corn, and 
 sugar, and by extensive forests of the live 
 oak and red cedar. 
 
 Brazos, a county in the E. central part of 
 Texas, has an area of 585 square miles. The 
 Brazos river, from which the name is derived, 
 forms its boundary on the S. W., and the 
 Navasoto flows along the eastern border 
 until it enters the former river, at the S. 
 extremity of the county. The surface is 
 soraewliat uneven; the soil generally fertile. 
 Indian corn, cotton, cattle, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 15,934 bushels of corn ; 142 bales of cotton, 
 and 8096 pounds of butter. There were 75 
 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 
 Booneville. Population, G14, of whom 466 
 were free, and 148, slaves. 
 
 Brazos Santiago, a post-village and port 
 of entry of Cameron county, Texas, on the 
 Gulf of Mexico, near Point Isabel, about 35 
 miles E. N. E. from Brownsville. 
 
 Breakabeen, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county, New York. 
 
 Beeakneck, a post-ofiice of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bbeakneck Hill, in Putnam county, New 
 York, on the E. side of the Hudson, at the 
 N. entrance to the Highlands. It is 1187 feet 
 higli, and terminates in the promontory called 
 St. Anthony's Nose. 
 
 Bbean's Bridge, a post-ofiQce of St. Mar- 
 tin's parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Breathitt, a county in the E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area of about 600 square miles. 
 It is traversed by the N. and middle forks of 
 Kentucky river, and drained also by Trouble- 
 some creek. The surface is broken by high 
 hills and fertile valleys, and mostly covered 
 with forests. Timber, stone, coal, beeswax, 
 and ginseng are the chief articles of export. 
 In 1850 this county produced 155,840 bu- 
 shels of corn ; 8916 pounds of wool, and 1536 
 of flax. It contained 5 churches, and 80 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Sandstone un- 
 derlies the county, which also contains exten- 
 sive deposites of iron ore and stone coal. This 
 county was formed in 1839, and named in 
 honor of John Breathitt, late governor of 
 Kentucky. Capital, Jackson. Population, 
 3785, of whom 3615 were free, and 170, 
 slaves. 
 
 Breathitt, a small village in the above 
 county, on the E. bank of Kentucky river. 
 
 Breckinridge, a county in the N. W. part 
 of Kentucky, bordering on Indiana, has a a 
 area of about 450 square miles. The Ohiv) 
 river forms its boundary on the N. W., and 
 Rough creek on the S. ; it is also drained by 
 Clover and Sinking creeks. The surface 
 consists of rolling uplands ; the soil, having a 
 basis of red clay and limestone, is fertile and 
 well watered. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 521,766 bushels of corn ; 
 12,387 of wheat; 138,070 of oats ; 2,288,334 
 pounds of tobacco; 24,280 of wool, and 
 20,813 of flax. It contained 21 churches, 
 600 pupils attending public schools, and 70 
 attending academies or other scliools. Sink- 
 ing creek, which is a valuable mill stream, 
 suddenly sinks beneath the earth a few miles 
 from its source, and shows no trace of its 
 existence for 5 or 6 miles, when it returns to 
 the surface and flows into the Ohio. Near 
 the creek is Penitentiary cave, which is said 
 to contain apartments of great dimensions, 
 but has not been fully explored. The county 
 was formed in 1799, and named in honor of 
 John Breckinridge, a statesman of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Hardinsburg. Population, 10,593, 
 of whom 8627 were free, and 1966, slaves. 
 
 137 
 
BEE 
 
 BRI 
 
 Brecknock, a township of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. S. W. from Eeading. 
 Population, 876. 
 
 Beecknock, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles 
 N. E. from Lancaster. Population, 1366. 
 
 Brecksville, a township in the S. part of 
 Cuyahoga county, Ohio. Population, 1116. 
 
 Breckvii-le, a post-office of Madison coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Breedings, a post-office of Adair county, 
 Kentucky, 132 miles S. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Breedsville, a post-office of Van Buren 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Breesb, a village in the W. part of Alle- 
 gan county, Michigan, on an expansion of 
 Kalamazoo river. 
 
 Breese, a post-village of Greene county, 
 Illinois, 50 miles S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Breeseville, a village in the S. W. part 
 of Jackson county, Illinois, on the Missis- 
 sippi river. 
 
 Bregenz, a post-office of Choctaw county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 BreintgsviI/LE, a post-office of Lehigh 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bremen, a post-township of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Maine, 30 miles S. E. from Augusta, pos- 
 sesses great water privileges. Population, 
 891. 
 
 Bremen, a post-office of Muhlenburgh 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Bremen, a small post-village of Fairfield 
 county, Ohio, 49 miles S. E. from Columbus, 
 and about 10 miles E. from Lancaster. 
 
 Bremen, a post-office of Marshall county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Bremen, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Cook county, Illinois. Population, 250. 
 
 Bremen, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 22 miles S. S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Bremen, a post-village of St. Louis coun- 
 ty, Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 4 miles 
 above St. Louis. 
 
 Bremer, a new county in the N. E. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 430 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Cedar, Wapsi- 
 pinicon, and English rivers, which flow in a 
 south-easterly direction. The county is said 
 to contain good land, well supplied with wa- 
 ter and timber ; the climate is healthy. This 
 county is not included in the census of 1850. 
 County seat not located. Named in honor 
 of Frederica Bremer, the Swedish authoress. 
 
 Breneau River, of Oregon Territory, falls 
 into Lewis river near 43° 30' N. lat. and 115° 
 ^ 30' W. Ion. 
 
 Breniiam, a post-village, capital of Wash- 
 ington county, Texas, 100 miles E. from 
 Austin City, and 20 miles S. W. from the 
 Brazos river at Washington. It is surround- 
 ed by a beautiful and fertile country, in 
 which much improvement has been made. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
 Brennersville, a post-office of Preble 
 county, Ohio. 
 138 
 
 Brentonville, a village of Owen county, 
 Indiana, 18 miles N. W. from Bloomington. 
 
 Brentsvilxe, a small post-village, capital 
 of Prince William county, Virginia, on the 
 Occoquan creek, 104 miles N. from Rich- 
 mond, contains 1 church, and a few stores. 
 
 Brentsville, a village of Owen county, 
 Indiana, near the White river, about 50 miles 
 S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Brentwood, a post-township of Rocking- 
 ham county. New Hampshire, 30 miles S. E. 
 from Concord. Population, 923. 
 
 Brest, a small post-village of Monroe 
 county, Michigan, on Lake Erie, 5 miles E. 
 from Monroe City, was laid out on a large 
 scale when speculation was at its height, 
 but has declined. A large quantity of lum- 
 ber is sawn here and exported. 
 
 Brewer, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, on the W. side of Penobscot 
 river, opposite Bangor, watered by the Sage- 
 unkedunk river. Population, 2628. 
 
 Brewersville, a post-office of Sumter 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Brewersville, a post-village of Jennings 
 county, Indiana, about 60 miles S. S. E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Brewerton, a post-village of Onondaga 
 county. New York, on the Oneida river, 144 
 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Brewerton, a post-office of Laurens dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Brewer Village, a post-office of Penob- 
 scot county, Maine. 
 
 Brewington, a post-office of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Brewster, a post-township of Barnstable 
 county, Massachusetts, about 65 miles S. W. 
 from Boston. Population, 1525. 
 
 Brewster's Station, a post-office of Put- 
 nam county. New York. 
 
 Briar Creek, a township of Columbia 
 county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles E. by N. from 
 Bloomsburg. Population, 1091. 
 
 Brick, a township of Ocean county. New 
 Jersey. Population, 1558. 
 
 Brick Church, a post-office of Giles coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Brick Creek, a post-office of Leon coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Brickerville, a post-office of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brick Head, a district in De Kalb county, 
 Georgia. Population, 506. 
 
 Brickland, a post-office of Lunenburg 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Brick Meeting House, a post-office of 
 Cecil county, Maryland. 
 
 Bricksborough, a small village of Cum- 
 berland county. New Jersey, on Maurice 
 river, 14 miles S. E. from Bridgeton. 
 
 Brick Store, a post-office of Newton coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Brickville, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Brickville, a village of Morgan coun- 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 ty, Illinois, 26 miles W. by S. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Bridesburg, a post-village of Philadelphia 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware 
 river, at the mouth of Frankford creek, 7 
 miles above Philadelphia. It contains an 
 arsenal of the United States, and many fine 
 residences. Population in 1850, 915. 
 
 Briugeborough, a post-ofiice of Burling- 
 ton county, New Jersey. 
 
 Bridge Creek, of Georgia, flows into Ock- 
 lockonee river, in Thomas county. 
 
 Bridge Creek, a post-ofiice of Geauga 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Bridgeforth, a post-oflice of Limestone 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Bridgehamrton, a post-village of Sufi'olk 
 county. New York, on the seacoast, 20 miles 
 W. from Montauk Point. 
 
 Bridge Leyden, a village of Cook county, 
 Illinois, 12 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Bridgeport, a city and seaport of Fair- 
 field county, Connecticut, is situated on an 
 arm of Long Island sound, at the mouth of 
 Pequannock river. By railroad it is 18 miles 
 ^Y. S. W. from New Haven ; 58 miles N. E. 
 from New York ; 54 miles S. AY. from Hart- 
 ford ; 178 miles S. W. from Boston. Lat. 41° 
 10' 30" N. ; Ion. 73° 11' 46" W. The city, 
 which is handsomely laid out and beautifully 
 adorned with shade-trees, is built chiefly on a 
 plain elevated some 10 or 12 feet above high- 
 water mark. About half or three-quarters 
 of a mile N. W. of the harbor, there is a 
 sudden, ascent of nearly 50 feet, forming a 
 terrace or small table-land about half a mile 
 square. This height, which afi'ords a splen- 
 did view of the city and sound, is occupied 
 by a number of elegant private mansions. 
 Iranistan, the residence of P. T. Barnum, 
 Esq., is about li mile W. of this place. It 
 is modelled after an Eastern palace, having 
 skylight domes and minarets, and is sur- 
 rounded with spacious grounds, beautifully 
 adorned with flower-gardens, fountains, sta- 
 tuary, graded walks, and shrubbery. 
 
 Bridgeport has a large coasting trade, and 
 a number of vessels engaged in the whale 
 fisheries. The manufactures are extensive, 
 particularly of carriages. It contains 4 
 banks, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, a number of 
 hotels, and 10 or 12 churches. The Housa- 
 tonic and the Naugatuc railroads both ter- 
 minate in this place. It is also on the line of 
 the New York and New Haven railroad. A 
 steamboat plies daily between Bridgeport and 
 New York. The harbor is safe, but does not 
 admit vessels of the largest size, there being 
 but 13 feet of water on the bar at high tide. 
 The township, embracing about 10 square 
 miles, was separated from Stratford in 1821, 
 and incorporated in 1836. Population of the 
 township in 1840, 4570 ; 1850, 7560. 
 
 Bridgeport, a post-village of Madison 
 county. New York, on Chittenango creek, 
 about 12 miles N. E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Bridgeport, a small post-village of Sene- 
 ca county, New York, on the Cayuga lake, 
 at the W. end of Cayuga bridge, 12 miles 
 W. from Auburn. 
 
 Bridgeport, a small village of Burling- 
 ton county. New Jersey, on Wading river, 
 29 miles S. S. E. from Mount Holly. 
 
 Bridgeport, a post-ofiice of Gloucester 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Bridgeport, a small village of Clearfield 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike be- 
 tween Clearfield and Erie. 
 
 Bridgeport, a post-borough of Luzerne 
 township, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on 
 the right bank of the Monongahela river, just 
 above the mouth of Dunlap's creek, 40 miles 
 S. from Pittsburg. It is connected with 
 Brownsville by an iron bridge crossing Dun- 
 lap's creek. There are manufactories of 
 various kinds at this place. Population, 
 1292. 
 
 Bridgeport, a small village of Franklin 
 county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles W. by S. from 
 Chambersburg. It contains 1 store, 1 mill, 
 and 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Bridgeport, a post-borough of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill op- 
 posite Norristown, with which it is connected 
 by a bridge. Population, 572. 
 
 Bridgeport, a post-ofiice of Frederick 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Bridgeport, a small post-village in Har- 
 rison county, Virginia, about 200 miles N. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Bridgeport, a post-oflSce of Cocke county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Bridgeport, a small post-village of Frank- 
 lin county, Kentucky, on the turnpike from 
 Frankfort to Louisville, 4 miles S. W. from 
 the former. 
 
 Bridgeport, a post-village of Belmont 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, opposite 
 Wheeling City, has an active business in 
 forwarding goods to the West. It contains 
 several mills and warehouses, and a branch 
 of the State bank. 
 
 Bridgeport, a village of Montgomery 
 county, Ohio, on the railroad between Cin- 
 cinnati and Dayton, 10 S. S. W. from the 
 latter. 
 
 Bridgeport, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Saginaw county, Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 374. 
 
 Bridgeport, a village in the N. W. part 
 of Elkhart county, Indiana. 
 
 Bridgeport, a thriving post-village of Har- 
 rison county, Indiana, on the Ohio river, about 
 130 miles S. from Indianapolis, was laid out 
 in 1849. Boat-building is carried on here, and 
 good timber for that purpose is abundant in 
 the vicinity. The village has about 150 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Bridgeport, a village of Marion county, 
 Indiana, 10 miles W. S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Bridgeport, a village in the N. W. part 
 of Perry county, Indiana. 
 
 139 
 
BRI 
 
 BET 
 
 Bridgeport, a small village and landing 
 place of Greene county, Illinois, on the 
 Illinois river, 15 miles N. W. from Car- 
 rollton. Grain and other articles are 
 shipped here. 
 
 Bridgeport, a village in the W. part of 
 Warren county, Missouri, near the Missouri 
 river. 
 
 Bridgeport, a small post-village of Jack- 
 son county, Iowa, on the Maquoketa river, 
 about 75 miles N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Bridgeport, a village of Brown county, 
 Wisconsin, on the Neenah or Fox river, at 
 the mouth of Plum creek. It has extensive 
 ■water-power. 
 
 Bridgeport Centre, a post-office of Sagi- 
 naw county, Michigan. 
 
 Bridge Prairie, a township in St. Clair 
 county, Illinois. Population, 3403. 
 
 Bridgeton, a post-township of Cumberland 
 county, Maine, about 36 miles N. W. of Port- 
 land. Population, 2710. 
 
 Bridgeton, port of entry and capital of 
 Cumberland county. New Jersey, on both 
 sides of Cohansey creek, 20 miles from its 
 entrance into Delaware bay, 60 miles S. S. 
 W. from Trenton, and 40 miles S. from Phila- 
 delphia. It is neatly built, and contains 4 
 or 5 churches, a court house, 2 banks, 2 aca- 
 demies, a public library, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. It has an active trade, in which a 
 large number of schooners and sloops are 
 employed. A wooden drawbridge connects 
 the opposite banks of the creek. Bridgeton 
 also contains an extensive iron foundry, a 
 rolling mill, a nail factory, a glass factory, 
 and other manufactories. The tonnage, June, 
 1852, was 14,93033. Population, 2446. 
 
 Bridgeton, a post-office of Shelby county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Bridgeton, a small post-village of Parke 
 county, Indiana, on Raccoon creek, 10 miles 
 S. E. from Rockville. 
 
 Bridgeton, a post-village of St. Louis 
 county, Missouri, 15 miles N. W. from St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Bridgetown, a post-office of Caroline coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 Bridge Valley, a post-office of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bridgevillb, a post-village of Sullivan 
 county. New York, on Never sink river, 106 
 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Bridgeville, a small village of AVarren 
 county. New Jersey, on the Pequest river, 3 
 miles E. from Belvidere. 
 
 Bridgeville, a post-village of Sussex 
 county, Delaware, on the Nanticoke river, 
 38 miles S. by W. from Dover. 
 
 Bridgeville, a small post-village of Mus- 
 kingham county, Ohio, 62 miles E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Bridgbwater, a post-township of Grafton 
 county. New Hampshire, on the Boston, Con- 
 cord, and Montreal railroad, 48 miles N. by 
 W. from Concord. Population, 667. 
 140 
 
 Beidgewater, a post-township of Windsor 
 county, Vermont, 62 miles S. from Montpe- 
 lier, intersected by the Queechy river and 
 its upper tributaries, which aiford some wa- 
 ter-power. It contains an inexhaustible 
 quarry of soapstone, which has been exten- 
 sively wrought. Iron ore is also found. Po- 
 pulation, 1311. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-village in the above 
 township, contains several fulling mills, fac- 
 tories, and tanneries. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-township of Ply- 
 mouth county, Massachusetts, on the Fall 
 River railroad, 27 miles S. by E. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 2790. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post- village in the above 
 township, contains several manufactories and 
 furnaces, and one of the state normal 
 schools. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-village of Litchfield 
 CO., Conn., 30 miles N. W. of New Haven. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-township of Oneida 
 county. New York, 15 miles S. from Utica. 
 Population, 1315. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Unadilla river, 81 miles W. by 
 N. from Albany. It contains several stores. 
 
 Bridgewater, a township of Somerset 
 county. New Jersej^, on the Raritan river, 
 intersected by the Central railroad. It con- 
 tains Somerville, the county seat. Popula- 
 tion, 4070. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-borough of Beaver 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Ohio, immedi- 
 ately below the mouth of Beaver river, 28 
 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. A handsome 
 bridge across Beaver river connects it with 
 Rochester. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-office of Bucks coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bridgewater, a small village of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bridgewater, a township in the centre of 
 Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, 165 miles 
 N. by. AV. from Philadelphia, is drained by 
 Wyalusing creek, and contains Montrose, the 
 county seat. Population, 1548. 
 
 Bridgewater, a small post- village of Rock- 
 ingham county, Virginia, on the North river, 
 a branch of the Shenandoah, about 125 miles 
 N. W. from Richmond, has an active trade, 
 and contains several mills propelled by wa- 
 ter-power. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-office of Burke coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-township in AVilliams 
 county, Ohio, about 30 miles N. N. W. from 
 Defiance. Population, 493. 
 
 Bridgewater, a post-township in Washte- 
 naw county, Michigan, about 18 miles N. by 
 E. from Adrian. Population, 1147. 
 
 Bridle Creek, a post-office of Grayson 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bridport, a post-township of Addison 
 county, Vermont, about 46 miles S. AV. of 
 Montpelier, on the E. side of Lake Cham- 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 plain, opposite Crown Point, New York. Po- 
 pulation, 1393. 
 
 Brier Creek, of Georgia, vises in Warren 
 county, and after a south-easterly course of 
 more thian 100 miles, enters Savannah river 
 a few miles E. from Jacksonborougli. 
 
 Brier Creek, a post-oiSce of Wilkes coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Brier Hill, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 county. New York. 
 
 Brigg's Mills, a post-village of Ohio coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Bright, a post-office of Dearborn county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Brighton, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Maine, about 45 miles N. of Augusta. 
 Population, 748. 
 
 Brighton, a post-township of Essex coun- 
 ty, Vermont, about 60 miles N. E. of Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 193. 
 
 Brighton, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, 4 miles W. of Boston, 
 on the Boston and Worcester railroad. In 
 this township is a celebrated cattle market. 
 The village contains a bank. Pop., 2356. 
 
 Brighton, a post-township of Monroe 
 county, New York, on the right bank of Ge- 
 nesee river, about 3 miles S. E. from Roches- 
 ter. It is intersected by the Erie canal and 
 by the Rochester and Syracuse railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 3117. 
 
 Brighton, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Erie canal, 217 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. It contains a bank and several 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Brighton, a post-township of Beaver coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river, just 
 below t'he mouth of Beaver river, about 30 
 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. Population, 
 exclusive of Beaver borough, 1111. 
 
 Brighton, a handsome post-borough of 
 Beaver county, Pennsj'lvania, on the right or 
 W. bank of Beaver river, 4 miles from its 
 entrance into the Ohio, and on the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad, 29 miles N. W. from 
 Pittsburg. It is abundantly supplied with 
 water-power and stone coal, and contains a 
 large cotton factory, paper mill, and flouring 
 mill, &c. A bridge crosses the river here 
 and connects this town with the borough of 
 New Brighton. Brighton is a place of active 
 business. Population, about 900. 
 
 Brighton, a small village of Mercer coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brighton, a post-office of Beaufort district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Brighton, a small village of Cuyahoga 
 county, Ohio, 4 miles S. W. from Cleveland, 
 is separated by a small creek from Brook- 
 lyn village. 
 
 Brighton, or Brighton Centre, a small 
 village in Clai-ke county, Ohio, about 35 
 miles W. by S. from Columbus. 
 
 Brighton, a post-township in Loraine 
 county, Ohio, about 30 miles S. E. from San- 
 dusky City. Population, 669. 
 
 Brighton, a post-township in Livingston 
 county, Michigan, about 40 miles N. W. from 
 Detroit. Population, 1015. 
 
 Brighton, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Grand River (plank) road, 
 and on Ore creek, 43 miles S. E. from Lan- 
 sing. It has several stores and 1 or 2 mills. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
 Brighton, a post-office of La Grange coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Brighton, a post-village of Macoupin 
 county, Illinois, on the Chicago and Missis- 
 sippi railroad, 60 miles S. W. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Brighton, a post-office of Polk county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Brighton, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Iowa, about 40 miles S. S. W. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 Brighton, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Kenosha county, Wisconsin. Popu- 
 lation, 880. 
 
 Brighton, a post-village in the above 
 township. 
 
 Brighton, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Winnebago county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Bright Seat, a post-office of Anne Arun- 
 del county, Maryland. 
 
 Brightsville, a small post-village in Marl- 
 borough district, South Carolina. 
 
 Brimfield, a post-township of Hampden 
 county, Massachusetts, about 70 miles W. by 
 S. from Boston. Population, 1420. 
 
 Brimfield a post-township in Portage 
 county, Ohio, about 40 miles S. S. E. from 
 Cleveland. Population, 1015. 
 
 Brimfield, a post-village of Peoria coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 18 or 20 miles W. N. W. from 
 Peoria, is situated on the border of a fertile 
 prairie. Population in 1852, about 350. 
 
 Brindletown, a post-office of Burke coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Bringham's Grove, a post-office of Tippe- 
 canoe county, Indiana. 
 
 Bbingiers, a small village in St. James 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Brinkleyvillb, a post-village of Halifax 
 county. North Carolina, 90 miles N. E. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Brinton, a post-office of Champaign coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Briscoe Run, a post-office of Wood coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bristersettrgh, a post-office of Fauquier 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bristol, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Massachusetts, has an area of about 517 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by 
 Buzzard's bay, and is drained by the Taun- 
 ton river and smaller streams, which afford 
 valuable watei'-power. It has a seacoast 
 of about 18 miles, affording many excellent 
 harbors. The inhabitants are largely en- 
 gaged in navigation and the fisheries. The 
 surface is somewhat broken, but generally 
 level ; the soil in some parts is good, and in 
 
 141 
 
BRl 
 
 BRI 
 
 others of an inferior quality. Indian corn, 
 potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 164,064 bushels 
 of corn; 250,488 of potatoes; 28,552^ tons 
 of hay, and 311,794 pounds of butter. There 
 were 3 calico-printing establishments, 49 
 cotton, and 2 woollen factories, 4 nail and 4 
 tack manufactories, 4 iron foundries, 1 brass 
 foundry, 1 cordage establishment, 1 copper 
 rolling mill, 5 coach, and 2 chemical manu- 
 factories, 6 chandleries, 25 boot and shoe 
 establishments, 10 machine shops, 5 grist, 
 21 saw and planing mills, 13 whale-oil esta- 
 blishments, 6 potteries, 9 sail-making, 3 
 ship-building, and 1 ship-smithing establish- 
 ment, 18 jewellery establishments, 2 brit- 
 tania manufactories, and 8 tanneries. It 
 contained 133 churches and 9 newspaper 
 establishments. There were 10,908 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 391 attending 
 academies or other schools. Extensive beds 
 of iron ore are found in this county, and 
 quantities of the iron are manufactured into 
 various articles. Railroads connecting Bos- 
 ton with Providence, Fall River, and New 
 Bedford, intersect this county. Organized 
 in 1685, and named from Bristol, a city of 
 England. Seats of justice, Taunton and New 
 Bedford. Population, 76,192. 
 
 Bristol, a county in the E. central part 
 of Rhode Island, has an area of about 25 
 square miles, being the smallest county in 
 the state. It is bounded on the E. by Mount 
 Hope bay, and on the S. and W. by Narra- 
 ganset bay. It enjoys almost unrivalled fa- 
 cilities for navigation and the fisheries ; a 
 large amount of capital is invested in the 
 whale fishery. The surface is somewhat un- 
 even. Mount Hope, once the residence of 
 the Indian king, Philip, is the greatest ele- 
 vation. The soil is very fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 25,451 bushels of corn; 11,075 of oats; 
 24,898 of potatoes; 8062 tons of hay; and 
 32,262 pounds of butter. There were 3 cot- 
 ton factories, 1 hinge and 1 nail factory, 1 
 brass foundry, 1 iron foundry, 2 ship-build- 
 ing establishments, 2 cordage factories, 3 
 chandleries, and 2 brick yards. It contained 
 10 churches and 2 newspapers; 1103 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 376 attending 
 academies and other schools. This county 
 was organized in 1746. Capital, Bristol. 
 Population, 8514. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Maine, on the Atlantic coast, 30 miles 
 S. E. by S. from Augusta; possesses abun- 
 dant water-power. Population, 2931. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township of Grafton coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire, 30 miles N. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1103. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township of Addison coun- 
 ty, Vermont, about 28 miles S. W. by W. 
 from Montpelier. Population, 1344. 
 
 Bristol, a post-village in the above town- 
 142 
 
 ship, on the New Haven river, about 30 miles 
 S. W. by W. from Montpelier. 
 
 Bristol, a port of entry, and seat of jus- 
 tice of Bristol county, Pihode Island, on a 
 peninsula extending S. into Narraganset 
 bay, 16 miles S. S. E. from Providence, 14 
 miles N. by E. from Newport, and 7 miles 
 W. S. W. from Salt river. The township is 
 5 miles long, and 2 miles broad, embracing 
 12 square miles of surface. On the E. is 
 Mount Hope bay, extending up towards Fall 
 river. Between this and Narraganset bay 
 on the W. is Mount Hope, once the residence 
 of the celebrated King Philip. More than 
 one-fourth of the entire population are en- 
 gaged in horticulture. The town is situated 
 on an elevated plane, inclining gently to- 
 wards the Narraganset shore. Portions of 
 it are beautifully shaded. It contains seve- 
 ral churches, 4 banks, and 2 newspaper 
 ofBces. Manufacturing in this place has re- 
 ceived considerable encouragement within a 
 few years past, and is now in a very thriving 
 condition. The harbor is easy of access, safe, 
 and of sufficient depth for vessels of a large 
 size. Bristol has an extensive trade along 
 the coast, and some commerce with the 
 West India Islands. Its shipping in 1852 
 amounted to an aggregate burden of 13,626 
 tons; 11,464 tons were registered. Four 
 vessels, (two of them ships,) with an aggre- 
 gate of 1232 tons, were built during the 
 year. A steamboat plying between Provi- 
 dence and Salt river touches at this place. 
 Bristol is much resorted to in the summer 
 season, for its fine sea air. King Philip, 
 who waged a destructive warfare with the 
 New England colonies, was killed here in 
 1676. During the revolutionary war the 
 town was bombarded by the British, and 
 most of it burned to the ground. Population 
 of the township, 4616. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township of Hartford 
 county, Connecticut, about 15 miles S. W. 
 of Hartford. Population, 2882. 
 
 Bristol, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the line of the Hartford and Fishkill 
 railroad, about 15 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Hartford. It is celebrated for its extensive 
 manufacture of clocks and buttons. There 
 is in the vicinity an important copper mine. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township of Ontario coun- 
 ty, New York, 9 miles S. W. from Canan- 
 daigua. Population, 1733. 
 
 Bristol, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 212 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township of Bucks coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 18 
 miles N. E. from Philadelphia, intersected 
 by the Philadelphia and Trenton railroad. 
 Population, including Bristol borough, 4379. 
 
 Bristol, a pleasant post-borough of Bucka 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 
 nearly opposite Burlington, 19 miles above 
 Philadelphia, and 115 miles E. by S. from 
 Harrisburg. It was the first seat o.f justice 
 
BRI 
 
 BRO 
 
 in Bucks county, and it is still the largest 
 town. The railroad from Philadelphia to 
 New York passes through this place, and 
 the Delaware branch of the Pennsylvania 
 canal terminates here. The town is neatly 
 built, and contains several churches, a town 
 hall, a bank, and a mineral spring. It com- 
 municates daily with Philadelphia by steam- 
 boats. Founded in 1697. Population, 2570. 
 
 Bristol, a township of Philadelphia coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 6 miles N. from Philadel- 
 phia, is drained by Tacony creek. Popula- 
 tion, 2230. 
 
 Bkistol, a post-office of Ann Arundel 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township in Morgan coun- 
 ty, Ohio< about 30 miles N. W. from Mari- 
 etta. Population, 1724. 
 
 Bristol, a village of Perry county, Ohio, 
 48 miles W. N. W. from Marietta. 
 
 Bristol, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Trumbull county, Ohio. Population, 1124 
 
 Bristol, a post-village of Wayne county, 
 Ohio, 100 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 
 14 miles from Wooster. Population in 1851, 
 300. 
 
 Bristol, a thriving post-village of Elkhart 
 county, Indiana, is pleasantly situated on 
 the St. Joseph's river, and on the Michigan 
 Southern railroad, 156 miles N. from Indian- 
 apolis. It has a church, a flouring mill, seve- 
 ral stores, and 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township in Kendall coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 794. 
 
 Bristol, a post-village of Kendall county, 
 Illinois, on the right bank of Fox river, 6 
 miles below Oswego, and 52 miles W. S. W. 
 from Chicago. It has abundant water- 
 power, with a flouring and a saw mill. 
 
 Bristol, a small village of EfiBngham 
 county, Illinois, 12 miles S. W. from Ewing- 
 ton, the county seat, was laid out in 1851. 
 
 Bristol, a township in Dane county, Wis- 
 consin, about 18 miles N. E. from Madison, 
 Population, 467. 
 
 Bristol, a post-township in the S. part 
 Kenosha county, Wisconsin. Population, 
 1125. 
 
 Bristol, a small post-village in the above 
 township. 
 
 Bristol Centre, a post-office of Ontario 
 county. New York. 
 
 Bristol Station, a post-office of Prince 
 "William county, Virginia. 
 
 Bristolville, a post-office of Barry coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Bristolville, a post-office of Trumbull 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Britton's Neck, a post-office of Marion 
 county. South Carolina. 
 
 Brixton, a post-office of Alexandria coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Broadalbin, a post-township of Fulton 
 county, New York, 40 miles N. W. from Al- 
 bany. Population, 2476. 
 
 Broad Brook, a post-village of Hartford 
 
 county, Connecticut, 15 miles from Hart- 
 ford. 
 
 Broad Creek of Sussex county, Delaware, 
 enters the Nanticoke river from the left. 
 
 Broad Creek, a post-office of Queen Anne 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Broadford, a post-office of Smythe coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Broad Kill hundred, Sussex county, 
 Delaware. Population, 3617. 
 
 Broadiieadville, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Broad Mountain, Pennsylvania, the name 
 of a considerable mountain ridge, extending 
 from the centre of Carbon county, south- 
 westward, through the whole extent of 
 Schuylkill county, into Dauphin. The whole 
 length is probably about 50 miles. It has on 
 the top a broad table-land, almost destitute 
 of trees. 
 
 Broad Mountain, a post-office of Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Broad Mouth Creek, of South Carolina, 
 flows into Saluda river, near the N. extre- 
 mity of Abbeville district. 
 
 Broad Oaks, a post-office of Pope county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Broad Ripple, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Broad River, of North and South Caro- 
 lina, rises at the foot of the Blue Eidge, in 
 the W. part of the former state, and enters 
 South Carolina at the N. W. extremity of 
 York district. It afterwards flows nearly 
 southward, and unites with the Saluda at 
 Columbia, to form the Congaree. It passes 
 through a beautiful and fertile upland 
 region, which is partly occupied by planta- 
 tions of cotton and maize. 
 
 Broad River, South Carolina, an arm of 
 the sea, between Port Royal Island and the 
 mainland. 
 
 Broad River, of Georgia, a small stream 
 which rises in Habersham county, and flowing 
 south-eastward enters Savannah river at Pe- 
 tersburg. The Middle fork and Hudson's 
 fork join the river a few miles N. E. from 
 Danielsville. It affords abundant water- 
 power. 
 
 Broad River, a post-office of Elbert coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Broad Run, of Loudon county, Virginia, 
 flows northward, and falls into the Potomac 
 about 10 miles S. E. from Leesburg. 
 
 Broad Run, a^small stream in the N. E. part 
 of Virginia, rises in Fauquier count3^ flows 
 south-eastward, and unites with Cedar run 
 to form the Occoquan river, about 1 mile be- 
 low Brentsville. It is a valuable mill stream. 
 
 Broad Top, a township of Bedford coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on Raystown branch of 
 Juniata river, about 70 miles W. from Har- 
 risburg, includes a portion of Broad Top 
 Mountain. Population, 632. 
 
 Broad Top, a jDost-office of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 143 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 Beoad Top Mountain, Pennsylvania, part- 
 ly situated in the N. E. part of Bedford 
 county and partly in the S. part of Hunt- 
 ingdon. Good coal, though containing less 
 bitumen than that found W. of the Allegha- 
 ny, has been discovered in many places 
 in this mountain, in beds from 3 to 8 feet 
 thick. 
 
 Broadway, a post-ofEce of Warren coun- 
 . ty, New Jersey. 
 
 Bboadwell, a post-office of Harrison coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Brock, a post-office of Darke county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Brockett's Bridge, a post-office of Fulton 
 county, New York. 
 
 Brockport, a post-village of Sweden town- 
 ship, Monroe county, New York, on the 
 Erie canal, 235 miles W. by N. from Albany, 
 and 20 miles W. from Rochester. It has 
 several churches, a bank, an academy, and 
 a number of mills and factories. Estimated 
 population, about 1500. 
 
 Brock's Gap, a post-office of Rockingham 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Brocktown, a post-office of Pike county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Brockville, a mining-village of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill Val- 
 ley railroad, a few miles N. E. from Potts- 
 ville. Population, about 200. 
 
 Brockville, a thriving post-village of 
 Steuben county, Indiana, on the road fro,m 
 Toledo to South Bend, 9 miles N. E. from 
 Angola, the county seat, has about 300 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Brockway, a post-township near the cen- 
 tre of St. Clair county, Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 252. 
 
 Brockwayville, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brocton, a post-office o-f Henry county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Brodhead's Creek, of Monroe county, 
 Pennsylvania, falls into the Delaware river. 
 
 Broken Arrow, a small village of Walton 
 county, Georgia, 7 miles W. from Monroe, 
 the county town. 
 
 Broken Arrow, a post-office of St. Clair 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Broken Straw, atownship of Warren coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on Alleghany river, 8 miles 
 W. from Warren. It is traversed by a creek 
 of the same name. Population, 634. 
 
 Broken Straw Creek, of Warren county, 
 Pennsylvania, flows into the Alleghany river. 
 
 Broken Sword, a post-office of Crawford 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Broken Sword Creek, of Ohio, enters 
 the Sandusky river in Wyandot county. 
 
 Bronson, a post-township in Huron coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 20 miles S. by E. from San- 
 dusky City. Population, 1220. 
 
 Bbonson, a township in the W. S. W. part 
 of Branch county, Michigan. 
 
 E'ronson's Prairie, a post-office of Branch 
 144 
 
 county, Michigan, 97 miles S. W. from Lan- 
 sing. 
 
 Bronson, a village in the above township, 
 about 130 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Bronx, a small river of Westchester county, 
 New York, flows into the East river. 
 
 Bronxville, a post-office of Westchester 
 county. New York. 
 
 Brook, a post-office of Jasper county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Brooke county, Virginia, is part of the 
 narrow strip which forms the N. N. W. ex- 
 tremity of the state, bordering on Pennsyl- 
 vania and Ohio, containing 76 square miles. 
 The Ohio river bounds it on the W. The 
 surface is hilly ; the soil highly productive. 
 Indian corn, wheat, hay, wool, pork, and 
 beef are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 150,571 bushels of corn; 05,516 of 
 wheat ; 4755 tons of hay, and 123,572 pounds 
 of wool, (being the greatest quantity pro- 
 duced in any one county of the state.) 
 There were 5 flour mills, 4 saw mills, 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 iron foundry, 1 glass manu- 
 factory, and 2 earthenware manufactories. 
 It contained 11 churches, and 103 pupils at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The 
 county contains coal and iron ore. Popula- 
 tion, 5054, of wbom 5023 were free, and 31, 
 slaves. 
 
 Brookdale, a post-office of McHenry coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-township of Carroll 
 county, New Hampshire, 30 miles N. E. from 
 Concord. Population, 552. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-township of Orango 
 county, Vermont, 15 miles S. from Montpe- 
 lier. Population, 1672. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, 55 miles W. by S. 
 from Boston. Population, 1674. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-township of Fairfield 
 county, Connecticut, intersected by the Hou- 
 satonic railroad, 29 miles N. by W. from 
 Bridgeport. Population, 1359. 
 
 Brookfield, or Bkoo-kfield Iron Works, 
 a post-village in the above township, on the 
 Housatonic railroad, contains 2 churches, 
 several stores, and a hotel. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-township of Madison 
 county. New York, 88 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany, is drained by the Unadilla river. 
 Population, 3585. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Unadilla river, 88 miles 
 W. by N. from Albany, contains a paper-mill. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Tioga county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, 20 miles N. W. from Wellsborough. 
 Population, 741. 
 
 15R00KFIELD, a towuship in Morgan coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 1482. 
 
 Brookfield, a village of Stark county, 
 Ohio, 12 miles W. from Canton, the county 
 seat, has 1 church, and 1 steam mill. Popu- 
 lation, about 500. 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 Beookfield, a post-township in Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, about 15 miles E. from War- 
 ren. Population, 1451. 
 
 Brookfibld, a township in the S. part of 
 Eaton county, Michigan. 
 
 Beookfield, a post-office of Lee county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Brookfield, a village of Clinton county, 
 Iowa, 55 miles E. N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-ofiice of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Brookfield, a post-township in Waukesha 
 county, Wisconsin, about 14 miles W. by N. 
 from Milwaukee. Population, 1938. 
 
 Brookfield Centre, a post-office of Wau- 
 kesha county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Brookhaven, a township of Suffolk coun- 
 ty. New York, extends across Long Island 
 from Long Island sound to the Atlantic, and 
 is intersected by the Long Island railroad. 
 Population, 8595. 
 
 Brookhaven, a post-village in Lawrence 
 county, Mississippi, about 60 miles S. S. W^. 
 from Jackson. 
 
 Brooklandville, a post-office of Balti- 
 more county, Maryland. 
 
 Brooklin, a small village of Middlesex 
 county, New Jersey, 6 miles N. E. from New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Brooklin, a township in Lee county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 354. 
 
 Brooklin, a township in McHeury county, 
 Illinois. Population, 1008. 
 
 Brookline, a post-township of Hillsbo- 
 rough county. New Hampshire, on the south- 
 ern line of the state, about 30 miles S. by W. 
 from Concord, intersected by a branch of 
 the Nashua river. Population, 718. 
 
 Beookline, a post-township of Windham 
 county, Vermont, on the W. bank of the Con- 
 necticut river, about 85 miles S. by E. from 
 Montpelier, watered by Grassj' brook, a 
 branch of West river. Population, 285. 
 
 Brookline, a post-township of Noi-folk 
 county, Massachusetts, 5 miles S. W. from 
 Boston, with which it is connected by a mill 
 dam across Charles Pdver bay. Population, 
 2516. 
 
 Brookline, a post-village of Madison 
 county, Georgia, 80 miles N. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Brookline, a post-office of Jackson parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Beookltn, a post-township of Hancock 
 county, Maine. Population, 1002. 
 
 Beooklyn, a post-township and seat of 
 justice of Windham county, Connecticut, 38 
 miles E. by N. from Hartford. It is inter- 
 sected by Quinebaug and Blackwell rivers. 
 In the centre is a thriving village, contain- 
 ing the county buildings, a bank, and a 
 printing office. The county seat was re- 
 moved from Windham to this place in 1820. 
 Population, 1514. 
 
 Brooklyn, a city, seaport, and seat of 
 justice of King's county. New York, at the 
 
 western extremity of Long island, 146 miles 
 S. from Albany, and 226 miles N. E- from 
 Washington. Lat. of the navy-yard, 40° 41' 
 50" N. ; Ion. 78° 59' 30" W. A strait, called 
 the East river, about three-fourths of a 
 mile wide, separates it from New York city. 
 This strait is crossed by several steam-fer- 
 ries, the principal of which are the Fulton, 
 South, Catharine, Jackson, and the Hamilton 
 Avenue ferries. Of these the Fulton ferry 
 is by far the greatest thoroughfare. Boats 
 leave the opposite landings every few minutes 
 during the day, and once in 30 minutes from 
 12 o'clock at night until morning. The 
 crowd of passengers, both at the Fulton and 
 South ferries, morning and evening, is im- 
 mense: three boats at each are kept con- 
 stantly plying, and occupy no more than 5 
 or 6 minutes in crossing. The site of Brook- 
 lyn is considerably elevated and very uneven, 
 though much has been done in the way of 
 grading and other improvements to over- 
 come the original inequalities of the surface. 
 One prominence, towards the East river, de- 
 nominated the " Heights," is 70 feet above 
 the level of the sea, and affords a magnifi- 
 cent view of New York city, the harbor, and 
 surrounding scenery. The streets are gene- 
 rally about 60 feet in width, and, with the 
 exception of Fulton, nearly all straight, in- 
 tersecting each other at I'ight angles. Many 
 of them are beautifully shaded, which, in 
 the summer season, imparts to the city all 
 the freshness and tranquil appearance of a 
 country town. Fulton street, leading from 
 Fulton ferry, is the great thoroughfare ; en- 
 closed on either side with blocks of lofty 
 buildings, it forms an imposing entrance to 
 the city. Most of the finest streets are to- 
 wards the S. W., near the bay. Many of the 
 dwellings in this section are of surpassing 
 elegance, and are generally surrounded with 
 yards, adorned with beautiful gardens and 
 shrubbery. The more densely settled por- 
 tions of the city have no public squares, 
 but from its elevated position, the breadth 
 of the streets, and the profusion of shade- 
 trees, the want of those means of ventilation 
 and sources of health is much less felt than 
 might have been expected. In the newer 
 parts, however, provision for some public 
 grounds has been made. The proximity of 
 Brooklyn to New York, its healthy atmo- 
 sphere, and the facilities afforded for com- 
 munication with the great metropolis, have 
 made it a favorite place of residence to per- 
 sons doing business in that city. It is t« 
 this circumstance that its rapid growth is 
 mainly attributable. 
 
 Brooklyn is one of the best-built cities in 
 the United States, and contains a large num- 
 ber of edifices that are distinguished either 
 for elegance or architectural design. The 
 most prominent of these is the new city 
 hall, situated on a triangular piece of ground 
 bounded by Fulton, Court, and Joralemon 
 
 145 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 streets. It is constructed of white marble, 
 162 feet by 102, and 75 feet in height, com- 
 prising three stories and a basement. A 
 dome surmounts the building, the top of 
 which is 153 feet from the ground. Its en- 
 tire cost was about $200,000. The jail, 
 erected in 1837, is a substantial building of 
 freestone, situated in the eastern part of 
 the city, near Fort Greene. 
 
 There are G6 churches in Brooklyn, seve- 
 ral of which are imposing structures. The 
 Church of the Pilgrims, a gray stone build- 
 ing, with a tower and spire, is a command- 
 ing object to those approaching the city 
 from the bay. The Holy Trinity (Episcopal) 
 is a brown stone edifice, of Gothic architec- 
 ture, and cost about $150,000. Grace church, 
 the Unitarian church, and the Church of the 
 Restoration, are all of brown stone, and in 
 the Gothic style of architecture. Dr. Cox's 
 church, and Dr. Bethune's, (the latter not 
 yet completed,) are also of brown stone. 
 
 The Atlantic dock, 1 mile S. of Fulton fer- 
 ry, is one of the most extensive works of the 
 kind in the United States. It was built by a 
 company incorporated in 1840, with a capi- 
 tal of $1,000,000, and embraces within the 
 piers 40y8g6jy acres. Its depth is sufiBcient 
 for ships of the largest size. The outer pier, 
 extending 3000 feet on Buttermilk channel, is 
 occupied with a range of granite stores, 
 which completely shelters it from the harbor. 
 An extensive dry dock, at the navy-yard, 
 has recently been completed at a cost of 
 about $1,000,000. The shores of Brooklyn, 
 where not protected by docks and wharves, 
 are rapidly wearing away, in consequence of 
 the strong current in the East river. Go- 
 vernor's Island was formerly connected with 
 Long Island, and, previous to the Revolution, 
 cattle were driven from Red Hook Point to 
 it across Buttermilk channel, then a shallow 
 passage, but now of sufficient depth for ves- 
 sels of the largest class. The United States 
 navy-yard is situated on the S. side of Wal- 
 labout bay, which makes up towards the N. 
 E. part of Brooklyn, in the form of a broad 
 curve. It occupies about 40 acres of ground, 
 which is enclosed on the land side by a high 
 stone wall, and contains, besides the resi- 
 dences of the officers, two extensive ship- 
 houses, varioixs workshops, and a large 
 amount of military stores. 
 
 Among the literary and charitable institu- 
 tions, may be mentioned the Brooklyn Athe- 
 naeum, at the corner of Atlantic and Clinton 
 streets. It is provided with a library, read- 
 ing room, and a course of lectures. The 
 building is a fine structure, 90 feet by 80, 
 and cost .'160,000. The City Library contains 
 a collection of valuable works. The Lyceum, 
 in Washington street, is a noble granite 
 structure, with a spacious lecture room. 
 The United States Lyceum, organized in 
 1833, is in the navy-yard, and possesses be- 
 sides a valuable collection of curiosities, ex- 
 146 
 
 tensive geological and mineralogical cabinets. 
 The new City Hospital, in Raymond street, 
 near De Kalb, was opened in April, 1852, 
 and has accommodations for 170 patients. 
 The whole number of admissions during the 
 year 1852, was 456. The "Graham Institu- 
 tion, for the relief of respectable, aged, in- 
 digent females," was founded in 1851, and 
 the building dedicated October 26th, 1852. 
 It is constructed of brick, 52 feet front, 80 
 deep, and 4 stories high, containing 55 rooms, 
 which afford accommodation for 90 persons. 
 Entire cost, $29,044. The Orphan Asylum 
 of the City of Brooklyn, incorporated in 
 1835, furnishes a home to about 150 chil- 
 dren. The Marine Hospital, surrounded with 
 about 30 acres of well-cultivated land, occu- 
 pies a commanding elevation on the opposite 
 side of Wallabout bay. In addition to the 
 above, may be mentioned the Church Cha- 
 rity Foundation, a corporation organized in 
 
 1851, having for its object the relief of indi- 
 gent and destitute persons, and the Brooklyn 
 Dispensary, on Pineapple street, near Fulton. 
 
 The public schools of Brooklyn are in a 
 very prosperous condition. From the ori- 
 ginal formation of the board of education in 
 1843, to January 1st, 1853, the number of 
 schools had increased from 10 to 15 ; the 
 average attendance of pupils from 1865 to 
 6338 ; the number of teachers, from 29 to 
 157, and the yearly amount of teachers' sa- 
 laries from $9510 to $35,063. The number 
 of pupils registered, January 1st, 1853, wag 
 9903, and the number who had received in- 
 struction during the year, 19,148. Of the 
 teachers, 18 were males, and 139 females. 
 During the year referred to, 571 volumes 
 were added to the school libraries, making 
 an aggregate of 19,799 volumes. The appro- 
 priations for 1852 amounted to $48,403 74 ; 
 $23,403 74 of this sum was received from 
 the state, and $25,000 from the city tax. In 
 addition to this the Board advanced $33,861 
 for the purchase of school sites and the 
 erection and repairing of houses, making the 
 entire sum expended for school purposes ia 
 
 1852, $82,264 74. 
 
 Brooklyn contains six banks and two 
 savings institutions. Four daily and three 
 or four weekly newspapers are published in 
 the city. 
 
 At Wallabout bay, in the Revolutionary 
 war, were stationed the English prison-ships, 
 in which it is said nearly 12,000 Americans 
 perished from close confinement and other 
 ill treatment. The bodies of the sufferers 
 were hastily buried upon the shore with but 
 little care, except to conceal them from sight. 
 In 1808 their bones, which were beginning to 
 be washed from their graves, were taken up 
 and placed in thirteen coffins, inscribed with 
 the names of the thirteen original states, and 
 then deposited in a common vault beneath a 
 building erected for the purpose, on Hudson 
 avenue, near the navy-yard. Brooklyn was 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 first settled in 1625, near Wallabout bay. 
 The first deed for land was granted in 1639. 
 In 1776 this part of Long Island became the 
 seat of the Revolutionary war. Brooklyn 
 was incorporated as a township in April, 
 1806, and as a city, having the same limits 
 as the township, 6 miles long and 4 wide 
 at its greatest breadth, in April, 1834. It 
 is divided into 9 wards, and governed by a 
 mayor and a board of 18 aldermen, 2 from 
 each ward, elected annually. Population in 
 1810, 4402; 1820, 7175; 1830, 15,396; 1840, 
 36,233; 1850, 96,838; 1853, estimated at 
 125,000. 
 
 Brooklyn, a post-township of Susque- 
 hanna county, Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. E. 
 from Montrose, crossed by the Lackawanna 
 and Western railroad. Population, 1082. 
 
 Brooklyn, a post-village of Halifax coun- 
 ty, Virginia, about 140 miles S. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Brooklyn, or Fish Trap, a small post-vil- 
 lage of Baker county, Georgia, 145 miles S. 
 S. W. from Milledgeville, has 3 stores and 
 about 80 inhabitants. 
 
 Brooklyn, a post- village of Conecuh coun- 
 ty, Alabama, on the Sepulga river, about 100 
 miles S. from Montgomery. It has a church, 
 an academy, 2 stores, a masonic hall, and 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Brooklyn, a post-village of Noxubee 
 county, Mississippi, on Noxubee river, 126 
 miles E. N. £. from Jackson. 
 
 Brooklyn, a pleasant post- village of Camp- 
 bell county, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 
 about 2 miles above Cincinnati, and 74 miles 
 N. N. E. from Frankfort, and adjoining the 
 village of Jamestown. Population, near 500. 
 
 Brooklyn, a thriving village of Jessamine 
 county, Kentucky, on Kentucky river. It 
 has an active business in shipping produce. 
 
 Brooklyn, a post-township in Cuyahoga 
 county, Ohio, about 5 miles S. W. from Cleve- 
 land. Population, 6375. 
 
 Brooklyn, a flourishing post-village of 
 Jackson county, Michigan, on the Raisin 
 river, 53 miles S. S. E. from Lansing. It has 
 a fine water-power, and contains several 
 churches, with flouring and other mills. Po- 
 pulation, about 500. 
 
 Brooklyn, a township in Ogle county, 
 Illinois. Population, 522. 
 
 Brooklyn, a post-township in Schuyler 
 county, Illinois. Population, 644. 
 
 Brooklyn, a post-village of Schuyler 
 county, Illinois, on Crooked creek, an afflu- 
 ent of Illinois river, 76 miles W. N. W. from 
 Springfield. It has a grist mill and saw 
 mill. 
 
 Brooklyn, a village in the W. part of 
 Grant county, Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin 
 river. 
 
 Brooklyn, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Green county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Brooklyn, a township in Marquette coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. Population, 505. 
 
 Brooklyn, a township in Sauk county, 
 Wisconsin, about 8 miles N. from Prairie du 
 Sac. Population, 429. 
 
 Brooklyn Centre, a post-village of Cuya- 
 hoga county, Ohio, 4 miles S. W. from Cleve- 
 land, is separated by a small creek from the 
 village of Brighton. Together, these contain 
 3 churches and several stores. 
 
 Brooklynn, a thriving post-village of Ha- 
 lifax county, Virginia, 145 miles S. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Brookneal, a small post-village in Camp- 
 bell county, Virginia, 120 miles W. S. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Brooks, a post-township of Waldo county, 
 Maine, about 40 miles N. E. of Augusta, wa- 
 tered by a branch of Marsh river. Popula- 
 tion, 1021. 
 
 Brooksburg, a village of Jefferson county, 
 Indiana, on the Ohio river, 8 miles E. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Brook's Grove, a post-office of Livingston 
 county, New York. 
 
 Brook's Tan Yard, a post-office of Macon 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Brooksville, a post-township of Hancock 
 county, Maine, on the E. side of Penobscot 
 bay, about 50 miles E. of Augusta. Popula- 
 tion, 1333. 
 
 Brooksville, a post-office of Albemarle 
 county, Virginia, 100 miles W. by N. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Brooksville, a post-village of Randolph 
 county, Georgia, 140 miles S. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Brooksville, a post-office of Blount coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Brooksville, a post-village, capital of 
 Bracken county, Kentucky, 65 miles N. E. 
 from Frankfort, and 9 miles from the Ohio 
 river. It is situated in a fertile region, and 
 has an active business. It contains a court 
 house, several stores, and about 500 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 Brookville, a post-office of Genesee coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Brookville, a post-village, capital of Jef- 
 ferson county, Pennsylvania, on the Red- 
 bank creek, 170 miles W. N. W. from Har- 
 risburg. The Susquehanna and Waterford 
 turnpike passes through it. The first house 
 was built here in 1830. The Red-bank creek 
 is navigable for boats during high-water. 
 
 Brookville, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Maryland, about 25 miles N. from 
 Washington City. 
 
 Brookville, a post-office of Granville 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Brookville, a post-office of Noxubee coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Brookville, a post-township in Franklin 
 county, Indiana, about 50 miles E. N. E. from 
 Columbus. Population, 3466. 
 
 Brookville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Franklin county, Indiana, in Brook- 
 ville township, is finely situated at the coa- 
 
 147 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 fluence of the forks of Whitewater river, 41 
 miles N. W. from Cincinnati, and 70 miles E. 
 S. E. from Indianapolis. The facilities for 
 trade by the Whitewater canal, and the wa- 
 ter-power which the river affords, render this 
 a place of considerable business. It con- 
 tains a county seminary, 2 printing offices, 
 several flouring mills, 1 paper mill, and 1 
 cotton factory. 
 
 Brookville, a post-township in Ogle coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 20 miles N. W. from Ore- 
 gon City. Population, 479. 
 
 Brookville, a post-village in the above 
 township. 
 
 Brookville, a village in the N. E. part of 
 Clayton county, Iowa, on the Mississippi 
 river. 
 
 Brookville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Broome, a county in the S. part of New 
 York, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an 
 area of about 680 square miles. It is drained 
 by the E. branch of the Susquehanna, Che- 
 nango, and Otselic rivers, and other smaller 
 streams. The surface is uneven and hilly, 
 the soil in the valleys is fertile, but on the 
 uplands more adapted to grazing. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 159,616 
 bushels of corn ; 409,390 of oats ; 190,262 of 
 potatoes; 52,637 tons of hay, and 1,197,882 
 pounds of butter. The quantity of butter 
 was the greatest produced by any county in 
 the United States, except Oneida county. New 
 York. There were 21 flour and grist mills, 
 127 saw mills, 14 tanneries, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 3 iron foundries, and 4 carding and 
 fulling mills. It contained 58 churches and 
 4 newspaper offices ; 8828 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 555 attending academies 
 or other schools. The Fast branch of the 
 Susquehanna and the Chenango river, are 
 navigable for boats through this county. The 
 New York and Erie railroad traverses the 
 county, which is also partly intersected by 
 the Chenango canal. Named in honor of 
 John Broome, formerly lieutenant governor 
 of the state. Capital, Binghampton. Popu- 
 lation, 30,660. 
 
 Broome, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Schoharie county. New York, 33 miles S. W. 
 from Albany. Population, 2268. 
 
 Broome Centre, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county. New York. 
 
 Broom Town, a post-village of Chattooga 
 county, Georgia, about 200 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Brother's Valley, a township of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania, a few miles S. E. from 
 Somerset borough. Population, 1430. 
 
 Brotzmanville, a post-office of Warren 
 coimty, New Jersey. 
 
 Brower, a post-office of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brower' s Mills, a post-office of Randolph 
 county, North Carolina. 
 148 
 
 Brown, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on the Ohio river, which 
 separates it from Kentucky, has an area of 
 502 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 East fork of Little Miami river, and also 
 drained by AVhite Oak, Straight, and Eagle 
 creeks. Excepting the hills along the Ohio 
 river, the surface is undulating ; the soil is 
 excellent and well cultivated. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, cattle, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1,209,485 bushels of corn ; 192,065 of 
 wheat; 180,810 of oats; 7220 tons of hay, 
 and 1,279,510 pounds of tobacco. It con 
 tains 61 churches and 3 newspaper establish- 
 ments. The rock which underlies the countj 
 is limestone. The Cincinnati and Hillsbort 
 railroad passes along the N. border, and seve 
 ral plank-roads have been made in the county 
 Capital, Georgetown. Population, 27,332. 
 
 Brown, a county in the S. central part of 
 Indiana, contains 320 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Bean blossom and Salt creeks. 
 The surface is diversified by hills and valleys. 
 The soil is fertile. Wheat, corn, oats,, and 
 grass are the staple productions. In 1850 
 this county yielded 179,304 bushels of corn; 
 14,154 of wheat; 18,704 of oats, and 642 
 tons of hay. It contained 2 churches. The 
 oak, hickory, elm, sugar-maple, and walnut 
 are found in the forests. The county was 
 organized in 1836, and named in honor of 
 General Jacob Brown. Capital, Nashville. 
 Population, 4846. 
 
 Brown, a county in the W. part of Illinois, 
 has an area of about 320 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Illinois river, on 
 the N. E. by Crooked river, and intersected 
 byMcKee's creek. The surface is generally 
 level or slightly undulating, and is divided 
 between prairie and timbered land ; the soil 
 is highly productive and much improved. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 513,118 bushels of corn; 76,658 of wheat: 
 51,325 of oats ; 3000 tons of hay, and 71,569 
 pounds of butter. It contained 11 churches 
 and 1 newspaper establishment. There were 
 1522 pupils attending public schools. A rail- 
 road is projected through the county from 
 Quincy to the Illinois river. Capital, Mount 
 Sterling. Population, 7198. 
 
 Brown, a county in Wisconsin, situated at 
 the head of Green bay, in the N. E. part of 
 the state, contains 525 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Neenah or Fox river, and 
 also drained by East and Centre rivers. The 
 surface is diversified; the soil in some places 
 is fertile. In 1850 the county produced 
 11,462 bushels of corn; 6212 of wheat; 
 17,674 of potatoes, and 2486 tons of hay. It 
 contained 4 churches, 1 newspaper establish- 
 ment, 360 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 25 attending academies or other schools. 
 The county was originally covered by dense 
 forests. Measures have been taken, under 
 
BRO 
 
 BRQ 
 
 the superintendence of the state, to ren- 
 der the Neenah navigable for steamboats. 
 Brown county was organized in 1818, since 
 which time its limits have been greatly re- 
 duced by the formation of new counties. The 
 seat of justice is established by law at De- 
 pere, but the courts are held for the present 
 at Green Bay. Population, 6215. 
 
 Brown, a township, forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, 
 on both sides of Pine creek, 25 miles N. W. 
 from Williamsport. Population, 552. 
 
 Brown, a township of Mifflin county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 7 miles N. from Lewistown. Popu- 
 lation, 1015. 
 
 Brown, a township in Athens county, 
 Ohio. Population, 2360. 
 
 Brown, a township in Carroll county, Ohio, 
 about 40 miles N. W. from Steubenville. Po- 
 pulation, 2099. 
 
 Brown, a township in Darke county, Ohio, 
 about 50 miles W, S. W. from Springfield. 
 Population, 684. 
 
 Brown, a township in Delaware county, 
 Ohio, about 25 miles N. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, 1176. 
 
 Brown, a township in Franklin county, 
 Ohio, about 14 miles W. by N. from Colum- 
 bus. Population, 681. 
 
 Brown, a township in Knox county, Ohio, 
 about 12 miles N. E. from Mount Vernon. 
 Population, 1535. 
 
 Brown, a township in Miami county, Ohio, 
 about 22 miles N. W. from Springfield. Po- 
 pulation, 1151. 
 
 Brown, a township in Paulding county, 
 Ohio, 15 miles S. by W. from Defiance. Po- 
 pulation, 368. 
 
 Brown, a township of Hancock county, 
 Indiana. Population, 878. 
 
 Brown, a township in Martin county, In- 
 diana. Population, 631. 
 
 Brown, a post-township in Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, about 12 miles S. S. W. 
 from Crawfordsville. Population, 1957. 
 
 Brown, a township in Morgan county, In- 
 diana. Population, 667. 
 
 Brown, a township in Ripley county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1987. 
 
 Brown, a township in Washington county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1636. 
 
 Brownfield, a post-township of Oxford 
 county, Maine, about 60 miles S. W. of Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1320. 
 
 Brownhelm, a post-township in Lorain 
 county, Ohio, on Lake Erie, about 25 miles 
 E. by S. from Sandusky City. Population, 
 1080. 
 
 Browning, a post-township in Schuyler 
 county, Illinois. Population, 873. 
 
 Browning's, a district in De Kalb county, 
 Georgia. Population, 755. 
 
 Brownington, a post-township of Orleans 
 county, Vermont, 43 miles N. E. of Montpe- 
 lier, on the E. side of Barton river. Popu- 
 lation, 613. 
 
 Brownington Centre, a post-office of Or- 
 leans county, Vermont. 
 
 Brown's, a post-office of Fairfield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Brownsborough, a post-office of Hender- 
 son county, Texas. 
 
 Brownsborough, a post-office of Oldham 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Brownsburg, a post-office of Bucks coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brownsburg, a post-village of Rockbridge 
 county, Virginia, 143 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond, contains a few stores and mills. Po- 
 pulation, about 200. 
 
 Brownsburg, a post-village of Hendricks 
 county, Indiana, on White Lick creek, 14 
 miles N. W. from Indianapolis, has about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Brown's Corner, a post-office of Kenne- 
 beck county, Maine. 
 
 Brown's Cove, a post-office of Albemarle 
 county, Virginia, 109 miles W. N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Brown's Creek, of Anson county, North 
 Carolina, enters the Yadkin from the S. W. 
 
 Brownsdale, a post-office of Butler coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brownsford, a village in the N. E. 
 part of Madison county, Iowa, on North 
 river. 
 
 Brownsgrotb, a post-office of Ohio coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Brown's Mills, a post-office of Burlington 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 Brown's Mills, a small village of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Sandy creek. 
 
 Brown's Mills, a small village of Mifflin 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brown's Mills, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Ohio, 16 miles W. N. W. from 
 Marietta. 
 
 Brown's Point, a small village of Mon- 
 mouth county, New Jersey, on Raritan bay, 
 5 miles S. E. from Perth Amboy, and adjoin- 
 ing Keyport. 
 
 Brownsport, a small village of Decatur 
 county, Tennessee, on Tennessee river, 110 
 miles W. S. W. from Nashville, is in a de- 
 clining state. 
 
 Brown's Store, a post-office of Warren 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Brownstown, a post-office of Sevier coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Brownstown, a post-township in the S. 
 part of Wayne county, Michigan. 
 
 Brownstown, a post-village in the above 
 township, 14 miles N. E. from Monroe City. 
 
 Brownstown, a post-township in Jackson 
 county, Indiana, about 25 miles S. S. W. from 
 Columbus. Population, 1732. 
 
 Brownstown, a small post-village, capital 
 of Jackson county, Indiana, 1 mile S. E. 
 from the E. fork of White river, and 70 miles 
 S. from Indianapolis. It is surrounded by 
 a fertile country, which contains iron ore 
 and valuable timber. It has a brick court 
 
 149 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 house, a county seminary, and over 100 dwell- 
 ings. A plank-road extends from this village 
 to Salem. 
 
 Beownstown Creek, of Wayne county, 
 Michigan, flows into Lake Erie near its 
 head. 
 
 Brown's Valley, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery county, Indiana. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-township of Piscata- 
 quis county, Maine, 100 miles N. N. E. from 
 Augusta, intersected by branches of Pleasant 
 river. Population, 785. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-ofiSce of Windsor 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Brownsa'ille, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Jefferson county. New York, border- 
 ing on Chaumont bay, at the mouth of Black 
 river. Population, 4282. 
 
 Brownsville, or Brownville, a post-vil- 
 lage in the above township, on the right 
 bank of Black river, 4 miles below Water- 
 town, and about 4 miles from Lake Ontario. 
 It contains churches for the Presbyterians, 
 Episcopalians, and Methodists, and has ma- 
 nufactoi-ies of cotton and wool, with mills 
 of various kinds. 
 
 Brownsville, a thriving post-borough of 
 Redstone township, Fayette county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of Monongahela 
 river, where it is crossed by the national 
 road, about 40 miles S. from Pittsburg, and 
 190 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. The 
 navigation of the river has been improved, 
 so that large steamboats can ascend from 
 Pittsburg to this point. A noble bridge, 
 630 feet long, has been erected over the 
 river, at a cost of $50,000; and a cast-iron 
 bridge crossing Dunlap's creek, connects 
 Brownsville with the borough of Bridgeport. 
 The abundance of bituminous coal in the vi- 
 cinity has given rise to floui'ishing manu- 
 factures of iron, glass, cotton, and paper. 
 Steamboat-building is also carried on here 
 extensively. Brownsville, including Bridge- 
 port, contains 7 churches, a bank, 8 glass 
 factories, and 3 newspaper offices. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1815. Pop. in 1853, about 4500. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-ofSce of Washington 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-office of Granville 
 county, North Carolina, 
 
 Brownsville, a post-office of Marlborough 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Brownsville, a small village in Monroe 
 county, Georgia, on the W. bank of Ocmul- 
 gee river, about 35 miles W. by S. from 
 Jackson. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-village of Hinds coun- 
 ty, Mississippi, 20 miles N. W. from Jackson. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-office of Talladega 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Brownsville, formerly Fort Brown, a 
 thriving post-town, capital of Cameron 
 count V, Texas, on the left bank of the Rio 
 150 
 
 Grande, opposite Matamoras, 40 miles from 
 the mouth of the river, and about 300 miles 
 in a direct line S. from Austin. It is one of 
 the most populous and commercial places in 
 the state, having an extensive trade with 
 Mexico, facilitated by steamboat navigation. 
 It contains, besides the county buildings, a 
 custom house and 1 or 2 printing offices. 
 The reported value of the imports of Browns- 
 ville in 1852, was about $5,000,000. This 
 place was named in honor of Major Brown, 
 commander of the garrison, who was mortally 
 wounded by a shell from the Mexican bat- 
 teries, (May 6th, 1846,) while General Tay- 
 lor, with the main body of the forces, was 
 engaged in opening a communication with 
 Point Isabel. After the victories of Palo 
 Alto and Resaca de la Palma, the American 
 army entered and took possession of Mata- 
 moras without opposition. Population in 
 1852, about 4,500. 
 
 Brownsville, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Prairie county, Arkansas, on the road 
 from Memphis, Tennessee, to Little Rock, 27 
 miles E. from the latter. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Haywood county, Tennessee, 177 miles W. 
 S. W. from Nashville, and 5 miles from the 
 Hatchie river. It is surrounded by a rich 
 and level country, which is occupied by plant- 
 ations of cotton and maize. The Hatchie 
 river is navigable for small steamboats. 
 Brownsville is the centre of an active trade, 
 and contains 3 churches, 2 academies, and 
 a female college, which is under the direc- 
 tion of the Baptists. Population in 1851, 
 970. 
 
 Brownsville, a small village of Barren 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Edmondson county, Kentucky, is situated 
 on Green river, 130 miles S. W. from Frank- 
 fort, and about 10 miles W. from the Mam- 
 moth Cave. The river is navigable for 
 small steamboats during a part of the year. 
 The village has 2 churches, an academy, and 
 about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-village of Knox 
 county, Ohio, on a state road, 54 miles N. E, 
 from Columbus. It was laid out in 1840, 
 and contains 1 church, and 200 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-village of Licking 
 county, Ohio, on the national road, 40 miles 
 E. from Columbus. It is situated in a fer- 
 tile and populous district, and has several 
 stores. 
 
 Brownsville, a village in the N. E. part 
 of Washington county, Ohio, 5 miles W. from 
 the Ohio river. 
 
 Brownsville, a small village of Cass coun- 
 ty, Michigan, has about 60 inhabitants. 
 
 Brownsville, a village of Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, 48 miles W. N. W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 BR0WNS•^^LLE, a post-township in Union 
 
BRO 
 
 BRU 
 
 county, Indiana, about 4 miles N. W. from 
 Liberty. Population, 1443. 
 
 Brownsville, a pleasant post-village of 
 Union county, Indiana, on the E. fork of 
 ■the White Water river, 50 miles N. W. from 
 Cincinnati, and 13 miles S. W. from Rich- 
 mond. It has 3 churches, and about 400 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-village of Jackson 
 county, Illinois, on the Big Muddy river, 
 about 10 miles by land from the Mississippi 
 river, and 175 miles S. from Springfield. It 
 was formerly the county seat, and is still one 
 of the principal places in the county. Saltis 
 procured from springs in the vicinity. 
 
 Brownsville, a small post-village of Sa- 
 line county, Missoui'i, on Black river. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-ofiice of Wabashaw 
 county, Minnesota. 
 
 Brownsville, a post-village of Ogden coun- 
 ty, Utah, on the E. side of the Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Browntown, a post-village of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania, 150 miles N. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Brownville, a village of Lenawee coun- 
 ty, Michigan, 56 miles W. S. W. from De- 
 troit. 
 
 Brownville, New York. See Browns- 
 ville. 
 
 Brownville, a village of Vigo county, In- 
 diana, 12 miles S. E. from Terre Haute. 
 
 Broxton's Bridge, a post-of&ce of Colle- 
 ton district. South Carolina. 
 
 Broylesville, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Bruce, a post-township in Macomb coun- 
 ty, Michigan, about 35 miles N. from Detroit. 
 Population, 1555. 
 
 Brucerville, a post-office of Pike county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Brucetown, a small post-village of Frede- 
 rick county, Virginia. 
 
 Bruceville, a post-office of Carroll county, 
 Maryland. 
 
 Bruceville, a post-village of Knox coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 8 miles N. E. from Vincennes. 
 
 Bruin, a post-office of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bruin, a post-office of Carter county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Bruington, a post-office of King and Queen 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bruinsburg, a small village of Claiborne 
 county, Mississippi, on the Mississippi river. 
 
 Bruin's Cross Roads, a post-office of Parke 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Brult Landing, a post-office of West Ba- 
 ton Rouge parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Brumfieldville, a post-village of Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania, 62 miles E. N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Brummel's, a post-office of Davidson coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Brdnersburg, a small post-village of De- 
 fiance county, Ohio, 156 miles N. W. from 
 Columbus ; about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Brunerstown, a post-village of Putnam 
 county, Indiana, 50 miles W. by S. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Brunner, a post-office of Sebastian coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Brunswick, a county in the S. S. E. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, has 
 an area of 600 square miles. The Nottaway 
 river forms its N. E. boundary, the Roanoke 
 touches its S. W. extremity, and the Meher- 
 rin river flows through the middle of the 
 county from W. to E. The surface is some- 
 what undulating ; the soil of medium quality. 
 The exhausted lands have recently been im- 
 proved by the use of guano and other manures. 
 Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, oats, sweet po- 
 tatoes, hay, and cotton are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 2,155,017 pounds 
 of tobacco; 394,200 bushels of corn ; 79,287 
 of wheat; 98,782 of oats; 34,959 of sweet 
 potatoes ; 2889 tons of hay, and 108 bales of 
 cotton. There were 3 tanneries, and 1 agri- 
 cultural implement manufactory. It con- 
 tained 11 churches, 108 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 164 attending academies 
 or other schools. It is intersected by a 
 plank-road leading to Petersburg. Organ- 
 ized in 1720. Capital, Lawrenceville. Po- 
 pulation, 13,894, of whom 6438 were free, 
 and 8456, slaves. 
 
 Brunswick, a county in the S. E. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on South Caro- 
 lina and the ocean, contains about 950 square 
 miles. It is drained by Cape Fear and Wac- 
 camaw rivers. The surface is level and part- 
 ly covered by extensive swamps ; the soil is 
 sandy and mostly sterile. Rice and cotton 
 are cultivated. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 63,229 bushels of corn; 101,017 of 
 sweet potatoes, and i., 687, 415 pounds of rice. 
 The quantity of rice was the greatest pro- 
 duced by any county in the state. It con- 
 tained 8 rice-threshing machines, 49 tar and 
 turpentine manufactories, 16 turpentine dis- 
 tilleries, and 23 churches. Pine lumber, tar, 
 resin, &c. are also exported. The cypress 
 and juniper are abundant in the swamps. 
 Capital, Smithville. Population, 7272, of 
 whom 3970 were free, and 3302, slaves. 
 
 Brunswick, a post-township of Cumber- 
 land county, Maine, on the right bank of the 
 Androscoggin river, 5 or 6 miles from its junc- 
 tion with the Kennebeck. Population, 4927. 
 
 Brunswick, a post-village in the above 
 township, pleasantly situated on the S. side 
 of the Androscoggin river, 27 miles by rail- 
 road N. E. from Portland ; 33 miles S. from 
 Augusta, and 132 miles N. E. from Boston. 
 Lat. 43° 63' N. ; Ion. 69° 66' W. The An- 
 droscoggin is navigable to what is called the 
 lower falls, opposite this place. These falls 
 afford extensive water-power. Vast quanti- 
 ties of logs are annually rafted down the 
 river to be sawn into boards and timber at 
 the numerous mills that are here in opera- 
 tion. On an elevated plain, at the ex- 
 
 151 
 
BRU 
 
 BUY 
 
 tremity of the village, stands Bo-^doin Col- 
 lege, a well-endowed institution, enjoying 
 a high reputation. See Table of Colleges 
 in the Appendix. The village has 2 banks. 
 
 Brunswick, a post-township of Essex 
 county, Vermont, on the E. side of the Con- 
 necticut river, about 50 miles N. E. of Mont- 
 pelier, watered by the Nulhegan river and 
 its branches. Population, 119. 
 
 Bkunswick, a township of Rensselaer 
 county, New York, 10 miles N. E. from Al- 
 bany. Population, 3146. 
 
 Brukswick, a small village in the S. part 
 of Ulster county, New York. 
 
 Brunswick, a small seaport, capital of 
 Glynn county, Georgia, on Turtle river, 80 
 miles S. S. W. from Savannah, is pleasantly 
 situated on a sandy bluff, about 10 feet above 
 high-water, and has a spacious harbor. St. 
 Simon's light-house is 8 miles from this 
 town. Brunswick is the eastern terminus 
 of the Brunswick and Florida railroad, not 
 yet finished. 
 
 Brunswick, a post-township in Medina 
 county, Ohio, about 22 miles S. S. W. from 
 Cleveland. Population, 1417. 
 
 Brunswick, a post-village of Peoria coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 60 miles N. N. W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Brunswick, a post-township in Chariton 
 county, Missouri. Population, 2116. 
 
 Brunswick, a village in the S. W. part of 
 Chariton county, Missouri, 1 or 2 miles from 
 the Missouri river. 
 
 Brunswick Landing, a post-office of Issa- 
 quena county, Mississippi. 
 
 Brush Ceeek, of Ohio, falls into the Ohio 
 river in Adams county. 
 
 Brush Creek, of Scioto county, Ohio, en- 
 ters the Scioto river, about 10 miles N. from 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 Brush Creek, a township of Fulton coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 80 miles "W. by S. 
 from Harrisburg. Population, 375. 
 
 Brush Creek, apost-ofQce, Randolphcoun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Brush Creek, a post-office of Perry coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Brush Creek, a township in Washington 
 county, Arkansas. Population, 589. 
 
 Brush Creek, a township in Highland 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1515. 
 
 Brush Creek, a township in Jefferson 
 county, Ohio, about 20 miles N. N. W. from 
 Steubenville. Population, 1121. 
 
 Brush Creek, a township in Muskingum 
 county, Ohio, about 12 miles S. from Zanes- 
 ville. Population, 1392. 
 
 Brush Creek, a township in Scioto coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 35 miles S. S. W. from Chil- 
 licothe. Population, 650. 
 
 'Brush Creek, a village of Knox county, 
 Illinois, .about 80 miles N. N. W. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Brush Creek, a post-office of La Clede 
 county, Missouri. 
 152 
 
 Brush Hill, a post-village of Du Page 
 county, Illinois, about 16 miles W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Brush Land, a post-office of Delaware 
 county. New York. 
 
 Brush Mountain, Pennsylvania, a short 
 ridge in the N. part of Blair county, S. W. 
 from Bald Eagle mountain. 
 
 Brush Run, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brush's Mills, a post-village of Franklin 
 county. New York, on the Ogdensburg and 
 Rouse's Point railroad. 
 
 Brush Valley, a post-township of In- 
 diana county, Pennsylvania, 55 miles E. by 
 N. from Pittsburg. Population, 1481. 
 
 Brushville, a post-office of Queen's county, 
 New York. 
 
 Brushville, a small village in the S. part 
 of Livingston county, New York. 
 
 Brushy Creek, of Lavacca county, Texas, 
 flows into Lavacca river. 
 
 Brushy Creek, Texas, rises in William- 
 son county, and flows into Little river, near 
 the centre of Milam county. 
 
 Brushy Creek, a post-office of Anderson 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Brushy Creek, a post-office of Williamson 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Brushy Fork, Illinois. See Bushy Fork. 
 
 Brushy Prairie, a post-office of La Grange 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Brutus, a township of Cayuga county, 
 New York, 7 miles N. from Auburn, is inter- 
 sected by the Erie canal, and by the Roches- 
 ter and Syracuse railroad. Population, 
 3046. 
 
 Bruynswick, a post-office of Ulster coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Bryan, a county in the E.S. E. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on the Atlantic, has an 
 area of 472 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. E. by the Ogeechee, and traversed 
 from W. to E. by the Cannouchee river. The 
 surface is level, the soil sandy, and (except- 
 ing on the margins of the rivers) sterile. 
 Rice, cotton, Indian corn, and sweet pota- 
 toes are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 54,927 bushels of corn; 38,117 of 
 sweet potatoes ; 636 bales of cotton, and 
 2,409,387 pounds of rice. It contained 11 
 churches, and 100 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county is partly covered with 
 pine forests. Named in honor of Jonathan 
 Bryan, one of the founders of the state. 
 Capital, Eden. Population, 3424, of whom 
 1179 were free, and 2245, slaves. 
 
 Bryan Court House, Bryan county, 
 Georgia, is situated about 20 miles W. by S. 
 from Savannah. 
 
 Bryan, a post-village, capital of Williams 
 county, Ohio, 173 miles N. W. from Colum- 
 bus, contains, besides the county buildings, 
 a few stores. 
 
 Bryan, a post- village of Saline county, 
 Missotiri, 70 miles N. W. from Jefferson City 
 
BRY 
 
 BUG 
 
 Brtansburg, a post-Tillage of Jefferson 
 county, Indiana, 76 miles S. S. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Brtansvillb, a post-ofiSce of York coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brtantown, a post- village of Charles 
 county, Maryland, about 68 miles S. W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Bryant's Creek, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Bryant's Pond, a post-office of Oxford 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Bryan TSViLLE, a small village of Garrard 
 county, Kentucky, 48 miles S. from Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 Bryantsville, a small post-village of 
 Lawrence county, Indiana, 10 miles from 
 Bedford, the county town. 
 
 Buchanan, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Missouri, bordering on the Missouri river, 
 which separates it from the Indian Territory, 
 has an area of 415 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Little Platte river, which ilows 
 southward, and drained also by Castile and 
 Livingston creeks. The soil is highly produc- 
 tive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, 
 swine, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,935,713 bushels of 
 corn; 121,682 of wheat; 56,549 of oats; 
 1075 tons of hay, and 182,961 pounds of 
 butter. The above quantity of Indian corn 
 was the greatest produced by any county of 
 the state. It contained 4 churches and 2 
 newspaper establishments. There were 625 
 pupils attending puplic schools. The pro- 
 jected railroad from the Mississippi river to 
 the Missouri will pass through the county. 
 The Missouri river is navigable by steam- 
 boats along the border of the county. Capi- 
 tal, St. Joseph. Population, 12,975, of whom 
 12,073 were free, and 902, slaves. 
 
 Buchanan, a new county in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Wapsipinicon 
 river, and by Buffalo creek, which flow 
 south-eastward. This county has a fertile 
 soil, a healthy climate, and is represented 
 to be well supplied with timber and water. 
 Indian corn, hay, butter, and wool are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 13,720 bushels 
 of Indian corn ; 4604 of wheat ; 5196 of oats, 
 and 546 tons of hay. Capital, Independence. 
 Population, 517. 
 
 Buchanan, a post-office of Alleghany coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Buchanan, a village of Botetourt county, 
 Virginia, on James river, 181 miles W. from 
 Richmond, and opposite the village of Pat- 
 tonsburg, with which it is connected by a 
 fine bridge. It is situated in a beautiful 
 valley, at the head of navigation, and has 
 an active trade. Both villages together con- 
 tain 3 or 4 churches, 1 bank, 1 printing 
 office, and several tobacco factories and 
 mills. Incorporated in 1832. This place is 
 connected with Pdchmond by the James 
 
 River canal, and has a turnpike extending 
 to Salem. 
 
 Buchanan, a township in the S. part of 
 Berrien county, Michigan. 
 
 Buchanan, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the St. Joseph's river, 
 and on the Central railroad, 197 miles W. by S. 
 from Detroit, and 6 miles W. from Niles. The 
 river is navigable for keel-boats, and affords 
 water-power. The village has several stores 
 and a flouring mill. Population, in 1853 
 about 600. 
 
 Buchanan, a small village of Iowa coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin river, and 
 on the Milwaukee and Mississippi railroad, 
 now in progress, about 22 miles N. from 
 Mineral Point, the county town. 
 
 Buchanan River, in the N. W. part of 
 Virginia, rises in Randolph county, and 
 flowing in a N. N. E. course, enters the 
 Tygart's Valley river a little above Philippi, 
 in Barbour county. 
 
 Buck, a post-office of Lancaster county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Buck, a township of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river, 14 miles 
 S. E. from Wilkesbarre. Population, 539. 
 
 Buck, a township in Hardin county, Ohio. 
 Population, 462. 
 
 BucKATAWNY RivER of Mississippi, enters 
 the Chickasawha from the N. in Wayne 
 county. 
 
 Buck Branch, a district in Clark county, 
 Georgia. Population, 324. 
 
 Buck Branch, a post-office of De Kalb 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Buck Bridge, a post-village of St. Law- 
 rence county. New York, on Grass river, 
 about 18 miles E. from Ogdensburg. 
 
 Buck Bridge, a village of De Kalb county, 
 Illinois, 150 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Buck Creek, Ohio. See Lagonda Creek. 
 
 Buck Creek of Indiana flows through 
 Marion county, and enters Sugar creek in 
 Shelby county. 
 
 Buck Creek of Harrison county, Indiana, 
 flows into the Ohio at Mauksport. 
 
 Buck Creek of Henry county, Indiana, 
 falls into the W. Fork of White river at 
 Yorktown. 
 
 Buck Creek, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Buck Creek, a post-office of Scriven coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 62 miles N. W. from Savan- 
 nah. 
 
 Buck Creek, a post-office of Tuscaloosa 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Buck Creek, a post-office of Daviess coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Buck Creek, a post-office of Greene coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Buck Creek, a township in Hancock coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 420. 
 
 Buckeye, a small post-village of Laurens 
 county, Georgia, about 12 miles N. from 
 Dublin, the county town. 
 
 153 
 
BUG 
 
 BUG 
 
 Buckeye, a post-oflBice of Garrard county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Buckeye, a post-office of Putnam county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Buckeye Cottage, a post-office of Perry 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Buckeye, a township in the N. part of Ste- 
 phenson county, Illinois, about 10 miles N. 
 from Freeport. Population, 1271. 
 
 Buckeye Fuenace, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 BucKEYSTOWN, a post-village and railroad 
 station of Frederick county, Maryland, on 
 the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, about 40 
 miles in a direct line N. W. from Washington. 
 
 BucKFiELD, a post-township of Oxford 
 county, Maine, 40 miles N. by W. from Port- 
 land, intersected by a branch of Androscog- 
 gin river. Population, 1657. 
 
 Buck Grove, a post-office of Bush county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 BucKHANNON, a post-officc of Upshur coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 BucKHEAD, a post-office of Fairfield dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 BucKHEAD, a village of Morgan county, 
 Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, 96 miles 
 W. from Augusta, has 1 church. 
 
 BucKHEAD, a post-office of Pike county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 BucKHEAD Causey, a post-office of Colle- 
 ton district. South Carolina. 
 
 BucKHEAD Ceeek, of Georgia, flows into 
 the Ogeechee at the S. extremity of Burke 
 county. 
 
 Buck Hill, a post-office of De Kalb coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Buck Hollow, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 BucKHOJiN, a post-office of Columbia coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 BucKHOEN, a post-office of Carroll county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 BucKHORN, a post-office of Winston county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 BucKHORN, a post-office of Bienville pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 BucKHORN, a post-office of Brown county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Buckingham, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 680 square 
 miles. The James river forms its boundary 
 on the N. and N. W., the Appomattox washes 
 the southern border ; it is also drained by 
 Willis and Slate rivers. The surface varies 
 from level to hilly: Willis mountain, in the 
 S. E. part, is the principal elevation. The 
 soil is not naturally rich, excepting in the 
 vicinity of the rivers. Tobacco, Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and live stock are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 304,711 bu- 
 shels of corn; 133,819 of wheat; 117,091 of 
 oats; 2,342,987 pounds of tobacco, and 
 83,480 of butter. There were two flour and 
 grist mills, 8 saw mills, and 1 tannery. It 
 contained 19 chiirches, 194 pupils attending 
 154 
 
 public schools, and 96 attending academies 
 or other schools. Gold mines are worked in 
 the vicinity of Willis mountain, and yield 
 large profits. Valuable slate quarries have 
 been opened on the bank of Slate river, and 
 iron is found in the county. The Bucking- 
 ham White Sulphur springs were once more 
 frequented than at present. The James River 
 canal passes along the border of the county. 
 Organized in 1761, and named from Buck- 
 ingham, a county of England. Capital, 
 Maysville. Population, 13,837, of whom 
 5676 were free, and 8161, slaves. 
 
 Buckingham, a post-township of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania, 27 miles N. by E. from 
 Philadelphia, drained by Neshaminy creek. 
 Population, 2766. 
 
 Buckingham, a township in the N. part of 
 Wayne county, Pennsylvania, on the Dela- 
 ware river, 20 miles N. from Honesdale. Po- 
 pulation, 592. 
 
 Buckingham Court House, a post-office 
 of Buckingham county, Virginia. 
 
 Buckingham Mine, a post-office of Buck- 
 ingham county, Virginia. 
 
 Buckland, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Massachusetts, on the S. side of 
 Deerfield river, about 100 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston. Population, 1056. 
 
 Buckland, a post-office of Hartford coun- 
 ty, Connecticut. 
 
 Buckland, a small post-village of Prince 
 William county, Virginia, 116 miles N. from 
 Richmond, contains 1 church and a few 
 
 Buckland, a post-office of Gates county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 BucKLiN, a village of Winnebago county, 
 Illinois, 11 miles N. W. from Rockford. 
 
 Buckner's Creek, of Fayette county, 
 Texas, flows into Colorado river at La 
 Grange. 
 
 Buck Point, a post-office of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 BucKPORT, a township in Oxford county, 
 Maine, about 30 miles W. by S. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1657. 
 
 Buck Prairie, a post-village of Lawrence 
 county, Missouri, 150 miles S. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Buckram, a post-office of Queen's county, 
 New York. 
 
 Bucks, a county forming the E. S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Pennsylvania, bordering on New 
 Jersey, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. The Delaware river forms its entire 
 boundary on the N. E. and on the S. E. ; the 
 county is drained by Neshaminy, Tohickon, 
 and Perkiomen creeks. The surface in the 
 N. part is hilly, and the remainder is gene- 
 rally undulating. The red shale lands of the 
 middle are good; the soil of the southern 
 part, derived from primary rocks, produces 
 good pasture, and the county generally is 
 in a high state of cultivation. The chief 
 pursuits of the inhabitants are farming and 
 
BUC 
 
 BUE 
 
 gardening for the Philadelphia market. 
 Grain of various kinds, meat, hay, butter, 
 and fruit are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 1,157,781 bushels of Indian corn; 
 403,909 of wheat; 1,168,710 of oats ; 246,536 
 of potatoes; 95,842 tons of hay, and 2,836,182 
 pounds of butter. The quantity of oats was 
 the greatest raised in any one county of the 
 United States, except Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania, and that of butter greater 
 than of any other in the state except Mont- 
 gomery county. There were 98 flour and 
 grist mills, 50 saw mills, 2 paper mills, 20 
 carpentering and building establishments, 1 
 block & pump manufactory, 10 manufactories 
 of agricultural implements, 12 of coaches, 1 
 of oilcloth, 17 of saddles and harness, 18 of 
 tobacco, 1 of stoves and ranges, 7 of tin 
 and sheet iron ware, and 4 of hats and caps, 
 3 iron foundries, 2 woollen factories, 2 dis- 
 tilleries, 3 coal yards, 1 linseed-oil mill, 8 
 potteries, and 23 tanneries. It contained 91 
 churches and 7 newspaper establishments. 
 There were 9298 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 363 attending academies and 
 other schools. The county contains valuable 
 quarries of limestone and sandstone suitable 
 for building; plumbago, iron, titanium, and 
 zircon are also found in it. The Delaware 
 river is navigable by steamboats along the 
 S. E. border, and the Delaware canal ex- 
 tends along the north-eastern border of the 
 county. The S. E. part is traversed by the 
 Philadelphia and Trenton railroad. Bucks 
 was one of the three original counties formed 
 by William Penn in 1682, and was named 
 from Bucks, a county of England. Capital, 
 Doylestown. Population, 56,091. 
 
 Bucks, a post-office of Columbiana county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Bucks, a township in Tuscarawas county, 
 Ohio, about 15 miles S. W. from New Phila- 
 delphia. Population, 1326. 
 
 Bucks, a township in the W. part of St. 
 Joseph countj', Michigan. 
 
 Buck's Bridge, a village of Madrid town- 
 ship, St. Lawrence county. New York, about 
 6 miles N. from Canton. 
 
 Buck's Corners, a post-office of Marshall 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Buck's Creek, of Macon county, Georgia, 
 enters the Flint river from the W., near 
 Oglethorpe. 
 
 BucKSHUTEM, a Small village of Cumber- 
 land county. New Jersey, about 15 miles S. 
 E. from Bridgeton, has a church and several 
 dwellings. 
 
 Buckskin, a township in Ross county, 
 Ohio, about 20 miles W. from Chillicothe. 
 Population, 2104. 
 
 Buckskin, a post-office of Gibson co., Ind. 
 
 BucKSPORT, a village of Falls co., Texas. 
 
 Bucksport, a commercial post-village of 
 Hancock co., Maine, on the left bank of the 
 Penobscot, 16 miles S. from Bangor. It has 
 an excellent harbor, and is extensivel}"- en- 
 
 gaged in the lumber trade, shipbuilding, and 
 the fisheries. It is estimated that more than 
 1000 tons of shipping were built here in 
 1852. The harbor has a depth of from 4 
 to 5 fathoms. Population of the township, 
 3318. 
 
 Bucksport Centre, a post-office of Han- 
 cock county, Maine. 
 
 BucKSTOWN, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 BucKsviLLE, a post-office of Bucks countj', 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 BucKsviLLB, a post-office of Horry dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 BucKTOOTH, a post-village of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 425 miles from New York city. 
 
 Buckwheat, a township in Fulton county, 
 Illinois. Population, 1115. 
 
 Buctrus, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Crawford county, Ohio, on Sandusky i-iver, 
 and on the route of the Ohio and Indiana 
 railroad, 62 miles N. from Columbus. The 
 above railroad extends from Crest Line to 
 Fort Wayne, Indiana. The surrounding 
 country is level and fertile. There are se- 
 veral mineral springs, and a well of inflam- 
 mable gas in the vicinity. In 1838 an ex- 
 cellent specimen of the mastodon, in a fine 
 state of preservation, was found in a marsh 
 near the town, by some Germans engaged in 
 digging a mill-race. The diameter of the 
 skull was 3 feet 3 inches, the weight of the 
 head 237 pounds, and the length of a molar 
 tooth, 7^ inches. Bucyrus contains 5 or 6 
 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, 
 and several mills. Pop. in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 BuDDSTOWN, a small village of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, 8 miles from Mount Holly. 
 
 BuEL, a post-office of Montgomery co., N.Y. 
 
 BuENA Ventura. See San Buena Ventura. 
 
 BuENA Vista, a new county in the N. W. 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 625 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Little Sioux river, and 
 also drained by several of its small tributa- 
 ries. This county is not included in the 
 census of 1850. Countj' seat not located. 
 Named from a battle-field of Mexico, where 
 General Taylor won a great victory over 
 Santa Anna, February 22, 1847. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small village of Bedford 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the road from 
 Shellsburg to Cumberland in Maryland. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Prince 
 George's county, Maryland. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Duplin coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Greenville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Buena Vista, formerly Pea Ridge, a thriv- 
 ing post-village, capital of Marion county, 
 Georgia, 101 miles S. W. from Milledgeville, 
 
 155 
 
BUE 
 
 BUF 
 
 and 33 miles S. E. from Columbus. It has 
 a pleasant and healthy situation, and is sur- 
 rounded by a fertile country, in which cot- 
 ton and sugar-cane are cultivated. The 
 village contains a ■ brick court house, 2 
 churches, and 2 high schools. It was laid 
 out in 1848. 
 
 BuENA Vista, a small post-village of Mon- 
 roe county, Alabama. 
 
 BuENA Vista, a small post-village of 
 Chickasaw county, Mississippi, 11 miles E. 
 from Houston, the county seat. 
 
 BuENA Vista, a post-village of Shelby coun- 
 ty, Texas, on the road from Shelbyville 
 to Henderson, about 20 miles W. from Sa- 
 bine river. • It has about 12 families and 3 
 stores. 
 
 Bubna Vista, a post-office of Washita 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small post-village of Car- 
 roll county, Tennessee, 96 miles W. from 
 Nashville, has 3 stores. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Harrison 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small village of Fayette 
 county, Ohio, on Rattlesnake creek, 46 miles 
 S. W. from Columbus, has 107 inhabitants. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Holmes coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Buena Vista, a village of Scioto county, 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, 100 miles above 
 Cincinnati, contains 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-village of Saginaw 
 county, Michigan, on the Saginaw river, 100 
 miles N. N. W. from Detroit. Its origin is 
 quite recent. Population, about 500. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small village of Franklin 
 county, Indiana, about 15 miles W. from 
 Brookville. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small village of Hamilton 
 county, Indiana, 12 miles N. from Nobles- 
 ville. 
 
 Buena Vista, a village near the N. extremi- 
 ty of Gibson county, Indiana, on White river, 
 110 miles S. S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small village of Monroe 
 county, Indiana, 13 miles S. W. from Bioom- 
 ington. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small post-village of Har- 
 rison county, Indiana, on Musquito creek, 4 
 miles from the Ohio river. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Buena Vista, a village of Pulaski county, 
 Indiana, on Tippecanoe river. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small village of Randolph 
 county, Indiana, 8 miles S. W. from Win- 
 chester, the county town, 
 
 Buena Vista, a small village of Washing- 
 ton county, Indiana, on the New Albany and 
 Salem railroad, 8 miles N. W. from Salem. 
 
 Buena Vista, a township in Schuyler coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 848. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small post-village of Ste- 
 phenson county, Illinois, 10 miles N. N. E. 
 from Freeport. 
 156 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Platte county, 
 Missouri, 35 miles N. W. from Independence. 
 
 Buena Vista, a village of Clayton county, 
 Iowa, on the Mississippi river, about 80 miles 
 N. N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Clinton coun- 
 ty, Iowa, 46 miles E. by N. from Iowa City. 
 
 Buena Vista, a small post-village of Port- 
 age county, Wisconsin, 100 miles N. from 
 Madison, has 1 church, and 25 dwellings. 
 
 Buena Vista, a post-office of Portage coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Buena Vista, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Richland county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Buena Vista Furnace, a post-office of 
 Rockbridge county, Virginia. 
 
 Buena Vista Springs, a post-office of Lo- 
 gan county, Kentucky. 
 
 Buffalo, a city, port of entry, and seat 
 of justice of Erie county. New York, is situ- 
 ated at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, 
 2 or 3 miles S. from the commencement of 
 Niagara river : W. from Albany 364 miles 
 by the Erie canal, and 325 miles by the Cen- 
 tral railroad, (both of which terminate in 
 this city,) 470 miles N. W. from New York, 
 22 miles S. S. E. from Niagara Falls, 103 
 miles N. E. from Cleveland, 290 miles N. by 
 E. from Detroit, and 597 miles E. by N. from 
 Chicago. Lat. 42° 53' N. ; Ion. 78° 55' W. 
 It is regularly, and for the most part, hand- 
 somely built, partly on an elevation, and part- 
 ly on a marsh or low ground, intersected in 
 the southern part by Buffalo creek. This 
 latter portion is the seat of the principal 
 business. The site rises gradually as it re- 
 cedes from the water's edge, and at the dis- 
 tance of 2 miles becomes an extended plain, 
 50 feet above the level of the harbor, afford- 
 ing delightful views of the city, lake, Nia- 
 gara river, and Canada shore. The streets 
 are broad, straight, and usually intersect each 
 other at right angles. Main street, more 
 than 2 miles long, and 120 feet wide, is per- 
 haps the finest in the city, being enclosed on 
 either side with lofty buildings. There are 
 three public squares, Niagara, Franklin, and 
 Washington, all of which are planted with 
 shade-trees, and otherwise ornamented. The 
 harbor is formed by Buffalo creek, and is 
 of sufficient depth one mile from its entrance 
 into the lake, for vessels drawing from 12 
 to 14 feet of water. It is capacious, and 
 well protected from storms, having a pier 
 or breakwater which extends 1500 feet from 
 the S. side of the mouth of the creek. By 
 thus confining the channel, the bar that ori- 
 ginally obstructed the entrance to the harbor 
 has in great measure been washed away by 
 the current. Upon the end of this pier is a 
 light-house, 20 feet in diameter at its base, 
 and 46 feet high. The principal obstruction 
 to the harbor at present, is the ice which at 
 the breaking up of winter is often driven 
 into it by strong westerly winds, where it 
 not unfrequently remains long after the lake 
 
BUP 
 
 BUF 
 
 18 clear. Several hundred thousand dollars 
 have been expended -within a few years past, 
 on this portion of Buffalo creek, in the con- 
 struction of slips and ship canals to meet 
 the growing wants of commerce. The pub- 
 lic buildings are a court house, a jail, 2 
 mai'ket-houses, and about 40 churches, seve- 
 ral of which have recently been erected. 
 The Catholic cathedral, not yet completed, 
 will be one of the finest structures of the 
 kind in the United States. St. Paul's and 
 St. John's, (Episcopal,) the North church, and 
 the Central church are distinguished for 
 their architectural elegance. 
 
 Among the literary, educational, and be- 
 nevolent institutions may be mentioned the 
 Buffalo University, chartered in 1846. Con- 
 nected with it is a flourishing medical col- 
 lege. The Young Men's Association has a li- 
 brary of over 6000 volumes, and sustains an 
 able course of lectures. A society recently 
 organized, denominated the German Young 
 Men's Association, possesses a valuable col- 
 lection of about 2000 volumes, consisting 
 for the most part of works in the German 
 language. Both of these societies have 
 reading-rooms well supplied with periodicals 
 and newspapers. The female academy is 
 delightfully situated, and endowed to the 
 amount of about $50,000. Buffalo is distin- 
 guished for her public schools, and has the 
 honor of being among the very first cities in 
 the state in introducing and perfecting this 
 system of popular education. The schools 
 are under the direction of the city council, 
 and open to the children of all classes free 
 of charge. Buffalo has a marine hospital, 
 founded in 1833, an orphan asylum, and an 
 organization called the Sailors' and Boatmen's 
 Friend Society. . 
 
 The manufactures of Buffalo are import- 
 ant, especially in the article of iron, in the 
 production of which several large establish- 
 ments are engaged. The city is supplied 
 with excellent water from Niagara river by 
 a corporation having a capital of $400,000 : 
 it is also lighted with gas. 
 
 Commerce. — The trade of Buffalo is immense. 
 Its position is such as to render it a great en- 
 trepot, through which much of the commerce 
 between the East and West must pass. The 
 first impulse was given to it by the comple- 
 tion of the Erie canal in 1824. Since then 
 lines of railways have been constructed, 
 opening communication with nearly every 
 section of New York, with the great cities 
 oa the Atlantic coast, and in Canada, and 
 with the fertile valleys of the Ohio and the 
 Mississippi. These improvements, with her 
 advantages for navigating the great inland 
 waters, have secured to Buffalo the first 
 rank among the great commercial cities on 
 the north-western lakes. Another railroad 
 is also projected, to connect with Pittsburg 
 through the Sunbury railroad. This will 
 communicate with the coal regions of Penn- 
 
 sylvania. During the year 1852, there were 
 built at this port 6 steamers, 9 propellers, 
 and 8 schooners, with an aggregate burthen 
 of 8610 tons. There were also commenced 
 in the fall of 1852, to be completed for the 
 spring navigation, 5 steamers, 4 of 1800 
 tons each, 2 propellers, 4 schooners, one of 
 360 tons, 1 brig, and 1 steamtug. The ag- 
 gregate burthen of the vessels to be built 
 during the winter of 1852 and '53 was 11,142 
 tons. From 1000 to 1200 mechanics S-re 
 constantly employed at the various ship- 
 yards on the creek. There were enrolled 
 and licensed, December 31st, 1852, in the 
 district of Buffalo Creek, 28 steamers, 31 
 propellers, 83 brigs, 1 barque, and 100 
 schooners, with an aggregate of 56,523 tons. 
 The following table shows the entrances and 
 clearances of Foreign and American vessels, 
 with their tonnage, at this port, during the 
 year 1852 :— 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Areived. 
 
 Cleared. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 American from \ 
 Foreign Ports J 
 
 260 
 669 
 
 55,820 
 80,036 
 
 309 
 C67 
 
 67,556 
 79,949 
 
 
 Total 
 
 929 
 3,738 
 
 135,857 
 1,403,672 
 
 1,066 
 3,708 
 
 147,505 
 1,405,203 
 
 Coast Trade 
 
 Grand total.... 
 
 4,667 
 
 1,539,530 
 
 4,774 
 
 1,552,708 
 
 The annexed table exhibits a few of the 
 leading articles, and their value, received at 
 the port of Buffalo, by lake, in 1852. 
 
 Flour bbls. 
 
 Wheat bushels 
 
 Wool lbs. 
 
 Corn bushels 
 
 Hogs No. 
 
 Lumber feet 
 
 Pork bbls. 
 
 Oats bushels 
 
 Beef bbls. 
 
 Whiskey " 
 
 Cattle number 
 
 Bacon lbs. 
 
 Leather rolls 
 
 Oil bbls. 
 
 Butter lbs. 
 
 Lard " 
 
 Other Articles 
 
 Total value.. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 1,299,518 
 
 5,549,778 
 
 46,140 
 
 5,136,231 
 
 111,223 
 
 95,194,000 
 
 74,092 
 
 2,596,231 
 
 86,697 
 
 82,145 
 
 17,539 
 
 9,796,590 
 
 6,796 
 
 7,577 
 
 3,989,917 
 
 7,028,700 
 
 $5,847,808 
 
 4,994,800 
 
 3,387,500 
 
 3,082,047 
 
 1,334.676 
 
 1,151,873 
 
 1,259,564 
 
 1,141,341 
 
 879,628 
 
 821,450 
 
 876,950 
 
 881,694 
 
 815,520 
 
 775,795 
 
 718,184 
 
 702,870 
 
 6,083,968 
 
 $34,052,798 
 
 In addition to the above, $819,737 worth of 
 goods were brought by the State Line rail- 
 road, making the total value of all the im- 
 ports received at Buffalo from the AVest in 
 1852, $34,872,535, being an increase from 
 1851 of about $3,000,000. The value of the 
 imports from Canada the same year amounted 
 to $1,068,585, and by canal, $41,810,398. 
 The value of the exports from Buffalo by 
 canal in 1852 was $21,049,908, and from the 
 
 157 
 
BUF 
 
 BUF 
 
 district of Buffalo Creek to Canada, $840,800. 
 The duties collected at this port amounted, 
 in 1843, to $4346; 1846, $12,389; 1849, 
 $46,939; 1852, $69,723. The shipping en- 
 rolled and licensed in the district of Buffalo 
 Creek, June 30th, 1852, amounted to an ag- 
 gregate of 49,614|-^ tons. 
 
 There are in Buffalo 10 banks, 2 savings 
 institutions, and upwards of 40 fire, marine, 
 and other insurance companies and agencies. 
 About 15 newspapers are issued here. 
 
 Among the hotels, the American, the Cla- 
 rendon, and the Mansion House, on Main 
 street, and the Western Hotel, on the Ter- 
 race, near the Niagara Falls Depot, may be 
 named as the most prominent. 
 
 Buffalo was originally laid out by the Hol- 
 land company in 1801. In 1812 it became 
 a military post. In December-, 1813, it con- 
 tained 200 houses, all of which, except two, 
 were burned by a party of British and In- 
 dians. As a compensation for their losses 
 by this disaster. Congress granted the in- 
 habitants the sum of $80,000. An act, in- 
 corporating it a city, was passed by the le- 
 gislature in April, 1832. It is divided into 
 5 wards, and governed by a mayor and com- 
 mon council, annually elected. Population, 
 in 1810, 1508; 1820, 2095; 1830, 8653; 
 1840, 18,213 ; 1850, 42,261 ; 1853, estimated, 
 60,000. 
 
 Buffalo, a former township of Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania, now divided into North 
 and South Buffalo. 
 
 Buffalo, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, 30 miles S. W. from 
 Pittsburg, drained by Buffalo creek, and tra- 
 versed by the Hempfield railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1210. 
 
 Buffalo, a township of Union county, 
 Pennsylvania, 5 miles N. from New Berlin, 
 drained by Buffalo creek. Population, 1346. 
 
 Buffalo, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Butler county, Pennsylvania, on 
 Alleghany river, 24 miles N. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 2751. 
 
 Buffalo, a thriving post-village of Put- 
 nam county, Virginia, is pleasantly situated 
 on the Great Kanawha river, 21 miles from 
 its mouth, and 340 miles W. by N. from 
 Eichmond. It has excellent facilities for 
 trade and manufactures, and is the most im- 
 portant place in the county. The hills in 
 the vicinity contain large bodies of bitumin- 
 ous coal and iron ore. Population, about 
 400. 
 
 Buffalo, a small post-village of Hender- 
 son county, Texas, on the Trinity river, 
 about 200 miles N. E. from Austin City. 
 
 Buffalo, a township in Marion county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Buffalo, a post-office of Washita county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Buffalo, a post-village of Perry county, 
 Tennessee, on Buffalo river, about 100 miles 
 S. W. from Nashville. 
 158 
 
 Buffalo, a post-township in Guernsey 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1053. 
 
 Buffalo, a township in the N. part of 
 Noble county, Ohio. 
 
 Buffalo, a village of Brown county, In- 
 diana, 50 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Buffalo, a post-office of White county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Buffalo, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Ogle county, Illinois, about 16 
 miles W. S. W. from Oregon City. Popula- 
 tion, 1134. 
 
 Buffalo, a post-village of Dallas county, 
 Missouri, a few miles W. from Niangua river. 
 Its origin is very recent. 
 
 Buffalo, a village of Scott county, Iowa, 
 50 miles E. S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Buffalo, a township in Marquette county, 
 Wisconsin, about 48 miles W. by S. from 
 Fond du Lac. Population, 565. 
 
 Buffalo Bayou, a small stream of Texas, 
 which flows eastward through Harris coun- 
 ty, and passing the city of Houston, enters 
 an arm of Galveston bay at Lynchburg. 
 Steamboats navigate the bayou at all sea- 
 sons from its mouth to Houston, a distance 
 of 45 miles. 
 
 Buffalo City, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Buffalo Creek of Erie county. New York, 
 is formed by the junction of Cazenove, 
 Seneca, and Cayuga creeks. It flows a nearly 
 westward course, and falls into Lake Erie at 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Buffalo Creek, in the W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, falls into the Alleghany river, about 
 25 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Buffalo Creek of Perry county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Juniata about 12 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Buffalo Creek of Union county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the North Branch of the 
 Susquehanna river near Lewisburg. 
 
 Buffalo Creek of North Carolina, flows 
 into Rocky river, about 12 miles S. from 
 Concord, Cabarras county. 
 
 Buffalo Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 into Broad river in the N. W. part of York 
 district. 
 
 Buffalo Creek of Glynn county, Georgia, 
 flows into the Atlantic a little below Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
 Buffalo Creek of Washington county, 
 Georgia, enters the Oconee from the left, 
 about 12 miles S. W. from Sandersville. 
 
 Buffalo Creek of Mississippi, flows 
 through Wilkinson county into the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 Buffalo Creek, Iowa, rises near the N, 
 border of Buchanan county, and falls into 
 the Wapsipinicon near Anamosa, capital of 
 Jones county. 
 
 Buffalo Creek, a post-office of Campbell 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Buffalo Cross Pioads, a post-office of 
 Union county, Pennsylvania. 
 
BUF 
 
 BUL 
 
 Buffalo Fobd, a post-office of Wythe coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Buffalo Ford, a post-office of Randolph 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Buffalo Forge, a post-office of Rockbridge 
 county, Virginia, 156 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Buffalo Gap, a post-office of Augusta 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Buffalo Grove, a small village of Ogle 
 county, Illinois, 15 miles W. by S. from Ore- 
 gon City. 
 
 Buffalo Heart, a post-village of Sanga- 
 mon county, Illinois, 15 miles N. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Buffalo Knob, a little village in the S. 
 part of Pike county, Missouri. 
 
 Buffalo Lake, Wisconsin, a small narrow 
 lake, or more properly, an expansion of 
 Neenah river, in Marquette county, about 
 10 miles long, communicating with Puckawa 
 Lake. 
 
 Buffalo Mountain, Pennsylvania, is situ- 
 ated in the N. part of Union county, N. of 
 Buffalo creek, an affluent of the W. branch 
 of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Buffalo Plains, a post-office of Erie coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Buffalo Prairie, a small post-village of 
 Rock Island county, Illinois. 
 
 Buffalo River, of Tennessee, rises in the 
 S. W. central part of the state, and flow- 
 ing westward and northward, enters Duck 
 river near the N. border of Perry coun- 
 ty. Flat-boats descend this stream in high 
 water. 
 
 Buffalo River, or RiviJire au Boeuf, 
 (re^ve-air' o bef,) of Missouri, rises in Gas- 
 conade county, and flows north-eastward 
 through Franklin county into the Missouri, 
 about 10 miles above Washington. 
 
 Buffalo River of Wisconsin, a small 
 stream which forms the boundary between 
 Chippewa and La Crosse counties, and enters 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 Buffalo, a small river of Chippewa coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, flows S. W. into Chippewa 
 river. 
 
 Buffalo Run, a post-office of Centre coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Buffalo Springs, a post-office of Amherst 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bufford's, a village of Reynolds county, 
 Missouri, on Big Blackwater river, about 
 90 miles S. S. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 BuFOBD, a post-office of Ohio county, Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Buford, a small post-village of Highland 
 county, Ohio, about 45 miles E. from Cincin- 
 nati. 
 
 Bufokd's, a post-office of Bedford county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Buford's Bridge, a post-office of Barnwell 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Buggabo, a post-office of Wilkes county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Bug Hall, a post-office of Macon county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Bulah, a post-office of Obion county, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 BuLBYViLLE, a post-officc of Brcckenridge 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Bulger's Mills, a post-office of Coosa 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 BuLBONus Grove, a post-office of Will 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Bull Creek, of Taney county, Missouri, 
 enters White river near the middle of the 
 county. 
 
 Bull Creek, a post-office of Wood county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bullitt county, Kentucky, in the N. W. 
 central part of the state, about 1 mile from 
 the Ohio river, contains about 300 square 
 miles. It is drained by Salt river and by 
 the Rolling fork of that river, which washes 
 its S. W. border. The surface is diversified 
 with hills of moderate height, which are co- 
 vered with pines, and abound in iron ore of 
 rich quality. Cattle, sheep, and swine are 
 the chief articles of export. In 1850 this 
 county produced 418,530 bushels of corn ; 
 82,298 of oats, and 13,146 pounds of wool. 
 It contained 10 churches, and 150 pupils at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The 
 railroad from Louisville to Nashville will 
 pass through the county, and afford an easy 
 access to market. There are 2 iron fur- 
 naces, 1 rolling mill, and several woollen 
 factories in operation. Capital, Shepherds- 
 ville. Population, 6784, of whom 5419 were 
 free, and 1365, slaves. 
 
 Bullion, a post-office of Waukesha county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Bullock, a county in the E. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on the Ogeechee river, contains 
 about 900 square miles. The surface is level, 
 and the soil generally sandy and poor. The 
 climate is reputed healthy. Cotton, corn, 
 rice, and sugar-cane, are the staples. A 
 great part of the county is occupied by pine 
 forests, which aflFord valuable timber, and 
 abound in game. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 112,475 pounds of rice; 60,610 bu- 
 shels of sweet potatoes ; 98,612 of corn, and 
 2237 of oats. It contained 10 churches, and 
 258 pupils attending public schools. The 
 Central Railroad follows the course of the 
 Ogechee, near the N. E. boundary of the 
 county. Organized in 1796. Capital, States- 
 borough. 
 
 BuLLMOUTH Creek, of Mississippi, enters 
 the Tombigbee from the N. E., near the N. 
 line of Monroe county. 
 
 Bullock Creek, a post-office of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Bullock's Creek, of York district, South 
 Carolina, flows south-westward, and enters 
 the Broad river near the S. W. extremity of 
 the district. 
 
 Bull Point, a small village of Dallas 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 159 
 
BUL 
 
 BUR 
 
 Bull Run, in the N. E. part of Virginia, 
 forms the boundary between Fairfax and 
 Prince William counties, until it enters the 
 Occoquan river, 14 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Bull Run, a post-office of Grainger coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Bull's Heap, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county, New York. 
 
 BuLLSKiN, a township in the N. part of 
 Fayette county, Pennsylvania, 38 miles S. E. 
 from Pittsburg. Population, 1428. 
 
 Bull's Swajip, a post-oflSce of Orange- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 Bulltown, a post-office of Braxton county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Bulltown, a small village of Franklin 
 county, Indiana, about 15 miles W. N. W. 
 from Brookville. 
 
 BuLLUCTAH, a post-office of Leake county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 BuLLViLLE, a post-office of Orange coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 BuNCOMB, a district in Clark county, 
 Georgia. Population, 683. 
 
 Buncombe, a county in the W. part of 
 North Carolina, near the border of Tennes- 
 see, with an area estimated at 450 square 
 miles. It is traversed by the French Broad 
 river. The county is occupied by mountains 
 and valleys of the Apalachian system, and 
 the Blue Ridge extends along or near the S. 
 E. border. The soil is fertile, and particu- 
 larly adapted to pasturage. In 1850 this 
 county produced 487,014 bushels of corn ; 
 27,548 of wheat; 135,304 of oats; 8243^ 
 tons of hay, and 127,677 pounds of butter. 
 The quantity of butter was the greatest pro- 
 duced by any county in the state. There 
 were 7 saw mills and 5 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 42 churches and 2 newspaper esta- 
 blishments. The celebrated Warm Springs 
 are in the N. W. part of the county. A turn- 
 pike extends through the county to Tennes- 
 see and South Carolina. Formed in 1791, 
 and named in honor of Colonel Edward 
 Buncombe, of the Continental army. The 
 origin of the phrase, " talking for Bun- 
 combe," is thus explained in Wheeler's His- 
 tory of North Carolina: — "Several years 
 ago, in congress, the member from this 
 district arose to address the house, without 
 any extraordinary powers, in manner or 
 matter, to interest the audience. Many 
 members left the hall. Very naively he told 
 those who remained that they might go too ; 
 he should speak for some time, but 'he was 
 only talking for Buncombe.'^' Capital, Ash- 
 ville. Population, 13,425, of whom 11,708 
 were free, and 1717, slaves. 
 
 Buncombe, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area of 
 about 800 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by the Sioux river, and intersected 
 by Inyan Reakah river, and also drained by 
 one of its tributaries. Ocheyedan lake, the 
 source of the river of the same name, is 
 160 
 
 situated in the E. part of the county. Bun- 
 combe county is not included in the census 
 of 1850. County seat not located. 
 
 Buncombe, a post-office of Pontotoc county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Buncombe, a post-office of Dubuque coun- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Bundysbukg, a post-office of Geauga coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Bungeb's Mill, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a post-office of Bucks coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a post-office of Bedford 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a post-office of Smith coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a post-office of Rusk coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a post-office of Butler coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a post- township in Ingham 
 county, Michigan, about 70 miles W. N. W. 
 from Detroit. Population, 374. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a small village of Miami 
 county, Indiana, on the Peru and Indianapo- 
 lis railroad, 6 or 7 miles S. from Peru. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a thriving post-village of 
 Macoupin county, Illinois, 60 miles S. by W'. 
 from Springfield. It is surrounded by a rich 
 farming region. 
 
 Bunker Hill, a post-office of AUomakee 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Bunker's Hill, a post-office of Catawba 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Bunker's Hill, a post-office of Giles coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Bunker's Hill, a small village of White 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Bunker's Hill, a post-office of Grant 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Bunnell's Landing, a post-office of Wa- 
 bashaw county, Minnesota territory. 
 
 BuNTAM Falls, a small village in Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut, about 25 miles W. of 
 Hartford. 
 
 BuRBANK, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 BuRBOis, a post-office of Franklin county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 BuBCH Creek, of Clay county, Indiana, 
 flows into Eel river. 
 
 BuBCHTiLLE, a post-towuship in St. Clair 
 county, Michigan, about 80 miles N. N. E. 
 from Detroit. Population, 731. 
 
 BuRDETTE, a post-village of Tompkins 
 county. New York, on the E. shore of Seneca 
 lake, 180 miles W. by S. from Albany. It 
 contains a number of stores and, perhaps, 
 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Bureau, a county toward the N. W. part 
 of Illinois, has an area of about 800 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. E. by the 
 Illinois river, and intersected by Green river 
 and Bureau creek. The surface is generally 
 level or slightly undulating, and destitute of 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 timber, excepting small groves : the soil is 
 good. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 642,823 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 171,402 of wheat; 119,048 of oats; 9428 
 tons of hay, and 151,410 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 13 churches and 1 newspaper 
 establishment. There were 1473 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The Illinois river is 
 navigable by steamboats on the border of the 
 county. A railroad is in progress of con- 
 struction through the county from Rock 
 Island to Chicago. Capital, Princeton. Po- 
 pulation, 8841. 
 
 Bureau Creek, Illinois, falls into the Illi- 
 nois river opposite to Hennepin, in Putnam 
 county. 
 
 Burgess's Store, a post-office of Nor- 
 thumberland county, Virginia. 
 
 BuRGETTSTQWN, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N. 
 N. W. from Washington, the county seat. 
 
 Burke, a county in the W. part of North 
 Carolina, has an area estimated at 450 square 
 miles. It is traversed from W. to E. by Ca- 
 tawba river, and also drained by Linville 
 river and Mulberry creek. The surface is 
 elevated and in some parts mountainous ; 
 the Blue Ridge, extending along the N. W. 
 border, is remarkable for the grandeur of its 
 scenery. The soil in some places is produc- 
 tive, and well adapted to grazing. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and swine are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 232,237 bushels of corn; 16,013 of wheat; 
 36,959 of oats, and 1200 tons of hay. There 
 were 6 corn and flour mills and 2 tanneries. 
 It contained 28 churches. It is intersected 
 by the Western turnpike. Formed in 1777, 
 and named in honor of the illustrious orator 
 and statesman, Edmund Burke. Capital, 
 Morgantown. Population, 7772, of whom 
 5640 were free, and 2132, slaves. 
 
 Burke, a county in the E. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on the Savannah river, which se- 
 parates it from South Carolina, has an area 
 of 1040 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S. by the Ogeechee river, and traversed by 
 Brier and Rocky creeks. The surface is 
 moderately uneven, the soil highly produc- 
 tive. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county^ produced 19,175 bales of cotton, 
 (more than any other in the state excepting 
 Houston;) 643,608 bushels of corn; 28,260 
 of oats, and 111,232 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 16 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 1 
 manufactory of agricultural implements, and 
 14 timber-hewing establishments. It con- 
 tained 20 churches, 150 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 127 attending academies 
 or other schools. Limestone, burrstone, and 
 gypsum are abundant; chalcedony, agate, 
 and jasper are found. The Savannah river 
 is navigable on the border of the county, 
 •which is intersected by the Central railroad. 
 
 L 
 
 Burke county was formed in 1777. Capital, 
 Waynesborough. Population, 16,100, of 
 whom 5268 were free, and 10,832, slaves. 
 
 Burke, a post-township of Caledonia coun- 
 ty, Vermont, about 40 miles N. E. from Mont- 
 pelier, intersected by branches of Passump- 
 sic river. Population, 1103. 
 
 Burke, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Franklin county. New York. 
 
 Burke's Garden, a post-office of Tazewell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Burke's Station, a post-office of Fairfax 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 BuRKEsviLLE, a post-village of Prince Ed- 
 ward county, Virginia, on the Richmond and 
 Danville railroad, at its junction with the 
 South Side railroad, 52 miles W. from Pe- 
 tersburg. 
 
 BuRKESviLLB, E post-villagc. Capital of 
 Cumberland county, Kentucky, on the right 
 bank of Cumberland river, 116 miles in a 
 straight line S. by W. from Frankfort. It 
 contains a court house, a church, and an 
 academy. Population, near 400. 
 
 BuRKEViLLE, a Small post-village, capital 
 of Newton county, Texas, on Little* Cow 
 creek, about 340 miles E. by N. from Austin 
 City. It contains the county buildings and 
 a few dwellings. The seat of justice was es- 
 tablished here in 1848. 
 
 BuRKiTTSviLLE, a post-office of Frederick 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 BuRKiTTsviLLE, a post-office of Attala coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Burk's Store, a small village of Cape Gi- 
 rardeau county, Missouri. 
 
 BuRXESON, a county in the S. central part 
 of Texas, has an area of 1025 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. E. by Brazos river, 
 on the S. by Yegua creek, and drained by 
 Davidson's creek. The soil in some parts is 
 fertile. Indian corn, cotton, sugar, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 70,000 bushels of corn ; 
 3620 of sweet potatoes ; 1010 bales of cot- 
 ton ; 10 hogsheads of sugar, and 17,230 
 pounds of butter. It contained 4 churches, 
 and 115 pupils attending public schools. Ca- 
 pital, Caldwell. Population, 1713, of whom 
 1213 were free, and 500, slaves. Named in 
 honor of General Edward Burleson, vice- 
 president of the republic. 
 
 Burleson, a post-office of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 BuRLiNGHAM, a post-village of Sullivan 
 county. New York, about 95 miles S. S. W. 
 from Albany. 
 
 BuRLiNGHAM, a post-office of Panola coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 BuRLiNGHAM, a Small post-village in Meigs 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Burlington, a county occupying the middle 
 part of New Jersey, has an area of about 
 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N. 
 W. by the Delaware river, and S. E. by the 
 Atlantic ocean, extending entirely across 
 
 161 
 
BUR 
 
 BtJR 
 
 the state. It is drained by Little Egg Har- 
 bor river, -which partly bounds it on the S. 
 W., and its branches flowing into the Atlan- 
 tic, and by Rancocus, Assiscunk, and Cross- 
 wicks creeks, falling into the Delaware. 
 The surface is generally level, and in many 
 parts covered vrith pine timber. The soil 
 in the N. W. portion, for about 12 miles from 
 the river, is a very fertile loam ; the remain- 
 der principally sandy, with a substratum of 
 clay. Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 883,011 bushels of corn; 
 364,461 of potatoes; 152,369 of wheat; 
 41,783 tons of hay, and 688,868 pounds of 
 butter. The quantity of hay was the great- 
 est produced by any county in the state. 
 There were 4 chandleries, 3 newspaper, and 
 
 1 calico-printing establishment, 2 cotton 
 and 2 woollen factories, 7 foundries, 4 glass 
 manufactories, 28 flour mills, 2 grist mills, 
 
 2 paper mills, 52 saw mills, and 19 coach 
 manufactories. It contained 83 churches, 
 and 6771 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 1400 attending academies or other 
 schools. Bog iron ore is found in many 
 places, and marl is abundant in the western 
 part. Animal relics, such as shells, bones, 
 and also petrified vegetables, are frequently 
 found in the marl. In Springfield township 
 there is a petrifying well. The Camden and 
 Amboy railroad traverses this county, and 
 a branch railroad connecting Burlington 
 with Mount Holly is included within it. Or- 
 ganized in 1694, and named from Bridlington, 
 commonly pronounced Burlington, a town of 
 England. Capital, Mount Holly. Popula- 
 tion, 43,203. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 40 miles N. E. from Bangor. 
 Population, 481. 
 
 I5uKLiNGT0N, a port of entry, and seat of 
 justice of Chittenden county, Vermont, and 
 the most populous town in the state, is situ- 
 ated on a bay of its own name, on the E. 
 side of Lake Champlain, 40 miles by railroad 
 W. N. W. from Montpelier, and by steamboat 
 82 miles N. from Whitehall. Lat. 44° 27' N. ; 
 Ion. 73° 10' W. The ground on which Bur- 
 lington is situated is low along the borders 
 of the lake, but rises as it recedes from the 
 shore to a considerable elevation. The 
 United States government has erected a 
 light-house on Juniper island, at the mouth 
 of Burlington bay, and constructed a break- 
 water to protect the shipping in the harbor. 
 For beauty of location Burlington is 
 scarcely surpassed by any town or village 
 in New England. The streets cross each 
 other at right angles ; those extending east- 
 ward from the lake are a mile in length. 
 In the centre is the public square, around 
 which are situated the court house, the 
 principal hotels, and several fine stores 
 Many of the dwellings are surrounded with 
 yards ornamented with shrubbery and 
 162 
 
 shade-trees. The University of Vermont h 
 located about a mile from the shore, at the 
 eastern extremity of the village, on a com ■ 
 manding elevation, 281 feet above the leve 
 of the lake. Belonging to it are four spa- 
 cious edifices. The dome of the centre build- 
 ing commands a magnificent view of the lake 
 and surrounding country. Connected with 
 the institution is a medical school. The 
 university was founded in 1791, and received 
 from the state a grant of about 80,000 acres 
 of land. The town contains four banks, 
 three newspaper ofBccs, and a number of 
 churches. Besides the facilities for steam- 
 boat navigation which it enjoys on the lake, 
 Burlington has direct communication by rail- 
 road with Boston, Whitehall, Ogdensburg, 
 and Montreal. Burlington was settled 1783. 
 Population of the township in 1830, 3525 ; 
 1840, 4271 ; 1850, 6110. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township of Middle- 
 sex county, Massachusetts, 14 miles N. by 
 W. from Boston. Population, 545. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township of Hartford 
 county, Connecticut, on the W. side of Far m- 
 ington river, 15 miles W. of Hartford. Po- 
 pulation, 1161. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township of Otsego 
 county, New York, 80 miles W. from Albany. 
 Population, 1835. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township of Bnrling- 
 ton county. New Jersey, on the Delaware 
 river, containing the city of the same name. 
 Population, including the city, 5399. 
 
 Burlington, a city of Burlington county, 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, nearly 
 opposite Bristol, 20 miles above Philadelphia, 
 and 12 miles S. W. from Trenton. Lat. 40" 
 5' N. ; Ion. 73° 10' AV. The Camden and 
 Amboy railroad connects it with New York 
 and Philadelphia. The river is here about 
 one mile wide, and is divided by an island 
 containing 300 acres, lying nearly opposite 
 the city. The streets are wide, straight, 
 and well shaded with trees and lighted with 
 gas. The houses are mostly built of brick, 
 and the bank of the Delaware is adorned 
 with many handsome residences and gardens. 
 The city is copiously supplied with good 
 water, raised by means of hydraulic ma- 
 chinery. It contains 1 Catholic and 9 Pro- 
 testant churches, a bank, a public library, 
 and a lyceum building, now used as a town 
 hall. There are 2 large and flourishing 
 boarding schools, one for each sex, beauti- 
 fully situated on the bank of the river. 
 Burlington college of this place was found- 
 ed by the Episcopalians in 1846, and had 
 in 1852, 118 students, with a library of 
 1200 volumes. This city is much resortec' 
 to during the summer months by the citi- 
 zens of Philadelphia, with which it commu- 
 nicates by steamboats several times a day. 
 It was settled in 1667, and was origin- 
 ally called New Beverly. Population, 
 4536. 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 Burlington a post-township of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. from To- 
 wanda. Population, 1927. 
 
 BuKLiNGTON, a post-viUagc in the above 
 township, about 10 miles W. from Towanda. 
 
 Burlington, a small village of Roanoke 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Burlington, a small village of Hampshire 
 county, Virginia, on Patterson's creek, 205 
 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Burlington, a post-office of East Baton 
 Rouge parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Burlington, a handsome post-village, ca- 
 pital of Boone county, Kentucky, 6 miles from 
 the Ohio river, and 16 miles S. W. from Cin- 
 cinnati. It contains 4 churches, an academy, 
 a woollen factory, and a tobacco factory. In- 
 corporated in 1824. Population, about 500. 
 
 Burlington, a post-village of Clinton 
 county, Ohio, 11 miles N. W. from Wilming- 
 ton, contains several stores and about 300 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Burlington, a small village of Belmont 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, a few miles 
 above Wheeling. 
 
 Burlington, a small post-village of Ha- 
 milton county, Ohio. 
 
 Burlington, a township in the N. part of 
 Licking county, Ohio. 
 
 Burlington, a post-village, capital of Law- 
 rence county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 145 
 miles S. by E. from Columbus, and at the S. 
 extremity of the state. It contains, besides 
 the county buildings, several churches and 1 
 newspaper ofiBce. 
 
 Burlington, a little village in Marseilles 
 township, in the S. W. part of Wyandot 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Calhoun county, Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 811. 
 
 Burlington, a post-village in the above 
 township, on St. Joseph's river. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township in Carroll 
 county, Indiana, about 18 miles S. E. from 
 Delphi. Population, 846. 
 
 Burlington, a post-village of Carroll 
 county, Indiana, on the Michigan road, and 
 on Wildcat creek, 52 miles N. from India- 
 napolis. It had in 1850, 164 inhabitants. 
 
 Burlington, a small post-village of Dela- 
 ware county, Indiana, on Prairie creek, 7 
 miles S. E. from Muncie, has 1 church and 
 nearly 100 inhabitants. The post-office is 
 called New Burlington. 
 
 Burlington, a village of Rush county, 
 Indiana, 8 miles W. N. W. from Rushville. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township in Kane 
 county, Illinois. Population, 664. 
 
 Burlington, a post-village of Kane coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 54 miles W. by N. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Burlington, a flourishing commercial city, 
 seat of justice of Des Moines county, and 
 formerly the capital of Iowa, is situated on 
 the Mississippi river, 45 miles above Keokuk, 
 
 250 miles above St. Louis, and 88 miles S. S. 
 E. from Iowa City. In respect to population, 
 this town is not equalled by any in the state 
 excepting Dubuque, which is of nearly the 
 same extent. It continues to maintain a 
 steady and healthy growth, notwithstanding 
 the removal of the seat of government, which 
 occurred in 1839. The river in this part of 
 its course is a broad and beautiful stream of 
 clear water, and the town, situated partly on 
 the top of the bluffs, overlooks a section of 
 country abounding in rich and delightful 
 scenery. Burlington is regularly laid out, 
 and the greater part of the houses are of 
 brick or stone. It contains a number of 
 well-built stone churches, and 4 newspaper 
 offices. A plank-road, 50 miles long, ex- 
 tends, or is extending, westward, from this 
 city to Fairfield, and a railway has been com- 
 menced which will connect it with Peoria and 
 other towns of Illinois. Population in 1853, 
 estimated at 7000. 
 
 Burlington, a post-township in Racine 
 county, Wisconsin, about 35 miles S. S. W. 
 from Milwaukee. Population, 1640. 
 
 Burlington, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Pishtaka or Fox 
 river, at the confluence of the Geneva outlet, 
 26 miles W. by S. from Racine city, with 
 which it is connected by a plank-road. It 
 contains several flouring mills, woollen fac- 
 tories, &c., for which the river affords water- 
 power. 
 
 Burlington Flats, a post- village of Otsego 
 county. New York, 25 miles S. from Utica. 
 
 BuRNERsviLLE, a post-officB of Barbour 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 BuRNESViLLE, a Small post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Burnet, a new county in the central part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 950 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Colorado 
 river, which also forms part of its AV. bound- 
 ary. The surface is hilly. This county is 
 not named in the census of 1850. The pro- 
 ductions are similar to those of Travis coun- 
 ty, from which it was formed. 
 
 Burnet Court House, a post-office of Bur- 
 net county, Texas. 
 
 Burnet, a village in the N. part of Dallas 
 county, Missouri, on Niangua river. 
 
 Burnet's Creek, of Indiana, flows into the 
 Wabash 4 miles above Lafayette. The battle 
 of Tippecanoe was fought in this vicinity, in 
 November, 1811. 
 
 Burnet's Creek, a post-office of White 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Burnett, a post-township in Dodge coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, about 55 miles N. W. from 
 Milwaukee. Population, 726. 
 
 Burnett, a small village of Dodge county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 BuRNHAM, a post-township of Waldo coun- 
 ty, Maine, on the W. side of the Sebasticook 
 river, 30 miles N, E. from Augusta. Popula- 
 tion, 784, 
 
 163 
 
BUR 
 
 BUS 
 
 BtTKNHAM Village, a post-village in the 
 above township. 
 
 Burning Grove, a small village of Pike 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Burning Spring, a post-office of Wirt 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Burns, a post-township of Alleghany conn- 
 •ty, New York, about 50 miles S. by W. from 
 Kochester, is crossed by the Buffalo and 
 New York railroad. Population, 943. 
 
 Burns, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 ■of Shiawassee county, Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 717. 
 
 Burns, a post-village of Henry county, Il- 
 linois, 55 miles N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 BuRNSiDE, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Clearfield county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 75 miles E. N. E. from Pitts- 
 Tjurg, intersected by the West Branch of Sus- 
 quehanna river. Population, 1046. 
 
 BuRNsviLLE, a small town, capital of Yan- 
 cey county. North Carolina, on the Nolic- 
 liucky river, 250 miles W. from Raleigh. Po- 
 pulation, 200. 
 
 BuENsviLLE, a small village of Bartholo- 
 mew county, Indiana, 10 miles E. S. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 BuRNSviLLE, a post- village of McDonough 
 county, Illinois, 90 miles N. W.from Springfield. 
 
 Burnt Cabins, a small post-village of Ful- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Burnt Corn, a post-village of Monroe 
 county, Alabama. 
 f Burnt Fort, a small village of Camden 
 county, Georgia, on the Santilla river, 48 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Burnt Hills, a post-office of Saratoga 
 county, New York. 
 
 Burnt Ordinary, a post-office of James 
 City county, Virginia. 
 
 Burnt Prairie, a post-office in the north- 
 ern limit of White county, Illinois. 
 
 Burnt Stand, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 BuRNTviLLB, a post-officc of Bruuswick 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Bur Oak, a post-office of Mercer county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Burrett, a post-township in Winnebago 
 county, Illinois, about 10 miles N. W. from 
 Eockford. Population, 591. 
 
 Burrillville, a post-township in the 
 northern part of Providence county, Rhode 
 Island, 20 miles N. W. from Providence. It is 
 intersected by Branch river and its tributa- 
 ries, which afford good water-power. Popu- 
 lation, 3538. 
 
 Burr's Ferry, a post-office of Sabine pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Burr Oak, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of St. Joseph county, Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 658. 
 
 BuRRSViLLE, a post-office of Caroline coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 Burr's Mills, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county. New York. 
 164 
 
 Burrsville, a post-office of Russell coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Burrville, a post-office of Litchfield coun- 
 ty, Connecticut. 
 
 BuRsoNviLLE, a post-office of Bucks coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Burton, a post-township of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York, about 300 miles W. by S. 
 from Albany. Population, 1037. 
 
 Burton, a post-township in Geauga county, 
 Ohio, about 30 miles E. by S. from Cleve- 
 land. Population, 1063. 
 
 Burton, a pleasant post-village in the 
 above township, about 30 miles E. from 
 Cleveland. It contains 3 churches and 1 
 academy. 
 
 Burton, a township in McHenry county, 
 Illinois, about 16 miles N. E. from Wood- 
 stock. 
 
 Burton, a post-village of Adams county, 
 Illinois, 10 miles E. by S. from Quincy. 
 
 Burton's, a post-office of Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Burton's Corners, a small post- village of 
 Boone county, Illinois. 
 
 BuRTONSviLLE, a post-officc of Montgomery 
 county. New York. 
 
 BuRTONTON, a post-office of Copiah county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 BuRTviLLE, a post-office of McEean coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Burwell's Bay, a post-office of Isle of 
 Wight county, Virginia. 
 
 Busbayville, a post-village in the N. part 
 of Houston county, Georgia, 16 miles S. by 
 W. from Macon. 
 
 Bush Creek, a township in Washington 
 county, Arkansas. Population, 589. 
 
 Bush Creek, a township in Scioto county, 
 Ohio. Population, 650. 
 
 BusHi, a post-office of Clark county, Ala- 
 bama. 
 
 BusHKiLL Creek of Pike county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, falls into the Delaware river near the 
 S. extremity of the county. 
 
 BusHKiLL Creek of Northampton county, 
 Pennsylvania, enters the Delaware at Easton. 
 BusHKiLL, a township of Northampton 
 county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. N. W. 
 from Easton, drained by Bushkill creek. 
 Population, 1839. 
 
 Bushkill, a post-village of Pike county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, near 
 the mouth of Bushkill creek. 
 
 Bushnell's Basin, a post-village of Mon- 
 roe county. New York, on the Erie canal, 
 217 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 BusHNELLSviLLE, a post-officc of Greene 
 county. New York. 
 
 Bush River, of South Carolina, a small 
 stream flowing south-eastward through New- 
 bury district, into Saluda river. 
 
 Bush's Mills, a post-office of Lewis coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Bush's Store, a post-office of Laurel 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
BUS 
 
 BUT 
 
 BusHVinE, a post-office of Sullivan coun- 
 ty, New Yoi-k. 
 
 BusHViLLE, a posir-village of Franklin 
 county, Georgia, 109 miles N. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 BusHwiCK, a township of King's county, 
 New York, 3 miles E. from Brooklyn. Po- 
 pulation, 3177. 
 
 Bushy Fork, a little village in the N. E. 
 part of Coles county, Illinois. 
 
 Business Cornek, a post-office of Van 
 Buren county, Iowa. 
 
 Buskirk's Bridge, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington county. New York, on Hoosic river, 
 2^ miles N. N. E. from Albany. 
 
 BusROBN Mills, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 BussELViLLE, a village in the N. E. part 
 of Lawrence county, Illinois, on the Wabash 
 river. 
 
 BussERO Creek of Indiana, rises in Vigo 
 county, and, after a course of about 50 miles, 
 falls into ihe AVabash, nearly 15 miles above 
 Vincennes. 
 
 BussviLLE, a little village of Jefferson 
 county, Illinois, 12 miles W. by N. from 
 Mount Vernon. 
 
 BusTi, a post-township of Chautauque 
 county, New York, on Chautauque lake, 20 
 miles S. E. from Maysville. Population, 
 1990. 
 
 BtrsTLETON, a post-village of Philadelphia 
 county, Pennsylvania, 11 miles N. E. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Butcher's Store, a post-office of Ran- 
 dolph county, Virginia. 
 
 BuTEviLLE, a post-office of Marion county, 
 Oregon. 
 
 Butler, a county in the W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, has an area of about 800 square 
 miles. The Alleghany river touches the N. E. 
 and S. E. extremities ; the N. part is drained 
 by Slippery Rock creek, and the S. part by 
 Conequenessing creek. The surface is most- 
 ly undulating. The soil contains a large 
 portion of sand, and is moderately fertile. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, wool, silk, 
 cattle, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 231,595 bushels of 
 wheat; 237,339 of corn; 585,684 of oats; 
 31,695 tons of hay, and 699,764 pounds of 
 butter. There were 3 woollen factories, 
 1 cotton factory, 28 flour and grist mills, 
 10 saw mills, 6 saddle and harness manufac- 
 tories, 14 tanneries, 5 manufactories of 
 cabinet ware, 2 of agricultural implements, 
 1 of coaches, 2 of hats and caps, and 2 of 
 tin and sheet-iron ware, 2 breweries, 5 iron 
 furnaces, 4 iron foundries, 1 distillery, and 
 3 potteries. It contained 62 churches and 
 3 newspaper establishments. There were 
 7000 pupils attending public schools, and 
 113 attending academies or other, schools. 
 Bituminous coal is abundant in many places, 
 and the county contains valuable mines of 
 ja-on and quarries of limestone. Organized 
 
 in 1800, and named in honor of General 
 Richard Butler, who fell at St. Clair's de- 
 feat in 1791. Capital, Butler. Population, 
 30,346. 
 
 Butler, a county in the S. part of Ala- 
 bama, has an area of 875 square miles. It 
 is drained by Sepulga river, and bounded on 
 the E. by the Patsaliga or W. Fork of 
 Conecuh river. The surface is uneven ; the 
 soil is moderately fertile. Cotton and In- 
 dian corn are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 4094 bales of cotton ; 
 305,272 bushels of corn, and 84,890 of sweet 
 potatoes. Pine timber is abundant in the 
 county. Capital, Greenville. Population, 
 10,836, of whom 7197 were free, and 3639, 
 slaves. 
 
 Butler, a county in the S. W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, contains about 500 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Green river, (navigable for 
 steamboats,) and also drained by Barren 
 river. The surface is hilly, the soil mode- 
 rately fertile. Indian corn, oats, tobacco, 
 and live stock are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 289,774 bushels of corn; 40,840 of 
 oats, and 207,819 pounds of tobacco. It 
 contained 13 churches, and 818 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Morgantown. 
 Population, 5755, of whom 5074 were free, 
 and 681, slaves. 
 
 Butler, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Indiana, has an area of 
 455 sqtfare miles. It is intersected by the 
 Miami river, and also drained by St. Clair's, 
 Mill, and Four Mile creeks. The surface is 
 nearly level ; the soil is uniformly and high- 
 ly productive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, butter, and pork are the staples. By 
 the census of 1850, this county produced 
 2,737,734 bushels of corn, (more than any 
 other county in the state, excepting Ross;) 
 291,782 of wheat ; 344,517 of oats ; and 10,494 
 tons of hay. It contained 73 churches and 
 3 newspapers ; 5476 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 495 attending academies and 
 other schools. The rock which underlies 
 this part of the state is the blue or Trenton 
 limestone, a good material for building. 
 The county is abundantly supplied with 
 water-power. It is intersected by the Mi- 
 ami canal, and by the railroad from Cincin- 
 nati to Dayton. The Hamilton and Eaton 
 railroad terminates at Hamilton, the coun- 
 ty seat. Organized in 1803. Population, 
 30,789. 
 
 Butler, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, has an 
 area of 560 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by St. Francis river, and intersected 
 by the Big Black river, and Cane creek. The 
 general surface is level. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and cattle are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 55,800 bushels of corn ; 
 2337 of wheat, and 3058 of oats. It con- 
 tained 4 churches, and 91 pupils attending 
 public schools. Named in honor of William 
 
 165 
 
BUT 
 
 BUT 
 
 0. Butler, of Kentucky. Population, 1616, 
 of "whom 1563 were free, and 53, slaves. 
 
 Butler, a new county in the ISf. E. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is intersected by English river, 
 and also drained by Pipe and Otter creeks. 
 It contains extensive prairies, mostly un- 
 cultivated. This county is not included 
 in the census of 1860. County seat not 
 located. 
 
 BuTLEK, a post-township of Wayne county. 
 New York, 45 miles E. from Rochester. Po- 
 pulation, 2272. 
 
 Butler, a village in the N. W. part of the 
 above township. 
 
 Butler, a township of Adams county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1269. 
 
 Butler, a post-borough, capital of Butler 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Conequenessing 
 creek, 30 miles N. from Pittsburg. It is a 
 pleasant and quiet town, having an elevated 
 position and an extensive prospect. It con- 
 tains an academy and several churches. 
 3 newspapers are issued here. Population, 
 in 1850 1148, in 1863 about 1500. 
 
 Butler, a township of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, 16 miles S. by W. from Wilkes- 
 barre, drained by Nescopec creek. Popula- 
 tion, 725. 
 
 Butler, a township of Schuylkill county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 400. 
 
 Butler, a post-oflfice of Baltimore county, 
 Maryland.. •• 
 
 Butler, a post-office of Talbot county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Butler, a new post-village, capital of 
 Choctaw county, Alabama, about 100 miles 
 in a direct line W. by S. from Montgo- 
 mery. 
 
 Butler, a post-office of Franklin parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Butler, a post-office of Johnson county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Butler, a township in Columbiana coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 40 miles N. N. W. from Steu- 
 benville. Population, 1692. 
 
 Butler, a township in Darke county, Ohio, 
 about 60 miles N. by W. from Cincinnati. 
 Population, 1446. 
 
 Butler, a township in Knox county, Ohio, 
 about 50 miles N. E. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, 763. 
 
 Butler, a township in Mercer county, 
 Ohio, about 50 miles W. N. W. from Belle- 
 fontaine. Population, 221. 
 
 Butler, a township in Montgomery coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 20 miles N. by W. from Day- 
 ton. Population, 1975. 
 
 Butler, a post-township in Richland coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 1139. 
 
 BuTLEB, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Branch county, Michigan. 
 
 Butler, a post-township in De Kalb coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 651. 
 
 Butler, a township in Franklin county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1037. 
 
 lee 
 
 Butler, a township in Miami county, In- 
 diana. Population, 840. 
 
 Butler, a township in Winnebago county, 
 Illinois, about 8 miles S. E. from Rockford. 
 Population, 644. 
 
 Butler, Dunklin county, Missouri. See 
 Kennett. 
 
 Butler, a post-village in the S. part of 
 Keokuk county, Iowa, 60 miles S. W. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Butler, a post-office of Milwaukee coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, 8 miles N. W. from Milwaukee 
 City. 
 
 Butler's Creek, of Richmond county, 
 Georgia, flows into the Savannah a few miles 
 below Augusta. 
 
 Butler's Landing, a post-village of Jack- 
 son county, Tennessee, 85 miles N. E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Butler's Spring, a post-office of Butler 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Butlersyille, a post-office of Anderson's 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Butlerville, a post-office of Butler coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Butlerville, a post-office of Warren coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Butlerville, or Butlersville, a post- vil- 
 lage of Jenning's county, Indiana, 6 miles 
 E. N. E. from Vernon. 
 
 Butman's Mills, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Buttahatchie, a small river of Alabama 
 and Mississippi, rises in the N. W. part of 
 the former, and flowing south-westward into 
 Mississippi, enters the Tombigbee near Ha- 
 milton. 
 
 Buttahatchie, or Buttahatcht, a post- 
 office of Monroe county, Mississippi. 
 
 Butte, (bute,) a county in the N. part of Ca- 
 lifornia, bordering on the Utah Territory, has 
 an area estimated at 5000 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the W. by Sacramento river, 
 and is drained by Feather river and its Mid- 
 dle fork, which afford many fine mill sites. 
 The surface is uneven, and in some parts 
 mountainous, with many beautiful and fer- 
 tile valleys fitted for agriculture and stock- 
 raising. These valleys are timbered and co- 
 vered with the finest grass ; water is abun- 
 dant, and irrigation easy. The mountains 
 are often covered with majestic pines and 
 cedars. Its scenery is picturesque and 
 grand. Butte mountains, on the Sacramen- 
 to river, Table mountain, near Feather river, 
 having the appearance of an ancient castle, 
 and the lofty Mount Hood, whose snow- 
 capped summit may be seen at an immense 
 distance, are situated in this county. The 
 soil, when not too much broken, is generally 
 fertile. Barley, wheat, cattle, and horses 
 are the staples. In 1852 this county pro- 
 duced 32,940 bushels of barley, and 3355 of 
 wheat. There were 4536 beef-cattle, and 
 1560 horses. The number of acres in culti- 
 vation was 2144. The amount of capital 
 
BUT 
 
 BYL 
 
 employed in quartz mining was $340,764; 
 in placer mining $22,350, and in other min- 
 ing $55,650. Platina and iron abound in 
 all the mining districts, but not in sufficient 
 quantities to justify the use of machinery. 
 Quicksilver is found in abundance ; silver in 
 small quantities, and lead in a pure state on 
 the head waters of Middle fork. Gold is 
 found in the county, chiefly imbedded in 
 quartz, the mining of which pays a good 
 percentage. The name of the county was 
 derived from the Butte mountains, on Sacra- 
 jiento river. County seat, Hamilton. Po- 
 pulation, 8572. 
 
 Butte, a small town of Butte county, 
 in the N. part of California, is situated on 
 the Sacramento river, about 75 miles above 
 its junction with Feather river, and on the 
 road from Fremont to Shasta, 125 miles in 
 a direct line N. by E. from San Francisco. 
 
 Bdttk des Morts, a post-village of Win- 
 nebago county, Wisconsin, on the lake of the 
 same name, about 85 miles N. N. E. from 
 Madison. It has 1 steam mill, 4 stores, and 
 15 dwellings. 
 
 Butte River rises in Butte county, to- 
 wards the N. N. W. part of California, and 
 flowing in a general S. S. W. course, falls 
 into the Sacramento river in Sutter county, 
 about 30 miles above Fremont. 
 
 Butterfly, a post-office of Oswego county, 
 New York. 
 
 Butter Hill, in Orange county. New 
 York, a steep eminence on the W. side of 
 the Hudson, opposite to Breakneck hill. 
 Height about 1530 feet. 
 
 Buttermilk, a post-office of Orange coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Buttermilk Channel, of New York har- 
 bor, separates Governor's island from Long 
 Island. 
 
 Buttermilk Falls, of New York, a small 
 cascade on the W. bank of the Hudson, 2 
 miles below West Point. 
 
 Buttermilk Falls, a small post-village 
 of Wyoming county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Susquehanna river, and on the N. Branch 
 canal, 135 miles N. E. from Harrisburg, has 
 a very excellent water-power. The name of 
 the post-office is simply "Falls." 
 
 Butternut Ridge, a post-office of San- 
 dusky county, Ohio. 
 
 Butternuts, a post-township of Otsego 
 county. New York, 90 miles W. by S. from 
 Albany, is drained by Unadilla river. Po- 
 pulation, 1928. 
 
 BurrERviLLE, a small post-village of War- 
 ren county, Ohio. Population, 228. 
 
 Butts, a county in the central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of about 180 square 
 miles. The Oconee river forms its boundary 
 on the E. and N. E. ; it is also drained by 
 Tussahaw, Yellow Water, and Sandy creeks. 
 The general surface is level ; the soil 
 moderately fertile. Cotton, wheat, Indian 
 earn, oats, and sweet potatoes are the sta- 
 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 4110 
 bales of cotton; 224,930 bushels of corn; 
 24,690 of oats, and 51,339 of sweet pota- 
 toes. There were 2 tanneries, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 4 saw mills, and 2 grist mills. It 
 contained 12 churches, and 266 pupils at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Gra- 
 nite underlies part of the county. The In- 
 dian Springs on Sandy creek are frequented 
 by many persons in summer. Named in 
 honor of Captain Samuel Butts, an officer 
 in the war of 1812. Capital, Jackson. Po- 
 pulation, 6488, of whom 3683 were free, and 
 2805, slaves. 
 
 Buttsville, a village of Warren county,' 
 New Jersey, on the Pequest creek, 5 miles E. 
 from Belvidere, has a church, a mill, and 
 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Butztown, a small post-village of North- 
 ampton county, Pennsylvania, 56 miles N. 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Buxton, a post-township of York county, 
 Maine, on the W. side of Saco river, about 
 60 miles S. W. by S. from Augusta, has" 
 abundant water-power. Population, 2995. 
 
 Buxton Centre, a post-office of York coun- 
 ty, Maine. 
 
 Buycksville, a post-office of Coosa coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Buzzard's Bay, on the S. coast of Massa- 
 chusetts, is 30 miles long, with a mean width 
 of 7 miles, and contains the harbors of New 
 Bedford, Fair Haven, Rochester, and Ware- 
 ham. The Elizabeth Islands separate it from 
 Vineyard sound. 
 
 Buzzard Roost, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Buzzard Roost, a post-office of Nicholas 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Buzzardsville, a village of Madison coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 44 miles N. N. E. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Byberry, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Philadelphia county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 14 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. 
 Population, 1130. 
 
 Byersville, a post-village in the S. part 
 of Livingston county. New York, 16 miles S. 
 from Genesee. 
 
 Byesville, a post-office of Guernsey coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Byfield, a post-village, partly in New- 
 burg and partly in Rowley townships, Essex 
 county, Massachusetts, 35 miles N. by E. 
 from Boston. A fall in Parker river affords 
 good water-power. Dummer academy, 
 founded in 1756, is located in the village. 
 
 Byhalia, a post-village of Marshall coun- 
 ty, Mississippi, on the road from Memphis 
 to Holly Springs, 18 miles N. W. from the 
 latter. 
 
 Byhalia, a post-office of Union county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Byington, a post-office of Pike countj, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Byler's Mills, a village of Morgan coun- 
 167 
 
BYR 
 
 CAC 
 
 ty, Missouri, 56 miles "W. S. W. from Jeflfer- 
 son City. 
 
 Byram River, in the S. W. part of Con- 
 necticut, enters Long Island sound on the 
 boundary between this state and New York. 
 
 Byram, a township of Sussex county. New 
 Jersey, 8 miles S. E. from Newton. Popu- 
 lation, 1340. 
 
 Byrd, a township in Brown county, Ohio, 
 about 10 miles E. by S. from Georgetown. 
 Population, 2642. 
 
 Byrne, a post-office of Jackson county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Byrneville, a small post-village of Harri- 
 son county, Indiana, about 105 miles S. from 
 Indianapolis, was laid out in 1850. 
 
 BYRjrviiLLE, a small post-village of Scho- 
 harie county, New York, 46 miles W. by S. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Byron, a post-township of Oxford county, 
 Maine, 56 miles N. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 296. 
 
 Byron, a post-township of Genesee coun- 
 ty. New York, 25 miles S. W. from Roches- 
 ter, is intersected by the Rochester and Ba- 
 tavia railroad. Population, 1566. 
 
 Byron, a post-village of the above town- 
 ship, on the Buffalo and Rochester railroad, 
 25 miles W. S. W. from Rochester. It has 2 
 churches and several stores. 
 
 Byron, a small post-village of Greene 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Byron, a township in Kent county, Michi- 
 gan, about 42 miles W. S. W. frem Lyons. 
 Population, 309. 
 
 Byron, a thriving post-village of Burns 
 township, Shiawassee county, Michigan, on 
 the Shiawassee river, about 33 miles E. from 
 Lansing. It has an extensive water-power, 
 and contains a flouring mill, a woollen fac- 
 tory, an iron foundry, 3 stores, and 200 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Byron, a thriving post-village of La Porte 
 county, Indiana, on the Northern Indiana 
 railroad, 5 miles N. E. from La Porte, the 
 county seat, is surrounded by a beautiful 
 and fertile prairie. 
 
 Byron, a post-township in Ogle county, 
 Illinois, about 12 miles N. by E. from Ore- 
 gon City. Population, 644. 
 
 Byron, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Rock river, 187 miles N. by E. from 
 Springiield. 
 
 Byron, a post-township in Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin, about 10 miles S. from 
 Fond du Lac. Population, 835. 
 
 C 
 
 Cabarrus, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of North Carolina, has an area of about 
 850 square miles. It is drained by several 
 branches of Rocky river, an afiluent of the 
 Yadkin. The surface is hilly or mountain- 
 ous; a part of the soil is fertile. Indian 
 168 
 
 corn, cotton, and cattle are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 418,320 bushels 
 of corn, and 2344 bales of cotton. There 
 were 14 corn and flour mills, 2 saw mills, 1 
 cotton factory, and 6 tanneries. It contained 
 21 churches. A considerable quantity of gold 
 was found here about fifty years ago. The 
 county was formed in 1792, and named in 
 honor of Stephen Cabarrus, speaker of the 
 house of commons of North Carolina. Capital, 
 Concord. Population, 8747, of whom 7062 
 were free, and 1685, slaves. 
 
 Cabbagi!town, a small village of Monmouth 
 county. New Jersey, 12 miles E. by S. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 Cabell, a county in the W. part of Virginia, 
 bordering on the Ohio river, which separates 
 it from the state of Ohio, has an area of 448 
 square miles. The Guyandotte river flows 
 through the county into the Ohio. The sur- 
 face is uneven ; the soil partly fertile. In- 
 dian corn and oats are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 281,826 bushels of 
 corn, and 44,912 of oats. There were 9 flour 
 and grist mills, 9 saw mills, 4 wool-carding 
 mills, and 4 tanneries. It contained 14 
 churches, 274 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 20 attending an academy. The main 
 thoroughfare from Richmond to the Ohio 
 river passes through the county. Formed in 
 1809, and named in honor of William H. Ca- 
 bell, governor of Virginia in 1808. Capital, 
 Barboursville. Population, 6299, of whom 
 5910 were free, and 389, slaves. 
 
 Cabell, a post-office of Carroll county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Cabell Court House, a post-office of Ca- 
 bell county, Virginia. 
 
 Cabin Bluff, a village of Camden county, 
 Georgia, 11 miles N. by W. from St. Mary's. 
 
 Cabin Creek, a post-office of Lewis coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Cabin Hill, a post-village of Delaware 
 county. New York, 76 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Cabin Hill, a post-office of Elkhart coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Cabin Point, a small post-village in Surry 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cable, a post-office of Guernsey county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Cabot, a post-township of Caledonia coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 12 miles N. E. from Montpe- 
 lier. Population, 1356. 
 
 Cabotville, a manufacturing village in 
 Hampden co., Mass., on the E. bank of 
 Connecticut river, at the mouth of Chick- 
 opee river, about 5 miles N. W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Cacapon, pronounced cap' on, or Great Ca- 
 capon, a river in the N. part of Virginia, 
 rises among the Alleghany mountains in 
 Hardy county, flows through Hampshire 
 and Morgan counties, and falls into the Po- 
 tomac about 4 miles W. from Bath or Berke- 
 ley springs. Its general course is N. N. E., 
 
CAC 
 
 CAE 
 
 and its whole length is estimated at near 
 140 miles. It flows through a mountainous 
 region, abounding in iron and stone coal, 
 and affords a copious supply of water-power. 
 The Little Cacapon traverses Hampshire 
 county, a few miles W. from the river just 
 described, and enters the Potomac 5 miles 
 below the junction of the main branches of 
 that river. 
 
 Cacapon Depot, a post-ofiBce of Morgan 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cacaponville, a post-ofEce of Hampshire 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cache, a township in Monroe county, Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 526. 
 
 Cache Ceeek, of Yolo county, towards the 
 N. W. part of California, rises among the 
 mountains, and flowing eastwardly, loses 
 itself in the extensive tules (marshes over- 
 grown with bulrush) which lie between the 
 plains and Sacramento river. 
 
 Cache Creek, a post-town of Yolo county, 
 California, has 3 hotels. 
 
 Cachemaso, a post-office of Dallas county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Cache River, of Arkansas, rises near the 
 N.E. extremity of the state, and flowing south- 
 ward, enters White river in Monroe county. 
 
 Caddo, a parish forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Louisiana, bordering on Texas 
 and Arkansas, has an area of about 1200 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Red river and the Great Raft. The surface 
 is undulating, and is partly occupied by Soda 
 and Caddo lakes, which communicate with 
 Red river and with each other. Soda lake is 
 about 18 miles long and 5 miles wide. The 
 soil is fertile, producing cotton and Indian 
 corn. In 1850 there were raised 4819 bales 
 of cotton, and 265,945 bushels of corn. It 
 contained 1 newspaper establishment, and 736 
 pupils attending public schools. Red river 
 is navigated by steamboats for eight months 
 of the year to Shreveport, and the above- 
 named lakes are also navigable through this 
 parish. About 30 miles above Shreveport, 
 the navigation of the river is obstructed by 
 the Raft. Capital, Shreveport. Population, 
 8884, of whom 3676 were free, and 5208, 
 slaves. 
 
 Caddo, a township in Clark county, Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 627. 
 
 Caddo Bayoti, of Texas, rises in Hender- 
 son county, and flows S. E. into Neches river. 
 
 Caddo Cove, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Caddo Creek, Texas, an affluent of Brazos 
 river, from the right. 
 
 Caddo Creek, of Tarrant county, Texas, 
 flows northward into the W. fork of Trinity 
 river. 
 
 Caddo Creek, of Arkansas, rises near the 
 S. border of Montgomery county, and flows 
 through Clark county into Washita river. 
 
 Caddo Grove, a township in Hot Spring 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Caddo Lake, of Texas and Louisiana, ex- 
 tends from the mouth of Cypress bayou, in 
 the former state, into Caddo parish of Louisi- 
 ana, where it communicates with Soda lake, 
 of which it may be considered as a bay. 
 Steamboats from Red river navigate this 
 lake for more than half of the year. 
 
 Caderbta, a post-office of Choctaw conn- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Cade's Cove, a post-office of Blount couir- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Cadiz, a post-office of Cattaraugus county, 
 New York. 
 
 Cadiz, a post- village, capital of Trigg coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, on Little river, 230 miles W. 
 S. W. from Frankfort, and 9 miles from 
 Cumberland river. It contains a court 
 house, 3 churches, and 2 academies. Popu- 
 lation, near 500. 
 
 Cadiz, a flourishing and beautiful town in 
 Cadiz township, and capital of Harrison 
 county, Ohio, 117 miles E. by N. from Co- 
 lumbus, and 23 miles from the Ohio river at 
 Wheeling. It is well built and pleasantly 
 situated among fertile and cultivated hills, 
 which contain rich mines of coal. It is the 
 principal market of the county, which is one 
 of the greatest wool-growing regions of the 
 state. A branch railroad, 6 miles long, con- 
 nects the town with the Steubenville and In- 
 diana railroad, on the N. Laid out in 1803. 
 It contained in 1851, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 
 newspaper offices, and 1 female seminary. 
 Population in 1850, 1144; in 1853, about 
 1500. 
 
 Cadiz, a small post-village in Henry coun- 
 ty, Indiana, about 40 miles E. N. E. from Ii$- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Cadiz, a post-office of Greene county, WisJ- 
 consin. 
 
 Cadron, a post-township in Conway coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. Population, 252. 
 
 Cadron Creek, of Arkansas, enters the 
 Arkansas at Cadron, Conway county. 
 
 Cadwallader, a post-office of Tuscarawas 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Cadysvillb, a small village in Morristown 
 township, Lamoille county, Vermont, on the 
 Lamoille river. It contains 2 stores, 1 
 woollen factory, and a number of other ma- 
 nufacturing establishments. Population, 
 about 200. 
 
 Cadyville, a post-village of Clinton coun- 
 ty, New York, on the Saranac river, about 6 
 miles W. from Plattsburg. 
 
 Caernarvon, a township forming the S. 
 extremity of Berks county, Pennsylvania. 
 13 miles S. from Reading. Population, 
 977. 
 
 Caernarvon, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Caernarvon, a township forming the east- 
 ern extremity of Lancaster county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 22 miles E. by N. from Lancaster 
 It is drained by Conestoga creek. Population, 
 1551. 
 
 169 
 
c^s 
 
 OAL 
 
 CiESAR's Creek, of Ohio, rises toward the 
 S. W. part of the state, and enters the Little 
 Miami river in Warren county. 
 
 Cesar's Creek, a post-township in the S. 
 part of Greene county, Ohio. Population, 
 1870. 
 
 Cesar's Creek, a township in Dearborn 
 county, Indiana. Population, 497. 
 
 Cageville, a post-office of Haywood coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Cahawba river, of Alabama, rises near 
 the E. border of JeflFerson county, in the N. 
 central part of the state, and falls into the 
 Alabama at Cahawba, Dallas county. Its 
 general course is nearly S. S. W. It is navi- 
 gable by small boats for at least 100 miles, 
 and flows through the principal coalfield of 
 the state. 
 
 Cahawba, a thriving post-village, capital 
 T)f Dallas county, Alabama, on the right 
 bank of the Alabama river, immediately be- 
 low the mouth of the Cahawba, about 216 
 miles above Mobile, and 92 miles below 
 Montgomery. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, several churches, 1 or 2 printing 
 offices, and a United States land-office. The 
 cotton produced in the vicinity is shipped 
 by steamboats at this place. 
 
 Cahokia creek, flows through Madison 
 county, and enters the Mississippi river at 
 Cahokia village. 
 
 Cahokia, a post- village of St. Clair county, 
 Illinois, on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 
 at the mouth of Cahokia creek, 5 miles S. 
 from St. Louis. It was settled by the French 
 in the latter part of the seventeenth century. 
 
 Cahoes, or Cahoos. See Cohoes. 
 
 Cailloit Lake, of Louisiana, situated in 
 Terre Bonne parish, 2 miles N. from the 
 Gulf of Mexico, is about 10 miles long. It 
 is connected with Caillou bayou and with the 
 Gulf. 
 
 Cain, a township in Fountain county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1008. 
 
 Cain Creek, of South Carolina, flows into 
 Catawba river from the left, a few miles S. 
 W. from Lancaster court house. 
 
 Cains, a small post-village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cains, a post-village of Gwinnett county, 
 Georgia, about 45 miles N. E. from Atlanta. 
 
 Cainsville, a small post-village of Wilson 
 county, Tennessee, 46 miles E. by S. from 
 Nashville, has, perhaps, 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Caintuck, a post-office of New Hanover 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Ca Ira, a post-village of Cumberland 
 county, Virginia, on Willis river, 60 miles W. 
 from Richmond, has a church, a flour mill, 
 and a few shops. 
 
 Cairo, a post-township of Greene county. 
 New York, 10 miles N. W. from Cattskill, is 
 drained by Cattskill creek. Population, 
 2831. 
 
 Cairo, a post-office of Edgefield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 no 
 
 Cairo, a post-village of Decatur county, 
 Georgia, 20 miles E. from Bainbridge. 
 
 Cairo, a post-village of Sumner county, 
 Tennessee, on Cumberland river, 30 miles N. 
 E. from Nashville. 
 
 Cairo, a small village of Henderson coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 10 miles S. from Henderson. 
 
 Cairo, a post-office of Stark county, Ohio. 
 
 Cairo, a post- village of Alexander county, 
 Illinois, is situated at the southern extremity 
 of the state, on a point of land formed by 
 the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 rivers, 175 miles below St. Louis. The situa- 
 tion is low, and subject to frequent inunda- 
 tions, which have retarded the growth of the 
 village. A levee has been raised here, which 
 is said to have cost nearly one million dol- 
 lars. The railroad from Mobile to Chicago 
 is expected to cross the Ohio river near this 
 place. Two newspapers are issued here. 
 
 Caitawistkt creek, of North Carolina, 
 unites with Pollacasty creek in Hertford 
 county, and flows into Chowan river from 
 the S. W. 
 
 Calais, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Maine, at the head of navigation on 
 the St. Croix river, nearly opposite St. An- 
 drews in New Brunswick, 30 miles N. by W. 
 from Eastport, and 264 miles N. E. from 
 Portland. The falls in the river afford ex- 
 tensive water-power. To the lower falls the 
 tide in the St. Croix rises 20 feet. The town- 
 ship contains an upper and a lower village, 
 about 2 miles apart. Large vessels ascend 
 to the latter place. Calais contains a bank. 
 The Calais and Baring railroad was built ex- 
 pressly for the transportation of lumber from 
 Middletown and Baring to Calais. The quan- 
 tity brought down for the year ending May 1, 
 1853, was 82,318,715 feet of long lumber, 
 44,357,100 laths, 51 6,550 pickets, and296,500 
 shingles. Population, 4749. 
 
 Calais, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Vermont, 8 miles N. E. of Montpe- 
 lier, intersected by branches of the Onion 
 river. Population, 1410. 
 
 Calais, a small post-village of Monroe 
 county, Ohio, about 100 miles E. from Co- 
 lumbus, has 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Calambria, a post-office of Rowan county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Calamus, a township in the W. part of 
 Dodge county, Wisconsin, with a small vil- 
 lage of the same name. Population, 413. 
 
 Calapooya, or Callapooya, a post-office of 
 Linn county, Oregon. 
 
 Calaveras (kal-a-vi'ras) river, in the N. 
 central part of California, rises among the 
 hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, near 
 the centre of Calaveras county, and flowing 
 first in a westerly, and then in a general S.W. 
 course, falls into the San Joaquin river, in the 
 county of that name, about 15 miles below 
 Stockton. 
 
 Calaveras, a county in the N. central part 
 of California, bordering on Utah territory, 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 has an area of perhaps 3000 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the S. E. by the Stanislaus 
 river, and is drained by Moquelumne and 
 Calaveras rivers, affluents of the San Joa- 
 quin, and by Walker's and Carson's rivers, 
 which flow eastward into Utah territory. 
 The Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range of Cali- 
 fornia, passes nearly through the centre of 
 the county. Four miles S. of Vallecito, on 
 Chyote creek, are, it is said, two natural 
 bridges, which are among the greatest curio- 
 sities in the state. The amount of capital em- 
 ployed in quartz mining in 1852 was $472,055, 
 in placer mining, $38,260, in other mining, 
 $93,988, and in trading, $1,032,245. Capi- 
 tal, Double Springs. Population, 20,192. 
 
 Calcasieu river, of Louisiana, rises in 
 the W. part of the state, and flowing in a 
 general southerly course, passes through the 
 parish and lake of its own name into the 
 Gulf of Mexico. Length estimated at 250 
 miles. The depth of the channel is not suf- 
 ficient for navigation. 
 
 Calcasieu lake, situated in the S. W. part of 
 Louisiana, in the parish of its own name, is 
 an expansion of Calcasieu river, which enters 
 the Gulf of Mexico, about 5 miles from the 
 foot of the lake. Length 18 miles, greatest 
 breadth 5 or 6 miles. 
 
 Calcasieu, a parish forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Louisiana, bordering on Texas, 
 has an area of 5500 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by Sabine river, on the 
 S. E. by the Mermenteau, and is intersected 
 by Calcasieu river. The surface is nearly 
 level, and mostly occupied by savannas or 
 grassy plains, which afi'ord pasture for large 
 numbers of cattle. The soil in the vicinity 
 of the streams is fertile. Indian corn, sugar, 
 and cattle are the staples. In 1850 there 
 were raised 44,360 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 32,117 of sweet potatoes, and 460 hogsheads 
 of sugar. There were 150 pupils attending 
 public schools. Population, 3914, of whom 
 2957 were free, and 957, slaves. 
 
 Calcutta, a post-village of Columbiana 
 county, Ohio, 163 miles N. E. from Colum- 
 bus, has 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Caldwell, a county in the N. W. part of 
 North Carolina, has an area of about 450 
 square miles. The Yadkin river rises in the 
 county, and the Catawba touches its S. 
 border. A part of the county is a moun- 
 tainous region, situated on the S. E. declivity 
 of the Blue Ridge. The land is fertile, 
 adapted to pasturage. In 1850 this county 
 produced 192,470 bushels of corn; 34,406 
 of oats, and 39,813 pounds of butter. There 
 were 4 corn and flour mills, 1 linseed-oil ma- 
 nufactory, and 2 tanneries. It contained 34 
 churches. Capital, Lenoir. Population, 6317, 
 of whom 5114 were free, and 1203, slaves. 
 
 Caldwell, a parish in the N. central part 
 of Louisiana, has an area of 528 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Washita river, 
 and bounded on the E. by Bceuf bayou. The 
 
 surface is uneven. The chief productiona 
 are cotton and Indian corn. In 1850 there 
 were raised 1570 bales of cotton, and 71,418 
 bushels of corn. There was one saw and 
 planing mill. It contained 7 churches, and 
 426 pupils attending public schools. The 
 Washita river is navigated by steamboats 
 through this parish. Capital, Columbia. 
 Population, 2815, of whom 1584 were free, 
 and 1231, slaves. 
 
 Caldwell, a county in the S. central part 
 of Texas, has an area of 540 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. W. by San Marcos 
 river. The surface is undulating. Indian 
 corn, cotton, and cattle are the staples. In 
 1850 it produced 5585 bushels of corn; 
 5079 of potatoes; 122 bales of cotton; 
 12,010 pounds of butter, and 624 of wool. 
 There were 164 pupils attending public 
 schools. Named in honor of John Caldwell, 
 a senator of the republic of Texas. Capital, 
 Lockhart. Population, 1329, of whom 1055 
 were free, and 274, slaves. 
 
 Caldwell, a county in the W. part of 
 Kentucky, contains about 700 square miles. 
 The Tennessee river bounds it on the S. W., 
 the Tradewater creek on the N. E., and it is 
 intersected by the Cumberland river. The 
 surface is mostly level and the soil fertile. 
 The staples are tobacco, corn, and pork. In 
 1850 this county produced 767,725 bushels of 
 corn; 8574 of wheat; 89,557 of oats; 
 1,435,479 pounds of tobacco; 20,649 of wool, 
 and 5322 of flax. It contained 30 churches, 
 2 newspapers, 670 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 180 attending academies or 
 other schools. A large bed of coal has been 
 found in the N. part, and iron ore is abun- 
 dant on the banks of the rivers. The county 
 contains a rolling mill and 3 large iron works, 
 employing about 500 men. Named in honor 
 of John Caldwell, former lieutenant-governor 
 of the state. Organized in 1809. Capital, 
 Princeton, Population, 13,048, of whom 
 9941 were free, and 3107 were slaves. 
 
 Caldwell, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 435 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Shoal creek, an atfluent 
 of Grand river, flowing from W, to E,, 
 through the middle of the county. The ge- 
 neral surface is level, the soil fertile. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and swine are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 16,135 bushels of corn ; 12,734 of wheat, and 
 45,740 of oats. There were in the county 
 115 pupils attending public schools. Named 
 in honor of Dr. Caldwell, of Transylvania 
 University, Kentucky, Capital, Kingston, 
 Population, 2316, of whom 2180 were free, 
 and 136, slaves, 
 
 Caldwell, a township of Warren county, 
 New York, on Schroon river and Lake George, 
 63 miles N. from Albany. Population, 752. 
 
 Caldwell, a post-village, capital of War- 
 ren county. New York, on the S. end of Lake 
 George, 62 miles N. from Albany. It coa- 
 
 171 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 tains a court house and several stores and 
 mills. A steamboat plies between this place 
 and the outlet of the lake. Caldwell is 
 much visited in summer by tourists, on ac- 
 count of its beautiful scenery. Here is a 
 large hotel, called the Lake George House. 
 
 Caldwell, a post-township of Essex coun- 
 ty, New .Jersey, about 10 miles N. W. from 
 Newark. Population, 2376. 
 
 Caldwell, a post-village in the above 
 township, 10 miles N. W. from Newark, con- 
 tains a church and several stores. 
 
 Caldwell, a post-office of Orange county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Caldwell, a small post-village, capital of 
 Burleson county, Texas, about 85 miles E. 
 by N. from Austin. The main road from San 
 Antonio to Natchitoches passes through it. 
 
 Caldwell, a post-office of Washita parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Caldwell's Peairie, a post-office of Ra- 
 cine county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Calebee Creek, of Macon county, Alaba- 
 ma, flows into the Tallapoosa river from the 
 left. 
 
 Caledonia, a county in the E. N. E. part 
 of Vermont, has an area of about 650 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. E. by the 
 Connecticut, and drained by the Passumsick, 
 Lamoille, and Wells rivers, which turn 
 numerous grist and saw mills. The surface 
 is rough, and in the W. part mountainous. 
 The soil is good, especially along the valleys 
 of its numerous streams. Potatoes, oats, 
 maple sugar, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 565,341 bushels 
 of potatoes ; 218,735 of oats ; 59,449 tons of 
 hay; 1,206,272 pounds of butter, and 854,820 
 of maple sugar. The quantity of maple 
 sugar was the greatest produced by any 
 county in the United States, except St. Law- 
 rence, New York. There were 15 woollen 
 factories, 13 starch works, 1 foundry, 19 
 flour mills, 44 saw mills, 1 scale manufac- 
 tory, 19 tanneries, and 35 boot and shoe 
 manufactories. It contained 41 churches, 
 and 2 newspaper establishments. There 
 were 7341 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 638 attending academies or other 
 schools. It contains several sulphur springs, 
 and abounds in granite and limestone. The 
 railroad connecting Bellows Falls and St. 
 Johnsbury partly intersects this county. 
 Organized in 1792. Capital, Danville. Po- 
 pulation, 23,595. 
 
 Caledonia, a post-township of Livingston 
 county, New York, on the Genessee river, 20 
 miles S.W. from Rochester. Population, 1804. 
 Caledonia, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Canandaigua and Niagara 
 railroad, 17 miles E. from Batavia, has a 
 number of stores, and several hundred in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Caledonia, a small post-village of Elk 
 county, Pennsylvania, 140 miles N. W. from 
 Uarrisburg. 
 172 
 
 Caledonia, a post-village of Moore county, 
 
 North Carolina, 85 miles S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Caledonia, a small post-village of Lowndes 
 
 county, Mississippi, about 154 miles N. E. 
 
 from Jackson. 
 
 Caledonia, a post-office of Piusk county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Caledonia, a thriving post-village of Hen- 
 ry county, Tennessee, 120 miles W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Caledonia, a small village of Hamilton 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, near the 
 mouth of the Little Miami. 
 
 Caledonia, a small post-village of Marion 
 county, Ohio, on the W. branch of Whetstone 
 river, 54 miles N, from Columbus. It has 
 several stores and mills. 
 
 Caledonia, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Kent county, Michigan. Population, 99. 
 
 Caledonia, a township in the central part 
 of Shiawassee county, Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 500. 
 
 Caledonia, a small post-village, capital 
 of Pulaski county, Illinois, on the Ohio river, 
 13 miles from its mouth, and 220 miles S. from 
 Springfield. It has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Caledonia, a post-village in Washington 
 county, Missouri, about 70 miles S. S. W. 
 from St. Louis. 
 
 Caledonia, a post-township in Racine 
 county, Wisconsin, about 18 miles S. from 
 Milwaukee. Population, 1090. 
 
 Caledonia, a post-village in the above 
 township, 80 miles E. by S. from Madison. 
 
 Calfkillee Ceeek, in the E. central part 
 of Tennessee, falls into the Caney fork of 
 Cumberland river, in White county, about 
 10 miles S. W. from Sparta. 
 
 Calfpastuee Rivee, Virginia. See Noeth 
 River. 
 
 Calhoun, a county towards the W. part 
 of Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 has an area of 464 square miles. The 
 Appalachicola river forms its boundary on 
 the E., and St. Joseph's bay washes the S. W. 
 border. The surface is but litfle elevated. 
 The soil produces cotton, sugar, and Indian 
 corn. In 1850there were raised in this county 
 137 bales of cotton; 29,495 bushels of corn, 
 and 30,252 pounds of tobacco. It contained 
 3 saw mills ; 1 church, and 44 pupils attending 
 public schools. Named in honor of the late 
 John C. Calhoun, the illustrious statesman 
 of South Carolina. Capital, St. Joseph. Po- 
 pulation, 1377, of whom 924 were free, and 
 453, slaves. 
 
 Calhoun, a new county in the N. central 
 part of Mississippi, drained by the Yallo- 
 busha and Loosacoona rivers. It was form- 
 ed out of portions of Chickasaw, Lafayette, 
 and Yallobusha counties. County seat not 
 yet established. 
 
 Calhoun, a county in the S. part of Texas, 
 bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an 
 area of 484 square miles. The Guadalupe 
 river forms its boundary on the S. W., the 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 Matagorda and Lavacca bays wash its N. E. 
 border. The surface is nearly level. The 
 soil produces cotton, Indian corn, and sweet 
 potatoes. In 1850 this county yielded 7660 
 bushels of corn ; 2300 of sweet potatoes, and 
 109 bales of cotton ; there was 1 newspaper 
 office, and 126 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Lavaca. Population, 1110, 
 of whom 876 were free, and 234, slaves. 
 
 Calhoun, a new county in the S. part of 
 Arkansas. It is bounded on the S. W. by 
 the Washita river, navigable for steamboats, 
 and on the E. by the Moro river. The 
 surface is undulating or hilly ; the soil is 
 mostly fertile, producing cotton and Indian 
 corn. This county is not included in the 
 census of 1850. Capital, Hampton. 
 
 Calhoun county, Michigan, situated in 
 the S. W. central part of the state, contains 
 720 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 St. Joseph's and Kalamazoo rivers, and also 
 drained by Battle creek. The surface is un- 
 dulating, and the soil is a rich sandy loam, 
 producing fine crops of the grasses and 
 grains. The greater part of the county is 
 covered with a scattered growth of the white 
 oak and burr oak. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 385,959 bushels of wheat; 327,544 of 
 corn; 18,779 tons of hay, and 126,991 pounds 
 of wool. It contained 18 churches and 2 
 newspaper establishments. There were 5864 
 pupils attending public schools, and 345 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The 
 county is liberally supplied with water- 
 power, and contains quarries of sandstone. 
 It is intersected by the Michigan Central 
 railroad. Organized in 1833. Capital, Mar- 
 shall. Population, 19,162. 
 
 Calhoun, a county in the W. part of Il- 
 linois, bordering on Missouri, has an area 
 of 260 square miles. It occupies a narrow 
 strip of land between the Mississippi and 
 Illinois rivers, which unite at the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of the county. The surface is 
 broken by bluflFs and ravines, and is partly 
 subject to inundations. The river bottoms 
 produce good pasture for cattle. In 1850 
 there were raised 146,205 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 3370 of wheat, and 163 tons of hay. 
 It contained 1 church, and 196 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Pork and beef are 
 exported. Stone coal is abundant on the 
 banks of the Mississippi in this county. 
 Capital, Hardin. Population, 3231. 
 
 Calhoun, a post-village of Anderson dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 115 miles W. N. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Calhoun, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Gordon county, Georgia, on the Western 
 and Atlantic railroad, 80 miles N. W. from 
 Atlanta, and 60 miles from Chattanooga, 
 Tennessee. It is surrounded by a rich, well 
 cultivated country, and is an important de- 
 pot for produce. Laid out in 1850. Popu- 
 lation, about 400. 
 
 Calhoun, a village in the S. part of Lump- 
 
 kin county, Georgia, 50 miles N. N. E. from 
 Atlanta. 
 
 Calhoun, a post-office of Autauga county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Calhoun, a post-office of Pontotoc county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Calhoun, a post-office of La Fayette coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Calhoun, a post-office of Daviess county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Calhoun, a post-village of McMinn coun- 
 ty, Tennessee, on the Hiawassee river, and 
 on the E. Tennessee and Georgia railroad, 
 168 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Calhoun, a post-office of Richland county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Calhoun, a small post-village of Henry 
 county, Missouri, 90 miles W. by S. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Calhoun's Mills, a post-office of Abbe- 
 ville district. South Carolina. 
 
 Calhounsville, or McAllistersville, a 
 small post-village of Juniata county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 55 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 California. At the close of the recent 
 war with Mexico, the United States acquired 
 by conquest and purchase, a tract of country, 
 for the most part arid, sterile, and moun- 
 tainous, covering a space of nearly 500,000 
 square miles, the greater part of which had 
 been hitherto known as the Mexican terri- 
 tory of Upper California. From the western 
 portion of this sterile region, the Congress 
 of the United States, in September, 1850, 
 created, and admitted into the American 
 confederacy, the thirty-first sovereign state, 
 under the name of California. This state is 
 bounded on the N. by Oregon, E. by Utah, 
 (from which it is partly separated by the 
 Sierra Nevada mountains,) and New Mexico, 
 S. by the Mexican territory of Old Califor- 
 nia, and W. by the Pacific. It lies between 
 32° 28', and 42° N. lat., and between 114° 
 10' and 1 24° 50' W. Ion. California is very ir- 
 regular in shape, having its greatest length 
 (about 700 miles) in a N. W. and S. E. direc- 
 tion, and its greatest breadth about 335, and 
 its least about 150 miles, including an area 
 of 188,982 square miles, or 120,000,000 acres. 
 
 Population. — No member of the American 
 confederacy — perhaps we might safely say, 
 no portion of the earth — has so mixed a po- 
 pulation as California, adventurers being 
 found from almost every quarter of the 
 globe ; even the exclusive empire of China 
 has here its representatives by tens of thou- 
 sands, whose patient industry makes them 
 useful inhabitants. The Indians also form 
 a large portion of the population. Accord- 
 ing to a state census, taken towards the 
 close of 1852, the population of California 
 was 264,435 inhabitants, (one county. El 
 Dorado, being estimated,) of whom 151,115 
 were white males, 29,741 do. females; 1637 
 male negroes, 253 female do. ; 424 male mu- 
 lattoes, 98 female do. ; 19,675 male domesti- 
 
 173 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 cated Indians, 12,864 female do. ; 93,344 
 were citizens of the United States over 21 
 years of age; 50,631 male foreigners, and 
 4360 female do. Of the foreigners, 39,444 
 ■were over 21 years of age. 
 
 Counties. — California is divided into 36 
 counties, viz. Butte, Calaveras, Colusi, Con- 
 tra-Costa, El Dorado, Klamath, Los Angeles, 
 Marin, Mariposa, Mendocino, Monterey, Na- 
 pa, Nevada, Placer, Sacramento, San Diego, 
 San Joaquin, San Francisco, San Luis Obis- 
 po, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, 
 Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Solano, Sonoma, 
 Sutter, Trinity, Tuolumne, Tulare, Yolo, and 
 Yuba. The following have been formed since 
 the census of 1852, Alameda, from Contra 
 Costa and Santa Clara counties ; Humboldt, 
 from Trinity, and San Bernardino, from Los 
 Angeles county. Capital, Benicia. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — San Francisco had, in 
 1852, a population of 34,876;* it has now, 
 (1853,) as is estimated, not less than 60,000; 
 Sacramento City has about 20,000 ; Marys- 
 ville, 7000, and Stockton, from 4000 to 6000. 
 Among the other prominent towns are Nevada 
 City, Placerville, San Jos6, Vallejo, Sonora, 
 Shasta City, Sonoma, and Monterey. 
 
 Face of the Country. — As the voyager sails 
 along the coast of California, he loolss upon 
 a low range of mountains, which in many 
 instances approach to the water's edge, and 
 form a blulF, iron-bound coast, through 
 which he enters, by a narrow strait named 
 the Golden Gate, the Bay of San Francisco. 
 Following these low mountains on the coast 
 N. of the Golden Gate, is a broken and hilly 
 country, to which succeeds the coast range, 
 entering from Oregon, and extending nearly 
 parallel with the ocean, at distances varying 
 from 30 to 100 miles, till it reaches the 35th 
 parallel of N. lat., where it unites with the 
 Sierra Nevada, and passes into Old Califor- 
 nia. Mount Linn, in lat. 40°, is the highest 
 known peak of this part of the coast range, 
 but its altitude has not been ascertained. 
 South of the Golden Gate, San Bernardino, 
 in lat. 34°, attains the elevation of perpe- 
 tual snow. In this portion, between the 
 Sierra Morena mountains (near the Pacific) 
 and the coast range, lie the valleys of the 
 San Juan and of the Buenaventura, which 
 have their outlets in the Pacific ocean. The 
 latter is 60 miles long, and from 15 to 20 
 wide. The Sierra Morena, or Brown moun- 
 tains, (2000 feet high,) descend towards the 
 Golden Gate, of which they form the south- 
 ern wall. The mountains immediately on the 
 coasts bear various local names. Table Hill, 
 on the N. side of the strait leading into San 
 Francisco bay, is 2560 feet high, and Mount 
 Diablo, E. of San Francisco, 3770 feet in 
 height. Near the northern boundary of the 
 
 * It must be borne in mind, in giving populations in 
 California, that tbere is an immense floating popula- 
 tion, particularly in. San Francisco, not enumerated in 
 the census. * 
 
 174 
 
 state, in a spur of mountains running N. E. 
 from the coast range to the Sierra Nevada^ 
 is Mount Shasta, the highest known peak in 
 California, having an elevation of 14,400 
 feet : it is covered with perpetual snow. The 
 great valley of the Sacramento and San 
 Joaquin extends from N. to S. about 500 
 miles, with an average breadth of about 60 
 miles, bounded by the coast range on the 
 W., and by the Sierra Nevada on the E. 
 From a base of about 500 feet above the sea 
 commences the ascent of the Sierra Nevada, 
 the acclivities being wooded to about half 
 the mountain's height with oak, succeeded 
 by a forest of gigantic pines, cedars, and 
 cypress ; then follows the naked granite, and 
 lastly, the summits crowned with perpetual 
 snow. At the N. end of the Sacramento 
 valley is a second higher valley, of about 
 100 miles in length, and some thousands of 
 feet in elevation, heavily timbered, and con- 
 taining tracts of arable land along the 
 streams. The Sierra Nevada range may be 
 regarded as a continuation of the I31ue 
 mountains of Oregon. It extends almost 
 directly S., till it unites with the coast 
 range, in lat. 34° N., forming in its course 
 the E. boundary of California, as far as the 
 39th degree of N. lat., near which is Fre- 
 mont's Pass, 7200 feet above the sea level. 
 There is a volcano in Calaveras county, near 
 the sources of Jackson's river. On the west- 
 ern slope of these mountains, mostly be- 
 tween 37° and 40° N. lat., are the celebrated 
 " gold diggings," towards which the eyes of 
 those "who make haste to be rich" have 
 been so eagerly turned since the first dis- 
 covery of gold in Sutter's mill-race in 1847. 
 
 Geology. — We have had no full and com- 
 plete geological survey of California. Ac- 
 cording to Mr. Tyson's survey, speaking ge- 
 nerally, a section across the state, from 
 Bodega bay, bearing N. 80° E. to the Sierra 
 Nevada, exhibits first, on the western side, 
 in the coast range, a sandstone formation, 
 with interpositions of leptinite, clays, tra- 
 chyte, talcose slate and trap rocks ; while 
 the recent sedimentary deposits of the Sa- 
 cramento valley rest upon beds of conglome- 
 rate, sandstone, and clay, and the western 
 declivities of the Sierra Nevada consist 
 mainly of talcose and other slates, through 
 which are extruded trappean rocks, lepti- 
 nite, granite, and serpentine. A similar 
 section across the state from San Francisco 
 bay, bearing N. 70° E., exhibits sandstones 
 with some fossil deposits E. of the bay, and 
 on the W. slope, conglomerate sandstone, 
 and slates with trap, volcanic tufa, and por- 
 phyry. 
 
 Minerals. — It is almost superfluous to say 
 that California is one of the most important 
 mineral regions in the world, particularly in 
 its deposits of gold. The great gold dig- 
 gings lie on the western slope of the Sierra 
 Nevada mountains, principally between 37° 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 and 40° N. lat. ; but this precious mineral has 
 also been found in other quarters in consider- 
 able quantities, particularly in Klamath coun- 
 ty, in the N. W., and in Shasta county. The 
 gold first discovered was evidently not in 
 place, but the washings from the upper re- 
 gions ; and when that shall have been ex- 
 hausted, there are large bodies of auriferous 
 quartz, which (with greater labor and ex- 
 pense,) will probably afford large supplies 
 of this metal for generations to come. The 
 amount of capital invested in quartz mining, 
 according to the state census of 1852, was 
 $5,871,401 ; in placer and other mining 
 operations, $3,851,623. Up to the close of 
 1851 there had been deposited at the United 
 States mint, $98,407,990 of California gold. 
 The deposits of the year 1852 amounted to 
 $46,528,076, making a total of $145,000,000. 
 But doubtless this falls far short of the real 
 amount produced, as probably much more 
 has been sent to Europe in a state of dust or 
 bullion, not to mention the unreported sums 
 which have been privately taken out of the 
 state. The exports reported at San Fran- 
 cisco for 1852 were, according to one account, 
 about $45,500,000, and according to another, 
 $49,000,000. A considerable quantity, too, 
 doubtless, remains in California. In addi- 
 tion to the precious metal just noticed, there 
 has been found in Butte county an abun- 
 dance of quicksilver, plaster, iron, lead, and 
 some silver ; copper and silver, quicksilver, 
 asphaltum, marble, and granite occur in 
 Marion county ; quicksilver in Napa ; rich 
 silver mines and coal in San Louis Obispo ; 
 quicksilver in Santa Clara ; copious salt 
 springs (sufiicient, report says, to supply the 
 state) in Shasta ; bituminous springs in 
 many places along the coast, and hot sul- 
 phur springs in Santa Barbara ; warm soda 
 springs near Benicia, in Solano ; bituminous 
 and sulphur springs in San Louis Obispo, 
 and hot, asphaltum, and salt springs in Los 
 Angeles county. According to Professor 
 Trask, "platina is widely distributed, scarce- 
 ly a section of country where gold has been 
 found, but that this metal has been disco- 
 ered." Silver has been found in several 
 mines in the southern district, copper is 
 widely distributed, and chromium occurs in 
 large quantities in serpentine rocks. Dia- 
 monds are reported to have been recently 
 discovered. 
 
 Bays, Rivers, Lakes, ^c. — San Francisco 
 bay, the best and most capacious harbor on 
 the Pacific coast, is (including the two arms, 
 San Pablo and San Francisco bay proper) 
 perhaps 70 miles in length, and in the 
 widest part 14 miles broad, with a coast 
 line of 275 miles. A strait, about a mile 
 wide and from 5 to 7 miles long, breaking 
 through a range of low mountains, connects 
 it with the ocean. This strait has been 
 termed, not inappropriately, the Golden Gate, 
 as it is the passage through which the multi- 
 
 tudes from every region of the world are 
 constantly hastening, in order to gather the 
 wealth of this new and richer El Dorado. 
 Within the barrier of hills already alluded 
 to, the bay divides into two parts, the one 
 stretching to the S. about 40 miles, and the 
 other to the N. for about 30. On the N. W. 
 shore of the southern arm stands the city of 
 San Francisco. The northern arm (San Pa- 
 blo) is united by a second strait, Karquenas, 
 with Suisun bay directly east of it, which is 
 15 or 20 miles long. The Golden Gate is the 
 only channel of communication between the 
 Pacific and the interior of California. Hum- 
 boldt, Monterey, Pelican, Santa Barbara, 
 and San Diego are the other bays, all open- 
 ing into the Pacific. The Sacramento and 
 San Joaquin are the principal rivers of Cali- 
 fornia, and running in opposite directions, 
 the former from the N. and the latter from 
 the S., they drain almost the entire valley 
 between the two great ranges, Sierra Nevada 
 and the coast range, and unite about 15 
 miles above Suisun bay, into which they dis- 
 charge their mingled waters. Each of these 
 rivers has a course of from 250 to 300 
 miles. All their tributaries of importance 
 descend the Sierra Nevada slope. The prin- 
 cipal of these, commencing at the N., are 
 the Sacramento, the Feather, Yuba, and 
 American; and of the San Joaquin, the Ca- 
 laveras, the Stanislaus, the Tuolumne, and 
 Merced rivers. The Moquelumne meets 
 the Sacramento and San Joaquin near their 
 junction. The Sacramento has been ascend- 
 ed by small steamers as far as Marysville, 
 the San Joaquin as far as Fort Miller, the 
 Merced for 20 miles. The Klamath river 
 from Oregon runs through the N. W. part of 
 the state, and the Buenaventura drains part 
 of the valley between the Sierra Morena and 
 coast mountains : both empty into the Pacific. 
 The principal lakes are Tulare lake, about 
 60 miles long, in the south, which has an 
 outlet into the San Joaquin river, and 
 Clear lake, in Colusi and Yolo counties. 
 Owen, Kern's, and Bonpland's lakes are all 
 small. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Though Cali- 
 fornia is not surpassed by any state in the 
 Union in grand and sublime scenery, the 
 greater part of it is as yet too imperfectly ex- 
 plored to justify our speaking of it except in 
 very general terms. Not to repeat what has 
 already been said of the magnificent moun- 
 tain ranges, with their summits clad with 
 everlasting snow, we may notice a few na- 
 tural curiosities of quite a different charac 
 ter. Among the most remarkable of these 
 are the hot sulphur springs, the Geysers 
 of America, in Napa county, about 70 miles 
 N. from the city of this name. They are 
 from 1 to 9 feet in diameter, and constantly 
 in a boiling state, ejecting water to heights 
 of 10 or 15 feet. Hundreds of fissures in 
 the sides of the mountains emit strong cur- 
 
 175 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 rents of heated gas, with a noise resembling 
 that of vapor escaping from ocean steamers. 
 We condense the following from Silliman's 
 Journal of November, 1851, by Professor 
 Sheppard : — "From a high peak we saw on 
 the W. the Pacific, on the S. Mount Diablo 
 and San Francisco bay, on the E. the Sierra 
 Nevada, and on the N. opened at our feet an 
 immense chasm, from which, at the distance 
 , of 4 or 5 miles, we distinctly saw dense co- 
 lumns of steam rising. Descending, we dis- 
 covered within half a mile square from 100 
 to 200 openings, whence issued dense co- 
 lumns of vapor to the height of from 150 to 
 200 feet, accompanied by a roar which could 
 be heard for a mile or more. Many acted 
 spasmodically, throwing up jets of hot, scald- 
 ing water to the height of 20 or 80 feet. Be- 
 neath 3'our footsteps you hear the lashing and 
 foaming gyrations; and on cutting through 
 the surface, are disclosed streams of angry, 
 boiling water. ' The Three Buttes,' says Lieut. 
 Derby, ' have been erroneously represented, 
 since they are in reality a range of about 12 
 miles in width by 6 in breadth, and contain 
 perhaps 20 peaks ; the highest of which, and 
 the most interesting, is that on the N., which 
 is a very steep cone, surmounted by a turret- 
 shaped rock, 56 feet high, and has an elevation 
 of 2483 feet.' This commands an extensive 
 view from the Coast Range to the Sierra Ne- 
 vada, and for perhaps 80 miles up and down 
 the Sacramento valley, and will doubtless, 
 one day be one of the fashionable resorts of 
 the San Franciscans." (For Springs, see Mi- 
 nerals.) Among the mountains not named in 
 the general survey, are Mount Prospect, 5000 
 feet high, and Salmon mountain, covered 
 with snow nine months in the year, both in 
 Klamath county; Mount St. Helen's, 3500 feet, 
 in Napa ; Saddle Peak, 7200 feet ; Table 
 mountain, 8000 feet, and Butte, at the head 
 of S. fork, 9000 feet, all in the Sierra Ne- 
 vada mountains ; two Double Peaks, con- 
 spicuous landmarks, in Solano ; and Oregon 
 Hill, 2800 feet high, in Yuba county. Near 
 Vallecita, on Chyote creek, in Calaveras 
 county, is a striking display of volcanic ac- 
 tion, in the shape of what are called the 
 natural bridges ; two immense arches, 
 thrown over the above-named creek, and co- 
 vered with imitations of clusters of fruits 
 and flowers, doubtless formed when the 
 mass was first upheaved in a molten state. 
 In the same vicinity is "Chyote Cave," a 
 deep semicircular chasm, entered by a per- 
 pendicular descent of 100 feet, and then pro- 
 ceeding by a gradual slope till it reaches a 
 depth of nearly 200 feet below the surface, 
 where you come to a chamber called "The 
 Cathedral," from its containing two stones, re- 
 sembling bells, which, when struck, produce 
 a chiming sound. Proceeding 100 feet far- 
 ther, always on the descent, a lake is reached 
 of great depth, and apparently covering 
 many acres ; but the exploration has not yet 
 1.76 
 
 been carried beyond this point. The roof of 
 the cave is studded with stalactites, assum 
 ing various fantastic forms. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate 
 of California is much milder, even at consider- 
 able elevations, than in the same latitude on 
 the Atlantic border, and the winters are short 
 and seldom severe. At San Francisco the mer- 
 cury seldom rises above 80°, yet the tem- 
 perature often varies 30° in 24 hours, and in 
 the rainy season the thermometer rarely 
 sinks below 40°. On the coast, generally, 
 snow is a rarity. The summers of San Fran- 
 cisco and other parts near the sea, are more 
 disagreeable than the winters, owing to the 
 prevalence of N. W. winds from the ocean, 
 which bring with them chilling fogs. In the 
 hot season these winds set in at San Francisco 
 about 11 o'clock, and are poured through 
 the Golden Gate directly upon the city, pro- 
 ducing a chilling efi"ect contrasted with the 
 heat of the morning. The sheltered valleys 
 along the coast enjoy a delicious climate, 
 equally removed from the chilliness of the 
 exposed parts of the coast, and the heat of 
 the great valley between the Coast Range and 
 the Sierra Nevada. In any country ranging 
 through 10° of latitude, the difference of tem- 
 perature would be considerable ; but in Cali- 
 fornia this difference is greatly increased by 
 the peculiarities of its surface, insomuch that 
 no general statement would be at all correct. 
 The northern portion has more of the chilling 
 fogs of the warm season, and more and long- 
 er rains in the wet season, than the southern 
 portion ; and in the great valleys of the Sa- 
 cramento and San Joaquin, the heat is much 
 greater in summer than near the coast, the 
 mercury not unfrequently rising to 110° and 
 112° at Suttersville. Owing, says Mr. Ty- 
 son, to the extreme dryness of the air, it 
 does not produce that prostrating effect that 
 a much less degree of heat would produce in 
 the Atlantic and Mississippi states. The 
 nights he represents as never so hot as to 
 prevent sleep. The Sierra Nevada precipi- 
 tates whatever moisture has been left in the 
 air after the passage of the Coast Range, and 
 sends it into Utah dry and warm. The terms 
 winter and summer, as understood E. of the 
 Rocky Mountains, will not apply here, and 
 we must resort to the tropical names of wet 
 and dry seasons. The rains begin in the 
 N., says Tyson, early in the autumn, and ex- 
 tend slowly southward, reaching San Fran- 
 cisco about a week before the first of De- 
 cember, and San Diego a month later, 
 where the rainy season is over by February, 
 and retrograding, continues later into the year 
 as we proceed N., where the rain not only 
 lasts longer, but falls in greater quantity in 
 a given time. During the dry season scarcely 
 a cloud is to be seen in the great valley for 
 a month at a time. 
 
 According to observations made during 75 
 days by the exploring expedition at San 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 Francisco, between August 18th and October 
 31st, N. W. winds prevailed 13 days, S. W. 
 44, W. 4, S. E. 5, and calm 5 days. Mean 
 temperature, from May 27th to June 6th, 
 61°, maximum 86°, minimum 48°; while at 
 New Helvetia, during the same period, the 
 thermometer rose to 114°. According to ob- 
 servations made by Fremont, in San Joaquin 
 valley, between the middle of December and 
 the middle of June, the mean was 29° at 
 sunrise, and 52° at sunset; and from the 10th 
 to the 22d of March, 38° and 56°, at sun- 
 rise and sunset respectively ; at Deer 
 creek, 40° N. lat., between March 30th and 
 April 4th, mean at 2 p. m. 59° ; at the Three 
 Buttes, in 39° N. lat., at an elevation of 800 
 feet, 90° at 2 p. M. In lat. 35° 30', mean 
 between December 27th and January 17th, 
 60° at noon ; and near Monterey early in 
 March, 62° at 2 p. m., at a height of 2200 feet. 
 According to Captain Wilkes, not more 
 than 12,000 square miles of California are 
 susceptible of cultivation. This opinion will 
 probably have to be very much modified with 
 the progress of knowledge, in developing 
 the agricultural capabilities of the country, 
 which now lie much neglected in the general 
 rush to "the diggings." Enough has been 
 done to show marvellous fertilty in the soil, 
 both as to variety, quantity, and size of 
 the products. In the south, and in some of 
 the low interior valleys as far north as Napa, 
 figs, dates, sugar-cane, and even bananas 
 flourish; and most tropical plants may be 
 grown in this region where irrigation can be 
 practised, which, in many parts, is abso- 
 lutely necessary to successful agricultural 
 operations. The sheltered valley between the 
 Sierra Morena and Coast Range S. of the bay 
 of San Francisco, is peculiarly favorable to 
 plants and fruits requiring a mild climate. 
 The southern country is highly favorable to 
 the grape, and according to the state census, 
 Los Angeles county alone produced 2,250,000 
 pounds. Peaches, pears, apples, cherries, 
 quinces, and apricots flourish. Santa Bar- 
 bara county reports 1370 barrels of olives. 
 Wheat and rye yield largely in many parts 
 north of Point Conception ; these crops ma- 
 turing so early as to be little injured by the 
 dry season. Oats grow wild in great quan- 
 tities in the Sacramento valley, and west- 
 ward of it. This cures in the dry season 
 and forms excellent fodder, as there is no 
 moisture to cause decomposition. Hemp, 
 rice, tobacco, cotton, and coffee, all can, it is 
 believed, be cultivated successfully ; the first 
 three having been tried. According to the 
 state census of 1852, there were 110,748 
 acres of land under cultivation, the greater 
 portion of which is in the middle and W. side 
 of the state, between 36° and 40° of latitude. 
 The largest yield was of barley, 2,973,737 
 bushels; potatoes, 1,393,170; wheat, 271,763; 
 oats, 100,497; Indian corn, 62,532; beef 
 cattle, number 315,392; cows, 10-1,339; 
 
 working oxen, 29,065; horses, 64,773; mules, 
 16,578; sheep, (in 20 counties,) »2,867; hogs, 
 38,976, and poultry, 96,230. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The variety of timber in 
 California is not great, but it is large in size 
 and abundant in quantity. The Lambertine 
 pine, or fir, on the mountains, of gigantic 
 size, the red-wood, a species of cypress, the 
 "palo Colorado" of the Mexicans, a tree of 
 huge dimensions, (Colonel Fremont mentions 
 one 21 feet in diameter,) the maple, oak, 
 cedar, sycamore, and a species of cotton- 
 wood, are among the principal forest-trees. 
 
 Animals. — Elks, deer, grizzly bears, ante- 
 lopes, California lions, (a species of panther, 
 very destructive to cattle and horses) ; the cu- 
 yote, (an animal between a fox and a wolf, 
 which preys upon sheep and pigs); a black 
 wild-cat, a water-rat, living in the mountains, 
 and building itself a brush hut four or five feet 
 in height, about the size of a muskrat, web- 
 footed, with a fine mouse-colored fur; an ani- 
 mal resembling a martin, gray foxes, rabbits, 
 hares, (very large,) gray squirrels, and wild 
 horses and cattle, are the principal quadru- 
 peds. Geese, ducks, snipes, quails, plovers, 
 curlews, doves, ravens, crows, vultures, 
 (rarely seen,) hawks, partridges, penguins, 
 and various sea-birds, are the principal of 
 the feathered tribe. Among the fishes are 
 the seal, sturgeon, bass, mackerel, crawfish, 
 blackfish, sardines, (in sufficient numbers to 
 become an article of export,) clams, oysters^ 
 lobsters, crabs, halibut of a large size, sharks, 
 a large fish of a dingy red color off the sound- 
 ings, salmon in great abundance, (large in 
 size and excellent in quality,) salmon-trout, 
 trout, smelts, and a large fresh-water fish 
 from IJ to 2|- feet long. 
 
 Manufactures. — California has few manu- 
 factures, and this state of things is likely 
 to continue so long as there is so great a de- 
 mand for labor in other and more profitable 
 kinds of business. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — There are no rail- 
 roads in California, though one is projected 
 from San Francisco to San Jos6. As a pri- 
 mary movement in this direction, plank-roads 
 now engage public attention, and the proba- 
 bility is, that while we write, two have been 
 already begun, one from Mairysville to Grass 
 Valley and Nevada, and the other from Sa- 
 cramento to Auburn, Grass Valley, and Ne- 
 vada. Canalling, for the purpose of con- 
 ducting water to the mines, is a species of 
 improvement peculiar to this state. In Placer 
 county alone, about $1,400,000 is invested in 
 this way. 
 
 Commerce. — The commercial city of San 
 Francisco has sprung up as if by magic, and 
 its harbour is thronged with shipping from 
 Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Atlantic 
 coast of the United States. At the moment 
 we write, in all our great Atlantic ports, 
 large numbers of the first-class ships are 
 loading with valuable cargoes for California. 
 
 177 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 Several lines, employing 41 immense ocean 
 steamers, of from 900 to 3000 tons burthen, 
 crowded with passengers, to a degree unparal- 
 leled in the history of navigation, weekly ar- 
 rive at and depart from San Francisco at the 
 one terminus, and New York and New Orleans 
 at the other. With the exception of the export 
 of gold, California's commerce is almost wholly 
 an importing one, the frames and materials of 
 houses themselves being imported. The com- 
 merce of California threatens to revolutionize 
 the trade of the East, and San Francisco 
 seems likely to become the Alexandria of 
 modern times, the halting-place of the transit 
 trade of Asia, in its new western route to 
 Europe, to open commerce (and with it civil- 
 ization) to the isles of the Pacific, and to 
 infuse even into the Chinese the spirit of pro- 
 gress. The foreign imports of California for 
 the fiscal year 1852, were $4,648,587, and 
 the exports consisted of about $50,000,000, 
 gold dust. The imports of course do not in- 
 clude the immense trade with the Atlantic 
 shores of the republic. There entered into 
 California in 1852, 718 vessels, tonnage 
 261,352, and cleared 906, tonnage 360,872. 
 About one-third of the commerce was in fo- 
 reign bottoms. Total tonnage owned in the 
 state, $99,041.83. See San Francisco. 
 
 Education. — Congress appropriated half a 
 million acres of land in California for the 
 support of common schools; of this, 150,000 
 acres have been sold, forming a school fund 
 of $300,000. Besides this, two sections of 
 land in each township are set apart for the 
 same purpose, and 72 sections for a state 
 university. The money available for present 
 use, arising from different sources, amounted 
 to nearly $50,000 in 1853. The superintend- 
 ent of public schools, the same year, reported 
 to the legislature, 17,821 white children in the 
 state, 20 public schools attended by 3314 
 pupils ; number of teachers employed, 15, 
 of whom 6 were females ; highest salary, 
 $150 per month; lowest, $75; total expended 
 on teachers' salaries,- $21,355.42. Eight or 
 ten academies and high schools have been 
 founded, supported by private means, and 
 the Catholic bishop of Monterey reports 
 eight schools under his direction. 
 
 Religion. — In 1850, California had 23 
 churches, of which 1 belonged to the Bap- 
 tists, 4 to the Methodists, 1 to the Presby- 
 terians, and 17 to the Roman Catholics. 
 
 Public Institutions. — A state lunatic asylum 
 is now in course of erection at Stockton, 
 which will be an ornament to the state. In 
 1852 there were in temporary buildings, 30 
 patients. The state marine hospital, at 
 San Francisco, in 1852 admitted 2283 pa- 
 tients, of whom 1408 were foreigners. A 
 United States marine hospital is now being 
 erected in the same city, 182 feet by 96 feet, 
 4 stories high, and capable of accommodating 
 800 patients. A penitentiary' is now in course 
 of erection at St. Quentin, 15 miles N. of 
 178 
 
 San Francisco, at which place 200 convicts 
 are employed in constructing the building. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — The governor 
 of California is elected for two years by po- 
 pular vote, and receives $10,000 salary. The 
 senate consists of 33 members, elected for 2 
 years, and the house of representatives of 
 80, elected annually. California, by the re- 
 cent state census, will be entitled to three 
 members in the national house of representa- 
 tives, (if the state census should be taken as 
 the guide to apportionment, otherwise but 
 two,) and to five electoral votes for president 
 of the United States. 
 
 The judiciary consists, 1. Of a supreme 
 court, composed of one chief and two asso- 
 ciate judges, elected by the people for sis 
 years, and receiving $8000 each, annually. 
 2. Of district courts, the judges of which 
 are also elected by popular vote, for six 
 years. 3. A county judge is elected in 
 each county for four years, to act as judge 
 of probate, and to hold courts for the trans- 
 action of criminal business, in conjunction 
 with two justices of the peace ; and 4. Of 
 the superior court of San Francisco. The' 
 district judges receive $7500 per annum. 
 
 The productions and capital employed in. 
 various branches of business, (Calaveras and 
 El Dorado counties, estimated,) including 
 live stock, agricultural products, mines, &c. 
 &c., make a total of $108,522,568. Califor- 
 nia has a debt of $1,000,000, contracted in 
 a war with the Indians, which it is supposed 
 the United States will pay ; besides which she 
 has a debt of $1,250,000, for which the state 
 alone is responsible, to which another million 
 will probably be added by the erection of 
 the penitentiary. 
 
 History. — The north part of California was 
 discovered by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578; 
 but was first colonized by some Spaniards in 
 1768. After the Mexican revolution, Cali- 
 fornia formed a province of that republic 
 until 1836, when the inhabitants rebelled, 
 drove out the Mexicans, and formed an in- 
 dependent congress. After having been the 
 scene of several sanguinary contests during 
 the war with Mexico, by the treaty of peace 
 in 1848, it became a part of the United 
 States, and in 1850 was admitted into the 
 American confederacy, as a sovereign state ; 
 since which time its almost daily history has 
 been blazoned to the world, far and near, in 
 the newspapers of the day. During its oc- 
 cupancy by the Spaniards, it was resorted to 
 by the Americans, principally for the hides 
 and tallow cured at the Jesuit missionary 
 stations, and by the Russians in pursuit of 
 the seal. 
 
 California, a post-ofl5ce of Erie county, 
 New York. 
 
 California, a small village of Washington 
 count}', Pennsylvania. 
 
 California, a post-village of Yallobusha 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 California, a post-village of Campbell 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 California, a post-office of Clermont coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 California, a small village of Madison 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 California, a post-township in Branch 
 county, Michigan, about 18 miles S. W. from 
 Hillsdale. Population, 473. 
 
 California, a small post-village, capital 
 
 of Moniteau county, Missouri, 23 miles W. 
 
 from Jefferson City, and 12 miles S. W, from 
 
 Missouri river. Lead and stone coal are 
 
 . found in the vicinity. 
 
 Calk's Ferry, a post-office of Lexington 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Callaghan's, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Calland's, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cal-la-poo'ya Indians, a tribe in Oregon, 
 dwelling S. of the Columbia, and E. of the 
 Willamette. 
 
 Callaway, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, has an 
 area of about 450 square miles. The Ten- 
 nessee river forms the entire £. boundary, 
 and it is also drained by Clark's river. More 
 than half of the surface consists of level 
 river bottoms ; the remainder is hilly ; the 
 soil is fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, and 
 .oats are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 ■ produced 405,785 bushels of corn; 8414 of 
 ^' wheat; 64,450 of oats; 957,381 pounds of 
 tobacco, and 13,637 of wool. It contained 
 24 churches; 880 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 40 attending academies or other 
 schools. The Tennessee river is navigable 
 by steamboats on the border of the county. 
 Formed in 1821, and named in honor of Co- 
 lonel Richard Callaway, one of the early set- 
 tlers of Kentucky. Capital, Murray. Popu- 
 lation, 8096, of whom 7104 were free, and 
 992, slaves. 
 
 Callaway, a county in the E. central part 
 of Missouri, on the N. bank of the Missouri 
 river, contains 743 square miles. It is 
 drained by Cedar creek and other small 
 streams. The surface is gently undulating, 
 and the soil is highly productive both on the 
 river bottoms and the uplands. About one- 
 third of the county is prairie. The princi- 
 pal productions are wheat, corn, oats, tobac- 
 co, and hemp. Many horses, , mules, and 
 horned cattle are reared for exportation. 
 In 1850 this county produced 811,885 bush- 
 els of corn; 50,178 of wheat; 184,418 of 
 oats ; 886,800 pounds of tobacco, and 177,369 
 pounds of butter. The crop of oats was 
 greater than that of any other county in 
 the state, excepting Greene county ; and the 
 quantity of hay was exceeded only by How- 
 ard county. It contained 31 churches and 1 
 newspaper establishment. Large beds of 
 cannel coal, bituminous coal, iron ore, and 
 
 fine limestone underlie the greater part of 
 the county. A stratum of cannel coal, 24 
 feet thick, has been opened near the river. 
 Fine potter's clay is abundant, and is ex- 
 tensively manufactured. The county was 
 organized in 1820, and is among the most 
 populous in Missouri. Capital, Fulton. Po- 
 pulation, 13,827, of whom 9920 were free, 
 and 3907, slaves. 
 
 Callensburg, a post-village of Toby town- 
 ship, Clarion county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 left bank of Clarion river, about 65 miles 
 N. N. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Callensville, a thriving post-village of 
 Pendleton county, Kentucky, on the S. 
 branch of Licking river, and on the railroad 
 from Covington to Lexington. 
 
 Callicoon, a post-township of Sullivan 
 county. New York, on the Delaware river 
 and Erie railroad, about 90 miles S. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 1981. 
 
 Callicoon Creek, of Sullivan county, in 
 the S. part of New York, falls in the Dela- 
 ware river. 
 
 Callicoon Depot, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, New York. 
 
 Caln, a post-office of Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Caln, a former township of Chester coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, now divided into East and 
 West Caln. 
 
 Calno, a post-office of Warren county, 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Calumet, a county situated in the E. part 
 of Wisconsin, contains about 300 square 
 miles. Winnebago lake bounds it on the W., 
 and it is drained by the branches of Mani- 
 toowoc river. The surface is traversed by 
 a high ridge nearly parallel with the lake. 
 The land is fertile, and produces abundance 
 of timber, wheat, corn, oats, barley, pota- 
 toes, hay, and butter. In 1850 this county 
 yielded 7827 bushels of wheat ; 8428 of oats ; 
 10,532 of corn; 8887 of barley; 9116 of 
 potatoes ; 846 tons of hay, and 21,588 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 1 church, and 173 
 pupils attending public schools. The rocks 
 which underlie the county are blue limestone 
 and sandstone. Calumet county was organ- 
 ized, for judicial purposes, in 1850. Capi- 
 tal, Chilton Centre. Population, 1743. 
 
 Calumet, a post-township in Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin, about 35 miles W. N. W. 
 from Sheboygan. Population, 1764. 
 
 Calumet, a post-office of Porter county, 
 Indiana, 14 miles N. from Valparaiso. 
 
 Calumet Village, a post-village in the 
 above township, on the E. shore of Lake 
 Winnebago, 12 miles N. E. from Fond da 
 Lac. It is situated in a rich farming dis- 
 trict. The lake is navigated by steam- 
 boats. 
 
 Calumiok River, of Indiana and Illinois, 
 rises in La Porte county of the former state, 
 and flowing westward into Illinois, discharges 
 
 179 
 
CAL 
 
 CAM 
 
 a portion of its water into Lake Michigan ; 
 the other portion then runs eastward, nearly 
 parallel with its former course and only 3 or 
 4 miles N. from it, and enters Lake Michi- 
 gan at its southern extremity. 
 
 Calvabt, a post-office of Athens county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Calvekt, a county in the S. part of Ma- 
 ryland, bordering on Chesapeake bay, has 
 an area of about 250 square miles. It con- 
 sists of a peninsula, formed by the Cliesa- 
 peake and the Patuxent river, which washes 
 its western border, and enters the bay at 
 the southern extremity. The surface is some- 
 what undulating, the soil is moderately fer- 
 tile. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, and oats 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 3,109,258 pounds of tobacco ; 351,890 
 bushels of corn ; 67,489 of wheat, and 23,644 
 of oats. It contained 11 churches. Marl is 
 abundant in the county, and is used to fer- 
 tilize the soil. Organized in 1654. Capital, 
 Prince Frederick. Population, 9646, of 
 whom 5160 were free, and 4486, slaves. 
 
 Calvin, a post-ofiice of Huntingdon coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Calvin, a township in the S. part of Cass 
 county, Michigan. Population, 624. 
 
 Camak, a post-village of Warren county, 
 Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, at the 
 junction of the Warrenton branch, 46 miles 
 W. from Augusta. 
 
 Camanche, a thriving post-village of Clin- 
 ton county, Iowa, on the Mississippi river, 
 40 miles above Davenport. It is the ship- 
 ping point for the produce of the vicinity. 
 
 Camanche Indians. See Comanches. 
 
 Camargo, a small post-village of Lancas- 
 ter county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Camargo, a post-village of Monroe coun- 
 ty, Mississippi, on Town creek, an affluent of 
 Tombigbee river, 20 miles N. from Aberdeen, 
 the county seat, and at the head of steam 
 navigation. Laid out in 1847. It has 3 
 stores, and 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Camargo, a post-office of Lincoln county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Camargo, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Camargo, a post-office of Jefferson county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Camargo, a post-village of Lee county, 
 Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 10 miles N. W. 
 from Keokuk. 
 
 Camera, a post-office of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cambria, a county in the S. W. centr.al 
 part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 
 670 square miles. Conemaugh creek rises 
 in the S. E. part, and flows westward ; the 
 West branch of the Susquehanna also rises 
 in the county by two branches, namely, 
 Clearfield and Chest creeks. The county is 
 an elevated table-land, lying on the western 
 slope of the Alleghany mountain : the sur- 
 face is irregular and broken, furrowed by 
 180 
 
 deep and precipitous ravines, and extensively 
 covered with dark forests of pine and other 
 timber. Lumber is the chief article of ex- 
 port. The soil of the highlands is adapted 
 to pasturage. Wheat, oats, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 42,898 bushels of wheat; 193,082 of 
 oats; 10,326 tons of hay, and 290,780 pounds 
 of butter. There were 58 saw mills, 1 coal- 
 mining establishment, 5 grist mills, 4 iron 
 foundries, 5 furnaces, 2 wool-carding mills, 
 and 5 tanneries. It contained 31 churches, 
 and 3 newspaper establishments. There were 
 4070 pupils attending public schools, and 30 
 attending an academy. Veins of bituminous 
 coal and iron ore are abundant, and are 
 worked to some extent. The county is tra- 
 versed by the Portage railroad and Pennsyl- 
 vania canal, which connect at Johnstown; 
 and also by the Central railroad. In conse- 
 quence of these improvements the population 
 of the county has increased rapidly for seve- 
 ral years past. Cambria was mostly settled 
 by emigrants from Ireland and Wales, and 
 when it was organized in 1804, the ancient 
 name of the latter country was given to it. 
 Capital, Ebensburg. Population, 17,773. 
 
 Cambria, a post-township of Niagara 
 county, New York, 22 miles N. from Buffalo, 
 is traversed by the Rochester and Niagara 
 railroad. Population, 2366. 
 
 Cambria, a township in the centre of 
 Cambria county, Pennsylvania, containing 
 the borough of Ebensburg. Total popula- 
 tion, 2000. 
 
 Cambria, a post-township in Hillsdale 
 county, Michigan, about 5 miles S. W. from 
 Hillsdale. Population, 716. 
 
 Cambria, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Cambria Mills, a post-office of Hillsdale 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Cambridge, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Maine, 50 miles E. by N. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 487. 
 
 Cambridge, a township of Coos county, 
 New Hampshire, on the N. E. boundary of 
 the state, 100 miles N. by E. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 33. 
 
 Cambridge, a post-township of Lamoille 
 county, Vermont, on both sides of the La- 
 moille river, about 33 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1849. 
 
 Cambridge, a city and semi-capital of 
 Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 3 miles 
 W. N. W. from Boston, in lat. 42° 22' 21" 
 N., Ion. 71° T 38'' W. It comprises Cam- 
 bridge, the seat of Harvard University, East 
 Cambridge, (formerly Lechmere Point,) 
 Cambridgeport, about midway between Old 
 Cambridge and Boston, and the district called 
 North Cambridge. Old Cambridge, or 
 Cambridge Proper, is delightfully situated 
 in the midst of a beautiful plain, extending 
 from Charles river. The streets are gene- 
 rally broad, and shaded with lofty elms. 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 Many of the dwellings stand at considerable 
 distances from each other, and are sur- 
 rounded with spacious yards, ornamented 
 with shrubbery and evergreens. The prin- 
 cipal object of interest in the place is Har- 
 vard University, the oldest and best endowed 
 collegiate institution in the United States. 
 It was founded in 1638, and derives its name 
 from the Rev. John Harvard, who bequeathed 
 it a legacy of about £780. Its funds, at the 
 present time, amount to about $1,000,000. 
 Besides the collegiate department proper, 
 the university embraces a law school, a 
 theological school, a medical college, and a 
 department for those who wish to prepare 
 themselves for business pursuits, without 
 going through a classical course. The last 
 was instituted in 1848, mainly through the 
 efforts of the Hon. Abbott Lawrence, who 
 bestowed upon it a munificent donation. 
 The buildings occupied by the University are 
 15 in number, 14 of which are in Cambridge ; 
 the other is located in North Grove Street, 
 Boston. The most prominent are University 
 Hall, containing the chapel and lecture rooms; 
 Harvard Hall, in which are the mineralogical 
 cabinet, philosophical apparatus and a large 
 room for declamation, adorned with the por- 
 traits of the officers and benefactors of the 
 institution; GoreHall,afine granite structure, 
 having in it the college library ; and Holden 
 Chapel, containing the anatomical museum and 
 chemical laboratory. In addition to these, 
 there are Divinity Hall, occupied by the theo- 
 logical students, and four other buildings for 
 the accommodation of undergraduates. The 
 institution has a botanical garden of about 
 eight acres, stored with a choice collection 
 of shrubs and plants, both native and ex- 
 otic ; and one of the most powerful tele- 
 scopes in this country. The lectures to me- 
 dical students are given at the Medical Col- 
 lege in Boston. In 1852 the alumni were 
 6342, a greater number than of any other 
 college iu the Union. Cambridge contains 
 2 banks. 
 
 Cambridgeport, connected with Boston by 
 a bridge, contains the town house, a number 
 of elegant mansions, 2 or 3 churches, and 
 2 banks. 
 
 East Cambridge is connected with Boston 
 by Canal bridge, and with Charlestown by 
 Prison Point bridge. It is regularly laid out 
 with streets intersecting each other at right 
 angles, and contains, besides the county 
 buildings, a post-office and several manu- 
 factories. Among the latter may be men- 
 tioned, an estiiblishment for making glass, 
 where $500,000 worth is annually produced. 
 
 Cambridge is one of the oldest towns in 
 New England, having been settled in 1630. 
 It first took the name of Newtown, which 
 was soon after changed for its present one. 
 The " Freeman's Oath," one of the first 
 newspapers published in the United States, 
 was issued here by Stephen Day. During 
 
 the Revolutionary war, the American army 
 was encamped in Cambridge, while the 
 British had possession of Boston. Popula- 
 tion, in 1830, 6072; 1840, 8409; 1850, 
 15,215. 
 
 Cambridge, a post-township of Washing- 
 ton county, New York, 33 miles N. N. E. from 
 Albany. Population, 2593. 
 
 Cambridge, a post-village of Venango 
 township, Crawford county, Pennsylvania, 
 on French creek, 102 miles N. from Pitts- 
 burg, and 25 miles S. from Erie, is rapidly 
 improving, and has an active trade. 
 
 Cambridge, a small post-village on the 
 line between Lancaster and Chester counties, 
 Pennsylvania, 22 miles E. by N. from Lan- 
 caster. The post-office is in Lancaster county. 
 
 Cambridge, a handsome post-village, ca- 
 pital of Dorchester county, Maryland, is 
 situated on the S. side of the Chaptank 
 river, about 12 miles from its entrance into 
 Chesapeake bay, and 50 miles S. E. from 
 Annapolis. It has a court house, aca-demy, 
 and several churches. The river at this 
 place is 2 or 3 miles wide. 
 
 Cambridge, a post-village in Abbeville 
 district. South Carolina, about 60 miles W. 
 by N. from Columbia. / 
 
 Cambridge, a post-village of Dallas coun- 
 ty, Alabama, 80 miles S. by E. from Tusca- 
 loosa. 
 
 Cambridge, a township in the central part 
 of Guernsey county, Ohio. Population, 
 2488. 
 
 Cambridge, a post- village, capital of 
 Guernsey county, Ohio, is situated in the 
 above township, on the National road, 24 
 miles E. from Zanesville, and 77 miles E. by 
 N. from Columbus. It contains, besides the 
 court house, 4 or 5 churches, an academy, a 
 printing office, and several mills. Wills 
 creek passes by the village. Population, 
 about 1200. 
 
 Cambridge, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Lenawee county, Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 973. 
 
 Cambridge, or Cambridge City, a post- 
 village of Wayne county, Indiana, on the 
 Whitewater river, and canal of that name, 
 where it is crossed by the National road, 52 
 miles E. of Indianapolis. The navigation 
 of the canal, and the water-power of the 
 river, render it a place of active business. 
 A railroad is now in progress, which, when 
 finished, will connect it with Cincinnati. 
 Population, 1217. 
 
 Cambridge, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Henry county, Illinois, 140 miles 
 N. by W. from Springfield. It is surrounded 
 by a rich farming district, in which stone 
 coal is abundant. 
 
 Cambridge, a post-office of Saline countj', 
 Missouri. 
 
 Cambridge, a thriving post-village of Dane 
 county, Wisconsin, on the Koshconong river, 
 22 miles E. by S. from Madison, has a good 
 
 181 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 water-power, with a flouring and a saw mill. 
 Population, about 300. Laid out about the 
 year 1848. 
 
 Cambrtdgepout, a post-office of Windham 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Cambridgepoet, Massachusetts. See 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Camden, a county in the W. S. W. part 
 of New Jersey, has an area of about 220 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. E. 
 by Pensauken creek, N. W. by the Delaware, 
 and on the S. W. by Big Timber creek, 
 and is also drained by Cooper's creek, which 
 affords some water-power. The surface is 
 level except where worn down by streams. 
 The soil in the E. part is sandy, and in the 
 W. a fertile loam producing great quantities 
 of fruit and vegetables for the Philadelphia 
 markets. Indian corn, Irish potatoes, sweet 
 potatoes, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county yielded 259,684 bu- 
 shels of corn; 307,869 of potatoes; 65,191 
 of sweet potatoes; 12,946 tons of hay; and 
 299,856 pounds of wool. It contained 2 foun- 
 dries, 5 glass manufactories, 1 locomotive ma- 
 nufactory, 11 flouring, 1 paper, and 28 saw 
 mills, 35 churches, and 3 newspaper offices ; 
 3,6.39 pupils attending public schools, and 
 386 attending academies or other schools. 
 Marl is abundant in most parts of the county. 
 The inhabitants in the eastern portion are 
 principally engaged in manufactures of iron 
 and glass. The railroad connecting Camden 
 with Absecom traverses the county. Or- 
 ganized in 1844, having been formed from 
 Gloucester county, and named from its seat 
 of justice, the city of Camden. Population, 
 25,422. 
 
 Caj5^n, a county in the N. E. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on Virginia, and 
 on the N. side of Albemarle sound, has an 
 area of about 280 square miles. Pasquo- 
 tank river forms the entire boundary on the 
 S. W. The surface is level and partly occu- 
 pied by the Dismal Swamp. The soil is fer- 
 tile. The staple is Indian corn. In 1850 
 there were raised 363,000 bushels of corn ; 
 28,492 of sweet potatoes ; and 23,000 pounds 
 of butter. There were 5 shingle mills, 1 
 corn and flour mill, 3 stave manufactories 
 and 7 churches. The county contains 
 forests of cedar and cypress which are 
 valuable for lumber. It is intersected by 
 the Dismal Swamp canal, 22 miles long. 
 The county was formed in 1777, and named 
 in honor of the Earl of Camden, who, as a 
 member of the British Parliament, advocated 
 the cause of the American colonies. Capital, 
 Camden Court House. Population, 6049, of 
 whom 3862 were free, and 2187 slaves. 
 
 Camden, a county forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Georgia, bordering on the Atlantic 
 and on Florida, has an area of 1125 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Santilla river, 
 and bounded on the S. by the St. Mary's 
 river, The surface is mostly level, and the 
 182 
 
 soil sandy. The limits of the county in- 
 clude Cumberland Island, which is 18 miles 
 long, by 2 or 3 miles wide, and separated 
 from the mainland by a narrow channel. 
 Rice, sugar, sweet potatoes, and Indian 
 corn are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 6,400,940 pounds of rice ; 45 hogs- 
 heads of sugar; 52,328 bushels of sweet 
 potatoes; and 63,478 of corn. The produce 
 of rice was greater than that of any other 
 county of the state excepting Chatham. 
 There were 3 turpentine distilleries, 1 tan- 
 nery, and 1 saw mill. It contained 10 
 churches ; 25 pnpils attending public schools, 
 and 90 attending academies or other schools. 
 Capital, Jefferson. Population, 6319, of 
 whom 2073 were free, and 4246, slaves. 
 
 Camden, a county in the central part of 
 Missouri, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Osage river, 
 and also drained by the Niangua, the Little 
 Niangua, and the Grand Auglaize and its two 
 branches. The surface is uneven, the soil 
 moderately fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 256,054 bu- 
 shels of corn; 22,241 of wheat; 45,176 of 
 oats ; and 219 tons of hay. Lead is found 
 on the banks of Osage river, in this county. 
 This stream is navigable during a few* 
 months of the year. Capital, Erie. Popu- 
 lation, 2338, of whom 2208 were free, and 
 130, slaves. 
 
 Camden, a post-township in Waldo county, 
 Maine, on the west side of Penobscot bay, 
 40 miles S. E. by E. from Augusta. Popula- 
 tion, 4005. 
 
 Camden, a post-village of Oneida co., N. Y., 
 about 35 miles N. W. from Utica, on the Rome 
 and Watertown railroad. It contains a bank. 
 Population of the township, 2820. 
 
 Camden, a city, port of delivery, and seat 
 of justice of Camden county. New Jersey, 
 is situated on a plain on the left bank of the 
 Delaware river, immediately opposite to Phi- 
 ladelphia, with which it is connected by means 
 of 5 steam ferries. By railroad it is 32 miles 
 S. S. W. from Trenton; 87 miles S. W. from 
 New York, and 9 miles N. from Woodbury. 
 The Absecom railroad, extending from this 
 place to Absecom Beach, is now (1853) near- 
 ly completed. The city is regularly laid out 
 with streets intersecting each other at right 
 angles, and contains many fine dwellings, es- 
 pecially in the north ward. The public build- 
 ings are a court house, recently erected, a 
 bank, 2 extensive railroad depots, and 10 
 churches, viz. 2 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 2 
 Baptist, 2 Methodist, and 2 Friends. The 
 court house, in which are apartments occu- 
 pied as a jail, is a roughcast edifice with 
 iron columns. In Camden there are 2 lite- 
 rary associations and a mutual insurance 
 company ; also 3 saw mills, 2 iron found- 
 ries, 1 paper, 1 rolling, 1 drug, and 1 grist 
 mill, besides chemical and glass works, and 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 a ship-yard. Three papers are issued. Gas 
 light was first introduced about the com- 
 meneemeat of the present year. The shipping 
 of this port, June 80, 1852, was 17,448 tons. 
 The city was chartered in 1831, and is di- 
 vided into tliree wards, governed by a mayor 
 and common council. In consequence of its 
 proximity to Philadelphia, this city within a 
 few years past has increased rapidly in po- 
 pulation. In 1840, Camden contained only 
 3371 inhabitants; in 1850, 9479. 
 
 Camdest, a flourishing post-village of Kent 
 CO., Delaware, on a branch of Jones creek, 3 
 miles S. from Dover. Pop., about 400. 
 
 Camden, a post-office of Camden county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Camden, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Kershaw District, South Carolina, is situated 
 ou the east bank of the Wateree river, 33 
 miles N. E. from Columbia and 142 miles 
 N. by W. from Charleston, with which it is 
 coimected by railroad. The river is navi- 
 gable by steamboats to this place. Camden 
 is surrounded by a fertile district in which 
 cotton, maize, and peaches flourish. The 
 recent completion of the Camden Branch 
 railroad has increased the activity of busi- 
 ness in the town. It contains an academy, 
 an arsenal, a library, a bank, and 4 or 5 
 churches. There is 1 cotton factory in 
 operatioLi about 1 mile from the town. The 
 two banks of the river are connected by a 
 bridge near this place. A battle was fought 
 here in August, 1780, between General Gates 
 and Lord Cornwallis ; another in April, 
 1781, between General Greene and Lord 
 Eawdon. 
 
 Camden, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Wilcox county, Alabama, is situated on 
 a healthy eminence 4 miles S. from Alabama 
 river, and about 80 miles S. W. from Mont- 
 gomery. It is the centre of an active trade 
 and is the most populous town in the county. 
 The population has nearly doubled since 
 1847. This place has been erroneously 
 named " Barboursville" on several maps of 
 the state. Camden contains a respectable 
 academy and 2 female seminaries. Popula- 
 tion, about 800. 
 
 Camden, a small post-village of Madison 
 county, Mississippi, 40 miles N. N. E. from 
 Jackson and 5 miles from Big Black river. 
 
 Camden, a handsome post- village, capital 
 of Washita county, Arkansas, on the right 
 (W.) bank of the Washita river, 110 miles S. 
 by W. from Little Rock. It is situated on 
 the declivity of a high range of hills, and is 
 built in a very tasteful style. A few years 
 ago the site was occupied by a dense forest, 
 and many of the trees are still standing in 
 the streets. Camden is one of the most 
 flourishing towns in the state, and possesses 
 great advantages for trade, being at the head 
 of navigation for large steamers, several of 
 which are constantly employed in conveying 
 produce down the river to New Orleans. A 
 
 plank-road has been commenced, which will 
 connect Camden with Fulton, on Red river, 
 and will probably draw an increase of busi- 
 ness. The growth of this place has been 
 very rapid, and is likely to continue so. It 
 was settled about 1842. In 1848 the popu- 
 lation was near 600, in 1853, about 1400. 
 The site was formerly a rendezvous for hunt- 
 ers, and known as " Ecore a Fabre." 
 
 Camden, a small post-village, capital of 
 Benton county, Tennessee, 85 miles W. from 
 Nashville, and 9 miles from the Tennessee 
 river, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Camden, a small village of McNairy coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Camden, a flourishing post-village of Pre- 
 ble county, Ohio, on the Eaton and Hamilton 
 railroad, 38 miles N. from Cincinnati. It is 
 surrounded by a fine farming country, and 
 has a good water-power, which is employed 
 in several flouring and saw mills. It contains 
 about 100 houses. 
 
 Camden, a township in the W. part of Lo- 
 rain county, Ohio. Population, 1025. 
 
 Camden, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Hillsdale county, Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 594. 
 
 Camden, a village near the S. E. extremity 
 of Kent county, Michigan, 23 miles S. E. 
 from Grand Rapids. 
 
 Camden, a thriving post-village of Carroll 
 county, Indiana, on Deer creek, about 65 
 miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis, has about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Camden, a pleasant post-village of Jay 
 county, Indiana, on the Salamonie river, 11 
 miles N. W. from Portland. A plank-road, 
 40 miles long, connects it with Fort Wayne. 
 The water-power of the river is employed in 
 flouring and saw mills. It has a seminary, 
 and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Camden, a post-township in Schuyler coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 12 miles W. from Rush- 
 ville. Population, 426. 
 
 Camden, a small post-village of Schuyler 
 county, Illinois, 72 miles W. N. W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Camden, or Camden Mills, a thriving post- 
 village of Rock Island county, Illinois, on 
 Rock river, at its entrance into the Missis- 
 sippi, 2 or 3 miles S. W. from Rock Island 
 City. It is amply supplied with water-power, 
 and has several mills. 
 
 Camden, a post-village of Ray county, 
 Missouri, on the left bank of the Missouri 
 river, 325 miles from St. Louis by water, has 
 an active trade. Population, 500. 
 
 Camden Court House, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Camden county, North Carolina, on 
 the left bank of Pasquotank river, 219 miles 
 E. N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Camden Point, a post-village of Platte 
 county, Missouri, 34 miles N. N. W. from In- 
 dependence. 
 
 Camdenville, a small post-village of An- 
 derson county, Kentucky, on Salt river. 
 
 183 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 Camel's Rump, or Camel's Back noun- ] 
 tain, one of the highest peaks of the Green 
 Mountains, Vermont, 17 miles W. of Montpe- 
 lier. Height, 4188 feet. From some points 
 of yiew, this mountain summit bears a re- 
 semblance to a crouching lion, whence the 
 latter appellation has sometimes been be- 
 stowed upon it. 
 
 Cameron, a county forming the S. extre- 
 mity of Texas, bordering on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, has an area of 5460 square miles. 
 The Rio Grande forms its southern boundary 
 and separates it from Mexico. The soil is 
 mostly uncultivated, but is adapted to cotton, 
 maize, and sugar-cane. Live stock are the 
 chief articles of export. The county con- 
 tains numerous salt lakes, from which salt 
 of good quality is procured. Sal del Rey, 
 the largest of these, is capable of furnishing 
 almost unlimited quantities. In 1850 this 
 county produced 8700 bushels of corn, and 
 2000 pounds of wool. There were 4 churches, 
 2 newspapers, 119 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 296 attending academies or 
 other schools. Capital, Brownsville. Popu- 
 lation, including Starr and AVebb counties, 
 8540, of whom 8488 were free, and 52, 
 slaves. Named in honor of Captain Came- 
 ron, who fell in the expedition against Mier. 
 
 Cameron, a post-township of Steuben coun- 
 ty, New York. Population, 1701. 
 
 Cameron, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the New York and Erie railroad, 324 
 miles from New York city. Population, about 
 300. 
 
 Cameron, a post-office of Clinton county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cameron, a post-village, capital of Milam 
 county, Texas, on Little river, 58 miles in a 
 direct line N. E. from Austin City. 
 
 Cameron Mills, a post-office of Steuben 
 county. New York. 
 
 Camillus, a post-township of Onondaga 
 county. New York, 7 miles W. from Syracuse, 
 intersected by the Erie canal and by the Sy- 
 racuse and Rochester railroad. Population, 
 3105. 
 
 Camillus, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the railroad connecting Syracuse with 
 Auburn, 139 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Campbell, a county in the S. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 576 square miles. 
 James river forms its boundary on the N., 
 and Staunton river on the S. ; it is also 
 drained by Otter and Falling rivers. The 
 surface is hilly and broken, the soil gene- 
 rally productive. Tobacco, Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and hay are the staples. The 
 uplands are partly covered with forests of 
 the oak and pine. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 2,534,730 pounds of tobacco; 339,267 
 bushels of corn ; 100,500 of wheat ; 167,254 
 of oats, and 2168 tons of hay. There were 
 36 tobacco factories, 1 cotton and woollen 
 factory, 5 flour mills, and 4 iron foundries. 
 It contained 42 churches, 3 newspaper offices ; 
 184 
 
 344 pupils attepding public schools, and 650' 
 attending academies and other schools. Iron 
 ore is found, and granite is abundant in the 
 county. The .James River canal passes along 
 the northern border. The Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee railroad, and the South Side railroad, 
 connect with each other at Lynchburg, the 
 chief town of the county. Organized in 
 1784, and named in honor of General "Wil- 
 liam Campbell, an officer in the war of the 
 Revolution. Capital, Campbell Court House. 
 Population, 23,245, of whom 12,379 were 
 free, and 10,866, slaves. 
 
 Campbell, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Georgia, contains 360 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Chattahoochee river, 
 and also drained by Sweetwater creek. The 
 surface is broken and undulating; the soil 
 various. The lands on the river and creeks 
 consist of a black loam, adapted to grain 
 and cotton, which are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 271,500 bushels of 
 corn; 27,236 of oats; 44,434 of sweet pota- 
 toes, and 3040 bales of cotton. There were 
 2 cotton factories, 6 flour mills, 9 saw mills, 
 and 4 tanneries. It contained 20 churches, 
 and 450 pupils attending public schools. The 
 rocks of the county are mostly prinjitive. 
 Gold, iron, and soapstone are found. The 
 streams furnish considerable water-power. 
 The Atlanta and La Grange railroad passes 
 along the S. E. border. The name was given 
 in honor of Duncan G. Campbell, a member 
 of the Georgia legislature. Capital, Camp- 
 bellton. Population, 7232, of whom 5725 
 were free, and 1507, slaves. 
 
 Campbell, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, has an 
 area estimated at 450 square miles. It is 
 drained by New river and other affluents of 
 the Cumberland. The surface is hilly or 
 mountainous, and partly covered with exten- 
 sive forests. A ridge of the Cumberland 
 mountains passes through the county. In- 
 dian corn, oats, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 277,395 bushels 
 of corn; 43,839 of oats; 48,467 pounds of 
 butter, and 8167 of wool. It coatained 15 
 churches; 650pupils attending public schools, 
 and 25 attending an academy. Capital, 
 Jacksborough. Population, 0068, of whom 
 5750 were free, and 318, slaves. 
 
 Campbell, a county in the extreme north- 
 ern part of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio 
 river, nearly opposite Cincinnati, has an area 
 of 120 square miles. The Licking river forms 
 its western boundary, and enters the Ohio at 
 the N. W. extremity. The surface is diversi- 
 fied by level bottom lands and rolling up- 
 lands. The soil is excellent and well culti- 
 vated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 301,125 bushels of corn; 9988 of 
 wheat; 37,759 of oats, and 23,108 pounds of 
 tobacco. It contained 16 churches and 1 
 newspaper office, 725 pupils attending public 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 schools, and 35 attending an academy. The 
 rock -which underlies the county is Trenton 
 limestone. Campbell county was formed in 
 1794, and named in honor of Colonel John 
 Campbell, formerly member of the state 
 senate. Capital, Alexandria. Population, 
 13,127, of whom 12,950 were free, and 177, 
 slaves. 
 
 Campbell, a post-township of Steuben 
 county. New York, 10 miles S. E. from Bath, 
 drained by Conhocton river, and traversed 
 by the Buffalo and Corning railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 1175. 
 
 Campbell, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Buffalo and Corning rail- 
 road, 11 miles S. E. from Bath. 
 
 Campbell, a post-ofBce of Lawrence coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Campbell, a township in Jennings county, 
 Indiana. Population, 731. 
 
 Campbell, a township in Warrick countj', 
 Indiana. Population, 1157. 
 
 Campbell, a small post-village of Coles 
 county, Illinois, about 8 miles S. W. from 
 Charleston. 
 
 Campbell Court House, a small village, 
 capital of Campbell county, Virginia, 130 
 miles W. S. W. from Richmond, and 12 miles 
 S. from Lynchburg. 
 
 Campbello, a post-village of Bridgewater 
 township, Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 
 on the Fall River railroad, 4 miles N. of 
 Bridge:svater, and 23 miles S. S. E. from 
 Boston. 
 
 Campbell's Bridge, a post-office of Marion 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Campbellsburg, a post-village of Henry 
 county, Kentucky, 31 miles N. W. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Campbellsburg, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Indiana. 
 
 Campbell's Counees, a post-office of Oak- 
 land county, Michigan. 
 
 Campbell's Creek, of Huntingdon county, 
 Indiana, flows into the Wabash. 
 
 Campbell's Grove, a village of Cass coun- 
 ty, Iowa, 180 miles W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Campbell's Mills, a post-office of Wind- 
 ham county, Connecticut. 
 
 Campbellsport, a post-village of Portage 
 county, Ohio, on the Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal, 3 miles S. E. from Ravenna. It has 
 several warehouses, from which grain, wool, 
 and dairy products are shipped. 
 
 Campbell's Rest, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Campbell's Station, a post-office of Knox 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Campbellsville, a post-office of Giles 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Campbellsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Taylor countj^ Kentucky, 75 miles S. S. W. 
 from Frankfort. It contains 3 churches, nu- 
 merous stores, and 30 mechanics' shops. Laid 
 out in 1817. Population, about 500. 
 
 C-'Uipbellton, a small post-village, capital 
 
 of Campbell county, Georgia, on the Chatta- 
 hoochee river, about 100 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. It has a large court house, a 
 jail, 2 churches, and an academy. 
 
 Campbellton, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Campbellton, a post-village of Itawamba 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Campbelltown, a post- village and railroad 
 station of Steuben county, New York, on the 
 railroad from Bath to Corning, 11 miles S. 
 E. from the former. 
 
 Campbeltown, a post-village of Lebanon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Campbellville, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county. New York. 
 
 Campbellville, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Camp Call, a post-office of Cleveland 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Camp Charlotte, a post-office of Pickaway 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Camp Creek, a post-office of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Camp Creek, a post-office of Greene coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Camp Creek, a post-office of Livingston 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Camp Creek, a township in Pike county, 
 Ohio, on the W. side of Scioto river, about 
 28 miles S. by W. from Chillicothe. Popu- 
 lation, 389. 
 
 Camp Creek, a post-office of Kosciusko 
 county, Indiana, 10 miles W. N. W. from War- 
 saw. 
 
 Camp Ground, a post-office of Pickens dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Camp Hill, a post-office of Tallapoosa 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Camping Creek, of South Carolina, flowrt 
 into Saluda river in Lexington district. 
 
 Camp Izard, a post-office of Marion coun-* 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 Camp Luce, a village of Madison county, 
 Iowa, 130 miles W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Campo Bello, an island about 8 miles long, 
 belonging to New Brunswick, at the entrance 
 to Passamaquoddy Bay, Maine. Between the 
 main ship channel and the northern entrance 
 into Head Harbor, 250 feet from the ex- 
 treme north-eastern point of the island, is a 
 fixed light, 60 feet above high-water mark. 
 Lat. 44° 47' N., Ion. 66° 55' W. 
 
 Campobello, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Camp Point, a post-township in Adams 
 county, Illinois, about 20 miles N. E. from 
 Quincy. Population, 588. 
 
 Camp Pinckney, a village in the S. part of 
 Camden county, Georgia, on St. Mary's river 
 
 Camp Ridge, a post-office of AVilliamsburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Camp Run, a post-office of Crawford coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Camp Seco, a post-office of Tuolumne coun- 
 ty, California. 
 
 185 
 
CAM 
 
 CAN 
 
 Camp Spring, a post-office of Lam-ence 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Campti, a post-ofBce of Natchitoches pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Campton, a post-township of Grafton coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire, 45 miles N. by W. from 
 Concord, intersected by the Merrimack river. 
 Population, 1439. 
 
 Campton, a post-township in Kane county, 
 Illinois. Population, 875. 
 
 Campton Village, a post-office of Grafton 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Camptown, a thriving post-village of Essex 
 county, New Jersey, 3 J miles S. W. from New- 
 ark, has 3 churches and several stores. 
 
 Casiptown, a post-office of Bradford coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Campville, a post-office of Litchfield coun- 
 ty, Connecticut. 
 
 Campville, a post-village of Tioga county. 
 New York, on the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, 240 miles from New York city. Cattle 
 are collected at this place to send to the New 
 York market. 
 
 Cana, a post-office in the S. W. part of 
 Jennings county, Indiana, 70 miles S. S. E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Canaan, a post-township of Somerset coun- 
 ty, Maine, on the E. side of the Kennebeck 
 river, 30 miles N. by E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1696. 
 
 Canaan, a post-township of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Northern railroad, 
 52 miles N. W. from Concord. Pop., 1682. 
 
 Canaan, a post-township of Essex county, 
 Vermont, about 110 miles N. E. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 471. 
 
 Canaan, a post-township of Litchfield coun- 
 ty^ Connecticut, on the Housatonic railroad, 
 about 35 miles N. W. by W. from Hartford. 
 Population, 2627. 
 
 Canaan, a post-township of Columbia 
 county. New York, 24 miles S. E. from Al- 
 bany, is intersected by the Western railroad. 
 Population, 1941. 
 
 Canaan, a post-township of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 6 miles W. from 
 Honesdale, intersected by the Carbondale 
 and Honesdale railroad. Population, 1938. 
 
 Canaan, a post-office of Marion county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Canaan, a township in Athens county, Ohio. 
 Population, 1142. 
 
 Canaan, a township in Madison county, 
 Ohio, about 20 miles W. from Columbus. 
 Population, 685. 
 
 Canaan, a township in Morrow county, 
 Ohio, about 28 miles N. W. from Mount Ver- 
 non. Population, 1223. 
 
 Canaan, a post-township in Wayne coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 56 miles S. E. from Sandusky 
 City. Population, 1922. 
 
 Canaan, a post-village of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 84 miles S. S. E. from Indian- 
 apolis. Population, about 200. 
 
 Canaan Centee. a post-village of Columbia 
 186 
 
 county. New York, near the Western railroad, 
 26 miles S. E. from Albany. It has one 
 or two churches and an academy. 
 
 Canaan Fodk. Coknees, a post-village of 
 Columbia county. New York, 25 miles S. E. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Canaanvxlle, a post-office of Athens coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Canadaway Ceeek, of Chautauque coun- 
 ty, New York, flows into Lake Erie. 
 
 Canadeeaga Lake, New York, in the N. 
 part of Otsego county, is between 3 and 4 
 miles long, and 1^ miles wide. Its outlet 
 joins that of Otsego lake. 
 
 Canadian Rivee rises in New Mexico 
 among the mountain peaks of the Guada- 
 lupe range, about 200 miles N. N. E. from 
 Santa Fe. The first part of its course for 
 some 200 miles is nearly S., after which it 
 flows in an easterly direction through the N. 
 of Texas and the southern part of Indian 
 Territory, entering the Arkansas river about 
 500 miles from its mouth. Its entire length 
 is about 900 miles. During the dry season 
 it is a small, shallow stream, but, like other 
 western rivers, is subject to inundation at 
 the breaking up of winter. Its waters are 
 slightly colored, (whence it is sometimes 
 called the "Rio Colorado,") and have a 
 brackish taste. 
 
 Branches. — The North fork (or Rio Nutria) 
 of the Canadian, rising near 37 N. latitude, 
 and 103 W. longitude, flows nearly parallel 
 with the main stream, which it joins" about 
 100 miles W. S. W. from Fort Smith. Length 
 about 600 miles. The Rio Nutria may more 
 properly be regarded as a tributary than as 
 a branch or fork of the Canadian river. 
 
 Canadice, a post-township of Ontario 
 county. New York, 218 miles W. from Alba- 
 ny. Population, 1075. 
 
 Canajohaeie, a post-township of Montgo- 
 mery county, New York, on the Erie canal, 
 about 50 miles W. by N. from Albany. Po- 
 pulation, 4097. 
 
 Canajohaeie, a post-town in the above 
 township, on the right or S. bank of the Mo- 
 hawk, and on the Erie canal, 55 miles W. N. 
 W. from Albany. It contains a number of 
 churches, one bank, an academy, and nume- 
 rous stores and mills. Quarries of building 
 stone are worked in the vicinity. The Utica 
 and Schenectady railroad passes on the other 
 side of the river. Population, about 2000. 
 
 Canal, a post-office of Onondaga county, 
 New York. 
 
 Canal, a post-township of Venango coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on French creek, 8 miles 
 N. W. from Franklin, traversed by the Frank- 
 lin canal. Population, 870. 
 
 Canal, a small post-village in the above 
 township. 
 
 Canal, a post-office of Warrick county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Canal Dovee. See Dotee. 
 
 Canal Fulton, a thriving post-village of 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 Lawrence townsliip, Stark county, Ohio, 
 on the Ohio canal, 125 miles N. E. ft-om Co- 
 lumbus. It is a place of active business, 
 and is surrounded by a rich farming district, 
 from which a large quantity of wheat is ex- 
 ported by the canal. Population, near 500. 
 
 Canal Lewisville, a post-office of Coshoc- 
 ton county, Ohio. 
 
 Canal Port, a village of Cook county, Il- 
 linois, 4 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Canal Winchester, a thriving post-village 
 of Violet township, Fairfield county, Ohio, on 
 the Ohio and Erie canal, about 16 miles S. E. 
 from Columbus, and the same distance N. W. 
 from Lancaster. Population in 1850, 352. 
 
 Canandaigua, a post-township of Ontario 
 county, New York, on the West shore of 
 Canandaigua lake, 195 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. It is intersected by the Rochester 
 and Syracuse railroad. Population, 6143. 
 
 Canandaigua, (kan-an-di'gwa) a beautiful 
 post-village, capital of Ontario county. New 
 York, situated at the northern extremity 
 of a lake of the same name, and on the Ro- 
 chester and Syracuse railroad, 29 miles S. 
 E. from Rochester, and about 220 miles by 
 railroad W. by N. from Albany. Lat. 42° 
 64' N. ; Ion. 77° 17' W. It is equally dis- 
 tinguished for the picturesque beauty of its 
 situation and the elegance of its buildings. 
 The ground descends gently from the upper 
 part of the village towards the lake, of which 
 it commands an extensive prospect. Many 
 of the residences are surrounded by gardens 
 and ornamented grounds. Canandaigua con- 
 tains, besides the cotinty buildings, churches 
 of the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Bap- 
 tists, and Methodists, an academy, 2 banks, 
 and 2 printing offices. A railroad has re- 
 cently been constructed from this place to 
 Elmira, and another is extending to Niagara 
 Falls. Incorporated in 1815. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 3500. 
 
 Canandaigua, a post-village of Lenawee 
 county, Michigan, 14 miles S. W. from 
 Adrian, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Canandaigua Lake, a beautiful sheet of 
 water, situated in the W. central part of 
 New York, is included chiefly within the 
 limits of Ontario county. Length about 
 16 miles ; breadth from three-quarters to 
 one and a half miles. Its outlet joins Mud 
 creek at Lyons to form Clyde river, which 
 flows into Seneca river. There is at present 
 (1853) no steamboat on this lake. Its wa- 
 ters abound in fine fish. The surface is 
 stated to be 437 feet above Lake Ontario. 
 The lake is frozen almost every winter. 
 
 Canandaigua Outlet. See Canandaigua 
 Lake. 
 
 Canarsie, a post-office of King's county. 
 New York. 
 
 Canasauga, a post-village of Polk county, 
 Tennessee, about 170 miles E. S. E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Canaseraoa, kan-na-ser-au'ga, a small 
 
 village of Madison county, New York, on the 
 Erie canal, about 209 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Canastota, a post-village of Lenox town- 
 ship, Madison county. New York, on the 
 Erie canal and the Utica and Syracuse rail- 
 road, 32 miles W. from Utica. It contained 
 2 or 3 churches, and numerous stores. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Candia, a post-township of Rockingham 
 county. New Hampshire, 15 miles S. E. from 
 Concord. Population, 1482. 
 
 Candor, a post-township of Tioga county, 
 New York, 18 miles S. S. E. from Ithaca. 
 It is intersected by the Ithaca and Owego 
 railroad. Population, 3433. 
 
 Candor, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the railroad connecting Owego with 
 Ithaca, 10 miles N. N. W. from the former. 
 It contains several churches, stores, and 
 mills, and more than 50 dwellings. 
 
 Candor, a small post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles W. from 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Candor Centre, a post-office of Tioga 
 county. New York. 
 
 Caneadea, a post-township of Alleghany 
 county, New York, 10 miles N. W. from An- 
 gelica, is intersected by the Genesee river 
 and Genesee canal. Population, 1477. 
 
 Cane Bottom, a post-office of Lauderdale 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cane Creek, of Benton county, Alabama, 
 flows into Coosa river, a little below the 
 Ten Islands. 
 
 Cane Creek, of Missouri, flows through 
 Buttler county into Arkansas, and falls into 
 Big Black river about 3 miles from the N. 
 boundary of the latter state. 
 
 Cane Creek, a post-office of Chatham 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cane Creek, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cane Creek, a post-office of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Cane Creek:, a village of Gallatin county, 
 Illinois, 17 miles N. N. W. from Shawneetown. 
 
 Cane Creek, a small post-village of But- 
 ler county, Missouri. 
 
 Cane Hill, a township in Washington coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. Population, 1082. 
 
 Cane Point, a post-village of Troup coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 36 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Cane Ridge, a post-office of Claiborne 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Cane Spring, a post-office of Bullitt coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Canesville, a village in the S. E. part of 
 Grant county, Indiana, about 60 miles N. E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Caneville, a township in Cane county, 
 Illinois, about 50 miles W. from Chicago. 
 Population, 592. 
 
 Canet, a post-office of Matagorda county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Canet, a post-office of Washita county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 187 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 Caney Bayou, a small stream of Texas, 
 which flows along the boundary of Matagorda 
 and Brazoria counties, and enters the Gulf 
 of Mexico near the head of Matagorda bay. 
 
 Caney Branch, a post-ofi5ce of Greene 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Caney Bridge, a post-ofBce of Chicot coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Caney Creek, Texas, flows through Mont- 
 gomery county into the San Jacinto. 
 
 Caney Creek, a small village of Greene 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Caney Creek, a village of Morgan county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Caney Fork, a tributary of Cumberland 
 river, rises among the Cumberland moun- 
 tains, in the E. central part of Tennessee, 
 and falls into the river at Carthage, Smith 
 county. Its general course is N. W., and its 
 whole length, perhaps, 125 miles. 
 
 Caney Fork, a post-office of Warren coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Caney Spring, a post-office of Marshall 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Caneyville, a post-office of Grayson coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Canfield, a post-township in Mahoning 
 county, Ohio, about 17 miles S. by E. from 
 Warren. Population, 1463. 
 
 Canfield, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Mahoning county, Ohio, is situated in the 
 above township, 166 miles N. E. from Cleve- 
 land, and 68 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. It is 
 neatly built and pleasantly embowered among 
 ornamental trees. The seat of justice was 
 established here when the county was organ- 
 ized, in 1846, since which the court house 
 has been erected, and other improvements 
 made. Canfield is situated in a rich and un- 
 dulating country, in which stone coal and 
 iron ore are abundant. 
 
 Canfield's Corner, a post-office of Tioga 
 county. New York. 
 
 Canicello, a post-office of Rockbridge 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Canisnia, a small lake in the N. W. part of 
 Louisiana, about 4 miles S. W. from Bed 
 river, with which it is connected. 
 
 Canisteo river, rises in Allegany county, 
 in the S. S. W. part of New York, and run- 
 ning in a south-easterly course, falls into the 
 Tioga river, in Steuben county. The New 
 York and Erie railroad runs in the valley of 
 this river, near its left bank, through nearly 
 the whole of its course. 
 
 Canisteo, a post-village of Steuben co., 
 N. Y., on the New York and Erie railroad, 337 
 miles from New York city. It is intersected 
 by the Canisteo creek. One newspaper is 
 issued. Pop. of the township in 1850, 2030. 
 
 Cannaday Gap, a post-office of Floyd coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Cannanee Creek, Georgia, flows into the 
 Ocmulgee river in Irwin county. 
 
 Cannelton, a flourishing post-town of 
 Perry county, Indiana, is situated on the 
 188 
 
 Ohio river, 120 miles below Louisville, Ken- 
 tucky.and 70 miles above Evansville, Indiana. 
 Eight years ago it contained only 4 or 5 log- 
 cabins ; now it is the largest town in the 
 county, and contains several churches and 
 elegant residences, and a large cotton fac- 
 tory, called the Cunnelton cotton mill, which 
 employs several hundred operatives, and pro- 
 duces 40,000 yards of sheetings per week. 
 This establishment, which is 300 feet long 
 and 4 stories high, is built of variegated 
 sandstone, and presents a splendid appear- 
 ance from the river. A newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. The vast beds of cannel coal 
 which are found in the adjoining hills give 
 to this place superior advantages for a ma- 
 nufacturing town. The stratum of coal is 
 4 or 5 feet thick, and easily accessible. The 
 coal is used extensively in the steamboats 
 which navigate the river. The improvements 
 at this place were commenced by the Ameri- 
 can Cannel Coal Company, which was incor- 
 porated in 1836. Fine sandstone and fire- 
 clay are found here in connection with the 
 coal. Population in 1858, about 2500. 
 
 Cannon, a county in the central part of 
 Tennessee, has an area of about 220 square 
 miles. It is drained by Stones river and the 
 Caney fork of Curaberl.and river. The sur- 
 face is uneven ; the soil mostly productive. 
 Indian corn, oats, grass, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850, Cannon county produced 
 554,497 bushels of Indian corn ; 66,325 of 
 oats, and 70,077 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 22 churches, 990 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 245 attending academies and 
 other schools. The county has a turnpike- 
 road leading to Nashville. Capital, Wood- 
 bury. Population, 8982, of whom 8139 were 
 free, and 843, slaves. 
 
 Cannon, a township in the N. E. central part 
 of Kent county, Michigan. Population, 696. 
 
 Cannon, a village in the above township, 
 about 30 miles N. N. W. from Hastings. 
 
 Cannon River, of Minnesota territory, has 
 its source near 44° N. lat., and 93° 25' W. 
 Ion. : it flows first northerly, then north-east- 
 erly, and at last in a general easterly direc- 
 tion, and falls into the Mississippi near Red 
 Wing village. Length, about 80 miles. 
 
 Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania. See Cauons- 
 
 BURG. 
 
 Cannonsburg, a post-office of Greenup 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cannonsburg, a small post-village of Han- 
 cock county, Ohio. 
 
 Cannonsburg, a post-village of Kent coun- 
 ty, Michigan, about 60 miles W. N. W. from 
 Lansing. 
 
 Cannon's Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 eastward into Broad river, near the N. ex- 
 tremity of Lexington disti'ict. 
 
 Cannon's Ferry, a post-office of Sussex 
 county, Delaware. 
 
 Cannon's Mill, a post-office of Columbi- 
 ana county, Ohio. 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 Cannon's Store, a post-office of Spartan^ 
 burg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Cannon's Store, a post-office of Sevier 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cannonsvillb, a post-village of Delaware 
 county, New York, on the Coquago river, 
 about 35 miles E. from Binghamton. 
 
 Cannouchee, a small river of Georgia, 
 rises in Emanuel county, and flowing S. E. 
 enters the Ogeechee about 12 miles S. W. 
 from Savannah. The Little Cannouchee 
 unites with it in Bryan county. 
 
 Cannouchee, or Canoochee, a post-office 
 of Emanuel county, Georgia. 
 
 Canoe, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Indiana county, Pennsylvania, 21 
 miles N. E. from Indiana. Population, 888. 
 
 Canoe Creek, of Alabama, flows through 
 St. Ciair county into Coosa river. 
 
 Canoe Place, or Newman's Mills, a post- 
 village of Indiana county, Pennsylvania, on 
 the W. branch of the Susquehanna, about 20 
 miles E. N. E. from Indiana, the county seat, 
 and 70 miles from Pittsburg. This place was 
 named from being the highest point on the 
 river to which a canoe could be pushed. 
 
 Canoga, a post-village of Fayette township, 
 Seneca county, New York, half a mile W. 
 from Cayuga lake, and 10 miles S. E. from 
 Waterloo. It contains 2 meeting houses, 2 
 stores, and about 300 inhabitants. Here is 
 a large spring which affords permanent mo- 
 tive-power for a flouring mill and a saw mill. 
 
 Canonicut Island, in Narraganset bay, 
 Rhode Island, 2 miles long, and about half a 
 mile wide. 
 
 Canonsburg, a pleasant and quiet post- 
 borough of Washington county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, 18 miles S. W. from Pittsburg, with 
 which it is connected by a turnpike-road. It 
 is the seat of Jefferson college, a flourishing 
 institution, having 8 instructors, 197 stu- 
 dents, and a library of 10,000 volumes. Po- 
 pulation, 627. 
 
 Canoochee. See Cannotjchee. 
 
 Canquaga Creek, a small stream of Erie 
 county. New York, falls into Lake Erie, near 
 '20 miles S. S. W. of Bufi-alo. 
 
 Canterbury, a post-township of Merri- 
 mack county, New Hampshire, on the Boston, 
 Concord, and Montreal railroad, 10 miles N. 
 E. of Concord. Population, 1614. 
 
 Canterbury, a post-township of Windham 
 county, Connecticut, about 35 miles E. by S. 
 from Hartford. Population, 1669. 
 
 Canterbury, a village of Orange co., N. Y., 
 1 mile W. from the Hudson river, and 89 S. from 
 Albany. It contains several churches and stores. 
 
 Canterbury, a small post-village of Kent 
 county, Delaware, 8 miles S. from Dover. 
 
 Canton, a post-township of Oxford county, 
 Maine, 25 miles W. N. W. of Augusta, inter- 
 sected by the Androscoggin river. Pop., 926. 
 
 Canton, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mass., 
 on the Boston and Providence railroad, 14 
 miles S. from Boston. It has 1 bank. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 2598. 
 
 Canton, a post-township of Hartford coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, 12 miles N. W. of Hartford, 
 intersected by Farmington river. Popula- 
 tion, 1986. - 
 
 Canton, a post-township of St. Lawrence 
 county, New York, about 20 miles E. S. E. 
 from Ogdensburg, is intersected by Grass 
 river. Population, 4685. 
 
 Canton, a post-village of Canton town- 
 ship, capital of St. Lawrence county. New 
 York, on Grass river, and on the Potsdam 
 and Watertown railroad, 20 miles E. S. E. 
 from Ogdensburg. It contains a court house, 
 several churches, an academy, and numerous 
 stores. A bridge crosses the river here, and 
 there are several mills and factories in the 
 vicinity. Population in 1858, estimated at 
 from 1000 to 1200. 
 
 Canton, a small post-village of Salem 
 county. New Jersey, 9 miles S. S. E. from 
 Salem, has a church and several stores. 
 
 Canton, a post-township of Bradford coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 24 miles W. S. W. from To- 
 wanda, drained by Towanda creek. Popula- 
 tion, 1746. 
 
 Canton, a township of Washington county, 
 Pennsylvania, lies immediately W. from the 
 borough of AVashington. It is drained by 
 Chartiers creek. Population, 1281. 
 
 Canton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Cherokee county, Georgia, on the left bank 
 of the Etowah river, 130 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville, and 25 miles from the Western 
 and Atlantic railroad. It is surrounded by 
 fine mountain scenery. There are several » 
 gold mines in the county, which have been 
 worked with profit. The river affords water- 
 power, and is navigable by small steamboats. 
 
 Canton, a post-village of Wilcox county, 
 Alabama, on the Alabama river, about 75 
 miles S. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Canton, a beautiful post-village, capital 
 of Madison county, Mississippi, 25 miles N. 
 N. E. from Jackson. The route of the rail- 
 road from Jackson to Tennessee passes 
 through this village. 
 
 Canton, a small post-village of Smith 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Canton, a post-office of Vanzant county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Canton, a small post-village of Lawrence 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Canton, a post-village of Trigg county, 
 Kentucky, on the Cumberland river, about 
 240 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. It has 1 
 church, 1 school, and several stores. Popu 
 lation, from 200 to 300. 
 
 Canton, a flourishing town of Canton 
 township, and capital of Stark county, Ohio, 
 is beautifully situated on Nimishillen creek, 
 and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad, 
 in a rich and populous farming district, 118 
 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 98 miles W. 
 N. W. from Pittsburg. Stai-k county has the 
 distinction of raising more wheat than any 
 other in the state. Thefarmei's find a ready 
 
 189 
 
CAN 
 
 CAP 
 
 market on the Ohio canal, which passes 8 
 miles W. from Canton. The Ohio and Penn- 
 sylvania railroad was completed from Pitts- 
 burg to this place in 1852, and -has greatly 
 increased its importance and prosperity. 
 Canton possesses advantages for manufactur- 
 ing, as the creek furnishes extensive water- 
 power, and good stone coal is abundant in 
 the vicinity. Limestone suitable for build- 
 ing is also found in connection Avith the coal. 
 There were, in 1852, in operation, 3 woollen 
 factories, 3 iron foundries, and 2 gun-barrel 
 factories. Canton contains churches for the 
 Presbytei'ians, Methodists, German Luther- 
 ans, and Roman Catholics ; an academy, a 
 bank, and 4 newspaper offices. Pop. in 
 1853 estimated at from 3000 to 4000. 
 
 Canton, a township in AVayne county, 
 Michigan, about 25 miles W. from Detroit. 
 Population, 1333. 
 
 Canton, a post-village in Washington 
 county, Indiana, about 45 miles S. by W. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Canton, a post-township in Fulton county, 
 Illinois, about 26 miles S. W. from Peoria. 
 Population, 1011. 
 
 Canton, a flourishing post-village of Ful- 
 ton county, Illinois, 70 miles N. N. W. from 
 Springfield. A plank-road, 12 miles long, 
 connects it with Liverpool, on the Illinois 
 river. Canton is pleasantly situated in a 
 fertile and populous district, has an active 
 trade, and is one of the principal places in 
 the county. Coalns abundant in the vicinity. 
 Laid out about 1830. Population, 1568. 
 
 Canton, a post-village of Lewis county, 
 Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 191 miles 
 above St. Louis, is one of the principal ship- 
 ping points of the county. It contains 1 
 church, several schools, 1 printing office, 1 
 steam-mill. Population, 400, 
 
 Canton, a thriving post-village of Jackson 
 county, Iowa, on the Maquoketa river, 30 
 miles S. S. W. from Dubuque. The river 
 here furnishes abundant water-power. 
 
 Canton Centre, a post-village in Hartford 
 county, Connecticut, about 16 miles N. W. 
 from Hartford. 
 
 Cantonment Gibson. See Fort Gibson. 
 
 Canton Mills, a post-office of Oxford 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Cantbell's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 McMinn county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cantwell's Bridge, a thriving post-vil- 
 lage of Newcastle county, Delaware, on Ap- 
 poquinimink creek, 24 miles N. by W. from 
 Dover, contains several stores. Population, 
 about 500. 
 
 Caneyville, a post-village in Grayson 
 county, Kentucky, about 110 miles S. W. 
 from Frankfort. 
 
 Cap au Gray, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Cape Ann, the eastern extremity of Essex 
 county, Massachusetts, 31 miles N. E. by E. 
 from Boston. Thatcher's Island, about 2 
 190 
 
 miles E. of the southern point, forms the 
 northern limit of Massachusetts bay. On it 
 are 2 fixed lights, about a third of a mile 
 apart, and 90 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lat. 42° 38' 18" N., Ion. 70° 34' 42" W. 
 
 Cape Arago. See Arago. 
 
 Cape Blanco, or Orford, on the Pacific 
 coast, near the S. W. part of Oregon territory, 
 about 25 miles N. of the mouth of Pvogue 
 river. Lat. 42° 45' N., Ion. about 124° 45' W. 
 
 Cape Canaveral, on the E. coast of Flori- 
 da, 135 miles S. E. by S. from St. Augustine. 
 The light is a revolving one, in a tower 55 
 feet high. Lat. 28° 27' N., Ion. 80° 33' W. 
 
 Cape Charles, the southern point of 
 Northampton county, Virginia, at the en- 
 trance of Chesapeake bay, 25 miles N. N. E. 
 from Norfolk. The lighthouse is N. E. from 
 Cape Charles, on the N. end of Smith's Island, 
 and shows a revolving light, about 65 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Lat. 37° 3' N., 
 Ion. 76° 2^ W. 
 
 Cape Cod, Massachusetts, projects from 
 the S. E. coast, and curving inwards like a 
 man's arm bent at the elbow and wrist, en- 
 closes Cape Cod bay on the S. and E. It is 
 about 65 miles long, and from 1 to 20 miles 
 wide. The northern extremity is called 
 Race Point, on which is a revolving light, 
 155 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 42° 
 3' 40" N., Ion. 70° 14' 48" W. 
 
 Cape Cod Lighthouse, on the Clay Pounds 
 (highlands), Massachusetts, contains a fixed 
 light 200 feet above high-water mark. Lat. 
 42° 2' 24'' N., Ion. 70° 4' 18'' W. 
 
 Cape Conception, the western extremity 
 of Santa Barbara county, California. Lat. 
 34° 34' N., Ion. about 122° W. 
 
 Cape Disappointment, the S. W. extre- 
 mity of Pacific county, Washington territory, 
 at the entrance of the Columbia river. Lat. 
 46° 12' N., Ion. about 124° 15' W. 
 
 Cape Elizabeth, Maine, 6 miles S. by E. 
 from Portland. On it are two lighthouses, 
 about 300 yards apart, with lights 140 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Lat. 43° 33' 86" 
 N., Ion. 70° 11' 36" AV. 
 
 Cape Fare, a post-village of Taney coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 160 miles S. S. W. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 Cape Fear, the S. point of Smith's Island, 
 near the mouth of Cape Fear river, North 
 Carolina. Bald Head lighthouse stands one 
 mile from the shore, and is 90 feet high with 
 the light, 110 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lat. 33° 48' N., Ion. 77° 57' W. 
 
 Cape Fear River of North Carolina, is 
 formed by the union of the Haw and Deep 
 rivers, which unite at Haywood, in Chatham 
 county, near the centre of the state. Flow- 
 ing in a S. E. direction, it passes by Fayette- 
 ville on the right, and Wilmington on the 
 left, and enters the Atlantic uesir 33° 55' N. 
 lat., and 78° 5' W. Ion., by two channels, 
 separated by Smith's island. The 8. ex- 
 tremity of the island is called C:ipe Fear, 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 The water in the main (south-westj entrance, 
 is from 10 to 14 feet deep over the bar. 
 Cape Fear river is the largest and most im- 
 portant river, whose course lies wholly in 
 North Carolina, and the only one which 
 flows directly into the sea from this state. 
 Steamboats ascend in all stages of water to 
 Fayetteville, 120 miles ; and the navigation 
 has been opened by means of dams and locks 
 as far as the coal mines of Chatham county. 
 At Averysborough, the river falls over 
 the primitive ledge, which divides the hilly 
 region of the state from the low country ; 
 after which it traverses a level and sandy 
 district, in which large forests of pitch-pine 
 are found. The length, including one of the 
 branches, is estimated at above 300 miles. 
 
 Cape Flattery, a high promontory, the 
 N. W. extremity of Lewis county, Washing- 
 ton territory, bounded by the Straits of Juan 
 da Fuca on the N. E., and the Pacific ocean 
 on the S. W. Lat. about 48° 45' N., Ion. 
 124° 30' W. 
 
 Cape Florida, the E. point of Key Bis- 
 cayno, 330 miles S. by E. from St. Augus- 
 tine, Florida. Lat. of the lighthouse, 25° 41' 
 N., Ion. 80° 5' W. 
 
 Cape Foulweather, the N. "W. point of 
 Benton county, Oregon t^ritory. Lat. about 
 44° 45' N., Ion. 124° 15' W. 
 
 Cape Girardeau, a county in the E. S. E. 
 part of Missouri, bordering on the Missis- 
 sippi river, has an area of 875 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head streams of the 
 Whitewater, an affluent of St. Francis river, 
 and by Apple creek : the Mississippi forms 
 its E. boundary, and separates it from Il- 
 linois. The surface is nearly level ; the soil 
 is rich, and extensively cultivated. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 510,730 bushels of corn; 52,640 
 of wheat; 65,677 of oats, and 608 tons of hay. 
 It contained 9 churches and 2 newspaper 
 offices, 54 pupils attending public schools, and 
 160 attending academies or other schools. 
 The county is plentifully supplied with good 
 timber, including the cypress. It was set- 
 tled in 1794 by French and Germans. Capi- 
 tal, Jackson. Population, 13,912, of whom 
 12,238 were free, and 1674, slaves. 
 
 Cape Girardeau, a post-village of Cape 
 Girardeau county, Missouri, on the Missis- 
 sippi river, '45 miles above the mouth of the 
 Ohio, and 207 miles E. S. E. from Jefferson 
 City. It has a good landing, and contains 
 several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Cape Grey, Missouri. See Cap au Grey. 
 
 Cape Hatteras, E. of North Carolina, 
 120 miles S. by E. from Cape Henry. The 
 light is 1^ mile froni the point of the Cape, 
 and 95 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 
 35° 14' N., Ion. 75° 30' W. 
 
 Cape Henlopen, on "the E. coast of De- 
 laware, at the entrance of Delaware bfiy, 
 on the S. W. side, 14 miles S. S. W. from 
 
 Cape May. On it is a fixed light, 160 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Lat. 38° 47' N., 
 Ion. 75° 5' 30'' W. A beacon light also stands 
 at the extreme N. end of the cape, three- 
 fourths of a mile distant. 
 
 Cape Henry, on the N.E. coast of Virginia, 
 at the entrance of Chesapeake bay, on the S. 
 side, 12 miles S. by W. from Cape Charles. 
 Lat. 36° 56' N., Ion. 76° 4' W. On it is a fixed 
 light, 120 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Cape Island, the southern extremity of 
 New Jersey, formerly separated by a small 
 creek from the mainland. It is 3 or 4 miles 
 long and from J to 1 mile wide. 
 
 Cape Island, or Cape Island City, a cele- 
 brated watering-place of Cape May county, 
 New Jersey, on Cape Island, about 100 
 miles by water, S. S. E. from Philadelphia. 
 During the summer months, it is one of the 
 most fashionable places of resort in the 
 United States. It contains 5 or 6 churches, 
 1 bank, and a number of very large ho- 
 tels, one of which, the Mount Vernon, is 306 
 feet in front, with wings 506 feet long and 
 66 wide, designed to accommodate 2500 per- 
 sons. In summer. Cape Island has daily 
 communication by steamboats with Phila- 
 delphia, and is thronged with the wealthy 
 and fashionable, principally from that city. 
 Permanent population, about 600. 
 
 Cape Lookout, E. of North Carolina, 85 
 miles S. W. from Cape Hatteras. Elevation 
 of the light, 100 feet. Lat. 34° 37' N., Ion. 
 76° 33' W. 
 
 Cape Lookout, E. of Yamhill county, 
 Oregon territory. Lat. about 45° 30' N., 
 Ion. 124° W. 
 
 Cape May, the southern extremity of New 
 Jersey, at the entrance of Delaware bay. 
 On its extreme S. AV. point is a light which 
 revolves once in three minutes, elevated 80 
 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 38° 
 55' 48" N., Ion. 74° 58' 30" W. 
 
 Cape May, the most southern county of 
 New Jersey, has an area of about 250 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the At- 
 lantic ocean, on the W. by Delaware bay, 
 and partly on the N. by Tuckahoe creek. 
 The surface is level. This county is entirely 
 of alluvial formation. On the Atlantic 
 coast is a sandbeach, which for the width 
 of from half a mile to two miles is covered 
 with grass, affording excellent pasture. It is 
 broken by various inlets by which the sea pe- 
 netrates the marshes, forming lagoons or salt- 
 water lakes. The marsh is about 4 miles 
 wide : a similar marsh extends across the N. 
 W. part of the county. Near Dennisville is a 
 deposit of cedar timber in the soil to an inde- 
 finite depth, which, (although from the growth 
 above it, it is believed to be over two thousand 
 years old,) is still pei-fectly sound, and a large 
 number of persons are employed in digging it 
 out and working it into shingles, posts, &c. 
 The soil near the central part is clayey with 
 a sandy subsoil, and is naturally of a good 
 
 191 
 
CAP 
 
 CAR 
 
 quality. Indian corn, hay, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 84,915 bushels of corn; 9972 tons of hay; 
 and 46,269 pounds of wool. There were 19 
 churches, and 1860 pupils attending public 
 schools. The railroad connecting Camden 
 with Cape JMay will intersect this county. 
 Organized in 1710, and named from Cornelius 
 Jacobse Mey, a navigator in the service of 
 »the Dutch West India Company, who visited 
 Delaware bay in 1623. [Gordon.) Capital, 
 Cape May Court House. Population, 6433. 
 
 Cape May Court House, a thriving post- 
 town, capital of Cape May county, is situated 
 in Middle township, about 80 miles in a 
 straight line S. from Trenton. It has a stone 
 jail, 2 churches, 1 chartered and 8 free banks. 
 Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Cape Mendocino, (men-do-see'no,) near 
 the S. W. part of Trinity county, California. 
 Lat. about 40° 30' N., Ion. 125° W. 
 
 Cape Neddock, a post-office of York 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Cape Neddock, Maine, 85 miles S. W. 
 from Portland. The lighthouse is on Goat 
 Island, and contains a fixed light 33 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 43° 10' N., Ion. 
 70° 35' W. 
 
 Cape Peepetua, near the N. W. point of 
 Umpqua county, Oregon Territory. Lat. 
 about 44° 15' N., Ion. about 124° 10' W. 
 
 Cape Poge, the N. extremity of Chapo- 
 quidic Island, immediately E. of Martha's 
 Vineyard. It has a fixed light, 55 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 25' 10" N., 
 Ion. 70° 27' W. 
 
 Cape Porpoise, Maine, 24 miles S. W. 
 from Portland. The light is on the S. W. side 
 of Goat Island, and is elevated 33 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 43° 21' N., Ion. 70° 
 25' W. 
 
 Cape Romain, South Carolina, a very low 
 point of land, destitute of trees or shrub- 
 bery, 37 miles N. E. from Charleston. It has a 
 fixed light, 87 J feet above the level of the sea, 
 on the E. end of the Great Raccoon key, 
 bearing S. by W. from the cape. Lat. 33° 
 1' N., Ion. 79° 24' W. 
 
 Cape Roman or Romano, a long low point, 
 on the W. coast of Florida, containing man- 
 grove-trees, 812 miles S. S. W. from Talla- 
 hassee. Lat. 25° 41' N., Ion. 80° 5' 30'' W. 
 
 Cape Saint George, the southern point of 
 St. George's Island, S. from Franklin coun- 
 ty, Florida. On it is a fixed light, 65 feet 
 high. Lat. 29° 35' N., Ion. 85° 4' W. 
 
 Cape San Blas, or Saint Blas, a low point 
 of land extending about 2 miles from the S. 
 coast of Florida, 125 miles S. E. from Pensa- 
 cola. It has a revolving light 65 feet high. 
 Lat. 29° 39' N., Ion. 85° 21' W. 
 
 Cape's Creek, a post-ofBce of Newton 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Cape Small Point, on the W. side of the 
 entrance to Kennebeck river, Maine. Lat. 
 43° 40' 30" N., Ion. 69° 48' 48" W. 
 192 
 
 Capeville, a posVvillage of Northampton 
 county, Virginia, on the E. side of Chesa- 
 peake bay. 
 
 Cape Vincent, a post-township of Jeffer- 
 son county, at the commencement of the 
 river St. Lawrence, at the N. E. extremity 
 of Lake Ontario. Population, 3044. 
 
 Cape Vincent, a port of entry in the above 
 township, on the river St. Lawrence, and at 
 the terminus of the Rome and Watertowu 
 railroad, 25 miles W. N. W. from Watertowu. 
 It has a steamboat landing, a ship yard, and 
 several churches. 
 
 Capoli, a post-office of Allomackee coun- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Capon Bridge, a post-office of Hampshire 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Capon Springs, a post-office of Hampshire 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Captina, a post-office of Belmont county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Captina Creek, of Belmont county, Ohio, 
 flows into the Ohio. 
 
 Caraway, a post-office of Randolph coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Carbon, a county in the E. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, has an area of about 400 square 
 miles. The Lehigh river flows through the 
 county in a S. E. direction, receiving in its 
 passage the Quakake, Nesquihoning, Maho- 
 ning, Lizard, and Aquanchicola creeks. The 
 Kittatinny, or Blue mountain, forms the S. 
 E. boundary, and the surface is traversed by 
 minor ridges of the Alleghanies, the direc- 
 tion of which is nearly parallel with the 
 mountain first named. The most considera- 
 ble of these ridges are named Mauch Chunk 
 mountain, Mahoning ridge, Broad mountain. 
 Spring mountain, and Pokono mountain. 
 Excepting a small portion of the valleys, 
 the land is too rugged and sterile for culti- 
 vation, but the highlands contain inexhausti- 
 ble stores of the best anthracite coal. In- 
 dian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 21,852 bushels of corn; 20,952 of 
 oats; 20,768 of potatoes; 3041 tons of hay, 
 and 31,890 pounds of butter. There were 
 33 saw mills, 8 flour and grist mills, 9 coal- 
 mining works, 2 manu-factories of wire- 
 work, 4 iron foundries, 5 forges, 2 furnaces, 
 3 machine shops, and 3 powder mills. It 
 contained 20 churches, and 2 newspaper 
 establishments. There were 2200 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 150 attending 
 academies or other schools. The southern 
 anthracite coalfield of Pennsylvania, ejt- 
 tending eastward from Schuylkill county, 
 terminates on the W. side of the Lehigh 
 river, near Mauch Chunk. The stratum of 
 coal at the summit mines, near the top of 
 Mauch Chunk mountain, is about 50 feet in 
 thickness. "It lies as a saddle on the top 
 of the hill, and the coal is uncovered and 
 quarried in the open day." [Trego's Geo- 
 graphy.) A railroad extends fi'om the mines 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 to the Lehigh river. In 1850, 722,000 tons 
 of coal were procured from the mines of this 
 county, and in 1852 about 1,000,000 tons. 
 The Beaver Meadow and Hazleton mines, 
 near the N. W. border, are very rich, and 
 yield a superior quality of coal. The navi- 
 gation of the Lehigh has been opened by 
 means of dams and locks as far as White 
 Haven, about 25 miles above Mauch Chunk. 
 A railroad is projected, which, when finish- 
 ed, will connect the county with Easton and 
 Philadelphia. The county was formed in 
 1843, out of part of Northampton, and de- 
 rives its name from carbo, the Latin term 
 for "coal." Capital, Mauch Chunk. Popu- 
 lation, 15,686. 
 
 Carbondale, a post-township in the N. 
 E. part of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, 
 contains the city of Carbondale. It is 
 drained by Lackawanna river. Population, 
 including the city, 5404. 
 
 Caebondale, a city of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, is situated at the head of 
 Lackawanna valley, and near the source of 
 the Lackawanna river, 30 miles N. E. from 
 Wilkesbarre, and 145 miles N. E. from Har- 
 risburg. A railroad, 17 miles long, connects 
 it with Honesdale. This is the most popu- 
 lous town of Luzerne county, and the prin- 
 cipal market of Northern Pennsylvania. In 
 1851 it was incorporated as a city, and pre- 
 parations are making to build a city hall. 
 Many handsome buildings have been erected 
 here within a few years, and the population 
 has rapidly increased. The Lackawanna 
 valley, which is a continuation of the fertile 
 valley of Wyoming, contains extensive beds 
 of coal, which, in the vicinity of Carbondale, 
 are about 20 feet in thickness. About 
 600,000 tons of coal are annually taken out 
 from these mines by the Delaware and Hud- 
 son Canal Company, and it is estimated that 
 they pay out .'11,200,000 in a year. The 
 coal is drawn up several inclined planes by 
 steam-engines to the height of 850 feet ; 
 thence it is conveyed by a railroad, 16 miles, 
 to Honesdale, and thence by the Delaware 
 and Hudson canal to the Hudson river. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 4945 ; in 1853, about 7000. 
 
 Cardiff, a post-village of Onondaga coun- 
 ty. New York, 132 miles W. by N. from Al- 
 bany, contains a few stores and a mill. 
 
 Cardiff, a post-office of Warren county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Cardington, a post-township in the cen- 
 tral part of Morrow county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 1398. 
 
 Cardington, a thriving post-village of 
 Morrow county, Ohio, on the railroad which 
 connects Cleveland with Columbus, 38 miles 
 N. by E. from the latter. The E. branch of 
 the Olentangy river flows by the place. 
 Since the railroad was opened in 1851, the 
 village has increased rapidly. Population, 
 near 500. 
 
 Carey, a thriving post-village of Wyandot 
 
 M 
 
 county, Ohio, on the Mad River and Lake 
 Erie railroad, at the intersection of the Fin- 
 ley branch, 75 miles N. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Carey, a township in Will county, Illinois. 
 Population, 214. 
 
 Careyville, a small village of Champaign 
 county, Ohio, 59 miles W. N. W. from Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 Carleton, a village of Polk county, Iowa, 
 on the Des Moines river, about 115 miles W. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 Carlinville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Macoupin county, Illinois, on the Chi- 
 cago and Mississippi railroad, 39 miles S. S. 
 W. from Springfield, and 33 miles N. E. from 
 Alton. It is a place of active business, and 
 contains, besides the county buildings, seve- 
 ral churches and stores. 
 
 Carlile's Mills, a post-office of Perry 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Carlisle, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, 20 miles N. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 632. 
 
 Carlisle, a post-township of Schoharie 
 county. New York, 36 miles W. from Albany. 
 Population, 1817. 
 
 Carlisle, a handsome town, capital of 
 Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Cumberland Valley railroad, 18 miles W. 
 by S. from Harrisburg, and 125 miles W. 
 from Philadelphia. It is situated in the 
 great limestone valley which is enclosed be- 
 tween the Kittatinny and South mountains. 
 The surface of the country is nearly level, 
 the soil is uniformly and highly productive, 
 and much improved. The town is well built, 
 the streets are wide, and the public build- 
 ings are of a superior order. It has a pub- 
 lic square, on which the county buildings 
 are located. Dickinson College, of this place, 
 is one of the oldest and most flourishing in 
 the state. It was founded in 1783, and is 
 now under the direction of the Methodists. 
 Carlisle also contains about 12 churches, 1 
 bank, a town hall, and 4 or 5 newspaper 
 offices. The Cumberland Valley railroad 
 connects at Harrisburg with the Central 
 railroad, and extends on the other hand to 
 Hagerstown, Maryland. In 1794, General 
 Washington had his head-quarters at Car- 
 lisle during the whisky insurrection. A few 
 years previous, Major Andr^ passed some 
 time here as a prisoner of war. Population 
 in 1850, 4581. 
 
 Carlisle, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Nicholas county, Kentucky, on the rail- 
 road from Maysville to Lexington, 60 miles 
 E. by N. from Frankfort, and 34 miles from 
 Maysville. It contains a new court house, 
 and 2 or 3 churches. Population, 500. 
 
 Carlisle, a small village of Brown coun- 
 ty, Ohio, in Jackson township, has about 
 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Carlisle, a post-township in the central 
 part of Lorain county, Ohio. Population, 
 1512. 
 
 193 
 
CAR 
 
 OAR 
 
 Carlisle, a thriving village of Noble coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 92 miles E. by S. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Carlisle, a village of Warren county, 
 Ohio, on the Cincinnati and Dayton railroad, 
 45 miles N. by E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Carlisle, a post-office of Eaton county, 
 Michigan, about 120 miles W. by N. from 
 Detroit. 
 
 Carlisle, the largest post-village of Sulli- 
 van county, Indiana, 40 miles S. from Terre 
 Haute, and 6 miles E. from the Wabash 
 river. The land in the vicinity is fertile, 
 and abounds in coal. The village contains 
 2 or 3 churches, and about 100 dwellings. 
 
 Carlisle, Illinois. See Carltle. 
 
 Carlisle, a post-office of Polk county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Carlisle, a post-office of Dakota county, 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Carlisle Mills, a village of Perry county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Carlisle Springs, a post-village of Cum- 
 berland county, Pennsylvania, 19 miles W. 
 from Harrisburg, and 4 miles N. from Car- 
 lisle. It is a pleasant summer retreat, with 
 good accommodations for visitors. 
 
 Carlisle Station, a post-office of Warren 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Carlockville, a post-office of Rutherford 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Carlow, a post-office of Hopkins county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Carlowsville, a post-office of Dallas coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Carlsburg, a small village of Cumberland 
 county, New Jersey, 4 miles S. E. from 
 Bridgeton. 
 
 Carlton, a post-township of Orleans coun- 
 ty, New York, on Lake Ontario, about 35 
 miles W. N. W. from Rochester. Population, 
 2809. 
 
 Carlton, a post-township in the S. W. 
 central part of Barry county, Michigan. 
 Population, 272. 
 
 Carlton's Store, a post-office of King 
 and Queen county, Virginia. 
 
 Carltonville, a small village of Meigs 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 100 miles 
 S. E. from Columbus. It may be regarded 
 as a suburb of Pomeroy. See Pomeroy. 
 
 Carlyle, a post-office of Pickens county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Carlyle, a small post-village, capital of 
 Clinton county, Illinois, on the Kaskaskia 
 river, and on the border of a prairie, 95 
 miles S. from Springfield. The river is navi- 
 gable by small boats in high stages of water, 
 it contains a court house, a number of 
 stores, and several mills. 
 
 Carmel, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 50 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1225. 
 
 Caumel, a post-township of Putnam coun- 
 ty. New York, about 55 miles E. N. E. from 
 New York city. Population, 2442. 
 194 
 
 Carmel, a post-village, capital of Putnam 
 county, New York, is pleasantly situated in 
 the above township, about 100 miles S. bj' 
 E. from Albany. It contains a court house, 
 several churches, an academy, a printing 
 office, and 2 banks.. 
 
 Carmel, a post-township in the S. W. cen- 
 tral part of Eaton county, Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 567. 
 
 Carmel, a post-office of Hamilton county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Carmel, or San Carlos, a missionary set- 
 tlement of Monterey county, California. 
 
 Carmel Hill, a post-office of Chester 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Carmi, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 AVhite county, Illinois, on Little Wabash 
 river, 150 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Carmichael's, or Carmichaelstown, a 
 post-village of Greene county, Pennsylvania, 
 on Muddy creek, 14 miles E. from Waynes- 
 burg, the county seat. 
 
 Carnent Prairie, a post-office of Perry 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Carnesville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Franklin county, Georgia, 110 miles N. 
 by E. from Milledgeville, and 15 miles from 
 the Savannah river, contains a brick court 
 house, jail, and 2 hotels. 
 
 Carolina, a village of Walker county, Tex- 
 as, on Trinity river, 150 miles E. N. E. from 
 Austin. 
 
 Carolina, a post-office of Haywood coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Carolina Female College, a thriving 
 post-village of Anson county. North Caro- 
 lina, 10 miles N. from Wadesborough. The 
 college, which has about 100 pupils, was 
 chartered in 1849, since which a handsome 
 village has grown up here, containing from 
 200 to 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Caroline, a county in the E. part of 
 Maryland, bordering on Delaware, con- 
 tains about 300 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Choptank and Marshy Hope 
 rivers, and partly bounded on the W. by the 
 Tuckahoe river. The surface is level, the 
 soil mostly sandy. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, grass, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 355,520 bushels 
 of corn; 42,879 of wheat; 17,422 of oats, 
 and 41,864 pounds of butter. It contained 
 21 churches and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 There were 518 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Denton. Population, 9692, 
 of whom 8884 were free, and 808, slaves. 
 
 Caroline, a county in the E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of about 480 square 
 miles. The Rappahannock forms its bound- 
 ary on the N., and the Mattnpony flows 
 through the county. The surface is un- 
 even ; the soil near the rivers is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 629,994 
 bushels of corn; 173,353 of wheat, and 
 663,155 pounds of tobacco. There were 42 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 flour, grist, and saw mills, 2 manufactories 
 of coaches, 2 of agricultural implements, 
 and 3 tanneries. It contained 28 churches ; 
 61(j pupils attending public schools, and 115 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 Fredericksburg and Richmond railroad 
 passes through the county. Organized in 
 1727. Capital, Bowling Green. Popula- 
 tion, 18,456, of whom 7795 were free, and 
 10,661, slaves. 
 
 Caroline, a post-township of Tompkins 
 county. New York, crossed by the Cayuga 
 and Susquehanna railroad. Population, 
 2537. 
 
 Caroline, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 12 miles S. E. from Ithaca. 
 
 CABOiiiNE, a village in Venice township, 
 Seneca county, Ohio, 30 miles S. S. W. from 
 Sandusky City. 
 
 Caroline Centre, a post-office of Tomp- 
 kins county, New York. 
 
 Caroline Mills, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Carondelet, a post-village of St. Louis 
 county, Missouri, on the W. bank of the Mis- 
 sissippi river, about 6 miles S. from St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Carothers, a township in Clay county, 
 Indiana. Population, 296. 
 
 Carpenter's Creek, a post-office of Jas- 
 per county, Indiana. 
 
 Carpenter's Landing, a post-village of 
 Gloucester county. New Jersey, on Mantua 
 creek, 8 miles S. from Woodbury. It con- 
 tains 1 or 2 churches, and about 50 dwell- 
 ings. Lumber and firewood are shipped 
 from this place by the creek. 
 
 Carpenter's Mill, a little village of Ray 
 county-, Missouri, 120 miles W. N. W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Carpentersville, a small post-village of 
 Putnam county, Indiana, about 35 miles W. 
 from Intlianapolis. 
 
 Carpenterville, a flourishing village of 
 Greenwich township, in the S. part of War- 
 ren county. New Jersey, nearly 40 miles 
 N. N. W. from Trenton. 
 
 Carp River, a post-office of Marquette 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Carqtjinez. See Karquenas. 
 
 Care, a township in Jackson county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1001. 
 
 Carr, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa. 
 
 Carritunk, a post-office of Somerset coun- 
 ty, Maine. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the E. central part 
 of New Hampshire, has an area of about 560 
 square miles. The greater part of its S. W. 
 boundary is formed by Lake Winnipiseogee, 
 which separates it from Belknap county. It 
 is drained by the Ossipee and Saco rivers, 
 and contains several lakes and ponds, the 
 chief of which is Ossipee lake. It has nu- 
 merous small streams, which afi'ord valuable 
 water-power. The surface is uneven and 
 mountainous. Ossipee mountain and Conway 
 
 peak are comprised within the limits of this 
 county. The soil, though hard and difficult 
 of cultivation, is. generally productive. In- 
 dian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 147,715 bushels of corn; 50,467 of oats; 
 340,278 of potatoes ; 34,675 tons of hay, and 
 570,188 pounds of butter. There were 25 
 flour mills, 3 woollen factories, 49 saw mills, 
 10 tanneries, 2 paper mills, and 1 machine 
 shop. It contained 40 churches ; 6281 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 260 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Named in 
 honor of Charles Carroll, one of the signers 
 of the Declaration of Independence. Capi- 
 tal, Ossipee. Population, 20,157. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the N. part of Mary- 
 land, bordering on Pennsylvania, contains 
 about 500 square miles. It is drained by 
 the sources of Patapsco and Gunpowder 
 rivers, and by Pike creek. The surface is 
 hilly and in some parts rocky; the soil is 
 naturally thin, but has been improved. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. The county produced in 
 1850, 265,007 bushels of wheat; 343,008 of 
 corn; 223,179 of oats, and 444,759 pounds 
 of butter. There were 6 woollen factories, 
 1 cotton factory, 20 tanneries, 34 flour and 
 grist mills, 3 manufactories of agricultural 
 implements; and 4 paper mills. It contained 
 40 churches and 2 newspaper establishments. 
 There were 708 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 252 attending academies or 
 other schools. Two mines of copper and one 
 of iron are worked in the county. Capital, 
 Westminster. Population, 20,616, of whom 
 19,641 were free, and 975, slaves. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, has 
 an area of 440 square miles. The New river; 
 or Kanawha, flows along the western bor- 
 der of the county, which is also drained by 
 Reedy Island river and Chestnut creek. The 
 Blue Piidge forms its boundary on the S. E. 
 Much of the land is rough and hilly; the 
 greater part, however, is well adapted tp 
 grazing. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
 horses, cattle, and swine are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 132,189 bushels 
 of corn; 11,578 of wheat; 82,847 of oats; 
 2715 tons of hay, and 56,178 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were 2 grist mills, 3 iron forges, 
 and 3 tanneries. It contained 12 churches, 
 and 900 pupils attending public schools. 
 Copper, iron ore, and lead are found in the 
 county. The Grayson Sulphur Springs, on 
 the bank of New river, have some reputation 
 as a place of summer resort. It is inter- 
 sected by two new turnpike-roads. Organ- 
 ized in 1842, having been previously in- 
 cluded in Floyd county. Capital, Hillsville. 
 Population, 5909, of whom 5755 were free, 
 and 154, slaves. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the W. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on Alabama, contains 
 
 195 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 572 square miles. It is drained by the Chat- 
 tahoochee and Tallapoosa rivers. The sur- 
 face is traversed by several ridges. The soil 
 is based on granite and other primary rocks ; 
 a large portion of it, however, is fertile. 
 Cotton, maize, wheat, oats, and fine fruits 
 flourish here. In 1850 this county produced 
 1243 bales of cotton ; 316,871 bushels of 
 corn; 40,803 of oats, and 73,943 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 10 grist mills, 10 
 saw mills, and 1 cotton factory. It contained 
 140 pupils attending public schools, and 700 
 attending academies and other schools. This 
 county contains gold mines, which have been 
 worked and found profitable. Several mills 
 for pounding gold ore are kept in operation. 
 It is abundantly supplied with water-power. 
 The county was formed in 1826. Capital, 
 Carrollton. Population, 9357, of whom 8256 
 were free, and 1101, slaves. 
 
 Cakeoll, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Mississippi, has an area of about 850 
 square miles. The Yazoo river, in connec- 
 tion with the Tallahatchie, forms the W. 
 boundary of the county, which is also wa- 
 tered by the Yallobusha and Big Black rivers. 
 The surface is nearly level. The bottom 
 lands of the Yazoo are of great extent ; the 
 soil is alluvial and extremely fertile. Cotton 
 and Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 17,989 bales of cotton ; 
 727,340 bushels of corn; 176,360 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 82,122 of oats. It contained 
 34 churches and 2 newspaper offices. There 
 were 623 pupils attending public schools, and 
 S65 attending academies or other schools. 
 Steamboats navigate the Yazoo in this 
 county at all seasons, and its branches are 
 navigable in winter. Capital, Carrollton. 
 Population, 18,492, of whom 8679 were 
 free, and 9812, slaves. 
 
 Carroll, a parish forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Louisiana, bordering on Arkansas, 
 is situated between Mississippi river and 
 Boeuf bayou. Area, about 1050 square 
 miles. It is drained by Tensas river and 
 Macon bayou. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is adapted to cotton and Indian corn, 
 which are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 15,544 bales of cotton; 237,364 
 bushels of corn, and 34,107 of sweet pota- 
 toes. There were 9 wood-cutting and cord- 
 ing establishments, and 1 saw mill. It con- 
 tained 4 churches; 2 newspaper offices, and 
 360 pupils attending public schools. Capi- 
 tal, Providence. Population, 8789, of whom 
 2346 were free, and 6443, slaves. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, contains 
 1038 square miles. It is drained by King's 
 river and Long creek, affluents of White 
 rivei'. The surface is diversified ; the soil 
 is mostly fertile, producing good pasture and 
 grain. In 1850 there were raised 264,060 
 bushels of Indian corn; 11,825 of wheat; 
 17,588 of oats, and 11,413 of sweet potatoes. 
 196 
 
 There were 460 pupils attending public 
 schools. Very beautiful yellow variegated 
 marble is found in this county. Capital, 
 Carrollton. Population, 4614, of whom 4401 
 were free, and 213, slaves. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the W. part of Ten- 
 nessee, has an area of about 625 square 
 miles. The S. fork of Obion river rises in 
 the county, and Big Sandy river flows through 
 it. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is 
 highly productive and extensively cultivated. 
 Indian corn, oats, cotton, tobacco, and 
 peaches flourish. The county is well timbered 
 with white oak, hickory, maple, black wal- 
 nut, &c. In 1850 Carroll county produced 
 801,175 bushels of corn; 108,029 of oats; 
 2362 bales of cotton; 817,145 pounds of to- 
 bacco, and 107,743 of butter. It contained 
 42 churches, and 671 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. Capital, Huntingdon. Popula- 
 tion, 15,967, of whom 12,832 were free, and 
 3135, slaves. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the N. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Indiana, has an area of 
 about 200 square miles. The Ohio river 
 forms its boundary on the N., and the Ken- 
 tucky river divides the county into nearly 
 equal parts. The surface is generally roll- 
 ing, except the hills near the Ohio, some of 
 which are high and rather steep. The soil 
 is calcareous and fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 354,510 bushels 
 of corn; 13,253 of wheat; 18,604 of oats; 
 232,612 pounds of tobacco; 12,753 of wool, 
 and 3256 of flax. There were 12 churches ; 
 500 pupils attending public schools, and 
 22 attending an academy. The surface 
 rock of the county is limestone. Organ- 
 ized in 1838. Capital, Carrollton. Popu- 
 lation, 5626, of whom 4577 were free, and 
 949, slaves. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the E. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 360 square miles. It is 
 drained by Conotten, Sandy, and Yellow 
 creeks. The surface is moderately hilly; 
 the soil fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 grass, cattle, and swine are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 230,931 bushels 
 of corn; 263,755 of wheat; 221,083 of oats, 
 and 11,571 tons of hay. It contained 71 
 churches and 2 newspaper oflSces ; 3330 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 40 attend- 
 ing an academy. Stone coal and iron ore are 
 abundant in the county. The Sandy and 
 Beaver canal passes through it. Capital, 
 Carrollton. Population, 17,685. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Indiana, contains 378 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Wabash and Tippecanoe 
 rivers. The surface is partly level and partly 
 undulating, and the soil highly productive. 
 About one-fifth of the county was occupied 
 by a prairie, and the other portions by forests 
 of the oak, walnut, beech, sugar-maple, &e. 
 The articles of export are wheat, maize, oats, 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 hemp, tobacco, pork, and cattle. In 1850 
 this county produced 549,882 bushels of 
 corn; 133,371 of wheat; 53,076 of oats, and 
 4397 tons of hay. It contained 9 churches 
 and 2 newspaper establishments. There 
 were 1250 pupils attending public schools. 
 The county is intersected by the Wabash and 
 Erie canal, and is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. Capital, Delphi. Population, 
 11,015. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 416 square miles. 
 The Mississippi forms its W. boundary, sepa- 
 rating it from Iowa, and it is drained by 
 Plum, Elk Horn, Otter, and Rush creeks. 
 The surface is undulating, and diversified 
 with prairies and tracts of timber, the former 
 of which are the most extensive. The soil is 
 productive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, pork, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 there 
 were raised 136,301 bushels of wheat; 
 218,061 of corn, and 74,684 of oats ; 100,986 
 pounds of butter were made. It contained 
 1 church, and 1135 pupils attending public 
 schools. A considerable quantity of lead is 
 procured in this county. Organized in 1836. 
 Capital, Mount Carroll. Population, 4586. 
 
 Carroll, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Missouri, has an area of 700 square 
 miles. The Missouri river, navigable by 
 steamboats, forms its boundary on the W., 
 and Grand river on the E. ; the county is also 
 drained by Wyaconda and Big creeks. The 
 surface in some parts is undulating, and pre- 
 sents extensive prairies alternating with fo- 
 rests of oak, black walnut, sugar-maple, and 
 hickory. The soil is generally productive. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, cattle, 
 horses, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 311,675 bushels of 
 corn; 26,452 of wheat; 34,055 of oats, and 
 289,869 pounds of tobacco. It contained 9 
 churches, 321 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 43 attending an academy. Limestone 
 and sandstone are abundant in the county. 
 The streams furnish valuable water-power. 
 Capital, CarroUton. Population, 5441, of 
 whom 4820 were free, and 621, slaves. 
 
 Carroll, a new county in the W. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of about 600 
 square miles. It is drained by Raccoon 
 river, an affluent of the Des Moines. The 
 county is not included in the census of 
 1850, and has but few, if any, inhabit- 
 ants. The climate is healthy and the soil 
 fertile. 
 
 Carroll, a post-office of Penobscot coun- 
 ty, Maine. 
 
 Carroll, a post-township of Coos county, 
 New Ha;inpghire, 80 miles N. of Concord. 
 Population, 296. 
 
 Carroll, a post-township of Chautauque 
 county. New York, 23 miles S. E. from 
 Maysville, is drained by Conewango creek. 
 Population, 1833. 
 
 Carroll, a township of Cambria county, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. from Ebensburg. 
 Population, 1129. 
 
 Carroll, a township of Perry county, 
 Pennsylvania, 17 miles W. by N. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 1169. 
 
 Carroll, a township in the E. part of 
 Washington county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Monongahela river, 20 miles S. S. E. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 1469. 
 
 Carroll, a small village of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Carroll, a township in the N. AV. part of 
 York county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles S. W. 
 from Harrisburg. Population, 807. 
 
 Carroll, a post-village of Fairfield coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 22 miles S. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Carroll, a township in the N. part of 
 Ottaway county, Ohio. Population, 403. 
 
 Carroll, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Paulding county, Ohio. 
 
 Carroll, or Carrollton, a post-village in 
 Carroll county, Indiana, on the AV. bank of 
 AVabash river, and on the AVabash and Erie 
 canal, about 75 miles N. N. W. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Carroll, a village of Warren county, Illi- 
 nois, 60 miles AY. N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 Carrollsville, a post-village of Tishe- 
 mingo county, Mississippi, about 210 miles 
 N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Carrollton, a township in the S. part of 
 Cattaraugus county. New York. Popula- 
 tion, 515. 
 
 Carrollton, a post-village of Cambria 
 county, Pennsylvania, a few miles N. AV. from 
 Ebensburg, has 1 Catholic chapel, and about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Carrollton, a post-office of Carroll coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 Carrollton, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Carroll county, Georgia, on Little Tal- 
 lapoosa river, 140 miles W. N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. The situation is elevated and 
 healthy. The village contains a court house, 
 2 academies, several churches, 2 hotels, and 
 a Masonic lodge. Several profitable gold 
 mines are worked in the county. 
 
 Carrollton, a post-village, capital of 
 Pickens county, Alabama, on the AV. side of 
 Lubbub creek, 172 miles AV. N.AV. from Mont- 
 gomery. It is situated in a fertile and po- 
 pulous district. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished in Carrollton. Population, about 600. 
 
 Carrollton, a post-village, capital of Car- 
 roll county, Mississippi, on the stage-road 
 from Jackson to Memphis, 96 miles N. from 
 the former. It has about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Carrollton, a thriving post-village of 
 Jefferson parish, Louisiana, on the left bank 
 of the Mississippi, 7 miles above New Or- 
 leans, with which it is connected by railroad. 
 Many persons who are employed in business 
 in the city have their residences in Carroll ■ 
 ton. The public gardens of this place ai ■ 
 tract large numbers of visitors. 
 
 197 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 Cakrollton, a small post-village, ca- 
 pital of Carroll county, Arkansas, on Long 
 creek. 
 
 Cakrollton, (formerly Port William,) a 
 post-town, capital of Carroll county, Ken- 
 tucky, on the Ohio river, just above the mouth 
 of the Kentucky river, and about 45 miles 
 N. N. W. from Frankfort. It has consider- 
 able business, and contains a fine court- 
 house, 3 or 4 churches, 1 academy, 2 or 3 
 mills, 2 piano factories, and a rope walk. 2 
 newspapers are issued here. Pop. esti- 
 mated at 1000. 
 
 Cakrollton, a post-village of Centre town- 
 ship, capital of Carroll county, Ohio, 125 
 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. It has a public 
 square in the centre, and contains a court 
 house, 4 churches, 2 printing offices, and a 
 number of stores. This village was formerly 
 called Centreton. 
 
 Carrollton, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mery county, Ohio, on the Miami river and 
 canal, 45 miles N. from Cincinnati, has about 
 300 inhabitants. 
 
 CaRrollton, a township of Carroll coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 694. 
 
 Carrollton, a village of Carroll county, 
 Indiana, 60 miles N. by W. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Carrollton, a post-township in Greene 
 county, Illinois, about 32 miles N. N. AV. 
 from Alton. 
 
 Carrollton, a thriving and pleasant post- 
 village, capital of Greene county, Illinois, is 
 situated in the above township, on the rail- 
 road leading from Alton to Springfield, 70 
 miles S. W. from the latter. It is situated 
 in a populous and fertile district. The abun- 
 dance of stone coal and timber in the vicini- 
 ty, together with the facilities of transporta- 
 tion, have given rise to several manufacto- 
 ries. Carrollton containes 2 academies, 1 
 free school, and 4 or 5 churches. Two news- 
 papers are published here. Population in 
 1850, 787 ; in 1853, estimated at 1500. 
 
 Carrollton, a small post-village, capital 
 of Carroll county, Missouri, on Wyaconda 
 creek, 8 miles N. from Missouri river, and 
 124 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Carrollville, or Caerollsville, a small 
 post-village of Tishemingo county, Missis- 
 sippi, 220 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Carrollville, a post-village of Waj'ue 
 county, Tennessee, on Cumberland river, 110 
 miles S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Carrsvillb, post-ofBce of I.ofWightco.,"Va. 
 
 Carrsville, a post-office of Cooper co., Mo. 
 
 Carryall, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Paulding cc, Ohio. Pop., 471. 
 
 Carson's Creek, a post-office of Calaveras 
 county, California. 
 
 , Carson's Lake, in the W. part of Utah, 
 receives Carson's river, but has no outlet. 
 Length, 15 miles. 
 
 Carson's Valley, a post-office of Utah 
 county, Utah Territory. 
 198 
 
 Carsonville, a post-village of Talbot 
 county, Georgia, about 80 miles W. S. W. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Carswell's Mills, a village of Scriven 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Carseville, a village of Livingston coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on Vermilion river. 
 
 Carter, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina, has 
 an area estimated at 350 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Watauga river, a navigable 
 branch of the Holston. The Iron mountain 
 forms the S. E. boundary of the county, and 
 the surface is among the highest portions of 
 the state. The mountains are covered with 
 forests of good timber, and contain mines of 
 iron which are thought to be inexhaustible. 
 The soil of the valleys is fertile, producing 
 Indian corn, oats, wheat, and grass. In 
 1850 there were raised 178,541 bushels of 
 corn; 94,351 of oats; 19,307 of wheat, and 
 76,656 pounds of butter. The streams of 
 the county furnish abundant motive power, 
 which is employed in several iron works. 
 The E. Tennessee and Virginia railroad (not 
 yet completed) passes near the W. border of 
 the county. Capital, Elizabethtown. Popu- 
 lation, 6296, of whom 5943 were free, and 353, 
 slavesi 
 
 Carter., a county in the N. E. part of 
 Kentucky, has an area of about 550 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by Big Sandy 
 river, navigable for keel-boats, which sepa- 
 rates it from Virgisia, and intersected by 
 Little Sandy river and Tygart's creek. The 
 surface is broken by hills which contain 
 abundance of iron ore and stone coal. Ex- 
 cepting the river bottoms, the land is too 
 rough for cultivation. Indian corn, oats, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. In 1 850 this 
 county produced 279,777 bushels of corn ; 
 36,409 of oats, and 15,674 pounds of wool. 
 It contained 4 churches, and 696. pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Salt is procured 
 from springs near Sandy river. Carter coun- 
 ty was formed in 1838, and named in honor 
 of AVilliam G. Carter, a member of the Ken- 
 tucky senate. Capital, Grayson. Popula- 
 tion, 6241, of whom 5984 were free, and 257, 
 slaves. 
 
 Carter Camp, a post-office of Potter coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Carteret, a county in the S. E. part 
 of North Carolina, bordering on the At- 
 lantic and Palmlico sound, contains about 
 450 square miles. It is intersected by New- 
 port river, and partly separated from the sea 
 bv long, narrow islands, on one of which is 
 Cape Lookout. The surface is level, and 
 much of it is covered by swamps, and fo- 
 rests of pitch pine. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 40,225 bushels of corn ; 54,760 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 272;^ tons of hay. There 
 were 4 saw mills, 12 tar and turpentine ma- 
 nufactories, and 7 churches. Capital, Beau- 
 fort. Formed in 1729, and named in honor 
 
CAR 
 
 CAS 
 
 of Sir George Carteret, one of the proprie- 
 tors of the land. Population, 6803, of whom 
 5316 were free, and 1487, slaves. 
 
 Carter Hill, a post-office of Erie county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Carter's Bridge, a post-office of Albe- 
 marle county, Virginia, 91 miles W. by N. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Cartersburg, a post-village of Hendricks 
 count}'^, Indiana, 17 miles W. S. W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Carter's Station, a post-office of Greene 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Carter's Store, a post-office of Nicholas 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cartersville, a post-office of Oswego 
 county. New York. 
 
 Cartersville, a village of Cumberland 
 county, Virginia, on the James river and ca- 
 nal, 47 miles W. from Richmond. It has 1 
 church, several stores, and about 50 dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 Cartersville, a post-office of Darlington 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Cartersville, a thriving post-village of 
 Cass county, Georgia, on the Atlantic and 
 Western railroad, 2 miles from the Etowah 
 river, and 143 miles N. W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Cartersville, a post-office of Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Carthage, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Maine, 32 miles N. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 420. 
 
 Carthage, a post-village in Wilna town- 
 ship, Jefferson county. New York, on the 
 right bank of Black river, 17 miles E. from 
 Watertown. It contains several churches, an 
 academy, a bank, and over 100 dwellings. 
 The river, which furnishes extensive water- 
 power, is crossed here by two bridges. There 
 are in the vicinity manufactures of axes, 
 nails, and other articles. 
 
 Carthage, a village of Monroe county, 
 New York, on the Genesee river, at the lower 
 falls, 2 miles N. from Rochester. It has a 
 steamboat landing. 
 
 Carthage, a small post-village, capital of 
 Moore county. North Carolina, about 60 
 miles S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Carthage, a post-village of Tuscaloosa 
 county, Alabama, about 18 miles S. S. W. 
 from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Carthage, a small post-village, capital of 
 Leake county, Mississippi, 65 miles N. E. 
 from Jackson. 
 
 Carthage, a post-village, capital of Pa- 
 nola county, Texas, about 200 miles in a di- 
 rect line N. by E. from Galveston. 
 
 Carthage, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Smith county, Tennessee, on Cumberland 
 river, opposite the mouth of the Caney fork, 
 50 miles by land E. from Nashville. It has 
 an academy, and 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 Carthage, a post-office of Campbell coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 
 
 Carthage, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Athens county, Ohio. Population, 1087. 
 
 Carthage, a small post-village of Ha- 
 milton county, Ohio, on the railroad from 
 Cincinnati to Dayton, 10 miles N. from the 
 former. 
 
 Carthage, a flourishing post-village of 
 Rush county, Indiana, on the Blue river, and 
 on the Shelby ville and Knightstown railroad, 
 about 33 miles E. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 It has an active trade, and is the second vil- 
 lage of the county in size. The river affords 
 water-power for several mills. 
 
 Carthage, a post-village, capital of Han- 
 cock county, Illinois, 12 or 14 miles from 
 the Mississippi river, and 110 miles W. N. W. 
 from Springfield. It is surrounded by a 
 fertile region, in which stone coal abounds. 
 Population, about 400. 
 
 Carthage, a small post-village, capital of 
 Jasper county, Missouri, on Spring river, 
 about 220 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Carthage Landing, a post-office of Dutch- 
 ess county. New York. 
 
 Carthagena, a post-office of Mercer coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Carticax, a post-office of Gilmer county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Cartland, a township of Kent county, 
 Michigan. Population, 406. 
 
 Carver, a post-township of Plymouth coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 38 miles S. E. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 1186. 
 
 Carver's Ferry, a post-office of Jessamine 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Carver's Harbor, a post-office of Waldo 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Carversville, a post-office of Bucks coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Carverton, a post-office of Luzerne coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Carville, a village in the N. W. part of 
 Washington county, Illinois, about 2 miles 
 N. W. from the Kaskaskia river. 
 
 Carysville, a post-office of Champaign 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Caryville, a village of Genesee county, 
 New York, contains 7 stores, 2 churches, 
 and a flourishing academy. 
 
 Cascade, a township of Lycoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. E. from Williams- 
 port. Population, 419. 
 
 Cascade, a post-office of Pittsylvania coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Cascade, a township in Kent county, Mi- 
 chigan, about 22 miles N. N. W. from Hast- 
 ings. Population, 358. 
 
 Cascade, a village of St. Joseph county, 
 Michigan, 140 miles S. by W. from Detroit. 
 
 Cascade, a post-village of Dubuque coun- 
 ty, Iowa, 56 miles N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Cascade, a thriving post-village of She- 
 boj'gan county, Wisconsin, on a branch of 
 Milwaukie river, 90 miles N. E. from Madi- 
 son, has water-power and mills. Populaiion 
 in 1853, 400. 
 
 199 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 Cascade City, a post-village of Clarke co., 
 Wash. Ter. , on the Columbia, near the Cascades. 
 
 Cascade Range, a chain of mountains in 
 the W. part of Oregon, running in general 
 nearly N. and S., at the distance of from 100 
 to 200 miles from the Pacific. It is a con- 
 tinuation of the Sierra Nevada of California. 
 The name is derived from the cascades of 
 the Columbia, which are formed where this 
 river" breaks through the Cascade range. 
 
 Casco, a post-township in Cumberland 
 county, Maine. Population, 1046. 
 
 Casco, a township in the S. part of St. 
 Clair county, Michigan. Population, 134. 
 
 Casco Bay, on the coast of Maine, E. from 
 Portland. It contains several hundred is- 
 lands. 
 
 Case's, a post-office of Travis county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Caseville, a post-village of Ulster coun- 
 ty, New York, 76 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Casey, a county in the S. central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area of about 350 square 
 miles. It is traversed by Green river, and 
 the Rolling fork of Salt river. The surface 
 is high and broken ; the soil produces In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes. In 1850 
 there were raised 511,416 bushels of 
 corn; 9041 of wheat; 31,797 of oats ; 74,600 
 pounds of tobacco ; 24,422 of wool, and 
 27,197 of flax. It contained 14 churches, 
 and 1156 pupils attending public schools. 
 The county was formed in 1806, and named 
 inmemory of Colonel William Casey, a pioneer 
 in the settlement of Kentucky. Capital, Li- 
 berty. Population, 6556, of whom 5922 were 
 free, and 634, slaves. 
 
 Casey, a township in De Kalb county, 
 Georgia. Population, 797. 
 
 Casey, a post-village of Clarke county, 
 Illinois, on the National road. 
 
 Caseyville, a post-office of Copiah county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Caseyville, a small post-village of Union 
 county, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 220 
 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Casher's Valley, a post-office of Macon 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Cashie, a small river of North Carolina, 
 flows south-eastward through Bertie county, 
 and enters Roanoke river about 10 miles from 
 its mouth. It is navigable by sloops to Wind- 
 sor. 
 
 Cash River, near the southern extremity 
 of Illinois, falls into the Ohio near its mouth. 
 
 Cash's Nob, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cashtown, a post-village of Adams county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the turnpike between Get- 
 tysburg and Chambersburg, 9 miles W. N. W. 
 from the former. 
 
 Cashville, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Casnovia, a post-office of Ottawa county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Cass, a county in the N. W. part of Georgia, 
 200 
 
 contains 714 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Etowah river, a branch of the Coosa 
 river. The surface is diversified ; the soil is 
 mostly very productive. Cotton, corn, wheat, 
 oats, peaches, and grapes are the chief pro- 
 ductions. This county is remarkably rich in 
 minerals: iron, marble, and limestone are 
 abundant; gold, copper, lead, titanium, 
 and plumbago also occur. The forests con- 
 tain the hickory, pine, elm, sycamore, &c. 
 The streams furnish immense water-power. 
 The Western and Atlantic railroad passes 
 through the county. On the bank of the 
 Etowah river, there is an artificial mound 
 which is 75 feet high and 1114 feet in circuit 
 at the base: it contains specimens of ancient 
 pottery. Named in honor of General Lewis 
 Cass. Capital, Cassville. Population, 13,300, 
 of whom 10,292 were free, and 3008, 
 slaves. 
 
 Cass, a county of Texas, situated in the 
 N. E. part of the state, bordering on Louisi- 
 ana and Arkansas, contains 1224 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Sul- 
 phur fork of Red river, and on the S. 
 by Big Cypress bayou and Soda lake. 
 The surface is gently undulating. The bot- 
 toms are swampy and mostly uncultivated ; 
 the uplands have a deep, red soil, which 
 produces abundant crops of cotton, wheat, 
 maize and grass. Horses and cattle are also 
 raised. In 1850, Cass county yielded 1573 
 bales of cotton; 167,250 bushels of corn; 
 45,462 of sweet potatoes, and 55,122 pounds 
 of butter. There were 500 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 340 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county is well tim- 
 bered with hard wood. Rich mines of iron 
 are found in the S. W. part, but not worked 
 at present. The bayou and lake, which dis- 
 charge their waters into Red river below the 
 Raft, are navigated by large steamboats 
 during nine months in the year. Capital, 
 Jefferson. Population, 4991, of whom 3089 
 were free, and 1902, slaves. 
 
 Cass, a county in the S. W. part of Michi- 
 gan, bordering on Indiana, contains 528 
 square miles. The St. Joseph's river touches 
 the S. E. corner of the county, which is 
 drained by the Dowagiac and Christiana 
 rivers, and contains a number of small lakes. 
 The surface is nearly level ; the soil is said 
 to be as fertile as any in the state. More 
 than half of the county consists of oak- 
 openings and prairies, and the other portion 
 is heavily timbered. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, potatoes, wool, and pork are the 
 staples. Iron ore and limestone are found 
 in the S. part of the county. In 1850, Cass 
 county produced 418,360 bushels of corn, 
 (more than any other in the state excepting 
 Oakland;) 160,592 bushels of wheat; 120,246 
 of oats ; 68,020 of potatoes, and 3902 tons 
 of hay. It contained 8 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office and 3396 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county is intersected by the 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 Central railroad. Capital, Cassopolis. Po- 
 pulation, 10,907. 
 
 Cass, a county in the N. central part of 
 Indiana, contains 420 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Wabash and Eel rivers. The 
 surface is mostly level, excepting the bluffs 
 in the vicinity of the rivers. The southern 
 part is heavily timbered, and the northern 
 consists of prairies. The soil produces good 
 crops of -wheat, corn, oats, &c. In 1850 
 there were raised 397,915 bushels of corn; 
 107,078 of wheat; 39,674 of oats, and 3091 J 
 tons of hay. It contained 11 churches, 2 
 newspaper and 1795 pupils attending public 
 schools. Iron ore and good building stone 
 are abundant in the county. The AV abash 
 and Eel rivers have rapid currents, and af- 
 ford extensive water-power. It is intersect- 
 ed by the Wabash and Erie canal. Capital, 
 Logansport. Population, 11,021. 
 
 Cass, a county in the W. central part of 
 Illinois, has an area of about 350 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. W. by the 
 Illinois, and on the N. by the Sangamon 
 river. These streams unite on the border 
 of the county. The surface is nearly level, 
 consisting partly of prairie and partly of 
 timbered land : the soil is excellent. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 it produced 1,417,750 bushels 
 of corn, 131,136 of wheat; 150,197 of oats, 
 and 3385 tons of hay. It contained 14 
 churches and 1 newspaper office. There were 
 1000 pupils attending public schools. The 
 rivers above named are navigable by steam- 
 boats on the borders of the county. Capital, 
 Beardstown. Population, 7253. 
 
 Cass, formerly Van Buren, a county in the 
 W. part of Missouri, bordering on the Indian 
 territory, has an area of 1000 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the middle fork of Grand 
 river, and by Big creek, and also drained by 
 numerous other creeks. The surface is undu- 
 lating, diversified with prairies and groves, 
 the former of which are the most extensive ; 
 the soil is generally good. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 300,976 
 bushels of corn; 13,524 of wheat; 65,113 of 
 oats, and 1610 tons of hay. It contained 7 
 churches, 748 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 180 attending academies or other schools. 
 Limestone and sandstone are abundant in the 
 county. It is supplied with numerous springs 
 of good water, and valuable mill streams. 
 Capital, Harrisonville. Population, 6090, of 
 whom 5612 were free, and 478, slaves. 
 
 Cass, a new county in the S. W. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. The 
 Nishnabatona river, an afBuent of the Mis- 
 souri, flows through it in a S. W. direction. 
 A railroad is projected through this county, 
 from the Mississippi river to Council Bluffs. 
 The population of the county is very small, 
 and the county seat not established. 
 
 Cass, an unorganized county in the E. cen- 
 
 tral part of Minnesota, contains about 11000 
 square miles. The Mississippi river rises 
 on the N. W. border of the county, and forms 
 its boundary on the N. and E. It is drained 
 by Sauk, Crow Wing, and Long Prairie rivers, 
 and sprinkled over with numerous small 
 lakes, the most considerable of which is 
 Leech lake, in the N. part. The county is 
 well timbered with pine and other trees. 
 Lumber is the chief article of export. The 
 census of 1850 furnishes no information rs" 
 specting this county, which has few civilized 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Cass, a township of Huntingdon county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 68 miles W. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 714. 
 
 Cass, a township of Schuylkill county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 4115. 
 
 Cass, a small post-village of Venango 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cass, a small post-village of Franklin 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Cass, a post-office of Lawrence county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Cass, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Hancock county, Ohio. Population, 621. 
 
 Cass, or Casstown, a post-village in Mi- 
 ami county, Ohio, about 6 miles E. by N. 
 from Troy, and 63 miles W. from Columbus. 
 Population, about 450. 
 
 Cass, a township in Richland county, Ohio. 
 Population, 1431. 
 
 Cass, a post-office of Hillsdale county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Cass, a township in Clay county, Indiana. 
 Population, 466. 
 
 Cass, a township in La Porte county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 337. 
 
 Cass, a township in Pulaski county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 84. 
 
 Cass, a post-office of Tippecanoe county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Cass, a post-office of Du Page county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Cass, a township in Fulton county, Illinois. 
 Population, 643. 
 
 Cassadaga, a lake in Chautauque county, 
 New York, about 12 miles N. E. from Mays- 
 ville. Length, 3 or 4 miles. 
 
 Cassadaga, a post-village of Chautauque 
 county. New York, on the E. side of the 
 above lake, 50 miles S. S. W. from Buffalo. 
 
 Cass Coe, a post-office of Arkansas coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Cassity's Mills, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cass Lake, a small lake nearly in the cen- 
 tral part of Oakland county, Michigan. 
 
 Cass Lake, a post-office of Minnesota ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 Cassopolis, a post-village, capital of Cass 
 county, Michigan, on the N. shore of Stone 
 lake, 180 miles S. W. from Lansing. Stone 
 lake is about 1 mile in extent. Cassopolis 
 was settled in 1835. Population in 1851, 
 about 500. 
 
 201 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 Cass River, of Michigan, rises in the E. 
 part of the state, and flowing nearly west- 
 ward, enters the Saginaw, about 4 miles above 
 Saginaw City. In high water it is navigable 
 for small boats 15 miles. 
 
 Casstown, a small village of White county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Casstown, Ohio. See Cass. 
 
 Cassville, a post-village of Oneida county. 
 New York, on Sauquoit creek, 86 miles N. N.W. 
 from Albany. It has several stores and mills. 
 
 Cassville, a small post-village of Hunt- 
 ingdon county, Pennsylvania, 90 miles W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Cassville, a post-office of Monongalia 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cassville, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Cass county, Georgia, is situated 2 miles 
 from the Western and Atlantic railroad, and 
 150 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. It is 
 surrounded by a fertile farming region, which 
 contains rich mines of iron ore and marble 
 quarries. In the vicinity are several fine 
 springs, and about 10 miles S. E. are Row- 
 land's springs, a place of fashionable resort. 
 Cassville contains 3 churches, 2 hotels, sev- 
 eral schools, and a newspaper office. 
 
 Cassville; a post-office of White county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Cassville, a post-office of Harrison coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Cassville, a village of Howard county, 
 Indianapolis, on the Peru and Indianapolis 
 railroad, 16 miles S. from Peru. 
 
 Cassville, a small post-village, capital of 
 Barry county, Missouri, on the road from 
 JeflFerson City to Fayetteville, Arkansas, 200 
 miles S. W. from the former. Laid out in 
 1845. Population, about 400. 
 
 Cassville, a small post-village of Grant 
 county, Wisconsin, on the Mississippi river, 
 28 miles above Dubuque. It has a steamboat 
 landing. Population, about 200. 
 
 Castalia, a thriving and handsome post- 
 village of Erie county, Ohio, on Cold creek, 
 5 miles S. W. from Sandusky City, and 105 
 miles N. from Columbus. It was laid out in 
 1836. It is abundantly supplied with water- 
 power by the creek, which has its source in a 
 remarkable spring near the village. This 
 spring is 200 feet in diameter, 60 feet deep, 
 and has the property of petrifying vegetable 
 substances. Population in 1851, 500. 
 
 Castalian Springs, a post-office of Sum- 
 ner county, Tennessee. 
 
 Castile, a post-township of Wyoming 
 county, New York, on the Genesee river, a 
 few miles S. E. from Warsaw. Population, 
 2446. 
 
 Castile, a post-village of the above town- 
 ship, on the Buffalo and New York City rail- 
 road, 58 miles E. S. E. from Buffalo. It 
 contains 4 stores, 1 carriage manufactory, 
 and 3 churches. 
 
 Castile, a small village of Greene county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 202 
 
 Castile, a post-office of Clinton county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Castile, a village of Livingston county, 
 Missouri, 115 miles N. W. fi-om Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Castile Ceeek, of Missouri, flows into 
 Platte river, in the S. E. part of Buchanan 
 county. 
 
 Castilian Springs, a village of Holmes 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Castine, a township of Hancock county, 
 Maine, 50 miles E. from Augusta. Popula- 
 tion, 1260. 
 
 Castine, kas-teen', a port of entry, capi- 
 tal of Hancock county, Maine, is situated in 
 the above township, on the E. side of Pe- 
 nobscot bay, at the entrance of Penobscot 
 river, 34 miles S. from Bangor, and 118 
 miles N. E. from Portland. On the opposite 
 side of the bay, 9 miles . distant, is Belfast. 
 The town is pleasantly situated on a tongue 
 of land projecting from the N. E., and has 
 a spacious harbor, accessible at all seasons, 
 and of sufficient depth for vessels of the 
 largest class. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 engaged in the lumber trade, coasting, and 
 fisheries. This port is connected by railroad 
 with the principal places along the sea- 
 board. Settled by the French in 1667, and 
 by the English in 1760. 
 
 Castine, a post-office of Darke county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Castle Craig, a post-office of Campbell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Castle Creek, a post-office of Broome 
 county. New York. 
 
 Castlefin, a post-office of York county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Castlefin, a post-office of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Castle Grove, a post-office of Jones coun- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Castleman's Ferry, a post-office of Clark 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Castleman's Fork, Texas, flows south- 
 easterly through Gonzales county, and enters 
 the Guadalupe in Dewitt county. 
 
 Castleman's River, a small stream in the 
 S. W. part of Pennsylvania, empties itself 
 into the Youghiogheny. 
 
 Castleton, a post-village of Rutland co., 
 Vermont, on the Rutland and AVashington 
 railroad, 50 miles S. W. from Montpelier. It 
 contains 1 bank, and the Castleton Medical 
 College connected with Middlebury College. 
 Population of the township, 3016. 
 
 Castleton, a post-village of Rensselaer 
 CO., N. Y., on the Hudson river, and on the 
 Hudson River railroad, 8 miles S. from Albany, 
 contains 1 or 2 churches and several stores. 
 
 Castleton, a township of Richmond coun- 
 ty. New York, on the N. end of Staten Island, 
 contains New Brighton village. Pop., 5389. 
 
 Castleton, a post-office of Culpepper 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Castleton, a post-township in Barry coun- 
 
CAS 
 
 CAT 
 
 ty, Michigan, about 10 miles E. from Hast- 
 ings. Population, 324. 
 
 Gastob, a post-office of Caldwell parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Castok Bayou, Louisiana, rises in Jack- 
 son parish, and flowing southward, unites 
 with the Dugdemona at the N. extremity of 
 Rapides parish. 
 
 Castorio, or French Camp, a village of 
 San Joaquin county, California, is situated 
 on a channel of its own name. The place 
 was formerly the head-quarters of the Hudson 
 Bay Company. Several trading posts have 
 been established here, which, on account of 
 the peculiar nature of the soil, are always 
 accessible from the mines. 
 
 Castor River, of Missouri, rises in St. 
 Francis county, in the E. S. E. part of the 
 state, and flowing in a general southerly di- 
 rection, communicates by several arms with 
 a group of small lakes in Stoddard county, 
 and afterwards joins the Whitewater river. 
 The stream thus formed, which is sometimes 
 called Castor river, but more frequently the 
 Whitewater, after receiving the outlet of 
 Lake Pemisco, falls into Big lake, which is 
 connected with the St. Fran9ois by Little 
 river. Most of the region through which it 
 flows is low or swamp land, and the streams 
 not only often spread themselves over a large 
 surface, forming extensive marshes or lakes, 
 but frequently change their channels, or make 
 for themselves several difi"erent outlets. 
 
 Castorvillb, a village of Lewis county, 
 New York, on Beaver river, about 60 miles 
 N. ^^\ from Utica. 
 
 CASTORViiiLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Medina county, Texas, on Medina river, 
 about 30 miles W. S. W. from San Antonio. 
 
 Caswell, a county in the N. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Virginia, has an area 
 of about 400 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Hycootee river and County Line creek, 
 afiluents of Dan river, which twice crosses the 
 N. border of the county. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; the soil fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 and tobacco are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 417,509 bushels of corn ; 
 75,243 of wheat, and 2,282,939 pounds of to- 
 bacco. There were 24 corn and flour mills, 
 4 saw mills, 1 iron foundry, 1 cotton factory 
 and 9 tobacco manufactories. It contained 26 
 churches, and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 The Dan river is navigated by small boats 
 from this county downwards. The Rich- 
 mond and Danville railroad, when finished, 
 will be a valuable improvement to the coun- 
 ty. Organized in 1777, and named in honor 
 of Richard Caswell, the first governor of the 
 state under the constitution. Capital, Yan- 
 cey. Population, 15,269, of whom 7499 were 
 free,- and 7770, slaves. 
 
 Caswell, a post-ofiice of La Fayette coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Catahoula lake, situated in the N. E. 
 central part of Louisiana, in the parish of 
 
 the same name, is about 15 or 20 miles long, 
 and 2 or 3 wide. In times of floods these 
 dimensions are somewhat enlarged. Little 
 river enters its S. W. extremity and flows 
 from the N. E. part. 
 
 Catahoula, a parish situated towards the 
 N. E. part of Louisiana, has an area of 1970 
 square miles. It is watered by the Washita, 
 Tensas, Black, and Little rivers. The sur- 
 face is partly occupied by hills, near the 
 Washita river. The soil in some parts is 
 fertile, adapted to cotton, which is the sta- 
 ple product. In 1850 there were raised 
 6648 bales of cotton, and 183,736 bushels of 
 corn. It contained 14 churches, and 1 news- 
 paper office. There were 508 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 40 attending an aca- 
 demy. Forests of pine are found near the 
 Washita. The rock which underlies the pa- 
 rish is sandstone. Several of the rivers are 
 navigable by steamboats through this parish 
 and on its borders. Organized in 1808. Ca- 
 pital, Harrisonburg. Population, 7132, of 
 whom 3604 were free, and 3528, slaves. ■ 
 
 Catalamet, a post-office of Lewis county, 
 Oregon. 
 
 Catalpa Grove, a post-office of Marshall 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Catalpa Grove, a post-office of Greene 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Catalpa Grove, a post-office of Benton 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Catama Creek, of Montgomery county, 
 Alabama, enters Alabama river about 12 
 miles W. from the capital of the state. 
 
 Cataract, a post-office of Owen county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Catasauqua, a new and thriving post- 
 borough of Hanover township, Lehigh coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Lehigh 
 river, 3 miles above Allentown, and 54 miles 
 N. from Philadelphia. It contains 4 churches, 
 4 or 5 hotels, and a system of water-works 
 to supply the town with water. The Crane 
 Iron works at this place are said to be the 
 largest establishment for smelting iron in 
 the United States. One of the furnaces re- 
 cently constructed has turned out 235 tons 
 of iron in a single week ; a yield which has 
 scarcely been equalled in this or perhaps in 
 any other country. Population in 1853, 
 about 1500. 
 
 Catatonk, a post-office of Tioga county, 
 New York. 
 
 Cataula Creek, Georgia. See Mulberry 
 Creek. 
 
 Cataula, a "post-office of Harris county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Catawba creek, in the S. W. central part 
 of Virginia, flows north-eastward through 
 Roanoke county, and enters the James river 
 in Botetourt county. 
 
 Catawba, or Great Catawba, a river of 
 
 North and South Carolina, has its sources 
 
 in the Blue Ridge, in Burke county of the 
 
 former State. It flows nearly eastward to the 
 
 203 
 
CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 W. border of Iredell county ; after -which it 
 pursues a southerly course, and enters South 
 Carolina near the mouth of Little Catawba, 
 and about 15 miles from Yorkville. In the 
 latter state, it forms the boundary between 
 Lancaster district, on the one hand, and 
 York and Chester districts on the other, till 
 it arrives at Rocky Mount, and takes the 
 name of Wateree. The length of the Ca- 
 tawba is estimated at 250 miles. It flows 
 through the gold region of North Carolina. 
 The Wateree, after a southerly course of 
 about 100 miles, unites with the Congaree to 
 form the Santee. 
 
 Catawba, a county in the W. central part 
 of North Carolina, has an area of about 250 
 square miles. The Great Catawba, from 
 which it derives its name, forms the bound- 
 ary on the N. and E., the county is also 
 drained by the South Catawba. The sur- 
 face is diversified ; the soil is fertile, pro- 
 ducing Indian corn, wheat, and pasture for 
 cattle. Iron ore is abundant. In 1850 
 this county produced 355,185 bushels of 
 corn; 52,190 of wheat, and 65,674 of oats. 
 There were 2 iron forges, and 1 tannery. 
 It contained 15 churches. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Western turnpike, more 
 than 200 miles long. Catawba was formed 
 from the N. part of Lincoln, in the year 
 1842. Capital, Newton. Population, 8862, 
 of whom 7293 were free, and 1569, slaves. 
 
 Catawba, a small village of Atlantic coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, 4 miles S. E. from May's 
 Landing, has a church, and about 20 
 houses. 
 
 Catawba, a post-oiEce of Botetourt coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Catawba, a small post-village of Clarke 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Catawba Creek, a post-ofiBce of Gaston 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Catawba Springs, a small post-village in 
 Lincoln county. North Carolina. 
 
 Catawba View, a post-office of Caldwell 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Catawissa creek, Pennsylvania, empties 
 itself into the N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 
 a few miles below Bloomsburg. 
 
 Catawissa, a post-township of Columbia 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 river, 22 miles N. W. from Pottsville. Po- 
 pulation, 1143. 
 
 Catawissa, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the left (E.) bank of the N. 
 Branch of the Susquehanna river, at the 
 mouth of Catawissa creek, 75 miles N. N. 
 E. from Harrisburg. It is connected by 
 railroad with the coal mines at Mauch 
 Chunk, and has a bridge across the river. 
 There are several iron works in operation 
 here. 
 
 Catawissa Forge, a village of Columbia 
 county, Pennsylvania, 87 miles N. N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Catawissa Mountain, Pennsylvania, on 
 204 
 
 the S. side of Catawissa creek, is princi- 
 pally included in Columbia county, between 
 its S. E. limit and the Susquehanna river. 
 
 Catawissa Valley, a post-office of Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Catfish Creek, of Marion county. South 
 Carolina, flows southward into the Great 
 Pedee. 
 
 Catfish Furnace, a post-office of Clarion 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Catfish River, of Wisconsin, is the out- 
 let of the " Four Lakes" of Dane county, 
 and flows south-eastward into Rock river. 
 The rapids in the lower part of its course 
 furnish fine water-power. 
 
 Catharine, or Catharine's, a post-town- 
 ship of Chemung county. New York, at the 
 S. end of Seneca lake, 16 miles N. from 
 Elmira. Population, 3096. 
 
 Catharine, a township of Blair co., Pa., on 
 the Frankstown branch of the Juniata river, 
 12 miles N. E. from Hollidaysburg. Pop., 889. 
 
 Catharine Lake, a post-office of Onslow 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cathcart, a post-office of White co., Ind. 
 
 Cathey's Creek, a post-office of Hender- 
 son's CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Cathlamet, a village of Pacific co., Wash- 
 ington Territory, on Columbia river. 
 
 Cat Island, at the entrance of Lake 
 Borgne, Louisiana, 5 miles W. from Ship 
 island. On it is a fixed light, 45 feet high. 
 
 Catlettsburg, a small post-village of 
 Greenup county, Kentucky, on the Ohio, at 
 the mouth of Big Sandy river, 150 miles 
 E. N. E. from Frankfort. 
 
 Catlin, a township of Chemung county, 
 New York, 10 miles N. W. from Elmira. The 
 Elmira and Jefferson railroad passes along 
 its border. Population, 1474. 
 
 Cato, a post-township of Cayuga county, 
 New York, 12 miles N. from Auburn, watered 
 by Seneca river. Population, 2247. 
 
 Cato, a post-office of Cocke county, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Catoctin Creek, of Maryland, rises in 
 Frederick county, flows southward and en- 
 ters the Potomac river near the Point of 
 Rocks. 
 
 Catocton Furnace, a post-office of Frede- 
 rick county, Maryland. 
 
 Caton, a post-township of Steuben coun- 
 ty, New York, 25 miles S. from Bath. Po- 
 pulation, 1214. 
 
 Catonsville, a post-village of Baltimore 
 county, Maryland, 8 miles W. from Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Cato Springs, a post-office of Rankin coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Catoosa, a post-office of Lumpkin county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Catskill creek, Greene county, in the E. 
 part of New York, falls into the Hudson 
 river at Catskill. 
 
 Catskill, a post-township of Greene coun- 
 ty. New York, on the W. side of Hudson 
 
CAT 
 
 CAY 
 
 river, 34 miles below Albany, is intersected 
 by Catskill creek. Population, 5454. 
 
 Catskill, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, capital of Greene county. New York, 
 on the W. bank of the Hudson river, at the 
 mouth of Catskill creek, 34 miles below Al- 
 bany, and 111 miles above New York. It 
 contains a court house, 2 banks, 2 newspaper 
 office?, and churches of 5 or 6 denominations. 
 
 Catskill Mountains, of New York, a group 
 of the great Appalachian system, situated 
 principally in Greene county. The highest 
 summits are Round Top, having an elevation 
 of more than 3800 feet, and High Peak, 
 about 3720 feet above the sea. The Catskill 
 Mountain House, situated on a terrace of 
 another eminence of this group, 2500 feet 
 above the level of the Hudson, is a place of 
 great resort during the summer season. The 
 view from the top of the mountain is exten- 
 sive and magnificent in the highest degree. 
 
 Catspring, a little village of Austin county, 
 Texas, 90 miles E. S. E. from Austin City. 
 
 Cattail, a small village of Monmouth 
 county. New Jersey, 28 miles E. from Trenton. 
 
 Cattaraugus creek, in the S. W. part of 
 New York, after forming the greater part of 
 the boundary between Cattaraugus and Erie 
 counties, falls into Lake Erie about 15 miles 
 E. N. E. of Dunkirk. 
 
 Cattaraugus, a county in the W. S. W. 
 part of New York, bordering on Pennsylva^ 
 nia, has an area of about 1250 square miles. 
 It is partly bounded on the N. by Cattaraugus 
 creek, and is drained by the Alleghany river, 
 Ischua creek, and other smaller streams, 
 which supply motive-power to numerous 
 grist and saw mills. The surface is gene- 
 rally but moderately uneven, although there 
 are some considerable elevations. The soil 
 is fertile and well adapted to both grain and 
 grazing. Oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 722,389 bushels of oats; 350,873 of pota- 
 toes; 79,526^ tons of hay; 1,522,649 pounds 
 of butter, and 1,382,963 of cheese. There 
 were 15 flour and grist mills, 153 saw mills, 
 18 tanneries, 2 woollen factories, 4 iron 
 foundries, and 4 carding and fulling mills. 
 It contained 39 churches and 5 newspaper 
 ofBces. There were 12,747 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 262 attending academies 
 or other schools. Bog-iron ore, sulphur, 
 manganese, and salt springs are said to be 
 found, and there are petroleum springs in the 
 E. part of the county. The Alleghany river is 
 navigable for steamboats to Clean in this coun- 
 ty, which is also traversed by the New York 
 and Erie railroad. Organized in 1808, having 
 previously formed part of Genesee county. 
 Capital, Ellicottville. Population, 38,950. 
 
 Cattaraugus, a post-village of New Albion 
 township, Cattaraugus county. New York, 
 on the New York and Erie railroad, 438 miles 
 from New York city. Population of the town- 
 ship, 1633. 
 
 Caughdenot, a post-office of Oswego coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Caughnawaga, a village of Montgomery 
 county, New York, on the Mohawk river, 39 
 miles W. N. W. from Albany, has 1 church 
 and several stores. 
 
 Cavander, a village of Lumpkin county, 
 Georgia, about 70 miles N. N. E. from Atlanta. 
 
 Cave, a small village of White county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Cave, a village of Crawford county, Indi- 
 ana, 4 miles N. E. from Leavenworth. 
 
 Cave, a small post- village of Franklin 
 county, Illinois, 40 miles W. N. W. from 
 Shawneetown. 
 
 Cave in Rock, a small post- village of Har- 
 din county, Illinois, on the Ohio river, about 
 400 miles below Cincinnati. 
 
 Cavendish, a post-township of Windsor 
 county, Vermont, 60 miles S. by E. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1576. 
 
 Cavesa Creek, Texas, flows into San 
 Antonio river, about 8 miles W. from Goliad. 
 
 Cave Spring, a post-office of Roanoke 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cave Spring, a small village of Wright 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Cave Springs, a flourishing post-village 
 of Floyd county, Georgia, 16 miles S. W. 
 from Rome, is the Seat of the state asylum 
 for the deaf and dumb, and has several high 
 schools. The name is derived from an ex- 
 tensive cave and a mineral spring of the vi- 
 cinity. Population, 300. 
 
 Cavetown, a post-village of Washington 
 county, Maryland, 107 miles N. W. from An- 
 napolis, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Cavettsville, a post-office of Westmore- 
 land county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Caximbas Bat, a small enclosed bay on the 
 W. coast of Florida, in Monroe county, in 
 about lat. 26° N., and Ion. 82° W. 
 
 Cayuga, a county near the centre of New 
 York, has an area of about 752 square miles. 
 It is partly bounded on the N. by Lake On- 
 tario, and on the W. by Cayuga lake, and is 
 drained by the Seneca river, Owasco creek, 
 and other smaller streams, which furnish 
 abundant water-power. Owasco lake, in this 
 county, is a beautiful body of water, 10 miles 
 long. The surface is undulating ; the soil 
 is generally very productive and well culti- 
 vated. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 704,954 bushels of corn; 468,7^0 of 
 wheat; 735,441 of oats; 72,590 tons of hay, 
 and 1,673,315 pounds of butter. There were 
 33 flour and grist mills, 72 saw mills, 2 cot- 
 ton factories, 8 woollen factories, 3 carpet 
 factories, 10 iron foundries, and 19 tanne- 
 ries. It contained 87 churches and 7 news- 
 paper establishments. There were 14,686 
 pupils attending public schools, and 607 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Water- 
 limestone, gypsum, and limestone are found 
 here in abundance. This county crossed by 
 
 205 
 
CAY 
 
 CED 
 
 by the two Rochester and Syracuse railroads, 
 and by the Erie canal. Capital, Auburn. 
 Population, 55,458. 
 
 Cayuga, sometimes called Catuga Bkidge, 
 a post-village of Cayuga county. New York, 
 on tlie E. shore of a lake of the same name, 
 and on the Auburn and Rochester railroad, 
 11 miles W. from Auburn. Two bridges, 
 about a mile long, extend across the lake, on 
 one of which the railroad is laid. It con- 
 tains several hotels and stores, and perhaps 
 400 inhabitants. A steamboat runs daily 
 from this place to Ithaca. 
 
 Caydga, a post-office of Hinds county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Caydga, a post-office of Jackson county, 
 Michigan, 100 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Cayuga Lake, in the W. central part of 
 New York, lying between Cayuga and Seneca 
 counties, is about 38 miles long, and from 1 
 to 3^- miles wide. For about 6 miles from 
 its N. extremity, it is comparatively shallow, 
 although its depth is amply sufficient for 
 purposes of navigation ; but on advancing 
 southward it becomes much deeper, and in 
 some places it is said to be unfathomable. 
 It is rarely, if ever, frozen over, except near 
 its N. extremity. The surface is stated to 
 be 146 feet above Lake Ontario, or 377 above 
 the level of the sea. A steamboat runs from 
 Ithaca at its S., to the Cayuga bridge near 
 its N. extremity, stopping at the interme- 
 diate landings, and returns in the afternoon 
 of the same day. The outlet of this lake 
 flows into Seneca river. 
 
 Cayuta creek, rising in Cayuta lake, in the 
 N. part of Chemung county. New York, falls 
 into the E. Branch of the Susquehanna river, 
 in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cayuta, a post-township of Chemung coun- 
 ty, New York, 12 miles N. E. from Elmira, 
 drained by Cayuta creek. Population, 1035. 
 It contains a village of the same name. 
 
 Cayutaville, a post-office of Tompkins 
 county, New York. 
 
 Cayuse (kah-yuce') Indians, a tribe of 
 Oregon, dwelling S. of the Columbia and E. 
 of Fall river. 
 
 Cazenovia, a post-township of Madison 
 county. New York, 113 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany, drained by Chittenango creek. Po- 
 pulation, 4812. 
 
 Cazenovia, a post-village of the above 
 township, on a small lake of the same name, 
 20 miles S. E. from Syracuse. It contains a 
 bank, a newspaper office, and a number of 
 stores. 
 
 Cecil, a county forming the N. E. extre- 
 mity of Maryland, bordering on Pennsylva- 
 nia and Delaware, has an area of about 800 
 square miles. It is situated at the head of 
 Chesapeake bay, and at the mouth of Sus- 
 quehanna river, which forms part of the 
 western boundary. The Sassafras river flows 
 along the southern boundary, and the county 
 is intersected by Elk and North-east rivers. 
 206 
 
 The surface is somewhat undulating rather 
 than level ; the soil is generally good and 
 well cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, butter, cattle, and swine are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 410,060 
 bushels of corn; 168,112 of wheat; 208,380 
 of oats, and 9288 tons of hay. There were 
 2 cotton factories, 5 woollen factories, 2 iron 
 furnaces, 1 foundry, 1 rolling mill, 3 paper 
 mills, 30 flour and grist mills, and 17 manu- 
 factories of agricultural implements. It 
 contained 39 churches and 2 newspaper 
 offices; 1331 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 182 attending academies or other 
 schools. Granite, gneiss, and slate underlie 
 the north-western part of the county, which 
 also contains chrome, iron, and sulphate of 
 magnesia. Immense quarries of granite are 
 worked at Port Deposit. The county is 
 abundantly supplied with water-power. It 
 is intersected by the Baltimore, Wilmington, 
 and Philadelphia railroad, by the Newcastle 
 and Frenchtown railroad, and by the Chesa- 
 peake and Delaware canal, which render ifc 
 the thoroughfare of travel between Philadel- 
 phia and Baltimore. Organized in 1674. 
 Capital, Elkton. Population, 18,939, of 
 whom 18,095 were free, and 844, slaves. 
 
 Cecil, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Chartier's creek, 16 
 miles S. W. from Pittsburg. Population, 1008. 
 
 Cecilton, a small post-village of Cecil 
 county, Maryland, 78 miles N. E. from An- 
 napolis. 
 
 Cedae, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 435 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Sac river, and also drained 
 by the E. fork of Sac river, and by Cedar and 
 Horse creeks. The surface is uneven, the 
 soil moderately fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 147,225 bushels 
 of corn; 9067 of wheat; 45,769 of oats, and 
 202 tons of hay. There were 320 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Fremont. 
 Population, 3361, of whom 3279 were free, 
 and 82, slaves. 
 
 Cedar, a county in the E. part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 576 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Cedar and Wapsipicicon 
 rivers, and also drained by Sugar and Rock 
 creeks. The surface is diversified by rolling 
 prairies and woodlands ; the soil is fertile 
 and well watered, and the climate healthy. 
 The staples are Indian corn, wheat, and but- 
 ter. In 1850 this county produced 223,370 
 bushels of Indian corn; 81,876 of wheat, 
 and 59,723 pounds of butter. The county is 
 liberally supplied with timber. Cedar river, 
 in the W. part of the county, flows through 
 a narrow pass between high banks of pei'- 
 pendicular rock, afiording abundant water- 
 power. Named from the Cedar river. Ca- 
 pital, Tipton. Population, 3941. 
 
 Cedar, a post-office of Livingston county, 
 Michigan. 
 
CED 
 
 CED 
 
 Cedar, a post-ofSce of Allen county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Cedar Bayou, Texas, flows along the 
 boiindai'y of Harris and Liberty counties, 
 and empties itself into Galveston bay. 
 
 Cedar Bayou, a post-office of Liberty 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Cedar Bluff, a post-oflice of Tazewell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cedar Bluff, a thriving post-village of 
 Cherokee county, Alabama, on a high bank 
 of the Coosa river, 28 miles below Rome, in 
 Georgia. It was the seat of justice until 
 1845, and it is still the largest village of the 
 county. Steamboats navigate the Coosa river 
 from Rome to the rapids, which are near 100 
 miles below Cedar Bluff. Cedar Bluff has 2 
 churches, 1 high school, and a masonic lodge. 
 
 Cedar Bluff, a post-office of Oktibbeha 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cedar Bluff Creek of Texas, enters the 
 W. Fork of Trinity, about 8 miles W. from 
 Dallas court house. 
 
 Cedar Branch, a post-village of Campbell 
 county, Georgia, 30 miles S. W. from Atlanta. 
 
 Cedarburg, a post-township in Washing- 
 ton county, Wisconsin, about 24 miles N. by 
 W. from Milwaukee. Population, 1226. 
 
 Cedarburg, a post-village of AVashington 
 county, Wisconsin, on Cedar creek, 19 miles 
 N. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Ocean county. New Jer- 
 sey, flows into Barnegat bay, about 6 miles 
 S. from Tom's river. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 along the boundary between Chesterfield and 
 Darlington districts, into Great Pedee river. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of South Carolina, flows S.E. , 
 and enters Black river in Georgetown district. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Ptichland district, South 
 Carolina, flows into the Congaree from the left. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Georgia, enters Little 
 river, a few miles from its mouth, and on 
 the S. line of Putnam county. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Elbert county, Georgia, 
 flows eastward into the Savannah. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Alabama, rises near the 
 S. border of Lowndes county, and enters the 
 Alabama in Dallas county. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Franklin county, Alaba- 
 ma, flows N. W. into Bear creek. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Mississippi, flows into 
 Tombigbee river from the W. in Lowndes 
 county. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Texas, rises in Kaufman 
 county, and flowing S. into Henderson coun- 
 ty, enters Trinity river. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Indiana, flows into the 
 St. Joseph's river in Allen county, after a 
 course of 40 miles. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Missouri, forms the en- 
 tire boundary between Boone and Callaway 
 counties, and enters the Missouri from the 
 N., nearly opposite Jefferson City. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Cedar county, Missouri, 
 flows into Horse creek. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Iowa, enters the Des 
 Moines from the S. in Mahaska county. 
 
 Cedar Creek, of Washington county, Wis- 
 consin, flows into the Milwaukee river, about 
 18 miles N. from Milwaukee city. 
 
 Cedar Creek, otherwise called Williams- 
 burg and AuMACKTOWN, a post-village of 
 Dover township, Ocean county. New Jersey, 
 is situated on a stream of its own name, 2 
 miles from Barnegat bay, and about 7 miles 
 S. S. E. from Tom's river. It has a large 
 church, a temperance hall, (one of the finest 
 in this part of the state,) a large school 
 house, a hotel, and a store. Population, 350. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a hundred in Sussex coun- 
 ty, Delaware. Population, 2326. It has a 
 post-office of the same name. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a post-office of Frederick 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a post-office of Rutherford 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a post-oflice of Richland 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a post-office of Bastrop 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a post-office of Scott coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a, post-office of Greene 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a post-office of Barry coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a township in Allen cdlinty, 
 Indiana. Population, 814. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a township in Lake county, 
 Indiana. Population, 501. 
 
 Cedar Creek, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Wisconsin, about 30 miles N. W. 
 from Milwaukee. 
 
 Cedar Creek Mills, a post-office of 
 Stephenson county, Illinois, 130 miles W. N. 
 W. from Chicago. 
 
 Cedar Falls, a thriving post-village of 
 Randolph county. North Carolina, on Deep 
 river, about 72 miles W. from Raleigh, has 
 fine water-power, which is employed in a 
 cotton manufactory. 
 
 Cedar Falls, a post-office of Greenville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Cedar Falls, a small post-village of Black 
 Hawk county, Iowa. 
 
 Cedar Fields, a post-office of Isle of 
 Wight county, Virginia. 
 
 Cedar Ford, a post-office of Granger 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cedar Grove, a post-office of Orange 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cedar Grove, a post-office of Jefi"erson 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cedar Grove, a post-office of Kaufman 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Cedar Grove, a post-office of Brecken- 
 ridge county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cedar Grove, a small post-village of 
 Franklin county, Indiana, on the Whitewater 
 canal, 7 or 8 miles S. E. from Brookville. 
 
 Cedar Grove, a small post-village of 
 207 
 
CED 
 
 CEL 
 
 Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, about 3 miles 
 W. from Lake Michigan. 
 
 Cedar Grove Mills, a post-office of Rock- 
 bridge county, Virginia, 145 miles W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Cedar Hill, a post-village of Albany 
 county. New York, on the W. side of the 
 Hudson, 8 miles below Albany. 
 
 Cedar Hill, a post-ofiBce of Augusta coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Cedar Hill, a post-office of Anson county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Cedar Hill, a village of Dooly county, 
 Georgia, near the left bank of Flint river, 70 
 miles S. by W. from Macon. 
 
 Cedar Hill, a village of Laurens county, 
 Georgia, 40 miles S. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Cedar Hill, a post-office of Dallas coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Cedar Island, at the entrance of Sag har- 
 bor, E. end of Long Island, S. side. On it 
 is a fixed light, 32 feet above high-water. 
 . Lat. 41° 2' 15" K, Ion. 72° 16' 5" W. 
 
 Cedar Key Bat, an open bay on the W. 
 coast of Florida, in Levy and Benton counties, 
 immediately S. of Wacca-sassa Bay. It is the 
 recipient of the Withlachoochy or We-thlocco- 
 chee river. 
 
 Cedar Keys, a group of small islands on the 
 West Coast of Florida, in Levy county, near the 
 entrance of Wacca-sassa Bay, and from 15 to 
 20 miles S. of the mouth of Suwanee river. 
 
 Cedar Lake, a post-office of Herkimer 
 county, New York. 
 
 Cedar Lake, a post-office of Brazoria 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Cedar Lake, a post-office of Calhoun coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Cedar Lake, a post-office of Lake county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Cedar Lake, a post-office of Waukesha 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Cedar Mount, a post-office of Wythe coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Cedar Plains, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cedar Point, a post-office of Page county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Cedar Rapids, a thriving post-village of 
 Linn county, Iowa, on Red Cedar river, 26 
 miles N. from Iowa City. It is situated in 
 a healthful and fertile region, and has an 
 active business. The water-power of the 
 river is applied to mills of various kinds. 
 
 Cedar River, Iowa. See Red Cedar River. 
 
 Cedar Ridge, a post-village of Murray 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Cedar Rock, a thriving post-village of 
 Franklin county, North Carolina, a few miles 
 S. E. from Louisburg, contains a flourishing 
 seminary, and above 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Cedar Rdn, a creek in the N. E. part of 
 Virginia, rises in Fauquier county, flows E., 
 and unites with Broad run, near 15rentsville, 
 in Prince William county, forming the Occo- 
 quan. 
 
 208 
 
 Cedar Shoal, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Cedar Shoals, a village of Newton coun^ 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Cedar Spring, a small village of Cumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cedar Spring, a post-office of Wythe coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Cedar Spring, a post-office of Benton 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cedar Spring Asylum, a post-office of 
 Spartanburg district. South Carolina. 
 
 Cedar Springs, a post-office of Clinton 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cedar Springs, a post-village of Spartan- 
 burg district. South Carolina, 96 miles N. 
 W. from Columbia. This is an old watering 
 place, remarkable as the seat of an asylum 
 for the deaf and dumb, supported by the 
 state. It is a well-conducted and successful 
 institution, originally established by the 
 Rev. N. P. Walker. New buildings are now 
 in progress of erection. 
 
 Cedar Springs, a village of Dallas coun- 
 ty, Texas, near the left bank of Trinity river. 
 
 Cedar Springs, a post-office of Allen coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Cedar Swamp, a post-village in Queen's 
 county. Long Island, New York, 173 miles 
 S. by E. from Albany. 
 
 Cedar Town, a thriving post-village of 
 Paulding county, Georgia, is situated in Ce- 
 dar valley, 164 miles W. N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. It contains a female seminary. 
 
 Cedar Tree, a post-office of Talladega 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cedar Valley, a post-office of Wayne 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Cedarville, a post-village of Herkimer 
 county, New York, 79 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Cedarville, a post-village in Fairfield 
 township, Cumberland county, New Jersey, 
 on Cedar creek, 8 miles S. E. from Bridge- 
 ton. It contains 4 churches, and about 100 
 dwellings. 
 
 Cedarville, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cedarville, a village of Brown county, 
 Ohio, on the E. fork of the Little Miami 
 river. 
 
 Cedarville, a post-village of Greene 
 county, Ohio, on the Columbus and Xenia rail- 
 road, 53 miles W. S. W. from Columbus, has 
 several churches, and near 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Cedron, a post-office of Cumberland coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Cedron, a post-office of Clermont county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Celestine, a small village of Dubois coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 8 miles E. from Jasper. 
 
 Celina, a post-office of Jackson county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Celina, a post-village, capital of Mercer 
 county, Ohio, in Franklin township, on the 
 Wabash river, near its source, 115 miles W. 
 
CEN 
 
 CEN 
 
 N. W. fi'om Columbus. It is situated in a 
 level country, mostly covered with forests. 
 Population, 222. 
 
 Central, a post-of&ce of Columbia county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Central, a post-office of St. Louis county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Central, a post-office of Lynn county, 
 Oregon. 
 
 Central Bridge, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county. New York. 
 
 Central College, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin county, Ohio. 
 
 Central Plains, a post-office of Fluvanna 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Central Point, a post-office of Caroline 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Central Square, a post-village of Oswego 
 county, New York, about 20 miles N. from 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Central Village, a post-village in Plain- 
 field township, Windham county, Connecti- 
 cut, on the line of the Norwich and Wor- 
 cester railroad, about 45 miles E. of Hart- 
 ford. It has 3 churches, 1 Congregational, 
 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist; also contains 8 
 stores, 8 cotton mills, and 1 woollen mill. 
 Population, about 1800. 
 
 Centre county, Pennsylvania, occupies 
 the centre of the state, and has an area of 
 about 1000 square miles. The W. Branch 
 of Susquehanna river and Mushannon creek 
 form the entire boundary on the N. W., 
 Bald Eagle creek flows N. E. through the 
 middle of the county, which is also drained 
 by Penn's, Beech, and Spring creeks. The 
 surface is traversed by the Alleghany moun- 
 tain, and by several lateral branches, ex- 
 tending nearly N. E. and S. W. Tussey's 
 mountain forms the S. E. boundary ; Bald 
 Eagle mountain extends through the middle 
 of the county. The soil is various ; the val- 
 leys are highly productive and well culti- 
 vated, and more than half of the county is 
 arable land; the mountains are mostly ste- 
 rile, but produce an abundance of good tim- 
 ber. Grain of various kinds, cattle, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 433,612 bushels of wheat; 316,112 of 
 corn; 186,204 of oats; 18,530 tons of hay, 
 and 414,715 pounds of butter. There were 
 40 flour and grist mills, 36 saw mills, 8 
 manufactories of coaches, 3 of edge tools, 
 7 iron foundries, 5 forges, 4 furnaces, 3 
 woollen factories, and 20 tanneries. It 
 contained 48 churches, and 3 newspaper es- 
 tablishments. There were 4517 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 57 attending 
 academies or other schools. The county 
 contains rich mines of iron, which are exten- 
 sively worked, and limestone and stone coal 
 are found in several places. The Bald Eagle 
 canal extends from a point near Bellefonte, 
 to Lock Haven ; and the county is inter- 
 sected by a turnpike from Erie to Lewis- 
 town. It is liberally supplied with water- 
 
 
 
 power, which is employed in the manufac- 
 ture of iron, tlour, and cotton. Organized 
 in 1800, and named with reference to its 
 central position. Capital, Bellefonte. Po- 
 pulation, 23,355. 
 
 Centre, or Davenport Centre, a village 
 in Davenport township, Delaware county, 
 New York, on an affluent of the Susquehanna, 
 90 miles W. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Centre, a village of Greene county, New 
 York, 35 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Centre, a village of Herkimer county. 
 New York, about 60 miles N. W. from Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Centre, a village of Ontario county. New 
 York, 8 miles S. E. from Canandaigua. 
 
 Centre, a village of Otsego county, New 
 York, on the E. bank of the Otsego outlet. 
 
 Centre, a township of Berks county. 
 Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river, 10 
 miles N. from Reading, is intersected by the 
 Philadelphia and Reading railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 1346. 
 
 Centre, a township of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania, 85 miles N. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, 1495. 
 
 Centre, a township of Columbia county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 5 en' , 
 6 miles E. by N. from Bloomsburg. Popula- 
 tion, 1019. 
 
 Centre, a township of Greene county, 
 Pennsylvania, 45 miles S. S. W. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1733. 
 
 Centre, a township of Indiana county, 
 Pennsylvania, 45 miles E. N. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1193. 
 
 Centre, a post-township of Perry county, 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. W. from Harris- 
 burg, contains the borough of Bloomfield. 
 Total population, 1525. 
 
 Centrj!,. a township of Union county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 44 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 2171. 
 
 Centre, a post-office of Guilford county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Centre, a post-village of Talbot county, 
 Georgia, 37 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 City. 
 
 Centre, a small post-village, capital of 
 Cherokee county, Alabama, is pleasantly 
 situated on an eminence, 1 mile from the 
 Coosa river, and 140 miles N. N. E. from 
 Montgomery. It is surrounded by extensive 
 pine forests. The court house was located 
 here in 1845. 
 
 Centre, a post-office of Barren county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Centre, a township in the central part of 
 Carroll county, Ohio. Population, 1190. 
 
 Centre, a township in the central part of 
 Columbiana county, Ohio. Population, 
 2818. 
 
 Centre, a township in the central part of 
 Guernsey county, Ohio. Population, 1066. 
 
 Centre, a township in the E. part of Mer- 
 cer county, Ohio. Population, 491. 
 
 209 
 
CEN 
 
 Centre, a township in the W. central part 
 of Monroe county, Ohio. Population, 2943. 
 
 Centee, a small post-village of Montgo- 
 mery county, Ohio. 
 
 Centre, a township in the E. part of Mor- 
 gan county, Ohio. Population, 1439. 
 
 Centre, a little yillage in the S. part of 
 Washington county, Ohio, on the Ohio river. 
 
 Centre, a township in the S. part of Wil- 
 liams county, Ohio. Population, 881. 
 
 Centre, a township in the central part of 
 Wood county, Ohio. Population, 357. 
 
 Centre, a township in Delaware county, 
 Indiana. Population, 541. 
 
 Centre, a township in Grant county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1283. 
 
 Centre, a township in Hancock county, 
 Indiana. Population, 815. 
 
 Centre, a township in Hendricks county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1275. 
 
 Centre, a township in Lake county, In- 
 diana. Population, 966. 
 
 Centre, a township in La Porte county, 
 Indiana. Population, 853. 
 
 Centre, a township in Marion county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1683. 
 
 Centre, a township in Porter county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1014. 
 
 Centre, a township in Rush county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1252. 
 
 Centre, a township in St. Joseph county, 
 Indiana. Population, 477. 
 
 Centre, a township in Spencer county, 
 Indiana. Population, 928. 
 
 Centre, a township in Wayne county, In- 
 diana. Population, 2822. 
 
 Centre, a township in the central part of 
 Fulton county, Illinois. Population, 1025. 
 
 Centre, a township in McHenry county, 
 Illinois. Population, 1139. 
 
 Centre, a small village of Dodge county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Centre, a township in La Fayette county, 
 Wisconsin, about 80 miles W. from Monroe. 
 Population, 601. 
 
 Centre, a post-township in Rock county, 
 Wisconsin, about 10 miles N. AV. from Janes- 
 ville. Population, 625. 
 
 Centre Almond, a post-ofSce of Alleghany 
 county. New York. 
 
 Centre Barnstead, a post-office of Bel- 
 knap county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Centre Belpre, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Ohio. 
 
 Centre Berlin, a post-office of Rens- 
 selaer county. New York. 
 
 Centre Bridge, a post-village of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 
 about 111 miles E. from Harrisburg. A 
 bridge extends across the river at this 
 point. 
 
 Centre Brook, a post-office of Middlesex 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Centreburg, a post-villnge of Knox coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 36 miles N. N. E. from Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 210 
 
 CEN 
 
 Centre Cambridge, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington county. New York. 
 
 Centre Canisteo, a post-office of Steuben 
 county. New Yorji. 
 
 Centre Conway, a post-office of Carroll 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Centre Cross, a post-office of Essex coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Centeedale, a post-office of Providence 
 county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Centrefield, a post-village of Ontario 
 county. New York, about 200 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. It has 2 churches. 
 
 Centrefield, a post-office of Oldham coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Centrefield, a post-village of Highland 
 county, Ohio, 73 miles E. N. E. from Cincin- 
 nati. It contains about 100 inhabitants. . 
 
 Centre Groton, a post-office of New Lon- 
 don county, Connecticut. 
 
 Centre Grove, a post-office of Muscatine 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Centre Guilford, a post-office of Piscata- 
 quis county, Maine. 
 
 Centre Harbor, a post-township of Bel- 
 knap county. New Hampshire, between Win- 
 nipiseogee and Squam lakes, 33 miles N. of 
 Concord. Population, 543. 
 
 Centre Hill, a small post-village of 
 Centre county, Pennsylvania, on the turn- 
 pike road from Bellefonte to Lewistown, 75 
 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Centre Hill, a post-office of Stewart coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Centre Lebanon, a post-office of York 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Centre Lincolnville, a post-office of 
 Waldo county, Maine. 
 
 Centre Line, a post-office of Centre coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 
 
 Centre Lisle, a post-office of Broome 
 county. New York. 
 
 Centre Lovell, a post-office of Oxford 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Centre Montville, a post-office of AValdo 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Centre Moreland, a village of Wyoming 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Centre Ossipee, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, New Hampshire. 
 
 Centre Point, a post-office of Sevier coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Centre Point, a small post-village of 
 Monroe county, Kentucky, on the Cumber- 
 land river, 130 miles S. by W. from Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 Centre Point, a post-office of Knox coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Centre Point, a post-village of Linn coun- 
 ty, Iowa, about 45 miles N. by W. from Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Centre Port, a post-village of Suffolk 
 county, New York, on Great Cow Harbor, 
 about 190 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Centre Ridge, a post-village of Kemper 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
CEN 
 
 CEN 
 
 Centee Rutland, a post-ofl5ce of Rutland 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Centre Sandwich, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, New Hampshire. 
 
 Centre Sherman, a post-office of Chautau- 
 que county. New York. 
 
 Centre Sidney, a post-office of Kennebeck 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Centre Star, a post-office of Lauderdale 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Centre Strafford, a post-office of Straf- 
 ford county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Centreton, a post-office of Salem county. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Centreton, a post-office of Huron county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Centreton, a small village of Dubuque 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Cextretown, a post-village of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 10 miles E. from 
 the borough of Mercer. 
 
 Centre Vailey, a post-office of Otsego 
 county. New York. 
 
 Centre Valley, a post-village of Lehigh 
 county, Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. from Allen- 
 town, contains about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Centre Village, a post-office of Broome 
 county, New York. « 
 
 Centre Village, a small post-village in 
 Camden county, Georgia. 
 
 Centre Village, a village of Jackson 
 county, Georgia, 50 miles E. N. E. from At- 
 lanta. 
 
 Centre Village, a post-office of Delaware 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Centreville, a township in Washington 
 county, Maine. Population, 178. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village and seaport 
 of Barnstable township, Barnstable county, 
 Massachusetts, on the S. side of Cape Cod, 
 70 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village in Kent coun- 
 ty, Rhode Island. 
 
 Centreville, a post-township of Alle- 
 ghany county. New York, 45 miles S. E. from 
 BuiFalo. Population, 1441. 
 
 Centreville, a small village in Champlain 
 township, Clinton county, New York, on the 
 Northern or Ogdensburg railroad, about 160 
 miles N. by E. from Albany. Population, 
 near 100. 
 
 Centreville, a small post-village in the 
 E. part of Hunterdon county. New Jersey, 7 
 miles E. N. E. from Flemington. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of New Jer- 
 sey, on the line between Salem and Cumber- 
 land counties, 9 miles N. N. E. from Bridgeton. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Warren 
 county, New Jersey, 10 miles N. E. from Bel- 
 videre. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Centreville, a thriving post-village of 
 Butler county, Pennsylvania, 17 miles N. W. 
 from the borough of Butler. Population, 
 about 350. 
 
 Centreville, a thriving post-village of 
 Crawford county, Pennsylvania, on Oil creek, 
 25 miles N. E. from Meadville, has about 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Cumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Elk coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from 
 Smithport to Milesburg. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of North- 
 ampton county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. 
 from Easton. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Somerset coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Clay turnpike, 148 
 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg, has about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Union 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Centreville, a small post-village in New 
 Castle, Delaware, about 50 miles N. by W. 
 from Dover. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village, capital of 
 Queen Anne county, Maryland, 35 miles E. 
 by N. from Annapolis, contains a court 
 house, 1 church, an academy, and about 400 
 inhabitants. Fish and oysters are abundant 
 in the vicinity. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village of Fairfax 
 county, Virginia, 27 miles W. from Washing- 
 ton, contains 1 church, and a few stores. 
 Population, about 250. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Monroe 
 county, Virginia, on Indian creek, about 240 
 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Tyler 
 county, Virginia, on Middle Island creek, 
 16 miles from the Ohio river, and 7 miles 
 from Middlebpurn, the county seat. It has 
 turnpikes leading in several dir.ections, and 
 contains a number of stores. 
 
 Centreville, .^ post-office of Moore coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village of Laurens 
 district. South Carolina, 90 miles N. W. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village of Camden 
 county, Georgia, 3 miles from St. Mary's 
 river. 
 
 Centreville, a small, village of Walton 
 county, Georgia, 12,&' miles W. from Augusta. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village of Wilkes 
 county, Georgia, about 66 miles N. W. from 
 Augusta. 
 
 Centreville, a post-office of Leon county, 
 Florida. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village, capital of 
 Bibb county, Alabama, on the Cahawba 
 river, at the lower falls, 38 miles S. E. from 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village in Amite coun 
 ty, Mississippi, about 40 miles S. E. from 
 Natchez. 
 
 211 
 
CEN" 
 
 CER 
 
 Centeeville, a village of Choctaw coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Centeeville, a post-village of St. Mary's 
 parish, Louisiana, on the river Teche, (na- 
 vigable by steamboats,) 60 miles by water 
 from the Gulf of Mexico, and 5 miles below 
 Franklin, the seat of justice. Population, 
 about 200. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village of Leon coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Centreville, a post-ofiBce of Montgomery 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Centreville, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Hickman county, Tennessee, on 
 Duck river, 50 miles S. W. from Nashville. 
 A slack-water navigation is about being 
 opened on the river. There is abundant wa- 
 ter-power in the vicinity, and several manu- 
 factories of cotton and iron have lately been 
 erected. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Jack- 
 son county, Tennessee. The post-office is 
 McLeansville. 
 
 Centreville, a small post-village of Bour- 
 bon county, Kentucky, on the road from 
 Paris to Georgetown, 30 miles E. from Frank- 
 fort, has 2 stores and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Belmont 
 county, Ohio, about 60 miles E. from Zanes- 
 ville. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Clinton 
 countj% Ohio. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Delaware coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 18 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Gallia 
 county, Ohio, 15 miles W. N. W. from Galli- 
 polis. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Lake county, 
 Ohio, on the Ridge road from Erie, in Penn- 
 sylvania, to Cleveland, 182 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. It has considerable trade. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Medina county, 
 Ohio, about 40 miles S. W. from Cleveland. 
 
 Centreville, a thriving post-village of 
 Montgomery county, Ohio, 9 miles S. by E. 
 from Dayton. The houses are mostly built 
 of stone, quarried on the spot. It is plea- 
 santly situated in a rich and populous dis- 
 trict, and has some trade. The village con- 
 tains 3 churches, and perhaps 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Centreville, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of >St. Joseph county, Michigan, on 
 Prairie river, 80 miles S. W. from Lansing. 
 The situation is pleasant, and the land 
 around it is highly productive. Population 
 in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village of Allen coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 12 miles E. S. E. from Fort 
 Wayne. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Lake county, 
 Indiana, 6 miles N. by E. from Crownpoint. 
 
 Centreville, a small village of Scott coun- 
 ty, Indiann, on the railroad from Jefferson- 
 ville to Columbus. 
 
 Centrevillr, a village at the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Sullivan county, Indiana. 
 2V 
 
 Centreville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Wayne county, Indiana, on the Nation- 
 al road, and on the Central railroad, 63 miles 
 E. from Indianapolis. It has a pleasant and 
 healthy situation, in the midst of a fertile, 
 well-cultivated country. The Whitewater 
 Female College, at this place, is a flourishing 
 school, under the direction of the Methodists. 
 Population, 920. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Adams county, 
 Illinois, 80 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Centreville, a small post-village of Ful- 
 ton county, Illinois, about 60 miles N. W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Schuyler county, 
 Illinois, 70 miles W. N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Centreville, a thriving post-village of 
 St. Clair county, Illinois, 9 miles S. W. from 
 Belleville. It is surrounded by a fertile 
 country, and has an active business. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly Germans. The vil- 
 lage contains 2 or more churches, 2 steam 
 flouring mills, and a few stores. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Callaway coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 40 miles N. E. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Centreville, a village near the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Macon county, Missouri, 80 miles 
 N. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Centreville, a post-office of Reynolds 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Centreville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Appanoose county, Iowa, 3J miles W. 
 from Chariton river, and 130 S. W. from Iowa 
 City. The State road from Bloomfield to 
 the Missouri river passes through the place. 
 The town contains 2 or 3 churches, 6 dry- 
 goods stores, and numerous mechanic shops. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Cedar county, 
 Iowa, 26 miles E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Centreville, a post-village of Columbia 
 county, Wisconsin, 40 miles N. N. E. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Greene county, 
 Wisconsin, on Sugar river, 35 miles S. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Centreville, a village of Manitoowoc 
 county,Wisconsin, 12 miles N. by E. from She- 
 boygan. 
 
 Centre White Creek, a small post-vil- 
 lage of Washington county. New York, 39 
 miles N. E. from Albany. 
 
 Ceralvo, a post-office of Carroll county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Ceres, a post-office of Alleghany county, 
 New York. 
 
 Ceres, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of McKean county, Pennsylvania, 
 15 miles N. E. from Smithport. It is drained 
 by Alleghany river. Population, 668. 
 
 Ceres, a small village of AVashington coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, 37 miles N. N. W. from Mil- 
 waukee. 
 
 Cefesco, a post-office of Calhoun county, 
 Michigan. 
 
CER 
 
 CHA 
 
 Ceresco, a post-townsliip of Fond du Lac 
 countjs Wisconsin, about 20 miles W. N. W. 
 from Fond du Lac. Population, 356. 
 
 Cekesco, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 85 miles N. W. from Milwaukee, and 
 20 miles W. from Lake Winnebago, was set- 
 tled in 1844 by a Fourier Association, called 
 the " Wisconsin Phalanx." They own 1440 
 acres of prairie land, diversified by groves 
 of oak and maple, and supplied with good 
 water-power and limestone. 
 
 Cerestown, a thriving post-village of Mc- 
 Kean county, Pennsylvania, on the Oswayo 
 creek, about 200 miles N. W. from Harris- 
 burg. It has a church and several mills. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, a new county in the north- 
 ern part of Iowa, has an area of 625 square 
 miles. It is drained by Lime creek, a branch 
 of English river, and its tributaries. This 
 county is not included in the census of 1850. 
 County seat not located. Named from the 
 celebrated battle-field in Mexico, on which the 
 the Americans, under General Scott, gained 
 a decisive victory over the Mexicans, April 
 17th and 18th, 1847. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, a post-office of Gilmer coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, a post-office of Holmes 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, formerly White's Landing, 
 a small village of Hardin county, Tennessee, 
 on the Tennessee river, 120 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville. It is a depot for cotton and 
 staves, which are shipped by the river. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, a post-office of Randolph 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, a post-office of Piatt coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Cerulean Springs, a small village in Trigg 
 county, Kentucky, 223 miles S. W. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Cessna, a township near the centre of 
 Hardin county, Ohio. Population, 308. 
 
 Chadd's Ford, a post-village of Delaware 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Brandywine creek, 
 about 30 miles W. by S. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Chagees, cha'gres,* a seaport town of 
 New Granada, on the N. coast of the Isthmus 
 of Panama, at the mouth of Chagres river. 
 Lat. 9° 18' N. ; Ion. 79° 59' V/. It is a mere 
 collection of huts, miserable and extremely 
 unhealthy, with a harbor for vessels drawing 
 only 10 or 12 feet water. Although the en- 
 trance of the harbor is rather difficult, al- 
 ways requiring a fair wind, the vessel, when 
 it has once entered, is perfectly secure. 
 Chagres has lately become a station for the 
 mails between Great Britain and Peru, also 
 California, &c. The Aspinwall and Panama 
 railroad across the Isthmus of Panama com- 
 mences at Aspinwall, situated on the island 
 
 * This being a Spanish name, the ch should always he 
 jprouounced as in the English word child ; and not like 
 sli, as we frequently hear it. The e in the second syllable 
 U short, as in lees. 
 
 of Manzanilla, in Navy bay, 8 or 9 miles N. 
 E. from Chagres. 
 
 Chagrine river rises in the N. E. part of 
 Ohio, and flows into Lake Erie about 20 
 miles N. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 Chagrine, a village of Lake county, Ohio, 
 at the mouth of Chagrine river. 
 
 Chagrine, or Chagrin Falls, a thriving 
 post-village of Cuyahoga county, Ohio, on 
 Chagrine river, 17 miles E. S. E. from Cleve- 
 land. The falls of the river produce water- 
 power which is employed in a variety of ma- 
 nufactories ; among which are 3 woollen fac- 
 tories, 1 paper mill, 1 axe factory and 2 
 flouring mills. The village contains 4 
 churches, 1 academy, and 1 printing office. 
 A large quarry of grindstones is worked at 
 this place. 
 
 Chain of Rocks, a village of Lincoln 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Chainville, a village of Posey county, 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river, 10 miles N. 
 W. from Mount Vernon. 
 
 Chalk Level, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Chalk Level, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county. North Carolina, 
 
 Chalk Level, a small village of Bentou 
 county, Tennessee, on the Birdsong creek, 
 about 90 miles W. from Nashville. 
 
 Chalk Level, a post-office of Hopkins 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Chalk Le'^l, a post-village of St. Clair 
 county, Missouri, about 100 miles W. S. W. 
 from Jefferson City. 
 
 Chalkville, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Chalmers, a village of Niagara county, 
 New York, 7 miles N. E. from Niagara Falls. 
 
 Chamahatchie, a post-office of Tallapoosa 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Chalybeate Springs, a small village in 
 the S. part of Meriwether county, Georgia, 
 64 miles W. from Macon. 
 
 Chambers, a county in the E. part of Ala- 
 bama, bordering on Georgia, has an area of 
 775 square miles. The Chattahoochee river 
 forms part of the E. boundary, and the Tal- 
 lapoosa river flows through the county. The 
 surface is uneven ; the soil is generally fer- 
 tile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 17,442 bales of cotton ; 876,038 bush- 
 els of corn ; 166,075 of sweet potatoes, and 
 118,962 of oats. There were 8 flour and 
 grist mills, 8 saw mills, and 2 carding and 
 fulling mills. It contained 41 churches, and 
 1 newspaper office. There were 1466 pupils 
 attending public schools. The Montgomery 
 and West Point railroad passes through the 
 county. Capital, Chambers Court House. 
 Population, 23,960, of whom 12,802 were frep, 
 and 11,158, slaves. 
 
 Chambers Court House, or Lafayette, 
 capital of Chambers county, Alabama, 164 
 miles E. by S. from Tuscaloosa. It con- 
 213 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 tains, besides the countj' buildings, a print- 
 ing office and several stores. 
 
 Chambeesburg, a flourishing borough, 
 capital of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, 
 is pleasantly situated on the Conecocheague 
 creek, at the junction of the Cumberland 
 Valley railroad with the Franklin railroad, 
 45 miles S. W. from Harrisburg, and 150 
 miles W. from Philadelphia. It is connected 
 by good turnpike-roads with Baltimore, 
 Pittsburg, and Philadelphia, and by railroad 
 with Philadelphia, Harrisburg, &c. The 
 dwellings are mostly built of brick or stone, 
 and the town exhibits a general appearance 
 of neatness, comfort, and prosperity. It 
 has a fine court house, a bank, a large aca- 
 demy, a female seminary, 8 churches, and 5 
 newspaper offices, it is surrounded by a 
 highly cultivated, and populous country, 
 forming part of the great limestone valley 
 which extends along the S. E. base of the 
 Blue mountain. The highest points of the 
 ridge in Franklin county are estimated at 
 about 1500 feet above the valley. It has 
 manufactories of cotton, wool, flour, paper, 
 and iron. Population, in 1853, about 4500. 
 
 Chambersburg, a small village of Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, 140 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Chambeesburg, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mery county, Ohio, about 8 miles N. from 
 Dayton, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Chambeesbubg, a small village of Foun- 
 tain county, Indiana, on Coal creek, 8 miles 
 E. from Covington. 
 
 Chambeesbueg, a small post-village of 
 Orange county, Indiana, on the plank-road 
 from New Albany to Paoli, 38 miles W. N. W. 
 from the former. 
 
 Chambeesbueg, a post-office of Pike coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 60 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Chambeesbueg, a post-village of Clark 
 county, Missouri, 150 miles N. by E. from 
 Jefi"erson City. 
 
 Chambers Ceeek, Texas, flows through 
 Ellis county, and unites with the Waxahachi 
 in Navarro county. 
 
 Chambees Ceeek, a post-office of Navarro 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Chambee's Mills, a post-office of Buck- 
 ingham county, Virginia. 
 
 Chambeesia, a village of Liberty county, 
 Texas, near the N. extremity of Galveston bay. 
 
 Chambersville, a post-office of Dallas 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Chamblissburg, a post-village of Bedford 
 county, Virginia, 150 miles W. by S. from 
 Kichmond. 
 
 Champagnolle, sham^pan-yol', a small 
 post- village of Union county, Arkansas, on 
 the Washita river, about 130 miles S. by W. 
 from Little Bock. The cotton raised in the 
 vicinity is shipped here. 
 
 Champagnolle Ceeek, of Arkansas, flows 
 through Calhoun county into Washita river. 
 
 Champaign, a county in the W. central 
 214 
 
 part of Ohio, contains about 390 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Mad river, and also 
 drained by Buck and other creeks. About 
 half of the surface is level, and the remain- 
 der undulating. The soil is very productive. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, barley, hay, and 
 live stock are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 964,617 bushels of corn ; 
 225,808 of wheat; 170,997 of oats, and 17,870 
 tons of hay. It contained 34 churches and 
 2 newspaper offices ; 4780 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 520 attending academies 
 or other schools. Mad river furnishes ex- 
 cellent water-power. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Mad river and Lake Erie 
 railroad, and by the Springfield and Mans- 
 field railroad. Capital, Urbanna. Popula- 
 tion, 19,762. 
 
 Champaign, a county in the E. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of about 880 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head streams of the 
 Kaskaskia, Embarras, and Vermilion rivers, 
 and traversed in the N. AV. part by the N. 
 fork of Sangamon river. The surface, as 
 the name indicates, consists of an open plain 
 or prairie, interspersed with small groves of 
 good timber. This county comprises a part 
 of the Grand Prairie. The soil is deep, fer- 
 tile, and durable. Indian corn, oats, hay, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 the coun- 
 ty produced 441,060 bushels of corn ; 38,850 
 of oats ; 1406 tons of hay, and 53,710 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 3 churches. The 
 Chicago branch of the Central railroad is 
 located through the county. Capital, Ur- 
 banna. Population, 2649. 
 
 Champion, a post-township of Jefferson 
 county, New York, on Black river, 25 miles 
 E. from Sackets Harbor. Population, 2085. 
 
 Champion, a post-township in the AV. cen- 
 tral part of Trumbull county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1070. 
 
 Champion South Roads, a post-oiBce of 
 Jefl"erson county, New York. 
 
 Champlain Lake, between the States of 
 New York and Vermont, extends from White- 
 hall, in New York, in about 43° 30' N. lat. 
 northward a few miles across the Canada 
 line, to 45° 6' N. lat. It lies between 73° and 
 73° 30' W. Ion. Extreme length, about 130 
 miles. Its breadth varies from half a mile 
 to 10 miles. If we include the expanse em- 
 bracing the large islands, the breadth in its 
 widest part will amount to 15 miles. Its 
 principal islands are South and North Hero, 
 and La Motte. Lake Champlain is navigable 
 throughout its length for vessels of near 100 
 tons. Steamboats run constantly between 
 Whitehall and St. John's, in Canada, except 
 in winter, when the lake is generally covered 
 with solid ice. Navigation usually opens about 
 the middle or latter end of April. The lake 
 abounds with salmon, trout, pike, and other 
 fish. The Sorelle or Richelieu river forms 
 the outlet, and discharges its waters into the 
 St. Lawrence about 80 miles belov; Montreal. 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 In favorable weather Lake Champlaia pre- 
 sents to the traveller, views of surpassing 
 beauty and magnificence, many of the prin- 
 cipal peaks both of the Adirondack group, in 
 New York, and of the Green mountains, in 
 Vermont, being visible from the steamboats, 
 as they pass from one extremity to the other. 
 The name is derived from that of Samuel 
 Champlain, a French naval oflicer, who dis- 
 covered this lake in 1609. 
 
 Champlain, a post-township at the north- 
 ern extremity of Lake Champlain, in Clinton 
 county. New York. Population, 5067. 
 
 Champlain, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 164 miles N. by E. from Al- 
 bany, oa Chazy river, and on the Northern 
 railroad, which connects Rouse's Point with 
 Ogdensburg. One newspaper is published here. 
 
 Champoag, a post-office of Marion co., Ogn. 
 
 Chanceford, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of York county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Susquehanna river, 35 miles S. E. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 1614. 
 
 Chanceville, a small post-village of Mon- 
 mouth county, New Jersey. 
 
 Chance Prairie, a post-office of Burleson 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Chancery, a post-office of Howard county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Chancellorsville, a post-village of Spott- 
 sylvania county, Virginia, 76 miles N. by W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Chandeleur (shan^de-lure') Bat, on the 
 S. E. coast of Louisiana, between St. Bernard 
 parish and the Chandeleur Islands. 
 
 Chandelecr Islands, E. of Chandeleur 
 bay, and about 65 miles N. by E. from the 
 mouth of the Mississippi. On the N. end of 
 the northern or smaller island is a fixed light 
 55 feet high. Lat. 30° 1' N., Ion. 88° 44' W, 
 
 Chandler's Springs, a post-office of Tal- 
 ladega county, Alabama. 
 
 Chandlersville, a post-office of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chandlersville, a post-village of Mus- 
 kingum county, Ohio, 10 miles S. E. from 
 Zanesville, the county seat, and 64 miles E. 
 from Columbus, has several churches and 
 stores. Population, near 300. 
 
 Chandlersville, a small village of Cass 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Changewater, a small village of Warren 
 county, New Jersey, 12 miles S. E. from Bel- 
 videre. 
 
 Channahon, a post-village of Will county, 
 Illinois, on the Illinois and Michigan canal, 
 about 45 miles S. W. from Chicago. It has 
 an active business in shipping produce. 
 
 Channingville, a post-village of Dubuque 
 county, Iowa, about 80 miles N. E. from Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Chantillt, a post-office of Fairfax county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Chantillt, a post-village of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Missouri, about 50 miles W. N. W. from 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Chapel Hill, a post-office of Monmouth 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Chapel Hill, a post-village of Orange 
 county, North Carolina, is pleasantly situated 
 on New Hope river, an affluent of Cape Fear 
 river, 28 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. The 
 situation is healthy, and the water good. 
 The University of North Carolina, at this 
 place, founded in 1789, is a flourishing insti- 
 tution. It had, in 1852, 251 students, and a 
 library of 13,300 volumes. 
 
 Chapel Hill, a thriving post-village of 
 Washington county, Texas, 120 miles E. from 
 Austin, and 3 miles W. from Brazos river. 
 It is situated in a healthy and populous neigh- 
 borhood. It has 2 academies (one of them 
 under the direction of the Methodists) in good 
 repute, and from 600 to 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Chapel Hill, a small post-village of Mar- 
 shall county, Tennessee, 42 miles S. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Chapel Hill, a post-office of Perry county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Chapel Hill, a post-office of La Fayette 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Chapinville, a post-office of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Chapinville, or Chapinsville, a post-vil- 
 lage of Ontario county. New York, on the rail- 
 road, 4 or 5 miles N. E. from Canandaigua. 
 
 Chaplain, a village of Nelson county, Ken- 
 tucky, 15 miles E. from Bardstown, has 1 
 tavern, several stores, and about 200 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Chaplin, a post-township of Windham 
 county, Connecticut, 30 miles E. from Hart- 
 ford, intersected by Natchang river. Popu- 
 lation, 796. 
 
 Chaplin, a post-office of Nelson county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Chaplin, a post-office of Lee county, Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 Chaplinton, a small post-village of Bar- 
 ren county, Kentucky, on the Big Barren 
 river, about 130 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Chapman, a township of Clinton county, 
 Pennsylvania, on both sides of the Susque- 
 hanna river, 20 miles N. W. from Lock Haven. 
 Population, 542. 
 
 Chapman, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Union county, Pennsylvania, on the west 
 bank of the Susquehanna river, 33 miles N. 
 from Harrisburg. Population, 1501. 
 
 Chapman's Ford, a post-office of Tallapoosa 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Chapmanville, a post-office of Logan coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Chapola River of Florida and Alabama, 
 falls into the Appalachicola. 
 
 Chappaqua, a post-village of Westchester 
 county, New York, on the Harlem Railroad, 
 about 40 miles N. N. E. from New York. 
 
 Chappell, a post-office of Dallas county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Chappell's Bridge, a post-office of New- 
 berry District, South Carolina. 
 
 215 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 CHAPTico,a small post- village in St. Mary's 
 CO., Maryland, about 50 miles S. S. W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 CiiAPULTEPEC,apost-office of Blount CO., Ala. 
 
 Chapultpec, post-office of Benton CO., Tenn. 
 
 Chakuon, a post-village, capital of Geauga 
 CO., Ohio, inChardon township, 14 miles from 
 Lake Erie, and 170 miles N. E. from Colum- 
 bus. It is pleasantly situated on an elevated 
 ridge, about 600 feet above the level of the 
 lake. Two newspapers are issued here. Pop. 
 ofthe township, 1621 ; ofthe village, aboutl 000. 
 
 Charenton, a small post-village of St. 
 Mary's parish, Louisiana, on the east bank 
 of the river Teche, 80 miles, by water, from 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Chariton, or Grand Chariton river, of 
 Iowa and Missouri, rises in the S. part of Iowa, 
 and flows S. E. through Appanoose county 
 to the boundary between those States. It 
 then pursues a southerly course, and falls 
 into the Missouri river near the S. extremity 
 of Chariton county, and a few miles above 
 Glasgow. Its whole length is estimated at 
 250 miles, for about 50 of which it is navi- 
 gable by keel-boats. Branches. — The East 
 Chariton rises near the N. border of Macon 
 county, and flowing first southward and then 
 S. W., enters the main stream in Chariton 
 county, about 1 mile from its mouth. The 
 Middle fork rises in Macon county, and flow- 
 ing S. S. W. falls into the East Chariton about 
 10 miles N. from Glasgow. 
 
 Chariton, a county in the N. central part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 740 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. W. by the Missouri 
 river, on the West by Grand river, and in- 
 tersected by the Chariton river, from which 
 it derives its name. The county is also 
 drained by Yellow and Wolf creeks. The 
 surface is generally undulating, and diversi- 
 fied by forests and beautiful prairies, the 
 soil of which is fertile and well adapted to 
 pasturage. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, cattle, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 2,667,908 pounds 
 of tobacco ; 377,397 bushels of corn ; 14,592 
 of wheat, and 34,170 of oats. It contained 
 12 churches and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 There were 1000 pupils attending public 
 schools, 500 attending academies or other 
 schools. Stone coal and limestone are abun- 
 dant in the county. The streams furnish 
 motive-power for a number of mills. Capi- 
 tal, Keytesville. Population, 7514, of whom 
 5736 were free, and 1778, slaves. 
 
 Chariton, a small village in Chariton 
 county, Missouri, near the Missouri river, 
 about 62 miles N. W. from Jefl"erson City. 
 
 Chariton, a post-village of Lucas county, 
 Iowa, about 110 miles W. S. W. from Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Chariton Mills, a small village of Adair 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Chariton Mills, a village of Schuyler 
 county, Missouri, on Chariton river. 
 216 
 
 Charity, a post-office of Lincoln county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Charlemont, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Massachusetts, 100 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston, intersected by Deerfield river. 
 Population, 1173. 
 
 Charlemont, a post-office of Bedford coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Charles county, in the S. W. part of 
 Maryland, bordering on the Potomac, which 
 separates it from Virginia, has an area of 
 about 450 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S. and W. by the Potomac, and also 
 drained by the Wicomico river. The surface 
 is somewhat uneven ; the soil indifferent. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 the county produced 458,348 
 bushels of corn; 149,533 of wheat; 25,684 
 of oats ; and 2,862,300 pounds of tobacco. 
 It contained. 23 churches and 1 newspaper 
 office. There were 784 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 50 attending academies or 
 other schools. The oak, chestnut, ash, cedar, 
 and locust are indigenous in the county. The 
 Potomac river is navigable on the border. 
 Charles County was first settled in 1640. 
 Capital, Port Tobacco. Population, 16,162, 
 of whom 6578 were free, and 9584 slaves. 
 
 Charles City, a county in the S. E. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 184 square miles. 
 James river forms its entire boundary on the 
 S. and the Chickahominy on the N. and E. 
 The surface is rolling. Indian corn and 
 wheat are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 178,940 bushels of corn, and 81,229 
 of wheat. There were 6 saw mills. It con- 
 tained 13 churches, and 92 pupils attending 
 academies or other schools. James river is 
 navigable by steamboats on the border of the 
 county. Charles City was one of the eight 
 original shires into which Virginia was 
 divided in 1634. It has given birth to two 
 Presidents of the United States, Harrison and 
 Tyler. Capital, Charles City Court House. 
 Population,, 5200, of whom 2436 were free, 
 and 2764 slaves. 
 
 Charles City Court House, a post-village, 
 capital of Charles City county, Virginia, SO 
 miles S. S. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Charles River rises in Worcester county, 
 Massachusetts, and, pursuing a winding 
 course through Norfolk and Middlesex coun- 
 ties, it meets the tide-waters and forms part 
 of Boston harbor. It is navigable to Water- 
 town, 7 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 Charles River, a mill-stream of Washing- 
 ton county, Rhode Island, unites with Wood 
 river, to form the Pawcatuck. 
 
 Charles River Village, a post-office of 
 Norfolk county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Charleston, a district in the S. E. part of 
 South Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic. 
 Area, 1900 square miles. The Santee river 
 forms its boundai-y on the N. N. E. It is 
 drained by the Ashley and Cooper rivers, 
 which unite to form the harbor of Charles- 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 ton. The surface is level, and being but 
 little elevfxted above tide-vsrater, is in some 
 places subject to inundation. The soil is 
 generally sandy, and some portions of it are 
 very productive. The palmetto and pine are 
 among the indigenous forest-trees. Rice, 
 cotton, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are 
 the staples. In 1850 this district produced 
 15,700,603 pounds of rice; 4221 bales of 
 cotton; 498,972 bushels of sweet potatoes; 
 and 318,737 of corn. The quantity of sweet 
 potatoes was the greatest produced by any 
 county in the United States. It contained 1 
 cotton factory, 3 rice mills, 10 saw and plan- 
 ing mills, 2 turpentine distilleries, 2 coach 
 factories, and 1 sugar refinery. There were 
 92 churches, and 14 newspaper establish- 
 ments ; 1311 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 2975 attending academies or other 
 schools. A canal, 22 miles long, has been 
 opened in this district, from the Santee to 
 the Cooper river; and the South Carolina 
 Railroad terminates at Charleston, the capi- 
 tal of the district. Charleston is by far the 
 most populous district in the state. Popu- 
 lation, 72,805, of whom 28,429 were free, 
 and 44,376 slaves. 
 
 Charleston, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 75 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1283. 
 
 Charleston, a township of Orleans county, 
 "Vermont, 55 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1008. 
 
 Charleston, a post-township of Mont- 
 gomery county. New York, 36 miles W. N. 
 AV. from Albany, borders on Schoharie river. 
 Population, 2216. 
 
 Charleston, a small village of Hunterdon 
 county, New Jersey, 10 miles W. from Fle- 
 mington. 
 
 Charleston, a post-township of Tioga 
 county, Pennsylvania, 3 miles E. from Wells- 
 borough. Population, 1470. 
 
 Charleston, a small post-village of Tioga 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Charleston, a handsome post-village, ca- 
 pital of Kanawha county, Virginia, is situ- 
 ated on the Kanawha river, 60 miles from 
 its mouth, and at its confluence with Elk 
 river, 308 miles W. by N. from Richmond. 
 The river at this place is about 300 yards 
 wide, and is navigable by steamboats at all 
 seasons. The principal thoroughfare from 
 Richmond to the Ohio river passes through 
 the town, which is the centre of an active 
 trade. It contains 3 or 4 churches, a branch 
 bank, and a printing office. The district 
 court of the United States is held here twice 
 each year. The county contains abundance 
 of coal and a number of salt springs. 
 Large quantities of salt are manufactured 
 a few miles from Charleston. Population, 
 1092. 
 
 Charleston, a port of entry, capital of a 
 district of its own name, and the largest city 
 of South Carolina, is situated on a tongue 
 
 of land between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, 
 which unite immediately below the town, and 
 form a spacious harbour, communicating with 
 the ocean at Sullivan's island, 7 miles below. 
 It is 118 miles N. E. from Savannah, 580 S. 
 W. from Baltimore, and 540 from Washinfi;- 
 ton. Lat. 32° 4B', N. Ion. 79° 57' W. Coopik' 
 and Ashley rivers are from 30 to 40 feet deep, 
 the former 1400, and the latter 2100 yards 
 wide. The ground on which the city is built 
 is elevated 8 or 9 feet above the level of th^ 
 harbor at high tide, which rises about six 
 feet, flowing by the city with a strong cur- 
 rent, thus contributing to its salubrity. A 
 sandbar extends across the mouth of the 
 harbor, affording, however, two entrances, 
 of which the deepest, near Sullivan's island, 
 has 16 feet of water at low tide. The harbor 
 is defended by Fort Pinckney and Fort John- 
 son, each on an island, the former two and 
 the latter four miles below the city, and also 
 by Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's island. 
 
 Chai'leston is regularly built, and extends 
 about 2 miles in length and nearly IJ miles 
 in breadth. The streets, many of which are 
 60 or 70 feet broad, and bordered with the 
 Pride of India and other beautiful shade- 
 trees, pass, for the most part, parallel to 
 each other, from the Cooper to the Ashley 
 river, and are intersected by others nearly 
 at right angles. Many of the houses are of 
 brick, some of which are in a style of supe- 
 rior elegance ; others are of wood, neatly 
 painted, and embowered during the summe? 
 season amid a profusion of foliage and flow- 
 ers. The dwellings are often furnished with 
 piazzas extending to the roof, and orna- 
 mented with vines or creepers, while the 
 gardens attached to them are adorned with 
 the orange, peach, and other choice trees, 
 and a variety of shrubbery. 
 
 Institutions. — Charleston contains numer^ 
 ous educational and literary institutions, 
 among which may be mentioned the Medical 
 College of the State of South Carolina, a 
 flourishing school, founded in 1833. The 
 Charleston college was founded in 1785, 
 chartered anew in 1791, and again re-organ- 
 ized in 1837. This institution has of late 
 been greatly improved ; extensive additions 
 have been made to the main building, and 
 another professorship established, entitled 
 the chair of Intellectual Philosophy and 
 Greek Literature. It is now in a very pros- 
 perous condition, with an able faculty, and 
 the number of students steadily increasing. 
 The Literary and Philosophical Society has 
 a valuable collection of specimens in natural 
 history. The Apprentices' Association pos- 
 sesses a library of 10,000 volumes, and 
 maintains an annual course of lectures 
 upon scientific subjects. The City Library 
 numbers about 20,000 volumes. There are 
 also in the city a high-school and several 
 common schools, all of which are in a flou- 
 rishing condition. The high-school w? s es- 
 
 217 
 
CIIA 
 
 CHA 
 
 tablished in 1839, and is endowed with $1000 
 per annum for a hundred years. The num- 
 ber of pupils in attendance is usually from 
 130 to 150. The orphan asj'lum is richly 
 endowed, and accommodates about 150 chil- 
 dren. The building is one of the most re- 
 markable in the city. A commodious alms- 
 house is provided for the poor. Charleston 
 contains about 30 churches, a theatre, seve- 
 ral first-class hotels, (one of which, the City 
 Plotel, cost ,$150,000,) 4 cotton presses, a cot- 
 ton factory, 5 or 6 engine manufactories, a 
 large number of grist mills, 5 ship-yards, 
 and an extensive dry-dock, at which the 
 largest vessels, with their cargoes, can be 
 drawn up in about three hours. There are 
 also in the city 9 banks, with an aggregate 
 capital of $11,153,582, 6 individual incoi'po- 
 rated banks having an aggregate capital of 
 $8,030,235 and a circulation of .$3,944,660, 
 and several insurance and other incorporated 
 companies. Two of the nine banks of 
 Charleston, with a capital of .$1,000,000 
 each, were chartered by the legislature of 
 J 852-53. 
 
 Commerce. — The chief exports of Charleston 
 are cotton and rice. The average crop of 
 sea-island cotton, in South Carolina, is 
 from 22,000 to 23,000 bales, about two-thirds 
 of which comes to Charleston ; the rest goes 
 to Savannah. The rice crop of the state 
 is usually in the neighborhood of 130,000 
 tierces, of which Charleston receives all, ex- 
 cept 1000 or 1500 tierces going to George- 
 town. During the year ending August 31st, 
 1851, Charleston exported 15,000 bales of 
 sea-island cotton; 394,683 bales of upland 
 cotton; 125,166 tierces of cleaned rice; 
 443,723 bushels of rough rice, and 18,135,231 
 feet of lumber. Tobacco was also exported 
 in considerable quantities. The total amount 
 of the exports during the year 1852 was 
 $12,899,620. Charleston exports more rice 
 than any other city in the Union, and is sur- 
 passed only by New Orleans and Mobile in 
 the exportation of cotton. In 1820 the im- 
 ports were nearly equal to one-half of the 
 exports; now they are only about one-eighth. 
 The revenue collected at this port in 1801, 
 amounted to $2,257,100; in 1843 it had 
 fallen to $158,405, being the smallest amount 
 collected any one year, with the exception of 
 1814, since the establishment of the federal 
 government. This decline is explained by 
 the fact that the imports which formerly 
 came directly to Charleston, are now entered 
 at Northern ports. The imports in 1852 were 
 $1,767,343, of which $1,285,716 were by 
 American vessels, and $481,627 by foreign 
 vessels. Charleston formerly was exten- 
 sively engaged in ship-building, but of late 
 years this business has very much declined. 
 Puring the year ending June 30th, 1852, only 
 jj schooners and 3 steamers, with an aggre- 
 gate burthen of 851 3 ^^ tons were built. The 
 number of ships and brigs owned and sailing 
 218 
 
 from this port, is also much smaller than it 
 was ten years ago. Still the commerce is 
 important. There are lines of steamers — 
 three steamships to New York, one to Phila- 
 delphia, one to Baltimore, and one to Ha- 
 vana ; of sailing vessels — 11 ships, 2 
 barques, 8 brigs, and 5 schooners to New 
 York ; 3 barques and 3 brigs to Boston ; 3 
 barques, 3 brigs, and 3 schooners to New 
 Orleans ; 2 brigs and 8 or 9 schooners to 
 Philadelphia, and 5 or 6 schooners to Balti- 
 more. Besides these there are a large num- 
 ber of vessels of various classes engaged in 
 foreign commerce. The entire shipping of 
 the port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to au 
 aggregate of 22,526|| tons registered, and 
 19,616|§ tons enrolled and licensed. 
 
 The great extent of railroads that open 
 communication with the interior, affords 
 Charleston superior advantages for inland 
 trade. The Hamburg railroad, 136 miles in 
 length, was, at the time of its completion in 
 1833, the longest railroad in the world. Other 
 railroads, recently constructed, connect it not 
 only with the principal towns of North and 
 South Carolina and Georgia, but with Chat- 
 tanooga and Nashville, thereby opening com- 
 munication with the navigable waters of the 
 Tennessee, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. A 
 line of steamboats makes daily trips to AVil- 
 mington, connecting with the great Northern 
 route. Steamboats also ply between Charles- 
 ton and the places along the coast. 
 
 The press of Charleston comprises 4 daily 
 and 4 or 5 weekly papers, besides several 
 other periodicals. The " Medical Journal," 
 issued every two months, ranks among the 
 first publications of the kind in the Union. 
 
 The citizens of Charleston are distinguished 
 for their hospitality and refinement, and per- 
 haps no place in the United States aiFords more 
 agreeable society. In winter it is particularly 
 pleasant as a residence, and is much resorted 
 to by persons from other parts of the Union. 
 
 History. — The city of Charleston is one of 
 the most ancient in the United States, its 
 foundations having been laid in 1672. Some 
 fifteen years afterwards, a company of 
 French refugees, exiled from their native 
 country on account of their religious faith, 
 settled in South Carolina, a part of them at 
 Charleston. From this noble stock, the 
 French Huguenots, have sprung some of the 
 first families of Charleston. In 1731 the city 
 contained 600 houses and 5 churches, and in 
 1744, 230 vessels were laden at its wharves. 
 It was incorporated in 1783. On the 28th 
 of June, 1776, the garrison on Sullivan's 
 island, consisting of 400 men, under the 
 command of Colonel Moultrie, sustained an 
 assault from a British squadron of nine ships 
 of war, and triumphantly repulsed them, 
 losing only 32 men killed and wounded, 
 while the enemy's loss amounted to nearly 
 200. Charleston was afterwards besieged 
 by the British under Sir Henry Clinton, from 
 
CIIA 
 
 CHA 
 
 the 1st April, 1780, until May 12th, when it 
 •was surrendered by General Lincoln. It was 
 held by the enemy until May, 1782. Charles- 
 ton has suffered greater disasters by fire 
 than almost any city in the United States. 
 In 1778, 252 houses were consumed, and in 
 1796 nearly a third part of the city, involving 
 a destruction of property to the amount 
 of $2,500,000. Again, at the great fire in 
 1838. the loss was estimated at $5,000,000. 
 Population in 1800, 18,711; 1810, 24,711; 
 1820, 24,780; 1830, 30,289; 1840, 29,261; 
 1850, 42,958, of which 14,692 were slaves. 
 
 Charleston Lighthouse, on Lighthouse Is- 
 land, Charleston Harbor, is 1252- ^^^^ high, 
 and exhibits a revolving light. Lat. 32° 42' 
 N., Ion. 79° 54' 12" W. 
 
 CtiAKLESTON, a Small post-village in Talla- 
 hatchee county, Mississippi, about 125 miles 
 N. from Jackson. 
 
 Charleston, a small post-village of Brad- 
 ley county, Tennessee, on the Hiawassee 
 river, and on the East Tennessee and Georgia 
 railroad, 75 miles S. W. from Knoxville, has 
 about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Charleston, a small village of Cass coun- 
 ty, Michigan, 174 miles W. from Detroit, has 
 about 80 inhabitants. 
 
 Charleston, a post-township in the E. 
 part of Kalamazoo county, Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 846. 
 
 Charleston, a small village of Hancock 
 county, Indiana, 25 miles E. N. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Charleston, a post-township in the cen- 
 tral part of Coles county, Illinois. Popula- 
 tion, 849. 
 
 Charleston, a small post- village, capital of 
 Coles county, Illinois, on the border of Grand 
 prairie, near Embarras river, 81 miles E. by 
 S. from Springfield. The route of the Alton 
 and Terre Haute railroad passes through it. 
 
 Charleston, a village of Adair county, Mis- 
 souri, 110 miles N. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Charleston, a post-village, capital of 
 Mississippi county, Missouri, about 6 miles 
 S. W. from the Mississippi river, and 260 
 miles E. S. E from Jefferson City. 
 
 Charleston, a pleasant post-village of 
 Lee county, Iowa, about 8 miles W. from the 
 Mississippi river, and 18 miles N. N. W. from 
 Keokuk. It is on the route of the plank- 
 road which is progressing from Keokuk up 
 the valley of the Des Moines, and is sur- 
 rounded by a beautiful, fertile farming re- 
 gion. Population in 1851, about 500. 
 
 Charleston Four Corners, a post-office 
 ■ of Montgomery county, New York. 
 
 Cuarlestown, a post-township of Sullivan 
 CO., New Hamp., on the E. side of the Conn., 
 and on the Sullivan railroad, 50 miles W. of 
 Concord. It contains a bank. Pop., 1644. 
 
 Charlestown, a post-township of AVashing- 
 ton CO., Rhode Island, on the Stonington and 
 Providence railroad, 15 miles S. W. of New- 
 port. Population 694. 
 
 Charlestown, a city and seaport of Mid- 
 dlesex county, Massachusetts, is situated on 
 a peninsula immediately N. of Boston, with 
 which it is connected by the Warren and 
 Charles River bridges. It is 237 miles by 
 railroad N. E. fi-om New York; 200 miles E. 
 by S. from Albany; and 111 miles S. S. W. 
 from Portland ; lat. 42° 2' N., Ion. 71° 3' 33" 
 W. The peninsula extends from the main- 
 land of Summerville about two miles in a 
 south-easterly direction, between two small 
 estuaries, formed by the Mystic and Charles 
 rivers. These are crossed by two public 
 bridges ; the one on the right leading from 
 Prison Point to East Cambridge, and the 
 other to Chelsea and Maiden. The surface 
 is remarkably uneven, and near the centre 
 rises into two prominences called Bunker's 
 and Breed's Hills, the summits and slopes of 
 which afford delightful sites for dwellings. 
 The streets, though irregular, are generally 
 spacious and finely shaded. Two broad ave- 
 nues, Main and Bunker Hill streets, extend 
 nearly through the entire length of the pe- 
 ninsula. These are intersected at various 
 angles by those passing from the Mystic to 
 Charles River, and others leading to different 
 sections of the city. Charlestown is, for the 
 most part, handsomely built, and contains 
 a large number of elegant mansions. Its 
 healthy atmosphere and proximity to Boston 
 have made it a favorite place of residence 
 to many of the merchants and business men 
 of that city. The principal public buildings 
 are the churches, 8 or 9 in number, a bank, 
 and a State's prison. The latter is situated 
 at the western extremity of the city, on what 
 is called Prison Point. It consists of an 
 octagonal centre, with four wings, having its 
 interior arrangements upon the Auburn plan. 
 The chief object of interest, however, to per- 
 sons visiting Charlestown, is the Bunker Hill 
 Monument, erected in commemoration of the 
 first great battle fought between the English 
 and Americans. It stands on Breed's Hill, 
 usually called Bunker Hill, near the spot 
 where the brave Warren fell. Its founda- 
 tions, which are 50 feet above the level of the 
 sea, iire enclosed 12 feet under ground. The 
 corner-stone was laid by the Marquis La 
 'Fayette, June 17th, 1825, the fiftieth anni- 
 versary of the battle. June 17th, 1843, the 
 completion of the monument was celebrated, 
 in the presence of the President of the United 
 States, many of the members of his cabinet, 
 and a vast concourse of citizens. It consists 
 of a plain granite shaft, 220 feet high, 31 
 feet square at the base, and 15 at the top. 
 Within is a winding stairway, by which it is 
 ascended to a chamber immediately under 
 the apex, 11 feet in diameter, containing four 
 windows, which afford a magnificent pano- 
 ramic view of the surrounding scenery. In 
 this chamber are two of the four cannon which 
 constituted the whole train of field artillery 
 possessed by the Americans at the commence- 
 
 219 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 inent of the war, in April, 1775. These two 
 pieces are named respectively Hancock and 
 Adams. 
 
 The United States navy-yard at Charles- 
 town, established about the year 1798, is 
 situated at the foot of Bunker Hill. It occu- 
 pies an area of from 70 to 80 acres, extend- 
 ing from the mouth of Charles river to Chel- 
 sea bridge, and is enclosed on the land side 
 by a high stone wall. The dry-dock, at its 
 upper end, was completed in 1833, at a cost 
 of $670,089. It is constructed of chiselled 
 granite, 341 feet long, and 80 wide, having a 
 depth of 30 feet. The first vessel received 
 was the United States frigate Constitution. 
 There are also in the yard four large ship- 
 houses, a granite ropewalk 1300 feet long, 
 the dwellings of the officers, and naval stores 
 to the amount of some $2,000,000. Con- 
 nected with it, is a naval hospital, located in 
 Chelsea. 
 
 Charlestown is memorable for its suffer- 
 ings during the Revolutionary war. In the 
 early part of the battle of Bunker Hill, fought 
 June 17th, 1775, the town was set on fire by 
 the British and burned to the ground. Incor- 
 porated a city in 1847. Population, 17,216. 
 
 Charlestown, a township of Chester coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 25 miles W., N. W. from 
 Philadelphia ; drained by Pickering creek. 
 Population, 979. 
 
 Charlestown, a small village in the above 
 township, on Pickering creek, 12 miles N. 
 from AVest Chester, containing 2 churches, a 
 cotton factory, and about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Charlestown, a post-village of Cecil coun- 
 ty, Maryland, on the North-East river, near 
 its entrance into Chesapeake bay, about 44 
 miles E. N. E. from Baltimore. 
 
 Charlestown, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Jefferson county, Virginia, on the 
 Winchester and Potomac railroad, 168 miles 
 N. from Richmond, 60 miles N. W. from Wash- 
 ington, and 8 miles S.W. from Harper's Ferry. 
 It is surrounded by a fertile and beautiful re- 
 gion, which forms part of the Valley of Vir- 
 ginia. Colonel Charles Washington, a brother 
 of General Washington, resided at this place, 
 and was the proprietor of the land on which 
 the town is built. Charlestown contains 8 or 
 4 churches, 1 academy, 1 bank, and about a 
 dozen stores. Population estimated at 1500. 
 
 Charlesto^vn, a small post-village of 
 Franklin county, Arkansas. 
 
 Charlestown, a village of Clarke county, 
 Ohio, on the railroad, 40 miles W. S. W. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Charlestown, a post-township in the E. 
 central part of Portage county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 809. 
 
 Charlestown, a village of Portage county, 
 Ohio, 6 miles east from Ravenna. 
 
 Charlestown, a thriving post-village of 
 Charleston township, capital of Clarke coun- 
 ty, Indiana, is situated 2^- miles from the 
 Ohio river, and 15 miles N. N. E. from Louis- 
 220 
 
 ville, in Kentucky. It is surrounded by excel- 
 lent land, and has an active business. It 
 contains a large court house, a county semi- 
 nary, a female high school, and 4 or 5 
 churches. First settled in 1808. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, estimated at 1600. Population 
 of the township in 1850, 3902. 
 
 Charlestown, a post-village of Calumet 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Charlevoix, an unorganized county in the 
 N. part of Michigan, borders on Lake Michi- 
 gan. Area estimated at 620 square miles. 
 Its outline is indented by Little Traverse 
 bay. The census of 1850 furnishes no in- 
 formation respecting this county. 
 
 Charley's Rancho, a post-office of Butte 
 count}', California. 
 
 Charloe, a small post-village, capital of 
 Paulding county, Ohio, on the Auglaize river, 
 and on the Miami canal, 137 miles N. W. 
 from Columbus. It was laid out in 1840. 
 
 Charlotte county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 550 square miles. 
 Staunton river washes its entire S. W. bor- 
 der. The surface is uneven ; the soil is 
 partly fertile and partly poor. Tobacco, In- 
 dian corn, wheat, and oats are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 3,868,040 
 pounds of tobacco; 372,867 bushels of corn ^ 
 85,653 of wheat ; and 171,872 of oats. There 
 was one tannery, besides some other esta- 
 blishments. It contained 25 churches, and 
 436 pupils attending public schools. The 
 Richmond and Danville railroad passes 
 through the county. Formed from Lunenburg 
 in 1794. Capital, Marysville. Population, 
 13,955, of whom 4967 were free, and 8988, 
 slaves. 
 
 Charlotte, a post-township of Washing- 
 ton county, Maine, 20 miles N. E. of Machias. 
 Population, 718. 
 
 Charlotte, a post-village of Chittenden co., 
 Vt., on theE. side of Lake Champlain, and on 
 the Rutland and Burlington railroad, 11 miles 
 W.of Montpelier. Pop. of the township, 1634. 
 
 Charlotte, a township of Chautauqua 
 county. New York, about 15 miles N. E. from 
 Maysville. Population, 1718. 
 
 Charlotte, formerly Port Genesee, a 
 post-village of Monroe county, New York, 
 on Genesee river, near its entrance into Lake 
 Ontario, 7 miles N. from Rochester. It has a 
 steamboat landing, and several warehouses. 
 
 Charlotte, a thriving town, capital of 
 Mecklenburg county. North Carolina, on Su- 
 gar creek, 1 58 miles W. S. W. from Raleigh. It 
 is one of the principal towns in the W. part 
 of the State, and has rapidly increased for a 
 few years past, in consequence of the gold 
 mines which have been opened in the vicinity. 
 A branch mint has been established here for 
 the purpose of coining the gold. This town 
 is the terminus of the Charlotte and South 
 Carolina railroad, lately finished, and of the 
 Central railroad of North Carolina, now in 
 progress of construction. It contains seve- 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 ral churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 2 banks. 
 A plank-road, 120 miles long, extends to 
 Fayetteville. Pop. in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Charlotte, a post-village, capital of Dick- 
 son county, Tennessee, on the road from Nash- 
 ville to Memphis, 38 miles W. from Nashville. 
 It contains about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Chaklotte, a post-village, capital of Eaton 
 county, Michigan, about 20 miles S. W. 
 from Lansing, and 2 miles N. from Battle 
 creek. 
 
 Charlotte, a post-olBce of Grant county, 
 "Wisconsin. 
 
 Charlotte Centre, a post-office of Chau- 
 tauque county. New York. 
 
 Charlotte Court House. See Marts- 
 
 VILLE. 
 
 Charlotte Hall, a small post-village in 
 St. Mary's county, Maryland, about 45 miles 
 S. S. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Charlotte Harbor, or Boca Grande, on 
 the W. coast of Florida, sheltered from the 
 sea by several islands. It is about 25 miles 
 long, and from 8 to 10 miles wide, but very 
 shoal, having a depth of only 10 or 12 feet. 
 The entrance, which is about three-fourths 
 of a mile wide and 6 fathoms deep, lies be- 
 tween Boca Grande Key and Gasperillo Key. 
 This harbor is noted for producing the finest 
 oysters and the greatest variety of fish, wild- 
 fowl, and deer of any upon the whole coast. 
 
 Charlotte River, a small stream in the S. 
 E. central part of New York, forms part of 
 the boundary between Otsego, Schoharie, and 
 Delaware counties. It flows into the east 
 branch of ,the Susquehanna. 
 
 Charlottesville, a flourishing town, capi- 
 tal of Albemarle county, Virginia, on the 
 right bank of the Rivanna river, and on the 
 Central railroad, 81 miles W. by N. from 
 Richmond, and 123 miles S. W. from Wash- 
 ington. It is beautifully situated in a fertile 
 valley, and is connected by railroad with Rich- 
 mond and other towns. One mile W. from the 
 town is the University of Virginia, which 
 was founded in 1819, under the auspices of 
 Thomas Jefferson, and is endowed by the 
 state. In 1852 it had 400 students, and a 
 library of 18,000 volumes. An observatory 
 is attached to this institution. Monticello, 
 the residence of Jefferson, who was a native 
 of Albemarle county, is 3 miles distant. 
 Charlottesville contains churches of the Pres- 
 byterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, and Me- 
 thodists, 2 banks, and 4 newspaper offices. 
 Population in 1853, about 2600. 
 
 Charlottesville, a post-village in Han- 
 cock county, Indiana, on the Indiana Cen- 
 tral railroad, about 30 miles E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Charlotteville, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county. New York. 
 
 Charlton, a post-township in Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, about 12 miles S. W. 
 from Worcester. Population, 2052. 
 
 Charlton, a post-township of Saratoga 
 
 county. New York, 25 miles N. N. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 1902. 
 
 Charlton Depot, a post-office of Worces- 
 ter county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Chartiers, a township of Alleghany coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river, 3 miles 
 below Pittsburg. 
 
 Chartiers, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, 22 miles S. W. from 
 Pittsburg, drained by Chartiers creek. Popu- 
 lation, 1677. 
 
 Chartiers Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in 
 Washington county, and flows into the Ohio 
 river 4 miles below Pittsburg. 
 
 Chaseville, a post-office of Murray coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Chaseville, a small post-village of Ben- 
 ton county, Tennessee, on Birdsong creek. 
 
 Chatauque. See Chautauqub. 
 
 Chateauguay, shat~'o-gay', a river which 
 rises in the E. part of Franklin county, New 
 York, and passing through a lake of its own 
 name, falls into the St. Lawrence river in Ca- 
 nada, 5 or 6 miles below La Chine. 
 . Chateauguay, a post-township of Franklin 
 county. New York, 12 miles N. E. from Ma- 
 lone, is drained by the river of same name, 
 and crossed bv the Northern railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 3728." 
 
 Chateauguay Lake in Clinton county, New 
 York, is from 3 to 4 miles long. 
 
 Chatfield, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Crawford county, Ohio. Population, 1351. 
 
 Chatham, a county in the central part of 
 North Carolina, has an area of about 700 * 
 square miles. It is traversed by the Haw 
 and Deep rivers, which unite in the S. E. part 
 and form the Cape Fear ; it is also drained 
 by Rocky and New Hope rivers. The sur- 
 face is diversified ; the soil is generally clayey 
 and productive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 cotton, hay, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 625,828 bushels of 
 corn; 126,178 of wheat; 99,660 of oats; 
 4893 tons of hay ; and 960 bales of cotton. 
 Extensive beds of stone coal have recently 
 been opened in the county, near Deep river. 
 This stream has been rendered navigable by 
 small boats as high as the coal mines. A 
 plank-road is in progress through this county, 
 from Deep river to the Central railroad. 
 Organized in 1770, and named in honor of 
 the illustrious orator William Pitt, Earl of 
 Chatham. Capital, Pittborough. Popula- 
 tion, 18,449, of whom 12,464 were free, and 
 5985, slaves. 
 
 Chatham, a county forming the E. ex- 
 tremity of Georgia, bordering on the sea, has 
 an area of 358 square miles. The Savannah 
 river forms its boundary on the N. E. and 
 the Ogeeehee on the S. W. The surface is 
 level, and partly occupied by swamps. The 
 soil near the rivers is rich, adapted to the 
 cultivation of rice ; other parts are sandy 
 and sterile. Cotton, Indian corn, rice, and 
 fruits of various kinds are cultivated. In 
 221 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 1850 this county produced 580 bales of cot- 
 ton; 57,427 bushels of corn ; and 19,453,750 
 pounds of rice. It contained 3 brick-yards, 
 and 1 sash and blind manufactory; 14 
 churches, 4 newspaper establishments ; 80 
 pupils attending public schools, and 457 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. It is 
 intersected by the Central railroad. Chat- 
 ham is the most populous county in the state. 
 Capital, Savannah. Population, 28,901, of 
 whom 9883 were free, and 14,018, slaves. 
 
 Chatham, a township of Carroll county, 
 New Hampshire, 70 miles N. E. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 516. 
 
 Chatham, a post-township of Barnstable 
 county, Massachusetts, 80 miles S. E. from 
 Boston. Population, 2439. 
 
 Chatham, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Connecticut, about 17 miles S. by E. 
 from Hartford, noted for its extensive quar- 
 ries of freestone. Population, 525. 
 
 Chatham, a post-township of Columbia 
 county, New York, 18 miles S. by E. from 
 Albany, is intersected by the Western rail- 
 road. Population, 3839. 
 
 Chatham, a post-township of Morris coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, on the Passaic river, 6 miles 
 S. E. from Morristown, intersected by the 
 Morris and Essex railroad. Population, 2469. 
 
 Chatham, a handsome post-village in the 
 above township, on the Passaic river, and on 
 the Morris and Essex railroad, 16 miles W. 
 from Newark. It has 2 or 3 churches, an 
 academy, and several stores. 
 
 Chatham, a small post-village of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from 
 Lancaster to Wilmington, in Delaware, about 
 68 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Chatham, a township of Tioga county, 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles N. N. AV. from Wells- 
 borough. Population, 1208. 
 
 Chatham, a post-office of Smyth county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Chatham, a small post-village of Licking 
 county, Ohio, has 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Chatham, a township in the W. part of 
 Medina county, Ohio. Population, 1167. 
 
 Chatham, a post-village of Sangamon 
 county, Illinois, on the Alton and Springfield 
 railroad, 10 miles S. S. W. from Springfield, 
 is surrounded by a rich farming district, and 
 has several stores. 
 
 Chatham, a post-office of Buchanan coun- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Chatham Centre, a small post-village of 
 Chatham township, Columbia county. New 
 York, on the Western railroad, 18 miles S. 
 S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Chatham Cenxee, a post-office of Medina 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Chatham Four Corners, a post-village in 
 Chatham township, Columbia county. New 
 York, at the junction of the Harlem railroad 
 witk the Western railroad, 23 miles S. S. E. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Chatham Harbor, at the E. extremity of 
 222 
 
 Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It is well pro- 
 tected from the sea, and has 20 feet of water 
 at low tide. The Chatham Lights are inside 
 of Chatham Harbor, on James' Head, near the 
 S. E. extremity of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 
 They are fixed, two in number, with an ele- 
 vation of 70 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lat. 41° 40' 20" N., lat. 69° 57' 12" W. 
 
 Chatham Hill, a post-office of Smyth 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Chatham Run, a post-office of Clinton 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chatham Valley, a post-office of Tioga 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chattahoochee, a large river of Georgia, 
 a branch of the Appalachicola, rises on the 
 declivity of the Blue Ridge, in Habersham 
 county, in the N. E. part of the state, and 
 flows first S. W. through the gold region of 
 Upper Georgia, until it strikes the boundary 
 between Georgia and Alabama, at West 
 Point. Below this its general direction is 
 southward, and it forms the W. boundary of 
 Georgia, through the whole of its subsequent 
 course, to its junction with Flint river. Its 
 length is estimated at 550 miles. Steam- 
 boats of 200 tons navigate this river during 
 eight months of the year, from November to 
 June, and ascend as far as Columbus, which 
 is about 350 miles from the Gulf. The ra- 
 pids, at the limit of navigation, produce ex- 
 cellent water-power. It is said that the 
 vertical rise of the water in the course of a 
 year sometimes amounts to 60 feet. ( While's 
 Statistics of Georgia.) The chief towns on its 
 banks are West Point, Columbus, Eufaula, 
 and Fort Gaines. 
 
 Chattahoochee, a post-village of Gadsden 
 county, Florida, at the junction of the Flint 
 and Chattahoochee rivers, 42 miles N. W. of 
 Tallahassee. It contains a United States 
 arsenal, and about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Chattanooga creek, of Georgia and Ten- 
 nessee, rises in Walker county, Georgia, and 
 enters the Tennessee near Chattanooga. 
 
 Chattanooga, a flourishing post-village 
 of Hamilton county, Tennessee, on the Ten- 
 nessee river, 250 miles by water below Knox- 
 ville, and 140 miles S. E. from Nashville. It 
 is the terminus of the Nashville and Chat- 
 tanooga railroad, and of the Western and 
 Atlantic railroad, which connects it with the 
 chief towns of Georgia. The Tennessee river 
 is navigable by steam during about eight 
 months in the year, and by small boats at 
 all times. These circumstances render 
 Chattanooga one of the most important and 
 flourishing towns of the state. Since the 
 completion of the Western and Atlantic rail- 
 road, in 1850, the population has increased 
 at the rate of about 100 per month. The 
 surplus productions of East Tennessee, and 
 of part of Middle Tennessee, are mostly 
 shipped from this point. The surrounding 
 region is liberally supplied with water- 
 power and timber, and the hills contain 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 abundance of stone coal and iron ore. Chat- 
 tanooga has 1 steam saw mill, 2 sash and 
 blind factories, 3 cabinet factories, in which 
 steam-power is used, 4 newspaper offices, and 
 1 bank. The manufacture of iron has also 
 been commenced. Laid out in 1839. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, estim,ated at 3500. 
 
 Chattooga river, one of the head branches 
 of the Savannah, rises near the S. frontier 
 of North Carolina, and flows S. W. along the 
 boundary between South Carolina and Geor- 
 gia. After passing the mouth of Tallula 
 creek, it takes the name of Tugaloo river. 
 
 Chattooga, a small river of Georgia and 
 Alabama, rises in Walker county, near the 
 N. W. extremity of Georgia, and flowing S. 
 W., enters the Coosa in Cherokee county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Chattooga, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on Alabama, has an area 
 of 360 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Chattooga river, from which the name is 
 derived, and also drained by the Eukalana- 
 qua, Amuchee, and Snake creeks. The sur- 
 face is beautifully diversified by productive 
 valleys and wooded mountains, connected 
 with the Blue Ridge. The most consider- 
 able elevations bear the local names of Tay- 
 lor's Ridge, John's mountain, and Dirtseller 
 mountain. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 grass, and potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 1668 bales of cot- 
 ton; 301,180 of corn; 36,481 of oats, and 
 52,986 of sweet potatoes. It contained 1 
 cotton factory, 1 cabinet-ware manufactory, 
 and 4 tanneries. There were 19 churches, 
 330 pupils attending public schools, and 20 
 attending an academy. The county contains 
 quarries of limestone and marble, and an 
 abundance of iron and lead ore, with seve- 
 ral fine mineral springs. Capital, Summer- 
 ville. Population, 6815, of whom 5130 were 
 free, and 1680, slaves. 
 
 Chattoogaville, a post-village of Chat- 
 tooga county, Georgia, on the N. W. side of 
 Chattooga river, about 200 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Chatjmont, (sho-mo,) a post- village of Jef- 
 ferson county. New York, on Chaumont bay 
 of Lake Ontario, and on the Rome and 
 Watertown railroad, 14 miles N. W. from 
 Watertown. It has a good harbor, and con- 
 tains a number of stores and mills. A river 
 of the same name enters the bay at this 
 place. 
 
 Chauncet, a thriving post-village of 
 Athens county, Ohio, on the Hockhocking 
 river and Hocking canal, 65 miles S. E. from 
 Columbus. It has coal mines and salt works 
 in the vicinity. 
 
 Chabnceyville, a post-office of Manitoo- 
 woc county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Chautauque, sha-tau'que, the most west- 
 ern county of New York, has an area of 
 about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. W. by Lake Erie, and on the W. .and 
 
 S. by Pennsylvania, and is drained by Cone- 
 wango creek with its tributaries, and several 
 smaller streams, which furnish abundant 
 water-power. The Chautauque ridge passes 
 through this county at from 3 to 10 miles dis- 
 tance from the lake ; between this ridge and 
 the lake the surface is nearly level, or mode- 
 rately uneven. The soil is generally good, and 
 along the lake shore and the banks of its 
 numerous streams, very fertile. Indian corn, 
 oats, potatoes, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 there were raised 513,827 bushels 
 of corn; 614,392 of oats; 319,026 of pota- 
 toes; 125,947 tons of hay, and 2,706,612 
 pounds of butter. There were 36 flour and 
 grist mills, 160 saw mills, 12 carding and 
 fulling mills, 32 tanneries, 6 iron foundries, 
 4 woollen factories, and 4 edge-tool fac- 
 tories. Bog, iron ore, shell marble, and sul- 
 phur springs are found in this county. 
 There are also several springs, emitting 
 carburetted hydrogen ; the gas from one of 
 which, near Fredonia, has been successfully 
 employed for lighting the dwellings in the 
 village. It contained 86 churches, and 9 
 newspaper offices; 17,720 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 938 attending academies 
 and other schools. By means of the Cone- 
 wango creek, which falls into the Alleghany, 
 a branch of the Ohio, a boat navigation is 
 open from within 10 miles of Lake Erie to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The railroad connecting 
 Buffalo with Erie, in Pennsylvania, traverses 
 the county, and the New York and Erie 
 railroad partly intersects it. Capital, Mays- 
 ville. Population, 50,493. 
 
 Chautauque, a post-township of Chautau- 
 ,que county. New York, situated on the lake 
 of same name, about 5 miles S. E. from Lake 
 Erie. Population, 2622. 
 
 Chautauque Lake, near the S. W. extre- 
 mity of New York, in the central part of 
 Chautauque county, is a beautiful expanse 
 of water, 18 miles long, and from one to 
 three miles wide. It is about 730 feet above 
 Lake Erie, and 1290 above the Atlantic 
 ocean ; being, it is said, the highest naviga- 
 ble' water on the continent. Steamboats 
 run, from Maysville, at its N. extremity, to 
 the ^commencement of the outlet, whence 
 small boats can descend to the Alleghany 
 river. The name "Chautauque," or "Cha- 
 tauqua,*' is a corruption of an Indian phrase, 
 signifying a "foggy place," and was given 
 in consequence of the mists which frequently 
 rise from the surface of this mountain lake. 
 
 Chautaujque Valley, a post-office of Al- 
 leghany county. New York. 
 
 Chazt, a township in the N. part of Clinton 
 county. New York, intersected by Chazy river. 
 
 Chazt, a small post-village in Champlain 
 township, Clinton county. New York, about 
 128 miles N. by E. from Albany. 
 
 Chazy Lake,' one of the sources of the 
 Chazy river, in Clinton county. New York, is 
 about 4 miles long. 
 
 223 
 
CHA 
 
 CHE 
 
 CiiAZT RivEK, of Clinton county, New 
 Yoi'k, falls into Lake Champlain, near its N. 
 extremity. 
 
 Cheapside, a small village of Essex coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, 10 miles W. from Newark. 
 
 Cheap Valley, a post-office of Henry 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cheat Bridge, a post-office of Preston 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cheat River, of Virginia, the largest af- 
 fluent of the Monongahela, is formed by the 
 junction of the Laurel, Glade, Shavers, and 
 Dry forks, which rise among the Alleghany 
 mountains, near the northern border of 
 Pocahontas county, and unite in the N. cen- 
 tral part of Randolph county. Plowing 
 thence N. and N. W. through Preston and 
 Monongalia counties, it enters the Monon- 
 gahela at the S. W. extremity of Fayette 
 county, Pennsylvania. It traverses a hilly 
 country, abounding in stone coal and iron, 
 and well adapted to grazing. It is naviga- 
 ble 40 miles above Rowlesburg, (on the Bal- 
 timore and Ohio railroad,) though not in the 
 lower part of its course, and furnishes fine 
 water-power at several places. 
 
 Cheboygan, an unorganized county of 
 Michigan, forms the northern extremity of 
 the lower Peninsula, bordering on the Straits 
 of Mackinaw and Lake Huron. The area is 
 estimated at 500 square miles. The census 
 of 1850 furnishes no information respecting 
 this county, which has but few white in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Cheboygan River of Michigan. See She- 
 boygan. 
 
 Chehaw, a small river of South Carolina, 
 flowing into St. Helena sound. 
 
 Cheeksville, a post-office of Marion coun- 
 ty, Tennessee, 122 miles S. E. from Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 Cheektowaga, a post-office of Erie coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Cheesequakes, a post-office of Middlesex 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 Chefonte, or Chifuncte, a small river of 
 Louisiana, flows southward through Tam- 
 many parish, into Lake Pontchartrain. 
 
 Chelmsford, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, 23 miles N. W. of 
 Boston. Population, 2097. 
 
 Chelsea, a post-township of Orange coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 20 miles S. by E. from Mont- 
 pelier. It contains a bank. Pop., 1958. 
 
 Chelsea, a post-township of Suffolk coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 5 miles N. E. of Boston. 
 The United States marine hospital in this 
 township has a beautiful and commanding 
 situation. The village contains a bank and 
 2 newspaper offices. Population, 6701. 
 
 Chflsea, a village of Cattaraugus county, 
 New York, 50 miles E. from Dunkirk. 
 
 Chelsea, a thriving post-village of Wash- 
 tenaw county, Michigan, on the Central rail- 
 road, 60 miles W. from Detroit, has a rail- 
 way station and two stores. 
 224 
 
 Chelsea, a post-village of Will county, Il- 
 linois, 177 miles N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Cheltenham, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Ivlontgomery county, Pennsylvania, 10 
 miles N. from Philadelphia; drained by Ta- 
 cony creek. Population, 1292. 
 
 Chemung, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of New York, bordering on Pennsyl- 
 vania, has an area of about 513 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Chemung river and Ca- 
 yuta creek, and also drained by Catharine's 
 and Wynkoop's creeks, which afford valuable 
 water-power. Seneca lake touches its N. 
 border. The surface is broken and hilly, 
 with some considerable elevations. The al- 
 luvial flats along the rivers are in some 
 parts very extensive and rich, and on the 
 uplands the soil is generally fertile. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 223,340 
 bushels of wheat; 166,804 of corn; 368,450 
 of oats; 40,106 tons of hay, and 829,421 
 pounds of butter. There were 23 flour and 
 grist mills, 154 saw mills, 14 tanneries, 5 
 iron foundries, 3 woollen factories, and 1 
 edge-tool manufactory. It contained EO 
 churches, and 9 newspaper offices. There 
 were 9195 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 181 attending academies or other 
 schools. The Chemung river is navigable 
 through this county. The New York and 
 Erie railroad traverses the county, which is 
 also partly intersected by the canal con- 
 necting Elmira with Seneca lake, and by th« 
 railroad extending from Junction to Geneva. 
 Organized in 1836, having previously formed 
 part of Tioga county, and named from the 
 Chemung river. Capital, Elmira. Popula- 
 tion, 28,821. 
 
 Chemung, a post-township, forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Chemung county, New York, 
 Population, 2678. 
 
 Chemung, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the New York and Erie railroad, 
 270 miles from New York city. 
 
 Chemung, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of McHenry county, Illinois. 
 
 Chemung, a thi-iving post-village of 
 McHenry county, Illinois, on Piskasaw creek 
 70 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. It is situ- 
 ated on a fertile prairie, and contains several 
 stores and mills. Population in 1851, about 
 300. 
 
 Chemung River is formed in Steuben 
 county, in the S. S. W. part of New York, by 
 the union of the Tioga and Conhocton rivers, 
 and flowing in an E. S. E. direction through 
 Chemung county, falls into the E. Branch of 
 the Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chenango, she-nang^go, a county in the 
 S. E. central part of New York, has an area 
 of about 624 square miles. It is partly 
 bounded on the E. by the Unadilla river, and 
 is drained by the Chenango river, and by the 
 E. Branch of the Susquehanna, which inter- 
 sect it, and by Otselic and Geneganset rivers 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 and other smaller streams, wliich turn nume- 
 rous grist and saw mills. The surface is 
 generally elevated and sometimes broken and 
 hilly ; the soil is usually good, and along the 
 streams of a superior quality. Oats, pota- 
 toes and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 669,866 bushels of oats; 
 280,817 of potatoes; 124,463 tons of hay; 
 3,069,421 pounds of butter, and 1,069,331 
 of cheese. There were 26 flour and grist 
 mills, 153 saw mills, 15 carding and fulling 
 mills, 24 tanneries, 1 cotton and 4 woollen 
 factories, and 8 iron foundries. It contained 
 105 churches and 4 newspaper offices. There 
 were 13,830 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 835 attending academies or other schools. 
 The Chenango canal, connecting Utica and 
 Binghampton, traverses this county. Organ- 
 ized in 1798, having been formed from por- 
 tions of Herkimer and Tioga counties, and 
 named from Chenango iHver, which flows 
 through it. Capital; Norwich. Population, 
 40,311. 
 
 Chenango, a township of Broome county. 
 New York, borders on the Susquehanna river, 
 and is intersected by Chenango river and the 
 canal of the same name. It contains Bing- 
 hampton. Population, 8734. 
 
 Chenango, a small village of Beaver coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chenango Forks, a post-village of Broome 
 county. New York, at the confluence of the 
 Chenango with the Tioughnioga river, and 
 on the Chenango canal, 11 miles N. E. 
 from Binghampton. It contains a number 
 of stores and mills. Estimated population, 
 from 700 to 800. 
 
 Chenango River rises in Oneida county. 
 New York, and flowing in a S. S. W. course 
 through Madison and Chenango counties, 
 falls into the Susquehanna river in Broome 
 county, in the southern part of the state, 
 near the boundary of Pennsylvania. Its 
 ■whole length is about 90 miles. 
 
 Chene, a navigable bayou of Louisiana, 
 on the N. W. border of Terre Bonne parish, 
 is connected on one hand with Bayou Black, 
 and on the other with Bayou Shaver. 
 
 Cheney's Grove, a post-ofBce of McLean 
 county, Illinois, 80 miles N. E. of Springfield. 
 
 Cheneyville, a post-village of Rapides 
 parish, Louisiana, about 260 miles N. W. 
 from New Orleans. 
 
 Chenook, or Chinook, a post-office of Pa- 
 cific county, Oregon. 
 
 Chentjbba, a post-village of Lee county, 
 Georgia, 86 miles S. S. W. from Macon. 
 
 Cheohee, a post-ofiice of Pickens district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Chepachet, che-pack''et, a post-village in 
 Gloucester township. Providence county, 
 Fihode Island, on the Chepachet river, about 
 10 miles N. W. of Providence. It contains 4 
 cotton mills, with 5550 spindles ; 144 looms, 
 employing 120 hands, making 22,500 yards 
 of cloth per week, working 800 bales of cot- 
 p 
 
 ton per annum, and consuming 3000 gallons 
 of oil ; also 1 bank, 12 stores, 6 shingle mills, 
 1 stove factory, 12 saw mills, 5 grist mills, 7 
 shoe manufactories, 4 wheelwrights, 11 black- 
 smiths, and other establishments of minor 
 importance. Large quantities of hoop poles 
 are manufactured in the vicinity of this 
 place. Annual amount of manufactures and 
 sales of merchandise, $232,500. Popula- 
 tion, about 900. 
 
 Chequest, a post-office of Davis county, 
 Iowa, 75 miles S. W. by S. from Iowa city. 
 
 Cheraw, a post-village of Chesterfield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on the right bank of 
 the Great Pedee river, at the head of steam 
 navigation, 93 miles E. N. E. from Columbia. 
 It has a plank-road leading to Wadesbo- 
 rough, North Carolina, and is a place of some 
 importance as a depot for cotton. Cheraw 
 contains 1 bank, several churches and acade- 
 mies. Population, estimated at 900. 
 
 Cherbury, a village of De Kalb county, 
 Georgia, on the Macon and Western railroad, 
 4 miles S. from Atlanta. 
 
 Cherino, a post-office of Nacogdoches 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Cherokee, a county forming the W. ex- 
 tremity of North Carolina, bordering on Ten- 
 nessee and Georgia, has an area of about 950 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Hiawas- 
 see and Valley rivers. The Unaka, or Smokj* 
 mountain, extends along the N.W. and the Blue 
 Ridge near the S. E. border. The soil in the 
 vicinity of the streams is fertile, producing 
 Indian corn, potatoes, and pasture. In 1850 
 this county yielded 204,827 bushels of corn ; 
 35,761 of oats, and 24,296 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 4 iron forges and 1 tin and sheet 
 iron manufactory. A turnpike has recently 
 been commenced which will pass through the 
 county and extend to Salisbury. The county 
 was formed in 1839, and derived its name from 
 the tribe of Indians who once possessed the 
 soil. Capital, Murphy. Population, 6838, 
 of whom 6501 were free, and 337, slaves. 
 
 Cherokee, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 620 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Etowah river, di- 
 viding it into nearly equal parts, and also 
 drained by Little river, and Shoal, Alaculsa, 
 and Long Swamp creeks. The surface is 
 finely diversified ; the southern part is un- 
 dulating, and the northern very hilly. A 
 large portion of the soil is fertile. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, and cotton 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 444,984 bushels of corn; 60,008 of oats; 78,465 
 of sweet potatoes, and 272 bales of cotton. 
 There were 2 flour mills, 2 saw mills, and 2 
 stone and marble establishments. It con- 
 tained 84 churches ; 650 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 93 attending academies 
 or other schools. Valuable quarries of sta- 
 tuary marble have been opened in the N. E. 
 jpart. The county contains several gold 
 mines, which are said to be profitable ; iron. 
 
 225 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 copper, and titanium are also found. The 
 Etowah river furnishes extensive water- 
 power, and is navigable by small steamboats. 
 Capital, Canton. Population, 12,800, of 
 whom 11,643 were free, and 1157, slaves. 
 
 Cherokee, a county in the E. N. E. part 
 of Alabama, bordering on Georgia, has an 
 area of 710 miles. It is traversed by the 
 Coosa river, dividing it into nearly equal 
 parts, and also watered by th^ Chattooga 
 river, an affluent of the former. The surface 
 is diversified by mountain ridges, and partly 
 covered by forests of pine, oak, and other 
 timber. The soil is sandy and fertile, espe- 
 cially along Coosa river. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, and cattle are the staples. In 1850, 
 Cherokee county produced 2717 bales of cot- 
 ton; 546,986 bushels of corn; 79,645 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 68,678 of oats. There 
 were 8 saw mills, 3 flour and grist mills, and 
 3 tanneries. It contained 20 churches, 1 
 newspaper office, and 1292 pupils attending 
 public schools. Small steamers navigate 
 Coosa river through this county, and ascend 
 to Rome in Georgia. The route of the rail- 
 road lately commenced from the Alabama 
 river to the Tennessee passes through the W. 
 part of the county. Organized about the year 
 1837. Capital, Centre. Population, 13,884, 
 of whom 12,193 were free, and 1691, slaves. 
 
 Cherokee, a county in the E. part of Texas, 
 has an area of 1215 square miles. The Ne- 
 ches river forms its boundary on the W., and 
 the Angelina river on the E. The surface 
 consists partly of prairies, and partly of 
 timbered land ; the soil in some parts is fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, cotton, sweet potatoes, 
 cattle, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 226,660 bushels of 
 corn; 5528 of oats ; 54,291 of potatoes; 1083 
 bales of cotton; 1295 pounds of tobacco; 
 4250 of rice; 122,097 of butter, and 2492 
 of wool. It contained 26 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, and 340 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Rusk. Population, 6673, 
 of whom 5390 were free, and 1283, slaves. 
 
 Cherokee, a new county in the W. N. W. 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 625 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Little Sioux 
 river, and also drained by two small affluents 
 of that stream, and by a tributary of Floyd's 
 river, which itself flows into the Missouri. 
 This county is not included in the census of 
 1850. County seat not located. 
 
 Cherokee, a village of Logan county, 
 Ohio, 2 or 3 miles W. from the Mad River 
 and Lake Erie railroad. 
 
 Cherokee Corner, a little village of Ogle- 
 thorpe county, Georgia, 2 miles W. of the 
 Georgia railroad. 
 
 Cherokee Heights, a post-office of Abbe- 
 ville district. South Carolina. 
 
 Cherokee Indians, a noble and once power- 
 ful tribe, who formerly possessed the southern 
 portion of the Appalachian mountains and a 
 laro'e tract of country on both sides of this 
 226 
 
 range. In 1809 their number amounted to 
 12,359; but it had since considerably dimi- 
 nished, when, at length, in 1838, all the Che- 
 rokees who were in Georgia, constituting a 
 large majority of those who still remained, 
 were removed to the W. of the Mississippi, by 
 the order of the United States government. 
 The Cherokees have been considered the most 
 civilized of all the American Indians. They 
 have a written language ; the alphabet, which 
 was invented by a native Cherokee, consists 
 of 85 characters. Previous to their expulsion 
 from Georgia, some of them are said to have 
 become excellent and thriving farmers, so as 
 to bear an advantageous comparison with the 
 most skilful and industrious of this class, in 
 the south-western states. 
 
 Cherokee Iron Works, a post-village of 
 York district. South Carolina, 104 miles N. 
 of Columbia. 
 
 Cherry, a township of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 40 miles N. from Pitts- 
 burg, drained by Slippery Rock creek. Po- 
 pulation, 970. 
 
 Cherry, a small village of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cherry, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Sullivan county, Pennsylvania, 
 contains Laporte, the county seat. Popula- 
 tion, 1605. 
 
 Cherry Creek, a post-township of Chau- 
 tauque county. New York, 20 miles E. from 
 Maysville. Population, 1311. 
 
 Cherry Creek, a post-village in the above 
 township, 20 miles E. N. E. from Maysville. 
 
 Cherry Creek, a post-village of Pontotoc 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cherryfield, a township of Washington 
 county, Maine, 120 miles E. by N. from Au- 
 gusta, intersected by Narraguagus river. 
 Population, 1648. 
 
 Cherryfield, a post-office of Henderson 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cherry Flat, a post-office of Piutherford 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cherry Flats, a small post-village of 
 Tioga county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cherry Grove, a township of Warren 
 county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles S. from War- 
 ren. Population, 63. 
 
 Cherry Grove, a post-office of Saline 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Cherry Grove, a post-township in Carroll 
 county, Illinois, about 25 miles E. by N. from 
 Savannah. Population, 261. 
 
 Cherry Grove, a small post-village of 
 Carroll county, Illinois, 218 miles N. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Cherry Grove, a post-office of Schuyler 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Cherry Hill, a post-office of Erie county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cherry Hill, a small post-village of Cecil 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Cherry Hill, a post-office of Brooke coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 Cherry Hill, a post-office of Chickasaw 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cherry Hill, a village of Dodge county, 
 Wisconsin, 3(3 miles N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Cherry Lake, a post-office of Madison 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Cherry Mills, a post-office of Sullivan 
 ■county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cherry Ridge, a post-township of Wayne 
 county, Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles S. from 
 Honesdale. Population, 614. 
 
 Cherry Ridge, a post-office of Union pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 CiiERR-Y Stone, a post-office of Northamp- 
 ton county, Virginia. 
 
 Cherry Tree, a post-township of Venango 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Oil creek, 12 miles 
 N. N. E. from Franklin. Population, 930. 
 
 Cherry Valley, a post-township in the 
 N. E. part of Otsego county, New York. Po- 
 pulation, 4186. 
 
 Cherry Valley, a post- village in the above 
 township, about 55 miles W. from Albany, 
 with which it is connected by turnpike. It 
 contains several churches, an academy, a 
 bank, and about 200 dwellings. 
 
 Cherry Valley, a small post-village of 
 Washington county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cherry Valley, a small post-village of 
 Wilson county, Tennessee, on a turnpike 
 leading from Nashville, 41 miles E. from that 
 city, contains about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Cherry Valley, a post-township in the 
 S. E. central part of Ashtabula county, Ohio. 
 Population, 839. 
 
 Cherry Valley, a small post-village of 
 Winnebago county, Illinois, on the Kishwau* 
 kee river, and on the Chicago and Galena rail- 
 road, about 200 miles N. by E. from Spring- 
 field. It contains a flour mill and about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Cherryville, a small post-village of Hun- 
 terdon county, New Jersey. 
 
 Cherryville, a small post-village of Nor- 
 thampton county, Pennsylvania, about 20 
 miles W. from Easton. 
 
 Cherryville, a village of Sullivan county, 
 Pennsylvania, 119 miles N. N. E. from Har- 
 risburg, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Cherryville, a small village of Haywood 
 county, Tennessee, on the Forked Deer river, 
 175 miles W. by S. from Nashville. 
 
 Cherry Wood, a post-office of Clinton 
 .county, Iowa. 
 
 Chesapeake bay, the largest bay in the 
 United States, enters Virginia between Cape 
 Charles and Cape Henry, lat. about 37° N., Ion. 
 76° W. , and extends into Maryland as far as 39° 
 36' N. lat., 76° 3' W. Ion. The length, follow- 
 ing the curve, is about 200 miles ; the breadth 
 varies from 4 to 40 miles. The distance from 
 Cape Charles to Cape Henry is about 12 miles. 
 Probably no other bay on the globe is marked 
 with so many arms or estuaries as the Chesa- 
 peake. These are of various dimensions, 
 and of the most fantastic forms. While many 
 
 of them serve as outlets or reservoirs to the 
 waters of the different rivers of Maryland and 
 Virginia, others are scarcely fed by any per- 
 manent stream, being nothing more than mere 
 arms or projections from the sea. The depth 
 of the Chesapeake is sufficient for the largest 
 ships to ascend the main bay nearly to the 
 mouth of the Susquehanna. South-west from 
 Cape Henry the rivers, harbors, and sounds 
 are shallow ; but with the Chesapeake com- 
 mence deep bays which continue at no great 
 distance from each other to the N. E. extre- 
 mity of the Atlantic coast of the United 
 States. The region drained by the Chesa- 
 peake bay, and the rivers flowing into it, em- 
 braces an area of about 70,000 square miles. 
 
 Chesapeake, or Chesapeake City, a post- 
 village of Cecil county, Maryland, at the W. 
 terminus of the Chesapeake and Delaware 
 canal, near the entrance of Elk river into 
 the Chesapeake bay, 84 miles N. E. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Chesapeake, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Chesher's Store, a post-office of Ander- 
 son county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cheshire, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of New Hampshire, has an area of 
 about 770 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by Windham county, Vermont, the 
 Connecticut flowing wholly within its bor- 
 der, and is drained by the Ashuelot and its 
 numerous tributaries, and by the head 
 branches of Contoocook and some smaller 
 streams. It contains a number of lakes 
 and ponds. Bellows falls, on the Connecti- 
 cut, in the N. W. part, is one of the most re- 
 markable cataracts in the state. The sur- 
 face is generally uneven, with a few moun- 
 tains, among which may be mentioned the 
 Grand Monadnock and Ashuelot mountains. 
 The soil is generally fertile, especially along 
 the streams. Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 177,301 bushels of corn; 364,501 
 of potatoes; 67,129 tons of hay; 758,181 
 pounds of butter, and 437,681 pounds of 
 cheese. There were 19 woollen and 4 cotton 
 factories, 2 foundries, 3 glass works, 1 forge, 9 
 machine shops, 23 flour mills, 11 grist mills, 
 and 68 saw mills. It contained 65 churches, 
 4 newspaper offices ; 8065 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 560 attending aca- 
 demies and other schools. The Connecticut 
 river, navigable for boats, and the railroad 
 connecting Worcester, Massachusetts, and 
 Montpelier, Vermont, intersect this county 
 and part of that connecting Hartford, Con- 
 necticut, and Keene is included within its 
 limits. Organized in 1771. Capital, Keene. 
 Population, 30,143. 
 
 Cheshire, a post-township of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, about 120 miles W. 
 by N. from Boston ; intersected by the Pitts- 
 field and North Adams railroad. Pop., 1298. 
 
 Cheshire, a post-township of New Haveu 
 227 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 county, Connecticut, on the Canal railroad, 15 
 miles N. from New Hayen. Population, 1626. 
 
 Cheshire, a small post-village of Ontario 
 county, New York, about 200 miles W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Cheshike, a post-townsliip forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Gallia county, Ohio, on the 
 Ohio river. 
 
 Cheshike, a post-village in the above 
 township, near the Ohio river, about 12 miles 
 above Gallipolis. 
 
 Cheshipeville, a post-office of Chenango 
 county, New York. 
 
 Chesnut Hill. See Chestnut Hill. 
 
 Chess Springs, a post-office of, Cambria 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chest, a post-township of Clearfield coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 21 miles S. W. from Clear- 
 field, is drained by Chest creek. Popula- 
 tion, 397. 
 
 Chestatbe, a small river of Georgia, rises 
 in Lumpkin county, and flows southward 
 to the Chattahoochee, a few miles W. from 
 Gainesville. It furnishes extensive water- 
 power. 
 
 Chest Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 W. branch of the Susquehanna in Clearfield 
 county. 
 
 Chester, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on Delaware and 
 Maryland, has an area of 738 square miles. 
 The Schuylkill river forms its boundary on 
 the N. E., the Octorara creek on the W., the 
 branches of Brandywine creek rise within 
 its limits, and it is also drained by French 
 and Elk creeks. The surface is agreeably 
 diversified ; a low ridge, called the Welsh 
 mountain, forms the N. W. boundary ; the 
 eastern part is generally undulating, and 
 the central and north-western parts hilly. 
 The Great Valley extends across the county 
 from the Schuylkill river in a W. S. W. di- 
 rection with an average width of about 2 
 miles. The soil of this valley, and of many 
 other parts, is exceedingly fertile, and in a 
 high state of cultivation. Indian corn, wheat, 
 rye, oats, cattle, swine, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 there were raised 1,339,466 
 bushels of corn; 547,498 of wheat; 1,145,712 
 of oats ; 96,315 tons of hay, and 2,092,019 
 pounds of butter. The quantity of corn was 
 the greatest produced by any county of the 
 state, except Lancaster ; and that of hay 
 greater than of any except Montgomery. 
 There were 165 flour and grist mills, 88 saw 
 mills, 48 lime kilns, 10 iron mines, 1 lead mine, 
 17 m-anufactories of agricultural implements, 
 3 iron foundi'ies, 3 furnaces, 5 forges, 1 nail 
 factory, 18 woollen factories, 8 machine shops, 
 22 paper mills, 10 rolling mills, 9 cotton fac- 
 tories, 8 cotton and woollen factories, and 27 
 tanneries. It contained 150 churches, and 
 5 newspaper offices; 11,366 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 1322 attending acade- 
 mies and other schools. The rocks which 
 underlie the county are of the primary stra- 
 228 
 
 tified class, and perhaps no part of the state 
 ofl'ers so great a variety of rare minerals. 
 Extensive quarries of primitive Umestone 
 and marble are worked in the Great Valley ; 
 mines of copper and lead have been opened 
 near the Schuylkill river ; zinc, chromate of 
 iron, and kaolin are procured for exportation 
 in other parts of the county. It also con- 
 tains zircon, silver, titanium, agate, chalce- 
 dony, sapphire, amethyst, and beryl. Wa- 
 ter-power is abundant in the county, and is 
 employed in manufactories of various kinds. 
 It is intersected by the Philadelphia and Co- 
 lumbia railroad, and several branch railroads 
 terminate in it. Chester county was one of 
 the 3 original counties of Pennsylvania, es- 
 tablished by William Penn in 1682, and was 
 named from the city of Chester in Eng- 
 land. Capital, West Chester. Population, 
 66,438. 
 
 Chester, a district in the N. part of South 
 Carolina, has an area of 570 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Catawba 
 river, on the W. by Broad river, and drained 
 by Fishing, Rocky, and Sandy creeks. The 
 surface is pleasantly diversified by hills of 
 moderate height ; the soil is fertile and well 
 watered. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 this district produced 17,810 bales of 
 cotton ; 573,070 bushels of corn ; 55,864 of 
 wheat; 72,968 of oats, and 36,750 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 12 grist, and 6 saw 
 and planing mills, 3 tanneries, 1 cotton fac- 
 tory, and 2 coach manufactories. It con- 
 tained 19 churches, and 1 newspaper office ; 
 413 pupils attending public schools, and 130 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 district is intersected by the Charlotte and 
 South Carolina railroad, lately constructed. 
 Capital, Chesterville. Population, 18,038, 
 of whom 8151 were free, and 9887, slaves. 
 
 Chester, a township of Penobscot county, 
 Maine, on the W. side of Penobscot river, 
 100 miles N. E. of Augusta. Population, 
 340. 
 
 Chester, a post-township of Rockingham 
 county. New Hampshire, 25 miles S. E. from 
 Concord, intersected by a branch of Exeter 
 river. Population, 1301. 
 
 Chester, a post-township of Windsor coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 80 miles S. of Montpelier. Po- 
 pulation, 2001. 
 
 Chester, a post-township of Hampden 
 CO. Mass. on the Western railroad 100 miles 
 W. by S. from Boston. Population, 1521. 
 
 Chester, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Connecticut, on the W. side of Con- 
 necticut river, about 20 miles N. E. by E. 
 from New Haven. Population, 992. 
 
 Chester, a post-village of Orange county, 
 New York, at the junction of the Newburg 
 branch with the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, 55 miles N. N. W. from New York city. 
 The village is divided into East and West 
 Chester. The railroad station is at East 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 Chester. It contains a bank and several 
 storehouses. Population, about 1700. 
 
 Chester, a township of Warren county, 
 New York, on the Hudson river, about 78 
 miles N. from Albany. Population, 1850. 
 
 Chester, a township of Burlington coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, on the Delaware river, 9 
 miles S. W. from Mount Holly. It is inter- 
 sected by the Camden and Amboy railroad. 
 Population, 3601. 
 
 Chester, a post-township of Morris coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, 12 miles W. from Morris- 
 town. Population, 1834. 
 
 Chester, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the turnpike between Morristown 
 and Easton, 12 miles W. by S. from the for- 
 mer. It contains 2 churches, and about 50 
 dwellings. 
 
 Chester, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Delaware river, 15 miles S. W. from Phila- 
 delphia. Population, including Chester bo- 
 rough, 3219. 
 
 Chester, a flourishing post-borough of 
 Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on the Dela- 
 ware river, and on the Philadelphia and 
 Wilmington railroad, 15 miles S. W. from 
 Philadelphia, and 94 miles E. S. E. from Har- 
 risburg. Has the distinction of being the 
 oldest town in the state, having been settled 
 by the Swedes in 1643. It was originally 
 called Upland. The provincial assembly un- 
 der the government of William Penn was 
 held here in 1682. Chester was the county 
 seat of Chester county from 1682 until Dela- 
 ware county was organized in 1789 ; it was 
 afterwards the capital of the latter county till 
 a few years ago. It contains several churches, 
 a library, and a bank. Three newspapers are 
 published. Population in 1850, 1667. 
 
 Chester, a post-village of Wayne county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river. 
 
 Chester, a village of Gwinnett county, 
 Georgia, 25 miles E. N. E. from Atlanta. 
 
 Chester, a post-o£&ce of Gibson county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Chester, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Clinton county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 1600. 
 
 Chester, a village of Butler county, Ohio, 
 16 miles N. by E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Chester, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Geauga county, Ohio. Population, 1103. 
 
 Chester, a small post-village, and former 
 capital of Meigs county, Ohio, about 100 
 miles S. E. from Columbus. Population, 
 about 200. 
 
 Chester, a township in Morrow county, 
 Ohio, about 14 miles W. N. W. from Mount 
 Vernon. Population, 1620. 
 
 Chester, a post-township in Wayne coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 7 miles E. by N. from Woos- 
 ter. Population, 2235. 
 
 Chester, a post-township in the central 
 ■part of Eaton county, Michigan. Population, 
 539. 
 
 Chester, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Ottawa county, Michigan. Population, 
 216. 
 
 Chester, a township in Wabash county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1541. 
 
 Chester, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Chester, a township in Wells county, In- 
 diana. Population, 510. 
 
 Chester, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Randolph county, Illinois, on the Missis- 
 sippi rivei', about 1 mile below the entrance 
 of the Kaskaskia, and 149 miles S. from 
 Springfield. It has considerable business, 
 as the surplus produce of the county is mostly 
 shipped at this place. A weekly newspaper 
 is published here. Population in 1853, esti- 
 mated at 1500. 
 
 Chester, a post-township in Dodge county, 
 Wisconsin, about 60 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 waukee. Population, 829. 
 
 Chester, a small village of Dodge co., Wis. 
 
 Chester's District, a village or settlement 
 of Burke county, Georgia, 80 miles E. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Chester Court House, South Carolina. 
 See Chesterville. 
 
 Chester Creek, in the S. E. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, flows through Delaware county, 
 and enters the Delaware river near the bo- 
 rough of Chester. 
 
 Chester Cross Roads, a small post-village 
 of Geauga county, Ohio, 169 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. There is a flourishing se- 
 minary here, with about 200 pupils. 
 
 Chester Factory, a small post-village in 
 the N. W. extremity of Hampden county, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Chesterfield, a county in the S. E. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 300 square miles. 
 The Appomattox river forms its whole south- 
 ern boundary, and the James river on the 
 N. E. separates it from Henrico county and 
 Richmond city. The surface is uneven, and 
 the soil inferior, excepting the river bot- 
 toms. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 333,938 bushels of corn; 95,875 of wheat; 
 116,690 of oats, and 218,562 pounds of to- 
 bacco. It contained 5 cotton factories, 6 
 coal mines, and 1 iron foundry. There were 
 34 churches, and 567 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. Coal is procured in considera- 
 ble quantities from the mines of this county. 
 The Richmond and Petersburg railroad 
 passes through it. The county was formed 
 from Henrico in 1748. Capital, Chesterfield 
 Court House. Population, 17,489, of whom 
 8873 were free, and 8616, slaves. 
 
 Chesterfield, a district in the N. E. part 
 of South Carolina, bordering on North Caro- 
 lina, has an area of 868 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by the Great Pedee 
 river, on the S. W. by Lynche's creek, and 
 drained by Black and Cedar creeks. The 
 surface is hilly, the soil generally sandy, and 
 229 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 fertile near the streams. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes are 
 the staples. In 1850 this district produced 
 3194 bales of cotton; 257,651 bushels of 
 corn ; 12,954 of wheat ; 41,258 of oats, and 
 56,434 of sweet potatoes. The industry of 
 the district is almost exclusively agricultural. 
 There were 6 grist and 4 saw and planing 
 mills, and 1 iron foundry. It contained 26 
 churches, and 1 newspaper oiSce; 355 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 36 attending 
 academies or other schools. The district is 
 intersected by a plank-road from Cheraw 
 to Wadesborough, North Carolina. Capital, 
 Chesterfield Court House. Population, 
 10,790, of whom 6896 were free, and 3894, 
 slaves. 
 
 Chesterfield, a post-township of Cheshire 
 county, New Hampshire, 65 miles S. W. of 
 Concord. Population, 1680. 
 
 Chesterfield, a post-township of Hamp- 
 shire county, Massachusetts, 90 miles W. of 
 Boston, watered by a branch of Westfield 
 river. Population, 1014. 
 
 Chesterfield, a post-village in New Lon- 
 don county, Connecticut, about 6 miles N. 
 N. W. from New London. 
 
 Chesterfield, a township of Essex coun- 
 ty, New York, on Lake Champlain, 16 miles 
 S. from Plattsburg, is drained by Au Sable 
 river. Population, 4171. 
 
 Chesterfield, a township of Burlington 
 county. New Jersey, on the Delaware river, 
 intersected by the Camden and Amboy rail- 
 road. Population, 4514. 
 
 Chesterfield, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Chesterfield district, South Carolina, 
 on Thompson's creek, an afiluent of Great 
 Pedee river, 105 miles N. E. from Columbia. 
 
 Chesterfield, a small village of Morgan 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Chesterfield, a small post-village of 
 Madison parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Macon. 
 
 Chesterfield, a post-township in Fulton 
 county, Ohio, about 35 miles AV. by N. from 
 Toledo. Population, 539. 
 
 Chesterfield, a township in the E. part 
 of Macomb county, Michigan. Population, 
 1002. 
 
 CH.ESTERFIELD, a village of Greene county, 
 Indiana, on the West fork of White river, 80 
 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Chesterfield, (formerly West Union,) a 
 small village of Madison county Indiana, on 
 White river, 40 miles N. E. from Indianapo- 
 lis, with which it is connected by railroad. 
 It contains a steam mill. 
 
 Chesterfield, a flourishing post-village 
 of Macoupin county, Illinois, 50 miles S. W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Chesterfield, a village of St. Louis coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 25 miles W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Chesterfield Court House, a post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Chesterfield county, Vir- 
 ginia, about 12 mUes S. S. W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 230 
 
 Chesterfield Factory, a post-office of 
 Cheshire county, New Hampshire. 
 
 Chesterhill, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Chester River, of Delaware and Maryland, 
 rises in Kent county of the former state, 
 flows westward to Chestertown of Maryland. 
 Here it turns towards the S. W. and assumes 
 the form of a bay, which communicates with 
 Chesapeake bay between Kent and Queen 
 Anne counties. Small vessels ascend to 
 Chestertown, a distance of about 80 miles. 
 
 Chester Springs, sometimes called Yel- 
 low Springs, a post-village and watering- 
 place of Pikeland township, Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania, 72 miles E. S. E. from Harris- 
 burg. It is a pleasant summer resort, sur- 
 rounded with delightful scenery. 
 
 Chestertown, a post-village of Warren 
 county. New York, 80 miles N. from Albany, 
 has 3 churches, and several stores. 
 
 Chestertown, a seaport, capital of Kent 
 county, Maryland, on the right or W. bank 
 of Chester river, about 30 miles from its 
 entrance into Chesapeake bay, 54 miles N. 
 E. from Annapolis. It is the seat of Wash- 
 ington College, founded in 1783, and con- 
 tains 1 bank and several churches. Small 
 vessels ascend the river to this point. 
 
 Chester Village, a post-office of Hamp- 
 den county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Chesterville, a post-township of Frank- 
 lin county, Maine, 25 miles N. W. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1142. 
 
 Chesterville, a post-office of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chesterville, a small village of Potter 
 county, Pennsylvania, near the source of 
 Genesee river, about 180 miles N. W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Chesterville, a post-office of Kent coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 Chesteryille, a post-village, capital of 
 Chester district. South Carolina, on the 
 Charlotte and South Carolina railroad, 64 
 miles N. by W. from Columbia. It is situ- 
 ated in a fertile farming district, and has an 
 active business, and 1 bank. A railroad will 
 soon be completed from this place to Yorkville. 
 
 Chesterville, a post-office of Gibson 
 county, Tennessee, 148 miles W. of Nash- 
 ville city. 
 
 Chesterville, a post-village in Morrow 
 county, Ohio, about 40 miles N. N. E. from 
 Columbus. Population, about 500. 
 
 Chestnut Bluffs, a small post-village of 
 Dyer county, Tennessee, 153 miles W. by S. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Chestnut Creek, a post-office of Autauga 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Chestnut Flat, a post-village of Walker 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Chestnut Grove, a post-office of Lycoming 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chestnut Grove, a thriving post-village 
 of Pittsylvania county, Virginia, near Sandy 
 
CHE 
 
 CHI 
 
 creek, 173 miles W. S. W. from Richmond, 
 contains 3 stores, several tobacco factoi'ies, 
 and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Chestnut Grove, a post-ofSce of Chester 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Chestnut Geove, a post-office of DaYidson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Chestnut Grove, a post-office of Shelby 
 county, Kentucky, 23 miles from Frankfort. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, a post-township of Mon- 
 roe county, Pennsylvania, 24 miles N. W. 
 from Easton. Population, 1029. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, a post-village of Philadel- 
 phia county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. N. 
 W. from Philadelphia. It is finely situated 
 on the top of a hill ; contains a Presbyte- 
 rian and a Methodist church, with a number 
 of elegant country seats. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, a post-office of Calvert 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, a post-village of Hall 
 county, Georgia, about 95 miles N. N. W. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, a post-office of Perry 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Indiana. 
 
 Chestnut Level, a post-office of Lancas- 
 ter county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chestnut PiIdge, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county. New York. 
 
 Chestnut Eidge, of Pennsylvania, a ridge 
 extending south-westerly through Westmore- 
 land and Fayette counties into Virginia. See 
 Laurel Ridge. 
 
 Chestnut Ridge, a post-office of Union 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chestnut Ridge, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Chesuncook Lake, in Piscataquis county, 
 Maine, is about 25 miles long, and from 2 to 
 4 miles wide. It may properly be regarded 
 as an expansion of the Penobscot river, 
 which is commonly said to flow through it. 
 
 Chetache Creek, of Alabama, enters the 
 Alabama river from the N. AV., about 28 miles 
 below Cahawba. 
 
 Chetimaches Lake, also called Grand 
 Lake, situated in the S. part of Louisiana, 
 between Atchafalaya bayou and the river 
 Teche, is formed by the overflowings of the 
 former. It is about 40 miles long, and 10 
 miles wide, but too shallow for navigation. 
 Its waters are discharged through the above 
 named bayou into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Cheviot, a small post-village of Hamilton 
 county, Ohio, about 5 miles N. W. from Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 Chew's Landing, a post-village of Camden 
 county. New Jersey, on the North branch 
 of Big Timber creek, 9 miles S. by E. from 
 Camden. It contains 2 churches, and from 
 40 to 50 dwellings. 
 
 Chewsville, a post-village of Washington 
 county, Maryland, 105 miles N. W. of Anna- 
 polis. 
 
 Chicago river, a small stream flowing into 
 Lake Michigan at Chicago. See Chicago. 
 
 Chicago, a post-office of Henry county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Chicago, she-kau''go, the most populous 
 and commercial city of Illinois, and seat of 
 justice of Cook county, is situated on the 
 south-western shore of Lake Michigan, and 
 on both sides of Chicago river, 278 miles W. 
 by S. from Detroit, 180 miles E. by S. from 
 Galena, and 410 miles by water from St. 
 Louis. Lat. 41° 52' 20" N., Ion. 87° 35' W. 
 This city, which appears destined to become 
 the chief commercial emporium of the North- 
 west, in consequence of its commanding situ- 
 ation, was settled about the year 1831, pre- 
 vious to which it was a mere trading post 
 amidst the wigwams of the Indian. It was 
 incorporated in 1836; in 1840 it contained 
 4853 inhabitants; in 1850, 29,963, and in 
 1853, not less than 60,000; from which it 
 may be perceived that the population has 
 doubled itself about every four years. 
 
 The ground on which the city stands is an 
 extremely level plain, sufficiently elevated to 
 prevent inundation, and extending many 
 miles towards the south and west. The ad- 
 jacent country consists of beautiful and fer- 
 tile prairies, interspersed with groves, and 
 diversified by gentle slopes. Chicago river, 
 and its North and South branches, which 
 unite about three-quarters of a mile from 
 the lake, separate the city into three por- 
 tions. The main stream, flowing directly 
 eastward, is from 50 to 75 yards wide, and 
 from 15 to 20 feet deep, and forms one of the 
 best natural harbors on the lake. Substan- 
 tial piers have been extended into the lake, 
 and a lighthouse erected on one of them. 
 Vessels ascend Chicago river and one of its 
 branches nearly 5 miles. 
 
 The city is laid out in rectangular blocks, 
 with streets extending nearly north and 
 south, and east and west. The shore of the 
 lake and the northern parts of the city are 
 occupied with the finest residences, but the 
 principal business is transacted on the south 
 side of the river, the banks of the South 
 branch being lined with docks and large 
 warehouses. Many of the streets are paved 
 with planks and lighted with gas. Michigan 
 avenue, which is, perhaps, the most beautiful 
 street in the city, extends along the shore 
 of the lake, and is bordered with shade- 
 trees. Next to, and parallel with this, is 
 Wabash avenue, adorned with double rows 
 of trees. 
 
 The niost remarkable public buildings are 
 the new court house, the Merchants' Ex- 
 change, the Marine Hospital, the Medical 
 College, and the Second Presbyterian church. 
 The court house is a splendid edifice of Lock- 
 port limestone, having a prison on the first 
 floor, the county offices on the second, and a 
 court room and town hall on the third, with 
 a cupola and roof of galvanized iron. The 
 
 231 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 Marine Hospital is a spacious and liandsome 
 building, of Milwauliee brick. The Second 
 Presbyterian church, at the corner of Wa- 
 bash and Washington streets, in the Gothic 
 style, with a steeple about 200 feet high, is 
 perhaps the most beautiful edifice of its class 
 "west of New York. It is built of a kind of 
 pitchy stone, in which black and white are 
 mingled, and presents a singular and striking 
 appearance. Chicago contains 7 banks and 
 about 20 printing ofBces, from which nume- 
 rous daily and weekly journals are issued. 
 The public schools are well organized, and 
 are accommodated with excellent buildings. 
 
 By a glance at the map of the United 
 States, the great commercial advantages of 
 Chicago will at once be perceived. It com- 
 municates by means of the chain of lakes 
 with the Atlantic cities ; the Illinois and Mi- 
 chigan canal, 100 miles long, affords an easy 
 access to the Mississippi valley, and to the coal 
 mines of Central Illinois ; while the Galena 
 and Chicago railroad penetrates to the mine- 
 ral region of Wisconsin and Iowa. The Mi- 
 chigan Central and Michigan Southern rail- 
 roads were completed to this place in 1852, 
 opening a direct steam communication with 
 New York city. Numerous other lines cen- 
 tering in this city are in process of construc- 
 tion, namely, the Illinois Central, which will 
 extend to the mouth of the Ohio, and connect 
 with the Mobile railroad ; the Illinois and 
 Wisconsin, the Chicago and Rock Island, 
 the Chicago and Milwaukee railroad, &c. 
 
 Chicago communicates with Buffalo and 
 intermediate ports by a daily line of steam- 
 boats, which, in respect to size, speed, and 
 comfortable accommodations are scarcely in- 
 ferior to any in the world. The number of 
 arrivals of steamers and sail vessels in 1851, 
 was 2279. The shipping, on June 30th, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 25,209 
 tons, enrolled and licensed. The aggregate 
 value of exports and imports in 1852, was 
 estimated by the Governor of Illinois, in his 
 late message, at $20,000,000. The same do- 
 cument states that there are 211 houses en- 
 gaged in wholesale business, many of which 
 import directly from Europe, and 26 forward- 
 ing and commission merchants, doing a heavy 
 business. The quantities of leading articles 
 received at this place in 1852, are reported as 
 follows: — 2,757,011 bushels of Indian corn; 
 937,496 of wheat; 124,316 barrels of flour; 
 24,363 head of cattle, (or about 13 million 
 pounds of beef;) 59,156 hogs, (or about 6 
 million pounds of pork ;) 147,816,232 feet of 
 boards, and 77 million thousands of shingles. 
 The lumber market of Chicago is the most 
 extensive in the Westei-n States, employing a 
 capital of about two million dollars. This 
 market is also celebrated for the quality as 
 well as the quantity of its beef. 
 
 Nearly two million dollars are invested in 
 manufactures, the most important produc- 
 tions of which are steam-engines, railway 
 232 
 
 cars, reaping and threshing machines, with 
 other agricultural implements, horse-powers 
 and other machinery, stoves, gas . pipes, 
 leather, lumber, flour, and lard oil. There 
 were in 1851, 10 iron foundries with machine 
 shops, which together produced annually 
 $241,900; 9 manufactories of agricultural 
 implements, which produced $390,250 ; 5 
 tanneries, which produced $240,000; 10 
 manufactories of cabinet ware, 2 or 8 of 
 railway cars, 25 of carriages and wagons, 
 4 flouring mills with an aggregate capital 
 of $155,000, and 3 planing mills. 
 
 The city is supplied with water from the 
 lake, raised by steam power to a brick re- 
 servoir, 80 feet in height, situated at the foot 
 of Chicago avenue. The estimated cost of 
 these works is $400,000. The Chicago and 
 Galena Railroad Company have erected a 
 fine dejjot for passengers, and another for 
 freight, which is about 300 feet in length. 
 
 Among the hotels of Chicago may be men- 
 tioned the Tremont House, which is one of 
 the largest as well as one of the very best es- 
 tablishments of the kind in the United States. 
 
 Chichester, a post-township of Merrimack 
 county, New Hampshire, 5 miles N. E. of Con- 
 cord. Population, 997. 
 
 Chickahomint river, in the S. E. part of 
 Virginia, rises in Hanover county and falls 
 into York river about 8 miles above James- 
 town. It divides Henrico and Charles City 
 counties on the right from Hanover, New 
 Kent, and James City counties on the left. 
 It furnishes extensive water-power. 
 
 Chickahomint, a post-oflSce of Hanover 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Chickalah, a post-office of Yell county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Chickamauga creek, of Georgia and Ten- 
 nessee, rises in Walker county of the former 
 state, and flowing north-easterly enters the 
 Tennessee near Chattanooga. 
 
 Chickamoga, a post-ofi&ce of Hamilton 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Chickasaw, a small river of Baker county, 
 Georgia, flows into the Ichawaynochaway 
 from the north. 
 
 Chickasaw creek, of Marengo county, 
 Alabama, flows into Tombigbee river from 
 the E., 28 miles below Demopolis. 
 
 Chickasaw creek, of Mobile county, Ala- 
 bama, flows into Mobile river 6 miles from 
 its mouth. 
 
 Chickasaw, a county towards the N. E. 
 part of Mississippi, has an area of about 
 990 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Oktibbeha, Loosasc'oona, and the Yallobusha 
 rivers, the last of which rises within it. The 
 surface is nearly level ; the soil productive. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 9644 bales of cot- 
 ton; 771,452 bushels of corn, and 111,815 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 20 churches 
 and 3 newspaper offices. There were 592 
 pupils attending public schools. The rivers 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 above named are navigable by keel-boats. 
 The soil of this county was ceded to the state 
 by the Chickasaw Indians, and the county 
 was formed in 1836. Since that event the 
 population has increased rapidly. Capital, 
 Houston. Population, 18,369, of whom 9889 
 were free, and 6480, slaves. 
 
 Chickasaw, a new county in the N. E. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Wapsipinicon, and by 
 the middle fork of Turkey river. The sur- 
 face is divided between prairie and forests, 
 and slopes towards the S. E. This county is 
 not included in the census of 1850. County 
 seat not located. 
 
 Chickasaw, a thriving post-village of 
 Franklin county, Alabama, on the Tennessee 
 river, at the mouth of Bear creek, 140 miles 
 N. by W. from Tuscaloosa. The Memphis 
 and Charleston railroad passes through it. 
 . Chickasaw, a post-office of Mercer county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Chickasawha river, of Mississippi, rises 
 in the E. part of the state, and flowing south- 
 ward, unites with Leaf river, in Greene coun- 
 ty, to form the Pascagoula. 
 
 Chickasawhatchee, a post-office of Lee 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Chickasaw Indians, a tribe formerly in- 
 habiting the northern portions of Mississippi 
 and Alabama. 
 
 Chico, a post-office of Butte county, Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Chickopee river, in the W. central part of 
 Massachusetts, is formed by the junction of 
 the West branch and Swift river, (which is 
 formed by the East and Middle branches,) 
 in Hampshire county, and falls into the Mer- 
 rimack in Hampden county. The railroad 
 from Springfield to Worcester passes near 
 this river for a short distance. 
 
 Chickopee, a post-township in Hampden 
 county, Massachusetts, about 45 miles W. S. 
 W. from Worcester. Population, 8291. 
 
 Chickopee, a post-office of Holmes county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Chickopee Falls, a flourishing post- village 
 of Hampden county, Massachusetts, 85 miles 
 W. S. W. from Boston. It contains a number 
 of manufactories and 8 or 4 churches. 
 
 Chick's Speings, a post-village of Green- 
 ville district, South Carolina, 10 miles N. 
 from Greenville, and 120 miles N. W. from 
 Columbia. Here is a chalybeate spring 
 which has lately become a place of resort, 
 and buildings have been erected for the re- 
 ception of visitors. 
 
 Chicktawaga, a township of Erie county, 
 New York, 6 miles E. from Buffalo, is inter- 
 sected by the Buffalo and Attica railroad. 
 Population, 3042. 
 
 Chicot, she^ko', a county forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Arkansas, and bordering on Loui- 
 siana, contains 820 square miles. The Missis- 
 sippi forms its entire E. boundary ; it is also 
 drained by Bayou Boeuf. The surface is level 
 
 and partly subject to inundation ; the soil in 
 some parts is very fertile, and is occupied by 
 plantations of cotton and maize. In 1850 
 this county produced 12,192 bales of cotton, 
 the greatest quantity raised in any one 
 county of the state; 222,595 bushels of 
 corn; 12,868 of peas and beans; 26,245 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 39,710 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 2 churches, and 75 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Columbia. 
 Population, 5105, of whom 1181 were free, 
 and 3984, slaves. 
 
 Chienne (she-enn') Indians, a tribe found 
 chiefly in the E. part of Missouri territory. 
 
 Childress's Store, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomery county, Virginia. 
 
 Childsburg, a village of Fayette county, 
 Kentucky, 32 miles E. of Frankfort. 
 
 Childsville, a post-office of Yancey coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Chilhowee, a mountain ridge of Blount 
 county, Tennessee, about 30 miles S. from 
 Knoxville. 
 
 Chilhowee, a post-office of Blount county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Chili, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Monroe county. New York, on the Genesee 
 river. Population, 2247. 
 
 Chili, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the railroad between Rochester and 
 Buffalo, 10 miles S. W. from the former. 
 
 Chili, a small post-village of Coshocton 
 county, Ohio, 92 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Chili, a small village of Miami county, 
 Indiana, on Eel river, about 9 miles N. by 
 E. from Peru. 
 
 Chili, a post-village of Hancock county, 
 Illinois, is situated in a fertile prairie about 
 100 miles W. N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Chili, a township in the S. E. part of Fond 
 du Lac county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Chilicothe, a beautiful city, capital of 
 Ross county, Ohio, on the right bank of the 
 Scioto river, and on the Ohio and Erie canal, 
 45 miles S. from Columbus, and 45 miles N. 
 from the Ohio river at Portsmouth. The si- 
 tuation is remarkably beautiful. The river 
 winds gracefully through a level plain of con- 
 siderable extent, enclosed on either hand by 
 verdant and cultivated hills, which attain an 
 altitude of about 500 feet. These eminences 
 form the background of a landscape which 
 can scarcely be surpassed in the Western 
 States, and which appears to great advantage 
 through the medium of a bright and trans- 
 parent atmosphere. Paint creek flows along 
 the southern side of the town, and enters 
 the river about 3 miles below. The plan of 
 the town is regular ; the streets are wide, 
 lighted with gas, and adorned with many 
 handsome buildings, among which are 14 
 churches, 2 academies, and 3 banks. Five 
 newspapers are published in the town. 
 Chilicothe is the centre of trade in the fer- 
 tile and populous valley of the Scioto, one of 
 the finest farming regions in the United 
 
 233 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 States-, and is steadily advancing in popula- 
 tion and importance. A railroad has been 
 commenced which will connect it with Mari- 
 etta on one hand, and with Cincinnati on the 
 other. The hydraulic works of this place 
 cost $75,000 ; they afford extensive water- 
 power. When the railroad shall have opened 
 a ready access to the coal and iron mines of 
 Southern Ohio, Chilicothe will offer great in- 
 ducements to capitalists as a manufacturing 
 town. It was founded in 1796 by emigrants 
 from Virginia and Kentucky, and in 1800 it 
 became the seat of the state government. 
 The convention which formed the constitu- 
 tion of Ohio met here in Novembei', 1802, and 
 the sessions of the state legislature were 
 held in Chilicothe until 1810, when the seat 
 of government was removed to Zanesville. 
 The old stone state-house, built in 1801, is 
 now used as a court house for the county. 
 Population, 7100. 
 
 Chilicothe, a flourishing post-village of 
 Peoria county, Illinois, on the right bank of 
 the Illinois river, at the head of Peoria lake, 
 20 miles above Peoria city. It contains a 
 number of stores, and has a steamboat land- 
 ing. The value of the grain, &c. shipped at 
 this place in 1852, was estimated at $220,000. 
 Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Chilicothe, a post-village, capital of Li- 
 vingston county, Missouri, 3 or 4 miles N. E. 
 from Grand river, and 159 miles N. W. from 
 Jefferson City. It has a court house, and 
 several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Chilicothe, a village of Wapello county, 
 Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 72 miles S. 
 W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Chillisquaqub creek, of Pennsylvania, 
 enters the Susquehanna a few miles above 
 Sunbury. 
 
 Chillisquaque, a post-township of North- 
 umberland county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 left bank of the Susquehanna, 7 or 8 miles 
 N. from Sunbury. Population, 1344. 
 
 Chilliteoaux, a post-ofHce of Dunklin 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Chilmark, a post-township in Dukes coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 93 miles S. E. by S. from 
 Boston. 
 
 Child, a small post-village of Clermont 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 40 miles 
 above Cincinnati, has over 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Chilton Centus, a small village, capital 
 of Calumet county, Wisconsin, about 90 miles 
 N. N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Chilton's Mills, a small post-village of 
 Walker county, Alabama. 
 
 Chilts, or CiiiKAiLis, chik-ki'lis, an In- 
 dian tribe N. of the mouth of Columbia 
 river. 
 
 Chiltonville, a post-ofiBce of Plymouth 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Chimney Point, a post-village in Shore- 
 ham township, Addison county, Vermont, on 
 the shore of Lake Champlain, 50 miles 8. W. 
 from Montpelier. 
 234 
 
 Chimney Rock, a post-office of Rutherford 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 China, a beautiful post-village of Kenne- 
 bec county, Maine, on the S. side of a small 
 lake, 20 miles N. E. from Augusta ; contains 
 a bank. Population, 2765. 
 
 China, a post-township of Wyomingco.N.Y., 
 about 35 miles S. E. from Buffalo. Pop., 1961. 
 
 China, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of St. Clair county, Michigan, on the W. side 
 of St. Clair river. Population, 1037. 
 
 China, a village of Jefferson county, In- 
 diana, 8 miles N. E. from Madison. 
 
 China, a post-township in Lee county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 688. 
 
 China Gkove, a post-office of Rowan coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 China Grove, a post-office of Williams- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 China Grove, a post-office of Pike coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 China Grove, a post-office of Pike county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 China Grove, a post-office of Gonzales 
 county, Texas. 
 
 China Hill, a post-office of Gadsden coun- 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 CniNCOTEAGtrE, a post-office of Accomack 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Chincoteague Lighthouse, on the S. E. 
 point of Assateague Island, in the Atlantic, 
 between Cape Henlopen and Cape Henry. It 
 shows a fixed light 50 feet above the level 
 of the sea. Lat. 37° 55' N., Ion. 75° 21' W. 
 
 Chinkapin, a post-office of Duplin county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 CHiNNiBEE,apost-office of Talladega CO., Ala. 
 
 Chipola River rises in Henry co., Ala., en- 
 ters Florida,and unites with the Appalachicola 
 in Franklin co., after a S. course of 160 miles. 
 
 Chipman's Point, a post-office of Addison 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Chippewa river, of Ohio, rises in a small 
 lake of the same name in Medina county, 
 and joins the Tuscarawas river about 12 
 miles N. N. W. from Massillon. "" 
 
 Chippewa river, a small stream of Michi- 
 gan, enters Pine river in Midland county. 
 
 Chippewa river, of Wisconsin, (the Ojib- 
 way, or Ojibbeway, of the Indians,) rises 
 near the N. boundary of the state, and flow- 
 ing nearly south-westward through Chippe- 
 wa county, enters the Mississippi at the foot 
 of Lake Pepin, 85 miles below St. Paul, Min- 
 nesota. Its whole length probably exceeds 
 200 miles ; and it is about 500 yards wide 
 at its mouth. Its banks are bordered by 
 large forests of pine. 
 
 Chippewa, a county of Michigan, forms 
 the eastern extremity of the upper peninsula, 
 bordering on Lakes Superior and Huron, and 
 separated from Canada West by the river St. 
 Mary. It is drained by the Tequamenon 
 and Monistic rivers. The surface is un- 
 even, and partly covered with pine forests. 
 The underlying rocks are limestone and 
 
CHI 
 
 CHO 
 
 Potsdam sandstone. The census of 1850 
 furnishes no statistics respecting this coun- 
 ty, except the population, which was 898. 
 Capital, Saute St. Marie. 
 
 CnirrEWA, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Wisconsin, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 contains about 4300 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed by the Chippewa river, and many 
 large affluents. The surface is uneven, and 
 mostly occupied by forests of pine and other 
 trees. In 1850 the county produced 9522 bush- 
 els of wheat; 9655 of corn; 16,644 of oats, 
 and 1-302 tons of hay. The principal rock is 
 sandstone. The county was formed in 1845. 
 Capital, Chippewa Falls. Population, 614. 
 
 Chippewa, a small village of Beaver coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chippeava, a township of Beaver county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. side of Beaver 
 river, 32 miles N. AV. from Pittsburg. Po- 
 pulation, 908. 
 
 Chippewa, a post-office of Newcastle 
 county, Delaware. 
 
 Chippewa, a village of Pontotoc county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Chippewa, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Wayne county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 2637. 
 
 Chippewa, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Chippewa river, 100 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Chippewa, a village of Fulton county, In- 
 diana, on the Tippecanoe river, 30 miles N. 
 by E. from Logansport. 
 
 Chippewa, a village of Madison county, 
 Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 60 miles W. 
 by S. from Vandalia. 
 
 Chippewa City, a post-office of Chippewa 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Chippewa Falls, a post-village, capital of 
 Chippewa county, Wisconsin, on Chippewa 
 river, about 185 miles N. W. from Madison. 
 It has extensive water-power with mills. Po- 
 jDulation in 1853, about 250. 
 
 Chippeway or Chippewa Indians, written 
 also Ojibbeway, a numerous tribe, formerly 
 inhabiting Wisconsin. 
 
 Chippewayan Mountains. See Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 Chipwanic Creek, of Fulton county, Indi- 
 ana, flows into Tippecanoe river. 
 
 Chisago, a county in the E. part of Minne- 
 sota, bordering on Wisconsin, contains an area 
 of about 2000 square miles. The St. Croix 
 forms part of its eastern boundary ; it is also 
 drained by Kettle and Snake rivers. The 
 surface is uneven, and partly covered with 
 forests of pine. Lumber is the principal 
 production. The census of 1850 furnishes 
 no information respecting this county. 
 
 Chittenango, a post-village of Sullivan 
 township, Madison county, New York, on Chit- 
 tenango creek, and on the Utica and Syracuse 
 railroad, 14 miles E. from Syracuse. A side 
 cut, 1 mile long, connects it with the Erie 
 canal. It contains 3 or 4 churches, a bank, 
 
 and has manufactories of water-lime. Popu- 
 lation estimated at 1200. 
 
 Chittenango Creek, of New York, rises 
 in Madison county, flows in a N. N. W. 
 course, and enters Oneida lake on the bound- 
 ary between Madison and Onondaga counties. 
 
 Chittenango Falls, a post-office of Madi- 
 son county, New York. 
 
 Chittenden, a county in the N. W. part 
 of Vermont, has an area of about 517 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. bj' Lake 
 Champlain, and is drained principally by 
 the Lamoille and Onion rivers, which affiord 
 valuable water-power. The surface near the 
 lake is level, but in the E. part it is rough 
 and mountainous. The soil is generally fer- 
 tile, producing most of the grasses, grains, 
 &c. common to this climate. In 1850 this 
 county yielded 198,598 bushels of corn; 
 383,113 of potatoes; 57,407 tons of hay; 
 1,66.3,456 pounds of cheese; and 838,481 
 of butter. There were 10 woollen factories, 
 1 cotton factory, 4 foundries, 2 paper mills, 
 34 saw mills, and 13 tanneries. It contained 
 39 churches, 5 newspaper offices; 7267 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 631 attending 
 academies or other schools. Lake Champlain, 
 forming the western boundary of this coun- 
 ty, is navigable throughout its whole extent. 
 The Vermont Central railroad traverses the 
 county, and that connecting the above line 
 with the Rutland and Burlington railroad 
 partly intersects it. Population, 29,036. 
 
 Chittenden, a post-township of Rutland 
 countj^ Vermont, 40 miles S. by E. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 675. 
 
 Chitto Bayou, a small stream of Missis- 
 sippi and Louisiana, rises in the former 
 state, and flowing south-eastward into Lou- 
 isiana, enters Pearl river at the S. E. extre- 
 mity of Washington parish. 
 
 Chocchuma, a village in the S. E. extre- 
 mity of Tallahatchie county, Mississippi, near 
 Yallabusha river. 
 
 Chocolochee, or Chocolocoo Creek, of 
 Alabama, rises in Benton county, and enters 
 the Coosa river about 10 miles N. W. from 
 Talladega. 
 
 Choconut, a post- township of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania, bordering on New 
 York, 12 miles N. W. from Montrose. 
 
 Chocoville, a post-office of Sebastian 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Choctaw, a county in the W. part of Ala- 
 bama, bordering on Mississippi, has an area 
 of about 800 square miles. The Tombigbee 
 forms its eastern boundary. The surface is 
 hilly or undulating, and partly covered with 
 pine woods ; the soil in some parts is fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 4433 bales of cotton; 269,560 bushels of corn, 
 and 104,911 of sweet potatoes. It contained 
 12 churches and 1 newspaper establishment. 
 The Tombigbee river is navigable by steam- 
 boats along the border of the county 
 
 235 
 
CHO 
 
 CHR 
 
 Formed recently out of parts of Sumter 
 and Washington counties, and named from 
 the Choctaw tribe of Indians. Capital, But- 
 ler. Population, 8369, of whom 4620 were 
 free, and 3769, slaves. 
 
 Choctaw, a county in the the N. central 
 part of Mississippi, contains about 990 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Big Black 
 river. The surface is undulating, and part- 
 ly covered by forests of oak, hickory, and 
 other timber. The soil is fertile, producing 
 cotton and Indian corn. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty yielded 4458 bales of cotton; 404,244 
 bushels of corn, and 23,259 pounds of rice. 
 It contained 28 churches, and 406 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Greens- 
 borough. Population, 11,202, of whom 8424 
 were free, and 2778, slaves. 
 
 Choctaw Agency, a post-office of Oktib- 
 beha county, Mississippi. 
 
 Choctaw Agency, a post-office of Choctaw 
 Nation, Arkansas. 
 
 Choctaw Bayotj, of Grayson county, 
 Texas, enters the Eed river at the N. E. cor- 
 ner of the county. 
 
 Choctaw Corner, a post-office of Clarke 
 county, Alabama, 
 
 Choctawhatchee River, of Alabama and 
 Florida, rises in Barbour county of the for- 
 mer state, and flows south-westward to the 
 boundary ; thence southward through Flo- 
 rida, and falls into the E. end of Choctaw- 
 hatchee bay. 
 
 Choctaw Indians, a tribe formerly inha- 
 biting the middle portions of Mississippi, on 
 both sides of the Yazoo river. Theyhavemade 
 considerable progress towards civilization. 
 
 Choestoe, a post-office of Union county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Choppeen, a post-office of Wells county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Choptank river, of Delaware and Mary- 
 land, rises in Kent county of the former 
 state, and flows south-westward into ]\Iary- 
 land. Near the southern extremity of Talbot 
 county, it spreads out into an estuary seve- 
 ral miles wide, and nearly 20 miles long, com- 
 municating with the Chesapeake. The whole 
 length is nearly 100 miles. It is navigable 
 for sloops to the mouth of Tuckahoe river, 
 about 50 miles. 
 
 CHOtTTEAu's Store, a little village of Bates 
 county, Missouri, on Marmiton creek. 
 
 Chowan river, of North Carolina, is formed 
 by the Meherrin and Nottaway rivers, which 
 unite a few miles above Winton, in Herthford 
 county. The river flows first south-east- 
 ward and then southward, and enters Albe- 
 marle sound at its W. end. It is navigable for 
 sloops through its whole extent, about 50 
 miles. 
 
 Chowan, a county in the N. E. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on the W. part 
 of Albemarle sound, has an area of about 
 240 square miles. The Chowan river (na- 
 vigable by steamboats) forms the entire W. 
 236 
 
 boundary. The surface is nearly level or 
 undulating ; and the soil generally produc- 
 tive. Indian corn, sweet potatoes and cotton 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 295,227 bushels of corn, 88,135 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 129 bales of cotton. It contained 
 5 saw mills, 1 ship-yard, 4 stave manufac- 
 tories, 9 churches and 1 newspaper office. 
 Chowan county was one of the original pre- 
 cincts of the lords proprietors under King 
 Charles II. The name was derived from 
 the Chowanokes, a tribe of Indians who 
 owned the soil. Capital, Edenton. Popula- 
 tion, 6721, of whom 8048 were free, and 8673, 
 slaves. 
 
 Christian, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, contains 
 704 square miles. It is drained by the 
 sources of little river and of Tradewater 
 creek. The southern part of the county is 
 level and extremely fertile ; the northern 
 part is occupied by hills which produce fine 
 timber and contain rich mines of coal and 
 iron ore. The chief productions are tobac- 
 co, corn, wheat, oats, and grass. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,235,290 bushels of 
 corn; 45,678 of wheat; 329,152 of oats; 
 6,312,076 pounds of tobacco; 37,892 of 
 wool, and 24,661 of flax. The quantity of 
 tobacco was the greatest produced by any one 
 county in the state. There were 42 churches 
 and 2 newspaper offices ; 650 pupils attending 
 public schools and 779 attending academies 
 and other schools. The rock which underlies 
 the county is a cavernous limestone. Several 
 cases here occur of streams which enter sub- 
 terranean channels, and after flowing a few 
 miles emerge again to the surface. The 
 county was formed in 1796, and named in 
 honor of Colonel William Christian, an officer 
 in the war of the Revolution. Capital, Hop- 
 kinsville. Population, 19,580, of whom 
 11,440 were free, and 8140, slaves. 
 
 Christian, a county in the S. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 675 square miles. 
 The Sangamon river forms the northern 
 boundary, and the South fork of that river 
 flows through the middle of the county. 
 The surface is generally level, or slightly 
 undulating ; the soil is fertile. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, grass, and fruits flourish. 
 The county contains extensive prairies and 
 tracts of good timber. In 1850 it produced 
 594,475 bushels of corn; 17,295 of wheat; 
 50,700 of oats; 1008 tons of hay, and 64,930 
 pounds of butter. It contained 10 churches. 
 There were 592 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county is intersected by the 
 Central railroad, not yet finished. Capital, 
 Taylorsville. Population, 3203. 
 
 Christian, a township in Independence 
 county, Arkansas. Population, 582. 
 
 Christiana creek, of New Castle county, 
 Delaware, is formed about 6 miles W. from 
 Wilmington, by the junction of the Christi- 
 ana branch with the Red Clay and White 
 
CHR 
 
 CHU 
 
 Clay creeks. Flowing eastward it unites 
 with the Brandywine at Wilmington, and 
 enters Delaware bay 2 miles below. Vessels 
 requiring 14 feet of water ascend to the city 
 just named. This creek furnishes abundant 
 water-power. 
 
 Christiana river, of Michigan and Indi- 
 ana, rises in Cass county of the former state, 
 and flows into the St. Joseph's river, at Elk- 
 hart, in Indiana. 
 
 Christiana, a thriving post-village of Lan- 
 caster county, Pennsylvania, on the Phila- 
 delphia and Columbia railroad, about 20 
 miles E. by S. from Lancaster, has an active 
 trade, and contains an iron foundry and ma- 
 chine shop. 
 
 Christiana hundred, of New Castle coun- 
 ty, Delaware. Population, 4831. 
 
 Christiana, or Christiajia Bridge, a post- 
 village in New Castle county, Delaware, on 
 Christiana creek, about 10 miles S. W. from 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Christiana, a post-township in Dane coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, about 18 miles S. E. from Ma- 
 dison. Population, 1054. 
 
 Christiana, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Koskonong creek, about 20 
 miles S. E. from Madison. It has 2 stores, 
 2 mills, and 30 dwellings. 
 
 Christiansburg, a post-village, capital 
 of Montgomery county, Virginia, on the 
 stage route from Richmond to Nashville, and 
 on the Virginia and Tennessee railroad, 200 
 miles W. by S. from the former. It was laid 
 out in 1792, and contains 2 churches, and 1 
 bank. Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Christiansburg, a post-village of Shelby 
 county, Kentucky, 38 miles E. from Louis- 
 ville, and half a mile from the Louisville 
 and Frankfort railroad, contains 2 churches, 
 several stores, 1 steam mill, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Christiansburg, a small post-village in 
 Champaign county, Ohio, about 55 miles W. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Christiansburg, or Christianburg, a 
 post-office of Brown county, Indiana, 54 
 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Christiansville, a small post-village in 
 Mecklenburg county, Virginia, about 75 
 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Christmasville, a thriving post-village 
 of Carroll county, Tennessee, on the Obion 
 river, 120 miles W. from Nashville. The 
 river is navigable for flat-boats up to this 
 point. The village is situated in a rich 
 farming district, and has an active trade. It 
 contains 1 church, 5 stores, and 1 tannery. 
 
 Christy's Fork, a post-ofiice of Morgan 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Christy's, or Christie's Prairie, a post- 
 office of Clay county, Indiana, 66 miles W. 
 S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Chronicle, a post-office of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Chuckatuck, a post-village of Nansemond 
 
 county, Virginia, 10 miles N. from Sufl'olk, 
 the county seat. 
 
 Chucky Bend, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Chulafinne, a post-office of Randolph 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Chulahoma, a thriving village of Marshall 
 county, Mississippi, 15 miles S. W. from 
 Holly Springs, and 200 miles N. by E. from 
 Jackson, is situated in a wealthy and popu- 
 lous neighborhood. It contains a flourish- 
 ing academy for young ladies. The number 
 of pupils in 1851 was about 80. 
 
 Chulasky, a post-office of Northumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chunenuggee, a post-office of Macon coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Chunkbyville, a post-office of Lauderdale 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Chupee creek, of Georgia, flows S. E. 
 through Monroe and Bibb counties, and en- 
 ters the Ocmulgee about 9 miles S. from Ma- 
 con. It is called also Tobesofka. 
 
 Chu-qua-ton-cha Creek, of Chickasaw 
 county,Mississippi,flows into Oktibbeha river. 
 
 Church, a post-office of Assumption coun- 
 ty, Louisiana. 
 
 Church Creek, a post-office of Dorches- 
 ter county, Maryland, about 50 miles S. E. 
 from Annapolis. 
 
 Church Grove, a post-office of Knox coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Church Hill, a post-office of Luzerne coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Church Hill, a small post-village of 
 Queen Anne county, Maryland, about 45 
 miles E. N. E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Church Hill, a post-office of Halifax coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Church Hill, a post-office of Jefi'erson 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Church Hill, a post-office of Christian 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Church Hill, a post-village of Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, 65 miles E. S. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 Church's Store, a post-office of Wilkes 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Churchtown, a post-office of Columbia 
 county. New York. 
 
 Churchtown, a small village of Cumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Churchtown, a post-village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, 52 miles E. from Har- 
 ,risburg. 
 
 Churchview, a post-office of Middlesex 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Churchville, a post-village of Monroe 
 county. New York, on the Bufi"alo and Ro- 
 chester railroad, 15 miles W. S. W. from Ro- 
 chester. It contains 3 or 4 churches and 
 several stores. 
 
 Churchville, a post-village of Harford 
 county, Maryland, 30 miles N. E. from Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 Churchville, a post-village of Augusta 
 county, Virginia, on the turnpike from Staun- 
 
 237 
 
CHU 
 
 CIN 
 
 ton to Parkersburg, 128 miles N. TV. from 
 Richmond, contains 2 churches, 2 stores, and 
 2 schools. 
 
 Churchville, a small village in Clarke 
 county, Missouri, near the mouth of the Des 
 Moines river. 
 
 Churubusco, a post-office of Clinton coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Churubusco, a post-office of Anderson 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Churubusco, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Churubusco, a post-office of Whitley coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 CiBOLO, a small river of Texas, rises near 
 the W. part of Comal county, and flowing 
 south-easterly, enters the San Antonio on the 
 line between Bexar and Goliad counties. 
 
 CiBOLO, a post-office of Bexar county, 
 Texas. 
 
 CiCEKO, a post-township of Onondaga coun- 
 ty, New York, on the south-western shore of 
 Oneida lake, 10 miles N. E. from Syracuse. 
 Population, 2980. 
 
 Cicero, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 140 miles W. N. W. from Albany, has 
 several stores and perhaps 50 dwellings. 
 
 Cicero, a post-office of Defiance county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Cicero, or Cicehotown, a small post-village 
 of Hamilton co., Ind., on Cicero creek, and on 
 the Peru and Indianapolis railroad, 26 miles 
 N. from Indianapolis. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Cicero Centre, a post-office of Onondaga 
 county, New York- 
 
 CiCERO Creek, of Hamilton county, Indi- 
 ana, flows into White river near Noblesville. 
 
 Cimarron. See Semerone. 
 
 Cincinnati, a small post-village of Walker 
 county, Texas, on the Trinity river, 14 miles 
 N. from Huntsville, the county town. 
 
 Cincinnati, the metropolis of Ohio, and 
 capital of Hamilton county, on the right 
 bank of the Ohio river, opposite the mouth 
 of the Licking, and immediately above the 
 mouth of Mill creek. It is distant by water 
 458 miles W. S. W. from Pittsburg, 138 miles 
 N. E. from Louisville, 655 miles E. from St. 
 Louis, and 500 from the mouth of the Ohio : 
 by land, 115 miles S. W. from Columbus, 90 
 miles N. from Lexington, and about 500 
 from Washington. Lat. 39° 6' 30" N., Ion. 
 84° 26' W. The upper part of the city is 
 540 feet above the level of the sea. , 
 
 Cincinnati is the most populous city of 
 the Western States, and the fifth in size and 
 importance among all the cities of the Union. 
 It is remarkable for its rapid growth, exten- 
 sive trade, and productive industry. From 
 its central position between Pittsburg and 
 the mouth of the Ohio, it has become the 
 principal gathering and distributing point in 
 the valley of that river. The city is beauti- 
 fully situated in a valley 3 miles in diame- 
 ter, intersected from east to west by the 
 Ohio, and environed by a range of hills, 
 238 
 
 with a well-defined circular form, rising by 
 gentle acclivities, about 400 feet above the 
 river. From the summits of these the most 
 beautiful views of Cincinnati are obtained. 
 The greater part of the city is built on two 
 terraces or plains, of which the first is 50, 
 and the second 108 feet higher than low- 
 water mark. The front margin of the lat- 
 ter, originally a steep bank, has been graded 
 to a gentle declivity, so that the drainage 
 of the city is effected by means of the streets 
 directly into the river. The upper terrace 
 slopes gradually toward the north, and, at 
 the average distance of a mile, terminates at 
 the base of the Mount Auburn range of lime- 
 stone hills, adorned with country seats, vine- 
 yards, and gardens. The city extends more 
 than three miles along the river, without in- 
 cluding the suburban villages. The central 
 portions are compactly and handsomely built 
 with streets, about 66 feet wide, bordered 
 with spacious warehouses and dwellings of 
 brick and stone. Many of them are well 
 paved, lined with shade-trees, and lighted 
 with gas. Main street extends from the 
 steamboat landing in a N. N. W. direction, and 
 Broadway, Sycamore, Walnut, Vine, Race, 
 Elm, and Plum streets are parallel with it. It 
 is intersected at right angles by 14 principal 
 streets, named Front, First, Second, Third, 
 &c. Among the handsomest portions of the 
 city are Broadway, Main, Pearl, and Fourth 
 streets. At the foot of Main street is the 
 public landing or levee, an open area of 10 
 acres, with 1000 feet front. The shore is 
 paved with stone from low-water mark to 
 the top of the first bank, and furnished with 
 floating wharves, which accommodate them- 
 selves to the great variation in the height 
 of the river. The mean annual range from 
 low to high water is about 50 feet. The city 
 is divided into 16 wards, and governed by a 
 mayor and a board of trustees, consisting of 
 three members from each ward, usually 
 known by the name of the city council. 
 
 Among the most prominent and interest- 
 ing public buildings may be mentioned 
 the edifice of Cincinnati College, on Walnut 
 street, occupied in part by the Chamber of 
 Commerce and Mercantile Library ; it is 
 140 feet long, by 100 feet wide, with a mar- 
 ble front, in the Doric style : the Roman 
 Catholic cathedral, at the corner of 8th and 
 Plum streets, one of the finest buildings in 
 the West, with a spire 250 feet high ; it is 
 200 feet long, and 80 wide, and cost about 
 $100,000: the Episcopal church, at the cor- 
 ner of Seventh and Plum streets, recently 
 erected, at a cost of about $80,000 : the First 
 Presbyterian church, at the corner of Main 
 and Fourth streets : the new City Hall, on 
 Plum street, between Eighth and Ninth : 
 the Melodeon, at the corner of Fourth and 
 Walnut streets, containing a public hall, 100 
 feet long, 60 wide, and 25 feet high : the 
 Masonic Hall, at the corner of Thtrd and 
 
CIN 
 
 CIN 
 
 Walnut streets, erected in the castellated 
 style of GotUc architecture : the Burnet 
 House, at the corner of Third and Vine 
 streets, one of the most spacious hotels in 
 the United States ; its dimensions, including 
 the terrace, are 212 feet by 210; it is six 
 stories in height, contains 342 apartments, 
 and is surmounted by a dome which is 100 
 feet above the basement ; the cost is esti- 
 mated at $300,000: the Cincinnati Observa- 
 tory, a fine stone edifice, situated on the top 
 of an eminence, (Mount Adams,) which rises 
 about 500 feet above low water, command- 
 ing a wide and varied prospect of the city 
 and the "vine-clad hills." Through the 
 centre of the main building rises a pier of 
 masonry, founded on the native rock, sup- 
 porting the great equatorial telescope, which 
 is one of the largest and most perfect in the 
 world. The focal length is about 17J feet, 
 and the diameter of the object glass 12 
 inches, with magnifying powers varying 
 from 100 times up to 1400 times. In 1852 
 the city contained more than 90 churches, 
 besides 4 synagogues ; among which were 
 15 Methodist Episcopal, 11 Presbyterian, 7 
 Lutheran, 5 Episcopal, 7 Baptist, 4 Congre- 
 gational, 4 Keformed Presbyterian, several 
 German Reformed, and 10 or 12 Catholic. 
 
 Institutions. — Cincinnati is distinguished 
 for its literary and benevolent institutions, 
 as well as for wealth and public spirit. It 
 has three colleges, properly so called, name- 
 ly, the Cincinnati College, which has a law 
 school in operation, the other departments 
 being suspended for the present ; the Wood- 
 ward College, founded by a bequest of the 
 late William Woodward ; and the St. Xavier 
 College, founded by the Roman Catholics, 
 with ample buildings and accommodations: 
 there are 3 medical colleges, devoted to the 
 several systems of practice, besides the Col- 
 lege of Dental Surgery. Lane Seminary, a 
 theological school of high reputation, is si- 
 tuated on Walnut Hill, about two miles 
 from the river. It is well endowed, and is 
 under the direction of the Presbyterian 
 Church (New School :) there are also theo- 
 logical seminaries, under the direction of 
 the Old School Presbyterians, and of the 
 Baptists. The public schools, which will 
 compare favorably with those of any other 
 city in the United States, occupy 13 three- 
 storied brick buildings, each capable of ac- 
 commodating over 500 pupils. Connected 
 with these is the Central High School, in 
 which the languages and higher branches 
 of science are taught. The Mercantile Li- 
 brary Association have a collection of about 
 13,000 volumes. At the Mechanics' Insti- 
 tute, fairs are held and lectures delivered, 
 for the promotion of the mechanic arts. 
 About 12 daily and above 20 weekly papers 
 are published in Cincinnati, besides numei-- 
 ous monthly periodicals. In addition to the 
 above, the offices of the daily journals each 
 
 issue a weekly or tri-weekly publication. 
 Four of the daily and four of the weekly 
 journals are in the German language. The 
 city has 6 or 7 chartered banks, besides 
 numerous private banking companies, and 
 13 insurance companies. Among the be- 
 nevolent institutions may be named the 
 Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum, 
 4 orphan asylums, the Widows' Home and 
 Asylum for Indigent Females, the House of 
 Refuge, and the Hotel for Invalids. 
 
 Commerce. — Cincinnati carries on an ex- 
 tensive trade by the Ohio river, the Miami 
 canal connecting it with Lake Erie and the 
 Whitewater canal. Railway communica- 
 tions have been formed between this city 
 and the ports of Lake Erie, the Atlantic sea- 
 ports, and the chief towns of Indiana. The 
 following lines are in course of construction: 
 The Ohio and Mississippi, leading to St. Louis ; 
 the Cincinnati and Marietta ; the Cincinnati 
 and Parkersburg ; and the Covington and 
 Lexington, which forms part of a chain ex- 
 tending to Charleston and other seaports of 
 the South. In 1852, there were 267 steam- 
 boats employed in the commerce of Cincin- 
 nati, and the whole number of steamboat 
 arrivals amounted to 8700. The shipping 
 of the port, June 80th, 1852, amounted to 
 an aggregate of 11,781 tons enrolled and 
 licensed. During the year, 55 vessels, (45 
 of them steamers,) with an aggregate burthen 
 of 13,137 tons, were admeasured. The chief 
 article of export is pork, for which Cincinnati 
 is the most extensive market in the Union. 
 The trade of this city, during the year ending 
 August 31, 1852, is stated as follows : — There 
 were received 410,000 hogs and 16,532,884 
 pounds of pork in bulk, besides 22,500 barrels 
 and 10,330 hogsheads of bacon, amounting in 
 value to $5,486,592. The value of the prin- 
 cipal articles received, not including dry 
 goods, hardware, queensware, and lumber, 
 was estimated at $24,715,331, and that of 
 the total imports at $56,861,781. No state- 
 ment of the value of exports in that year ap- 
 pears to have been published. 
 
 Manufactures. — Cincinnati is no less remark- 
 able for the variety and importance of its 
 manufactures than for its commerce. Per- 
 haps there is no place in the whole country 
 where fuel, food, and the raw materials of 
 cotton, wool, and iron can be procured so 
 cheaply. More than 200 steam-engines are 
 employed in the manufactories of this city. 
 The total value of manufactured productions 
 in 1851, according to "Cist's Cincinnati," 
 was about $55,000,000. There were 44 iron 
 foundries, with machine shops, which pro- 
 duced $3,676,500 ; 5 rolling mills, which pro- 
 duced $1,050,000 ; 34 lard-oil and stearine 
 factories, which produced $3,015,000; 14 
 flowering mills, which produced $1,690,000 ; 
 108 manufactories of clothing, which pro- 
 duced $1,947,500; 136 of furniture, which 
 produced $1,660,000; 12 publishing esta- 
 
 239 
 
CIN 
 
 CLA 
 
 blishments, which produced $1,246,000 ; 40 
 ■wine factories ; 9 paper mills ; 62 tobacco 
 factories ; 5 cotton factories ; 2 type found- 
 ries ; 12 bell and brass foundries ; 40 manu- 
 factories of hats; 19 of edge-tools; 38 of 
 soap and candles ; 15 of trunks, and 7 boat- 
 yards, besides many other establishments. 
 In 1852, 27 steamboats and 6 barges were 
 built, besides 10 boats which were still in 
 the docks at tlie close of the year. The total 
 capacity of these was estimated at 19,000 
 tons. This city is supplied with water 
 raised from the Ohio river by steam power 
 into a limestone reservoir, which holds 
 5,000,000 gallons.' The average daily con- 
 sumption in 1851 was 2,300,000 gallons, and 
 the cost of the apparatus $796,000. The 
 climate of Cincinnati is favorable to the cul- 
 tivation of the grape. In 1852, the vine- 
 yards in this vicinity occupied about 1200 
 acres. Wine of good quality is made here 
 from the native Catawba grape. The annual 
 product of the vines in the neighborhood of 
 the city is estimated at above 200,000 gallons ; 
 this branch of business is constantly and ra- 
 pidly increasing. 
 
 Cincinnati was first settled in December 26, 
 1788, and was originally called Losanteville. 
 It was incorporated as a city in 1819. In 1800, 
 it contained 750 inhabitants; in 1820, 9602; 
 in 1830, 24,880; in 1840, 46,338; in 1850, 
 115,438, and in 1853, 160,186. " 
 
 Cincinnati, a village of Greene county, 
 Indiana, 66 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Cincinnati, a post-village of Ralls county, 
 Missouri, on Salt river, 100 miles N. N. E. 
 from Jefferson city. It has a Catholic chapel 
 and a few stores. 
 
 Cincinnati, a post-ofEce of Appanoose 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Cincinnati, a post- village of Polk co., Ogn., 
 on the left bank of the Willamette river. 
 
 CiNciNNATUS, a post-township of Cortland 
 county, New York, 30 miles N. from Bing- 
 hampton, drained by Otselic creek. Popu- 
 lation, 1206. 
 
 CiNCiNNATUs, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Otselic creek, 128 miles W. 
 from Albany, contains several churches, 
 stores, and mills. 
 
 CiNciNNATus, a post-office of Hendricks 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 CiNNAMiNsoN, a post-officB of Bui'lingtou 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 CiKCLEviLLE, a post-officc of Orange coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Ctrcleville, a post-office of Loudon coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 CiBCLEViLLE, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Pickaway county, Ohio, on the left 
 bank of the Scioto rivei', and on the Ohio 
 canal, 25 miles S. from Columbus, and 20 
 miles N. from Chilicothe. It occupies the 
 site of an ancient fortification having a cir- 
 cular form, from which the name is derived. 
 The canal crosses the river here by a hand- 
 240 
 
 some aqueduct. Circleville is surrounded by 
 a rich and highly cultivated district, and has 
 considerable trade. It contains a fine brick 
 court house, a large public school-house, 
 which cost $25,000, 8 churches, several news- 
 paper offices, and 2 banks. The town has nu- 
 merous mills and factories propelled by water- 
 power. The Zanesville and Cincinnati railroad, 
 when finished, will pass through Circleville 
 Laid out in 1810. Pop. in 1853, about 4500 
 
 Circleville, a small village of Cass coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the Wabash river and canal, 
 opposite Lewisburg, and 8 miles E. from 
 Logansport. 
 
 Circleville, a small village of Tazewell 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 CiTico, a post-office of Monroe county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Citronelle, a post-village and railroad 
 station of Mobile county, Alabama, on the 
 Mobile and Ohio railroad, 33 miles N. N. W. 
 from Mobile. 
 
 City, a post-office of Dutchess county, 
 New York. 
 
 CiTT Point, a post-village and port of en- 
 try of Prince George county, Virginia, on 
 James river, at the mouth of the Appomattox, 
 34 miles S. E. from Richmond, and 10 miles 
 E. N. E. from Petersburg. There is a good 
 landing here, at which the large vessels en- 
 gaged in the trade of Richmond and Peters- 
 burg receive and discharge their cargoes. 
 The Appomattox railroad extends from this 
 place to Petersburg. 
 CittPoint, post-office of Itawamba co.Miss. 
 City West, a village of Porter county, 
 Indiana, on Lake Michigan, about 33 miles 
 by water S. E. from Chicago. 
 
 Clackamas river, Ogn. j oins theWilliamette. 
 
 Clackamas, a county in the N. W. part 
 of Oregon. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Cascade Range, on the N. by the Columbia, 
 and on the W. by the AVillammette river. 
 Along the streams, especially the Willam- 
 mette, the soil is very fertile. Wheat, oats, 
 potatoes, and hay are the staples. In 1850, 
 this county produced 16,281 bushels of 
 wheat; 6940 of oats; 18,898 of potatoes; 
 216 of corn, and 353 tons of hay, the greatest 
 quantity of that article raised in any county 
 of the state. It contained 4 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices ; and 183 pupils attending acade- 
 mies and other schools. Population, 1859. 
 
 Clackamas, a post-office of Marion coun- 
 ty, Oregon. 
 
 Claiborne, a county in the W. part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of 740 square miles. 
 The Mississippi washes its AV. border, sepa- 
 rating it from Louisiana ; the Big Black river 
 forms the N. W. boundary, and it is inter- 
 sected by Bayou Pierre. The surface is 
 mostly uneven ; the soil near the river is 
 fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850, this county produced 
 488,008 bushels of corn ; 13,924 bushels of 
 oats; 83,854 of sweet potatoes; 65,217 of 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 peas and beans ; 20,795 bales of cotton, and 
 1973 lbs. of beeswax and honey. It con- 
 tained 16 churches, 1 newspaper establish- 
 ment; 365 pupils attended public schools, 
 and 120, academies and other schools. Named 
 in honor of General Claiborne, who com- 
 manded in the south-west during the war of 
 1812. . Capital, Port Gibson. Population, 
 14,941, of whom 3491 were free, and 11,450 
 slaves. 
 
 Claibokne, a parish in the N. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on Arkansas, contains 
 about 1200 square miles. It is drained by 
 branches of Bayou d'Arbonne, and bounded 
 on the W. by the Dauchite or Dorchette 
 river. The surface is undulating, and the 
 soil moderately fertile. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are the staple products. In 1850 there 
 were raised 2483 bales of cotton ; 234,470 
 bushels of corn, and 59,030 of sweet pota- 
 toes. There were 5 cotton-ginning mills, 
 and 2 saw and planing mills. There were 
 10 churches, and 1 newspaper office; 1250 
 pupils attending public schools, and 70 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The 
 parish contains forests of pine and other 
 trees. An active emigration to this place has 
 been going on for a few years past. Capital, 
 Homer. Population, 7471 ; of whom 4949 
 were free, and 2522 slaves. 
 
 Claiborne, a county in the N. N. E. part 
 of Tennessee, bordering on Virginia, has an 
 area of about 350 square miles. Clinch 
 river forms the S. E. boundary, and Powell's 
 river flows through the county. The surface 
 is elevated and mountainous. The soil in 
 some parts is fertile. Indian corn, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850, there were 
 raised 441,061 bushels of corn ; 88,440 of 
 oats ; 10,414 of wheat, and 9595 pounds of 
 wool. The county contains extensive beds of 
 iron ore, which are worked in several places. 
 Zinc and lead are also found in the county, 
 but not worked at present. The great tho- 
 roughfare from Kentucky to Carolina passes 
 through Tazewell, the county seat. Popula- 
 tion, 9369 ; of whom 8709 were free, and 
 660 slaves. 
 
 Claibokne, a post-village, capital of 
 Monroe county, Alabama, on the left bank 
 of the Alabama river, about 200 miles by 
 water S. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Claiborne, a post-otfice of Jasper coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Claibornesville, a post-office of Yazoo 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Clairbourn, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Union county, Ohio. Population, 919. 
 
 Clairvillb, a post-office of Winnebago 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Clal'ams Indians, a tribe of Washington 
 Territory, N. of the Columbia river, and near 
 the Straits of Fuca. 
 
 Clapp's, a post-office of Guilford county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Clappville, a small post-village in Wor- 
 Q 
 
 cester county, Massachusetts, on the Westei-n 
 railroad, about 8 miles S. W. from Worcester. 
 
 Clara, a post-township of Potter county, 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. W. from Couders- 
 port. It had in 1850, 89 inhabitants. 
 
 Clare, a new county in the N. central part 
 of Michigan, has an area of about 650 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Maskegon 
 river. The surface is mostly covered with 
 forests. The county is not organized, and 
 has few inhabitants. It is not named in the 
 census of 1850. 
 
 Clare, a township of St. Lawrence coun- 
 ty, New York, 15 miles S. E. from Canton. 
 
 Claremont, a post-township of Sullivan co. , 
 N. H., on the Sullivan railroad, 18 miles N. 
 by E. from Bellows Falls. One newspaper 
 is issued here. Population, 3604. 
 
 Claremont, a post-office, Pickens dis., S. C. 
 
 Clarence, a post-township of Erie county. 
 New York, 16 miles N. E. from Buffalo, 
 drained by Tonawanda creek. Population, 
 2727. 
 
 Clarence, a post-township in Calhoun 
 county, Michigan, about 12 miles N. E. from 
 Marshall. Population, 485. 
 
 Clarence, a post-village of Green county, 
 Wisconsin, on Sugar river, 37 miles S. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Clarence Centre, post-office, Erie co.,N.Y. 
 
 Clarendon, a post-township of Rutland co., 
 Vermont, on the Albany and Rutland rail- 
 road, 55 miles S. W. by S. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1477. « 
 
 Clarendon, a post-township, forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Orleans county. New York. 
 Population, 1809. 
 
 Clarendon, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship. New York, 25 miles W. from Rochester. 
 It has 1 or 2 churches and a few stores. 
 
 Clarendon, a post-office of Sumter dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Clarendon, a post-office of Monroe coun- 
 tj, Arkansas. 
 
 Clarendon, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Calhoun county, Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 669. 
 
 Clarendon Springs, a post-office of Rut- 
 land county, Vermont. 
 
 Claridon, a post-township in the central 
 part of Geauga county, Ohio. Population, 
 1009. 
 
 Claridon, a township in the E. part of 
 Marion county, Ohio. Population, 1343. 
 
 Clarington, a post-office of Forest coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clarington, a thriving village of Monroe 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, at the mouth 
 of Sunfish creek, 135 miles E. from Colum- 
 bus. Population, in 1850, 341. 
 
 Clarion, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of GOO square 
 miles. It is intersected by Clarion river, 
 from which the name is derived ; bounded 
 on the S. W. by the Alleghany river, and on 
 the S. by Red Bank creek. The sm-faoe is 
 
 241 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 rolling and hilly ; the soil is generally fertile. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. Lumber is procured from 
 the forests, and exported. In 1850, this 
 county produced 165,060 bushels of wheat; 
 111,534 of corn; 279,287 of oats; 17,086 tons 
 of hay, and 422,080 lbs. of butter. There 
 were 27 iron furnaces; 10 iron foundries; 
 1 forge ; 5 woollen factories ; 34 flour and 
 gristmills; 28 saw mills; 8 coal mines; 9 tan- 
 neries and numerous iron mines. It contained 
 46 churches and 2 newspaper offices. There 
 were 5961 pupils attending public schools. 
 Bituminous coal, iron, and limestone are the 
 most valuable minerals of the county. The 
 Alleghany river is navigable by steamboats 
 on its border, and Clarion river by keel- 
 boats. Capital, Clarion. Population, 23,565. 
 
 Clarion, a post-township of Clarion 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the river of the 
 same name, contains the borough of Clarion. 
 Total population, 2517. 
 
 Clarion, a post-borough, capital of Clari- 
 on county, Pennsylvania, is situated in the 
 above township, on the left bank of the river 
 of the same name, where it is crossed by the 
 Bellefonte and Erie turnpike, about 75 miles 
 N. N. E. from Pittsburg, and 187 miles W. 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. It contains a court 
 house, an academy, 2 or 3 churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices. Laid out in 1840. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Clarion, a post-office of Grundy county, 
 Illinois, 140 miles N. N.,E. from Springfield. 
 
 Clarion Kiver, Pennsylvania, also called 
 Toby's Hivee, rises in McKean county, 
 flows S. W., and enters the Alleghany in 
 Clarion county. Large quantities of pine 
 lumber are transported on it. The whole 
 length is estimated at ISO miles. 
 
 Clark, or Clarke, a post-office of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clark, a township in the E. part of Brown 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1281. 
 
 Clark, a township in the S. part of Clin- 
 ton county, Ohio. Population, 1654. 
 
 Clark, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Johnson county, Indiana. Population, 1018. 
 
 Clark, a township of Montgomery county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1301. 
 
 Clark, a township in Perry county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 673. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the N. E. of Virginia, 
 has an area of 208 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed by the Shenandoah river, and also 
 drained by Opequan creek. It occupies 
 part of the Great Valley of Virginia, which 
 extends along the N. W. base of the Blue 
 Ridge. The surface is beautifully diversi- 
 fied ; the soil is based on blue limestone, and 
 is highly productive. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, hay, butter, and live stock are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 there were raised 306,210 
 bushels of wheat; 166,897 of corn; 36,915 
 of oats ; 2236 tons of hay, and 75,314 pounds 
 of butter. There were 7 flour mills, 2 grist 
 242 
 
 mills, 4 tanneries, and 2 manufactories of 
 cabinetware. It contained 11 churches; 68 
 pupils attending public schools, and 77 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. This count}' 
 is intersected by the Winchester railroad and 
 by several turnpike-roads. It was organized 
 in 1836 out of part of Frederick county, and 
 named in honor of General George Roger 
 Clarke, an officer in the war of the Revolu- 
 tion. Capital, Berryville. Population, 7352 ; 
 of whom 3738 were free, and 3614 slaves. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 280 square miles. 
 It is traversed from N. to S. by the Oconee 
 and its branches, the middle Oconee and the 
 North fork, bounded on the W. by the Appa- 
 lachee, and also drained by Sandy, Shoal, 
 and Cedar creeks : the surface is hilly. The 
 richest soil is found in the vicinity of the 
 Oconee and its branches ; a portion of the 
 upland is said to be "worn out." Cotton, 
 Indian corn, oats, and sweet potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 4572 
 bales of cotton ; 289,575 bushels of corn ; 
 65,710 of oats, and 48,942 of sweet potatoes. 
 It contained 4 cotton factories, 3 tanneries, 8 
 flouring mills, 2 grist mills, 1 paper mill, 10 
 sawmills, 21 churches and4newspaper offices. 
 There were 200 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 522 attending academies and 
 other schools. Granitic rocks are abundant 
 in the county ; gold, garnets, kaolin, pyrites, 
 and tourmaline are also found. A branch 
 railroad extends from Athens, the county 
 seat, to the Georgia railroad. The county 
 was named in honor of General Elijah Clarke, 
 an officer in the war of the Revolution. Po- 
 pulation, 11,119, of whom 5530 were free, 
 and 5589, slaves. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the S. W. part of Ala- 
 bama, has an area of 1270 square miles. The 
 Tombigbee and Alabama rivers constitute 
 the respective boundaries of the county on 
 the W. and S. E., until they unite at its S. 
 extremity to form the Mobile. The surface 
 is uneven ; the soil in some parts is fertile, 
 in others sandj'^ and thin. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 4881 bales of cotton; 329,061 bushels 
 of corn; 105,875 of sweet potatoes, and 35 
 hogsheads of sugar. There were 6 saw mills, 
 1 tar and 2 turpentine manufactories, and 2 
 tanneries. It contained 19 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office; and 666 pupils attending public 
 schools. The rivers above named are navi- 
 gated by steamboats on the borders of the 
 county. Pine timber is abundant here. Ca- 
 pital, Clarkesville. Population, 9786, of whom 
 4910 were free, and 4876, slaves. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, has an 
 area of 650 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Chickasawha river, a branch of the 
 Pascagoula. The surface is moderately un- 
 even ; the soil produces cotton, Indian corn, 
 and pasture for cattle. In 1850 this county 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 yielded 174,285 bushels of corn; 2690 of 
 oats; 78,675 of sweet potatoes; 1817 bales 
 of cotton ; 300 pounds of beeswax and honey, 
 and 6690 of rice. It contained 7 churches; 
 145 pupils attending public schools, and 30 
 attending an academy. The Mobile and Ohio 
 railroad is located near the W. border of the 
 county. Named in honor of Judge Clarke, 
 first chancellor of Mississippi. Capital, Quit- 
 man. Population, 5477, of whom 3829 were 
 free, and 1648, slaves. 
 
 Clacke, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Arkansas, contains 941 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Washita, and on 
 the S. W. by the Little Missouri. The sur- 
 face is hilly or rolling, the soil sandy and 
 fertile. The chief productions are cotton 
 and Indian coi'n. In 1850 there were raised 
 122,860 bushels of corn; 17,242 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 826 bales of cotton. It contained 
 1 tannery and 1 saddle and harness manu- 
 factory. There were 7 churches and 196 
 pupils attending academies and other schools. 
 The Washita is navigable by small steamboats 
 along the border of this county. Capital, 
 Arkadelphia. Population, 4070, of whom 
 3120 were free, and 950, slaves. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the E. central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area of about 210 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Ken- 
 tucky and Red rivers, the former of which 
 is navigable, and drained by Stoner's and 
 Howard's creeks. The surface is uneven and 
 in some parts broken ; a portion of the soil 
 is very productive. Indian corn, oats, hay, 
 hemp, wool, cattle, and swine are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 1,213,007 
 bushels of corn; 70,935 of oats; 409 tons of 
 hay, and 53,164 pounds of wool. It con- 
 tained 24 churches ; 833 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 62 attending academies 
 or other schools. Hydraulic limestone is 
 found in the county. P^ed river furnishes 
 valuable water-power. Organized in 1793, 
 and named in honor of General George 
 Rogers Clarke. Population, 12,683, of whom 
 7843 were free, and 4840, slaves. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Ohio, has an area of 380 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Mad river, and also drained 
 by the sources of the Little Miami, and by 
 Lagonda creek, which furnish abundant 
 water-power. The surface is diversified by 
 beautiful undulations; the soil is generally 
 excellent and well supplied with water and 
 timber. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, but- 
 ter, cattle, and svfine are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 839,576 bushels 
 of corn; 195,514 of wheat ; 115,616 of oats; 
 19,007 tons of hay, and 375,145 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 63 churches and 5 
 newspaper offices ; 3560 pupils attending 
 public schools, 'and 287 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county is crossed by 
 five lines of railway, which meet at Spring- 
 field and connect it with Cincinnati, Dayton, 
 
 Columbus, Sandusky, &c. : several turnpikes 
 also pass through it. Capital, Springfield. 
 Population, 22,178. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the S. part of Indi- 
 ana, bordering on Kentucky, contains about 
 400 square miles. The Ohio river bounds it 
 on the S. E. ; it is also drained by Silver 
 creek. The surface is nearly level, except- 
 ing a chain of "knobs" near the W. border, 
 which are not suited for cultivation, but pro- 
 duce good timber. The soil is generally 
 fertile and well improved. ^ Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 567,964 bushels 
 of corn; 62,067 of wheat; 120,430 of oats, 
 and 4600 tons of hay. It contained 45 
 churches, 1 newspaper office; 1700 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 259 attending 
 academies or other schools. Iron ore, marble, 
 limestone, and hydraulic cement are abund- 
 ant. The county is intersected by the Jef- 
 fersonville and Columbus railroad. Organ- 
 ized in 1801. Capital, Charleston. Popula- 
 tion, 15,828. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the E. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Indiana, has an area of 
 460 square miles. The Wabash river, navi- 
 ga.ble by steamboats, forms its boundary on 
 the S. E. The county is intersected by the 
 N. fork of Embarras river, and also drained 
 by Fox and Crane creeks. The surface is 
 diversified by prairies and forests ; the soil 
 is productive, adapted to Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and pasturage. In 1850 this county 
 produced 431,490 bushels of corn; 18,350 of 
 wheat; 79,928 of oats, and 85,017 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 8 churches and 1 news- 
 paper office. There were 2816 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Stone coal is found 
 along the Wabash river. The county is in- 
 tersected by the National road, and by the 
 railway from St. Louis to Terre Haute, (not 
 yet finished.) Capital, Darwin. Popula- 
 tion, 9532. 
 
 Clarke, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Missouri, has an area of 516 
 square miles. It is situated on the Missis- 
 sippi, at the mouth of the Des Moines, the 
 latter of which forms its boundary on the N. 
 E., separating it from Iowa, and the former 
 separates it from Illinois. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Fox and Wyaconda rivers. 
 The surface is undulating or nearly level. 
 More than half of the county consists of 
 fertile upland prairies, some of which are 
 several miles in width, with forests of good 
 timber distributed along the watercourses. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this countj' 
 produced 320,970 bushels of corn ; 48,936 
 of wheat; 50,896 of oats, and 2023 tons of 
 hay. It contained 6 churches, and 1246 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. The popula- 
 tion has increased rapidly for several years 
 past. It was named in honor of Willian» 
 Clarke, of the expedition of Lewis and 
 
 243 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 Clarke, afterwards goA'ernor of Missouri ter- 
 ritory. Capital, Alexandria. Population, 
 5527, of -whom 5023 were free, and 504, 
 slaves. 
 
 Clakke, a county in the S. part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 432 square miles. The South 
 river and Whitebreast river, affluents of the 
 Des Moines, rise by several branches in this 
 county ; it is also drained by the E. fork of 
 Grand river, which flows southward into 
 Missouri. The surface is slightly diversified ; 
 the soil is fertile, adapted to grain, fruit, 
 and grass. A large part of the county is 
 prairie. Named in honor of James Clarke, 
 governor of Iowa in 1846. County seat not 
 established. Population, 79. 
 
 Clarke, a county in the S. W. part of Wash- 
 ington territory, has an area of about 3000 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the Cascade Range, on the S. and S. W. by 
 the Columbia river, which separates it from 
 Oregon, and partly on the N. and W. by the 
 Cowelitz river, a tributary of the Columbia. 
 The volcanic mountain St. Helen's, on the E. 
 border, is the principal elevation. The soil 
 has as yet been but little cultivated. Wheat, 
 oats, and potatoes are the chief productions. 
 In 1850 there were raised 1050 bushels of 
 wheat; 900 of oats, and 5550 of potatoes. 
 It contained 1 church. ■ Population, 643. 
 
 Clarke, or Clark, a post-township in the 
 N. part of Coshocton county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 833. 
 
 Clarke's Point, a narrow peninsula S. W. 
 of New Bedford Bay. At the extremity of 
 the point is a fixed light, 52 feet above high 
 water. Lat. 41° 35' 30" N., Ion. 70° 54' 
 12" W. 
 
 Clarke's River, or Flathead River, 
 Washington territory, rises in the Pi,ocky 
 mountains near the sources of the Missouri, in 
 about 45° 30' N. lat. For nearly 200 miles it 
 flows in a northerly direction, after which it 
 inflects to the N. W., entering the Columbia 
 in about 48° 50' N. lat., and 117° 45' W. 
 Ion. The greater part of its course lies 
 through a mountainous region : about 125 
 miles from its confluence with the Columbia, 
 it spreads out into a lake 30 miles long, and 
 from 6 to 12 miles wide, called Kulluspelm, 
 or Lac Pend Oreilles. The Blackfoot river, 
 and the Riviere a Jacques, (from Flathead 
 lake,) flowing from near the Rocky moun- 
 tains, are the principal afBuents. The en- 
 tire length is estimated at 650 miles. 
 
 Clarkesville, a handsome post-village, 
 capital of Habersham county, Georgia, is 
 delightfully situated on the head waters of 
 the Chattahoochee river, 133 miles N. from 
 Milledgeville. It is surrounded by charming 
 mountain scenery, of which the Blue Ridge 
 is a prominent feature, and is a favorite re- 
 treat for many families from the lower parts 
 of South Carolina and Georgia. The village 
 contains a brick court house and 4 churches. 
 Population, about 500. 
 244 
 
 Clarksborough, a post-village of Glou- 
 cester county. New Jersey, 5 miles S. W. 
 from Woodbury. 
 
 Clarksborough, a post-ofBce of Scott 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Clark's Bridge, a village of Erie countj% 
 New York, on the railroad 8 miles E. by N. 
 from BuflFalo. 
 
 Clarksburg, a township of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, 105 miles N. W. by 
 W. from Boston. Population, 384. 
 
 Clarksburg, a post-office of Erie county, 
 New York, about 300 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 Clarksburg, a small post-village of Mon- 
 mouth county, New Jersey, 20 miles E. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 Clarksburg, a post-village of Indiana 
 county, Pennsylvania, 170 miles W. from 
 Harrisburg, has 1 church, 2 stores, and about 
 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Clarksburg, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Maryland, 60 miles W. N. W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Clarksburg, a post-village, capital of 
 Harrison county, Virginia, on the W. fork 
 of Monongahela river, at the mouth of Elk 
 creek, 220 miles N. W. from Richmond. It 
 is situated on a high table-land, environed 
 by hills. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 2 aca- 
 demies, 2 printing offices, and numerous 
 stores. Stone coal abounds in the vicinity. 
 The North-Western railroad, a branch of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad, passes through 
 the village. Population in 1853, about 1200, 
 
 Clarksburg, a small post-village, capital 
 of Lewis county, Kentucky, 4 miles from the 
 Ohio river, and 90 miles E. N. E. from Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 Clarksburg, a village of Belmont county, 
 Ohio, about 30 miles W. from Wheeling. 
 
 Clarksburg, a village of Clarke county, 
 Ohio, 48 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Clarksburg, a small post-village of Ross 
 county, Ohio, about 18 miles N. W. from 
 Chilicothe. 
 
 Clarksburg, a village of Daviess county, 
 Indiana, 16 miles N. E. from Washington, 
 the county seat. 
 
 Clarksburg, a post-village of Decatur 
 county, Indiana, about 50 miles N. from Ma- 
 dison. 
 
 Clarksburg, a village of Johnson county, 
 Indiana, 18 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Clark's Corners, a thriving post-village 
 of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clark's Corners, a post-village of Asta- 
 bula county, Ohio. 
 
 Clakk's Creek, of Dauphin county, Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into the Susquehanna river 
 about 10 miles above Harrisburg. 
 
 Clark's Creek, a post-ofi&ce of Montgo- 
 mery county. North Carolina. 
 
 Clark's Factory, a post-office of Dela- 
 ware county. New York. 
 
 Clabksfield, a post-township in theE. part 
 of Huron county, Ohio. Population, 1454. 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 Claek's Fokk, a post-office of York dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Clark's Foek, a post-office of Cooper 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Clark's Green, a post-office of Luzerne 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clark's Mills, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Virginia. 
 
 Clark's Mills, a post-office of Moore 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Clark's Mills, a post-office of Hempstead 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Clarkson, a post-township of Monroe 
 county, New York, on Lake Ontario, 16 
 miles N.W. from Rochester. Population, 4555. 
 
 Clarkson, a small post-village of Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, about 165 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus, contains near 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Clarkson Centre, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, New York. 
 
 Clark' s River, in the W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, rises near the S. border of the state, 
 and iiowing N. and N. W., enters the Ohio 
 at Paducah, just below the mouth of Ten- 
 nessee river. A small stream, named the 
 West branch, enters Clark's river on the 
 left hand, a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Clark's River, a post-office of Callaway 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Clark's River, Washington Territory, See 
 Clarke's River. 
 
 Clark's Run, a small stream of Yuba 
 county, towards the N. part of California, 
 falls into Yuba river, about 20 miles above 
 Marysville. About 600 men are engaged 
 here in gold digging, obtaining from 5 to 50 
 dollars a day. 
 
 Clarkston, a thriving post-village of In- 
 dependence township, Oakland county, 
 Michigan, on Kearsley creek, 36 miles N. W. 
 from Detroit. It contains 2 churches, 4 
 stores, and 1 flouring mill. 
 
 Clarkstown, a post-township of Rockland 
 county, New York, on the right bank of 
 Hudson river, 122 miles below Albany. It 
 contains New City, the county seat. Popu- 
 lation, 3111. 
 
 Clarksville, a township of Coos county, 
 New Hampshire, on the E. side of Connecti- 
 cut river, about 120 miles N. of Concord. 
 Population, 187. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-office of Albany coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-township of Alle- 
 ghany county, New York, about 67 miles S. 
 S. E. from Buffalo. Population, 668. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-village of Hunterdon 
 county, New Jersey, 14 miles N. from Fle- 
 mington, has a store and several mills. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-village of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Ten Mile creek, 
 12 miles N. E. from Waynesburg, and 35 S. 
 by W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Clarksville, a thriving post-village of 
 Mercer county, Pennsylvania, 245 miles W. 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-village of Wayne 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 152 miles N. E. 
 from Harrisburg, and 8 miles W. from Hones- 
 dale. 
 
 Clarksville, a thriving post-village of 
 Mecklenburg county, Virginia, on the S. 
 bank of the Roanoke river, a little below the 
 confluence of the Dan and Staunton, 102 
 miles S. W. from Richmond. It has in- 
 creased more rapidly perhaps during the 
 last ten years than any other village in the 
 state. It contains 8 or 4 churches, 1 bank, 
 and over 1000 inhabitants. About 2000 
 hogsheads of tobacco are annually inspected 
 here, and sent down the river in batteaux. 
 A railroad is projected from this place to 
 the Gaston and Raleigh railroad. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Clarksville, Georgia. See Clarkes- 
 
 VILLE. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-village, capital of 
 Clarke county, Alabama, 134 miles S. by W. 
 from Tuscaloosa, contains a court house and 
 a few stores. 
 
 Clarksville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Red river county, Texas, is about 15 
 miles S. W. from Red river, and 330 miles 
 N. E. from Austin city. It is the oldest vil- 
 lage of the county, and the principal village 
 in what is called the Red river country of 
 Texas. 
 
 Clarksville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Johnson county, Arkansas, on Spadra 
 creek, about 100 miles N. W. from Little 
 Rock. It contains a court house, jail, and 
 United States land-office. 
 
 Clarksville, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Montgomery county, Tennessee, on 
 the right bank of Cumberland river, at the 
 mouth of Red river, about 50 miles N. W. of 
 Nashville. It contains 5 or 6 newspaper 
 offices, 2 banks and has considerable trade. 
 Pop. in 1853, estimated at 3000. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-village of Clinton 
 county, Ohio, on the Zanesville and Cincin- 
 nati railroad, 81 miles S. W. from Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 Clarksville, a small village of Defiance 
 county, Ohio, on St. Joseph's river. 
 
 Clarksville, a village of Clarke county, 
 Indiana, on the Ohio river, 4 miles above 
 New Albany. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-office of Hamilton 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-village of Pike coun- 
 ty, Missouri, on the Mississippi, about 100 
 miles above St. Louis. It contains several 
 stores. 
 
 Clarksville, a small post-village of Mon- 
 roe county, Iowa, 94 miles S. W. from Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Clarksville, a post-office of Oconto coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Clartville, a post-office of Sullivan coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 245 
 
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 CLA 
 
 Classen's Cornek, a village of La Porte 
 county, Indiana, a little S. of the Northern 
 Indiana railroad, and 5 miles W. S. W. from 
 La Porte. 
 
 CiATSOP, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Oregon. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 Columbia river, which separates it from 
 Washington, and on the W. by the Pacific 
 ocean, and is drained by several small 
 streams flowing into the Pacific. The soil is 
 generally fertile, although as yet but little 
 cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 2340 bushels of corn, being 
 the greatest quantity of that article pro- 
 duced by any county of the state ; 590 of 
 wheat ; 9280 of potatoes, and 6350 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 1 church, and 77 
 pupils attending academies or other schools. 
 Population, 462. 
 
 Clausselyille, a small post-village of 
 Monroe county, Alabama. 
 
 Claussville, a post-village of Lehigh 
 county, Pennsylvania, 83 miles E. N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Claveeack, a post-township of Columbia 
 county, New York, 4 miles E. from Hudson, 
 intersected by the Hudson and Berkshire 
 railroad. Population, 8208. 
 
 Clay, a county in the S. E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, contains an area estimated at 870 
 square miles. It is traversed by the South 
 fork of Kentucky river. The surface is 
 mountainous. Indian corn, wheat, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 214,659 bushels of corn; 15,694 
 of oats; 10,419 pounds of wool, and 8621 of 
 flax. It contained 10 churches, 300 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 62 attending 
 academies or other schools. Coal and iron 
 ore are found, and salt is manufactured ex- 
 tensively. A large part of the surface is 
 covered with forests. Capital, Manchester. 
 The county was formed in 1806, and named 
 in honor of General Green Clay, an officer in 
 the war of 1812. Population, 5421, of whom 
 4906 were free, and 515, slaves. 
 
 Clay, a county in the W. part of Indiana, 
 contains 360 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Eel river. The surface is generally 
 level, and much of the soil is fertile. The 
 exports consist of wheat, cattle, horses, and 
 swine. In 1850 this county produced 
 857,832 bushels of corn; 83,039 of wheat; 
 39,210 of oats, and 2003 tons of hay. There 
 were 7 churches. The county contains iron 
 ore, and numerous beds of coal, which are 
 easily accessible. It is intersected by the 
 railroad from Terre Haute to Indianapolis, 
 and by the Wabash and Erie canal. Or- 
 ganized in 1825. Capital, Bowling Green. 
 Population, 7944. 
 
 Clay, a county in the S. E. part of Il- 
 linois, has an area of 440 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Little Wabash river, 
 and also drained by Elm creek. The slope 
 246 
 
 of the county is toward the S. E. ; the sur- 
 face is undulating, or nearly level ; and the 
 soil is fertile. The county consists partly 
 of prairie, and is partly covered by forests. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 it produced 245,575 
 bushels of corn; 38,315 of oats, and 320 
 tons of hay. It contained 8 churches, and 
 480 pupils attending public schools. Capi- 
 tal, Maysville. Population, 4289. 
 
 Clay, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 415 square miles. 
 The Missouri river forms its S. boundary, 
 it is also drained by Fishing creek and 
 Smith's fork of Little Platte river. The 
 surface is moderately diversified ; the soil is 
 fertile, and well timbered with oaks, black 
 walnut, and ash. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hemp, cattle, horses, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 834,830 bushels of corn; 50,890 of wheat; 
 112,027 of oats, and 1288J tons of hemp. It 
 contained 19 churches, and 1 newspaper 
 office. There were 780 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 70 attending an acade- 
 my. The rocks which underlie the county 
 are limestone and sandstone. Missouri 
 river is navigated by steamboats along the 
 border of the county. Capital, Liberty. Po- 
 pulation, 10,332, of whom 7590 were free, and 
 2742, slaves. 
 
 Clay, a new county in the N. W. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of about 600 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Little Sioux river, an 
 affluent of the Missouri, with its branches, 
 and some of its tributaries, and also by 
 Lizard river, an affluent of the Des Moines. 
 This county is not included in the census of 
 1850. County seat not located. 
 
 Clay, a post-township of Onondaga coun- 
 ty. New York, on the Oswego river, 10 miles 
 N. from Syracuse. The canal connecting 
 Syracuse and Oswego passes through it. 
 Population, 3402. 
 
 Clay, a township in the S. part of Hunt- 
 ingdon county, Pennsylvania, 66 miles W. 
 from Harrisburg. Population, 695. 
 
 Clay, a post-office of Madison county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Clay, a township in Auglaize county, 
 Ohio, about 22 miles N. W. from Bellefon- 
 taine. Population, 840. 
 
 Clay, a township in the S. E. part of Gal- 
 lia county, Ohio. Population, 949. 
 
 Clay, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Highland county, Ohio. Population, 1108. 
 
 Clay, a township in Muskingum county, 
 Ohio. Population, 653. 
 
 Clay, a township in the S. E. part of Knox 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1140. 
 
 Clay, a township in the N. W. extremity 
 of Montgomery county, Ohio. Population, 905. 
 
 Clay, a township in the W. part of Otta- 
 wa county, Ohio. Population, 293. 
 
 Clay, a township in the S. part of Scioto 
 county, Ohio. Population, 882. 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 Clay, a township in the S. E. jjart of St. 
 Clair county, Michigan, near the mouth of 
 St. Clair river. Population, 822. 
 
 Clat, a township in the S. central part 
 of Tuscarawas county, Ohio. Population, 
 1260. 
 
 Clay, a township in Bartholomew county, 
 Indiana. Population, 612. 
 
 Clay, a township in Cass countj^, Indiana. 
 Population, 642. 
 
 Clay, a village of Cass county, Indiana, 
 85 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Clay, a township in Hendricks county, 
 Indiana. Population, 910. 
 
 Clay, a township in Howard county, In- 
 diana. Population, 413. 
 
 Clay, a township of La Grange county, 
 Indiana. Population, 464. 
 
 Clay, a township in La Fayette county, 
 Missouri. Population, 1716. 
 
 Clay, a township in Miami county, In- 
 diana. Population, 588. 
 
 Clay, a township in Morgan county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1213. 
 
 Clay, a township of Owen county, Indiana. 
 Popiilation, 1085. 
 
 Clay, a township in Pike county, Indiana. 
 Population, 672. 
 
 Clay, a township in St. Joseph county, In- 
 diana. Population, 659. 
 
 Clay, a township in Wayne county, In- 
 diana. Population, 769. 
 
 Clay, a post-office of La Salle county, Il- 
 linois, 140 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Clay, a post-oifice of Washington county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Clay Furnace, a small village of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clay Hill, a post-office of York district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Clay Hill, a post-office of Marengo coun- 
 ty, Alabama, 90 miles E. from Montgomery. 
 
 Clay Landing, a post-office of Levy coun- 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 Clay Lick, a post-office of Licking county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Clay Pool, a post-office of Kosciusko 
 county, Indiana, about 100 miles N. N. E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Clay Pout, a small village of Kosciusko 
 county, Indiana, on the railroad projected 
 from Peru to Elkhart, 100 miles N. by E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Claysburg, a village of Preble county, 
 Ohio, about 85 miles S. W. from Dayton. 
 
 Clay's Point, a post-office of Lewis coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Claysville, a post-borough of AVashington 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the National road, 
 about 18 miles E. from Wheeling. Popu- 
 lation, 275. 
 
 Claysville, a small village of Montgo- 
 mery cottnty, Maryland. 
 
 Claysville, a small village of Wood coun- 
 ty, Virginia, on the Little Kanawha river, 7 
 miles above Parkersburg, has a fine water- 
 
 power and several mills. Population about 
 100. 
 
 Claysville, a post-office of Telfair coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Claysville, a small post- village of Marshall 
 county, Alabama, on the Tennessee river, 133 
 miles N. N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Claysville, a post-office of White county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Claysville, formerly Marysville, a small 
 post-village of Harrison county, Kentucky, 
 on t'he Licking river, 47 miles N. E. from 
 Frankfort. It contains a church, a wool- 
 len factory, a flour mill, and 3 tobacco fac- 
 tories. 
 
 Claysville, a village of Clinton county, 
 Ohio, about 48 miles S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Claysville, a small village of Greene 
 county, Ohio, on the Little Miami railroad, 
 10 miles from Xenia, the county seat. 
 
 Claysville, a small post-village of Guern- 
 sey county, Ohio, 80 miles E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Claysville, a village of Hendricks coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the Terre Haute and Indian- 
 apolis railroad, 21 miles W. S. W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Claysville, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Indiana, about 90 miles S. by 
 W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Claysville, a post-office of Boone county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Clayton, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Wisconsin, has an area 
 of 760 square miles. The Mississippi river 
 forms its entire boundary on the E. The 
 Turkey river ilows through the middle of 
 the county into the first-named river, and 
 the South fork of the Turkey traverses part 
 of the county. The surface is diversified 
 by rolling prairies and woodlands ; the soil 
 is productive, and the climate healthy. Tim- 
 ber and water-power are said to be abun- 
 dant. In 1850, Clayton county produced 
 42,604 bushels of Indian corn; 36,8S0 of 
 wheat; 25,701 of oats, and 3202 tons of 
 hay. Mines of lead are worked in the S. E. 
 part, near the river. The county is settling 
 rapidly with (Jermans and others. Capital, 
 Garnavillo. Population, 3873. 
 
 Clayton, a post-township of Jefferson 
 county, New York, on St. Lawrence and 
 Chaumont rivers. Population, 4191. 
 
 Clayton, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the St. Lawrence, 20 miles N. N. W. 
 from Watertown. The Utica and Black River 
 railroad will terminate here. 
 
 Clayton, a post-office of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clayton, a post-village, capital of Rabun 
 county, Georgia, about 175 miles N. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Clayton, a post- village, capital of Bai- 
 bour county, Alabama, 75 miles S. E. from 
 Montgomery. Population, about 400. 
 
 Clayton, a small post-village in the 
 247 
 
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 CLE 
 
 N. W. part of Miami county, OHo. Popu- 
 lation, about 100. 
 
 Clayton, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Clayton, a small village of Morgan coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Clayton, a township in the N. part of 
 Perry county, Ohio. Population, 1594. 
 
 Clayton, a township in Genesee county, 
 Michigan. Population, 418. 
 
 Clayton, a post-ofiSce of Hendricks coun- 
 ty, Indiana. ' 
 
 Clayton, a township of Adams county, 
 Illinois. Population, 781. 
 
 Clayton, a post-village of Adams county, 
 Illinois, 89 miles W. from Springfield. It is 
 on the route of the Military Tract railroad, 
 now in progress. Population, 781. 
 
 Clay'ton, a flourishing post-village of Clay- 
 ton county, Iowa, on the Mississippi river, 
 50 miles above Dubuque. Nearly all the 
 surplus produce of Clayton county is ship- 
 ped by steamboats at this place, which 
 is the most easily accessible river-port for 
 a large extent of country. Lead mines have 
 been opened on the bank of the river near 
 Clayton. 
 
 Clayton, a township in Winnebago county, 
 Wisconsin, about 33 miles N. W. from Fond 
 du Lac. Population, 402. 
 
 Claytona, a post-office of Morgan county, 
 Ohio, 75 miles E. S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Clayton's Mills, a post-office of Mon- 
 mouth county. New Jersey. 
 
 Clayton's Mills, a post-office of Pickens 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Claytonville, a small post-village of Hen- 
 derson county, North Carolina, 284 miles W. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Clay Village, a post-village of Shelby 
 county, Kentucky, on the road from Louis- 
 ville to Frankfort, 16 miles W. from the lat- 
 ter. Population, about 250. 
 
 Clayville, a post-office of Providence 
 county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Clayville, a post-village of Oneida coun- 
 ty, New York, about 10 miles S. from Utica. 
 
 Clear Branch, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Virginia. 
 
 Clear Bridge, a post-office of Clearfield 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clear Creek, of Huntingdon county, In- 
 diana, falls into the Wabash river. 
 
 Clear Creek, of Monroe county, Indiana, 
 flows into Salt creek. 
 
 Clear Cbeek, near the southern extremi- 
 ty of Illinois, flows into the Mississippi 
 river. 
 
 Clear Creek, of Shasta county, in the 
 N. part of California, falls into the Sacra- 
 mento river about 2 miles below Shasta 
 city. 
 
 Clear Creek, a post-village of Chautau- 
 que county. New York, about 320 miles W. 
 by S. from Albany, has 2 or 3 churches and 
 several stores. 
 248 
 
 Clear Creek, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg county, Norih Carolina. 
 
 Clear Creek, a post-office of Greene coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Clear Creek, a township in Ashland coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 40 miles S. S. E. from San- 
 dusky city. Population, 1205. 
 
 Clear Creek, a post-township forming 
 the S. W. extremity of Fairfield county, Ohio. 
 Population, 1606. 
 
 Clear Creek, a township in the N. part 
 of Warren county, Ohio. Population, 2316. 
 
 Clear Creek, a township in Monroe coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 946. 
 
 Clear Creek, of Missouri. See Peshaw. 
 
 Clear Creek, a small post-village of Da- 
 viess county, Missouri. 
 
 Clear Creek, a township in Clark county, 
 Illinois. Population, 720. 
 
 Clear Creek, a township in Cumberland 
 county, Illinois. Population, 279. 
 
 Clear Creek, a small village of Bates 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Clear Creek, a post-office of Daviess 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Clear Creek Landing, a post-village of 
 Alexander county, Illinois, 215 miles S. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Clearfield, a county in the W. central 
 part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 
 1150 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 W. Branch of the Susquehanna river, which 
 divides it into nearly equal portions. Mu- 
 shannon creek forms part of the S. E. bound- 
 ary, and Clearfield creek, from which the 
 name is derived, enters the river about the 
 middle of the county. The county lies 
 mostly on the W. declivity of the Alleghany 
 mountain ; the eastern part is traversed by 
 deep ravines formed by the watercourses, 
 and is too rugged for culivation ; the re- 
 mainder is generally rolling and uneven. 
 The soil in the valleys of the large streams 
 is productive, and much of the upland is 
 moderately fertile, and adapted to grazing. 
 Wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 there were raised 80,588 bushels of 
 wheat; 158,870 of oats; 10,556 tons of hay, 
 and 168,845 pounds of butter. There were 96 
 saw mills, 13 flour and grist mills, 1 woollen 
 factory, 2 iron foundries, and 6 tanneries. 
 It contained 20 churches, 1 newspaper of- 
 fice ; 2810 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 50 attending academies or other schools. 
 Large quantities of timber, pine, oak, pop- 
 lar, and cherry are procured from the forests, 
 and floated down the river to market. Mines 
 of iron ore and stone coal are worked. 
 The turnpike leading from Centre county to 
 Erie passes through the county. Organized in 
 1804. Capital, Clearfield. Population,12,586. 
 
 Clearfield, a township of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania, 30 miles N. N. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1924. 
 
 Clearfield, a small post-village of Butler 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 Cleartield, a township of Cambria coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 13 miles N. E. from Ebens- 
 burg. Population, 802. 
 
 Clearfield, a post-Tillage, capital of Clear- 
 field county, situated in Lawrence township, 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. Branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna river, 120 miles W. N. W. from 
 Harrisburg. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, several churches, and an academy. 
 Coal is abundant in the vicinity, and lumber 
 is a leading article of export. Population, 
 about 650. 
 
 Clearfield Creek, Pennsylvania, flows 
 northward, and enters the W. Branch of the 
 Susquehanna near Clearfield. 
 
 Clear Fork, of Mohiccan river, Ohio, en- 
 ters the main stream near Loudonville, Ash- 
 land county. 
 
 Clear Fork, of Black river, Missouri. See 
 Black River. 
 
 Clear Fork, a post-ofBce of Tazewell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Clear Fork, a post-of&ce of Whitely coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Clear Lake, of Yolo county, towards the 
 N. W. part of California, is about 6 miles 
 long by 2 miles wide. 
 
 Clear Lake, a township in Steuben coun- 
 ty, Indiana, Population, 191. 
 
 Clear Lake, a post-office of Sangamon 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Clearmont, a post-office of Warren coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Clear Point, a post-office of Hart county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Clear Port, a post-office of Fairfield coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Clear Spring, a post-village of "Washing- 
 ton county, Maryland, 110 miles N. W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Clear Spring, a post-office of Greenville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Clear Spring, a post-office of Chickasaw 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Clear Spring, a post-office of Grainger 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Clear Spring, a small village of Jackson 
 county, Indiana, 64 miles S. from Indian- 
 apolis, has about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Clear Spring, a post-office of Kosciusko 
 county, Indiana, 14 miles S. E. from War- 
 saw, the county seat. 
 
 Clear Spring, a township in the S. part of 
 La Grange county, Indiana. Population, 674, 
 
 Clearsville, a post-office of Bedford coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clearwater, a post-village of Chippewa 
 county, Wisconsin, on Chippewa river, at the 
 mouth of L'Eau Claire river. It has 2 mills, 
 and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Cleaveland, New York. See Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 Cleaveland, a post-office of Hancock 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Cleek's Mills, a post-office of Bath coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Clement, a post-office of Hancock county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Clementon, a small village of Camden 
 county, New Jersey, 13 miles S. S. E. from 
 Camden, has 2 mills and a tavei-n. 
 
 Clementsburg, a small village of Critten- 
 den county, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 
 about 220 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Clementsville, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Clemmonsville, a post-village in Davidson 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Clendenin, a post-office of Kanawha coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Clermont, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 462 square miles. The 
 Ohio river forms its boundary on the S. W., 
 and the Little Miami on the W., it is also 
 drained by the E. fork of Little Miami. 
 The surface is generally rolling, and is quite , 
 hilly in the vicinity of the Ohio river. A 
 large portion of the soil is rich. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, butter, 
 beef, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,292,511 bushels of 
 corn; 188,169 of wheat; 253,153 of oats; 
 108,056 of potatoes; 13,171 tons of hay, 
 and 485,617 pounds of butter. It contained 
 86 churches, and 2 newspaper establish- 
 ments. There were 6913 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 280 attending academies 
 or other schools. The surface rock of this 
 county is the blue limestone. The Cincin- 
 nati and Hillsborough railroad passes along its 
 northern border. Capital, Batavia. Popu- 
 lation, 30,455. 
 
 Clermont, a post-township of Columbia 
 county. New York, on the Hudson river, 
 about 10 miles S. by W. from Hudson. Po- 
 pulation, 1130. 
 
 Clermont a post-office of Marion county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Clermont, a post-office of Richland coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Clermont, a post-office of Fayette county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Clermont Mills, a post-office of Harford 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Clermontville, a small post-village of 
 McKean county, Pennsylvania, about 194 
 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Cleto Creek, of Texas, flows into the San 
 Antonio from the N. in Goliad county. 
 
 Cleveland, a county in the S. W. part o^ 
 North Carolina, bordering on South Carolina, 
 has an area of about 660 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the First Broad river which 
 enters Broad river proper near the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of the county. The surface is ele- 
 vated and uneven ; the soil is said to be fer- 
 tile. Indian corn and cotton are cultivated. 
 In 1850 this county produced 335,572 bush- 
 els of corn, and 321^ bales of cotton. There 
 were 3 corn and flour mills, 4 saw mills, 3 
 iron forges, and 5 tanneries. It contained 
 30 churches. King's mountain is on or near 
 
 249 
 
CLE 
 
 CLI 
 
 the S. E. border of the county. Cleveland 
 county was formed in 1841, and named 
 in honor of Colonel Benjamin Cleveland, 
 ■who commanded at the battle of King's moun- 
 tain. Capital, Shelby. Population, 10,396, 
 of vrhom 8649 were free, and 1747, slaves. 
 
 Cleveland, a post-village of Constantia 
 township, Oswego county, New York, on the 
 N. shore of Oneida lake, about 48 miles W. 
 by N. from Utica. It has 1 or 2 churches, 
 and several mills. 
 
 Cleveland, a small village of Meriwether 
 county, Georgia, about 100 miles W. by S. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Cleveland, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Bradley county, Tennessee, on the East 
 Tennessee and Georgia railroad, 156 miles 
 E. S. E. from Nashville, and about 30 miles 
 N. E. from Chattanooga. The surrounding 
 country is fertile and well watered, and is 
 rapidly improving since the opening of the 
 railroad. Cleveland is a place of active 
 business, and has from 500 to 600 inhabit- 
 ants. It was laid out in 1840. A railroad 
 is in course of construction from this point 
 to Chattanooga. 
 
 Cleveland, city and port of entry of Ohio, 
 and capital of Cuyahoga county, on the S. 
 shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of Cuya- 
 hoga river, 135 miles by railroad E. N. E. 
 from Columbus, 255 miles N. E. from Cincin- 
 nati, and 195 miles by water S. W. from 
 Buffalo. Lat. 41° 80' N., Ion. 81° 47' W. 
 Next to Cincinnati, it is the most commercial 
 town of Ohio, and there are strong reasons 
 for believing that it will continue to increase 
 in population and importance until it be- 
 comes a large city. Besides its natural ad- 
 vantages, which are probablj' equal to any 
 on the lake, its trade is facilitated by the 
 Ohio canal, which extends to the Ohio river 
 at Portsmouth, and by the following rail- 
 roads, which are already completed : the 
 Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati ; the 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg, and the Cleveland 
 and Erie. The mouth of the river forms a 
 good harbour, which has been improved by 
 a pier on each side, extending into the lake. 
 The situation is elevated and remarkably' 
 beautiful. The greater part of the city is 
 built on a gravelly plain, nearly 100 feet 
 higher than the lake. The streets cross each 
 other .at right angles, and vary from 80 to 
 120 feet in width. Many of them are well 
 paved and bordered with ornamental trees, 
 and open delightful vistas of the blue and 
 boundless waters. The principal business is 
 transacted on Main street, which is 120 feet 
 in width, and is lined with rows of brick and 
 stone buildings, 3 or 4 stories high. Near 
 the centre of the city is a public square of 10 
 acres, divided into four parts by intersecting 
 streets. The most remarkable public build- 
 ings are the Merchants' Exchange, the court 
 house, the Medical College, the American Ho- 
 tel, the Wpddell House, and the different 
 250 
 
 churches. The Western Reserve Medical Col- 
 lege is a flourishing institution, having, in 
 .1852, 6 professors and about 200 students. 
 There is also a Homoeopathic Medical College, 
 founded in 1850. Cleveland has 25 churches, 
 among which are 3 Presbyterian, 3 Episco- 
 palian, 3 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 2 Catholic, 
 besides 1 Jewish synagogue. It contains 6 
 banks, 1 theatre, and numerous newspaper 
 offices. Ohio City, on the W. side of the 
 river opposite Cleveland, is separately in- 
 corporated, and has a mayor and council. It 
 contains several thousand inhabitants. The 
 reported value of the exports and imports of 
 Cleveland for 1851 was about $14,000,000. 
 The last year will doubtless show a large in- 
 crease in this respect. In 1852, 137,926 tons 
 of stone coal were received at this port. The 
 number of vessels owned here (Cuyhoga dis- 
 trict) June 30th, 1852, was over 100, with an 
 aggregate of 38,288 tons enrolled and li- 
 censed. During the year 19 vessels, (7 of 
 them steamers,) with an aggregate burden 
 of 4718|| tons, were admeasured Arrange- 
 ments have been made by the public authori- 
 ties to supply the city with pure water from 
 Lake Erie, to be raised by a steam-engine. 
 From the level character of the grounds in 
 the vicinity, a brick tower and tank will be 
 resorted to as the only practical means to 
 obtain the requisite head of water. The cost 
 of the works is estimated in the engineer's 
 report to the city council at $380,766. Cleve- 
 land is lighted with gas, and several daily 
 and weekly papers are published here. A 
 railroad is in course of construction from 
 this town to Sandusky, and another (the 
 Cleveland and Mahoning) to Newcastle, Penn- 
 sylvania. Cleveland was settled in 1796, and 
 incorporated in 1836. The population in 1840 
 was 6071; in 1850, 17,034 ; in 1858, (inclu- 
 ding Ohio City with 9992 inhabitants) 41,196. 
 
 Cleveland, a township in Elkhart countj', 
 Indiana. Population, 419. 
 
 Cleveland, a small village of Tippecanoe 
 county, Indiana, 54 miles N.W. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Cleveland, a small village of Boone coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Cleves, or Clevestown, a post-village of 
 Hamilton county, Ohio, about 12 miles ^Y. 
 by N. from Cincinnati, has about 800 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Clifford, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Susquehanna county, 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. from Carbondale. 
 Population, 1353. 
 
 Clift Mills, a post-office of Fauquier 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Clifton, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. Population, 806. 
 
 Clifton, a post-office of Monroe county, 
 New York. 
 
 Clifton, a township of St. Lawrence coun- 
 ty. New York, 25 miles S. S. E. from Canton, 
 drained by Grass river. 
 
CLI 
 
 CLI 
 
 Clifton, a small village of Carbon county, 
 Pennsylvania, near the Lehigh river, about 
 120 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Clifton, a post-office of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clifton, a post-ofiBce of King George coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Clifton, a post-office of Madison county, 
 Florida. 
 
 Clifton, a small post-village of Wayne 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Clifton, a small village of Woodford coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, on the Kentucky river. 
 
 Clifton, a village of Clarke county, Ohio, 
 about 50 miles S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Clifton, a post village of Greene county, 
 Ohio, on the Little Miami river, 75 miles 
 N. E. from Cincinnati. The water-power of 
 the river propels a cotton and a woollen 
 factoi-y, a paper mill, and gr'-.„ mill. Popu- 
 lation, about 300. 
 
 Clifton, a post-office of Union county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Clifton, a post- village of Jefferson county, 
 Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 26 miles 
 S. by W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Clifton, a village of Dane county, Wiscon- 
 sin, on the Wisconsin river, about 24 miles N. 
 W. from Madison, has about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Clifton Foege, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Clifton Mills, a post-office of Brecken- 
 ridge county, Kentucky. 
 
 Clifton Park, a post-township of Sara- 
 toga countj'-. New York, 17 miles N. by W. 
 from Albany, borders on the Mohawk river 
 and Erie canal. Population, 2868. 
 
 Clifton Springs, a post-village of Ontario 
 county. New York, on the Auburn and Ko- 
 chester railroad, 44 miles E. S. E. from P^o- 
 chester. 
 
 Clifty, a post-office of Todd county, Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Cliftt, a township in Bartholomew coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 946. 
 
 Clifty, a post-office of Decatur county, 
 Indiana, 45 miles S. E. from Indian.apolis. 
 
 Clifty Creek, Alabama, flows S. into Sip- 
 sey river, in Walker county. 
 
 Clifty Creek, in the S. W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, flows through the S. E. part of Muh- 
 lenberg county into Muddy creek. 
 
 Clifty Creek, of Indiana, rises in Rush 
 county, and flowing S. W. about 50 miles, 
 enters the Driftwood fork of White river, 3 
 miles below Columbus. . 
 
 Clifty Creek of Jefferson county, In- 
 diana, falls into the Ohio, 1 mile below Ma- 
 dison. 
 
 Climax, a township in the E. part of 
 Kalamazoo county, Michigan. Population, 
 504. 
 
 Climax Prairie, a post-office of Kalama- 
 zoo county, Michigan. 
 
 Clinch, a new county in the S. part of 
 Georgia, formed since 1850. 
 
 Clinch, Dale, a small village of Hawkins 
 county, Tennessee, 250 miles E. from Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 Clinch River, of Virginia and Tennessee, 
 rises among the mountains in the S. W. part 
 of the former state, and flowing S. W. into 
 Tennessee, traverses the valley between Clinch 
 and Powell mountains, and unites with the 
 Holston at Kingston, to form the Tennessee 
 river. Its whole length is estimated at above 
 200 miles. Small boats navigate it for more 
 than half that distance. 
 
 Cline's Mill, a post-office of Augusta 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Clingman, a post-office of Cleveland coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Clinton, a countj'- forming the N. E. extre- 
 mity of New York, has an area of about 950 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by Lake 
 Champlain, and on the S. by the Rivifere au 
 Sable, and is drained by the Saranac and 
 Chazy rivers, and other smaller streams 
 which furnish abundant water-power. Many 
 of the inhabitants are engaged in commerce 
 and manufactures, but the principal occupa- 
 tion is agriculture. Along the shore of the 
 lake the surface is level, or slightly uneven, 
 and the soil of good quality. In the W- part 
 the surface is mountainous, and generally 
 covered with timber. Indian corn, oats, po- 
 tatoes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 129,782 bushels of 
 corn ; 254,654 of oats ; 352,167 of potatoes ; 
 36,583J tons of hay ; 609,047 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 144,190 of wool. There were 15 flour 
 and gristmills, 115 sawmills, 2 rolling mills, 
 19 forges, 2 nail factories, 4 woollen facto- 
 ries, and 9 iron foundries. It contained 35 
 churches, and 4 newspaper offices ; 5092 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 443 attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. The W. 
 part of this county abounds in iron ore of 
 excellent quality. Lake Champlain is navi- 
 gable along its entire E. border. The railroad 
 connecting Rouse's Point with Ogdensburg 
 traverses the county, and a branch to Platts- 
 burg is included within it. Organized in 
 1788, and named in honor of George Clinton, 
 who was six times successively elected go- 
 vernor of the state of New York, and after- 
 wards' vice-president of the United States. 
 Capital, Plattsburg. Population, 40,047. 
 
 Clinton county, in the N. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, contains about 1000 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the W. branch 
 of the Susquehanna river, and also drained 
 by Bald Eagle and Kettle creeks. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, the county lying on the 
 W. declivity of the Alleghany ridge. The 
 soil of the limestone valleys is productive. 
 There is abundance of iron ore and bitumi- 
 nous coal in the county, and the coal mines 
 are extensively worked. The chief articles 
 of export are lumber and coal. Wheat, In- 
 dian corn, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 191,065 bushels 
 
 261 
 
CLI 
 
 CLI 
 
 of wheat; 115,760 of corn; 6696 tons of hay, 
 and 140,456 pounds of butter. There were 
 3 woollen factories, 4 iron furnaces, 1 forge, 
 1 foundry, 15 flour and grist mills, 36 saw 
 mills, 4 coal mines, and 2 manufactories of 
 agricultural implements. It contained 15 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 1724 pupils 
 attending public schools. The West Branch 
 canal affords an easy access to market. 
 Organized in 1839. Named in honor of De 
 Witt Clinton, governor of New York, and one 
 of the earliest and most distinguished pro- 
 moters of internal improvement in his own 
 state. Capital, Lock Haven. Population, 
 11,207. 
 
 Clinton, a county in the S. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee, has an area 
 estimated at 350 square miles. Cumberland 
 river, navigable for boats, washes its N. 
 border, and it is also drained by Wolf river 
 and Indian creek. The surface is partly hilly 
 and partly undulating. Poplar mountain, a 
 spur of Cumberland mountain, rises in the 
 E. part of the county to the height of 1000 
 feet or more. The soil is fertile, but a large 
 part of it is yet unimproved. In 1850 this 
 county produced 239,601 bushels of corn ; 
 11,012 pounds of wool, and 32,509 of tobacco. 
 It contained 5 churches ; 1563 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 40 attending an aca- 
 demy. Stone coal and iron ore are abundant 
 in the highlands. The county is liberally 
 supplied with water-power. Organized in 
 1836. Capital, Albany. Population, 4889 ; 
 of whom 4627 were free, and 262 slaves. 
 
 Clinton, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 467 square miles. It 
 is drained by the E. fork of Little Miami, by 
 Anderson's fork, and by Todd's and Rattle- 
 snake creeks. The surface is undulating; 
 the soil highly productive and well cultivated. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 1,224,517 bushels of corn; 
 110,561 of wheat; 127,862 of oats; 12,945 
 tons of hay, and 407,043 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 49 churches, 2 newspaper ofBces ; 
 3920 pupils attending public schools, and 320 
 attending academies or other schools. It is 
 intersected by the Zanesville, AVilmington, 
 and Cincinnati railroad, nearly completed. 
 Named in honor of Governor George Clinton, 
 of New York. Capital, Wilmington. Popu- 
 lation, 18,838. 
 
 Clinton, a county in the central part of 
 Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Grand, Maple, and Looking- 
 glass rivers. The surface is level and heavilj' 
 timbered ; the soil is productive. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, and oats are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 53,554 bushels of 
 wheat; 61,255 of corn, and 39,097 of oats. 
 It contained 1 church, 1 newspaper office, and 
 1017 pupils attending public schools. The 
 county is liberally supplied with water-power. 
 Capital, De Witt. Population, 5102. 
 252 
 
 Clinton, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Indiana, contains 432 square miles. 
 It is drained by the forks of Wildcat river 
 and Sugar creek. This county, which lies 
 in the fertile valley of the Wabash, has a 
 level surface and an alluvial soil, which pro- 
 duces abundant crops of grain and grass. 
 It contains a few prairies, the largest of 
 which is 12 miles long and 4 miles wide, and 
 the rest of the surface was covered by a 
 dense forest. The articles of export are 
 wheat, pork, horses, and cattle. In 1850 
 this county produced 710,973 bushels of 
 corn; 95,839 of wheat; 34,198 of oats, and 
 5068 tons of hay. It contained 4 churches, 
 and 4710 pupils attending public schools. 
 Plank-roads extend in two directions from 
 Frankfort, the county seat. Organized in 
 1830. Population, 11,869. 
 
 Clinton, a county in the S. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 420 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Kaskaskia river and 
 by Shoal creek, and also drained by Beaver 
 and Crooked creeks. The surface is gene- 
 rally level and the soil productive. It con- 
 tains a number of prairies, alternating with 
 tracts of timber. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 beans, potatoes, butter, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 414,898 bushels of corn; 19,682 of wheat; 
 71,508 of oats, and 99,077 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 5 churches, and 375 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Carlyle. 
 Population, 5139. 
 
 Clinton, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 460 square miles. 
 It is drained by Smith's fork and Little 
 Platte river, and by Castile creek. The ge- 
 neral surface is nearly level, and the soil 
 productive. The county has a large propor- 
 tion of prairie. The timber consists of 
 hickory, elm, black walnut, and many kinds 
 of oak. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hemp, 
 cattle, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 299,070 bushels of 
 corn; 22,363 of wheat; 48,469 of oats, and 
 193 tons of hemp. Limestone and sandstone 
 are the principal rocks of the county. The 
 projected railroad from Hannibal to St. .Jo- 
 seph will probably pass through the county. 
 Capital, Plattsburg. Population, 3786, of 
 whom 3347 were free, and 439, slaves. 
 
 Clinton, a county in the E. part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Illinois, has an area of 696 
 square miles. The Mississippi river forms 
 its eastern boundary; the Wapsipinicon tra- 
 verses the western part and forms the south- 
 ern boundary of the county. The county 
 has a fair proportion of timber and prairie ; 
 the soil is good. Indian corn, wheat, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 94,100 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 61,945 of wheat; 30,759 of oats; 
 11,163 of potatoes; 65,038 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 5144 tons of hay. Capital, De Witt. 
 Population, 2822. 
 
CLI 
 
 CLT 
 
 Clinton, a post-township of Kennebec 
 county, Maine, 25 miles N. by E. from Au- 
 gusta, on the E. side of Kennebec river. Po- 
 pulation, 1743. 
 
 Clinton, a flourishing manufacturing post- 
 village of Worcester county, Massachusetts, 
 in a township of its own name, on the Na- 
 shua river, which affords good water-power, 
 and on the Worcester and Nashua railroad, 85 
 miles W. by N. from Boston. The township 
 was set off from Lancaster in 1849. Clinton 
 is remarkable for its rapid growth, and for 
 its extensive and peculiar manufactures, the 
 more important of which consist of Lancas- 
 ter ginghams, Brussels carpets, coach lace, 
 figured counterpanes, fancy cassimeres, car- 
 pet-bags, and machinery. The most promi- 
 nent among the numerous establishments are 
 the Gingham or Lancaster mills, which are 
 considered to be the most complete of the 
 kind in the United States. The buildings 
 are situated on the banks of the Nashua, in 
 the eastern part of the town, and cover more 
 than four acres of ground. About 800 hands 
 are employed, who keep in operation 21,000 
 spindles and 600 looms, producing daily up- 
 wards of 13,000 yards, or between 4,000,000 
 and 5,000,000 yards annually. The dye- 
 house connected with this establishment is 
 supposed to be the most perfect of the kind 
 in the world. Capital of the company, 
 $900,000. Besides the above may be men- 
 tioned the Clinton Company, with a capital 
 of $400,000, producing annually 1,200,000 
 yards of coach lace, and 800,000 yards of 
 tweeds and cassimeres ; the Bigelow Carpet 
 Company, (commenced operations in the fall 
 of 1849,) which yearly tvirns out upwards of 
 150,000 yards of Brussels carpeting, of a 
 quality hitherto unsurpassed; and the Lan- 
 caster Quilt Company, producing about 70,000 
 counterpanes annually. The township covers 
 an area of only about 5000 acres. It con- 
 tains several excellent schools, and three hand- 
 some churches. Population in 1850, 3113. 
 
 Clinton, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county ,^ Connecticut, on Long Island sound, 
 about 20 miles E. of New Haven. Popula- 
 tion, 1344. 
 
 Clinton, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Long Island Sound, has 2 or 3 
 churches and several stores. 
 
 Clinton, a post-township of Clinton coun- 
 ty, New York, 30 miles N. W. from Platts- 
 burg, intersected by the Northern railroad. 
 Population, 1436. 
 
 Clinton, a township of Dutchess county. 
 New York, 10 miles N. from Poughkeepsie. 
 Population, 1795. 
 
 Clinton, a post-village of Kirkland town- 
 ship, Oneida county, New York, is pleasantly 
 situated on both sides of Oriskany creek, 
 and on the Chenango canal, 9 miles S. W. 
 from Utica, and 100 miles W. N. W. from Al- 
 bany. It is the seat of Hamilton College. 
 The college buildings are of stone, and are 
 
 situated on an eminence 1 mile W. from the 
 village. Clinton contains churches of four or 
 five denominations, and one bank. 
 
 Clinton, a township of Essex county, New 
 Jersey. Population, 2508. 
 
 Clinton, a post-township in the northern 
 part of Hunterdon county. New Jersey, on 
 the S. branch of Earitan river. Population, 
 2368. 
 
 Clinton, a thriving post-village of the 
 above township, on the New Jersey Central 
 railroad, and on the S. branch of P^ai-itan 
 river, about 10 miles N. of Flemington, is 
 situated in a fine and well-improved agricul- 
 tural region. The stream affords sufiicient 
 water-power to turn a large flour mill, a saw 
 mill, and some other machinery. This town 
 has 2 or 3 hotels, 7 stores, and 2 churches. 
 Population, about 800. 
 
 Clinton, a small post-village of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles W. from Pitts- 
 burg. 
 
 Clinton, a village of Armstrong county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Alle- 
 ghany river, 33 miles above Pittsburg. 
 
 Clinton, a small village of Centre town- 
 ship, Greene county, Pennsylvania, about 6 
 miles W. from Waynesburg. 
 
 Clinton, a township of Lycoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of Susque- 
 hanna river, 70 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 850. 
 
 Clinton, a township of Wayne county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 50 miles N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 840. 
 
 Clinton, a township of Wyoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles E. from Tunkhannock. 
 Population, 544. 
 
 Clinton, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Sampson county. North Carolina, on the 
 stage-road from Fayetteville to Warsaw, 35 
 miles E. from the former. It has an active 
 trade, and contains 6 dry-goods stores, and 
 8 or 10 other shops. There is a female in- 
 stitute in the immediate vicinity. 
 
 Clinton, a small village of Gwinnett coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Clinton, a post-village, capital of Jones 
 county, Georgia, about 20 miles W. by S. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Clinton, a thriving post-village of Greene 
 county, Alabama, 120 miles W. N. W. from 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Clinton, a small village in Hinds county, 
 Mississippi, 10 miles W. of Jackson. It is 
 on the railroad from Vicksburg to Brandon. 
 
 Clinton, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of E. Feliciana parish, Louisiana, 32 miles 
 N. from Baton Eouge. A railroad 25 miles 
 long connects it with Port Hudson, on the 
 Mississippi. It is a place of active and 
 extensive business, and is surrounded by 
 a community of wealthy cotton-planters . 
 16,000 bales of cotton were shipped here in 
 1851. Clinton contains a fine court house, 
 2 churches, 1 synagogue, 1 academy, abotit 
 
 253 
 
CLI 
 
 CLI 
 
 20 stores, and 2 ofSces which issue newspa- 
 pers. Population, 1252. 
 
 Clinton, a small post-tillage, capital of 
 De Witt county, Texas, about 94 miles in a 
 direct line S. by E. from Austin. The lands 
 of the Gaudalupe valley are said to be ex- 
 tremely fertile, and the uplands are rolling 
 and finely diversified in scenery. 
 
 Clinton, a post-village, capital of Van 
 Buren county, Arkansas, on Little Red river, 
 about 60 miles in a straight line N. by W. 
 from Little Rock. 
 
 Clinton, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Anderson county, Tennessee, on the right 
 bank of the Clinch river, 18 miles N. W. from 
 Knoxvilie, and 175 miles E. from Nashville, 
 is surrounded by a fertile and beautiful 
 country. The river is navigable for boats. 
 Clinton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Hickman county, Kentucky, is about 10 miles 
 from the Mississippi river, and 300 miles W. 
 S. W. from Frankfort. It contains 4 stores, 
 1 school, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Clinton, a township in the N. central part 
 
 of Franklin county, Ohio. Population, 1186. 
 
 Clinton, a township in Fulton county, 
 
 Ohio, about 35 miles W. S. W. from Toledo. 
 
 Population, 708. 
 
 Clinton, a township in the S. W. central 
 part of Knox county, Ohio. Population, 
 802. 
 
 Clinton, a township in the central part 
 
 of Seneca county, Ohio. Population, 1680. 
 
 Clinton, a township in the S. E. central 
 
 part of Shelby county, Ohio. Population, 
 
 764. 
 
 Clinton, a small post-village of Summit 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio canal, 118 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Clinton, a township in Vinton county, 
 Ohio, about 30 miles E. S. E. from Chilli- 
 cothe. Population, 886. 
 
 Clinton, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Wayne countj^, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 1121. 
 
 Clinton, a post-village of Lenawee county, 
 Michigan, is pleasantly situated on the Rai- 
 .sin river, and on the Chicago road, 15 miles 
 N. by E. from Adrian, the county seat ; is 
 well supplied with water-power, and is sur- 
 rounded by a fertile tract of land. It con- 
 tains several stores and mills, and about 500 
 inhabitants. > 
 
 Clinton, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Macomb county, Michigan. Population, 
 2130. 
 
 Clinton, a township of Cass county, Indi- 
 ana. Population, 666. 
 
 Clinton, a township in Elkhart county, 
 Indiana. Population, 804. 
 
 Clinton, a township in La Porte county, 
 Indiana. Population, 698. 
 
 Clinton, a post-township in Vermilion 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1509. 
 
 Clinton, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the W. bank of the Wa- 
 254 
 
 bash river, 16 miles S. from Newport. It is 
 a shipping point for the produce of the vici- 
 nity. Population, in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Clinton, a township in De Kalb county, 
 Illinois. Population, 350. 
 
 Clinton, a post-village, capital of De Witt 
 county, Illinois, is on the route of the Cen- 
 tral railroad, (now in progress,) 50 miles E. 
 N. E. from Springfield. The land in the 
 vicinity is very productive. Laid out in 
 1837. Population, about 400. 
 
 Clinton, formerly Rives Court House, a 
 small post-village, capital of Henry county, 
 Missouri, a few miles N. from Grand river, 
 (of the Osage,) and 107 miles W. by S. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Clinton, a thriving post-village of Monroe 
 county, Missouri, on the N. fork of Salt 
 river, 81 miles N. from Jefferson City. It 
 has a valuable water-power and several 
 stores. 
 
 Clinton, a small village of Dane county, 
 Wisconsin, on the Koshkonong river, 24 miles 
 E. by S. from Madison, has a fine water- 
 power, and contains about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Clinton, a post-township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Rock county, Wisconsin. 
 Population, 1168. 
 
 Clinton, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, about 68 miles S. W. from Milwaukee. 
 Clinton College, a post-ofiice of Smith 
 county, Tennessee, 53 miles E. by N. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Clinton Corners, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county, New York. 
 
 Clintondale, a post-office of Ulster county, 
 New York. 
 
 Clinton Furnace, a post-office of Clarion 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clinton Hollow, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county*. New York. 
 
 Clinton Hill, a village of St. Clair 
 county, Illinois, 5 or 6 miles N. from Belle- 
 ville. 
 
 Clinton Rock, a post-office of Parke coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Clinton River, of Michigan, has its sour- 
 ces in the numerous small lakes of Oakland 
 county, and flows through Macomb county 
 into Lake St. Clair, 6 miles from Mount Cle- 
 mens. Its length is estimated at 50 miles. 
 It is navigable by boats for 20 miles. 
 
 Clintonville, a small manufacturing post- 
 village in Au Sable township, Clinton county, 
 New York, on Au Sable river, about 130 miles 
 N. from Albany. 
 
 Clintonville, a small village of Onondaga 
 county. New York, 4 or 5 miles E. S. E. from 
 Sknneateles. 
 
 Clintonville, a village of Lycoming coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 10 miles S. E. from Wil- 
 liam sport, and 80 miles N. from Harrisburg, 
 contains about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Clintonville, a small post-village of Ve- 
 nango county, Pennsylvania. 
 Clintonville, a small post-village of Green- 
 
CLI 
 
 OLY 
 
 bi'ier county, Virginia, 231 miles W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Clxntonville, a post-Yillage of Bourboii 
 
 county, Kentucky, 9 miles S. from Paris, the 
 
 county seat, has 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 J Clintonville, a post-office of Franklin 
 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Clintonville, a post-office of Kane county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Clio, a small post-village in Marlborough 
 district, South Carolina, about 120 miles N. 
 E. from Columbia. 
 
 Clto, a post-office of Wayne county, Ken- 
 tuckj', 94 miles S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Clio, a post-office of Greene county, Ohio. 
 
 CiiOCKviLLE, a post-office of Madison coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Cloket, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Clopton, a post-office of Smith county, 
 Texas, 250 miles N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Clopton's Mill, a post-office of Putnam 
 county, Georgia, 16 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Closteu, a small village of Bergen county. 
 New Jersey, about 20 miles N. from New Yoi-k. 
 
 Cloutieeville, a small post-village of 
 Natchitoches parish, Louisiana, on the N. 
 bank of Red river, 85 miles W. by S. from 
 Concordia. 
 
 Clove, a post-office of Dutchess county, 
 New York. 
 
 Clove, a post-office of Sussex county, New 
 Jersey. 
 
 Clovee,, a post-office of Blair county, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Clover, a township in the W. part of Jef- 
 ferson county, Pennsylvania, a few miles S. 
 W. from Brookville, drained by Sandy Lick 
 creek. Population, 737. 
 
 Clover, a post-office of Clermont county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Clover Bend, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Clover Bottom, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Clover Creek, of Blair county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, falls into the Juniata river. 
 
 Clover Creek, a post-office of Highland 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cloverdale, a post-office of Botetourt 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cloveedaxe, a thriving post-village of Put- 
 nam county, Indiana, 10 miles S. from Green- 
 castle, the county seat, is surrounded by a 
 fertile country, v/hich is well supplied with 
 water and valuable timber. The railroad 
 from New Albany to Chicago is expected to 
 pass through the village'. Population, about 
 400. 
 
 Cloveedale Hotel, a post-office of Bath 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Clover Garden, a post-office of Orange 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Glover Green, a post-office of Spottsyl- 
 vania county, Virginia. 
 
 Clover Hill, a small post-village of Hun- 
 terdon county. New Jersey. 
 
 Clover Hill, a pleasant post-village, ca- 
 pital of Appomatox county, Virginia, about 
 100 miles W. from Richmond, and 20 miles 
 E. from Lynchburg. It is connected by a 
 plank-road with James river, which is nearly 
 15 miles distant. The village has a hand- 
 some court house. 
 
 Clover Hill, a small post-village of Blount 
 county, Tennessee, 25 miles S. W. from Knox- 
 ville. 
 
 Clover Hill, a post-office of Greene coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Cloverland, a small post-village of Clay 
 county, Indiana, on the Terre Haute and In- 
 dianapolis .railro0.d, 10 miles E. N. E. from 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 Clover Orchard, a post-office of Orange 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cloverport, a post-office of Hardeman 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cloverport, a post-village of Breckenridge 
 county, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 110 
 miles below Louisville. It has a consider- 
 able business in shipping produce. Coal is 
 abundant in the vicinity. Four miles from 
 the village are the White Sulphur Springs, 
 a fashionable watering-place. Population, 
 about 700. 
 
 Clove's Depot, a post-office of Oldham 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Clovesville, a post-office of Delaware 
 county. New York. 
 
 Clotd's Creek, a post-office of Blount 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Club Creek, in the S. part of Virginia, 
 flows southward through Charlotte county, 
 and enters the Staunton a few miles S. W. 
 from Marysville. 
 
 Clyattsville, a post-office of Lowndes 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Clyde river, in the N. part of Vermont, 
 rises in Essex count3'', and falls into Mem- 
 phremagog Lake, in Orleans county. 
 
 Clyde river, of Wayne county. New York, 
 formed by the junction of Flint and Mud 
 creeks, flows into Seneca river. 
 
 Clyde, a flourishing post-village in Galen 
 township, Wayne county. New York, about 
 160 miles N. W. by Yv^. from Albany, on the 
 Erie canal and Clyde river, where it is crossed 
 by the Rochester and Syracuse railroad. It 
 contains about 20 stores, 4 churches, 1 bank, 
 1 grist mill, 3 hotels, and 1 large distillery. 
 A railroad and canal, from Sodus bay to 
 Clyde, are in course of construction. 
 
 Clyde, a post-office of Sandusky county, 
 Ohio, about 120 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Clyde, a township of St. Clair county, 
 Michigan, about 50 miles N. N. E. from De- 
 troit. Population, 691. 
 
 Clyde, a post-office of Whitesides county, 
 Illinois, 140 miles N. from Springfield. 
 
 Clyde, a township in Iowa county, Wiscon 
 sin, on the S. side of Wisconsin river, about 
 255 
 
CLY 
 
 COB 
 
 10 miles S. E. from Richmond. Popula- 
 tion, 133. 
 
 Clyde Mills, a post-village of St. Clair 
 county, Michigan, 55 miles N. N. E. from 
 Detroit. 
 
 Cltman, a post-township in the S. central 
 part of Dodge county, Wisconsin. Popula- 
 tion, 725. 
 
 Cltmeb, a post-township of Chautauque 
 county. New York, 18 miles S. W. from Mays- 
 ville. Population, 1127. 
 
 Cltmek Centre, a post-ofSce of Chau- 
 tauque county, New York. 
 
 Coahoma, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Mississippi, bordering on the Mississippi 
 river, which separates it from Arkansas. The 
 area is about 750 square miles. It is drained 
 by Sunflower river. The surface is flat and 
 low, and the W. part is frequently overflowed 
 by the Mississippi. The soil is said to be 
 productive. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 2430 
 bales of cotton ; 134,815 bushels of corn ; and 
 22,837 of sweet potatoes. It contained 5 
 churches, and 97 pupils attending public 
 schools. This county, which is comprised in 
 the Chickasaw cession, was organized about 
 the year 1836. Capital, Delta. Population, 
 2780, of whom 1389 were free, and 1391 
 slaves. 
 
 Coal, a township forming the E. extremity 
 of Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, 16 
 miles S. E. from Sunbury, intersected by the 
 Pottsville and Danville railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1461. 
 
 Coal Creek of Fountain county, Indiana, 
 flows into the Wabash a little below the mouth 
 of Vermilion river. Eich mines of coal are 
 found at its mouth. 
 
 Coal Creek, a township in Montgomery 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1517. 
 
 Coalesville, a post-oflSce of Hendricks 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Coal Grove, a post-village of Pike county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Coal Grove, a post-village of Lawrence 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, about 10 
 miles below Burlington. 
 
 Coal Hill, a post-office of Goochland coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Coal Mountain, a post-office of Forsyth 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 CoALPORT, a small village of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of 
 the Ohio river, 4 miles below Pittsburg, is the 
 depot for the Chartier coal railroad, which 
 extends about 6 miles back from the river. 
 
 CoALPORT, a post-office of Indiana county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CoALPORT, a thriving village of Meigs coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 100 miles S. E. 
 from Columbus, and 1 mile below Pomeroy. 
 Immense beds of coal are worked here on the 
 bank of the river. 
 
 Coal River, in the W. part of Virginia, 
 rises in Fayette county, and flowing in a 
 256 
 
 general N. W. direction, falls into the Great 
 Kanawha river, in Kanawha county, after a 
 course of probably not less than 60 miles. 
 
 Coal River Marshes, a post-office of Ra- 
 leigh coanty, Virginia. 
 
 Coal Run, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 CoALSMOuTH, a post-office of Kanawha 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Coal Valley, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CoATEs's Tavern, a post-office of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Coatesville, a thriving post-village of 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, on the W. 
 branch of Brandywine creek, where it is 
 crossed by the Lancaster turnpike and the 
 Columbia railroad, 36 miles W. from Phila- 
 delphia. It is pleasantly situated in a rich 
 and highly cultivated valley, and contains 
 3 churches, 3 rolling mills, and one cotton 
 factory. 
 
 Cobalt, a post-office of Middlesex county, 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Cobb, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 529 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the S. E. by the Chattahoochee 
 river, and drained by Sweetwater, Powder 
 Spring, Pumpkin Vine, Vickery's, and other 
 creeks. The surface is elevated, hilly, and 
 in some parts mountainous, fhe Kenesaw 
 mountain, 2 or 3 miles from the county seat, 
 rises 1828 feet above the sea level. The soil 
 is generally fertile and well watered. Indian 
 corn, wheat, cotton, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 318,738 bushels of corn; 52,790 of 
 oats ; 54,850 of sweet potatoes ; and 2401 
 of cotton. It contained 1 cotton factory, 4 
 flour mills, and 2 tanneries. There were 12 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices, and 340 pupils 
 attending academies or other schools. Gra- 
 nite is abundant, and gold, silver, copper, 
 iron, and lead have been found. The county 
 is intersected by the Western and Atlantic 
 railroad. Organized in 1832, and named in 
 honor of John Cobb, formerly United States 
 senator from Georgia. Capital, Marietta. 
 Population, 13,843, of whom 11,571 were 
 free, and 2272, slaves. 
 
 Cobb, a post-office of Jackson county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Cobbessecontee Waters, in the S. part of 
 Kennebec county, Maine, a beautiful sheet 
 of water connected with a number of smaller 
 ponds. Length, about 7 miles. Its outlet, 
 the Cobbessecontee river, flows into the Ken- 
 nebec. 
 
 Cobb's Fork, a post-office of Decatur 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Cobb's Mills, a post-office of Cherokee 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cobbsville, a post-office of Telfair coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Cobbsville, a post-office of Johnson coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
COB 
 
 COF 
 
 Coberlt's, a post-office of Union county, 
 Ohio, 40 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 CoBiiAM, a post-office of Albemarle coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 CobiijUi, a small village of Columbia coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 CoBLESKiLii, a post-townsbip of Schoharie 
 county. New York, 40 miles W. from Albanj^ 
 is drained by Cobleskill creek, an affluent of 
 Schoharie creek. Population, 2229. 
 
 Cobleskill Centre, a post-office of Scho- 
 harie county. New York. 
 
 CoBscooK Bay, at the E. extremity of 
 Maine, communicates with Passamaquoddy 
 bay, near Eastport. 
 
 Coburn's Store, a post- village of Mecklen- 
 burg county, North Carolina. 
 
 CoBusKiLL river, a small stream of Scho- 
 harie county, in the E. part of New York, 
 falls into the Schoharie river. 
 
 CocALico, a post-office of Lancaster coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CocHECTON, a post-township of Sullivan 
 county, New York, on the Delaware river, 
 about 100 miles S. W. from Albany. Popu- 
 lation, 1671. 
 
 CocHECTON, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, 141 miles from New York city, plea- 
 santly situated in the fertile valley of the 
 Cochecton creek. 
 
 CocHESETT, a post-office of Plymouth 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 CocHiTUATE, a post-office of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Cochran's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Harris county, Georgia. 
 
 Cocuran's Grove, a small post-village of 
 Shelby county, Illinois, about 70 miles E. S. 
 E. from Springfield. 
 
 Cochran's Landing, a post-office of Mon- 
 roe county, Ohio. 
 
 Cochran's Mills, a post-office of Pickens 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 CocHRANSViLLE, a post-officc of Marshall 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 CocHRANTON, a post-villago of Marion coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 56 miles N. by W. from Columbus. 
 
 CocHRANTOWN, a Small post-village of 
 Crawford county, Pennsylvania, on French 
 creek, about 82 miles N. from Pittsburg. 
 
 COCHRAKVILLE, Or COCHRANSVILLE, a pOSt- 
 
 village of Chester co.. Pa., 60 miles S. E. from 
 Harrisburg. It has a boarding school. 
 
 CocKEYSViLLE, a post-villagc of Baltimore 
 county, Maryland, on the Baltimore and Sus- 
 quehanna railroad, 40 miles N. from Anna- 
 polis. One newspaper is issued here. 
 
 CocKE, a county in the E. part of Tennessee, 
 bordering on North Carolina, has an area es- 
 timated at 270 square miles. It is traversed 
 by Big Pigeon river, au affluent of French 
 Broad river, and the latter forms its N. E. 
 boundary. The surface is mostly moun- 
 tainous, especially near the S. E. boundary, 
 which is formed by the Iron or Smoky moun- 
 
 R 
 
 ^aln. The soil produces Indian corn, oat?, 
 aud grass. In 1850 there were raised 544, •51G 
 bushels of corn ; 129,389 of oats, and 81,875 
 pounds of butter. It contained 22 churches ; 
 1294 pupils attending public schools and 55 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 county is well timbered, and supplied with 
 abundance of spring-water. Capital, New- 
 port. Population, 8300, of whom 7581 were 
 free, and 719, slaves. 
 
 CocKRUM, a small post-village of De Soto 
 county, Mississippi, about 200 miles N. from 
 Jackson, contains 2 dry-goods stores. 
 
 CocoDKiE bayou, Louisiana, traverses Con- 
 cordia parish, between the Black and Missis- 
 sippi rivers, and is connected with Red river. 
 
 CocoLAMUs creek, of Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Juniata in Perry county. 
 
 CoDDiNGViLLE, a post-offico of Medina 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Coddle Creek, a post-office of Cabarras 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Codo'rus creek, of York county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Susquehanna about 10 
 miles above Columbia. 
 
 CoDORus, a post-township on the S. border 
 of York county, Pennsylvania, intersected by 
 the Baltimore and York railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1135. 
 
 CoELK, a post-office of Livingston parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 CoE Ridge, a post-office of Cuyahoga coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 CoEssE, a post-office of Whitley county,. 
 Indiana. 
 
 CoEYMANs, quee'manz, a post-township of 
 Albany county, New York, 13 miles S. froM 
 Albany. Population, 3050. 
 
 Coeyman's Hollow, a post-office of Albany 
 county. New York. 
 
 CoFER, a post-office of Hardin county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Coffee, a county in the S. part of Alaba- 
 ma, bordering on Florida, has an area of 
 about 900 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Pea river. The surface is moderately 
 uneven ; the soil mostly sandy and unpro- 
 ductive. Cotton and Indian corn are the^ 
 staples. In 1850 there were raised 1408 
 bales of cotton; 186,610 bushels of corn; 
 51,359 of sweet potatoes, and 65,863 pounds 
 of rice. There were 5 grist and saw 
 mills, besides other establishments. It con- 
 tained 23 churches, and 290 pupils attending 
 public schools. Pine timber is abundant in 
 the county. It was formed from the W. part 
 of Dale county. Capital, Wellborn. Popu- 
 lation, 5940, of whom 5388 were free, and 
 557, slaves. 
 
 Coffee, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Tennessee, has an area of about 220 
 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of Duck river. The surface is d: 
 versified and elevated, the county occupying 
 the lower plateau of Cumberland mountain. 
 The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 
 257 
 
COF 
 
 COL 
 
 sweet potatoes, cattle, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 433,215 bushels of corn; 5112 of -wheat; 
 70,365 of oats, and 44,668 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 21 churches ; 900 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 60 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. It is intersected by 
 the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad, and 
 by the turnpike leading from Fayetteville to 
 Warren county. Capital, Manchester. Po- 
 IDulation, 8351, of -whom 7084 were free, and 
 1267, slaves. 
 
 CorFEE, a post-office of Clay county, In- 
 diana. 
 
 Coffee Cokner, a post-office of Coffee 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Coffee Cbeek, a post-office of Porter 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Coffee Landing, a post-office of Hardin 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Coffee Run, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Coffeeville, a post-village of Clarke 
 county, Alabama, on the E. bank of Tombig- 
 bee river, 132 miles S. by W. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Coffeeville, a post-village, capital of 
 Yallobusha county, Mississippi, 130 miles N. 
 by E. from Jackson. It has 1 or 2 newspaper 
 offices, and about 700 inhabitants. 
 
 Coffeeville, a post-office of Upshur coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Coffin's Geove, a small village of Dela- 
 ware county, Iowa. 
 
 CoFFODELiAH, a post-viUage of Neshoba 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 CoGANHOusB, a township of Lycoming 
 county, Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. W. from 
 Williamsport. Population, 116. 
 
 Cog Hill, a post-office of McMinn county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Cogswell, a post-office of McHenry 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 CoHANSEY river. New Jersey, rises in the 
 S. E. part of Salem county, and flowing first 
 southerly and then westerly, falls into Dela- 
 ware bay, in Cumberland county. It is 
 navigable for large brigs, 7 or 8 miles, to 
 Greenwich, and for vessels of 80 tons to 
 Bridgeton, about 20 miles. 
 
 CoHANSEY, a township of Cumberland 
 county. New Jersey. Population, 1034. 
 
 CoHANSEY Light, (fixed,) on the Jersey 
 shore of Delaware bay, N. of the mouth of 
 Cohansey creek, has an elevation of 40 feet. 
 
 CoHASSET, a post-township of Norfolk 
 county, Massachusetts, 15 miles S. E. from 
 Boston. The village is the terminus of the 
 South Shore railroad. Population, 1775. 
 
 CoHOCTON, a post-office of Steuben county, 
 New York. 
 
 CoHOES, a flourishing manufacturing post- 
 village of Albany county. New York, on the 
 right bank of the Mohawk river, a little be- 
 low Cohoes falls, on the Erie canal near its 
 junction with the Champlain canal, and on 
 the Troy and Schenectady railroad, 8 miles 
 25^ 
 
 N. from Albany. The village contains 
 churches of six denominations, 2 very exten- 
 sive axe factories, 4 large cotton mills, em- 
 ploying some 1200 hands, 1 extensive linen- 
 thread factory, besides various other manu- 
 facturing establishments. 
 
 Cohoes Falls, on the Mohawk river, 3 
 miles above its mouth, and 10 miles N. from 
 Albany. Here is a fall of about 70 feet 
 perpendicular, remarkable for its picturesque 
 beauty. 
 
 Cohuttah Springs, a post-village of Mur- 
 ray county, Georgia, at the base of Cohuttah 
 mountain, 90 miles N. by W. from Atlanta. 
 
 Coila, a post-office of Washington county, 
 New York. 
 
 Coila, a post-office of Carroll county, Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 CoiNJocK, a post-office of Currituck coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 CoiTSViLLE, a post-township in the N. E. 
 extremity of Mahoning county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 982. 
 
 CoKER Creek, a small post-village of Mon- 
 roe countj'-, Tennessee. 
 
 Cokesburg, a post-office of Hunterdon 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Cokesburg, a post-office of Licking coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 CoKESBURY, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 ColamokjV, or Kolemokee creek, of Early 
 county, Georgia, flows into the Chattahoo- 
 chee a few miles below Fort Gaines. 
 
 CoLAPARCHEE, a post-officc of MonroB 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Colbert, a small village of Lowndes coun- 
 ty, Mississippi, on the Tombigbee river. 
 
 CoLBTviLLE, a Small post-village of Clarke 
 county, Kentucky, 39 miles S. E. from Frank- 
 fort. 
 
 Colchester, a post-township of Chitten- 
 den CO., Vt., on the Vermont Central railroad, 
 35 miles N. W. of Montpelier. Pop., 2575. 
 
 Colchester, a beautiful post-village of New 
 London co., Connecticut, 20 miles N. W. of New 
 London. It is the seat of Bacon Academy, an 
 old and liberally endowed institution. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2465. 
 
 Colchester, a post-township of Delaware 
 county. New York, on the Popacton river, 
 about 20 miles S. from Delhi. Pop., 2184. 
 
 CoLDBEOOK, a village of Worcester coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on a small stream of the 
 same name. 
 
 CoLDBBooK, a post-village of Herkimer 
 county, New York, on a stream of the same 
 name, about 90 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 It has several stores and mills. 
 
 CoLDBEOOK, a post-office of Warren coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Cold Creek, of Indiana, flows into White 
 river about 15 miles above Indianapolis. 
 
 CoLDEN, a post-township of Erie county, 
 New York, 20 miles S. E. from Buffalo. Po- 
 pulation, 1344. 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 CoLDENHAM, a post-ofEce of Orange coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Cold Fire Creek, of Alabama, flows S. W. 
 through Pickens county, and enters Tombig- 
 bee river near the W. line of the state. 
 
 Cold Neck, a post-office of Cooper coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Cold Eun, a post-office of Gordon county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-office of Fairfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Cold Spring, a township of Cattaraugus 
 county, New York, on the Alleghany river, 
 55 miles S. from Buffalo. Population, 591. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-village of Phillipstown 
 township, Putnam county, New York, on the 
 E. bank of the Hudson river, and on the 
 Hudson River railroad, 54 miles N. from New 
 York, and 1 mile above West Point. It is 
 beautifully situated among the Highlands, 
 and one of the principal villages of the coun- 
 ty. It contains 5 churches, and a large 
 foundry of iron and brass, with machine 
 shops. Population, about 1200. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-village in Lower town- 
 ship, in the S. part of Cape May county, 
 New Jersey, about 10 miles S. S. W. from 
 Cape May Court House. It has 2 churches. 
 The name of the place is derived from a 
 remarkable spring near it, which rises in the 
 marsh, and is overflowed at every tide. Po- 
 pulation, about 325. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-office of Lebanon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-office of Edgefield dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Cold Spring, a small village of Meri- 
 wether county, Georgia, about 90 miles W. 
 by S. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-office of Wilkinson 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-office of Polk county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-village of Campbell 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cold SpfeiNG, a post-office of Harrison 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-office of Noble coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Cold Spring, a small post-village of Shelby 
 county, Illinois, 12 miles S. W. from Shelby- 
 ville. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-village of Daviess 
 county, Missouri, 150 miles N. AV. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-office of Potawata- 
 mie county, Iowa. 
 
 Cold Spring, a township in the S. part of 
 Jefferson county, Wisconsin. Population, 
 568. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-village in the above 
 township, 36 miles E. S. E. from Madison. 
 
 Cold Spring, a post-office of El Dorado 
 county, California. 
 
 Cold Spring Harbor, a post-village of 
 Suffolk county. New York, on a bay of Long 
 
 Island sound, about 35 miles E. by N. from 
 New York. It contains 1 or 2 churches, 
 and several hundred inhabitants. The line 
 between Suffolk and Queen's counties passes 
 through the village. 
 
 Cold Spring Mills, a village of Steuben 
 county, New York, 4 miles N. E. from 
 Bath. 
 
 Coldstream, a post-village of Hampshire 
 county, Virginia, 20 miles N. W. from Win- 
 chester. It has 2 churches, and 1 flouring 
 mill. 
 
 CoLDWATER, a post-officc of Elbert coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 CoLDWATER, a post-office of Marshall coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Coldwater, a small village of Lincoln 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Coldwater, a post-office of Mercer coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Coldwater, a flourishing post- village, ca- 
 pital of Branch county, Michigan, on the E. 
 branch of Coldwater river, in a prairie of its 
 own name, and on the Michigan Southern 
 railroad, 115 miles W. by S. from Detroit. 
 It is surrounded by a fertile country, and 
 having no competitor within 20 miles or 
 more, it is the centre of an extensive retail 
 trade. The river affords a large amount of 
 water-power, which has been improved by 
 the erection of mills, &c. The village has 
 grown up since 1836. Population in 1853, 
 about 1800. 
 
 Coldwater, a small post-village of Wayne 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Coldwater Creek, of North Carolina, 
 flows into Rocky river, about 10 miles S. from 
 Concord, in Calsarras county. 
 
 Cold-water River, of Mississippi, a small 
 stream which rises in the N. part of the state, 
 and flows in a W. S. W. direction to Tunica 
 county, where it turns towards the S. and 
 enters the Tallahatchie river in the county 
 of that name. 
 
 Coldwater River, of Branch county, Mi- 
 chigan, flows north-westward and enters the 
 St. Joseph's river. 
 
 Cold Well, a post-office of Union district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Cold Well, a post-office of White county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Cole, a county in the centre of Missouri, 
 has an area of 410 square miles. The Mis- 
 souri river forms the boundary on the N. E., 
 the Osage river on the S. E., and it is 
 intersected by Moreau creek. The Osage 
 river enters the Missouri river at the eastern 
 extremity of the county. The surface is 
 broken, and some parts are too rocky for cul- 
 tivation ; but the soil of the river bottoms 
 is productive. The county is well timbered 
 with black walnut, hickory, sugar-maple, 
 and other trees. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 there were raised 220,173 bushels of corn;, 
 31,262 of wheat, and 43,769 of oats. It con- 
 
 259 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 tained 17 chm'ches, 2 newspaper ofSces, and 
 725 pupils attending public schools. Lime- 
 stone and burrstone are abundant in the 
 county ; quarries of good building stone 
 Lave been opened at Jefferson City. Named 
 in honor of Squire Cole, an Indian-fighter 
 and pioneer. Cole county is important on 
 account of containing JefiFerson City, the ca- 
 pital of Missouri. Population, 6696, of 
 whom 5717 were free, and 979, slaves. 
 
 CoiEBKOOK, a post-township of Coos coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire, on the E. side of Con- 
 necticut river, 110 miles N. from Concord. 
 Population, 908. 
 
 CoLEBROOK, a post-township of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut, 20 miles N. W. from 
 Hartford. Population, 1317. 
 
 CoLEBHOOK, a township of Clinton county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, a 
 few miles above Lock Haven. Population, 
 326. 
 
 CoLEBEOOK, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CoLEBEOOK, a township of Ashtabula coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 688. 
 
 CoLEBROOKDALE, a post-towuship in the 
 E. part of Berks county, Pennsylvania, 17 
 miles B. from Pleading. Population, 1102. 
 
 Cglebeook Fuenace, a small village of 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CoLEBEOOK River, a post-office of Litch- 
 field county, Connecticut. 
 
 Cole Camp, a post-village of Benton coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 66 miles W. by S. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 Cole Ceeek, of North Carolina, enters 
 the Yadkin from the N. in Davidson county. 
 
 Cole Ceeek, a post-office of Fountain coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Cole Ceeek, a post-township in Montgo- 
 mery county, Indiana. Population, 1517. 
 
 Coleman's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Edgefield district. South Carolina. 
 
 Colemansville, a post-village of Harrison 
 county, Kentucky, on the S. fork of Licking 
 river, about 50 miles N. E. from Frankfort, 
 has 1 church and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Colerain, a township of Bedford county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 100 miles W. by S. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 1281. 
 
 Colerain, a village of Camden county, 
 Georgia, on the St. Mary's river, about 24 
 miles W. from St. Mary's. 
 
 Colerain, a post-office of Jackson county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 CoLEEAiN, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Belmont county, Ohio. Population, 
 1366. 
 
 Colerain, a township in the N. part of Ha- 
 milton county, Ohio. Population, 3125. 
 
 CoLEEAiN, a village in the above township, 
 16 miles N. W. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Colerain, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Ross county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 986. 
 
 CoLEEAiNE, a township of Franklin coun- 
 260 
 
 ty, Massachusetts, about 100 miles N. W.' 
 from Boston ; watered by a branch of Deer- 
 field river. Population, 1785. 
 
 CoLERAiNE, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, on 
 Octorara creek, 18 miles S. E. from Lancas- 
 ter. Population, 1602. 
 
 CoLERAiNE, a small post-village of Bertie 
 county, North Carolina, on the right bank 
 of Chowan river, 140 miles E. by N. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Colerain Forge, a small post-village of 
 Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, 106 miles 
 W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Coles, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 880 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Kaskaskia and Em- 
 barras rivers, which flow nearly southward. 
 The surface is rolling, and mostly destitute 
 of forests ; a part of Grand Prairie is in- 
 cluded in the county ; the soil is very fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, pork, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 1,012,735 bushels of corn; 
 21,338 of wheat; 136,450 of oats, and 
 159,133 pounds of butter. It contained 
 16 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 1299 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 50 attending an 
 academy. The county is intersected by the 
 Chicago branch of the Central railroad. 
 Named in honor of Edward Coles, second 
 governor of the state of Illinois. Capital, 
 Charleston. Population, 9335. 
 
 Colesbueg, a post-office of Potter county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Colesbueg, a post-village of Delaware 
 county, Iowa, 30 miles W. N. W. from Du- 
 buque. 
 
 Cole's Ceeek, a small post-village of Co- 
 lumbia county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cole's Ferry, a post-office of Wilson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Coles Mills, a post-office of Delaware 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Colestown, a small village of Burlington 
 county. New Jersey, 12 miles S. W. from 
 Mount Holly. 
 
 Colesville, a post-township of Broome 
 county. New York, on the Susquehanna 
 river, 10 miles N. E. from Binghampton. 
 Population, 3061. 
 
 Colesville, a post-office of Sussex coun- 
 ty. New Jersey. 
 
 Colesville, a small post-viUage of Mont- 
 gomery county, Maryland, 40 miles W. by N. 
 from Annapolis. 
 
 Colesville, a post-office of Stokes county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Coleta, a post-office of Talladega county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 CoLETTO, a post-office of De Witt county, 
 Texas. 
 
 CoLETTO Creek, of Texas, rises in De Witt 
 county, and flowing south-eastward, enters 
 the Guadalupe river about 8 miles S. from 
 Victoria. 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 CoLLAMEE, a post-ofiBce of Windham coun- 
 ty, Connecticut. 
 
 CoLLAMER, a post-ofEce of Onondaga coun- 
 - ty, New York. 
 
 CoLLAMER, a post-office of Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CoLLAMBK, a post-office of Copiah county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 CoLLAMEE, a post-office of Cuyahoga coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 CoLLAMEE, a post-office of Whitely county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 CoLLAMEE, a post-office of Kane county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Cor.LAMER, a post-village of Sauk county, 
 Wisconsin, on Wisconsin river. 
 
 College, a township in Knox county, 
 Ohio. Population, 523. 
 
 College Coeners, a post-village in Butler 
 county, Ohio, about 35 miles N. N. W. from 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 College Geeen, a post-office of Cecil coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 College Hill, a post-office of La Fayette 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 College Hill, a post-office of Hamilton 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 College Mound, a post-office of Kaufman 
 county, Texas. 
 
 College of St. James, a post-office of 
 Washington county, Maryland. 
 
 CoLLEGEViLLE, a Small post-village of Sa- 
 line county, Arkansas, about 14 miles S. W. 
 from Little Rock. 
 
 Colleton, a district in the S. part of 
 South Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic, 
 has an area of 1672 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Edisto, bounded on the S. 
 W. by the Combahee, and also drained by 
 the Salkehatchie and Ashepoo rivers. The 
 surface consists of an alluvial and ex- 
 tremely level plain, and is partly occupied 
 by swamps. The soil of the drier parts is 
 productive. Eice, cotton, Indian corn, sweet 
 .potatoes, and oats are the staples. The 
 •palmetto and cabbage-palm are indigenous 
 in this part of the state. In 1850 this district 
 produced 45,808,660 pounds of rice; 6592 
 bales of cotton ; 480,934 bushels of corn ; 
 403,374 of sweet potatoes, and 36,065 of oats. 
 There were 8 saw and planing mills, and 2 
 tanneries. It contained 44 churches, 64 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 230 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. It is inter- 
 sected by the South Carolina railroad, and is 
 among the most populous districts in the state. 
 Capital, Waterborough. Population, 39,505, 
 of whom 7734 were free, and 31,771, slaves. 
 
 CoLLETsviLLE, a Small post-village in Cald- 
 well county, North Carolina. 
 
 CoLLicooN, or CoLLiKooN. See Callicoon. 
 
 Colliers, a village of Otsego county, New 
 York, on the Susquehanna river, 73 miles 
 W. by S. from Albany. 
 
 Colliers, a post-office of Edgefield dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Collieestown, a post-village of Eock- 
 bi'idge county, Virginia, 154 miles W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Colliersville, a village of Sullivan coun- 
 ty. New l''ork, 75 miles W. by S. from Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Colliersville, a small post-village of 
 Shelby county, Tennessee, on the railroad 
 from Memphis to La Grange, 30 miles E. 
 from the former. 
 
 Collin, a county in the N. part of Texas, 
 has an area of 916 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the E. fork of Trinity river, and 
 also drained by Little Elm and Pilot Grove 
 creeks. The surface consists partly of 
 prairies, and partly of timbered land. The 
 soil produces cotton, Indian corn, and pas- 
 ture. There were raised in 1850, 88,195 
 bushels of corn ; 3684 of oats ; 59,475 pounds 
 of butter, and 1 bale of cotton. There were 
 273 pupils attending public schools. Capi- 
 tal, McKinney. Population, 1950, of whom 
 1816 were free, and 134, slaves. 
 
 Collins, a post-township of Erie county. 
 New York, on Cattaraugus creek, about 22 
 miles S. from Buffalo. Population, 4001. 
 
 Collins, a village in the above township, 
 about 20 miles S. from Buffalo. 
 
 Collins, a township of Alleghany county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1324. 
 
 Collins, a post-office of Columbia county, 
 Florida. 
 
 Collins Centre, a post-village of Erie 
 county, New l^ork, about 25 miles S. from 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Collins Depot, a post-office of Hampden 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Collins Ritee, a small stream in the S. 
 E. central part of Tennessee, flows through 
 Warren county into the Caney fork of Cum- 
 berland river. 
 
 Collins Settlement, a post-office of Lewis 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Collinsville, a post-village in Canton 
 township, Hartford county, Connecticut, on 
 Farmington river, and at the terminus of . 
 the Collinsville branch of the New Haven 
 and Northampton railroad, about 15 miles 
 N. W. by W. from Hartford. There are in 
 this place several manufactories of paper 
 and saws, and an extensive axe establish- 
 ment. It contains 1 church, and 5 stores. 
 A school house is about being built, to cost 
 $5000. 
 
 Collinsville, a post-village of Lewis 
 county, New York, near Black river, about 
 37 miles N. by W. from Utica, has 1 or 2 
 churches, and several stores. 
 
 Coijlinsville, a small village of Blair 
 county, Pennsylvania, 122 miles W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Collinsville, a post-village of Butler 
 county, Ohio, on the Eaton and Hamilton 
 railroad, 10 miles N. N. W. from Hamiltou 
 
 Collinsville, a post-village of Madison 
 county, Illinois, 86 miles S. by W, from 
 
 261 
 
COL 
 
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 Springfield, and 14 miles E. N. E. from St. 
 Louis. It has several mills and stores. 
 
 CoLLiKENE, a post-office of Lowndes coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 CoLLOMSviLLE, a post-office of Lycoming 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Colly, a village of Pulaski county, Mis- 
 souri, 60 miles S. from Jefferson City. 
 
 CoLOMA, a post-office of Cherokee county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Colon, a post-township in the W. part of 
 St. Joseph county, Michigan. Population, 
 846. 
 
 Colonel's Ceeek, of South Carolina, flows 
 into the Wateree from the right in Ptichland 
 district. 
 
 Colonel's Fork, a post-village of Pickens 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Colon Mills, a post-village of Colon town- 
 ship, St. Joseph county, Michigan, on Swan 
 creek, 135 miles AV. by S. from Detroit. It 
 has a few stores and mills, and about 400 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Colony, a post-office of Knox county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Colorado, an important river of Texas, 
 and one of the largest which intersects the 
 state. It rises in the table-lands in the N. 
 W. part of the state, and flows in a general 
 south-easterly direction. After passing by 
 Austin City, Bastrop, La Grange, and Colum- 
 bus, it enters Matagorda bay at the town 
 of Matagorda. The whole length probably 
 exceeds 900 miles. It is navigable by steam- 
 boats to Austin City, (about 300 miles,) in 
 the higher stages of water. It is stated that 
 they can ascend to La Grange, during at 
 least six months of the year. Below Austin 
 it flows through an alluvial plain, adapted 
 to the growth of cotton, rice, and sugar. 
 
 Colorado, or Rio Colorado, ree'o-ko-lo- 
 rah'do, (called also the Colorado of the 
 West, to distinguish it from the Colorado 
 of Texas,) a river of the United States, W. of 
 the Piocky mountains, in which it takes its 
 rise, by two branches, namely, Green and 
 Grand rivers, which unite in about 35° 30' N. 
 lat., and 112° 55' W. Ion. Flowing at first 
 S. W., then W., and lastly, almost due S., it 
 falls into the head of the Gulf of California, 
 in about 32° 10' N. lat., and 114° 20' W. Ion. 
 The entire length, including that of Green 
 river, its longest branch, may be estimated 
 at 1200 miles. Although the largest river 
 W. of the Rocky mountains, with the excep- 
 tion of the Columbia, the quantity of water 
 carried down its channel during the dry sea- 
 son is very small. It is called Rio Colorado, 
 or "Red River," because, owing to the fall 
 of rains upon a soil of red clay, its waters 
 often assume that color. 
 
 Colorado, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 1020 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Colorado river. 
 The soil near the river is alluvial, and ex- 
 tremely fertile ; some parts of it are sandy 
 262 
 
 Cotton, com, indigo, tobacco, and wool are 
 the staples. In 1850 it produced 4771 bales of 
 cotton, fmore than any other county in the 
 state;) 180,270 bushels of corn; 13,500. 
 pounds of tobacco, and 10,660 of wool. It 
 contained 3 churches, and 165 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The Colorado river 
 is navigable for steamboats through this 
 county for six months of the year, or more. 
 The other streams furnish water-power. 
 Capital, Columbus. Population, 2157, of 
 whom 1534 were free, and 723, slaves. 
 
 CoLOssE, a small post-village of Oswego 
 county. New York, 20 miles E. from Oswego, 
 has 1 church and several stores. 
 
 Colquitt, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Georgia, at the confluence of the 
 Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, about 100 miles 
 W. by S. from Savannah. 
 
 CoLTON, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 county. New York. 
 
 Colt's Neck, a post-village of Monmouth 
 county, New Jersey, 5 or 6 miles N. E. from 
 Freehold. It has a church, several stores, 
 and about 30 dwellings. 
 
 Colt's Station, a small village of Erie 
 county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles E. from Erie, 
 the county seat. 
 
 CoLUMA, California. See Cctlloma. 
 
 Columbia, or Oregon river, the largest 
 stream of water entering the Pacific ocean 
 from the United States, rises in a small lake 
 on the western slope of the Rocky moun- 
 tains, in about 50° N. lat., and 116° W. Ion. 
 The first part of its course is toward the N. 
 W., along the base of the above mountain 
 range, till it receives its northernmost tri- 
 butary, in about 52° 30' N. lat., after which 
 it flows in a southerly direction, to the 46th 
 parallel. From this point to the Pacific, it 
 runs due W., forming the boundary between 
 Washington and Oregon territories. Between 
 the 46th and 48th parallels, the Columbia is 
 very crooked, flowing in a serpentine course 
 N. W., W. and S. W., about 140 miles, and then 
 S. E. to Fort Wallawalla. It is a remarkably 
 rapid stream, often passing through mountain 
 gorges, and over falls. The tide sets up 
 about 140 miles, to the foot of the Cascades, 
 a series of rapids caused by the passage of 
 the river through the Cascade range. Its 
 principal affluents are McGiUivray's, or Flat 
 Bow river, entering it from the S. E., in 
 British America ; Clarke's, or Flat Head 
 river, which joins it about 30 miles below, 
 in Washington territory ; and Lewis, or Snake 
 river, flowing into it in about 46° 20' N. lat., 
 and 118° 50' W. Ion. Besides these, all of 
 which rise in the Rocky mountains, there 
 are the Okonagan, Wallawalla, Fall river, 
 and Willammette, which unite their waters 
 with those of the main stream. For 30 or 40 
 miles from its entrance into the Pacific, the 
 Columbia forms a kind of bay, from 3 to 7 
 miles in breadth. At its mouth, it is esti- 
 mated that over the flats which extend from 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 Point Adams on the S., nearly to Cape Dis- 
 appointment, there are 20 feet of water at 
 low tide, while the channel has a depth of 
 24 feet. Vessels of 200 or 300 tons burthen 
 ascend to the Cascades. Above these, no 
 portion of the river is navigable continuously 
 for more than 20 or 30 miles, and then only 
 by vessels of the smaller class. The Colum- 
 bia was discovered by Captain Robert Gray, 
 who entered it on the 11th of May, 1792, in 
 the Columbia Redivina, of Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. It was from this vessel that the 
 river received its name. The first exploration 
 of the Columbia river was made in 1804—5, 
 by Captains Lewis and Clarke, under the di- 
 rection of the United States Government. 
 
 Columbia, Disteict of. See Distkict of 
 Columbia. 
 
 Columbia, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 620 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the state 
 of Massachusetts, and on the W. by the Hud- 
 son, and is drained by Factory creek, with 
 its two branches, Kinderbrook and Claverack 
 creeks, and by Jansen's creek and several 
 smaller streams, which afford valuable wa- 
 ter-power. The surface in the E. part is 
 uneven and hilly, but in the central and 
 western portions nearly level. The soil is 
 generally fertile, and well cultivated. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 560,079 
 bushels of corn; 972,015 of oats, (the great- 
 est quantity produced by any county in the 
 state, except Dutchess county;) 409,472 of 
 potatoes ; 526,450 of rye ; 74,478 tons of 
 hay, and 1,571,982 pounds of butter. There 
 were 35 flour and grist mills, 12 cotton and 
 9 woollen factories, 6 iron foundries, 1 fur- 
 nace, 1 forge, and 13 paper mills. It con- 
 tained 68 churches, 8 newspaper offices, 
 8789 pupils attending public schools, and 
 560 attending academies and other schools. 
 Iron and lead ores, limestone, slate, and 
 marble, are among its mineral productions. 
 The warm springs of New Lebanon, in the 
 N. E. part, are much resorted to. The Hud- 
 son river is navigable for ships to Hudson, 
 and for smaller vessels along the entire bor- 
 der. The Western railroad and the Hudson 
 R,iver railroad traverse this county ; the 
 Harlem railroad, and the railroad connect- 
 ing Chatham Four Corners with Bridgeport, 
 Connecticut, partly intersect it. Organized 
 in 1786. Capital, Hudson. Population, 
 43,073. 
 
 Columbia, a county in the E. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 375 
 square miles. It is intersected hy the North 
 branch of the Susquehanna, and drained also 
 by Catawissa and Fishing creeks. The sur- 
 face is traversed by branches of the Alle- 
 ghany mountains, namely, the Knob moun- 
 tain, Catawissa mountain, and Muncy Hills. 
 The soil of the valleys has a basis of lime- 
 stone, and is very productive ; some portions 
 
 of the upland are moderately fertile, the 
 mountains are sterile. Grain, cattle, swine, 
 iron, and lumber are the chief articles of 
 export. In 1850 there were raised 199,530 
 bushels of corn; 153,760 of wheat; 160,364 
 of oats; 12,884 tons of hay, and 368,055 
 pounds of butter. There were 72 saw mills, 
 83 flour and grist mills, 16 stone quai-ries, 
 10 iron mines, 1 manufactory of agricultural 
 implements, 4 iron foundries, 6 furnaces, 1 
 forge, 5 woollen factories, 2 paper mills, and 
 18 tanneries. It contained 38 churches, 3 
 newspaper offices ; 4558 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 60 attending an academy. 
 Limestone and iron ore are abundant. The 
 North Branch canal passes through the coun- 
 ty. Columbia county was organized in 1813. 
 Capital, Bloomsburg. Population, 17,710. 
 
 Columbia, a county in the east part of 
 Georgia, bordering on Savannah river, which 
 separates it from South Carolina, contains 
 about 500 square miles. The Little Paver 
 forms the boundary on the north-west. 
 The surface is uneven; the soil was once 
 fertile, but has been injured by impro- 
 vident cultivation. Cotton and maize are 
 the chief productions. In 1850 this county 
 produced 11,336 bales of cotton; 434,777 
 bushels of corn; 94,641 of oats ; and 78,115 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 3 saw mills, 
 1 agricultural implement manufactory, and 
 1 tannery ; 20 churches, and 490 pupils at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 county contains granite,hornblende, and other 
 primary rocks. A gold mine near Little river 
 has been worked profitably. The Georgia 
 railroad passes through the county. Formed 
 in 1790, having been separated from Rich- 
 mond county. Capital, Appling. Population, 
 11,959, of whom 3689 were free, and 8270, 
 slaves. 
 
 Columbia, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Florida, bordering on Georgia, has an area 
 of 2560 square miles. The Suwanee river 
 forms its boundary on the N. W. and "W., the 
 St. Mary's on the N. E., and the Santa Fe on 
 the S. The surface is nearly level, and 
 partly covered with pine woods ; the soil is 
 mostly sandy. Indian corn, cotton, sugar, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 112,090 bushels of corn; 
 802 bales of cotton ; 179 hogsheads of sugar; 
 and 51,973 bushels of sweet potntoes. It 
 contained 1 flouring mill, and one brick-yard ; 
 17 churches, and 162 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Alligator. Population, 
 4808, of whom 3542 were free, and 1266-, 
 slaves. 
 
 Columbia, a new county, forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Arkansas, bordering on Lou- 
 isiana and Texas. It is drained by Red 
 river. The surface is nearly level, the soil 
 productive. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. The county was formed in 1853, by 
 a division of La Fayette county. 
 
 Columbia, a county in the S. central part 
 263 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 of Wisconsin, contains 727 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Wisconsin and Neenah 
 rivers, which at the Winnebago Portage are 
 only about 1^- miles apart. The surface is 
 undulating or hilly, the soil fertile. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 169,369 bushels of wheat; 77,380 of Indian 
 corn; 120,279 of oats; 13,497 tons of hay; 
 and 168,370 pounds of butter. It contained 
 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 1951 
 pupils attending public schools. The Wis- 
 consin is navigated by steamboats to the 
 Winnebago Portage, and a canal connects it 
 with the Neenah. Organized in 1846. Capi- 
 tal, Portage City. Population, 9565. 
 
 Columbia, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Maine, 100 miles E. by N. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1140. 
 
 Columbia, a post-township of Coos county, 
 New Hampshire, 110 miles N. of Concord. 
 Population, 762. 
 
 Columbia, a post-township of Tolland coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, 20 miles E. by S. from Hart- 
 ford. Population, 876. 
 
 Columbia, a post-township of Herkimer 
 county. New York, 70 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. Population, 2000. 
 
 Columbia, a small post-village of Mercer 
 county, New Jersey, 17 miles N. from Tren- 
 ton, contains a Baptist church. 
 
 Columbia, a small village of Chatham town- 
 ship, Morris county. New Jersey, on the turn- 
 pike from Newark to Mori'istown, 13 miles 
 W. from the former. 
 
 Columbia, a post-village of AVarren coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, on the Delaware river, at 
 the mouth of Paulinskill creek, 10 miles N. 
 from Belvidere. It has a church, a saw mill, 
 and from 25 to 30 dwellings. 
 
 Columbia, a township in the W. part of 
 Bradford county, Pennsylvania, 24 miles W. 
 by N. from Towanda. Population, 1383. 
 
 Columbia, a small village of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Columbia, a flourishing post-borough of 
 West Hempiield township, Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Susque- 
 hanna, at the western terminus of the Phila- 
 delphia and Columbia railroad, 28 miles S. 
 E. from Harrisburg. It is the second town 
 of the county in respect to population and 
 business, and is the principal depot of the lum- 
 ber which is rafted down the Susquehanna. 
 The Eastern division of the State canal ter- 
 minates at this point ; the Columbia Branch 
 railroad connects it with Harrisburg, and 
 another railroad extends westward to York 
 and Baltimore. A handsome railway bridge, 
 1} miles long, connects this place with 
 Wrightsville. Columbia is built on a high, 
 sloping bank of the river, which is here about 
 1 mile wide. It contains a town hall, an 
 academy, a bank, and 7 places of worship. 
 Incorporated in 1814. Population in 1840, 
 2719, in 1850 4140; in 1853, about 5000. 
 264 
 
 Columbia, a post- village of Fluvanna coun- 
 ty, Virginia, at the confluence of the Fiivanna 
 and James rivers, and on the James River 
 canal, 52 miles W. by N. from Richmond, con- 
 tains 1 church and a few stores. 
 
 Columbia, a thriving village of Randolph 
 county. North Carolina, on Deep river, a few 
 miles from Ashborough, the county seat. 
 The river furnishes a fine water-power, which 
 is used in the manufacture of cotton. 
 
 Columbia, a small post-village, capital of 
 Tyrrel county. North Carolina, is situated 
 on a creek which extends from the S. side of 
 Albemarle Sound, 182 miles E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Columbia city, capital of South Carolina, 
 and seat of justice of Richland district, on 
 the left or E. bank of the Congaree river, im- 
 mediately below the confluence of the Saluda 
 and Broad, 124 miles N. N. W. from Charles- 
 ton, and 500 miles from Washington. Lat. 
 33° 57' N., Ion. 81° 7' W. It is pleasantly 
 situated on a plain, and regularly laid out, 
 with streets about 100 feet wide, bordered 
 with ornamental trees. The greater number 
 of the dwellings are of wood, and others are 
 of brick. Columbia is the seat of South Caro- 
 lina College, founded by the state in 1804, 
 and liberally endowed. It has 8 professors, 
 and a library of 17,000 volumes. The main 
 buildings are of brick, 210 feet long, 25 feet 
 wide, and 3 stories high. The other public 
 buildings are the state house, 170 feet long 
 by 60 wide, court house, 3 banks, a market 
 house, the Insane Asylum, and churches of 
 the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, 
 and Methodists. The Insane Asylum is richly 
 endowed, and well conducted, under the 
 charge of the state. It had, in 1851, 176 
 patients. The building is one of the most 
 splendid in the city. Columbia also contains 
 several academies, a theological seminary 
 founded by the Presbyterians in 1831, and 4 
 newspaper offices, besides a number of other 
 printing offices. It is at the head of steamboat 
 navigation, and the terminus of three rail- 
 roads, connecting it with Charleston, Augusta, 
 &c., namely, the Columbia Branch, the Green- 
 ville and Columbia, and the Charlotte and 
 South Carolina railroad. Population, in 
 1850, 6060. 
 
 Columbia, a village of Columbia county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Columbia, a small post-village of Henry 
 county, Alabama, on the Chattahoochee river, 
 about 120 miles from Montgomery, was the 
 county seat till 1834. It contains 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 Columbia, a small post-village, capital of 
 Marion county, Mississippi, on the E. bank 
 of the Pearl river, 90 miles S. by E. from 
 Jackson. 
 
 Columbia, a small post-village capital of 
 Caldwell parish, Louisiana, on the Washita 
 river, 230 miles by water N. by E. from Baton 
 Rouge, contains about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Columbia, a post-village of Brazoria coun- 
 ty, Texas, on the I'ight bank of the Brazos 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 river, about 50 miles in a straight line W. by 
 S. from Galveston. It is at the head of regu- 
 lar steamboat navigation, and is the most 
 commercial place in the county. 
 
 Columbia, a post- village, capital of Chicot 
 county, Arkansas, on the right bank of the 
 Mississippi, 115 miles S. S. E. from Little 
 Rock, was first settled in 1830. It has 300 
 or 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Columbia, a beautiful and thriving post- 
 village, capital of Maury county, Tennessee, 
 on the left bank of Duck river, 41 miles S. 
 by W. from Nashville. A company has been 
 formed to improve the navigation of Duck 
 river. The surrounding country is populous 
 and highly productive. The town has con- 
 siderable trade, and is distinguished by the 
 excellence of its schools. It is the seat of 
 Jackson College, and of two female semina- 
 ries. The Maury Female Academy is a splen- 
 did structure, surrounded with beautiful 
 grounds. The proposed railroad leading 
 from Nashville to Jackson, Mississippi, and 
 Mobile, will probably pass through this place. 
 Columbia was the residence of President 
 Polk previous to his election in 1844. It con- 
 tains 2 banks and 3 or 4 newspaper offices. 
 Population, about 2500. 
 
 Columbia, a post-village, capital of Adair 
 CO., Ky., 100 miles S. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Columbia, a township in the E. part of 
 Hamilton county, Ohio. Population, 2413. 
 
 Columbia, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Ohio river, 5 miles above 
 Cincinnati, contains 3 lumber-yards, several 
 stores, and near 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Columbia, a township forming the E. ex- 
 tremity of Lorain county, Ohio. Population, 
 1236. 
 
 Columbia, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Meigs county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 897. 
 
 Columbia, a small village in Putnam coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 45 miles N. N. W. from Belle- 
 fontaine. 
 
 Columbia, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Jackson county, Michigan. Population, 
 1142. 
 
 Columbia, a township in Van Buren coun- 
 ty, Michigan, about 26 miles W. N. W. from 
 Kalamazoo. Population, 265. 
 
 Columbia, a township in Du Bois county, 
 Indiana. Population, 752. 
 
 Columbia, a post-township in tlie S. part of 
 Fayette county, Indiana. Population, 889. 
 
 Columbia, a thriving post-village of Fayette 
 county, Indiana, 50 miles in a direct line E. 
 S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Columbia, a township of Gibson county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1184. 
 
 Columbia, a township in Jennings county, 
 Indiana. Population, 947. 
 
 Columbia, a small post-village, capital of 
 Whitley county, Indiana, on a branch of Eel 
 river, 105 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis, 
 and 20 miles W. from Fort Wayne. It has a 
 
 brick court house, and about 450 inhabitants. 
 The plank-road from Fort Wayne to Warsaw 
 passes through it. 
 
 Columbia, a small post-village of Monroe 
 county, Illinois, about 110 miles S. by W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Columbia, a flourishing and handsome 
 post-village, capital of Boone county, Mis- 
 souri, is pleasantly situated 35 miles N. N. W. 
 from Jetferson City, and 10 miles from the 
 Missouri river. It is the seat of the State 
 University: the building is a large and elegant 
 structure, built by the citizens of Boone coun- 
 ty. To secure the location of this university, 
 the citizens of the county subscribed and have 
 paid :$120,000 ; of which sum about $75,000 
 were expended in the erection of the building. 
 Columbia contains 4 churches and 1 newspa- 
 per office. The surrounding country is highly 
 productive and comparatively populous. 
 
 Columbia, a village of St. Louis county, 
 Missouri, at the mouth of the Missouri river. 
 
 Columbia, a village of Wapello county, 
 Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 70 miles S. W. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 Columbia, a post-town of Tuolumne co.,Cal. 
 
 Columbia Centre, a post-office of Licking 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Columbia City, a post-village, capital of 
 Clarke county, Washington Territory, on the 
 right (N.) bank of the Columbia river. 
 
 Columbia Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Bradford county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Columbia Furnace, a small post-village in 
 Shenandoah county, Virginia, about 160 
 miles N. N. W. from Puchmond. 
 
 Columbia Mines, a post-office of Critten- 
 den county, Kentucky. 
 
 Colubibiana, a county in the E. N. E. part 
 of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio river, which 
 separates it from Pennsylvania, has an area 
 of 490 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Little Beaver river and its branches, and by 
 Sandy and Yellow creeks. The southern 
 part is hilly, and the northern level or un- 
 dulating. The soil is of limestone forma- 
 tion, and is uniformly and remarkably fer- 
 tile. Wool, wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, 
 butter, and live stock are the staples. The 
 county is especially noted for the production 
 of wool. In 1850 there were raised 311,507 
 bushels of wheat; 393,804 of corn; 383,386 
 of oats; 30,249 tons of hay; 322,965 pounds 
 of wool, and 655,389 of butter. It contained 
 85 churches and 6 newspaper offices ; 12,296 
 pupils attending public schools, and 326 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Lime- 
 stone underlies a part of the county, stone 
 coal and iron ore are found in it. It is inter- 
 sected by the Sandy and Beaver canal, by 
 the Pennsylvania and Ohio railroad, and the 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Capital, 
 New Lisbon. Population, 33,621. 
 
 Columbiana, a small post-village, capital 
 of Shelby county, Alabama, about 70 miles 
 E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 265 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 Columbiana, a thriving post-village of Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio, on the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad, about 165 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. Population in 1853, esti- 
 mated at 650. 
 
 Columbiana, a small village of Greene 
 county, Illinois, on the Illinois river, 78 miles 
 S. W. from Springfield, and 8 miles from 
 CarroUton. It has a steamboat landing from 
 ■which produce is shipped. 
 
 Columbian Gkove, a post-office of Lunen- 
 burg county, Virginia, 10 miles E. from Lu- 
 nenburg Court House. 
 
 Columbia Station, a post-office of Lorain 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 CoLUMBiAViLLE, a village of Stockport 
 township, Columbia county. New York, at 
 the junction of the Kinderhook and Clave- 
 rack creeks, a few miles N. from Hudson. 
 The Hudson River railroad passes by it. It 
 has one or two cotton factories. 
 
 CoLUMBiATiLLE, a Small village of Martin 
 county, Indiana, about 95 miles S. S. W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Columbus, a county in the S. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on South Caro- 
 lina : area estimated at 600 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. W. by Lumber river, 
 and intersected by Waccamaw river. The 
 surface is nearly level, and in some parts 
 marshy. Indian corn, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 106,842 bushels of corn; 118,825 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 16,128 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 1 saw mill, 1 wheelwright es- 
 tablishment, 2 tar and turpentine distille- 
 ries, and 18 churches. Capital, Whitesville. 
 Formed in 1808. Population, 5909, of whom 
 4406 were free, and 1503, slaves. 
 
 Columbus, a post-township of Chenango 
 county. New York, on the Unadilla river, 38 
 miles S. W. from Utica. Population, 1381. 
 
 Columbus, a neat post-village of Mans- 
 field township, Burlington county. New Jer- 
 sey, 12 miles S. S. E. from Trenton. It has 
 a Presbyterian, a Baptist, and a Methodist 
 church, a library, and several stores. Po- 
 pulation, about 400. 
 
 Columbus, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Warren county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, 33 miles E. S. E. fi-om Erie. Population, 
 1278. 
 
 Columbus, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Cofi'ee creek, about 33 miles E. 
 S. E. from Erie. 
 
 Columbus, a flourishing city of Georgia, 
 and seat of justice of Muscogee county, on 
 the left (E.) bank of the Chattahoochee 
 river, 90 miles W. S. W. from Macon, 128 
 miles W. S. W. from Milledgeville, and 290 
 miles W. from Savannah. The city is laid 
 out in oblong blocks of 4 acres, each of 
 which is divided into eight square lots. It 
 extends one mile and a quarter in the direc- 
 tion of the river, and about half a mile to- 
 wards the interior. The court house is one 
 266 
 
 of the finest buildings of its class in the 
 state. Many of the private houses are well 
 built and pleasantly embowered with trees, 
 Columbus contains 7 or 8 places of worship., 
 1 orphan asylum, a number of excellent 
 schools, and 3 or 4 newspaper offices. A hand- 
 some bridge extends across the river ancj 
 connects the city with the village of Girard„ 
 It is the third city of the state in population 
 and wealth, and has an advantageous posi- 
 tion for trade and manufactures. The river, 
 which in this part of its course forms tha 
 boundary between Georgia and Alabama, ia 
 navigable for steamboats from this point to 
 the Gulf of Mexico, during eight months of 
 the year. These boats each carry about 900 
 bales of cotton on an average, and usually 
 run from November to the end of June. The 
 cotton shipped at this place amounts to about 
 80,000 bales in a year. The bed of the 
 river opposite Columbus is filled by large 
 and rugged rocks, which form a succession 
 of rapids, and produce abundant water- 
 power. Considerable capital has been in- 
 vested in hydraulic improvements, and in the 
 erection of manufactories, and it is thought 
 Columbus will become one of the greatest 
 manufacturing towns in the Southern States. 
 A dam 500 feet long has been built across 
 the river. There were in 1850, 4 cotton fac- 
 tories, 1 paper mill, 1 cotton-gin factory, 1 
 woollen factory, 2 iron foundries, several 
 mills, 3 banks and 1 manufactory of farming 
 implements. Columbus is the terminus of 
 the Muscogee railroad, opened in 1852, which 
 connects with other lines leading to Macon 
 and Savannah. Another railroad has been 
 commenced which leads from this place to 
 some point on Mobile bay. Laid out in 1828. 
 Population in 1850, 5942,inl853, about 7000. 
 
 Columbus, a small post-village of Columbia 
 county, Florida, on the Suwanee river, 80 
 miles E. from Tallahassee. 
 
 Columbus, a thriving post-town, capital 
 of Lowndes county, Mississippi, on the left 
 bank of the Tombigbee river, 140 miles N. 
 E. from Jackson, and 28 miles below Aber- 
 deen. The river is navigable at all seasons 
 for steamboats, which make frequent pas- 
 sages between this place and Mobile. Co- 
 lumbus is surrounded by a fertile planting 
 district, and has an active business. Large 
 quantities of cotton are shipped here annu- 
 ally. It contains a court house, an United 
 States land-office, several churches, and 1 
 newspaper office. Population in 1850, 2611 ; 
 in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Columbus, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Colorado county, Texas, on the right bank 
 of the Colorado river, 95 miles S. E. from 
 Austin City. The river is a navigable stream 
 flowing through an alluvial and extremely 
 fertile valley or plain. 
 
 Columbus, a small post-village of Hemp- 
 stead county, Arkansas, 10 miles W. from 
 Washington, the county seat. 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 Columbus, a small village of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Columbus, a post-village, capital of Polk 
 county, Tennessee, on the Hiawassee river, 
 170 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Columbus, a small post-village of Hick- 
 man county, Kentucky, on the Mississippi 
 river, about 300 miles W. S. W. from Frank- 
 fort, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Columbus city, capital of the state of 
 Ohio, and seat of justice of Franklin county, 
 is pleasantly situated on the E. bank of the 
 Scioto river, 90 miles from its mouth, 116 
 miles N. E. from Cincinnati, 115 miles S. 
 from Sandusky city, and 350 miles from 
 Washington. Lat. 89° 57' K, Ion. 83° 3' W. 
 It is on the same parallel of latitude with 
 Philadelphia, from which it is 450 miles dis- 
 tant. It was laid out in 1812, in the midst 
 of an unbroken wilderness, and incorporated 
 in 1816. The state house, a plain brick 
 building, was erected in 1814, and the legis- 
 ture met here for the first time in December, 
 1816. The site of Columbus is level; the 
 streets are wide and laid out with great neat- 
 ness and uniformity. Broad street, 120 feet 
 wide, extends from east to west, and is 
 crossed by High street, JOO feet wide, on 
 which the principal business is transacted. 
 At the intersection of these is a public square 
 of 10 acres. The old state house, occupying 
 one corner of this square, was entirely con- 
 sumed by fire, February 1, 1852. A new 
 capitol had previously been commenced, 
 which is designed to be the finest building in 
 the state, and will surpass in magnitude 
 every other state house in the Union: it is 
 304 feet long by 184 wide, and covers an 
 area of 55,936 square feet. The height to 
 the top of the rotunda is 157 feet. The ma- 
 terial is a hard, whitish limestone, resembling 
 marble. The other remarkable edifices are 
 the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, the Institution for 
 the Blind, the Asylum for the Deaf and 
 Dumb, and the Ohio Penitentiary. The 
 Lunatic Asylum, founded in 1836, is a brick 
 building, 296 feet in front, and 46 in depth, 
 with wings 39 feet wide, extending back 218 
 feet ; it cost about $150,000, and can accom- 
 modate 350 patients. The number admitted 
 in the year ending November, 1851, was 283, 
 and 300 were discharged in the same period. 
 The Institution for the Blind is a handsome 
 brick building, three-quarters of a mile E. 
 from the state house. In 1851 it had 69 pu- 
 pils. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb 
 is also a fine edifice, and surrounded by or- 
 namental grounds. In 1851 there were 132 
 pupils. The Ohio Penitentiary, situated on 
 the E. bank of the river, is an imposing edi- 
 fice, of Ohio marble ; together with the nu- 
 merous workshops, it comprises a square of 
 six acres. The whole number of prisoners 
 in 1851, was 628. They are employed in 
 useful manufactures, the proceeds of which 
 are more than sufficient to meet the expenses 
 
 of the establishment. The Starling Medical 
 College was recently established in this city, 
 by means of a legacj' of $50,000 from the 
 late Lyne Starling. It is a Gothic edifice, 
 the walls of which are brick, with cornices, 
 caps, arches, sills, &c. of whitish limestone, 
 giving it a very tasteful appearance. The 
 Olentangy river enters the Scioto about 
 half a mile above Columbus. 
 
 Columbus is surrounded by a rich and 
 populous country, and is a place of active 
 business. The National road passing through 
 it from E. to W. is a great thoroughfare of 
 travel, and the Columbus feeder connects it 
 with the Ohio canal. Other internal im- 
 provements recently finished have given an 
 impetus to its growth, viz. the Cleveland and 
 Columbus railroad ; the Columbus and Xenia 
 railroad, which connects it with Cincinnati ; 
 and the Central railroad, which extends to 
 Zanesville, and will be continuedto Wheeling. 
 Several plank-roads and turnpikes also ter- 
 minate here. The city is lighted with gas. 
 It contains about 20 churches, 1 academy, 
 several seminaries, and 5 banks. Two daily 
 and several weekly newspapers are published 
 in this town. There is a park of 40 acres 
 on the N. side of Columbus, given to the 
 public by one of the citizens. Eastwood, one 
 mile E. from the city, contains the gardens 
 of the Columbus Horticultural Society, oc- 
 cupying 10 acres, and the grounds of the 
 Franklin County Agricultural Society. Po- 
 pulation in 1840, 6048 ; in 1850, 18,138 ; and 
 in 1853, about 25,000. 
 
 CoLUJiBus, a village of Ingham county, 
 Michigan, on Grande river, 12 miles S. by 
 W. from Lansing. 
 
 CoLUBiBus, a post-township in the S. part of 
 St. Clair county, Michigan. Population, 377. 
 
 Columbus, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Belle river, 40 miles N. N. E. 
 from Detroit. 
 
 Columbus, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Bartholomew county, Indiana, on the 
 Madison and Indianapolis railroad, and on 
 the E. fork of White river, just below the 
 mouth of Flatrock creek, 41 miles S. S. E. 
 from Indianapolis. Its site is elevated, and 
 commands a fine view of the valleys through 
 which the abovenamed streams flow. It 
 has a fine court house, 4 or 5 churches, and 
 2 newspaper offices. A railroad has re- 
 cently been opened from this village to the 
 Ohio river, at Louisville, in Kentucky. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 1008; in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Columbus, a post-township in the central 
 part of Bartholomew county, Indiana. Popu- 
 lation, 2,397. 
 
 Columbus, a village of Madison county, 
 Indiana, 6 miles S. E. from Anderson. 
 
 Columbus, a post-village of Adams county, 
 Illinois, 100 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Columbus, a small post-village of .Johnson 
 county, Missouri, 106 miles W. by N. from 
 ' Jefi'erson City, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 267 
 
COL 
 
 CON 
 
 Columbus, a new post-village, capital of 
 Allomakee county, Iowa, on the Jlississippi, 
 85 miles above Dubuque. There is water- 
 power near the village, which is partly im- 
 proved. 
 
 Columbus, a post-township in Columbia 
 county, Wisconsin, about 25 miles N. E. from 
 Madison. Population, 960. 
 
 Columbus, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on Crawfish river, about 
 30 miles N. E. from Madison. It was for- 
 merly the county seat. 
 
 Columbus City, a post-village of Louisa 
 county, Iowa, on the Iowa river, 12 miles 
 above Wapello. The village has a few stores 
 and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Columbus Grove, a small village of Put- 
 nam county, Ohio, about 100 miles N. W. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 CoLusi, a county towards the N. W. part of 
 California, has an area of perhaps 3500 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Sacra- 
 mento river, and partly on the N. by Red creek, 
 and is drained by Elder, Tombes, Stone, 
 and Sj'camore creeks, which afford some 
 mill sites. The coast range passes along 
 its W. border. The soil has generally been 
 found fertile, although but little of it is jet 
 under cultivation. 
 
 CoLUSi, a post-town in the S. E. part of 
 Colusi county, California, about 90 miles N. 
 N. E. from Benicia. 
 
 CoMAC, a small post-village of Suffolk coun- 
 ty. New York, 187 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
 
 CoMAL, a county in the ^Y. central part of 
 Texas, has an area of 1080 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Guadalupe and Cibolo 
 rivers, and drained by Comal creek. The 
 surface is hilly; the soil produces Indian 
 corn, cotton, and pasturage. In 1850 there 
 were raised 37,575 bushels of corn; 1615 of 
 sweet potatoes; 10 bales of cotton; and 
 9444 pounds of butter. It contained 2 
 churches, and 130 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, New Braunfels. Popula- 
 tion, 1723, of whom 1662 were free, and 61, 
 slaves. 
 
 Comal Town, a village in the above 
 county, near the junction of Comal creek 
 with the Guadalupe river, about 40 miles 
 S. S. W. from Austin. 
 
 Comanches, ko-mantch'ez, a numerous and 
 powerful tribe of Indians, dwelling in the 
 northern part of Texas. 
 
 Coman's Well, a post-ofiBce of Sussex 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 CoMCAiiEE, a small river of South Carolina, 
 flowing south-eastward, forms the boundary 
 between Beaufort and Colleton districts, and 
 enters the Atlantic through St. Helena sound. 
 
 Comfort, a post-office of Jones county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Comite, a small river of Louisiana, rises 
 in E. Feliciana parish, and flowing southward 
 enters the Amite about 15 miles E. from 
 Baton Rouge. 
 268 
 
 CoMMACK. See Comac. 
 
 Commerce, a post-village in Tunica county, 
 Mississippi, on the E. bank of the Mississippi 
 river, about 200 miles N. by W. from Jackson. 
 
 Commerce, a post- village in Wilson countj"-, 
 Tennessee, about 35 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Commerce, a post-township of Oakland 
 county, Michigan, 12 miles S. W. from 
 Pontiac. Population, 1428. 
 
 Commerce, a small post-village in Scott 
 county, Missouri, on the W. bank of the 
 Mississippi river, about 120 miles S. S. E. 
 from St. Louis. 
 
 Commercial Town, a small village in 
 Adams county, Ohio, near the Ohio river, 15 
 miles S. W. from Portsmouth. 
 
 Commettsburg, a post-oSice of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Commissioners Creek, of Georgia, flows 
 through Wilkinson county into the Oconee, 
 about 10 miles E. from Irwinton. 
 
 CoMMUNiPAW, a small village of Bergen 
 county. New Jersey, on the W. shore of New 
 York bay, 2 miles S. from Jersey City. It 
 is an old Dutch settlement mentioned in the 
 humorous history of Irving. 
 
 CoMO, a post-ofSce of De Soto county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 CoMO, a post-office of Henry county, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 CoMO, a post-village of Whitesides county, 
 Illinois, on Rock river, 150 miles N. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Competition, a beautiful and thriving 
 post-village, capital of Pittsylvania county, 
 Virginia, on a small branch of Banister 
 river, 160 miles S. W. from Richmond. It is 
 situated in a rich farming district, and con- 
 tains a number of handsome residences. 
 
 Compotine, a post-office of Wapello county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Compromise, a post-office of Fulton county, 
 Kentucky, 
 
 CoMPTON, a village of Jasper county, 
 Georgia, near the left bank of Ocmulgee 
 river, 40 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Comrade Batou, of Rapides parish, Loui- 
 siana, flows S.E. into Calcasieu river. 
 
 CoMSTOCK, a post-township in the N. E. 
 central part of Kalamazoo county, Michigan. 
 Population, 1202. 
 
 CoMSTOCK, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the right or N. bank of 
 the Kalamazoo river, and on the Central rail- 
 road, 136 miles W. from Detroit. It is one of 
 the principal villages of the county, and con- 
 tains several mills. 
 
 CoMSTOCKS, a post-village of Washington 
 county. New York, on the Saratoga and 
 Y/ashington railroad, 70 miles N. from Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Conasauga River, Georgia. See Conna- 
 
 SAUGA. 
 
 Conchardee, a post-office of Talladega 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 CoNCOED, a post-township in Somerset 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 county, Maine, 50 miles N. by W. from 
 Augusta. Population, 550. 
 
 CoNCORt), a post-town, seat of justice of 
 Merrimack county. New Hampshire, and 
 capital of the state, is pleasantly situated on 
 the right bank of the Merrimack river, 59 
 miles N. N. W. from Boston. Lat. 43° 12^ 29" 
 N., Ion. 71° 29' W. It extends about 2 miles 
 along the river, and three-quarters of a mile 
 back. The streets are handsomely laid out, and 
 many of them beautifully shaded. The hotels, 
 most of the mercantile business, and a large 
 portion of the manufactories are on Main 
 street, which is nearly 100 feet broad and 
 about 2 miles long. State street, also about 
 2 miles long, has on it the state prison, a 
 massive granite structure, and the Methodist 
 General Biblical Institute, founded in 1847. 
 The state house stands in the midst of a 
 beautiful common, planted with maple and 
 elm trees. It is built of hewn granite, is 126 
 feet long, 49 feet wide, and 2 stories high 
 above the basement. The other public build- 
 ings are the churches, 7 or 8 in number, 
 2 railroad depots and 3 banks. Condition 
 of the latter, December 1st, 1852: Debts 
 due, $389,115; specie, $26,164; deposits, 
 $159,114; circulation, $176,896. By the 
 aid of locks, the falls in the Merrimack, op- 
 posite the town, furnish a vast hydraulic 
 power, extensively employed in manufac- 
 turing. The business of Concord, which is 
 important and rapidly increasing, centres 
 principally in Boston. Formerly, it was 
 carried on through the Merrimack river and 
 Middlesex canal ; but since the completion of 
 the various railroads opening communication 
 with nearly every section of the state, the 
 canal has been abandoned. Nine newspapers 
 are published here. Population of the entire 
 township, 8576. 
 
 Concord, a post-township of Essex county, 
 Vt., on the west side of Connecticut river, 40 
 miles E. byN. from Montpelier. Pop., 1153. 
 
 Concord, a post-village and semi-capital of 
 Middlesex county, Mass., on the Fitchburg 
 railroad, 20 miles N. W. from Boston, has 1 
 bank. The township is celebrated as being 
 the field of the first engagement of the Revo- 
 lution. Population, 2249. 
 
 Concord, a township of Erie county, N. Y., 
 25 miles S. S. E. from BuflFalo. Pop., 3242. 
 
 Concord, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, 22 
 miles W. by S. from Philadelphia. Popu- 
 lation, 1049. 
 
 Concord, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Erie county, Pennsylvania, 28 
 miles S. E. from Erie. It is drained by the S. 
 branch of French creek. Population, 882. 
 
 Concord, a post- village of Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, in Path valley, 28 miles N. 
 from Chambersburg. Population, near 
 250. 
 
 Concord, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Concord, a post-village of Sussex county, 
 Delaware, 46 miles S. from Dover. 
 
 Concord, a post-office of Appomattox 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Concord, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Cabarras county. North Carolina, on a 
 branch of Rocky river, 145 miles W. by S. 
 from Raleigh. It is on the route of the 
 North Carolina railroad, now in progress, the 
 commencement of which has already in- 
 creased the activity of its business. Con- 
 cord contains 3 or 4 churches, 1 academy, 
 and a cotton factory. 
 
 Concord, a small post-village of Baker 
 county, Georgia, 28 miles W. from Albany, 
 has three stores. 
 
 Concord, a post-office of Harrison county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Concord, a small post-village in Lincoln 
 county, Tennessee, about 70 miles S. by 
 E. from Nashville. 
 
 Concord, a post-village of Lewis county, 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio, 6 miles above Mays- 
 ville, has 1 church, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Concord, a township in the W. part of 
 Champaign county, Ohio. Population, 1010. 
 
 Concord, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Delaware county, Ohio. Population, 1369. 
 
 Concord, a township in Fayette county, 
 Ohio. Population, 923. 
 
 Concord, a township in the S. part of 
 Highland county, Ohio. Population, 1501. 
 
 Concord, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Lake county, Ohio. Population, 1031. 
 
 Concord, a township in the central part 
 of Miami county, Ohio. Population, 3409. 
 
 Concord, a small village in Muskingum 
 county, Ohio, about 14 miles E. by N. from 
 Zanesville. Population, 334. 
 
 Concord, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Ross county, Ohio. Population, 3225. 
 
 Concord, a township in the W. part of 
 Jackson county, Michigan. Population, 983. 
 
 Concord, a flourishing post-village in the 
 above township, on the Kalamazoo river, 90 
 miles A¥. from Detroit. It is situated in a 
 beautiful and productive country, diversified 
 by groves of oaks, resembling orchards. 
 The village has good water-power, and con- 
 tains several flouring mills. Population, in 
 1853, about 700. 
 
 Concord, a township in De Kalb county, 
 Indiana, Population, 1086. 
 
 Concord, a township in Elkhart county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1390. 
 
 Concord, a post- village of Tippecanoe coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 11 miles S. S. E. from Lafayette. 
 
 Concord, a township in Adams county, Il- 
 linois. Population, 764. 
 
 Concord, a small village of Iroquois coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on the Iroquois river, 10 or 12 
 miles E. by N. from Middleport. 
 
 Concord, a small post-village of Morgan 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Concord, a post-village of Callaway coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 33 miles N. N. E. from Jefifer- 
 
 269 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 son City, is situated in a rich farming dis- 
 trict, and has some trade. 
 
 Concord, a post-village of Louisa county, 
 Iowa, 35 miles N. by W. from Burlington. 
 
 Concord, a township in the E. part of Jef- 
 ferson county, Wisconsin. Population, 725. 
 
 Concord, a small post-village in the above 
 township, ii miles E. from Madison. 
 
 Concord Corner, a small village in Con- 
 cord township, Essex county, "Vermont, about 
 38 miles W. by N. from Montpelier. 
 
 Concord Eiver, of Middlesex county, in 
 the N. part of Massachusetts, is formed by 
 the junction of Assabet and Sudbury rivers, 
 at the town of Concord, and falls into the 
 Merrimack near Lowell. This river is the 
 principal feeder of the Middlesex canal. 
 
 Concordia, a parish in the N. E. part of 
 Louisiana, on the W. bank of the Mississippi 
 river. The area is about 790 square miles. 
 The W. border is washed by the Tensas and 
 Washita rivers, and the S. border by the 
 Red river ; all of which are navigable. The 
 surface is low, subject to inundation, and 
 occupied by numerous lakes or sloughs. 
 Cotton is the staple production. In 1850 
 there were raised 18,297 bales of cotton, and 
 239,670 bushels of Indian corn. The quan- 
 tity of cotton was the greatest produced by 
 any one parish of the state, except Tensas. 
 It contained 1 church, and 1 newspaper 
 office, and 150 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Vidalia. Population, 7763, 
 of whom 824 were free, and 6934, slaves. 
 
 Concordia, a post-ofBee of Bolivar coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Concordia Village, Louisiana. See Vi- 
 dalia. 
 
 Concordia, a post-village in Fayette coun- 
 ty, Tennessee, about 170 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Concordia, a small village of Meade coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, about 110 
 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Concordia, a post-village in Darke coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 35 miles N. W. from Dayton. 
 
 Concordville, a small post-village of De- 
 laware county, Pennsylvania, 83 miles E. S. 
 E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 CoNECOCHEAGUE creck, rises in the S. part 
 of Pennsylvania, and flowing, through Mary- 
 land, falls into the Potomac at Williamsport. 
 
 CoNEcnii, a small river of Alabama, rises 
 in Pike county, and flowing S. W. into Flori- 
 da, unites with the Escambia, a few miles 
 from the boundary of the two states. 
 
 Conecuh, a county in the S. part of Ala- 
 bama, bordering on Florida, has an area of 
 1430 square miles. It is traversed by Cone- 
 cuh river, from which it derives its name, 
 and also drained by Sepulga river. The 
 surface is uneven, the soil is sandy, and 
 mostly unproductive. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are cultivated. Large quantities of 
 pine lumber are procured from the forests, and 
 conveyed down the Conecuh river in small 
 270 
 
 boats or rafts. In 1850 there were raised 
 4628 bales of cotton ; 300,210 bushels of corn, 
 and 90,375 of sweet potatoes. There were 
 8 saw mills, 2 tanneries, and 1 saddle and 
 harness factory. It contained 22 churches ; 
 400 pupils attending public schools, and 80 
 attending academies or other schools. A 
 cavern of considerable size has been found 
 in the E. part of the county, near Brooklyn. 
 Organized about the year 1822. Capital, 
 Sparta. Population, 9322, of whom 4928 
 were free, and 4394, slaves. 
 
 Conedogwinit creek, rises in the S. part 
 of Pennsylvania, and flows into the Susque- 
 hanna, nearly opposite Harrisburg. 
 
 Conemaugh river, of Pennsylvania, rises 
 in Cambria county, and flowing nearly W., 
 forms the boundary between Indiana and 
 Westmoreland counties, until it unites with 
 the Loyalhanna, near Saltzburg. The stream 
 thus formed is called the Kiskiminetas river. 
 The Pennsylvania canal follows the course 
 of this river. 
 
 Conemaugh, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Cambria county, Pennsylvania, 
 about 60 miles E. by S. from Pittsburg. It 
 is intersected by the Conemaugh river, the 
 Pennsylvania canal, and the Portage rail- 
 road. Population, 3027. 
 
 Conemaugh, a borough of Cambria county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Portage railroad, 170 
 miles W. from Harrisburg. The census of 
 1850 states the population at 854. 
 
 Conemaugh, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Indiana county, Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on Conemaugh river and the Penn- 
 sylvania canal, 35 miles E. by N. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1748. 
 
 Conemaugh, a township forming the N. ex- 
 tremity of Somerset county, Pennsylvania, 20 
 miles N. from Somerset. Population, 1484. 
 
 Conemaugh Furnace, a post-oflice of A¥est- 
 moreland county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CoNEQUENESSiNG crock, of Western Penn- 
 sylvania, rises in Butler county, and unites 
 with the Slippery Rock creek, in Mercer 
 county. 
 
 CoNESTOGA creek, of Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania, flows into the Susquehanna, 
 about 12 miles below Columbia. Boats as- 
 cend it to Lancaster city. 
 
 CoNESTOGA, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, bor- 
 dering on Susquehanna river, and bounded by 
 Conestoga and Pequea creeks, about 36 miles 
 S. E. from Harrisburg. Population, 2733. 
 
 Cone'sus, a post-township of Livingston 
 county. New York, bordering on Conesus and 
 Hemlock lakes, 10 miles S. E. from Geneseo. 
 It is traversed by the Bufl'alo and Corning 
 railroad. Population, 1418. 
 
 Conesus Lake, of New York, in the cen- 
 tral part of Livingston county, is eight miles 
 in length, and from three-quarters of a mile 
 to one mile in breadth. Its outlet joins 
 the Genesee river. 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 CoNESTiLLE, a post-townsliip of Schoharie 
 county, New York, about 40 miles S. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 1582. 
 
 CoNEsviLLB, a post-office of Coshocton 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 CoNEWAGO creek, in the S. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, rises in Adams county, flows 
 through York county, and enters the Sus- 
 quehanna a little below York Haven. Its 
 general course is N. E. The Little Conewago 
 enters the main stream, about three miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Conewago, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Adams county, Pennsylvania, 35 miles S. S. 
 W. from Harrisburg, drained by Conewago 
 creek. Population, 567. 
 
 Conewago, a township in the S. part of 
 Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, on Conewago 
 creek. Population, 762. 
 
 Conewago, a township of York county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Conewago creek, 16 miles 
 S. from Harrisburg. Population, 1270. 
 
 Conewaxgo creek, rises in the W. part of 
 New York, and enters the Alleghany river at 
 Warren Court House, Pennsylvania. It re- 
 ceives the waters of the outlet of Chautauque 
 lake. 
 
 Conewango, a post-township of Cattarau- 
 gus county, New York, 45 miles S. by W. 
 from Buifalo, drained by Conewango creek. 
 Population, 1408. 
 
 Conewango, a township of Warren county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, imme- 
 diately below the mouth of Conewango creek, 
 contains the borough of Warren. Popula- 
 tion, 884. 
 
 Conewingo, a little village of Cecil county, 
 Maryland, on a creek of the same name, near 
 its entrance into the Susquehanna. 
 
 Congaree, a river of South Carolina, 
 formed by the Broad and Saluda rivers, 
 which unite at Columbia, near the middle of 
 the state. After a S. E. course of about 50 
 miles, it unites with the Wateree to form the 
 Santee. Steamboats ascend this river to 
 Columbia. 
 
 Congaeee Creek, of Lexington district, 
 South Carolina, flows into the Congaree river, 
 a few miles below Columbia. 
 
 Congress, a township in Morrow county, 
 Ohio, about 6 miles N. E. from Mount Gilead. 
 Population, 1651. 
 
 Congress, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Wayne county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 2336. 
 
 CoNHOCTON river rises near the N. W. 
 extremity of Steuben county, in the S. S. W. 
 part of New York, and running in a S. E. 
 course, unites with the Tioga, to form the 
 Chemung river. 
 
 CoNHOCTON, a township of Steuben county. 
 New York, 18 miles N. W. from Bath, is in- 
 tersected by the Bufi"alo and Corning rail- 
 road. Population, 1993. 
 
 CoNKLiN, a post-township of Broome coun- 
 ty, New York, intersected by Susquehanna 
 
 river, and by the Erie railroad, a few miles 
 S. E. from Binghampton. Population, 2232. 
 
 CoNKLiN Centre, a post-office of Broome 
 county, New York. 
 
 Connasauga river, of Georgia, rises in 
 Gilmer county, near the Blue Ridge. It 
 flows first northward to the N. boundary of 
 the state, then turns southward, and unites 
 with the Coosawattee, near New Echota, to 
 form the Oostenaula. 
 
 CoNNEAUT creek, rises in the N. W. part 
 of Pennsylvania, passes into the state of 
 Ohio, and flows into Lake Erie, in Ashtabula 
 county, 2 miles from the village of Con- 
 neaut. 
 
 CoNNEATJT, a township in the W. part of 
 Crawford county, Pennsylvania, drained by 
 Shenango creek, 16 miles W. by N. from 
 Meadville. Population, 1807. 
 
 CoNNEAUT, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Erie county, Pennsylvania, 
 drained by Conneaut creek, and intersected 
 by the Beaver and Erie canal, 24 miles S. W. 
 from Erie. Population, 1942. 
 
 Conneaut, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Ashtabula county, Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 2695. 
 
 Conneaut, a flourishing post-borough in 
 the above township, on a creek of its own 
 name, on the Cleveland and Erie railroad, 2 
 miles from Lake Erie, and 226 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. It is memorable as the 
 landing-place of the party which made the 
 first settlement of Northern Ohio, in 1796 ; 
 and is sometimes called the Plymouth of the 
 Western Reserve. The settlers were natives 
 of New England. The harbor at the mouth 
 of the creek is visited by the steamers of the 
 lake, and is an important point of tranship- 
 ment. A light-house has been erected here, 
 and a number of vessels are owned in the 
 town. The borough contains (1853) 4 or 5 
 churches, a classical academy, and about 
 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 CoNNEAUTViLLB, a post-borough of Spring 
 township, Crawford county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Erie Extension canal, 105 miles N. N. 
 W. from Pittsburg. It is the most important 
 town in the county, except Meadville the ca- 
 pital, and has considerable trade. Within a 
 few years past it has increased rapidly in 
 population and business. Population in 1851, 
 about 1000. 
 
 Connecticut river. This beautiful stream, 
 the largest in New England, rises in the 
 Highlands, between the United States and 
 Canada, and flowing in a S. S. W. direction, 
 divides Vermont from New Hampshire, passes 
 through the western part of Massachusetts, 
 and centre of Connecticut, as far as Middle- 
 town, where it inflects to the S. E., discharg- 
 ing its waters into Long Island sound at 
 Saybrook, lat. 41° 16' 15" N., Ion. 72° 21' W. 
 Its source, 1600 feet above the level of the 
 sea, is a few miles N. of Connecticut lake, 
 through which it passes. One of its branches 
 
 271 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 forms the boundary line between Canada East 
 and New Hampshire, to the 45th parallel of 
 N. latitude. The entire length of the river 
 is rather more than 400 miles. Its breadth 
 at the northern boundary of Vermont is 150 
 feet ; 60 miles below, 390 feet ; in Massa- 
 chusetts and Connecticut, it varies from 450 
 to 1050 feet. The volume of the Connecticut 
 is increased by a large number of affluent 
 streams, the principal of which, on the W. 
 are the Pasumsic, emptying into it at the 
 foot of Fifteen Mile falls ; the White river, 
 joining it at Hanover; theDeei'field and West- 
 field, rivers in Massachusetts, and the Farm- 
 ington in Connecticut. Those most promi- 
 nent on the E. are the Ammonoosuck, in New 
 Hampshire, and Miller's and Chickopee rivers, 
 in Massachusetts. Numerous bridges have 
 been thrown across this stream ; the one 
 farthest down is at Hartford, 50 miles from 
 its mouth. To this place it is navigable for 
 vessels of 8 feet draft, and to Middletown 
 for those drawing 10 feet of water. By the 
 aid of canals around the falls, boats of 8 or 
 10 tons burthen are enabled to ascend as far 
 p*s Newbury, at the mouth of Wells river, in 
 Vermont, a distance of 270 miles from Long 
 Island Sound. The Connecticut Valley, mea- 
 ■'Suring in a straight line, is about 300 miles 
 long, with a mean breadth of about 40 miles. 
 It is no less celebrated for the fertility of its 
 soil than for the variety of its enchanting 
 scenery. Some portions are diversified with 
 magnificent mountains and beautiful lakes ; 
 others consist of broad tracts of alluvion, 
 skirting the stream. The latter are annually 
 overflowed in the spring, and not unfrequently 
 at other seasons, being thereby rendered 
 extremely productive. Shad of a superior 
 quality are taken in large quantities in the 
 Connecticut ; but the salmon, with which it 
 formerly abounded, have entirely disap- 
 peared. The Indians called this river Quo- 
 nektaeut, signifying " long river," or, as some 
 render it, "without end." 
 
 Connecticut, one of the original states of 
 the American confederacy, and the most S. 
 W. of the New England states, is bounded 
 N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. 
 by Long Island sound, and W. by New York. 
 It lies between 41° and 42° 3'"N. lat., and 
 71° 55' and 78° 50' W. Ion.; being about 93 
 miles in length from E. to W., and 68 miles 
 in its greatest breadth from N. to S. ; includ- 
 5ns; an area of about 4674 square miles, or 
 2,991,360 acres, of which 1,734,277 were im- 
 proved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — The population of Connecti- 
 cut is, in common with the other New Eng- 
 land states, of more pure English origin than 
 the other states of the Union, though of latter 
 •'imes an influx of emigrants from foreign 
 countries has commenced. In 1790, there 
 were in this state 238,141 inhabitants ; 
 251,002 in 1800; 262,042 in 1810; 275,202 
 in 1820 ; 297,675 in 1830 ; 309,978 in 1840 ; 
 272 
 
 and 370,791 in 1850; of whom 180,001 were 
 white males ; 183,404 white females ; 3749 
 colored males ; and 3737 colored females. 
 This population was divided among 73,448 
 families, occupying 64,013 dwellings. To 
 confine one's attention to the increase of the 
 residents of the state, would give a very in- 
 accurate idea of the increase of the enter- 
 prising and sturdy sons of Connecticut ; 
 who has been sending forth all over the 
 Union, leading merchants, statesmen, and 
 lawyers, who have not only assisted in found- 
 ing new states but are among the prominent 
 men who direct the affairs of those already 
 formed. And although she may also send 
 forth some itinerant tradesmen and sharpers, 
 these are not to be regarded as the fair re- 
 presentatives of the morals of Connecticut 
 or New England. Of the population in 1850, 
 290,653 were born in the state; 39,883 in 
 other states of the confederacy ; 5091 in 
 England; 26,689 in Ireland; 2027 in Scot- 
 land and Wales ; 959 in British America ; 
 1671 in Germany; 321 in France; 704 in 
 other countries ; and 794 whose places of 
 birth were unknown. Number of deaths in 
 the year ending June 1st, 1850, 5781, or 
 nearly 18 in every 1000 persons. The num- 
 ber of paupers who received aid in the same 
 period, were 2237, of whom 465 were foreign- 
 ers. Of 192 blind, 15 were colored persons. 
 Of 389 deaf and dumb, 4 were colored. Of 
 462 insane, 13 were colored. Of 300 idiots, 
 4 Avere colored. 
 
 Counties. — Connecticut is divided into 8 
 counties, viz. Fairfield, Hartford, Litchfield, 
 Middlesex, New Haven, New London, Tol- 
 land, and Windham. Capitals, alternately 
 Hartford and New Haven. 
 
 Cities and Toums. — New Haven is the largest 
 town in Connecticut ; population, 20,345. 
 The other most important towns are Hart- 
 ford, popiilation 13,555; Norwich, 10,265; 
 Danbury, 5964 ; New London, 8991 ; Bridge- 
 port, 7560; Stamford, 5000 ; Stonington,5431; 
 Middletown, 4230; Litchfield, 3953 ; Fairfield, 
 3614; and Windsor, 3294. 
 
 Face of the Country. — Much of the surface 
 of Connecticut is hilly and rugged, being 
 crossed by several ranges of low mountains, 
 or perhaps more properly, high hills. The 
 Green mountains, entering the N. W. portion 
 of this state from Massachusetts, ex- 
 tend in a succession of detached eminences 
 through the W. part of Connecticut. Another 
 range, in the N. of the state, intervenes be- 
 tween the Green mountains and the Talcet, 
 or Greenwoods range, which cross the state 
 from its northern boundary to near New 
 Haven. Farther east are the Middletown 
 mountains, extending parallel to the last- 
 named ridge, between Hartford and a point . 
 east of New Haven. Crossing the Connecti- 
 cut river, we come upon a ridge that appears 
 to be a continuation of the White mountains 
 of New Hampshire. The Green mountain 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 ranges, and the mountains east of the Con- 
 necticut, are primitive, or granitic ; while the 
 other ranges, near the west bank of the Con- 
 necticut, are composed of trap rock, more 
 precipitous on the western than on the east- 
 ern declivity. There are, between these 
 ranges, valleys and plains of greater or less 
 extent, and, those on the river intervals par- 
 ticulai-ly, of great agricultural capabilities. 
 The channel of the Connecticut, in the lower 
 part of its course, is cut through a primitive 
 formation. The trap rocks generally rest on 
 a base of sandstone. 
 
 Minerals. — Public attention has been much 
 excited, in this period of mineral develop- 
 ment, by the re-discovery, near Middletown, 
 of an argentiferous lead mine, which appears 
 to have been worked previously to the Revo- 
 lution. The fortunate (if we may call that 
 fortunate which was the result of scien- 
 tific skill) re-discoverer, was Eugene Frank- 
 fort, M. D., a French mineralogist and che- 
 mist, a pupil of the celebrated Liebig. Dr. 
 Frankfort was led to the discovery by the 
 appearance of certain rocks, which indicated 
 mineral treasures, near the mouth of what 
 proved to be a lead mine, that appears to 
 have been closed for a long period. The 
 archives of the past have been searched, and 
 proof is thought to have been found that 
 Governor Winthrop knew of and worked this 
 mine, which it is supposed he closed to elude 
 the vigilance of the crown of&cers. Inde- 
 pendently of its richness in lead, the ore of 
 this mine is largely argentiferous. The re- 
 gion around Middleton is rich in lead, zinc, 
 cobalt, and copper, and companies are form- 
 ing, with large capitals, to work the diiferent 
 mines. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, ^c. — Long Island sound 
 washes the entire southern boundary of the 
 state. New Haven bay is the largest bay 
 opening into the sound, though there are a 
 number of small ones. The Connecticut 
 river, entering the state from Massachusetts, 
 traverses its whole extent from N. to S., and 
 divides it into two nearly equal portions. 
 This river is navigable 50 miles for vessels 
 drawing 8 feet water. The Housatonic 
 crosses the western part of the state, first in 
 a S. W. and then in a S. E. direction, and is 
 navigable for small vessels 12 miles. The 
 Thames, in connection with its main branch, 
 the Quinebaug, traverses the E. part of the 
 st^ate, and is navigable 14 miles to Nor- 
 wich. New London, on this river, has an 
 excellent harbor. These rivers all empty 
 into Long Island sound. The Farmington 
 river enters the Connecticut from the W. 
 above Hartford. The Shetucket, on the east, 
 unites with the Quinebaug to form the New 
 Thames. The smaller rivers and streams 
 abound in falls and rapids, Avhicli afford 
 valuable water-power. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Though Con- 
 necticut has no high mountains, (;r any 
 
 scenei-y reaching the sublime, she has much 
 that is highly picturesque in various parts. 
 The shores of the Connecticut river are often 
 bold and precipitous ; sometimes with rugged 
 cliffs on one side, vrhile the other spreads 
 into beautiful meadows, terminated by hills 
 or mountains at no great distance. liomau- 
 tic hills and low mountains diversify the 
 whole of that partW. of the Connecticut river 
 and some of the eastern portion. "At Rocky 
 Hill, near Hartford," says Goodrich, " in a 
 quarry of building stone, the junction of 
 sandstone and trap is conspicuously exhibited. 
 Most of the ridges are parallel, and their 
 western parts generally precipitous, so that 
 in many places the country seems divided by 
 stupendous walls. Immense masses of ruins 
 are collected at their feet. These consist 
 sometimes of entire cliffs and pillars of many 
 tons weight, which are throvvn off by the 
 freezing of water in the gullies, and often fall 
 with a migkty concussion into the valleys. 
 On the opposite side, there is generally a 
 gradual slope, covered with trees." "In 
 Msriden," (we quote the same author,) "is a 
 natural ice-house, in a narrow defile between 
 ridges of greenstone. The defile is choked 
 up with the ruins of the rocks which have 
 fallen from the ridges, and form a series of 
 cavities overgrown with trees, and strewn 
 with thick beds of leaves. The ice is formed 
 in the cavities of these rocks, and remains 
 the whole year. A portion of it melts during 
 summer, causing a stream of cold water per- 
 petually to flow from the spot. The space 
 between the mountains is called Cat Hollow, 
 and presents the most wild and picturesque 
 scenery in the state." Mount Tom, near 
 Litchfield, is 700 feet high, and Bald moun- 
 tain, near the Massachusetts line, is the high- 
 est elevation in the state W. of the Connecti- 
 cut river. The chalybeate springs of Stafford, 
 in the neighborhood of Bald mountain, are 
 the most noted in the state. There is a 
 waterfall near Norwich, that Bartlett has 
 thought worthy of a place in his Views of 
 American Scenery. Sachem's Head, Say 
 Brook, and Guilford, on Long Island, are 
 places of resort in the bathing season. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate 
 of Connecticut, like that of New England in 
 general, is severe in winter, though vegetation, 
 owing to its somewhat more southern latitude, 
 commences a little earlier in the spring than 
 in the other Eastern States. It is liable, in 
 March and April, to chilling N. E. winds 
 from the ocean, but the same proxiHvity to 
 the sea mitigates the heats of summer and 
 renders the nights pleasant. The soil in the 
 valleys of the Connecticut, Quinipiac, Housa- 
 tonic, and other streams, is generally verj- 
 fertile, especially that of the Connecticut. 
 The N. W. and E. parts of the state are best 
 adapted to grazing, but the W. has many 
 fertile districts suited to raising grain. 
 Wherever the soil admits of it, it is skilfully 
 
 273 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 tilled, and is generally made to produce the 
 most it is capable of "with our present system 
 of culture. Connecticut yields most abun- 
 dantly butter and cheese, live stock, Indian 
 corn, oats, rye, market products, tobacco, 
 wool, and Irish potatoes ; she also produces 
 wheat, peas, beans, barley, buckwheat, hay, 
 grass-seeds, and beeswax and honey in con- 
 siderable quantities, and some sweet pota- 
 toes, wine, hops, flax, silk, and maple sugar. 
 In 1850 there were in the state 22,445 farms, 
 occupying 1,768,168 acres of improved land, 
 or less than an average of 80 acres to each 
 farm, which produced 41,762 bushels of 
 wheat; 600,893 of rye; 1,935,043 of Indian 
 corn; 1,158,738 of oats; 2,689,725 of Irish 
 potatoes; 229,297 of buckwheat; 30,449 of 
 grass-seeds ; 1,267,264 pounds of tabacco ; 
 497,454 of wool; 6,498,119 of butter; 
 5,363,277 of cheese; 50,796 of maple sugar; 
 98,304 of beeswax and honey; 516,131 tons 
 of hay; live stock valued at $7,467,490; 
 orchard products, at $175,118; market pro- 
 ducts, at $196,874, and slaughtered animals, 
 at $2,202,266. 
 
 Manufactures. — Connecticut has long been 
 celebrated for the itinerant venders of its 
 manufactures, who have travelled over our 
 ■country in all directions, and have even pe- 
 netrated the neighboring countries of Mexico 
 and Canada. Though its wares are generally 
 fabricated in small quantities by individuals 
 with trifling capital, yet the aggregate amount 
 is great, placing Connecticut among the first 
 of the manufacturing states of the Union. 
 The wooden clocks of this state note the 
 lapse of time to the remotest settlers of our 
 Western States, and have of later years been 
 exported even to Europe. Wooden, iron, 
 copper, tin, and brass ware ; hats, boots, 
 shoes, coaches, combs, axes, buttons, sad- 
 dlery, paper, and agricultural and mechanical 
 apparatus, are all largely manufactured in 
 this state. Extensive factories of cotton and 
 woollen goods have lately sprung into exist- 
 ence, and the following figures will show that 
 Connecticut does her full proportion in the 
 production of these important articles. She is 
 nearly equal to New York or Pennsylvania 
 in the absolute amount of those articles pro- 
 ' dueed, and, compared with her population, 
 greatly superior, while she is only inferior to 
 Pennsylvania in the relative amount of iron 
 manufactured. In 1850, there were 3913 
 manufaetiiring establishments, producing an- 
 nually $500 and upwards ; 128 of these were 
 cotton factories, employing capital to the 
 amount of $4,219,100, and 2707 male, and 
 3478 female hands; consuming $2,500,602 
 worth of raw material, and producing 
 51,780,700 yards of stuffs, and 950 pounds 
 of yarn, worth a total value of $4,257,522; 
 149 woollen factories, employing a capital to 
 the amount of $3,733,950, and 2907 male 
 and 2581 female hands ; consuming raw 
 material worth $3,325,709, and producing 
 274 
 
 9,408,777 yards of cloth, worth $6,465,216; 
 115 tanneries employing $360,500 of capital, 
 consuming raw material worth $453,854, and 
 producing a total value of $731,000 ; 91 fur- 
 naces, forges, &c., employing $1,335,900 of 
 capital, and 1464 male and 7 female hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $999,374, and 
 producing 30,955 tons of castings, wrought 
 iron, &c. ; $15,500 were invested in the ma- 
 nufacture of spirituous and malt liquors, con- 
 suming 20,000 bushels of Indian corn, 20,000 
 of rye, 10 hogsheads molasses, and 2 tons of 
 hops ; and producing 130,000 gallons of 
 whisky, wine, &c., and 1200 of rum; and 
 homemade manufactures were produced, 
 valued at $188,996. 
 
 Commerce. — The foreign commerce of Con- 
 necticut is nearly all carried on through the 
 ports of New York and Boston. She has, how- 
 ever, some direct trade with the West Indies, 
 and an active coasting trade. Her domestic 
 trade consists principally in the export of her 
 manufactures. There were 9 arrivals in the 
 ports of Connecticut from the whale fisheries 
 in 1852, bearing 802 barrels of sperm and 
 12,065 of whale oil ; indicating a decline in 
 the trade, as in 1851, 4887 gallons of sperm 
 and 99,124 of whale oil were imported. The 
 foreign imports for the fiscal year 1852 
 amounted to $394,675, and the exports to 
 $506,174 ; tonnage entered, 30,850 ; cleared, 
 37,744; of which about one-third was fo- 
 reign ; tonnage of the several districts, 
 125,088fi; of which 25,9921-^ was engaged 
 in the whale fishery, 6764|| in the cod, and 
 1554|ft in the mackerel fishery; and number 
 of vessels built 65, with an aggregate tonnage 
 of 9034||. Of the vessels built, 6 were 
 steamers. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Connecticut is 
 threaded in all directions by railways, con- 
 necting her principal towns with each other, 
 and with New York and Boston. Lines of 
 railway coast Long Island sound from New 
 York to New London, from which branches 
 diverge to the N. from Bridgeport, New 
 Haven, New London, Stonington, and smaller 
 places, uniting the towns just named with 
 Albany, Pittsfield, Winsted, Tarriffville, Hart- 
 ford, Springfield, Palmer, Worcester, Provi- 
 dence, and various intermediate places. The 
 Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill railway 
 is completed for 51 miles. Several branch 
 railways diverge from the main tracks to Dan- 
 bury, Collinsville, and other villages. In 
 January, 1853, there was a grand total of 
 647 miles of railway in operation in Con- 
 necticut, and 198 miles in course of construc- 
 tion. Of the lines projected, one is an air- 
 line railroad, between Boston and New York. 
 — See Table of Railivays, Appendix. 
 
 Education. — This state has long been cele- 
 brated for the attention she has given to the 
 subject of popular instruction. She had, in 
 1852, a school fund of $2,049,482, originally 
 derived from the sale of certain public lands 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 in Ohio, the property of the state. Although 
 this fund has distributed among the schools 
 of the state nearly $4,000,000 since its form- 
 ation in 1795, it has nearly doubled its 
 principal. In 1852, the revenue distributed 
 among the different schools was $132,792. 
 80. The number of children in 1851, between 
 4 and 1(3 years, was 94,852. The Legislature 
 appropriated $10,000 in 1849 for the forma- 
 tion of a state normal school for the instruc- 
 tion of youths intending to become teachers, 
 ■which had, in 1850, 154 pupils. These are 
 educated gratis, but the number at one time 
 in the institution must not exceed 220. There 
 are schools connected with this for exercising 
 the pupils in the practice of teaching, which 
 had 400 pupils in 1851. An active zeal is 
 manifested in this state for improvement in 
 the modes of instruction, and, to promote this 
 end, societies of teachers are formed, and 
 state and coimty conventions held. Yale 
 College, the most numerously attended of any 
 college in the United States, had 440 students 
 in 1852, and 51,000 volumes in its library. 
 This is one of the oldest colleges in the coun- 
 try, and has sent forth some of the most dis- 
 tinguished scholars, divines, and statesmen 
 of the Union. It is located at Nevr Haven. 
 There are two other colleges in Connecticut, 
 ■with an aggregate of 195 students and 27,000 
 volumes in their libraries. There are also 2 
 theological schools with 55, 1 law school 
 ■with 26, and 1 medical school with 37 stu- 
 dents. — See Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 719 
 churches in Connecticut in 1850, the differ- 
 ent sects of Baptists owned 118 ; the Con- 
 gregationalists, ^252 ; the Episcopalians, 100; 
 the Methodists, 178; the Presbyterians, 17; 
 the Roman Catholics, 12 ; and the Univer- 
 salists, 22. The rest belonged to the Afri- 
 cans, the Christians, the Free Church, the 
 Friends, Mariners' Church, Scandinavians, 
 Second Advent Union Church, and Unitarians. 
 These give an average of one church to every 
 515 persons. Value of church property, 
 $3,554,894. 
 
 Public Institutions. — Connecticut has mani- 
 fested the same ■wise and benevolent care for 
 her erring and unfortunate children as for 
 literary instruction to the virtuous, healthy, 
 and sane. An act -was passed in 1851 for the 
 establishment of a State Reform School, for 
 the instruction and reformation of juvenile 
 offenders under 16 years of age. The state 
 appropriates $10,000, a like sum to be con- 
 tributed by individuals. The Retreat for the 
 Insane at Hartford receives a liberal contii- 
 bution from the state. Since its establish- 
 ment in 1824, it has received 2318 patients, 
 of ■u'hora 1203 have recovered, 712 improved, 
 and 222 died : April 1, 1852, there were 181 
 patients in the institution. The expenditure 
 for the year was $28,637.50; received for 
 the support of patients, $31,341.50. Tlie 
 Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Hartford was the 
 
 first institution of the kind establislicd in the 
 United States. Appropriations are made for 
 the benefit of their own citizens in this insti- 
 tution, severally by Maine, New Hampshire, 
 Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
 South Carolina. Of the 207 pupils in the 
 institution in 1852, May 1, 16 "were sup- 
 ported by the State of Maine, 23 by New 
 Hampshire, 18 by Vermont, 72 by Massa- 
 chusetts, 6 by Rhode Island, 29 by Connecti- 
 cut, and 6 by South Carolina. The charge 
 for tuition, board, &c. is $100 per annum, 
 an extra charge being made during sickness. 
 The state prison is at Wethersfield, and in 
 March 31, 1852, had 171 inmates, 116 of 
 whom were white males, 10 females; 42 co- 
 lored males, and 3 colored females. The male 
 convicts are employed in manufacturing shoes, 
 cabinet-ware, and cutlery, and the females 
 in cooking, ■washing, mending, and boot- 
 binding. There is a library connected with 
 the institution for the benefit of the pri- 
 soners, who are also instructed in the ele- 
 ments of knowledge. There is a Sunday- 
 school also in the prison. The receipts for 
 1852 exceeded the expenditures by more than 
 $4000. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — The governor 
 of Connecticut is elected by the people an- 
 nually, and receives .$1100 per annum; a 
 lieutenant-governor, who is also president 
 of the senate, is elected in a like manner, 
 and for the same period, and he receives 
 $300 per annum. The senate, which con- 
 sists of 21 members, and the house of repre- 
 sentatives, of 215 members, are both elected 
 annually by popular vote. Connecticut sends 
 four members to the national house of repre- 
 sentatives, and is entitled to six electoral votes 
 for president of the United States. Any 
 white male, 21 years of age, who has resided 
 in the town (township) where he wishes to 
 vote, six months next preceding the election, 
 or four months, if previously admitted to the 
 electoral oath, and of good moral character, 
 is a constitutional voter. The judiciary con- 
 sists — 1. Of a supreme and superior court, 
 composed of one chief, and four associate 
 judges, receiving from $1250 to $1300 per 
 annum. One term of the superior court is 
 held triennially in each county by a single 
 judge; and the supreme court, comprised 
 of five judges, meets annually in each county. 
 The judges in this court cannot hold their 
 seats after the age of 70. The judges of the 
 supreme court hold the circuits of the supe- 
 rior court, one judge holding such superior 
 court quarterly each year. 2. Of county 
 courts, held in each county three times a 
 year by one judge, appointed annually by the 
 legislature. The assessed value of property 
 in Connecticut in 1850, was $119,088,672; 
 the state debt $91,212, (in 1852;) and the 
 ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt and 
 schools, $115,000. There were 53 banks in 
 xVpril, 1852, with an aggregate capital of 
 
 275 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 $12,500,808, a circulation of $7,118,625, and 
 $825,379 in coin. 
 
 History. — The early history of Connecticut 
 is fraught with adventure, savage forays, 
 and abundance of incident for the novelist; 
 but this its not the place to dwell upon such 
 themes, and we enter at once upon a few 
 brief facts. Though the Dutch had erected 
 a trading house at Hartford as early as 
 1631, the English colony (an off-shoot of the 
 Plymouth) at Windsor is generally con- 
 sidered the first permanent settlement in 
 Connecticut. Two years after, Hartford was 
 founded by English emigrants, Y»^ethersfield 
 in 1636, and New Haven in 1638. In 1637 
 the settlers in Connecticut were much an- 
 noyed by the Indians, several persons killed 
 and animals destroyed at Wethersfield and 
 Saybrook. Shortly after, however, the sa- 
 vages were completely subdued in engage- 
 ments at Mystic and Fairfield, and never 
 more gave the whites of this state serious 
 trouble. Some difficulties occurred between 
 the Dutch of New York and the people of 
 this colony, as to the right of possession, 
 which was terminated by a treaty in 1650. 
 New Haven was for several years a separate 
 colqaiy ; and when Charles II., in 1665, 
 granted a charter to Connecticut, she re- 
 fused her adhesion for a time, but at length 
 submitted, and the Connecticut colonies were 
 consolidated into one government. Sir Ed- 
 mund Andros was sent over by liing James 
 II., in 1686, to resume the charters granted to 
 the colonies. The assembly was in session 
 on his arrival at Hartford, and while the 
 subject was under consideration, the lights 
 were suddenly extinguished, and the charter 
 secretly conveyed away and concealed in the 
 cavity of an old oak. This tree is still in 
 existence, and is called the " Charter Oak." 
 After the deposition of Andros, the charter 
 was resumed, and continued in force till 
 1818, when the present constitution was 
 adopted. Connecticut early took an active 
 part in the cause of American independence, 
 and throughout the entire contest sustained 
 an eminent distinction both for the wisdom 
 of her statesmen and the bravery of her 
 soldiers. 
 
 Connecticut Farms, or Union, a small vil- 
 lage of Essex county, New Jersey, 6 miles S. 
 W. from Newark. 
 
 CoNNELLSviLLE, a post-towuship of Fayette 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogheny 
 river, 40 miles S. E. from Pittsburg. Popu- 
 lation, 1558. 
 
 CoNNELLSviLLE, a thriving post-borough in 
 the above township, on the right bank of the 
 Youghiogheny river, 180 miles W. by S. from 
 Harrisburg, contains 4 churches. A bridge 
 connects it with New Haven on the opposite 
 bank of the river. There is a paper-mill and 
 large woollen factory and several iron foun- 
 dries in the vicinity. 
 
 CoNNERos creek, of Pickens district, South 
 276 
 
 Carolina, flows into the Kiowee about 8 miles 
 S. W. from Pendleton. 
 
 Conner's Mills, a post-office of Cooper 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 CoNNERSViLLE, a post-ofBcc of Ilarrison 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 CoNNERSviLLE, a flourishing post-village 
 of Connersville township, capital of Fayette 
 county, Indiana, is pleasantly situated on the 
 W. bank of the Whitewater river, 56 miles 
 E. S. E. from Indianapolis. It is noted for its 
 fine public buildings ; the court house is one 
 of the largest and most elegant in Indiana. 
 It contains several churches, 2 banks, and 2 
 newspaper offices. The trade is facilitated 
 by the Whitewater Valley canal, which also 
 affords abundant water-power. The railroad 
 which is projected from Hamilton, Ohio, to 
 Rushville, will pass through Connellsville, 
 Laid out in 1817. Population in 1850, 1396. 
 
 Conn's Creek, a post-office of Shelby coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Conn's Creek, a small village of Camden 
 county, Missouri, 50 miles S. by W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 CoNOLOwAY creek rises in Fulton county, 
 Pennsylvania, and enters the Potomac in 
 AVashington county, Maryland. 
 
 CoNOTTEN creek, Ohio, rises in the E. part 
 of the state, and flows into the Tuscarawas 
 river, a few miles above Dover. 
 
 CoNOTTEN, a small post-village in Harrison 
 county, Ohio, on Conotten creek, an affluent 
 of the Tuscarawas river. 
 
 CoNOT, a township forming the western 
 extremity of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Susquehanna river, 18 miles S. E. from 
 Harrisburg. It is intersected by the Colum- 
 bia and Harrisburg railroad. Population. 
 1035. 
 
 CoNOT, a small village of Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Conquest, a post-township of Cayuga coun- 
 ty. New York, 15 miles N. from Auburn, bor- 
 dering on Seneca river. Population, 1863. 
 
 Conrad's Store, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham county, Virginia. 
 
 Conshohocken, a thriving post-village of 
 Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 left bank of the Schuylkill river, and on the 
 railroad between Philadelphia and Norris- 
 town, 13 miles N. W. from the former. Many 
 of the inhabitants are employed in iron- 
 works. The discovery of rich iron mines in 
 the vicinity a few years ago, drew the atten- 
 tion of capitalists to the place, and the popu- 
 lation since that time has increased rapidly. 
 It contains a large blast furnace and foundry, 
 in which gas and water pipes are made, and 
 sent to distant parts of the Union. There are 
 also several machine shops and 1 large roll- 
 ing mill in operation here. Two blast fur- 
 naces have been erected on the opposite side 
 of the river. Population in 1850, 727 ; in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Consolation, a post-village of Shelby coun- 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 ty, Kentucky, on the railroad from Louisville 
 to Frankfort, 41 miles E. from the former, 
 has about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Constable, a township of Franklin county, 
 New York, bordering on Canada East, a few 
 miles N. from Malone. Population, 1447. 
 
 CoNSTABLEviLLE, a post-village of Lewis 
 county, New York, 138 miles N. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 CoNSTANTiA, a post-towTQship forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Oswego county, New York, 
 on Oneida lake. Population, 2495. 
 
 CoNSTANTiA, a post-ofiSce of Delaware coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 CoNSTANTiA Centre, a post-office of Oswego 
 county, New York. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE, a Small village of Brecken- 
 ridge county, Kentucky. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNE, a post-township in the S. "W. 
 part of St. Joseph county, Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 1496. 
 
 CONSTANTINE, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the St. Joseph's river, 
 89 miles S. W. from Lansing, and 4 miles N. 
 from the Michigan Southern railroad. It is 
 the largest village of the county, and is the 
 centre of an active trade. The river is navi- 
 gable for small steamboats from this place to 
 its mouth. Constantino contains a printing 
 office, a bank, and several mills. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 1200. 
 
 Constitution, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Constitution, a post-village in Washington 
 county, Ohio, on the W. bank of the Ohio river, 
 6 miles S. W. from Marietta. 
 
 Contentnia, a post-office of Pitt county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Contentnt (sometimes written Content- 
 ned) creek, in the E. central part of North 
 Carolijia, rises near the E. extremity of Wake 
 county, and flowing south-eastward, falls into 
 the Neuse river, about 10 miles N. E. from 
 Kingston. It is navigable by flat-boats 90 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 CoNTOocooK river rises in Cheshire county. 
 New Hampshire, and running through Hills- 
 borough, falls into the Merrimack river, in 
 Merrimack county, about 8 miles N. of Con- 
 cord. 
 
 CoNTOOcooK Village, a small post-village 
 in Merrimack county, New Hampshire, on the 
 above river, 10 miles W. from Concord. It 
 contains a number of mills. 
 
 Contra Costa, a county in the N. W. cen- 
 tral part of California, has an area of about 
 900 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by San Francisco bay, and on the N. by San 
 Pablo and Suisun bays and San Joaquin river, 
 and drained by San Ramon, Nueces, Jugerto, 
 Hambre, and San Pablo creeks, with several 
 other small streams, most of which are gene- 
 rally dry in sumjner. The soil is for the 
 most part fertile. The surface in the E. and 
 W. portions is level, but the coast range, en- 
 tering it from the S., terminates near the 
 
 centre of the county. Mount Diabolo is the 
 principal elevation. Barley, wheat, potatoes, 
 onions, cattle, and horses are the staples. In 
 1852, this county produced 288,180 bushels 
 of barley; 17,060 of wheat; 85,190 of pota- 
 toes; and 180,100 pounds of onions. There 
 were 38,461 beef cattle, and 3984 horses. 
 The number of acres in cultivation was 9093. 
 Excellent limestone and building stone are 
 found, and also red freestone; gypsum has 
 been discovered in one place. Sulphur 
 springs, mostly tepid, are abundant, and 
 saline springs also exist. Capital, Martinez. 
 Population, 2745. 
 
 Contra Costa, a post-office of Contra Costa 
 county, California. 
 
 Conteeras, a post-office of Butler county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Convenience, a small post-village in Fayette 
 county, Ohio, 25 miles N. W. from Chilli- 
 cothe. 
 
 Convenient, a post-office of Smith county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Convent, a post-office of St. James parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 CoNvis, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Calhoun county, Michigan. Population, 621. 
 
 Conway, or Middle river, of Virginia, is a 
 small stream flowing into the Rapidan, on 
 the .boundary between Greene and Madison 
 counties. 
 
 Conway, a county near the centre of Ar- 
 kansas, contains about 1200 square miles. 
 The Arkansas river bounds it on the S. W., 
 and it is drained by Cadron and Cypress 
 creeks. The surface is diversified by small 
 mountains and valleys, which produce fine 
 pasture. Cotton and corn flourish in the low- 
 lands. In 1850, there were raised 164,192 
 bushels of Indian corn ; 8847 of sweet pota- 
 toes; 499 bales of cotton; and 24,045 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 3 saw mills. The 
 streams afi'ord fine water-power. Stone coal 
 is found along the Arkansas river. Capital, 
 Springfield. Population, 3583, of whom 3343 
 were free, and 240, slaves. 
 
 Conway, a post-office of Aroostook county, 
 Maine. 
 
 Conway, a post-township of Carroll county. 
 New Hampshire, on Saco river, about 75 miles 
 N. N. E. from Concord. Population, 1767. 
 
 Conway, a post-township of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 100 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston, on the S. side of Deerfield river. 
 Population, 1831. 
 
 Conway, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Livingston county, Michigan. 
 Population, 460. 
 
 CoNWAYBOROUGH, a post-viUago, capital of 
 Horry district. South Carolina, on the Waca- 
 maw river, at the head of navigation, 110 
 miles in a direct line E. by S. from Colum- 
 bia. It is situated in a level and sandy 
 district, which produces abundance of pine 
 timber. Turpentine is procured in this 
 vicinity. 
 
 277 
 
CON 
 
 COO 
 
 CoNTERS, a post-office of Newton county, 
 Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, 141 miles 
 TV. from Augusta. 
 
 CoNYEBsviLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Henry county, Tennessee, a few miles N. from 
 Paris, the county seat. It is situated in a 
 rich farming district, and has several stores 
 and mechanics' shops. 
 
 CoNYNGHAM, a post-village of Luzerne 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Nescopec creek, 90 
 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. It contains 
 several stores, and over 50 dwellings. 
 
 Cooch's Bridge, a post-ofiice of New Cas- 
 tle county, Delaware. 
 
 Cook, a county in the N. part of Texas, 
 bordering on Red river, which separates it 
 from the Indian territory, contains about 
 5800 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Brazos river, and drained by the sources of 
 the Elm fork and West fork of the Trinity 
 river. A large tract of forest, called the 
 Upper Cross Timbers, extends across the 
 county in a N. and S. direction. Indian corn, 
 sweet potatoes, and cattle are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 5870 bushels 
 of corn ; 437 of sweet potatoes ; and 5249 
 pounds of butter. Capital, Cook Court 
 House. Population, 220, of whom 1 was a 
 slave. 
 
 Cook, a county in the N. E. part of Illinois, 
 bordering on Indiana and Lake Michigan, 
 has an area of 1027 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Des Plaines, Calumet, and 
 Chicago rivers. Lake Michigan washes the 
 eastern border. The surface is slightly 
 undulating, and in some parts level. The 
 prairies of this county are large, generally 
 low and flat, and are interspersed with 
 small groves of timber. The soil is deep, 
 and highly productive. The flat land was 
 formerly thought unfit for tillage, but it 
 is now much cultivated, and commands the 
 highest prices. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, and butter are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 429,513 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 238,952 of wheat; 403,234 of oats; 
 48,449 tons of hay; 27,954 pounds of wool ; 
 and 656,690 pounds of butter. The quanti- 
 ties of oats, hay, and butter were the greatest 
 produced by any county of the state. It con- 
 tained 37 churches and 21 newspaper offices. 
 There were 2950 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county is intersected by the 
 Illinois and Michigan canal ; by the Chicago 
 and Galena railroad ; the Chicago and Rock 
 Island railroad, and by the Michigan Central 
 railroad. Cook county is the most populous 
 and important in the state, containing the 
 city of Chicago, the commercial capital of Illi- 
 nois. Organized in 1831, and named in 
 honor of Daniel P. Cook, a member of Con- 
 gress from Illijiois, who obtained from the 
 United States a grant of 300,000 acres of 
 land, for the purpose of aiding in the con- 
 struction of the canal above named. Popu- 
 lation, 43,385. 
 278 
 
 Cook, a post-office of Erie county, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Cooke's Corners, a post-office of Erie 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 CooKHAM, a small post-village of Fairfield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Cooksburg, a post-village in the S. W. part 
 of Albany county, New York. 
 
 Cook's Law Office, a post-office of Elbert 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Cook's Run, a post-office of Clinton coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cook's Store, a post-office of La Fayette 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cook's Store, a post-office of Caddo parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 CooKSTOWN, a post-office of Burlington 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 CooKSTOWN, a post-village of Fayette 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela 
 river, about 30 miles S. by E. from Pitts- 
 burg, contains glass works and a steam 
 mill. 
 
 Cook's Valley, a post-office of Calloway 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 CooKSviLLE, a post-village of Howard 
 county, Maryland, 20 miles W. from Balti- 
 more. 
 
 CooKsviLLE, a post-village of Noxubee 
 county, Mississippi, 132 miles E. N. E. from 
 Jackson. 
 
 CooKSviLLE, a post-office of Howard coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 CooKSViLLE, a post-village of Rock coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, 18 miles S. E. from Madison. 
 It has 1 church, 8 stores, 3 mills, and 35 
 dwellings. 
 
 CooLBAUGH, a post-township of Monroe 
 county, Pennsylvania, 38 miles N. W. from 
 Easton, drained by the sources of the Lehigh 
 river. Population, 246. 
 
 Cool Spring, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cool Spring, a township of Mercer county, 
 Pennsylvania, lies immediately N. from the 
 borough of Mercer. Population, 2730. 
 
 Cool Spring, a small village of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cool Spring, a post-office of Iredell county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Cool Spring, a post-office of W^ilkinson 
 county, Georgia, about 35 miles south from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Cool Spring, a township in Laporte county, 
 Indiana. Population, 394. 
 
 Cool Spring, a village near the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Lafayette county, Missouri, 25 
 miles E. S. E. from Independence. 
 
 CooLViLLE, a post- village of Athens county, 
 Ohio, on the Hockhocking river, 96 miles 
 S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Coon Creek, a post-village of Jasper 
 county, Missouri, 170 miles S. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 CooNEWAR, a post-office of Pontotoc county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
coo 
 
 coo 
 
 Coon Hill, a post-office of Santa Rosa 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Coon Island, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Coon Meadows, a post-office of Marshall 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Coon Praibie, a post-office of Crawford 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 CooNSBOEOUGH, a post-office of Orange- 
 burgh district, South Carolina. 
 
 Coon's Mill, a post-office of Boone county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 CooNViLLE, a post-village of Mills county, 
 Iowa, on Keg creek, 240 miles W. S. W. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 CooPEK, a small river of South Carolina, 
 rises in Charleston district, and flows south- 
 ward until it unites with the Ashley river, 
 below Charleston, to form Charleston harbour. 
 
 Cooper, a county in the central part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 558 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the Missouri river, 
 intersected in the N. W. part by Lamine river, 
 and also drained by Little Saline and Moni- 
 teau creeks. The surface is generally undu- 
 lating and hilly, consisting of prairies and 
 timbered land in convenient i^roportions : 
 the soil is highly productive and easily cul- 
 tivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, to- 
 bacco, hemp, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. The grape is extensively cultivated, 
 and will in a few years be an important 
 article of export. In 1850, the county pro- 
 duced 997,870 bushels of corn ; 92,666 of 
 wheat; 123,840 of oats; 3800 tons of hay; 
 127,800 pounds of tobacco, and 171,879 
 pounds of butter. It contained 9 churches : 
 460 pupils attending public schools, and 268 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 mineral resources of the county are said to be 
 inexhaustible. Cannel and bituminous coal of 
 good quality are found throughout the county ; 
 it also contains rich mines of iron and lead 
 near Lamine river ; marble and hydraulic 
 limestone are found in several localities ; 
 and a rare description of sand, used in the 
 manufacture of flint glass, is abundant on 
 Moniteau creek. Lamine river is navigable 
 from its mouth to the entrance of B^ackwater 
 river. Named in honor of Colonel Cooper, 
 an early settler of the county, and a native of 
 Tennessee. Capital, Boouville. Population, 
 12,950, of whom 9859 were free, and 3091, 
 slaves. 
 
 Cooper, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Maine, 20 miles N. of Machias. 
 Population, 562. 
 
 Cooper, a township of Montour county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 
 3 or 4 miles above Danville. Population, 322. 
 
 Cooper, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Cooper, a post-township in the N. W. part of 
 Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Population, 733. 
 
 Cooper's, a post-office, of Franklin county, 
 Virginia, 172 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 CooPERSBUEGH, a post-offico of Lehigh 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cooper's Creek, of Camden county, New 
 Jersey, flows north-westward, and enters the 
 Delaware immediately above the city of 
 Camden. 
 
 Cooper's Gap, a post-office of Rutherford 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Cooper's Mills, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Cooper's Plains, a post-office of Steuben 
 county. New York. 
 
 Cooperstown, a post- village of Ostego town- 
 ship, capital of Otsego county. New York, is 
 pleasantly situated at the outlet or southern 
 extremity of Otsego lake, 69 miles W. from Al- 
 bany. This lake is 9 miles in length, and 
 from 1 to 2 miles in width, and is environed 
 by hills about 400 feet in height, which pre- 
 sent much interesting scenery. The village 
 contains churches of 5 denominations, an 
 academy, 2 banks, and 3 newspaper offices. 
 Population in 1858, estimated at 1600. 
 
 Cooperstown, a small village of Burlington 
 county, New Jersey, 3 miles S. W. from Bur- 
 lington, contains 2 churches. 
 
 Cooperstown, a small village of Camden 
 county, New Jersey, 6 miles E. from Camden. 
 
 Cooperstown, a thriving post-village of 
 Venango county, Pennsylvania, on Sugar 
 creek, 75 miles N. from Pittsburg. It has a 
 woollen factory, and several mills. 
 
 Cooperstown, a post-office of Robertson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cooperstown, a post-office of Brown county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Cooperstown, a post-office of Brown county, 
 Wisconsin, about 120 miles N. E. from Madi- 
 son. 
 
 Cooperstown, a township in Manitoowoc 
 county, Wisconsin. Population, 91. 
 
 Cooperstown, a village of Manitoowoc 
 county, Wisconsin, on Benton creek, 60 miles 
 S. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Coopbrsville, a small post-village of Lan- 
 caster county, Pennsylvania, 55 miles S. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 CooPERSviLLE, a post-officc of Uuion dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 CooPERsviLLE, a post-officc of Feutress 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 CooPERsviLLB, a post-office of Dearborn 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Cooper's Wells, a noted watering-place 
 of Hinds county, Mississippi. The water has 
 the reputation of curing various diseases, 
 and is extensively patronized by the people 
 of Mississippi and adjoining states. 
 
 Coop's Creek, a post-office of Mai'ion 
 county, Tennessee, 107 miles S. E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Co-os', a county forming the N. extremity 
 of New Hampshire, has an area of abo\it 
 1950 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by the Connecticut river, and is drained by 
 the Androscoggin, Saco, Amonoosuck, and 
 
 279 
 
coo 
 
 COP 
 
 otiier smaller streams. The Connecticut 
 river has its source in this county, near its 
 N. extremity. The surface is generally 
 rough and mountainous, and not fitted for 
 cultivation ; but along the banlis of the Con- 
 necticut and some other streams it is com- 
 pafetively fertile. The celebrated White 
 mountains, among which the Saco river has 
 its principal sources, are situated in the S. 
 part of this county. Indian corn, oats, 
 potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850, the county produced 40,37G bushels 
 of corn ; 99,773 of oats ; 256,928 of potatoes ; 
 80, 795 tons of hay, and 358,445 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were 3 woollen factories, 10 grist 
 mills, 1 foundry, 22 saw mills, 5 starch fac- 
 tories, and 6 tannei'ies. It contained 16 
 churches, 2 newspaper ofiices ; 3594 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 165 attending 
 academies or other schools. The Great At- 
 lantic and St. Lawrence railroad passes 
 through the S. part of Coos. Organized 
 in 1803, and named from the pine forests 
 with which a portion of the county is co- 
 vered ; coos, in the Indian language, signify- 
 ing "pines." Capital, Lancaster. Popula- 
 tion, 11,853. 
 
 Coosa, a river of Georgia and Alabama, 
 is formed by the confluence of the Etowah 
 and Oostenaula, which unite at Rome, in Geor- 
 gia. It floAvs south-westward to the Ten 
 Islands near Fort Struther, in Alabama, 
 after which its general course is> nearly S. 
 until it unites with the Tallapoosa and forms 
 the Alabama, about 10 miles N. from Mont- 
 gomery. Its length is estimated at 350 
 miles. Several small steamboats navigate 
 this river between Rome and the Ten Islands, 
 a distance of 180 miles. Between the latter 
 point and Wetumpka the channel is obstructed 
 by numerous shoals which prevent navigation, 
 excepting the passage of flat-boats down the 
 stream. 
 
 Coosa, a county in the E. central part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 860 square miles. 
 Its entire boundai'y on the S. W. is formed by 
 the Coosa river, from which the name is de- 
 rived: it is also drained by Sochapatoy and 
 other creeks. The surface is elevated, and 
 in some parts broken. The soil is fertile and 
 supplied with perennial springs of the purest 
 water. It is particularly adapted to pas- 
 turage and to the cultivation of grain. In 
 1850, Coosa county produced 5524 bales of 
 cotton; 418,991 bushels of corn, and 126,233 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 8 grist and 
 saw mills, 3 tanneries, and 1 cotton factory. 
 It contained 61 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 381 pupils attending public schools, and 150 
 attending academies or other schools. Quar- 
 ries of statuary granite and fine marble have 
 been opened in the county. The following 
 interesting extract relating to the mineral 
 productions of this countj^ is from a letter of 
 one of our correspondents, a gentleman of the 
 highest respectability, residing at Wetumpka : 
 280 
 
 "About a mile from the village of Eradford 
 there is found the best statuary granits yet 
 discovered in the United States, It is of the 
 most beautiful gray colour, easy of access, 
 being almost entirely above the sva-face of 
 the ground, and what, according to my in- 
 formation, is an exceedingly rare excellence, 
 it may be split in any direction the entire 
 length of the block, and is capable of being 
 worked into any desirable shape or size. In 
 addition to this, a plank-road passes by the 
 quarry. We have specimens in several build- 
 ings here and in Montgomery, of the New 
 Hampshire granite, between which and the 
 Coosa granite there is no comparison. In 
 the northern part of the county there is also 
 a very superior marble, equalling, in the 
 opinion of judges, the best Italian marble, a 
 specimen of which may be seen in the Wash- 
 ington Monument. It is so far superior to 
 any thing yet seen in the United States, that 
 I noticed in some of the Northern papers an 
 insinuation, if not a direct charge, that it was 
 an imposition of Italian for American marble ; 
 when in truth it was quarried by Mr. Nix, 
 our own townsman, out of his own quarry, 
 and polished and lettered within one quarter 
 of a mile from where I now wrjte. Indeed, 
 I have seen richer specimens often from the 
 same quarry. All the tombstones and all 
 the marble used in building or furniture, in 
 the southern part of this state, is obtained 
 from this quarry. It extends from the 
 northern part of Coosa through Talladega into 
 Benton county. Lead and iron ore are also 
 found in this county." The streams of the 
 county furnish an ample supply of motive 
 power. Large steamboats can navigate the 
 Coosa river as high as Wetumpka. A plank- 
 road is in progress of construction from this 
 town to the Tennessee river. Coosa county 
 was formed out of part of the Creek Indian 
 territory, and organized about 1834. Capi- 
 tal, Rockford. Population, 14,543, of whom 
 10,423 were free, and 4120, slaves. 
 
 Coosa, a post-ofiice of Floyd county, Geor- 
 gia. 
 
 CoosAUDA, a small village in Autauga coun- 
 ty, Alabama, on the W. bank of Alabama 
 river, about 8 miles N. by W. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 CoosAWATTEE, a Small river of Georgia, 
 rises in the Blue Ridge, in Gilmer county, 
 and unites with the Connasauga, in Murray 
 county, to form the Oostenaula. 
 
 CoosAWATTEE, a post-oflice of Murray coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 220 miles N.W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 CoosAWHATCHiE, a Small village, capital 
 of Beaufort district, South Carolina, about 
 100 miles S. from Columbia. 
 
 CoPAKE, a post-township of Columbia coun- 
 ty, New York, 50 miles S. from Albany, in- 
 tersected by the Harlem railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1652. 
 
 CoPAN, a post-office of Haywood county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
COP 
 
 COE 
 
 CoPANO, a small post-village of Kefugio 
 county, Texas, on Aransas bay. 
 
 CoPELAND, a post-village of Telfair county, 
 Georgia, 75 miles in a direct line S. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 CoPENHAGKN, a post-village of Lewis coun- 
 ty. New York, on Deer river, about 25 miles 
 E. from Sackett's Harbor, contains several 
 stores and mills. A little below the village 
 there is a remarkable water-fall. 
 
 Copenhagen, a small post-village in Cald- 
 well county. North Carolina, about 200 miles 
 W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Copenhagen, a post-office of Caldwell pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Cope's Mills, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Ohio, 146 miles from Columbus. 
 
 Copi, a post-village of Johnson county, 
 Iowa, 12 miles W. N. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Copiah, a county in the S. W. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, has an area of about 960 square 
 miles. Is bounded on the E. by Pearl river, 
 and drained by the head streams of Bayou 
 Pierre and Homochitto river. Cotton and 
 Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 436,485 bushels of corn ; 
 42,174 of oats ; 117,006 of sweet potatoes ; 
 52,208 of peas and beans; 241,685 lbs. of rice, 
 and 9318 bales of cotton. It contained 24 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 436 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 80 attending 
 an academy. Small boats sometimes navi- 
 gate the Pearl river as high as this countj'. 
 Copiah is an Indian word signifying " screech- 
 owl." Capital, Gallatin. Population, 11,794, 
 of whom 6314 were free, and 5480, slaves. 
 
 Copiah Cheek, a post-village of Copiah 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Copley, a post-village of Summit county, 
 Ohio, 124 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Copopa, a post-office of Lorain county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Copperas Ceeek, a post-village of Fulton 
 county, Illinois, on a creek of the same 
 name, near its entrance into the Illinois 
 river, about 50 miles N. by AV. from Spring- 
 field. The produce of the vicinity is shipped 
 here in steamboats. 
 
 CoppEK Creek, a post-office of Mercer 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Copper Creek, a post-village of Jack- 
 son county, Iowa, 76 miles E. N. E. from 
 Iowa city. 
 
 Copper Ridge, a post-office of Hancock 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 CoQTTAGO, or Oquago, the principal branch 
 of Delaware river, rises in New York on the W. 
 declivity of the Catskill mountains, near the 
 boundary between Schoharie and Delaware 
 county. It flows first S. W. to Deposit, only 
 about 10 miles from the Susquehanna river, 
 where it suddenly changes its course to 
 S. E., and after forming the boundary be- 
 tween New York and Pennsylvania for a few 
 miles, unites with the Popacton, the other 
 constituent branch, at Hancock. The whole 
 
 length is probably 100 miles. It is a beau- 
 tiful and rapid stream, affording extensive 
 motive-power. 
 
 Cora, a village of Henry county, Iowa, 
 25 miles W. N. W. from Burlington. 
 
 Coral, a post-township in McHenry coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 10 miles S. S. W. from 
 Woodstock. Population, 980. 
 
 Coral, a small post-village in the above 
 township, near the Galena and Chicago rail- 
 road, 60 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Coram, a small post-village of Suffolk 
 county, New York, about 60 miles E. from 
 New York city, containing a few stores. 
 
 Corbeau, a village in the N. E. part of 
 Clinton county. New Yoi'k. 
 
 Corbettsville, a post-office of Broome 
 county. New York. 
 
 Cordaville, a post-office of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 CoRDOVxV, a post-office of Grant county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Cordova, a post-village of Rock Island 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 
 about 25 miles above Rock Island city. 
 
 Core Sound, on the coast of North Caro- 
 lina, is about 35 miles long, and from 2 to 5 
 miles broad. It joins Pamlico sound. 
 
 Corfu, a post-office of Genesee county, 
 New York. 
 
 CoRiNNA, a post-township of Penoboscot 
 county, Maine, 50 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1550. 
 
 CoRiNNA Centre, a post-office of Penob- 
 scot county, Maine. 
 
 Corinth, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 20 miles N. W, from Bangor. 
 Population, 1600. 
 
 Corinth, a post-township of Orange coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 20 miles S. E. of Montpelier. 
 Population, 1906. 
 
 Corinth, a post-township of Saratoga 
 county. New York, 52 miles N. from Albany, 
 bordering on the Hudson river. Population, 
 1501. 
 
 Corinth, a thriving post-village of Heard 
 county, Georgia, 185 miles W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Corinth, a village of Sumter county, Geor- 
 gia, about 100 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Corinth, a post-office of Belmont county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Cork, a post-village of Butts county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Cork, a small post-village of Ashtabula 
 county, Ohio, about 14 miles S. W. from Jef- 
 ferson. 
 
 Cork, a post-office of Dearborn county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Corn Creek, of Conecuh county, Alabama, 
 flows into Conecuh river from the N. 
 
 Corn Creek, a post-office of Utah territory. 
 
 Corner Gum, a post-office of Currituck 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 CoRNERSBURG, a post-villagc in Mahoning 
 county, Ohio, about 5 miles N.from Canfield. 
 
 281 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 CoENEESviLLE, a post-village near the 
 N. E. extremity of Marshall county, Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 CoENEiisviLi,E, a post-village of Giles 
 county, Tennessee, is situated in a rich and 
 beautiful valley. It has 3 stores. 
 
 CoRNERSviLLB, a post-village in Grave's 
 county, Kentucky, about 250 miles S. W. 
 from Frankfort. 
 
 CoRNEKsviLLE, a Small village of Saline 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 CoR^ Grove, a post-office of Benton coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Corning, an important post-village of 
 Painted Post township, Steuben county. New 
 York, on the New York and Erie railroad, 
 801 miles from New York city. It is beauti- 
 ivlly situated at the foot of a hill on the S. 
 bank of the Chemung river, and contains 
 from 15 to 20 stores, a bank, several manu- 
 factories, 2 or 3 hotels, and a foundry. It 
 has an extensive trade in lumber and coal : 
 25,000,000 feet of dressed timber are esti- 
 mated to be sent annually from this place 
 down the Susquehanna. The Corning and 
 Blossburg railroad connects it with the bitu- 
 minous coal region of Pennsylvania. The 
 Buifalo, Corning, and New York railroad con- 
 nects it with Buffalo and Canada. Bridges 
 unite the village to the communities of 
 Knoxville and Centreville, on the opposite 
 side of the Chemung river. Population, 
 about 2000. 
 
 Cornish, a post-township of York county, 
 Maine, 60 miles S. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1144. 
 
 Cornish, a post-township of Sullivan 
 county. New Hampshire, 50 miles N. W. 
 from Concord. Population, 1606. 
 
 Cornish Flat, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 CoRNisHviLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Mercer county, Kentucky, on Champlain 
 river, about 8 miles W. from Harrodsburg. 
 The water-power of the river is employed 
 in saw and grist mills. 
 
 CoRNisHviLLE, a village of McHenry coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 200 miles N. N. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 CoRNPLANTER, a post-towuship in the cen- 
 ts-al part of Venango county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the N. side of the Alleghany river. Po- 
 pulation, 693. 
 
 CoEiNviLLE, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Maine, about 40 miles N. by E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1260. 
 
 Cornwall, a post-township of Addison 
 county, Vermont, on the W. side of Otter 
 creek, about 40 miles S. W. from Montpel- 
 lier. Population, 1155. 
 
 Cornwall, a post-township of Litchfield 
 CO., Conn., on theE. side of Housatonic river, 
 and on the Housatonic railroad, 40 miles W. 
 by N. from Hartford. Population, 2041. 
 
 Cornavall, a post-township of Orange 
 county. New York, 6 miles S. from New- 1 
 
 bury, bordering on the Hudson river. Po- 
 pulation, 4471. 
 
 Cornwall, a post-township of Lebanon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cornwall Bridge, a post-village in Corn- 
 wall township, Litchfield county, Connecti- 
 cut, on the Housatonic railroad, on the W. 
 side of the Housatonic river, about 43 miles 
 W. by N. from Hartford. It contains a blast 
 furnace, besides other manufacturing esta- 
 blishments. There is a bridge over the river 
 at this i^lace, from which it derives its name. 
 
 Cornwall Hollow, a post-office of Litch- 
 field county, Connecticut. 
 
 Cornwall Landing, a small village on the 
 Hudson river, 8 miles below Newburg, and 
 at the N. termination of the Highlands. 
 
 CoRNWALLViLLE, a post-viUage of Greene 
 county. New York, 38 miles S. S. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 CoROLiNA, a post-office of ^Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Coeowaugh, a post-office of Isle of Wight 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Corpus Christi, a small post-village, ca- 
 pital of Nueces county, Texas, on the bay 
 of the same name, at the mouth of Nueces 
 river, 230 miles S. W. from Galveston. 
 
 Corsica, a thriving post-village of Jeffer- 
 son county, Pennsylvania, 177 miles W. N.W. 
 from Harrisburg. It contained in 1850, 
 about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Corsica, a post-office of Morrow county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 CoRSiCANA, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Navarro county, Texas, on the main road 
 from Austin City to North-eastern Texas, 180 
 miles N. N. E. from Austin City. Corsicana 
 has a seminary and 4 or 5 stores. Popu- 
 lation, in 1853, about 400. 
 
 CoRTA Madera, a town of Marin county, 
 California. 
 
 CoETLAND, a county near the centre of 
 New York, has an area of about 480 square 
 miles. It is drained by Tioughnioga and 
 Orselic rivers, and other sroaller streams, 
 which afford valuable water-power. The sur- 
 face is moderately uneven, and the soil is 
 principally a gravelly loam, well adapted to 
 both grazing and tillage. Indian corn, oats, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 201,988 bushels of corn ; 
 425,180 of oats; 73,871 tons of hay; 
 1,989,208 pounds of butter, and 1,071,690 
 of cheese. There were 21 flour and grist 
 mills, 33 saw mills, 5 iron foundries, 12 tan- 
 neries, 2 woollen factories, 2 linseed-oil fac- 
 tories, and 1 paper mill. It contained 44 
 churches, 5 newspaper offices ; 9213 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 340 attending 
 academies or other schools. Iron ore, sul- 
 phur springs, and salt spi'ings have been 
 found. Organized in 1802, having been 
 formed from part of Onondaga county, and 
 named in honor of the Van Cortlandt family, 
 early and distinguished emigrants from Hoi- 
 
COR 
 
 COT 
 
 land. Capital, Cortland village. Popula- 
 tion, 25,140. 
 
 Cortland, a post-township of Westchester 
 county, New York, on Croton and Hudson 
 rivers, 100 miles S. from Albany, intersected 
 by the Hudson River railroad. Population, 
 7758. 
 
 Cortland, a post-office of Newton county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Cortland, or Courtland, a post-township 
 in the N. part of Kent county, Michigan, 
 170 miles W. by N. from Detroit. Popula- 
 tion, 406. 
 
 Cortland, a post-office of Jackson county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Cortland Village, a post-village in 
 Cortlandville township, capital of Cortland 
 county, New York, on the Tioughnioga river, 
 143 miles W. by S. from Albany. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, churches for 
 the Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, and 
 Universalists, several newspaper offices, one 
 or two academies, and a paper mill. There 
 are over 200 dwellings, some of which are 
 elegant edifices. 
 
 Cortlandville, a post-township of Cort- 
 land county. New York, 33 miles S. from 
 Syracuse, drained by the Tioughnioga river. 
 Population, 4203. 
 
 CoBTSViLLE, a small village in Clarke coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 48. 
 
 CoRUNNA, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Shiawassee county, Michigan, on both 
 sides of the Shiawassee river, 85 miles N.W. 
 from Detroit, and 28 miles N. E. from Lan- 
 sing. The river affords excellent water- 
 power. It has improved rapidly since the 
 county seat was permanently located here. 
 It has a bi'ick court house, which cost $7000, 
 a flouring mill, a large woollen factory, 2 
 iron foundries, 8 stores, and 1 printing office. 
 An extensive bed of coal has been opened 
 within 2 or 3 miles from the village. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, 500. 
 
 CoRwiN, a post-office of Montgomery coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 CoRwiN, a small village of Warren county, 
 Ohio, on the Little Miami railroad, 67 miles 
 S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 COrwinville, a small village of Lorain 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Corydon, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of McKean county, Pennsylvania, 
 bordering on New York. Population, 80. 
 
 Corydon, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Warren county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Alleghany river, 14 miles N. E. 
 from Warren. Population, 228. 
 
 Corydon, a small post-village of the above 
 township, on the bank of the Alleghany river, 
 about 2 miles from the N. boundary of the 
 state. 
 
 Corydon, a post- village of Henderson coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 11 miles from Henderson, the 
 county seat. 
 
 Corydon, a handsome post-village, capital 
 
 of Harrison county, Indiana, and formerly 
 the capital of the state, is situated on Indian 
 creek, 115 miles S. from Indianapolis, and 
 24 miles W. from Louisville, in Kentucky. The 
 seat of government was removed from this 
 place to Indianapolis, in 1824, after which 
 event the prospei-ity of Corydon declined, 
 and it remained stationary for a considerable 
 period. But within a few years an im- 
 provement has taken place, and it is now a 
 flourishing village. This change has been - 
 partly caused by the construction of a plank- 
 road, 20 miles long, from Corydon to New 
 Albany, on the Ohio. The village contains 
 4 churches, 1 academy, 14 stores, and se- 
 veral mills. Population, in 1853, aboiit 650. 
 
 Corydon, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 CosGRAVE Hall, a post-office of Union 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CosHECTON. See Cochecton. 
 
 Coshocton, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Ohio, has an area of 516 square miles 
 The Tuscarawas and Walhonding rivers unite 
 near the county seat, to form the Muskin- 
 gum. The county is also drained by Vernon 
 river and by Wills and Killbuck creeks. 
 The surface is mostly undulating, and in 
 some parts hilly. The soil presents abrupt 
 transitions from sand to clay, and is gene- 
 rally good. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
 wool, cattle, and swine are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 897,016 bushels 
 of corn; 416,918 of wheat; 195,629 of oats ; 
 14,240 tons of hay, and 174,919 pounds of 
 wool. It contained 67 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices ; 6203 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 87 attending academies or other schools. 
 Stone coal and iron are abundant in the 
 county. It is amply supplied with water- 
 power. It is intersected bj' the Ohio canal, 
 and by the Steubenville and Indiana rail- 
 road, not yet finished. Organized in 1811. 
 Capital, Coshocton. Population, 25,674. 
 
 Coshocton, a post-village, capital of Co- 
 shocton county, Ohio, on the left bank of the 
 Muskingum river, just below the junction of 
 the Tuscarawas and Walhonding, 75 miles N. 
 E. from Columbus. The Ohio canal connects 
 it with Lake Erie and with the Ohio river, 
 and also affords a fine water-power at this 
 place. The projected- railroad leading from 
 Steubenville to Columbus will pass through 
 Coshocton. It is pleasantly situated on four 
 natural terraces, the highest of which is 
 about 40 feet above the water. A bridge 
 across the river connects this village with 
 Roscoe. Coshocton contains 4 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, 1 woollen factory, and 1 
 flouring mill. Population in 1850, 850. 
 
 CossATOT, or CossELOSE Creek, of Arkan- 
 sas, rises in Polk county, and flowing south- 
 ward, falls into Little river, in Sevier county. 
 
 CosuMNE, a post-office of Sacramento coun- 
 ty, California. 
 
 Cote Blanche, a bay in the S. part of 
 283 
 
COT 
 
 C0t3 
 
 Louisiana, washes the S. W. border of St. 
 Mary's parish, communicating with the Gulf 
 of Mexico on the S., and with Vermilion bay 
 on the W. 
 
 Cote Sans Dessein, a post-village in Cal- 
 laway county, Missouri, on the N. bank of 
 Missouri river, about 12 miles E. N. E. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 CoTiLE, a post-ofBce of Rapides parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 CoTOMA, a post-ofBce of Montgomery coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 CoTosA, a post-oiSce of Walker county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Cottage, a post-ofEce of Cattaraugus coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Cottage, a post-ofSce of Huntingdon coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cottage, a post-office of Montgomery coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 Cottage Grove, a post-office of Union 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Cottage Grove, a post-township in Dane 
 county, Wisconsin, about 12 miles S. E. from 
 Madison. Population, 785. 
 
 Cottage Grove, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton County, Minnesota. 
 
 Cottage Hill, a post-office of Lauderdale 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cottage Hill, a post-office of St. Joseph 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Cottage Hill, a post-village of Du Page 
 county, Illinois, on the Chicago and Galena 
 railroad, 16 miles W. from Chicago. 
 
 Cottage Home, a post-office of Harford 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Cottage Home, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cottage Inn, a post-office of Lafayette 
 county, Wisconsin. m, 
 
 . Cottage Mill, a post-office of Muscogee 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Cottleville, a post-office of St. Charles 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Cotton, a township in Switzerland county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1872. 
 
 Cotton Creek, a post-office of Benton 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cotton Gin, a post-office of Freestone 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Cotton Gin Port, a post-village of Monroe 
 county, Mississippi, oij the Tombigbee river, 
 15 miles above Aberdeen. Cotton is shipped 
 here in steamboats. 
 
 Cotton Grove, a post-office of Davidson 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cotton Grove, a post-office of Pontotoc 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cotton Grove, a small post-village of 
 Madison county, Tennessee, 142 miles W. S. 
 W. from Nashville, has about 75 inhabitants. 
 
 Cotton Grove, a post-office of Wapello 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Cotton Hill, a post-village of Randolph 
 county, Georgia, 150 miles S. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 284 
 
 Cotton Plant, a post-office of Tippah 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cotton Plaint, a post-office of Rusk coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Cotton Plant, a post-office of St. Francis 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Cotton Ridge, a post-village of Itawamba 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cotton Valley, a post-office of Macon 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cottonville, a small post-village in Mar- 
 shall county, Alabama, about 120 miles N. 
 from Montgomery. 
 
 Cottonville, a village of Jackson county, 
 Iowa, 70 miles N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Cottonwood, a post- village of Shasta coun- 
 ty, California. 
 
 , Cottonwood, a small town of Yolo coun- 
 ty, California. 
 
 Cottonwood Creek, of Shasta county, in 
 the N. part of California, falls into the Sacra- 
 mento river, about 20 miles below Shasta City. 
 
 Cottonwood Grove, a post-office of Bond 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Cottonville, a post-office of Marshall 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cottonville, a post-office of Christian 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cottonville, a post-office of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 CoTTRELViLLE, a post-township near the S. 
 E. extremity of St. Clair county, Michigan, 
 on the W. side of St. Clair river. Popula- 
 tion, 913. 
 
 CoTTRELVTLLE, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 40 miles N. E. from Detroit. 
 
 CoTUiT, a post-village of Barnstable town, 
 Barnstable county, Massachusetts, 68 miles 
 S. E. from Boston. 
 
 CoTuiT Port, a post-village and seaport of 
 Barnstable town, Barnstable county, Massa- 
 chusetts, on Oyster bay, 70 miles S. E. from 
 Boston. 
 
 Couche's Gap, a small village of Greene 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Couche's Mills, a post-office of Hunting- 
 don county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CouDERSPORT, a post-village, capital of 
 Potter county, Pennsylvania, on the Alle- 
 ghany river, 174 miles N. N. W. from Harris- 
 burg. It has 1 newspaper office, and about 
 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Coulson's Mills, a post-office of Linn 
 county, Missouri, 110 miles N. N. W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Coulter's Cross Roads, a small village 
 of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Coulter's Store, post-office, Macon co.,Mo. 
 
 CouLTERSviLLE, a Small post-village of But- 
 ler county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CouncilBend, post-office, Crittendenco. Ark. 
 
 Council Bluffs, City of, called also Kanes- 
 viLLE, a post-village and capital of Potawato- 
 mie county, Iowa, near the Missouri river, 250 
 miles W. of Iowa City. It has 30 or 40 stores. 
 Pop. in 1853, 3000,— See Kanbsville. 
 
cou 
 
 GOV 
 
 Council Bluff, in the Indian territory, on 
 the W. bank of Missouri river, about 660 
 miles from the mouth, is the higliest point to 
 which steamboats ascend. A noted Indian 
 council was once held here. 
 
 Council Hill, a post-village of Jo Daviess 
 county, Illinois, 8 miles N. E. from Galena, 
 has rich lead mines in its vicinity. It con- 
 tains several stores, and about 300 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Countsville, a post-office of Lexington 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 County Line, a post-office of Niagara 
 county. New York. 
 
 County Line, a post-office of Davie county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 County Line, a post-village of Campbell 
 county, Georgia, on the left side of Chatta- 
 hoochee river, 32 miles ^Y. S. W. from Atlanta. 
 
 County Line, a small post-village of Talla- 
 poosa county, Alabama. 
 
 County Line, a post-office of Pike county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 County Line, a post-village of Newton 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 County Line Ckbek, of Caswell county, 
 North Carolina, flows into Dan river at Mil- 
 ton, near the N. boundary of the state. 
 
 CouRSEN^'iLLB, a Small village of Sussex 
 county. New Jersey, 9 miles N. N. E. from 
 Newton, has a store and a mill. 
 
 CouRTABLEAU bayou, of Louisiana, is form- 
 ed by the Boeuf and Crocodile bayoiig, which 
 unite about 8 miles N. N. E. from Opelousas. 
 Flowing south-eastward, it enters the Atche- 
 falaya on the E. border of St. Landry parish, 
 after a course of 80 or 40 miles. During 
 high water it is navigable by steamboats 
 from its mouth to Washington, and is im- 
 portant as a channel by which the produce 
 of the parish is exported. 
 
 CouKTAis creek, of Missouri, flows into the 
 Osage Fork of Maramec river, in Crawford 
 county. 
 
 Courtesy, a village of Floyd county, 
 Georgia, about 60 miles N. W. from Atlanta. 
 
 Court Hill, a post-office of Talladega 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Court House, a post-office of Bolivar 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 CouRTLAND, a post-village of Lawrence 
 county, Alabama, on the railroad between 
 Tuscumbia and Decatur, about 20 miles E. 
 from the former. 
 
 CouRTLAND, Michigan. See Cortland. 
 
 CouRTLAND, a Small village of Jackson 
 county, Indiana, has a steam mill and a few 
 stores. 
 
 CouRTLAND, a post-officB of Columbia 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Courtneyvillb, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Courtwright's Mills, a post-office of Iro- 
 quois county, Illinois. 
 
 CousHATTEE Chute, a post-officc of Natclii- 
 toches parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Cove, a post-village of Shelby county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Cove, a post-office of Polk county, Arkansas. 
 
 Cove Creek, a post-office of Tazewell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cove Creek, a post-office of Benton county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 CovELAND, a post-village, capital of Island 
 county, Oregon territory. 
 
 Cove Point, on Chesapeake bay, N. of the 
 entrance to Patuxent river. On it is a fixed 
 light, 50 feet high. 
 
 Coventry, a township of Grafton county. 
 New Hampshire, about 70 miles N. W. from 
 Concord. 
 
 Coventry, a post-township of Orleans 
 county, Vermont, 50 miles N. by E. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 867. 
 
 Coventry, a post-township of Kent county, 
 Rhode Island, 10 miles S. W. from Provi- 
 dence. Population, 3620. 
 
 Coventry, a post-township of Tolland 
 county, Connecticut, 29 miles E. of Hartford, 
 intersected by the Willimantic. Population, 
 1984. 
 
 Coventry, a post-township of Chenango 
 county. New York, 21 miles S. S. Yf. from 
 Norwich. Population, 1677. 
 
 Coventry, a former township of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, now divided into North, 
 East, and South Coventry. 
 
 Coventry, a small village of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, on French creek, about 
 67 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. It has a 
 church, an iron forge, and a mill. 
 
 Coventry, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Summit county, Ohio. Population, 1299. 
 
 Coventry Centre, a post-office of Kent 
 county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Coventryville, a post-village of Chenango 
 county, New York, 114 miles W. S. W. from. 
 Albany, contains 2 churches and several 
 stores. 
 
 CovERLY Hall, a small village of Centre 
 county, Pennsylvania, in Nittany valley, 12 
 miles N. E. from Bellefonte. The name of 
 the post-office is Nittany. 
 
 Covert, a post-township of Seneca county. 
 New York, on the W. side of Cayuga lake, 
 25 miles S. by E. from Waterloo. Popula- 
 tion, 2253. 
 
 CovEsviLLE, a post-office of Saratoga 
 county, New York. 
 
 CovESviLLE, a post-office of Monroe county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CovESviLLE, a post-village of Albemarle 
 county, Virginia, 103 miles W. N. W. from 
 Richmond, has 1 church. 
 
 Covington, a county in the south part of 
 Alabama, bordering on Florida, has an area 
 of 1240 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Conecuh river, and also drained by Yel- 
 low-water river. The surface is* uneven; the 
 soil is sandy and poor, and mostly covered 
 by forests of pine. Lumber is the chief ar- 
 ticle of export. In 1850 this county pro- 
 
 285 
 
GOV 
 
 COW 
 
 duced 80,205 bushels of corn, and 416 bales of 
 cotton. It contained 6 saw mills ; 9 churches, 
 and 144 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Montezuma. Population, 3645; of 
 whom 3165 were free, and 480, slaves. 
 
 Covington, a county in the S. part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about 680 square 
 miles. It is drained by Bouie river and Sun 
 creek, affluents of Leaf river. The soil is 
 sandy and rather light, producing a sparse 
 growth of pine timber. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 and cattle are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county yielded 108,920 bushels of corn; 9417 
 of oats ; 51,849 of sweet potatoes, and 1164 
 bales of cotton. It contained 2 churches ; 
 81 pupils attending public schools, and 45 
 attending academies or other schools. Named 
 in honour of General Covington. Capital, 
 Williamsburg. Population, 3338, of whom 
 2224 were free, and 1114, slaves. 
 
 Covington, a post-township of Wyoming 
 county, New York, 33 miles S. W. from Ro- 
 chester. Population, 1385. 
 
 Covington, a township of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the west branch of Susque- 
 hanna river, 21 miles E. N. E. from Clear- 
 field. Population, 448. 
 
 Covington, a township in the E. part of 
 Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles E. 
 by N. from Wilkesbarre, drained by the 
 sources of Lehigh river. Population, 650. 
 "" Covington, a post-township of Tioga 
 county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles E. from 
 Wellsborough. Population, 1162. 
 
 Covington, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Tioga river, and on 
 the Coi'ning and Blossburg railroad, 138 
 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. It has an 
 active trade in lumber. ■ 
 
 Covington, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Alleghany county, Virginia, on Jack- 
 son's river, a branch of James river, 196 
 miles W. by N. from Richmond. It is situated 
 in a beautiful and healthful region among 
 the Alleghany mountains, and is to be the 
 terminus of the James River canal, which is 
 completed to Buchanan, in the adjoining 
 county. Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Covington, a post-village in Richmond 
 county. North Carolina, about 80 miles 
 S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Covington, a post-village, capital of New- 
 ton county, Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, 
 130 miles W. from Augusta. It has a brick 
 court house, an academy, a church, and 8 
 stores. 
 
 Covington, a small post-village, capital of 
 St. Tammany parish, Louisiana, and 45 miles 
 N. from New Orleans. 
 
 Covington, a small post-village, capital of 
 Tipton county, Tennessee, 200 miles W. by S. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Covington, a flourishing city of Kenton 
 
 county, Kentucky, situated on the Ohio 
 
 river, opposite Cincinnati, and just below the 
 
 mouth of the Licking river, which separates 
 
 286 
 
 it from the city of Newport. It is built on a 
 beautiful plain, several miles in extent, and 
 regularly laid out in accordance with the 
 plan of Cincinnati, of which it may be con- 
 sidered a suburb. The facilities of inter- 
 course are such, that many persons reside 
 here, whose places of business are in Cin- 
 cinnati. Covington is connected with Lexing- 
 ton by a railroad about 90 miles long. A charter 
 is also obtained for a railroad from this place 
 to Louisville. It contains about 10 churches, 
 3 banks, a large city hall, 2 female academies, 
 the Western Theological College, a richly en- 
 dowed and flourishing institution, under the 
 direction of the Baptists, and 3 newspaper 
 offices. Here are manufactories of cotton, 
 hemp, silk, and tobacco, a large rolling mill, 
 and an extensive establishment for packing 
 pork and beef. Pop. in 1853, about 13,000. 
 
 Covington, a thriving post- village of Miami 
 county, Ohio, on Stillwater creek, 78 miles 
 W. from Columbus. It is situated in a rich 
 and beautiful country. Population, 451. 
 
 Covington, a village of Preble county, 
 Ohio, about 100 miles W. by S. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Covington, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Fountain county, Indiana, on the left 
 bank of the Wabash river, and on the Wabash 
 and Erie canal, 73 miles W. N. W from In- 
 dianapolis. Since the canal was completed 
 thus far in 1846, this village has rapidly im- 
 proved. Large quantities of grain are shipped 
 here by canal. A bridge has recently been 
 built across the river here, and several plank- 
 roads are in process of construction. The 
 vicinity abounds in coal and iron ore. Laid 
 out in 1826. Population in 1850, 1176; in 
 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Covington, a village of Washington county, 
 Illinois, on the Kaskaskia river, about 100 
 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Covington, a post-ofiice of Montgomery 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Covington, a small village of Warren 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 CowANESQUE crcek, of Pennsylvania, rises 
 in Potter county, flows through Tioga county, 
 and enters the Tioga river in Steuben county, 
 New York, about 7 miles S. from Corning. 
 
 Cowan's Ford, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg county, North Carolina. 
 
 CowANSHANNOCK crcek, of Pennsylvania, 
 falls into the Alleghany in Armstrong 
 county. 
 
 CoAVANSHANNOCK township, of Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the creek of the 
 same name. Population, 1318. 
 
 CowANSViLLE, a post-officc of Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CowANSviLLE, a Small post-village in Rowan 
 county. North Carolina, about 100 miles W. 
 by S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Cow Creek, of Shasta county, in the N. 
 part of California, falls into the Sacramento 
 river about 10 miles below Shasta city. 
 
cow 
 
 CRA 
 
 Cow Ceeek, a township in Gallatin coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 756. 
 
 Cow Ckeek, a post-office of Saline county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 CowDERSPORT. See Coudeksport. 
 
 CowEE, a post-office of Macon county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 CowEKEE creek, of Barbour county, Ala- 
 bama, flows into the Chattahoochee, about 
 10 miles above Eufaula. 
 
 CowEKEE, or CowiKEE, a post-office of Bar- 
 bour county, Alabama. 
 
 CowELiTSK (also written Cowlitz) Indians, 
 a tribe of Washington territory, N. of the Co- 
 lumbia river, near Fort Vancouver. 
 
 Coweta, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 878 square miles. 
 The Chattahoochee river forms its boundary 
 on the N. W., Line Creek on the E. ; it is 
 also drained by Cedar, Wahoo, and Sandy 
 creeks. The surface is uneven ; the soil is a 
 loam, more or less sandy, and generally fer- 
 tile. Strips of pine timber are distributed 
 through the county, but the greater part 
 produces the oak and hickory. Cotton, In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 10,369 bales of cotton ; 516,910 bushels 
 of coi-n ; 93,104 of oats, and 94,357 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 14 flour mills, 10 saw 
 mills, and 8 tanneries. It contained 27 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 800 pupils 
 attending academies and other schools. One 
 gold mine was worked in 1850. The coun- 
 ty is intersected by the Atlanta and La 
 Grange railroad. Organized in 1826, and 
 named in honor of General William Mcin- 
 tosh, a half-blood Creek Indian, and head 
 chief of the Coweta towns. Capital, Newnan. 
 Population, 13,635, of whom 8220 were free, 
 and 5415, slaves. 
 
 CowLESviLLB, a post-office of Wyoming 
 county. New York. 
 
 CowPASTURE River, of Central Virginia, 
 unites with Jackson's river, near the E. ex- 
 tremity of Alleghany county, forming the 
 James river. 
 
 Cowpen, a post-office of Attala county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Cowpen Branch, a post-office of Barnwell 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 CowpENS, a post-village of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 CowPENS, a village of Walton county, 
 Georgia, 46 miles E. from Atlanta. 
 
 CowPER Hill, a post-office of Eobeson 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 CowsKiN, a post-office of Ozark county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 CoxsACKiE, a post-township of Greene 
 county. New York, 22 miles S. from Albanj^ 
 bordering on the Hudson river. Population, 
 3741. 
 
 CoxsACKiE, a post-village in the above 
 township, 1 mile W. from the Hudson river, 
 and 22 miles S. from Albany. It contains a 
 
 number of stores and a bank. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Cox's Mills, a post-office of Randolph 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Cox's Mills, a post-office of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Cox's Store, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 CoxTOWN, a post-office of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CoxviLLE, a post-office of De Kalb county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 CoYLEE, a post-office of Monroe county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 CoTLEViLLE, a post-office of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 CozBY, a post-office of Hamilton county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Crab Bottom, a post-office of Highland 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Crab Orchard, a post-office of Wythe 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Crab Orchard, a post-village of Lincoln 
 county, Kentucky, 60 miles S. by E. from 
 Frankfort. It is connected by a turnpike 
 with Lexington. The mineral springs of this 
 place attract numerous visitors. It contains 
 a church, an academy, 8 stores, and about 
 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Crab Orchard, a post-office of Piay coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Crab Tree, a post-office of Haywood coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Cracker's Neck, a post-village of Greene 
 county, Georgia, about 30 miles N. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Craetsburt, a post-township of Orleans 
 county, Vermont, 30 miles N. by E. from 
 Hartford. Population, 1223. 
 
 Craftsville, a post-office of Elbert coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Craig, a new county in the S. W. central 
 part of Virginia. It is drained by the sources 
 of Craig's creek, from which the name is 
 derived. The surface is mountainous, the 
 main Alleghany extending along the N. W. 
 border. The soil of the valleys is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and live stock are 
 the staples. The census of 1850 furnishes 
 no returns for this county, which was formed 
 since that year out of parts of Giles, Bote- 
 tourt, and Roanoke counties. Capital, New- 
 castle. 
 
 Craig, a post-township in Switzerland 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1849. 
 
 Craig's Creek, in the S. W. central part 
 of Virginia, rises in Giles and Montgomery 
 counties, and falls into James river, in Bote- 
 tourt county, after a course of about 50 
 miles. 
 
 Craig's Creek, a post-office of Botetourt 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Craigstille, a post-office of Orange coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Craigsville, a small village of Westmore- 
 land county, Pennsylvania, on the Central 
 
 287 
 
CRA 
 
 CRA 
 
 railroad, about 50 miles E. from Pitts- 
 burg. 
 
 Grain's Cokners, a post-ofSce of Herki- 
 mer county, New York. 
 
 Grain's Greek, a post-ofiice of , Moore 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Grainsville, a post-ofSce of Hardeman 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Granberry, a post-village of Middlesex 
 county, New Jersey, on the Camden and Am- 
 boy railroad, 45 miles N. E. from Camden. 
 It contains 2 Presbyterian churches, 2 acade- 
 mies, and several stores. Population, esti- 
 mated at 600. 
 
 Cranberry, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Butler county, Pennsylvania, 
 20 miles N. from Pittsburg. Population, 
 2256. 
 
 Cranberry, a post-township of Venango 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany 
 river, opposite Franklin. Population, 1317. 
 
 Cranberry, a post-office of Allen county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Cranberry, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Crawford county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1042. 
 
 Cranberry Brook, of Middlesex county, 
 New Jersey, flows into the Millstone, about 
 3 miles S. E. from Princeton. 
 
 Cranberry Creek, a post-office of Fulton 
 county. New York. 
 
 Cranberry Forge, a post-office of Watau- 
 ga county, North Carolina. 
 
 Cranberry Isles, a post-office of Hancock 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Cranberry Lake, in the S. part of St. 
 Lawrence county. New York, is the source of 
 Oswegatchie river. Length about seven miles. 
 
 Cranberry Plains, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cranberry Prairie, a post-office of Mer- 
 cer county, Ohio. 
 
 Cranberry Summit, a thriving village of 
 Preston county, Virginia, on the Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad, 243 miles W. from Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Crane, a township in Paulding county, 
 Ohio, about 17 miles S. Vf. from Defiance. 
 Population, 287. 
 
 Crane, a township in Wyandot county, 
 Ohio, about 4 miles N. E. from Upper. San- 
 dusky. Population, 790. 
 
 Crane, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Defiance county, Ohio. 
 
 Crane Greek, of Richland district, South 
 Carolina, flows into Broad river, a few miles 
 above Columbia. 
 
 Crane Greek, a post-office of Barry coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Crane Creek, a village of Taney county, 
 Missouri, about 150 miles S. S. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Crane's Forge, a post-office of Assump- 
 tion parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Crane River, of Arkansas, flows through 
 Arkansas county into AVhite river. 
 288 
 
 Crane's Grove, a post-office of Stephen- 
 son county, Illinois. 
 
 Crane's Run, a small village of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Crane's Town, a village of Wyandot coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 70 miles N. N. W. of Columbus. 
 
 Crane's Village, or Cranesville, a post- 
 village of Montgomery county, New York, on 
 the Utica and Schenectady railrqad, 13 miles 
 from Schenectady. 
 
 Cranesville, a post-office of Essex coun- 
 ty. New Jersey. 
 
 Cranesville, a small village of Erie coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Beaver and Erie 
 canal, 25 miles S. W. from Erie. 
 
 Cranesville, a small post-village of Pres- 
 ton county, Virginia, about 250 miles N. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Cranesville, Tennessee. See Grainsville. 
 
 Crai^esville, a post-office of Paulding 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Graneville, a small village of Marquette 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Cranston, a township of Providence coun- 
 ty, Rhode Island, 5 miles S. W. from Provi- 
 dence. The village contains one bank and 
 several stores. Population, 4311. 
 
 Crary's Mills, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence county. New York. 
 
 Crater's Mills, a post-office of Iredell 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Craven, a county in E. S. E. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Pamlico Sound, at 
 the mouth of Neuse river, by which it is in- 
 tersected. The area is estimated at 1000 
 square miles. The surface is level, and 
 much of it is covered by swamps and forests 
 of pitch pine. Indian corn, turpentine, and 
 lumber are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 174,366 bushels of corn, and 92,783 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 4 saw mills, 
 39 tar and turpentine manufactories, 10 tur- 
 pentine distilleries, and 4 shingle mills. It 
 contained 21 churches, and 2 newspaper of- 
 fices. The Neuse river is navigable by 
 steamboats through this count3% Craven 
 county was formed in 1729, as a precinct of 
 Albemarle county. The name was given in 
 honor of the Earl of Craven, one of the lords 
 proprietors. Capital, Newbern. Popula- 
 tion, 14,709, of whom 8758 were free, and 
 5951, slaves. 
 
 Craven's Mills, a small village of Wayne 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Gravensville, a small post-village in 
 Daviess county, Missouri, on the N. bank of 
 Grand river, about 140 miles N. W. from 
 Jefi'erson City. 
 
 Crawfish River, of Wisconsin, rises in 
 Columbia county, and flowing nearly south- 
 ward, enters Rock river at Jefferson, in Jef- 
 ferson county. 
 
 Crawford, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio, has .an 
 area of about 975 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by French creek, and a'so drained by 
 
CRA 
 
 CRA 
 
 Slienango, Oil, Cussawago, and Conneaut 
 creeks. The surface is undulating ; the soil 
 generally fertile : a large portion of it is 
 better adapted to grazing than to tillage. 
 Indian corn, -wheat, oats, hay, butter, and 
 potatoes are the staples. Lumber is also 
 exported. In 1850 this county produced 
 887,556 bushels of corn; 142,414 of wheat; 
 418,751 of oats; 105,662 of potatoes, and 
 1.267,436 pounds of butter. There were 140 
 saw mills, 15 flour and grist mills, 3 woollen fac- 
 tories, 2 iron foundries, 2 wool-carding mills, 
 
 2 distilleries, 11 cabinet-ware manufactories, 
 
 3 agricultural imj)lement manufactories, and 
 16 tanneries. It contained 68 churches, and 
 
 5 newspaper offices ; 9906 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 417 attending academies 
 and other schools. The county contains iron 
 ore and lime marl. It is intersected by the 
 Beaver and Erie canal, and by the Pittsburg 
 and Erie railroad, not yet finished. The 
 Franklin branch of the State canal also ter- 
 minates in the county. Organized in 1800, 
 and named in honor of Colonel William Craw- 
 ford, who was captured and put to death by 
 the Indians at Sandusky, Ohio, in 1782. 
 Capital, Meadville. Population, 87,849. 
 
 Crawford, a county in the W. central 
 part of Georgia, has an area of 289 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by Flint 
 river, on the N. E. by Echaconnee creek, and 
 drained by Spring and Walnut creeks. The 
 surface is uneven ; the soil of the N. part is 
 moderately productive ; the S. part is sterile 
 and covered with pine woods. Cotton, In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 7477 
 bales of cotton; 839,426 bushels of corn; 
 35,284 of oats, and 93,100 of sweet potatoes. 
 It contained 1 tannery and 1 pottery, 20 
 churches, and 367 pupils attending public 
 schools. Named in honor of William H. 
 Crawford, United States senator from Geor- 
 gia, and at one time secretary of the trea- 
 sury. Capital, Knoxville. Population, 8984, 
 of whom 4355 were free, and 4629, slaves. 
 
 Crawford, a county in the W. part of Ar- 
 kansas, bordering on the Cherokee Nation, 
 contains 585 square miles. The Arkansas 
 river, navigable for steamboats, forms the 
 entire S. boundary, the county is also drained 
 by Frog bayou and Lee's creek. The surface 
 is diversified by mountains, some of which 
 are among the highest in the state. Boston 
 mountain is estimated to have an elevation 
 of about 2000 feet. Stone coal and other 
 valuable minerals are found. Indian corn, 
 cotton, and cattle are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 240,567 bushels of corn; 
 10,006 of sweet potatoes; 986J bales of cot- 
 ton, and 75,811 pounds of butter. There 
 were 3 cotton-ginning mills, 1 flour and gi'ist 
 mill, and 2 grist and saw mills. It contained 
 
 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 75 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 330 attending 
 academies and other schools. Capital, Van 
 
 T 
 
 Buren. Population, 7960, of whom 7027 
 were free, and 933, slaves. 
 
 Crawford, a county in the N. central part 
 of Ohio, contains 412 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head streams of the Sandusky 
 and Olentangy rivers. The surface is nearly 
 level, and is among the highest parts of the 
 state. The southern part of the county 
 is adapted to grazing; the other portion is 
 mostly appropriated to the growth of wheat: 
 Indian corn and wool are also among the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 275,653 bushels of corn; 133,153 of wheat: 
 16,000 tons of hay, and 108,874 pounds of 
 wool. It contained 39 churches, 1 newspa- 
 per office, and 4740 pupils attending public 
 schools. Three important railway lines meet 
 at Crestline, in this county. Capital, Bucy- 
 rus. Population, 18,177. 
 
 Crawford, a new and unorganized county 
 in the N. central part of Michigan, contains 
 about 620 square miles. It is drained by the 
 sources of Aux Sable river. The surface is 
 not well known. The census of 1850 fur- 
 nishes no returns for this county. 
 
 Crawford, a county in the S. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Kentucky, contains 280 
 square miles. The Ohio river washes its 
 southern border, it is also drained by the 
 Blue river. The surface is uneven and 
 broken ; the soil is rather poor, except near 
 the river. The exports consist of lumber, 
 flour, pork, and beef. In 1850 this county 
 produced 183,980 bushels of corn; 20,009 
 of wheat; 37,397 of oats, and 918 tons of 
 hay. It contained 11 churches; 1418 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 100 attending 
 academies or other schools. Coal and iron 
 ore are abundant in the county. The surface 
 rock is carboniferous limestone. Capital, 
 Leavenworth. Population, 6524. 
 
 Crawford, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Illinois, bordering on Indiana, has an 
 area of 420 square miles. The Wabash 
 river forms the eastern boundary, the Em- 
 barras river flows through the south-western 
 part, and the N. fork of the latter flows along 
 the western border. The surface presents a 
 large proportion of prairie, the soil of which 
 is good. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, cat- 
 tle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 453,955 bushels of corn; 16,943 
 of wheat; 59,001 of oats, and 1411 tons of 
 hay. It contained 7 churches, and 620 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. The Wabash 
 river is navigable along the border of the 
 county. Named in honor of William H. 
 Crawford, former secretary of the treasury. 
 Capital, Palestine. Population, 7135. 
 
 Crawford, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Missouri, has an area of 1380 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Mai-amec 
 river, and also drained by the Osage fork 
 and Dry fork of that river, and by the head 
 streams of Bourbeuse creek. The surface is 
 uneven, and in some parts hilly ; the valleys 
 
 289 
 
CRA 
 
 CRE 
 
 and river 'bottoms contain some excellent 
 land, and the hills aflford valuable timber. 
 The county contains several prairies -which 
 are moderately fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the staples of 
 agriculture. In 1850 this county produced 
 297,133 bushels of corn; 26,482 of wheat; 
 48,440 of oats, and 597 tons of hay. It con- 
 tained 7 churches ; 280 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending academies 
 or other schools. This county is remarkable 
 for its rich mines of iron, copper, and lead, 
 all of which are worked with success, and 
 the first quite extensively. The iron and 
 copper are found in the sterile hills, in the 
 vicinity of the Maramec river. Stone coal 
 has recently been discovered in the same 
 district. The mineral region is estimated to 
 comprise about two-thirds of the county. 
 Massie's iron works, on the Maramec river, 
 have been in operation many years, employ- 
 ing from 50 to 150 hands. The streams of 
 the county afford extensive water-power. Ca- 
 pital, Steelville. Population, 6397, of whom 
 6112 were free, and 285, slaves. 
 
 CRAwroED, a new county in the W. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of about 600 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Eoyer and Soldier rivers, 
 affluents of the Missouri. The county is not 
 included in the census of 1850, and has few 
 inhabitants. County seat not located. 
 
 Crawford, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Wisconsin, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 which separates it from Iowa ; contains 612 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. E. by 
 the Wisconsin river, and drained by Kickapoo 
 river. The surface is hilly, and partly occu- 
 pied by prairies. The county contained in 1 850, 
 1 church, 1 newspaper ofiice, and 226 pupils 
 attending public schools. Organized in 1818. 
 Capital, Prairie du Chien. Population, 2498. 
 
 Crawford, a township of Washington 
 county, Maine,. 120 miles N. E. by E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 324. 
 
 Crawford, a post-township of Orange 
 county. New York, 20 miles W. from New- 
 burg. Population, 1912. 
 
 Crawford, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Clinton county, Pennsylvania, 8 miles E. 
 from Lock Haven. Population, 542. 
 
 Crawford, a small post-village, capital of 
 Stokes county. North Carolina, 110 miles N. 
 W. from Raleigh. It was laid out about 
 1850, when Stokes county was divided and 
 Eorsyth county formed. 
 
 Cra-\vford, a district in Harris county, 
 Georgia. Population, 835. 
 
 Crawford, a post-village, capital of Russel 
 county, Alabama, 72 miles E. from Montgo- 
 mery. It contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, 1 church, 1 newspaper oflice, and about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Crawford, a township in Coshocton coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 1552. 
 
 Crawford, a village of Crawford county, 
 Ohio, 70 miles N. from Columbus. 
 290 
 
 Crawford, a post-township in Wyandot 
 county, Ohio, about 12 miles N. N. E. from 
 Upper Sandusky. Population, 1300. 
 
 Crawford Cove, a post-office of St. Clair 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Crawford House, a post-office of Coos 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Crawford's Mill, a post-village of Henry 
 county, Iowa, on Skunk river, about 37 miles 
 W. N. W. from Burlington. 
 
 Crawford's Mills, a post-oifice of West- 
 moreland county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Crawfordsvillb, a post-ofiice of Spartan- 
 burg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Crawfordsvillb, a post-village, capital of 
 Taliaferro county, Georgia, on the Georgia 
 railroad, 45 miles N. N. E. of Milledgeville. 
 It has one church and an academy. 
 
 Crawfordsvillb, a post-ofQce of Lowndes 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Crawfordsvillb, a thriving town of Union 
 township, capital of Montgomery county, In- 
 diana, is beautifully situated on Sugar creek, 
 45 miles W. N. W. from Indianapolis, and 28 
 miles S. from Lafayette, with which it is con- 
 nected by railroad. It is surrounded by an 
 undulating and fertile country, in which stone 
 coal and timber are abundant. It contains 
 many handsome public and private build- 
 ings, and is distinguished for its educational 
 advantages. Wabash College, of this place, 
 founded in 1835, is one of the oldest and most 
 respectable literary institutions of the state. 
 The original edifice was consumed by fire in 
 1838, together with a library of 3000 volumes. 
 This village also contains a county seminary, 
 a female institute, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 Sugar creek furnishes water-power in the 
 vicinity. The railroad which connects this 
 town with Lafayette, was opened in 1852, 
 and is to be extended southward to meet the 
 New Albany and Salem railroad. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 2500. 
 
 Crawtordsville, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Iowa, 35 miles S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Craytonvillb, a post-village of Anderson 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Creaciiville, a post-office of Johnson coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Creagerstown, a post-village of Frederick 
 county, Maryland, 12 miles N. by E. from 
 Frederick. 
 
 Crbagh's Mills, a post-office of Wilcox 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Creek Agenct, a post-office of Creek Na- 
 tion, Arkansas. 
 
 Creek Indians, formerly a numerous and 
 powerful tribe, dwelling in Georgia and Ala- 
 bama. Their number was much reduced by 
 the war of 1814 ; and of those who survived, 
 most have removed beyond the Mississippi. 
 Some of them have made considerable pro- 
 gress in civilization. 
 
 Creek Stand, a post-office of Macon coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Creeksville, a village of Otsego county. 
 
CKE 
 
 CRO 
 
 New York, about 90 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Creelsbueg, a small post-Tillage of Russel 
 county, Kentucky, on the Cumberland river, 
 about 5 miles below Jamestown. 
 
 Creesville, a post-ofiice of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Crbete, a township in Kane county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 731. 
 
 Crescent, a post-office of Saratoga county. 
 New York. 
 
 Crescent, a post-of&ce of Lycoming coun- 
 ty, Pennsyli'ania. 
 
 Crescent City, a small town of Tuolumne 
 county, California, on the right bank of the 
 Tuolumne river, about 20 miles above its en- 
 trance into the San Joaquin. 
 
 Ceescentville, a small village of Phila- 
 delphia county, Pennsylvania, on Tacony 
 creek, 6 or 7 miles N. by E. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Crest Line, a thriving village of Crawford 
 county, Ohio, is situated on the Cleveland 
 and Columbus railroad, 60 miles N. by E. 
 from Columbus, and 54 miles S. from San- 
 dusky City. It is also the terminus of three 
 railroads, viz. the Ohio and Pennsylvania, 
 the Bellefontaine and Indiana, and the Ohio 
 and Indiana. These, when finished, will 
 doubtless render it an important place. The 
 village was laid out in 1850 or 1851, and one 
 year afterwards it contained 3 stores, 2 ware- 
 houses, and several dwellings. 
 
 Crete, a post-office of Will county, Illinois. 
 
 Creve Cceue, a post-office of St. Louis coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Crichton's Store, a post-oflSce of Bruns- 
 wick county, Virginia. 
 
 Criglersville, a post-of&ce of Madison 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cripple Creek, a post-of&ce of Greenville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Cripple Creek, a post-ofiice of Rutherford 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cripple Deer, a post-office of Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Crisp Prairie, a post-ofi&ce of Dade coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Crittenden, a county in the E. part of 
 Arkansas, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 which separates it from Tennessee, contains 
 994 square miles. The St. Francis river 
 forms the entire W. boundary. The surface 
 is an alluvial plain, part of which is often 
 overflowed by the iVIississippi. The soil 
 is very fertile where it is not occupied by 
 swamps. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 chief productions. In 1850 there were raised 
 163,970 bushels of corn ; 698 bales of cotton, 
 and 26,843 pounds of butter were made. 
 It contained 2 churches, and 55 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The St. Francis river 
 is navigable from its mouth to the upper part 
 of the county. Capital, Marion. Popula- 
 tion, 2648, of whom 1847 were free, and 801, 
 slaves. 
 
 Crittenden, a county in the W. part of 
 
 Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio river, which 
 separates it from Illinois, has an area esti- 
 mated at 420 square miles. Tradewater creek 
 forms its boundary on the N. E., and Cumber- 
 land river on the S. W. The surface is mostly 
 level or gently undulating, but the E. part 
 is more hilly ; the soil is fertile ; tobacco, 
 Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 Pork and stone coal are also exported. In 
 1850 this county produced 386,705 bushels 
 of corn; 5759 of wheat; 45,460 of oats; 
 505,637 pounds of tobacco, and 12,545 of 
 wool. It contained 14 churches, and 600 
 pupils attending public schools. Stone coal 
 is abundant in the county, and the mines of 
 lead and iron are said to be inexhaustible. 
 Formed in 1842, and named in honor of 
 John J. Crittenden, for many years senator 
 from Kentucky, and twice attorney-general 
 of the United States. Capital, Marion. Po- 
 pulation, 6351, of whom 5503 were free, and 
 848, slaves. 
 
 Crittenden, a post-office of Erie county, 
 New York. 
 
 Crittenden, a small post-village of Grant 
 county, Kentucky, on the turnpike from Co- 
 vington to Lexington, 27 miles S. from the 
 former, has 3 churches and 5 stores. 
 
 Crittenden, a small village of Hendricks 
 county, Indiana, on the Terre Haute and In- 
 dianapolis railroad, 26 miles W. by S. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Crittenden, a post-office of Howard coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Crittenden, a post-office of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Crittenden, a post-office of Daviess coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Crittenden Springs, a post-office of Crit- 
 tenden county, Kentucky. 
 
 Crockersville, a post-office of Genesee 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Crockery Creek, a post-township in Otta- 
 wa county, Michigan. Population, 247. 
 
 Crockett, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Houston county, Texas, on the San An- 
 tonio road, 190 miles N. E. from Austin City, 
 and 12 miles E. from Trinity river. The 
 valley of Trinity river is especially rich, and 
 adapted to cotton, rice, and sugar-cane. The 
 village has several stores, a flourishing 
 school, a Masonic lodge, and a Temple of 
 Honor. Laid out in 1838. Population in 
 1851, about 400. 
 
 Crockett's Bluff, a post-office of Arkan- 
 sas county, Arkansas. 
 
 Crockettsville, a small village in Russell 
 county, Alabama, about 65 miles E. by N. 
 from Montgomery. 
 
 Croghan, a post-township of Lewis coun- 
 ty. New York, about 60 miles N. from Utica, 
 bordering on Beaver river. Population, 11 35 
 
 Croghan, a post-office of Allen county, Ohio, 
 
 Croghansville, a small village of San- 
 dusky county, Ohio, on the Sandusky river, 
 opposite Fremont, the county seat. 
 
 291 
 
CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 Cromwell, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Connecticut, on the W. side of Con- 
 necticut river, about 25 miles N. N. E. from 
 New Haven. Population, about 1100. 
 
 Cromwell, a township in the S. part_ of 
 Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, 60 miles 
 W. from Harrisburg, intersected by the 
 Aughwick creek. Population, 1297. 
 
 Cromwell, a post-office of Cecil county, 
 Maryland. 
 
 Cromwell, a post-office of Ohio county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Cromwell, a post-office of Noble county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Crooked Creek, of Pennsylvania, rises in 
 the W. central part of the state, and joins 
 the Alleghany river, in Armstrong county. 
 
 Crooked Creek, of South Carolina, rises 
 near the N. E. extremity of the state, and 
 flows south-westward through Marlborough 
 district into Great Pedee river. 
 
 Crooked Creek, of Spencer county, Indi- 
 ana, falls into the Ohio a few miles above 
 Kockport. 
 
 Crooked Creek, of Indiana, rises in Steu- 
 ben county, and passing into Michigan, en- 
 ters Fawn river. 
 
 Crooked Creek, of Paulding county, 
 Ohio, flows into the Auglaize river. 
 
 Crooked Creek, in the W. part of Illinois, 
 falls into the Illinois river below Beardstown. 
 
 Crooked Creek, of Monroe county, Mis- 
 souri, flows S. E. into the N. fork of Salt 
 river. It furnishes motive-power for mills 
 during a few months of the year. 
 
 Crooked Creek, of Iowa, enters the Skunk 
 river at the N. W. corner of Henry county. 
 
 Crooked Creek, a small post-village of 
 Tioga county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Crooked Creek, a post-office of Stokes 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Crooked Creek, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Crooked Creek, a post-office of Steuben 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Crooked Creek, a post-office in Clinton 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Crooked Creek, a township in Jasper 
 county, Illinois. Population, 658. 
 
 Crooked Creek, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Crooked Creek, a small village of Shelby 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Crooked Creek Furnace, a post-office 
 of Bullitt county, Kentucky. 
 
 Crooked Fork, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Crooked Hill, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Crooked Lake, in the western part of 
 New York, is included in the limits of Steu- 
 beb and Yates counties. Length, about 18 
 miles ; greatest breadth, 1^- miles. At the N. 
 end it is divided into two forks or branches, 
 one of which is about 5 and the other 8 or 9 
 miles long. Its surface is stated to be 487 
 292 
 
 feet above Lake Ontario, that is, 718 above 
 the level of the Atlantic. This lake usually 
 freezes over in the winter. At other sea- 
 sons, a steamboat leaves Penn Yan at its N. N. 
 E. extremity for Hammondsport, at its S. W. 
 extremity, at one o'clock p. m., and returns 
 the next morning. The scenery along the 
 shores is very beautiful and picturesque. 
 The outlet which flows into Seneca lake has 
 a descent of 271 feet in about 7 miles, afford- 
 ing valuable water-power. 
 
 Crooked Lake, a post-office of Marquette 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Crooked River, a small stream in the S. 
 W. part of Maine, rises in Oxford county, 
 and flows into Sebago Pond in Cumberland 
 county. 
 
 Crooked River, of Missouri, a small 
 stream which flows S. E. through Ray coun- 
 ty into the Missouri river, a few miles below 
 Lexington. 
 
 Crooksville, formerly Bancroft's Mills, 
 a thriving manufacturing village of Delaware 
 county, Pennsylvania, is delightfully situ- 
 ated on Ridley creek, about 8 miles W. from 
 Chester. It contains (July, 1853) two large 
 woollen factories, in which nearly all the 
 working population of the place is employed ; 
 also a neat church, and from 50 to 60 dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 Cropper's Depot, a post-office of Shelby 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cropwell, a post-office of St. Clair county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Crosby, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Hamilton county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 2488. 
 
 Crosbyville, a small post-village in Ches- 
 ter district, South Carolina, about 50 miles 
 N. from Columbia. 
 
 Cross Anchor, a post-office of Spartan- 
 burg county. South Carolina. 
 
 Crossanville, a small post-village in Perry 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Cross BAYOti, of Catahoula parish, Lou- 
 isiana, communicates with Saline bayou. 
 
 Cross Creek, of Ohio, flows into the Ohio 
 river 3 or 4 miles below Steubenville. 
 
 Cross Creek, a township of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, bordering on Virginia, 
 25 miles W. S. W. of Pittsburg. Population, 
 1921. 
 
 Cross Creek, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Jefferson county, Ohio. Population, 1912. 
 
 Cross Creek Village, a post-office of 
 Washington county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cross Cut, a post-office of Lawrence coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cross Hill, a small post-village of Lau- 
 rens district, South Carolina, 14 miles S. E. 
 from Laurens Court House. It has 2 High- 
 schools, which are in a prosperous condition. 
 
 Crossingville, a small post-village of 
 Crawford county, Pennsylvania, about 240 
 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Cross Keys, a small post-village of Cam- 
 
CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 den county, New Jersey, about 18 miles S. 
 S. E. from Camden. 
 
 Cross Keys, a post-office of Eockingham 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cross Keys, a post-office of Union district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Cross Keys, a district in De Kalb county, 
 Georgia. Population, 798. 
 
 Cross Keys, a post-office of De Kalb coun- 
 ty, Georgia, about 112 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Cross Keys, a post-office of Macon coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Cross ELeys, a post-office of Roane coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Crosskill Mills, a post-office of Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cross Lake, of Louisiana, situated in Caddo 
 parish, immediately W. from Shreveport, com- 
 municates on the N. with Soda lake. Length, 
 about 15 miles ; mean breadth, 2 or 3 miles. 
 
 Cross Plains, Georgia. See Dalton. 
 
 Cross Plains, a smaU post-village of Ben- 
 ton county, Alabama, 13 miles N. from Jack- 
 sonville. 
 
 Cross Plains, a post-office of Fulton coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Cross Plains, a small post-village of Eo- 
 bertson county, Tennessee, 85 miles N. N. E. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Cross Plains, a small post- village of Eipley 
 county, Indiana, 80 miles S. E. of Indianapolis. 
 
 Cross Plains, a village of Callaway coun- 
 ty, Missouri, about 40 miles N. N. E. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Cross Plains, a post-township in Dane 
 county, Wisconsin, about 16 miles W. from 
 Madison. Population, 324. 
 
 Cross Ridge, a post-office of Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cross River, a post-office of Westchester 
 county. New York. 
 
 Cross Roads, a small village of Burlington 
 county, New Jersey, 8 miles S. W. from 
 Mount Holly. 
 
 Cross Roads, a post-office of York county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cross Roads, a post-office of Bedford 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Cross Roads, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Cross Roads, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Cross Roads, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cross Roads, a post-office of Madison 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Cross Roads, a post-office of Johnson 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Cross Roads, a village of Osage county, 
 Missouri, about 15 miles S. S. E. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 Cross Timbers, a village of Hickory coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Crossville, a post-office of Lumpkin coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Crossville, a post-office of Bledsoe county, 
 Tennessee, 111 miles E. S.E. from NashviUe. 
 
 Crosswicks, a post-village of Chesterfield 
 township, Burlington county, New Jersey, 
 on the'leftbank of Crosswick's creek, 8 miles 
 S. E. from Trenton, and 4 miles E. from 
 Bordentown. It has 3 churches, and several 
 stores and mills. 
 
 Crosswicks Creek, of New Jersey, rises in 
 the central part of the state, and flows along 
 the boundary between Mercer and Burling- 
 ton counties, until it enters the Delaware at 
 Bordentown. 
 
 Croton, a small post-village in Delaware 
 county, New York, about 80 miles W. S. W. 
 of Albany. 
 
 Croton, or Croton Landing, a post-village 
 and railway station of Westchester county, 
 New York, on the Hudson river, at the 
 mouth of Croton river, 36 miles N. from New 
 York. 
 
 Croton, a post-office of Hunterdon county, 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Croton, a post-office of Licking county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Croton, a post-office of Newaygo county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Croton, a post-office of Lee county, Iowa. 
 
 Croton Corners, a post-village of Che- 
 mung county. New York. 
 
 Croton Falls, a post-village, and railroad 
 station of Westchester county. New York, on 
 Croton river, and on the Harlem railroad, 
 51 miles N. N. E. from New York city. 
 
 Croton River rises in Dutchess county, 
 New York, and flowing in a southerly course 
 through Putnam county, turns westward into 
 Westchester county, and enters the Hudson 
 river, about 35 miles above New York city. 
 From this stream the city of New York is 
 supplied with water. — See New York. 
 
 Crow Creek, a post-office of Picken's 
 county. South Carolina. 
 
 Crow Creek, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Crowder's Creek of North Carolina and 
 South Carolina enters the Yadkin in York 
 district of the latter state. 
 
 Crowder's Creek, a post-office of Gaston 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Crowder's Mountain, a post-office of Gas- 
 ton county. North Carolina. 
 
 Crow Indians, a tribe dwelling in the cen- 
 tral and south-western part of Missouri ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 Crow Meadow, a small post-village of Mar- 
 shall county, Illinois, 122 miles S. W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Crow Meadows, a post-office in Marshall 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Crown Point, a post-township of Esses 
 county, New York, on the western shore of 
 Lake Champlain. It contains the ruins of a 
 famous fort of the same name. Population, 
 2378. 
 
 Crown Point, a post-village in the above 
 293 
 
CRO 
 
 CUL 
 
 township, on Lake Champlain, about 100 
 miles N. from Albany, lias 1 church, and 
 several stores. 
 
 Crown Point, a post-village, capital of 
 Lake county, Indiana, about 130 miles N. W. 
 of Indianapolis. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 a high-school, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Crownsville, a post-office of Anne Arun- 
 del county, Maryland. 
 
 Crow River of Minnesota territory, is 
 formed by the union of the North and South 
 forks. Flowing nearly E. it falls into the 
 Mississippi river, nearly opposite to Itasca. 
 Entire length, including that of the north, 
 or principal fork, about 100 miles. 
 
 Crow's Nest, a peak of the Highlands, is 
 situated on the W. side of the Hudson, in 
 Orange county. New York. 
 
 Crow's Pond, a post-office of Daviess 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Crowsville, a post-office of Spartan- 
 burg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Crow Wing, a village and trading-post of 
 Benton county, Minnesota, on the Missis- 
 sippi river, at the mouth of Crow Wing river. 
 
 Crow Wing Eiver of Minnesota Territory, 
 has its source in a group of small lakes S. 
 of Lake Itasca. It falls into the Mississippi 
 8 or 9 miles above Fort Ripley. Entire length 
 near 100 miles. 
 
 Croxton, a post-office of Jefferson county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Croydon, a post-township of Sullivan coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire, 40 miles W. N. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 861. 
 
 Croydon Flat, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Crozierville, a thriving manufacturing 
 village of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on 
 Chester creek, where it is joined by its West 
 branch, and on the West Chester railroad, 
 16 miles W. S. W. from Philadelphia. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Critcieer, a post-office of Henderson co., 
 Tennessee, 126 miles W. S. W from Nashville. 
 
 Crum Creek, of Delaware county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Delaware river. 
 
 Crum Elbow, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county, New York. 
 
 Cruso, a post-office of Seneca co., N. Y. 
 
 Crystal Lake, a post-village of McHenry 
 county, Illinois, on a small lake of the same 
 name, about 50 miles N. W from Chicago. 
 
 Crystal Lake, a post-office of Waupaca 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Cuba, a post-township of Alleghany coun- 
 ty. New York, on Oily creek, where it is 
 crossed by the New York and Erie railroad, 
 390 miles from New York city. The canal 
 connecting the Alleghany river with the Erie 
 canalruns through it. It has a bank. Pop. of 
 the township, 2243 ; of the village, about 900. 
 
 Cuba, a post-office of Rutherford county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Cuba, a post-office of Shelby county, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 294 
 
 Cuba, a small post-village of Clinton coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 80 miles S. W. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Cuba, a post-office of Kent co., Michigan. 
 
 Cuba, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana. 
 
 Cuba, a post-office of Fulton county, Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 Cuba, a township in Lake county, Illinois, 
 about 38 miles N. W. from Chicago. Popu- 
 lation, 333. 
 
 CuBAHATCHEE Creek, of Alabama, enters the 
 Tallapoosa river from the S. E., near the W. 
 part of Macon county. 
 
 CuBAHATCHEE, Or CuBEHATCHEE, a pOSt- 
 
 office of Macon county, Alabama. 
 
 CuBB Creek, a post-office of Perry county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Cub Creek, a post-office of Charlotte coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Cub Hill, a post-office of Baltimore coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 CucKOOViLLE, a post-office of Louisa coun- 
 ty, Virginia, 46 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Cuddebackville, a post-office of Orange 
 county. New York. 
 
 CuDDYHUNK, a post-officc of Yallabusha 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 CuERO, a post-village and former capital 
 of De AVitt county, Texas, on the Guadalupe 
 river, 90 miles S. by E. from Austin. 
 
 Culbertson's, a small post-village of Mer- 
 cer county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CuLBREATH, a post-village of Columbia 
 county, Georgia, about 20 miles N. W. of 
 Augusta. 
 
 CuLLODEN, a post-village of Monroe coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 32 miles W. from Macon and 65 
 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. The situation 
 is pleasant and healthy. The village contains 
 1 church, a seminary and other schools of 
 high character, and several stores. 
 
 CuLLOMA, or CoLUMA, a post-town, capi- 
 tal of El Dorado county, California, is situ- 
 ated on the left bank of the South fork of 
 American river, and on the road from Sacra- 
 mento city to Nevada, 107 miles in a straight 
 line N. E. of San Francisco. In the vicinity 
 of this town is Sutter's mill, where the first 
 discovery of gold in California was made. 
 There are a number of saw mills which pro- 
 duce great quantities of lumber, and have 
 materially contributed to the building faci- 
 lities of this place. Population, between 
 2000 and 3000. 
 
 Cully, a post-township of Sullivan county, 
 Pennsylvania, has 175 inhabitants. 
 
 Culpepper, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 673 square 
 miles. The southern and north-eastern bor- 
 ders are respectively washed by the Rapidan 
 and by the N. branch of the Rappahan- 
 nock, which unite at the eastern extremity 
 of the county. The N. part of the county 
 is drained by Hazel river. The surface is 
 finely diversified with hill and dale ; the 
 soil is of a deep red color, and highly pro- 
 
CUM 
 
 CUM 
 
 ductive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and wool 
 are the staples. In 1850, there were raised 
 191,395 bushels of wheat; 359,670 of corn; 
 62,599 of oats ; and 45,444 poimds of wool. 
 There were 26 flour, grist, and saw mills ; 
 
 2 woollen factories, and 1 agricultural imple- 
 ment manufactory. It contained 17 churches ; 
 488 pupils attending public schools, and 105 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 Rappahannock river has been made navi- 
 gable along the border of the county : small 
 boats also navigate Hazel river. The county 
 is intersected by the Orange and Alexandria 
 Railroad, lately finished ; and has a turnpike 
 leading from the county seat to New Market. 
 It contains several mineral springs, which 
 are not yet much noted or improved. Or- 
 ganized in 1748, and named from Lord Cul- 
 pepper, governor of Virginia in 1681. Popu- 
 lation, 12,282 ; of whom 5599 were free, and 
 6683, slaves. 
 
 Culpepper Coubt House, Virginia. See 
 Faikfax. 
 
 Culver, a post-office of Calhoun county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Cumberland, a county in the south-west 
 part of Maine, has an area of about 990 
 square miles. The Androscoggin river forms 
 part of the N. E. boundary, and the Atlantic 
 ocean washes it on the S. E. It contains 
 several ponds, the principal of which is Se- 
 bago pond, from which a canal has been 
 constructed, affording a communication with 
 the Atlantic. The soil is fertile and under 
 good cultivation. Indian corn, potatoes, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 233,870 bushels of 
 corn; 266,586 of potatoes; 130,465 of oats; 
 94,535 tons of hay, and 1,014,226 pounds 
 of butter. There were 5 cotton factories, 
 
 3 woollen mills, 8 foundries, 7 machine 
 shops, 17 grist mills, 89 saw and planing 
 mills, 1 powder mill, 34 tanneries, and 2 
 paper mills. It ■ contained 134 churches, 
 14 newspaper offices; 22,724 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 1274 attending aca- 
 demies or other schools. This county has 
 several bays, the chief of which, Casco bay, 
 affords facilities for navigation, and for 
 fisheries, perhaps not to be equalled on the 
 coast. The railroad connecting Boston with 
 Waterville, and the Atlantic and St. Law- 
 rence railroads pass through this county, 
 and that from Gorham is included within 
 it. Capital, Portland. Population, 79,538. 
 
 Cumberland, a county in the S. S.W. part of 
 New -Jersey, has an area of about 480 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. AV. by Dela- 
 ware bay, and on the E. by Tuckahoe creek ; 
 and is intersected by Maurice river and Co- 
 hansey creek. The surface is generally level, 
 with some low ridges between the streams. 
 The soil W. of Cohansey creek consists of 
 clay and sandy loam : E. of the Cohansey 
 creek it is generally light and sandy, and 
 partly covered with forests of pine timber. 
 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 370,267 bushels of corn, 78,000 of 
 wheat; 84,408 of oats ; 116,144 of potatoes ; 
 21,795 tons of hay, and 174,802 pounds of 
 biitter. There were 4 glass factories, 1 forge, 
 1 foundry, 1 furnace, and 10 flour mills. It 
 contained 40 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 
 4215 pupils attending public schools, and 
 50 attending an academy. Marl is found in 
 the W. part of the county, and iron ore in 
 Greenwich township. The proposed railroad 
 from Camden to Cape May will probably pass 
 through this county. Organized in 1748, and 
 formed from part of Salem county. Capital, 
 Bridgeton. Population, 17,189. 
 
 Cumberland, a county in the S. S. E. 
 part of Pennsylvania, has an area of 545 
 square miles. The Susquehanna river forms 
 the boundary on the E. ; Conedogwinit creek 
 flows through the county towards the E., 
 and Yellow breeches creek forms part of the 
 S. E. boundary. The greater part of the 
 county lies within the Kittatinny or Cumber- 
 land valley, enclosed between the Blue moun- 
 tain range on the N. and the South moimtain 
 on the S. E. The surface of the valley is' 
 nearly level ; the soil is calcareous, exceed- 
 ingly fertile, and in a high state of cultiva- 
 tion. AVheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county prodticed 487,182 bushels of wheat ; 
 361,166 of corn; 422,100 of oats ; 31,788 tons 
 of hay ; and 782,587 pounds of butter. There 
 were 40 flour and grist mills, 17 saw mills, 
 
 3 manufactories of agricultural implements, 
 
 4 iron foundries, 3 furnaces, 2 forges, 
 
 5 woollen factories, 1 nail factory, 2 brew- 
 eries, 5 distilleries, and 27 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 74 churches, and 5 newspaper offices ; 
 8887 pupils attending public schools, and 125 
 attending academies or other schools. Lime- 
 stone of fine quality is abundant in the Cum- 
 berland valley, and iron ore also is found. The 
 county is copiously supplied with good springs 
 and with permanent water-power. It is inter- 
 sected by the Cumberland Valley railroad, 
 and by turnpike roads extending to Balti- 
 more and Harrisburg. Organized in 1750, 
 and named from Cumberland county,England. 
 Capital, Carlisle. Population, 34,327. 
 
 Cumberland, a county towards the S. E. 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 310 square 
 miles. The Appomattox bounds it on the 
 S. E., the James river washes its N. border, 
 and Willis river flows through the county. 
 The surface is undulating ; the soil was origi- 
 nally fertile, but in some parts has been 
 worn out. AYheat, Indian corn, and tobacco 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 118,616 bushels of wheat; 220,535 of 
 corn; and 2,476,135 pounds of tobacco. 
 There were 6 flour mills, 1 tobacco factory, 
 and 1 iron foundry. It contained 16 churches ; 
 275 pupils attending public schools, and 30 
 attending an academy. The county was 
 
 295 
 
CUM 
 
 CUM 
 
 formed from Goocliland in 1748. Capital, 
 Cumberland Court flouse. Population, 9751, 
 of whom 3422 were free, and 6329, slaves. 
 
 CuMBEKLAND, a county in the S. centralpart 
 of North Carolina. Area estimated at 1680 
 square miles. It is intersected hj Cape Fear 
 river, which, in its passage through the coun- 
 ty, isjoined by Little river andPtockfish creek. 
 The surface is diversified. The line which 
 separates the tertiary formation of the low 
 country from the granite and hilly region of 
 North Carolina passes nearly through the 
 middle of the county. The soil is generally 
 fertile. Indian corn, cotton, and sweet pota- 
 toes are the chief products of the farms. In 
 1850 this county produced 376,843 bushels 
 of corn ; 156 bales of cotton ; and 142,396 
 bushels of sweet potatoes. There were 
 7 cotton factories, 11 corn and flour mills, 
 and 36 saw mills. It contained 32 churches, 
 and three newspaper offices. The county 
 contains large forests of pitcli-pinei, from 
 which lumber and turpentine are procured, 
 and exported by means of steamboats which 
 navigate Cape Fear river. The prosperity 
 of the county has been increased by several 
 plank-roads recently laid, the aggregate 
 length of which is above 300 miles. Water- 
 power is abundant on Cape Fear river, and is 
 employed in a number of cotton mills. Or- 
 ganized in 1754. Capital, Fayetteville. Po- 
 pulation, 20,610, of whom 13,393 were free, 
 and 7217, slaves. 
 
 CuMBEELAND, a county in the S. part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, has an 
 area estimated at 375 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Cumberland river, (from which 
 the name is derived,) dividing it into neai'ly 
 equal parts. The surface is agreeably diver- 
 sified. The river is bordered by hills of con- 
 siderable height. The soil is moderately 
 fertile. In 1850 this county produced 434,340 
 bushels of corn; 7850 of wheat; 30,020 of 
 oats ; and 1,238,802 pounds of tobacco. It 
 contained 16 churches, and 1552 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The river is naviga- 
 ble by small boats through the county. 
 There is a remarkable " oil spring" on the 
 bank of the river, in this county. Capital, 
 Burksville. Population, 7005, of whom 
 5502 were free, and 1485, slaves. 
 
 Ctjmbekland, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 310 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Embarras river, an 
 effluent of the Wabash. The surface is di- 
 versified with prairies and tracts of timber ; 
 the soil is good. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 217,015 bushels of corn; 5122 of 
 wheat, and 33,906 of oats. It contained 2 
 churches, and 425 pupils attending public 
 schools. The National road passes through 
 the county. The Mississippi and Atlantic rail- 
 road, when finished, will connect it with St. 
 Louis and Terre Haute, in Indiana. Capital, 
 Crreenup. Population, 3720. 
 29G 
 
 Cumberland, a post-township of Cumber- 
 land county, Maine, on the Kennebec and 
 Portland railroad, 55 miles S. W. by S. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1656. 
 
 Cumberland, a township of Providence co., 
 Rhode Island, 10 miles N. of Providence, on 
 the Providence and Worcester railroad, con- 
 tains 4 banks. Population, 661. 
 
 Cumberland, a township of Adams co,unty, 
 Pennsylvania, containing the borough of Get- 
 tysburg. Total population, 3588. 
 
 Cumberland, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Greene county, Pennsylvania, on the Mo- 
 nongahela river, 41 miles S. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, 2143. 
 
 Cumberland, a flourishing town, capital 
 of Alleghany county, Maryland, on the left 
 bank of the Potomac river, and on the Bal- 
 timore and Ohio railroad ; 179 miles W. by 
 N. from Baltimore. It is the eastern termi- 
 nus of the National road, and the western 
 terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 
 extending to Georgetown, in the District of Co- 
 lumbia, and has an extensive trade. In respect 
 to population it is not surpassed by any city 
 of the state, excepting Baltimore. It con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, churches 
 of five or six denominations, 3 newspaper 
 offices, 3 banks, and 1 savings' institution. 
 There are several flouring mills in the vici- 
 nity. Large quantities of stone coal are mined 
 a few miles W. from this town. Population 
 in 1850, 6067. 
 
 Cumberland, a small village of Cumber- 
 land county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cumberland, a post-office of Grundy coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Cumberland, a village of Guernsey county, 
 Ohio, about 80 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Cumberland, a village of Licking county, 
 Ohio, 18 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Cumberland, a small post-village of Marion 
 county, Indiana, on the National road, and 
 on the Central railroad, 10 miles E. from In- 
 dianapolis, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Cumberland, a post-office of Fayette coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 75 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Cumberland Bat, a portion of Lake Cham- 
 plain, extending into Clinton county. New 
 York, near Plattsburg. 
 
 Cumberland Centre, a post-office of Cum- 
 berland county, Maine. 
 
 Cumberland Court House, a post-village, 
 capital of Cumberland county, Virginia, 55 
 miles W. from Richmond. It is situated on 
 a ridge between the Appomattox and Willis 
 rivers, about 5 miles from each. 
 
 Cumberland Ford, a post-office of Knox 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Cumberland Gap, a post-office of Claiborne 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cumberland Hill, a post- village of Provi- 
 dence county, Rhode Island, on Blackstone 
 river, 12 miles N. by W. from Providence. 
 
 Cumberland Institute, a post-office of 
 White county, Tennessee. 
 
CUM 
 
 CUR 
 
 Cumberland Iron Works, a post-office of 
 Stewart county, Tennessee. 
 
 Cumberland Island, on the coast of 
 Georgia, off Camden county, is about 20 
 miles long, and from 1 to 5 miles wide. 
 
 Cubiberland Mountains, a range of the 
 Appalachian system, forming a part of the 
 boundary between Virginia and Kentucky, 
 and between North Carolina and Tennessee. 
 
 CujiBERLAND RivER, One of the largest 
 afiiuents of the Ohio, rises among the Cum- 
 berland mountains of Kentucky, near the 
 S. E. boundary of the state. Flowing west- 
 ward and south-westward, it enters Tennessee 
 between Jackson and Overton counties ; and 
 after making an extensive circuit of near 
 250 miles through Middle Tennessee, and 
 passing the city of Nashville, turns towards 
 the N. W. and again enters Kentucky about 
 10 miles E. from the Tennessee river. Its 
 subsequent course is nearly parallel with the 
 latter river until it enters the Ohio at Smith- 
 land. The whole length is estimated at above 
 600 miles. During high water, large steam- 
 boats ascend to Nashville, about 200 miles 
 from its mouth, and small boats nearly 800 
 'miles further. About 14 miles from Wil- 
 liamsburg-, in Kentucky, the river has a verti- 
 cal fall of 60 feet, which is considered one of 
 the most remarkable natural objects in the 
 state. The area drained by this river is es- 
 timated at 17,000 square miles. 
 
 Cumberland Valley, a post-township of 
 Bedford county, Pennsylvania, about 100 
 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. Popula- 
 lation, 1114. 
 
 Cumbola, a small mining village in Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill 
 Valley railroad, which extends from Potts- 
 ville to Tamaqua. 
 
 Cummin's Creek, Texas, flows into Colorado 
 river from the N., near Columbus. 
 
 CuMMiNG, a pleasant post-village, capital 
 of Forsyth county, Gewgia, on Vickery's 
 creek, 109 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 It has a healthy situation, and is surrounded 
 by beautiful scenery. Sawney's mountain, 
 about 2^ miles from the village, contains rich 
 gold mines. Gumming has 2 churches, 2 
 schools, and 2 hotels. 
 
 Gumming, or Double Wells, a small post- 
 village of Warren county, Georgia, on the 
 Georgia railroad, 57 miles W. from Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 Cummings, a township of Lycoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. W. from Williams- 
 port, drained by Pine creek. Population, 505. 
 
 Gumming' s Mill, a small village of Jack- 
 son county, Tennessee. 
 
 CuMMiNGSViLLE, a post-villagc of Itawamba 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 GuMMiNGsviLLE, a Small post-village of 
 Hamilton county, Ohio, on the railroad from 
 Cincinnati to Dayton, 5 miles N. from the 
 former. 
 
 CuMMiNGTON, a post-townsMp of Hampshire 
 
 county, Massachusetts, 90 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston, intersected by Westfield river. 
 Population, 1172. 
 
 CuMMiNGTON, a Small post-village of Ma- 
 coupin county, Illinois, 30 miles in a direct 
 line S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 CuMMiNGTON West Village, a post-village 
 of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on West- 
 field river, 110 miles W. from Boston. 
 
 CuMMiNSViLLE, a post-officc of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CuMRu, a township of Berks county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Schuylkill river, ojaposite 
 Reading, and bounded on the N. E. by Tulpe- 
 hocken creek. Population, 3489. 
 
 Cunningham's, a post-office of Bastrop 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Cunningham's Island, near the W. end 
 of Lake Erie, is about 12 miles N. from San- 
 dusky city, 3 miles long and 2^ wide, consti- 
 tuting a part of Ottawa county, Ohio. 
 
 Cunningham's Mills, a small post-viliage 
 of Mercer county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Cunningham's Store, a post-office of Per- 
 son county. North Carolina. 
 
 Gurdsville, a small post-village of Buck- 
 ingham county, Virginia, on Willis river, at 
 the head of navigation. It has a large flour- 
 ing mill. 
 
 CuRDsviLLE, a small village of Mercer 
 county, Kentucky, on Dix river. 
 
 Cureton's Bridge, a post-office of Henry 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Cureton's Store, a post-office of Lancaster 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Curia, a small post- village of Independence 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Curlsville, a post- village of Clarion coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 8 miles S. by ¥/. from 
 Clarion. 
 
 CuRRAN, a township of Saline county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 1052. 
 
 Current River, of Missouri and Arkansas, 
 rises in Texas county, Missouri, and flowing 
 south-eastward into Arkansas, enters the 
 Black river in Randolph county. Its whole 
 length probably exceeds 250 miles. The water 
 is remarkably clear. The river is navigable 
 by flat-boats, and abounds with excellent fish. 
 Branches. — Jack's fork, which is properly an 
 affluent, enters it from the right, in Shannoh 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Currituck, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of North Carolina, bordering on Vir- 
 ginia and Currituck sound. Area estimated 
 at 200 square miles. North river, an arm of 
 Albemarle sound, washes the S. W. border. 
 The surface is level, and the soil sandy. The 
 limits of the county comprise several islands 
 separated from the mainland by Currituck 
 sound. Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 292,593 bushels of corn; 62,332 of 
 sweet potatoes ; and 20,382 pounds of butter; 
 There were 12 churches. The name was 
 derived from a tribe of Indians who once pos- 
 
 297 
 
CUR 
 
 CYN 
 
 sessed the land. Capital, Currituck Court 
 House. Population, 7236, of Tphom 4789 were 
 free, and 2447, slaves. 
 
 Currituck Court House, capital of Curri- 
 tuck county. North Carolina, on the sound of 
 the same name, 242 miles E. N. E. from Ra- 
 leigli, and about 12 miles from the sea. 
 
 Currituck Sound, on the coast of North 
 Carolina, in the N. E. part of the state, is 
 separated from the sea by low, narrow 
 islands, and communicates on the S. with Al- 
 bemarle sound. Length, about 50 miles. 
 Greatest breadth, about 10 miles. 
 
 CuRRx's Mills, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Curry's Run, a post-office of Harrison coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 CuRTisviLLE, a small post-village of Berk- 
 shire county, Massachusetts, about 120 miles 
 W. by S. from Boston. 
 
 CuRWiNSTiLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Pike township, Clearfield county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the W. Branch of the Susquehanna 
 river, 6 miles S. W. from Clearfield, has an 
 active trade in lumber. A bridge crosses the 
 river here. 
 
 CusH, a post-office of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Gushing, a post-township of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Maine, about 40 miles S. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 807. 
 
 CusHiNGViLLE, a post-office of Potter coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CusHiNGSTiLLE, apost-officc of Burke coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 CussAWAGO creek, of Pennsylvania, rises 
 in Erie county, and joins French creek near 
 Meadville. 
 
 CussAWAGO, orCossAWAGO, a post-towuship 
 of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles 
 N. W. from Meadville, drained by Cussawago 
 creek. 
 
 CussETA, a post-village in Chambers county, 
 Alabama, on the Montgomery and AVest Point 
 railroad, about 65 miles N. E. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 Custard's, a small post- village of Crawford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 CuTCHOGUB, a post-village of SulFolk county. 
 
 New York, about 235 miles S. S.E. from Albany. 
 
 Cutetant creek, of Tioga county. New 
 
 York, falls into Oswego creek about 2 miles 
 
 N. from Oswego. 
 
 CuTHBERT, a post-village, capital of Ran- 
 dolph county, Georgia, 150 miles S. W. from 
 Milledgeville. It contains a brick court house, 
 2 or 3 churches, and 2 academies. Incor- 
 porated in 1834. 
 
 Cutler, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Maine, 130 miles E. by N. from Au- 
 gusta, has a good harbor. Population, 820. 
 Cut Off, a post-village of Walton county, 
 Georgia, 75 miles N. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 Cut Off, a post-office of Drew county, Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 CuTTiNGsviLLB, a Small post-villaee in Rut- 
 298 
 
 land county, Vermont, about 60 miles S. S. W. 
 from Montpelier. 
 
 CuTTYHUNK IsLAND, the most south-westcm 
 of the Elizabeth Islands, at the entrance of 
 Buzzard's bay, Massachusetts. At its S. W. 
 extremity is a fixed light, 48J feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 41° 24' 35" N., Ion. 70° 
 57' 20" W. 
 
 Cuyahoga river, Ohio, rises in the N. E. 
 part of the state, and after a very circuitous 
 course, enters Lake Erie at Cleveland. At 
 Cuyahoga falls, in Summit county, the river 
 descends about 200 feet in the space of 2h 
 miles, and affords abundant water-power. 
 
 Cuyahoga, a county in the N. N. E. part 
 of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie, has an area 
 of 426 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Cuyahoga river, from which the name is de- 
 rived, and also by Chagrin and Rocky rivers. 
 The sui'face is nearly level, with a moderate 
 declivity towards the N. The soil is good, and 
 adapted to grazing. Wool, butter, Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, fruit, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 222,915 pounds of wool ; 841,948 of 
 butter; 37,560 tons of hay; 362,102 bushels 
 of corn, and 193,132 of oats. It contained 
 55 churches, and 8 newspaper offices ; 5850 
 pupils attending public schools, and 816 
 attending academies or other schools. Sand- 
 stone underlies a portion of the surface ; large 
 quantities of grindstones and building stone 
 are procured from it. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Ohio canal and by three rail- 
 roads which unite at Cleveland and connect 
 it with Pittsburg, Erie, and Cincinnati. Cuya- 
 hoga is the most populous county in the 
 state, excepting Hamilton. Capital, Cleve- 
 land. Population, 48,099. 
 
 Cuyahoga Falls, a flourishing post-village 
 of Tallmage township. Summit county, Ohio, 
 on the Cuyahoga river, and on the Pennsyl- 
 vania and Ohio canal, 128 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. It has a beautiful situation, and 
 contains many elegant buildings. The river 
 here passes through a deep ravine, enclosed 
 by walls of stratified rock near 200 feet high, 
 and presenting a variety of picturesque views. 
 Within a distance of 2J miles there is a fall 
 of more than 200 feet, Avhich affords immense 
 water-power. There is an abundance of coal 
 in the vicinity. It contains 1 bank, 1 aca- 
 demy, 2 paper mills, 1 manufactory of steam 
 engines, 1 of hayforks and hoes, and 2 fur- 
 naces. The Akron branch of the Cleveland 
 and Pittsburg railroad connects it with that 
 line at Hudson. 
 
 CuYLER, a small post-village of Cortland 
 county, New York, 125 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 CuYLERViLLE, a post-office of Livingston 
 county. New York. 
 
 Cygnet, a post-office of Richland co., Wis. 
 
 Cynthian, a township in the W. part of 
 Shelby county, Ohio. Population, 797. 
 
 Cynthian, a village in the above township, 
 90 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
CYN 
 
 DAH 
 
 Cynthiana, a post-village, capital of Har- 
 rison county, Kentucky, on the S. fork of 
 Licking river, 37 miles N. E. from Frankfort. 
 It is surrounded by a rich farming district, 
 and contains 3 or 4 churches, an academy, 1 
 bagging factory, 1 woollen factory, and 2 tan- 
 neries. Incorporated in 1802. 
 
 Ctnthiana, a post-village of Pike county, 
 Ohio, 58 miles S. S. W. from Columbus, con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Ctnthiana, a small village of Hamilton 
 county, Indiana, about 20 miles N. E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Ctnthiana, a small post-village of Posey 
 county, Indiana, 22 miles N. E. from Mount 
 Vernon. 
 
 Cypress, a post-office of Yazoo county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Cypeess, a post-village of Union county, 
 Kentucky, on Cypress creek, 190 miles W. S. 
 W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Cypeess, a post-village of Scott county, 
 Missouri, about 5 miles S. W. from the Mis- 
 sissippi river, and 140 miles S. S. E. from St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Cypress, a post-office of Kenosha county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Cypress Bayou, of Arkansas, forms the 
 boundary between Hempstead and Washita 
 counties, and enters the Little Missouri from 
 the right. 
 
 Cypress Creek, of Alabama, enters the Ten- 
 nessee from the N. at Florence. Little Cypress 
 unites with it a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Cypress Creek, of Arkansas, unites with 
 Cadron creek in Conway county. 
 
 Cypress Creek, of Warrick county, Indiana, 
 flows into the Ohio. 
 
 Cypress Creek, a post-office of Bladen 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cypress Creek, a post-office of Johnson 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Cypress Grove, a post-office of New Ha- 
 nover county. North Carolina. 
 
 Cypress Inn, a post-office of Wayne county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Cypress Top, a post-office of Harris county, 
 Texas. 
 
 Cypressville, a small post-village of Gal- 
 latin county, Illinois, 190 miles S. S. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Cyruston, a small post-village in Lincoln 
 county, Tennessee, about 70 miles S. by E. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 D 
 
 Dacheet Kiver, Arkansas. See Dau- 
 chite. 
 
 Dacusville, a small post-village in Pick- 
 ens district, South Carolina, about 120 miles 
 N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Dade, a county forming the N. W. extre- 
 mity of Georgia, bordering on Tennessee 
 and Alabama, contains 160 square miles. It 
 
 is drained by Lookout creek. The county 
 occupies Lookout valley, which is environed 
 by high mountains. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, and potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 147,849 bushels of corn ; 
 17,965 of wheat, and 15 bales of cotton. 
 There were 2 flour mills, 2 saw mills, and 1 
 iron forge. It contained 15 churches. Iron 
 ore, bituminous coal, and other valuable 
 minerals are found in the county. Named in 
 honor of Major Francis LanghorneDade, who 
 was slain in the Florida war in December, 
 1835. Capital, Trenton. Population, 159. 
 
 Dade, a county of Florida, forms the south- 
 ern extremity of the peninsula, bordering on 
 the Atlantic. The area is estimated at 1000 
 square miles. The surface is level, and mostly 
 occupied by the Everglades, a vast expanse 
 of shallow water studded with myriads of 
 small islands. The pine, palmetto, and 
 orange are indigenous in this region. It is 
 proposed to reclaim the inundated lands of 
 this county by means of canals. There is 
 a good harbor for vessels drawing 9 feet 
 of water, with a lighthouse at its entrance 
 on Cape Florida. The census of 1850 gives 
 no information respecting this county, 
 except that it produced 1100 bushels of 
 sweet potatoes, and contained 159 inhabit- 
 ants. Indian Key is the principal village of 
 the county. 
 
 Dade, a county in the S. W. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 498 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Sac river, an affluent of the 
 Osage, and also drained by Horse and Cedar 
 creeks, which rise within it. The surface 
 is somewhat diversified, and consists partly 
 of prairie ; the soil is generally fertile. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 825,958 bushels of corn ; 11,371 of 
 wheat ; 105,545 of oats, and 688 tons of hay. 
 There were 223 pupils attending public 
 schools. Population, 4246, of whom 3977 
 were free, and 269, slaves. 
 
 Dade, a small village of Dade co.. Mo. 
 
 Dadsville, a post-office of Marion coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Dadeville, a post-village, capital of Talla- 
 poosa county, Alabama, 6 miles E. from Tal- 
 lapoosa river, and about 50 miles N. E. from 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Dagger's Spring, a post-village of Bote- 
 tourt county, Virginia, 18 miles N. from 
 Fincastle. Extensive buildings have been 
 erected for the entertainment of the public 
 at this place. 
 
 Daggett's Mills, a post-village of Tioga 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 150 miles N. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Dagsboroi'gh, a post-village of Susses 
 county, Delaware, on Pepper creek, 50 miles 
 S. S. E. from Dover. 
 
 Dahlonega, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Lumpkin county, Georgia, 141 miles 
 N. N. W. from Milledgeville. It is situated 
 
 299 
 
DAH 
 
 DAL 
 
 on a high hill, commanding a magnificent 
 view of mountains in various directions. The 
 gold mines in this vicinity are among the 
 richest in Georgia, and the adjoining hills 
 have been completely riddled with the ope- 
 rations of the miners. The gold was first 
 obtained from the alluvion of the streams, 
 afterwards from veins embedded in pyrites 
 of quartz rock. Several valuable mines 
 have been discovered quite recently. A 
 Branch United States Mint is established 
 here, which, including the machinery, cost 
 $100,000. The village contains 2 large ho- 
 tels, 3 churches, 1 academy, and 1 printing 
 office. The Indian name was Tau-lau-ne-ca, 
 which signifies " yellow money." Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 1277. 
 
 Dahlonbga, a small post-village of Wa- 
 pello county, Iowa, on the road from Keokuk 
 to Fort Des Moines. 
 
 Daingeefield. See Dangerfield. 
 
 Dairy, a post-office of Scotland co.. Mo. 
 
 Dakota, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Minnesota, contains about 550 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the Mississippi, 
 on the N. W. by St. Peter's or Minnesota 
 river, on the S. E. by the Cannon, and inter- 
 sected by the Vermilion river. The surface 
 is undulating or level, the soil productive. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the 
 staples. The census of 1850 gives no statis- 
 tics of this county, except the population, 
 which was 584. Capital, Mendota. 
 
 Dakota, a post-office of Waukesha co.. Wis. 
 
 Dakota, a village of Fillmore county, Min- 
 nesota territory, on the right bank of the 
 Mississippi, 143 miles S. E. from St. Paul. 
 
 Dakota Indians. See Sioux. 
 
 Dale, a county in the S. E. part of Alabama, 
 bordering on Florida, has an area of about 
 900 square miles. It is intersected by Choc- 
 tawhatchee river. The surface is uneven ; 
 the soil generally sandy and unproductive. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are cultivated. In 
 1850, Dale county produced 2158 bales of 
 cotton; 182,396 bushels of corn, and 69,408 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 190 pupils 
 attending public schools. A large portion 
 of the county is covered by forests of pine. 
 Capital, Newton. Population, 6346, of whom 
 5625 were free, and 721, slaves. 
 
 Dale, a post-office of Wyoming co., N. Y. 
 
 Dale, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. 
 
 Dale, a post-office of Spencer co., Ind. 
 
 Dalesville, a village of Delaware county, 
 Indiana, about 40 miles N. E. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Daleville, a post-office of Luzerne co. Pa. 
 
 Daleville, a post-village in Dale county, 
 Alabama, about 70 miles S. S. E. from Mont- 
 gomery. It was formei-ly the county seat. 
 
 Daleville, a post-village of Lauderdale 
 county, Mississippi, about 100 miles E. from 
 Jackson. 
 
 Daley's, a post-office of Montgomery coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 300 
 
 Dallas, a new county in the peninsula of 
 Florida, formed since the census of 1850 was 
 taken. 
 
 Dallas, a county in the W. central part 
 of Alabama, has an area of 890 square miles. 
 The Alabama river divides the county into 
 two neai'ly equal parts, and, in passing 
 through it, is joined by the navigable river 
 Cahawba, and by Cedar and Miilberry creeks. 
 The surface is uneven ; the soil highly pro- 
 ductive and extensively cultivated. Cotton 
 and Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 
 there were raised 35,275 bales of cotton; 
 1,267,011 bushels of corn ; 227,298 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 106,525 of oats. The quanti- 
 ty of cotton was the greatest produced in 
 any one county of the United States, except 
 Tuscaloosa county, Alabama ; and that of 
 corn greater than in any other of the state, 
 except Greene county. There were 12 grist 
 and saw mills, 2 cotton-gin manufacto- 
 ries, and 4 tanneries. It contained 45 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 1773 pu- 
 pils attending academies and other schools. 
 The surface rock is rotten limestone. The 
 Alabama river is navigable by steamboats 
 through its whole extent. The unfinished 
 railroad connecting the Alabama with the 
 Tennessee river has its terminus at Selma in 
 this county. Dallas county is one of the 
 most populous in the state. The deficiency 
 of water which was formerly felt during the 
 summer months has been supplied by numer- 
 ous Artesian wells, which vary in depth from 
 200 to 900 feet. Capital, Cahawba. Popula- 
 tion, 29,727, of whom 7469 were free, and 
 22,258, slaves. 
 
 Dallas, a county situated towards the N. 
 N. E. part of Texas, contains about 950 
 square miles. It is drained by the forks of 
 Trinity river, two of Vv'hich unite within it. 
 The soil is mostly productive, and the county 
 is well supplied with water and timber. In- 
 dian corn, cotton, wheat, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 44 
 bales of cotton ; 94,870 bushels of corn, 
 and 35,520 pounds of butter. It contained 
 1 church, 1 newspaper office, and 170 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Dallas. 
 Population, 2743, of whom 2536 were free, 
 and 207, slaves. 
 
 Dallas, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Arkansas, contains 860 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the W. by the Washita, and on 
 the E. by Saline river. The surface is near- 
 ly level or undulating ; the soil is fertile, pro- 
 ducing cotton and Indian corn. In 1850 
 there were raised 209,940 bushels of corn; 
 28,797 of peas and beans; 44,749 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 1556 bales of cotton. There 
 were 3 saw mills, 2 tanneries, besides other 
 establishments. It contained 4 churches ; 
 194 pupils attending public schools, and 
 124 attending academies or other schools. 
 The Washita is navigable by small boats on 
 the border of the county. Capital, Prince- 
 
DAL 
 
 DAM 
 
 ton. Population, 6877, of whom 4335 were 
 free, and 2542, slaves. 
 
 Dallas, a new county in the S. W. central 
 part of Missouri, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Niangua river, 
 (an affluent of the Osage,) flowing from S. to 
 N., and also drained by the head streams of 
 the Little Niangua. The surface presents no 
 great elevations, and consists of prairies 
 and forests ; the soil is generally good, and 
 particularly adapted to pasturage. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 187,580 bushels of corn ; 8858 of wheat, and 
 65,795 of oats. There were 375 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The streams furnish 
 valuable water-power, and the county is sup- 
 plied with good springs of limestone water. 
 Dallas county was formed a few years ago 
 out of part of Polk county. Capital, Buffalo. 
 Population, 8648, of whom 3560 were free, 
 and 88, slaves. 
 
 Dallas, a new county in the S. W. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is traversed by Racoon river and 
 Beaver creek, affluents of the Des Moines. 
 The soil is stated to be productive. The 
 county is intersected by the State road from 
 Fort Des Moines to Council BluflFs. Capital, 
 Adell. 
 
 Dallas, a township in Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. W. from Wilkes- 
 barre. Population, 904. 
 
 Dallas, a post-office of Marshall co., Va. 
 
 Dallas, a post-village, capital of Gaston 
 county. North Carolina, about 170 miles W. 
 by S. from Raleigh. The county was formed 
 in 1846, from the S. part of Lincoln county. 
 
 Dallas, a post-office of Paulding co., Ga. 
 
 Dallas, a post-office of Lafayette co.. Miss. 
 
 Dallas, a small post-village of Madison 
 parish Louisiana, on Bayou Tensas, 15 miles 
 W. from Richmond. 
 
 Dallas, a thriving post- village, capital of 
 Dallas county, Texas, on the Trinity river, 
 just below the mouth of the Elm fork, about 
 215 miles N. N. E. from Austin City. It is 
 situated in the region known as the " Three 
 forks of the Trinity." It had in 1851, 5 dry- 
 goods stores. 
 
 Dallas, a post-village, capital of Polk 
 county, Arkansas, 170 miles W. S. W. from 
 Little Rock. It is situated in a mountainous 
 •region, which is remarkably rich in minerals, 
 including silver, lead, zinc, iron, and stone 
 coal. The population of the county is sparse, 
 and the village has very few dwellings. 
 
 Dallas, a township in Crawford county, 
 Ohio. Population, 406. 
 
 Dallas, a small village of Darke county, 
 Ohio, on the Bellefontaine and Indiana rail- 
 road. 
 
 Dallas, a post-office of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 Dallas, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Clinton county, Michigan. Population, 185. 
 
 Dallas, a post-village of Greene county, 
 
 Missouri, about 16 miles E. N. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Dallas, a village of Iowa county, Wiscon- 
 sin, on the West branch of Pekatonica river, 
 a few miles from Mineral Point. It is situ- 
 ated in the vicinity of rich mines of lead and 
 copper, and has an active business. Popu- 
 lation, about 500. 
 
 Dallas, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon. 
 
 Dallasburg, a post-office of Owen co., Ky. 
 
 DALLASBtTRG, a post-officc of Warren co., 0. 
 
 Dallas City, a small village of Henderson 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river. 
 
 Dallastown, a post-office of York co., Pa. 
 
 Dalles, dalz, of the Columbia, a narrow 
 passage in the river, some 50 miles above 
 the Cascades. This channel, which receives 
 the whole volume of the river, is formed by 
 walls of basaltic rock, and is only 58 yards 
 wide in the narrowest place. The word 
 "dalles" (from "dalle," a "slab,") appears 
 to signify " trough," in the language of the 
 French hunters. 
 
 Dalles, a post-office of Clackamas co., Ogn. 
 
 Dalmatia, a small post-village of North- 
 umberland county, Pennsylvania, 40 miles 
 N. from Harrisburg, 
 
 Dalton, a post-township of Coos county, 
 New Hampshire, on the E. side of the Con- 
 necticut river, 90 miles N. by W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 751. 
 
 Dalton, a post-township of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, on the Western rail- 
 road, 146 miles W. from Boston. It has 
 several factories. Population, 1020. 
 
 Dalton, formerly Cross Plains, a flourish- 
 ing post- village, capital of Whitefield county, 
 Georgia, on the Western and Atlantic rail- 
 road, 271 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 
 100 miles N. N. W. from Atlanta. Dalton was 
 laid out in 1846, and owes its rapid growth 
 to the construction of the railroad, which 
 was completed about the year 1849. It is 
 also the southern terminus of the E. Ten- 
 nessee and Georgia railroad, leading to 
 Knoxville, and forming part of the direct 
 route from the Eastern States to those of 
 the South-west. Large quantities of grain, 
 produced in the adjacent counties, are re- 
 ceived here and forwarded by railroad. Dal- 
 ton is environed by mountains of considera- 
 ble height. Population, estimated at 2000. 
 
 Dalton, a post-office of Chickasaw coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Dalton, a thriving post-village of Wayne 
 county, Ohio, near the Ohio and Pennsyl- 
 vania railroad, about 100 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. Large coalbeds are found in the 
 vicinity. Population, in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Dalton, a small village of Wayne county, 
 Indiana, about 60 miles E. N. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Damabiscotta river, of Lincoln county, 
 in the S. part of Maine, may be considered 
 as an arm of the sea. It is navigable for 
 16 miles, nearly its whole length, for ships 
 
 301 
 
DAM 
 
 DAN 
 
 of any burthen. Ship-building is carried on 
 to some extent on this river, and large quan- 
 tities of lumber are rafted down it. 
 
 DamaFvIscotta, a township in Lincoln 
 CO., Me., contains a bank. Pop. 1328. 
 
 Damariscotta Mills, a small post-village 
 in Lincoln county, Maine. 
 
 Damascoville, Ohio. See Damascus. 
 
 Damascus, a post-township of Wayne 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware 
 river. Population, 1602. 
 
 Damascus, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, is finely situated on the Dela- 
 ware river, and on the Erie railroad, 178 miles 
 N. E. from Harrisburg, opposite the village 
 of Cochecton. A bridge, 550 feet long, 
 crosses the river at this place. The village 
 contains an academy, and several mills. 
 
 Damascus, a small post- village of Mont- 
 gomery county, Maryland, 70 miles N. W. 
 from Annapolis. 
 
 Damascus, a small post-village in Spar- 
 tanburg district. South Carolina, about 75 
 miles N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Damascus, a post-village of Columbiana 
 county, Ohio, 160 miles N. E. from Colum- 
 bus. It is on the line between this county 
 and Mahoning. The name of the post-ofSce 
 is Damascoville. 
 
 Damascus, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Henry county, Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 233. 
 
 Damascus, a post-village in the above 
 townsliip, on the Maumee river, and on the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, 125 miles N. N. W. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Dana, a post-township of Worcester coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 65 miles W. of Boston. 
 Population, 842. 
 
 Danborough, or Danville, a small post- 
 village of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 4 
 miles N. from Doylestown. 
 
 Danburg, a small post-village in Wilkes 
 county, Georgia, about 65 miles N. E. from 
 Milleiigeville. 
 
 Dakbury, a post-township of Grafton coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire, on the Northern railroad, 
 39 miles N. W. from Concord. Pop., 934. 
 
 Danbury, a post-town and semi-capital of 
 Fairfield county, Connecticut, on the Dan- 
 bury and Norwalk railroad, 18 miles N.N. 
 W. from Bridgeport. It is a pleasant bo- 
 rough, built principally on one street, more 
 than a mile in length, and contains, besides 
 the county buildings, 3 or 4 churches, 1 
 bank, 1 savings institution, and a printing 
 office, at which a weekly newspaper is issued. 
 The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly 
 directed to the manufacture of hats. Still 
 river, a branch of the Housatonic, passes 
 through the town, and afl'ords good water- 
 power. Incorporated in 1696. In 1777 it 
 was burned by the British, on which oc- 
 casion General Wooster, the American com- 
 mander, was killed. Population of the entire 
 township, 5964. 
 302 
 
 Danbury, a post-office of Stokes co., N. C. 
 
 Danbury, a small post-village of Wilkes 
 county, Georgia, 74 miles N. N. E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Danbury, a township of Ottawa co., Ohio, 
 occupying the N. E. part of the peninsula 
 formed by Sandusky bay. Population, 501. 
 
 Danby, a post-township of Rutland coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 70 miles S. S. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1535. 
 
 Danby, a post-township of Tompkins coun- 
 ty, New York, 7 miles S. from Ithaca. It is 
 crossed by the Cayuga and Susquehanna 
 railroad. Population, 2411. 
 
 Danby, a post-township in the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Ionia county, Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 262. 
 
 Danby, a post-office of Du Page co., 111. 
 
 Danby Four Corners, a post-office of Rut- 
 land county, Vermont. 
 
 Dancyville, a small post-village of Hay- 
 wood county, Tennessee, 190 miles W. S. AV. 
 from Nashville, has 2 or 3 stores, and about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Dandridge, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Jefferson countj', Tennessee, on French 
 Broad river, an affluent of the Holston, at 
 the head of steam navigation, and 30 miles 
 E. from Knoxville. It has an active trade, 
 and contains an academy for both sexes. 
 
 Dane, a county in the S. central part of 
 Wisconsin, contains 1235 square miles. The 
 Wisconsin river forms a part of its N. W. 
 boundary; it is also drained by the Sugar 
 and Catfish rivers. The latter is the outlet 
 of the Four Lakes, which lie in a row near 
 the centre of the county, and are connected 
 by short outlets. The largest of these lakes is 
 six miles in length. The surface is diversified 
 by hills of moderate height and gentle ascent. 
 The soil is mostly calcareous and fertile. 
 Prairies and oak openings occupy nearly the 
 whole area of the county. In the W. part is 
 an eminence called the Blue mound, which 
 is about 1000 feet high. Wheat, oats, Indian 
 corn, butter, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 347,250 bushels 
 of wheat; 122,290 of Indian corn; 243,601 
 of oats; 266,214 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 4 churches, 3 newspapers, 2707 pu^- 
 pils attending public schools, and 98 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Limestone 
 underlies a large part of the county. The 
 streams afford valuable water-power. The 
 county is intersected by the Milwaukee and 
 Mississippi railroad, not yet finished. This 
 county is one of the most important in the 
 state, as it contains Madison, the capital of 
 Wisconsin. Organized in 1839. Capital, 
 Madison. Population, 16,639. 
 
 Dane, a post-township in Dane county, 
 Wisconsin, about 15 miles N. N. W. from 
 Madison. Population, 322. 
 
 Danemora, New York. See Dannemora. 
 
 Danemora, a village of Darke county, Ohio, 
 about 110 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
DAN 
 
 DAN 
 
 Dangeefield, or Daingerfield, a thriving 
 post-village of Titus county, Texas, about 
 320 miles N. E. from Austin City. It is 
 pleasantly situated in a rich farming region, 
 and has a large boarding school for girls, 
 and a college. Population, in 1853, about 350. 
 
 Daniels' Mills, a post-office of Person 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Daxielsonvillb, a manufacturing village 
 in Killingly township, Windham county, 
 Connecticut, on the Quinebaug river, about 
 40 miles E. by N. from Hartford. It con- 
 tains 5 cotton factories, 1 woollen mill, 1 
 batting mill, 1 iron foundry, 16 stores, 1 
 bank, 2 churches, and 1 academy. 
 
 Danielsville, a post-village of Spottsyl- 
 vania county, Virginia, 90 miles N. from 
 Pdchmond. 
 
 Danielsville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Madison county, Georgia, 87 miles N. from 
 Milledgeville. It contains a court house, jail, 
 a church, and 2 stores. 
 
 Danielsville, a post-office of Dickson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Danielton, a post-office of Beaufort dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Dannemora, a post-village in Beekman 
 township, Clinton county. New York, about 150 
 miles N. from Albany. Population, about 100. 
 
 Dan River, of Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina, rises in Patrick county, of the former 
 state, at the S. E. base of the Blue Ridge, 
 and flowing first S. E., it enters North Caro- 
 lina, in Surrey county. It then pursues a 
 general easterly direction, near the boiind- 
 ary between the two states, which it crosses 
 no less than five times, and after a tortuous 
 course of about 200 miles, it unites with the 
 Staunton, or Roanoke, atClarksville, in Meck- 
 lenburg county, Virginia. It is navigable by 
 batteaus to Danville, Virginia, which is the 
 principal town on its banks. The water- 
 ]power at Danville is very abundant, but is 
 not j'et employed to any great extent. The 
 area drained by this river is estimated at 
 4000 square miles. 
 
 Dan's Fork, of Black river, Missouri. See 
 Black P»-iver. 
 
 Dansville, a thriving post-village of Li- 
 vingston county, New York, on Canaseraga 
 creek, about 40 miles S. from Rochester. It 
 contains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, a 
 bank, and 3 or 4 newspaper offices. The falls 
 of the creek at this place furnish valuable 
 water-power, which is employed in mills and 
 factories of several kinds. Dansville is con- 
 nected with the Genesee Valley canal by a 
 branch canal about 10 miles long. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, estimated at 2500. 
 
 Dansville, a township of Steuben county. 
 New York, 44 miles S. from Rochester. Popu- 
 lation, 2545. 
 
 Danube, a post-township of Herkimer 
 county, New York, intersected by the Mo- 
 hawk river aud Erie canal, 70 miles W. N. W. 
 from Albany. Population, 1730. 
 
 Danvers, a post-township of Essex county, 
 Massachusetts, 15 miles N. by E. from Boston. 
 It contains 10 churches, 15 schools, 2 banks, 
 and numerous manufactories, among which 
 are 30 of leather and 20 of boots and shoes. 
 Hands employed in all branches, about 1200; 
 Capital, $1,000,000. The principal village may 
 be regarded as a suburb of Salem. Popula- 
 tion, 8109. 
 
 Danversport, a post-office of Essex county, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Danville, a post-township of Cumberland 
 county, Maine, 30 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1636. 
 
 Danville, a post-township of Rockingham 
 county, New Hampshire, 25 miles S. S. E. 
 from Concord. Population, 614. 
 
 Danville, a post- village of Caledonia coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 20 miles E. N. E. from Montpe- 
 lier, contains a bank and a newspaper office. 
 Population of the township, 2577. 
 
 Danville, a post-village of Warren county, 
 New Jersey, about 12 miles N. E. from Bel- 
 videre, contains a Presbyterian church. 
 
 Danville, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. 
 See Danborough. 
 
 Danville, a flourishing post-borough, capi- 
 tal of Montour county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 right bank of the N. Branch of the Susque- 
 hanna river, about 12 miles above Sunbury, 
 and 67 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. It 
 is a place of great activity, and is especially 
 noted for the manufacture of iron. By its 
 position on the N. Branch canal, in the vicinity 
 of rich and inexhaustible mines of iron ore 
 and anthracite coal, Danville possesses great 
 advantages for this branch of industry. 
 The celebrated ilontour's Ridge, which ex- 
 tends 21 miles along the river, in the im- 
 mediate vicinity of this town, abounds in ex- 
 cellent iron ore and limestone, which is 
 used as a flux in the process of smelting. 
 Since the anthracite coal has been used as a 
 fuel in the iron furnaces, the prosperity of 
 the region in which these three substances 
 are abundant, has received a rapid develop- 
 ment : 5 blast furnaces, 3 rolling mills, and 
 several foundries are kept in constant opera- 
 tion. The town contains a bank, and an 
 academy. Two weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The Montour Iron Works for 
 the manufacture of railroad iron are among 
 the most extenrive establishments of the kind 
 in the United States. A bridge connects the 
 opposite banks of the river at this place. 
 Danville was settled about 1780; the seat of 
 justice was established here from 1813 to 
 1845, when it was removed to Bloomsburg 
 by the vote of the citizens, and the county 
 of Montour was formed. Population in 1850, 
 3302. 
 
 Danville, the principal village of Pittsyl- 
 vania county, Virginia, on the Dan river, 5 
 miles from the North Carolina line, and 168 
 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. The town is 
 pleasantly situated on high ground, near the 
 
 303 
 
DAN 
 
 BAR 
 
 head of navigation, and is a place of active 
 business. It is surrounded by a fertile farm- 
 ing region, which abounds in stone coal, iron 
 ore and limestone. The canal which has 
 been constructed around the falls at this 
 place aifords abundant water-power. A rail- 
 road is extending from Richmond to Dan- 
 ville. The village has 4 or 6 churches, 8 
 academies, 2 banks, and several iron foun- 
 dries and mills. Population in 1850, 1514. 
 
 Danville, a post-village of Sumter county, 
 Georgia, on Flint river, 75 miles S. E. from 
 Columbus. Population, about 250. 
 
 Danville, a post-office of Morgan county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Danville, a post-ofiice of Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Danville, a small post-village of Mont- 
 gomery county, Texas, 15 miles N. from 
 Montgomery, the county seat. 
 
 Danville, a small village of Pope county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Danville, a small post-village, capital of 
 Yell county, Arkansas, on the Petit Jean 
 river, about 80 miles W. N. W. from Little 
 Rock. 
 
 Danville, a post-town, capital of Boyle 
 county, Kentucky, 42 miles S. from Frank- 
 fort, is situated in one of the most fertile 
 and highly improved parts of the state. 
 Macadamized roads extend from this village 
 in seven directions. A railroad 35 miles 
 long is in course of construction from Dan- 
 ville to Lexington, and another is projected 
 from this place to Nashville. Centre college, 
 in this town, has about 200 students and a 
 library of 5500 volumes. The State Asylum 
 for the Deaf and Dumb, which is established 
 here, has about 67 pupils : the building is a 
 fine specimen of the Doric style. Danville 
 also contains a handsome court house, a bank, 
 and several mills and factories. It was the 
 capital of the state for several years pre- 
 vious to 1792. Population in 1850, 2150. 
 
 Danville, a small village of Highland 
 covinty, Ohio, 7 miles S. W. from Hillsborough. 
 
 Danville, a post-village of Knox county, 
 Ohio, about 60 miles N. E. from Columbus, is 
 surrounded by a rich farming district. Popu- 
 lation, near 400. 
 
 Danville, a small village of Madison 
 county, Ohio, a few miles S. from London. 
 
 Danville, a post-village, capital of Hen- 
 dricks county, Indiana, 20 miles W. from In- 
 dianapolis. It has a plank-road leading to 
 Indianapolis and the Wabash river, and con- 
 tains a county seminary, and about 1000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Danville, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Vermilion county, Illinois, on the Ver- 
 milion river, 125 miles E. from Springfield. 
 It is pleasantly situated on high ground, hav- 
 ing a prairie on the S. and a heavy growth of 
 timber on the other sides. The river fur- 
 nishes excellent water-power : stone coal and 
 timber abound in the vicinity. Danville con- 
 304 
 
 tains 3 or 4 churches, a United States land- 
 otfice, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Danville, a small post-village, capital of 
 Montgomery county, Missouri, 44 miles in a 
 straight line E. N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Danville, a small post-village of Des 
 Moines county, Iowa, about 14 miles W. by 
 N. from Burlington. 
 
 Dan Webster, a post-ofSce of Henry county, 
 Indiana, 52 miles E. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 D'Akbonne, a post-oflSce of Union par.. La. 
 
 D'Aebonne, a bayou of Louisiana, is formed 
 by three branches called the South fork. 
 Middle Fork, and Corneille creek, which 
 unite in Union parish. Flowing thence 
 S. E. it falls into the Washita about 6 
 miles above Monroe. Steamboats ascend 
 60 miles from its mouth. The S. fork rises 
 in Claiborne parish, and flows nearly east- 
 ward. The Middle fork rises near the N. 
 border of Claiborne parish, and its direction 
 is E. S. E. Corneille creek, or Corney's 
 creek, rises in Union county, Arkansas, and 
 flowing S. E. into Louisiana, unites with the 
 main stream a few miles W. from Farmersville. 
 
 Darby, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Delaware county, Pennsylvania, drained by 
 Darby creek. Population, 1310. 
 
 Darby, a pleasant post-village in the above 
 township, on Darby creek, at the head of tide- 
 water, 7 miles S. W. from Philadelphia, is one 
 of the oldest settlements in Pennsylvania. It 
 has not increased as rapidly as most of the 
 towns in this state, though situated in a rich 
 and populous neighbourhood. 
 
 Dabby, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 Darby, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Madison county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 551. 
 
 Darby, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Pickaway county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 1166. 
 
 Dabby, a township in Union county, Ohio, 
 about 22 miles N. W. from Columbus. Popu- 
 lation, 881. 
 
 Darby Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 Delaware river, about 8 miles below Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Darby Creek, of Ohio, rises in Logan 
 county, flows south-eastward, and enters the 
 Scioto river, near Circleville. 
 
 Darby Creek, a post-office of Madison co. 0. 
 
 Darby Plains, a post-office of Union co., 0. 
 
 Darby's, a post- village of Columbia county, 
 Georgia, 94 miles E. N. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Darbyville, a post- village on Darby creek, 
 in Pickaway county, Ohio, 40 miles S. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Dabdanelle, a small village of Pope 
 county, Arkansas, on Arkansas rivei-, about 
 14 miles S. from Dover. 
 
 Dardanelle, a post-village of Yell county, 
 Arkansas, 72 miles N. W. from Little Rock. 
 
 Dardanelles, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Oregon. 
 
 Dardenne, a small village in St. Charles 
 
DAR 
 
 DAR 
 
 county, Missouri, about 35 miles W. by N. 
 from St. Louis. 
 
 Dardenne Creek, of St. Charles county, 
 Missouri, enters the Mississippi river above 
 the mouth of Illinois river. It is a fine 
 mill stream. 
 
 Daretown, a small village of Salem county, 
 New Jersey, on Salem creek, about 25 miles 
 S. S. W. from Camden. 
 
 Dakien, a post-township of Fairfield co.,Ct., 
 on the New York and New Haven railroad, 
 35 miles S. W. from New Haven. Pop., 1454. 
 
 Darien, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Genesee county. New York, in- 
 tersected by the Buffalo and New York rail- 
 road, 25 miles E. from Buffalo. Population, 
 2084. 
 
 Darien, a small village on the S. E. border 
 of Hancock county, Georgia, a few miles E. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Darien, a port of entry, and capital of 
 Mcintosh county, Georgia, on the left bank 
 of the Altamaha river, 12 miles from the sea, 
 and 60 miles S. W. from Savannah. The 
 situation is not healthy. It had formerly an 
 extensive trade in produce, a portion of 
 which has been diverted to another market 
 by the construction of the Central railroad. 
 Large quantities of pine lumber are received 
 here by the river. The shipping of the port, 
 June 30th, 1852, was 306|J tons registered, 
 and 859|f tons enrolled and licensed. The 
 foreign arrivals for the year were only 3 — tons, 
 724; and the clearances for foreign ports, 
 6 — tons, 1359. The town contains 5 churches, 
 1 academy, and 12 stores. Population, about 
 550. 
 
 Darien (or Dobay) Light, on the S. point 
 of Sapelo island, E, of Mcintosh county, 
 Georgia, is 74 feet above the level of the 
 sea, and revolves once in five minutes. Lat. 
 81° 33' N., Ion. 81° 1-5' W. 
 
 Darien, a post-township in Walworth 
 county, Wisconsin, about 55 miles S. W. 
 from Milwaukee. Population, 1013. 
 
 Darien, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the plank-road from Racine to Janes- 
 ville, 18 miles E. by S. from the latter. 
 
 Darien Centre, a small post-village in 
 Darien township, Genesee county. New York, 
 on the Elmira and Buffalo railroad, about 
 250 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Darien Citt, a small village in Darien 
 township, Genesee county, New York, on the 
 Elmira and Buffalo railroad. 
 
 Darien Depot, a post-ofBce of Fairfield 
 countj% Connecticut. 
 
 Dark, a post-office of Perry co., Arkansas. 
 
 Dark Corner, a post-village of Campbell 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 D.i.RK Corner, a post-office of De Soto 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Darke, a county in the W. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on Indiana, has an area of 609 
 fjqnare miles. It is drained by the sources 
 of Greenville, Stillwater, and Franklin creeks. 
 
 V 
 
 The surface is mostly level, and consists 
 partly of small prairies; the soil is good, and 
 well timbered with sugar-maple, hickory, 
 beech, ash, and walnut. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, butter, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 590,077 
 bushels of corn; 132,594 of wheat; 115,095 
 of oats ; 11,519 tons of hay, and 390,443 lbs. 
 of butter. It contained 30 churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices. There were 7585 pupils 
 attending public schools. The Bellefontaine 
 and Indiana railroad passes through the 
 county, and the Greenville and Miami railroad 
 extends from Dayton to Greenville, the county 
 seat. Organized in 1809, and named in ho- 
 nour of General William Darke, an oflicer in 
 the war of the Revolution. Population, 
 20,274. 
 
 Darke, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio. 
 Darksville, a post-village of Berkley 
 county, Virginia, on Sulphur Spring creek, 
 165 miles N. by W. from Richmond, contains 
 1 church and a few stores. t 
 
 Darlingsvilee, a small village of Pike 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Darlington, a district in the N. E. part of 
 South Carolina, has an area of 800 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by the 
 Great Pedee, on the S. W. by Lynche's creek, 
 and intersected by Black creek. The surface 
 is undulating rather than hilly, and partly 
 covered with forests of pine. The soil along 
 the streams is fertile, and that of the uplands 
 sandy and light. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this district produced 13,005 bales of cotton ; 
 471,357 bushels of corn; 61,916 of oats, 
 and 119,283 of sweet potatoes. There were 
 14 grist and saw mills, 1 cotton factory, and 
 3 tanneries. It contained 26 churches, 620 
 pupils attending public schools, and 46 pupils 
 attending an academy. The district is inter- 
 sected by the Wilmington and Manchester 
 railroad, lately constructed. Capital, Dar- 
 lington. Population, 16,830, of whom 6789 
 were free, and 10,041, slaves. 
 
 Darlington, a post-township, forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Beaver county, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1160. 
 
 Darlington, a post-borough in the above 
 township, on Little Beaver creek, about 39 
 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. It contains 1 
 or 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 Darlington, a post-village of Harford 
 county, Maryland, 32 miles N. E. from Balti- 
 more, has 2 churches, and an academy. 
 
 Darlington, a post-village, capital of Dar- 
 lington district. South Carolina, 78 miles E. 
 S. E. from Columbia. It contains a court 
 house, jail, several churches, and stores. 
 
 Darlington, a small post- village in St. 
 Helena parish, Louisiana, about 75 miles N 
 E. from Baton Rouge. 
 
 Darlington, a pleasant post-village of 
 ^lontgomery county, Indiana, on Sugar 
 creek, 8 miles E. N. E. f/om Crawfordsville. 
 
 305 
 
DAR 
 
 DAY 
 
 Darlington, a post-office of Lafayette 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Darlington Heights, a post-office of 
 Prince Edward county, Virginia. 
 
 D'Arlon, a village of Gibson county, In- 
 diana, on the Evansville and Illinois railroad, 
 about 20 miles N. from Evansville. 
 
 Darnestown, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Maryland, near the left bank of the 
 Potomac, 55 miles W. by N. from Annapolis. 
 
 Darrtown, a small post-village in Butler 
 county, Ohio, about 30 miles N. by W. from 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Dart, a post-office of Perry co., Arkansas. 
 
 Dartford, a thriving post-village of Mar- 
 quette county, Wisconsin, on the outlet of 
 Green lake, 65 miles N. N. E. from Madison. 
 It has (1853) 1 or 2 churches, 5 stores, 4 
 mills, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Dartmouth, a post-township of Bristol 
 county, Massachusetts, on the north side of 
 Buzzard's bay, 50 miles S. by E. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 3868. 
 
 Darville, a post-office of Dinvriddie co.,Va. 
 
 Darwin, a post-township in Clarke county, 
 Illinois. Population, 1343. 
 
 Darvon, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Clark county, Illinois, on the AVabash river, 
 about 20 miles below Terre Haute, and 133 
 miles E. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Darysaw, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Ark. 
 
 Dauchite, also written Dorcheat, a bayou 
 of Arkansas and Louisiana. Rising in the 
 S. W. part of the former state, it flows south- 
 ward into Louisiana, and forms the W. bound- 
 ary of Claiborne parish until it falls into Lake 
 Bistineau, about 8 miles S. W. from Minden. 
 Steamboats navigate the lower part of this 
 bayou. 
 
 Dauphin, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of 530 square 
 miles. Susquehanna river forms its entire 
 boundary on the W. and S. W., Mahantango 
 creek washes its northern border, and the 
 county is traversed by Swatara river, and by 
 Wiconisco, Powell's, Clark's, and Paxton 
 creeks. The surface is mostly occupied by 
 parallel mountain ridges and intervening 
 valleys, the general direction of which is 
 N. E. and S. W. The Kittatinny, or Blue 
 mountain, raises its crest across the middle 
 of the county ; the ridges which traverse the 
 N. W. part bear the local names of Second, 
 Third, Peter's, Berry's, and Mahantango 
 mountains. South mountain extends along 
 the S. border of the county. The soil has 
 almost every variety ; the valley in the 
 southern part is of limestone formation, and 
 is extremely fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, hay, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 there were raised 340,755 
 luushels of corn; 308,879 of wheat; 370,027 
 of oats; 115,827 of potatoes; 27,814 tons of 
 hay, and 575,668 lbs. of butter. There were 
 37 flour and grist mills, 2 coal mines, 8 ma- 
 nufactories of agricultural implements, 4 iron 
 306 
 
 farnaces, 2 foundries, 2 forges, 1 rolling mill, 
 1 powder mill, 5 woollen factories, and 15 
 tanneries. It contained 84 churches, and 7 
 newspaper offices. There were 6333 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 36 attending 
 academies or other schools. Extensive mines 
 of anthracite coal are worked in the N. part 
 of the county. Iron is also found. The Sus- 
 quehanna canal extends along the W. border 
 of the county, and the Union canal passes 
 through the S. part. It is traversed by the 
 Lancaster and Harrisburg railroad, and by 
 another, not yet finished, connecting Harris- 
 burg with Reading. The county was organ- 
 ized in 1785, and named as a compliment to 
 the Dauphin of France, afterwards called 
 Louis XVII. Harrisburg is the county seat 
 and capital of the state. 
 
 Dauphin, a thriving post-borough of Middle 
 Paxton township, Dauphin county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Susquehanna river and the 
 Pennsylvania canal, 10 miles N. by W. from 
 Harrisburg. Stony creek enters the river at 
 this point. Population, 650. 
 
 Davenport, a post-township of Delaware 
 county. New York, 13 miles N. from Delhi. 
 Population, 2305. 
 
 Davenport, a flourishing city, capital of 
 Scott county, Iowa, is finely situated on the 
 Mississippi river, at the foot of the upper 
 rapids, opposite the town of Rock Island, 
 330 miles above St. Louis, and 60 miles E. 
 from Iowa City. It has advantages which 
 indicate that it will continue to grow in ex- 
 tent and importance. Its prosperity is in- 
 creased by the certainty of a connection with 
 the East by means of the Chicago and Rock 
 Island railroad, commenced in 1851. An- 
 other railroad is projected from this point to 
 the Missouri river. During low water the 
 navigation is obstructed by the rapids, which 
 extend 20 miles above this place. The pro- 
 ject of bridging the " great river" at this 
 point is exciting considerable attention. 
 Two or three newspapers are published 
 here. Stone coal is so abundant and cheap 
 in the vicinity, that steam-power is chiefly 
 used for manufacturing purposes. Daven- 
 port is built at the foot of a bluff, which rises 
 gradually from the river, with a chain of 
 rounded hills in the background. The scene- 
 ry around the town is scarcely surpassed 
 by any on the river. It was first settled in 
 1837, and is now incorporated as a city. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 4500. 
 
 Davenport Centre, a post-office of Dela- 
 ware county. New York. 
 
 Davenport Centre, (village,) New York. 
 See Centre. 
 
 Davidsborough, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Georgia. 
 
 Davidsburg, a small village of Blair coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Central railroad, 125 
 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Davidson, a county in the west central part 
 of North Carolina, has an area estimated at 
 
DAY 
 
 DAY 
 
 630 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by Yadkin river, and intersected by Abbott's 
 and other creelvs. The surface is diversified 
 hy hills and valleys, the soil of which is 
 generally fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 and cotton are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 82,424 bushels of wheat; 
 507,961 of corn; 174,085 of oats, and 932^- 
 bales of cotton. There were 5 saw mills, and 
 4 tanneries. It contained 41 churches. Gold 
 has been found near the south border. It 
 also contains valuable mines of lead and sil- 
 ver. The route of the Central railroad (not 
 finished) passes through the county. Capi- 
 tal, Lexington. Formed in 1822 from Rowan 
 county, and named in honor of General Wil- 
 liam Davidson, an officer in the war of the 
 Revolution. Population, 15,320; of whom 
 12,328 were free, and 2992, slaves. 
 
 Davidson, a county in the north central 
 part of Middle Tennessee, has an area esti- 
 mated at 750 square miles. It is traversed 
 by Cumberland river, dividing it into nearly 
 equal parts ; and also drained by Harpeth 
 and Stone's rivers. The surface is gently 
 undulating ; the soil is fertile, well watered, 
 and extensively cultivated. Indian corn, 
 oats, potatoes, cotton, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,598,463 bushels of corn ; 162,315 of oats ; 
 108,351 of sweet potatoes ; 1277 bales of 
 cotton; 261,304 pounds of butter, and 38,322 
 of wool. It contained 61 churches, 14 news- 
 paper offices; 742 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 751 attending academies or other 
 schools. Fine limestone is abundant in the 
 county. Steamboats navigate the Cumber- 
 land river in this part of its course. Eight 
 good turnpike-roads, extending to distant 
 parts of the state, meet in this county, at the 
 city of Nashville, the county seat and capital 
 of Tennessee. The Nashville and Chatta- 
 nooga railroad also terminates at the same 
 place. Davidson county is the most populous 
 in the state. Population, 38,881, of whom 
 24,706 were free, and 14,175, slaves. 
 
 Davidson, a post-township on the south 
 border of Sullivan county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 536. 
 
 Davidson, a post-village in Mecklenburg 
 county. North Carolina, about 135 miles W. 
 S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Davidson, a post-office of Harrison county, 
 Indiana, about 105 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Davidson Centee, a post-office of Genesee 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Davidson College, a post-village in Meck- 
 lenburg county. North Carolina. 
 
 Davidson's Creek, of Burleson county, 
 Texas, flows south-eastward into Yegua creek. 
 
 Davidson's River, a post-office of Hender- 
 son county. North Carolina, 289 miles W. by 
 S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Davidsonville, a small post-village in 
 Anne Arundel county, Maryland. 
 
 Davidsville, a post-village of Somerset 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, 18 miles N. byE. from 
 Somerset. 
 
 Davie, a county in the west central part 
 of North Carolina, has an area estimated at 
 250 square miles. It is watered by the Yad- 
 kin river and Hunting creek. The surface 
 is elevated and uneven. AVheat, maize, and 
 oats are cultivated. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 29,076 bushels of wheat; 301,010 of 
 corn, and 79,029 of oats. It contained 19 
 churches, 18 distilleries, and 4 tanneries. 
 Formed in 1836, and named in honor of Ge- 
 neral William R. Davie. Capital, Mocksville. 
 Population, 7866 ; of whom 5696 were free, 
 and 2171, slaves. 
 
 Daviess, a county in the north-west part 
 of Kentucky, bordering on Indiana, contains 
 an area estimated at 550 square miles. The 
 Ohio river washes its northern border, and 
 the Green river, navigable for steamboats, 
 bounds it on the S. and W. The surface is 
 nearly level, and the soil fertile. Corn, to- 
 bacco, hemp, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 739,860 bushels 
 of corn ; 21,953 of wheat; 81.301 of oats ; 
 3,426,633 lbs. of tobacco; 20,319 of wool, 
 and 14,217 of flax. It contained 27 churches ; 
 and 215 pupils attending academies or other 
 schools. Extensive beds of coals are found. 
 Daviess' county was formed in 1815, and 
 named in honor of Colonel Joseph H. Daviess, 
 who fell at the battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, 
 Owenborough. Population, 12,361; of whom 
 9472 were free, and 2889, slaves. 
 
 Daviess, a county towards the south-west 
 part of Indiana, has an area of 423 square 
 miles. The East fork and West fork of White 
 river respectively form its boundaries on the 
 S. and W., and unite at the south-west ex- 
 tremity of the county. The surface is mostly 
 level or undulating ; the soil varies from sandy 
 to clayey, and is generally fertile. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, pork, cattle, and horses are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 643,685 bushels of corn; 30,200 of wheat; 
 59,944 of oats, and 3938 tons of hay. It con- 
 tained 17 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 1124 pupils attending public schools. Exten- 
 sive beds of bituminous coal are found in the 
 county. It is intersected by the Wabash and 
 Erie canal ; and White river and its branches 
 are navigable in high water. Organized 
 in 1817. Capital, Washington. Population, 
 10,352. 
 
 Daviess, a county in the north-west part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 576 square miles. It. 
 is intersected by the Grand river, which flows 
 in a S. E. direction, receiving in its passage 
 the Cypress, Big, and Honey creeks. The 
 surface is slightly undulating, the soil fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 212,536 bushels of corn ; 19,168 of 
 wheat; 45,936 of oats, and 742 tons of hay. 
 It contained 2 churches, and 300 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Gallatin. 
 
 307 
 
DAY 
 
 DAY 
 
 Population, 5298 ; of whom 5057 were free, 
 and 241, slaves. 
 
 Davis, a county in the S. S. E. of Iowa, 
 bordering on Missouri, has an area of 480 
 square miles. It is intersected by Fox river 
 and Soap creek, and drained also by the sources 
 of the Wyaconda and Fabius rivers, which flow 
 eouth-eastward. The surface is rolling, the 
 Boil rich and well watered, but mostly desti- 
 tute of timber. Indian corn, butter, and wool 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 431,207 bushels of Indian corn; 
 G0,168 of oats ; 17,445 pounds of wool, and 
 80,385 of buttei'. The population is increas- 
 ing rapidly. Named in honor of Garrett 
 Davis, former member of Congress from Ken- 
 tucky. Capital, Bloomtield. Population, 7264. 
 
 Davis, a county of Utah, on the E. side of 
 Great Salt Lake : area, above 1000 square 
 miles. In 1850 it yielded 17,675 bushels of 
 wheat, and 16,038 pounds of butter. Capi- 
 tal, Farmington. Population, 1134. 
 
 Davisborough, a village of Washington 
 county, Georgia, on the Central railroad, 122 
 miles N. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Davis' Creek, flows into Current river from 
 the right at Van Buren, in Ripley co.. Mo. 
 
 Davis' Creek, a post-office of Fayette coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Davis' Creek, a post-office of Dubois 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Davis' Creek, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Davis' Mills, a post-village of Bedford 
 county, Virginia, 180 miles W. by S. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Davis' Mills, a village in Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina, about 60 miles S. AV. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 Davis' Mills, a small village of Bedford 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Davisonville, a thriving post-village of 
 Jasper county, Indiana, on the Iroquois 
 river, about 100 miles N. N. W. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Davison, a post-township in Genesee coun- 
 ty, Michigan. Population, 376. 
 
 Davis' Spring, a post-office of Robeson 
 county, North Carolina, 73 miles S. S. W. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Davis' Store, a post-office of Bedford 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Daviston, a post-village of Talbot coun- 
 ty, Georgia, about 42 miles E. N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Daviston, a small post-village in Clay 
 county, Indiana, about 60 miles S. W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Davistown, a post-village of Greene coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 220 miles W. by S. 
 from Harrisburg, contains about 20 houses. 
 
 Davisville, a post-office of AVashington 
 county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Davisville, a small post-village of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania, 13 miles S. S. E. from 
 Doylestown. 
 808 
 
 Davisville, a post-office of Jasper county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Dawkin's Mills, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Dawn, a post-office of Livington co.. Mo. 
 
 Dawson, a post-village of Habersham coun 
 ty, Georgia, 125 miles N. from Milledgeville 
 
 DAwsoNBTJRG,a post-officc of Fremont coun 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 Dawson's, a post-office of Alleghany county^ 
 Maryland. 
 
 Dawsonville, a small post-village 'of Mont- 
 gomery county, Maryland, about 60 miles 
 W. by N. from Annapolis. 
 
 Dawsonville, a post-office of Greene coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Day, a post-township of Saratoga county. 
 New York, 50 miles N. by AV. from Albany. 
 Population, 1045. 
 
 Datanvillb, a small village of Lewis coun- 
 ty. New York, 140 miles N. AV. from Albany. 
 
 Day Book, a post-office of Yancey co., N. C. 
 
 Day's Store, a post-office, of Greene coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Day's Store, a post-office of Hopkins 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Daysville, a post-office of Todd co., Ky. 
 
 Daysville, a post-village of Ogle county, 
 Illinois, on Rock river, 174 miles N. by E. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Dayton, a township in Aroostook county, 
 Maine. Population, 49. 
 
 Dayton, a post- village of Dayton township, 
 Cattaraugus county, New York, on the New 
 York and Erie railroad, 447 miles from New 
 York city. Population of the township, 1448. 
 
 Dayton, a post-office of Rockingham co.,Va. 
 
 Dayton, a pleasant and flourishing post- 
 village of Marengo county, Alabama, 76 miles 
 S. from Tuscaloosa. It owes its growth and 
 prosperity to the salubrity of the situation 
 and its proximity to a fertile cotton-growing 
 region, known as the "Canebrake." Many 
 wealthy planters, who own estates in the vi- 
 cinity, have fixed their residences in this 
 place, for the benefit of good society and 
 good schools. Several churches and flourish- 
 ing seminaries have in consequence been 
 established here, and the village is rather 
 eligible as a retreat from business than as a 
 place of trade. 
 
 Dayton, a flourishing city, capital of Mont- 
 gomery county, Ohio, is situated on the left or 
 E. bank of the Great Miami, at the mouth of 
 the Mad river, and on the line of the Miami 
 canal, 52 miles N. N. E. from Cincinnati, 67 
 miles AV. by S. from Columbus, and 460 miles 
 from AVashington. Lat. 39° 44' N. ; Ion. 84° 
 11' W. This is the fourth city of Ohio in 
 respect to population and wealth, and sur- 
 passes all other AVestei'n towns of equal size 
 in the variety and extent of its manufactures. 
 It is the terminus of six railway lines, viz. 
 the Mad River and Lake Erie, the Dayton 
 and Cincinnati, the Dayton and AA'estern, the 
 Greenville and Miami, the Dayton and Xenia, 
 
DAY 
 
 DEA 
 
 and the Dayton and Michigan, leading to To- 
 ledo. All of these are completed except the 
 last. A continuous line of railroad is under 
 contract from the Ohio river at Wheeling, to 
 the Mississippi opposite St. Louis, on -which 
 Dayton is one of the principal points. Nine 
 Macadamized or hard gravelled roads radiate 
 in all directions from Dayton, with an aggre- 
 gate length of more than 250 miles. The 
 tov7n is laid out with streets 100 feet wide, 
 crossing each other at right angles. The 
 public buildings are remarkably splendid, 
 and excellent taste is displayed in the con- 
 struction of the private residences, and in 
 the embellishment of the adjoining grounds. 
 The county court house, built of compact, 
 white marble, quarried in the vicinity, is 
 perhaps the most elegant edifice of its class 
 in the Western States. The style of ar- 
 chitecture is that of the Parthenon, with 
 slight modifications. The dimensions are 
 127 feet in length, by 62 in breadth. It cost 
 about $100,000. Dayton contains about 15 
 churches, a public library, 3 banks, 2 market 
 houses, 6 well-organized free schools, and the 
 Cooper Female Academy, a large and flourish- 
 ing institution, and 7 or 8 newspaper oflBces. 
 The streets, stores, and public buildings are 
 lighted with gas. Quarries of excellent lime- 
 stone are worked in the vicinity, and furnish 
 material for the finest buildings of Cincinnati. 
 The abundant water-power which Dayton pos- 
 • sesses is one of the chief elements of its pros- 
 perity. In 1845 an hydraulic canal was made, 
 by which the water of Mad river is brought 
 through the city. It is the seat of extensive 
 manufactories of railroad cars, of wrapping 
 and printing paper, and of stoves and hollow 
 ware. The annual products of these three 
 branches are valued at $500,000. It also 
 contains several cotton factories, woollen 
 factories, oil mills, and flouring mills. Day- 
 ton was first settled in 1796, and incorporated 
 in 1805. In 1829 the Miami canal was 
 opened from Cincinnati to this point, from 
 which event its prosperity may be dated. 
 It contained in 1830, 2954 inhabitants; in 
 1840, 6067; in 1850, 10,976, and according 
 to the census just taken, (in 1853,) 16,562. 
 
 Dayton, a post-ofiice of Berrien county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Dayton, a pleasant post-village of Tippe- 
 canoe county, Indiana, 10 miles S. E. from 
 Lafayette. It is situated on the border of 
 a prairie, and has valuable water-power in 
 the vicinity. Population, about 500. 
 
 Dayton, a village of Adams county, Illinois, 
 about 55 miles W. by N. from Springfield. 
 
 Dayton, a post-office of La Salle co., 111. 
 
 Dayton, a village of Fremont county, Iowa, 
 245 miles W. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Dayton, a post-office of Yam Hill co., Ogn. 
 
 Dayton Bayou, a small village of Desha 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Dead Fall, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Dead Lake, in the S. W. part of Franklin 
 county. New York. Length, about 5 miles. 
 
 Dead Riveb rises in Franklin county, in 
 the N. W. part of Maine, and falls into Ken- 
 nebec river, about 20 miles below Moose- 
 head lake. This important affluent of the 
 Kennebec flows through a very fertile and 
 well-wooded part of the state. 
 
 Dead Eiveb rises in the N. E part of New 
 Hampshire, in Coos county, and falls into the 
 Margallaway river. 
 
 Dead River, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Dead Stream, Maine, joins the Penobscot 
 at Orono. 
 
 Deal, a small village of Monmouth county, 
 New Jersey, 3 miles S. from Long Branch, 
 and 1 mile from the sea. 
 
 Deal's Mills, a post-office of Caldwell 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Deamonds, a district in De Kalb county, 
 Georgia. Population, 617. 
 
 Deanfield, a township of Hancock county, 
 Maine, 80 miles N. E. of Augusta. 
 
 Dean's Corners, a post-office of Saratoga 
 county. New York. 
 
 Deansville, a post-village of Oneida coun- 
 ty, New York, on the Chenango canal, about 
 15 miles S. W. from Utica. 
 
 Dearborn, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Indiana, bordering on Ohio, contains 291 
 square miles. It is drained by the White- 
 water river, and the Ohio touches its S. E. 
 corner. The surface is diversified, some 
 parts being nearly level and others hilly ; the 
 soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, coi'n, oats, hay, 
 pork, cattle, and sheep are the principal ar- 
 ticles of export. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 938,491 bushels of corn; 70,506 of 
 wheat; 94,108 of oats, and 13,889|- tons of 
 hay. It contained 47 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices ; 7461 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 35 attending an academy. The principal 
 rock of the county is limestone of the lower 
 Silurian group. The county is intersected by 
 the Whitewater canal, and the railroad ex- 
 tending from Lawrenceburg to Indianapolis. 
 Population, 20,166. 
 
 Dearborn, a township of Kennebec coun- 
 ty, Maine, 20 miles N. of Augusta. 
 
 Dearborn, a township in the central part of 
 Wayne county, Michigan. Population, 1385. 
 
 Dje.\rboen's River, the first tributary of 
 any importance which the Rlissouri receives 
 after the junction of its three head branches. 
 It rises in the Rocky mountains, and flowing 
 S. E., unites with the Missouri, about 130 
 miles above the Great falls. Length, about 
 150 miles. 
 
 Dearbornatlle, a thriving post-village of 
 Dearborn township, Wayne county, Michigan, 
 on the S. branch of the Rouge river, and on 
 the Central railroad, 10 miles W. fi-om De- 
 troit. The United States arsenal at this 
 place comprehends 11 brick buildings, ar- 
 ranged around a square, whose side is 360 
 
 309 
 
DEA 
 
 DEC 
 
 feet. The main building is 120 feet long by 
 30 feet deep, and is 3 stories high. The 
 several buildings are connected by a sti'ong 
 •wall, 12 feet in height. 
 
 Deakdokff's Mills, a post-oflace of Tusca- 
 rawas county, Ohio. 
 
 Dearman's, a post-village, landing, and 
 railroad 'station, of Westchester county. New 
 York, on the Hudson river and railroad, op- 
 posite Piermont. It has a ferry across the 
 river. 
 
 Deatesville, a post-ofSce of Nelson coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Deatonsville, a post-village of Amelia 
 county, Virginia, 52 miles S. W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Deavektown, a post-village of Morgan 
 county, Ohio, 16 miles S. from Zanesville. 
 
 Deca'tur, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Georgia, bordering on Florida, 
 has an area of 1062 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Flint river, and bounded on 
 the W. by the Chattahoochee, and also drained 
 by Spring creek. The surface is somewhat 
 uneven, the soil generally fertile. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and sugar-cane 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 5308 
 bales of cotton; 275,497 bushels of corn; 
 105,889 of sweet potatoes, and 65 hogsheads 
 of sugar. It contained 10 churches, 2 tan- 
 neries, and 1 tobacco factory. Both of the 
 rivers above mentioned are navigable by 
 steamboats. Named in honor of Commodore 
 Stephen Decatur. Capital, Bainbridge. Po- 
 pulation, 8262, of whom 4623 were free, and 
 3639, slaves. 
 
 Decatur, a county in the W. central part 
 of Tennessee, has an area of 325 square 
 miles. The Tennessee river forms its entire E. 
 boundary, and Beech river flows through it. 
 The surface presents no great inequalities; 
 the soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, oats, 
 tobacco, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 261,790 bushels of corn ; 
 43,555 of oats; 66,180 pounds of tobacco, 
 and 52,211 of butter. It contained 15 
 churches ; 1058 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 70 attending academies or other 
 schools. Decatur county was formed in 1846, 
 out of the W. part of Perry county. Capi- 
 tal, Decaturville. Population, 6003, of whom 
 6280 were free, and 723, slaves. 
 
 Decatur, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Indiana, contains 372 square miles. It is 
 drained by Laughery, Clifty, and Sand creeks. 
 The surface is nearly level, or gently undu- 
 lating ; the soil is mostly a rich loam, based 
 on limestone. The exports consist of wheat, 
 pork, cattle, and horses. In 1850 this county 
 produced 1,050,217 bushels of corn; 88,493 
 of wheat; 47,778 of oats, and 5537 tons of 
 hay. It contained 46 churches, and 1 news- 
 paper oflBce. There were 3721 pupils at- 
 tending public schools and 65 attending 
 an academy. The county is intersected by 
 the Michigan plank-road, extending from the 
 310 
 
 Ohio river to Lake Michigan, and it is. con- 
 nected by railroad with the Ohio river at 
 Lawrenceburg. Organized in 1821. Capital, 
 Greensburg. Population, 15,107. 
 
 Decatur, a county in the S. part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Missouri, has an area of 528 
 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. 
 by the AVeldon river, and by the Crooked 
 fork of Grand river. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; the soil fertile. The prairies of this 
 county are separated by numerous groves of 
 hard timber distributed along the water- 
 courses. Indian corn, oats, grass, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 33,420 bushels of Indian corn; 4040 
 of oats ; 1415 pounds of wool, and 8246 
 pounds of butter. A company of Hungarian 
 refugees, about 300 in number, under Go- 
 vernor Ujhazy, have formed a settlement in 
 this county, at New Buda. County seat not 
 yet located. Population, 965. 
 
 Decatur, a post-township of Otsego county. 
 New York, 60 miles W. from Albany. Popu- 
 lation, 927. 
 
 Decatur, a township of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania, 14 miles S. E. from Clearfield. 
 Population, 445. 
 
 Decatur, a post-township, in the E. part 
 of MifiBin county, Pennsylvania, 42 miles 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. Population, 990. 
 
 Decatur, a handsome and thriving post- 
 village, capital of De Kalb county, Georgia, 
 on the Georgia railroad, 165 miles W. from- 
 Augusta. The situation is reputed to be one 
 of the most healthful, beautiful, and agreea- 
 ble that can be found on any of the great 
 thoroughfares of the South. It contains 2 
 seminaries. About 6 miles E. is the famous 
 Stone mountain, which is visited every year 
 by thousands of admiring spectators. Popu- 
 lation, in 1850, 744. See Stone Mountain. 
 
 Decatur, a thriving post- village of Morgan 
 county, Alabama, on the left bank of Ten- 
 nessee river, 30 miles W. S. W. from Hunts- 
 ville. It is the eastern terminus of the Tus- 
 cumbia and Decatur railroad, 44 miles long. 
 
 Decatur, a small post-village, capital of 
 Newton county, Mississippi, 76 miles E. by 
 N. from Jackson. 
 
 Decatur, a post-village, capital of Meigs 
 county, Tennessee, about 140 miles E. S. E. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Decatur, a post-village of Brown county, 
 Ohio, about 100 miles S. by W. from Colum- 
 bus, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Decatur, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Lawrence county, Ohio. Population, 1052. 
 
 Decatur, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Washington county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 807. 
 
 Decatue, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Van Buren county, Michigan. Population, 386 
 
 Decatur, a thriving post- village in the 
 above township, on the Central railroad, 168 
 miles W. from Detroit, 12 miles S. S. W. from 
 Pawpaw, the county seat, and about 25 miles 
 
DEC 
 
 DEE 
 
 E. fr.om Lake Michigan. It is situated in a 
 rich farming district, which is settling rapidly. 
 
 Decatur, a township of Adams county, 
 Indiana. Population, 231. 
 
 Decatuk, a post-village, capital of Adams 
 county, Indiana, on the St. Mary's river, 
 24 miles S. S. E. from Fort Wayne, was set- 
 tled in 1837. Plank-roads extend in several 
 directions from this village. Population, 
 231. 
 
 Decatur, a township in Marion county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1008. 
 
 Decatur, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Macon county, Illinois, is situated 1 mile N. 
 from Sangamon river, and 40 miles E. from 
 Springfield. The Central railroad and North- 
 ern Cross railroad intersect each other at 
 this point. It is surrounded by an excellent 
 agricultural district, and is rapidly advanc- 
 ing in population and business. Besides the 
 county buildings, it contains several churches 
 and stores. Laid out in 1829. Population 
 in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Decatur, a post-ofiice of Decatur county, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Decatur, a thriving post-village in Deca- 
 tur township. Green county, Wisconsin, is 
 pleasantly situated on Sugar river, 87 miles 
 W. S. W. from Milwaukee. Sugar river is a 
 fine durable stream, affording extensive water- 
 power, which has been improved by the erec- 
 tion of mills. Lead and limestone are abun- 
 dant here. Population, from 300 to 400. 
 
 Decaturvillb, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Decatur county, Tennessee, 110 miles 
 W. S. W. from Nashville. It became the coun- 
 ty seat in 1846, when the county was organ- 
 ized. Population, about 350. 
 
 Decaturvillb, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 De Chien Batou, in the W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, flows westward through the S. part 
 of Hickman county, into the Mississippi river. 
 
 Deckerd, a post-office of Franklin county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Decker's Creek, a post-office of Preston 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Decker's Ferry, a post-office of Knox 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Deckertown, a thriving post-village of 
 Wantage township, Sussex county. New Jer- 
 sey, on Deep Clove creek, 13 miles N. N. E. 
 from Newton. It is surrounded by beauti- 
 ful mountain scenery, and contains 2 or 3 
 churches, an academy, a bank, and mills of 
 various kinds. Population estimated at 600. 
 
 Decorah, a small post-village, capital of 
 Winnishiek county, Iowa, on the Upper Iowa 
 river, 33 miles W. from the Mississippi river 
 at Columbus, which is the nearest landing- 
 place. The river furnishes water-power. 
 
 Decorri, a post-office of Benton county, 
 Minnesota territory. 
 
 Dedham, a post-township of Hancock coun- 
 ty, Maine, 10 miles S. E. of Bangor, inter- 
 sected by Union river. . Population, 546. 
 
 Dedham, a post-township of Norfolk coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on the south side of 
 Charles river. Population, 4447. 
 
 Dedham, a post-village, capital of Norfolk 
 county, Massachusetts, is situated in the 
 above township, on Charles river, 12 miles 
 S. W. of Boston; connected with the Boston 
 and Providence railroad by a branch rail- 
 road about 2 miles in length. It contains 3 
 or 4 churches, a number of handsome dwell- 
 ings, 2 newspaper offices, and a bank. 
 
 Dedham, a post-office of Weakley co., Tenn. 
 
 Deed's Creek, a post-office of Kosciusko 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Deedsville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, Iowa, on Skunk river, about 40 miles 
 N. W. from Burlington. 
 
 Deem, a post-office of Owen co., Indiana. 
 
 Deep Clove Creek, of Sussex county, 
 New Jersey, rises at the S. E. base of the 
 Blue mountain, and enters the Wallkill river 
 a little below Deckertown. 
 
 Deep Creek, of North Carolina, flows into 
 Tar river a few miles above Tarborough. 
 
 Deep Creek, of Anderson district. South 
 Carolina, enters Kiowee river a few miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Deep Creek, a post-village of Norfolk 
 county; Virginia, at the northern termimis of 
 the Dismal Swamp canal, 10 miles S.fromNor- 
 folk. It has an active trade in shingles, which 
 are procured from the Dismal Swamp, and 
 shipped by schooners to the Northern cities. 
 
 Deep Cut, a village of Allen county, Ohio, 
 on the Miami canal, 100 miles N. W. of Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Deep Cut, a small village of Auglaize 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Deep Cut, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 Deep River, a branch of Cape Fear river, 
 in the central part of North Carolina. Rising 
 near the west border of Guilford county, it 
 flows first south-eastward, through Randolph 
 county, and then nearly eastward, until it 
 unites with Haw river, at Haywood, in Chat- 
 ham county. Its length probably exceeds 100 
 miles. It flows through a hilly and fertile 
 country, and affords abundant motive-power. 
 The river has lately been rendered navigable 
 from its mouth to the inexhaustible beds of 
 anthracite and bituminous coal which have 
 been opened along its banks in Chatham 
 county. The aboriginal name is Sapponah. 
 
 Deep River, of Indiana, flows into the 
 Calumet, in Lake county. 
 
 Deep River, a post-village of Middlesex 
 county, Connecticut, on the right bank of the 
 Connecticut river, at the confluence of a small 
 creek, 30 miles E. by N. from New Haven. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches, several stores, 
 and a bank. 
 
 Deep River, a post-office of Guilford coun - 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Deep River, a post-office of Lake co., Ind. 
 
 Deep River, a post-office of Poweshiek 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 311 
 
DEE 
 
 DEE 
 
 Deep "Watee., a post-ofnce of Marsliall 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Deep Water, a small post-village of Keiiry 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Deepwateb Ceeek, of Henry county, 
 Missouri, flows eastward into Grand river. 
 
 Deep Well, a post-village of Iredell county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Deer Brook, a post-village of Noxubee 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Deer Creek, of Alleghany county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, enters the Alleghany river a few miles 
 N. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Deer Creek, in the N. E. part of Maryland, 
 flows through Baltimore and Plarford coun- 
 ties, and enters the Susquehanna about 7 
 miles from its mouth. Its general course is 
 E. S. E. 
 
 Deer Creek, of Mississippi, enters the 
 Yazoo from the N. in Warren county. 
 
 Deer Creek, of Ohio, falls into the Scioto 
 river in Ross county, about 10 miles N. from 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 Deer Creek, of Indiana, a fine mill stream, 
 which rises in Howard county, and flows 
 westward into the Wabash, near Delphi. 
 
 Deer Creek, of Putnam county, Indiana, 
 flows into Mill creek. 
 
 Deer Creek, called also South Yuba and 
 Dobbin's creek, of Yuba county, toward the 
 N. part of California, rises on the slope of 
 the Sierra Nevada, and running first in a S. 
 W., and then in a W. course, falls into the 
 Yuba river about 25 miles above Marysville. 
 Good timber is found on its banks. 
 
 Deer Creek, a small village of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 
 11 miles above Pittsburg, contains about 20 
 dwellings. 
 
 Deer Creek, a small post- village of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania. . 
 
 Deer Creek, a post-office of Issaquena 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Deer Creek, a post-office of Livingston 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Deer Creek, a township in the W. part of 
 Madison county, Ohio. Population, 583. 
 
 Deer Creek, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Pickaway county, Ohio, intersected by a 
 creek of the same name. Population, 
 1354. 
 
 Deer Creek, a post-office of Carrol county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Deer Creek, a township of Cass county, 
 Indiana. Population, 664. 
 
 Deer Creek, a township of Miami county, 
 Indiana. Population, 612. 
 
 Deer Creek, a township in Perry county, 
 Indiana. Population, 710. 
 
 Deer Creek, a post-office of Douglass 
 county, Oregon. 
 
 Deerfield river rises in Windham county, 
 in the S. part of Vermont, and falls into the 
 Connecticut river in Franklin county, in the 
 N. N. W. part of Massachusetts. 
 
 Deeefield, a post-township of Rocking- 
 312 
 
 ham county, New Hampshire, 15 miles S. E. 
 from Concord. Population, 2022. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Massachusetts, about 100 miles XV. 
 N. W. from Boston, at the junction of Deer- 
 field and Connecticut rivers, and on the Con- 
 necticut River railroad. Population, 2421. 
 
 Deerfield, a township of Oneida county, 
 New York, lies immediately N. E. from Utica. 
 Population, 2287. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-township of Cumberland 
 county. New Jersey, on Cohansey creek, con- 
 tains the village of Bridgeton. Total popu- 
 lation, 3373. 
 
 Deerfield, or Deerfield Street, a post- 
 village of the above township, 7 miles N. from 
 Bridgeton, contains a Presbyterian church 
 and about 40 dwellings. 
 
 Deerfield, a township on the N. border of 
 Tioga county, Pennsylvania, intersected by 
 Cowanesque creek, 16 miles N. N. W. from 
 Wellsborough. Population, 721. 
 
 Deerfield, a small post-village of Tioga 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Deerfield, a township of Warren county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 14 
 miles S. W. from Warren. Population, 1022. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-village of Augusta coun- 
 ty, Virginia, 180 miles AV. N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-office of Carroll par.. La. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Portage county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1371. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-village of Portage coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 15 miles S. E. from Ravenna. It has 
 2 churches, and a few stores. 
 
 Deerfield, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Morgan county, Ohio. Population, 1325. 
 
 Deerfield, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Ross county, Ohio. Population, 1315. 
 
 Deerfield, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Warren county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 1863. 
 
 Deerfield, or Deerfield Village, a post- 
 village of Warren county, Ohio, on the right 
 bank of Little Miami river, 32 miles N. E. 
 from Cincinnati. The Little Miami railroad 
 passes near it. Population, 295. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-village in Lenawee coun- 
 ty, Michigan, on the railroad connecting Mon- 
 roe and Adrian, about 22 miles W. by S. from 
 the former. 
 
 Deerfield, a township in the N. part of 
 Livingston county, Michigan. Population, 
 882. 
 
 Deerfield, a pleasant post-village of Ran- 
 dolph county, Indiana, on the Mississinewa 
 river, and on the Winchester and Portland 
 plank-road, 7 miles N. from Winchester. 
 . Deerfield, a township in Fulton county, 
 Illinois. Population, 494. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-township in Lake coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 811. 
 
 Deerfield, a post-township in Dane coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. Population, 639. 
 
DEE 
 
 DEK 
 
 Deehfield, a post-village in tlie aforesaid 
 township, about 15 miles E. from Madison, 
 contains 13 dwellings. 
 
 Deeefield Street. See Deerfield. 
 
 Deer Grove, a post-office of Cook county, 
 Illinois, 30 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Deering, a post-township of Hillsborough 
 county. New Hampshire, 18 miles S. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 890. 
 
 Deer Isle, a post-township of Hancock 
 county, Maine, 54 miles E. by S. from Au- 
 gusta, on the E. side of Penobscot bay. Popu- 
 lation, 3037. 
 
 Deer Lick, a post-office of Mason county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Deer Lick, a post-office of William co., 0. 
 
 Deerpark, a township of Orange county. 
 New York, on Neversink river, 38 miles W. 
 from Newburg. Population, 4032. 
 
 Deerpark, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. 
 
 Deerpark, a post-village of La Salle coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 120 miles N. by E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Deer Plain, a post-office of Calhoun coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Deer River, a village of Franklin county. 
 New York, on a small stream of the same 
 name, 160 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Deer Piiver, a post-office of Lewis county, 
 New York. 
 
 Deersville, a post-village of Harrison 
 county, Ohio, 12 miles W. from Cadiz, the 
 county seat, has 289 inhabitants. 
 
 Defiance, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Indiana, contains 414 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Mau- 
 mee and St. Joseph's rivers, and also drained 
 by the Auglaize and Tiffin rivers, which enter 
 the Maumee at the county seat. The surface 
 is nearly level and heavily timbered. The 
 soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, potatoes, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 90,691 bushels 
 of corn; 47,806 of wheat; 26,471 of oats; 
 2372 tons of hay, and 19,241 bushels of 
 potatoes. It contained 6 churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices. There were 1220 pupils 
 attending public schools. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Fort Wayne and Toledo rail- 
 road, (unfinished,) and by the Wabash and 
 Erie canal. Capital, Defiance. Population, 
 6966. 
 
 Defiance, a thriving post- village in a town- 
 ship of the same name, and capital of De- 
 fiance county, Ohio, is pleasantly situated on 
 the Maumee river, at the mouth of the Au- 
 glaize, and on the Wabash and Erie canal, 
 152 miles N. W. from Columbus. Steamboats 
 can ascend the river as far as this village 
 during high water, and boats of 60 tons in 
 ordinary stages. In 1794, General Wayne 
 built Fort Defiance at this place, which was 
 then occupied by a large tribe of Indians, 
 who had extensive cornfields and orchards. 
 Two newspapers are published here. Popu- 
 lation, in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Defranceville, a post-office of Clinton 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Defrietsville, a small post-village of Rens- 
 selaer county, New York, 4 miles S. E. from 
 Albany. 
 
 De Glaize, a post-office of Morehouse pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 De Glaize BArou, of Avoyelles parish, 
 Louisiana, communicates with Atchafalaya 
 bayou. 
 
 De Graff, a small village of Miami town- 
 ship, Logan county, Ohio, on the Bellefon- 
 taine and Indiana railroad, 106 miles from 
 Cincinnati. It was laid out about the year 
 1850. 
 
 De Hart's Creek, a post-office of Macon 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 De Kalb, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Georgia, has an area of 437 square 
 miles. The Chattahoochee river forms its 
 boundary on the N. W. ; it is also drained by 
 the sources of South river, one of the main 
 branches of the Ocmulgee, and by Peachtree, 
 Nancy's, and Utoy creeks. The surface is 
 elevated and undulating. The famous Stone 
 mountain, in the E. part of the county, is 
 estimated to rise about 2000 feet above the 
 nearest stream. See Stone Mountain. The 
 soil in the vicinity of the rivers is excellent. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 2397 bales of cotton ; 432,435 bush- 
 els of corn ; 86,047 of oats, and 73,070 of 
 sweet potatoes. There were 6 grist mills, 20 
 saw mills, and 1 steam-engine factory. It 
 contained 34 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 
 728 pupils attending public schools, and 140 
 attending academies or other schools. Gold 
 has been found in small quantities ; and the 
 county contains iron and an abundance of 
 granite. Chalybeate springs occur at De- 
 catur and Atlanta. Four of the principal 
 railroads of the state terminate in the county, 
 at the city of Atlanta. Named in honor of 
 Baron De Kalb, who bravely fell at the bat- 
 tle of Camden in 1780. Capital, Decatur. 
 Population, 14,328, of whom 11,404 were 
 free, and 2924, slaves. 
 
 De Kalb, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Alabama, bordering on Georgia, is about 
 50 miles long, and has an area of 775 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Wills creek, an 
 affluent of Coosa river, dividing the county 
 into nearly equal portions. This creek flows 
 through a valley of the same name, about 
 60 miles long, and 5 miles wide, which is 
 enclosed by Lookout mountain on the S. E. 
 and Sand mountain on the N. W. The soil 
 of the valley is fertile and much improved. 
 Grain and cattle are the staples. In 1850 
 there were raised 363,225 bushels of Indian 
 corn ; 75,550 of oats, and 34,377 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 4 grist and saw mills, 
 and 2 tanneries. It contained 22 churches, 
 and 565 pupils attending public schools. Wa- 
 ter-power is abundant. The county is noted 
 
 Sir. 
 
DEK 
 
 DEL 
 
 for its romantic scenery. Capital, Lebanon. 
 Population, 8245 ; of whom 7739 were free, 
 and 506, slaves. 
 
 De Kalb, a county in the N. central part of 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 300 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Caney fork, an 
 atHuent of Cumberland river, and also wa- 
 tered by several creeks which furnish motive- 
 power. The surface is agreeably diversified; 
 the soil productive. Indian corn, tobacco, 
 and cattle are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 417,251 bushels of Indian 
 corn, and 57,361 pounds of tobacco. It con- 
 tained 12 churches; 1912 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 70 attending academies 
 and other schools. The turnpike from Leba- 
 non to Sparta passes through the county. 
 Capital, Smithville. Population, 8016, of 
 whom 7348 were free, and 668, slaves. 
 
 De Kale, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Indiana, bordering on Ohio, contains 346 
 square miles. It is drained by the St. Joseph's 
 river of the Maumee, and by Cedar creek. 
 The surface is mostly undulating, and the 
 soil fertile. The staples are wheat, corn, 
 oats, and grass. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 139,986 bushels of corn; 75,995 of 
 wheat ; 34,366 of oats, and 4660 tons of hay. 
 It contained 2 churches, and 1600 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Organized in 1836. 
 Capital, Auburn. Population, 8251. 
 
 De Kalb, a county in the N. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 648 square miles. It is 
 drained by Sycamore and Indian creeks, 
 affluents of the Kishwaukee and Fox rivers. 
 The surface is undulating and the soil good. 
 The greater part of the county is prairie, 
 with some good timber. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, and hay are staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 221,796 bushels of wheat; 215,733 
 of Indian corn ; 138,903 of oats ; 21,193 tons 
 of hay, and 138,989 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 2 churches ; 1865 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 100 attending other 
 schools. Capital, Sycamore. Population, 
 7540. 
 
 De Kalb, a new county in the N. W. part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 441 square miles. 
 It is drained by Blue and Grindstone creeks, 
 affluent^ of Grand river, and by Livingston 
 creek, and the Third fork of Platte river. 
 The surface is diversified by prairies and 
 woodlands ; the soil is productive. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 103,865 bushels of corn; 11,731 of wheat; 
 13,547 of oats; 108 tons of hay, and 30,375 
 pounds of butter. De Kalb was formed out 
 of part of Clinton county. ' Capital, Marys- 
 ville. Population, 2075, of whom 2010 were 
 free, and 65, slaves. 
 
 De Kalb, a post-township of St. Lawrence 
 county. New York, on both sides of the Oswe- 
 gatchie river, 15 miles S. S. E. from Ogdens- 
 burg. Population, 2389. 
 
 De Kalb. a Bost-otfice of Gilmer co., Va. 
 314 
 
 De Kalb, a small village of Kershaw dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on Pinetree creek, 
 about 1 mile from Camden, has a cotton fac- 
 tory. 
 
 De Kalb, a post-village, capital of Kemper 
 county, Mississippi, about 105 miles E. N. E. 
 from Jackson. 
 
 De Kalb, a post-village of Bowie county, 
 Texas, 14 miles N. W. from Boston, the county 
 seat, and 29 miles E. from Clarksville, con- 
 tains 3 or 4 families. 
 
 De Kalb, a small post-village of Crawford 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 De Kalb, a post-ofiBce of De Kalb co., Ind. 
 
 De Kalb, a post-township in De Kalb coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 486. 
 
 De Kalb, a small post-village of De Kalb 
 county, Illinois, about 200 miles N. by E. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 De Kalb, a post- village of Buchanan coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 50 miles N. W. from Independ- 
 ence. 
 
 De ICalb Centre, a post-office of De Kalb 
 county, Illinois, near 200 miles N. by E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Dekorra, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Columbia county, AVisconsin, on both sides 
 of Wisconsin river. Population, 661. 
 
 Dekorra, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the left bank of Wisconsin river, 6 
 miles below Winnebago Portage, and 30 miles 
 N. from Madison. Small steamers can ascend 
 from the Mississippi to this place. It has 1 
 church, 1 mill, and 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Delafield, a post township in the N. W. 
 central part of Waukesha county, Wisconsin. 
 Population, 1134. 
 
 Delafield, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 25 miles W. from Milwaukee. It has 
 2 flouring mills, 4 stores, and 1 machine shop. 
 
 Delamar, a small post-village of Tioga 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 De Lancet, a post-office of Madison co.,N.Y. 
 
 De la Palma, a post-office of Brown co., 0. 
 
 De Large Bayou, of Louisiana, commences 
 in the N. part of Terre Bonne parish, and 
 flows S. W. into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Delavan, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York. 
 
 Del.avan, a post-village of Tazewell county, 
 Illinois, 45 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Delavan, a thriving post-village of Dela- 
 van township, Walworth county, Wisconsin, 
 on the plank-road leading from Racine to 
 Janesville, 45 miles AV. from the former. 
 Turtle creek and the outlet of Swan lake 
 unite here and supply a valuable water- 
 power, which is partly improved. Popula- 
 tion of the entire township, 1260. 
 
 Delaware river, called by the Indians 
 Makeriskitton, an important river of the 
 United States, rises in New York, on the AV. 
 declivity of the Catskill mountains, by two 
 branches, the Oquago (or Coquago) and the 
 Popacton, which unite at the village of Han- 
 cock, on the boundary between New York 
 
DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 and Pennsylvania, near the N. E. extremity 
 of the latter state. It flows first south-east- 
 Tcard for a distance of more than 70 miles, 
 to Port Jervis, where it encounters the Kit- 
 tatinny (or Shawangunk) mountain, by which 
 its course is inflected to the S. W. Pur- 
 suing this direction to the N. extremity 
 of Northampton county, it passes through 
 that mountain ridge at the well-known De- 
 laware Water Gap, one of the most re- 
 markable curiosities in the state. The 
 mountain on each side rises almost perpen- 
 dicularly from the water's edge to the height 
 of 1000 or 1200 feet above the river. From 
 this point its general course is southward 
 until it crosses the South mountain, a few 
 miles below Easton, and turning again to the 
 S. E., falls over the primitive ledge at Tren- 
 ton, and meets the tide-water 132 miles from 
 the sea. Now increased to a fine navigable 
 river, about half a mile in width, it takes a 
 south-westward course, passes by Philadel- 
 phia, and empties itself into Delaware bay, 
 about 40 miles below that city. Its entire 
 length is about 300 miles. The main stream, 
 through its whole course, forms the bound- 
 ary between the states of New York and 
 New Jersey on one hand, and Pennsylvania 
 and Delaware on the other. It is navigable 
 for ships of the largest size to Philadelphia, 
 and for steamboats to Trenton : smaller boats 
 can descend the stream through its whole 
 course. A canal has been constructed along 
 this river from Bristol to Easton, a distance 
 of 60 miles, and a heavy trade in coal, lum- 
 ber, and grain is carried on by this means. 
 The chief towns on the Delaware are Easton 
 and Philadelphia on the right, and Trenton, 
 Burlington, and Camden on the left bank. 
 The area drained by the Delaware is esti- 
 mated bj' Dai'by at 11,250 square miles. The 
 great inflections of this river and of the Sus- 
 quehanna, exhibit a remarkable parallelism, 
 and both receive their largest tributaries from 
 the right hand. Islands of small extent occur 
 in various parts of its channel, one of which 
 lies between Philadelphia and Camden, where 
 the river is about 1 mile wide. Substantial 
 bridges extend across this river at several 
 points, of which Trenton is the first that 
 occurs in ascending from its mouth. The 
 New York and Erie railroad follows the 
 course of the Delaware for a distance of 
 about 90 miles, and two canals extend from 
 this river to the Hudson, namely, the Morris 
 canal, and the Delaware and Hudson. This 
 river was bridged with solid ice at Philadel- 
 phia in the winter of 1851-2, but this only 
 happens in seasons of unusual severity. 
 Large numbers of shad are caught in the 
 river in the lower part of its course. 
 
 Delaware Bay, a large arm of the sea, 
 separating the states of New Jersey and 
 Delaware, communicates with the Atlantic 
 Ocean between Cape INIay and Cape Hen- 
 lopen, 17 miles distant from each other. Its 
 
 entire length to the entrance of the Delaware 
 river, of which it may be regarded as a broad 
 estuary, is about GO miles ; greatest breadth, 
 25 miles. Numerous shoals in the bay ren- 
 der the navigation in some parts diliiculL 
 The want of any good anchorage ground on 
 this portion of the United States coast, has 
 induced the general government to construct 
 an extensive breakwater within Cape Hen- 
 lopen. By this means an artificial harbour, 
 embracing about half a square mile, with a 
 depth of from 4 to 6 fathoms, has been form- 
 ed, affording a safe refuge for vessels in time 
 of storms. 
 
 Delaware, one of the Middle States, and 
 one of the original thirteen, is bounded on 
 the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Delaware 
 river and bay, (which separates it from New 
 Jersey,) and the Atlantic ocean, and S. and 
 W. by Maryland. It lies between 38° 28' and 
 39° 50' N. lat., and between 75° and 75° 45' 
 W. Ion., being about 96 miles in length, and 
 37 in its greatest breadth, including an area 
 (the smallest except Rhode Island in the 
 Union) of 2120 square miles, or 1,356,000 
 acres, of which 580,862 were improved in 
 1850. 
 
 Population. — The number of inhabitants 
 in 1790 was 59,096 ; in 1800, 64,273 ; in 1810, 
 72,674; in 1820, 72,749; in 1830, 76,748; 
 in 1840, 78,085, and in 1850, 91,585, of whom 
 35,771 were white males, 35,518 white fe- 
 males, 8989 free colored males, and 8968 
 free colored females, and 2289, slaves. This 
 population was divided into 15,439 families, 
 occupying 15,290 dwellings. Of the popu- 
 lation, 72,351 were born in the state, 11,617 
 in other states, 952 in England, 3513 in 
 Ireland, 192 in Scotland and Wales, 21 in 
 British America, 343 in Germany, 73 in 
 France, 137 in other countries, and 63 whose 
 places of birth were unknown. In the 12 
 months ending June 1st, 1850, there died 
 1209 persons, or about 13 in every thousand; 
 and in the same period 697 paupers, of whom 
 123 were foreigners, received aid, at an ex- 
 pense of about $35 each. There were also 
 in 1850, 58 deaf and dumb, of whom 2 were 
 free colored and 2 slaves ; 46 blind, of whom 
 19 were free colored; 70 insane, of "whom 18 
 were free colored, and 101 idiotic, of whom 
 19 were free colored, and 4, slaves. 
 
 Delaware has 3 counties, namely, Kent, 
 Newcastle, and Sussex. Capital, Dover. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Wilmington is the largest 
 town in the state. Population in 1853, 
 16,163. The other principal towns are Dover, 
 population, about 3000, Milford, Newcastle, 
 Lewes, Smyrna, and Georgetown. 
 
 Face of the Country, Minerals, ^'c. — There 
 are no mountains in Delaware, but the north- 
 ern portion is beautifully variegated by hill 
 and vale, while the central and southern 
 portions are mostly level. Delaware forms 
 a part of a low peninsula between the Chesa- 
 peake and Delaware bays, of which the Easi- 
 
 315 
 
DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 ern Shore of Maryland constitutes the larger 
 portion. There is a slightly elevated region 
 on the western side of Delaware, running N. 
 and S., which is occupied by a swampy tract, 
 the source of the streams which flow in oppo- 
 site directions to the Chesapeake and Dela- 
 ware hays. This elevation is terminated by a 
 cypress swamp at the south. Delaware has 
 few minerals ; a fine sand for glass manufac- 
 ture, is found near the head of Delaware bay, 
 which is exported to New England. Bog iron 
 ore exists in the southern part of the state. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, ^c. — The Delaware river and 
 bay, as has been elsewhere stated, bound this 
 state on the E. There are no other large 
 waters. The Brandywiue and Christiana 
 creeks, the former running S. E. from Penn- 
 sylvania, and the other coming in from the 
 S. W. unite at Wilmington, and pour their 
 waters into the Delaware one mile below their 
 junction. There are a number of other 
 creeks which empty into the Delaware bay, 
 that are navigable by coasting vessels for a 
 short distance, and therefore important to 
 the inhabitants. Indian river flows into the 
 Atlantic ocean, near the soiithern extremity 
 of the state. The Choptank and Nanticoke 
 have their origin near the middle of Delaware, 
 and flow S. W. into Chesapeake bay. The 
 Brandywine, so well known for the import- 
 ant battle fought on its shores, just beyond 
 the limits of Delaware, is a very fine mill 
 stream, and has numerous flour, powder, and 
 other mills on its banks. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The banks of 
 the Brauuyvvine near Wilmington are very 
 romantic and wild, and near them are the 
 Brandywine Chalybeate Springs, much visited 
 by Philadelphians, who seek a pleasant retreat 
 with their families in the summer months. 
 Lewes, or Lewistown, near Cape Henlopen, is 
 becoming a bathing resort. Near it is Dela- 
 ware Breakwater, about two-thirds of a mile 
 in extent, with one face presented to the sea 
 and another to the current of the river; the 
 latter to protect vessels from floating ice. 
 The ice-breaker is about 1500 feet long. Both 
 are built of massive stone, at an expense 
 to the United States government of over 
 $2,000,000. The deep cut in the Delaware 
 and Chesapeake canal is 90 feet perpendicu- 
 lar, and is said to be the deepest excavation 
 of the kind in any canal in the world. 
 
 Climale, Soil, Productions. — The climate of 
 the N. of Delaware is severe at times, but in 
 the southern part the air is ameliorated by 
 the influence of the sea. The soil in the N. and 
 on the shore of the Delaware river is good, 
 but the southern portion is sandy; in the 
 centre it consists of clay and sand mixed. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, and butter are the sta- 
 ples of the state; besides which considera- 
 ble quantities of oats, live stock, wool, Irish 
 and sweet potatoes, market vegetables, hay, 
 and fruits, with some rye, barley, buckwheat, 
 peas, beans, wine, cheese, grass seeds, hemp, 
 316 
 
 flax, hops, beeswax, and honey are produced. 
 The peaches of Delaware have become very 
 celebrated : the other fruits are apples, pears, 
 plums, grapes, and berries of different kinds. 
 In 1850 there were in Delaware G063 farms 
 under cultivation, occupying 580,862 acres 
 of improved land, and producing 482,511 
 bushels of wheat; 3,145,533 of Indian corn; 
 604,518 of oats; 240,542 of Irish potatoes; 
 65,443 of sweet potatoes; orchard products, 
 valued at $46,574 ; market goods, worth 
 $12,714; live stock, $1,849,281 ; slaughtered 
 animals, $373,665; 1,055,308 pounds of but- 
 ter; 57,756 of wool, and 41,248 of beeswax 
 and honey. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Delaware is crossed 
 by two lines of railway, forming parts of the 
 great chain of communication between the 
 North and East and the capital of the Union ; 
 abotit 40 miles of their tracks are included 
 within the state. A railroad is being built 
 from Wilmington through Dover to the south- 
 ern part of the state. The Philadelphia, 
 Wilmington, and Baltimore railway crosses 
 through Wilmington and Newark, leaving the 
 state near Elkton, Maryland. The New Castle 
 and Frenchtown railway forms part of a steam- 
 boat line between Philadelphia and Baltimore, 
 much travelled when navigation is open. An 
 air line railway is talked of from Norfolk to 
 New York, through the southei'n and eastern 
 part of Delaware. The Chesapeake and De- 
 laware canal connects the bays of the same 
 names at Delaware City and Back creek, and 
 forms an important link in the coast naviga- 
 tion between Philadelphia, Baltimore and the 
 ports of Virginia. It is of sufficient depth 
 to allow schooners and small steamers to 
 pass through. — See Table of Railroads and 
 Canals, Appendix. 
 
 Manufactures. — Wilmington in this state is 
 a manufacturing town, and has long been 
 celebrated for its powder, paper, and flour 
 mills : recently, coach-making has become a 
 very important branch of industry in this 
 town. In 1850 there were in Delaware 513 
 manufactories, each producing over $500 
 annually. A considerable amount of ship- 
 building is done at Wilmington. Of the 
 manufacturing establishments in the state 
 in 1850, 12 were cotton mills, employing a 
 capital of $460,100, and 413 male and 425 
 female hands, consuming raw material valued 
 at $312,068, and producing 3,521,636 yards 
 of stuff's, and 533,000 pounds of yarn, worth 
 together $538,439 ; 8 woollen mills, employing 
 a capital of $148,500, and 122 male, and 18 
 female hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $204,172, and producing 152,000 yards of 
 stuffs valued at $251,000; 15 forges, furna- 
 ces, &c., employing a capital of $388,500, and 
 300 male hands, consuming raw material 
 wortli $173,352, and producing 4180 tons 
 of wrought and cast iron, valued at $322,462 ; 
 and 16 tanneries, employing a capital of 
 $99,350, and consuming raw material worth 
 
DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 $99,620, and producing leather valued at 
 $163,742: homemade manufactures valued 
 at $32,809 were also fabricated. 
 
 Commerce. — Though bounded by navigable 
 water for neai'ly half her extent, Delaware 
 has but little foreign trade, because of her 
 proximity to Philadelphia and Baltimore. 
 The tonnage owned by the state in 1852 was 
 7010.46 tons ; and the number of vessels 
 built the same year was 23, tonnage 2923.29. 
 Delaware exports to other states considerable 
 flour, grain, large quantities of peaches, 
 lumber, (from the cypress swamps,) and sand 
 for the manufacture of glass. 
 
 Education. — The school fund of Delaware 
 amounted in 1852 to $225,000 ; the number 
 of scholars to 13,288, educated at an ex- 
 pense of $44,596.89, of which $27,507.58 
 was defrayed by a fund, and the rest by 
 taxation. Newark College with 45 students, 
 and 7500 volumes in its library, is the only 
 college in Delaware. Wilmington, however, is 
 noted for its boarding schools. There are also 
 flourishing academies or high schools in New 
 Castle, Georgetown, Milford^ and other towns. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 180 
 churches in Delaware in 1850, the different 
 sects of Baptists owned 12 ; the Episcopa- 
 lians, 21 ; the Friends, 9 ; the Methodists, 
 106 ; the Presbyterians, 26 ; the Roman 
 Catholics, 8 ; the Union Church, 1 ; and the 
 Africans, 2. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — The governor 
 of Delaware is chosen for 4 years, and re- 
 ceives a salary of $1333 per annum. The 
 senate is composed of 9 members, elected for 
 4 years, and the house of representatives of 
 21 members, chosen for 2 years. These of- 
 ficers are all elected by the direct vote of the 
 people. The legislature meets biennially. 
 Every white male citizen over 22 years of 
 age, who has paid a county tax, and resided 
 one year in the state, and one month next 
 preceding the election in the county where he 
 votes, is entitled to the right of suffrage. Those 
 between 21 and 22, not otherwise disqualified, 
 may vote without having paid a tax. Dela- 
 ware has but one member in the national 
 house of representatives, and three electoral 
 votes for president of the United States. 
 This small state, however, has furnished 
 several distinguished men to the national 
 councils : John Dickinson to the Revolutionary 
 period, and Rodney, Bayard, McLane, and 
 Clayton since that period. The judiciary 
 consists — 1. Of a superior court, one chief 
 and three associate judges ; 2. A court of 
 chancery, with one judge ; 3. An orphans' 
 court, composed of a chancellor and a judge 
 of the superior court; and, 4. A probate 
 court. There is at present (1853) before the 
 people of Delaware a new and amended con- 
 stitution, which is soon to be submitted to 
 their decision by ballot. The assessed value 
 of property in Delaware in 1850 was 
 $17,412,640; productive property, $190,000; 
 
 ordinary expenses, $11,000 per annum, exclu- 
 sive of schools. The school fund was $225,000. 
 Public debt, none. There were in 1852, 9 
 banks in Delaware, with an aggregate capital 
 of $1,440,000, a circulation of $1,000,000, 
 and $250,000 in coin. 
 
 History. — Delaware was first settled by the 
 Swedes and Finns about 1627; was subjected 
 by the Dutch from New Yoi'k in 1655 ; but 
 fell into the hands of the English with that 
 colony in 1664. It formed a part of the 
 grant to Perm from the crown in 1682, under 
 the name of the "Three Lower Counties of 
 Delaware;" but in 1701 was separated from 
 Pennsylvania, though subject to the same go- 
 vernor down to the period of the Revolution. 
 
 Delaware, a county in the S. S. E. part 
 of New York, has an area of about 1550 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. W. by 
 the E. branch of the Susquehanna, and on 
 the S. W. the Delaware river separates it 
 from Pennsylvania. It is drained by the 
 Coquago and Popacaton branches of the 
 Delaware river, Olaut creek, and other 
 smaller streams. The surface is generally 
 hilly or mountainous, with fertile intervening 
 valleys. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 119,334 bushels of corn; 591,571 
 of oats; 373,317 of potatoes; 120,964 tons 
 of hay, and 3,780,585 lbs. of butter, (the 
 greatest quantity produced by any county in 
 the United States, except Oneida county. New 
 York.) There were 23 flour and grist mills, 
 199 saw mills, 4 iron foundries, 28 tanneries, 
 5 woollen mills, and 9 carding and fuUin? 
 mills. It contained 67 churches, 3 news- 
 paper offices; 12,598 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 742 attending academies or 
 other schools. The Delaware and Susque- 
 hanna are navigable for boats from this 
 county, and large quantities of lumber are 
 annually rafted down them. The New York 
 and Erie railroad traverses the S. W. part of 
 the county. Named from the Delaware river, 
 which has its source in the N. E. part of the 
 county. Capital, Delhi. Population, 39,834. 
 
 Delawakb, a county forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Pennsylvania, bordering on the state 
 and river of the same name, has an area of 
 180 square miles. It is intersected by Darb3% 
 Crum, Ridley, and Chester creeks. Brandy- 
 wine creek forms the boundary on the S. W. 
 The surface is generally undulating or hilly, 
 excepting the level tracts along Delaware 
 river. The soil being derived from primary 
 rocks, is not naturally the most fertile ; but 
 has been rendered highly productive by the 
 use of lime and other manures. A large part 
 of the land is occupied by dairy farms, which 
 supply butter, cheese, milk, and ice-cream 
 for the Philadelphia and Baltimore markets. 
 In 1850 there were raised 294,209 bushels 
 of corn; 121,096 of wheat ; 169,754 of oats , 
 108,508 of potatoes; 27,932 tons of hay, and 
 1,342,243 pounds of butter. There were 27 flour 
 
 317 
 
DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 and grist mills, 20 sawmills, 8 stone quarries, 
 4 manufactories of edge tools, 3 of carpets, 
 1 of shawls, 3 of coaches, 1 of coach springs, 
 21 cotton factories, 4 woollen factories, 13 
 cotton and woollen factories, 2 iron foundries, 
 6 paper mills, and 10 tanneries. It contained 
 53 churches, 3 newspaper oiEces; 2995 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 241 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 principal rocks which underlie the county 
 are gneiss and mica slate ; the quarries of 
 the former furnish a large quantity of build- 
 ing material for Philadelphia. Whetstones 
 of good quality are procured near Darby 
 creek, and exported to all parts of the Union. 
 The county is liberally supplied with water- 
 power, which is employed in numerous ma- 
 nufactories. It is intersected by the West 
 Chester, the Philadelphia and Columbia, and 
 the Philadelphia and Wilmington railroads. 
 The earliest settlement of the province was 
 made in this county, by the Swedes in 1643. 
 Organized in 1789 and named from the De- 
 laware river. Capital, Media. Population, 
 24,679. 
 
 Delaavake, a county in the central part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 478 square miles. It is 
 traversed from N. to S. by the Scioto and 
 Olentangy rivers, and also drained by the 
 Big Walnut, Alum, and Mill creeks. The 
 surface is generally level ; the soil produc- 
 tive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, wool, 
 cattle, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 774,289 bushels of corn ; 
 44,523 of wheat; 142,992 of oats; 22,021 
 tons of hay, and 124,064 pounds of wool. It 
 contained 45 churclies, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and 8261 pupils attending public schools. 
 There are valuable sulphur springs at the 
 county seat. The county is liberally sup- 
 plied with water-power. It is intersected by 
 the Cleveland and Cincinnati railroad, and 
 by another, (not yet finished,) leading from 
 Springfield to Loudonville. Capital, Dela- 
 ware. Population, 21,817. 
 
 Delaware, a county in the E. part of In- 
 diana, contains 400 square miles. It is 
 drained by the White and Mississinewa rivers. 
 The surface is nearly level ; a small portion 
 of it is occupied by wet prairies, which are 
 adapted to grass. The soil of the county is 
 generally productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 429,209 bushels of corn; 
 5-5,078 of wheat; 41,992 of oats, and 4957 
 tons of hay. It contained 15 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, and 1894 pupils attending 
 public schools. The streams afford an ample 
 supply of water-power. The county is tra- 
 versed by the Bellefontaine and Indianapolis 
 railroad. The name is derived from the De- 
 laware tribe of Indians, by whom the county 
 was once inhabited. Capital, Muncie. Po- 
 pulation, 10,843. 
 
 Delaware, a county in the E. N. E. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. 
 318 
 
 It is intersected by the Makoqueta river, an 
 affluent of the Mississippi, and by Buffalo 
 creek. The surface is uneven, and in some 
 parts broken ; the soil is mostly productive. 
 Timber and water are said to be abundant, 
 and the climate is considered healthy. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 48,515 bushels 
 of Indian corn; 22,150 of wheat; 13,925 of 
 oats, and 2504 tons of hay. Capital, Delhi. 
 Population, 1759. 
 
 Delaware, a township of Camden county. 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river. Popu- 
 lation, 2577. 
 
 Delaware, a township of Hunterdon county, 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, about 20 
 miles N. W. from Trenton. Population, 2554. 
 
 Delaware, a township of Juniata county, 
 Pennsylvania, on both sides of Juniata river, 
 30 miles N. W. from Harrisburg, intersected 
 by the Pennsylvania railroad. 
 
 Delaware, a township of Jlercer county, 
 Pennsylvania, 65 miles N. N. W. from Pitts- 
 burg. The Beaver and Erie canal passes 
 through it. Pojjulation, 2863. 
 
 Delaware, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Northumberland county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the W. branch of Susquehanna 
 river, 18 miles N. from Sunbury. Popula- 
 tion, 1908. 
 
 Delaware, a post-township of Pike county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, about 
 40 miles N. by E. from Easton. Popula- 
 tion, 754. 
 
 Delaware, a township of Defiance county, 
 Ohio, about 10 miles W. from Defiance. Po- 
 pulation, 445. 
 
 Delaware, a post-township in the central 
 part of Delaware county, Ohio. Population, 
 3823. 
 
 Delaware, or Delaware Court House, 
 a post-town, capital of Delaware county, 
 Ohio, situated in the above towship, on the 
 right bank of the Olentangy river, and on the 
 railroad between Cleveland and Columbus, 
 24 miles N. from the latter. It is pleasantly 
 situated on rolling ground, and is neatly 
 built. There is a bridge across the river 
 here. The Ohio Wesleyan University, esta- 
 blished at this place in 1845, has a library 
 of 5700 volumes and about 350 students. 
 Delaware has a medicinal spring, resorted to 
 by many persons, the water of which is cold 
 hydrosulphurous. The Springfield and Lou- 
 donville railroad, now in progress, crosses 
 the river at this point. Delaware contains 5 
 or 6 churches, 2 printing offices, 1 bank, 
 and the " Hinton House," one of the largest 
 hotels in Ohio. Population, 2074. 
 
 Delaware, a township forming the south- 
 eastern extremity of Hancock county, Ohio. 
 Population, 1035. 
 
 Delaware, a township of Hamilton county, 
 Indiana. Population, 867. 
 
 Delaware, a post-township of Ripley coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 1274. 
 
DEL 
 
 DEM 
 
 Deiawaee, a post- village of Ripley county, 
 Indiana, 36 miles N. by E. from Madison. 
 
 Dela-ware, a small post-village of Jersey 
 CO., Illinois, 59 miles S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Delawabe, a post-ofBce of the Indian coun- 
 try, Nebraska. 
 
 Delaware Breakwater Beacon, on the 
 north-west end of the Breakwater in Dela- 
 ware bay, exhibits a red fixed light, 56 feet 
 above the level of the bay. 
 
 Delaware Bridge, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, New York. 
 
 Delaware City, a thriving post-borough 
 of Newcastle county, Delaware, on Delaware 
 river, near its mouth, 46 miles below Phila- 
 delphia. It isi the eastern terminus of the 
 Chesapeake and Delaware canal, and con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches, a bank, and numerous 
 stores. Population, in 1850, 908. 
 
 Delaware Grove, a post-village of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware Hill, a small village of Green 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Delay, a post-ofiice of Lafayette co., Miss. 
 
 Delectable Hill, a post-office of Pike 
 county, Indiana, 120 miles S.S.W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Delhi, a post-township in the N. E. central 
 part of Delaware county, New York. Popu- 
 lation, 2909. 
 
 Delhi, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, capital of Delaware county. New York, 
 on the Coquago river, a branch of the Dela- 
 ware, 77 miles W. S. W. from Albany. It 
 contains a court house, several churches, a 
 bank, 2 newspaper oflBces, and an academy. 
 
 Delhi, a township in the southern part of 
 Hamilton county, Ohio, on the north side of 
 Ohio river. Population, 1942. 
 
 Delhi, a small village of Delaware county, 
 Ohio, 32 miles N. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Delhi, a township in the western part of 
 Ingham county, Michigan. Population, 402. 
 
 Delhi, a small post-village of Jersey coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 14 miles N. N. W. from Alton. 
 
 Delhi, a small post-village, capital of De- 
 laware county, Iowa, near the Makoqueta 
 river, about 40 miles W. from Dubuque. 
 
 Delhi, a post-village of Winnebago county, 
 Wisconsin, on the right bank of Fox river, 80 
 miles N. E. from Madison. It has 3 stores, 
 2 mills, and 40 dwellings. 
 
 Delhi Centre, a post-office of Ingham coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Delia Lake, in the western part of Essex 
 county. New York, one of the sources of the 
 Hudson river. Length, about 5 miles. 
 
 Dell Prairie, a post-oflBce of Adams coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Delmar, a township of Tioga county, Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by Pine creek, and con- 
 tains Wellsborough, the county seat. Total 
 population. 2149. 
 
 Delphi, a post-village of Onondaga county. 
 New York, 120 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Delphi, a village of ^Marion county, Ten- 
 
 nessee, on the western side of Sequatchee 
 river, 114 miles S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Delphi, a flourishing post-village, cnpital 
 of Carroll county, Indiana, on the Wabash 
 and Erie canal, 1 mile E. from the Wabash 
 i-iver, and 65 miles N. N. W. from Indiana- 
 polis. It is surrounded by a fertile and im- 
 proving country, the surplus produce of which 
 is shipped here by canal. An immense water- 
 power has been produced by a dam across the 
 river. Delphi has several churches and two 
 newspaper ofiBces. Pop. in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Delphi, a post-village in Gasconade countj^ 
 Missouri, 80 miles W. N. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Delphos, formerly Section Ten, a flou- 
 rishing post-village of Allen county, Ohio, 
 on the Miami Extension canal, 116 miles 
 N. W. from Columbus. It is the largest vil- 
 lage and pi'incipal market of the county, and 
 owes its rapid growth to the navigation of the 
 canal, which affords extensive water-power. 
 The village contained, in 1850, a large iron 
 foundry and machine shop, 2 woollen facto- 
 ries, several boat-yards, and mills of different 
 kinds. Laid out in 1844. Population in 
 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Delray, a post-office of Upson co., Geo. 
 
 Delrey, a post-office of Anderson co.,Temi. 
 
 Delta, a county of Michigan, forms the 
 southern extremity of the upper peninsula, 
 bordering on Lake Michigan and Green Bay, 
 has an area estimated at 3500 square miles. 
 The Menomonee river forms its boundary on 
 the S. W., separating it from Wisconsin. It 
 is drained by Ford and Whitefish rivers. 
 The surface is uneven, and mostly covered 
 with forests. The rocks which underlie this 
 county are limestone and sandstone. Named 
 probablj' from its triangular shape. The 
 census of 1850 furnishes no information re- 
 specting this county, which is not yet organ- 
 ized. 
 
 Delta, a post-village of Lee township, 
 Oneida county, New York, 20 miles N. W. 
 from Utica. It contains 1 or 2 churches, and 
 several stores and mills. 
 
 Delta, a new post-village, capital of Coa- 
 homa county, Mississippi, on the Mississippi 
 river, at the Yazoo pass, 66 miles below Mem- 
 phis. It contains, perhaps, 20 dwellings. 
 
 Delta, a post-ofl5ce of Fulton county, Ohio, 
 about 30 miles S. W. from Toledo. 
 
 Delta, a post-township forming the north- 
 eastern extremity of Eaton county, Michigan. 
 Population, 242. 
 
 Delta, a post-ofiice of Parke co., Ind. 
 
 Delta, a post-office of McLean co.. 111. 
 
 Delton, a post-village of Deltona township, 
 Sauk county, Wisconsin, 50 miles N. N. W. 
 from Madison, has 2 churches, and 34 
 dwellings. 
 
 Demerie's Ferry, a post-office of Burke 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Deming, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ind. 
 
 Democracy, a post-office of Pike co., Ky. 
 
 Democracy, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 319 
 
DEM 
 
 DEP 
 
 Democrat, a post-office of Buncombe couii- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Democrat, a township in Carroll county, 
 Indiana. Population, 681. 
 
 Dejiocrat, a post-office in Iroquois co., 111. 
 
 Demopolis, a flourishing post-village of 
 Marengo county, Alabama, on the Tombigbee 
 river, just below the mouth of the Black War- 
 rior, 64 miles S. S. W. from Tuscaloosa. It is 
 a place of considerable trade, and the princi- 
 pal depot for the cotton exported from the 
 county, the capital and labor of which is 
 almost entirely devoted to the cultivation of 
 that article. The salubrity of the air, the 
 refined society, and the excellence of the 
 schools, render this an attractive place of re- 
 sidence. It contains 4 churches, and a United 
 States land office. Population, about 800. 
 
 Demos, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 Dempsettown, a small post-village of Ve- 
 nango county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Denane, a village of Saline county, Illinois, 
 90 miles S. S. E. from Vandalia. 
 
 Denmark, a post-township of Oxford coun- 
 ty, Maine, 50 miles S. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1203. 
 
 Denmark, a post-townshii? of Lewis coun- 
 ty, New York, on Black river, 66 miles N. by 
 W. from Utica. 
 
 Denmark, a thriving post-village of Madi- 
 son county, Tennessee, on the road from 
 Memphis to Jackson, 12 miles S. W. from 
 the latter. It has 5 stores, and about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Denmark, a post-township in Ashtabula 
 county, Ohio. Population, 241. 
 
 Denmark, a village of Iroquois county, 
 Illinois, 150 miles N. E. from Springtield. 
 
 DiJX3iark, a post-village of Lee county, 
 Iowa, about 10 miles N. from the Mississippi 
 river at Fort Madison. It has about 150 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Denning, a post-township forming the 
 north-western extremity of Ulster county. 
 New York, 70 miles S. W. from Albany. Po- 
 pulation, 447. 
 
 Dennis, a post-township of Barnstable coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 60 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 The fisheries furnish the principal occupation 
 of the inhabitants. Population, 3257. 
 
 Dennis, a post-township of Cape May coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, 8 miles N. from the court 
 house. Population, 1604. 
 
 Dennis' Creek, in the western pai-t of 
 Cape May county, New Jersey, flows into De- 
 laware bay. 
 
 Dennis' Greek, a village of New Jersey. 
 See Dennisville. 
 
 Dennis' Mills, a post-office of St. Helena 
 parisli, Louisiana. 
 
 Dennison, a township of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river, 15 miles 
 S. from Wilkesbarre. Population, 1517. 
 
 Dennisville, or Dennis' Creek, a flou- 
 ishing post-village of Dennis township. Cape 
 May county. New Jersey, is situated on both 
 320 
 
 sides of a creek of its own name, 7 miles N. 
 from Cape May court house. It has 2 
 churches, and several stores. Around this 
 village is an extensive deposit of sound ce- 
 dar timber in the soil. Ship-building and 
 trade in lumber are carried on to some ex- 
 tent. Population, about 600. 
 
 Dennisville, a post-office of Amelia co.,Va. 
 
 Denny, a post-office of Warren co.. 111. 
 
 Denktsville, a post-township of Washing- 
 ton county, Maine, 135 miles E. by N. from 
 Augusta. Population, 458. 
 
 Denoon, a post-village of Waukesha county, 
 Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and Rochester 
 plank-road, 80 miles E. S. E. from Madison. 
 It has 1 church, and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Densontown, a post-office of Rankin 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Dent, a new county in the S. E. central 
 part of Missouri. It is drained by the sources 
 of the Maramec river, and by small affluents of 
 the Current river. The surface is diversified 
 by hills and valleys. The soil in some parts 
 is fertile. The county is not included in the 
 census of 1850, having been recently formed 
 out of the N. part of Shannon county. Named 
 in honor of Frederick Dent, an early and 
 highly respected citizen of Missouri. 
 
 Dent, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 Denton, a county in the N. part of Texas, 
 has an area of 960 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Elm fork of Trinity, and also 
 drained by the Denton fork of that river, and 
 by Hickory creek. The county is partly oc- 
 cupied by extensive forests, called the Cross 
 Timb<3rs, and contains fertile prairies. Indian 
 corn, grass, cattle, and horses are the staples. 
 In 1850, the county produced 14,171 bushels 
 of corn ; 980 of oats; and 18,728 pounds of 
 butter. Capital, Alton. Population, 641, of 
 whom 631 were free, and 10, slaves. 
 
 Denton, a post-village, capital of Caroline 
 county', Maryland, on the E. bank of Chojp- 
 tank river, 65 miles E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Denton, a post-office of Newton co., Ark. 
 
 Denton Creek, a post-office of Denton 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Denton Fork, of Trinity river, Texas, rises 
 in Cook county, and flowing south-eastward, 
 unites with Elm fork, in Dallas county. 
 
 Dentonsville, a village of Hanover county, 
 Virginia, 22 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Denville, a post-office of Morris co., N. J. 
 
 Depauville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, New York, on Chaumont river, 178 
 miles N. W. from Albany. It has several 
 stores and mills. 
 
 Depere, a post-township in Brown county, 
 Wisconsin. Population, 799. 
 
 Depere, a post-village, capital of Brown 
 county, Wisconsin, on both sides of the Nee- 
 nah or Fox river, 6 miles from its mouth, and 
 110 miles N. from Milwaukee. It is at the 
 head of lake and at the foot of river naviga- 
 tion, and has abundant water-power. The 
 river is crossed by a drawbridge 2-300 feet 
 
DEP 
 
 DES 
 
 long. De Pere contains 2 ov 3 churches, 
 10 stores, and 7 mills. Population in 1853, 
 about 1200. 
 
 Depeyster, a post-to-wnship of St. Lawrence 
 county, New York, intersected by Oswegat- 
 chie river, 10 miles S. E. from Ogdensburg. 
 Population, 906. 
 
 Deposit, a thriving post-village of Dela- 
 ware county. New York, on the Coquago 
 river, where it is crossed by the New York 
 and Erie railroad, 177 miles from New York 
 city. There are extensive tanneries in the 
 vicinity. Population, about 1400. It con- 
 tains several churches and good hotels, and 
 freight houses of the railroad company. 
 
 Deptford, a township of Gloucester county. 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, contains 
 Woodbury, the county seat. Population, 8S35. 
 
 Derby, a post-township of Orleans county, 
 Vermont, 50 miles N. N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1750. 
 
 Derby, a post-township of New Haven 
 county, Connecticut, 10 miles W. by N. from 
 New Haven, on the E. side of Housatonic 
 river. Population, 3824. The village of 
 Derby is situated at the junction of the 
 Naugatuck and Housatonic rivers, and on 
 the Naugatuck railroad. 
 
 Derby, a small post-village of Perry 
 county, Indiana, on the Ohio river, 90 miles 
 below Louisville, Kentucky, has about 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Derby Line, a post- village in Derby town- 
 ship, Orleans county, Vermont, about 60 miles 
 N. E. by N. from Montpelier: it has 1 bank. 
 
 Deeiokson's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Worcester county, Maryland. 
 
 Deroche, a post-ofSce of Hot Spring coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Derestown, Pennsylvania. SeeLEWisBURG. 
 
 Deeey, a post-township of Rockingham 
 county. New Hampshire, on the Manchester 
 and Lawrence railroad, 25 miles S. E. from 
 Concord, contains a bank. Population, 1850. 
 
 Deeey, a small village of Columbia co., Pa. 
 
 Deeey, a township in the S. part of Dau- 
 phin county, Pennsylvania, on the Swatara 
 river, 12 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 1649. 
 
 Deeey, a township of Mifflin county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the left bank of the Juniata river, 
 immediately below Lewistown. Population, 
 1342. 
 
 Deeey, a township of Montour county, 
 Pennsylvania, 6 miles N. from Danville. 
 Population, 853. 
 
 Deeey, a township of Westmoreland county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Conemaugh river, about 
 38 miles E. from Pittsburg. It is intersected 
 by the Central railroad. Population, 4152. 
 
 De Ruyter, de-ri'ter, a post-township 
 forming the S. W. extremity of Madison 
 county. New York. Population, 1931. 
 
 De Ruytee, a post-village of the above 
 township, 122 miles W. from Albany, con- 
 tains 2 or 3 cliurches and several stores. 
 
 Des Allemand's Lake, in the S. E. part of 
 Louisiana, about 5 miles from the right bank 
 of the Mississippi river, is connected by a 
 bayou of its own name with Lake Washa. 
 It is about 7 miles in extent. 
 
 Des Arc, dez-ark', a thriving post-village 
 of Prairie county, Arkansas, on White river, 
 50 miles N. E. from Little Rock. It is situated 
 in a rich cotton and corn-growing district, 
 and has an active trade. The river is navi- 
 gable by steamboats from this point to its 
 mouth iu all stages of water. Cypress, 
 cedar, and white-oak staves are exported ex- 
 tensively. Laid out in 1848. Population, 
 about 300. 
 
 Des Aec Bayou, of Arkansas, flows south- 
 eastward into White river, at the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Prairie county, a little above the 
 village of Des Arc. 
 
 Desha, a county in the S. E. part of Ar- 
 kansas, bordering on the Mississippi rivei', 
 contains 869 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Arkansas and White rivers, and bj' 
 Bartholomew bayou. The surface is an allu- 
 vial plain, partly subject to inundation by 
 the large rivers which meet on its E. border. 
 The soil and climate arc adapted to the pro- 
 duction of cotton and maize. In 1850 there 
 were raised 2672 bales of cotton and 95,355 
 bushels of Indian corn. It contained 2 saw 
 mills. There were 40 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. Capital, Napoleon. Popula- 
 tion, 2911 ; of whom 1742 were free, and 
 1169, slaves. 
 
 Des Moines river, of Iowa, is the largest 
 river which flows through that state. It 
 rises in the S. W. part of Minnesota, and 
 runs south-eastward until it enters Emmet 
 county of Iowa. Below this its general di- 
 rection is S. S. E. to Fort Des Moines, where 
 it turns toward the S. E., and pursuing that 
 course with little deviation, empties itself 
 into the Mississippi river at the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of the state, about 4 miles below 
 Keokuk. It is thought that it can be made 
 navigable for steamboats, with a moderate 
 expense, as far as Fort Des Moines, a dis- 
 tance of above 200 miles, and the state go- 
 vernment has recently undertaken the work. 
 The river flows through an undulating and 
 fertile region, in which numerous prairies are 
 found. 
 
 Des Moines, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Illinois, has an area of 
 408 square miles. The Mississippi river 
 forms its boundary on the E. and S. E.,the 
 Skunk river on the S. W., it is drained also 
 by Flint creek. The surface is agreeably di- 
 versified, and is divided between prairies and 
 woodlands in convenient proportions ; the 
 soil is excellent and is extensively cultivated 
 Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staples 
 In 1850 this county produced 579,332 bushels 
 oflndiancorn; 125,773 of oats, 26,210pounds 
 of wool, and 149,382 pounds of butter. Lime- 
 stone and stone coal are abundant. The 
 
 321 
 
DES 
 
 DET 
 
 plank-road leading from Burlington to Fair- 
 field passes through the county. Des Moines 
 is the second county of the state in respect 
 to population. Capital, Burlington, Popula- 
 tion, 12,987. 
 
 Desmoines City, a village in the S. part 
 of Clarke county, Missouri, near the Missis- 
 sippi river. 
 
 Desmoines City, a post-office of Wapello 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Desmond, Michigan. See Port Huron. 
 
 De Soto, a county forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Mississippi, bordering on Ten- 
 nessee, has an area of about 960 square 
 miles. The Mississippi washes its N. W. 
 border, it is also drained by Coldwater creek. 
 The surface is nearly level, and the soil is 
 fertile. The industry of the county is almost 
 entirely devoted to the cultivation of cotton, 
 which is conveyed by wagons to Memphis, as 
 the swamps in the W. part prevent access to 
 the nearest part of the river. In 1850 this 
 county produced 20,278 bales of cotton; 
 741,519 bushels of corn ; 10,275 pounds of 
 rice, and 32,907 of beeswax and honey, the 
 greatest quantity produced by any county 
 in the United States. It contained 22 
 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 416 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 30 attending an 
 academy. About 18 years ago this county 
 was a wilderness, in the possession of the 
 Chickasaw Indians. It was organized in 
 1836. Capital, Hernando. Population, 19,042, 
 of whom 9489 were free, and 9553, slaves. 
 
 Db Soto, a parish in the N. W. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on Texas : area 910 
 squai'c miles. It is drained by the Red and 
 Sabine rivers, which flow respectively on its 
 N. E. and S. W. borders. The soil is fertile 
 and produces cotton and Indian corn. In 
 1850 there were raised 2995 bales of cotton ; 
 240,080 bushels of corn, and 66,200 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 6 churches, and 1 
 newspaper office ; 242 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 190 attending academies or 
 other schools. Steamboats navigate Red 
 river on the border of this parish, and convey 
 produce to New Orleans. De Soto was 
 formed since 1840, from Natchitoches parish. 
 Capital, Mansfield. Population, 8023, of 
 whom 3573 were free, and 4450, slaves. 
 
 De Soto, a thriving post-village of Floyd 
 county, Georgia, on the Oostenaula river op- 
 posite Piome. It was laid out in 1851. 
 
 De Soto, a post-office of Tallapoosa co. Ala. 
 
 Des Peres, a post- village of St. Louis co.. 
 Mo., 15 miles W. by S. from St. Louis. 
 
 Des Plaines, di plain, (usually called 
 O'PLAiN,) a river of Illinois, rises in the S. E. 
 corner of Wisconsin, and flowing first south- 
 erly, and then south-westerly, joins the Kan- 
 kakee at Dresden, to form the Illinois river. 
 Length about 150 miles. The name is de- 
 rived from a species of maple, called plaine 
 by the French. The Indian appellation was 
 She-skik-mah-o. 
 322 
 
 Detroit, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Maine, about SO miles E. from Nor- 
 ridgwock. Population, 517. 
 
 Detroit, a flourishing city and port of 
 entry of the state of Michigan, and seat of 
 justice of Wayne county, on Detroit river, 
 18 miles above the head of Lake Erie, 80 
 miles E. S. E. from Lansing, 302 miles W. 
 from Bufi"aio, and 526 miles from Washington. 
 Lat. 42° 20' N., Ion. 82° 68' W. It is beau- 
 tifully situated on the W. bank of the river, 
 which is here about half a mile wide, and 
 forms one of the finest harbours in the United 
 States. The part of' the city contiguous to 
 the river is built on a rectangular plan, ex- 
 tending 1200 feet back from the shore ; the 
 space beyond this is divided into triangular 
 sections by a number of avenues, which con- 
 verge to an open area called the Grand Cir- 
 cus. These avenues vary in width from 120 
 to 200 feet. The principal buildings and 
 public offices are situated on Jefferson and 
 Woodward avenues. The city is adorned 
 with several public squares, one of which is 
 named the Campus Martins. Jefferson ave- 
 nue, one of the finest streets in the city, is 
 well paved, with brick and stone sidewalks. 
 Woodward avenue, crossing the first at right 
 angles, is the principal business street. Con- 
 gress street is also distinguished for its fine 
 appearance. Among the remarkable edi- 
 fices may be mentioned the old state house, 
 a commodious brick building, 90 feet by 60, 
 with a dome and steeple 140 feet high, 
 which commands an extensive view, em- 
 bracing the city with its environs. Lake St. 
 Clair and the Canadian shore ; the city hall, 
 which is a brick building 100 feet by 50, and 
 the Bank of Michigan, a substantial struc- 
 ture of stone, in the Grecian style, which 
 cost about $40,000. Detroit has a well-or- 
 ganized system of public schools. It con- 
 tains 23 churches, 4 banks, a museum, thea- 
 tre, and two orphan asylums. The railroad 
 company have a large brick freight house, 
 about 600 feet long by 100 feet wide. Ten 
 or eleven newspapers are published in De- 
 troit, three of them daily, and the others 
 tri-weekly or weekly. The city is lighted 
 with gas, and also supplied with water of the 
 purest quality from Detroit river. It is first 
 forced by steam-power into a reseinroir hav- 
 ing an elevation of about 50 feet, and thence 
 is conducted through distributing-pipes to the 
 various parts of the town. 
 
 Detroit is admirably situated for commerce, 
 and its importance is greatly enhanced by its 
 intimate and extensive relations with a region 
 towards which a prodigious tide of emigration 
 is flowing. By its position on the great chain 
 of lakes, and by means of the connecting 
 rivers and canals, it has a ready communica- 
 tion with the principal centres of trade. A 
 number of large steam-packets, freighted 
 with the merchandise of all climes, and with 
 emigrants from various nations, are con- 
 
DET 
 
 DEX 
 
 stantly ploughing the waters of Lake Erie be- 
 tween Detroit and Buffalo. The Detroit river 
 is an excellent stream for navigation, and 
 never overflows its banks. The average dif- 
 ference between high and low water is only 
 2 or 3 feet. It is closed by ice about four 
 months in the year. The Michigan Central 
 railroad, which is 218 miles long, extends 
 across the state to Lake Michigan, and con- 
 nects with another road leading to Chicago. 
 The number of passengers on this road, 
 during the year ending .June 30, 1852, ex- 
 ceeded 200,000. Several plank-roads extend 
 from the city toward the interior, one of 
 which connects it with the capital of the 
 state. The business of Detroit is immense. 
 The annual exports coastwise amount to 
 about $4,000,000, and the imports to up- 
 wards of .$15,500,000. Considerable trade is 
 also carried on with Canada. The shipping 
 of the port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 43,925|4- tons, enrolled and li- 
 censed, of which 24,115|f tons were em- 
 ployed in steam navigation. During the year, 
 10 vessels, (5 of them steamers,) with an ag- 
 gregate burthen of 2287§f, tons were ad- 
 measured. 
 
 The manufactures of the city are exten- 
 sive and important, consisting of steam-en- 
 gines and various other kinds of machinery, 
 mill-irons, stoves, ploughs, cabinet ware, &c. 
 Brewing and tanning are also carried on to a 
 considerable extent. At the different steam 
 saw mills herein operation, about 10,000,000 
 feet of lumber are annually turned out. 
 
 Detroit was founded by the French in 1760, 
 and has ever since been a military post. It 
 was the capital of Michigan from the settle- 
 ment of the state until Lansing was selected 
 as the seat of government. Population in 
 1830, 2222; in 1840 it was 9102, and in 
 1850 21,019 ; in 1853, 34,436. 
 
 Detroit, a post-office of Marion co., Ala. 
 
 Detroit, a village of Peoria county, Illi- 
 nois, on the W. shore of Peoria lake, 6 miles 
 N. N. E. from Peoria. 
 
 Detroit, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois. 
 
 Detroit River, the name of the river, or 
 strait, connecting Lake St. Clair with Lake 
 Erie. Length, 28 miles ; breadth, from half 
 a mile to a mile. 
 
 Devereaux, a post-office of Herkimer 
 county, New York. 
 
 Devereaux, a village of Hancock county, 
 Georgia, 18 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Devil Lake. See Minniwakan. 
 
 Devon, a post-office of Henry co., Indiana. 
 
 De Witt, a county in Texas, in the S. cen- 
 tral part of the state, contains 968 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Guadalujie river. 
 The surface of the uplands is rolling, and 
 highly picturesque, and the soil is fertile, 
 especially in the vicinity of the Guadalupe. 
 Cotton and corn are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 547 bales of cotton, and 
 67.560 bushels of corn. The population is 
 
 sparse, but increasing rapidly. Named in 
 honour of De Witt, an empresario, under the 
 Mexican government, of what was termed 
 De Witt's colony. Capital, Clinton. Popu- 
 lation, 1716, of whom 1148 were free, and 
 568, slaves. 
 
 De Witt, a county in the central part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 675 square miles. It 
 is drained by the head streams of Salt creek, 
 an affluent of the Sangamon river. The sur- 
 face is generally level, and diversified by 
 prairies and forests of good timber : the soil 
 is highly productive and easily cultivated. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 there were raised 
 704,600 bushels of corn ; 22,401 of wheat ; 
 45,737 of oats; 2083 tons of hay, and 18,833 
 pounds of wool. It contained 6 churches, 
 and 8941 pupils attending public schools, 
 Stone coal is found. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Illinois central railroad. The 
 name was given in honor of De Witt Clinton, 
 governor of New York. Capital, Clinton. 
 Population, 5002. 
 
 De Witt, a post-township of Onondaga 
 county. New York, 4 or 5 miles E. from Sy- 
 racuse, intersected by the Syracuse and Utica 
 railroad, and by the Erie canal. Popula- 
 tion, 3302. 
 
 De Witt, a thriving post-village of De Witt 
 township, capital of Clinton county, Michi- 
 gan, on the Looking-glass river, 8 miles N. 
 from Lansing. The river furnishes water- 
 power, which gives motion to several mills. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 De Witt, a post-village of De Witt county, 
 Illinois, 60 miles E. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 De Witt, a post-village of Carroll county, 
 Missouri, on the N. bank of Missouri river, 
 85 miles N. W. from Jefl'erson City. 
 
 De Witt, a small post-village, capital of 
 Clinton county, Iowa, 70 miles E. N. E. from 
 Iowa city, and 4 miles N. from the Wapsipi- 
 nicon river. 
 
 De Witt's Valley, a village of Alleghany 
 county, New York. 
 
 De Wittville, a post-office of Chautauqua 
 county. New York. 
 
 Dexter, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 55 miles N. E. of Augusta. 
 Population, 1948. 
 
 Dexter, a post-village of Brownsville 
 township, Jefferson county, New York, at 
 the mouth of Black river, about 10 miles W. 
 from Watertown. It contains a number of 
 manufactories, and has a landing-place for 
 steamboats. 
 
 Dexter, a thriving post-village of Scio 
 township, Washtenaw county, Michigan, on 
 the Michigan Central railroad, at the conflu- 
 ence of Mill creek with Huron river, 50 miles 
 W. by N. from Detroit. It is abundantly sup- 
 plied with water-power, and has several mills. 
 
 Dexterville, a village of Chautauque coun- 
 ty. New York, at the outlet of Chautauque 
 lake, about 18 miles S. E. from Maysville. 
 
 323 
 
DIA 
 
 DIM 
 
 Dial's Creek, a post-office of Orange 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Diamond Grove, a small post-village in 
 Brunswick county, Virginia, 86 miles S. S. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Diamond Grove, a post-office of Jasper 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Diamond Hill, a post-office of Providence 
 county, Khode Island. 
 
 Diamond Hill, a post-office of Anson 
 county, North Carolina, 164 miles from Ra- 
 leigh. 
 
 Diamond Hill, a post-office of Abbeville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Diamond Mills, a village of Indiana coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on Two Lick creek, 58 
 miles in a direct line E. N. E. from Pittsburg, 
 has 1 foundry and 2 mills. Population, 
 about 150. 
 
 Diamond River, a small stream of Coos 
 county, in the N. part of New Hampshire, 
 falls into the Dead river. 
 
 Diana, a post-township of Lewis county, 
 New York, 45 miles S. from Ogdensburg. 
 Population, 970. 
 
 Diana Mills, a post-village of Bucking- 
 ham county, Virginia, on Slate river, 75 miles 
 W. from Richmond. 
 
 DiAs Creek, a post-office of Cape May 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 DiBBLEViLLE, a village near the S. W. cor- 
 ner of Livingston county, Michigan, about 51 
 miles N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Dibertsville, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dice's Head, a point or cape at the en- 
 trance of Castine harbor, Maine. On it is 
 a fixed light, 116 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 44° 21' N., Ion. 68° 45' 30" W. 
 
 Dickensonville, a post-office of Russell 
 county, Virginia, 340 miles W. by S. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 DicKERSONviLLE, a post-office of Niagara 
 county. New York. 
 
 DiCKETViLLE, a Small post-village of Grant 
 county, Wisconsin, about 21 miles N. N. W. 
 from Galena. 
 
 Dickinson, a new county in the N. W. part 
 of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area 
 of about 430 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Okoboji river, a branch of the Little 
 Sioux river, which flows into the Missouri. 
 It has several small lakes, the principal of 
 which is Spirit lake. This county is not in- 
 cluded in the census of 1850. County seat 
 not located. Named in honor of Senator 
 Dickinson of New York. 
 
 Dickinson, a post-township of Franklin 
 county. New York, 16 miles S. W. from Ma- 
 lone. Population, 1119. 
 
 Dickinson, a former township of Cumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania, divided into Up- 
 per and Lower Dickinson. 
 
 Dickinson, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dickinson, a post-village of Franklin 
 324 
 
 county, Virginia, 200 miles W. S. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Dick Johnson, a township of Clay county, 
 Indiana. Population, 669. 
 
 DiCKSBURG, a village in Knox county, In- 
 diana, on the N. bank of the W. fork of White 
 river, 14 miles S. from Vincennes. 
 
 Dickson, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 650 
 square miles. It is drained by Harpeth 
 river, and other affluents of Cumberland 
 river, which washes its N. E. border. The 
 surface is undulating ; the soil moderately 
 fertile. Indian corn, oats, grass, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 388,731 bushels of Indian corn; 60,983 
 of oats, and 10,148 pounds of wool. It con- 
 tained 20 churches ; 1765 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending academies 
 and other schools. Steamboats navigate the 
 Cumberland river along the border of the 
 county. It is traversed by a turnpike lead- 
 ing to Nashville. Capital, Charlotte. Popu- 
 lation, 8404, of whom 6286 were free, and 
 2118, slaves. 
 
 Dick's River, a small stream of Kentucky, 
 rises in Rockcastle county, and flowing north- 
 westward, forms the boundary between Gar- 
 rard county on the right, and Boyle and 
 Mercer on the left, and enters the Kentucky 
 river 10 miles N. E. from Harrodsburg. 
 
 Dido, a post-office of Choctaw co.. Miss. 
 
 Diggers, a name applied to various tribes 
 of miserable and degraded Indians in Oregon 
 and California, who subsist on roots which 
 they dig out of the earth, and on insects, 
 lizards, &c. 
 
 DiGHTON, a post-township of Bristol county, 
 Massachusetts, 35 miles S. by W. from Bos- 
 ton, on the E. side of Taunton river. Popula- 
 tion, 1641. 
 
 Dillersville, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Harrisburg and 
 Lancaster railroad, 1 mile W. from Lancaster. 
 
 Dille's Bottom, a post-office of Belmont 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 DiLLiNGERSviLLE, a post-officc of Lehigh 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dillon, a post-office of Tazewell co., 111. 
 
 Dillon's Run, a post-office of Hampshire 
 county, Virginia, 16 miles E. from Romney, 
 the county seat. 
 
 DiLLSBOROUGH, a post-village of Dearborn 
 CO., Ind., 85 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 DiLLSBiTBG, a post-village of York county, 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles S. W. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 270. 
 
 DiLWOBTHTowN, a post-village of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, 78 miles E. S. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 DiMMiCK, a post-office of La Salle co.. 111. 
 
 DiMOCKS, a post-township of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. from Mont- 
 rose. Population, 1056. 
 
 DiMOCKsviLLE, a Small post-village in the 
 above township. 
 
DIN 
 
 DIS 
 
 DiNGMAN, a township of Pike county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware river, about 50 
 miles N. by E. from Easton. Population, G38. 
 
 DiNGMAN, a post-village of Pike county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, about 
 8 miles below Milford. 
 
 DiNGMANSBURG, a thriving village of Shelby 
 county, Ohio, on the Miami river, opposite 
 Sidney, 72 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. 
 Population, about 250. 
 
 Dingman's Feert, a post-office of Pike 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 DiNSMORE, a post-township in Shelby coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 701. 
 
 DiNWiDDiE, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Virginia, contains 540 square miles. The 
 Appomattox river bounds it on the N., and 
 the Nottoway on the S. W. ; it is also drained 
 by Stony and Namazine creeks. The surface 
 is undulating. Indian corn, wheat, and to- 
 bacco are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 304,556 bushels of corn; 60,275 of 
 wheat, and 1,782,521 pounds of tobacco. 
 There were 3 cotton factories, 25 flour and 
 grist mills, 7 saw mills, and 2 chandleries. 
 It contained 36 churches, 3 newspaper offices ; 
 223 pupils attending public schools, and 869 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 rocks which underlie this county are of the 
 primitive formation. The railroad from Rich- 
 mond to Weldon, North Carolina, passes 
 through the county. Formed in 1752, and 
 named in honor of Robert Dinwiddle, then 
 governor of Virginia. Capital, Dinwiddle 
 Court House. Population, 25,118, of whom 
 14,238 were free, and 10,880, slaves. 
 
 DiNwiDDiE Court House, a post-village, 
 capital of Dinwiddle county, Virginia, on 
 Stony creek, 35 miles S. by W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Dinwiddie's Tan Yard, a post-office of 
 Campbell county, Virginia. 
 
 Dirt Town, a post-village of Chattooga 
 county, Georgia, about 180 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Dismal Swajmp extends from near Norfolk, 
 in Virginia, into North Carolina. Length 
 from N. to S., about 30 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 10 or 12 miles. It is in some parts 
 covered with reeds, in others with a heavy 
 growth of trees with a thick undergrowth. 
 In the centre is Lake Drummond, covering 
 about 6 square miles ; when full, the surface 
 is 21 feet above tide-water. 
 
 District, a township in the E. part of 
 Berks county, Pennsylvania, 18 miles E. from 
 Reading. Population, 842. 
 
 District of Columbia, a small tract of 
 territory set apart as the site of the capital 
 of the United States, was ceded to the gene- 
 ral Government by the State of Maryland, by 
 which it is bounded on all sides except the 
 S. W., which is washed by the Potomac river. 
 The capitol in Washington is in lat. 38° 53' N., 
 Ion. 77° and 2' W. from Greenwich. American 
 geographers, however, often compute longi- 
 
 tude from this place. Originally, the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia was 10 miles square, or 
 100 square miles ; but, by the retrocession 
 of Alexandria county to Virginia in 1846, it 
 was reduced to 60 square miles, or 38,400 
 acres, 16,267 of which are improved. 
 
 Population. — The District of Columbia had 
 14,093 inhabitants in 1800 ; 24,023 in 1810; 
 33,039 in 1820; 39,834 in 1830; 43,712 in 
 1840, and 51,687 in 1850, of whom 18,548 
 were white males, 19,479 do. females, 4210 
 free colored males, 5763 do. females, and 
 1422 male, and 2265 female slaves. Of the 
 free population, 24,967 were born in the Dis- 
 trict, 17,989 in other parts of the Union, 32 
 in British America, 622 in England, 2373 in 
 Ireland, 162 in Scotland and Wales, 1404 in 
 Germany, 80 in France, 234 in other coun- 
 tries, and 77 whose places of birth were 
 unknown ; 19 were deaf and dumb, of whom 
 2 were free colored and 1 a slave ; 23 blind, 
 of whom 8 were free colored, and 1 a slave ; 
 22 insane, of whom 8 were free colored, and 
 1 a slave, and 11 idiotic, of whom 4 were 
 free colored. In the year ending .June 1st, 
 1850, 846 deaths occurred, being about 16 in 
 every one thousand persons. 
 
 Counties. — The entire district constitutes 
 the county of Washington. 
 
 Cities. — Washington, the capital of the 
 United States, population, 40,000, and George- 
 town, 8336, include nearly the entire popula- 
 tion of the district. 
 
 Surface. — The surface is generally undu- 
 lating, with some marshes. There are emi- 
 nences of sufficient prominence to command 
 fine views and give variety to the scene. 
 
 Rivers. — The Potomac river separates the 
 district from Virginia, which, except a small 
 tributary called the East branch, and Rock 
 creek, separating Washington from George- 
 town, is the only stream of importance. 
 
 Productions. — The district has very little 
 agricultural importance. Products in 1850, 
 17,370 bushels of wheat ; 5509 of rye ; 65,230 
 of Indian corn ; 8134 of oats ; 28,292 of Irish 
 potatoes ; 14,872 pounds of butter ; 2279 tons 
 of hay, with some tobacco, peas, beans, sweet 
 potatoes, barley, buckwheat, wine, cheese, 
 beeswax, and honey. Value of live stock 
 produced, $71,643 ; do. orchard products, 
 $14,843, and do. market garden, $67,222. 
 
 Manufactures. — In 1850 the District of 
 Columbia had 1 cotton factory, employing 
 $85,000 of capital, and 41 male and 103 female 
 hands,consumingrawmaterial worth $67,000, 
 and producing 1,400,000 yards of stuffs, va- 
 lued at 100,000 ; 1 woollen factory, employ- 
 ing $700 capital, and 2 male hands, con- 
 suming raw material worth $1630, and 
 producing 10,000 yards of stuff, valued at 
 $2400; 2 furnaces, employing $14,000 capi- 
 tal, and 80 male hands, consuming raw ma- 
 terial worth 18,100, and producing 512 tons 
 of castings, &c., valued at $52,695; $12,000 
 were invested in the manufacture of malt and 
 
 325 
 
DIS 
 
 DOC 
 
 spirituous liquors, consuming 5000 bushels 
 of barley, and producing 1350 barrels of ale ; 
 and 2 tanneries, employing $25,000 capital, 
 consuming raw material worth $25,600, and 
 producing leather valued at $40,000. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — A few miles of the 
 Washington and Baltimore railroad are in 
 the District of Columbia, and the Chesapeake 
 and Ohio canal has its terminus at George- 
 town. These constitute the internal improve- 
 ments of the district. 
 
 Commerce. — The imports of 1851-2 amount- 
 ed to $54,142, and the exports $79,005 ; ton- 
 nage entered, 901; cleared, 2014; belonging 
 to the district, 26,197, of which 3327|f was 
 steam tonnage, and number of vessels built, 
 27, the tonnage of which was 1995|-|. 
 
 Education. — There were in 1850, 2 colleges 
 in the district, with an aggregate of 285 stu- 
 dents, and 32,300 volumes in their libraries; 
 1 medical school with 40 students; and 2611 
 children taught in common schools, by 29 
 teachers, at an expense of $11,677. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of 46 churches, 
 the Baptists owned 6, Episcopalians 8, Friends 
 1, Lutheran 2, Methodists 16, Presbyterians 6, 
 Roman Catholics 6, and Unitarian 1, making 
 about one church for every 1109 persons; 
 value of church property, $363,000. 
 
 Public Institutions. — See Washington and 
 Georgetown. 
 
 Government. — The District of Columbia is 
 under the direct government of the Congress 
 of the United States, and without any repre- 
 sentation in the national Congress, or any 
 vote for president. The judiciary consists, 
 1. Of a circuit court, with one chief and two 
 associate judges, the former receiving $2700, 
 and the latter $2500 each per annum. 2. Of 
 a criminal court, presided over by one judge, 
 receiving $2000 ; and, 3. Of an orphans' court, 
 with a judge receiving $1500 per annum. As- 
 sessed value of property in 1850, $14,018,874. 
 In January, 1852, there were in the district 
 four banks, with an aggregate capital of 
 $1,182,300, a circulation of $350,000, and 
 $300,000 in coin. 
 
 History. — In 1790, Maryland and Virginia 
 ceded 100 square miles to the United States. 
 This tract was named the District of Colum- 
 bia, in honor of the great discoverer of Ame- 
 rica. This district, about two-thirds of which 
 was on the Maryland shore of the Potomac, 
 was designed for the site of the capital of the 
 nation, and, in accordance with tlus intention, 
 a city was laid out, public buildings erected, 
 and in 1800 the government officials removed 
 thereto. During the war of 1812, the British 
 forces took Washington, and burned the capi- 
 tol, (including the library of Congress,) and 
 the president's house. In 1846, Alexandria 
 county was retroceded to Virginia. 
 
 DiTNEY Hill, apost-officeof Dubois county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Dividing Creek, a post-village of Cumber- 
 land county. New Jersey, 17 miles S. S. E. 
 326 
 
 from Bridgeton. It has 2 churches, and 
 from 200 to 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Dix, a township forming the N. W. extre- 
 mity of Chemung county. New York, border- 
 ing on the southern end of Seneca lake. 
 Population, 2953. 
 
 Dixborough, a small village of Washtenaw 
 county, Michigan, 34 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Dix Creek, a post-office of Chickasaw 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 DixFiEiD, a post-township of Oxford coun- 
 ty, Maine, on the N. side of Androscoggin 
 river, 30 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1180. 
 
 Dix Hill, a post-office of Suffolk county, 
 New York. 
 
 Dixmont, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, about 40 miles N. E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1605. 
 
 Dixmont Corner, a small village in Dix- 
 mont township, Penobscot county, Maine, 
 about 40 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 
 Dixmont Mills, a small village in Dixmont 
 township, Penobscot county, Maine, about 
 43 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 
 Dixon, a township in the W. part of Preble 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1192. 
 
 Dixon, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Lee county, Illinois, on both sides of Rock 
 river, and on the Northern branch of the 
 Central railroad, 110 miles W. from Chicago. 
 A dam has been built across the river, pro- 
 ducing extensive water-power, which is em- 
 ployed in mills of various kinds. Dixon con- 
 tains a court house, a United States land- 
 office, several churches, and a number of 
 stores. Population in 1850, 1073. 
 
 Dixon, a post-office of Scott county, Iowa. 
 
 Dixon's Mills, a post-office of Marengo 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Dixon's Springs, a small post-village of 
 Smith county, Tennessee, 51 miles E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Dixonville, a post-village of Cole county, 
 Missouri, 9 miles W. by N. from Jefferson City, 
 
 DixviLLB, a township of Coos county. New 
 Hampshire, 43 miles N. E. of Lancaster. Po- 
 pulation, 8. 
 
 DoAKSviLLE, a post-office of Choctaw Na- 
 tion, Arkansas. 
 
 Doan's Creek, of Indiana, enters the W. 
 fork of White river, near the S. line of 
 Greene county. 
 
 DoANESBURGH, a post-office of Putnam 
 county. New York. 
 
 Dobbin's Creek, California. See Deer 
 Creek. 
 
 Dobbin's Ranch, a post-office of Yuba 
 county, California. 
 
 Dobb's Ferry, a post-village of Westchester 
 county. New York, on the Hudson river, and 
 on the railroad of that name, 22 miles N. 
 from New York. It has a steamboat landing. 
 
 Dockery's Store, a post-office of Rich- 
 mond county, North Carolina. 
 
 DoGTon's Creek, of New Jersey, rises in 
 
 
 
DOC 
 
 DON 
 
 Monmouth county, and falls into Crosswicks 
 creek, 3 miles N. E. from Bordentown. 
 
 Doctor's Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Altamaha from the left, on the W. part of 
 Mcintosh county. 
 
 Doddridge, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Virginia, contains 300 sqxiare miles. It is 
 drained by Hughes river and Middle Island 
 creek. The surface is hilly, and the land 
 adapted to pasturage. The principal staples 
 are Indian corn, oats, and grass. In 1850 
 the county produced 59,423 bushels of corn ; 
 13,398 of oats ; 1860 tons of hay, and 35,200 
 pounds of butter. It contained 2 saw mills, 1 
 grist mill, and 1 ■wool-carding mill, 1 church, 
 and 115 pupils attending public schools. 
 The Middle Island creek is navigable by flat- 
 boats, in which lumber is exported. Capital, 
 West Union. Population, 2750, of whom 
 2719 were free, and 31, slaves. 
 
 DoDDSviLLE, a post-ofiBce of McDonough 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 DoDDviLLB, a post-of&ce of Rock Castle 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Dodge, a new county in the N. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 
 210 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of Locust and Medicine creeks. The 
 slope of the surface is towards the S. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 75,208 
 bushels of corn ; 1770 of wheat; 5325 of oats; 
 87 tons of hay, and 16,267 pounds of butter. 
 County seat not yet established. Popula- 
 tion, 375, of whom 373 were free, and 2, 
 slaves. Named in honor of Henry Dodge, 
 long a resident of Missouri, and afterwards 
 governor of Wisconsin. 
 
 Dodge, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Wisconsin, contains 936 square miles. It 
 is intersected by P^ock river and by Crawfish 
 and Beaver Dam creeks. The surface is 
 diversified by prairies and "oak openings," 
 or uplands, which are covered with a scat- 
 tered growth of burr and pin oaks, while 
 the large streams are bordered by dense 
 forests of oak, ash, elm, maple, &c. The soil 
 is calcareous, and very fertile ; the Winne- 
 bago marsh, (an immense millpond, through 
 which Rock river flows,) covers an 'area of 
 44 square miles. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 potatoes, pork, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 327,936 bushels 
 of wheat; 127,672 of Indian corn; 204,197 
 of oats; 158,228 of potatoes, and 331,246 
 pounds of butter. There were 10 churches, and 
 3243 pupils attending public schools. Lime- 
 stone, suitable for building, is found in con- 
 siderable quantities. It is intersected by the 
 Fond du Lac and Chicago, railroad. Rock 
 river furnishes valuable motive-power, and 
 is navigable for small boats. This is one of 
 the most populous and flourishing counties of 
 the state. Named in honor of Henry Dodge, 
 first governor of Wisconsin. Capital, Juneau. 
 Population, 19,138. 
 
 Dodge Centre, Wisconsin. See Juneau. 
 
 Dodgeville, a post-village of Des Moines 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 DoDGEvrLLE, a post-township in Iowa 
 county, Wisconsin. Population, 2117. 
 
 Dodgeville, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, 6 miles N. from Mineral 
 Point. Rich mines of lead and copper are 
 worked in the vicinity. The village has 3 
 churches, 9 stores, and 1 smelting furnace. 
 Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 DoDSON, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Highland county, Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1217. 
 
 DoDSONViLLE, a Small post-village in Jack- 
 son county, Alabama. 
 
 DoDSONviLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Highland county, Ohio, 50 miles E. from 
 Cincinnati. Population in 1853, about 200. 
 
 Doe Hill, a post-office of Highland co., Va. 
 
 Doe Run, a post-office of Chester co.. Pa. 
 
 Dog Creek, a post-office of Putnam co., 0. 
 
 Dog Island; at the E. side of the middle en- 
 trance to St. George's sound, on the S. coast 
 of Florida. On its W. end is a light 50 feet 
 high, revolving once in three minutes. Lat. 
 29° 43' 30" N., Ion. 84° 41' W. 
 
 Dog River, a small stream of Washington 
 county, Vermont, falls into Onion river, a 
 few miles below Montpelier. 
 
 Dog River, Mississippi. See Escatappa. 
 
 Dog River Cove, a post-office of Carter 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 DoGTOWN, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dogwood Neck, a post-office of Horry dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Dogwood Valley, a village of Walker 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 DoLiNGTON, a post-village of Bucks county, 
 Pennsylvania, 120 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 DoLSENTOWN, a Small village of Orange co., 
 N. Y., about 100 miles S. by W. from Albany. 
 
 DoLSON, a post-office of Clark co., Illinois. 
 
 Domestic, a post-office of Williams co., 0. 
 
 DoMiNicK, a village of La Salle county, 
 Illinois, about 50 miles N. N. E. from Peoria. 
 
 Don, a post-office of Sullivan co., Iowa. 
 
 Dona, a small village or steamboat landing 
 of Delaware, on Delaware bay, is the termi- 
 nus of the Dona and Seaford railroad. 
 
 Donaldson, a thriving post-village of 
 Schuylkill county, Pennsjdvania, 15 miles 
 S. W. from Pottsville. It is situated in the 
 vicinity of coal mines, and owes its rapid 
 growth to the trade in coal. Laid out about 
 1845. Population in 1853, about 700. 
 
 DoNALDsoNviLLB, a post-officc of Abbeville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 DoNALDSONviLLE, a town and river port, 
 capital of Ascension parish, Louisiana, on 
 the right bank of the Mississippi river, a^ 
 the head of Bayou La Fourche, 82 miles above 
 New Orleans. It was formerly capital of the 
 state. It has a landing for steamboats, and 
 contains several stores. 
 
 327 
 
DON 
 
 DOT 
 
 Donegal, a towuship of Butlev county, 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. E. from Butler. 
 Population, 1177. 
 
 Donegal, a small village of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Donegal, a township of Washington coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, bordering on Virginia, and 
 intersected by the Hempfield railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 1679. 
 
 Donegal, a small village of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Donegal, a post-township, forming the 
 S. E. extremity of AVestmoreland county, 
 Pennsylvania, 44 miles E. 8. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 3352. 
 
 Donegal, a small post-village in the above 
 township, about 162 miles W. by S. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Dongola, a small post-village of Gibson 
 county, Indiana, on Patoka creek, about 14 
 miles E. from Princeton. 
 
 Doniphan, a post- village of Ripley co.. Mo. 
 
 Donnell's, a post-of&ce of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 DoNNELSviLLE, a post-village of Clarke 
 county, Ohio, a few miles W. from Spring- 
 field. Population, about 200. 
 
 DooLY, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 1530 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by Flint river, and 
 drained by the sources of the Alapaha, and 
 by Lumpkin's, Gum, and Cedar creeks. The 
 surface is level, and partly covered with pine 
 woods. Much of the land is productive. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, sugar cane, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 5962 bales of cotton; 289,378 
 bushels of corn, and 94,645 of sweet potatoes. 
 It contained 3 saw mills, 1 coach manufac- 
 tory, 4 blacksmithing establishments, and 225 
 pupils attending public schools. Organized 
 in 1821, and named in honor of Colonel 
 •John Dooly, an officer in the war of the Re- 
 volution. Capital, Vienna. Population, 8361, 
 of whom 5586 were free, and 2775, slaves. 
 
 DooK county, Wisconsin, is a narrow pe- 
 ninsula between Lake Michigan and Green 
 bay, forming the N. E. extremity of the state. 
 The area is about 400 square miles. It was 
 separated from Brown county in 1850, but is 
 not yet organized. Capital, Gibraltar. 
 
 Door Creek, a post-office of Dane co.. Wis. 
 
 Door Village, a little post-village of La 
 Porte county, Indiana, 3 miles S. W. from 
 La Porte, is situated in a fertile prairie. 
 
 Dora, a village of Wabash county, Indiana, 
 on the Salamonie river, 8 miles E. from 
 Wabash. 
 
 Dora, a small village of Broome county. 
 New York, 18 miles E. from Binghampton. 
 
 DoRGHEAT,a post-office of Claiborne par., La. 
 
 DoRCHEAT river. See Dauchite. 
 
 DoRcuESTER, a countv in the S. E. part of 
 Maryland, bordering on Delaware state, and 
 on the Chesapeake bay, which washes the 
 western border. Area, 640 square miles. 
 The Choptank river forms its boundary on 
 32b 
 
 the N. and N. W., and the Nauticoke river on 
 the S. E. It is also drained by Hudson and 
 Marshy Hope rivers. The surface is level, 
 and partly occupied by marshes ; the soil in 
 some places is clayey, in others sandy. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, butter, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 55,000 bushels of corn; 137,470 of wheat; 
 8496 of oats, and 84,816 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 2 coach factories, 1 hat factory, 
 26 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 798 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 140 attending 
 academies or other schools. The principal 
 forest trees are the oak, hickory, walnut, 
 and pine. The Choptank and Nanticoke 
 rivers are navigable along the borders of the 
 county. Organized in 1669. Capital, Cam- 
 bridge. Population, 18,887, of whom 14,595 
 were free, and 4282, slaves. 
 
 Dorchester, a post-township of Grafton 
 county, New Hampshire, about 50 miles N. 
 N. W. from Concord. Population, 711. 
 
 Dorchester, a post- village of Norfolk coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on Dorchester bay, and on 
 the Old Colony railroad, 5 miles S. of Boston. 
 It has considerable shipping, chiefly employed 
 in the whale and other fisheries, and contains 
 several churches and two banks. Dorchester 
 may properly be regarded as a suburb of 
 Boston. Population of the township, 7969. 
 
 Dorchester, a small post-village of Cum- 
 berland county, New Jersey, on Maurice 
 river, 20 miles S. E. from Bridgeton. 
 
 Dorchester, a small village of Liberty 
 county, Georgia, about 5 miles from Sunbury, 
 containing an academy and 12 families. 
 
 Dorchester, a post-office of Lafayette 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Dordasville, a small village of Pope 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Dormansville, a post-office of Albany 
 county, New York. 
 
 DoRNicKTOwN, a post-office of Monongalia 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Dorr, a township in Allegan county, Michi- 
 gan. Population, 124. 
 
 Dorr, a township in the central part of 
 McHenry county, Illinois. 
 
 DoRRANCE, a township of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, 14 miles S. W. from Wilkes- 
 barre. Population, 420. 
 
 DoRRANCE, a post-office of Stark co., 111. 
 
 DoREViLLE, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Rhode Island. 
 
 Dorset, a post-township of Bennington 
 county, Vermont, 90 miles S. S. W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1700. 
 
 Dorset, a post-township in Ashtabula 
 county, Ohio. Population, 236. 
 
 Dorset, a post-village of De Kalb county, 
 Illinois, 66 miles W. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 Dorset, a post-office of Woodford co., Ky. 
 
 Doty's Corner, a post-office of Steuben 
 county, New York. 
 
 DoTYviLLE, a post-office of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
DOU 
 
 DOV 
 
 Double Beanciies, a post-office of Ander- 
 son district, South Carolina. 
 
 Double Branches, a post-village of Lin- 
 coln county, Georgia. 
 
 Double Bridge, a post-office of Lunenburg 
 county, Virginia, 87 miles S. W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Double Bridges, a small post-village of 
 Upson county, Georgia, 11 miles S. W. from 
 Thomaston, the county seat. 
 
 Double Bridges, a post-office of Lauder- 
 dale county, Tennessee. 
 
 Double Cabins, a post-village of Henry co., 
 Ga., 65 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 DouBLEOAK,apost-officeof Camdenco.,Mo. 
 
 Double Pike Ckeek, a post-office of Car- 
 roll county, Maryland. 
 ' Double Shoals, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Double Spring, a post-office of Benton 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Double Springs, a post-office of Oktibbeha 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Double Springs, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Double Springs, a post-town, capital 
 of Calaveras county, California, is situated 
 on the main road from Sacramento city to 
 Sonora, 87 miles E. N. E. from San Francisco. 
 It is in the vicinity of one of the principal 
 mining districts, and is much resorted to for 
 supplies by traders and miners. 
 
 Double Wells, Warren county, Georgia. 
 See Gumming. 
 
 Doudsville, a post-office of Pendleton 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Doughty' s Fork, of Killbuck creek, Ohio, 
 falls into the main stream, in Coshocton 
 county. 
 
 Douglas, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, 40 miles S. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 1878. 
 
 Douglas, a township of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river, 15 
 miles S. E. from Reading. Population, 1018. 
 
 Douglas, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, 
 21 miles N. N. W. from Norristown. Popula- 
 tion, 1265. 
 
 Douglas, a post- village of Nacogdoches co., 
 Texas, about 240 miles N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Douglass, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa. 
 
 DouGLASviLLE, a Small post-village of 
 Berks county, Pennsylvania, 64 miles E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Douthet, a post-office of Anderson dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Dover, a post-village, capital of Piscata- 
 quis county, Maine, on the Piscataquis river, 
 about 70 miles N. E. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 1927. 
 
 Dover, a beautiful post-town, capital of 
 Straiford county. New Hampshire, is situated 
 on both sides of Cocheco river, at the lower 
 falls, where it is crossed by the Boston and 
 Maine railroad 68 miles N. from Boston, and 
 
 12 miles N. W. from Portsmouth. Lat. 43° 
 13' N., Ion. 70° 64 W. The site of this town 
 presents an agreeable variety of surface, and 
 some of the streets cross each other in an 
 oblique direction. It contains a town hall, 
 3 banks, 6 newspaper offices, an academy, a 
 high-school, and about 10 churches, viz. 
 3 Baptist, 2 Methodist, 1 Congregational, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Unitarian, 1 Friends', and 1 
 Universalist. The principal hotels are the 
 American House, the Dover House, and the 
 New Hampshire hotel. Dover is favorably 
 situated for trade, at the head of sloop navi- 
 gation, and is connected by the Cocheco rail- 
 road with Alton, on Winnipiseogee lake. 
 The river at this place has a direct fall of 
 32 feet, affording abundant water-power. 
 The Cocheco Manufacturing Company have 
 erected here large cotton mills, with a print- 
 ing establishment, in which from 1200 to 
 1500 operatives are employed, and a capital 
 of $1,300,000 is invested. They produce 
 about 10,000,000 yards of print cloths an- 
 nually. There are also 2 large manufac- 
 tories of shoes, 1 of woollen goods, and 1 of 
 carpets, besides several smaller establish- 
 ments. Dover is the oldest town in the state, 
 having been settled by a company of English 
 in 1623. It is surrounded by a fertile and 
 well-cultivated country. Population of the 
 township in 1850, 8196. 
 
 Dover, a post-township of AVindham coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 90 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 709. 
 
 Dover, a post-township of Norfolk county, 
 Massachusetts, 15 miles S. W. of Boston. 
 Population, 1927. 
 
 Dover,, a post-township of Dutchess coun- 
 ty. New York, 20 miles E. from Poughkeep- 
 sie, intersected by the Harlem railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 2146. 
 
 Dover, or Dover Plains, a post-village in 
 the above township, on the Harlem railroad, 
 80 miles N. N. E. from New York. It con- 
 tains two or three churches, an academy, 
 and several stores. 
 
 Dover, a thriving post-village of Randolph 
 township, near the centre of Morris county, 
 New Jersey, is situated on the Rockaway 
 river, and on the Morris canal, about 7 miles 
 N. N. W. from Morristown. The inhabitants 
 are extensively engaged in iron manufactures. 
 There are several forges, foundries, rolling 
 mills, spike factories, and steel furnaces. The 
 Morris and Essex railroad passes through this 
 place. The village contains a bank. 
 
 Dover, a township of Ocean county, New 
 Jersey, on Tom's river, contains Tom's River 
 village, and 2385 inhabitants. 
 
 Dover, a post-township of York county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Conewago creek, 7 miles 
 N. W. from York. Population, 2104. It con- 
 tains a village of the same name. 
 
 Dover, a handsome and flourishing town, 
 seat of justice of Kent county, and capital 
 of the state of Delaware, on Jones' creek, and 
 
 329 
 
DOV 
 
 DOW 
 
 on the Dona and Seaford railroad, 50 miles 
 S. from Wilmington, and about 5 miles W. 
 from Delaware bay. Lat. 39° 10' N., Ion. 
 75° 30' W. It has a fine state house, with 
 an open lawn in front, 4 churches, 2 large 
 hotels, 1 newspaper office, a telegraph sta- 
 tion, a bank, several seminaries, and many- 
 elegant residences. The houses are mostly 
 built of brick. Dover has increased rapidly 
 for some years past. Population in 1853, 
 about 4000. 
 
 Dover, a post-ofSce of Baltimore co., Md. 
 
 Dover, a post-ofiBce of Randolph co., Ga. 
 
 Dover, a village of Greene county, Geor- 
 gia, 41 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Dover, a post- village in Eussell co., Ala., 
 about 75 miles E. by N. from Montgomery. 
 
 Dover, a post-ofiice of Yazoo co., Miss. 
 
 Dover, a small post-village, capital of 
 Pope county, Arkansas, near Illinois bayou, 
 about 90 miles N. W. from Little Rock. 
 
 Dover, a post-village, capital of Stewart 
 CO., Tenn., on the left bank of Cumberland 
 river, 75 miles W. by N. from Nashville. 
 
 Dover, a thriving post-village of Mason 
 county, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 10 or 
 12 miles below Maysville. A considerable 
 quantity of tobacco and hemp is exported 
 from this place. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 a large flouring mill, and a steam saw mill. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 Dover, a township in the N. part of Athens 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1232. 
 
 Dover, a post-township, forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Cuyahoga county, Ohio, on the 
 S. shore of Lake Erie. Population, 1102. 
 
 Dover, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 14 miles W. S. W. from Cleveland. 
 
 Dover, a township in Fulton county, Ohio. 
 Population, 581. 
 
 Dover, a post-village, capital of Fulton 
 county, Ohio, 170 miles N. W. from Columbus, 
 and 35 miles W. from Toledo. It was laid 
 out about the year 1850. 
 
 Dover, a township in the central part of 
 Tuscarawas county, Ohio. Population, 3248. 
 
 Dover, a flourishing village in the above 
 township, is situated on the right bank of 
 Tuscarawas river, just above the mouth 
 of Sugar creek, 103 miles E. N. E. from 
 Columbus. It owes its importance to the na- 
 vigation of the Ohio canal, on which large 
 quantities of wheat and flour are shipped at 
 this place. In 1851 the amount was com- 
 puted at 534,415 bushels of wheat, and 
 40,495 barrels of flour. Dover also has facili- 
 ties for manufacturing, which are yet only 
 partially improved. An hydraulic canal has 
 been completed from Sugar creek to the town, 
 by which a fall of 22 feet is obtained. Dover 
 lias churches of 5 denominations, 1 woollen 
 factory, 2 iron furnaces, and several mills. 
 The name of the post-ofiice is Canal Dover. 
 Population in 1853, 1500. 
 
 Dover, a township of Union county, Ohio. 
 Population, 700. 
 330 
 
 Dover, a post-township in the south-east 
 partof Lenawee CO., Mich. Population, 1223. 
 
 Dover, a small post-village of Washtenaw 
 county, Michigan, on Huron river, 54 miles 
 W. by N. from Detroit. 
 
 Dover, a thriving village of Dearborn coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the state road from Rushville 
 to Cincinnati, about 90 miles S. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. Population, near 300. 
 
 Dover, a post-village of Bureau county, 
 Illinois, 144 miles N. from Springfield. 
 
 Dover, a post-township in Lafayette coun- 
 ty, Missouri. Population, 1415. 
 
 Dover, a post-village of Lafayette county, 
 Missouri, 108 miles W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Dover, a village of Davis county, Iowa, 
 on Fox river, 80 miles S. S. W. from Iowa city. 
 
 Dover, a post-village of Iowa county. Wis' 
 consin, 27 miles W. by N. from Madison, has 
 20 dwellings, with about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Dover, a township in Racine county, Wis- 
 consin. Population, 889. 
 
 Dover, a small village of Racine co.. Wis. 
 
 Dover, a post-township of Walworth coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, about 48 miles S. W. from Mil- 
 waukee. Population, 1268. 
 
 DoA^ER Hill, a thriving post- village, capital 
 of Martin county, Indiana, 1 J miles from the 
 Eastern fork of White river, and 92 miles S. 
 S. W. from Indianapolis. It is surrounded 
 by a hilly country, which contains coal and 
 iron ore. Laid out in 1845. 
 
 Dover Mills, a small post-village of 
 Goochland county, Virginia, on Dover Creek 
 and on the James River canal, 21 miles W. 
 from Richmond. It has a valuable water- 
 power and a flouring mill. 
 
 Dover South Mills, a post-ofiice of Pis- 
 cataquis county, Maine. 
 
 Dovesville, a post-office of Rockingham 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 DowAGiAC, a small river of Michigan, rises 
 in Cass and Van Buren counties, and flows 
 into the St. Joseph's river, near Mies. 
 
 DowAGiAC, a post-village of Cass county, 
 Michigan, on the above river and on the Cen- 
 tral railroad, 179 miles W. from Detroit. Set- 
 tled in 1848. Population in 1853, about 300. 
 
 DowELTON, a post-office of Yadkin co., N.C. 
 
 DowNE, a township of Cumberland county, 
 New Jersey, 14 miles S. E. from Bridgeton, 
 drained by Maurice river. Population, 2841. 
 
 Dowker's Grove, a post-township of Du 
 Page county, Illinois, 24 miles W. S. W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 DowNERViLLE, apost-office of Yuba co., Cal. 
 
 DowNiEviLLE, a post-town of Sierra coun- 
 ty, California, about 150 miles N. N. E. from 
 Benicia, is situated on Yuba river, near its 
 source Population, 810. 
 
 Downing's Mills, a post-office of Strafford 
 county, New Hampshire. 
 
 Downing sviLLE, a post-office of Grant 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 DowNiNQTON, a post- village of Meigs county, 
 Ohio, about 40 miles S. W. from Marietta. 
 
DOW 
 
 DRE 
 
 DowNiNGTOWN, a pleasant post-village of 
 East Cain township, Chester county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Philadelphia and Lancaster 
 turnpike, and on the Philadelphia and Co- 
 lumbia railroad, 29 miles W. from Philadel- 
 phia. The North branch of Brandywine 
 creek passes through it. The houses are 
 neatly and substantially built of stone. 
 Downingtown is the western terminus of the 
 Chester Valley railroad, which extends to 
 Norristown. It contains a boarding school 
 for girls. Population, estimated at 700. 
 
 DowNiNGviLLE, a Small post-village of 
 Grant county, Kentucky, on Eagle creek, 10 
 miles W. from Williamstown, the county seat. 
 
 DowNiNGViLLE, a village of Carroll county, 
 Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver canal. 
 
 DowNiNGviLLE, a post-office of Henry coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 DowNSviLLE, a post-office of Ocean co., N. J. 
 
 DowNsviLLE, a post-office of Union par.. La. 
 
 DoYLESTOWN, a post-township of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania, drained by Neshaminy 
 creek. Population, including Doylestown 
 borough, 2315. 
 
 Doylestown, a pleasant post-borough, 
 capital of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 100 
 miles E. from Harrisburg. A turnpike con- 
 nects this place with Philadelphia. It is 
 pleasantly situated on an eminence, in the 
 midst of a beautiful, ferCile, and well-culti- 
 vated country. The county buildings are 
 substantial edifices of sandstone. It contains 
 an academy, a seminary for young ladies, 
 8 churches, 5 or 6 newspaper offices, a pub- 
 lic library, and a bank. Pop. in 18501006. 
 A railroad has been projected, which will 
 connect Doylestown with Norristown and 
 New Hope. 
 
 Doylestown, a small village of Paulding 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Doylestown, a post-village of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on the road from Wooster to Akron, 
 104 miles N. E. from Columbus, contains 350 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Dracut, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, on the north side of 
 Merrimack river, about 25 miles N. by W. 
 from Boston. Population, 8503. 
 
 Drake's, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio. 
 
 Drake's Creek, in the southern part of 
 Kentucky, enters the Big Bai'ren river in 
 Warren county. 
 
 Drake's Creek, a small village of Shelby 
 county, Illinois, about 75 miles E. S. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Drakestown, a small post-village of Morris 
 county, New .Jersey, on Schooley's mountain, 
 about 16 miles W. by N. from Morristown. 
 
 Drakesville, a small post-village of Mor- 
 ris county, New Jersey, on the Morris canal, 
 12 miles N. W. from Morristown. 
 
 Drakesville, a post-village of Davis 
 county, Iowa, on the road from the lower 
 part of the Des Moines valley to the west 
 line of the state. 
 
 Dranbsville, a post-village of Fairfax 
 county, Virginia, 17miles W. from Washington. 
 
 Draper's Valley, a post-office of Pulaski 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Drapersville, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg county, Virginia. 
 
 Draughon's Store, a post-office of Samp- 
 son county. North Carolina. 
 
 Drawbridge, a post-office of Sussex coun- 
 ty, Delaware. 
 
 Drayton, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Drayton, a post-village of Dooly county, 
 Georgia, on Pennahatchee creek, near its 
 entrance into Flint river, 85 miles S. W. 
 of Milledgeville. 
 
 Draytonsvillb, a small post-village in 
 Union district. South Carolina. 
 
 Drehersville, a post-office of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Drennon Springs, of Henry county, Ken- 
 tucky, on the Kentucky river. This fashion- 
 able watering place is half a day's distance 
 from Louisville by steamboat, situated in the 
 most delightful region imaginable, and en- 
 compassed by an amphitheatre of woody 
 heights. The buildings are capable of enter- 
 taining 1000 persons. The Western Military 
 Institute of this place is a school of high 
 reputation. 
 
 Dresden, a post-township of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Maine, on the east side of the Kennebec 
 river, 15 miles S. byW. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1419. 
 
 Dresden, a post-township of Washington 
 county, New York, lies between Lakes Cham- 
 plain and George, 20 miles N. N. E. from 
 Sandy Hill. Population, 674. 
 
 Dresden, a post-village of Yates county, 
 New York, on the west shore of Seneca lake, 
 about 7 miles E. from Pen Yan. It has 1 
 church, 10 stores, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Dresden, a post-office of Navarro co., Tex. 
 
 Dresden, a small post-village, capital of 
 Weakly county, Tennessee, 120 miles W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Dresden, a post-village of Jefi^erson town- 
 ship, Muskingum county, Ohio, is situated 
 on the Muskingum river, 69 miles E. by N. 
 from Columbus, and 15 miles N. from Zanes- 
 ville. It is at the head of steamboat naviga- 
 tion on this river, and is connected with the 
 Ohio canal by a side-cut, 2 miles long. These 
 advantages render it a place of active busi- 
 ness. The village is well supplied with water- 
 power, and the neighboring hills abound in 
 coal and iron ore. The proposed railroad 
 from Zanesville to Cleveland will pass near 
 this village. Population in 1850, 1445. 
 
 Dresden, a village of Greene county, In- 
 diana, about 70 miles S. S. W. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Dresden, a post-village of Grundy county, 
 Illinois, on the Illinois river and canal, 52 
 miles S. W. from Chicago. It contains a ware • 
 house and 6 dwellings. 
 
 asi 
 
DRE 
 
 DEY 
 
 Dresden, a village of Perry county, Mis- 
 souri, about 86 miles S. by E. from St. Louis. 
 
 Dresden Mills, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Dresserville, a post-office of Cayuga 
 county, New York. 
 
 Drew, a county in tlie S E. part of Ar- 
 kansas, contains about 900 square miles. It 
 is intersected in the eastern part by the 
 Bayou Bartholomew, and partly bounded on 
 the W. by Saline river. The surface is near- 
 ly level, and partly covered with forests of 
 cypress, ash, &c. ; the soil is productive. In- 
 dian corn, cotton, sweet potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 120,731 bushels of corn; 32,757 of 
 sweet potatoes ; 1516 bales of cotton, and 
 22,171 pounds of butter. There were 2 
 wheelwright shops and 1 tannery. Capital, 
 Monticello. Population, 3275, of whom 2860 
 were free, and 915, slaves. 
 
 Drew, a post-office of Kandolph co., Ark. 
 
 Drewersburg, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Indiana, about 84 miles E. N. E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Drewrtsville, a small post-village in 
 Southampton county, Virginia, 75 miles S. S. 
 E. from Kichmond. 
 
 Drewrtsville, a post-office of Pike coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Drewsville, a small post-village in Che- 
 shire county, New Hampshire, 45 miles W. S. 
 W. from Concord. 
 
 Driftwood, a township in Jackson county, 
 Indiana. Population, 602. 
 
 Driftwood, a post-office of Iroquois coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 135 miles N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Driftwood Creek, a branch of Sinnema- 
 honing creek, rises in the N. N. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Driftwood Fork, of White river. See 
 White River. 
 
 Dripping Spring, a post-office of Edmond- 
 son county, Kentucky. 
 
 Driver's Hill, a post-office of Clinch coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Drowning Creek, a post-office of Burke 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Drowning Fork, a post-office of McDo- 
 nough county, Illinois. 
 
 Drummond, a post-office of AVashington 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Drummond Lake. See Dismal Swamp. 
 
 Drumore, a township of Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 15 
 miles S. S. E. from Lancaster. Population, 
 2826. 
 
 Drury's Landing, a village of Rock Island 
 county, Illinois, on the left side of the Missis- 
 sippi river. 
 
 Dryburg, a post-office of Halifax county, 
 Virginia, 129 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Dry Creek, of Knox county, Ohio, enters 
 +he Vernon river near Mount Vernon. 
 
 Dry Creek rises in El Dorado county, in 
 the N. central part of California; it flows 
 332 
 
 first in a W. S. W. and then in a southerly 
 course, forming part of the boundary between 
 Sacramento and San Joaquin counties, and 
 falls into the Moquelumne river about 20 
 miles above its junction with the San Joaquin. 
 
 Dry Creek, No. 1, a small stream of Yuba 
 county, towards the N. part of California, 
 falls into Bear river about 5 miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 Dry Creek No. 2, a small stream of Yuba 
 county, flows into the Feather river 6 miles 
 above the mouth of Bear river. 
 
 Dry Creek No. 3, of Yuba county, after 
 receiving several small stream, falls into the 
 Yuba river. Its whole length is about 40 miles. 
 Gold is found on this stream, which also af- 
 fords valuable water-power. 
 
 Dry Creek, a post-office of Lancaster dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Dry Creek, a post-office of Covington coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Dry Creek, a small village in Monroe 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Dry Creek, a post-office of Kenton co., Ky. 
 
 Dryden, a post-township of Tompkins 
 county. New York, 8 miles E. from Ithaca. 
 Population, 5122. 
 
 Dryden, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 150 miles W. by S. from Albany, 
 contains several stores and mills. 
 
 Dryden, a post-township in Lapeer coun- 
 ty, Michigan. Population, 1131. 
 
 Dry Fork of Whitewater river rises in 
 Franklin county, Indiana, and joins the 
 main stream in Ohio. 
 
 Dry Fork, a post-office of Barren co., Ky. 
 
 Dry Fork, a post-office of Hamilton co., 0. 
 
 Dry Fork, a village in the N. W. part of 
 Bond county, Illinois, about 67 miles S. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Dry Glaze, a post-office of Camden co., Mo. 
 
 Dry Hill, a post-office of Lauderdale coun 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Dry Pond, a post-office of Lincoln co., N. C. 
 
 Dry' Ridge, a post-office of Somerset co., Pa. 
 
 Dry Ridge, a post-village in Grant co., 
 Ky., 60 miles N. N. E. from Frankfort. 
 
 Dry Ridge, a post-office of Hamilton co., 0. 
 
 Drit Run, a post-village of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, in Path Valley, 165 miles 
 W, from Philadelphia. It contained in 1850 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Dry Run, a post-office of Tippah co., Miss. 
 
 Dry Town, a post-town of Calaveras county, 
 California, is situated on the S. bank of Dry 
 creek. It is a fine locality for winter mining. 
 
 Dry Valley, a small village of Union coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dry Valley, a small post-village of White 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Dry Wood, a small post-village of Bates 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Drywood Creek, of Bates county, i\Iis- 
 souri, flows northward into Marmiton creek. 
 
 Dry Woods, a village of Jones county, 
 Iowa, 32 miles N. N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
DUA 
 
 DUB 
 
 Di/ANE, a post-township in Franklin coun- 
 ty, New York, 15 miles S. from Malone. Po- 
 pulation, 222. 
 
 DuANESBURG, a post-townsliip in Schenec- 
 tady county, New York, 23 miles W. N. AV. 
 from Albany. Population, 3464. 
 
 DuANE Street, a post-office of Hall co.,Ga. 
 
 Dublin, a post-township of Cheshire coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire, 35 miles S. AV. from Con- 
 cord. The yiew from the summit of Breed's 
 mountain, near the centre of this township, 
 is exceedingly beautiful. Population, 1088. 
 
 Dublin, a small post-village of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N. N. W. 
 from Doylestown. 
 
 Dublin, a township of Fulton county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 60 miles W. by S. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 686. 
 
 Dublin, a township forming the southern 
 extremity of Huntingdon county, Pennsj'l- 
 vania. Population, 908. 
 
 Dublin, a small post-village of Harford 
 county, Maryland, 68 miles N. bj'^ E. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Dublin, a small post-village of Butts coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 8 miles S. E. from Jackson, the 
 county seat. 
 
 Dublin, a small post-village, capital of 
 Laurens county, Georgia, half a mile from 
 the Oconee river, and 120 miles W. by N. 
 from Savannah. It has a court house, a 
 church, and several stores. 
 
 Dublin, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. 
 
 Dublin, a post-village of Graves county, 
 Kentucky, 11 miles W. from Mayfield, the 
 county seat. 
 
 Dublin, a post-village of Franklin county, 
 Ohio, on the Scioto river, 12 miles N. N. AV. 
 From Columbus. Population, 274. 
 
 Dublin, a township in the N. part of Mer- 
 cer county, Ohio. Population, 914. 
 
 Dublin, a small village of Parke county, 
 Indiana, on Racoon creek, about 10 miles S. 
 E. from Ptockville. 
 
 Dublin, a post-township in Wayne county, 
 Indiana. Population, 713. 
 
 Dublin, a post-village of A¥ayne county, 
 Indiana, on the National road, and near the 
 Central railroad, 45 miles E. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Dublin Mills, a post-office of Bedford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dubois, a county in the S. W. part of In- 
 diana, has an area of about 420 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Patoka river, 
 and bounded on the N. by the E. fork of 
 White river. The north-eastern part is roll- 
 ing, and the other portions level. The coun- 
 ty is heavily timbered. The soil is generally 
 fertile. Indian corn, cattle, horses, and hogs 
 are the chief articles of export. In 1850 
 this county produced 287,905 bushels of corn ; 
 38,590 of oats ; 15,213 of wheat, and 1241 
 tons of hay. It contained 8 churches, and 
 273 pupils attending academies and other 
 schools. Extensive beds of stone coal are 
 
 found in this county. The E. fork is na- 
 vigable on the border a few months in the 
 year. Organized in 1818, and named in ho- 
 nor of Toussaint Dubois, a merchant of Vin- 
 cennes. Capital, Jasper. Population, 6321. 
 
 Dubuque, (du-book', oo as in moon,) a 
 county in the eastern part of Iowa, border- 
 ing on Illinois and Wisconsin, has an area 
 of about 600 square miles. The Mississippi 
 river forms its north-eastern boundary, and 
 the county is also drained by Fall river and 
 Little Maquoketa river. The surface is un- 
 even and extensively covered with timber. 
 The county comprises the principal portion 
 of the mineral region of Iowa. Large quan- 
 tities of lead are annually taken from the 
 mines of this county and sent down the river 
 by steamboats. Indian corn, wheat, hay, and 
 butter are the chief agricultural productions. 
 In 1850 there were raised 164,045 bushels of 
 Indian corn; 102,038 of wheat; 86,739 
 of oats, and 11,123 tons of hay—more than 
 any other county in the state. The rock 
 which underlies the county is limestone. A 
 railroad is projected from Dubuque to Keo- 
 kuk. Named in honor of M. Dubuque, a 
 Frenchman, who obtained a grant from the 
 Spanish government for mining lead in this 
 region. Capital, Dubuque. Population, 10,841. 
 
 Dubuque, a flourishing city of Iowa, and 
 seat of justice of Dubuque county, is 
 situated on the right bank of the Missis- 
 sippi river, about 200 miles above Bur- 
 lington, 450 miles above St. Louis, and 24 
 miles by water from Galena. The situation 
 of Dubuque is regarded by some persons as 
 more beautiful than that of any other city in 
 Iowa. It stands on a broad plateau or 
 terrace, which extends along the river for 
 several miles. The city is regularly laid out 
 and contains a number of handsome buildings. 
 The following sketch of the place is extracted 
 from the letter of an intelligent traveller : — 
 " How sweetly this queen city, with its wide, 
 rectangular, well-shaded streets, lies spread 
 out upon its broad plateau, much as New 
 Haven lies between the East and AVest rocks ! 
 But New Haven can never boast of such a 
 verdure as here clothes alike bluff and 
 plateau. And then the river, here a mile in 
 width, rolling so majestically, flanked on the 
 other shore with tall and verdant bluff's, and 
 studded with islands of richest green." Du- 
 buque is the central depot of the mining region 
 of Iowa, and is a place of active trade. Large 
 quantities of lead are taken from the mines 
 in this vicinity, and sent down the river by 
 steamboats : stone coal and limestone are also 
 abundant. It is stated in the public journals 
 that a quarry of variegated brown marble has 
 been recently found on the bank of the river 
 opposite Dubuque. The city contains a Ca- 
 tholic cathedral, a number of Protestant 
 churches, a United States land-office, 4 news- 
 paper offices, and 2 banks. In 1852 about 
 100 houses, chiefly of brick, were erected, and 
 
 383 
 
DUG 
 
 DUN 
 
 large sums were expended in improving the 
 harbor and in paving the streets. The 
 reported value of imports in 1852, was 
 '$1,670,390, and thatof exports was $629,140, 
 including 116,000 pigs of lead, valued at 
 $348,000. The number of steamboat arrivals 
 in 1851 was 351, and in 1852, 417. Dubuque 
 is the terminus of the Northern Branch of 
 the Illinois Central railroad, and of the 
 Dubuque and Keokuk railroad, both of which 
 are in process of construction. It is the 
 oldest town in the state, having been settled 
 by French Canadians about 1786. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 7500. 
 
 DucHOUQUET, a township in Auglaize 
 county, Ohio, about 30 miles N. W. from 
 Bellefontaine. Population, 1408. 
 
 Ducx Branch, a post-ofEce of Barnwell 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Duck Creek, of Delaware, forms the bound- 
 ary between Kent and New Castle counties, 
 and enters Delaware bay. 
 
 Duck Creek, in the S. E. part of Ohio, 
 falls into the Ohio river, 2 or 3 miles above 
 Marietta. 
 
 Duck Creek, of Indiana, flows into the White- 
 water river, a few miles above Brookville. 
 
 Duck Creek, a hundred in Kent county, 
 Delaware. Population, about 4500. 
 
 Duck Creek, a post-office of Walker co., Ga. 
 
 Duck Creek, a post-office of Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, 
 
 Duck River, of Middle Tennessee, rises in 
 Coffee and Franklin counties, near the base 
 of the Cumberland mountains, and enters the 
 Tennessee river at its right bank, in the S. W. 
 part of Humphreys county. Its general 
 course is nearly W. N. W., and its whole 
 length is estimated at above 250 miles. A 
 company has been formed to improve the 
 navigation of this river by dams and locks. 
 
 Duck River, a post-office of Hickman 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 DuckSpring, apost-office of DeKalb county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Dudley, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, 50 miles S. W. of 
 Boston. This township is watered by several 
 good mill streams. Population, 1443. 
 
 Dudley, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Hardin county, Ohio. Population, 529. 
 
 Dudley, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 60 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Dudley, a post-township in Henry county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1279. 
 
 Dudley, a village of Jackson county, In- 
 diana, about 60 miles S. by E. from Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Dudley, a small post-village of Polk county, 
 Iowa, on the river Des Moines, about 10 miles 
 below Fort Des Moines, the county town. It 
 is surrounded by a fertile prairie. 
 
 Dudleytown, a small post-village of Jack- 
 son county, Indiana, 78 miles S. by E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 DuDLEYViLLE, a Small post-village in Tal- 
 334 
 
 lapoosa county, Alabama, 150 miles E. S. E. 
 from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Due West Corner, a post-office of Abbe- 
 ville district. South Carolina. 
 
 DuFFiELD, a post-office of Charles co., Md. 
 
 Duffield's, apost-office of Jefferson CO., Va. 
 
 Duff's Forks, a post-office of Fayette co., 0. 
 
 Dugan's Landing, a small village of Jef- 
 ferson county, Arkansas. 
 
 Dugdemona, a small village of Catahoula 
 parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Castor, about 
 40 miles W. from Harrisonburg. 
 
 Dugdemona, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Dugger's Ferry, a post-office of Carter 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Dug Spur, a post-office of Carroll co., Va. 
 
 Dugway, a post-office of Oswego co., N. Y. 
 
 Dukedom, a post-office of Graves co., Ky. 
 
 Dukes, a county consisting of several 
 islands in the Atlantic ocean, (the principal 
 of which, Martha's Vineyard, is separated 
 from Barnstable county by Vineyard sound, 
 which is about 5 miles wide,) has an area of 
 about 118 square miles. A large part of the 
 surface is covered with wood. Indian corn, 
 potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 12,395 bushels of 
 corn ; 9899 of potatoes ; 2015 tons of hay, 
 and 23,247 pounds of butter. There were 
 1 whale-oil manufactory, 1 woollen factory, 
 1 chemical establishment, and 1 tannery. It 
 contained 15 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 
 and 897 pupils attending public schools. 
 Many of the inhabitants are engaged in navi- 
 gation and the fisheries. This county was 
 organized in 1695. Capital, Edgarton. Po- 
 pulation, 4540. 
 
 Duke's, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio. 
 
 DuLCi, a post-office of Holmes co.. Miss. 
 
 DuLUDE River, Mich. See Black River. 
 
 Dumas, a post-office of Tippah co., Miss. 
 
 Dumas's Store, a post-office of Richmond 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Dumfries, a small post-village of Prince 
 William county, Virginia, on Quantico creek, 
 90 miles N. from Richmond, was formerly a 
 thriving place, containing 2 churches, and 
 several mills, but it is now in decay. 
 
 Dummer, a post-township of Coos county. 
 New HamjDshire, 100 miles N. by E. from 
 Concord, on the E. side of Androscoggin 
 river. Population, 171. 
 
 DuMMERSTON, a post-townsMp of Windham 
 county, Vermont, lOO miles S. of Montpelier. 
 Population, 1645. 
 
 DuMONTViLLE, a post-office of Fairfield 
 county, Ohio, 32 miles S. E. frcjn Columbus. 
 
 DuMPLiN Rock Light, on one of the 
 Dumplin Rocks in Buzzard's bay, Massachu- 
 setts. It is a fixed light 43 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 41° 32' 10" N., Ion. 
 70° 55' 40" W. 
 
 Dunaway's, a post-office of Clark co., Ky. 
 
 Dunbar, a township of Fayette county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogheny river, 9 
 
DUN 
 
 DUN 
 
 miles N. E. from Uuiontown. Population, 
 2156. 
 
 DuNBAKTON, a post-towusliip of Merrimack 
 county, New Hampshire, 10 miles S. by W. 
 from Concord. Population, 915. 
 
 DuNBARTON, a post-offico of Barnwcll dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 DuNBARTON^ a post-offico of Adams county, 
 Ohio, 96 miles S. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Duncan, a post-of&ce of Wood co., Va. 
 
 Duncan, a post-office of Mercer co., Ky. 
 
 Duncan, a post-office of Sheboygan co., M. 
 
 DuNCANNON, a post-office of Perry co., Pa. 
 
 Duncan's Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 into the Ennoree river, on the N. border of 
 Newberry district. 
 
 Duncan's Creek, a post-office of Cleveland 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Duncan's Falls, a post-village of Mus- 
 kingum county, Ohio, on the Muskingum 
 river, 9 miles below Zanesville. Population 
 in 1863, about 250. 
 
 Duncan's Mills, a village of Mahaska 
 county, Iowa, on Skunk river, 65 miles W. 
 S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Duncansville, a post-village of Blair 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Portage rail- 
 road, about 3 miles W. from Hollidaysburg. 
 
 Duncansville, a post-village of I5arnwell 
 district. South Carolina, 70 miles S. S. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 DuNCANTOWN, a post-office of White co.. 111. 
 
 DuNCANViLLE, a Small post-village of 
 Thomas county, Georgia, 212 miles S. by W. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 DuNCARD. See Dunkard. 
 
 DuNDAFF, a post-borough of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania, near Crystal lake, 10 
 miles N. from Carbondale. It has a church, 
 an academy, and a glass factory. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 295. 
 
 DuNDARRACH, a post-office of Robeson 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 DuNDAS, a post-office of Calumet co.. Wis. 
 
 Dundee, a post-village of Yates county. 
 New York, 190 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 It contains 2 churches, 2 academies or union 
 schools, 20 stores, and mills and factories of dif- 
 ferent kinds. Population in 1853, about 1400. 
 
 Dundee, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., 0. 
 
 Dundee, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Monroe county, Michigan. Population, 1239. 
 
 Dundee, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, Monroe county, Michigan, on the 
 Raisin river, 15 miles above Monroe, has an 
 ample water-power, which is partially im- 
 proved. Population, about 600. 
 
 Dundee, a post-township in Kane county, 
 Illinois. Population, 1374. 
 
 Dundee, a flourishing post-village in the 
 above township, on the Fox river, 48 miles 
 N. AV. from Chicago. The river aflbrds va- 
 \uable water-power. 
 
 Dungannon, a post-village of Columbiana 
 county, Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver canal, 
 142 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Dunham, a post-township in the W. part 
 of McHenry county, Illinois. 
 
 Dunham's Basin, a village of Washington 
 county, New York, on the Champlain canal, 
 about 54 miles N. by E. from Albany. 
 
 DuNKAED, or DuNCARD, a towuship forming 
 the S. E. extremity of Greene county, Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 1395. 
 
 Dunkard, a small post-village of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dunkard Creek, of Greene county, Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into the Monongahela river. 
 
 DuNKiNSViLLE, a post-office of Adams coun- 
 ty, Ohio. 
 
 Dunkirk, an important post-town of Pom- 
 fret township, district of Buffalo creek, Chau- 
 tauque county. New York, on Lake Erie, at 
 the western terminus of the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 469 miles from New York 
 city. It is beautifully situated, the ground 
 rising as it recedes from the lake, so that 
 at a distance of a mile from the shore it 
 is 100 feet above the level of the water. 
 The vicinity is free from local diseases, and 
 the climate delightful. The railroad com- 
 pany are making preparations for an exten- 
 sive business. Individual enterprise also is 
 actively engaged in developing the resources 
 of the place. In 1824 the United States goi- 
 vernment erected a lighthouse on the W. 
 point of the bay, and subsequently a beacon 
 light at the principal channel. Since then, 
 a breakwater has been thrown across the 
 harbor, making it one of the best protected 
 on the lake. It is much resorted to by ves- 
 sels in bad weather: it is free from ice 
 somewhat earlier in the spring than that 
 of Buffalo. From its facilities for communi- 
 cation both with the E. and W., and from 
 the great amount of trade and travel which, 
 from its central position, it must attract to 
 it from all parts of the country, Dunkirk is 
 likely to become one of the most wealthy and 
 populous cities on the lake. Among the 
 articles received at this port in 1852, were — 
 flour, 182,189 barrels, value $819,625; wool, 
 4796 bales, $359,700; furs, 1022, $153,300; 
 leather, 1490 rolls, $178,800; bacon, 2800 
 casks, $140,000; butter, 1,761,150 pounds, 
 $317,007; live hogs, 14,805, $117,660; pork, 
 6643 barrels, $112,931 ; tobacco, $105,920. 
 The total value of all the articles received by 
 lake, for the year ending December 31, 1852, 
 was $3,274,756. Dunkirk contains 2 banks 
 and 1 newspaper office. A railroad connects 
 it with Buffalo, and another with Erie, in 
 Pennsylvania, 50 miles distant. Population 
 of Pomfret township, 4483 ; of Dunkirk, in 
 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Dunkirk, a post-office of Calvert co., Md. 
 
 Dunkirk, a post-office of Greenville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Dunkirk, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Dane county, Wisconsin. Population, 852. 
 
 Dunkirk, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Catfish river, 20 miles 
 
 335 
 
DUN 
 
 DUP 
 
 S. E. from Madison. It has a water-power, 
 with several mills. 
 
 Dunklin, a county near the S. E. extremity 
 of Missouri, bordering on Arliansas, has an 
 area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by St. Francis river, and on the E. in 
 part hy Lalse Pemiscot, intersected by Castor 
 river, and extensively occupied by swamps. 
 The surface consists partly of open plains or 
 prairies. This county, together with several 
 adjoining, was severely injured by the earth- 
 quakes of 1811 and 1812. The state legisla- 
 ture in 1850-51 made an appropriation for 
 the reclamation of the sunken lands. Tlie 
 soil, where not overflowed, is highly produc- 
 tive. Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 77,360 bushels of corn, and 2776 of oats. It 
 contained 1 church, 1 newspaper oflice, and 
 80 pupils attending public schools. Named 
 in honor of the late Daniel Dunklin, former 
 governor of Missouri. Capital, Kennet. Po- 
 pulation, 1229, of whom 1216 were free, and 
 13, slaves. 
 DuNLAP, a post-ofBce of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 DuNLAP's Creek, in the S. W. central part 
 of Virginia, rises in Monroe county, flows 
 north-eastward, and falls into Jackson's 
 river, near Covington. 
 
 DuNLAPSviLLE, a post-ofScc of Laurens 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 DuNLAPSViLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Union county, Indiana, on the E. fork of 
 Whitewater river, 70 miles E. S. E. from 
 Indianapolis. It contains 1 church and 
 about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 DuNLEVT, a post-ofBce of Warren co., Ohio. 
 DuNMOEE, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 DuNMORE, a thriving post-village in the 
 N. E. part of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the railroad which extends from Scranton 
 to the Lackawaxen river. The origin of this 
 village is very recent : it has been built up 
 by the mining operations of the Pennsylvania 
 coal company. A large number of hands are 
 employed in the coal mines near this place, 
 which are very extensive. Population in 
 1853, estimated at 1600. 
 
 DuNMORE, a post-office of Pocahontas CO., Va. 
 Dunn, a township in Dane county, Wis- 
 consin, about 8 miles S. S. E. from Madison. 
 Population, 330. 
 
 Dunning's Creek, of Bedford county, Penn- 
 sylvania, falls into the Raystown branch of 
 Juniata river. 
 
 Dunning's Mountain, Pennsylvania, a 
 ridge extending nearly northward from the 
 N. W. central part of Bedford county, E. of 
 Dunning's creek, into Blair county. 
 
 Dunningsville, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 DuNNSBURG, a post-office of Clinton coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dunn's Corners, a post-office of Kennebec 
 county, Maine. 
 336 
 
 DuNNSTOWN, a village of Clinton county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of Susque- 
 hanna river, opposite Lockhaven. 
 
 DuNNsviLLE, a post-office of Albany county. 
 New York. 
 
 DuNNSviLLE, a post-office of Essex county, 
 Virginia, 56 miles N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Dunstable, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, 30 miles N. W. from 
 Boston, on the W. side of Merrimack river. 
 Population, 590. 
 
 Dunstable, a post-township of Clinton 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of 
 the Susquehanna river, a few miles below 
 Lockhaven. Population, 356. 
 
 Duntonsvillb, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Du Page, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 340 square miles. It 
 is drained by the E. and W. branches of the 
 Du Page river. The surface is nearly level, 
 and the soil highly productive. A large por- 
 tion of the county is prairie. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, and hay are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 259, 283 bushels of wheat; 
 198,363 of Indian corn; 230,450 of oats, 
 and 23,617 tons of hay. It contained 17 
 churches, and 2 newspaper offices ; 850 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 130 attending 
 other schools. The Illinois and Michigan 
 canal passes along the S. E. border. The 
 county is intersected by the Chicago and 
 Galena railroad, and two or three short lines 
 of railroad terminate in the western part. 
 Capital, Napierville. Population, 9292. 
 
 Du Page, a post-township, forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Will county, Illinois. 
 Population, 620. 
 
 Du Page, a post-village of Will .county, 
 Illinois, on Du Page river, 14 miles N. from 
 Joliet. 
 
 Duplain, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Clinton county, Michigan. 
 Population, 419. 
 
 Duplin, a county in the S. E. part of North 
 Carolina, has an area estimated at 670 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the N. branch of 
 Cape Fear river, and by Goshen creek. The 
 surface is a level and sandy plain, partly 
 covered with forests of pitch pine. The soil 
 is said to be fertile near the large streams. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, potatoes, lumber, tar, 
 and turpentine are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 461 bales of cotton ; 372,530 
 bushels of corn, and 253,097 of sweet pota- 
 toes. The quantity of sweet potatoes was 
 the greatest produced by any county in the 
 state. It contained 12 saw mills, 40 tar and 
 turpentine manufactories, 4 turpentine dis- 
 tilleries, and 19 churches. The Wilmington 
 and Weldon railroad passes through the 
 county. Capital, Kenansville. Formed in 
 1749. Population, 13,514, of whom 7507 
 were free, and 6007, slaves. 
 
 DuPONT, a thriving post-village of Jefferson 
 county, Indiana, on the Madison and In- 
 
DUV 
 
 DUV 
 
 dianapolis railroad, 14 miles N. ^Y. from 
 Madison, contains a railway station and 
 several stores. 
 
 DtrPEEE, a district in Clarke county, 
 Georgia. Population, 419. 
 
 Dupeee's Old Store, a post-office of Char- 
 lotte county, Virginia. 
 
 DuQUESNE, a post-borough of Reserve town- 
 ship, Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 right bank of Alleghany river, 1 or 2 miles 
 above Pittsburg. It has been mostly built 
 since 1845, and contains numerous sawmills, 
 tanneries, and icehouses for the supply of 
 Pittsburg. Population, 870. 
 
 DuQuoiN, a small post-village of Perry 
 county, Illinois, 148 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 DuKAND, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio. 
 
 DuRANGO, a post-office of Dubuque co., lo. 
 
 Durant's Neck, a post-office of Perqui- 
 mans county. North Carolina, 215 miles E. 
 N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Durbin's Corners, a post-office of Wil- 
 liams county, Ohio. 
 
 DuRELL, a post-township of Bradford coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, a 
 few miles below Towanda. Population, 1202. 
 
 Durham, a post-township of Cumberland 
 county, Maine, 30 miles S. W. of Augusta. 
 Population, 1886. 
 
 Durham, a post-office of Strafford co., N. H. 
 
 Durham, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Connecticut, 20 miles S. of Hartford. 
 Population, 1026. 
 
 Durham, a post-township of Greene county. 
 New York, on Catskill creek, 30 miles S. W. 
 from Albany. Population, 2600. 
 
 Durham, a post-township forming the 
 northern extremity of Bucks county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware river. Pop., 948. 
 
 Durham, a post-office of Columbia co., Fla. 
 
 Durham, a post-office of Hancock co.. 111. 
 
 Durham Centre, a post-office of Middle- 
 sex county, Connecticut. 
 
 Durham Creek, of Bucks county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Delaware river. 
 
 Durham Creek, a post-office of Beaufort 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Durhamville, a post-village of Oneida 
 county. New York, 125 miles W. N. W. from 
 Albany. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and 
 jjerhaps 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Durhamville, a post-office of Orange coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Durhamville, a thriving post-village of 
 Lauderdale county, Tennessee, 190 miles W. 
 by S. from Nashville. 
 
 DuRLACH, a small post-village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 DuROC, a post-office of Benton co.. Mo. 
 
 Durretsville, a post-office of Richmond 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 DusHORE, a post-office of Sullivan co., Pa. 
 
 Dutch Creek, a small post-village of 
 Washinton county, Iowa. 
 
 Dutch Creek, a post-office of Brown coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Dutchess, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 816 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the State 
 of Connecticut, and on the W. by the Hudson 
 river. It is drained by Wappinger's creek, 
 Fishkill river, and other smaller streams, 
 which turn numerous mills. The surface is 
 uneven, and in the eastern and western parts 
 hilly. The soil is generally fertile and under 
 good cultivation, although a large portion is 
 better adapted to grazing than grain. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 782,605 
 bushels of corn, (the greatest quantity 
 produced by any county in the state;) 
 1,066,117 of oats, (also the greatest yield of 
 any county in the state;) 885,941 of pota- 
 toes; 97,832 tons of hay, and 1,760,086 pounds 
 of butter. There were 59 flour mills, 6 fur- 
 naces, 6 iron foundries, 11 cotton and 9 wool- 
 len factories. It contained 124 churches and 
 6 newspaper offices ; 13,438 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 987 attending academies 
 and other schools. Limestone is abundant, and 
 iron and lead ore, marble, and slate are found. 
 The Hudson river is navigable for ships 
 along the entire western border. The Har- 
 lem railroad and the Hudson River railroad 
 traverse the county. Capital, Poiighkeepsie. 
 Population, 58,992. 
 
 Dutch Island, in Narraganset bay, Rhode 
 Island. On its S. end is a fixed light. Lat. 
 41° 29' 8" N., Ion. 71° 24' 8" W. 
 
 Dutchman's Creek of Davie county. North 
 Carolina, flows S. E. into the Yadkin river. 
 
 Dutchman's Creek of Lincoln county. 
 North Carolina, flows into the Catawba from 
 the N. W. 
 
 Dutchman's Creek of Fairfield district. 
 South Carolina, flows into Wateree river from 
 the right. 
 
 Dutch Neck, a small post-village of Mercer 
 county, New.Jersey,18 miles N.E.fromTrenton. 
 
 Dutch Settlement, a village in St. Mary's 
 parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Teche, aboiit 
 100 miles AV. S. W. from New Orleans. 
 
 Dutchyille, a post-office of Granville 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Dutotsburg, a post-village of Monroe 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 
 4 miles E. from Stroudsburg. 
 
 DuvAi, a county in the north-east part of 
 Florida, bordering on the Atlantic, has an 
 area of 430 square miles. St. John's river 
 flows along the eastern border until it enters 
 the sea, and Nassau river forms its north 
 boundary. The surface has but little eleva- 
 tion: sugar, cotton, Indian corn, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 391 hogsheads of sugar; 216 
 bales of cotton; 51,788 bushels of corn, and 
 27,674 of sweet potatoes. It contained 5 saw 
 mills, 8 churches ; and 64 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Jacksonville. Po- 
 pulation, 4539, of whom 2433 were free, and 
 2106, slaves. 
 
 337 
 
DUV 
 
 EAG 
 
 Dtjvall's Bluff, a post-office of Prairie 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 DuxBUEY, a township in Washington coun- 
 ty, Vermont, on the south side of Onion river, 
 15 miles W. of Montpelier. Population, 845. 
 
 DcxBUET, a post-township of Plymouth 
 county, Massachusetts, on the Atlantic coast, 
 30 miles S. E. of Boston. The inhabitants 
 are principally engaged in ship-building, com- 
 merce, and the fisheries. Population, 2679. 
 
 DwiGHT, a small village of Pope county, 
 Arkansas, on Illinois bayou, about 9 miles 
 S. W. from Dover. 
 
 Dyberry, a township of Wayne county, 
 Pennsylvania, 6 miles N. from Honesdale. 
 Population, 1085. 
 
 Dyberry Creek of Wayne county, Penn- 
 sylvania, falls into the Lackawaxen river. 
 
 Dycusburg, a post-office of Crittenden coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Dyer, a county in the W. part of Tennessee, 
 bordering on the Mississippi river, which 
 separates it from Missouri. Area estimated 
 at 400 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Obion and Forked Deer rivers, which flow 
 south-westward. The surface is level, the 
 soil is highly productive and well timbered. 
 Indian corn and tobacco are the staples. 
 Large quantities of lumber (yellow poplar) 
 are procured in the county. It produced in 
 1850, 413,020 bushels of corn; 22,832 of 
 oats ; 548,815 pounds of tobacco, and 59,660 
 of butter. It contained 12 churches, and 700 
 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Dyersburg. Population, 6361 ; of whom 
 4893 were free, and 1468, slaves. 
 
 Dyer's Bay, extends into Steuben township 
 of Hancock co.. Me. Depth, 4 or 5 fathoms. 
 
 Dyeesbukg, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Dyer county, Tennessee, on Forked 
 Deer river, 161 miles W. from Nashville. It 
 is surrounded by a fertile country, and has 
 several steam saw mills. 
 
 Dykeman's, a post-office of Putnam county. 
 New York. 
 
 Dye's Mills, a small village of Grundy 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Dyson's, a post-office of Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 
 Dyson's Mills, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Dysortville, a post-office of McDowell 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 E 
 
 Eagle, a post-township of Wyoming coun- 
 ty. New York, 15 miles S. S. W. from War- 
 saw. Population, 1381. 
 
 Eagle, a post-office of Warren county. Pa. 
 
 Eagle, a township forming the north-east 
 extremity of Brown county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 1134. 
 
 Eagle, a post-township in the central part 
 of Hancock county, Ohio. Population, 950. 
 
 Eagle, a township forming the north-west 
 338 
 
 extremity of Vinton county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 476. 
 
 Eagle, a post-township forming the south- 
 west extremity of Clinton county, Michigan. 
 Population, 521. 
 
 Eagle, a post-office of La Salle co., HI. 
 
 Eagle, a township in Ogle county, Illinois. 
 Population, 623. 
 
 Eagle, a township in the western part of 
 Sauk county, Wisconsin. Population, 336. 
 
 Eagle, a post-township forming the south- 
 western extremity of Waukesha county, Wis- 
 consin. Population, 816. 
 
 Eagle Bridge, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 county. New York. 
 
 Eagle Cliffs, a small post-village of Mon- 
 roe county, Illinois. 
 
 Eagle Crrek, a post-office of Bradley coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Eagle Creek of Hancock county, Ohio, 
 flows into Blanchard's fork at Findlay. 
 
 Eagle Creek, of Ohio, falls into the Ohio 
 river, a few miles above Ripley, in Brown co. 
 
 Eagle Creek of Indiana, rises in Boone 
 county, and flowing nearly south, enters 
 White river, 4 miles below Indianapolis. It 
 affords unfailing water-power. 
 
 Eagle Greek, a post-office of Benton coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Eagle Creek, a township in Lake county, 
 Indiana. Population, 315. 
 
 Eagle Falls, a post-office of Rockingham 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Eagle Foundry, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Eagle Furnace, a post-village of Roan 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Eagle Grove, a post-office of Elbert co.,Ga. 
 
 Eagle Harbor, a post-village of Gaines 
 township, Orleans county, New York, on the 
 Erie canal, 67 miles E. N. E. from Bufi^alo. 
 It contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, and 
 several warehouses. Population, about 500. 
 
 Eagle Harbor, a post-office of Houghton 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Eagle Island Point, Maine, on which is a 
 light to guide to the N. E. entrance to Penob- 
 scot bay. 
 
 Eagle Lake, a post-office of Oakland coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Eagle Lake, a post-office of Colorado 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Eagle Lakes are situated in the north 
 part of Maine, in Aroostook and Penobscot 
 counties. 
 
 Eagle Mills, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 county. New York. 
 
 Eagle Mills, a post-office of Iredell coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Eagle Pass, a small post-village, capital 
 of Kinney county, Texas, on the left bank of 
 the Rio Grand, 450 miles S. W. from Aus- 
 tin City, contains about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Eagle Point, or Elkhorn Grove, a small 
 post-village of Ogle county, Illinois, about 
 100 miles N. from Peoria. 
 
BAG 
 
 EAS 
 
 Eagleport, a small post-village of Morgan 
 county, Ohio, on the Muskingum river, 18 
 miles S. from Zanesville. 
 
 Eagle River, Kentucky, rises in Scott 
 county, flows first neai'ly northward through 
 Owen county, then turning suddenly to the 
 S. W., entei-s the Kentucky river near the 
 border between Owen and Carroll counties. 
 
 Eagle River, a post-village of Houghton 
 CO., Mich., on the shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 Eagle Rock, a small post-village in Wake 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Eaglesmere, a post-office of Sullivan coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Eagletown, a small post-village in Choc- 
 taw nation, Arkansas. 
 
 Eagletown, a small post-village of Hamil- 
 ton CO., Ind., 21 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Eagle Village, a post-village in Wyoming 
 CO., N. Y., about 38 miles S. E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Eagle Village, a post-village of Boone 
 county, Indiana, on the Michigan road, 14 
 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Eagleville, a post-office of Tolland coun- 
 ty, Connecticut. 
 
 Eagleville, a small village of Centre 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Bald Eagle 
 creek, 100 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Eagleville, a small post-village of Wil- 
 liamson county, Tennessee. 
 
 Eagleville, a thriving post-village of Ash- 
 tabula county, Ohio, on Mill creek, 200 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Eagleville, a village of Milwaukee co. , Wis. 
 
 Eagleville, a post-village of Waukesha 
 county, Wisconsin, on the railroad from Mil- 
 waukee to the Mississippi, 36 miles W. S. W. 
 from the former. 
 
 Earl, a post-township of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania, 13 miles E. from Reading. 
 Population, 1047. 
 
 E^uiLE, a township in La Salle county, Hli- 
 nois. Population, 819. 
 
 Eakle's, a post-office of Muhlenburg co. , Ky. 
 
 Earlesville, a post-office of Spartanburgh 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Earlville, a post-village of Madison coun- 
 ty, New York, on the Chenango river and 
 canal of that name, about 82 miles S. W. from 
 Utica. It contains several stores. 
 
 Earlville, or Earleville, a small village 
 of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Earlville, a post-office of Portage co., 0. 
 
 EARLE^aLLE, apost-officcof La Salle co., 111. 
 
 Early, a county in the S. W. part of Geor- 
 gia, bordering on Alabama, contains 864 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Chattahoochee, and drained by the Cola- 
 moka and Spring creeks. The surface is a 
 level and fertile plain, in which scarcely a 
 rock can be found. The greater part of it is 
 occupied by forests of yellow pine and oak, 
 or by plantations of cotton and Indian corn. 
 In 1850 this county produced 4354 bales of 
 cotton; 223,037 bushels of corn, and 76,377 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 4 saw mills, 
 
 1 coach manufactory, and 2 tanneries. It 
 contained 16 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 144 pupils attending academies or 
 other schools. Steamboats navigate the river 
 along this county, and the creeks furnish 
 extensive motive-power. On the bank of 
 Colamoka creek is an artificial mound, 75 
 feet in height, with a level surface on the 
 top, 80 yards by 30 in extent. Named in 
 honor of Peter Early, governor of Georgia in 
 1813. Capital, Blakeley. Population, 7246, 
 of whom 3717 were free, and 3529, slaves. 
 
 Early Grove, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 North Carolina, 180 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Early Grove, a post-office of Marshall 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Earlysvillb, a small post-village of Albe- 
 marle county, Virginia, 94 miles W. N. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Earpville, a post-office of Upshur co.,Tex. 
 
 East Abington, a post-village of Abington 
 township, Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 
 near the Old Colony railroad, 18 miles S. S. 
 E. from Boston. 
 
 East Allen, a township of Northampton 
 county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles W. by N. from 
 Easton. Population, 1473. 
 
 East Allentown, a village of Lehigh 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river, 
 near Allentown. Population in 1850, 564. 
 
 East Alton, a post-village in Belknap coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire, about 80 miles N. E. 
 from Concord. 
 
 East Amijchy, a district in Walker county, 
 Georgia. Population, 840. 
 
 East Andover, a post-office of Merrimack 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 East Ashford, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Auburn, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Aurora, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 East Avon, a post-village of Avon town- 
 ship, Livingston county, New York, 220 miles 
 W. by N. from Albany, and 2 miles E. from 
 Avon Springs. It is situated on the line of 
 the Buffalo, Corning, and New York railroad, 
 and contains 2 churches. Population, 450. 
 
 East Baldwin, a post-village in Cumber- 
 land CO., Me., 45 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 
 East Barnard, a post-village in Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, 40 miles S. from Montpelier. 
 
 East Barre, a post-office of Orleans co. , N. Y. 
 
 East Barre, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Baton Rouge, a parish in the S. E. 
 central part of Louisiana, contains about 500 
 square miles. The Amite river washes its E., 
 and the Mississippi its W. border. The sur- 
 face is level in the N., and gently undulating 
 in the S., and the soil is moderately fertile. 
 Cotton, sugar, and maize are the staples. In 
 1850 this parish produced 1346 bales of cotton ; 
 7074 hogsheads of sugar; 407,358 gallons 
 of molasses, and 226,942 bushels of corn. It 
 contained 4 churches, and 2 newspaper offices, 
 
 339 
 
EAS 
 
 EAS 
 
 There were 500 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 20 attending an academy. The 
 parish contains extensive forests, in which 
 live oak, the cypress and magnolia are found. 
 Capital, Baton Rouge. Population, 11,977, 
 of V7hom 5626 were free, and 6351, slaves. 
 
 East Bend, a post-office of Yadkin co., N.C. 
 
 East Bergen, a post-office of Genesee 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Berkshiee, a post-village in Franklin 
 CO., Vt., 50 miles N. by W. from Montpelier. 
 
 East Berlin, a post-office of Hartford co., C. 
 
 East Berlin, a post-village of Adams 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Conewago creek, 
 24 miles S. by W. from Harrisburg, and 15 
 miles W. from York. It has several stores 
 and about 100 houses. 
 
 East Berlin, a post-office of St. Clair coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 East Berne, a small post-village of Albany 
 county, New York, 19 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 East Bethany, a small post-village in Ge- 
 nesee county. New York, contains 1 or 2 
 churches and several stores. 
 
 East Bethel, a post-office of Oxford co.,Me. 
 
 East Bethel, a post- village of Bethel town- 
 ship, "Windsor county, Vermont, near the Ver- 
 mont Central railroad, 38 miles S. from Mont- 
 pelier, and 39 miles N. E. from Windsor. 
 
 East Bethlehem, a post-township of Wash- 
 ington county, Pennsylvania, on the Monon- 
 gahela river, 33 miles S. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, 2266. 
 
 East Birmingham, a borough of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the S. bank of the 
 Monongahela, opposite Pittsburg, and imme- 
 diately above Birmingham. Population, 1624. 
 
 East Bloomfield, a post-township of On- 
 tario county. New York, 8 miles W. from Ca- 
 nandaigua, intersected by the Canandaigua 
 and Niagara railroad. Population, 2262. 
 
 East Bloomfield, a post-village in the 
 above township, about 200 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. It has 2 churches, and perhaps 
 800 inhabitants. 
 
 East Boston. See Boston. 
 
 East Bradford, a flourishing manufactur- 
 ing village of Bradford township, Essex coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on the right bank of the 
 Merrimack river, 28 miles N. from Boston. 
 
 East Bradford, a township of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, intersected by Bran- 
 dywine creek, 30 miles W. from Philadelphia. 
 Population, 1330. 
 
 East Brandtwine, a township of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, 36 miles W. from Phila- 
 delphia. Population, 1115. 
 
 East Brewster, a post-village in Barnsta- 
 ble CO., Mass., 55 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 
 East Bridgewatee, a post-township of 
 Plymouth co., Mass., on the Bridgewater 
 branch of the Old Colony railroad, 25 miles 
 S. by E. from Boston. Pop. 2545. 
 
 Eastbrook, a township of Hancock coun- 
 ty, Maine, 30 miles E. by S. from Bangor. 
 Ponulation, 212. 
 340 
 
 Eastbrook, a post-office of Lawrence coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Brookfield, a small post-village in 
 Orange county, Vermont, about 15 miles S. 
 from Montpelier 
 
 East Brookfield, a post-village in Wor- 
 cester county, Massachusetts, 60 miles W. 
 by S. from Boston. 
 
 East Brunswick, a township of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, intersected by Little 
 Schuylkill railroad, 13 miles S. E. from Potts- 
 ville. Population, 1337. 
 
 East Buffalo, a township in Union county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the West branch of the 
 Susquehanna river, immediately S. from 
 Lewisburg. Population, 970. 
 
 East Buffalo, a small village of Union 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Burke, a post-office of Caledonia 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Burnham, a post-office of Waldo coun- 
 ty, Maine. 
 
 East Calais, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Caln, a township of Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania, 70 miles E. S. E. from Harris- 
 burg. It is intersected by the Philadelphia 
 and Columbia railroad. Population, 2292. 
 
 East Cambridge, Massachusetts. See 
 Cambridge. 
 
 East Cameron, a post-office of Steuben 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Canaan, a post-office of Grafton coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire. 
 
 East Canaan, a post-office of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 East Canada Creek rises in Hamilton coun- 
 ty, in the E. central part of New York, and 
 after forming the boundary between Herkimer 
 and Fulton counties, falls into the Mohawk. 
 
 East Candor, a small post-village of Tioga 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Caneadea, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Carlton, a post-office of Orleans 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Centreville, a post-office of Indiana 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Chaelemont, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Charleston, a post-office of Orleans 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Chatham, a post-village of Columbia 
 county, New York, on the Western railroad, 
 about 20 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
 
 East Chester, a post-village of Rocking- 
 ham county. New Hampshire, 25 miles S. E. 
 from Concord. 
 
 East Chester, a post-township of West- 
 chester county. New York, intersected by the 
 Harlem railroad. Population, 1679. 
 
 East Chester, a post-village in the above 
 township, on a creek of the same name, and on 
 the Harlem railroad, about 15 miles N. E. 
 from New York. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 and 400 inhabitants. 
 
EAS 
 
 EAS 
 
 East Chickaminga, a district in Walker 
 county, Georgia. Population, 2688. 
 
 East China, a post-ofi&ce of Wyoming coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 East Clarendon, apost-oiSce of Rutland 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Claeidon, a post-office of Geauga 
 county, Ohio, 174 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 East Clarksfield, a post-office of Huron 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 East Claekson, a post-office of Monroe 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Cleveland, a post-village of Cuayhago 
 county, Ohio, about 4 miles E. from Cleveland. 
 
 East Cobleskill, a post-office of Schoha- 
 rie county, New York. 
 
 East Cocalico, a township in the N. part of 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. 
 E. from Lancaster. Population, 2117. 
 
 East Concoed, a flourishing village of 
 Concord township, Merrimack county, New 
 Hampshire, on the E. bank of the Merrimack 
 river, and on the Boston, Concord, and Mon- 
 treal railroad, about 2 miles from Concord. 
 
 East Concord, a post-office of Bureau 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 East Coneqtienessing, a township of But- 
 ler county, Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. from 
 Butler. Population, 1142. 
 
 East Constable, a post-office of Franklin 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Corinth, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Corinth, a post-office of Orange 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Coventry, a township of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river, 
 16 miles N. from Westchester. Population, 
 1288. 
 
 East Ceaftsbuet, a small post-village in 
 Craftsbury township, Orleans county, Ver- 
 mont, about 30 miles N. E. by N. from Mont- 
 pelier. 
 
 East Ceeee, a post-office of Cape May 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 East Deer, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Alleghany river. Population, 2021. 
 
 East De Kalb, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence county. New York. 
 
 East Dennis, a small post-village in Barn- 
 stable county, Massachusetts, 65 miles S. E. 
 from Boston. 
 
 East Dixfield, a post-office of Oxford 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Dixmont, a post-village in Dixmont 
 township, Penobscot county, Maine, about 42 
 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 
 East Donegal, a township of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 river, 24 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. It is 
 intersected by the Lancaster and Harrisburg 
 railroad. Population, 1997. 
 
 East Dorset, a small post-village in Dor- 
 set township, Bennington county, Vermont, 
 about 80 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. In 
 
 the vicinity are numerous valuable marble 
 quarries. 
 
 East Douglass, a post-office of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Dover, a post-office of Piscataquis 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Duanbsburg, a post-office of Schenec- 
 tady county. New York. 
 
 East Durham, a post-village of Greene 
 CO., N. Y., 40 miles S. by W. from Albany. 
 
 East Edington, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Eden, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 East Elliott, a post- village in York co., 
 Me., about 100 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 
 Easter, a small village in Pittsfield town- 
 ship, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, about 
 115 miles W. by S. from Boston. 
 
 Eastern or Gloucester Point, at the en- 
 trance of Cape Ann Harbor, Massachusetts. 
 On it is a lighthouse containing a fixed light. 
 Lat. 42° 34' 40" N. ; Ion. 70° 39' W. 
 
 East Euclid, a small village of Cuyahoga 
 county, Ohio, 10 miles N. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 East Evans, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 East Fairfield, a small post-village of Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio, about 150 miles E. N. 
 E. from Columbus. 
 
 East Fairfield, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Fallowfield, a township of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, 38 miles W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 1289. 
 
 East Fallowfield, a township on the S. 
 border of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, 12 
 miles S. W. from Meadville. Population, 1289. 
 
 East Falmouth, a small post-village in 
 Barnstable county, Massachusetts, 60 miles 
 S. E. from Boston. 
 
 East Farmington, a post-village in Oak- 
 land CO., Mich., 20 miles N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 East Feliciana, a parish in the N. E. part 
 of Louisiana, on the Mississippi river, has 
 an area of about 480 square miles. The 
 Amite river bounds it on the E., and it is 
 drained by the Comite river and several 
 creeks. The surface is gently undulating; 
 the soil is fertile and easily tilled. Cotton 
 and sugar are the staples. In 1850 this 
 parish produced 9967 bales of cotton; 1105 
 hogsheads of sugar ; 391,789 bushels of corn, 
 and 106,235 of sweet potatoes. The quanti- 
 ty of sweet potatoes was the greatest pro- 
 duced by any parish in the state. There 
 were 6 saw and planing mills, 1 cotton-gin- 
 ning mill, 4 coach manufactories, and 2 tan- 
 neries. It contained 9 churches ; 5 news- 
 paper offices ; 160 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 175 attending academies and 
 other schools. The indigenous forest trees 
 are the pine, oak, bay, and gum. A railroad 
 25 miles long extends from the Mississippi 
 river to Clinton, the seat of justice. The pa- 
 rish contains an asylum for the insane, and 
 a college. Population, 13,598, of whom 4084 
 were free, and 9514, slaves. 
 
 841 
 
EAS 
 
 EAS 
 
 East Findlet, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Washington county, Pennsylvania, 38 
 miles S. W. from Pittsburg. Population, 1281. 
 
 East Fishkill, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Florence, a post-office of Oneida 
 county, New York. 
 
 Eastfokd, a post-village in Windham coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, 35 miles E. N. E. from Hart- 
 ford. Population of the township, 1127. 
 
 East Fork, a small post-village of Mont- 
 gomery county, Illinois. 
 
 East Fork, apost-village of Macon cc, Mo., 
 110 miles N. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 East Foxborough, a post-village of Nor- 
 folk CO., Mass., 25 miles S. by W. from Boston. 
 
 East Franklin, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Freedom, a small post-village of 
 Blair county, Pennsylvania, on a branch of 
 the Juniata river, 130 miles W. from Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 East Freetown, a post-office of Bristol 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Freetown, a post-office of Cortlandt 
 county. New Yoi'k. 
 
 East Gaines, a post-office of Orleans coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 East Gainesville, a post-office of Wyo- 
 ming county, New York. 
 
 East Galwat, a post-office of Saratoga 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Genesee, a township in Genesee coun- 
 ty, Michigan. Population, 844. 
 
 East Genoa, a small post-village of Cayuga 
 county, New York, about 20 miles S. from 
 Auburn. 
 
 East Georgia, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East German, a post-office of Chenango 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Germantown, a post-office of Wayne 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 East Glbnville, a post-office of Schenec- 
 tady county. New York. 
 
 East Goshen, a township of Chester coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 22 miles W. from Phila- 
 delphia. Population, 768. 
 
 East Grafton, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 county, New York. 
 
 EastGranbt, a small post-village in Hart- 
 ford county, Connecticut, 15 miles N. N. W. 
 from Hartford. 
 
 East Granville, a post-village in Hamp- 
 den county, Massachusetts, about 100 miles 
 E. S. E. from Boston. 
 
 East Greenbush, a post-village of Rens- 
 selaer county. New York. 
 
 East Greene, a post-office of Chenango 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Greenfield, a township in La Grange 
 county, Indiana. Population, 400. 
 
 East Greenville, a post-village of Stark 
 county, Ohio, 110 miles N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 East Greenwich, capital of Kent county, 
 342 
 
 R. I., on the E. side of Narraganset bay, on 
 the Stonington and Providence railroad, 14 
 miles S. by W. from Providence. It has a fine 
 harbor, and contains the county buildings, 2 
 banks, 3 or 4 churches, and several stores. 
 The industry of the inhabitants is chiefly de- 
 voted to manufacturing, the fisheries, and 
 the coast trade. Pop. of the township, 2358. 
 
 East Greenwich, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county. New York. 
 
 East Grove, a small post-village of Henry 
 county, Iowa, 66 miles S. from Iowa city. 
 
 East Groveland, a post-office of Living- 
 ston county. New York. 
 
 East Guilford, a post-village of Chenango 
 county. New York, about 100 miles W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 East Haddam, a post-township of Middle- 
 sex CO., Conn., on the E. side of the Connec- 
 ticut river, 35 miles S. by E. from Hartford. 
 East Haddam Landing is on the left bank of 
 the Connecticut, about 1 mile below the mouth 
 of Salmon river. It is a thriving place, has 
 several stores, a bank, and a ship-yard. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 2610. 
 
 Eastham, a post-township of Barnstable 
 county, Massachusetts, on the E. side of 
 Cape Cod bay, 60 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 Population, 845. 
 
 East Hamburg, a post-office of Erie coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 East Hamilton, a post-office of Madison 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Hampden, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Hampden, a post-office of Columbia, 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 East Hampton, a post-township of Hamp- 
 shire county, Massachusetts, on the W. side 
 of Connecticut river, 80 miles E. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 1342. 
 
 East Hampton, a post-village in Middle- 
 sex county, Connecticut, 18 miles S. E. from 
 Hartford. 
 
 East Hampton, a post-township of Suffolk 
 county, New York, forming the eastern ex- 
 tremity of Long Island, terminating in Mon- 
 tauk point. Population, 2122. 
 
 East Hampton, a post-village in the above 
 township, near the ocean, about 110 miles 
 E. by N. from New York. It has a church, 
 an academy, and probably 500 inhabitants. 
 
 East Hanover, a township of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 15 miles E. N. E. 
 from Harrisburg, has the Union canal on its 
 southern border. Population, 1658. 
 
 East Hanover, a post-township forming 
 the N. W. extremity of Lebanon county, 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. E. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 1815. 
 
 East Habdwick, a post-office of Cale- 
 donia county, Vermont. 
 
 East Habtford, a post-township of Hart- 
 ford county, Connecticut, on the E. side of 
 Connecticut river, opposite Hartford. Thp 
 village is pleasantly situated on a plain, and 
 
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 contains one broad handsome street, finely 
 shaded with elms and other trees. Manu- 
 facturing is carried on to a considerable 
 extent. Population, 2497. 
 
 East Harwich, a post- village in Barnstable 
 county, Massachusetts, 65 miles S. E. from 
 Boston. 
 
 East Haven, a post-township of Essex 
 county, Vermont, 45 miles N. E. of Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 94. 
 
 East Haven, a post-township of New Haven 
 county, Connecticut, bounded on the S. by 
 Long Island sound, 4 miles E. from New 
 Haven. A company, organized since No- 
 vember, 1852, with a capital of $400,000, 
 have erected in the south-western part of the 
 township, on New Haven bay, several ex- 
 tensive buildings, with furnaces and other ap- 
 purtenances necessary to the smelting of cop- 
 per ore. This is to be brought by water, for 
 which purpose the company have construct- 
 ed a wharf. Between East Haven and Bran- 
 ford lies a beautiful sheet of water, called 
 Saltonstall lake, from which New Haven is 
 mostly supplied with ice. The village is 
 pleasantly situated on the New Haven and 
 New London railroad, and contains 2 
 churches, and a number of stores. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 1670. 
 
 East Haverhill, a post-office of Grafton 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 East Haverhill, a post-village in Essex 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Hawlet, a post-office of Wayne co. , Pa. 
 
 East Hebron, a post-office of Oxford coun- 
 ty, Maine. 
 
 East Hempfield, a township of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, 33 miles E. S. E. from 
 Harrisburg, is intersected by the Lancaster 
 and Harrisburg railroad, and by the Colum- 
 bia railroad. Population, 2266. 
 
 East Hbrrick, a small post-village of 
 Bradford county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Highgate, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Hill, a post-office of Livingston 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Holden, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Homer, a post-office of Cortland 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Houndsfielt), a post-office of Jeffer- 
 son county. New York. 
 
 East Huntingdon, a township in the S. part 
 of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, about 
 10 miles S. from Greensburg. Pop., 1873. 
 
 East Jaffret, a post- village of Cheshire co., 
 N.H., 86 milesS.W. from Concord, has a bank. 
 
 East Java, a post-office of Wyoming coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 East Johnson, a small village in Lamoille 
 county, Vermont, on the Eden branch of 
 Lamoille river. It contains 2 stores, 2 saw 
 laills, and a number of workshops. 
 
 East Kent, a post-office of Litchfield coun- 
 ty, Connecticut. 
 
 East Kill, a post-office of Greene co., N. Y. 
 
 East Killinglt, a post-village in Wind- 
 ham county, Connecticut. 
 
 East Kingston, a post-township of Rock- 
 ingham county, New Hampshire, 40 miles 
 S. E. of Concord. Population, 532. 
 
 East Knox, a post-office of Waldo co.. Me. 
 
 East Koy, a post-office of Wyoming co. , N. Y. 
 
 East Koy creek, in the W. part of New 
 York, unites with the West Koy, and enters 
 the Genesee river in Alleghany county. 
 
 East Lackawannoc, a township of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles S. W. 
 from Mercer. Population, 922. 
 
 East Lampeter, a township in the central 
 part of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in- 
 tersected by the Columbia railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 1980. 
 
 East Landaff, a post-office of Grafton 
 county, New Hampshire. 
 
 East Lansing, a post-office of Tompkins 
 county. New York. 
 
 East La Porte, a post-office of Haywood 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 East Lebanon, a small post-village in 
 Grafton county. New Hampshire, 50 miles 
 N. W. from Cancord. 
 
 East Lee, a post-office of Berkshire coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Lempster, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, New Hampshire. 
 
 East Leon, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Lewiston, a post-office of Mahoning 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 East Lexington, a post-office of Middle- 
 sex county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Liberty, a village of Collins town- 
 ship, Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Central railroad, 5 miles E. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, about 1000. The name of the 
 post-office is Wilkins. 
 
 East Liberty, a post-village of Fayette 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogheny 
 river. 
 
 East Liberty, a post-village of Logan 
 county, Ohio, 126 miles N. N. E. from Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 East Liberty, a post-office of Allen co.,Ind. 
 
 East Lima, a township in La Grange coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 824. 
 
 East Limington, a post-office of York 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Line, a post-office of Saratoga coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 East Litchfield, a post-office of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 East Livermore, a post-township in Ken- 
 nebec county, Maine. Population, 891. 
 
 East Liverpool, a flourishing post-village 
 of Columbiana county, Ohio, on the Ohio 
 river, 48 miles below Pittsburg, 430 miles 
 above Cincinnati, is beautifully situated on 
 a bank gradually ascending from the river 
 Its rapid growth has been caused by the dis- 
 covery of a fine material for stoneware, 11 
 
 S43 
 
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 EAS 
 
 manufactories of which are in operation, 
 employing several hundred hands. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 835. 
 
 East Longmeadow, a post-village in Hamp- 
 den county, Massachusetts, 80 miles E. S. E. 
 from Boston. 
 
 East Lyman, a post-ofSce of Grafton coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire. 
 
 East Lyme, a post-village in New London 
 county, Connecticut, on Mamacock river, 
 G miles W. by S. from New London. 
 
 East Macdoxough, a post-office of Che- 
 nango county. New York. 
 
 East Machias, a post-township of Wash- 
 ington county, Maine, 120 miles E. by N. 
 from Augusta. Poi^ulation, 1905. 
 
 East Macon, a village of Bibb county, 
 Georgia, on the left bank of the Ocmulgee 
 river, opposite Macon. 
 
 East Madison, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Madison, a small village of Morris 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 East Mahoning, a townsMp of Indiana 
 county, Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. N. E. from 
 Indiana. Population, 869. 
 
 East Maine, a post-office of Broome coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Eastmansville, a post-office of Fulton 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Marion, a post-office of Suffolk coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 East Maeion, a post-office of Livingston 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 East Maelbokough, a township of Ches- 
 ter county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles S. W. 
 from Westchester. Population, 1425. 
 
 East Makshfield, a post-office of Ply- 
 mouth county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Medway, a post-village in Norfolk 
 county, Massachusetts, 20 miles S. W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 East Middleboeough, a post-village in 
 Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 38 miles 
 S. S. E. from Boston. 
 
 East Middlebury, a post-office of Addi- 
 son county, Vermont. 
 
 East Monmouth, a post-office of Kenne- 
 bec county, Maine. 
 
 East Montpeliee, a post-township in Wash- 
 ington county, Vermont. Population, 1447. 
 
 East Montville, a post-office of Waldo 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Moriches, a post-office of Suffolk 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Moultonborough, a small post-vil- 
 lage in Carroll county. New Hampshire, 43 
 miles N. by E. from Concord. 
 
 East Mount Vernon, a village in Kennebec 
 county, Maine, 16 miles N. W. from Augusta. 
 
 East Nantmeal, a township in the N. part 
 of Chester county, Pennsylvania, 14 miles 
 N. N. W. from Westchester. Population, 921. 
 
 East Nassau, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 county. New York. 
 
 East New Maeket, a post-village in Dor- 
 344 
 
 Chester county, Maryland, 45 miles S. E. 
 from Annapolis. 
 
 East Newpoet, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East New Poetland, a post-office of So- 
 merset county, Maine. 
 
 East New Shaeon, a post-office of Kenne- 
 bec county, Maine. 
 
 East New Vineyard, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin county, Maine. 
 
 East New York, a post-village of Flatbush 
 township. King's county, New York, on the 
 Long Island railroad, 6 miles S. E. from New 
 York city. It contains ■ several churches, 
 stores, and manufactories. 
 
 East Northport, a post-office of Waldo 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Northwood, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham county, New Hampshire. 
 
 East North Yarmouth, a post-office of 
 Cumberland county, Maine. 
 
 East Norwegian township, of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, lies immediately N. E. 
 from Pottsville. It is intersected by the 
 Schuylkill river. Population, 1031. 
 
 East Norwich, a post-office of Queen's 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Nottingham, a township of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Elk creek, 25 miles 
 S. W. from Westchester. Population, 2412. 
 
 East Ogden, a post-office of Lenawee 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Easton, a post-township of Bristol county, 
 Massachusetts, 20 miles S. by W. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 2337. 
 
 Easton, a post-township of Fairfield co. 
 Connecticut, about 20 miles W. by S. from 
 New Haven. Population, 1432. 
 
 Easton, a post-township, forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Washington county. New York, 
 on the Hudson river. Population, 3225. 
 
 Easton, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 26 miles N. by E. from Albany. It has 
 3 churches, and perhaps 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Easton, a post-borough, capital of North- 
 ampton county, Pennsylvania, on the Dela- 
 ware river, immediately above the mouth of 
 the Lehigh, 100 miles E. N. E. from Harris- 
 burg, and 56 miles N. from Philadelphia. 
 The New Jersey Central railroad, 78 miles 
 long, connects it with New York city. It is 
 built on a point of land at the confluence of 
 the Lehigh river and Bushkill creek with the 
 Delaware. A fine bridge, about 500 feet long, 
 crosses the latter river, and a chain bridge 
 connects Easton with South Easton, on the 
 right bank of the Lehigh. The town is laid 
 out in rectangular blocks, is lighted with gas, 
 and supplied with good water, conveyed by 
 pipes from a spring one mile distant. It con- 
 tains 2 banks, a public library, several aca- 
 demies, 8 newspaper offices, and is the seat 
 of Lafayette College, a flourishing institution 
 founded in 1832, with a library of 5000 volumes. 
 The building is among the principal ornaments 
 of the town. Easton is one of the mast 
 
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 EAS 
 
 flourisliing towns in the state, advantageous- 
 ly situated at tlie junction of the Delaware, 
 Lehigh, and Morris canals, by which vast 
 quantities of stone coal, lumber, grain, and 
 other produce are received and exported. 
 A railroad is in course of construction from 
 this town to Philadelphia, and to the Dela- 
 ware Water Gap. It has abundant water- 
 power, and is the seat of extensive manu- 
 factories, among which are numerous flour- 
 ing mills, iron foundries, saw mills, a cotton 
 factory, and 2 rifle factories. It is sur- 
 rounded by a beautiful, rich, and highly cul- 
 tivated country, which abounds in iron ore 
 and limestone. Laid out in 1738, and incor- 
 porated in 1789. Population, exclusive of 
 South Easton, in 1840, 4865; in 1850, 7250.' 
 
 Easton, a post-village, capital of Talbot 
 county, Maryland, on Treadhaven creek, 12 
 miles from its entrance into Choptank river, 
 and 80 miles by water from Annapolis. It 
 is at the head of tide navigation, and has 
 considerable business. Easton contains 4 
 churches, 1 bank, an armory belonging to the 
 state, and 2 newspaper oflices. Settled about 
 1785. Population in 1850, 1413. 
 
 Easton, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 Easton, a township in the N. W. central 
 part of Ionia county, Michigan. Pop., 397. 
 
 East Orange, a post-office of Orange 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Orange, a post-office of Delaware 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 East Orangeville, a post-office of Wyo- 
 ming county. New York. 
 
 East Orleans, a small post-village in 
 Barnstable county, Massachusetts, 65 miles 
 S. E. from Boston. 
 
 East Orrington, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Otto, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Painted Post, a post-office of Steu- 
 ben county. New York. 
 
 East Palestine, a post-village of Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, about 160 miles E. N. E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 East Palmyra, a post-office of Wayne 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Parish, a post-office of Otsego coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 East Parsonfield, a post-office of York 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Pembroke, a post-office of Genesee 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Penn, a post-tovmship forming the 
 S. extremity of Carbon county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Lehigh river. Population, 689. 
 
 East Pennsborough, a post-township 
 forming the N. E. extremity of Cumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 river, opposite Ilarrisburg. It is intersected 
 by the Cumberland Valley railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1605. 
 
 East Pennsborough, a small village of 
 Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Pepperell, a post-office of Middle- 
 sex county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Peru, a post-office of Clinton co., N. Y. 
 
 East Pharsalia, a post-office of Chenango 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Piebpont, a small post-village of St. 
 Lawrence county. New York, about 30 miles 
 E. S. E. from Ogdensburg. 
 
 East Pike, a post-office of Wyoming coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 East Pike, a small village of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Pikeland, a township of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river, 
 26 miles N. W. from Philadelphia. Popula- 
 tion, 722. 
 
 East Pike Run, a township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Washington county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Monongahela river. Pop., 1358. 
 
 East Pitgaibn, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Pittsfield, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Pittston, a post-office of Kennebec 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Plainfield, a post- village in Sullivan 
 CO., N. H., 45 miles N. W. from Concord. 
 
 East Plainfield, a post-office of Otsego 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Plymouth, a small post-village of 
 Ashtabula county, Ohio, 212 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 East Poesteneill, a post-office of Rens- 
 selaer county. New York. 
 
 East Point, a post-office of De Kalb co. , Ga. 
 
 East Poland, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Eastport, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Maine, 234 miles N. E. from Port- 
 land. The township consists of Moose Is- 
 land, comprising about 2000 acres, and seve- 
 ral other small islands in Passamaquoddy 
 bay. Population, 4125. 
 
 Eastport, a port of entry in the above 
 township, pleasantly situated on the S. E. 
 part of Moose Island, lat. 44° 54' N., Ion. 
 66° 66' W. Besides a bridge, extending from 
 the N. part of the island to the mainland of 
 Perry, the town communicates by means of 
 ferries with Pembroke, Lubec, and the Bri- 
 tish islands adjoining. It contains from 60 
 to 70 stores, 6 or 7 churches, and a bank. 
 The harbor is one of the finest on the coast, 
 and is remarkable for its high tides, which 
 usually rise 25 feet. Extensive provision has 
 been made to meet the requirements of com- 
 merce, by the construction of wharves, of 
 which there are nearly 60. Eastport is eli- 
 gibly situated for trade with the British pro- 
 vinces. It is also an important lumber depot, 
 and is largely engaged in the fisheries and in 
 the coast trade. The shipping of the district, 
 June 80, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 13,954§f tons registered, and 17,467,^-1 tons 
 enrolled and licensed. Of the enrolled and 
 licensed tonnage, 15,972|^ tons were em- 
 
 345 
 
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 EAS 
 
 ployed in the coasting trade, and 1184|| 
 tons in the cod and mackerel fisheries. Dur- 
 ing the year there were 1164 foreign ar- 
 rivals,— tons, 152,995: of which 88,455 
 were in American bottoms. The clear- 
 ances for foreign ports were 669, with a bur- 
 then of 81,258 tons; in American bottoms, 
 46,068 tons. The same year 17 ships, 7 
 brigs, and 14 schooners, with an aggregate 
 of 10,690f| tons were admeasured. Much 
 of the shipping built here is for other ports. 
 A garrison is maintained at this place, which 
 is on the easternmost frontier of the United 
 States. It has steamboat communication 
 with Calais, on the St. Croix river, and with 
 Boston, Portland, and places along the coast. 
 Population, in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 Eastpobt, Alabama, a steamboat landing 
 on the Black Warrior river, below Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Eastpokt, a flourishing post-village of 
 Tishemingo county, Mississippi, is situated 
 on the left bank of Tennessee river, near the 
 N. E. extremity of the state, 270 miles N. N. 
 E. from Jackson. It is built on a bluff, se- 
 parated from the river by a bottom, half a 
 mile in width. Eastport is the largest town 
 in the county, and has an active trade. It 
 contains about 15 stores. 
 
 Eastport, a village of Tuscarawas county, 
 Ohio, near Stillwater creek, 100 miles E. N. 
 E. from Columbus. 
 
 East Poultney, a post-village in Rutland 
 CO., Vt., 65 miles S. W. from Montpelier. 
 
 East Princeton, a post-office of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Providence, a township of Bedford 
 county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles E. from Bed- 
 ford. Population, 991. 
 
 East Raisinville, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 East Randolph, a post-office of Orange 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Randolph, a post-office of Norfolk 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Randolph, a post-office of Cattarau- 
 gus county, New York. 
 
 East Randolph, a post-office of Columbia 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 East Raymond, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land county, Maine. 
 
 East Pibadfield, a post-office of Kenne- 
 bec county, Maine. 
 
 East Richland, a post-office of Belmont 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 East River, of New York, is properly a 
 strait connecting Long Island sound with 
 New York bay, and is navigable by large 
 vessels. It contains several small islands, 
 and has a pass called the Hurlgate, 7 miles 
 N. E. from New York city. Length, about 20 
 miles ; breadth between New York and Brook- 
 lyn, three-quarters of a mile. 
 
 East River, a post-office of Mercer co., Va. 
 
 East River, a post-office of Walton co., Fla. 
 
 East Rochester, a post-office of Columbi- 
 ana county, Ohio. 
 346 
 
 East Rockfort, a post-office of Cuyahoga 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 East Rodman, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Roxbury, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Rumford, a post-office of Oxford 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Rupert, a post-office of Bennington 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Saginaw, a post-village of Saginaw 
 county, Michigan, on the right bank of the 
 Saginaw river, about 100 miles N. N. W. from 
 Detroit. It contains several steam saw mills, 
 and has a plank-road leading toTlint. Po- 
 pulation in 1852, about 500. 
 
 East Salem, a post-office of Washington 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Salem, a post-office of Juniata co., Pa. 
 
 East Salisbury, a post-village in Essex 
 county, Mass., 35 miles N. E. from Boston. ' 
 
 East Sanbornton, a small post-village in 
 Belknap county. New Hampshire, about 30 
 miles N. from Concord. 
 
 East Sandwich, a post-village in Barn- 
 stable county, Massachusetts, about 60 miles 
 S. E. from Boston. 
 
 East Sandy, a post-office of Venango co.,Pa. 
 
 East Sangerville, a post-office of Pisca- 
 taquis county, Maine. 
 
 East Schuyler, a post-office of Herkimer 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Scott, a post-office of Cortland 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Sharon, a post-office of Norfolk coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Sharon, a post-office of Potter co.. Pa. 
 
 East Sharpsburg, a post-office of Blair 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Sheffield, a post-office of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Shelburne, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Shelby, a post-office of Orleans 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Sheldon, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Sidney, a thriving village of Clinton 
 township, Shelby county, Ohio, on the Mia- 
 mi river, which separates it from Sidney, the 
 county seat, 72 miles from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 850. 
 
 East Smithfield, a post-office of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 East Springfield, a post-office of Otsego 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Springfield, a small post-village of 
 Jefferson county, Ohio. 
 
 East Springfield, a post-office of Bradford 
 county, Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 East Springwateb, a post-office of Living- 
 ston county, New York. 
 
 East Standish, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land county, Maine. 
 
 East Sterling, a post-office of Wayne 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
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 East Stoneham, a post-office of Oxford 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Stoughton, a post-office of Norfolk 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Strong, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Suffield, a post-office of Hartford 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 East Sullivan, a post-office of Hancock 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Sullivan, a post-office of Cheshire 
 county, New Hampshire. 
 
 East Sumner, a post-office of Oxford coun- 
 ty, Maine. 
 
 East Town, a township of Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania, 18 miles W. by N. from Phila- 
 delphia. It is intersected by the Philadelphia 
 and Columbia railroad. Population, 710. 
 
 East Shetford, a post-office of Orange 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 East Townsend, a post-office of Huron 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 East Trenton, a post-office of Hancock 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Troy, a post-office of Bradford co., Pa. 
 
 East Trot, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Walworth co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1318. 
 
 East Trot, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the plank-road from Mil- 
 waukee to Janesville, 32 miles S. W. from the 
 former. It has 5 stores and 2 mills. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 400. 
 
 East Trumbull, a post-office of Trumbull 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 East Turner, a post-office of Oxford 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Union, a post-office of Lincoln co.. Me. 
 
 East Union, a post-village of Coshocton 
 county, Ohio, 18 miles W. from Coshocton. 
 
 East Union, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Wayne county, Ohio. Pop., 1940. 
 
 East Unity, a post-village in Sullivan co., 
 N. H., about 40 miles W. by N. from Concord. 
 
 East Varick, a post-office of Seneca coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 East Vassalborough, a post-office of Ken- 
 nebec county, Maine. 
 
 Eastville, a post-village, capital of North- 
 ampton county, Virginia, 180 miles by water, 
 E. by S. from Richmond, and a few miles 
 E. from Chesapeake bay. It contains a 
 court house, 2 carriage shops, and several 
 stores. Population, about 300. 
 
 Eastville, a small post-village in Ran- 
 dolph CO., Ala., 160 miles E.from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Eastville, a post-office of Bath co., Ky. 
 
 East Vincent, a township in the N. part 
 of Chester county, Pennsylvania, bordering 
 on the Schuylkill river, 15 miles N. from 
 Westchester. Population, 1505. 
 
 East Virgil, a post-office of Cortland 
 county. New York. 
 
 East Wakefield, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, New York. 
 
 East Wallingford, a post-office of Piutland 
 coiinty, Vermont. 
 
 East Waeeham, a post-village in Plymouth 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Washington, a small post-village in 
 Sullivan county, New Hampshire. 
 
 East Waterford, a post- village of Juniata 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Tuscarora creek, 
 50 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 East Weare, a post-village in Hillsborough 
 CO., N. H., 15 miles S. W. from Concord. 
 
 East Westmoreland, a post-office of 
 Cheshire county. New Hampshire. 
 
 East Westville, a post-office of Mahoning 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 East Weymouth, a post-village in Norfolk 
 CO., Mass., 15 miles S. S. E. from Boston. 
 
 East Whately, a post-village in Franklin 
 county, Mass., 80 miles W. from Boston. 
 
 East Whiteland, a township of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Philadelphia and Columbia railroad, 22 miles 
 W. by N. from Philadelphia. Pop., 1194. 
 
 East Wilton, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Wilton, a post-office of Hillsborough 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 East WiNDHAM,post-office of Greene CO. N.Y. 
 
 East Windsor, a post-office of Berkshire 
 county, IVIassachusetts. 
 
 East Windsor, a post-village of Hartford 
 CO., Conn., near the E. side of Connecticut 
 river, 8 miles N. by E. from Hartford. It is 
 the seat of the Connecticut Theological Insti- 
 tute. Population of the township, 2633. 
 
 East Windsor, a township of Mercer coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, 14 miles E. by N. from Tren- 
 ton. Population, 2596. 
 
 East Windsor Hill, a post-office of Hart- 
 ford county, Connecticut. 
 
 East Winthrop, a post-office of Kennebec 
 county, Maine. 
 
 East Woburn, a post-office of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 East Worcester, a post-village of Otsego 
 county. New York, 53 miles W. by S. from 
 Albany, contains two or three churches. 
 
 Eaton, a county near the centre of Michigan, 
 contains 576 square miles. It is traversed 
 from N. to S. by Grand river, and drained by 
 the sources of Thornapple and Battle creeks. 
 The surface is undulating, and the soil is mostly 
 a deep calcareous and sandyloam. The middle 
 and N. part is heavily timbered, the southern 
 portion is occupied with plains, over which oak 
 trees are scattered. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 hay, wool, potatoes, and maple sugar are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 50,860 
 bushels of wheat; 73,212 of corn ; 44,290 of 
 oats; 7207 tons of hay; 23,769 pounds of 
 wool, and 210, 167 of maple sugar. Limestone 
 and sandstone are found in the county. It 
 contained 2 churches, 1 newspaper office; 2192 
 pupils attending public schools and 105 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Named in 
 honor of John H. Eaton, secretary of war 
 under President .Jackson. Capital, Charlotte. 
 Population, 7058. 
 
 347 
 
EAT 
 
 ECO 
 
 Eaton, a post-township of Carroll county, 
 New Hampshire, 60 miles N. E. from Concord. 
 Population, 1743. 
 
 Eaton, a post-township of Madison coun- 
 ty, New York, contains Morrisville, the 
 county seat. Population, 3944. 
 
 Eaton, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 100 miles W. from Albany. It 
 has 2 or 3 churches, and a number of manu- 
 factories. 
 
 Eaton, a township of Wyoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the North branch of the 
 Susquehanna river, opposite Tunkhannock. 
 Population, 914. 
 
 Eaton, a thriving post-village of Gibson 
 county, Tennessee, on the Forked Deer river, 
 143 miles W. from Nashville. The greater 
 part of the cotton produced in the county is 
 shipped at this place. 
 
 Eaton, a small post-village in Fayette 
 CO., Ohio, 160 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Eaton, a township in the E. part of Lorain 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1111. 
 
 Eaton, a post- village of Washington town- 
 ship, and capital of Preble county, Ohio, on 
 Seven Mile creek, 46 miles N. from Cincinnati. 
 It is situated in a rich farming country, and 
 is well supplied with water-power. About 
 a mile W. from Eaton is the site of Fort St. 
 Clair, which was erected in the winter of 
 1791-2. General Harrison, who was then 
 an ensign, commanded the guard during its 
 erection. Eaton is on the Dayton and West- 
 ern railroad, recently finished, at the terminus 
 of the Eaton and Hamilton railroad, which 
 connects it with Cincinnati. A college is 
 about being established at this place. It 
 contains about 4 churches, 1 bank, 2 news- 
 paper ofBces, and a woollen factory. Laid 
 out in 1806. Population in 1850, 1346; in 
 1853, about 1600. 
 
 Eaton, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Eaton county, Michigan. Population, 539. 
 
 Eaton, a post-village in Benton township, 
 Eaton county, Michigan, on Thoi'napple 
 river, about 20 miles S. W. from Lansing. 
 
 Eaton, a post-ofSce of Crawford co.. 111. 
 
 Eaton, a small village of Cedar co.. Mo. 
 
 Eaton Centre, a post-ofiice of Carroll 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Eaton Grant, a post-office of Aroostook 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Eaton Rapids, a post-village of Eaton 
 county, Michigan, on Grand river, about 20 
 miles S. S. W. from Lansing. 
 
 Eaton's Corners, a small village of Sche- 
 nectady county. New York, about 30 miles 
 W. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Eaton's Neck, the E. side of the entrance 
 to Huntington's bay. Long Island. On it is 
 a fixed light, 134 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 40° 57' 5" N., Ion. 73° 24' 12'' W. 
 
 Eatonton, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Putnam county, Georgia, is situated 
 on a high ridge, 22 miles N. N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. A branch railroad extends from 
 348 
 
 this village to Milledgeville, and connects with 
 the Central railroad. It is a place of some 
 importance on account of its excellent schools. 
 It contains a court house, a bank, 2 acade- 
 mies, and 1 carriage factory. 
 
 Eatonton Factory, a village of Putnam 
 county, Georgia, on Little river, 24 miles N. 
 W. from Milledgeville. It has a cotton fac- 
 tory, employing about 100 operatives, and a 
 capital of $70,000. 
 
 Eatontown, a post-village of Monmouth 
 county. New Jersey, 11 miles E. from Free- 
 hold. It contains an academy, and between 
 30 and 40 dwellings. 
 
 Eatonville, a post-village of Herkimer 
 county, New York, 75 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Eau Pleine, a post-office of Portage county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Eayrstown, a village of Burlington county. 
 New Jersey, on the S. branch of Rancocas 
 creek, 4 miles S. from Mount Holly. It has 
 2 mills and about 20 houses. 
 
 Ebenezer, a post-office of Indiana co.. Pa. 
 
 Ebenezer, a small village of Effingham 
 county, Georgia, on the Savannah river, 25 
 miles above Savannah. It is among the 
 oldest places in the state, and was once more 
 flourishing than at present. The first settlers 
 were Germans. 
 
 Ebenezer, a post-village of Morgan county, 
 Georgia, 112 miles W. from Augusta. 
 
 Ebenezer, a post- village of Holmes co. ,Miss. 
 
 Ebenezer Creek, of Georgia, flows into 
 the Savannah river, about 9 miles E. from 
 Springfield, in Effingham county. 
 
 Ebenezerville, a post-village of York 
 district. South Carolina, 80 miles N. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 Ebensburg, a post-borough, capital of 
 Cambria county, Pennsylvania, is situated on 
 an eminence a few miles W. from the main 
 Alleghany chain, 74 miles E. by N. from 
 Pittsburg. It contains a court house, an 
 academy, 4 churches, and about 600 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Eberlee, a small village of Putnam 
 county, Indiana, 7 miles N. E. from Green- 
 castle. 
 
 Eberleville, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ebersole's Warehouse, a post-office of 
 Mason county, Kentucky. 
 
 EcHACONNEE, also Called TocHocTJNO, a creek 
 of Georgia, flows S. E. and enters Ocmulgee 
 river, at the S. extremity of Bibb county. 
 
 EcHACONNEB, a village of Bibb county, 
 Georgia, on Echaconnee creek. 
 
 EcKFORD, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Calhoun county, Michigan. Population, 715. 
 
 EcKMANSViLLE, a post-village of Adams 
 county, Ohio, on the plank-road from Ripley 
 to Locust Grove, 16 miles N. from the Ohio 
 river. 
 
 Eci/ii'SE, a post-office of Macon co., Tenn. 
 
 Economy, a post-township forming the S. 
 
ECO 
 
 EDG 
 
 E. extremity of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, 
 CD the Ohio river. Population, 1390. 
 
 Economy, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the right bank of 
 the Ohio river, and on the Ohio and Penn- 
 sylvania railroad, 17 miles N. W. from Pitts- 
 burg. It is a settlement of Germans, called 
 the Harmony Society, who, under the direc- 
 tion of George Rapp, emigrated from Ger- 
 many, and finally established themselves here 
 in 1825. They own 3500 acres of land, which, 
 together with their other property, is held in 
 common. The village is situated on a plain, 
 and contains about 100 houses, a large 
 church, a school house, a museum, and manu- 
 factories of wool, cotton, silk, and flour. 
 Their patriarch P^app died in 1847. 
 
 Economy, a post-office of Highland co., 0. 
 
 Economy, a post-village of Wayne county, 
 Indiana, on a branch of the Whitewater 
 river, 14 miles N. W. from Centreville. 
 
 EcoRCE, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Wayne county, Michigan, on the W. side of 
 Detroit river. Population, 653. 
 
 EcoRE A Fabre. See Camden. 
 
 Eddington, a post-village in Penobscot 
 county, Maine, on the E. bank of Penobscot 
 river, 70 miles N. E. of Augusta. Population 
 of the township, 696. 
 
 Eddy's Creek, in the W. part of Kentucky, 
 enters Cumberland river, in Caldwell county, 
 near Eddyville. 
 
 Eddysville, or Eddyville, a post-village 
 of Wapello county, Iowa, on the river Des 
 Moines, 10 miles N. W. from Ottumwa. 
 
 Eddytown, a village of Yates county. 
 New York, about 190 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Eddyville, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York. 
 
 Eddyville, a village of Ulster county. 
 New York, on the Rondout creek, near its 
 entrance into the Hudson river, about 55 
 miles S. from Albany. It is the terminus of 
 the Delaware and Hudson canal. 
 
 Eddyville, a thriving post-village of 
 Caldwell county, Kentucky, on the Cumber- 
 land river, at the mouth of Eddy creek, 
 about 15 miles W. from Princeton. It has 
 1 or 2 churches, 10 stores, and 4 warehouses. 
 Estimated population, 700. 
 
 Eden, a post-township of Hancock county, 
 Maine, in the northern part of Mount Desert 
 island, 35 miles S. S. E. from Bangor. Po- 
 pulation, 1127. 
 
 Eden, a post-village of Lamoille county, 
 Vermont, about 30 miles N. of Montpelier, 
 contains 1 church, 1 store, 1 tavern, and a 
 number of starch factories. Population of 
 the township, 668. 
 
 Eden, a post-township of Erie county. New 
 York, 16 miles S. from Buffalo. Pop., 2494. 
 
 Eden, a post-office of McKean co.. Pa. 
 
 Eden, a post-office of Randolph co., N. C. 
 
 Eden, a post-office of Laurens co., S. C. 
 
 Eden, a post-village of Bryan county, 
 Georgia, 50 miles N. from Darien. 
 
 Eden, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Licking county, Ohio. Population, 1013. 
 
 Eden, a township in the S. part of Seneca 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1584. 
 
 Eden, a post-office of Trumbull co., Ohio. 
 
 Eden, a township in Wyandott county, 
 Ohio. Population, 646. 
 
 Eden, a post-office of Ingham co., Mich. 
 
 Eden, a post-office of Hancock co., Ind. 
 
 Eden, a township in La Grange county, 
 Indiana. Population, 649. 
 
 Eden, a small village of Randolph co.. 111. 
 
 Eden, a township in Schuyler county, 
 Illinois. Population, 806. 
 
 Eden, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin. Pop., 840. 
 
 Edenbdrg, a thriving post-village of She- 
 nandoah county, "Virginia, on Stony creek, 
 6 miles from Woodstock. It is connected 
 by a turnpike with Staunton. 
 
 Edenburg, a post-office of Cameron co. Tex. 
 
 Edenfield, a post-office of Irwin co., Ga. 
 
 Eden's Ridge, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Edenton, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 county, New York. 
 
 Edenton, a post-town, capital of Chowan 
 county. North Carolina, is situated at the 
 head of Edenton bay, which opens into Al- 
 bemarle sound a little below the mouth of 
 Chowan river, 150 miles E. from Raleigh. It 
 is one of the principal towns in the N. E. part 
 of the state, and carries on some trade by 
 the navigation of the sound. It contains a 
 court house, bank, an academy, 1 newspaper 
 office and several churches. Settled in 1716. 
 Population, 1607. 
 
 Edenton, a post-office of Clermont co., Ohio. 
 
 Eden Valley', a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Edenville, a small post-village of Orange 
 county. New York, 119 miles S. by W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Edes Falls, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Edgar, a county in the E. part of Illinois, 
 bordering on Indiana, a few miles from the 
 Wabash river : area about 600 square miles. 
 It is drained by Brulette and Clear creeks, 
 affluents of the Wabash river, and by Little 
 Embarras river. The surface presents no 
 great inequalities ; the soil is good. The 
 county contains extensive prairies, and many 
 parts of it are well timbered. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, pork, wool, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 1,250,278 
 bushels of Indian corn; 49,424 of wheat; 
 138,830 of oats, and 174,828 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 19 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 690 pupils attending public schools, and 165 
 attending academies or other schools. Named 
 in honor of Colonel John Edgar, one of the 
 earliest and most distinguished pioneers of 
 Illinois. Capital, Paris. Population, 10,692. 
 
 Edgar, a post-office of St. John Baptist 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Edgartown, a port of entry and seat of 
 849 
 
EDG 
 
 EDI 
 
 justice of Duke's county, Massachusetts, on 
 the E. side of the island of Martha's Vineyard, 
 80 miles S. E. from Boston. It contains 3 or 
 4 churches, several stores, and 1 newspaper 
 office. The harbor is well protected, and 
 has a depth of 4J or 5 fathoms. At its en- 
 trance, on a pier extending 1000 feet from 
 the W. beach, is a fixed light 50 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 41° 25' N., Ion. 70° 27' 
 W. The shipping of the district, June SOth, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 57964| 
 tons registered, and 2174|| tons enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the registered tonnage 8963|^ 
 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, 
 and of the enrolled and licensed 1498| 3 tons in 
 the coast trade, and 473|| tons in the cod 
 and mackerel fisheries. The foreign arrivals 
 for the year were 82, (tons, 14,999,) of which 
 78 (tons, 14,386) were by American vessels. 
 The clearances for foreign ports were 18, 
 (tons, 6537) all in Amei'ican bottoms. The 
 district includes Martha's Vineyard and the 
 adjoining islands. Population of the town- 
 ship, 1990. 
 
 Edgecosibe, a county towards the N. E. 
 part of North Carolina: area estimated at 
 600 square miles. It is traversed by Tar 
 river, and watered by Fishing, Sandy, and 
 Contentned creeks. The surface is nearly 
 level, the soil is generally sandy and fertile. 
 Indian cora and cotton are the staples. Tur- 
 pentine is procured from the pine forests. In 
 1850 this county produced 759,373 bushels of 
 corn ; 4046 J tons of hay, and 3097J bales of 
 cotton. It contained 1 cotton factory, 2 corn 
 and flour mills, 2 saw mills, and 6 tar and tur- 
 pentine factories. Tar river is navigable from 
 its mouth to the county seat. The county is 
 intersected by the "Wilmington and Weldon 
 railroad. Organized in 1783, and named in 
 honor of the Earl of Mount Edgecombe. 
 Capital, Tarborough. Population, 17,189, of 
 whom 8642 were free, and 8547, slaves. 
 
 Edgecomb, a post- township of Lincoln 
 county, Maine, 30 miles S. S. W. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1231. 
 
 Edgefield, a district in the western part 
 of South Carolina, bordering on the Savan- 
 nah river, which separates it from Georgia, 
 has an area of 1540 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. by Saluda river, and 
 drained by the sources of Edisto and Little 
 Saluda rivers. The surface is moderately 
 hilly, the soil productive. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 the district pro- 
 duced 25,880 bales of cotton; 1,155,489 
 bushels of corn; 62,810 of wheat; 285,926 
 of oats, and 166,757 of sweet potatoes. 
 Tht qnantities of corn and oats were the 
 greatest raised by any one district in the 
 state, and the quantity of cotton was not ex- 
 ceeded by any excepting Abbeville. Consi- 
 •lerable numbers of cattle and swine are 
 reared in the district. There were 2 cotton 
 factories, 64 saw and planing, and 33 grist 
 850 
 
 mills, 5 potteries, and 7 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 52 churches, and 2 newspaper offices ; 
 921 pupils attending public schools, and 438 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 streams furnish abundant motive-power. 
 The Savannah river is navigable by steam- 
 boats to the southern part of the district: 
 the South Carolina railroad has its western 
 terminus in it, and the Greenville and Co- 
 lumbia railroad passes near the northern 
 border. Capital, Edgefield Court House. 
 Population, 89,262, of whom 16,537 were 
 free, and 22,725, slaves. 
 
 Edgefield, a post-office of Pike co., Ala. 
 
 Edgefield, a pleasant village of Davidson 
 county, Tennessee, on the right bank of 
 Cumberland river, opposite Nashville. It 
 contains a handsome church, 2 schools, and 
 a manufactory of lard-oil and candles. The 
 village was commenced about 1849. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Edgefield Court House, a post-village, 
 capital of Edgefield district. South Carolina, 
 56 miles W. by S. from Columbia. It is situ- 
 ated in a beautiful and fertile country, which 
 is mostly occupied by plantations of cotton. 
 The village has 3 or 4 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, and above 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Edge Hill, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Edge Hill, a post-office of King George 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Edgington, a small post-village of Rock 
 Island county, Illinois. 
 
 Edgmont, a post-township on the N. W. 
 border of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles from Chester. Population, 623. 
 
 Edin, a small village of Delaware county, 
 Ohio, on the railroad from Springfield to Lou- 
 donville, about 30 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Edina, a post-township in Knox county, 
 Missouri. Population, 163. 
 
 Edina, a post-village, capital of Knox 
 county, Missouri, on the South Fabius river, 
 125 miles N. from Jeflferson City. 
 
 Edinboeough, a post-borough of Erie coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on Conniattee creek, 20 
 miles S. from Erie, is situated in a fine 
 grazing region. A plank-road is in progress 
 from this place to Meadville. 
 
 Edinburg, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. Population, 93. 
 
 Edinbubg, a post-township of Saratoga 
 county. New York, 45 miles N. N. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 1336. 
 
 Edinburg, a post-office of Mercer co., N.J. 
 
 Edinbueg, a small village of Middlesex 
 county. New Jersey, on the Assunpink creek, 
 8 miles E. from Trenton. 
 
 Edinburg, a post-office of Lawrence co.,Pa. 
 
 Edinbubg, a post-village of Leake county, 
 Mississippi, 76 miles N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Edinbubg, a post-village and port of entry 
 of Cameron county, Texas, on the Rio Grande. 
 It has a custom house and several stores. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
EDI 
 
 EEL 
 
 Edinbukg, a post-office of Garrard co., Ky. 
 
 Edinburg, a post-township of the southern 
 part of Portage county, Ohio. Pop., 1101. 
 
 Edinburg, a small village of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 80 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 Population, 250. 
 
 Edinburg, a post-office of Hillsdale coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Edinburg, a thriving post-village of John- 
 son county, Indiana, on the Blue river, and 
 on the Madison and Indiana railroad, at the 
 terminus of the Shelbyville Branch railroad, 
 30 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis. The 
 river furnishes abundant water-power. 
 
 Edinburg, a village of Grundy co., Mo. 
 
 Edinburg, a village of Scotland county, 
 Missouri, about 140 miles N. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Edinburg, a post-village in Jones county, 
 Iowa, 45 miles N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Edinburg Centre, a post-office of Sara- 
 toga county, New York. 
 
 Edington, a post-office of Rock Island 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Edinfield, a village of Irwin county, Ga. 
 
 Edisto, a river of South Carolina, formed 
 by the union of the North Edisto and South 
 Edisto. The former rises near the western 
 extremity of Lexington district, and flows 
 S. E. to Orangeburg Court House, where it 
 turns southward and unites with the other 
 branch a few miles W. from Branchville. 
 The South Edisto rises in Edgefield district, 
 and flows along the boundary between Orange- 
 burg and Barnwell districts to the junction. 
 The main stream flows S. E. and S. until it 
 enters the Atlantic by two channels, called 
 the North and South Edisto Inlets, between 
 which Edisto Island is situated. 
 
 Edisto, a post-office of Lexington dist.,S.C. 
 
 Edisto Island, a post-office of Colleton 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Edisto Mills, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Edmeston, a post-township of Otsego coun- 
 ty, New York, 18 miles W. from Cooperstown. 
 Population, 1885. 
 
 Edmonds, a township of Washington coun- 
 ty, Maine, 80 miles E. of Bangor. Pop., 446. 
 
 Edmondson, a county in the south-west 
 central part of Kentucky, has an area esti- 
 mated at 225 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Greene river, bounded on the W. by Bear 
 creek, and also drained by the Nolin creek. 
 The surface is generally undulating and in 
 some parts hilly ; the soil is fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 193,095 bushels 
 of corn; 4322 of wheat; 34,455 of oats; 
 86,980 pounds of tobacco ; 7940 of wool, and 
 12,891 of flax. It contained 5 churches, and 
 210 pupils attending public schools. The 
 county is occupied by extensive beds of stone 
 coal and cavernous limestone ; the latter for- 
 mation contains the celebrated Mammoth 
 Cave, a description of which will be found 
 
 under the head of Kentucky. Organized in 
 1825, and named in honor of Captain John 
 Edmondson, who fell at the battle of the 
 river Raisin. Capital, Brownsville. Popu- 
 lation, 4088, of whom 3763 were free, and 
 325, slaves. 
 
 Edmonton, a post-village of Barren county, 
 Kentucky, 114 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Edmonds, apost-office of Brunswick co.,Va. 
 
 Ednbyville, a post-office of Henderson 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Edom, a post-office of Rockingham co.,Va 
 
 Edom, a post-office of Gilmer county, Ga. 
 
 Edbay, post-office of Pocahontas co., Va. 
 
 Edsallville, a small post- village of Brad- 
 ford county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Edwards, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 200 square miles. 
 The Wabash river touches its south-east 
 extremity; the Little Wabash flows through 
 the western part, and Bon Pas creek forms 
 its eastern boundary. The surface presents 
 a succession of rolling prairies and forests, 
 the soil is good. Indian corn, oats, hay, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 227,035 bushels of corn ; 36,412 of 
 oats, and 1502 tons of hay. It contained 11 
 churches, and 1054 pupils attending public 
 schools. A plank-road extends from the 
 Wabash river to Albion, the county seat. 
 Named in honor of Ninian Edwards, governor 
 of the territory of Illinois. Population, 3524. 
 
 Edwards, a post-township of St. Lawrence 
 county, New York, on Oswegatchie I'iver, 22 
 miles S. S. W. from Canton. Population, 1023. 
 
 Edwardsburg, a thriving post-village of 
 Cass county, Michigan, on Pleasant lake, 
 140 miles S. W. from Lansing. It is plea- 
 santly situated on the border of a rich prai- 
 rie. Settled about 1835. 
 
 Edwards's Depot, a post-office of Hinds 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Edwardsport, a post-village in Knox coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the W. bank of the West fork of 
 White river, 40 miles S. by E. of Terre Haute. 
 
 Edwardsville, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence county. New York. 
 
 Edwardsville, a post- village of Warren 
 county, Ohio, about 80 miles S. W. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Edwardsville, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Madison county, Illinois, on the 
 Cahokia creek, 74 miles S. by W. from 
 Springfield. It is pleasantly situated in a 
 highly productive district. It contains a 
 United States land-office, several churches, 
 and an academy. 
 
 Eel, a township in Cass county, Indiana. 
 Population, 2251. 
 
 Eel Creek, rises in the southern part of 
 Trinity county, in the north-west portion of 
 California, and running in a N. W. course, 
 falls into the Pacific in about 40° 40' N. lat. 
 
 Eel River of Indiana, [Shoamaque of the 
 Indians,) rises in Allen county, and flowing 
 south-westward about 100 miles, enters the 
 
 351 
 
EEL 
 
 ELB 
 
 Wabash at Logansport. It is a rapid stream, 
 aud furnishes abundant water-power. The 
 ayerage width, for a distance of 60 miles, is 
 near 50 yards. Sho-a-maque signifies "slip- 
 pery fish." 
 
 Eel River of Indiana rises in Boone coun- 
 ty, and, flowing first south-westward and 
 then south-eastward, enters the West fork 
 of AVhite river, about 5 miles above Bloom- 
 field in Greene county. The whole length is 
 estimated at 100 miles, and the average 
 width of its lower part at 50 or 60 yards. 
 
 Eel Rivee, a post-ofRce of Allen co., Ind. 
 
 Eel Rivee, a township in Greene county, 
 Indiana. Population, 572. 
 
 Eel Rivee, a township in Hendricks coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 1346. 
 
 Effingham, a county in the E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 480 square miles. 
 It is situated between the Savannah and 
 Ogeechee rivers, which respectively form its 
 boundaries on the E. and W. ; the former 
 separates it from South Carolina. The coun- 
 ty is also drained by Ebenezer creek. The 
 surface is level, and partly covered with fo- 
 rests of pine and cypress ; the soil is sandy, 
 and, with small exceptions, unproductive. 
 Indian corn, rice, and sweet potatoes are the 
 staples. Lumber is one of the chief articles 
 of export. In 1850 this county produced 
 87,794 bushels of corn; 37,252 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 257,901 pounds of rice. It con- 
 tained 21 churches, and 208 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. It is intersected by the 
 Central railroad. Named in honor of Lord 
 Effingham, a British ofiicer who resigned his 
 commission rather than take arms against 
 the American colonies. Capital, Springfield. 
 Population, 3884, of whom 2016 were free, 
 and 1848, slaves. 
 
 Effingham, a county in Illinois, situated to- 
 wards the S. E. part of the state, contains 
 about 500 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Little Wabash river. The surface is nearly 
 level, and is divided almost equally between 
 prairies and woodlands. The soil is fertile. 
 Grain and wool are the staples. In 1850 
 it yielded 227,025 bushels of corn; 6169 
 of wheat; 86,028 of oats; 7105 pounds of 
 wool; 341 tons of hay, and 41,671 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 5 churches, and 
 526 pupils attending public schools. Mines 
 of copper, iron and lead have recently been 
 discovered here. The railroad between St. 
 Louis and Terre Haute, when finished, will 
 pass through the county ; also the Central 
 railroad leading to Chicago. The Little Wa- 
 bash river aflbrds water-power. Capital, 
 Ewington. Population, 3799. 
 
 Effingham, a post-township of Carroll 
 county. New Hampshire, 60 miles N. E. from 
 Concord. Population, 1252. 
 
 Effingham, a post-village in Darlington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Effingham Falls, a post-ofiice of Carroll 
 countv. New Hampshire. 
 352 
 
 Effoet, a post-ofiice of Monroe co.. Pa. 
 
 Efied's Mills, a post-office of Stanley 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Egg Haeboe, a township of Atlantic coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, bordering on the ocean and 
 Great Egg Harbor bay. Population, 2688. 
 
 Egg Island Point, the southern extremity 
 of Egg Island, Delaware bay, near the left 
 shore, has a fixed light, 40 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 39° 10' 24'' N. ; Ion. 
 75° 9' W. 
 
 Egmont Key, at the entrance to Tampa 
 bay, W. coast of Florida. On it is a liglit- 
 house, showing a fixed light, 40 feet high. 
 Lat. 27° 36' N. ; Ion. 82° 48' W. 
 
 Egeemont, a township in Berkshire coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 120 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 1013. 
 
 Egypt, a post-office of Monroe co., N. Y. 
 
 Egypt, a small village of Washington coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Egypt, a post-office of Monroe co., Va. 
 
 Egypt, a post-office of Effingham co., Geo. 
 
 Egypt, a post-office of Colorado co., Texas. 
 
 Egypt, a post-office of Fayette co., Tenn. 
 
 Egypt's Mills, a post-office of Belmont 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Eighteen Mile Ceeek, of South Carolina, 
 enters the Kiowee a few miles S. W. from 
 Pendleton. 
 
 Ela, a post-township in the S. part of Lake 
 county, Illinois. Population, 988. 
 
 Elamsville, a post-village in Patrick co., 
 Va., about 200 miles W. S.W. from Richmond. 
 
 Elba, a village of Essex county. New York, 
 25 miles W. by N. from Elizabethtown. 
 
 Elba, a post-township of Genesee county, 
 New York, 6 miles N. from Batavia. Popu- 
 lation, 1772. 
 
 Elba, a post-office of Co0"ee co., Ala. 
 
 Elba, a township in the S. W. central part 
 of Lapeer county, Michigan. Population, 225. 
 
 Elba, a post-office of Washington co., Mich. 
 
 Elba, a post-office of Dodge co.. Wis. 
 
 Elbeet, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 514 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the S. and S. W. by Broad 
 river, and on the N. E. by the Savannah, 
 which separates it from South Carolina ; it 
 is also drained by Beaverdam, Coldwater, 
 and Cedar creeks. The surface is hilly ; the 
 soil in the vicinity of the rivers is good, and 
 in other parts moderately fertile. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet pota- 
 toes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 614,066 bushels of corn ; 65,183 of 
 oats; 64,777 of sweet potatoes. There were 
 7 grist mills, 1 cotton factory, 3 coach facto- 
 ries, and 4 tanneries. It contained 20 
 churches, and 1202 pupils attending public 
 schools. On the bank of the Savannah river 
 are several artificial mounds, one of which is 
 40 or 50 feet high, and bears on its summit 
 a large cedar. The county was named in 
 honor of Samuel Elbert, formerly governor 
 of Georgia. Capital, Elberton. Population, 
 
ELB 
 
 ELI 
 
 12,957, of whom 6692 were free, and 6267, 
 slaves. 
 
 Elbbrton, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Elbert county, Georgia, 78 miles N. W. 
 from Augusta. The situation is healthy and 
 the water good. A fine court-house and 
 several other buildings were erected in 1851 ; 
 and measures have been taken to lay a plank- 
 road to Augusta. The village contains 1 
 academy and 2 carriage shops. 
 
 Elbridge, a post-township of Onondaga 
 county, New York, 15 miles W. from Syra- 
 cuse. It is intersected by the Erie canal, 
 and by the Rochester and Syracuse railroad. 
 Population, 3924. It contains a village of the 
 same name. 
 
 Elbridge, a post-village of Edgar county, 
 Illinois, 10 miles S. E. from Paris. 
 
 Eldersville, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles 
 W. by S. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Elderton, a post-village of Armstrong 
 CO., Pa., about 14 miles S. E. from Kittanning. 
 
 El Dorado, a county towards the N. part 
 of California, bordering on Utah territory, 
 has an area of about 2000 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. by the American river, 
 it is also drained by the S. fork of the Ameri- 
 can river, which forms the outlet of Bou- 
 pland lake, and by Carson's and Walker's 
 rivers, which flow eastward into Utah ter- 
 ritory. The surface is uneven, being tra- 
 versed by the Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range 
 of California. The census of 1852 gives no 
 returns for this county. It is, however, known 
 to be one of the most populous in the state. 
 The number of inhabitants is estimated in 
 the governor's late message at 40,000. The 
 name El Dorado is of Spanish origin, and sig- 
 nifies, *' the golden," or, "the golden country." 
 Capital, Culloma. 
 
 El Dorado, a post-office of Culpepper 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 El Dorado, a neat and thriving post- village, 
 capital of Union county, Arkansas, 145 miles 
 S. by W. from Little Rock. It has a few 
 handsome buildings, a spacious brick court- 
 house, a good seminary, and several stores. 
 Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 El Dorado, a small post-village of Mercer 
 county, Kentucky, on the turnpike from 
 Frankfort to Harrodsburg. 
 
 El Dorado, a small post-village of Clark 
 county, Missouri, 25 miles W. from the Mis- 
 sissippi river. 
 
 El Dorado, a post-ofBce of Fayette co., lo. 
 
 El Dorado, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Fond du Lac co.. Wis. Population, 504. 
 
 Eldred, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Jefferson county, Pennsylvania, 
 5milesN.W. from Erookville. Population, 492. 
 
 Eldred, a township on the N. border of 
 McKean county, Pennsylvania, intersected 
 by the Alleghany river. Population, 527. 
 
 Eldred, a township of Warren county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 41 miles S. E. from Erie. Pop., 194. 
 
 Eldred, a post-office of Wayne co.. Pa. 
 
 Eldredville, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Eldridgb, a post-office of Walker co., Ala. 
 
 Eldridge's Hill, a post-office of Salem 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 Elevation, a post-office of Johnson coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Eleven Points, a small river of Missouri 
 and Arkansas, rises in the S. part of the for- 
 mer, and flowing S. E. into Arkansas, enters 
 the Black river about 12 miles S. W. from 
 Pocahontas, and near the mouth of Spring- 
 river. It is navigable by flat-boats. 
 
 Elgin, a post-office of Cattaraugas co.,N.Y. 
 
 Elgin, a post-township in the N. E. part of 
 Ka^ne county, Illinois. Population, 2359. 
 
 Elgin, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, on Fox river, and on the railroad 
 between Chicago and Galena, 42 miles W. S. 
 W. from the former, and 138 miles from the 
 latter. The river afi'ords water-power, which 
 is employed in mills of various kinds. Elgin 
 is situated in a fertile and populous country, 
 and has an active business. It contains several 
 churches, 1 academy, and a number of stores. 
 
 Elgin, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa. 
 
 Elida, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Winnebago county, Illinois. Poi^ulation, 499. 
 It contains a small village of its own name. 
 
 Elijah's Creek, a post-office of Boone 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Elimsport, a post-village of Lycoming 
 countj'^, Pennsylvania, 20 miles from Wil- 
 liamsport. Population, about 200. 
 
 Eliza, a post-office of Mercer co., 111. 
 
 Eliza, a post-office of Black Hawk GO.,Iowa. 
 
 Elizabeth, a township of Essex county. 
 New Jersey, on Newark bay and Staten 
 Island sound, 5 miles S. S. W. from Newark. 
 It is intersected by the New Jersey Central 
 railroad. Population, 5583. 
 
 Elizabeth, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Alleghany county, Penn- 
 sylvania, bounded on opposite sides by the 
 Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers, 16 
 miles S. E. from Pittsburg. Total pop., 5090. 
 
 Elizabeth, a thriving post-borough in the 
 above township, is beautifully situated on the 
 right bank of the Monongahela river, 16 miles 
 S. E. from Pittsburg. It contains 4 churches, 
 3 boat-yards, and several manufactories of 
 glass and other articles. Steamboats run 
 regularly from this place to Pittsburg. Po- 
 pulation, in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Elizabeth, a township in the N. part of 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. 
 from Lancaster. Population, 2309. 
 
 Elizabeth, or Elizabethtown, a villagt; 
 in Wood county, Virginia, on the W. bank 
 of Kanawha river, about 300 miles N. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Elizabeth, or Elizabethtown, a post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Bladen county. North Caro- 
 lina, on the right bank of Cape Fear river, 
 90 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 
 353 
 
ELI 
 
 ELI 
 
 Elizabeth, a small post-village, capital of 
 Jackson county, Arkansas, on White river, a 
 few miles below the mouth of Black river, and 
 about 100 miles N. E. from Little Rock. The 
 rivers above named are navigable for steam- 
 ers during 8 or 9 months of the year. Large 
 quantities of cypress and ash timber are ex- 
 ported from the county. 
 
 Elizabeth, a township in the W. part of 
 Lawrence county, Ohio. Population, 2529. 
 
 Elizabeth, a township in the E. part of 
 Miami county, Ohio. Population, 1433. 
 
 Elizabeth, a pleasant post-village of Har- 
 rison county, Indiana, 4 miles from the Ohio 
 river, and 12 miles S. E. from Corydon, the 
 county seat. 
 
 Elizabeth, a post-village, capital of Har- 
 din county, Illinois, on the Ohio river, 219 
 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Elizabeth, a post-village of Jo Daviess 
 county, Illinois, is pleasantly situated on the 
 road between Galena and Chicago, 18 miles 
 S. E. from the former. It has considerable 
 business, and derives its importance mainly 
 from the rich mines of lead with which it is 
 surrounded. Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Elizabeth City, a county in the S. E. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on Chesapeake Bay, 
 at the mouth of James river, has an area of 
 50 square miles. Hampton Roads form its 
 boundary on the south, and Back river 
 washes its northern border. The soil is fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes, 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 87,295 bushels of corn; 22,188 of 
 wheat; 17,754 of oats, and 42,579 of pota- 
 toes. There were 3 flour and grist mills, 
 2 saw mills, and 2 brick yards. It con- 
 tained 7 churches, 139 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 110 attending an academy. 
 This county occupies the extremity of the pe- 
 ninsula formed by James and York rivers. It 
 was one of the eight original shires into 
 which Virginia was divided in 1634. Capi- 
 tal, Hampton. Population, 4586, of whom 
 2438 were free, and 2148, slaves. 
 
 Elizabeth City, a post-town, capital of 
 Pasquotank county, North Carolina, on the 
 right bank of Pasquotank river, about 20 
 miles from its mouth, 215 miles E. by N. from 
 Raleigh, and 50 miles S. from Norfolk, in 
 Virginia. It is one of the most considerable 
 towns in the N. E. part of the state. Small 
 vessels ascend the river to this place, and it 
 communicates with Norfolk, in Virginia, by 
 means of the liver and the Dismal Swamp 
 canal. Lumber, and other products of the 
 pitch pine, are exported. Population, esti- 
 mated, at 2000. It contains 2 banks, 3 news- 
 paper ofBces, and several churches. 
 
 Elizabeth Islands, off the coast of Massa- 
 chusetts, are situated between Buzzard's bay 
 and Vineyard sound. They are very small, 
 16 in number, of which only 2 or 3 are in- 
 habited. 
 
 Elizabeth PoKT, a thriving manufacturing 
 361 
 
 post-village in Essex county. New Jersey, on 
 Staten Island sound, 14 miles W. S. W. from 
 New York, and 7 by railroad S. from Newark. 
 It contains a church, an extensive ropewalk, 
 a foundry, and a number of steam saw mills. 
 It is the eastern terminus of the Central rail- 
 road. A steamboat makes trips daily between 
 this town and New York. Population, in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Elizabeth River, a small stream of Vir- 
 ginia, emptying itself into Hampton Roads. 
 A light-ship is stationed on Craney Island 
 flats, at its mouth. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-township of Essex 
 county, New York. Population, 1635. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post- village in the above 
 township, and capital of Essex county, New 
 York, on Boquet river, about 125 miles N. 
 from Albany. It contains, besides the county 
 building, 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-borough of Essex 
 CO., New Jersey, on a creek of its own name, 
 
 2 miles from its entrance into Staten Island 
 sound, and 5 miles S. by W. from Newark. 
 The New Jersey railroad intersects the Cen- 
 tral railroad at this point, connecting it with 
 New York, Philadelphia, and places in the 
 interior of the state. The borough has a 
 pleasant situation on elevated ground, and 
 is regularly laid out with broad, straight 
 streets, finely shaded, and crossing each other 
 at right angles. It contains 5 churches, viz. 
 
 3 Presbyterian, (large, handsome buildings.) 
 1 Episcopal, and 1 Methodist ; 2 newspaper 
 ofiBces, a bank, an insurance ofiice, and seve- 
 ral manufactories, among which may be men- 
 tioned a large establishment for making oil- 
 cloths. Elizabethtown was formerly the ca- 
 pital and principal town of New Jersey, and 
 has long been noted for its excellent schools, 
 and for its intelligent and polite society. Set- 
 tled in 1665. Population in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-borough of Lan- 
 caster county, Pennsylvania, on the Lancas- 
 ter and Harrisburg railroad, 19 miles S. E. 
 from Harrisburg. The tu.rnpike leading to 
 Harrisburg passes through it. It contains a 
 town hall and several churches. Incorporated 
 in 1827. Population, about 600. 
 
 Elizabethtown, Va. See Grave Creek. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-village, capital of 
 Bladen county. North Carolina, on the right 
 bank of Cape Fear river, 50 miles above "Wil- 
 mington. It has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-village, capital of 
 Carter county, Tennessee, on an island at the 
 confluence of Watauga and Doe rivers, 318 
 miles E. from Nashville. It is situated in a 
 mountainous region, which contains abun- 
 dance of good iron ore, and is liberally sup- 
 plied with water-power. Several iron works 
 are in operation in the vicinity. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-village, capital of 
 Hardin county, Kentucky, is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on Valley creek, and on the main road 
 from Nashville to Louisville, 43 miles S. by 
 
ELI 
 
 ELK 
 
 W. from the latter. It is handsomely built 
 of brick, and contains 3 churches and 2 se- 
 minaries. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a village in Guernsey 
 county, Ohio, about 35 miles E. N. E. from 
 Zanesville. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post--village of Hamil- 
 ton county, Ohio, on the Whitewater canal, 
 about 18 miles W. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a Tillage of Licking coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, about 200. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-village of Bartholo- 
 mew CO., Indiana, on the railroad from Madi- 
 son to Columbus, 7 miles S. E. from the latter. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a village of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on White river, about 65 miles 
 S. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-village, capital of 
 Hardin county, Illinois, on the N. bank of 
 Ohio river, about 200 miles S. S. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Elizabethtown, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Elizabethville, a post-office of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Elizavillb, a post-office of Columbia coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Elizaville, a post-village of Fleming coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 70 miles E. by N. from Frank- 
 fort. Population, about 200. 
 
 Elizaville, a small village of Boone coun- 
 ty, Indiana, about 33 miles N. N. W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Elk, a county in the N. W. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of 800 square 
 miles. The Clarion river and its branches 
 traverse the W. part; the Bennett's branch 
 and Driftwood branch of the Sinnemahoning 
 creek flow through the S. E. part. The sur- 
 face is broken by irregular mountains and 
 hills, the highest of which is Elk mountain, 
 in the S. part, from which the name is de- 
 rived. The greater part of the county is 
 covered with dense forests. The soil is mostly 
 adapted to pastoral pursuits. At present, 
 lumber is the chief article of export. In 
 1850 this county produced 10,776 bushels of 
 Indian corn ; 24,040 of oats ; 26,661 tons of 
 hay, and 81,755 pounds of butter. There 
 were 3 flour and grist mills, 38 saw mills, 
 and 1 tannery. It contained 3 churches, 1 
 newspaper office; and 415 pupils attending 
 public schools. Bituminous coal is abundant. 
 The route of the Sunbury and Erie railroad 
 passes through the county. Organized in 
 1843. Capital, Ridgway. Population, 3531. 
 
 Elk, a township of Clarion county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 9 miles N. W. from Clarion. Popu- 
 lation, 1484. 
 
 Elk, a township of Warren county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Alleghany river, 10 miles N. 
 E. from Warren. Population, 414. 
 
 Elk, a township in Monroe county, Ohio. 
 Population, 955. 
 
 Elk, a post-township in the central part 
 of Vinton county, Ohio. Population, 1645. 
 
 Elk, a small village of Crawford co.. Wis. 
 
 El Kadee, a thriving post-village of Clay- 
 ton county, Iowa, on the Turkey ri-ver, 90 
 miles N. from Iowa City. The river affords 
 abundant water-power. El Kader has a large 
 flouring mill and several stores. 
 
 Elk Ceeek, a post-township of Erie coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the Beaver and Erie 
 canal, 20 miles S. W. from Erie. Pop., 1585. 
 
 Elk Creek, of Washington county, Indiana, 
 flows into the Muscatatuck river. 
 
 Elk Creek, a post-office of Grayson co., Va. 
 
 Elk Creek, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa. 
 
 Elk Cross Roads, a post-office of Ashe 
 county, North Carolina, 214 miles from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Elk Dale, a post-office of Chester co.. Pa. 
 
 Elk Ford, a village of Jones county, Iowa, 
 35 miles N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Elk Fork, a post-office of Vernon co., Mo. 
 
 Elk Garden, a post-office of Russell co.,Va. 
 
 Elk Grove, a post-office of Lafayette 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Elk Grove, a small post-village of Iowa 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Elk Grove, a township in Lafayette 
 county, Wisconsin. Population, 624. 
 
 Elk Grove, a small village of Lafayette 
 county, Wisconsin, about 20 miles N. from 
 Galena. 
 
 Elkhart, a county in the N. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Michigan, contains 467 
 square miles. It is drained by the St. 
 Joseph's and Elkhart rivers, which unite 
 within its limits. The surface is undulating, 
 and the soil is very productive. About half 
 of the county is occupied by oak-openings 
 and prairies : the remainder was originally co- 
 vered by dense forests. In the N. are several 
 lakes, the largest of which is near 3 miles in 
 circuit. Wheat, corn, and oats are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850, this county produced 370,973 
 bushels of corn; 174,716 of wheat; 104,940 
 of oats, and 8287 tons of hay. It contained 
 10 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 1800 
 pupils attending public schools. The streams 
 afford abundant water-power. The North In- 
 diana railroad passes through the county. 
 Capital, Goshen. Population, 12,690. 
 
 Elkhart, a post-township of Elkhart 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1035. 
 
 Elkhart, a flourishing post-village of 
 Elkhart county, Indiana, at the confluence 
 of the river of the same name with the St. 
 Joseph's river, 156 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 It is situated on the border of a fertile, well- 
 cultivated prairie. The Michigan Southern 
 railroad connects it with Monroe and Chicago. 
 It is the principal shipping point for the 
 county, and has a large flouring mill, a paper 
 mill, and several saw mills. 
 
 Elkhart, a post-office of Anderson co. , Tex. 
 
 Elkhart, a township in Noble county, 
 Indiana. Population, 621. 
 
 Elkhart, a post-office of Sheboygan 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 855 
 
ELK 
 
 ELK 
 
 Elkhart Creek, of Houston county, 
 Texas, flows into Trinity river. 
 
 Elkhart River, of Indiana, rises in 
 Noble county, and flowing nortli-westward 
 empties itself into the St. Joseph's (of Lake 
 Michigan) at the village of Elkhart. Its 
 whole length is about 100 miles, and its 
 breadth in the lower half of its course is 
 from 80 to 100 yards. It furnishes abundant 
 water-power. 
 
 Elk Hill, a post-office of Amelia county, 
 Yirginia, 64 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Elkhokn, a post-office of Franklin county, 
 Kentucky, 9 miles from Frankfort. 
 
 Elkhorn, a township in Cai'roll county, 
 Illinois. Population, 434. 
 
 Elkhorn, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Illinois. 
 
 Elkhorn, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Elkhorn, a thriving village of Ray 
 county, Missouri, about 160 miles N. W. 
 from Jefferson City, has 350 inhabitants. 
 
 Elkhorn, a post-township in Walworth 
 county, Wisconsin. Population, 42. 
 
 Elkhorn, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Walworth county, Wisconsin, on the plank- 
 road leading from Racine to Janesville, 40 
 miles W. from the former. The surrounding 
 country is fertile, and is diversified by 
 prairies and numerous small lakes. Elkhorn 
 was laid out in 1841. It has 4 stores, a 
 steam-mill, and about 60 dwellings. 
 
 Elkhorn, a post-office of Contra Costa 
 county, California. 
 
 Elkhorn Grove, 111. See Eagle Point. 
 
 Elkhorn Grove, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, Illinois, 15 miles S. E. from Mount 
 Carroll, the county seat. 
 
 Elkhorn River, a small river of Ken- 
 tucky, rises in Fayette county, by two 
 branches, the N. and S. forks, which unite 
 about 3 miles E. from Frankfort. After a 
 north-westerly course of a few miles it enters 
 the Kentucky river in Franklin county. 
 
 Elk Lake, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Elkland, a township of Sullivan county, 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. AV. from Laporte. 
 Population, 408. 
 
 Elkland, a township in the N. part of 
 Tioga county, Pennsylvania, 16 miles N. from 
 Wellsborough. Population, 962. 
 
 Elkland, a post-village of Tioga county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Cowanesque creek. 
 
 Elk Lick, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania, 17 miles S. from So- 
 merset. Population, 1091. 
 
 Elk Lick, a village of Pike co., Mo., 82 
 miles N. E. by N. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Elk Mills, a post-village of McDonald 
 county, Missouri, on Elk river, 220 miles 
 S. W. from JeflTerson City. 
 
 Elk Mountain, Pennsylvania, is situated in 
 the S. part of Elk county, immediately S. E. 
 of Little Toby's creek, an affluent of Clarion 
 356 
 
 river. Elk mountain is also the name of an 
 elevated mountain ridge in the S. E. part of 
 Susquehanna county. The height of the 
 latter is about 2000 feet. 
 
 Elk port, a small post-village of Clayton 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Elk Ridge, a post-office of Giles co., Tenn. 
 
 Elk Ridge Landing, a post-village of 
 Howard county, Maryland, on the S. bank of 
 Patapsco river, and on the Baltimore andWash- 
 ington railroad, 7 miles S. AV. from Baltimore. 
 It has an active business, containing several 
 manufactories of iron, and mills. The rail- 
 road crosses the river here on a handsome 
 viaduct of granite, about 700 feet in length. 
 
 Elk River, formed by Big and Little Elk 
 creeks, which rise in Chester county, Penn- 
 sylvania, and unite at Elkton, Cecil county, 
 Maryland. Flowing thence south-westward 
 it enters the Chesapeake about 8 miles S. E. 
 from Havre de Grace. The Chesapeake and 
 Ohio canal extends along the lower part of 
 this river. 
 
 Elk River, in the W. part of Virginia, 
 rises in Randolph and Pocahontas counties, 
 interlocking sources with the Greenbrier and 
 Monongahela rivers, and pursuing a general 
 western course, falls into the Great Kanawha, 
 at Charleston, in Kanawha county. The 
 whole length is perhaps 200 miles. It is 
 described as a beautiful stream, and highly 
 favorable to navigation. Boats can ascend 
 in ordinary stages to Sutton in Braxton 
 county, more than 100 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Elk River, of Tennessee and Alabama, 
 rises on the N. W. declivity of the Cumberland 
 mountains in Grundy county, Tennessee, and 
 passing into Alabama, enters Tennessee river, 
 on the W. border of Limestone county. Steam- 
 boats navigate it from its mouth to Elkton, 
 in Tennessee, about 40 miles. 
 
 Elk or Cowskin river, a small stream 
 which rises in the S. W. part of Missouri, and 
 flowing through McDonald county, into the 
 Indian territory, enters the Neosho. 
 
 Elk River, a post-office of Franklin co. Tenn. 
 
 Elk River, a township in Allen county, 
 Indiana. Population, 655. 
 
 Elk River, a post-office of Clinton CO., Iowa. 
 
 Elk River, a post-office of Benton county, 
 Minnesota territory. 
 
 Elk Run, a post-office of Fauquier county, 
 Virginia, 90 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 Elk Run, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Columbiana county, Ohio. Pop., 1558. 
 
 Elk Spring, a small village of Pike co.. Mo. 
 
 Elk Spur, a post-office of Wilkes co., N. C. 
 
 Elkton, a post-village, capital of Cecil 
 county, Maryland, is situated at the junction 
 of the branches of Elk river, and on the 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore rail- 
 road, 50 miles E. N. E. from Baltimore. 
 Several handsome houses have been erected 
 within a few years past, and the place is 
 gradually improving. It contains, besides the 
 county buildings, 1 or 2 churches, a news- 
 
ELK 
 
 ELL 
 
 paper office, and a fire-insurance office. Po- 
 pulation, 1128. 
 
 Elkton, a post-village of Giles county, 
 Tennessee, on the Elk river, 87 miles S. 
 from Nashville. The river is navigated by 
 small steam-boats for a few months in the 
 year. 
 
 Elkton, a post-village, capital of Todd 
 county, Kentucky, on Elk creek, 187 miles 
 S. W. from Frankfort. It contains the Green 
 River Female Academy, the Jefferson Aca- 
 demy for boys, and 3 or 4 churches. 
 
 Elkton, a thriving post-village of Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver 
 canal, 159 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Elkton, a post-village of Cravrford county, 
 Illinois, 130 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Elkton, a post- village of Hickory co.. Mo. 
 about 100 miles S. W. from Jeflferson City. 
 
 Elkville, a small post-village in Caldwell 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 EiLEJAY, Georgia. See Ellijat. 
 
 Ellejot, a post-office of Blunt co., Tenn. 
 
 Ellenborough, a post-village of Grant 
 county, Wisconsin, on Platte river, 7 miles 
 S. E. from Lancaster. 
 
 Ellenburg, a post-township of Clinton 
 county, New York. Population, 1503. 
 
 Ellenburg, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 155 miles N. of Albany. Po- 
 pulation, about 100. 
 
 Ellengowan, a post-office of Baltimore 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Ellenvillb, a post-village of Ulster coun- 
 ty. New York, on the Delaware and Hudson 
 canal, about 80 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches, and several ma- 
 nufactories. 
 
 Ellershe, a post-village of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania, 140 miles N. N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Ellbbslie, a district in Harris county, 
 Georgia. Population, 1768. 
 
 Ellebslie, a post-village of Harris county, 
 Georgia, about 14 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Ellert, a post-township of Chautauque 
 county, New York, on Chautauque lake. 
 Population, 2104. 
 
 Ellery, a small post-village in the above 
 township, 55 miles S. S. W. from Buffalo. 
 
 Ellert, a small village of Stephenson 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Elletsville, a village of Monroe county, 
 Indiana, on the extension of the New Albany 
 and Salem railroad, 7 miles N. W. from 
 Bloomington, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Ell Grove, a post-office of Henry co., Tenn. 
 
 Ellicott, a township of Chautauque coun- 
 ty, New York, at the S. E. end of Chautauque 
 lake, about 18 miles S. E. from Maysville. 
 Population, 3523. 
 
 Ellicott, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Ellicott Creek, a post-office of Erie coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Ellicott's Mills, a post-village of Howard 
 and Baltimore counties, Maryland, is finely 
 
 situated on both sides of the Patapsco river, 
 and on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 12 
 miles W. by S. from Baltimore. It contains 
 a bank, a newspaper office, numerous flouring 
 mills, and other manufactories. The scenery in 
 the vicinity is remarkably beautiful. Pop. 1059. 
 
 Ellicottville, a post-township of Catta- 
 raugus county. New York. Population, 1725. 
 
 Ellicottville, a post-village in the above 
 township, and capital of Cattaraugus county, 
 on Great Valley creek, about 45 miles S. by E. 
 from Buffalo. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 3 
 newspaper offices, and several manufactories. 
 Population estimated at 800. 
 
 Ellijay, a small river of Gilmer county, 
 Georgia, flows into the Coosawattee at the 
 village of Ellijay. 
 
 Ellijat, a post-village, capital of Gilmer 
 county, Georgia, on the river of the same 
 name, 171 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 It is surrounded by a mountainous region, 
 which is rich in minerals The village con- 
 tains a court house, jail, and 5 stores. 
 
 Ellington, a post-township of Tolland 
 county, Connecticut. Population, 1399. 
 
 Ellington, a post-village in the above 
 township, 20 miles N. E. from Hartford. 
 
 Ellington, a post-township of Chautauque 
 county. New York, 25 miles E. from Mays- 
 ville. Population, 2001. 
 
 Ellington, a township in Adams county, 
 Illinois. Population, 1451. 
 
 Ellington, a township in Brown county, 
 Wisconsin. Population, 64. 
 
 Ellington, a post-village of Outagamie 
 county, Wisconsin, 36 miles W. by S. from 
 Green bay. It has 2 mills. Pop., 300. 
 
 Ellingwood's Corner, a post-office of 
 Waldo county, Maine. 
 
 Elliot, a post-township of York co.. Me., on 
 the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth railroad, 
 45 miles S. W. from Portland. Pop., 1803. 
 
 Elliott Bay, Washington Ter. SeeSEATLB. 
 
 Elliottsburg, a post-otiice of Perry co. , Pa. 
 
 Elliott's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Clinton county, Kentucky. 
 
 Elliott's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Morgan county, Ohio. 
 
 Elliottsville, a post-township of Piscata- 
 quis county, Maine, 90 miles N. N. E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 102. 
 
 Elliottsville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 145 miles E. 
 by N. from Columbus. 
 
 Ellis, a county of Texas, situated in the N. 
 central part of the state, contains about 
 1080 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Trinity river and its affluents. The surface 
 is diversified by tracts of hard timber and 
 fertile prairies. Cotton and maize are the 
 staples. In 1850, Ellis and Tarrant counties 
 produced 45,914 bushels of corn; 4809 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 26,780 pounds of buttor. 
 The census of 1850 does not furnish the po- 
 pulation. Capital, Waxahachie. 
 
 Ellisburg, a post-township forming the 
 357 
 
ELL 
 
 ELM 
 
 S. W. extremity of Jefferson county, New 
 York, bordering on Lake Ontario. Population, 
 5524. 
 
 Ellisbueg, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on Sandy creek, 17 miles S. 
 from Sackett's Harbor, with which it is 
 connected by railroad. It contains 1 or 2 
 churches, and several mills. 
 
 Ellisburg, a small post-village of Camden 
 county, New Jersey, 6 miles S. E. of Camden. 
 
 Ellisbueg, a post-office of Potter co.. Pa. 
 
 Ellisbueg, a small post-village in La 
 Grange county, Indiana. 
 
 Ellis Islakd, of New York, is situated in 
 New York harbor, about a mile S. W. from 
 the city; on it is Fort Gibson. 
 
 Ellis Ritee, a small stream of Coos coun- 
 ty, in the N. E. part of New Hampshire, 
 falls into the Saco river. 
 
 ELLiSTON,apost-office of Onondaga CO., N.Y. 
 
 Elliston, a post-office of Madison co., Ky. 
 
 Elliston, a post-office of Warren co.. 111. 
 
 Ellistown, a post-office of Pontotoc coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Ellisville, a small post-village in Louisa 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Ellisville, a post-office of Bladen co., N.C. 
 
 ELLisviLLE,apost-office of Columbia CO. ,ria. 
 
 Ellisville, a post-village, capital of Jones 
 county, Mississippi, on Tallahalla river, 144 
 miles S. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Ellisville, a post-village of Fulton coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on Spoon river, about 75 miles 
 N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Ellisville, a post-village of St. Louis 
 county, Missouri, 22 miles W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Ellitsville. See Elletsville. 
 
 Ellmore, a post-office of Ottawa co., Ohio. 
 
 Ellswoeth, an important commercial town, 
 capital of Hancock co., Maine, is situated on 
 both sides of the navigable river Union, which 
 is here crossed by 4 bridges, 30 miles S. E. 
 from Bangor. About 35,000,000 feet of lum- 
 ber are annually exported. It contains a 
 bank. Population of the township, 4009. 
 
 Ellswoeth, a township of Grafton co., N. 
 H., 50 miles N.N.W. from Concord. Pop., 820. 
 
 Ellswoeth, a post-village in Litchfield co., 
 Conn., 50 miles W. by N. from Hartford. 
 
 Ellswoeth, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Mahoning county, Ohio. Pop., 954. 
 
 Ellswoeth, a post-village of Mahoning 
 county, Ohio, 5 miles W. from Caniield, and 
 165 miles N. E. from Columbus. It has 2 
 churches and a flourishing academy. 
 
 Ellswoeth, a post-village in Texas county, 
 Missouri, on the Big Sandy fork of Gasconade 
 river, 85 miles S. by E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Ellswoeth Falls, a post-office of Han- 
 cock county, Maine. 
 
 Ellwood, a post-office of Muhlenburg 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Elm, 8, post-office of Ballard co., Kentucky. 
 
 Elm Bluff, a post-office of Dallas co., Ala. 
 
 Elm Beanch, a small village of Lawrence 
 county, Missouri. 
 358 
 
 Elm Ceeek, of McKinley county, Texas, 
 flows south-eastward into the Nueces river. 
 
 Elmee, a post-office of Salem co., N. J. 
 
 Elm Grove, a post-office of De Soto coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 ElmGeove, a post-office of Highland co.,in. 
 
 Elm Grove, a village of Clay county, Mis- 
 souri, on Smith's fork of Platte river, 28 
 miles N. by W. from Independence. 
 
 Elm Geove, a post- village of Marion coun- 
 ty, Iowa, 88 miles W. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Elm Hill, a post-office of Davidson co., Ten. 
 
 Elmiea, a post-village, capital of Chemung 
 county. New York, is situated in Elmira 
 township, near the junction of Newton creek 
 with the Chemung river, where the latter is 
 crossed by the New York and Erie railroad, 
 283 miles from New York city. The village 
 is handsomely laid out, and contains, besides 
 the county buildings, about 50 stores, a large 
 number of warehouses, 6 or 7 churches, 2 
 banks, 1 or 2 excellent hotels, several manu- 
 factories and printing offices, and a number 
 of educational institutions. Three news- 
 papers are issued weekly. The Chemung 
 canal connects Elmira with the interior of 
 Pennsylvania and with Seneca lake, 20 miles 
 distant. A wooden bridge unites the village 
 with the opposite side of the Chemung river. 
 Elmira has surpassed all of its competitors 
 along the line of the New York and Erie rail- 
 road in the rapidity of its growth. Popula- 
 tion of the township in 1840, 4791 ; in 1850, 
 8166 ; of the village, about 6000. Settled in 
 1788, by Captain John Hendry. 
 
 Elmiea, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 Elmiea, a post-village of Stark county, 
 Illinois, 40 miles N. by W. from Peoria. 
 
 Elmoee, a post-township of Lamoille coun- 
 ty, Vermont, about 17 miles N. by E. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 504. 
 
 Elmoee, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, contains 1 store, 1 tavern, 1 starch fac- 
 tory, 2 saw mills, and other establishments. 
 
 Elmoee, a village of Talbot county, 
 Georgia, 62 miles W. from Macon. 
 
 Elmoee, a township in Daviess county, 
 Indiana. Population, 708. 
 
 Elmoee, a post-office of Peoria co., 111. 
 
 Elm Point, a post-office of Bond county, 
 Illinois, 60 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Elm Rivee, in the S. E. part of Illinois, is 
 an affluent of the Little Wabash, which it 
 joins in Wayne county. 
 
 Elm Speing, a thriving post-village of 
 Washington county, Arkansas, 212 miles N. 
 W. from Little Rock, has a large seminary 
 for both sexes, and a flouring mill. 
 
 Elmteee, a post-office of Weakly co., Tenn. 
 
 Elmtree, a small post-village of Hancock 
 county, Illinois, about 100 miles W. N. W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Elm Valley, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, New York. 
 
 Elmwood, a post- village of Peoria county, 
 Illinois, 23 miles W. by N. from Peoria. 
 
ELM 
 
 EMB 
 
 Elm WOOD, a post-office of Saline co., Mo. 
 
 Elon, a post-office of Amherst co., Va. 
 
 Elon, a post-office of Ashley co., Arkansas. 
 
 El Paso, an unorganized county forming 
 the W. extremity of Texas. It is not men- 
 tioned in the census of 1850. 
 
 El Paso, or El Passo, a post-office in the 
 above county. 
 
 El Paso del Norte, el pa'so del nor'ti, 
 better known as El Paso, (often written El 
 Passo,) though not within the limits of the 
 United States, has become so well known in 
 connection with the unsettled national bound- 
 ary question, that some notice of it seems 
 indispensable. El Paso is properly a line of 
 settlements, embracing a population of about 
 5000 souls, situated in a rich but narrow val- 
 ley, which extends 9 or 10 miles along the right 
 bank of the Rio Grande, in the Mexican state 
 of Chihuahua, 350 miles S. by W.from Santa Fd. 
 The grape is extensively cultivated in this lo- 
 cality, and considerable quantities of a weak 
 but well-flavoured wine and brandy (known to 
 the American traders as Pass wine and Pass 
 brandy) are made. The houses are built of 
 adobes, or sun-dried bricks, chiefly of one 
 story, with earthen floors. Though supplied 
 with abundance, the inhabitants are remark- 
 ably deficient in the commonest appliances of 
 civilized life : glazed windows, chairs, tables, 
 knives and forks, and other conveniences, 
 which the humblest American considers in- 
 dispensable to comfort, are unknown even to 
 the rich. Few of the people are pure white, 
 being nearly all more or less tinged with In- 
 dian blood. That portion of the settlement 
 at the northern part of the valley, where the 
 plaza, the parish church, and the dwellings 
 of a few of the principal inhabitants are 
 located, may be considered as the town of El 
 Paso. It is in lat. N. 31° 42', Ion. A¥. 106° 40', 
 1420 miles above the mouth of the Rio 
 Grande, following the course of the stream, 
 600 miles in a direct line eastward of the Pa- 
 cific coast, and 1800 miles from Washington 
 City. El Paso is the chief thoroughfare between 
 New Mexico and Chihuahua, and the other 
 Mexican states farther south, the Rio Grande 
 being fordable near the town a great portion 
 of the year. The name, signifying "the 
 passage," is supposed to be derived from the 
 passage of the river through a gorge or gap 
 in the mountain, just above the town. 
 
 Eleod, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 Elsinborough, a township of Salem coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, 3 miles from Salem. Popu- 
 lation, 655. 
 
 Elton, a post-office of Cattaraugus coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Elton, a post-office of Edgefield dis., S. C. 
 
 Elvinsville, a post-office of Bedford co. , Pa. 
 
 Elwood, a post-office of Walker co., Texas. 
 
 Elwood's Bridge, a post-office of Delaware 
 county, New York. 
 
 Ely Lice, a village of Ralls county, Mis- 
 souri, 78 miles N. N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Eltria, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Lorain county, Ohio, intersected by Black 
 river. Population, 2658. 
 
 Eltria, a pleasant post-village, capital of 
 Lorain county, Ohio, is situated in the 
 above township, 7 miles from Lake Erie, 
 28 miles W. S. W. from Cleveland, and 116 
 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. It stands on 
 a peninsula formed by the branches of Black 
 river, which here unite. The river in this 
 vicinity has two falls of 40 feet perpendicular, 
 and affords fine water-power. The railroad 
 from Cleveland to Sanduskj', now in course 
 of construction, passes through this place. 
 Elyria contains a court house, 5 or 6 churches, 
 a bank, an academy, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 One of the churches is a Gothic building of 
 sandstone. In the vicinity are several mills, 
 an iron furnace, a machine shop, and an axe 
 factory. Population, in 1850, 1482; in 1853, 
 about 2000. 
 
 Elysbtjrg, a post-village of Northumber- 
 land CO., Pa., 70 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Elysian Fields, a post-office of Harrison 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Elysium, a post-village of McHenry coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 50 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Elystille, a post-office of Howard co., Md. 
 
 Elyton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Jefferson county, Alabama, 100 miles N. N, 
 W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Emanuel, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of about 1000 square 
 miles. It is bounde'd on the N. by the Ogee- 
 chee river, on the S. W. by Pendleton's creek, 
 intersected by the Great Ohoopee, and also 
 drained by the Cannouchee. The surface is 
 level <and partly covered with pine timber ; 
 the soil is sandy and sterile. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, oats, and sweet potatoes are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 559 
 bales of cotton; 121,874 bushels of corn; 
 2259 of oats, and 49,339 of sweet potatoes. 
 It contained 17 churches, and 202 pupils at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Named 
 in honor of David Emanuel, at one time pre- 
 sident of the Georgia senate. Organized in 
 1812. Capital, Swainsborough. Population, 
 4577, of whom 3615 were free, and 962, slaves. 
 
 Emaus. See Emmaus. 
 
 Embarras river, in the E. S. E. part of 
 Illinois, falls into the Wabash 6 or 7 miles 
 below Vincennes. 
 
 Embarras river, of Wisconsin, flows through 
 Waupaca county, and enters Wolf river on the 
 E. border of that county. 
 
 Embarrass Point, a post-village of Edgar 
 CO., Illinois, 100 miles E. from Springfield. 
 
 Embden, a post-township of Somerset 
 county, Maine, on the W. side of Kennebec 
 river, 40 miles N. by W. from Augusta. Po 
 pulation, 971. 
 
 Embden Centre, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Embreville, a post-office of Chester coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 359 
 
EME 
 
 ENG 
 
 Emerald Grove, a post-oflSce of Rock 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Embraj,d Point, a post-office of Morgan 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Emery, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 Emery's Mills, a post-office of York coun- 
 ty, Maine. 
 
 Emery'^s EmiR, of E. Tennessee, rises in 
 Morgan county, and flowing southward en- 
 ters Clinch river, near Kingston, Roane 
 county. 
 
 Emigsville, a post-office of York co.. Pa. 
 
 Eminence, a post-office of Schoharie coun- 
 ty-. New York. 
 
 Eminence, a thriving post- village of Henry 
 CO., Kentucky, on the railroad from Louisville 
 to Frankfort, 40 miles E. from the former. 
 
 Eminence, a post-village of Logan county, 
 Illinois, 40 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Eminence, a post-village, capital of Shan- 
 non county, Missouri, on Current river, about 
 120 miles S. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Emlenton, a post-office of Venango co.. Pa. 
 
 Emma, a post-office of Fulton co.. Pa. 
 
 Emma, a post-village of White county, Illi- 
 nois, about 1|- miles N. E. from the Little 
 Wabash river. 
 
 Emmaus, a post-village of Lehigh county, 
 Pennsylvania, at the foot of the South moun- 
 tain, 5 miles S. W. from Allentown. The in- 
 habitants are mostly Moravians. 
 
 Emmaus, a post-office of Bedford eo., Va. 
 
 Emmett, a new county in the N. N. W. 
 part of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has 
 an area of about 450 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Des Moines river, and by 
 one of its affluents flowing from Okaman- 
 pidu lake. There are several small lakes 
 near the N. E. border of the county. Em- 
 mett county is not included in the census of 
 1850. County seat not located. Named in 
 honor of Robert Emmett, the distinguished 
 Irish patriot. 
 
 Ebimett, a county of Michigan, called also 
 Tonedagana, in the extreme northern part of 
 the lower peninsula, bordering on Lake Mi- 
 chigan, has an area of about 200 square 
 miles. The census of 1850 furnishes no 
 information respecting this county, which is 
 not yet organized. 
 
 Emmett, a post-village of Wilkinson coun- 
 ty, Georgia, on the Central railroad, 40 miles 
 E. from Macon. 
 
 Emmett, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Calhoun county, Michigan. Population, 1582. 
 
 Emmett, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois. 
 
 Emjiett, a post-township in the S. of Dodge 
 county, Wisconsin. Population, 1207. 
 
 Emmettsburg, a post-village of Frederick 
 county, Maryland, 50 miles in a direct line 
 N. W. from Baltimore, is surrounded by a 
 fertile and populous country, and has con- 
 siderable business. It contains several 
 churches, an academy, and is the seat of 
 Mount St. Mai-y's College, (Catholic.) Po- 
 r)ulation, 812. 
 360 
 
 Emmettsville, a thriving post-village of 
 Randolph county, Indiana, about 75 miles E. 
 N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Emorton, a post-office of Harford co., Md. 
 
 Emory, a post-office of Washington co., Va. 
 
 Emory, a post-office of Hoknes co.. Miss. 
 
 Emory Iron Works, a post-office of Roane 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Empire, a post-office of Whitesides co.. 111. 
 
 Empire City, a small town of Tuolumne 
 county, California, is situated on the left 
 bank of the Tuolumne river, about 30 miles 
 by water above its entrance into the San 
 Joaquin. The river is navigable for small 
 steamboats, during winter, to this town. 
 
 Empire Iron Works, a post-office of Trigg 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Emporium, a small village of McKean 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 170 miles N. W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Emucksfair, a post-office of Tallapoosa 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Endor, a small post-village of Will co., HI. 
 
 Energy, a post-village of Clarke co.. Miss. 
 
 Enfield, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, on the E. side of Penobscot 
 river, 90 miles N. E. of Augusta. Pop., 396. 
 
 Enfield, a post-township of Grafton coun- 
 ty, N. H., on the Northern railroad, 59 miles 
 N. W. from Concord. Population, 1742. 
 
 Enfield, a post-township of Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts, 90 miles W. by S. 
 from Boston, intersected by Swift river. Po- 
 pulation, 1086. 
 
 Enfield, a post-village of Hartford county, 
 Connecticut, on the left bank of the Connec- 
 ticut river, where it is crossed by the New 
 Haven, Hartford, and Springfield railroad, 
 14 miles N. by E. from Hartford. A bridge, 
 the first erected across this stream in the 
 state, connects it with Suffield. A canal, 5^ 
 miles in length, has been constructed around 
 the falls in the Connecticut, opposite the vil- 
 lage. Population of the township, 4460. 
 
 Enfield, a post-township of Tompkins 
 county. New York. Population, 2117. 
 
 Enfield, a small post-village in the above 
 township, 6 or 7 miles W. from Ithaca. 
 
 Enfield, a post- village of King AVilliam co., 
 Virginia, 36 miles N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Enfield, a post-village of Halifax county, 
 North Carolina, on the Weldon and Wilming- 
 ton railroad, 19 miles S. from Weldon. 
 
 Enfield Centre, a post-office of Tompkins 
 county. New York. 
 
 Engellville, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county. New York. 
 
 Engleside, a post-office of Hardin co.,Tenn. 
 
 Engleside, a post-office of Warren co., Ky. 
 
 Engleside, a post-office of Oregon co., Mo. 
 
 English Creek, of Marion county, Iowa, 
 flows into the Des Moines from the S. W. 
 
 English Neighborhood, a post-village of 
 Bergen county. New Jersey, 5 or 6 miles N. 
 from Hoboken. It contains 2 churches and 
 several stores. 
 
ENG 
 
 ERI 
 
 English Peairie, a post- village of McHenry 
 county, Illinois, 50 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 English Rivee, of Iowa, an affluent of the 
 Iowa, is formed by two branches, which unite 
 near the N. W. corner of Washington county, 
 and flownig eastward, enters the Iowa about 
 15 miles S. from the capital of the state. 
 The branches are called the North fork and 
 South fork. 
 
 English Rivee, Iowa, rises in the N. part 
 of the state, and flowing S. E., enters the 
 Red cedar in Black Hawk county. 
 
 English Settlement, a post-office of Ma- 
 rion county, Iowa. 
 
 Englishtown, a post-village of Monmouth 
 county. New Jersey, 5 miles N. W. from Free- 
 hold. It has a Methodist church, and about 
 40 dwellings. 
 
 English Tuen, a post-office of Plaquemine 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Ennis Point, a village of Jasper county, 
 Missouri, 180 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Ennisville, a post-village of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 80 miles W. N. 
 W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Ennoreb, a small river of South Carolina, 
 rising in Greenville district, near the N. W. 
 border of the state : it flows S. E., and enters 
 the Broad river in Newberry district, a few 
 miles below the mouth of Tiger river. 
 
 Ennoeee, or Enoeee, a post-office of Spar- 
 tanburg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Enoch, a post-township in Monroe county, 
 Ohio. Population, 1439. 
 
 Enoe Mills, a post-office of Orange coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Enon, a post-office of Macon county, Ala. 
 
 Enon, a post-office of Perry county. Miss. 
 
 Enon, a post-village of Clark county, Ohio, 
 on the railroad from Dayton to Springfield, 
 7 miles S. W. from the latter. It has 2 
 churches, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Enon, a post-village of Bureau county, Il- 
 linois, about 7 miles N. W. from Princeton. 
 
 Enon College, a post-office of Sumner 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Enon Grove, a post-village of Heard co., 
 Georgia, about 9 miles N. E. from Franklin. 
 
 Enon Valley, a post-office of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 End River, a small stream of North Caro- 
 lina, flows eastward through Orange county, 
 and enters Neuse river, near the N. border 
 of Wake county. 
 
 Enosbueg, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, on the S. side of Missisque 
 river, 40 miles N. N. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 2009. 
 
 Enosburg Falls, a post-village of Franklin 
 CO., Vermont, 58 miles N. from Montpelier. 
 
 Enterprise, a thriving post-village of 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Philadelphia and Columbia railroad, 6 miles 
 E. from Lancaster. It is a depot for the 
 produce exported from the vicinity, and has 
 an active trade in lumber and coal. 
 
 Enteeprise, apost-office of Orange co.,Pla. 
 
 Enterprise, apost-office of Clark co.. Miss. 
 
 Enterprise, a post-office of Preble co., 0. 
 
 Enterprise, a post-office of Shiawassee 
 county, Michigan 
 
 Enterprise, a post-office of Spencer coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Enterprise, a village of Switzerland coun- 
 ty, Indiana, about 8 miles from the Ohio 
 river, and 100 miles S. E. from Indianapolis, 
 is a place of considerable business. 
 
 Enterprise, a post-village of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on Elm creek, 55 miles S. E. from 
 Vandalia. 
 
 Enterprise, a small post-village of McDo- 
 nald county, Missouri, about 225 miles S. W. 
 from Jefferson City. 
 
 EoLiA, a post-village of Dane county, Wis- 
 consin, 20 miles N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Ephratah, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Fulton county. New York. Pop., 2080. 
 
 Ephratah, a township of Lancaster coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 13 miles N. E. from Lan- 
 caster. Population, 1979. 
 
 Ephratah, a post-village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, 13 miles N. E. from 
 Lancaster city, was settled about 1730, by a 
 sect of Germans called Dunkers. 
 
 Epping, a post-township of Rockingham 
 CO., N. H., on the Portsmouth and Concord 
 railroad, 30 miles S. E. from Concord ; inter- 
 sected by Lamprey river. Population, 1663. 
 
 Epsom, a post-township of Merrimack 
 county. New Hampshire, 8 miles S. E. from 
 Concord. Population, 1366. 
 
 Equality, a post-office of Anderson dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Equality, a post-office of Coosa co., Ala. 
 
 Equality, apost-office of Jackson co., Tenn. 
 
 Equality, a village of Barren county, Ky. 
 
 Equality, a post-village, capital of Galla- 
 tin county, Illinois, on Saline creek, 14 miles 
 W. by N. from the Ohio river, and 187 miles 
 S. S. E. from Springfield. Salt is manufac- 
 tured in the vicinity. 
 
 Equinunk, a railroad station in Delaware 
 county. New York, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 163 miles from New York city. 
 
 Equinunk, a post-village of Wayne county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, oppo- 
 site the above station, about 24 miles N. N. 
 E. from Honesdale. It contains several tan- 
 neries. 
 
 Erasmus, a post-office of Lincoln county, 
 North Carolina, 184 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Erastus, a post-office of Franklin co., Ga. 
 
 Eecildown, a post-office of Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Erie, lake, one of the five great lake? 
 drained by the St. Lawrence river, lies be- 
 tween 41° 25' and 42° 55' N. lat., and be- 
 tween 78° 5-5' and 83° 34' W. Ion., having 
 Canada West on the N., a part of the state 
 of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio on the 
 S., and a part of Michigan on the W. Its 
 shape is elliptical, the entire length being 
 
 361 
 
ERI 
 
 ERI 
 
 about 240 miles ; greatest breadth, 57 miles ; 
 average breadth, 38 miles ; computed circum- 
 ference, 658 miles. The depth of this lake 
 is less than that of any other in the chain, 
 the greatest yet obtained from soundings 
 being only 270 feet ; and its mean depth does 
 not exceed 120 feet. Towards the shores, 
 and especially at the western extremity, its 
 shallowness is a serious impediment to navi- 
 gation, which is entirely suspended during 
 the winter months, in consequence of the 
 shoal portions being frozen. The surface of 
 Lake Erie has an elevation of 322 feet above 
 the level of Ontario, and 565 feet above high- 
 water mark in the Hudson at Albany. There 
 is some reason to suppose that it was once 
 much higher than this. Ancient beaches 
 have been discovered in Ohio and Michigan, 
 having an elevation of more than 100 feet 
 above the present surface of the water. Its 
 principal supply is by the Detroit and St. 
 Clair rivers, which constitute the outlet of 
 the three great lakes to the N. W., viz. Hu- 
 ron, Michigan, and Superior. Numerous 
 other streams also flow into it, the more im- 
 portant of which are the Maumee, Sandusky, 
 Grand, Pluron, and Raisin. Its own waters 
 are discharged by the Niagara river into 
 Lake Ontario, and thence by the St. Law- 
 rence to the ocean. The principal harbors 
 on the coast are BuiFalo, Cleveland, Toledo, 
 Dunkirk, Erie, Sandusky bay, and Monroe, 
 all of which have been improved by the 
 United States government. The commercial 
 importance of Lake Erie has been greatly 
 increased by the construction of numerous 
 canals and railroads, connecting its ports 
 with the interior and the seaboard. The 
 amount of business and travel which these 
 channels of communication conduct to it is 
 almost incalculable. The shipping of the 
 several American ports on Lake Erie, June 
 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate bur- 
 then of 148,219^1 tons, of which 70,56m 
 were employed in steam navigation. The 
 commerce of the single port of Bufl'alo 
 amounts to nearly $80,000,000 annually. 
 The lake abounds with fine fish. A kind 
 termed ivhiiefish was formerly taken in vast 
 quantities, but their number lias somewhat 
 diminished. Lake Erie is remarkable for its 
 violent storms, which prevail most in the 
 months of November and December, often 
 causing the most disastrous shipwrecks, at- 
 tended with fearful loss of life. 
 
 Erie, a county in the W. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 950 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by Lake Erie, N. by 
 Tonawanda creek, and S. by Cattaraugus 
 creek, and is drained by Bufi"alo creek, with 
 its three branches, Cazenove, Seneca, and 
 Cayuga, and by Ellicott's and Conquaga 
 creeks, with some smaller streams, which 
 furnish valuable water-power. The surface 
 in the N. part is undulating, and the soil 
 well adapted to the production of grain ; in 
 862 
 
 the southern portions the face of the country 
 is uneven, and the land more suitable for 
 grazing. Wheat, oats, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 242,221 bushels of wheat; 740,270 of oats; 
 90,984 tons of hay ; 1,544,201 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 4,293,949 of cheese. There were 10 
 iron foundries, 132 saw mills, 1 cotton, and 
 6 woollen mills, 1 white-lead factory, and 38 
 tanneries. It contained 121 churches, and 
 24 newspaper offices ; 20,279 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 1938 attending acade- 
 mies and other schools. Iron ore, limestone, 
 water cement, and brick clay are among its 
 mineral productions. The Erie canal has its 
 western termination at Buffalo, and connects 
 with Niagara river at Black Rock, where 
 there is an extensive basin. The county is 
 traversed by six railroads, which pass 
 through or terminate in Buffalo. Organized 
 in 1821, having been formed from part of 
 Niagara county, and named from the great 
 lake which forms its western boundary. 
 Capital, Buffalo. Population, 100,993. 
 
 Erie, a county forming the N. W. extre- 
 mity of Pennsylvania, bordering on New 
 York, Ohio, and Lake Erie, has an area of 
 740 square miles. It is intersected by 
 French and Conneaut creeks : Walnut and 
 Elk creeks rise in the county, and flow into 
 Lake Erie, which forms the entire N. W. 
 boundary. The surface is generally rolling, 
 with a ridge of highland, extending nearly 
 parallel with the lake shore, at a distance 
 of several miles. The soil is clayey, having 
 a basis of slate and sandstone : the northern 
 part produces good crops of grain, the south- 
 ern is better adapted to pasturage and dairy 
 farming. Corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, wool, 
 butter, cheese, maple sugar, and lumber are 
 the staples. In 1860 it yielded 433,692 
 bushels of Indian corn; 147,825 of wheat; 
 433,765 of oats; 171,855 of potatoes; 69,422 
 tons of hay; 252,843 pounds of butter, and 
 333,748 of maple sugar, being the greatest 
 quantity of that article produced by any 
 one county of the state, except Somerset 
 county. There were 86 saw mills, 21 flour 
 and grist mills, 8 manufactories of oilcloth, 
 6 of pot and pearl ash, 3 of oars, 3 of 
 coaches, and 2 of stoves and ranges, 12 wool- 
 len factories, 2 paper mills, 1 linseed-oil 
 mill, 4 iron foundries, 3 distilleries, and 19 
 tanneries. It contained 57 churches, and 5 
 newspaper offices ; 9343 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 875 attending academies 
 and other schools. Iron is the principal 
 mineral. French creek furnishes extensive 
 water-power. The county is traversed by 
 the Erie Extension canal, and by the rail- 
 road connecting Cleveland with Buffalo. The 
 Sunbury and Erie railroad, lately commenced, 
 has its W. terminus at the county seat ; and 
 several plank-roads have also been laid. 
 Formed in 1800, and named from Lake Erie. 
 Capita}, Erie. Population, 38,742. 
 
ERI 
 
 ESC 
 
 Eeie, a county in the N. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on Lake Erie and Sandusky bay, 
 contains 250 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Huron and Vermilion rivers, and by Pipe 
 creek. The surface is nearly level, with a 
 gentle declivity towards the N. The soil 
 is alluvial and remai-kably rich. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, wool, and butter are the 
 staples. The influence of Lake Erie renders 
 the climate favorable to fruits. In 1850 this 
 county produced 374,988 bushels of corn; 
 180,521 of wheat; 116,791 of oats ; 17,204 
 tons of hay, and 299,066 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 26 churches, 6 newspaper oifices ; 
 4976 pupils attending public schools, and 110 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 county contains abundance of fine limestone, 
 which is extensively quarried at Sandusky. 
 Numerous ancient mounds and enclosures 
 are found near Huron river. Erie county is 
 intersected by the Mad river and Lake Erie 
 railroad, and by the Sandusky and Mansfield 
 railroad ; another, from the county seat to 
 Cleveland and Toledo, is not yet finished. 
 Capital, Sandusky City. Population, 18,568. 
 
 Erie, a post-borough, port of entry, ca- 
 pital of Erie county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 lake of the same name, 90 miles S. W. from 
 Buffalo, 129 miles N. from Pittsburg, and 310 
 miles by turnpike from Harrisburg. Lat. 42° 8' 
 N., Ion. 80° 10' W. It is pleasantly situated op- 
 posite the island of Presque Isle, formerly a 
 peninsula. The harbor, which is one of the 
 largest and best on the lake, is 8^- miles long, 
 and over 1 mile wide, and from 9 to 25 feet 
 deep the whole length. Large sums have been 
 expended in improving and fortifying the har- 
 bor, and in erecting a lighthouse. The island 
 is 4 miles long and 1 mile wide. Erie is 
 an important place of outfit for vessels of 
 the United States, and is remarkable for its 
 flourishing trade. The Erie Extension canal 
 connects it with the Ohio river and Beaver ; 
 several railways extend to Cleveland, Buffalo, 
 &c. It is the terminus of the Sunbury and 
 Erie railroad, now in course of construction, 
 with a branch leading to Pittsburg. Erie 
 contains a court house, a bank, about 10 
 churches, a fine hotel, an academy, and four 
 newspaper offices. About 20,000,"0000 feet of 
 lumber are received here annually by canal, 
 and over 80,000 tons of stone coal. The re- 
 ported value of imports and exports in 1851, 
 was $3,832,852. The canal affords extensive 
 water-power, which is employed in mills of 
 different kinds. The shipping of the district, 
 (Presque Isle,) June SOth, 1852, amounted to 
 an aggregate of 8I22|-|- tons, enrolled and 
 licensed, of which 5350^| tons were employed 
 in steam navigation. Incorporated in 1805. 
 Population in 1840, 3412; in 1850, 5850. 
 
 Erie, a post-ofiice of Roane county, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Erie, a township in the central part of Ot- 
 tawa county, Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie. 
 Population, 292. 
 
 Erie, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Monroe county, Michigan, on the W. shore 
 of Lake Erie. Population, 1144. 
 
 Erie, a township in Miami county, Indiana. 
 Population, 420. 
 
 Erie, a post-village of Whitesides county, 
 Illinois, on Eock river, 76 miles N. N. W. 
 from Peoria. 
 
 Erie, a small post-village, capital of Cam- 
 den county, Missouri, on the Osage river, 
 just below the Niangua, 60 miles S. W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Erieville, a post-village of Nelson town- 
 ship, Madison county. New York, about 35 
 miles S.W. from Utica. It has 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 Erin, a post-township of Chemung county. 
 New York, 10 miles E. N. E. from Elmira. 
 Population, 1833. 
 
 Erin, a post-village of Meriwether county, 
 Georgia, near the junction of Whitewater 
 creek with Flint river, about 60 miles N. W. 
 from Macon. 
 
 Erin, a post-office of Chickasaw co.. Miss. 
 
 Erin, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas. 
 
 Erin, a township in the S. part of Macomb 
 county, Michigan, on the E. shore of Lake 
 St. Clair. Population, 974. 
 
 Erin, a post-village of McHenry county, 
 Illinois, 64 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Erin, a township in the W. part of Ste- 
 phenson county, Illinois. Population, 886. 
 
 Erin, a post-township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Washington co.. Wis. Pop., 840. 
 
 Erin Shades, a post-office of Henrico co. , Va. 
 
 Errol, a post-township of Coos county, 
 New Hampshire, on the W. side of Umbagog 
 lake, 30 miles N.E. from Lancaster. Pop., 138. 
 
 Erving, a post-township of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on the E. side of Connec- 
 ticut river, and on the Vt. and Mass. railroad, 
 70 miles W. N. W. from Boston. Pop., 449. 
 
 Erwin, a post-township of Steuben county, 
 New York, 20 miles S. S. E. from Bath; in- 
 tersected by the Erie railroad. Pop., 1435. 
 
 Erwin Centre, a post-office of Steuben 
 county. New York. 
 
 Erwinna, a post-village of Bucks county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, oppo- 
 site Frenchtown, with which it is connected 
 by a bridge. 
 
 Erwinsville, a post-village in Cleveland 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 ERWiNTON,apost-office of Barnwell dis.,S.C. 
 
 Escambia river rises in Monroe county, 
 Alabama, and flows into an arm of Pensacola 
 bay. It is navigable to the mouth of the 
 Conecuh, which is also navigable more than 
 50 miles beyond this point. Above their junc- 
 tion the Conecuh is the larger stream. 
 
 Escambia, a county forming the W. ex- 
 tremity of Florida, bordering on Alabama, 
 has an area of 1110 square miles. The Per- 
 dido river bounds it on the W., and sepa- 
 rates it from Alabama ; the Escambia river, 
 from which the name is derived, forms its 
 eastern boundary, and the southern border 
 
 368 
 
ESC 
 
 ESS 
 
 is washed by the Gulf of Mexico. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and is mostly covered by 
 forests of pine ; the soil is generally poor. 
 In 1850 this county produced 4950 bushels 
 of corn; 4150 of sweet potatoes, and 10,150 
 pounds of rice. There were 2 iiour and grist 
 mills, 4 saw mills, and 3 brick-yards. It 
 contained 6 churches and 2 newspaper offices ; 
 269 pupils attending public schools, and 25 
 attending academies or other schools. Ca- 
 pital, Pensacola. Population, 4351, of whom 
 ,3019 were fx'ee, and 1332, slaves. 
 
 EscATAPPA, or Dog River, a small river of 
 Alabama and Mississippi, flows southward, 
 and enters the Pascagoula near its mouth, 
 and near the S. E. extremity of Mississippi. 
 
 EscoHEAG, a post-office of Kent co., R. I. 
 
 EscuLAPiA, or Sulphur Springs, of Lewis 
 county, Kentucky. This fashionable water- 
 ing place is situated in a delightful valley. 
 The buildings are large enough to accommo- 
 date 200 persons. 
 
 EsoJi Hill, a post-office of Paulding co.,Ga. 
 
 Eso'pus, a post-township of Ulster county, 
 New York, on the Hudson river. Pop., 2900. 
 
 Esopus, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 68 miles S. by W. from Albany, 
 and 2 miles W. from the Hudson river. 
 
 EsoPUS Cheek, of Ulster county, in the E. 
 part of New York, falls into the Hudson 
 river about 15 miles S. S. W. from Catskill. 
 
 EsPERANCE, a post-township of Schoharie 
 county, New York. Population, 1428. 
 
 EsPERANCE, a post-village in the above 
 township, near Schoharie creek, 28 miles W. 
 by N. from Albany. 
 
 EspT, a small post-village of Columbia 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the North Branch 
 of the Susquehanna, about 85 miles N. N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 EsPYViLLB, a post-village of Crawford coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on Shenango creek, 110 
 miles N. N. W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Essex, a county forming the N. E. extre- 
 mity of Vermont, has an area of 790 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Con- 
 necticut river, and is drained by the Pas- 
 sumsick, Clyde, Nulhegan, and several other 
 streams. It contains numerous small lakes 
 and ponds. The surface is rough and moun- 
 tainous, and the soil generally poor and un- 
 fruitful ; along the bank of the Connecticut 
 there is, however, some good land. Potatoes, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 94,124 bushels of potatoes ; 
 45,597 of oats; 14,972 tons of hay ; 292,615 
 pounds of butter, and 122,321 of cheese. It 
 contained 1 foundry, 1 flour mill, 14 saw 
 mills, 1 oil mill, 1 starch factory, and 3 tan- 
 neries. There were 8 churches, 1666 pupils 
 attendipg public schools, and 74 attending aca- 
 demies or other schools. The Great Atlantic 
 and St. Lawrence railroad passes through the 
 N. E. part of this county. Organized in 1792, 
 and named from Essex, a county in England. 
 Capital, Guildhall. Population, 4650. 
 864 
 
 Essex, a county forming the N. E. extre- 
 mity of Massachusetts, has an area of about 
 500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the Atlantic, and on the S. E. by Massa- 
 chusetts bay, and is traversed by the Merri- 
 mack and Ipswich rivers. It has a great ex- 
 tent of seacoast and many fine bays which 
 afford excellent harbors. A large portion of 
 the great wealth of the inhabitants of the 
 seaboard towns, is invested in commerce and 
 the fisheries. The interior towns are manu- 
 facturing and agricultural. Until within 
 the last few years the manufacture of leather 
 and shoes were almost the only branches 
 of industry; but recently several steam 
 cotton mills erected in Lawrence, Salem, and 
 Newburyport, have contributed very much 
 to the industrial prospects of the county. 
 The surface is generally rough and rocky, 
 and the soil hard, but well cultivated, and 
 productive in some districts. Indian corn, 
 potatoes, and grass are among the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 158,264 bush- 
 els of corn; 339,423 of potatoes; 57,968i-. 
 tons of hay, and 560,789 pounds of butter. 
 There were 10 cotton and 13 woollen facto- 
 ries, 1 manufactory of woollen shawls, 1 
 of white-lead, 6 of glue; 61 currying establish- 
 ments, 13 chandleries, 394 boot and shoe ma- 
 nufactories, 4 iron foundries, 1 1 machine shops, 
 3 flour mills, 10 grist mills, 1 rolling mill, 16 
 saw and planing mills, 25 tobacco, 2 india- 
 rubber and 8 morocco factories, 1 piano-forte 
 manufactory, 26 ship-yards, 7 ship-smithing 
 establishments, 101 tanneries and 5 mast 
 and spar manufactories. It contained 168 
 churches, 21 newspaper offices ; 15,574 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 2409 attending 
 academies and other schools. The Merrimack 
 river is navigable for sloops of 200 tons to 
 Haverhill in this county. Essex is traversed 
 by railroads connecting Boston with Glouces- 
 ter, Portsmouth, Portland, and Manchester, 
 and several short lines partly intersect it. 
 Organized in 1642. Seats of justice, Salem, 
 Ipswich, and Newburyport. Pop., 131,300. 
 
 Essex, a county in the N. E. part of New 
 York has an area of about 1656 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by Lake Champlain, and 
 the river Au Sable forms part of its northern 
 boundary. It is drained by the head waters 
 of the Hudson, and by Boquet and Scroon 
 rivers, all of which afford motive-power for 
 numerous grist and saw mills. The surface 
 in the western part is rough and mountainous 
 and usually thickly wooded, but along the 
 lake shore it is much more level. Mount 
 Marcy is the principal elevation and the high- 
 est mountain in the state. The soil is 
 generally good. Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 120,425 bushels of corn; 307,549 
 of potatoes; 37,868 tons of hay, and 150,258 
 pounds of wool. There were 26 iron forges, 
 60 saw mills, 9 flour mills, 2 nail factories, 
 3 woollen factories, and 1 rolling mill. It 
 
ESS 
 
 ETN 
 
 contained 42 churches, and 4 newspaper 
 offices ; 8482 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 512 attending academies or other schools. 
 This county abounds in iron ore and lime- 
 stone ; and some marble and blacklead have 
 been found. Lake Champlain is navigable 
 along its entire eastern border. Organized 
 in 1799, having previously formed part of 
 Clinton county. Capital, Elizabethtown. 
 Population, 31,148. 
 
 Essex, a county in the north-eastern part 
 of New Jersey, has an area of about 450 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Passaic river, Newark bay, and Staten Island 
 sound, on the W. by Passaic river and Bound 
 brook, and partly on the S. by Rahway river. 
 These streams, especially the Passaic, afford 
 valuable water-jDower. The surface is gene- 
 rally level, but in some portions hilly, and in 
 the western part are 2 elevated ranges, 
 known by the local names of First and Second 
 mountains, which traverse the county from 
 S. W. to N. E. The soil is mostly derived 
 from red shale, and is, in many places highly 
 productive. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 297,076 bushels of corn ; 
 151,765 of oats; 159,148 of potatoes; 29,287^ 
 tons of hay, and 378,233 pounds of butter. 
 There were 6 cutlery and 16 edge-tool ma- 
 nufactories, 5 breweries, 13 foundries, 1 
 type foundry, 13 machine shops, 11 manu- 
 factories of patent leather, 3 of coach springs, 
 16 flour mills, 15 paper mills, 2 manufactories 
 of oilcloth, 13 of saddles and harness, 5 of 
 saddlery hardware, 3 of India rubber, 3 brass 
 foundries, 3 woollen factories, 2 cotton fac- 
 tories, 2 manufactories of shawls, 99 of boots 
 and shoes, 43 of clothing, and 41 of coaches. 
 It contained 80 churches, 9 newspaper offices ; 
 7475 pupils attending public schools, and 
 3714 attending academies and other schools. 
 The New Jersey railroad, the New Jersey 
 Central railroad, and the Morris canal tra- 
 verse this county, which is also partly inter- 
 sected by the Morris and Essex railroad. 
 Organized in 1710. Capital, Newax-k. Po- 
 pulation, 73,950. 
 
 Essex, a county in the E. part of Virginia, 
 has an area of about 300 square miles. The 
 Piappahannock river forms the N. E. bound- 
 ary. The surface in the W. part is uneven ; 
 the soil is generally sandy, and moderately 
 fertile, having been improved by guano, lime, 
 and marl. Indian corn and wheat are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 391,895 bushels of corn ; 104,840 of wheat, 
 and 57,747 pounds of butter. There were 
 16 flour and grist mills, and 1 tannery. It 
 contained 11 churches, and 216 pupils at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 river is navigable by small vessels along the 
 border of the county. Formed in 1692. Ca- 
 pital, Tappahannock. Population, 10,206, of 
 whom 3444 were free, and 6762, slaves. 
 
 Essex, a post-village in Chittenden co.,Vt., 
 
 onthe Vt. Central railroad, 36 miles N.W. from 
 Montpelier. It contains several churches and 
 manufactories. Pop. of the township, 2052. 
 
 Essex, a post-village of Essex county, 
 Massachusetts, on an arm of Squam bay, 28 
 miles N. E. from Boston. The industry of 
 the inhabitants is directed chiefly to ship- 
 building, the coast trade, and manufactures. 
 Population of the township, 1585. 
 
 Essex, a post-village in Saybrook town- 
 ship, Middlesex county, Connecticut, on the 
 right bank of the Connecticut river, 7 miles 
 from its mouth, and 80 miles E. from New 
 Haven. It contains 3 or 4 churches, a bank, 
 an extensive ropewalk, and 8 or 10 stores. 
 The inhabitants are considerably engaged in 
 ship-building and coast trade. Population, 
 about 1200. 
 
 Essex, a post-township of Essex county. 
 New York, on the W. side of Lake Champlain. 
 Population, 2351. 
 
 Essex, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the W. shore of Lake Champlain, 
 about 180 miles N. by E. from Albany. It 
 has a steamboat landing, and several churches. 
 
 Essex, a post-office of Fulton county, Ohio. 
 
 Essex, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Clinton county, Michigan. Population, 410. 
 
 Essex, a township in Porter county, 
 Indiana. Population, 73. 
 
 EsTABEOOK, a thriving village of Anderson 
 county, Tennessee, about 160 miles E. from 
 Nashville. It has an extensive manufactory 
 of salt, and sulphur springs which are con- 
 sidered valuable. 
 
 EsTELiNE Furnace, a post-office of Augusta 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 EsTELviLLE,apost-office of Atlantic CO., N.J. 
 
 Estill, a county in the E. central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 300 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Ken- 
 tucky river, dividing it nearly in the middle, 
 and also drained by Red river. The surface 
 is hilly and mountainous, and partly covered 
 by forests. The soil in some parts is fertile. 
 Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 291,728 bushels 
 of corn; 18,629 of oats, and 24,150 pounds of 
 tobacco. It contained 10 churches, and 215 
 pupils attending public schools. Iron ore 
 and stone coal are abundant in the mountains. 
 The streams furnish valuable motive-power. 
 Estill county was formed in 1808, and named 
 in memory of Captain James Estill, who was 
 slain in a battle with the Indians in 1782. 
 Capital, Irvine. Population, 5985, of whom 
 5574 were free, and 411, slaves. 
 
 Estill's Mills, apost-officeof Platte CO. Mo. 
 
 EsTiLLViLLE, a post- village, capital of Scott 
 county, Virginia, on Moccasin creek, 357 miles 
 W. by S. from Richmond. Iron ore and coal 
 are abundant at this place. It contains 1 or 
 2 churches, and about 60 dwellings. 
 
 Etheridge, a post- village of Jones county, 
 Georgia, 17 miles W. by N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Etna, a post-township of Penobscot county, 
 '65 
 
ETN 
 
 EVA 
 
 Maine, 80 miles N. E. of Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 802. 
 
 Etna, a post-village of Dryden township 
 Tompkins county. New York, on Fall creek, 
 about ICO miles W. by S. from Albany. It 
 has 2 or 3 churches, and several mills. 
 
 Etna, a post-office of Alleghany co.. Pa. 
 
 Etna, a post-office of Hanover co., Va. 
 
 Etna, a post-office of Paulding co., Ga. 
 
 Etna, a post-office of Decatur co., Tenn. 
 
 Etna, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Licking county, Ohio. Pop., 1307. 
 
 Etna, a post- village of Licking co., Ohio, 17 
 miles E. from Columbus, has 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 Etna, a post-office of Lapeer co., Mich. 
 
 Etna, a small post-village in Huntingdon 
 county, Indiana, about 90 miles N. E. from 
 Indianapolis. Population, 105. 
 
 Etna Centre, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Etowah, (generally called Hl'towah, and 
 foi'merly written Hightower,) a small river 
 of Georgia, which rises in Lumpkin county, 
 and flows nearly W. by S. to Rome, where it 
 unites with the Oostenaula and forms the 
 Coosa. Gold is found in many places on its 
 banks. 
 
 Etowah, a post-office of Cass co., Ga. 
 
 Etters, a post-office of York co., Pa. 
 
 EuBANKS,a post-village of Columbia CO., Ga., 
 80 miles N. E. by E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 EucHBE, or Uchee Creek, of Russell 
 county, Alabama, flows into the Chattahoo- 
 chee river, near Fort Mitchell. 
 
 Euclid, a post-village ofOnondagaco. N. Y., 
 about 11 miles N. by W. from Syracuse. 
 
 Euclid, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Cuyahoga county, Ohio, on the S. shore of 
 Lake Erie. Population, 1447. 
 
 Euclid, a beautiful post-village of Cuya- 
 hoga county, Ohio, near the Cleveland and 
 Ohio railroad, 9 miles N. E. from Cleveland. 
 It contains 2 churches, and 1 academy. 
 
 Eufaula, a handsome post-village of Bar- 
 bour county, Alabama, on the right bank of 
 the Chattahoochee river, 90 miles E. S. E. 
 from Montgomery. It is finely situated on a 
 bluff which rises about 200 feet above the 
 level of the river. It is the centre of an 
 active and increasing trade. About 20,000 
 bales of cotton are annually shipped at this 
 place in steamboats. The navigation is 
 usually open from November to June. 
 Eufaula has 4 churches, 25 stores, and several 
 newspaper offices. Population in 1853, 3000. 
 
 Eugene, a post-township in Vermilion 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1105. 
 
 Eugene, a pleasant post-village of Vermi- 
 lion county, Indiana, on the Big Vermilion 
 river, 82 miles W. by N. from Indianapolis, 
 was laid out 1827. It is situated in a good 
 farming district, and has an active trade. 
 The river is crossed at this place by a bridge. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 EuHARLET creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Etowah from the left, in Cass county. 
 806 
 
 EuHARLET, a post-office of Cass co., Ga. 
 
 EuLALiA,a township of Potter county, Penn- 
 sylvania, drained by the head streams of 
 Alleghany river, contains the borough of 
 Coudersport, and 522 inhabitants. 
 
 EuPHEMiA, a thriving post-village of Pre- 
 ble county, Ohio, on the National road and 
 on the Eaton and Piqua railroad, 57 miles 
 N. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Eureka, a post-office of Woodford co.. 111. 
 
 Eureka, a post- village of Winnebago coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, on Foxriver, 16 miles W. from 
 Oshkosh. It has (1853) 2 stores, 1 mill, 1 
 hotel, and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Eureka Mills, a post-office of Greene co.,0. 
 
 EuTAW, a post-office of Randolph county, 
 Georgia, about 160 miles S. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 EuTAw, a pleasant post-village, capital of 
 Greene county, Alabama, 3 miles W. from 
 Black Warrior river, and 105 miles W. N. W. 
 from Montgomery. It is surrounded by a 
 community of wealthy cotton-planters, many 
 of whom reside here for the social and edu- 
 cational advantages which the village afi"ords. 
 The adjacent country is one of the most fer- 
 tile and wealthy parts of the state. Eutaw 
 contains several churches, a newspaper office, 
 and 2 female seminaries. Laid out in 1838. 
 Population in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 EuTAw, a post-office of De Soto county, 
 Mississippi, 215 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 EuTAW Springs, a small affluent of the 
 Santee river, in South Carolina. On its 
 banks was fought the battle of Eutaw Springs 
 in 1781. 
 
 Evans, a post-township of Erie county, 
 New York, on Lake Erie, intersected by the 
 Buffalo and State Line railroad. Pop., 2182. 
 
 Evansburg, a village of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 220 miles W. by N. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Evansburg, a post-village of Crawford 
 county, Pennsylvania, at the outlet of Con- 
 neaut lake, about 90 miles N. N. W. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, about 200. 
 
 Evansburg, a village of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. W, from Norristown. 
 
 Evansburg, a post-village of Coshocton 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio canal, about 85 
 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Evan's Creek, of Lenawee county, Michi- 
 gan, enters the Raisin river at Tecumseh. 
 
 Evansham, Virginia. See Wtthetille. 
 
 Evans's Mills, a post-village of Jefi'erson 
 CO., New York, 160 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Evans's Mills, a post-office of Chatham 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Etansport. a post-village of Defiance coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on Tiffin river, about 10 miles N. 
 from Defiance, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 EvANsviLLE, a post-village in Preston 
 county, Virginia, about 200 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 EvANSviLLE, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Ai'kansas. 
 
EVA 
 
 EXE 
 
 EvANSviLLE, a post-township in Vander- 
 burg county, Indiana. Population, 3663. 
 
 Evans yiLLB, a flourishing town, port of 
 entry, and capital of Vanderburg county, 
 Indiana, is situated on a high bank of the 
 Ohio river, 200 miles from its mouth, and 
 200 miles below Louisville, in Kentucky. It 
 is connected by railroad with Vincennes, 55 
 miles distant, and is the terminus of the Wa- 
 bash and Erie canal, which was completed in 
 1853. This canal, which is about 460 miles 
 long, is the most extensive in the Union. 
 The course of the river is here so winding 
 that Evansville is not far from the centre of 
 the county. The situation is fine, on ground 
 which ascends gradually. About one-fourth 
 of the houses are built of brick, and the 
 others of wood. Among the public build- 
 ings are 9 or 10 brick churches, a court 
 house, the branch of the State Bank, a splen- 
 did and costly edifice, and a marine hospital. 
 There are 6 printing ofiSces. The commer- 
 cial advantages above named, together with 
 the navigation of the Ohio, which is seldom 
 obstructed either by drought or ice below 
 Evansville, render this a place of extensive 
 trade, and the principal shipping point for 
 the grain and pork of South-western Indiana. 
 The village of Lamasco joins Evansville on 
 the N. W. Population in 1853, about 8000. 
 
 Evansville, a post-village of Randolph 
 county, Illinois, on Kaskaskia river, 185 
 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Evansville, a post-village of Rock county, 
 Wisconsin, on Allen's creek, 18 miles N. W. 
 from Janesville. It has 1 or 2 churches, 2 
 mills, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Evening's Shade, apost-ofiice of Lawrence 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Everett's Spring, a post-ofiice of Floyd 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 EvERETTSTOWN, a post-village of Alexan- 
 dria township, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, 
 about 11 miles W. N.W. from Flemington. 
 
 EvERETTSviLLE, a village in Albemarle 
 county, Virginia, near the Virginia Central 
 railroad, 70 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Evergreen, formerly Rogersville, a post- 
 village of Anderson district, South Carolina, 
 131 miles W. N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Evergreen, a post-village of Conecuh 
 county, Alabama, about 108 miles S. S. W. 
 from Montgomery. It has 2 churches, 1 
 academy, and 3 stores. 
 
 Everittsville, a post-village of Wayne 
 county, North Carolina, on the Neuse river, 
 and on the Wilmington and Weldon railroad, 
 about 50 miles S. E. from Raleigh. It con- 
 tains a flourishing seminary for girls. 
 
 EvERTON, a post-village in Fayette county, 
 Indiana, 70 miles E. S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Evesham, a township of Burlington coun- 
 ty. New Jersey. Population, 3067. 
 
 Evesham, a village in the above township, 
 8 miles S. W. from Mount Holly, hae a 
 church, and 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 Evit's Mountain, a ridge extending across 
 the Maryland line N. N. E. through Bedford, 
 to the Raystown branch of the Juniata. 
 
 Ewbank's Mills, a post-office of Johnson 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 EwiNG, a township of Mercer county, New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware river. Pop., 1480. 
 
 EwiNG, a post-ofBceof Hocking CO., Ohio. 
 
 EwiNG, a post-office of Franklin co., 111. 
 
 Ewing's Neck, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 EwiNGTON, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 EwiNGTON, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Effingham county, Illinois, on the Little 
 Wabash river, where it is crossed by the Na- 
 tional road, 82 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 It is on the route of the projected railroad 
 between Alton and Terre Haute. The river 
 here afi'ords water-power. 
 
 Exchange, a post-office of Warren co., N.C. 
 
 Exchange, a post-office of McCracken 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 ExcHANGEviLLE, a post-officc of Mcrcer 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Exeter, or Squamscot River, a small 
 stream of Rockingham county. New Hamp- 
 shire, falls into the Piscataqua river, about 
 10 miles W. of Portsmouth. 
 
 Exeter, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 60 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1853. 
 
 Exeter, the seat of justice of Rockingham 
 county, New Hampshire, on the Boston and 
 Maine railroad, 50 miles N. from Boston, and 
 37 S. E. from Concord. It has a delightful 
 situation on a river of its own name, and 
 contains, besides the county buildings, from 
 30 to 40 stores, 3 or 4 churches, a bank, a 
 newspaper office, and a richly endowed educa- 
 tional institution, called Phillips's Academy, 
 founded 1781. The falls at this place, to which 
 the river is navigable, afibrd good water- 
 power. The industry of the inhabitants is 
 chiefly directed to manufactures, which con- 
 sist of cotton goods, morocco, paper, blank 
 books, &c. Population of the township, 3229 ; 
 of the village, in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Exeter, a post-township of Washington 
 coiinty, Rhode Island, 25 miles S. S. W. from 
 Providence, has one bank. Pop. 1634. 
 
 Exeter, a post-office of Otsego co., N. Y. 
 
 Exeter, a township of Berks county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 5 miles E. S. E. from Reading, 
 crossed by the Philadelphia and Reading 
 railroad. Population, 2074. 
 
 Exeter, a post-township of Luzerne coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, intersected by the Northern 
 branch of the Susquehanna river. Pop., 833. 
 
 Exeter, a township of Wyoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the North branch of the 
 Susquehanna river. Population, 187. 
 
 Exeter, a post-township in the northern 
 part of Monroe county, Michigan. Pop., 458. 
 
 Exeter, a post-village of Scott county, 
 Illinois, about 50 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Exeter, a post-village of Greene county. 
 367 
 
EXE 
 
 FAI 
 
 Wisconsin, about 25 miles S. by W. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Exeter Mills, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Experiment Mills, a post-office of Mon- 
 roe county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 F 
 
 Faber's Mills, a post-village of Nelson 
 county, Virginia, about 100 miles W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Fabius, a river of Missouri, wbicli enters 
 the Mississippi in Marion county, nearly op- 
 posite Quincy, in Illinois, about 1 mile below 
 the junction of its main branches, the North 
 Fabius and South Fabius. The former rises 
 near the N. frontier of the state, and flows 
 S. E. through the middle of Scotland and 
 Lewis counties. Its length is perhaps 150 
 miles. The South Fabius rises in Schuyler 
 county, and pursues a south-easterly course 
 of nearly the same length. The Middle Fa- 
 bius rises near the N. border of Missouri, 
 and enters the North Fabius on its right 
 bank, near the middle of Lewis county. 
 Taylor's fork flows S. E. through Lewis 
 county, and enters South Fabius about 9 
 miles N. from Palmyra. 
 
 Fabius, a post-township of Onondaga 
 county, New York, 20 miles S. S. E. from 
 Syracuse. Population, 2410. 
 
 Fabius, a post-ofl5ce of Hardy co., Va. ' 
 
 Fabius, a township in St. Joseph county, 
 Michigan. Population, 497. 
 
 Fabius, a township in Knox county, Mis- 
 souri. Population, 782. 
 
 Fabius, a township in Marion county, 
 Missouri. Population, 1435. 
 
 Facility, a post-office of McMiun co.,Tenn. 
 
 Factor's Fork, a post-office of Wayne 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Factory Creek, or Ab ram's Creek, New 
 York, formed by the union of Kinderhook 
 and Claverack creeks, falls into the Hudson 
 river, 4 miles above the city of Hudson. 
 
 Factory Hill, a post-ofBce of Nansemond 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Factory Point, a post-village in Manches- 
 ter tow.nship, Bennington county, Vermont, 
 on a branch of Battenkill river, near the 
 Western Vermont railroad, about 80 miles 
 S. by W. from Montpelier. The inhabitants 
 are principally engaged in quarrying and 
 preparing marble. 
 
 Factoryville, a village of Eichmond 
 county. New York, on the N. side of Staten 
 Island, about 155 miles S. from Albany. It 
 has a large dyeing and printing establish- 
 ment. 
 
 Factoryville, a post-village of Tioga 
 county. New York, on the Cayuta creek, 
 where it is crossed by the New York and 
 Erie railroad, about 264 miles from New 
 York city. It has several mills or factories. 
 368 
 
 Factoryville, a thriving post-village of 
 Wyoming county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Lackawanna and Western railroad, 35 miles 
 S. from Great Bend. It has several mills. 
 
 Factoryville, a village of St. Joseph coun- 
 ty, Michigan, on Nottawa creek, a few miles N. 
 E. from Centreville. Population, about 200. 
 
 Fairbank, a township in Sullivan county, 
 Indiana. Population, 958. 
 
 Fairbluef, a post-office of Columbus 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Fairburn, a post-village on the line be- 
 tween Campbell and Fayette counties, 
 Georgia, on the Atlanta and La Grange rail- 
 road, 102 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Fairdale, a post-village of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. W. from Montrose. 
 
 Fairdealing, a post-office of Marshall 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Fairfax, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on Maryland and the 
 District of Columbia, has an area of 430 
 square miles. The Potomac river forms its 
 boundary on the N. E. and S. E., and the 
 Occoquan washes its S. W. border. The 
 surface is hilly ; the soil in some parts is 
 sandy, and is not uniformly fertile. Much 
 of the land has been worn out, and is no 
 longer cultivated. Grain and cattle are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 207,581 bushels of Indian corn; 56,156 of 
 wheat; 122,758 pounds of butter, and 4420 
 tons of hay. There were 5 flour and grist 
 mills. It contained 16 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 60 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 295 attending academies and 
 other schools. The county is intersected by 
 two railroads leading to Alexandria. Mount 
 Vernon, the residence of George AVashing- 
 ton, is on the bank of the Potomac in Fairfax 
 county, 15 miles below Washington. Formed 
 in 1742, and named in honor of Lord Fair- 
 fax, the proprietor of a considerable district 
 in the N. E. part of Virginia. Capital, Fair- 
 fax Court House. Population, 10,682, of 
 whom 7432 were free, and 3250, slaves. 
 
 Fairfax, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, on the N. side of Lamoille 
 river, about 38 miles N. E. by N. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 2111. 
 
 Fairfax, or Culpepper Court House, a 
 thriving post-village, capital of Culpepper 
 county, Virginia, on the Orange and Alexan- 
 dria railroad. It is surrounded by a finely 
 diversified and fertile region, which is in a 
 high state of cultivation. The business of 
 the place has recently received a new im- 
 petus by the construction of the railroad. 
 Fairfax contains 3 or 4 churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices. Founded in 1759. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Fairfax, a post-office of Pickens co., Ala. 
 
 Fairfax, a post-office of Highland co., 0. 
 
 Fairfax, a post-office of Monroe co., Ind. 
 
 Fairfax Court House, a small town, capi- 
 tal of Fairfax county, Virginia, 120 miles N. 
 
FAI 
 
 FAI 
 
 from Richmond, and 21 miles W. from "Wash- 
 ington, contains the county buildings, and 
 from 200 to 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Fairfield, a county forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Connecticut, has an area of 
 about 647 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S. E. by Long Island sound, and on the 
 N. E. by the Housatonic river, by which it 
 is chiefly watered, although it has numerous 
 small rivers falling into the sound. This 
 stream furnishes abundant water-power. It 
 has several good harbors, which afford 
 great facilities for navigation and the 
 fisheries. The surface in the northern and 
 western portions is hilly ; in the southern 
 and eastern, more level. The soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 350,603 bushels of corn; 276,916 of oats; 
 381,158 of potatoes; 38,238 of buckwheat; 
 72,010 tons of hay, and 1,086,786 pounds of 
 butter. There were 4 manufactories of cot- 
 ton, 9 of wool, 14 of combs, 3 of hardware, 
 and 7 foundi-ies. It contained 128 churches, 
 7 newspaper oifices, 9051 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 1614 attending academies 
 or other schools. The Housatonic is navi- 
 gable for steamboats along the eastern bor- 
 der. The railroad extending from New York 
 to New Haven traverses this county, and 
 that connecting Bridgeport and Albany, al- 
 so intersects it. Seats of justice, Fairfield 
 and Danbui-y. Population, 59,775. 
 
 FaiFvField, a district in the N. central part 
 of South Carolina, has an area of 680 square 
 miles. The Wateree river forms its bound- 
 ary on the E. and N. E., the Broad river on 
 the S. W. ; and it is drained by Little river 
 and Wateree creek. The surface is hilly; 
 the soil fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 this district produced 18,122 bales of 
 cotton ; 529,461 bushels of corn ; 30,233 of 
 wheat; 47.277 of oats, and 65,569 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 3 tanneries and 1 grist 
 mill. It contained 37 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices, 376 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 616 attending academies or other schools. 
 The district is intersected by the Charlotte 
 and South Carolina railroad. Capital, Winns- 
 borough. Population, 21,404, of whom 7158 
 were free, and 14,246, slaves. 
 
 Fairfield, a county in the S. central part 
 of Ohio, has an area of 490 square miles. It 
 is drained by the head streams of the Hock- 
 hocking river, and by Little Walnut and Rush 
 creeks. The southern part is hilly, and the 
 remainder undulating or level ; the soil is 
 generally excellent, and well cultivated. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and live 
 stock are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 1,574,971 bushels of corn ; 274,903 
 of wheat; 193,395 of oats; 22,188 tons of 
 hay, and 579,352 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 93 churches, 5 newspaper offices, and 
 6140 pupils attending public schools. The 
 
 Y 
 
 county contains quarries of limestone and 
 freestone, which furnish good materials for 
 building. It is intersected by the Ohio canal, 
 and by the Hocking canal ; also by the Zanes- 
 ville and Cincinnati railroad, not yet com- 
 pleted. Capital, Lancaster. Population, 
 30,264. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, on the W. side of the Kennebec. 
 25 miles N. by E. from Augusta. Pop., 2452. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, 45 miles N. W. of Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 2591. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-village, port of entry, 
 and semi-capital of Fairfield county, Connec- 
 ticut, on the New York and New Haven rail- 
 road, 22 miles S. W. from New Haven. It is 
 built principally on one street, with a square 
 in the centre, and contains the county build- 
 ings and several fine schools. Black Rock 
 harbor, 1-^- mile S. E. from the court house, 
 is one of the best on the sound, having a 
 depth of 19 feet. The shipping of the port, 
 June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 757|| tons registered, and 24,508|-| tons 
 enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 23,856|| 
 tons were employed in the coast trade. The 
 foreign arrivals for the year were 33 — tons, 
 4018. The clearances for foreign ports 
 were 31 — tons, 3548, of which 2872 were in 
 foreign bottoms. During the year 1 ship of 
 327 II tons burthen was admeasured. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 3614. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-township of Herkimer 
 county, New York, 16 miles E, from Utica. 
 Population, 1646. 
 
 Fairfield, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship about 70 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 
 It contains several churches, and perhaps 
 350 inhabitants. 
 
 Fairfield, a township of Cumberland coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, 7 miles S. from Bridgeton. 
 
 Fairfield, a small village of Essex coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, 11 miles N. W. from Newark. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-village of Adams co., 
 Pa., 42 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Fairfield, a township of Crawford county, 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. E. from Meadville. 
 Population, 1224. 
 
 Fairfield, a village of Huntingdon coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on Shaver's creek, about 
 100 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Fairfield, a township of Lycoming coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the West Branch of the 
 Susquehanna. Population, 1318. 
 
 Fairfield, a township forming the eastern 
 extremity of Westmoreland county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Conemaugh river. Pop., 2576. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-village of Rockbridge 
 county, Virginia, 144 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond, has 2 churches. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-office of Hyde co., N. C. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-office of Putnam co., Ga. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-village in Pickens coun- 
 ty, Alabama, on the Tombigbee river, about 
 50 miles W. by 8. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 369 
 
FAI 
 
 FAI 
 
 FAiRriELD, a post-office of Freestone coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-village in Bedford coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-village of Nelson county, 
 Kentucky, 10 miles N. E. from Bardstown, 
 contains 1 church. Population, 250. 
 
 Fairfield, a township in the S. part of 
 Butler county, Ohio. Population, 2771. 
 
 Fairfield, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Columbiana county, Ohio. Population, 2385. 
 
 Fairfield, a village in the above township, 
 about 160 miles N. E. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, about 300. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-township of Greene coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 432. 
 
 Fairfield, a thriving post-villagft in Bath 
 township, Greene county, Ohio, on the Day- 
 ton and Springfield railroad, 64 miles N. N. 
 E. from Cincinnati. It contains 4 churches, 
 
 1 academy, and over 400 inhabitants. 
 Fairfield, a township in the N. part of 
 
 Highland county, Ohio. Population, 3174. 
 
 Fairfield, a township in the S. central 
 part of Huron county, Ohio. Pop., 1594. 
 
 Fairfield, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Madison co., Ohio. Population, 623. 
 
 Fairfield, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Population, 871. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Lenawee county, Michigan. Pop., 1327. 
 
 Fairfield, a township in De Kalb county, 
 Indiana. Population, 576. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-township in Franklin 
 county, Indiana. Population, 910. 
 
 Fairfield, a flourishing post-village of 
 Franklin co., Indiana, on the E. fork of White- 
 water river, 48 miles N. W. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Fairfield, a township in Tippecanoe coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 1313. 
 
 Fairfield, asmallvillageof Bureau co.. 111. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-village, capital of Wayne 
 county, Illinois, 150 miles S. S. E. from 
 Springfield. It contains a handsome court 
 house, and several stores. The plank-road 
 which connects Graysville with Albion is to 
 be extended to Fairfield. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-village in Benton coun- 
 ty, Missouri, on Pomme de Terre river, about 
 100 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Fairfield, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Jefferson county, Iowa, on Big Cedar 
 creek, about 50 miles W. by N. from Burling- 
 ton. A plank-road has been commenced be- 
 tween this point and Burlington ; and a rail- 
 road has been projected which will connect 
 it with Keokuk. Fairfield is one of the most 
 important towns in the interior of the state, 
 and is the centre of an active trade. It has 
 
 2 newspaper offices, a United States land- 
 office, a female seminary, and a college esta- 
 blished by the state. Population in 1863, 
 estimated at 1500. 
 
 Fairfield, a township in the central part 
 of Dodge county, Wisconsin. Pop., 1143. 
 Fairfield, a post-village on the line be- 
 870 
 
 tween Rock and Walworth counties. The 
 post-office is in Walworth. 
 
 Fairfield, a post-office of Marion co., Ogn. 
 
 Fairfield Centre, a post-office of De Kalb 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Fairfield Corners, a post-village in So- 
 merset county, Maine, on the Kennebec 
 river, 22 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 
 
 Fair Forest, a post-office of Union co., S.C. 
 
 Fair Forest, a post-office of Desha co., Ark. 
 
 Fair Garden, a post-office of Sevier coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Fair Grove, a post-office of Davidson 
 county, N. C, 96 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Fair Hayen, a post-township of Rutland 
 county, Vermont, 55 miles S. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 902. 
 
 Fair Haven, a post-township of Bristol 
 CO., Mass., on the Atlantic, 50 miles S. byE. 
 from Boston, contains 1 bank. It is extensively 
 engaged in the whale fishery. Pop., 4304. 
 
 Fair Haven, a flourishing post-village of 
 New Haven county, Connecticut, is situated 
 on the New Haven and New London railroad, 
 and on both sides of the Quinnepiac river, 
 which forms the dividing line between the 
 townships of New Haven and East Haven, 2 
 miles E. from the public square of the former. 
 The passage of the river for ordinary travel is 
 by a wooden bridge, about 300 yards in length, 
 and for the railroad cars by a massive frame 
 structure, supported by piers and braces, at 
 an elevation of about 40 feet above the sur- 
 face of the water. Most of that part of the 
 village on the right bank of the Quinnepiac is 
 built on a beautiful plain, which extends to 
 West river, beyond New Haven. The streets 
 are regularly laid out, intersecting each other 
 at right angles, and the dwellings are usually 
 surrounded with highly ornamented grounds. 
 The left bank rises gradually to an elevation 
 of 100 or 150 feet, affording delightful sites 
 for residences. The view of the river and bay, 
 with the shipping, New Haven, and the bold 
 outline of hills towards the N., commanded 
 from this eminence, is of surpassing beauty. 
 About 40 vessels are owned in Fair Haven. 
 It is stated that 800,000 kegs of oysters are 
 annually exported to different parts of the 
 United States. They are taken in the Dela- 
 ware and Chesapeake bays, and brought here 
 during the winter season to be opened. The 
 village contains 5 churches, one a beautiful 
 edifice, completed about a year since, 2 ho- 
 tels, and several stores. A large church 
 (Congregational) is now in process of erec- 
 tion. Population in 1853, estimated by a cor- 
 respondent at 3000. 
 
 Fair Haven, a post-office of Cayuga county, 
 New York. 
 
 Fair Haven, a thriving post-village of 
 Preble county, Ohio, on Four Mile creek, 42 
 miles N. N. W. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Fair Haven, a small post-village of Car- 
 roll county, Illinois, 8 miles S. S. E. from 
 Mount Carroll, the county seat. 
 
FAI 
 
 FAI 
 
 Fair Hill, a small post-village of Cecil 
 CO., Md., 7 or 8 miles N. from Elkton. 
 
 Faik Hill, apost-ofBce of Marshall cc, Va. 
 
 Fair Land, a post-office of Livingston co .Mo. 
 
 Fairlee, a post-township of Orange co.,Vt., 
 on the Connecticut and Pasumpsic Rivers rail- 
 road, 30 miles S.W. of Montpelier. Pop., 575. 
 
 Fairmont, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Marion county, Virginia, on the W. bank of 
 the Monongahela river, and on the Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad, 310 miles N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. The river is navigable by steamboats 
 from this point downward. A magnificent 
 wire suspension-bridge across the river con- 
 nects the village with Palatine. A newspaper 
 is published here. The village contains one 
 bank. Pop. in 1858, about 1200. 
 
 Fairmont, a post-office of Clark co., Mo. 
 
 Fairmount, a post-office of Onondaga 
 county. New York. 
 
 Fairmount, a post-office of Hunterdon 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Fairmount, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fairmount, a post-township of Luzerne 
 county, Pennsylvania, 22 miles W. from 
 Wilkesbarre. Population, 958. 
 
 Fairmount, a post-office of Cass county, 
 Georgia, 140 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Fairmount, a post-office of Smith co.. Miss. 
 
 Fairmount, a post-village of Miama co., 0. 
 
 Fairmount Springs, a post-office of Lu- 
 zerne county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fairplains, a post-office of Montcalm 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Fairplat, a post-village of Morgan coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 115 miles W. from Augusta. 
 
 Fairplay, a post-office of Benton co., Ala. 
 
 Fairplat, a post-office of Panola co., Tex. 
 
 Fairplay, a small post- village of Hot Spring 
 CO., Ark., a few miles N. E. from Rockport. 
 
 Fairplay, a post-township in Greene coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 447. 
 
 Fairplat, a post-village of Greene coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the W. fork of White river, 
 75 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Fairplay, a post-office of Polk co.. Mo. 
 
 Fairplay, a post- village of Grant county, 
 Wisconsin, 12 miles N. N. W. from Galena. 
 It has 2 churches and about 100 dwellings. 
 
 Fairpoint, a post-office of Cooper co., Mo. 
 
 Fairport, usually called Horsehbads, a 
 post-village of Elmira township, Chemung co., 
 N. Y., on the Chemung canal, 6 miles above El- 
 mira, has 2 or 3 churches, and numerous ware- 
 houses. Pop., about 1000. See Horseheads. 
 
 Fairport, a post-village of Lake county, 
 Ohio, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Grand 
 river, about 165 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 It has a commodious harbor and a lighthouse. 
 
 Fairport, a post-village in Muscatine 
 county, Iowa, on the W. bank of the Alissis- 
 sippi river, 40 miles E. S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Fairton, a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., New Jersey, 4 miles S. from Bridgeton. 
 It has 1 or 2 churches, and about 50 dwellings. 
 
 Fairview, a small post-village of Cattarau- 
 gus county, New York, about 45 miles S. E. 
 froto Buffalo. 
 
 Fairview, New Jersey. See Quakertown. 
 
 Fairview, a post-village of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of 
 Alleghany river, 10 miles N. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. The name of the post-office is Houston. 
 
 Fairview, a small village of Beaver co., Pa. 
 about 40 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Fairview, a township of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania, 11 miles N. E. from Butler. 
 Population, 1078. 
 
 Fairview, a small village of Butler co.. 
 Pa., 14 miles N. E. from Butler. 
 
 Fairview, a village of Cumberland county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of the Susque- 
 hanna river, nearly opposite Harrisburg. 
 
 Fairview, a post-township of Erie county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Lake Ei-ie, intersected by 
 the Erie and Cleveland railroad. Pop., 1760. 
 
 Fairview, a post-village in the above 
 township, 12 miles S. W. from Erie. Popu- 
 lation, about 200. 
 
 Fairview, a township forming the northern 
 extremity of York county, Pennsylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna river. Population, 2138. 
 
 Fairview, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Fairview, a thriving post-village of Han-. 
 cock county, Virginia, is situated 2 miles 
 from the Ohio river, and 36 miles N. from 
 Wheeling. 
 
 Fairview, a post-village in Buncombe 
 county, N. C, 240 miles N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Fairview, a post- village in Greenville 
 dis., S. C, 80 miles N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Fairview, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Ga., about 100 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Fairview, a post-office of Dallas co.. Ark. 
 
 Fairview, a post-office of Marion county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Fairview, a post-village of Todd county, 
 Kentucky, 190 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Fairview, a j)ost-village of Guernsey 
 county, Ohio, on the National road, 44 miles 
 E. by N. from Zanesville. It contains several 
 churches, and from 400 to 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Fairview, a village of Fayette county, In- 
 diana, 50 miles E. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Fairview, a thriving post-village of Ran- 
 dolph county, Indiana, on the Mississinewa 
 river, about 75 miles N. E. from Indiojiapolis. 
 
 Fairview, a post-township in Fulton county, 
 Illinois. Population, 1047. 
 
 Fairview, a post-village of Fulton county, 
 Illinois, 75 miles N. N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Fairview, a post- village of Pettis co., Mis- 
 souri, 76 miles W. by N. from Jeiferson City. 
 
 Fairview, a small post-village of Jones 
 county, Iowa, on or near the Wapsipinicou 
 river, 33 miles N. N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Fairview Village, a post-office of Mont 
 gomery county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fairville, a post- village of Wayne county, 
 New York, 30 miles E. from Rochester. 
 
 371 
 
FAI 
 
 FAL 
 
 Fairvillb, a post-office of Chester co., Pa. 
 
 Fairwatee, a post-office of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Fairweather, a post-office of Adams co.,Ill. 
 
 Fair-wtsather's Island, at the entrance 
 of Black Rock harbor, Connecticut. On it is 
 a light 45 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lat. 41° 8' 24" N., Ion. 73° 13' 30" W. 
 
 Faison's Depot, a post-village of Duplin 
 county. North Carolina, on the railroad 
 from Weldon to Wilmington, 63 miles N. from 
 the latter. 
 
 Falcon, a post-office of Lafayette co.. Ark. 
 
 Falconer, a post-office of Chautauque 
 county. New York. 
 
 Falkland, a post-office of Pitt co., N. C. 
 
 Falkner's Island, of Guilford Harbor, 
 Connecticut. It contains a fixed light 75 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 12' 36" 
 N., Ion. 72° 39' 42" W. 
 
 Fallasburg, a post-office of Kent co., Mich. 
 
 Fall Branch, a small village of Sullivan 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Fall Creek, of Indiana, rises in Henry 
 county, and after a course of about 75 miles, 
 falls into White river, just above Indian- 
 apolis. It is a valuable stream for mills. 
 
 Fall Creek, a post-office of Early co., Ga. 
 
 Fall Creek, a township in Hamilton 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1240. 
 
 Fall Creek, a township in Henry county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1054. 
 
 Fall Creek, a township in Madison county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1553. 
 
 Fall Creek a post-office of Marion co., Ind. 
 
 Fall Creek, a township in Adams county, 
 Illinois. Population, 944. 
 
 Fallen Timber, a post-office of Cambria 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Falling Bridge, a post-office of Campbell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Falling Creek, a post-office of Wayne 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Falling River, a small stream in the S. 
 part of Virginia, rises in Campbell county, 
 and flows into the Staunton or Roanoke river, 
 near the S. E. extremity of the county. 
 
 Falling Spring, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Falling Spring, a post-office of Clark 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Falling Water, a small village of White 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Falling Water Creek, in the E. central 
 part of Tennessee, flows S. W. through AVhite 
 county, into the Caney fork of Cumberland 
 river. 
 
 Falling Waters, a post-village of Berkley 
 county, Virginia, on the Potomac river, 188 
 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 Fallowfield, a township of Crawford 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 12 miles S. W. 
 from Meadville. Population, 654. 
 
 Fallowfield, a township of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela 
 river, 24 miles S. from Pittsburg, Pop., 1132. 
 
 Fall River, of Iowa, rises near the E. 
 border of Delaware county, and flowing south- 
 eastward, enters the Makoqueta river, in 
 Jackson county. 
 
 Fall River, an important manufacturing 
 post-town and port of entry of Bristol county, 
 Massachusetts, at the entrance of Taunton 
 river into Mount Hope bay, the eastern arm 
 of Narraganset bay, and at the terminus of 
 the Boston and Fall River railroad, 53 miles 
 S. S. W. from Boston. It has a fine situation 
 on elevated ground, and enjoys superior ad- 
 vantages for manufacturing : a stream, the 
 outlet of Watuppa ponds, uniting with the 
 Taunton at its mouth, furnishes a never-failing 
 hydraulic power. The town is well built, 
 much of it of granite which is obtained in 
 large quantities from quarries in the vicinity, 
 and contains 10 or 12 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices, 2 banks, a fine granite building oc- 
 cupied as a market house and town hall, and 
 several flourishing schools. The streets 
 are handsomely adorned with shade-trees, 
 which, during the summer months, add much 
 to the comfort and beauty of the place. 
 Fall river, from which the town derives its 
 name, is about 2 miles in length, the greater 
 part of which distance it flows over a rocky 
 bed, between high banks, and in the last half 
 mile of its course has a descent of about 130 
 feet. This portion of it is occupied with 
 extensive manufactories, generally with a 
 separate dam each, either extending partially 
 or entirely across the stream ; and so rapidly 
 do they succeed each other that there is 
 scarcely room between the buildings to admit 
 air and light. About 50,000 spindles are 
 employed in the production of cotton fabrics, 
 of which nearly 20,000,000 yards are an- 
 nually turned out. The most extensive 
 establishment in the place is for the manu- 
 facture of iron rods, hoops, castings, &c., the 
 machinei'y for which is propelled by steam. 
 The company employ about 500 hands, and 
 use nearly 12,000 tons of iron annually. 
 Woollen goods, machinery, and sperm oil are 
 also largely produced. Fall river enjoys 
 excellent advantages for commerce. Its 
 harbor is safe, capacious, easy of access, and 
 of sufficient depth to admit vessels of the 
 largest class. The shipping of the port, 
 June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 3808ff tons registered, and ll,375if tons 
 enrolled and licensed. Of the former, 856|| 
 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, 
 and of the latter, 4826i| tons in steam navi- 
 gation; (none in the coder mackerel fisheries.) 
 The foreign arrivals for the year were 23, 
 (tons, 4023,) 14 of which (tons, 2808) were 
 of American vessels. The clearances for 
 foreign ports were 12, (tons, 1966,) of which 
 only 751 tons were in American bottoms. Dur- 
 ing the same year 12 vessels, (4 of them 
 ships,) with an aggregate burthen of 4227 
 tons, were admeasured. July 2d, 1843, Fall 
 river was visited by a destructive conflDgra- 
 
FAL 
 
 FAR 
 
 tion, in which about 200 buildings, including 
 several churches and manufactories, were 
 consumed. The loss of property was esti- 
 mated at upwards of $500,000. Population 
 of the township, 11,524. 
 
 Fall Ritek, a post-village of Columbia 
 county, Wisconsin, on Crawfish river, 25 
 miles N. E. from Madison. It has good 
 water-power with several mills, and about 
 35 dwellings. 
 
 Falls, a new county in the E. central part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 950 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Brazos river, and 
 also drained by Elm and Big creeks. The 
 soil produces cotton, Indian corn and grass. 
 This county is not included in the census of 
 1850. Capital, Milam. 
 
 Falls, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on 
 the Delaware river, 26 miles E. N. E. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 1788. 
 
 Falls, a post-township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Wyoming county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the N. branch of the Susquehanna river. 
 Population, 798. 
 
 Falls, a post-office of Lincoln county. North 
 Carolina, 191 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Falls, a post-township in the central part 
 of Hocking county, Ohio, on both sides of 
 Licking river. Population, 1744. 
 
 Falls, a township in Muskingum county, 
 Ohio. Population, 2123. 
 
 Fall's Bridge, a small village in Canaan 
 township, Litchfield county, Connecticut, 
 about 35 miles N. W. by W. from Hartford. 
 
 Fallsburg, a post-township of Sullivan 
 county, New York, with a village of same 
 name, about 95 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 2626. 
 
 Fallsburg, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Licking county, Ohio. 
 Population, 1206. 
 
 Falls Church, a post-office of Fairfax 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Fallsington, a post-borough of Falls 
 township, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 25 
 miles E. N. E. from Philadelphia. Popula- 
 tion, 234. 
 
 Fall's Mills, apost-office of Cabell co.,Va. 
 
 Falls of Blaine, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Falls of Rough, a post-office of Grayson 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Falls of Schuylkill, a post-village of 
 Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, is beau- 
 tifully situated on the Schuylkill river, 5 
 miles above Philadelphia. Here is an ex- 
 tensive manufactory of sulphuric acid and 
 other chemicals. 
 
 Falls of St. Croix. See St. Croix Falls. 
 
 Fallston, a thriving post-borough of Bea- 
 ver county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank 
 of Beaver river, about 2 miles from its mouth, 
 and 30 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. The falls 
 of the river at this place produce motive- 
 power for mills and factories of various kinds. 
 
 A bridge across the river connects the borough 
 with New Brighton. Population in 1 850, 57 1 . 
 
 Fallston, a post-office of Harford co., Md. 
 
 Fallstown, a post-village in Iredell co. ,N. C. 
 
 Falls Village, a post-village in Litchfield 
 CO., Conn., on the Housatonic railroad, 45 
 miles W. N. W. from Hartford, has a bank. 
 
 Falmouth, a post-township of Cumberland 
 CO., Me., on the Kennebec and Portland rail- 
 road, 54 miles S.S.W. from Augusta. Pop. 2157. 
 
 Falmouth, a post-township of Barnstable 
 county, Massachusetts, on the N. side of 
 Vineyard sound, 70 miles S. S. E. from Bos- 
 ton. It contains 1 bank. Pop., 2621. 
 
 Falmouth, a post-village of Stafford coun- 
 ty, Virginia, on the Rappahannock river, 66 
 miles N. from Richmond, is the largest village 
 in the county. The water-power of the river 
 is employed in 2 cotton factories and 2 flour- 
 ing mills. 
 
 Falmouth, a post-village, capital of Pen- 
 dleton county, Kentucky, on the Licking 
 river, at the junction with its South branch, 
 and on the Covington and Lexington railroad, 
 60 miles N. E. from Frankfort. It is situ- 
 ated on a beautiful plain, and surrounded by 
 heights which command an extensive view. 
 It has 4 churches, and a woollen factory. 
 
 Falmouth, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Ind., about 50 miles E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Fajie, a post-office of Choctaw co.. Miss. 
 
 Fancy Bluff, a post-office of Glynn co., Ga. 
 
 Fancy Farm, a post-office of Graves co., Ky. 
 
 FancyGrove, apost-office of Bedford CO. Va. 
 
 Fancy Hill, a post-office of Rockbridge 
 county, Virginia, 164 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Fancy Hill, apost-office of Iredell co., N.C. 
 
 Fancy Hill, apost-office of Murray co., Ga. 
 
 Fannett, a township forming the northern 
 extremity of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, 
 18 miles N. from Chambersburg. Pop., 1970. 
 
 Fannettsburg, a post-village of Metal 
 township, Franklin county, Pennsylvania, in 
 Path valley, 17 miles N. W. from Chambers- 
 burg. Population, about 250. 
 
 Fannin, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on Red river, which sepa- 
 rates it from the Indian territory, contains 
 about 930 square miles. It is drained by 
 Sulphur fork of Red river, and Bois d'Arc 
 creek. The surface consists mostly of prairie ; 
 the soil is remarkably fertile. Indian corn, 
 cotton, grass, cattle, and horses are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 the county produced 117,462 
 bushels of corn ; 374 bales of cotton, and 
 96,224 pounds of butter. It contained 1 
 newspaper office, and 273 pupils attending 
 public schools. Named in honor of Colonel 
 James W. Fannin, killed at Goliad. Capital, 
 Bonham. Population, 3788, of whom 3260 
 were free, and 528, slaves. 
 
 Fannin's Defeat, a post-office of Goliad 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Farallones de los Frayles, fa-ril-yo'nS3 
 di loce fri'lSs, a group of small islands on 
 the coast of California, consisting of the 
 
 373 
 
FAR 
 
 FAR 
 
 North, Middle, and South Farallon, (fa-ral- 
 yon'.) The first named is situated 32 miles 
 due W. from the entrance to San Francisco 
 bay. These islands extend in a direction 
 very nearly parallel with the coast, their ex- 
 treme points being about 12 miles apart. 
 They serve as landmarks for navigators in 
 approaching San Francisco bay. Farallon 
 is a Spanish word signifying a "small 
 pointed island." The whole name may be 
 translated "Friars' Islands." 
 
 Faeley, a post-office of Culpepper co., Va. 
 
 Faklet, a pos^t-office of Platte co.. Mo. 
 
 Faklow's Grove, a post-village of Mercer 
 CO., 111., 20 miles E. N. E. from Keithsburg. 
 
 Farmer, a post-ofSce of Seneca co., N. Y. 
 
 Farmer, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Defiance county, Ohio. Population, 894. 
 
 Farmer, a small post-village of Defiance 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Farmer's, a post-office of York co.. Pa. 
 
 Farmer's, a post-office of Meriwether 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Farmer's, a post-office of Fleming co., Ky. 
 
 Farmer's, apost-officeof Koscuiskoco.,Ind. 
 
 Farmers and Mechanics' Mills, a post- 
 office of Jackson county, Georgia. 
 
 Farmer's Branch, a post-office of Dallas 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Farmersburg, a small post-village of Clay- 
 ton county, Iowa. 
 
 Farmer's Creek, a post-office of Lapeer 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Farmer's Creek, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Farmer's Farm, a post-office of Iroquois 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Farmer's Grove, a post-office of South- 
 ampton county, Virginia. 
 
 Farmer's Grove, a post-office of Green 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Farmer's Hall, a post-village of Knox co., 
 Illinois, 50 miles W. N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 Farmer's Hill, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county. New York. 
 
 Farmer's Mills, a post-village of Putnam 
 co.,N.Y.,85 miles S. by E.Albany, has 1 bank. 
 
 Farmer's Retreat, a post-office of Dear- 
 born county, Indiana. 
 
 Farmer's Valley, a post-office of McKean 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Farmbrsville, a post-township of Catta- 
 raugus county. New York. Population, 1554. 
 
 Farmbrsville, a post-village in the above 
 township, 45 miles S. E. from Buifalo. 
 
 Farmersville, a neat village of Covert 
 township, Seneca county. New York, 6 miles 
 S. E. from Ovid, and about 2 miles W. from 
 Cayuga lake. It contains 2 churches, 5 stores, 
 and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Farmersville, a post-village of Meriwe- 
 ther county, Georgia, about 100 miles W. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Farmersvjlle, a post-office of Lowndes 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Farmersville, a neat and thriving post- 
 374 
 
 village, capital of Union parish, Louisiana, 
 is situated on the top of a hill, 1 mile from 
 the River d'Arbonne, and 290 miles by wa- 
 ter N. N. W. from Baton Ptouge. The navi- 
 gation of the river has recently been im- 
 proved, so that steamers can ascend from the 
 Mississippi as far as this village. 
 
 Farmersville, a post-office of Caldwell 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Farmersville, a small village of Lincoln 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Farmersville, a village of Holmes county, 
 Ohio, about 11 miles S. E. from Millersburg. 
 
 Farmersville, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mery county, Ohio, 80 miles W. by S. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 FARMERSviLLE,a post-office of Posey co.Iud. 
 
 Farmersville, a township in the N. W. 
 part of Dane county, Wisconsin. Pop., 206. 
 
 Farmersville, a post-office of Dodge coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Farmerville, a small village of Union 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Farm Hill, a post-office of Poinsett co.,Ark. 
 
 Farmingdale, a post-office of Kennebec 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Farmingdale, a post-village and railroad 
 station of Queen's co.. New York, on the Long 
 Island railroad, 81 miles E. from New York. 
 
 Farmingham, a post-office of Orleans coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Farmington, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Maine, 30 miles N. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 2725. It contains a village of its 
 own name. 
 
 Farmington, a post-township of Strafi'ord 
 CO., N. H., on the Cocheco railroad, 25 miles 
 E. N. E. from Concord. In this township, 
 there is a rock from 60 to 80 tons in weight, 
 so accurately poised that it may be made to 
 vibrate by the hand. Population, 1699. 
 
 Farmington, a post-township of Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut, 10 miles W. by S. from Hart- 
 ford, on the New Haven and Northampton rail- 
 road. Round Hill, in this place, is regarded 
 as a great natural curiosity. Pop., 2630. 
 
 Farmington, a post-township of Ontario 
 county. New York, 20 miles S. E. from Ro- 
 chester. It is intersected by the Rochester 
 and Auburn railroad. Population, 1876. 
 
 Farjiington, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Clarion county, Pennsylvania, 
 on Clarion river. Population, 1124. 
 
 Farmington, a small post-village of Fa- 
 yette county, Pennsylvania, on the National 
 road, about 66 miles S. S. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Farmington, a township of Tioga county, 
 Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. from Wellsborough. 
 Population, 903. 
 
 Farmington, a post-village of Marion co., 
 Virginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 
 
 Farmington, a post-village in Davie co.. 
 North Carolina, 120 miles W./rom Raleigh. 
 
 Farmington, a post-village in Clarke 
 county, Georgia, 55 miles N. N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
FAR 
 
 FAU 
 
 Farmington, a post-village of Tishemingo 
 county, Mississippi, 262 miles N. N. E. from 
 Jackson, contains 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 Faemington, a post-office of Sevier co.,Ark. 
 
 Faemington, a post-village of Marshall 
 CO., Tennessee, 50 miles S. from Nashville. 
 
 Faemington, a small post-village of Graves 
 CO., Kentucky, 11 miles S. S. E. from Mayfield. 
 
 Faemington, a small village of Belmont 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Faemington, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Trumbull county, Ohio. Pop., 1283. 
 
 Faemington, a post-township in the south 
 part of Oakland county, Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 1844. 
 
 Faemington, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Power's creek, about 20 miles 
 N. W. from Detroit. The plank-road from 
 Detroit to Lansing passes through or near it. 
 The village has an active trade, and contains 
 several flouring and saw mills. 
 
 Faemington, a small villlage of Hamilton 
 county, Indiana, about 26 miles N. by E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Faemington, a post-office of Rush co., Ind. 
 
 Faemington, a post-township in Fulton 
 county, Illinois. Population, 1420. 
 
 Faemington, a beautiful post-village of 
 Fulton county, Illinois, near the Peoria and 
 Oquawka railroad, 24 miles W. from Peoria. 
 It is situated in an undulating, fertile coun- 
 try, which is finely diversified by woodlands 
 and prairies. 
 
 Faemington, a post-village, capital of St. 
 Francis county, Missouri, 140 miles E. S. E. 
 from Jefi"erson City. It has a court house, 
 several churches, and a number of stores. 
 Mines of iron and lead are opened in the 
 county. 
 
 Faemington, a thriving post- village of Van 
 Buren county, Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 
 about 30 miles N. W. from Keokuk, with 
 which it is connected by a plank-road. It is 
 the oldest village in the county, and is a 
 shipping point for the produce of the vicinity. 
 
 Faemington, a post-village of Jefl"erson 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Faemington, a township in the northern part 
 of Washington county, Wisconsin. Pop., 504. 
 
 Faemington Centeb, a village in Farming- 
 ton township, Franklin county, Maine, on 
 the Sandy river, about 27 miles N. W. of 
 Augusta. It contains a court house, a jail, 
 3 taverns, and 3 churches. 
 
 Faebungton Falls, a thriving post-village 
 in Farmington township, Franklin county, 
 Maine, on Sandy river, about 28 miles N. W. 
 of Augusta. It contains 2 saw mills, 1 flour 
 mill, 1 church, and 4 stores. 
 
 Faemington Rivee, is formed in Litchfield 
 county, in the north-western part of Connec- 
 ticut, and flowing in a winding course, falls 
 into the Connecticut in Hartford county, a 
 few miles above Hartford. The New Haven 
 and Farmington canal follows the course of 
 this river for about 16 miles. Branches. — 
 
 The West branch rises in Berkshire coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, and unites with West 
 creek to form the Farmington river. The 
 East branch rises in Hampden county, Mas- 
 sachusetts, and unites with the West branch 
 in Connecticut. 
 
 Fakmland, Indiana. See Faemville. 
 
 Faem Ridge, a post-village of La Salle 
 county, Illinois, 55 miles N. E. of Peoria. 
 
 Faemville, a post-village of Prince Ed- 
 ward county, Virginia, is finely situated on 
 the Appomatox river, 68 miles W. S. W. from 
 Richmond. The South side railroad connects 
 it with Petersburg and Richmond. The river 
 is navigable for batteaus from this place to 
 its mouth, and the village has an active trade. 
 Farmville contains 3 churches, 1 bank, 1 
 newspaper office, and several tobacco facto- 
 ries. Population, in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Faemville, or Faejiland, a small village 
 and railroad station of Randolph county, 
 Indiana, on the Indianapolis and Bellefon- 
 taine railroad, 8 miles W. from Winchester. 
 
 Faknham, a thriving village of Richmond 
 county, Virgina, 5 miles from the Rappahan- 
 nock river. 
 
 Faenumsville, a post-village in Worcester 
 CO., Mass., 60 miles W. S. W. from Boston. 
 
 Fareandsville, a post-village of Clinton 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the West branch of 
 the Susquehanna river, 8 miles above Lock 
 Haven. 
 
 Faeeell Place, a post-village of Clinton 
 county. New York. 
 
 Faeeioeville, a post-office of Pike county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Faeeowsville, a small post-village of Fau- 
 quier county, Virginia, 130 miles N. by W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Fae West, a post-office of Johnson county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Fae West, a post-village of Caldwell coun- 
 ty, Missouri, near Shoal creek, 150 miles 
 N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Faucett's Stobe, a post-office of Orange 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Fauquiee, a county in the north-eastern 
 part of Virginia, has an area of about 680 
 squ.are miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by 
 the Rappahannock, and its branch, the North 
 river, . and drained by Goose creek. The 
 Blue Ridge extends along the N. W. border ; 
 the surface is finely diversified, and the soil 
 is mostly very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 386,324 bushels of wheat ; 
 562,959 of Indian corn; 8523 tons of hay, 
 72,825 pounds of wool, and 210,711 pounds 
 of butter. There were 17 flour mills, 5 
 grist and plaster mills, 8 saw mills, 7 
 tanneries, and 1 woollen factorv. It con- 
 tained 35 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 
 601 pupils attending public schools, and 322 
 attending academies and other schools. Seve- 
 ral gold mines have been worked in the coun- 
 ty. It also contains valuable beds of mag- 
 
 375 
 
FAY 
 
 FAY 
 
 nesia and soapstone. The Rappahannock is 
 navigable by small boats. The county is 
 traversed by the Orange and Alexandria 
 railroad, and by the Manassa's Gap rail- 
 road. The illustrious John Marshall, chief- 
 justice of the United States, was born in this 
 county. Formed in 1769, and named in 
 honor of Francis Fauquier, at that time 
 governor of Virginia. Capital, Warrenton. 
 Population, 20,868, of whom 10,518 were 
 free, and 10,350, slaves. 
 
 Fauquier White Sulphur Springs, a post- 
 village of Fauquier county, Virginia, on the 
 Rappahannock river, 57 miles W. S. W. from 
 Washington, is a beautiful and popular place 
 of resort in summer. 
 
 Fausse Point, a post-office of St. Martin's 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Fausse RiviiiKE, a small village of Point 
 Coupee parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Fawn, or Fawn Grove, a township of York 
 county, Pennsylvania, 21 miles S. E. from 
 York. Population, 1043. 
 
 Fawn River, of Michigan, a small stream 
 ■which enters the St. .Joseph's at Constantine. 
 
 Fawn River, a post-township forming the 
 south-east extremity of St. Joseph county, 
 Michigan. Population, 472. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on Virginia, has an 
 area of 800 square miles. The Monongahela 
 river forms its entire boundary on the W. ; the 
 county is intersected by the Youghiogheny 
 river, and drained also by Redstone, Dun- 
 lap's, Indian, and Jacobs' creeks. The sur- 
 face is finely diversified. A mountain ridge, 
 called Laurel Hill, forms the eastern bound- 
 ary ; another, which is the most western 
 branch of the Alleghany chain, extends 
 across the middle of the county, under 
 the name of Chestnut Ridge : the land be- 
 tween these and the west border is roll- 
 ing. The soil of the north-western part is 
 very productive ; the other portions are 
 adapted to pasturage. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, cattle, and wool are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 696,092 bushels 
 of corn; 304,102 of wheat ; 506,335 of oats ; 
 22,096 tons of hay, and 553,555 pounds of 
 butter. There were 61 flour and grist mills, 
 31 saw mills, 4 iron foundries, 4 iron fur- 
 naces, 7 woollen factories, 8 manufactories 
 of glass, 3 of machinery, 7 of agricultural 
 implements, 12 of cabinet-ware, and 21 tan- 
 neries. It contained 84 churches, 10 news- 
 paper offices ; 8741 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 118 attending academies or other 
 schools. Iron ore and bituminous coal are 
 abundant. The Monongahela is navigated 
 by steamboats along the border. The county 
 is intersected by the National road. Organ- 
 ized in 1783, and named in honor of the 
 illustrious Marquis de Lafayette. Capital, 
 Uniontown. Population, 39,112. 
 
 Fayette, a county towards the W. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 770 square miles. 
 376 
 
 It is traversed by the Kanawha or New river, 
 bounded on the N. by Gauley river, and on 
 the N. E. by Meadow river. The county has a 
 mountainous surface, abounding in wild and 
 picturesque scenery. The principal eleva- 
 tions are Gauley and Sewell mountains. The 
 famous cliff called Marshall's Pillar rises 
 about 1000 feet above New river, a few miles 
 from the county seat. Several fertile pla- 
 teaus, or glades, destitute of timber, occur 
 among the highlands of this county. The 
 soil is generally good. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 111,064 bushels 
 of corn ; 8414 of wheat ; 56,037 of oats ; 950 
 tons of hay, and 56,409 pounds of butter. 
 There were 8 boat-yards, 1 wool-carding 
 mill, and 2 tanneries. It contained 6 
 churches, and 96 pupils attending public 
 schools. Iron ore is found. The New river 
 is a rapid stream, affording abundant water^ 
 power in this part of its course. The county 
 is intersected by the Covington and Ohio 
 railroad, (not yet finished.) Capital, Fay ette- 
 ville. Population, 3955, of whom 3799 were 
 free, and 156, slaves. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Georgia, has an area of 486 square 
 miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by Flint 
 river, which rises near the northern border, 
 and also drained by Whitewater, Line, and 
 Rose creeks. The surface is generally level ; 
 the soil is formed by the disintegration of 
 primary rocks, and is not the most fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 4253 bales of cotton; 318,113 
 bushels of corn; 34,365of oats ; and 54,456 of 
 sweet potatoes. There were 2 coach fac- 
 tories, and 1 cabinet-ware factory. It con- 
 tained 12 churches, and 300 pupils attending 
 public schools. Granite and iron are the 
 most valuable minerals of the county. It is 
 intersected by the Macon and Western, and 
 the Atlanta and La Grange railroads. Capi- 
 tal, Fayetteville. Population, 8709, of whom 
 6744 were free, and 1965, slaves. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Alabama, bordering on the Mississippi, has 
 an area of about 900 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Sipsey river and Luxapatilla 
 creek, affluents of Tombigbee river. The sur- 
 face is somewhat uneven, the soil fertile. 
 Indian corn and cotton are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 326,844 bushels 
 of corn; 65,931 of sweet potatoes, and 2920 
 bales of cotton. There were 12 flour and 
 grist mills, 6 saw mills, and 7 tanneries. It 
 contained 42 churches, and 689 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Fayette 
 Court House. Population, 9681, of whom 
 8460 were free, and 1221, slaves. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Texas, has an area of about 1050 
 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Colorado river. The surface is undulating : 
 
FAY 
 
 FAY 
 
 the soil is a black sandy loam, very fertile, 
 producing cotton, Indian corn, rice, and in- 
 digo. In 1850 this county yielded 116,030 
 bushels of corn ; 1194 bales of cotton ; 4830 
 pounds of tobacco, and 36,255 of butter. It 
 contained 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 270 pupils attending public schools. The 
 river is navigable for about 6 months in the 
 year, as high as the county seat. Some of the 
 streams furnish water-power. Coal mines 
 have been discovered. Capital, La Grange. 
 Population, 3756, of whom 2740 were free, 
 and 1016, slaves. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on the Mississippi, has 
 an area estimated at 550 square miles. It is 
 traversed by Loosahatchie and Wolf rivers. 
 The soil is very productive, and extensively 
 cultivated. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet po- 
 tatoes, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced a greater quantity of 
 sweet potatoes and cotton than any other 
 in the state : it yielded 28,302 bales of cotton ; 
 963,945 bushels of Indian corn; 113,595 of 
 ats; 111,697 of sweet potatoes, and 143,792 
 pounds of butter. It contained 50 churches, 
 816 pupils attending public schools, and 430 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 county is traversed by a railroad leading to 
 Memphis. Capital, Somerville. Pop., 26,719, 
 of whom 11,455 were free, and 15,264, slaves. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of Kentucky, has an area estimated at 300 
 square miles. The Kentucky river washes 
 its S. E. border ; it is drained by Hickman's 
 creek, and by the North and South branches 
 of Elkhorn river, which rise within its limits, 
 and though flowing in opposite directions, 
 afterwards unite with Kentucky river. The 
 surface is diversified by beautiful undula- 
 tions ; the soil is highly productive, and ex- 
 tensively cultivated. Hemp, Indian corn, 
 wheat, and oats are the staples. Large num- 
 bers of cattle, horses, and swine are also ex- 
 ported. In 1850 the county produced 2967 
 tons of hemp, (more than any other county in 
 the United States, except Platte county, Mis- 
 souri;) 1,579,598 bushels of corn; 73,074 of 
 wheat, and 169,667 of oats. It contained 27 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices; 794 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 881 attending 
 academies or other schools. The rock which 
 underlies the county is the blue or Trenton 
 limestone, a good material for building. The 
 Kentucky river is navigable by small steam- 
 boats in this part of its course. A railroad 
 has been opened from Louisville to Lexing- 
 ton, and others are in progress, which will 
 connect that city with Maysville, Covington, 
 and other places. In respect to population 
 and wealth, Fayette is the second county in 
 the state. Capital, Lexington. Pop., 22,735, 
 of whom 11,846 were free, and 10,889, slaves. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Ohio, has an area of 414 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Paint and Deer 
 
 creeks, and also drained by the North fork 
 and Rattlesnake fork of the first-named 
 creek. The surface in the N. and W. is 
 nearly level, and in the S. gently undulating. 
 The soil is mostly a deep black loam, and 
 very productive. Wheat, Indian corn, and 
 grass are cultivated, and great numbers of 
 cattle and swine are exported. In 1850 the 
 county produced 1,177,815 bushels of corn; 
 46,958 of wheat; 14,283 tons of hay; 98,328 
 pounds of wool, and 186,812 of butter. It 
 contained 21 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 2090 pupils attending public schools. The 
 county is intersected by the Cincinnati, Wil- 
 mington, and Zanesville railroad, not yet 
 finished. Capital, Washington. Pop., 12,726. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Indiana, contains about 200 square miles. 
 It is drained by the W. fork of Whitewater 
 river. The surface varies from level to un- 
 dulating ; the soil is highly productive. Pro- 
 bably no county in the state is more highly 
 improved and densely peopled. Wheat, In- 
 dian corn, pork and cattle are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 945,614 bush- 
 els of corn; 93,469 of wheat; 43,538 of 
 oats, and 4691 tons of hay. It contained 27 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 2346 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 125 attending 
 academies or other schools. Limestone is 
 the most abundant rock. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Whitewater canal, which 
 affords a great water-power, and by the rail- 
 road which extends westward from Hamilton, 
 in Ohio. Organized in 1819. Capital,Conners- 
 ville. Population, 10,217. 
 
 Fayette, a county in the S. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 640 square miles. 
 The Kaskaskia river flows through the coun- 
 ty diagonally in a south-westerly direction, 
 receiving in its passage a number of creeks. 
 The surface is generally level, or slightly 
 undulating, diversified by prairies and by 
 forests of good timber ; the soil is produc- 
 tive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, 
 beans, cattle and swine, are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 398,765 bushels 
 of corn; 18,277 of wheat; 88,427 of oats, 
 and 146,188 pounds of butter. It contained 
 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 900 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. The streams 
 furnish motive-power for numerous mills. 
 TheCentral railroad of Illinois passes through 
 the county, and materially affects its pros- 
 perity. Fayette is one of the oldest coim- 
 ties of the state. Capital, Vandalia. Popu- 
 lation, 8075. 
 
 Fayette, a new county in the N. E. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. 
 The Turkey river, an affluent of the Missis- 
 sippi, is formed in the N. part by the union 
 of its two main branches, and then traverses 
 the N. E. part of the county ; the South fork 
 of the same stream drains the middle por- 
 tion ; the S. part is drained by Buffalo and 
 other creeks. The surface is undulating, 
 
 377 
 
FAY 
 
 FAY 
 
 and extensively covered vfith woods, among 
 which are scattered numerous fertile prai- 
 ries. The climate is healthful. In 1850, 
 Fayette county produced 5000 bushels of 
 Indian corn ; 485 of wheat, and 183 tons of 
 hay. The streams of this county are said to 
 afford extensive water-power. Capital, West 
 Union. Population, 825. 
 
 Fayette, a post-township of Kennebec 
 county, Maine, 16 miles W. N. W. from A^i- 
 gusta. Population, 1085. 
 
 Fayette, a village of Chautauqua county. 
 New York, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of 
 Silver creek, 31 miles S. W. from Buffalo. 
 
 Fayette, a village of Chenango co.. New 
 York, about 100 miles W. S. W. from Albany. 
 It has 2 churches, and several mills. 
 
 Fayette, a post-township of Seneca coun- 
 ty. New York, extending from the Cayuga to 
 the Seneca lake, 12 miles N. from Ovid. Po- 
 pulation, 3786. 
 
 Fayette, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pa. 
 
 Fayette, a former township of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania, now divided into N. 
 and S. Fayette. 
 
 Fayette, a township of Juniata co., Penn- 
 sjdvania, 35 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Fayette, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. 
 
 Fayette, a pleasant post-village, capital 
 of Jefferson county, Mississippi, about 30 
 miles E. N. E. from Natchez. It contains a 
 court house, 2 newspaper offices, and a num- 
 ber of stores. Pop. in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Fayette, a township forming the S. ex- 
 tremity of Lawrence county, Ohio, on the N. 
 side of the Ohio river. Population, 1111. 
 
 Fayette, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Hillsdale county, Michigan. Population, 895. 
 
 Fayette, a township in Vigo county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1340. 
 
 Fayette, a post-village in Greene county, 
 Illinois, 50 miles S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Fayette, a post-village, capital of Howard 
 county, Missouri, on Bonne Femme creek, 60 
 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. The Mis- 
 souri river approaches within 10 or 12 miles 
 of the village, at two nearly opposite points. 
 Coal and limestone are abundant in the vici- 
 nity. Fayette has 2 or 3 churches, a United 
 States land-office, an academy, a college, 
 a newspaper office and a bank. 
 
 Fayette, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 Lafayette county, Wisconsin. Pop., 753. 
 
 Fayette, a post-village of Lafayette coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, 50 miles S. W. from Madison, 
 contains 2 mills, 2 stores, and 30 dwellings. 
 
 Fayette Coenee, a small post-village of 
 Fayette county, Tennessee, 177 miles W. S. W. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Fayette Court House, Alabama. See 
 Fatetteville. 
 
 Fayette Court House, a post-village, 
 capital of Fayette county, Alabama, about 2 
 miles W. from Sipsey river, and 150 miles 
 N. AV. from Montgomery. It contains a 
 court house and a few stores. 
 378 
 
 Fayette Springs, a post-office of Fayette 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fayetteville, a post-village, capital of 
 Windham county, Vermont, about 100 miles 
 S. from Montpelier. 
 
 Fatetteville, a post-village in Manlius 
 township, Onondaga county. New York, near 
 the Erie canal, about 120 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. It contains churches of three 
 denominations, and an academy. 
 
 Fatetteville, a post-village of Franklin 
 county, Pennsylvania, 144 miles W. from 
 Philadelphia, contains about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Fatetteville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Fayette county, Virginia, 289 miles W. 
 from Richmond, and about 5 miles from New 
 river. A few miles from the village. New 
 river flows along the base of a remark- 
 able cliff or precipice of stupendous height, 
 known by the name of the " Hawk's Nest," 
 or Marshall's Pillar. Chief-justice Marshall 
 measured it with a line, and found the height 
 to be 1000 feet. 
 
 Fayetteville, a flourishing town, capital 
 of Cumberland county, North Carolina, is 
 situated on the left bank of Cape Fear river, 
 at the head of natural navigation, 60 miles 
 S from Raleigh, and 100 miles N. W. from Wil- 
 mington. The town is regularly laid out, 
 with streets of 100 feet in width. It is the 
 centre of an extensive trade, which is facili- 
 tated by plank-roads extending in various 
 directions. The adjoining country is partly 
 occupied by extensive forests of pine, which 
 supply important articles of export, in the 
 form of turpentine, tar, lumber, &c. The 
 navigation has lately been extended, by the 
 construction of locks and dams, as far as the 
 coal mines of Chatham county. The ample 
 water-power of the river is employed in ma- 
 nufactories of cotton and flour. Fayetteville 
 contains an arsenal of construction, a large 
 establishment enclosing about 50 acres, now 
 nearly completed; also 8 banks and 3 news- 
 paper offices. In 1831 a large part of the 
 town was destroyed by fire, and nearly 
 $100,000 were subscribed for the relief of 
 the sufferers by the citizens of this and other 
 states. The prosperity of the place has re- 
 cently been increased by the establishment 
 of distilleries of turpentine, and by the con- 
 struction of plank-roads. The aggregate 
 length of the latter, completed and in pro- 
 gress, is about 350 miles. Population in 1853, 
 about 7000. 
 
 Fatetteville, a post-village, capital of 
 Fayette county, Georgia, 25 miles S. from 
 Atlanta. It is pleasantly situated in the 
 midst of cotton plantations. It contains a 
 brick court house, 2 churches, 2 high schools, 
 a printing office, and a Masonic lodge. 
 
 Fayetteville, a post-village, capital of 
 Fayette county, Alabama, 145 miles N. W. 
 from Montgomery. 
 
 Fatetteville, a village in Talladega coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
FAY 
 
 EEN 
 
 Fatettetille, a post-village of Fayette 
 CO., Texas, a few miles S. E. from La Grange. 
 
 Fayettevillb, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of AVashington county, Arkansas, 200 
 miles N. AV. from Little Rock. It has an 
 elevated and highly picturesque situation, 
 and abounds with the finest springs of pure 
 cold water. It is the centre of an active trade, 
 and has 2 large and flourishing schools, one 
 for each sex. The Ozark Institute, 3 miles N. 
 W. from the village, is a prosperous academy 
 for boys, founded in 1845. Fayetteville con- 
 tains a United States land-office, 3 churches, 
 and a handsome court house. The current of 
 emigration is setting strongly towards this 
 part of the state. Pop., in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Fayetteville, a post-village, capital of 
 Lincoln county, Tennessee, on Elk river, 78 
 miles S. by E. from Nashville. It contains 
 a court house and a newspaper ofiice. 
 
 Fayetteville, a post-village of Brown co., 
 Ohio, on the E. fork of Little Miami river, 
 80 miles S. W. from Columbus. Pop., 318. 
 
 Fayetteville, a village of Fayette county, 
 Indiana, 48 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Fayetteville, a small post- village of Law- 
 rence county, Indiana, about 6 miles W. from 
 Bedford. 
 
 Fayetteville, a small post-village of St. 
 Clair county, Illinois, on the Kaskaskia 
 river, 14 miles S. E. from Belleville. 
 
 Fayston, a township of Washington county, 
 Vermont, 15 miles W. by S. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 684. 
 
 Faymouth, a township in Saginaw county, 
 Michigan. Population, 58. 
 
 Feaeing, a post-township in the central 
 part of Washington county, Ohio. Pop., 1254. 
 
 Feaen's Springs, a post-office of Winston 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Fbasterville, apost-ofiice of Bucks co., Pa. 
 
 Feasterville, a post-office of Fairfield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Feather Rivee, of California, rises in the 
 N. E. part of Butte county, and flowing first 
 in a S. W., and then in a S. S. W. course 
 through that county, after separating Sutter 
 from Yuba and Placer counties, falls into 
 the Sacramento river about 30 miles above 
 Sacramento City. The principal towns upon 
 its banks are Hamilton, Yuba City, Marys- 
 ville, and Vernon. Steamboats run regularly 
 between Marysville, the head of navigation 
 on this river, and San Francisco. Gold is 
 found in abundance on this stream. Branches. 
 — Middle fork rises in the N. E. part of Butte 
 county, among the hills at the foot of the 
 Sierra Nevada, and flowing in a general 
 S. W. course, unites with Feather river about 
 25 miles above Marysville. 
 
 Federal Point Lighthouse, on the N. 
 side of the entrance to Cape Fear river, 
 North Carolina. The light is elevated 48 feet 
 above the level of the sea. 
 
 Federalsburg, a post-village inCarolina co. 
 Maryland, 50 miles E. S. E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Fedeeal store, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county, New York. 
 
 Fedeealton, a post-village of Athens coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 90 miles S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Fee Fee, a post-village of St. Louis coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 16 miles N. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Feeding Hills, a post-ofiice of Hampden 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Feed Spring, a post-office of Harrison co.,0. 
 
 Feesburg, a post-village of Brown county, 
 Ohio, about 40 miles E. S. E. from Cincinnati. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 Felchville, a post-office of AVindsor co.,Vt. 
 
 Feliciana, a post-village in Graves county. 
 Kentucky, 250 miles W. S. AV. from Frankfort. 
 
 Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. See East 
 and West Feliciana. 
 
 Felicity, a thriving post-village of Frank- 
 lin township, Clermont county, Ohio, 4 miles 
 N. from the Ohio river, and 42 miles S. E. 
 from Cincinnati. It has several brick 
 churches. Population, about 600. 
 
 Felix, a post-office of AA'^ilson co., Tenn. 
 
 Felix, a post-village of Moniteaux county, 
 Missouri, 38 miles W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Fellowship, a post-office of Burlington 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Fellowsville, a small village of Preston 
 county, Virginia, on the turnpike from Win- 
 chester to Parkersburg. 
 
 Feltonsville, a post-village in Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Felt's, a post-office of Ingham co., Mich. 
 
 Felt's Mills, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., New York, 162 miles N. AV. from Albany. 
 
 Feltville, a post-office of Essex co., N. J. 
 
 Femme Osage, a post-village of St. Charles 
 CO., Missouri, 44 miles W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Fennee, a post-township of Madison coun- 
 ty. New York, about 112 miles W. by N, 
 from Albany, drained by Chittenango creek. 
 Population, 1694. 
 
 Fenneesville, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Pennsylvania, 110 miles N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Fennimoee, a post-office of Grant co., AVis. 
 
 Fenn's Bridge, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Georgia, 40 miles E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Fenton, a post-village in St. Louis county, 
 Missouri, near the Maramec river, 16 miles 
 S. AV. from St. Louis. 
 
 Fentonville, a post-office of Chautauque 
 county, New York. 
 
 Fentonville, a post-village in Genesee 
 county, Michigan, near the E. branch of 
 Shiawassee river, 55 miles N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Fentress, a county in the N. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Kentucky, contains 
 570 square miles. It is drained by Obey's 
 river, and other affluents of Cumberland 
 river. The surface is occupied by high 
 table-lands of the Cumberland mountain, 
 which afford fine pastures. Indian corn, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 180,089 bushels of corn; 26,366 
 of oats ; 37,008 pounds of butter, and 7097 
 
 879 
 
FEN 
 
 FIN 
 
 of wool. It contained 5 churches, 480 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 174 attending 
 academies or other schools. The county con- 
 tains abundance of good timber and stone 
 coal, and is amply supplied with water- 
 power. Population, 4454, of whom 4306 
 were free, and 148, slaves. 
 
 Fentkiss, a post-office of Guilford co.,N. C. 
 
 Ferdinand, a township of Essex county, 
 Vermont, 50 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 
 
 Fekdinand, a post-township in Dubois 
 county, Indiana. Population, 546. 
 
 Ferdinand, a post-village of Dubois co., In- 
 diana, 134 miles S. S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Feoidinand, a post-office of Mercer co., 111. 
 
 Ferguson, a township of Centre county, 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles S. W. from Bellefonte. 
 Population, 1601. 
 
 Ferguson, a township of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the West branch of the 
 Susquehanna. Population, 337. 
 
 Ferguson's Corners, a post-office of Yates 
 county, New York. 
 
 Fermanagh, a township of Juniata county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Juniata 
 river, above Mifflintown. 
 
 Fernandina, a village in Nassau county, 
 Florida, on the N. part of Amelia Island, 185 
 miles E. by N. from Tallahassee. It is said 
 to have the best harbor S. of Chesapeake bay. 
 
 Fernando De Taos, a post-office of Taos 
 county, New Mexico. 
 
 Fern Creek, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Feronia, a post-office of Telfair co., Ga. 
 
 Ferrisburg, a post-township of Addison 
 county, Vermont, on the eastern shore of 
 Lake Champlain, on the Rutland and Burling- 
 ton railroad, 32 miles W. by S. from Montpe- 
 liei*, intersected by Otter creek. Pop., 2075. 
 
 Fessenden Mills, a post-office of Rock- 
 ingham county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Fetherhuff's Mills, a post-office of Car- 
 roll county, Indiana. 
 
 Fetherolffsville, a post-office of Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fetterman, a post-office of Taylor co., Va. 
 
 FeuraBush, a post-office of Albany co. , N. Y. 
 
 FiATT, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois. 
 
 Fiddle pond, a post-office of Barnwell 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Fidelity, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio. 
 
 Fielding, a small post-village of Jersey 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Fife, a post-office of Talladega co., Ala. 
 
 Fife's Post-Office, of Goochland county, 
 Virginia, 39 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Fillmore, a new county in the extreme S. E. 
 part of Minnesota, bordering on Iowa, con- 
 tains about 1600 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the N. E. by the Mississippi river, which 
 separates it from Wisconsin, on the N. W. by 
 the Miniska river, and intersected by the 
 Root river. The surface is undulating, the 
 soil fertile. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. The county was 
 380 
 
 formed since the census of 1850 was taken, 
 and named in honor of Millard Fillmore, late 
 President of the United States. Capital, 
 Minnesota City. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Alleghany co.N.Y. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Monmouth CO. N.J. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Centre co.. Pa. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Randolph co., Va. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Cleveland co. N.C. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Whitefield co.,Ga. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Bossier pa.. La. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Bledsoe co. Tenn. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Washington co. 0. 
 
 Fillmore, a township in Allegan county, 
 Michigan. Population, 527. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Macomb co.Mich. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Porter co., Ind. 
 
 Fillmore, a village of Putnam county, In- 
 diana, on the railroad from Terre Haute to 
 Indianapolis, 34 miles W. by S. from the lat- 
 ter, was laid out in 1850. It has a steam 
 mill, 3 stores, and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Fillmore, a small village of Coles co., 111. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Illinois, 14 miles N. W. from Vandalia. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Andrew co., Mo. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Du Buque co.,Io. 
 
 Fillmore, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Fillmore City, a post-town, seat of justice 
 of Millard county, and capital of the territory 
 of Utah, is situated on the Nuquin, a branch 
 of Nicollet river, about 600 miles E. by N. 
 from San Francisco, and 1200 miles W. from 
 St. Louis. 
 
 FiNCASTLE, a handsome post-village, capi- 
 tal of Botetourt county, Virginia, 175 miles 
 W. from Richmond. It is well built, and 
 finely situated in a fertile and undulating 
 valley, between the Blue Ridge and North 
 mountain, about 5 miles E. from the latter. 
 The Peaks of Otter, which rise on the border 
 of the county, are among the highest points 
 of the Blue Ridge. Fincastle contains 4 or 5 
 churches, 2 academies, and 2 printing offices. 
 Laid out in 1772. 
 
 Fincastle, a post-village in Campbell co., 
 Tenn., about 200 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Fincastle, a post-village of Brown county, 
 Ohio, about 92 miles S. S. W. from Columbus. 
 A plank-road extends from this village to Ba- 
 tavia, in Clermont county. Population, 145. 
 Fincastle, a post-village of Putnam coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 14 miles N. from Greencastle. 
 The route of the New Albany and Michigan 
 railroad passes near this place. 
 
 FiNDLAT, a township forming the W. ex- 
 tremity of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1318. 
 
 FiNDLAY, a flourishing post-village in Find- 
 lay township, and capital of Hancock coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on the left bank of Blanchard's 
 fork, 100 miles by the usual route, N. N. W. 
 from Columbus. It is situated in a rich 
 farming country, and is the centre of an ac- 
 tive trade. The Findlay Branch railroad, 
 
FIN 
 
 FIS 
 
 16 miles long, extends from this village to 
 the Mad River and Lake Erie railroad. Here 
 are two white sulphur springs, and two wells, 
 from which inflammable gas issue in quan- 
 tity sufficient, it is said, to light the village. 
 No use, however, is made of it. Three news- 
 papers are issued here. Pop. in 1850, 1258; 
 in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 FiNDLET, a township of Mercer county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1066. 
 
 FiNLET, or FiNDLET, Ohio. See Findlat. 
 
 Fine Fokks, a post-office of Person co.,N.C. 
 
 Fine's Creek, a post-office of Haywood 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Finesyille, a flourishing village of Green- 
 wich township, in the S. part of Warren 
 county, New Jersej', is on the Musconetcong 
 creek, about 1 mile from its mouth, and 20 
 miles S. S. W. from Belvidere. 
 
 FiNGEESviLiiB, a post-officc of Spartan- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 FiNLEY, a post-township in Green county, 
 Missouri. Population, 1640. 
 
 FiNLET, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 130 miles S. S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 FiNLEYViLLE, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., Pa., 180 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 FiNKSBUKG, a post-village in Carroll co., 
 Md., about 50 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 FiNNBT Mills, a post-office of Amelia co., 
 Virginia, 52 miles S. W. from Pdchmond. 
 
 Finn's Point, of Salem county. New Jer- 
 sey, is a noted point on the Delaware river, 
 4 miles above the mouth of Salem creek. 
 
 FiEE Island Lighthouse, on Long Island, 
 S. side of Fire Island inlet. It is 70 feet 10 
 inches high, and exhibits a revolving light, 
 produced by 18 lamps, 89 feet above the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 Fireplace, a small post-village of SuiFolk 
 CO., New York, on a bay of the same name. 
 
 First Fork, a post-office of Clinton co.. Pa. 
 
 First Lake, Wisconsin. See Four Lakes. 
 
 Fisher's Cross Roads, a post-office of Ro- 
 bertson county, Tennessee. 
 
 Fish Creek rises in Lewis county, in the 
 N. central part of New York, and falls into 
 Oneida lake in Oneida county. 
 
 Fish Creek, Oneida county. New York, 
 falls into Wood creek, about 2 miles from its 
 mouth in the Oneida lake. The east branch 
 of this stream abounds with fine mill-seats. 
 
 Fish Creek, of Saratoga county. New 
 York, falls into the Hudson river, about 25 
 miles above its junction with the Mohawk. 
 
 Fish Creek, of Michigan, rises in Mont- 
 calm county, and flows into Maple river. 
 
 Fish Creek, of Indiana, rises in Steuben 
 county, and flows into the St. Joseph's river 
 of the Maumee. 
 
 Fish Creek, a post-office of Marshall co. Va. 
 
 FishCrebk, a post-office of Steuben co.,Ind. 
 
 Fishdam, a post-village in Wake county. 
 North Carolina, 20 miles S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Fishdam, a post-village in Union district, 
 South Carolina, 60 miles N.W. from Columbia. 
 
 Fisher's, a post-office of Ontario co., N. Y. 
 
 Fisher's, a post-office of Catawba county. 
 North Carolina, 170 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Fisher's Creek, a post-office of Hawkins 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Fisher's Island, New York, off the E. end 
 of Long Island, is 8 miles long. 
 
 Fisher's River, of North Carolina, a small 
 stream which flows through Surry county into 
 the Yadkin. 
 
 FiSHERSviLLE, a flourishing post- village of 
 Merrimack county, New Hampshire, partly in 
 Concord and partly in Boscawen townships, 
 on the Northern and Claremont railroads, 6 
 miles N. from Concord. It is pleasantly si- 
 tuated on both sides of the Contoocook river, 
 near its junction with the Merrimack, and is 
 extensively engaged in manufactures. This 
 village has grown up within a few years. 
 
 FiSHERSViLLE, a post-village in Windham 
 CO., Connecticut, on the Norwich and Worces- 
 ter railroad, 50 miles N. E. from Hartford. 
 
 FiSHERSViLLE, a post-officc of Augusta 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 FisHERViLLE, a post-officc of Dauphiu coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 FisHERViLLE, a post-offico of Shelby CO. Ten. 
 
 FisHERViLLE, a post-office of JeflFerson CO. Ky. 
 
 Fish House, a village of Fulton county. 
 New York, on Sacandaga river, 45 miles N. 
 N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Fishing Creek, of Columbia county, Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into the N. Branch of the 
 Susquehanna at Bloomsburg. 
 
 Fishing Creek, in the N. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, flows through Wetzel county from E. 
 to W., and enters the Ohio river a little be- 
 low New Martinsville. 
 
 Fishing Creek, of North Carolina, rises 
 in the N. part of the state, and flowing 
 south-eastward, enters Tar river a few miles 
 above Tarborough. 
 
 Fishing Creek, of South Carolina, rises 
 in York district, and flows S. E. through 
 Chester district into the Catawba river. 
 
 Fishing Creek, of Georgia, enters the Sa- 
 vannah in Lincoln county. 
 
 Fishing Creek, of Indiana, flows into the 
 E. fork of White river, at Lawrenceport. 
 
 Fishing Creek, of Missouri, enters Mis- 
 souri river from the left in Ray county. 
 
 Fishing Creek, a small post-village of 
 Cape May county. New Jersey, on Delaware 
 bay, 6 miles S. W. from the county seat. 
 
 Fishing Creek, a township of Columbia 
 county, Pennsylvania, drained by a stream 
 of the same name. Population, 1110. 
 
 FisHKiLL, a post-township of Dutchess 
 county, New York, on the Hudson river, op- 
 posite Newburg. It is intersected by the 
 Hudson River railroad. Population, 9240 
 
 FisHKiLL, a post-village in the above town 
 ship, on Fishkill creek, 5 miles E. from the 
 Hudson, and 65 N. from New York. It contains 
 several churches, and an academy and a bank. 
 Population, estimated at 1000. 
 
 381 
 
ns 
 
 FLA 
 
 FisHETLL Ckeek. of Dutcliess coxmty, New- 
 York, falls into the Hudson river about 2 , 
 miles below ^s^evburg. j 
 
 FiSHEXLL LiSDnrG, a thriTing post-Tillage ; 
 of Ihitchess county, Xew York, on the Hud- 
 son river, at the mouth of Fishkill creek, op- 
 posite Newburg. Tbe Hudson River railroad 1 
 passes through it. It has churches of 3 de- I 
 nominations, and an iron fotmdrywith a ma- ; 
 chine shop. Population in 185-3, about 1500. i 
 
 FisHsitx MousTAXxs. This term is some- 
 times applied to the highlands of the Hudson, i 
 
 FisHETLL PiATss, a post-office of Dutchess I 
 county, New York. 
 
 Fish Lake, of New York, in the N. part 
 of Fulton county, is 3 or 4 miles long, and 
 from 1 to li miles wide. It is very irregular : 
 inform. The outlet falls into E. Canada creek. I 
 
 Flshpot), a small post-village of Talla- i 
 poosa county, Alabama. I 
 
 FisHPOBT, a smaU post-viEage of Eock ; 
 Island county, Illinois. | 
 
 FisKEDAXE, a post-office of Worcester coun- i 
 ty, Massachusetts. 
 
 FiSEEVTLLE, a post-village in Providence I 
 county, Ehode Islanii, on Pawtaxet river, 12 
 miles S. "W. from Providence. 
 
 FisKSEtrsG, a post-village in Kenton cc, 
 Ky., 40 miles N. N. E. from Frankfort. 
 
 Fi-sk's Coesees, a post-of&ce of Winnebago 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 FisLESTiLLE.post-office,Gloucesterco.,N.J. 
 
 FiTCHBLKG, a thriving post-town of Worces- 
 ter CO., ]Mass., 50 miles N.W. of Boston, is the 
 terminus of three important railroads, has 2 
 banks and 1 newspaper office, and extensive 
 manufactories. Pop. of the township, 5120. 
 
 FiTCHEUEG, a post-village of Dane county, 
 Wisconsin, 10 miles S. from ilalison. It 
 has 1 church, 2 stores, and SO inhabitants. 
 
 Fhcheoet, a small village of Garrard co., 
 Ky., about 45 miles S. from Frnakfort. 
 
 FiTCHviiiE, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Huron county, Ohio. Pop., 1178. 
 
 FiTCHViLLE, a post-village of Huron co., 0., 
 about 88 miles X. by E. from Columbus. 
 
 FrrswoETH, a small village of Madison 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Fitzhe:set, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 cotmty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 FITZHE:^^ET, a post-office of Conway county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 FrrzHEXET, a post-office of Ogle co., HL 
 
 FiTzwiLiiAiL a post-township of Cheshire 
 county. New Hampshire, 60 miles S. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 1482. 
 
 FrvE CoESEEs, a post-village of Cayuga 
 CO.. N. Y., about 22 miles S. from Anbtirn, 
 
 Fme Islands, a post-office of Penobscot 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Five ^Mile, a post-office of Pickens dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Five Miie, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio. 
 Five 3[n.E Ceeek, of Steuben county, New 
 York, falls into the Conhocton river. 
 
 Five Mxle Creek, of Sonth Carolina, flows 
 3Si 
 
 south-westward through Lancaster district 
 into Catawba river. 
 
 Five Poes'ts, a post-office of Yenango coun- 
 ty, Peimsylvania. 
 
 Flackvuee, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 county, New York. 
 
 Flagg, a township in Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 FLAGGoy, a small bayou of Eapides parish, 
 Louisiana, flows into Catahoula lake. 
 
 Flagg Spbxn'g, a post-office of Campbell 
 cotmty, Kentucky. 
 
 FiAGGTOwy, a small post-village of Somerset 
 CO., N. J., 6 miles S. W. from Somerville. 
 
 FiA-GPoyD, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Flagstaft, a post-office of Somersetco.,Me. 
 
 FLA3rDEES, a small post-village of Suffolk 
 county, New York, on the S. side of Long 
 Island, about 225 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Fla^dees, a post-village of Morris county, 
 New Jersey, 54 miles N. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Flai, a post-office of Pike county, Ohio. 
 
 Flatbesg, a post-office of Irwin co., Ga. 
 
 Flat Beasch, a post-office of Shelby co.IU., 
 
 Flat Beook, a post-office of Coltunbia 
 county. New York. 
 
 Flaibbookvtt.t.e, a post-vUlage of Sussex 
 county. New Jersey, on the Delaware river, 
 at the mouth of the FlatMU, 18 miles W. 
 from Newton. 
 
 FLATsrsH, a post-township of King's coun- 
 ty, New York. Population, 3177. 
 
 pLATsrsH. a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 4 miles S. S. E. from Brooklyn, contains 
 2 or 3 churches. The American army was 
 defeated near this village in 1776. 
 
 Flat Ceeek, in the S. E. part of Virginia, 
 flows through Amelia county into the Appo- 
 mattox river. 
 
 Flat Ceeek, of Twiggs cotmty, Georgia. 
 flows into the Ocmulgee river. 
 
 Flat Ceeek, of Monroe county, Alabama, 
 flows into Alabama river 5 miles above Clai- 
 borne. 
 
 Flax Ceeek, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, New York. 
 
 Flat Ceeek, a post-office of Buncombe 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Flat Ceeek, a post-office of Lowndes co. , Ga. 
 
 Flat Ceeek, a post-office of Bedford CO., Ten. 
 
 Flat Ceeek, a post-office of Pettis co.. Mo. 
 
 Flat Ceeek Mills, a post-office of Camp- 
 bell county, Virginia. 
 
 Flatkill Ceeek, iu the N. part of New 
 .Jersey, rises in Sussex county, and enters 
 the Delaware on the botmdary between that 
 cotmty and Warren. 
 
 Flatiajst), a post-office of Humphreys 
 cotmty, Teimessee. 
 
 Flatlas-ds, a post-township of King's cotm- 
 ty, New York. Population, 1155. 
 i Flaxla>"t>s. a small post-village in the 
 j above township, about 7 miles S. S. E. from 
 ; Brooklyn. 
 
 i Flat Lick, a post-office of Gaibome pa- 
 • risb, Louisiana. 
 
FLA 
 
 FLE 
 
 Flat Lick, a post-ofSce of Knox co., Ky. 
 
 Flat Pond, a post-ofiBce of Lee co., Ga. 
 
 Flat River, a small affluent of Neuse river, 
 rises in Person county, North Carolina, and 
 joins the Neuse near the N. extremity of 
 Wake county. 
 
 Flat River, of Michigan, a small stream 
 which enters Grand river in Kent county. 
 
 Flat River, a post-ofiBce of Kent county, 
 Michigan, 148 miles W. by N. from Detroit. 
 
 Flat Rock, a post-office of Henderson coun- 
 ty, North Carolina. 
 
 Flat Rock, a post-office of Kershaw dis- 
 -trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Flat Rock, a post-village of Henry coun- 
 ty, Georgia, about 80 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. It is almost on the line between 
 Henry and De Kalb counties. 
 
 Flat Rock, a post-office of Bourbon co.,Ky. 
 
 Flat Rock, a township in the W. part of 
 Henry county, Ohio. Population, 406. 
 
 Flat Rock, a post-office of Seneca co., 0. 
 
 Flat Rock, a post-village of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Michigan, on Huron river, 25 miles S. W. 
 from Detroit. It has good water-power, and 
 several mills. 
 
 Flat Rock, a township in Bartholomew 
 county, Indiana. Population, 725. 
 
 Flat Rock, a small post-village of Shelby 
 CO., Ind., near a stream of the same name, 
 about 12 miles S. by W. from Shelby ville. 
 
 Flat Rock, a post-office of Crawford co., 111. 
 
 Flat Rock, a post-village of Cape Girar- 
 deau county, Missouri, about 180 miles E. S. 
 E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Flat Rock Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 into the Wateree from the left, about 8 miles 
 N. W. from Camden. 
 
 Flat Rock Creek, of Indiana, rises in 
 Henry county, flows south-westward, and 
 enters the Driftwood fork of White river at 
 Columbus, after a course of about 100 miles. 
 It flows through a rich farming region, and 
 furnishes a large amount of water-power. 
 The Indian name is Puck-op-ka. 
 
 Flat Shoal Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Chattahoochee river in Harris county, a few 
 miles below West Point. 
 
 Flat Shoals, also called Flat Shoal Fac- 
 tory, a post-village of Meriwether county, 
 Georgia, on the Flint river, 96 miles W. from 
 Milledgeville. The river at this place affords 
 abundant water-power. 
 
 Flat Top, a post-office of Mercer co., Va. 
 
 Flatwoods, a post-office of Fayette co., Pa. 
 
 Flatwoods, a post-office of Braxton co.,'Va. 
 
 Flatwoods, a post-office of Izard co.. Ark. 
 
 Flecker, a post-office of St. Clair county, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Fleetville, a post- village of Luzerne 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 150 miles N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Fleetwood Academy, a post-office of King 
 and Queen county, Virginia. 
 
 Fleming, a county in north-east part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 500 
 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by 
 Licking river, and drained by Fleming, Fox, 
 and Triplett creeks. The eastern part is 
 hilly or mountainous, and the western undu- 
 lating. The soil is mostly of limestone forma- 
 tion, and is productive. The exports consist 
 chiefly of cattle, hogs, and hemp. Indian 
 corn, oats, and wheat are also cultivated. 
 In 1850 this county produced 926,708 bushels 
 of corn; 105,854 of oats ; 52,283 of wheat, 
 and 4500 pounds of wool. It contained 33 
 churches, 1063 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 424 attending academies and 
 other schools. A deposit of iron fulgurites 
 occurs near Licking river ; the oxide of iron 
 is formed into regular tubes, from the 
 size of a pistol-barrel to several inches dia- 
 meter. The county is intersected by the 
 Maysville and Lexington railroad. Organ- 
 ized in 1798, and named in honor of Colonel 
 John Fleming, an early settler of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Flemingsburg. Population, 13,916; 
 of whom 11,777 were free, and 2139, slaves. 
 
 Fleming, a post-township of Cayuga coun- 
 ty, New York, bordering on Owasco lake. 
 Population, 1193. 
 
 Fleming, a post-village in the s,oove town- 
 ship, near the Auburn and Ithaca railroad, 
 4 miles S. by W. from Auburn. It has 1 or 2 
 churches. 
 
 Fleming, a post-office of Centre co.. Pa. 
 
 Fleming, a post-office of Livingston county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Fleming's, a post-office of Weakley county, 
 Tennessee, 121 miles W. from Nashville. 
 
 Flemings, a post-village of Shelby county, 
 Indiana, 5 miles S. W. from Shelbyville. 
 
 Flemingsburg, a post-village, capital of 
 Fleming county, Kentucky, 75 miles E. by N. 
 from Frankfort and 17 miles S. from Mays- 
 ville. It contains a large court house, 5 
 churches, a branch bank, 1 academy, 1 news- 
 paper office, and 10 stores. Pop., about 800. 
 
 Flemingsville, a small post-village of 
 Tioga county. New York, 5 or 6 miles N. E. 
 from Owego. 
 
 Flemington, a post-village, capital of Hun- 
 terdon county. New Jersey, is situated inRari- 
 tan township, 21 miles in a straight line N.N. 
 W. from Trenton. It has 4 churches, 9 stores, 
 3 hotels, 1 bank, a fine court house and jail, 2 
 newspaper offices, and many handsome build- 
 ings. Some beds of copper ore near the village 
 have given rise to a mania for speculating in 
 copper-mine stocks. Three or four compa- 
 nies expended a considerable amount of 
 money in exploring the mines, but the ore 
 not being found in sufficient quantity, the 
 whole scheme has failed. A branch railroad 
 is proposed to connect this place with the 
 Belvidere railroad near Lambertville. Pa- 
 pulation, about 1000. 
 
 Flemington, a small village of Clinton 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Flemington, a post-village in Wake co., 
 North Carolina, 15 miles N. W. from Raleigh, 
 
 383 
 
FLE 
 
 FLO 
 
 Flemington, a post-office of Marion co.,Fla. 
 
 Flenseerg, a village of EfiBngham county, 
 Illinois, on the Little Wabash river, 97 miles 
 S. E. from Springfield, has several mills. 
 Laid out in 1851. 
 
 Fletchee, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, 20 miles N. E. of Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1084. 
 
 Fletcher, a post-village of Miami county, 
 Ohio, 80 miles N. from Cincinnati, has about 
 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Flewellin's Cross Roads, a post-office 
 of De Soto county, Mississippi. 
 
 Flicksville, a post-village of Northamp- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania, 117 miles N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Flinn, a township of Lawrence coujity, 
 Indiana. Population, 1165. 
 
 Flinn's Lick, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Flint, a post-office of Cherokee Nation, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Flint, a post-township in the centi'al part 
 of Genesee county, Michigan. Pop., 3304. 
 
 Flint, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, and capital of Genesee county, 
 Michigan, on the river of its own name, 58 
 miles N. W. from Detroit. It is connected 
 by a plank-road with Saginaw river. The 
 river affords valuable water-power in this 
 vicinity. Flint is surrounded by a fertile 
 country, and has an active business. The 
 Michigan Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb 
 and Blind has lately been established here. 
 It contains, besides the county buildings, a 
 United States land-office, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Flint, a post-office of Steuben co., Ind. 
 
 Flint Creek of Ontario county, New York, 
 flows northward into the Canandaigua outlet. 
 
 Flint Creek of Indiana, a small stream 
 flowing into the Wabash, near the northern 
 extremity of Fountain county. An immense 
 bed of small fragments of flint is found at 
 the mouth of this creek. 
 
 Flint Creek, a little stream of Des Moines 
 CO., Illinois, falls into the Mississippi river. 
 
 Flint Ceeek, a post-village of Ontario 
 county. New York, 184 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Flint Creek, a post-office of Harrison 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Flint Ceeek, a post-village of Lake coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 85 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Flint Gap, a post-office of Knoxco., Tenn. 
 
 Flint Hill, a post-office of Rappahannock 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Flint Hill, apost-office of Lumpkin co.,Ga. 
 
 Flint Hill, a post-village of St. Charles 
 CO., Missouri, 48 miles W. N. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Flint Islajs^d, a post-office of Mead co.,Ky. 
 
 Flint PanoE, a post-office of Lancaster 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Flint River of Georgia [ThronateesTca of 
 
 the Indians) rises n^ar Fayetteville, in the 
 
 veslern part of the state, and flowijng in a 
 
 geuernl Si^uthward direction, passes by La- 
 
 3i:'.4 
 
 nier, Oglethorpe, and Albany, and unites 
 with the Chattahoochee at the south-western 
 extremity of Georgia. The river thus formed 
 is the Appalachicola. Steamboats ascend to 
 Albany, which is about 250 miles from the 
 Gulf of Mexico. The whole length of the 
 Flint is estimated at 300 miles. 
 
 Flint River, a small river of Morgan 
 county, Alabama, flows into the Tennessee, 
 near Decatur. 
 
 Flint River of Michigan, a branch of the 
 Saginaw, rises in Lapeer county, flows west- 
 ward and north-westward, and unites with 
 the Shiawassee near the middle of Saginaw 
 county. Length estimated at 100 miles. 
 Small boats can ascend it 20 miles or more. 
 
 Flint Rock, a post-office of Catawba co., 
 North Carolina, 165 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Flint's Mills, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Flint Spring, a post-office of Bradley 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Flint\'ille, a post-village in Marion dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, about 130 miles E. by N. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Flippo's, a post-office of Caroline co., Va. 
 
 Flora, a post-office of Smith co., Texas. 
 
 Flora, a township in the southern part of 
 Boone county, Illinois. 
 
 Flora, a township in Sauk county, Wis- 
 consin. Population, 239. 
 
 Floeal College, a small village of Robeson 
 county, North Carolina, 95 miles S. W. from Ra- 
 leigh, has a female seminary of high standing. 
 
 FL0EENCE,a post-office of Hampshire CO. Ms. 
 
 Florence, a post-township of Oneida coun- 
 ty. New York, 33 miles N. W. from Utica. 
 Population, 2575. It contains a village of 
 the same name. 
 
 Florence, a thriving post- village of Wash- 
 ington county, Pennsylvania, on the railroad 
 now in progress, from Pittsburg to Steuben- 
 ville, about 25 miles W. from the former. 
 Population, 318. 
 
 Florence, a post-village of Guilford coun- 
 ty, N. C, about 97 W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Florence, a post-village of Stewart ooun-' 
 ty, Georgia, on the Chattahoochee river, 177 
 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. Population, 
 about 200. 
 
 Floeence, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Lauderdale county, Alabama, is situ- 
 ated at the head of navigation on the Ten- 
 nessee river, and at the foot of the Muscle 
 Shoals, nearly opposite Tuscumbia, and 250 
 miles N. W. from Montgomery. It is the 
 principal shipping point for the produce of 
 the county and of parts of Tennessee, and 
 does a large business in proportion to the 
 population. The river, which is here about 
 half a mile wide, is crossed by a fine bridge 
 which cost $150,000. The route of the rail- 
 road which has been commenced between 
 Memphis and Charleston passes near this 
 village. A railroad is proposed which will 
 connect Plorence with Nashville and New 
 
FLO 
 
 FLO 
 
 Orleans. Florence contains 3 large brick 
 churches, a female seminary, and a news- 
 paper oflBce. There are 2 large cotton fac- 
 tories on Cypress creek, 3 miles from the 
 village, having a capital of $45,000 each. 
 Shoal creek also gives motion to a cotton fac- 
 tory (9 miles distant) -which cost $00,000. 
 The river is navigable by steamboats from 
 its mouth to Florence, a distance of 300 miles. 
 Population in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Florence, a thriving post-village of Boone 
 county, Kentucky, on the turnpike from 
 Covington to Lexington, 10 miles S. W. from 
 Cincinnati. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and 
 several schools. Population, about 400. 
 
 Florence, a post-township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Erie county, Ohio. Pop., 1491. 
 
 Florence, a township in the W. part of 
 Williams county, Ohio. Population, 669. 
 
 Florence, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of St. Joseph county, Michigan. Pop. ,731. 
 
 Florence, a post-office of Switzerland 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Florence, a post-village of Pike county, 
 Illinois, on the right bank of the Illinois 
 river, 11 miles E. from Pittsfield. It has a 
 landing place for steamboats. 
 
 Florence, a township in Stephenson coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 445. 
 
 Florence, a post-office of Morgan county, 
 Missouri, 54 miles W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 FL0RENCE,a post-office of Fremont CO., Iowa. 
 
 Florence, a village in Louisa county, 
 Iowa, on Iowa river, 50 miles S. S. E. from 
 Iowa City. This place was formerly the resi- 
 dence of Black Hawk, a famous Indian chief. 
 
 Florence, a post-office of Richland co. , Wis. 
 
 Florid, a post-office of Putnam co.. 111. 
 
 Florida, the most southern of the United 
 States, and the twenty-seventh in the order 
 of admission into the American confederacy, 
 is bounded N. by Alabama and Georgia, E. by 
 the Atlantic, and S. and W. by the Gulf 
 of Mexico and Alabama. This state, which 
 forms a peninsula in the southern part, lies 
 between 25° and 31° N. lat., and between 80° 
 and 87° 44' W. Ion. It is about 385 miles 
 long from N. to S., in the peninsula about 50, 
 and in the northern expanse 250 miles wide, 
 including an area of about 59,268 square 
 miles, or 87,931,520 acres, of which only 
 349,423 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — The number of inhabitants in 
 1830, was 34,730; inl840, 54,477, andinl850, 
 87,401; of whom 25,764 were white males; 
 21,493, white females ; 419, free colored 
 males ; 505, free colored females, and 39,309, 
 slaves; representative population, 71,677. 
 This number of inhabitants was divided 
 among 9107 families, occupying 9022 dwell- 
 ings. Of the population, 20,563 were born 
 in the state; 24,757, in other states ; 300 in 
 England ; 878, in Ireland ; 198, in Scotland 
 and Wales ; 97, in British America ; 307, in 
 Germany; 67, in France; 915, in other 
 countries ; and 58, whose places of birth were 
 
 unknown. During the year ending June 1st, 
 1850, there occurred 933 deaths, or about 11 
 to every one thousand persons. In the same 
 period, 76 paupers received support, of whom 
 12 were foreigners; the number of deaf and 
 dumb was 22, of whom 10 were slaves ; 2ii 
 blind, of whom 2 were free colored, and 12 
 slaves ; 8 were insane, of whom 2 were 
 slaves ; and 37 were idiotic, of whom 1 was 
 free colored, and 7 were slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Florida is divided into 30 coun- 
 ties, viz. Alachua, Benton, Calhoun, Columbia, 
 Dade,Dallas, Duval, Escambia, Franklin,Gads- 
 den, Hamilton, Hillsborough. Holmes, Jack- 
 son, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Madison, Marion, 
 Monroe, Nassau, Orange, Putnam, St. John, 
 St. Lucie, Santa P.osa, Sumter, Wakulla, Wash- 
 ington, and Walton. Capital, Tallahassee. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Key West is the largest 
 town in Florida; population, in 1850, 2367. 
 The other more important towns are Pensa- 
 cola, population, 2164; St. Augustine, 1934; 
 Tallahassee, 1391, and Jacksonville, 1045. 
 
 Face of the Country. — " Florida is generally 
 level, probably never elevated more than 
 250 or 300 feet above the sea, and the 
 southern part of the peninsula (we quote 
 De Bow's 'Resources of the South and West') 
 is covered with a large sheet of water, called 
 the Everglades, of an immense extent, (filled 
 with islands,) which it is supposed may be 
 rendered .available by drainage. The central 
 portion of the peninsula is somewhat elevated, 
 the highest point being about 171 feet above 
 the ocean, and gradually declining towards 
 the coast on each side. The country between 
 the Suwanee and Chattahochee is elevated 
 and hilly, and the western portion of the 
 state is level." "The lands of Florida," 
 says the same writer, "are aXvaosisui generis, 
 very curiously distributed, and may be de- 
 signated as high hummock, low hummock, 
 swamp, savanna, and the different qualities 
 of pine land. High hummock is usually 
 timbered with live and other oaks, mag- 
 nolia, laurel, &c., and is considered the best 
 description of land for general purposes. 
 Low hummock, timbered with live and water 
 oak, is subject to overflow, but when drained 
 is preferred for sugar. Savannas, on the 
 margins of streams, and in detached bodies, 
 are usually very rich alluvions, and j'ielding 
 largely in dry, but needing ditching and 
 dyking for ordinary seasons. Marsh savan- 
 nas, on the borders of tide streams, are very 
 valuable, when reclaimed, for rice or sugar- 
 cane." South-west cf Florida is a chain of 
 rocky keys or islets, dangerous to navigators. 
 but favorable to the manufacture of salt, and 
 for fisheries. On the N. E. coast are Amelia 
 and other islands, which it is thought may 
 yield the celebrated sea-island cotton ad- 
 vantageously. The Everglades cover an ex- 
 tent of about 160 miles long by 60 broad, oc- 
 cupying the most of that part of Florida S. 
 of Lake Okechobee, and are described by De 
 
 385 
 
FLO 
 
 FLO 
 
 Bow as a vast lake studded with thousands of 
 islands, from one-fourth of an acre to hun- 
 dreds of acres in area, mostly covered with 
 dense thickets of shrubbery and vines, and 
 occasionally with lofty pines and palmettoes. 
 The water is from 1 to 6 feet in depth, out of 
 which (from a vegetable deposit at the bot- 
 tom,) issues a rank growth of tall grass. 
 The Everglades furnish a soil well adapted to 
 the banana and plantain. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, SjC. — Florida has a number 
 of bays, viz. Chatham, Charlotte's Harbor, 
 Tampa, Appalachee, Appalachicola, Chocta- 
 watchee, and Pensacola bays, all on the W. 
 side. The last affords an excellent harbor. 
 There is also a chain of lakes running 
 through the middle of the state, the largest 
 and most southern of which is Lake Okecho- 
 bee. The rivers too are numerous, and 
 mostly more or less navigable. In the N. W. 
 is the Perdido, a small river separating 
 Florida from Alabama ; followed in order by 
 the Escambia, Blackwater, Yellow-water, 
 Choctawatchee, and Chipola river, but none 
 of great length, and all entering the state 
 from Alabama, discharge their waters into 
 the Gulf of Mexico, with the exception of the 
 Chipola, which is an affluent of the Appa- 
 lachicola. The latter, (the largest river in 
 the state,) together with the Oclockonee, 
 Oscilla, and Suwanee, enter the state from 
 Georgia, and also flow into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. The St. Mary's, (separating the 
 state from Georgia on the N.,) the St. John's, 
 and Indian river, (or inlet,) are the princi- 
 pal rivers falling into the Atlantic. The St. 
 John's is a broad and sluggish stream, re- 
 sembling an inlet, and is navigable for ves- 
 sels drawing eight feet water for more than 
 100 miles. The Appalachicola is navigable 
 for vessels of the same draught to the junc- 
 tion of the Chattahoochee and Flint. Rivers 
 in this state often issue from the ground with 
 suflBcient force to turn a mill at their source. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — About 12 
 miles from Tallahassee, a spring bursts from 
 a vast depth, which has been sounded with 
 250 fathoms of line before finding bottom. 
 This forms a lake of beautiful transparencj', 
 reflecting the sky in all its hues, and is 
 nearly as cold as ice in the hottest weather. 
 The number of these springs, some of which, 
 at their source, have sufficient force and 
 body to turn a mill, bursting from a great 
 depth below the surface, has led to the con- 
 jecture that a vast cave, or series of caves, 
 underlies the whole country in which they 
 exist, and through whose roof they burst with 
 violence, wherever an opening in the rock 
 has either been made or found. The Great 
 Sink in Alachua county is an underground 
 passage, by which the waters of the Alachua- 
 Savannah are supposed to discharge them- 
 selves into Orange lake. "In this place," 
 says Bartram, "a group of hills almost sur- 
 round a large basin, which is the general re- 
 386 
 
 ceptacle of the water draining from every 
 part of the savanna, by lateral conduits, 
 winding about, and one after another joining 
 the main creek or general conductor, which 
 at length delivers them into this sink, where 
 they descend, by slow degrees, through rocky 
 caverns into the bowels of the earth, whence 
 they are carried by secret subterraneous 
 channels into other receptacles and basins. 
 There are three great doors or venthole3 
 through the rocks in the sink, two near the 
 centre, and the other one near the ring, 
 much higher up than the other two, which 
 was conspicuous through the clear water. 
 The beds of rocks lie in horizontal thick 
 strata or lamina, one over the other, where 
 the sink-holes or outlets are." There is a 
 warm and slightly sulphurous spring on 
 Musquito river. In Benton county are iron 
 and sulphur springs. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The penin- 
 sula of Florida, the most southern land be- 
 longing to the United States, approaches 
 within a degree and a half of the torrid zone, 
 of whose climate it largely partakes, and a 
 number of whose productions it yields. Ac- 
 cording to Dr. Perrine's tables, the mean 
 temperature at Key West and Havana, in 
 1838, (which we extract from Be Bow,) was — 
 
 .Janxiary ... 
 February.. 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August .... 
 September 
 October.... 
 November. 
 
 At 
 
 Key West. 
 
 69 
 70 
 73 
 75 
 79 
 81 
 82 
 81 
 77 
 74 
 70 
 
 At 
 Havana. 
 
 71 
 75 
 
 77 
 78 
 81 
 81 
 80 
 80 
 79' 
 75 
 
 On the night of June 28-29, the coldest known 
 for many years, the thermometer fell to 44°. 
 Bartram, however, states, in 1765, that on the 
 3d of January, the thermometer fell to 26°, 
 and all the orange-trees were killed. At St. 
 Augustine, the thermometer has sunk on va- 
 rious occasions to 33°. 30°, and 24°; and at 
 Pilatka, in lat. 29° 38', to 28°, and to 27° ; at 
 Tampa, lat. 27° 48' to 28°, 26°, 40° ; 28°, 30°, 
 38°, and 30°. Kt Fort King, in the interior, 
 half a degree S. of St. Augustine, the climate 
 is more severe than on the coast, and ice an 
 inch thick is sometimes seen in its vicinity. 
 The summeis, however, are hotter than on 
 tbe coast. AVhile the minimum range at St. 
 Augustine was 39°, and the maximum 92°, 
 at Fort King the minimum was 27°, and 
 maximum 105°. The Gulf coast, too, has a 
 more severe winter climate than the Atlan- 
 tic : the minimum (at the time referred to) 
 was 35°, and maximum 92°, at Tampa bay. 
 
FLO 
 
 FLO 
 
 From the relative number of deaths occurring 
 annually, it appears that Florida is the most 
 healthy of the United States. 
 
 The soil of the state is generally sandy, ex- 
 cept in the hummocks, where it is mixed with 
 clay; yet, owing to the mild climate, it is 
 l*igh]y productive in many parts. The best 
 lands, however, of the state lie useless at pre- 
 sent for want of drainage. Florida is par- 
 ticularly well adapted to grazing. Besides 
 the forest and fruit-trees subsequently enu- 
 merated, the state produces cotton, Indian 
 corn, sugar-cane, rice, tobacco, (of a very 
 fine quality,) beans, peas, sweet potatoes, 
 and butter, in considerable quantities ; and 
 some wheat, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, bar- 
 ley, buckwheat, wine, cheese, hay, grass- 
 seed, hops, flax, and silk. This state is also 
 favorable to the growth of Sisal hemp. In 
 1850 there were 430i farms in Florida, con- 
 taining 349,423 acres of improved land, and 
 yielding 1,996,809 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 66,586 of oats; 185,359 of peas and beans; 
 757,226 of sweet potatoes ; 1,075,090 pounds 
 of rice ; 998,614 of tobacco ; 18,052,400 of 
 cotton; 23,247 of wool; 371,498 of butter; 
 18,015 of cheese; 2510 tons of hay, and 
 2,752,000 pounds of sugar ; live stock, valued 
 at $2,880,058; market products, $8721, and 
 slaughtered animals, $514,685. 
 
 Forest-Trees. — Florida abounds in forest- 
 trees, among which are the live oak, so valu- 
 able in ship-building ; the water, and other 
 varieties of oak, swamp cypress, pine, hick- 
 ory, magnolia, dogwood, and laurel. The 
 palma christi, or castor-oil bean, becomes a 
 large tree; and on the islands and keys, box- 
 wood, satin-wood, mastic, and lignumvitee 
 abound. Arrowroot grows wild, and ginger 
 and cinnamon may be cultivated. The pine 
 grows from Cape Sable to near Indian river. 
 Fruit-trees of great variety find a congenial 
 soil and climate in Florida, (except in a few 
 seasons of unusual severity.) The lime, 
 lemon, orange, olive, cocoanut, plantain, 
 pine-apple, banana, guava citron, pimento, 
 coffee, pepper, cloves, &c. may all be suc- 
 cessfully cultivated. 
 
 Animals. — Hideous alligators bask on the 
 shores of the inlets, rivers, and lagoons of 
 Florida. Turtle, oysters, and other shell 
 and fin fish abound. Great numbers of wild 
 fowl are found in many parts along the coast. 
 
 Manvfactures. — This is not a manufacturing 
 state. There were in 1850 but 121 establish- 
 ments producing annually $500 and up- 
 wards. There were invested in cotton fac- 
 tories that year $80,000, employing 900 male 
 and 335 female hands ; consuming raw ma- 
 terial of the value of $30,000, and producing 
 624,000 yards of stuffs, worth $49,920 ; value 
 of homemade manufactures, $74,362. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Florida has not 
 made much advance in works of internal 
 communication, nor is it to be expected in a 
 state so sparsely populated, and the greater 
 
 part of whose settlements lie contiguous to 
 some navigable waters. In 1853 there were 
 54 miles of railway completed, one connect- 
 ing St. Mark's with Tallahassee, and the 
 other lola and St. Joseph's. 
 
 Commerce. — Florida has but little foreign 
 commerce, and its domestic trade is limited 
 pretty much to the export of its products, 
 viz. cotton, rice, live oak and other lumber, 
 pitch, tar, turpentine, and resin. Salt is 
 exported from the Salt Keys, and fish are 
 sent to Cuba. The lumber trade is rapidly 
 increasing in importance. According to De 
 Bow, 188,499 bales of cotton were received 
 at the ports of Florida in 1851-2, nearly all 
 of which was probably exported. The foreign 
 exports for the same year amounted to 
 $2,511,976, and imports to $30,713. Only 
 one small vessel built. Entire tonnage of 
 the several districts, 9668,97. The fisheries 
 are valued at about $15,000 annually. 
 
 Education. — There is no system of free 
 schools in Florida, nor any college. Accord- 
 ing to the census report in 1850, there were 10 
 academies and 69 common or public schools. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 132 
 churches in Florida, 45 belonged to the Bap- 
 tists, 10 to the Episcopalians, 1 to the Free 
 Church, 75 to the Methodists, 14 to the Pres- 
 byterians, 5 to the Roman Catholics, and 2 to 
 minor sects. Averaging 1 church to each 507 
 persons. Value of church property, $165,400. 
 
 Government. — The executive power in Flo- 
 rida is vested in a governor elected by the 
 people for four years, and receiving a salary 
 of $1500 a year. The legislative power is 
 placed in the hands of a senate, of 19 members, 
 elected for four years, and a house of repre- 
 sentatives, of 40 members, elected annually, 
 and both by popular vote. The judiciary 
 consists, 1. Of a supreme court, composed 
 of a chief and two associate judges, which 
 holds four sessions annually, one in each of 
 the following places — Tallahassee, Jackson- 
 ville, Tampa, and Mariana ; and, 2. Of four 
 circuit courts. The judges' salaries of both 
 courts are .$2000 a year each. Florida has 
 but one member in the national house of 
 representatives, and three electoral votes for 
 president. The assessed value of property 
 in 1850 was $22,784,837 ; ordinary expenses, 
 $45,000 per annum. 
 
 History. — Florida was the earliest settled 
 of the now existing states of the United 
 States, but was not a part of the territory 
 of the Union till 1820, when it was purchased 
 of Spain. Though so recently become a 
 member of the American confederacy, Flori- 
 da is more fertile in materials of history than 
 many of her elder sisters. Her territory was 
 visited by Ponce de Leon as early as 1512, 
 and afterwards by Narvaez, who invaded the 
 country from Cuba with 400 men, and pene - 
 trating into the interior, was never again 
 heard of. De Soto subdued the savages, af- 
 ter a bloody resistance, in 1539. The French 
 
FLO 
 
 FLO 
 
 began settlements, but after a struggle, in 
 ■which mutual atrocities were perpetrated, 
 they were expelled by the Spaniards, who 
 settled St. Augustine (the first permanent 
 colony) about 1565. Previous to the Revo- 
 lution, Florida was involved in a war with 
 the English colonies of Georgia and South 
 Carolina, in which the Spaniards were de- 
 feated by Oglethorpe. At the peace of 1763, 
 Florida fell into the hands of the English, 
 but was reconquered by Spain in 1781. 
 Since its acquisition by the United States, it 
 has been the theatre of many sanguinary 
 conflicts with the Seminole Indians, led on by 
 their daring chief, Osceola. The savages, 
 though but a handful in number, managed 
 to baffle for years the skill and power of our 
 armies, by retreating to their swamps and 
 forests, and it cost the United States govern- 
 ment many millions of dollars before they 
 were finally subdued, which event took place 
 in 1842. In 1846, the greater part of them 
 were removed beyond the Mississippi. Gene- 
 ral Jackson followed these Indians, in 1818, 
 into the then territory of Spain, to chastise 
 them for depredations on the American set- 
 tlers, took possession of St. Mark's and Ap- 
 palachicola, besieged the Spanish governor, 
 who had aided the Seminoles, and brought 
 them all to submission. There is a remnant 
 of this tribe still in Florida, who steadfastly 
 resist all offers of the general government to 
 induce them to remove. 
 
 Floeida, a post-township of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts. Population, 561. 
 
 Florida, a township of Montgomery coun- 
 ty. New York, on the Erie canal, 27 miles N. 
 W. from Albany. Population, 3571. 
 
 Flokida, a small post-village of Orange 
 CO., N. Y., about 110 miles S. S. W. of Albany. 
 It contains two churches, and several mills. 
 
 Floeida, a small post-village of Henry 
 county, Ohio, on the Wabash and Erie canal, 
 and Maumee river, 48 miles above Toledo. 
 
 Floeida, a post-office of Hillsdale co.,Mich. 
 
 Floeida, a thriving post-village of Monroe 
 county, Missouri, on Salt river, at the junc- 
 tion of its three main branches, and at the 
 head of navigation, 13 miles E. from Paris. 
 
 Floeida Bay, at the S. end of Florida, 
 between Florida reefs and the main land. 
 
 Floeida Reefs, or Keys, an almost con- 
 tinuous chain of small islands and sandbanks, 
 reefs or keys, extending from Cape Florida in a 
 S.W. direction, for a distance of 220 miles, the 
 whole lying in a bow or curve. They are very 
 numerous. Among the principal may be men- 
 tioned,Key or Cayo Largo, Cayo Huesco or Key 
 West, on which the city of Key West is built. 
 
 Floris, a post-village in Davis county, 
 Iowa, 75 miles S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Florissant, a post-villnge in St. Louis co., 
 Missouri; 18 miles N. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Flowee Ceeek, a post-office of Pendleton 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Fl'iweeeield, a post-township forming the 
 388 
 
 N. W. extremity of St. Joseph county, Michi- 
 gan. Population, 564. 
 
 Floweefield, a post-village of St. Joseph 
 county, Michigan, on Rocky creek, 154 miles 
 W. from Detroit. Population, about 300. 
 
 Flowertown, a village of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Bethlehem 
 turnpike, 8 miles E. by S. from Norristown. 
 It contains several inns and stores. 
 
 Flowery Mound, a post-office of Concordia 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Floyd, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 279 square miles. 
 It is drained by Little river, an affluent of 
 the New or Kanawha. The surface is high and 
 mountainous, the county occupying the north- 
 western declivity of the Blue Ridge, which 
 slopes gradually towards the valley of New 
 river. The land is generally rough, and in 
 some parts unproductive, but a large portion 
 is adapted to pasturage. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, and live stock are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 104,630 bushels of 
 corn; 23,992 of wheat; 92,654 of oats, and 
 3226 tons pf hay. There were 7 grist mills, 
 5 flour mills, 3 wool-carding mills, and 4 tan- 
 neries. It contained 9 churches ; 832 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 104 attending 
 academies or other schools. The highlands 
 contain copper, iron ore, and other minerals. 
 The county is plentifully supplied with water- 
 power. Organized in 1831, and named in 
 honor of John Floyd, at that time governor 
 of Virginia. Capital, Jacksonville. Pop. ,6458, 
 of whom 6015 were free, and 443, slaves. 
 
 Floyd, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on Alabama, has an area 
 of 540 square miles. It is traversed by the 
 Coosa river and its constituent streams, the 
 Etowah and Oostenaula rivers, which unite 
 at the county seat ; also drained by Cedar 
 and other creeks. The surface is beautifully 
 diversified, and in some parts mountainous. 
 Taylor's ridge is the principal elevation. The 
 soil of the valleys and the river bottoms is 
 represented to be very productive. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1976 bales of cotton; 254,722 bushels 
 of corn; 15,370 of oats, and 36,818 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 2 manufactories of 
 coaches, 2 of cabinet-ware, and 3 tanneries. 
 It contained 2 newspaper offices ; 409 pupils 
 attending academies and other schools. Iron, 
 plumbago, galena, slate, satin spar, and agate 
 are found. There is a valuable mineral spring 
 in the S. W. part. A branch railroad extends 
 from the county seat to the Western and At- 
 lantic railroad. Organized about the year 
 1833, previous to which time the soil was in 
 the possession of the Cherokee Indians. 
 Named in honor of General Floyd, formerly 
 member of Congress from Georgia. Capital, 
 Rome. Population, 8205, of whom 5206 were 
 free, and 2999, slaves. 
 
 Floyd, a county in the E. part of Ken- 
 
FLO 
 
 TON 
 
 tacky, lias an area estimated at 750 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the West' fork of 
 Big Sandy river, and also drained by the 
 sources of Licking river. The surface is 
 broken by highlands, which produce good 
 pasture and contain large beds of stone coal. 
 Indian corn and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 208,325 bushels 
 of corn; 17,521 of oats, and 13,541 pounds 
 of flax. It contained 4 churches, and 302 
 pupils attending public schools. Floyd county 
 was formed in 1799, and named in honor of 
 Colonel John Floyd, an officer in the war of 
 the Revolution. Capital, Prestonburg. Po- 
 pulation, 5714, of whom 5565 were free, and 
 149, slaves. 
 
 Floyd, a county in the S. part of Indiana, 
 bordering on the Ohio river, contains 148 
 square miles. It is drained by Silver and 
 Indian creeks. The surface is diversified ; 
 the soil is not uniformly productive. A range 
 of steep hills, called the "Knobs," extends 
 through the county N. and S., with an alti- 
 tude of about 500 feet. Wheat, corn, oats, 
 and pork are the chief productions. In 1850 
 this county yielded 131,261 bushels of corn; 
 80,706 of wheat; 61,154 of oats, and 3241 
 tons of hay. It contained 29 churches, 4 
 newspaper offices ; 2016 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 90 attending an academy. 
 The county contains extensive beds of iron 
 ore, limestone, sandstone, and slate. The 
 hills produce good timber for boat-building. 
 The New Albany and Salem railroad passes 
 through the county. Organized in 1819. 
 Capital, New Albany. Population, 14,875. 
 
 Floyd, a new county in the N. N. E. 
 part of Iowa, has an area of about 550 
 square miles. It is intersected by Cedar 
 river, and also drained by Lime and Shell- 
 rock creeks, (branches of English river,) 
 which unite in the S. W. part of the county. 
 The slope of the county is south-eastward. 
 It is not included in the census of 1850. 
 County seat not yet located. 
 
 Floyd, a post-township of Oneida county, 
 New York, 6 miles E. from Rome. Pop., 1495. 
 
 Floyd, a village of Camden county, Geor- 
 gia, near the mouth of Santilla river, 85 
 miles S. from Darien. 
 
 Floyd, a township in Putnam county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1886. 
 
 Floyd Court House, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Floyd county, Virginia, 180 miles W. 
 S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Floyd Knobs, a post-office of Floyd co.,Ind. 
 
 Floydsburg, a post-village in Oldham co., 
 Kentucky, 35 miles W. N. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Floyd's Foek, a post-office of Shelby co. , Ky. 
 
 Floyd's Mills, a post-office of Horry 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Floyd's River, of Iowa, rises in the N.W. 
 part of the state, and flows south-westward i nto 
 the Missouri, near the mouth of Sioux river. 
 
 Floyd's Springs, a post-office of Floyd 
 county, Georgia, 
 
 Fluke's, a post-office of Botetourt county, 
 Virginia, 163 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Flume, a post-office of Grafton co., N. H. 
 
 Flushing, a post-township of Queen's 
 county. New York, bordering on Long Island 
 sound, and onFlushing bay. Population, 5376. 
 
 Flushing, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, is pleasantly situated at the head of 
 Flushing bay, 9 or 10 miles E. from New 
 York. It contains churches of 5 or 6 de- 
 nominations, a boarding school, and other 
 seminaries, and 2 newspaper offices. It is 
 noted for the extensive gardens and nurseries 
 of William R. Prince, of Parsons & Co., and 
 several others, which attract great numbers 
 of visitors from New York and Brooklyn. 
 
 Flushing, a small village of Bucks county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Neshaniiny creek, 3 
 miles from its entrance into Delaware river, 
 about 20 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Flushing, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop. ,1486. 
 
 Flushing, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 10 miles N. W. from St. Clairsville, con- 
 tains a few stores and 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Flushing, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Genesee co., Michigan. Population, 708. 
 
 Fluvanna, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 170 square 
 miles. The James river forms the S. bound- 
 ary, and Rivanna river flows through the 
 middle of the county. The surface is partly 
 broken and partly level ; the soil in some parts 
 is fertile, in others almost barren. Tobacco 
 is the staple product. In 1850 there were 
 raised 1,054,974 pounds of tobacco; 200,174 
 bushels of Indian corn, and 92,657 of wheat. 
 There were 9 flour and grist mills, 10 saw mills, 
 1 gold-mine which is worked, 1 cotton and 1 
 woollen factory. It contained 14 churches : 
 355 pupils attending public schools, and 63 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 James River canal passes along the border of 
 the county. Gold has been found near Palmyra, 
 the county seat. Formed from Albemarle 
 county in 1777. Population, 9487, of whom 
 4750 were free, and 4737, slaves. 
 
 Fluvanna, a post-office of Chautauque 
 county. New York. 
 
 Fly Creek, a post-office of Otsego co., N. Y. 
 
 Fly Creek, a post-office of La Grange 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Fly Mountain, a post-office of Ulster coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Flym's Lick, a post-office of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Focht's Foege, a post-office of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 FoGLESviLLB, a post-village of Macungy 
 township, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, 9 
 miles W. by S. from Allentown, and 80 miles 
 E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 FoGO, a post-office of Allegan co., Mich. 
 
 FoGus Springs, a post-office of Kennebec 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Fonda, a post-village of Mohawk township, 
 389 
 
TON 
 
 FOR 
 
 capital of Montgomery county, New York, on 
 the N. bank of the Mohawk river, and on the 
 Utica and Schenectady railroad, 42 miles W. 
 N. W. from Albany. It has a handsome 
 court house and a few manufactories. 
 
 Fond du Lac, a county in the E. part of 
 Wisconsin, at the S. end of Lake Winnebago, 
 contains 754 square miles. It is drained by 
 the sources of Milwaukee and Rock rivers, 
 and by Fond du Lac river. A high, steep 
 ledge of limestone extends through the county 
 from S. W. to N. E. On the S. E. side of this, 
 the land is heavily timbered ; the W. part of 
 the county contains extensive prairies. The 
 soil is calcareous and fertile. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, pork, and butter are the staples. 
 The produce of the county in 1850 was 
 166,718 bushels of wheat; 74,361 bushels of 
 corn, and 1,347,479 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 17 churches, 2 newspaper offices; 
 2844 pupils attending public schools, and 85 
 attending academies and other schools. A 
 plank-road extends from Lake Michigan to 
 Fond du Lac, and a railroad has been com- 
 menced which will connect it with Chicago. 
 The settlement of the county began in 18-35, 
 and has progressed with great rapidity. 
 "Fond du Lac," in French signifies the "end 
 of the lake." Capital, Fond du Lac. Popu- 
 lation, 14,510. 
 
 Fond dti Lac, a flourishing town, capital 
 of Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin, is admi- 
 rably situated at the S. end of Winnebago 
 lake, 72 miles N. N. W. from Milwaukee, and 
 90 miles N. E. from Madison. Lake Winne- 
 bago, which is a beautiful sheet of water, 30 
 miles long and 10 miles wide, forms a link in 
 the chain of navigable waters, connecting 
 Lake Michigan and its tributaries with the 
 Mississippi river, and is the channel of an ac- 
 tive and extensive trade. The Fox river, by 
 which Winnebago lake communicates with 
 Green bay, is to be rendered navigable for 
 steamboats, and a canal has been cut from the 
 same river to the Wisconsin. Fond du Lac 
 has grown up almost entirely since 1845, and 
 the poiralation has increased with surprising 
 rapidity. A plank-road has been constructed 
 from this place to Sheboygan, on Lake Michi- 
 gan, and similar roads are projected in several 
 other directions. The Fond du Lac and Rock 
 River railroad, nearly finished, will connect 
 Fond du Lac with Chicago. The town is built 
 on ground ascending gradually from the lake, 
 a,nd is pleasantly embowered among groves 
 and clumps of trees. It has an abundance of 
 the purest water, obtained by means of ar- 
 tesian wells, which vary iu depth from 90 to 
 130 feet. These wells are very numerous, al- 
 most every family being provided with one. 
 It contains 3 newspaper offices, 2 banking 
 houses, 1 car factory, 1 iron foundry, 12 dry- 
 goods stores, and about 60 other stores. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 2014; in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 Fond du Lac, a small settlement of Itasca 
 county, Minnesota, on the St. Louis river, 
 390 
 
 22 miles from its entrance into Lake Supe- 
 rior. It is accessible by steamboats from 
 the lake. 
 
 FoMNiEE Ceeek, of Arkansas, flows through 
 Clarke county into Little Missouri river. 
 
 FoRBUSH, a post-office of Yadkin eo., N. C. 
 
 Ford, a post-office of Geauga co., Ohio. 
 
 FoRDHAM, a post-village of Westchester 
 county. New York, on the Harlem railroad, 12 
 miles N. N. E. from New York. It is the seat 
 of a Pi-oman Catholic college founded in 1841. 
 
 FoRDOCHE,asmall bayou of Louisiana, flows 
 through Pointe Couple and Iberville parishes, 
 and communicates with Atchafalaya bayou. 
 
 Ford's Depot, a post-office of Dinwiddle 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Ford's Ferry, a post-office of Crittenden 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Ford's Store, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 FoRDSviLLE, a post-village in Marion conn- 
 ty, Mississippi, on the W. bank of Pearl 
 river, about 100 miles S. by E. from Jackson. 
 
 FoRDSviLLE, a post-village of Ohio county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Forest, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 376 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Clarion or Toby's 
 river, and the north part is traversed by 
 Teonista creek. The surface is uneven and 
 hilly, and extensively covered with thick 
 forests of pine. The soil is moderately fer- 
 tile, except where it is too rough and rocky 
 for cultivation. Lumber is the chief arti- 
 cle of export. Stone coal is found. The 
 Clarion river is navigable by small boats 
 through the county, and the route of the 
 Sunbury and Erie railroad passes near the 
 N. E- extremity. This county was formed 
 abotvt the j'ear 1851, out of the N. part of 
 Jefferson, and is not included in the census 
 returns. 
 
 Forest, a township in Genesee county, 
 Michigan. Population, 178. 
 
 Forest, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin. Pop., 1256. 
 
 Forestburg, a post-township of Sullivan 
 county. New York, 44 miles W. from New- 
 burg. Population, 715. 
 
 Forest City, a post-office of Tompkins 
 county. New York. 
 
 Forest Creek, of Union district. South 
 Carolina, flows south-eastward, and enters 
 the Tiger river about 10 miles S. from 
 Unionville. 
 
 FoRESTDALE, a post-office of Rutland co.,Vt. 
 
 Forest Depot, a post-office of Bedford 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Forest Hill, a post-office of Union co., Pa. 
 
 Forest Hill, a post-office of Decatur 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Forest HiLL.a post-office of Harford co. Md. 
 
 Forest Home, a post-office of Newton 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Forest House, a small village of Butler 
 [ county, Pennsylvania. 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 Forest House, a post-office of Waukesha 
 county, AVisconsin. 
 
 FoEEST Ironworks, a small village of 
 Union county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Forest Lake, a post-township of Susque- 
 hanna county, Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. W. 
 from Montrose. 
 
 Forest Oak, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Forest Retreat, a post-office of Nicholas 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Forestville, a post-office of Hartford 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Forestville, a post-office of Chautauque 
 county, New York. 
 
 Forestville, a post-office of Chester co., Pa. 
 
 Forestville, a post-office of Shenandoah 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Forestville, a post-village in Wake coun- 
 ty, North Carolina, 15 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Forestville, a small village of Stephenson 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Forestville, a post-office of Delaware 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Forge Village, a post-village in Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts, 30 miles from Boston. 
 
 Forked Deer River, of West Tennessee, 
 is formed by two branches, the South and 
 North forks, which unite in Dyer county. 
 Flowing thence south-westward, it enters the 
 Mississippi, near the N. W. extremity of 
 Lauderdale county. Keel-boats ascend the 
 S. fork, the largest branch, as high as Jack- 
 son, which is 160 miles from its mouth. The 
 N. fork rises near the N. E. extremity of 
 Madison county, and joins the S. fork a few 
 miles S. from Dyersburg. 
 
 Forked River, a post-village of Dover 
 township. Ocean county, New Jersey, is si- 
 tuated on a stream of its own name, about 
 9 miles S. S. E. from Toms river. It has 
 2 grist mills, 1 saw mill, a ship-yard, a school 
 house, and a store. Most of the citizens are 
 engaged in maritime pursuits at a distance 
 from home ; but there are in the vicinity of 
 the village many excellent farms. 
 
 Forked River, a post-office of Monmouth 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Fork Inn, a post-office of Dinwiddie co., Va. 
 
 Forkland, a thriving post- village of Greene 
 county, Alabama, at the junction of the 
 Black Warrior and Tombigbee rivers, 18 
 miles S. from Eutaw. 
 
 Fork Lick, a post-office of Nicholas co.,Va. 
 
 Fork Meetinghouse, a post-office of Balti- 
 more county, Maryland. 
 
 Fork Ridge, a post-office of Marshall co. Va. 
 
 Forks, a township of Northampton county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, imme- 
 diately above Easton. Population, 2321. 
 
 Forks, a township of Sullivan county, Pa., 
 4 miles N. W. from Laporte. Population, 343. 
 
 Forks of Buffalo, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Forks of Elkhorn, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin county, Kentucky. 
 
 Forks of Pigeon, a post-office of Haywood 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Forks of Potomac, a post-office of Hamp- 
 shire county, Virginia. 
 
 FoRKSTON, a post-township of Wyoming 
 county, Pennsylvania. Population, 694. 
 
 FoRKSViLLE, a post-office of Mecklenburg 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 FoRKSviLLE, a small post-village of Washita 
 parish, Louisiana, 13 miles W. from Munroe. 
 
 FoRKSviLLE, a post- village of Lake county, 
 Illinois, 50 miles N. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 FoRKTOWN, a post-village in Somerset 
 county, Maryland, about 90 miles S. S. E. 
 from Annapolis. 
 
 FoRKUNiON,a post-office of Fluvanna co. Va. 
 
 Forney's, a post-office of Lincoln county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Formosa, a village of Cole county, Mis- 
 souri, on the Missouri river, near the mouth 
 of Osage river, about 10 miles below Jeifer- 
 son City. 
 
 FoRRis, a post-office of Hancock co., Va. 
 
 FoRSTERViLLE, apost-officc of Henry county, 
 Georgia, 80 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Forsyth, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of North Carolina ; area estimated at 
 250 square miles. It is drained by Yadkin 
 river and by Muddy creek The surface is 
 diversified by hills and valleys ; the soil is 
 said to be fertile. Wheat, maize, and oats 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 40,735 bushels of wheat ; 349,320 of 
 corn, and 97,659 of oats. It contained 1 cot- 
 ton factory, 1 woollen factory, 22 corn and 
 flour mills, 5 saw mills, and 16 churches. 
 The rocks which underlie the county are pri- 
 mitive. A plank-road is in progress, which 
 will connect Salem with Fayetteville. Formed 
 in 1849, from the S. part of Stokes county. 
 Capital, Winston. Population, 11,168, of 
 whom 9815 were free, and 1353, slaves. 
 
 Forsyth, a county in the N. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of about 250 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. E. and S. by 
 the Chattahoochee, intersected by the Eto- 
 wah, and also drained by Vickery's and Sit- 
 tingdown creeks. The surface is diversified 
 by hills or small mountains ; the soil in the 
 vicinity of the rivers is alluvial and rich, and 
 the uplands are moderately productive. Cot- 
 ton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 472 bales of cotton; 339,954 bushels 
 of corn; 72,855 of oats, and 78,333 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 3 grist mills, 1 woollen 
 factory, and 2 tanneries. It contained 28 
 churches, and 405 pupils attending public 
 schools. " Forsyth county lies in the gold 
 region. Sawney's mountain, near Cumming, 
 contains abundance of gold. Silver and 
 copper are found in several places, and a 
 few diamonds and other precious stones have 
 been found." (White's Slatistics of Georgia.) 
 Named in honor of John Forsyth, an eminent 
 statesman of Georgia. Capital, Cumming, 
 
 391 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 Population, 8850, of whom 7823 were free, 
 and 1027, slaves. 
 
 FoBSTTH, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Monroe count}', Georgia, on the Macon 
 and Western railroad, 25 miles N. W. from Ma- 
 con. It has a brick court house, 3 churches, 
 2 schools, and 2 hotels. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Forsyth, a post-village, capital of Taney 
 CO., Mo., on White river, at the mouth of Swan 
 creek, 150 miles S. S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Fort Adams, Rhode Island. J^^For those 
 forts which are simply military posts, see Table 
 OF Military Vosts, Appendix. 
 
 Fort Adams, a post-village of Wilkinson 
 county, Mississippi, on the Mississippi river, 
 40 miles S. from Natchez. 
 
 Fort Alamo, of Bexar county, Texas, near 
 San Antonio. Here, March 6, 1836, a small 
 garrison of Texans bravely resisted a body of 
 Mexicans, ten times their number, and pe- 
 rished to a man, whence this spot has been 
 called the Tliermopylte of Texas. 
 
 Fort Ancient, apost-ofEceof Warrenco., 0. 
 
 Fort Ann, a post- village in Fort Ann town- 
 ship, Washington county, New York, on the 
 Champlain canal, and on the Saratoga and 
 Washington railroad, 67 miles N. by E. from 
 Albany. It has several churches, and a bank. 
 Population of the township, 3383. 
 
 Fort Atkinson, a village of AVinnishiek co., 
 Iowa, 110 miles N. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Fort Atkinson, a thriving post-village of 
 Jefferson county, Wisconsin, on Rock river, 
 just below the mouth of the Bark river, about 
 40 miles E. S. E. from Madison. It is situated 
 in a rich farming district. It has (1853) 2 
 churches, 8 stores, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Fort Atkinson, a post-office of Nebraska 
 territory. 
 
 Fort Bainbridge, a village of Russel 
 county, Alabama, on the line of the (pro- 
 posed) Girard and Mobile railroad. 
 
 Fort Babrington, or Fort Barrington 
 Ferry, a post-village of Mcintosh county, 
 Georgia, on the Altamaha river, 12 miles N. 
 AY. from Darien. 
 
 Fort Bend, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Texas, contains about 850 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Brazos river, and the 
 Bernard river bounds it on the S. W. The 
 surface is nearly level, the soil is alluvial, 
 and some parts are fertile, especially on the 
 river bottoms. The uplands are mostly un- 
 cultivated and destitute of timber ; the large 
 streams are fringed with forests of live oak, 
 red cedar, &c. Sugar cane, cotton, and 
 corn are the staples. In 1850, it produced 
 2465 bales of cotton, 100 hogsheads of sugar ; 
 135,205 bushels of corn, and 53,330 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 4 churches, 120 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 40 attending 
 academies or other schools. Steamboats 
 navigate the Brazos through this county 
 during several months of the year. Capital, 
 Richmond. Population, 2533, of whom 979 
 ■were free, and 1554 slaves. 
 392 
 
 Fort Boisee, Oregon, is situated on, the 
 Lewis river, at the mouth of Red river. 
 Lat. 43° 49' 22" N., Ion. 116° 47' W. 
 
 Fort Browder, a post-office of Barbour 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Fort Brown, (village.) See Brownsville. 
 
 Fort Bcffington, a post-office of Cherokee 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Fort Clark, a post-office of Alachua 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Fort Clarke, in Humboldt county, Iowa, 
 on Lizard river, 165 miles W. N. W. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Fort Covington, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Franklin county. New York. Popu- 
 lation, 2641. 
 
 Fort Covington, a post-village in the 
 above township, on Salmon river, 5 miles 
 from its mouth, and 18 miles N. W. from 
 Malone. It contains 4 or 5 churches, and a 
 number of mills. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Fort Crawford, a post-office of Conecuh 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Fort Croghan, Iowa, on the E. bank of Mis- 
 souri river, 250 miles W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Fort Croghan, of Potawatomie county, 
 Iowa, on the right bank of the Missouri river, 
 N. of Council Bluff. 
 
 Fort Dade, a post-office of Benton county, 
 Florida, on the Withtacoochee river, 170 
 miles S. E. from Tallahassee; Near this spot 
 Lieutenant Dade and his brave companions 
 fell, in December, 1835. 
 
 Fort Decatur, a post-village of Macon 
 county, Alabama, near the Tallapoosa river, 
 nnd on the railroad from Montgomery to West 
 Point, 30 miles E. N. E. from the former. 
 
 Fort Defiance, a post-office of Caldwell 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Fort Des Moines, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Polk county, Iowa, is situated at 
 the junction of the Des Moines and Raccoon 
 rivers, 120 miles W. from Iowa City. It is 
 one of the largest villages in the central part 
 of the state. The Des Moines is susceptible 
 of steam navigation to this point, which is 
 the terminus of the slack-water improvement 
 now prosecuted by the state. The projected 
 railroad from Davenport on the Mississippi 
 river to Council Bluff is expected to pass 
 through this place. Mines of stone coal have 
 been opened in the vicinity, and timber is 
 abundant. The river furnishes extensive 
 water-power, which is partially employed in 
 flouring mills and sawmills. Two newspapers 
 are published here. The old fort Des Moines 
 was evacuated by the troops of the United 
 States in 1846. 
 
 J'oRT Duncan, a post-village and military 
 station of Kinney county, Texas, on the Rio 
 Grande, at what is called the Eagle Pass, 
 250 miles W. S. W. from Austin. 
 
 Fort Edward, a post-township of Wash- 
 ington county. New York, on the Hudson 
 river. Population, 2328. 
 
 Fort Edward, a post-village in the above 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 township, on the E. bank of the Hudson river, 
 on the Saratoga and Washington railroad, 48 
 miles N. from Albany. It has a bank. Po- 
 pulation estimated at 600. The name is de- 
 rived from a fort built in 1776, now in ruins. 
 
 FoKT Edwakd Centre, a post-office of 
 Washington county. New York. 
 
 FoET Fairfield, a small post-village in the 
 E. part of Aroostook county, Maine, on the S. 
 side of Aroostook river, 1-50 miles N. E. by 
 N. from Bangor. It is chiefly interesting 
 from its having been a military post during 
 our difficulties with England, in 1839. 
 
 Fort Fillmore, a military station and 
 post-office below Doiia Ana, on the Rio 
 Grande, in the S. part of New Mexico. 
 
 Fort Foote, a post-office of Neshoba 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 FciRT Gaines, a thriving post-village of 
 Early county, Georgia, on the Chattahoochee 
 river 175 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. It 
 is situated on a high bluff, 160 feet above 
 common water mark. Steamboats navigate 
 the river for about 8 months of the year. 
 Fort Gaines is the chief mart for the sale and 
 shipment of the cotton produced in Early 
 county. It contains several churches. On 
 the banks of Colamoka creek, a few miles 
 S. E. from Fort Gaines, are several artificial 
 mounds, the largest of which is 75 feet in 
 height, with a level surface on the top, 80 
 yards by 30 in extent. From the base of 
 the mound, a broad road or canal, 500 yards 
 long, extending to the creek, is still well de- 
 fined, and in some places is about 12 feet 
 deep. A vertical shaft has been sunk in the 
 mound to the depth of 50 or 60 feet, but 
 nothing found except charcoal, and a white 
 substance supposed to be decomposed bones. 
 
 Fort Gaines, a post-village of Wahnahta 
 county, Minnesota territory, on the Missis- 
 sippi river, about 100 miles N. W. of St. Paul's. 
 
 Fort Gibson, or Cantonment Gibson, a 
 post-village and military station in the In- 
 dian territory, on the Neosho river, near its 
 entrance into the Arkansas. 
 
 Fort Gratiot, in St. Clair county, Michi- 
 gan, at the head of St. Clair river, 55 miles 
 N. E. from Detroit. 
 
 Fort Hall, an important station on the 
 route to Oregon, and on Henry river, the 
 principal branch of Lewis river. Lat. 43° 
 V 30" N., Ion. 112° 29' 54" W. 
 
 Fort Hamilton, a pleasant post-village of 
 King's county. New York, situated on the 
 Narrows, at the W. extremity of Long Island, 
 7 miles S. from New York. Here is a fortifica- 
 tion defending the entrance of New York har- 
 bor. The village has a large hotel or board- 
 ing house, and is a place of summer resort. 
 
 Fort Harlet, a post-office of Alachua 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Fort Hembree, a post-office of Cherokee 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Fort Henderson, a small post-village of 
 Macon county, Alabama. 
 
 Fort Hill, a post-village of Lake county, 
 Illinois, 45 miles N. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Fort Howard, a thriving post-village of 
 Brown county, Wisconsin, on the W. bank of 
 Fox river, near its mouth, opposite Green 
 bay. It has a large foundry, with a machine- 
 shop, 2 steam saw mills, and from 400 to 500 
 inhalDitants. Here was formerly a military 
 post. 
 
 Fort Hcinter, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county. New York. 
 
 Fort Jefferson, a small village of Ballard 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Fort Jefferson, a small post-village of 
 Darke county, Ohio, 5 miles S. W. from 
 Greenville. The fort at this place was built 
 by General St. Clair, in 1791. 
 
 Fort Jennings, a post-village of Putnam 
 county, Ohio, on the Auglaize river, about 
 112 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Fort Jessup, a post-office of Sabine co.. La. 
 
 Fort Kearny, a post-office of Indian 
 country, Nebraska. 
 
 Fort Kent, a post-village of Aroostook 
 CO., Me., at the mouth of Fish river, about 
 155 miles N. of Bangor. It contains 5 stores. 
 This place enjoys excellent water privileges. 
 
 Fort Laramie, a military post and settle- 
 ment on the North fork of Platte river, on 
 the route to Oregon. Lat. 42° 12' 10" N., 
 Ion. 104° 47' 43'' W. It has a post-office of 
 the same name. 
 
 Fort Leavenworth, in the Indian territory, 
 on the right or W. bank of Missouri river, 412 
 miles from its mouth, and 3 miles below 
 Weston. It is finely situated on a bluff about 
 150 feet higher than the river, and has a good 
 landing for steamboats. It is an important 
 rendezvous for United States troops, and is 
 one of the points of departure for emigrants 
 to California. 
 
 Fort Lee, a small village of Bergen county, 
 New Jersey, on the Hudson river, at the foot 
 'of the Palisades, 9 miles above New York. 
 Here was a noted military post, now in ruins. 
 
 Fort Littleton, a small post-village of 
 Fulton county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fort McCoy, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Fort Madison, a flourishing town, capital 
 of Lee county, Iowa, on the Mississippi river, 
 12 miles above the head of the lower rapids, 
 22 miles above Keokuk, and 22 miles below 
 Burlington. The situation is beautiful and 
 healthful ; the ground rising gradually from 
 the water to the western part of the town. 
 The latter is well built, with a large propor- 
 tion of brick houses. It contains the state 
 prison, a handsome brick court house, and 5 
 or 6 churches of the same material. Two or 
 three ferry-boats ply constantly across the 
 river, which is nearly a mile wide. Fort 
 Madison is a place of much activity in trade 
 and manufactures ; in the latter of which 
 it appears to have made more progress than 
 any other town in the state. Two or three 
 
 393 
 
FOR 
 
 FOS 
 
 newspapers are published here. Large quan- 
 tities of grain, pork, &c. are shipped at this 
 place, which is also an extensive depot for 
 pine lumber. Population in 1850, 2300 ; in 
 185.3, about 3000. 
 
 Fort Mill, a post-office of York dis., S. C. 
 
 Fort Miller, a post-village of Washington 
 county. New York, on the E. side of the Hud- 
 son river, and on the Champlain canal, 40 
 miles N. from Albany. It contains a number 
 of stores and mills. 
 
 FoKT Miller, of California, situated near 
 the entrance of the San Joaquin river into 
 the plains, is a few miles above the head of 
 navigation on that stream. 
 
 Fort Mitchell, a small post-village of 
 Russell CO., Ala., 12 miles from Columbus, Ga. 
 
 Fort MoNTGOMERY,a post-office of Cherokee 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Fort Montpelier, a small post-village of 
 Baldwin county, Alabama. 
 
 Fort Motte, a post-office of Orangeburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Fortner's Hill, post-office, Laclede co.,Mo. 
 
 Fort Nesquallt. See Nesquallt. 
 
 Fort Osage, a post-village of .Jackson co., 
 Mo., 151 miles W. N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Fort Pike, a post-office of Orleans par.. La. 
 
 Fort Plain, a post-village of Minden town- 
 ship, Montgomery county. New York, on the 
 right bank of the Mohawk river, and on the 
 is^rie canal, 58 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 
 It contains several churches, a bank, and 2 
 newspaper offices. Population estimated at 
 1500. 
 
 Fort Prince, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Fort FwAcoon, a small post-village of Des 
 Moines county, Iowa. 
 
 Fort Recovery, a post-office of Mercer 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Fort Ripley, formerly Fort Gaines, a 
 post-village of Cass county, Minnesota, stands 
 on the bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of 
 the Nokay river, 122 miles N. from St. Paul. 
 
 Fort Scott, a post-office of Bates co., Mo. 
 
 Fort Seneca, a post-office of Seneca co., 0. 
 
 Fort Smith, a thriving post-village of Se- 
 bastian county, Arkansas, on the right bank 
 of the Arkansas river, 163 miles by land W. N. 
 W. from Little Rock, and at the western 
 boundary of the state. It has an extensive 
 trade with the Indian tribes, and is a milita- 
 ry post of the United States. A weekly 
 newspaper is published here. The govern- 
 ment buildings are of brick. There is one 
 frame church in the place. According to 
 some authorities. Fort Smith is the present 
 county seat. Population, about 1500. 
 
 Fort Snelling, a military post and post- 
 village of H^ennepin county, Minnesota, stands 
 on the point formed by the confluence of the 
 Minnesota with the Mississippi river, 7 miles 
 above St. Paul. 
 
 FoRTSviLLE, a post-office of Saratoga coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 394 
 
 FoRTSViLLE, a village in Jones county, 
 Georgia, 18 miles W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 FoRTSviLLE, a village of Hancock county, 
 Indiana, on the Bellefontaine and Indianapolis 
 railroad, 20 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Fort Taylor, a post-office of Benton coun- 
 ty, Florida. 
 
 Fortuna, a village of Graves co., Ky. 
 
 Fort Union, a post-office of New Mexico. 
 
 Fort Valley, a thriving post-village of 
 Houston county, Georgia, 28 miles S. W. 
 from Macon. It is situated on the South- 
 western railroad, at the terminus of the Mus- 
 cogee railroad, leading to Columbus about 
 70 miles distant. Since the completion of 
 the railroad, this place has been much im- 
 proved, and has become a depot for cotton. 
 It contains 1 church, 1 large academy, and 3 
 dry-goods stores. Population in 1853, about 
 1000. 
 
 Fort Washington, a post-village of Prince 
 George's county, Maryland, on the E. side 
 of the Potomac, 15 miles S. from Washington 
 city. 
 
 Fort Washita, a post-office of Chickasaw 
 Nation, Indian Territory. 
 
 Fort Wayne, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Allen county, Indiana, is situated at the con- 
 fluence of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's 
 rivers, which form the Maumee, and on the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, 122 miles E. N. E. 
 from Lafayette, and 112 miles N. E. from 
 Indianapolis. Fort Wayne is a town of ra- 
 pid growth, and is one of the most important 
 places in the state. It is the western termi- 
 nus of the Ohio and Indiana railroad, which 
 connects with the Ohio and Pennsylvania 
 railroad at Crestline, and is to be extended 
 westward to Chicago. V/hen this road is 
 finished, Fort Wayne will be connected with 
 Philadelphia by a continuous line of railways 
 more than 600 miles in length. Another 
 railroad is in course of construction to Muncie. 
 Several plank-roads lead from this place 
 to diiferent parts of the state and of Ohio. 
 It has 8 churches, a bank, a Methodist female 
 college, and 2 newspaper offices. The sur- 
 rounding region is highly productive, and a 
 large portion of the land is under cultivation. 
 On the site of the town was the old 
 " Twightwee village," of the Miami tribe. 
 Here Fort Wayne was erected in 1794, by 
 order of General Wayne, and it continued to 
 be a military post until 1819. The Miamies 
 were removed beyond the Mississippi in 1841. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 6500. 
 
 Fort Wilkins, a post-office of Houghton 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Fort Winnebago, Wis. See Portage City. 
 
 Forty Fort, a post-office of Luzerne co.,Pa. 
 
 Forwardstown, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 FosDiCK, a post-office of Hamilton co., 0. 
 
 Foster, a post-township of Providence 
 county, Rhode Island, 15 miles W. by S. from 
 Providence ; intersected by several line 
 
FOS 
 
 FOU 
 
 streams, affording good mill-power. Popu- 
 lation, 1932. 
 
 Foster, a small post-village of Bracken 
 CO., Ky., on the Ohio river, about 50 miles in 
 a straight line N. E. from Lexington. 
 
 Foster Centre, a post-office of Providence 
 county, Rhode Island. 
 
 FosTERDALE, a post-officc of SulHvan coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Foster's, a post-office of Tuscaloosa CO., Ala. 
 
 Foster's, a post-village of Marion county, 
 Illinois, 15 miles S. S. E. from Vandalia. 
 
 Foster's Bar, a post-office of Yuba coun- 
 ty, California. 
 
 Foster's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Bledsoe co. Tenn., Ill miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Foster's Fork, a post-office of Prince Ed- 
 ward county, Virginia. 
 
 Foster's Mills, a post-office of Seneca 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 FosTERTOWN, a Small village of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, 6 miles S. from Mount Holly. 
 
 FosTERViLLE, a post-office of Cayuga coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 FosTERViLLB, a village in Henry county, 
 Georgia, on the Macon and Western railroad, 
 80 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 FosTERTiLLE, a Small post-village of Ru- 
 therford county, Tennessee, 42 miles S.E. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 FosTORiA, a post-village of Blair county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania railroad, 
 124 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 FouNDRYViLLE, a Small post-village of Co- 
 lumbia county, Pennsylvania, about 14 miles 
 E. by N. from Bloomsburg. 
 
 Fountain, a county in the western part of 
 Indiana, bordering on the Wabash river, con- 
 tains about 400 square miles. It is drained 
 by Coal creek. The surface is mostly level, 
 and is diversified by majestic forests and 
 beautiful prairies, the latter of which occupy 
 about one-fourth of the county. The soil is 
 generally a black loam, and is highly pro- 
 ductive. Wheat, corn, oats, &c. are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 927,278 
 bushels of corn ; 60,031 of wheat ; 53,480 of 
 oats, and 7554 tons of hay. It contained 
 26 churches, and 1 newspaper office. There 
 were 3662 pupils attending public schools. 
 Coal and iron ore are abundant. The Wa- 
 bash and Erie canal passes through it. Ca- 
 pital, Covington. Population, 13,253. 
 
 Fountain Dale, a post-office of Adams 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fountain Green, a post-office of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fountain Green, a post-village of Han- 
 cock county, Illinois, 10 miles N. E. from 
 Carthage, the county seat. 
 
 Fountain Head, a post-office of Sumner 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Fountain Hill, a post-office of Greene 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Fountain Hill, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Ashley county, Arkansas. 
 
 Fountain Inn, a post-office of Greenville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Fountain Mills, a post-office of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fountain Prairie, a post-township in the 
 eastern part of Columbia county, Wisconsin. 
 Population, 420. 
 
 Fountain Prairie, (formerly called Fall 
 River,) a small village of Columbia county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Fountain Run, a post-village of Monroe 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Fountain Spring, a post-office of Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fountain Spring, a post-office of Wood 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Fountain Springs, a post-office of Wapello 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 FouRCHE a Retnault, a post-village in 
 Washington county, Missouri, 65 miles S.W. 
 from St. Louis. 
 
 FouRCHE a Thomas, a small stream which 
 rises in the southern part of Missouri, and 
 flowing southward into Arkansas, enters 
 Black river a little above Pocahontas. 
 
 FouECHE Dumas, a post-office of Randolph 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 FouRCHE LA Fave, a small stream of Ar- 
 kansas, rises near the S. W. border of Scott 
 county, and flowing eastward, enters the 
 Arkansas in Perry county, near the centre 
 of the state. 
 
 Four Corners, a post-office of Huron coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 104 miles N. by E. from Columbus. 
 
 Four Lakes, a name given to a chain of 
 lakes in Dane county, Wisconsin, extending 
 in a row from N. W. to S. E., and discharg- 
 ing their waters into Catfish river. The 
 water of all these lakes is pure, and deep 
 enough in most places for the purposes of 
 navigation. In describing them we shall re- 
 verse the order in which they are named, 
 beginning with the uppermost, and descend- 
 ing. Fourth lake, at the north-west extre- 
 mity of the chain, is considerably the largest, 
 being 6 miles in length, and 4 in its greatest 
 breadth. The water is cold and pure. It is 
 navigable for small steamboats : the depth 
 in some parts is estimated at from 50 to 70 
 feet. This beautiful lake is mostly fed by 
 springs, having but one tributary. It has 
 clear, white and gravelly shores. The sur- 
 face is estimated at 210 feet above Lake Mi- 
 chigan. Third lake, the next below, is 6^ 
 miles long and 2 miles wide. Madison, the 
 capital of the state, is situated on the north 
 shore of this lake, on the strip of laud be- 
 tween it and Fourth lake. Second lake, the 
 next order, is 3 J- miles long, and near 2 miles 
 wide. First lake, the lowest of the chain, is 
 rather more than 3 miles long, and about 2 
 miles wide. The region in the vicinity of 
 the Four Lakes is a beautiful country, witL 
 a rich limestone soil, well adapted for agri- 
 cultural purposes. 
 
 Fourth Lake. See Four Lakes. 
 395 
 
FOU 
 
 FRA 
 
 Four Mile Branch, a post-office of Barn- 
 well district, South Carolina. 
 
 Four Mile Branch, a post-office of Mon- 
 roe county, Tennessee. 
 
 Four Mile Creek of Michigan, flows into 
 the Kalamazoo river, in Kalamazoo county. 
 
 Four Mile Creek of Ohio, rises in Preble 
 county, and enters the Miami river, near 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Four Mile Creek, a post-office of Erie 
 county, New York. 
 
 Four Mile Grove, a post-office of Lee 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Four Mile Prairie, a post-office of Van 
 Zandt county, Texas. 
 
 Four Mile Prairie, a post-office of Fa- 
 yette county, Illinois. 
 
 Fourteen Mile Creek of Mississippi, 
 flows through Hinds co. into Big Black river. 
 
 Fourteen Mile Creek of Indiana flows 
 through Clarke county into the Ohio, 14 
 miles above the Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 Fowler, a post-township of St. Lawrence 
 county. New York, on the Oswegatchie river, 
 27 miles S. W. from Canton. Pop., 1813. 
 
 Fowler, a post-township in the eastern 
 part of Trumbull county, Ohio. Pop., 1089. 
 
 Fowler's, a post-office of Brooke co., Va. 
 
 Fowler's Knob, a post-office of Nicholas 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Fowlersville, a post-office of Livingston 
 county. New York. 
 
 Fowlersville, a post-office of Columbia 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fowler's Mills, a post-village of Geauga 
 county, Ohio, 170 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 FowLSTOWN, a village in Decatur county, 
 Georgia, about200 miles S.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 Fox, a new county in the north-west cen- 
 tral part of Iowa, has an area of about 550 
 square miles. It is intersected by Lizard river, 
 an affluent of the Des Moines. This county 
 is not included in the census of 1850 ; the po- 
 pulation is very small. The name is derived 
 from the Fox tribe of Indians, who were re- 
 cently removed from this part of the state. 
 
 Fox, a township forming the north-western 
 extremity of Clearfield county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 50. 
 
 Fox, a township of Elk county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, Smiles S. from Ridgway. Population, 764. 
 
 Fox, a township in the eastern part of 
 Carroll county, Ohio. Population, 1452. 
 
 Fox, a township in Kendall county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 846. 
 
 Fox, a post-office of Davis county, Iowa. 
 
 FoxBOROuoH, a post-township of Norfolk 
 CO., Mass., on the Boston and Providence rail- 
 road, 21 miles S.S W. from Boston. Pop. 1880. 
 
 FoxBURG, a small village of Clarion county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, at the 
 mouth of the Clarion river. 
 
 FoxBURG, a post-office of Forest co.. Pa. 
 
 Foxchase, a pleasantly situated post-vil- 
 lage of Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, 
 8 miles N. N. E. from Philadelphia. 
 396 
 
 Fox Creek, a post-village of St. Louis 
 county, Missouri, 28 miles W. from St. Louis. 
 
 FoxcROFT, a post-township of Piscataquis 
 county, Maine, on the north side of Piscata- 
 quis river, 60 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1045. 
 
 Fox Indians. See Sacs. 
 
 Fox Lake, a post-office of Lake co., 111. 
 
 Fox Lake, a thriving post-village of Dodge 
 county, Wisconsin, on Beaverdam creek, 
 the outlet of Fox lake, about 54 miles N. E. 
 from Madison. It is a place of active busi- 
 ness, and contains a flouring mill. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Fox River, of Iowa and Missouri, a small 
 stream which rises in Davis county, Iowa, 
 and enters the Mississippi in Clarke county, 
 Missouri, about two miles below the mouth 
 of Des Moines river. It is sometimes marked 
 Aromatic river on the maps. 
 
 Fox River, or Pishtaka, rises in Wau- 
 kesha county, Wisconsin, and running (in its 
 general direction) nearly due S., till it 
 reaches Oswego, in Illinois, then changes its 
 course to S. W., and falls into Illinois river 
 at Ottawa. The entire length is estimated 
 at 200 miles. It aifords great water power. 
 
 Fox River of Green bay, (Neenah of the 
 Indians,) one of the most important rivers 
 of Wisconsin, rises in Marquette county, and 
 flows first nearly S. W. towards the Wiscon- 
 sin, but, when within 1^ miles from that river, 
 it suddenly turns towards the N. After a 
 course of a few miles it assumes its general 
 north-esterly direction, and passing through 
 Lake Winnebago, falls into the south end 
 of Green bay. A canal has been cut from 
 this river to the Wisconsin, and the channel 
 below Lake Winnebago is to be improved, so 
 that steamboats can pass from Lake Michi- 
 gan to the Mississippi. The whole length is 
 estimated at 200 miles. The rapids in the 
 lower part of its course furnish immense 
 motive-power. 
 
 Fox Spring, a p«st-office of Overton coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Fox Springs, situated in Fleming county, 
 Kentucky, about 10 miles from Flemings- 
 burg. They contain sulphur and iron. 
 
 Foxville, a post-village of Fauquier coun- 
 ty, Virginia, on the Rappahannock river, 108 
 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Fkagoletta, a post-office of Marion co., Ga. 
 
 Fralet, a township of Schuylkill co., Pa. 
 13 miles W. by S. from Pottsville. Pop., 649. 
 
 Framingham, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, 20 miles W. by S. 
 from Boston, has extensive manufactures of 
 cloths, boots, &c. Population, 4252. It con- 
 tains a village and a bank ; it is connected by 
 a branch railroad with the Boston and Wor- 
 cester railroad. 
 
 Francestown, a township of Hillsborough 
 county, New Hampshire, 20 miles S. W. of 
 Concord, contains a bank. Pop. 1114. 
 
 Francisco, a post-office of Stokes co., N.C. 
 
FRA 
 
 ERA 
 
 Francisco, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Franciscoville, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Francis Creek, a post-office of Manitoo- 
 woc county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Francis Mills, a post-office of Ocean 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Francistown, a post-office of Hillsborough 
 county, New Hampshire. 
 
 Francisville, a post-village of Crawford 
 CO., Georgia, 31 miles AV. S. V\'. from Macon. 
 
 Francisville, a village of Boone county, 
 Ky., about 16 miles S. W. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Franconia, a post-township of Grafton 
 county, New Hampshire, 75 miles N. by W. 
 from Concord. Population, 584. 
 
 Franconia, a post-township of Montgomery 
 count3% Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. from Nor- 
 ristown. Population, 1270. 
 
 Franconia, a small post-village of Putnam 
 county, Ohio, on the Auglaize river, 120 miles 
 N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Frankenlust, a post-office of Saginaw 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Frankenmuth, a post-office of Saginaw 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Frankford, a township of Sussex county. 
 New Jersey, 8 miles N. from Newton. Po- 
 pulation, 1941. 
 
 Frankford, a township of Cumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 10 miles W. by 
 N. from Carlisle. Population, 1241. 
 
 Frankford, a small village of Cumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Frankford, a post-borough of Oxford 
 township, Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, 
 on Tacony creek, which furnishes water- 
 power, 5 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. The 
 inhabitants are extensively engaged in manu- 
 factures, which consist principally of woollen 
 goods, prints, and iron ware. The village is 
 chiefly on one broad street, and contains 3 
 or 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and seve- 
 ral schools. Frankford Asylum for the In- 
 sane, a well conducted institution, under the 
 direction of the Society of Friends, is in the 
 immediate vicinity. Population in 1850, 5346. 
 
 Frankford, a post-village in Greenbrier 
 CO., Va., 180 miles W. by N. from PJchmond. 
 
 Frankford, a post-village in Pike county, 
 Missouri, on an affluent of Salt river, 80 
 miles N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Frankford Creek, Pa. See Tacont. 
 
 Frankfort, a post-village of Waldo co., 
 Maine, on the W. side of Penobscot river, 10 
 miles S. by W. from Bangor, has 1 bank, 8 
 churches, and 20 stores. Ship building is ex- 
 tensively carried on. Pop. of township, 4233. 
 
 Frankfort, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Herkimer co., New York. Pop., 3023. 
 
 Frankfort, a post-village in th6 above 
 township, on the Erie canal and Mohawk 
 river, 9 miles S. E. from Utica. It contains 
 2 or 3 churches, several mills, and about 100 
 dwellings. 
 
 Frankfort, a village of Greenbrier coun- 
 ty, Virginia, 10 miles N. E. from Lewisburg, 
 contains 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 Frankfobt, a post-village of Hnmpshire 
 county, Virginia, on Patterson's creek, 203 
 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 FRANKF0RT,a post-office of Franklin CO., Ala. 
 
 Frankfort, a handsome town, capital of 
 Kentucky, and seat of justice of Franklin 
 county, is beautifully situated on the right 
 (or N. E.) bank of Kentucky river, 60 miles 
 from its mouth, 24 miles W. N. W. from Lex- 
 ington, 53 miles E. from Louisville, and 550 
 miles from Washington. Lat. 38° 14' N., Ion. 
 84° 40' W. It stands on an elevated plain 
 or valley, between the river and the bluff, 
 which rises a short distance behind the town 
 to the height of about 150 feet. The river, 
 which is here near 100 yards wide, flows in 
 a deep channel of limestone rock. The 
 eminences on the N. E. side of the town pre- 
 sent a delightful view of the picturesque 
 scenery for which this river is so remark- 
 able. Frankfort is regularly planned, and 
 generally well built. The state house stands 
 on a small eminence, nearly midway between 
 the river and the northern limit of the val- 
 ley. It is a handsome edifice of Kentucky 
 marble, quarried in the vicinity, with a por- 
 tico supported by six columns of the Ionic 
 order. The governor's house is a plain build- 
 ing of brick. The other public buildings are 
 the state penitentiary, a court house, 4 
 churches, 1 academy, and 2 banking houses. 
 Seven newspapers are published in Frankfort. 
 The town is supplied with excellent spring 
 water, which is conveyed into the town through 
 iron pipes. It is the centre of an active trade, 
 which is facilitated by railroads leading to 
 Louisville and Lexington, and by the naviga- 
 tion of the river. The latter has been im- 
 proved by means of dams and locks, so that 
 steamboats can ascend from its mouth to the 
 junction of its constituent branches. A chain 
 bridge connects the town with the village of 
 South Frankfort, on the opposite bank. Pop. 
 in 1853, about 5000. 
 
 Frankfort, a thriving post-village of Con- 
 cord township, Ross county, Ohio, on the 
 North fork of Paint creek, 11 miles N. W. 
 from Chilicothe. It is situated in a rich and 
 populous farming district. Population, 650. 
 
 Frankfort, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Clinton county, Indiana, on a branch 
 of Wildcat river, 42 miles N. N. W. from In- 
 dianapolis. It is surrounded by fertile and 
 well-improved farms. A plank-road extends 
 from this village to Lafayette and Delphi on 
 the Wabash. It contains (1853) 5 churches, 
 several stores, and 700 inhabitants. 
 
 Frankfort, a post-village of Franklin 
 county, Illinois, 160 miles S. by E. from 
 Springfield, was formerly the county seat 
 It contains several stores. 
 
 Frankfort, a township in the N. part of 
 Will county Illinois. 
 
 397 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 Frankfort, a small post-village of Pike 
 CO., Mo., 90 miles N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Feankfokt Hill, a post-office of Herkimer 
 county, New York. 
 
 Frankfort Mills, a post-office of Waldo 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Frankfort Springs, a post-borough of 
 Beaver county, Pennsylvania, about 25 miles 
 W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the W. part of 
 Maine, has an area of 1600 square miles. 
 Dead and Sandy rivers, branches of the Ken- 
 nebec, have their sources in this county. It 
 has also several smaller streams, which turn 
 numerous grist and saw mills. The surface 
 is undulating, with some mountainous dis- 
 tricts : Mount Abraham and the Saddleback 
 mountain are comprised within its limits. 
 The soil is generally fertile. Wheat, pota- 
 toes, wool, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 47,860 bushels 
 of wheat; 210,942 of potatoes;. 49,717 tons 
 of hay; 540,720 pounds of butter, and 
 163,609 of wool. The quantities of hay and 
 butter were each the greatest produced in 
 any county of the state except Somerset 
 county. There were 15 grist mills, 25 saw 
 and planing mills, 6 flour mills, 5 starch fac- 
 tories, and 9 tanneries. It contained 36 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 6789 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 125 attending 
 academies or other schools. Organized in 
 1830, having been formed out of portions of 
 Oxford and Somerset counties, and named 
 in honor of the philosopher and statesman, 
 Benjamin Franklin. Capital, Farmington. 
 Population, 20,027. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the N. part of Ver- 
 mont, has an area of about 630 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by Lake Champlain, 
 and is drained principally by the Missisque 
 and Lamoille rivers, which afford motive- 
 power to numerous grist and saw mills. 
 The surface is uneven, and in the E. part 
 hilly. Marble of good quality is found at 
 Swanton, and iron ore in other parts of the 
 county. The soil is fertile. Potatoes, oats, 
 wool, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 258,757 bushels of po- 
 tatoes ; 145,840 of oats ; 78,619 tons of hay ; 
 1,399,445 pounds of butter; 1,196,660 of 
 cheese, and 209,350 of wool. There were 4 
 woollen factories, 2 foundries, 3 grist mills, 
 20 saw mills, and 15 tanneries. It contained 
 47 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 7537 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 279 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Lake Cham- 
 plain, on the western border of this county, 
 is navigable for vessels of 90 tons burthen. It 
 is intersected by the railroad connecting Bur- 
 lington and Rouse's point. Organized in 1792. 
 Capital, St. Albans. Population, 28,586. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the N. W. central 
 
 part of Massachusetts, has an area of about 
 
 650 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 
 Connecticut river, and is watered by the 
 
 398 
 
 Deerfield and Miller's rivers, and other smaller 
 streams, which afford good water-power. 
 The surface is hilly, and in some parts moun- 
 tainous. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, 
 potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 223,359 bushels 
 of corn ; 1 85,114 of potatoes ; 52,766 tons of 
 hay, and 833,266 pounds of butter. There 
 were 4 cotton and 8 woollen factories, 16 
 grist and 54 saw and planing mills, 3 iron 
 foundries, 21 tanneries, 2 manufactories of 
 cutlery, 4 of edge tools, 12 of brooms, 13 of 
 cabinet-ware, 17 of boots and shoes, and 10 
 of agricultural implements. It contained 79 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 8428 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 209 attending 
 academies or other schools. The Connecticut 
 river, by means of canals around the different 
 falls and rapids, is navigable for small boats. 
 The railroad connecting Hartford and Bellows 
 Falls traverses the county, which is also inter- 
 sected by that extending from Lowell to Green- 
 field. Organized in 1811, having been taken 
 from Hampshire county. Capital, Greenfield. 
 Population, 30,870. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the N. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 1764 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Saranac, Cha- 
 teaugay, Salmon, St. Regis, and Racket 
 rivers, which afford valuable water-power. 
 It has several lakes or ponds, among which 
 may be mentioned Saranac and Loon lakes. 
 The surface is uneven, and in the S. W. part 
 mountainous, and well wooded. The soil is 
 generally fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 71,883 bushels of wheat; 87,100 
 of corn; 32,348 tons of hay; 582,452 pounds 
 of butter, and 81,101 of wool. There were 
 12 flour and grist mills, 46 saw mills, 11 
 potasheries, 1 cotton factory, 2 woollen fac- 
 tories, and 5 tanneries. It contained 20 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 6585 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 173 attending 
 academies or other schools. The south- 
 eastern portion of the county abounds in iron 
 ore of excellent quality. The N. part is tra- 
 versed by the railroad connecting Ogdens- 
 burg and Rouse's Point. Organized in 1808, 
 having previously formed part of Clinton 
 county. Capital, Malone. Pop., 25,102. 
 
 Franklin, a county of Pennsylvania, bor- 
 dering on Maryland, has an area of 740 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Conedogwiuet, 
 Antietam, Tuscarora, and Conecoeheague 
 creeks. The South mountain forms its bound- 
 ary on the E., Tuscarora or Cove mountain on 
 the N. AV. Parnell's Knob, a high and pictu- 
 resque peak in the N. part of the county, is 
 the S. W. termination of the Kittatinny range. 
 The highest points of Cove mountain are esti- 
 mated to be about 1500 feet above the valley. 
 The greater part of the county consists of a 
 broad limestone valley, watered with copious 
 and unfailing mountain springs, and having a 
 soil of unsurpassed fertility. Wheat, Indian 
 
FKA 
 
 FRA 
 
 corn, rye, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 Pork, beef, butter, and fruit are also exported. 
 In 1850 this county produced 837,062 bushels 
 of wheat, (the greatest quantity produced 
 by any county of the state, except Lancaster ;) 
 639,976 of corn ; 893,447 of oats ; 33,591 tons 
 of hay, and 67,466 pounds of butter. There 
 were 85 flour and grist mills, 30 saw mills, 2 
 iron mines, 6 foundries, 5 furnaces, 6 forges, 
 15 manufactories of cabinet-ware, 7 of agri- 
 cultural implements, 10 woollen factories, 17 
 distilleries, and 87 tanneries. It contained 78 
 churches, 7 newspaper offices, 8579 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 160 attending 
 academies and other schools. Limestone, 
 marble, and slate are abundant ; the mines of 
 iron ore are rich and extensively worked. The 
 county is intersected by the railroad extending 
 from Carlisle to Hagerstown, and by a turn- 
 pike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. Or- 
 ganized in 1784. Capital, Chambersburg. 
 Population, 39,904. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the S. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 864 square miles. The 
 Staunton river forms its N. E. boundary, and 
 the Blue Ridge extends along its N. W. border. 
 The surface is hilly or rolling ; the soil has a 
 substratum of clay and is very productive. 
 Tobacco, Indian corn, and wheat are the 
 staples. In 1850 there were raised 1,125,404 
 pounds of tobacco ; 431,408 bushels of corn ; 
 76,831 of wheat, and 187,792 of oats. There 
 were 14 flour, grist and saw mills, 2 iron 
 forges, 1 iron furnace, and 15 tobacco fac- 
 tories. It contained 25 churches, and 700 
 pupils attending public schools. Iron ore is 
 found in several parts of the county. Formed 
 ml784. Capital, Rocky Mount. Pop., 17,430; 
 of whom 11,704, were free, and 5726, slaves. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 North Carolina, has an area estimated at 450 
 square miles. It is intersected by Tar river. 
 The surface presents no great inequalities ; 
 the staples are Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. 
 In 1850 this county produced 398,031 bushels 
 of corn ; 58,798 of oats, and 300,268 pounds 
 of tobacco. There were 12 corn and flour 
 mills, 10 saw mills, and 2 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 17 churches. The produce of the 
 county is exported by the Raleigh and Gaston 
 railroad, which passes along or near its border. 
 Capital, Lewisburg. Formed in 1779. Po- 
 pulation, 11,718, of whom 6206 were free, 
 and 5507, slaves. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on South Carolina, has an 
 area of 650 square miles. The Tugaloo river, 
 a branch of Savannah river, forms the N. E. 
 boundary for more than 40 miles. The 
 county is intersected by the main branches 
 of Broad river, called the North fork, and 
 Hudson's fork. The surface is uneven ; the 
 soil is mostly fertile, especially near the 
 river. Cotton, wheat, and Indian corn are 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 2653 bales of cotton; 447,050 bushels of 
 
 corn; 104,764 of oats, and 114,331 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 80 churches, 1 cotton 
 factory, 4 saw mills, and 1 flour mill. Iron 
 ore is abundant, and a little gold has been 
 found. The streams furnish extensive motive- 
 power. The county is copiously supplied 
 with springs of good water. Capital, Carnes- 
 ville. Population, 11,518, of whom 9131 
 were free, and 2382, slaves. 
 
 Franklin, a county of Florida, bordering 
 on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 462 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Appa- 
 lachicola river, navigable by steamboats. The 
 surface is low, the soil sandy, and mostly un- 
 cultivated. It contained in 1850, 3 churches, 
 1 school, and 1 newspaper ofBce. Capital, 
 Appalachicola. Population, 1561, of whom 
 1184 were free, and 877, slaves. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Alabama, bordering on Mississippi, has an 
 area of 1260 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Bear and Cedar creeks, and the Tennessee 
 river forms its entire N. boundary. The 
 surface is hilly ; the soil is generally fertile, 
 and extensively cultivated. Cotton and In- 
 dian corn are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 15,045 bales of cotton; 
 892,891 bushels of corn; and 95,556 of oats. 
 There were 7 tanneries, 5 grist and saw 
 mills, and 1 iron foundry. It contained 33 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 466 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 488 attending 
 academies and other schools. A part of the 
 surface is covered with forests of oak and other 
 trees. Steamboats navigate the Tennessee 
 river along the northern border. The rail- 
 road which extends from the head to tho 
 foot of the Muscle shoals in that river has 
 its western terminus in this county, and the 
 route of the Memphis and Charleston rail- 
 road passes through it. Population, 19,610; 
 of whom 11,413 were free, and 8197, slaves. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about 730 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Homochitto 
 river. The surface is uneven; the soil is 
 said to be rather poor, excepting the river 
 bottoms. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 4347 bales of cotton; 189,195 bushels of 
 corn ; 4995 of oats, and 44,039 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 14 churches, and 128 
 pupils attending public schools. The pine 
 is abundant in the county. Capital, Mead- 
 ville. Population, 5904, of whom 2564 were 
 free, and 3350, slaves. 
 
 Franklin, a parish in the N. E. part of 
 Louisiana, contains 739 square miles. It is 
 watered by Boeuf and Macon bayous. The 
 surface is uneven ; the soil and climate are 
 adapted to cotton and Indian corn. In 1850 
 this parish produced 3044 bales of cotton, 
 iind 103,795 bushels of corn. It contained 
 3 churches, and 140 pupils attending public 
 schools. The streams furnish abunaant 
 water-power, which is only employed in a 
 
 o99 
 
ERA 
 
 TEA 
 
 few saw mills. The bayou Bceuf is na-vigable 
 by steamboats. Capital, Winnsborough. Po- 
 pulation, 3251 ; of whom 1678 were free, and 
 1573, slaves. 
 
 Franklin county, Arkansas, situated to- 
 wards the N. W. part of the state, contains 
 770 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Arkansas river, which divides it into nearly 
 equal parts. The surface is hilly ; the soil 
 of the lowlands is mostly fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, grass, and cattle are the chief 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 213,980 bushels of corn; 23,654 of oats; 
 801 bales of cotton, and 100,865 pounds of 
 butter. There were 2 tanneries and 1 saw 
 mill. It contained 5 churches, and 180 
 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Ozark. Population, 3972; of whom 3500 
 were free, and 472, slaves. 
 
 Feanklin, a county in the S. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Alabama : area esti- 
 mated at 780 square miles. It is drained by 
 the head streams of Elk river, an affluent of 
 the Tennessee river. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, particularly in the S. E. part, which 
 is occupied by a branch of the Cumberland 
 mountains. The soil is mostly fertile, pro- 
 ducing grain, cottou, and pasture. In 1850 
 this county produced 788,380 bushels of 
 Indian corn; 139,711 of oats; 637 bales of 
 cotton, and 141,287 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 35 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 3340 pupils attending public schools, and 
 235 pupils attending academies and other 
 schools. Water-power is very abundant on 
 Elk river and its branches. The Nashville 
 and Chattanooga railroad passes through a 
 mountain by a tunnel 2200 feet long ; and 
 the Winchester and Alabama railroad has its 
 N. terminus in this county. Capital, Win- 
 chester. Population, 13,768, of whom 10,145 
 were free ; and 3623, slaves. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the N. central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 212 square 
 miles. The Kentucky river flows through the 
 middle, and Elkhorn river flows through the E. 
 part into the former stream. The surface is 
 finely diversified, undulating, and hilly. The 
 Kentucky river in this county flows through a 
 chasm between steep clifl's of limestone several 
 hundred feet high. The soil is very productive 
 and much improved. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, and hemp are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 549,723 bushels of corn; 
 25,335 of wheat, and 98,742 of oats. It con- 
 tained 17 churches, 556 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 215 attending academies 
 or other schools. The rock which underlies 
 the county is the blue or Trenton limestone. 
 Quarries of marble are also worked near the 
 Kentucky river. The river is navigable by 
 steamboats in this county, which is intersected 
 by the Louisville and Lexington railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1794. Frankfort is the county seat 
 and capital of the state. Population, 12,462, 
 of whom 9097 were free, and 3365, slaves. 
 400 
 
 Feanklin county, Ohio, situated a little 
 S. from the centre of the state, contains 530 
 square miles. It is drained by the Scioto 
 and Olentangy rivers, and by Walnut and 
 Alum creeks. The surface is level ; the soil 
 is fertile, and much of it is well cultivated. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork 
 are the chief productions. In 1850 this 
 county yielded 97,998 bushels of wheat ; 
 2,521,988 of corn; 174,963 of oats, and 
 19,644 tons of hay. It contained 58 churches, 
 14 newspaper ofiices, 14,287 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 95 attending an academy. 
 Four important railways radiate from Colum- 
 bus towards the chief towns of the state, and 
 several plank-roads have been laid in the 
 county. Franklin is the fourth county of 
 the state in respect to population, and is 
 rapidly improving. Capital, Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, 42,910. 
 
 Franklin, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Indiana, bordering on Ohio, contains about 
 380 square miles. It is drained by the forks 
 of Whitewater river, which unite near the 
 centre of the county. The surface is level 
 in some parts, and hilly in others ; the soil 
 contains a large proportion of lime, and is 
 mostly fertile. The productions are wheat, 
 corn, oats, potatoes, pork, beef, and various 
 provisions for the Cincinnati market. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,002,149 bushels of 
 corn; 124,289 of wheat; 100,279 of oats, 
 and 6392 tons of hay. It contained 42 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 1670 
 pupils attending public schools. The county 
 is amply supplied with water-power, and has 
 manufactories of cotton, paper, and flour. It 
 is traversed by the Whitewater canal. Ex- 
 tensive beds of blue or Trenton limestone are 
 found. Organized in 1810. Capital, Brook- 
 ville. Population, 17,968. 
 
 Feanklin, a county in the S. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 400 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Big Muddy river, 
 and also drained by Saline creek. It is 
 heavily timbered ; the soil is mostly fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and cotton 
 are cultivated. In 1850 the county produced 
 268,690 bushels of corn; 3008 of wheat, and 
 24,883 of oats. It contained 15 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, 350 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 60 attending an academy. 
 Capital, Benton. Population, 5681. 
 
 Feanklin, a county in the E. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 874 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. by Missouri river, in- 
 tersected by the Maramec and Riviere au 
 Boeuf, and also drained by Bourbeuse, Berger, 
 St. .John's, and Indian creeks. The surface 
 is undulating and hilly; the soil is mostly 
 fertile, especially on the bluifs of the Mis- 
 souri, and along the other streams. The 
 timber is good and abundant. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 521,382 bushels of corn; 51,960 of wheat: 
 
FRA 
 
 PRA 
 
 72,103 of oats ; 1067 tons of hay, and 656,821 
 pounds of tobacco, of a superior quality. It 
 contained 18 churches, 461 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 75 attending academies 
 or other schools. Large quantities of copper, 
 lead, and iron are found on the banks 
 of Maramec river and Bourbeuse creek. 
 Two iron furnaces are kept in constant ope- 
 ration. Mines of copper and lead have been 
 opened in numerous places, and yield good 
 profits. It is plentifully supplied with water- 
 power. The Maramec river has been navi- 
 gated by small steamboats in the county, 
 and with little improvement it would be na- 
 vigable to the Virginia mines. The route of 
 the Pacific railway has been surveyed through 
 the county. Capital, Union. Population, 
 11,021, of whom 9562 were free, and 1459, 
 slaves. 
 
 Franklin, a new county towards the N. 
 part of Iowa, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Iowa river, and 
 by Otter and Pipe creeks, tributaries of Red 
 Cedar river. This county is not included in 
 the census of 1850. County seat not located. 
 
 Fkanklin, a post-township of Hancock 
 county, Maine, at the head of Frenchman's 
 bay, 80 miles S. E. of Bangor. Pop., 736. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Oxford county, 
 Maine. Population, 188. 
 
 Fkanklin, a post-township of Merrimack 
 county, New Hampshire, on the W. side of 
 Merrimack river, on the Northern railroad, 
 19 miles N. N. W. from Concord. Pop., 1251. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, 55 miles N. N. W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1646. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township of Norfolk 
 CO., Mass., on the Norfolk co., railroad 27 
 miles S. W. from Boston. Pop. 1818. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township of New London 
 county, Connecticut, 30 miles E. by S. from 
 Hartford. Population, 895. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Delaware county, New York. Popu- 
 lation, 3087. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 82 miles W. S. W. from Al- 
 bany, contains 2 or 3 churches and a number 
 of stores. Population, about 750. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Franklin county, 
 New York, about 25 miles S. S. E. from Ma- 
 lone. Population, 724. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Bergen county. 
 New Jersey, 13 miles N. W. from Hacken- 
 sack. Population, 1741. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village of Essex county. 
 New Jersey, 11 miles N. W. from Newark. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Gloucester coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, 15 miles S. S. E. from AVood- 
 bury. Population, 2984. 
 
 Franklin, a township on the S. E. border 
 of Somerset county. New Jersey, contains a 
 part of New Brunswick. Population, 3062. 
 
 Franklin, a thriving village of Sussex 
 county, New Jersey, 11 miles E. N. E. from 
 2a 
 
 Newton. It contains a Baptist church, 2 iron 
 forges, 1 blast furnace, and several mills. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Warren county. New Jersey. Pop., 1564. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Adams county, 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. W. from Gettys- 
 burg. Population, 1806. 
 
 Franklin, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Alleghany county, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1327. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the W. part of 
 Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, bordering 
 on the Alleghany river. Population, 2410. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Beaver county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 625. 
 
 I'ranklin, a township of Bradford county, 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles S. W. from Towanda. 
 Population, 767. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Butler county, 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. W. from Butler. 
 Population, 1119. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Erie county. 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles S. S. W. from Erie. 
 Population, 687. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Fayette county, 
 Pennsylvania, 35 miles S. S. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1432. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Greene county, 
 Pennsylvania, contains Waynesburg, the 
 county seat. Total population, 2443. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the N. part of 
 Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Pennsylvania railroad. Population, 1401. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. from Wilkesbarre. 
 Population, 642. 
 
 Franklin, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1059. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Montour county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the N. branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna, 5 miles above Danville. Pop., 738. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. N. E. from 
 Montrose. 
 
 Franklin, a thriving post-borough, capita' 
 of Venango county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 right bank of French creek, immediately 
 above its entrance into the Alleghany river, 
 212 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg, and 68 
 miles N. from Pittsburg. It is the southern 
 terminus of a canal extending to Meadville. 
 Small steamboats ply between this town and 
 Pittsburg. Franklin contains a court house, 
 1 or 2 academies, and 2 newspaper offices; and 
 has bridges across the river and creek. Fort 
 Franklin was erected on this site in 1787; 
 the town was laid out in 1795. Population 
 in 1850, 936 ; in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Westmoreland 
 county, Pennsj'lvania, 20 miles E. from Pitts- 
 burg, intersected by the Pennsylvania rail- 
 road. Population, 2560. 
 
 Franklin, a township forming the north- 
 west extremity of York county, Pennsylva- 
 nia. Population, 815 
 
 401 
 
FEA 
 
 FKA 
 
 Feanklin, a village of Baltimore county, 
 Maryland, on the South branch of Patapsco 
 river, 34 miles N. of Annapolis. 
 
 Franklin, a small village, capital of Pen- 
 dleton county, Virginia, on the South branch 
 of the Potomac, 20 miles from its source and 
 165 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village of Southampton 
 county, Virginia, on the Blackwater river, 
 and on the Portsmouth and Roanoke railroad, 
 88 miles S. S. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Franklin, a small post-village, capital of 
 Macon county. North Carolina, on the Ten- 
 nessee river, where it is crossed by the 
 Western turnpike, 325 miles W. by S. from 
 Raleigh. It is situated in a mountainous 
 region. 
 
 Franklin, a post- village, capital of Heard 
 county, Georgia, on the left bank of the 
 Chattahoochee river, 145 miles W. from 
 Milledgeville. Water-power is abundant in 
 the vicinity. Franklin has a good court 
 house, and a new bridge across the river. 
 
 Franklin, a small post-village of Henry 
 county, Alabama, on the Chattahoochee 
 river, about 100 miles S. E. from Montgo- 
 mery. It contains 5 stores. Pop., about 250. 
 
 Franklin, a village in Macon county, 
 Alabama, on the Montgomery and West 
 Point railroad, 45 miles E. N. E. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village of Holmes coun- 
 ty, Mississippi, 60 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Franklin, a thriving post-town and port of 
 entry, capital of St. Mary's parish, Louisiana, 
 on the right bank of the river Teche, 65 miles 
 by water from the Gulf of Mexico, and 125 
 miles S. S. W. from Baton Rouge. It is situated 
 In a rich planting district, and has an active 
 trade. Cotton, sugar, and maize are ex- 
 ported by the river, which is navigated by 
 large steamers. The shipping of the port, 
 (Teche district,) .June 30th, 1852, amounted 
 to an aggregate of 2157|| tons, enrolled and 
 licensed, of which 1219^^ tons were employed 
 in steamboat navigation. Pop., about 1400. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village, capital of Ro- 
 bertson county, Texas, about 90 miles in a 
 direct line N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township in Chicot coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. Population, 561. 
 
 Franklin, a post-office of Fulton co.. Ark. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Izard county, 
 Arkansas. Population, 604. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Sevier county, 
 Arkansas. Population, 402. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Union county, 
 Arkansas. Population, 1394. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village, capital of AVil- 
 liamson county, Tennessee, on the Harpeth 
 river, 18 miles S. from Nashville, with which 
 it is connected by turnpike. A company has 
 been formed for the construction of a rail- 
 road from this place to Nashville. Franklin 
 contains a bank, a cotton factory, an iron 
 foundry, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 402 
 
 Franklin, a post-village, capital of Simp- 
 son county, Kentucky, on Drake's creek, 150 
 miles S. W. from Frankfort. It contains 2 
 churches, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Franklin, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Adams county, Ohio. Pop., 1963. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the central part 
 of Brown county, Ohio. Population, 1108. 
 
 Franklin, a township forming the south- 
 eastern extremity of Clermont county, Ohio, 
 on the Ohio river. Population, 3061. 
 
 Franklin, a township forming the south- 
 western extremity of Columbiana county, 
 Ohio. Population, 1164. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the southern 
 part of Coshocton county, Ohio, intersected by 
 Muskingum river. Population, 966. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Darke county, 
 Ohio. Population, 551. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the central part 
 of Franklin county, Ohio. Population, 1851. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the western part 
 of Fulton county, Ohio. Population, 720. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the western part 
 of Harrison county, Ohio. Population, 1062, 
 
 Franklin, a small village in the above town- 
 ship, 14 miles N. W. from Cadiz, the county 
 seat, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the central part 
 of Jackson county, Ohio. Population, 1295. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Licking county, Ohio. Population, 1059. 
 
 Feanklin, a township in the eastern part 
 of Mercer county, Ohio. Population, 356. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the western part 
 of Monroe county, Ohio. Population, 1588. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Morrow county, Ohio. Population, 1456. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the western part 
 of Portage county, Ohio. Population, 1749. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the northern part 
 of Richland county, Ohio. Population, 1257. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the south-eastern 
 part of Ross county, Ohio. Population, 642. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Shelby county, 
 Ohio. Population, 788. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township near the north- 
 western extremity of Warren county, Ohio. 
 Population, 2544. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the ]\Iiami canal, and on the left 
 bank of Miami river, 33 miles in a direct 
 line N. by E. from Cincinnati. It is one of 
 the largest villages in the county, and has 
 a high-school and 3 places of worship. The 
 railroad between Cincinnati and Dayton 
 passes quite near this place. Population, 
 about 1200. 
 
 Feanklin, a township in the south part 
 of Wayne county, Ohio. Population, 1450. 
 
 Franklin, a township in the northern 
 part of Lenawee county, Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 1231. 
 
 Franklin, a thriving post-village of Oak- 
 land count3% Michigan, 21 miles N. W. from 
 Detroit, is pleasantly situated near the 
 
FRA 
 
 FRA 
 
 sources of Rouge river. It has a good water- 
 power, and contains several mills and stores. 
 
 Franexin, a township in De Kalb county, 
 Indiana. Population, 900. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Floyd county, 
 Indiana. Population, 758. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Hendricks coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 889. 
 
 Franklin, a township of Henry county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1102. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township in Johnson 
 county, Indiana. Population, 8166. 
 
 Franklin, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Johnson county, Indiana, is situated 
 in the above township, on Young's creek, 
 and on the Madison and Indianapolis rail- 
 road, 20 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis, 
 and 66 miles N. W. from Madison. It is the 
 principal station on this railroad between the 
 two cities above named. The railroad was 
 opened from Madison to this point in 1846, 
 since which time the population of Franklin 
 has been tripled, and its business has in- 
 creased in a much higher ratio. Franklin 
 is the east terminus of a railroad leading to 
 Martinsville, and of a plank -road about 20 
 miles in length, which extends to a branch 
 of White river at Moorsville. Franklin col- 
 lege at this place is a flourishing institution, 
 under the direction of the Baptists. The 
 village contains a large county seminary, 
 and about 5 church edifices. Population in 
 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Kosciusko county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1201. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Marion county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1506. 
 
 Franklin, a township .in Montgomery 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1487. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Owen county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1153. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Putnam county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1218. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Ripley county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1815. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Washington coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 3032. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Wayne county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1362. 
 
 Franklin, a township in De Kalb co.. 111., 
 ■with a village of the same name. Pop., 716. 
 
 Franklin, a village of De Witt co., Illinois, 
 on Salt creek, 40 miles N. E.from Springfield. 
 
 Franklin, a township in Kendall county, 
 Illinois. Population, 357. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village of Morgan coun- 
 ty, Illinois, about 12 miles S. E. from Jack- 
 sonville. 
 
 Franklin, a post-office of Howard co.. Mo. 
 
 Franklin, a pleasant post-village of Lee 
 county, Iowa, 24 miles N. by W. from Keo- 
 kuk city. Population, in 1853, about 300. 
 
 Franklin, a small village of Iowa co.,Wis. 
 
 Franklin, a post-township forming the 
 south-western extremity of Milwaukee coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. Population, 1176. 
 
 Franklin, a post-village in the above 
 township, 12 miles S. W. from Milwaukee. 
 It has (1852) 2 stores, 2 hotels, and about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Franklin Centre, a post-of6ce of Lee 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Franklin City, a post-village in Norfolk 
 county, Massachusetts, 30 miles S. W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 Franklin College, a post-office of David- 
 son county, Tennessee. 
 
 Franklin Corners, a post-office of Erie 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Franklin Creek of Ohio rises in Darke 
 county, and falls into the Miami river, in 
 Butler county. 
 
 Franklindale, a manufacturing village 
 of Fishkill township, Dutchess co.. New York. 
 
 Franklindale, a post-office of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Franklin Depot, a post-office of South- 
 ampton county, Virginia. 
 
 Franklin Falls, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, New York. 
 
 Franklin Furnace, a post-village in Har- 
 diston township, Sussex county, New Jersey, 
 is situated on the Walkill river, about 11 
 miles in a straight line N. E. from Newton. 
 It has a large blast furnace for making 
 pig-iron, and a cupola furnace for making 
 stoves and jjlough castings. 
 
 Franklin Furnace, a post-village of Scioto 
 county, Ohio, near the Ohio river, 12 miles 
 E. S. E. from Portsmouth. 
 
 Franklin Island, on the eastern side of 
 the entrance to St. George's river, Maine. 
 At the north end is a fixed light, 50 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Lat. 43° 51' N. ; 
 Ion. 69° 10' W. 
 
 Franklin Mills, a thriving post-village 
 of Franklin township. Portage county, Ohio, 
 on the Cuyahoga river, and on the Mahoning 
 canal, 6 miles W. from Ravenna, the county 
 seat, and 134 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 The river has a fall of 40 feet at this place, 
 affording abundant water-power, which is 
 partly improved. The village is the seat of 
 flourishing manufactories of wool, glass, and 
 flour. It contains 4 or 5 churches, 1 bank, 
 and about 1600 inhabitants. 
 
 Franklin Springs, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin county, Georgia. 
 
 Franklin Square, a post-village of Salem 
 township, Columbiana county, Ohio, 155 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus, contains about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Franklinton, a village of Schoharie coun- 
 ty. New York, about 30 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Franklinton, a post-village of Franklin 
 county. North Carolina, on the railroad from 
 Gaston to Raleigh, 27 miles N. E. from the 
 latter. It has grown up since the construc- 
 tion of the railroad, which is soon to be re- 
 built. Population in 1853, about 300. 
 
 Franklinton, a small post-village, capital 
 403 
 
ERA 
 
 FEE 
 
 of "Washington parish, Louisiana, on Bogne 
 Chitto, 68 miles N. from New Orleans. 
 
 Fraxklinton, a village of Henry county, 
 Kentucky, 8 miles E. from Newcastle. 
 
 Feanklinton, a small village of FranMin 
 county, Ohio, on the W. side of Scioto river, 
 opposite Columbus, was the first seat of justice. 
 
 Franklintown, a post-village of York coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 18 miles S. W. from 
 Harrisburg, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Fraxhlinville, a post-township of Catta- 
 raugus county, New York, 7 or 8 miles E. 
 from EUicottville. Po.pulation, 1706. 
 
 Franklinville, a small post-village in the 
 above township, about 45 miles S. S. E. from 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Franklinville, a village of Essex county. 
 New Jersey, about 10 miles N. W. from New 
 York, contains a church and perhaps 2o 
 dwellings. 
 
 Fraxklinville, formerly Little Ease, a 
 small village of Gloucester county. New Jer- 
 sey, 16 miles S. S. E. from Woodbury. 
 
 Franklixville, a post-office of Montour 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fraxklinville, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Fraxklixville, a thriving post-village of 
 Randolph county. North Carolina, on Deep 
 river, 70 miles W. from Raleigh. It has a 
 fine water-power and a cotton factory. 
 
 Fraxklixville, a small village of Boone 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Fraxklixville, a small village of McHenry 
 county, Illinois, on the Kishwaukee prairie. 
 
 Frank's Island Lighthouse, on Frank's 
 Island, at the entrance of the Mississippi 
 river, by the N. E. Pass. It shows a fixed 
 light 78 feet above the level of the gulf. Lat. 
 29" 8' 30" N., Ion 89° 1' 24" W. 
 
 Frankstown, a post-township of Blair 
 county, Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Frankstown branch of Juniata river, and by 
 the Pennsylvania canal. Population, 1482. 
 
 Frankstown, a post- village in the above 
 township, on the Frankstown branch of the 
 Juniata river, and on the Pennsylvania canal, 
 3 miles E. from Hollidayshurg. 
 
 Franksville, a post-office of Claiborne 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Franktown, a post-office of Northampton 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Frazer, a post-office of Chester co., Pa. 
 
 Frazersburg, a small post-village of Mus- 
 kingum county, Ohio, on the Ohio canal, 61 
 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Frazier's Bottom, a post-office of Putnam 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Freasburg, a small village of Salem coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, 12 miles S. E. from Salem. 
 
 Frease's Store, a post-office of Stark 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Freuerica, a thriving post-village of Kent 
 county, Delaware, on Motherkill creek, 13 
 miles S. from Dover. It has 2 churches, 2 
 hotels, and about 10 stores. 
 404 
 
 Frederica, a small post-village of Glynn 
 county, Georgia, is situated on St. Simon's 
 sound, about 70 miles S S. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Frederick, a county in the N. part of Ma- 
 ryland, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an 
 area of 770 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S. W. by the Potomac river, which separates 
 it from Virginia, intersected by Monocacy 
 river, and also drained by Catoctin, Pipe, 
 Linganore, and Bennett's creeks. The South 
 mountain, a continuation of the Blue Ridge 
 of Virginia, forms its western boundary, 
 and the surface is generally undulating. The 
 soil in different parts is formed of decomposed 
 limestone and slate, and is highly productive. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, but- 
 ter, and live stock are the staples. Accord- 
 ing to the census of 1850, this county pro- 
 duced more hay and more butter than any 
 other in the state, and more wheat than 
 any excepting Washington. There were 
 raised 731,864 bushels of wheat; 782,603 
 of corn: 180,922 of oats; 2.3,838 tons of 
 hay, and 723,064 pounds of butter. There 
 were 9 woollen factories, 1 iron foundry, 1 
 iron furnace, 72 flouring mills, 43 tanneries, 
 12 cooper shops, 6 manufactories of cabinet- 
 ware, 2 of agricultural implements, and 5 
 brick-yards. It contained 79 churches, 7 
 newspaper offices; 5182 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 740 attending academies 
 or other schools. The limestone which un- 
 derlies the surface is of superior quality : a 
 quarry of fine white marble has been opened 
 in the county, which also contains valuable 
 mines of copper, iron, and manganese. The 
 streams fui'nish abundant water-power. The 
 county is intersected by the Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad, and has the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio canal on its south-western border. Ca- 
 pital, Frederick. Population, 40,987, of whom 
 37,074 were free, and 3913, slaves. 
 
 Frederick, a county in the N. N. E. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 378 square miles. 
 The Opequan, Sleepy, and Black creeks, 
 affluents of the Potomac, rise within it and 
 flow north-eastward. The surface is beauti- 
 fully diversified with mountain scenery : the 
 pi'incipal elevation is the North mountain, 
 extending along the western border. The 
 county occupies part of the Great Valley of 
 Virginia, and is one of the most wealthy and 
 highly cultivated in the state. Wheat, In- 
 dian com, oats, hay, butter, cattle, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 311,060 
 bushels of wheat; 199,242 of corn; 50,701 
 of oats; 6433 tons of hay, and 193,394 
 pounds of butter. There were 35 flour mills, 
 38 saw mills, 7 woollen factories, 4 tobacco 
 factories, 7 tanneries, 1 iron furnace, and 1 
 iron foundry. It contained 31 churches, 360 
 pupils attending public schools, and 305 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Blue 
 limestone underlies a large portion of the 
 county. The streams furnish abundant mo- 
 tive-power for mills and factories. A railroad 
 
FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 extends from Harper's ferry to Winchester, 
 the capital of the county. Turnpike-roads 
 radiate in several directions from the latter 
 town. Formed in 1738. Population, 15,975, 
 of whom 13,C81 were free, and 2294, slaves. 
 
 Feederick, a post-township of Montgo- 
 mery county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. N. W. 
 fromNorristown, drained byPerkiomen creek. 
 Population, 1431. 
 
 Frederick, a small village of Barren coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 17 miles N. E. from Glasgow. 
 
 Frederick, a township in Knox county, 
 Ohio. Population, 712. 
 
 Frederick, a post-village of Mahoning co., 
 Ohio, about 60 miles S. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 Frederick, a township in Schuyler coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 309. 
 
 Frederick Citt, capital of Frederick coun- 
 ty, Maryland, is situated 2 miles W. from the 
 Monocacy river, 44 miles N. W. from Wash- 
 ington, and 60 W. from Baltimore. A 
 branch railroad, 3 miles long, connects it with 
 the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. It is con- 
 sidered as the second city of the state in 
 wealth and commercial importance, and is 
 the third in population. The houses are 
 generally built of brick or stone; the streets 
 are wide and straight, crossing each other at 
 right angles. The town contains a handsome 
 courthouse, about 14 churches, 3 or 4 banks, 
 several seminaries, and 5 or 6 newspaper 
 offices. The religious denominations are 
 Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Methodists, 
 Baptists, German Lutherans, German Calvin- 
 ists, and Pioman Catholics. It has also ma- 
 nufactories of iron, wool, paper, flour, ropes, 
 and earthenware. Pop., in 1850, 6028. 
 
 Fredericksburg, a post-office of Lebanon 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fbedericksbdeg, the chief town of Spott- 
 sylvania county, Virginia, on the right bank 
 of the Rappahannock river, at the head of 
 tide-water, 65 miles N. from Richmond. It 
 is pleasantly situated in a fertile vallejs 
 and has advantages for commerce and 
 manufactures. The railroad from Wash- 
 ington to Richmond passes through the 
 town, and a canal has been constructed from 
 this place to a point on the river 40 miles 
 above, by which large quantities of wheat, 
 •flour, and tobacco are received for exporta- 
 tion. The river aifords extensive water- 
 power, which, however, is not much used. 
 Large quantities of fine granite and freestone 
 are found in the vicinity. It contains 5 
 churches, 1 orphan asylum, 2 seminaries, 3 
 or 4 newspaper offices, and 2 banks. Popu- 
 lation in 1840, 3974; in 1850, 4062. 
 
 Fredericksburg, a post-village, capital of 
 Gillespie county, Texas, 66 miles in a straight 
 line W. by S. from Austin. 
 
 Fredericksburg, Gallatin county, Ken- 
 tucky. See Warsaw. 
 
 Fredericksburg, a thriving post-village 
 in Salt Creek township, Wayne county, Ohio, 
 9 miles S. E. from Wooster. Population, 573. i 
 
 Fredericksburg, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, Indiana, on the Blue river, 
 about 15 miles S. S. AV. from Salem. 
 
 Fredericksburg, a post-office of Osage 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Frederickshall, a post-office of Louisa 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Fredericksville, a thriving post- village of 
 Schuyler county, Illinois, on the Illinois river, 
 80 miles below Peoria. It is the principal 
 shipping point for the produce of the county. 
 
 Fredericktown, a small village of Wash- 
 ington county, Kentucky, on the Beech fork 
 of Salt river, 8 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Fredericktown, a small village of Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver 
 canal, 168 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Fredericktown, a flourishing and well- 
 built post-village of Knox county, Ohio, on 
 Vernon river, and on the railroad from San- 
 dusky to Newark, about 50 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. It was laid out in 1807. The 
 river furnishes water-power, which is em- 
 ployed in saw, flour, and carding mills. 
 Population in 1850, 712; in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Fredericktown, a post-office of Marion 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Fredericktown, a post-village, capital of 
 Madison county, Missouri, 158 miles S. E. 
 from Jefi'erson City. It has a bi-ick court 
 house, 1 or 2 churches, and several hundred 
 inhabitants. Copper and lead mines are 
 found in the vicinity. 
 
 Fredon, a post-office of Sussex co., N. J. 
 
 Fredonia, a post-village in Pomfret town- 
 ship, Chautauque county. New York, about 
 40 miles S. W. from BuflFalo. It contains 5 
 or 6 churches, an academy, several mills, and 
 sf)rings of carburetted hydrogen gas, used for 
 the purpose of lighting the hocuses. 
 
 Fredonia, a post-village of Chambers co., 
 Ala., 175 miles E. by S. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Fredonia, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas 
 
 Fredonia, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Fredonia, a post- village of Caldwell coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 12 miles W. from Princeton. 
 
 Fredonia, a post-village of Lickens coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 10 miles N. W. from Newark. 
 
 Fredonia, a small village of Noble co., 0. 
 
 Fredonia, a township in the central part 
 of Calhoun county, Michigan. Pop., 623. 
 
 Fredonia, a small post-village of Washte- 
 naw county, Michigan. 
 
 Fredonia, a post-village of Crawford coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Fredonia, a post-village of Williamson 
 county, Illinois, on Muddy river, about 15 
 miles N. AV. from Marion. 
 
 Fredonia, a village of Louisa co., Iowa, at 
 the junction of Iowa and Cedar rivers. 
 
 Fredonia, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Washington co., Wis. Pop., 071 
 
 Freebourn, a township in Dunklin county, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Free Bridge, a post-village of Gordon 
 405 
 
FEE 
 
 FEE 
 
 county, Georgia, on the Oostenaula river, 
 170 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Fkeebukg, a post-Tillage of Union co., Pa., 
 about 50 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Freedensbueg, a post-ofBce of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Freedom, a post-township of Waldo coun- 
 ty, Maine, 28 miles N. E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 948. 
 
 Freedom, a post-township of Carroll coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire, 45 miles N. N. E. from 
 Concord. 
 
 Freedom, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Cattaraugus county, New 
 Yorlc. Population, 1652. 
 
 Freedom, a township of Adams county, 
 Pennsylvania, 6 miles S. W. from Gettys- 
 burg. Population, 473. 
 
 Freedom, a post-village of Beaver county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river, and on the 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad, 23 miles N. 
 W. from Pittsburg, it has a manufactory 
 of steam engines, and a boat-yard for build- 
 ing steamboats. 
 
 Freedom, a post-office of Carroll co., Md. 
 
 Freedom, a township in Henry county, 
 Ohio. Population, 83. 
 
 Freedom, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Portage county, Ohio. Population, 996. 
 
 Freedom, a small village of Stark county, 
 Ohio, near the Ohio and Pennsylvania rail- 
 road, 136 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Freedom, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Washtenaw county, Michigan. Pop., 1215. 
 
 Freedom, a post-village of Owen county, 
 Indiana, on White rivei", 64 miles S. W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Freedom, a township in Carroll county, 
 Illinois. Population, 332. 
 
 Freedom, a post-township in La Salle coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 908. 
 
 Freedom, a post-township in Lafayette 
 county, Missouri, with a village of the same 
 name. Population, 1445. 
 
 Freedom, a post-office of Outagamie coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 Freedom Plains, a small post-village of 
 Dutchess CO., N. Y., 79 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Freehold, a small post-village of Greene 
 county, New York, on Catskill creek, about 
 26 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Freehold, a post-township of Monmouth 
 county. New Jersey, containing the county 
 seat. Population, 2633. 
 
 Freehold, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, and capital of Monmouth county, is 
 situated on a plain 30 miles E. from Trenton. 
 It contains 5 or 6 churches, an academy, 3 
 newspaper offices, and a bank. The import- 
 ant battle of Monmouth Court House was 
 fought here, June 28, 1778. A branch railroad 
 connects the village with the Camden and Am- 
 boy railroad. Population, about 500. 
 
 Freehold, a post-township of AVarren co.. 
 Pa., on the N. boundary of the state, 15 miles 
 K. W. from Warren. Population, 1162. 
 406 
 
 Freel, a post-office of Polk county, Iotts. 
 
 Freeland, a post-office of Baltimoi'e coun- 
 ty, Maryland. 
 
 Freeland's, a post-office of Muskingum 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Feeejian, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Maine, 45 miles N. W. fi"om Augusta. 
 Population, 762. 
 
 Freemansburg, a pretty and thriving post- 
 village of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the left bank of the Lehigh river, 10 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Freeman's Landing, a post-office of Han- 
 cock county, Virginia. 
 
 Freemansville, a post-office of Cherokee 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Freemanton, a post-village of Effingham 
 county, Illinois, on the National road, 5 miles 
 W. from Ewington, is situated on a fertile 
 prairie. Laid out about 1840. 
 
 Freeo, a post-office of Washita co., Ark. 
 
 Freeport, a post-township of Cumberland 
 county, Maine, 35 miles S. by W. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 2629. 
 
 Freeport, a flourishing post-borough of 
 South Buffalo township, Armstrong county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania canal, 
 and on the right bank of the Alleghany river, 
 30 miles above Pittsburg. It contains seve- 
 ral woollen factories and mills. Pop., 1073. 
 
 Freeport, a small village of Blair co.. Pa. 
 
 Freeport, a village of Greene county, Penn- 
 sylvania, near the S. W. corner of the state, 
 5 miles from the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 
 
 Freeport, a post-office of Wood eo., Va. 
 
 Freeport, a post-township forming the S. 
 A¥. extremity of Harrison county, Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 1127. 
 
 Freeport, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, 100 miles E. by N. from Co- 
 lumbus. Population, 350. 
 
 Freeport, a post-village of Shelby cotinty, 
 Indiana, on Blue river, 9 miles N. by E. from 
 Shelbyville. 
 
 Freeport, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Stephenson county, Illinois, on the Peka- 
 tonica river, near the mouth of Yellow creek, 
 on the Chicago and Galena railroad, 200 
 miles N. from Springfield. The Nortbern 
 Branch of the Central railroad passes 
 through it. It is bordered on different sides 
 by prairies and groves. It has several 
 churches and 2 newspaper offices. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 1436 ; in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Freeshade, a post-office of Middlesex coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Freestone, a new county in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part of Texas, has an area of about 840 
 square miles. The Trinity river, navigable 
 by steamboats, forms its N. E. boundary, and 
 it is drained by Richland and Buffalo creeks. 
 This county is not named in the census of 
 1850. Capital, Fairfield. 
 
 Freetown, a post- township of Bristol coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 40 miles S. from Boston. 
 Population, 1615. 
 
FRE 
 
 FEE 
 
 Fbeetoytn, a post-township of Cortland 
 county. New York, 11 miles S. E. from Cort- 
 landville. Population, 1036. 
 
 Freetown, a post-village of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 64 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Freetown Corners, a post-office of Coi't- 
 land county, New York. 
 
 Free Union, a post-office of Albemarle 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Frelsburg, a post-office of Colorado coun- 
 ty, Texas, about 80 miles E. by S. of Austin. 
 
 Fremont, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has 
 an area of about 500 square miles. The Mis- 
 souri river forms its entire boundary on the 
 W., the Nishuabatona river and Keg creek 
 flow through the county towards the S. W. 
 The surface is diversified ; the soil is said to 
 be good. The county contains a large portion 
 of prairie. Indian corn, wheat, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850, Fremont county pro- 
 duced 47,240 bushels of Indian corn; 10,589 
 of wheat ; 2480 pounds of wool, and 12,848 
 ■of butter. Named in honor of Colonel J. C. 
 Fremont, chief of the exploring expedition 
 to the Rocky mountains, to Oregon and Cali- 
 fornia. Capital, Austin. Pop. 1244. 
 
 Fremont, a township in Hancock county, 
 Maine. Population, 1425. 
 
 Fremont, a post-office of Sullivan county, 
 New York. 
 
 FREM0NT,a post-office of Itawamba CO., Miss. 
 
 Fremont, a post-office of Obion county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Fremont, a post township in the N. part 
 of Sandusky county, Ohio. 
 
 Fremont, formerly Lower Sandusky, ca- 
 pital of Sandusky county, Ohio, on the left 
 or W. bank of the Sandusky river, 24 miles 
 W. S. W. from Sandusky City, and 105 miles 
 W. by S. from Columbus. It is at the head 
 of navigation, and has considerable business. 
 The Cleveland and Toledo railroad passes 
 through the place, and steamboats run fre- 
 quently from this town to the ports on Lake 
 Erie. It has a bridge across the river, and 
 contains a c<iurt house, 5 or 6 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, 1 iron foundry, and 1 wool- 
 len factory. This place is on the site of Fort 
 Stephenson or Sandusky, gallantly defended 
 by Colonel Croghan, August 2d, 1813, against 
 the British and Indian forces. Pop., 1725. 
 
 Fremont, a post-village in the S. part of 
 Shiawassee county, Michigan. 
 
 Fremont, a post-township in Steuben coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 539. 
 
 Fremont, a township in Lake county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 776. 
 
 Fremont, a township in Buchanan county, 
 Missouri. Population, 882. 
 
 Fremont, a small post-village, capital of 
 Cedar co.. Mo., near Sac river, 110 miles in 
 a direct line W. S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Fremont, a thriving post-village of JMa- 
 haska co., Iowa, 70 miles S. W. of Iowa City. 
 
 Fbemont, a post-office of Brown co., Wis. 
 
 Fremont, a village of Waupacca co., Wis., 
 on Wolf river, 11 miles S. W. from Mukwa, 
 has 2 stores, and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Fremont, a post-village, capital of Yolo co., 
 Cal., on the Sacramento river, 70 miles N.N. 
 E. of Benicia. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Fremont Basin, or Great Basin, a remark- 
 able tract or region situated in the W. part of 
 Utah Territory, between the Sierra Nevada 
 and Wahsatch mountains. It is above 500 
 miles in extent from E. to W., and 350 from N. 
 to S., and is bounded on every side with high 
 hills or mountains. Only a part of it has 
 been thoroughly explored; it is, however, 
 known to contain a number of lakes and rivers, 
 none of whose waters ever reach the ocean, 
 being probably taken up by evaporation, or 
 lost in the sand of the more arid districts. 
 As far as known the lakes are all salt, except 
 Utah Lake. 
 
 Fremont Centre, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county. New York. 
 
 French, a township in Adams county, In- 
 diana. Population, 344. 
 
 French Broad, a post-office of Buncombe 
 CO., N Carolina, 265 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 French Broad River, of North Carolina 
 and Tennessee, rises near the base of the Blue 
 Eidge, in Henderson county of the former 
 state, and flows nearly north-westward into 
 Tennessee. After passing the mouth of the 
 Nolichucky, it turns towards the S. W. and en- 
 ters Holston river, 4 miles above Knoxville. 
 The whole length is estimated at 200 miles. 
 It is navigable by steamboats to Dandridge. 
 The scenery along the banks of this river is 
 very fine, especially at the Warm Springs, in 
 Buncombe county. North Carolina. 
 
 French Camp, a post-office of Choctaw 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 French Camp, California. See Castorio. 
 
 French Creek, of Chester county, Penn- 
 sylvania, enters the Schuylkill at Phenixville. 
 It affords extensive water-power. 
 
 French Creek, in the N. W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, called by the Indians Venango 
 creek, is formed by two branches which unite 
 in Erie county. It flows south-westward to 
 Meadville, where it takes a S. E. course, and 
 enters the Alleghany river at Franklin, Ve- 
 nango county. The whole length is estimated 
 at 150 miles. A canal extends along this 
 creek from its mouth to Meadville. 
 
 French Creek, a post-township forming 
 the S. W. extremity of Chautauque county, 
 New York. Population, 725. 
 
 French Creek, a post-township, forming 
 the N. E. extremity of Mercer county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on French creek. Population, 691. 
 
 French Creek, a small post-village of 
 Mercer county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 French Creek, a township of Venango 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of 
 French creek. Population, 962. 
 
 French Creek, a small village of Venango 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 407 
 
FRE 
 
 FRO 
 
 Prf-nch Creek, a post-office of Lewis co., 
 Virginia, 276 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 French Creek, a post-office of Knox co.,IlL 
 
 Frenctj Creek Chubcii, a post-office of 
 Bladen county. North Carolina. 
 
 French Grove, a post-village of Bureau 
 county, Illinois, 50 miles N. of Peoria. 
 
 French Island, a post-office of Spencer 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 French Lick, a post-township in Orange 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1243. 
 
 French Mountain, a post-office of Warren 
 county, New York. 
 
 French's Corner, a post-office of Kenne- 
 bec county, Maine. 
 
 French's Mills, a post-office of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 French Pond, a post-office of Suffolk coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Frenchtown, a post-village of Alexandria 
 township, in Huntingdon county. New Jersey, 
 is situated on the Delaware river, 16 miles 
 above Lambertville. It has 3 churches, 2 ho- 
 tels, 5 stores, 1 grist mill, and 1 saw mill. 
 The Belvidere and Delaware railroad passes 
 through it. Population, in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Frenchtown, a post-village of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the N. branch of 
 the Susquehanna river, about 134 miles N. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Frenchtown, a landing-place and railroad 
 station of Cecil county, Maryland, on Elk 
 river, 1 mile S. from Elkton, and 64 miles 
 E. N. E. from Baltimore. The railroad to 
 Newcastle and Philadelphia connects here 
 with the Baltimore steamboats. 
 
 Frenchtown, a post-village in Lewis co., 
 Va., 200 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Frenchtown, a township forming the N.E. 
 efxtremity of Monroe county, Michigan, bor- 
 dering on Lake Erie. Population, 1242. 
 
 French Village, a small post-village of 
 St. Clair county, Illinois, 7 or 8 miles E. S. E. 
 from St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 French Village, a village of St. Francis 
 CO., Missouri, 50 miles S. AV. from St. Louis. 
 
 Frbnchville, a post-village of Clearfield 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of 
 the Susquehanna, 14 miles E. N. E. from 
 Clearfield. 
 
 FRESHPoND,apost-office of Suffolk CO., N Y. 
 
 Frewsville, a post-village of Chautauque 
 county, New Yoi-k, about 24 miles E. S. E. 
 from Maysville. 
 
 Freysbdsh, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county. New York. 
 
 Friar's Point, a post-village of Coahoma 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Frick's Gap, a post-village of Walker 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Friedensburg, a village of Schuylkill co., 
 Pa., 10 miles S. S. W. from Pottsville. 
 
 Friedensville, a post-office of Lehigh 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Friendfield, a post-office of Marion dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 408 
 
 Friends, a post-office of Chautauque coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Friends' Grove, a small post-village of 
 Charlotte county, Virginia, 104 miles S. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Frienl^hip, a post-township of Lincoln co., 
 Maine, 35 miles S. E. of Augusta. Pop., 691. 
 
 Friendship, a post-township of Alleghany 
 county. New York, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 383 miles from New York city. 
 The inhabitants are extensively engaged in 
 the lumber trade. Population, 1765. 
 
 Friendship, a post-village in the above 
 township, contains two or three churches, one 
 of the most flourishing academies in Western 
 New York, and a bank. Pop. about 600. 
 
 Friendship, a post-village of Anne Arun- 
 del county, Maryland, 25 miles S. by W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Friendship, a post-village of Guilford co., 
 N. Carolina, 95 miles W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Friendship, a post-ofiice of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Friendship, a post-office of Sumter coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 44 miles S. E. of Columbus. 
 
 Friendship, a post-office of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Friendship, a post-office of Harrison coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Friendship, a post-office of Saline co., Ark. 
 
 Friendship, a post-office of Dyer co., Tenn. 
 
 Friendship, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio. 
 
 Friendship, a post-office of McDonough 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Friendship, a post-office of Fond du Lac 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Friendsville, a post-village of Susque- 
 hanna county, Pennsylvania,140 miles N.N.E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Friendsville, a post-village of Alleghany 
 CO., Md., about 40 miles W. from Cumberland. 
 
 Friendsville, a small village of Blount 
 county, Tennessee, on a small affluent of 
 Holston river, 2 miles from the latter. 
 
 Friendsville, a post-village of Wabash 
 CO., 111., 8 miles N. by W. from Mount CarmeL 
 
 Frisbie's Mills, a post-office of Warwick 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Frog Level, a small village of Newberry 
 district, South Carolina, on the Greenville 
 and Columbia railroad, 40 miles from Colum- 
 bia. The name of the post-office is changed 
 to Prosperity. 
 
 Frogtown, a district in Lumpkin county, 
 Georgia. Population, 575. 
 
 Feohna, a little village in the S. E. part 
 of Perry county, Missouri, about 5 miles from 
 the Mississippi river. 
 
 Frontier, a post-office of Clinton co., N. Y. 
 
 Fronton, fron-ton', a village of Cameron 
 CO., Texas, on Point Isabel and on Lagima 
 del Madre, a few miles from the Gulf of Mexi- 
 co, and about 30 miles E. N. E. of Brownsville. 
 
 Front Royal, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Warren county, Virginia, 140 miles 
 N. N. W. from Richmond, and 1 mile E. from 
 
FRI 
 
 FUL 
 
 Shenandoah river. It is pleasantly situated 
 in a valley between the river and the Blue 
 Eidge. The railroad from Alexandria to Stras- 
 burg passes through this village, and a plank- 
 road 20 miles long connects it with Winches- 
 ter. The water-power of the river has been 
 improved by the erection of numerous flour- 
 ing mills. Population, about 500. 
 
 Feostbuhg, a post-village of Alleghany 
 county, Maryland, on the Cumberland road, 
 10 miles W. from Cumberland. A large quan- 
 tity of stone coal is procured in the vicinity. 
 
 Frozen Creek, a post-olhce of Breathitt 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Fruit Hill, a post-office of Clearfield 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fruit Hill, a post-office of Edgefield coun- 
 ty, South Carolina. 
 
 Fruit Hill, a post-office of Christian coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, 190 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Fruit Hill, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind. 
 
 Frtburg, a village of Lehigh county. 
 Pa., about 10 miles S. S. E. from Allentown. 
 
 Fryburg, a small post-village of Auglaize 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Fkyeburg, a post-village of Oxford county, 
 Maine, on the left bank of Saco river, 58 
 miles W. S- W. from Augusta. It is built 
 principally on one broad street, finely shaded, 
 and contains a church, a hotel, and a flou- 
 rishing academy. A south-eastern branch 
 of the White mountain range terminates at 
 this village, rendering the scenery highly 
 picturesque. Daniel Webster was for some 
 time a teacher in the academy at this place. 
 Population of the township, 1523. 
 
 Fryer's Bridge, a post-office of Pike 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Fryer's Ponds, a post-office of Burke 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Fryvillb, a post-office of Clarke co., Ky. 
 
 Fuldah, a small post-village of Spencer 
 county, Indiana, 10 miles from the Ohio river. 
 
 Fuller's Point, a post-village of Cole 
 county, Illinois, 70 miles E. by S. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Fullersville, a post-village of St. Law- 
 rence county. New Yoi-k, 28 miles S. S. W. 
 from Canton. It has several churches and 
 manufactories of iron. 
 
 Fulwood's Store, a post-office of Union 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Fulton, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 530 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by East 
 Canada creek, and is drained principally by 
 it and Sacandaga river, with their tribu- 
 taries, which afford valuable water-power. 
 The surface is hilly and uneven, and in some 
 parts mountainous. The soil is generally 
 fertile. Corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 130,361 bushels of Indian corn; 285,202 of 
 oats; 160,974 of potatoes; 32,146 tons of 
 hay, and 710,648 pounds of butter. There 
 were 16 flour and grist mills, 78 saw mills, 
 
 75 glove factories, 6 paper mills, and 17 tan- 
 neries. It contained 27 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 6814 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 194 attending academies or other 
 schools. The railroad connecting Albany 
 with Utica passes through the S. W. corner 
 of this county. Organized in 1838, having 
 previouslj' formed part of Montgomery coun- 
 ty, and named in honor of Robert Fulton, 
 who first successfully applied steam to the 
 propulsion of boats in America. Capital, 
 Johnstown. Population, 20,171. 
 
 Fulton, a county in the S. part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, bordering on Maryland, has an area 
 of about 389 square miles. It is traversed by 
 Conoloway and Licking creeks, affluents of 
 the Potomac. The surface is mountainous. 
 Cove mountain forms the E. boundary, and 
 Sideling hill traverses the W. part. The val- 
 leys have some fertile land, and the highlands 
 are covered with timber. Grain, grass, lumber, 
 and bark for tanning are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 83,758 bushels of wheat; 
 50,835 of Indian corn ; 4752 tons of hay, and 
 100,260 pounds of butter. There were 18 
 flour and grist mills, 5 saw mills, 3 wool- 
 carding mills, and 10 tanneries. It contained 
 20 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 1570 
 pupils attending public schools. A large part 
 of the county is unsettled. It is intersected 
 by a turnpike from Chambersburg to Bedford. 
 It was formed a few years ago out of the E. 
 part of Bedford county. Capital, McConnells- 
 burg. Population, 7567. 
 
 Fulton county, Arkansas, situated in the 
 N. part of the state, bordering on Missouri, 
 contains 860 square miles. It is drained by 
 White river, and the Big North fork of that 
 river. The surface is hilly or undulating, 
 and the soil mostly fertile, especially along 
 the streams, producing good pasture and 
 grain. In 1850 this county yielded 111,523 
 bushels of Indian corn; 3128 of wheat; 7708 
 of oats, and 21,854 pounds of butter. Capi- 
 tal, Salem. Population, 1819, of whom 1769 
 were free, and 50, slaves. 
 
 Fulton, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Kentucky, bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi river, and on the State of Tennessee, 
 has an area estimated at 200 square miles. 
 The surface is diversified ; the soil is mostly 
 fertile. Indian corn, oats, hay, and tobacco 
 are the staples. Cattle, horses, and swine 
 are also exported. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 236,315 bushels of corn ; 25,494 of 
 oats, and 222,482 pounds of tobacco. It con- 
 tained 7 churches, 1 newspaper office, 125 
 pupils attending public schools, and 153 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Formed 
 in 1845, out of part of Hickman county. Ca- 
 pital, Hickman. Population, 4446, of whom 
 3503 yere free, and 943, slaves. 
 
 Fulton, a county in tlieN. W. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on Michigan, contains 337 square 
 miles. It is drained by Tiffin's river, an af- 
 fluent of the Maumee. The surface is nearly 
 
 409 
 
TUL 
 
 FUL 
 
 level, and the soil fertile. Indian corn, 
 TV-heat, oats, hay, butter, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 136,310 bushels of corn; 81,847 of 
 ■wheat; 53,735 of oats; 10,490 tons of hay, 
 and 153,404 pounds of butter. It contained 
 5 churches. It was formed a few years ago 
 by a division of Lucas county. Capital, Do- 
 ver. Population, 7781. 
 
 Pulton county, situated in the N. part of 
 Indiana, contains 366 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Tippecanoe river. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and is diversified by fo- 
 rests, prairies, and oak openings. The soil 
 is mostly pi-oductive. The staples are wheat, 
 corn, and oats. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 221,761 bushels of corn; 70,757 of 
 "wheat; 32,843 of oats, and 4637 tons of hay. 
 It contained 11 churches, and 1200 pupils 
 attending public schools. It abounds in iron 
 ore, and is liberally supplied with water- 
 power. Organized in 1836. Capital, Ro- 
 chester. Population, 5982. 
 
 Fulton, a county in the W. part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 870 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S. E. by the Illinois river, 
 intersected by the Spoon river, which divides 
 it into nearly equal parts, and also drained 
 by Otter, Putnam's, and Copperas creeks. The 
 surface is undulating, and diversified by 
 beautiful prairies and forests, which in a 
 state of nature were of nearly equal extent. 
 The soil is exceedingly fertile, and is well 
 cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, 
 ■wool, butter, and potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 1,430,717 
 bushels of corn; 274,479 of wheat; 178,734 
 of oats; 83,791 pounds of wool, and 302,029 
 of butter. It contained 28 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and 3555 pupils attending 
 public schools. Rich mines of stone coal 
 have been opened in the county. The Spoon 
 river furnishes motive-power for numerous 
 mills. The banks of the rivers and creeks 
 are -well timbered. The Illinois river affords 
 great facilities for exporting produce ; and the 
 Peoria and Oquawka railroad passes along 
 or near the northern border of the county. 
 Capital, Lewistown. Population, 22,508. 
 
 Fulton, a post-township of Oswego county. 
 New York, on Oswego river, 24 miles N. W. 
 from Syracuse. Population, 2344. 
 
 Fulton, a post-village of Oswego county, 
 New York, on the right (E.) bank of the Os- 
 ■wego river, 24 miles N. W. from Syracuse. 
 The Oswego and Syracuse railroad passes 
 along the other bank of the river. It has 
 churches of 4 or 5 denominations, a bank, 
 and numerous mills. Population in 1853, 
 estimated at 2000. 
 
 Fulton, a township in the central part of 
 Schoharie county. New York. Pop., 2566. 
 
 Fulton, a small village of Lancaster co.. Pa. 
 
 Fulton, a post-ofiice of Westmoreland 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fulton, a post-village in Davie county, 
 410 
 
 North Carolina, on Yadkin river, 110 miles 
 W, N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Fulton, a post-village in Siimter district, 
 South Carolina, 40 miles S. E. from Columbia. 
 
 Fulton, a post-office of Cobb co., Georgia. 
 
 Fulton, a post-office of Dallas co., Ala. 
 
 Fulton, a post-village, capital of Itawamba 
 county, Mississippi, on the Tombigbee river, 
 at the head of navigation, 210 miles N. N. E. 
 from Jackson. Small steamboats ascend to 
 this place in high water. Pop., from 300 to 400. 
 
 Fulton, a post-village of Hempstead coun- 
 ty, Arkansas, on Red river, 140 miles S. W. 
 from Little Rock. A plank-road has been 
 commenced between this place and Camden. 
 
 Fulton, a post-village of Lauderdale coun- 
 ty, Tennessee, on a bluff of the Mississippi 
 river, about 35 miles N. from Memphis. 
 
 Fulton, a township in the E. part of Ful- 
 ton county, Ohio. Population, 625. 
 
 Fulton, a post-township in Hamilton coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 3222. 
 
 Fulton, a post-village of Hamilton county, 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, immediately above 
 Cincinnati, of which it is a suburb. Steam- 
 boat building constitutes the chief business 
 of the place. High hills rise behind Fulton, 
 not more than a few hundred yards from the 
 river, and contain v.aluable quarries of lime- 
 stone, suitable for building. Fulton contains 
 4 churches, 10 boat-yards, a dry dock, a 
 rolling mill, a foundry, and several steam 
 mills. Population, about 3000. 
 
 Fulton, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Rock county, Ohio. Population, 828. 
 
 Fulton, Stark county, Ohio. See Canal, 
 Fulton. 
 
 Fulton, a post-village in Barry county, 
 Michigan, 130 miles W. by N. from Detroit. 
 
 Fulton, a township in Fountain county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1009. 
 
 Fulton, a post-office of Fulton co., Ind. 
 
 Fulton, a village of Fulton county, Illinois, 
 on Spoon river. 
 
 Fulton, or Fulton City, a post-village of 
 Whitesides county, Illinois, on the Mississippi 
 river, 130 miles in a direct line W. from Chi- 
 cago. It has an active trade. 
 
 Fulton, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Callaway county, Missouri, 20 miles N. E. 
 from Jefferson City, and 12 miles from the 
 Missouri river. It is the seat of the 
 state lunatic asylum, and the asylum for 
 the deaf and dumb. The former, -which was 
 established in 1848, is a beautiful edifice 210 
 feet long and 5 stories high, containing 112 
 apartments. The people of the county gave 
 $12,000 and 460 acres of land, to secure the 
 location of this institution. The village con- 
 tains several churches, academies, and 1 
 newspaper office. There are large manu- 
 factories of earthen-ware in the place. 
 
 Fulton, a post-office of Jackson co. Iowa. 
 
 Fulton, a small post-village of Rock coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, near Rock river, about 34 
 miles S. E. from Madison. 
 
ruL 
 
 GAI 
 
 Fulton Centre, a post-office of Fulton 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 FuLTONHAM, a post-village in Fulton town- 
 ship, Schoharie county. New York, on Scho- 
 harie river, about 35 miles W. by S. of Albany. 
 
 FuLTONHAM, or Unioxtown, a post-village 
 of Muskingum county, Ohio, 57 miles E. from 
 Columbus. Population, 340. 
 
 Fulton House, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Philadelphia. 
 
 Fulton Lakes, in Hamilton and Herkimer 
 counties, New York, consists of 6 or 8 small 
 lakes connected with Moose river by short 
 outlets. 
 
 Fultonville, a post-village of Glen town- 
 ship, Montgomery county. New York, on the 
 Erie canal and Mohawk river, 44 miles W. 
 N. W. from Albany. It has a bridge across 
 the river, and 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 Funday, Bay of, is situated between Maine 
 and New Brunswick on the N. W., and Nova 
 Scotia on the S. E. Length, 180 miles, 
 greatest breadth above 50 miles. It is re- 
 markable for the height to which its tide 
 rises, which sometimes reaches 70 feet. 
 
 Funkstown, a village of Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles S. E. from Chambers- 
 burg. Population in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Funkstown, a post-village of Washington 
 county, Maryland, on Antietam creek, 98 
 miles N. W. from Annapolis. It is one of the 
 principal villages in the county. Pop., 793. 
 
 Funny Louis, a post-office of Catahoula 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Funstonville, called also Lairdsville, a 
 post-village of Lycoming county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on Little Muncy creek, 98 miles N. 
 from Harrisburg, has 1 church, 2 stores, 
 several mills, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Furnace, a post-office of Berks co.. Pa. 
 
 Furnace, a small village of Mercer co.. Pa. 
 
 Furnace, a post-office of Erie co., Ohio. 
 
 Furnace Creek, an affluent of Clarion 
 river, in Elk county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Furnace Hollow, a thriving village in 
 Stafford township, Tolland county, Connec- 
 ticut, about 25 miles N. E. of Hartford. 
 
 Furnace Village, a village in Salisbury 
 township, Litchfield county, Connecticut, 50 
 miles W. N. W. from Hartford. 
 
 G 
 
 Gaddetsville, a post-office of Robeson 
 CO., N. C, 120 miles S. by W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Gaddistown, a post-of&ce of Union county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Gadfly, a post-office of Barry co., Mo. 
 
 Gadsden, a county in the W. central part of 
 Florida, bordering on Georgia, and on the Gulf 
 of Mexico, contains about 1260 square miles. 
 The Appalachicola river forms its boundary 
 on the W. and the Ocklokonee river on the 
 E. The surface is uneven ; the soil is gene- 
 rally fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, sweet 
 
 potatoes, sugar, and cotton are the staples. 
 By the census of 1850, this county produced 
 more tobacco, molasses, and sweet potatoes, 
 than any other county in the state, and more 
 corn than any other excepting Leon. In 
 that year the products were 776,177 pounds 
 of tobacco ; 292,850 bushels of corn ; 143,000 
 of sweet potatoes, and 5609 bales of cotton. 
 It contained 20 churches ; 300 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 170 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Capital, Quincy. 
 Population, 8783, of whom 3904 were free, 
 and 4879, slaves. 
 
 Gadsden, a post-office of Richland co., S. C. 
 
 Gadsden, a thriving post-village of Chero- 
 kee county, Alabama, on the Coosa river, 
 about 130 miles N. from Montgomery. The 
 cotton raised in the vicinity is exported at 
 this place by steamboats. A railroad has 
 been commenced between Gadsden and 
 Selma, on the Alabama river. It contains 4 
 large warehouses. 
 
 Gage's Lake, a post-office of Lake co.. 111. 
 
 Gage's Point, a post-office of St. Francis 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Gahanna, a post-office of Franklin co. Ohio. 
 
 Gailey-'s Mill, a post-office of Hall co., 
 Georgia, 105 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Gainer's Store, a post-office of Pike coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Gaines, a post-township of Orleans county, 
 New York, 6 or 7 miles S. from Lake Ontario. 
 Population, 2722. 
 
 Gaines, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 33 miles W. N. W. from Rochester. 
 It has 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and per- 
 haps 100 dwellings. 
 
 Gaines, a post-township on the W. border 
 of Tioga CO., Pa. Population, 510. 
 
 Gaines, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Genesee co., Mich. Population, 286. 
 
 Gaines, a township in the S. part of Kent 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Gainesborough, Va. See Gainsborough. 
 
 Gainesborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Jackson county, Tennessee, on Cumberland 
 river, 73 miles E. N. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Gaines Cross Roads, a small post-village 
 of Rappahannock county, Virginia, about 
 120 miles N. N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Gaines's Landing, a small village of Chicot 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Gainestown, a post-village of Clarke 
 county, Alabama, on the Alabama river. 
 Here is a steamboat landing. 
 
 Gainesville, a post-township of Wyoming 
 county. New York, traversed by the Buffalo 
 and New York railroad. Population, 1760. 
 
 Gainesville, a post-village in the above 
 township, 45 miles E. S. E. from Buffalo, con- 
 tains 1 or 2 churches, and several mills. 
 
 Gainesville, a post-office of Prince William 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Gainesville, a handsome post-village, 
 capital of Hall county, Georgia, on the Chat- 
 tahoochee river, 110 miles N. from Milledge- 
 
 411 
 
GAI 
 
 GAL 
 
 ville, has a pleasant situation and a delight- 
 ful climate, -which render it a fashionable 
 place of resort in summer. 
 
 Gainesville, a post-village in Sumter 
 county, Alabama, on the right bank of the 
 Tombigbee river, at the mouth of the Noxu- 
 bee river, 64 miles W. S. W. from Tuscaloosa. 
 It is a place of active business, and the prin- 
 cipal shipping point of the county. It con- 
 tains several churches, and 2 newspaper 
 ofiSces. Population, about 1500. 
 
 Gainesville, a post-village of Hancock 
 county, Mississippi. It has 1 newspaper of- 
 fice, and about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Gainesville, a post-ofiice of Cook co., Tex. 
 
 Gainesville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Green county, Arkansas, about 7 miles W. 
 from St. Francis river, and 165 miles N. E. 
 from Little Rock. 
 
 Gainsborough, a post-village of Frederick 
 county, Virginia, 150 miles N. N. W. from 
 Richmond, contains 2 churches, and about 
 30 houses. 
 
 Gainsbokough, of Roanoke co., Virginia. 
 See Big Lick. 
 
 Galatea, a post-office of Harrison co., Tex. 
 
 Galen, a township of Wayne county. New 
 York, 5 miles E. from Lyons, intersected by 
 the Erie canal. Population, 4609. 
 
 Galena, a small post-village of Delaware 
 CO., Ohio, 20 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Galena, a village of Scioto county, Ohio, 
 20 miles from the Ohio river, at Portsmouth, 
 contains about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Galena, a post-office of Floyd co., Ind. 
 
 Galena, a flourishing city and capital of 
 Jo Daviess county, Illinois, on Fevre river, 
 6 miles from its entrance into the Missis- 
 sippi river, 450 miles above St. Louis, 180 
 miles W. N. W. from Chicago, and 250 N. by 
 W. from Springfield. " The river on whose 
 rocky shelf this town is built is more pro- 
 perly an arm of the Mississippi river, setting 
 up between lofty bluifs, around whose base it 
 winds with picturesque effect. The streets 
 rise one above another, and communicate 
 with each other by flights of steps, so that 
 the houses on the higher streets are perched 
 like an eagle's eyrie overlooking the rest and 
 commanding an extensive i^rospect. Pleasant 
 churches meet the eye, on the first ledge or ter- 
 race above the levee, and private residences, 
 wearing an aspect of neatness and comfort, 
 adorn each successive height." (^Thompson's 
 Letters.) Galena owes its growth and import- 
 ance mainly to the rich mines of lead with 
 which it is surrounded in every direction. 
 Considerable quantities of copper are found 
 in connection with the lead. The amount of 
 lead shipped at this place in 1852 was 
 40,000,000 pounds, valued at $1,600,000. 
 The Fevre river is navigable by steamboats, 
 which make regular passages from Galena to 
 St. Louis, St. Paul's, and other ports ou the 
 Mississippi river. The commerce of the place 
 is extensive and rapidly increasing. The 
 412 
 
 total value of exports in 1851 was computed 
 at $1,800,358. A large portion of Wisconsin, 
 Iowa, and Minnesota are tributary to this 
 town. It is the western terminus of the 
 Chicago and Galena railroad, which is nearly 
 completed. A branch of the Central railroad 
 from Peru to Galena is about to be construct- 
 ed. Galena contains 1 bank, and 3 newspaper 
 offices. An error in the spelling and pronun- 
 ciation of Fevre river, (named from La Fevre, 
 an early French trader,) has given some cur- 
 rency to an unfounded impression that the 
 place is unhealthy. The name of the city is 
 taken from galena, a species of "lead ore. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 6004 ; in 1853, about 8000. 
 
 Gales, a post-office of Sullivan co., N.Y. 
 
 Galesbuhg, a post-village of Kalamazoo 
 county, Michigan, on the Central railroad, 
 about 130 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Galesburg, a thriving post- village of Knox 
 county, Illinois, on the Military Tract rail- 
 road, 46 miles W. by N. from Peoria, and 
 120 N. N. W. from Springfield. It is situated 
 in a rich farming district, and has an active 
 business. There is a Manual Labor College 
 here, which stands high among the institu- 
 tions of the state. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished. Population in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Gales's Ferry, a post-village in New Lon- 
 don county, Ct., 45 miles S. E. from Hartford. 
 
 Galesville, a post-office of Washington 
 county. New York. 
 
 Galesville, a small village and steamboat 
 landing of Anne Arundel co., Maryland, on 
 West river, 12 miles S. by W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Galesville Mills, a post-office of Ulster 
 county, New York. 
 
 Galien, a small river of Berrien county, 
 Michigan, flows into Lake Michigan. 
 
 Galion, a flourishing post-village of Craw- 
 ford county, Ohio, on the Cleveland, Colum- 
 bus, and Cincinnati railroad, 56 miles N. by 
 E. from Columbus. The completion of the 
 railroad has given a vigorous impulse to the 
 growth of this place. It is now the principal 
 depot for the produce which is exported from 
 the county. 
 
 Gallagherville, a post-village of East 
 Cain township, Chester county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, 36 miles W. from Philadelphia. Large 
 quarries of marble are worked in the vicinity. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 Gallaher, a township of Clinton county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 210. 
 
 Gallatia, a post-office of Gallatin co.,Ill. 
 
 Gallatin, a county in the northern part 
 of Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio river, 
 which separates it from Indiana, has an area 
 estimated at 150 square miles. The Eagle 
 creek forms the southern boundary. The 
 surface is diversified by hills, which are -well 
 timbered. The blue or Trenton limestone 
 underlies the county. Corn, wheat, and to- 
 bacco are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 402,150 bushels of corn ; 27,388 of 
 wheat, and 198,095 pounds of tobacco. It 
 
GAL 
 
 t5AL 
 
 contained 6 churches ; 380 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 30 attonuing an academy. 
 Capital, Warsaw. Population, 5137, of whom 
 4133 were free, and 704, slaves. 
 
 Gallatin, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 310 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the North and South forks 
 of Saline creek, an affluent of the Ohio. The 
 surface is extensively covered with forests. 
 The soil is fertile, and adapted to Indian 
 corn and pasturage. Horses, cattle, swine, 
 tobacco, lumber, and salt are the chief ex- 
 ports. In 1850 the county produced 436,125 
 bushels of Indian corn ; 25,987 of oats, and 
 47,622 pounds of butter. It contained 7 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 555 pupils 
 attending public schools. Salt is procured 
 from springs on the banks of Saline creek 
 near Equality. This county is among the 
 oldest in Illinois. Organized about the year 
 1812. Named in honor of the distinguished 
 Albert Gallatin. Capital, Equality. Popu- 
 lation, 5448. 
 
 Gallatin, a township of Columbia county, 
 New York, 15 miles S. E. from Hudson. Po- 
 pulation, 1586. 
 
 Gallatin, a post-village, capital of Copiah 
 county, Mississippi, on Bayou Pierre, 40 
 miles S. S. W. from Jackson. A newspaper 
 is published here. 
 
 Gallatin, a post-village, capital of Sum- 
 ner county, Tennessee, 25 miles N. E. from 
 Nashville, and 3 miles N. from Cumbex-land 
 river. It contains 2 newspaper offices, seve- 
 ral academies and churches. A turnpike 
 extends from this place to Nashville. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Gallatin, a post-village in Parke county, 
 Indiana, on the south bank of Racoon creek, 
 16 miles N. E. from Terre Haute. 
 
 Gallatin, a post-village, capital of Daviess 
 county, Missouri, about 1 mile S. W. from 
 the West fork of Grand river, and 190 miles 
 N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Gallatin's River, the most easterly of 
 the three branches which form the Missouri 
 river, rises in about 44° N. lat., and 110° W. 
 Ion., and flows northward to join Jefferson's 
 river. 
 
 Gallatinville, a small post-village in 
 Gallatin township, 48 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Galley Creek, a small post-village of Pope 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Gallia, a county in the southern part of 
 Ohio, contains about 420 square miles. The 
 Ohio river forms its boundary on the E. 
 separating it from Virginia, and it is drained 
 by Racoon and Symmes creeks. The sur- 
 face is generally hilly. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 377,365 bushels 
 of corn ; 62,095 of wheat ; 96,831 of oats ; 
 7908 tons of hay, and 172,131 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 22 churches, 2 newspa- 
 per offices, and 2819 pupils attending public 
 schools. Stone-coal and iron are found in 
 
 the county. It was settled in 1790, by a colony 
 of Frenchmen, some of whose descendants 
 now reside in Gallipolis. Hence originated 
 the name, Gallia being the Latin appellation 
 for France. Capital, Gallipolis. Pop. 17,063. 
 
 Gallia Furnace, a post-village of Gallia 
 county, Ohio, 20 miles W. from Gallipolis. 
 
 Gallilee, a post-office of Wayne co.. Pa. 
 
 Gallipolis, a thriving post-village of Gal- 
 lipolis township, capital of Gallia county, 
 Ohio, is pleasantly situated on the Ohio river, 
 about 100 miles S. S. E. from Columbus. 
 Gallipolis is situated in a fertile district, and 
 has considerable trade. It contains several 
 churches, 2 printing offices, 1 academy, and 
 a number of steam-mills. Population of the 
 township, 2228. 
 
 Galloway, a township of Atlantic county, 
 New Jersey, about 35 miles S. E. from Cam- 
 den. Population, 2307. 
 
 Galloway, a post-village of La Salle co., 
 Illinois, 115 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Gallupvlilb, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county, New York. 
 
 Galtville, a small village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Galum, a small post- village of Perry county, 
 Illinois, about 144 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Galveston, a county in the south-eastern 
 part of Texas, bordering on the Gulf of 
 Mexico and Galveston bay, has an area of 
 330 square miles. It comprises a long, nar- 
 row island of its own name, separated from 
 the mainland by West bay. The surface is 
 nearly level ; the soil is sandy. In 1850 the 
 county produced 5780 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 4705 of sweet potatoes, and 12,700 
 pounds of butter. It contained 8 churches, 
 and 4 newspaper offices ; 45 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 398 attending academies 
 or other schools. Capital, Galveston. Po- 
 pulation, 4529, of whom 3815 were free, and 
 714, slaves. 
 
 Galveston, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Galveston, a port of entry, the seat of 
 justice of Galveston county, and the most 
 populous and commercial city of Texas, is 
 situated on an island at the mouth of a bay 
 of its own name, about 450 miles W. by S. 
 from New Orleans, and 230 miles S. E. from 
 Austin City. Lat. 29° 17' N. ; Ion. 94° 50' W. 
 The island of Galveston, which separates the 
 bay from the Gulf of Mexico, is about 30 miles 
 in length and 3 miles in breadth. The surface 
 is nearly level, and has a mean elevation of 
 only 4 or 5 feet above the water. The baj^ 
 extends northward from the city to the mouth 
 of Trinity liver, a distance of 35 miles, and 
 varies in breadth from 12 to 18 miles. The 
 harbour of Galveston, which is the best in the 
 state, has 12 or 14 feet of water over the bar 
 at low tide. Galveston is one of the most 
 flourishing ports on the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 carries on an active trade. Its shipping. 
 June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 
 413 
 
GAL 
 
 GAR 
 
 of 1488|| tons registered, and 4003f | tons 
 enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 3646-^§ 
 tons were employed in the coast trade, and 
 1807|| tons in steam navigation. The fo- 
 reign arrivals for the year were 21, (tons, 
 6974,) of which 19 (tons, 5480) were by 
 foreign vessels. The clearances for foreign 
 ports were 21, (tons, G287,) of which 1461 
 tons were in American bottoms. Steamboats 
 make regular passages to New Orleans, and 
 to the towns in the interior of Texas. Three 
 or four newspapers are published here. The 
 city contains a fine market house, a town 
 hall, about 8 churches, and several large ho- 
 tels. The private houses are mostly of wood, 
 and painted white. The streets are wide, 
 straight, and rectangular, and bordered by 
 numerous flower gardens. Railroads are 
 projected from Galveston to Houston, and to 
 Red river. First settled in 1837. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, estimated at 7000. 
 
 Galwat, a post-township of Saratoga 
 county, New York, 36 miles N. N. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 2158. 
 
 Gambiee, a post-village of Pleasant town- 
 ship, Knox county, Ohio, on the Vernon river, 
 5 miles E. from Mount Vernon. It is beau- 
 tifully situated on an elevated ridge, enclosed 
 on three sides by the river. Kenyon College, 
 founded here in 1826, under the auspices of 
 Bishop Chase, of the Episcopal Church, is 
 a richly endowed institution. Two or three 
 religious periodicals are published here. 
 
 Gamble, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ga. 
 
 Gambles, apost-ofiBce of Alleghany co.. Pa. 
 
 Game Point, a post-office of Stafford co., Va. 
 
 Ganges, a post-village of Richland county, 
 Ohio, 11 miles N. from Mansfield. 
 
 Ganges, a township in the south-west part 
 of Allegan county, Michigan, on the eastern 
 shore of Lake Michigan. Population, 246. 
 
 Gannet Rock Lighthouse, on Gannet 
 Rock, a small island, 6J miles from the 
 south-west head of Grand Menan, Maine. 
 The light revolves, and is elevated 90 feet. 
 Lat. 46° 32' N. ; Ion. 66° 52' W. 
 
 Gannonsville, a post-office of Jennings 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Gansevoort, a post-village of Saratoga 
 county. New York, on the Saratoga and 
 Washington railroad, 11 miles N. E. from 
 Saratoga Springs. 
 
 Gap, a post-village of Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Co- 
 lumbia railroad, 18 miles E. from Lancaster. 
 It has an active trade in lumber and stone 
 coal. 
 
 Gap, a small post-village of Walker co.,Ala. 
 
 Gap Civil, a post-office of Ashe co., N. C. 
 
 Gap Creek, a post-office of Ashe co., N. C. 
 
 Gap Creek, a post-office of Knox co., Tenn. 
 
 Gap Grove, a post-office of Jo Daviess 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Gap Mills, a post-village of Monroe coun- 
 ty, Virginia, 8 miles N. from the court-house, 
 has several mills and a woollen factory. 
 414 
 
 Gap Springs, a post-office of Polk co., Ark. 
 
 Garden, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 Garden Grove, a small post-village of De- 
 catur county, Iowa, 50 miles in a direct line 
 S. from Fort Des Moines. 
 
 Garden Plain, a post-village of White- 
 sides CO., 111., 95 miles N. N. W. of Peoria. 
 
 Garden Valley, a post-office of Smith 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Gardiner, a post-village of Kennebec coun- 
 ty, Maine, on the right bank of Kennebec 
 river, at the head of ship navigation, and on 
 the Kennebec and Portland railroad, 53 miles 
 N. N. E. from Portland. The Cobbessecontee 
 river enters the Kennebec at this place, fur- 
 nishing water-power, which is extensively 
 employed for saw mills and manufacturing 
 purposes generally. The village contains 
 several churches, a lyceum, 2 newspaper 
 offices, and 2 banks. Manufactures of the va- 
 rious kinds, and the lumber trade, constitute 
 the chief occupation of the inhabitants. 
 Population of the township, 6486. 
 
 Gardiner City, a post-office of Oregon. 
 
 Gardiner's Bay, of New York, at the E. 
 end of Long Island, is about 8 miles long, 
 and 6 wide. 
 
 Gardiner's Island, New York, situated 
 between the above bay and the ocean. 
 Length, about 4 miles ; breadth, from one- 
 quarter of a mile to 1 mile. 
 
 Gardner, a post-township in Worcester co., 
 Mass., on the Vermont and Mass. railroad, 
 50 miles W. N. W. from Boston. Pop., 1533. 
 
 Gardner, a small village of Morgan co., 0. 
 
 Gardner's Bridge, a post-office of Martin 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Gardner's Cross Roads, a small village 
 of Monroe county. North Carolina. 
 
 Gardnersville, a post-office of Schoharie 
 county, New York. 
 
 Card's Point, a post-office of Wabash 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Garland, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 75 miles N. N. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1247. 
 
 Garland, a post-office of Warren co.. Pa. 
 
 Garland's, or Garland's Store, a post- 
 office of Albemarle county, Virginia, 95 miles 
 W. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 Garlandville, a post-village of Jasper 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Garmon's Mills, a post-office of Cabarraa 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Garnavillo, or Garnaville, a thriving 
 post-village, capital of Clayton county, Iowa, 
 on the mail route from Dubuque to Prairie 
 du Chien, about 100 miles N. by E. from 
 Iowa City. It is pleasantly situated on a 
 high, rolling prairie. Lead is abundant in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Garner's Ford, a post-village of Cleve- 
 land county, North Carolina. 
 
 Garnetsville, a post-village of Meade 
 county, Kentucky, on Otter creek, about 30 
 miles S. ^Y. from Louisville. 
 
GAR 
 
 GAS 
 
 Garoga, a post-village of Fulton comity, 
 New York, about 40 miles E. from Utica. 
 
 Garoga Ceeek, of New York, rises in Ful- 
 ton county, flows south-westward, and enters 
 the Mohawk near Fort Plain. 
 
 Garoga, a small lake near the centre of 
 Fulton county. New York. 
 
 Garrard, a county in the E. central part 
 of Kentucky, has an area estimated at 250 
 square miles. The Kentucky river forms its 
 boundary on the N., Dick's river on the S. 
 W., and Paint Lick creek on the N. E. The 
 surface is diversified, undulating, and hilly ; 
 the soil is very productive. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, horses, cattle, mules, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850, this county produced 
 34,920 bushels of wheat; 973,875 of corn, 
 and 30,255 pounds of wool. It contained 14 
 churches, 1 newspaper oiSce, and 115 pupils 
 attending public schools. The Kentucky 
 river is navigable on the border of the coun- 
 ty, and a turnpike extends from Lancaster to 
 Danville. Formed in 1796, and named in 
 honor of James Garrard, governor of Ken- 
 tucky. Capital, Lancaster. Pop., 10,237, 
 of whom 7061 were free, and 3176, slaves. 
 
 Garrard's Fort, a small village of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Gaerattsvxlle, a small post-village of 
 Otsego CO., New York, 86 miles W. of Albany. 
 
 Garrettsburg, a small post-village of 
 Christian county, Kentucky, 214 miles W. 
 S. W. from Frankfort, contains 1 church and 
 several stores. 
 
 Garrettsville, a post-ofSce of Lycoming 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Garrettsville, a manufacturing village 
 of Portage county, Ohio, on the Mahoning 
 river, 12 miles N. E. from Ravenna. It con- 
 tains 4 churches, 1 woollen factory, 1 axe 
 factory, and 2 flouring mills. Pop., about 600. 
 
 Garriott's Landing, a post-office of Trim- 
 ble county, Kentucky. 
 
 GARBisoN's,apost-ofiice of Putnam co.,N.Y. 
 
 Garrisonville, a post-office of Stafford 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Garrote, a post-office of Tuolumne co., CaL 
 
 Garry Owen, a post-village in Jackson 
 county, Iowa, 15 miles S. of Dubuque. 
 
 Garysburg, a post-village of Northampton 
 county. North Carolina, on the railroad from 
 Petersburg to Weldon, where it is crossed by 
 the Seaboard and Roanoke railroad, 2^^ miles 
 N. from Weldon. 
 
 Garysville, a post-office of Prince George 
 countj', Virginia. 
 
 Gasconade, a river of Missouri, which 
 rises by several branches in Wright county, 
 in the S. part of the state, interlocking with 
 the sources of White river of Arkansas. 
 Its general direction is N. N. E. It is a 
 beautiful stream of clear water, flowing 
 through a hilly country abounding with pic- 
 turesque scenery, and covered by extensive 
 forests of pine and other timber. Steam- 
 boats have ascended about 60 miles from its 
 
 mouth when the water is high. Large raftg 
 of yellow-pine lumber are floated down the 
 stream annually. It enters the Missouri in 
 Gasconade county, 40 miles below Jefferson 
 City, after a course of about 250 miles. 
 Branches. — The Osage fork rises near the 
 W. border of Wright county, and flowing 
 north-eastward, enters the river in La Clede 
 county. The Robidoux fork, rising in Texas 
 county, flows northward and falls into the 
 river a few miles from Waynesviile, Pulaski 
 county. The Big Piney fork rises in the 
 S. part of Texas county, and flowing north- 
 ward, enters the main stream near the cen- 
 tre of Pulaski county, after a course of about 
 100 miles. These are more properly afflu- 
 ents than constituent branches. 
 
 Gasconade, a county in the E. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 540 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the Missouri 
 river, and intersected in the N. W. part by 
 the Gasconade river, from which the name is 
 derived. The Bourbeuse creek and several 
 of its branches flow through the S. E. part of 
 the county. The surface is uneven and 
 broken: the soil is inferior, excepting the 
 river bottoms and lowlands. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, cattle, pork, and butter are the 
 staples. The manufacture of wine has lately 
 commenced. In 1850, this county produced 
 190,913 bushels of corn; 20,427 of wheat, 
 and 26,269 of oats. It contained 3 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 73 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 72 attending academies or 
 other schools. Iron ore and sulphur are 
 abundant, and indications of copper along 
 Bourbeuse creek are reported. Limestone 
 underlies the greater part of the county, and 
 burrstone of good quality is found on the 
 Gasconade. Small steamboats navigate the 
 river when the water is high. The county is 
 well supplied with timber and water power. 
 Capital, Hermann. Population, 4996, of whom 
 4884 were free, and 112, slaves. 
 
 Gasconade, a post-village in Gasconade 
 CO., Mo., 36 miles S. of Jefl'erson City. 
 
 Gas Factory, a post-office of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Gasparilla (or Gasparillo) Sound and 
 Island, are situated on the W. coast of Flo- 
 rida, near Charlotte Harbor. 
 
 Gasper, a township in S. central part of 
 Preble county, Ohio. Population, 908. 
 
 Gas Port, a post-office of Niagara CO., N. Y. 
 
 Gaston, a county in the S. W. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on South Carolina: 
 area estimated at 350 square miles. Catawba 
 river forms the eastern boundary, and the 
 South Catawba flows through the county. The 
 surface is diversified by hills and valleys ; the 
 soil is fertile, producing Indian corn and 
 cotton. In 1850 this county yielded 329,377 
 bushels of corn; 51,762 of wheat, and 535J 
 tons of hay. There were 7 saw mills and 1 
 iron forge. It contained 19 churches. The 
 streams furnish valuable water-power. Gas- 
 
 415 
 
GAS 
 
 GEN 
 
 ton county was formed from the S. part of 
 Lincoln in 1846. Capital, Dallas. The name 
 was given in honor of the late William Gas- 
 ton, a judge of the supreme court of North 
 Carolina. Population, 7073, of whom 5961 
 were free, and 2112, slaves. 
 
 Gaston, a post-village of Northampton 
 county. North Carolina, on the left bank of 
 the Roanoke river, 85 miles N. N. E. from 
 • Raleigh. It is the terminus of two railroads, 
 which connect it with Raleigh and Richmond, 
 in Virginia. Gaston is a depot for tobacco and 
 wheat. 
 
 Gaston, a post-ofEce of Sumter co., Ala. 
 
 Gaston, a post-office of Atchison co.. Mo. 
 
 Gates, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on Virginia; area 
 estimated at 500 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Nottoway river, and bounded on the 
 S. W. by Meherrin and Chowan rivers. The 
 surface is nearly level. Indian corn, lumber, 
 and tar are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 310,138 bushels of corn, and 119,673 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 8 corn and 
 flour mills, 1 saw mill, 6 stave manufactories, 
 and 6 shingle mills. It contained 13 churches. 
 The county is partly covered by forests of 
 oak and pine. Chowan river is navigable 
 along its border. Capital, Gatesville. Formed 
 in 1779, and named in honor of General Ho- 
 ratio Gates. Population, 8426, of whom 4555 
 were free, and 3871, slaves. 
 
 Gates, a post-township of Monroe county. 
 New York, 3 miles W. from Rochester ; in- 
 tersected by the Erie canal. Pop., 2005. 
 
 Gates, or Gates's Mills, a post-village of 
 Cuyahoga county, Ohio, on Chagrin river, 16 
 miles E. from Cleveland. 
 
 Gates, a post-office of Newton co., Mo. 
 
 Gatesville, a small village of Washington 
 CO., N. Y., 53 miles N. by E. from Albany. 
 
 Gatesville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Gates county. North Carolina, on Bennett's 
 creek, an affluent of Chowan river, 140 miles 
 N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Gatesville, a post-office of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Gaudalupe. See Guadalupe. 
 
 Gaiiley Bridge, a post-village of Fayette 
 county, Virginia, is situated just below the 
 junction of the Gauley and New rivers, about 
 300 miles W. from Richmond. It is the head 
 of navigation on the river, which presents 
 here a beautiful fall of 22 feet. 
 
 Gauley River, in the W. central part of 
 Virginia, rises in Pocahontas county, flows 
 nearly westward through Nicholas county, 
 and unites with the New river at Gauley 
 Bridge, in Fayette county, 36 miles above 
 Charleston. Below the junction, the river is 
 called the Great Kanawha. The valley of 
 Gauley river is about CO miles long. This 
 stream flows through a mountainous region. 
 It affords little facilities for navigation. 
 
 Gaver's, a post-office of Columbiana co., 0. 
 
 Gat Head a remarkable promontory at 
 416 
 
 the S. W. end of Martha's Vineyard, Massa- 
 chusetts, elevated 134 feet above high water. 
 On it is a revolving light, 150 feet above the 
 sea. Lat. 41° 21' N., Ion. 70° 50' 40'' W. 
 
 Gat Head, apost-oflice of Greene co., N. Y. 
 
 Gat Hill, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Gatlesville, a post-village in Cherokee 
 county, Alabama, near Coosa river, 150 miles 
 N. N. E. from Montgomery. 
 
 Gatlordsville, a post-office of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Gayoso, a small post-village, capital of 
 Pemiscot county, Missouri, 310 miles S. E. 
 from Jefi"erson City. It is situated near the 
 Mississippi river, at Walker's Bend, 40 miles 
 by water below New Madrid. The earth- 
 quakes of 1811 and 1812 exhibited the great- 
 est violence in this vicinity. Laid out in 1851. 
 
 Gatsport, a thriving post-borough of Blair 
 county, Pennsylvania, on a branch of the 
 Juniata river, which separates it from Holi- 
 daysburg, 120 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 The Central railroad passes through it. It 
 contains a railroad depot belonging to the 
 state, and an iron foundry. Population in 
 1850, 590. 
 
 Gaitsville, a post- village of Windsor co., 
 Vt., 3 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. 
 
 Gearsville, small village of White coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Geauga, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Ohio, contains about 430 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head streams of the Cuyahoga, 
 Grand, and Chagrin rivers. The surface is 
 rolling, and partly covered with dense forests : 
 the soil contains a large proportion of clay, 
 and is adapted to dairy farming. Cattle, 
 sheep, butter, and cheese are the chief arti- 
 cles of export. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 258,480 bushels of corn; 172,943 of 
 wheat; 88,211 tons of hay, and 428,587 
 pounds of butter. It contained 40 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 4336 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 225 attending an aca- 
 demy. Sandstone underlies a part of the 
 surface. Capital, Chardon. Organized in 
 1805. Population, 17,827. 
 
 Gebhart's, a post-office of Somerset co.,Pa. 
 
 Geddes, a post-township of Onondaga coun- 
 ty. New York, on the W. side of Onondaga 
 lake, 5 miles N. W. from Syracuse. Popu- 
 lation, 2011. 
 
 Geddes, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Erie canal and Oswego and Sy- 
 racuse railroad, 133 miles W. by N. from Al- 
 bany. Here are extensive salt-works. 
 
 Geiger's Mills, a post-office of Berks co. Pa. 
 
 Geloster, a small village of Kalamazoo 
 county, Michigan, 185 miles W. from Detroit, 
 contains several stores. 
 
 Genegantslet River, a small stream of Che- 
 nango county, in the S. part of New York, 
 falls into Chenango river. 
 
 Genegantslet, a post- village of Chenango 
 CO., New York, 22 miles S. W. from Norwich. 
 
GEN 
 
 GEN 
 
 General Wayne, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Generostee Creek, of Anderson district, 
 S. C, flows S. W. into Savannah river. 
 
 Genesee river, of New York, has its sources 
 in Pennsylvania near the boundary between 
 the two states. It flows first in a north-westerly 
 course into Alleghany county, then turning 
 it runs in a north-easterly direction through 
 Wyoming and Livingston counties, and enters 
 Lake Ontario about 7 miles N. of Rochester. 
 Near its mouth there are falls of about 100 feet 
 high, and at Rochester others of nearly 
 the same height. By these falls an immense 
 water-power is produced, which is applied to 
 turning several grist and saw mills. Above 
 the falls are rapids, from the head of which 
 a feeder leads into the Erie canal. In the 
 N. part of Alleghany county there are 3 other 
 falls, one of 60, one of 90, and the other of 110 
 feet; and for 2 or 3 miles along both sides 
 of the river are perpendicular walls of rock, 
 near 400 feet high. At Rochester the Erie 
 canal is carried across this river by an aque- 
 duct, built of freestone, of 9 arches, each 50 
 feet span. 
 
 Genesee, a county in the western part of 
 New York, has an area of about 486 square 
 miles. It is drained by Tonawanda, Allen's, 
 and Oak Orchard creeks, and other smaller 
 streams. The surface is slightly undulating. 
 The soil is fertile, chiefly a moist, sandy, or 
 gravelly loam, well adapted to both grazing 
 and tillage. Wheat, Indian corn, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 734,051 bushels of wheat ; 390,424 of 
 corn; 47,759 tons of hay ; 887,510 pounds 
 of butter, and 369,957 of wool. There were 
 18 flour and grist mills, 22 saw mills, 4 wool- 
 len factories, 5 iron foundries, 12 tanneries, 
 and 2 coach manufactories. It contained 
 49 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 8760 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 741 attending 
 academies or other schools. Iron ore, lime- 
 stone, water-cement, and salt springs are 
 among its mineral productions. It is inter- 
 sected by the Bufi^alo and Rochester railroad, 
 the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls railroad, 
 and by a branch of the New York and Erie 
 railroad. Organized in 1802, (having been 
 formed out of part of Ontario county,) when 
 it contained all that part of the state lying 
 W. of the Genesee river, from which it de- 
 rived its name. Capital, Batavia. Popula- 
 tion, 28,188. 
 
 Genesee, a county in the E. central part 
 of Michigan, contains 500 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Flint and Shiawassee rivers, 
 and by Thread and Kearsley creeks. The 
 surface is rolling : the soil is mostly a dry 
 and fertile sandy loam. Extensive oak open- 
 ings are found in the S. ; the other parts 
 produce dense forests of pine and other tim- 
 ber. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass are 
 cultivated, and pine lumber is exported. In 
 1850 the county produced 134,021 bushels of 
 2b 
 
 wheat; 128,326 of corn; 84,334 of oats ; and 
 16,964 tons of hay. It contains 4 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, and 3876 pupils attending 
 public schools. The streams furnish extensive 
 water-power. A jDlank-road about 35 miles 
 long extends from the county seat to the Sa- 
 ginaw river. Organized in 1836. Capital, 
 Flint. Population, 12,031. 
 
 Genesee, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Alleghany county. New York, 
 bordering on Pennsylvania. Population, 672. 
 
 Genesee, a township on the northern bor- 
 der of Potter county, Pennsylvania, inter- 
 sected by the Genesee river. Pop., 301. 
 
 Genesee, a post-office of Genesee co., Mich. 
 
 Genesee, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Waukesha county. Wis. Pop., 1289. 
 
 Genesee Falls, formerly Portageyille, a 
 village of Great Falls township, Wyoming 
 county. New York, on the Genesee river, 
 about 50 miles E. S. E. from Bufi'alo. It con- 
 tains 4 churches and 3 hotels. Population, 
 about 1000. The Bufi'alo and New York City 
 railroad crosses the river, 1 mile north from 
 the village, by a magnificent bridge, 800 feet 
 in length and 234 feet in height. The river 
 at this place is bordered by precipices about 
 400 feet high, and has several picturesque 
 falls, which are much visited by tourists and 
 parties of pleasure. The Genesee Valley 
 canal passes across the river by an aque- 
 duct of stone. 
 
 Genesee Fork, a post-office of Potter co.Pa. 
 
 Genesee Grove, a post-village of White- 
 sides county, Illinois, 94 miles N. by W. from 
 Peoria. 
 
 Geneseo, a post-township of Livingston 
 county. New York, on the E. side of the Ge- 
 nesee river. Population, 2958. 
 
 Geneseo, a handsome post-village in the 
 above township, capital of Livingston county, 
 on the Genesee river, 25 miles S. S. W. from 
 Rochester. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 2 banks, a large academy, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Pop., in 1853, estimated at 1800. 
 
 Geneseo, a. flourishing post- village of Hen- 
 ry county, Illinois, on the Chicago and Rock 
 Island railroad, 78 miles N. N. W. from Pe- 
 oria. Geneseo is the largest village in the 
 county, and is situated on a fertile prairie. 
 It contains a high-school with three depart- 
 ments, occupying a brick building 40 ft. by 50. 
 
 Geneva, a post-village of Seneca township, 
 Ontario county. New York, is beautifully 
 situated at the north end of Seneca lake, on 
 the Auburn and Rochester railroad, 50 miles 
 E. S. E. from Rochester. It is handsomely 
 built, and contains about 10 churches, 1 or 2 
 banks, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, and a medi- 
 cal college. The Episcopal church is a fine 
 stone edifice, in the Gothic style, built at a 
 cost of $25,000. Steamboats ply daily be- 
 tween Geneva and Jefl'erson, at the head of 
 the lake. Population, estimated at 6000. 
 
 Geneva, a post-office of Talbot co., Georgia^ 
 
 Geneva, a post-office of Coffee co., Ala. 
 417 
 
GEN 
 
 GEO 
 
 Geneva, a pest-township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Ashtabula county, Ohio, on the 
 S. shore of Lake Erie. Population, 1358. 
 
 Geneva, a small post-village of Ashtabula 
 county, Ohio, on the railroad from Cleveland 
 to Erie, 60 miles E. N. E. from the former. 
 
 Geneva, a township in Jennings county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1770. 
 
 Gekeva, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Kane county, Illinois. Population, 911. 
 
 Gekf.va, a neat and thriving post-village, 
 capital of Kane county, Illinois, is situated 
 in the above township, on Fox river, 40 miles 
 W. from Chicago. The river is a rapid 
 stream, affording fine water-power, which 
 has been largely improved. Geneva is con- 
 nected, by a branch road, with the Chicago 
 and Galena railroad, and is a place of rapid 
 growth and active trade. It contains a bank, 
 several churches, and a newspaper office. 
 
 Geneva, a village in Morgan county, Illi- 
 nois, about 40 miles W.S.W. from Springfield. 
 
 Geneva, a post-township in the S. E. cen- 
 tral part of Walworth co., Wis. Pop., 1557. 
 
 Geneva, a flourishing post-village of Wal- 
 worth county, Wisconsin, is finely situated at 
 the E. end and on the outlet of Geneva lake, 
 70 miles S. E. from Madison. It is the largest 
 village in the county, and has sever3,l churches 
 and mills. Settled in 1838. Population, in 
 1853, about 800. 
 
 Geneva Bay, a small post-village of Wal- 
 worth county, Wisconsin, on the N. side of 
 Geneva lake, 64 miles S. E. from Madison. 
 
 Geneva Lake, in the S. part of Walworth 
 county, Wisconsin, is 8 miles long, with a 
 mean width of 1 mile. The shore is bold, 
 and the water pure and deep. 
 
 Genevieve, a township in St. Genevieve 
 county, Missouri. Population, 1300. 
 
 Genito, a post-village of Powhattan coun- 
 ty, Virginia, on the left bank of the Appo- 
 mattox river, 29 miles W. from Richmond. 
 It contains 1 store and 1 flouring mill. 
 
 Genoa, a post-township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Cayuga county, New York, on 
 the E. side of Cayuga lake. Pop., 2503. 
 
 Genoa, a pleasant post-village on Salmon 
 creek, in the above township. It has 2 
 churches, an academy, 2 mills, and an iron 
 foundry. The Auburn and Ithaca railroad 
 passes through it. 
 
 Genoa, a post-oifice of Christian co., Ky. 
 
 Genoa, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Delaware county, Ohio. Population, 1369. 
 
 Genoa, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Livingston county, Michigan. Pop., 754. 
 
 Genoa, a post-township in De Kalb county, 
 Illinois. Population, 605. 
 
 Genoa, a small post-village of De Kalb 
 county, Illinois, about 220 miles N. by E. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Genoa Cross Roads, a post-ofSce of Dela- 
 ware county, Ohio. 
 
 Gentkt, a new county in the N. N. W. p.irt 
 of Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area 
 418 
 
 of 770 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Grand river, flowing in a S. S. E. direction, 
 and also drained by the East and West forks 
 of that river, which enter the main stream 
 near the middle of the county. The slope of 
 the county is nearly southward. The pro- 
 ducts are Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and 
 hemp. Cattle and swine are also among the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 160,523 bushels of corn; 17,045 of wheat; 
 23,864 of oats; 1191 tons of hay, and 54,561 
 pounds of butter. Named in honor of Colonel 
 Richard Gentry, who was killed at the bat- 
 tle of Okeechobee, Florida, in 1837. Capital, 
 Gentry Court House. Population, 4248, of 
 whom 4198 were free, and 50, slaves. 
 
 Gentry Cotjrt House, a small post-village, 
 capital of Gentry county, Missouri, near a 
 fork of Grand river, about 220 miles N. W. 
 from Jefferson City. 
 
 Gentbtville, a small post-village of Spen- 
 cer county, Indiana, 17 miles N. from Rock- 
 port, the county seat. 
 
 Gentryville, a small village of Gentry co., 
 Missouri, 90 miles N. from Independence. 
 
 Gentsville, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Gentsville, a post-office of Walton co., Flo, 
 
 George Lake, called also Hoeicon, a 
 beautiful mountain lake of New Yoi"k, be- 
 tween Warren and Washington counties, 36 
 miles in length, with a breadth varying from 
 three quarters of a mile to four miles. The 
 water is remarkably transparent, and in 
 some parts is more than 400 feet deep. To 
 a passenger traversing this lake, scarcely 
 any thing can be imagined more beautiful or 
 picturesque than the scenery along its banks. 
 The romantic effect of the prospect is greatly 
 enhanced by a multitude of delightful islands, 
 of various forms and sizes, which meet the 
 gaze of the beholder on every side. Of these, 
 if we include many little islets and rocks, 
 there are more than 300 : a popular notion 
 prevails that their number corresponds 
 to that of the days of the year. Twelve 
 miles from the S. W. extremity of the lake 
 there is an island of about 20 acres, called, 
 from its position. Twelve Mile Island. A mile 
 farther north there is a high point, or tongue 
 of land, called Tongue mountain, west of 
 which projects a small arm of the lake, 
 named North-west bay. Here the Narrows, 
 that is, the narrowest part of the lake, com- 
 mence, and continue 7 or 8 miles. Near the 
 W. end of the Narrows, on the E. side of the 
 lake, is Black mountain, the summit of which 
 is regarded as the highest point in the imme- 
 diate vicinity of the lake, having an eleva- 
 tion of 2200 feet above its surface. About 
 12 miles beyond Black mountain there is a 
 rock about 200 feet high, rising almost per- 
 pendicularly from the surface of the water. 
 During the French war. Major Rogers, being 
 closely pursued by the Indians, slid down 
 this steep declivity, and landed safely on the 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 ice, leaving his pursuers petrified -with 
 astonishment at the dangerous exploit which 
 they had witnessed. From this circumstance 
 the rock has been named Rogers' Slide. Two 
 or three miles beyond the place just mentioned 
 is Lord Howe's Point, where the division of 
 the English army under Lord Howe landed 
 previous to their attack on Ticonderoga. 
 
 Georges, a township of Fayette county, 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. W. from Uniontown. 
 Population, 2536. 
 
 George's Ceeek, of South Carolina, enters 
 the Saluda from the right, a few miles E. 
 from Pickensville. 
 
 George's Creek, a post-village of Massac 
 CO., 111., 125 miles S. by E. from Vandalia. 
 
 George's Mills, a post-ofBce of Sullivan 
 county, New Hampshire. 
 
 George's Store, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Georgesville, a post-village of Franklin 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Georgetown, a district in the E. S. E. part 
 of South Carolina, bordering on the sea, has 
 an area of 813 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the S. W. by Santee river, and intersected 
 by the Pedee, Waccamaw, and Black rivers, 
 which unite in the S. E. part, and flow 
 through V/inyaw bay into the Atlantic. The 
 surface is a level plain, in many places 
 marshy, and partly covered with pine woods. 
 The soil is moderately fertile. Eice, Indian 
 corn, and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 this district produced 46,7ti5,040 pounds 
 of rice ; 136,312 bushels of corn, and 209,800 
 of sweet potatoes. The quantity of rice was 
 the greatest prodiiced by any county or dis- 
 trict in the United States, except Beaufort 
 of S. C. There were 2 saw and planing mills, 
 and 1 iron foundry. It contained 26 churches, 
 and 2 newspaper offices ; 170 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 281 attending academies 
 or other schools. Population, 20,647, of whom 
 2394 were free, and 18,253, slaves. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-township of Lincoln 
 county, Maine, composed of two islands, 35 
 miles S. by E. from Augusta, possesses excel- 
 lent advantages for fisheries and navigation. 
 Population, 1121. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-village of Essex coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 29 miles N. from Boston. 
 It contains 3 churches, and a bank with a 
 capital of $100,000. There are several tan- 
 neries in the place, and manufactories of 
 boots and shoes, and machinery. About 
 40,000 pairs of boots' and shoes are annually 
 produced. Incorported in 1838. Population 
 of the township, 2052. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-office of Fairfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-township of Madison 
 county. New York, 30 miles S. E. from Syra- 
 cuse. Population, 1411. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-village in the above 
 township, 112 miles W. from Albany. It has 
 2 or 3 churches, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Georgetown, a small post-village of Bur- 
 lington county. New Jersey, 9 miles N. E. 
 from Mount Holly. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-village of Beaver 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Ohio river, about 40 miles below Pittsburg. 
 
 Georgetown, a village of Lancaster co.. Pa., 
 about 15 miles S. E. from Lancaster. 
 
 Georgetown, a village of Mercer county, 
 Pa., on the turnpike from Pittsburg to Erie, 
 about 75 miles N. by W. from the former. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-village of Northum- 
 berland county, Pennsylvania, on the left 
 bank of the Susquehanna river, 40 miles 
 above Ilarrisburg. 
 
 Georgetown, a small village of Washing- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Georgetown, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Sussex county, Delaware, 36 
 miles S. by E. from Dover. It contains a 
 court house, an academy, and several other 
 flourishing schools, a bank, 3 or 4 churches, 
 a newspaper office, a fine Odd-Fellows' hall, 
 and 10 or 12 stores. Pop. estimated at 1200. 
 
 Georgetown, a city and port of entry of 
 Washington county. District of Columbia, at 
 the head of navigation on the Potomac river, 
 about 125 miles (following the windings of 
 the channel) from its mouth, and 2 miles W. 
 N. W. from Washington City, from which it 
 is separated by Rock creek. It is situated 
 on the left bank of the river, on a range 
 of hills, the most elevated of which are de- 
 nominated the Heights. These eminences, 
 which are occupied by numerous elegant 
 villas, command a view of the most exqui- 
 site beauty, embracing the city, Washington, 
 the Potomac, and an almost illimitable ex- 
 panse of country. On the north-western de- 
 clivity of the Heights, is Oak Hill Cemetery, a 
 burial-place of classic elegance, laid out in 
 1849. The entire grounds are thickly shaded, 
 and enclosed by an iron fence. Georgetown ex- 
 hibits quite an antiquated appearance, though 
 within a few years past it has been greatly 
 improved. It contains 7 or 8 churches, 2 
 banks, and several fine hotels. It is chiefly 
 distinguished for its literary advantages and 
 for its polite society. The Russian and some 
 of the other foreign ministers have made it. 
 their place of residence. Among the literary 
 institutions, the college under the control of 
 the Catholics may be mentioned as the most 
 important. It was first founded as an 
 academy in 1789 ; chartered as a college in 
 1799, and in 1818 Congress invested it with 
 authority to confer degrees. The institution 
 occupies two commodious brick edifices, 
 standing at the western extremity of the 
 city, in the midst of a large tract of land, 
 owned by the corporation. The college is fur- 
 nished with an extensive philosophical appa- 
 ratus and a museum of natural history. Con- 
 nected with it is a flourishing female academy, 
 taught by the nuns, and a fine botanic garden. 
 Besides the above, the city contains numerous 
 
 419 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 private seminaries, among which is an excel- 
 lent boarding school for young ladies, con- 
 ducted by Mrs. English. The newspaper press 
 consists of two issues, a triweekly and a 
 weekly. Georgetown is one of the greatest 
 shad and herring markets in the United States. 
 Vast quantities of these fish, taken in the Po- 
 tomac, are brought here for barrelling. 
 
 The port has considerable foreign com- 
 merce, and also carries on an important coast 
 trade. Its shipping, June 30th, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 29553'^ tons re- 
 gistered, and 23,241 11 tons enrolled and 
 licensed. During the year, 25 sloops and 
 canal boats, and 2 steamers, with an aggre- 
 gate burthen of 1995|| tons, were admeasured. 
 The flouring business is extensively carried 
 on, and keeps nearly 50 mills in operation. 
 Manufacturing has also been introduced, and 
 of late has become an important branch of 
 industry. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal 
 is carried over the Potomac at this place in 
 an aqueduct, a stupendous structure, 1446 
 feet in length, and 36 feet above the ordinary 
 surface of the water. Cost of construction 
 about $2,000,000. Pop. in IS'SO, 8366. 
 
 Georgetown, a port of entry, and capital 
 of Georgetown district. South Carolina, is 
 situated on the W. shore of Winyaw bay, a 
 little below the confluence of the Great Pedee, 
 Black, and Waccamaw rivers, about 15 miles 
 from the sea, and 132 miles E. S. E. from 
 Columbia. The confluence of these three navi- 
 gable rivers renders the position advantageous 
 for trade. It contains a court house, a bank, 
 several churches, and seminaries. Georgetown 
 is one of the oldest towns in the state, but in 
 consequence of a bar obstructing the entrance 
 to its harbor, and the previous unhealthiness 
 of the place, it has remained in statu quo for 
 many years. Recently, however, its salubrity 
 has been improved by a change in the culti- 
 vation of rice in the vicinity, and several 
 steam saw mills and turpentine distilleries 
 have been erected. It also has 1 iron 
 foundry and 1 shoe factory. The shipping 
 of the port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 1896|| tons registered, and 
 2696|^ tons enrolled and licensed. The 
 clearances for foreign ports during the year 
 were 14, (tons, 2091,) all in American bottoms. 
 The census of 1850, gives this town a popula- 
 tion of 704. Two papers are issued here. 
 
 Geoegetown, a post-village of Randolph 
 county, Georgia, on the Chattahoochee river, 
 nearly opposite Eufaula, in Alabama. Cotton 
 is shipped here in steamboats. 
 
 Geohgetown, a post-village in Copiah 
 county, Mississippi, on the W. bank of Pearl 
 river, 40 miles S. from Jackson. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-village, capital of 
 Williamson county, Texas, on Snn Gabriel 
 river, about 40 miles N. from Austin. 
 
 Georgetown, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Scott county, Kentucky, on the 
 North Elkhorn river, 17 miles E. fromFrank- 
 420 
 
 fort. It stands on elevated ground, sur- 
 rounded by a beautiful and fertile region. 
 Georgetown college, under the direction of the 
 Baptists, is a prosperous institution, with 
 about 130 students, and a library of 6500 
 volumes. The main college edifice is 100 
 feet long, and 60 wide. There are also 2 
 female seminaries in the place. It contains 
 2 newspaper ofiices, 2 woollen factories, and 
 2 bagging and rope factories. Population, 
 estimated at 2000. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-village in Pleasant 
 township, and capital of Brown county, Ohio, 
 100 miles S. S. W. from Columbus and 7 miles 
 from the Ohio river. It is situated in a rich 
 farming district, and has considerable busi- 
 ness. It contains 5 churches, and 2 or 3 
 newspaper offices. Population, about 800. 
 
 Georgetown, a village of Columbiana 
 county, Ohio, 150 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 Population, over 200. 
 
 Georgetown, a village of Harrison county, 
 Ohio, 6 miles S. E. from Cadiz, contains 150 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Ottawa county, Michigan, on both 
 sides of Grand river. Population, 196. 
 
 Georgetown, a small village of Cass coiin- 
 ty, Indiana, on the Wabash river and canal, 
 8 miles W. from Logansport, has about 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-township \n Floyd 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1198. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-village of Floyd coun- 
 ty, Indiana, 9 miles W. from New Albany. 
 
 Georgetown, a small village of Clay co.. 111. 
 
 Georgetown, a small village of Randolph 
 CO., 111., about 15 miles E. from Kaskaskia. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-village of Vermilion 
 county, Illinois, and 10 miles S. from Dan- 
 ville. It has a plank-road leading to the 
 Wabash river. 
 
 Georgetown, a small post-village, capital 
 of Pettis county, Missouri, on the W. fork of 
 La Mine river, 37 miles W. S. W. from 
 Booneville. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-ofiice of Monroe co.,Io. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-office of Lafayette 
 county, AVisconsin. 
 
 Georgetown, a post-office of El Dorado 
 county, California. 
 
 Georgetown Cross Roads, a post-office 
 of Kent county, Maryland. 
 
 Georgia, one of the original states of the 
 United States of North America, is bounded 
 on the N. by Tennessee and North Carolina ; 
 E. by South Carolina, (from which it is sepa- 
 rated by the Savannah river,) and by the 
 Atlantic ocean ; S. by Florida, and W. by 
 Florida and Alabama, from which it is partly 
 separated by the Chattahochee river. Georgia 
 lies between 30° 21' 39" and 35° N. lat., and 
 between 81° and 85° 53' 38" W. Ion., being 
 about 300 miles in length from N. to S., and 
 256 in its greatest breadth from E. to W., in- 
 cluding 58,000 square miles, or 37,120,000 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 acres, of which only 6,378,479 are improved, 
 showing that this already great and flourish- 
 ing state is but in the commencement of de- 
 veloping her resources and wealth. 
 
 Population. — ^The original settlers of Georgia 
 were English, Scotch, and Germans, with the 
 usual admixture of other nations, (as shown 
 by the figures below,) as the peopling of the 
 state progressed. Up to 1838, the Cherokee 
 Indians, one of the most civilized, intelli- 
 gent, and numerous of the aboriginal tribes, 
 formed a considerable part of the population 
 of Georgia. In 1790 the number of inhabit- 
 ants was 82,548; 162,101 in 1800; 252,433 
 in 1810; 340,987 in 1820 ; 516,823 in 1830; 
 691,392 in 1840, and 906,101 in 1850, being 
 a ratio of increase greater than any of the 
 original states since the first census in 1790. 
 This population is divided into 91,471 fami- 
 lies, occupying 91,011 dwellings. Of the po- 
 pulation in 1850, 266,183 were white males, 
 255,305 females; 1379 free colored males, 
 1552 free colored females; 188,838 male 
 slaves, and 192,844 female slaves. Of the 
 free population, 402,582 were born in the 
 state; 115,413 in other states of the Union; 
 679 in England ; 3202 in Ireland ; 380 in 
 Scotland and Wales; 108 in British America; 
 974 in Germany; 177 in France; 514 in 
 other countries, and 597 whose places of 
 birth were unknown. — In the year ending 
 June 1, 1850, there died 9920 persons, or 
 about 11 in every 1000 persons, showing a 
 ratio of mortality less than that of any 
 Southern state except Florida, and of the 
 entire Union except 3. In the same pe- 
 riod, 1036 paupers received aid, of whom 58 
 were foreigners, at an expense of about $30 
 to each person. There were 252 deaf and 
 dumb, of whom 41 were slaves ; 309 blind, 
 of whom 5 were free colored, and 80, slaves ; 
 306 insane, of whom 2 were free colored, and 
 23, slaves ; 577 idiotic, of whom 3 were free 
 colored, and 98, slaves. 
 
 This state is divided into 97 counties, viz. 
 Appling, Baker, Baldwin, Bibb, Bryan, Bul- 
 lock, Burke, Butts, Camden, Campbell, Carroll, 
 Cass, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clarke, 
 Clinch, Cobb, Columbia, Coweta, Crawford, 
 Dade, Decatur, De Kalb, Dooly, Earlj', Ef- 
 fingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fayette, Floyd, 
 Forsyth, Franklin, Gilmer, Glynn, Gordon, 
 Greene, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Han- 
 cock, Harris, Heard, Henry, Houston, Irwin, 
 Jackson, Jasper, Jones, Jefferson, Laurens, 
 Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Lowndes, Lumpkin, 
 Mcintosh, Macon, Madison, Marion, Meri- 
 wether, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Mur- 
 ray, Muscogee, Newton, Oglethorpe, Pauld- 
 ing, Pike, Pulaski, Putnam, Rabun, Ran- 
 dolph, Piichmond, Scriven, Stewart, Sumter, 
 Talbot, Taliaferro, Tatnall, Taylor, Telfair, 
 Thomas, Troup, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, 
 Walton, Ware, Wai-ren, Washington, Waj'ne, 
 Whitefield, Wilkes, Wilkinson. Milledgeville 
 is the capital. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The towns of Georgia 
 have received a new impetus since the com- 
 pletion of her railways ; and places that were 
 mere cross-roads a few years ago, with their 
 tavern, store, and smithy, have become flou- 
 rishing manufacturing villages. Savannah,* 
 the principal city, had 16,060 inhabitants 
 in 1850; Augusta, 9559; Columbus, 5942; 
 Athens, 3795; Atlanta, 2572; GriiSn, 2320; 
 Milledgeville, 2216. 
 
 Face of the Country. — Georgia has every 
 variety of surface, from the mountains of the 
 north, through all gradations of rough, hilly, 
 and undulating country, to the alluvial flats 
 which begin about 100 miles from the sea, 
 to which they extend. We learn from White's 
 "Statistics of Georgia," from which we are 
 obliged to condense, that " commencing at 
 the Atlantic ocean, and spreading out from 
 100 to 150 miles westward, we have an ex- 
 tensive plain of a tertiary formation, gra- 
 dually swelling up to a height of 500 feet, at 
 a line passing near the head of navigation 
 of the Savannah, Ogeechee, Oconee, and 
 Ocmulgee rivers, where it meets a primary 
 formation." An angle of cretaceous forma- 
 tion, underlj'ing the tertiary, enters Georgia 
 from Alabama, between Fort Gaines and 
 Columbus, and extends, with its apex, to a 
 point between Macon and Knoxville. The 
 N. side of this triangle is about 50, and the 
 S. E. about 100 miles in length. The pri- 
 mary formation crosses the state in a S. W. 
 direction, above the falls of the rivers named, 
 with a breadth of 160 miles at the northern, 
 and 100 miles at the southern limit. A se- 
 cond plain above the falls succeeds, of about 
 60 or 70 miles in width, beyond which, on 
 the N. W. side of the primary belt, and run- 
 ning nearly parallel with it, we come upon 
 the Blue Ridge mountains, which reach an 
 elevation varying from 1200 to 4000 feet. 
 The N. W. of Georgia consists of transition 
 rocks, except in the extreme N. W. counties, 
 which are carboniferous in their formation. 
 In the S. E. is Okefonokee swamp, or rather 
 series of swamps, which have a circuit of 
 about 180 miles, filled with pools and islands, 
 and covered with vines, bay-trees, and un- 
 derwood. Alligators, frogs, lizards, cranes, 
 &c. find a congenial home in this region. 
 
 Minerals. — Previous to the discovery of the 
 gold mines of California, Georgia was one of the 
 Eldorados of America; but though her mines 
 are almost swept out of mind by the richer 
 yields of the new state on the Pacific, a so- 
 berer time may come again, when slow and 
 patient industry may be content to develop 
 the golden treasures of this region. The 
 tract containing the gold mines has its centre 
 in Lumpkin county, in the northern part of 
 the state; and at Dahlonega, in this county, a 
 branch mint has been established, which coined 
 in 1851, $351,592 in gold. Besides this pre- 
 
 * Savauuah had nearly 19,000 bj' a local census in 1852 
 
 421 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 cious metal, Georgia contains some silver, 
 copper, iron, lead, manganese, titanium, gra- 
 phite, antimony, and zinc ; also granite, marble, 
 gypsum, limestone, coal, sieuite, marl, burr- 
 stone, soapstone, asbestos, slate, shale, tri- 
 poli, fluor-spar, barytes, tourmaline, arra- 
 gonite, kaolin, epidote, porcelain clay, ruby, 
 opal, augite, cyanite, emerald, prase, cor- 
 nelians, chalcedony, agate, jasper, amethyst, 
 precious garnets, schorl, zircon, rose quartz, 
 beryl, and even diamonds. Fossils are 
 found in abundance in the S. E. counties 
 near the sea. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, ^c. — Georgia is abundantly 
 supplied with rivers, both for the purposes 
 of navigation and for propelling power. To 
 the central plateau which forms the falls or 
 rapids, the rivers are mostly navigable for 
 steamers, and among and above them they 
 furnish advantageous sites for mills. Of the 
 36 cotton factories in Georgia in 1851, 34 
 were driven by water. The Oconee and Oc- 
 mulgee rise in the N. of the state, pass 
 through its centre to within 100 miles of the 
 ocean, where they unite to form the Alta- 
 maha, which flows eastward into the Atlantic 
 ocean. The Altamaha is navigable to Darien 
 for vessels drawing from 11 to 14 feet water, 
 and its confluents to Macon and Milledge- 
 "ville for steamboats. The Savannah, which 
 forms the greater part of the eastern bound- 
 ary, dividing Georgia from South Carolina, 
 is formed by the Tugaloo and Seneca rivers. 
 It is about 500 miles in length, is navigable 
 for ships to Savannah, and for large steam- 
 boats to Augusta. The Ogeechee, a river 
 flowing S. E. about 200 miles, drains the coun- 
 try between the rivers named above. It is 
 navigable for sloops 30 or 40 miles, and for 
 keel-boats to Louisville. Cannouchee, a west- 
 ern branch, is navigable 50 miles. The Santilla 
 and St. Mary's drain the south-eastern coun- 
 ties, and the Flint, Oclockonee, and Suwa- 
 nee, with their branches, the south-western. 
 The Santilla and St. Mary's are navigable for 
 sloops about 30 or 40 miles, and for keel-boats 
 perhaps as much more. The Flint, a branch 
 of the Chattahoochee, is about 300 miles long, 
 and is navigable to Albany for steam- 
 boats. The Chattahoochee rises in the N. E. 
 of Georgia, crosses the state in a S. W. direc- 
 tion till it strikes the W. boundary, which it 
 follows for about 150 miles to its union with 
 the Flint, at the S. W. extremity of Georgia, 
 where their united floods form the Appalachi- 
 cola. The Chattahoochee is navigable to Co- 
 lumbus for steamboats. The Tallapoosa and 
 Coosa, head waters of the Alabama, and the 
 Iliawassee, one of the sources of the Tennes- 
 see river, take their rise in the N. of this 
 State. The Suwanee and the Oclockonee 
 pass S. into Florida. A line run through the 
 middle of the state from S. to N. would nearly 
 divide the waters flowing into the Atlantic 
 from those flowing into the Gulf of Mexico ; 
 but this line would trend to the E., both in 
 422 
 
 the N. and S., and to the W. in the centre. 
 The waters of the Hiawassee, however, reach 
 the gulf through the Ohio and Mississippi 
 valleys. Georgia has about 80 miles of sea- 
 coast, which is lined by small islands, on 
 which grows the celebrated sea-island cotton. 
 These islands are cut off from the mainland 
 by narrow sounds, inlets, or lagoons. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The geolo- 
 gist will find in the alluvions of the south- 
 eastern counties of Georgia extensive fossil 
 remains, while her minerals and mountains 
 will offer much for his examination ; and the 
 antiquarian too may find objects, even in this 
 new country, to baffle his most ingenious theo- 
 ries. In Hancock county is an Indian mound, 
 of a semioval form, 2000 feet long and 37 
 high, and surrounded by a ditch. Human 
 bones have been found here. About 9 miles E. 
 of Macon is a mound, covering about 300 
 acres at its base and 50 at its top, which 
 seems to be a natural elevation, but is covered 
 on the summit with the ruins of a limestone 
 fortification. There are several artificial 
 mounds in the same neighborhood, and in 
 other parts of the state. One in Cass county 
 is 1114 feet in circuit and 75 feet high, in 
 which has been found large quantities of 
 pottery. To the lover of the picturesque, 
 Georgia offers many grand scenes, and among 
 them the Stone mountain, in De Kalb county, 
 7 miles in circuit, and 2226 feet in height ; 
 the falls of Tallulah, a branch of the Tu- 
 galoo, in Habersham county, where it passes 
 through a ridge of mountains, forming cliffs 
 from 200 to 500 feet, and descending in a 
 succession of four falls through the space of 
 a mile ; Toccaco falls, in the same stream, 
 185 feet high; Amicolah falls, in Lumpkin 
 county, with a descent of 400 feet in as many 
 yards ; the Towaligo falls, in Monroe county; 
 the Eastatoah and Stockoa falls, in Rabun 
 county, (thought by many to surpass tlie 
 Toccaco;) a series of falls in the Hiawassee, 
 sometimes with a descent of about 100 feet; 
 Nicojack cave, opening into the Racoon 
 mountains, near the N. W. extremity of the 
 state, extending for miles into the mountain, 
 which it enters by a portal 160 feet wide, and 
 60 high: through this passes a stream, 
 up which the visitor must be boated for three 
 miles, when further progress is stopped by a 
 cataract ; (Wilson's cave is described in the 
 same neighborhood, by Sears ; whether or not 
 it is the same cave under a difl'erent name we 
 have no means of determining;) Nix's cave, in 
 Floyd county ; Track Rock ;ind Pilot Mountain, 
 (1200 feet high,) both in Union county — are 
 all worthy of a separate description in a work 
 of a different character. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — " While the 
 inhabitants (we quote De Bow's Resources of 
 the South and West) of Southern and ^liddle 
 Georgia are being parched with heat, fre- 
 quently so intense as to prevent comfortable 
 rest, even at night, the more northern climate, 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 anriong the mountains, is such as to render ne- 
 cessarjf a blanket in order to conitbrtable re- 
 pose. A more lovely heaven does nut sir. 'le upon 
 the classic land of Italy than upon the favored 
 inhabitants of Georgia." According to me- 
 teorological observations made at Savannah 
 by Dr. Fosey, during the year ending May, 
 1852, the maximum in June, at 2 p.m., v?as 
 97°. 4; minimum, 70; mean for the d<iy, 
 77°. 10 : maximum for July, 99°. 3 ; minimum, 
 90°. 5; mean, 81°. 7 : maximum for August, 
 93°; minimum, 82°. 5; mean, 79°. 70: maxi- 
 mum for September, 88°. 1 ; minimum, 66°. 2 ; 
 mean, 67°. 7 : maximum for October, 85°. 6 ; 
 minimum, 56°. 9 ; mean, 66°. 25: maximum 
 for November, 77°. 1 ; minimum, 50°. 1 ; mean, 
 56°. 12: maximum for December, 58°. 5; 
 minimum, 43°. 3 ; mean, 47°. 27 : maximum 
 for January, 75°; minimum, 29°. 5; mean, 
 41°.75 : maximum for February, 81°.7 ; mini- 
 mum, 60° ; mean, 55°. 45 : maximum for 
 March, 84°; minimum, 43°.9 ; mean, 61°.30: 
 maximum for April, 86°.7; minimum, 67°. 9 ; 
 mean, 63°.27 ; and maximum for May, 94°.9; 
 minimum, 69°. 9; and mean, 75°.52. There 
 were 85 rainy days in the year, viz. 13 in 
 June, 12 in July, 10 in August, 4 in September, 
 5 in October, 5 in November, 7 in December, 
 4 in January, 5 in February, 7 in March, 8 in 
 April, and 5 in May. The thermometer was 
 highest, July 30th, 2 p. m., 99°. 3, and lowest, 
 January 20th, 7 a. m., 13°.8. The peach blos- 
 somed February 20th, and the plum on the 23d. 
 Snow falls sometimes, but does not lie long. 
 
 The diversity of soil is not less than that 
 of climate, from the rich alluvions near the 
 seacoast and rivers, to the thinner soil of 
 the pine barrens (not so sterile by far as 
 their name implies) and the rougher moun- 
 tain regions. The good and bad lands of 
 Georgia are so intermingled, that it is diffi- 
 cult to describe them by districts. In the 
 south, we have on the coast the islands with 
 their light sandy soil, but fertile in sea-island 
 cotton ; and on the mainland are the rich 
 alluvions, but interspersed with swamps, 
 which, however, yield rice in abundance. 
 The bottom lands of the Savannah, Ogeechee, 
 Altamaha, and the smaller rivers, are ex- 
 ceedingly fertile, and produce rice, cotton, In- 
 dian corn, and sugar. Farther west, about 
 60 miles from the coast, commence the pine 
 barrens, at present mostly valuable for their 
 timber and naval stores, but easily cultivable 
 and productive, should occasion require. In 
 the south-west the soil is light and sandy, but 
 fertile, and productive in cotton. The sugar- 
 cane is also sometimes cultivated success- 
 fully. The soil, though fertile, is easily ex- 
 ijausted, and requires manuring to restore it. 
 The middle region consists of a red loamy 
 soil, once productive, but, owing to a bad 
 system of culture, much impoverished. Its 
 products are cotton, tobacco, and the various 
 kinds of grain. We now come to the Cherokee 
 country in the north, once in possession of the 
 
 Indians of that name, and containing lands 
 among the most fertile in the state, particu- 
 larly in its valleys, which, though worked by 
 the Indians for ages past, are still capable of 
 producing from 50 to 75 bushels of grain to the 
 acre. This region is not so well adapted to the 
 culture of cotton, though it can be raised suc- 
 cessfully, but yields wheat, corn, Irish pota- 
 toes, peas, beans, &c. abundantly. Here, 
 too, are to be found gold, iron, coal, marble, 
 granite, limestone, and other minerals, va- 
 luable in building and the industrial arts. 
 The iron is represented as being of very 
 superior quality. Our summary of the na- 
 tural resources and the physical character- 
 istics of this flourishing state, bring tis to 
 the conclusion that it is surpassed by no 
 Atlantic or Gulf state, to say the least, 
 in the elements of a rapid growth in agri- 
 culture, manufactures, and commerce. With 
 a soil capable of yielding most of the great 
 staples of the country, and some tropi- 
 cal fruits, with a mild climate, yet cold 
 enough in the north for the restoration of 
 health to the enervated inhabitant of the 
 south, and for the production of the winter 
 grains ; with rivers that can be navigated 
 by steamboats to her centre, and whose 
 branches furnish water-power in abundance, 
 what element of prosperity does she lack, if 
 she be true to herself? The prime articles 
 of cultivation in 'Georgia are cotton, rice, 
 sweet potatoes, and Indian corn, beside*' 
 which large quantities of live stock, wheat, 
 oats, tobacco, wool, peas, beans, Irish pota- 
 toes, fruits, market products, butter, cheese, 
 hay, sugar, molasses, beeswax and honey, 
 and some rye, barley, buckwheat, wine, 
 grass seeds, hops, flax, and silk are pro- 
 duced. Georgia is first of the states of the 
 Union in the amount of sweet potatoes 
 raised, and second in that of rice and cotton. 
 In 1850 there were in this state 51,759 
 farms, containing 6,378,475 acres of im- 
 proved land, averaging about 120 acres to 
 a farm, and producing 1,088,534 bushels of 
 wheat; 53,750 of rye; 30,080,099 of Indian 
 corn; 3,820,044 of oats; 1,142,011 of peas 
 and beans; 227,379 of Irish potatoes; 
 6,986,428 of sweet potatoes; 11,501 of bar- 
 ley ; 38,950,691 pounds of rice ; 432,924 of 
 tobacco; 199,636,400 of cotton ; 990,019 of 
 wool ; 4,640,559 of butter ; 46,976 of cheese ; 
 23,449 tons of hay; 1,644,000 pounds of 
 cane sugar ; 782,514 of honey and beeswax ; 
 216,150 gallons of molasses; live stock va- 
 lued at $25,728,416; orchard products, at 
 $92,776; market goods, at $76,500; and 
 slaughtered animals, at $6,339,762. 
 
 Forest Trees. — There are extensive forests 
 of pine and live oak in the South ; the 
 swamps afford cedar and cypress, and the 
 middle country oak and hickory. The other 
 forest-trees are walnut, chestnut, poplar, 
 sycamore, beech, maple, ash, gum, elm, fir, 
 spruce, magnolia, laurel, and palmetto. 
 
 423 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 Animals. — Bears, deers, wolves, panthers, 
 foxes, gophers, rabbits, among quadrupeds ; 
 alligators, terrapins, lizards, scorjjions, rat- 
 tlesnakes, among reptiles ; and turtle, rock, 
 black, and fljing-fish, trout, bass, drum, 
 sheepshead, Spanish mackerel, porgey, and 
 mullet, among fish, are the leading objects 
 of animated nature in Georgia. 
 
 Manufactures. — Georgia has recently made 
 great advances in the establishment of ma- 
 nufactures, for which she enjoys great facili- 
 ties, in the abundance of her water-power 
 and fuel, in the nearness of the raw material 
 to the manufacturer, and in the number of 
 her navigable rivers and iron roads ready to 
 carrj' her fabrics to market. In 1850 there 
 were in Georgia 1407 manufacturing esta- 
 blishments, each producing $500 or upwards 
 annually ; 35 of these were cotton factories, 
 employing .$1,736,156 capital, and 873 male 
 and 1399 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $900,419, and producing 
 7,209,292 yards of stuffs, 4,198,351 pounds 
 of yarn, valued at $2,135,044 ; three woollen 
 factories, employing $68,000 capital, and 40 
 male and 38 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $153,816, and producing 
 340,600 yards of stuffs, valued at $88,750; 
 10 forges, furnaces, &c., employing a capital 
 of $70,200, consuming raw material worth 
 $43,776, and producing 1405 tons of pig, 
 wrought, and cast iron, valued at $118,884 ; 
 140 tanneries, employing $262,855 capital, 
 consuming $185,604 worth of raw material, 
 and producing leather valued at $361,586, 
 and homemade manufactures of the value 
 of $1,838,988. 
 
 In Hunt's Magazine of May, 1852, it is 
 stated that there were 30 cotton mills in Geor- 
 gia, employing a capital of $1,611,100, and 
 1266 male and 771 female hands, and con- 
 suming raw material worth $805,648, and 
 producing stuffs valued at $1,626,485. 
 
 Inteiiu'l Improvements. — Georgia takes the 
 lead of the Southern States in the number and 
 extent of her railways, which cross the mid- 
 dle and north of the state in all directions, 
 connecting her commercial centre with all the 
 important towns of her own interior, with Ala- 
 bama on the W., and with Tennessee and the 
 great Ohio and Mississippi valleys to the N. 
 and N. W. In January, 1853, there were in 
 Georgia 857 miles of railway in operation, 
 and 311 in course of construction. 1053 miles 
 of railway, either already made or in course 
 of construction, centre in Savannah, which is 
 connected with Macon, Columbus, and Mont- 
 gomery, in Alabama ; with Augusta, Ogle- 
 thorpe, and Atlanta ; and with Chattanooga 
 and Charleston, in Tennessee. Augusta is also 
 connected indirectly with the same places. 
 A continuous line of railway through Georgia 
 is now completed from Charleston, South 
 Carolina, to Nashville, Tennessee. This 
 forms an important artery in the trade be- 
 tween the North and the South-western States, 
 424 
 
 and has entirelj^ diverted a large portion of 
 it from its ancient channels. Branch roads 
 diverge to Athens, Rome, West Point, Mil- 
 ledgeville, Muscogee, Florida, Eatonton, 
 Rome, and other places, which are either 
 wholly or partly completed. There are only 
 a few short canals in Georgia, one connect- 
 ing the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers, an- 
 other from Brunswick to the Altamaha, 
 and a canal round the falls in the Savannah, at 
 Augusta, making a total of about 50 miles. — 
 See Table of Railways and Canals, Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 Commerce. — Georgia is favorably situated 
 for internal trade, having a number of navi- 
 gable rivers which may be ascended by steam- 
 boats from 200 to 300 miles from the sea, 
 and still farther for keel-boats. She has an 
 active coasting trade with her sister states, 
 and beside sailing-vessels, has lines of ocean 
 steamers running regularly between Savannah 
 and New York, and the same port and Philadel- 
 phia. The principal exports of Georgia con- 
 sist of her great staple cotton, and of rice, lum- 
 ber, and naval stores. Her exports to foreign 
 countries amounted, in 1852, to $4,999,090, 
 and her imports to $474,924: tonnage en- 
 tered, 49,994 ; cleared, 62,875. Georgia ex- 
 ports also largely of her rice, lumber, and 
 cotton to other states of the Union. Accord- 
 ing to De Bow there were received at the dif- 
 ferent ports of Georgia, in 1-851-2, 325,714 
 bales of cotton, most, if not all of which, was 
 doubtless exported. The tonnage of the state, 
 in 1852, was 25,785f f , of which 8295a§ was 
 steam tonnage ; the number of vessels built 
 was only 2, whose tonnage was 322||. 
 
 Education. — Georgia is celebrated for her 
 female institutes, which are said to be conspi- 
 cuous objects as the traveller passes through 
 her territories ; but her public schools are 
 less patronized; they had, however, in 1850, 
 29,675 pupils in attendance : there were 
 13,493 pupils attending other schools. Among 
 the numerous high schools and academies, we 
 may mention the Georgia Female College, at 
 Macon, which (White says) is generally at- 
 tended by 140 pupils, who go through an ex- 
 tensive course of study. The number of 
 volumes in school libraries in 1850 was 1800. 
 There are 5 colleges in Georgia, with an ag- 
 gregate attendance, in 1852, of 596 students, 
 and 23,800 volumes in their libraries ; and 
 one theological school with 6, and one medical 
 college with 115 students. The school fund 
 amounted in the same year to $263,310. As 
 an evidence of increasing interest in the sub- 
 ject of education, a common-school journal has 
 been established at Columbus, in this state. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 1723 
 churches in Georgia, in 1850, 821 belonged 
 to the different sects of Baptists, 19 to the 
 Episcopalians, 735 to the Methodists, 92 to 
 Presbyterians, 8 to the Roman Catholics, and 
 16 to the Union Church. The rest were 
 owned by the Bible Christians, the Christians, 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 the Congregationalists, the Free Church, 
 Friends, Independents, Lutherans, Wora^'i- 
 ans, and Universalists, making one church to 
 every 525 persons. Value of church pro- 
 perty, $1,269,159. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There is a state luna- 
 tic asyluna near Milledgeville, which went 
 into 023eration in 1842, and up to 1849 had 
 received 204 patients, of whom 95 were in 
 tiie institution at the date named. Up to 
 the same period the whole amount expended 
 by the state on the institution was $94,201. 
 There is also an asylum for the deaf and dumb 
 at Cave Springs, in Floyd county, which re- 
 ceived, in 1852, $17,000 from the state. The 
 state penitentiary at Milledgeville is a three- 
 story granite building, 200 feet by 30. The 
 convicts are employed in manufacturing 
 leather, wagons, shoes, pails, and many other 
 articles, the sale of which leaves a small 
 balance over the expenses of the penitentiary. 
 There were, in 1850, in Georgia, 24 piiblic 
 libraries, with an aggregate of 35,632 vo- 
 lumes. 
 
 Government. — This state is similar in its 
 governmental divisions to the other members 
 of the confederacy. The legislature meets 
 biennially. The governor is elected by the 
 people for two years, and receives a salary 
 of $3000 per annum. The senate consists of 
 47 members, and the house of representa- 
 tives of 130, both elected for each session of 
 the legislature, and receiving $5 per diem. 
 Every white male, who has paid a tax the 
 previous year, and resided in the county 
 where the election takes place 6 months be- 
 fore the election, is a legalized elector. The 
 state of Georgia is entitled to 8 members in 
 the national house of representatives, and 
 to 10 electoral votes for president of the 
 United States. 
 
 The judiciary is composed — 1. Of a court 
 of errors and appeals, presided over by three 
 judges, elected for 6 years by the legislature ; 
 2. Of a superior court, held in every coun- 
 ty in the state twice a year, and presided 
 over by judges elected for 4 years by the 
 legislature ; 3. Of an inferior court, consist- 
 ing of 5 justices in each county, elected by 
 the people for 4 years, and holding 2 sessions 
 a year ; and 4. Of justices' courts, consist- 
 ing of 2 justices for each militia district, 
 elected by the people of their respective dis- 
 tricts. The state is divided into eleven ju- 
 dicial districts. The judges of the superior 
 court are elected by the legislature for 4 
 years. The judges of the supreme court re- 
 ceive $2500 per annum. 
 
 The public debt of Georgia in 1852, was 
 $1,995,724.22. Sources of revenue (which 
 averages about $300,000 a year) are a gene- 
 ral tax, and a special tax on bank stocks. 
 The expenditures, for the pay of legislators, 
 civil establishments, judiciary, public chari- 
 ties, &c., are about $130,000 a year. The 
 public debt consists of bonds issued for the 
 
 I construction of railways. In 1852 there were 
 18 banking institutions in the state, with an 
 aggregate capital of §5,629,315, a circula- 
 tion of $l,3fc)0,000, and $1,700,000 in coin. 
 
 History. — Georgia was the last settled of the 
 original thirteen states of the Ameiican con- 
 federacy, the first colony having been planted 
 by Oglethorpe at Yamacraw Bluff, now called 
 Savannah, in 1733, more than 100 years after 
 the settlement of most of the original colo- 
 nies, and 63 years after that of South Caro- 
 lina, her nearest neighbor. Three years af- 
 terwards, some Germans founded Ebenezer on 
 the River, about 25 miles above Savannah. The 
 settlement of Darien was commenced about 
 the same time by some Scotch Highlanders. 
 The infant colony was involved in some severe 
 contests with the Spaniards of Florida, who' 
 claimed the country as far the S3d degree 
 of north latitude. In 1739, Oglethorpe in- 
 vaded Florida, took Fort Diego, and besieged 
 St. Augustine, but was obliged to raise the 
 siege and return. The Spanish in turn in- 
 vaded Georgia in 1742, but being alarmed 
 by a stratagem of Oglethorpe's, they retreat- 
 ed without coming to blows. Slaves were 
 first admitted into the colony in 1749. The 
 proprietors, harassed by the difficulties that 
 surrounded them, gave up the province to the 
 crown in 1752, when Dr. Franklin was ap- 
 pointed its agent near the British govern- 
 ment. In 1761 the Cherokee Indians were 
 attacked by Colonel Montgomery, on wliich 
 occasion the savages so bravely resisted, 
 that, though Montgomery claimed the vic- 
 tory, he thought it advisable to retreat. The 
 following year Colonel Grant burned their 
 towns, laid waste their country, and reduced 
 them to sue for peace. Georgia entered 
 warmly into the P>,evolution, and during parts 
 of 1778, 1779, and 1780, was in the hands 
 of the British troops. Savannah was cap- 
 tured by them December 29th, 1778, and the 
 combined American and French armies were 
 repulsed in an attempt to retake it in Octo- 
 ber, 1779, with a loss to the allies of 1100 
 men. In 1838 the Cherokee Indians were re- 
 moved from the state to the Indian territory, 
 beyond the Mississippi, and Georgia came 
 into possession of the long-coveted Indian 
 reservation. 
 
 Georgia, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Vermont, on the Vermont Central railroad,i 
 40 miles N. W. from Montpelier. Pop., 2686. 
 
 Georgia, a post-ofiiceof De Soto co., Miss. 
 
 Georgia, a district in Clarke co., Georgia. 
 Population, 741. 
 
 Georgiaville, a post-ofiice of Providence 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 Gerardstown, or Gerrardstown, a post- 
 village of Berkley co., Virginia, 166 miles N. 
 by W. from Richmond, contains 3 churches. 
 
 German, a post-township on the W. border 
 of Chenango co.. New York. Pop., 903. 
 
 German, a township of Faj'ette co., Pa.^ 
 on the Monongahela river. Pop., 1894. 
 
 425 
 
GEO 
 
 GEO 
 
 German, a township in the central part of 
 Allen CO., Ohio. Population. 1008. 
 
 Geeman, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Auglaize co., Ohio. Population, 1470. 
 
 German, a township in the N. part of Clarke 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1912. 
 
 German, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Darke CO., Ohio. Population, 1502. 
 
 German, a township in the S. part of Ful- 
 ton CO., Ohio. Population, 932. 
 
 German, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop., 1361. 
 
 German, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop., 1517. 
 
 German, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 treniity of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop., 2789. 
 
 German, a township in Bartholomew co., 
 Indiana. Population, 947. 
 
 German, a township in St. Joseph co., In- 
 diana. Population, 614. 
 
 German, a township in Vanderburg co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1084. 
 
 German Flats, a township of Herkimer co.. 
 New York, on the Mohawk river and Erie 
 canal, 15 miles S. E. from Utica. Pop., 3578. 
 
 Germanna, a post-office of Orange co., Va. 
 
 Germano, a post-office of Harrison co., 0. 
 
 German Settlement, a post-office of 
 Preston co., Virginia, on the Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad, 270 miles N. W. from Piich- 
 mond. The village is called Mt. Carmel. 
 
 German sviLLE, a small post-village of Le- 
 high CO., Pa., 18 miles from Allentown. 
 
 Germanton, a post-village of Stokes co., 
 N. C, 110 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Germantown, a post-township of Columbia 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson river, 12 miles 
 below Hudson. Population, 1023. 
 
 Germantown, a small village of Fayette 
 CO., Pa., near the Monongahela river, about 
 195 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Germantown, a post-township of Phila- 
 delphia CO., Pennsylvania, contains the bo- 
 rough of Germantown. Total pop., 8336. 
 
 Germantown, a post-borough of Philadel- 
 phia county, Pennsylvania, on the German- 
 town Branch railroad, 6 miles N. W. from 
 Philadelphia. It consists of one broad street, 
 extending about 4 miles in a N. N. W. and 
 S. S. E. direction, and several others, re- 
 cently built up, intersecting it at right an- 
 gles. Many of the merchants of Philadel- 
 phia, and other persons retired from busi- 
 ness, here have their country seats, some of 
 which are of surpassing elegance, and are 
 enclosed with spacious grounds, adorned with 
 fountains, statuary, and green-houses. The 
 borough contains 7 or 8 churches, a news- 
 paper office, a bank, an insurance office, and 
 several schools. It is lighted with gas and 
 supplied with pure water from Tulpehocken 
 creek. The water is first raised by steam- 
 power to a reservoir on a hill, and thence 
 conducted by distributing pipes through tlie 
 various streets of the place. Population in 
 1850, 6209 ; in 1853, about 70C0. 
 426 
 
 Germantown, a village of Bath co., Vir- 
 ginia, half mile from the Warm Springs. It 
 has 2 stores, 1 hotel, and about 100 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 GERMANTOWN,a post-village of Fauquier CO., 
 Virginia, 95 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 Germantown, a village in Hyde co.. North 
 Carolina, near the W. end of Pamlico sound, 
 135 miles E. by S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Germantown, a thriving post-village of 
 Shelby county, Tennessee, near Wolf river, 
 and on the Memphis and Charleston railroad, 
 15 miles E. from Memphis, is situated in a 
 rich cotton-growing district, and has an ac- 
 tive trade. Population, about 400. 
 
 Germantown, a handsome pOst-village of 
 Bracken county, Kentucky, about 70 miles N. 
 E. from Frankfort, is connected by a turn- 
 pike with Maysville. A part of the village 
 stands in the county of Mason. Population, 
 near 500. 
 
 Germantown, a handsome post-village of 
 German township, Montgomery county, Ohio, 
 on Twin creek, 44 miles N. from Cincinnati. 
 It is situated in a beautiful and fertile val- 
 ley. The settlers were mostly of German 
 descent, and natives of Pennsylvania. It 
 contains 5 churches, a flourishing academy, 
 2 newspaper offices, and a woollen factory. 
 
 Germantown, a post-village in Marion co., 
 Ind., 18 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Germantown, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 Indiana, on the Central railroad, 56 miles E. 
 from Indianapolis. Population, 462. 
 
 Germantown, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Germantown, a small village of Warren co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Germantown, a township in the S. part of 
 Washington co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1714. 
 
 German Valley, a post-village of Morris 
 CO., New Jersey, 17 miles W. from Moi'ris- 
 town, has 2 churches. 
 
 Germanville, a post-village of Edgefield 
 district, S. C, 30 miles W. from Columbia. 
 
 Germ.\ny, a township of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Maryland, 10 miles 
 S. E. from Gettysburg. Population, 720. 
 
 Germany, a post-office of Warren co.. Pa. 
 
 Gerry, a township of Chautauque co., 
 New York, 15 miles E. S. E. from Maysville. 
 Population, 1332. 
 
 Gettysburg, a post-borough, capital of 
 Adams county, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike 
 road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 114 
 miles W. from the former, and 36 miles S. W. 
 from Harrisburg. It stands on elevated 
 ground, in the midst of a fertile farming 
 country. The court house and public offices 
 are built of brick, and are sufficiently com- 
 modious ; the private dwellings are generally 
 built in a neat and substantial manner. The 
 Lutheran Theological Seminary of this place, 
 founded in 1826, has a library of 7000 vo- 
 lumes. The town is also the seat of Penn- 
 sylvania College, a flourishing institution. 
 
GET 
 
 GIL 
 
 The buildings occupied by these institutions 
 are large and beautiful edifices. The town 
 contains 1 bank, 1 academy, 7 churches, 4 
 newspaper offices, and 10 carriage manufac- 
 tories. The manufacture of carriages is car- 
 ried on more extensively than any other me- 
 chanical business. In 18-51 copper mines were 
 opened in several places near this town. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 2150; in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Gettysburg, a post- village of Preble co., 
 Ohio, 102 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Ghent, a post-township of Columbia co., 
 N. Y., on the Harlem railroad. Pop., 2293. 
 
 Ghent, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 25 miles S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Ghent, a post-village of Carroll co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Ohio river, 59 miles N. from 
 Frankfort, has 3 churches. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Gholson, a post-village in Noxubee co., 
 Mississippi, 110 miles N. E. from .Jackson. 
 
 Gholsonville, a small post-village of 
 Brunswick co., Virginia, on the Meherriu 
 river, 75 miles S. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 GiBBs's Cross Roads, a post-office of Cum- 
 berland CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Gibbville, a small post-village of She- 
 boygan CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Gibesonville, a post-office of Hocking co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Gibraltar, a post-village of Brownstowu 
 township, Wayne co., Michigan, on the W. 
 bank of Detroit river, at its entrance into 
 Lake Erie, 22 miles below Detroit. A light- 
 house has been erected here. 
 
 Gibraltar, a small post-village, formerly 
 Bailey's Harbor, capital of Door co., Wis- 
 consin, on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, 
 about 65 miles N. E. from Green bay. 
 
 Gibson, a county in the W. part of Ten- 
 nessee, contains about 550 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the North and Middle forks 
 of the Forked Deer river, and by Ruther- 
 ford's fork of Obion river. The surface is 
 nearly level ; the soil good. Indian corn, 
 oats, cotton, and cattle are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 1,107,730 bushels 
 of corn; 93,734 of oats, and 4918 bales of 
 cotton. It contained 43 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, ll50 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 47 attending an academy. The 
 route of the Mobile and Ohio railroad passes 
 through the county. Capital, Trenton. Po- 
 pulation, 19,548, of whom 15,354 were free, 
 and 4194, slaves. 
 
 Gibson, a county in the S. W. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Illinois, contains 449 
 square miles. It is drained by the Patoka 
 river, and the Wabash forms its W. bound- 
 ary. The surface is undulating, and the 
 soil fertile. Wheat, corn, and oats are the 
 staple products ; cattle, horses, and hogs are 
 also exported. In 1850 this county produced 
 947,590 bushels of corn; 43,888 of wheat; 
 77,636 of oats, and 1693 toas of hay. It 
 contained 19 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and 2060 pupils attending public schools. 
 
 The county contains extensive beds of coal. 
 It is intersected bj' the Wabash and Erie 
 canal, and has a railroad from Princeton, 
 the county seat, to Evansville, on the Ohio. 
 Population, 10,771. 
 
 Gibson, a post-office of Steuben co., N. Y. 
 
 Gibson, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Elk county, Pennsylvania, on Ben- 
 nett's creek. Population, 332. 
 
 Gibson, a post-township of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania, 16 miles E. S. E. from 
 Montrose. Population, 1459. 
 
 Gibson, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Mercer co., Ohio. Population, 485. 
 
 Gibson, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio. 
 
 Gibson, a township in Washington co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1095. 
 
 Gibson's Store, a small village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Gibson's Wells, a post-office of Gibson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Gibsonville, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., New York. 
 
 GiDDiNGS, a post-office of Sauk co.. Wis. 
 
 Gidley's Station, a post-office of Jackson 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Gila, nee'la, a river of New Mexico, sup- 
 posed to rise near 34° N. lat., and 109° W. Ion. 
 Flowing southerly, and then westerly, in its 
 general course, it falls into the Colorado, in 
 32° 44' N. lat., and 114° 30' W. Ion. 
 
 Gilbbetsborough, a post-office of Lime- 
 stone CO., Alabama. 
 
 Gilbert's Mills, a post-office of Oswego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 GiLBERTSViLLE, a post-village of Otsego co., 
 New York, 95 miles W. from Albany, con- 
 tains several churches, and an academy. 
 
 Gilboa, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Schoharie co.. New York, drained by Scho- 
 harie river. Population, 3024. 
 
 Gilboa, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 50 miles S. W. from Albany. It 
 has several mills and factories. 
 
 Gilboa, a post-office of Louisa co., Va. 
 
 Gilboa, a thriving post-village of Putnam 
 CO., Ohio, on the Blanchard river, 94 miles 
 N. W. from Columbus. It is liberally sup- 
 plied with water-power. 
 
 Gilchrist's Bridge, a post-village of Ma- 
 rion district, South Carolina, 
 
 Gilder, a post-office of Greenville dis., S.C. 
 
 Gilead, a post-township of Oxford co., 
 Maine, 60 miles W. by N. from Augusta, Po- 
 pulation, 359. 
 
 Gilead, a township in the central part of 
 Morrow co., Ohio. Population, 1680. 
 
 Gilead, a post-village of Wood co., Ohio, 
 on the Maumee river, 140 miles N. N. AY. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Gilead, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Branch county, Michigan. Population, 503. 
 
 Gilead, a post-village of Miami co., In- 
 diana, about 82 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Gilead, a post-^village of Calhonn co., Il- 
 linois, near the Mississippi river, about 90 
 
 427 
 
GIL 
 
 GIL 
 
 miles S.W. from Springfield, has several 
 hundred inhabitants. It was formerly the 
 county seat. 
 
 Giles, a county in the S. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of about 650 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Kanawha or 
 New river, and also drained by Walker's, 
 Wolf, and Sinking creeks. The surface is 
 very mountainous; the principal elevations 
 are Walker's and Peter's mountains. The 
 soil, excepting the vicinity of the rivers and 
 creeks, is rocky and unproductive. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and live stock 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 204,720 bushels of coi-n; 38,565 of 
 wheat; 68,494 of oats; 1960 tons of hay, 
 and 83,120 lbs, of butter. It contained 17 
 churches, and 820 pupils attending public 
 schools. Since the census of 1850 was taken, 
 the dimensions of the county have been re- 
 duced by the formation of Craig county out of 
 the N. E. part. Named in honor of William 
 B. Giles, governor of Virginia in 1828. Ca- 
 pital, Parisburg. Population, 6570, of whom 
 5913 were free, and 657, slaves. 
 
 Giles, a county in the S. part of Tennes- 
 see, bordering on Alabama, has an area of 
 600 square miles. It is intersected in the 
 S. E. part by Elk river, and also drained by 
 the branches of Richland creek, which flows 
 southward into the former stream. The sur- 
 face is somewhat diversified ; the soil is very 
 productive, and extensively cultivated. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, cot- 
 ton, and butter are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 1,857,647 bushels of corn; 
 31,537 of wheat; 185.804 of oats; 10,301 
 bales of cotton, and 322,487 pounds of but- 
 ter. The quantity of butter was the greatest 
 made in any county of the state. It con- 
 tained 64 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1123 
 pupils attending public schools, and 197 
 attending academies and other schools. 
 Steamboats can ascend the Elk river to the 
 mouth of Piichland creek. The county has 
 a macadamized road to Nashville. Capital, 
 Pulaski. Population, 25,949, of whom 16,591 
 were free, and 9358, slaves. 
 
 Giles Court House, Va. See Parisburg. 
 
 Gilford, a post-township of Belknap co.. 
 New Hampshire, 25 miles N. by E. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 2425. 
 
 Gilford Village, a post-village in Belknap 
 CO., N. H., 33 miles N. from Concord. 
 
 Gill, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, on the W. side of Connecticut 
 fiver, 10 miles W. S. W. from Boston. Popu- 
 lation, 754. 
 
 Gill, a township in Sullivan county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1241. 
 
 GiLLAM, a township in Jasper county, In- 
 diana. Population, 453. 
 
 Gillelaxd Creek, a post-office of Travis 
 County, Texas. 
 
 Gillespie, a county in the W. central part 
 of Texas, has an area of 1980 square miles. 
 428 
 
 It is traversed from W. to E. by Rio Llano, 
 and also drained by Pedernales river, and 
 Sandy creek. The surface is uneven. The 
 staples are Indian corn, grass, cattle, and 
 horses. In 1850, this county produced 
 15,240 bushels of corn, and 4880 pounds of 
 butter. Capital, Fredericksburg. Popula- 
 tion, 1240, of whom 1285 were free, and 5 
 slaves. Named in honor of Captain Gilles- 
 pie, who was killed at Monterey. 
 
 Gillespie, a post-office of Cooper co.. Mo. 
 
 Gillespieville, a post-office of Ross co., 0. 
 
 Gill Hall, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Gillions, a post-office of Baker co., Ga. 
 
 GiLLisoNviLLE, a post-office of Beaufort 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Gill's Creek, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Gill's Mills, a post-office of Bath co., Ky. 
 
 Gill's Store, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 GiLLsviLLE, a post-office of Hall co., Ga., 
 18 miles E. from Gainesville. 
 
 GiLMAN, a post-township of Hamilton co.. 
 New York, 68 miles N. N. W. of Albany. 
 Population, 101. 
 
 GiLMAKTON, a post-township of Belknap 
 CO., New Hampshire, 20 miles N. N. E. from 
 Concord. Population, 3282. 
 
 GiLMANTON Iron Works, a post-village in 
 the above township, about 20 miles N. N. E. 
 from Concord. 
 
 Gilmer, a county, in the W. N. W. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 512 square miles. 
 It is traversed from E. to W. by the Little 
 Kenawaha river, and also drained by Lick 
 Leading and Steer creeks. The surface is 
 hiliy, and mostly covered with forests. A 
 portion of the soil is fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, and live stock are the 
 staples. In 1850, this county produced 
 117,990 bushels of corn; 5652 of wheat; 
 22,085 of oats ; 1028 tons of hay, and 33,277 
 pounds of butter. It contained 1 saw mill, 
 1 tannery ; 5 churches, and 159 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The county con- 
 tains salt springs and iron ore. It is inter- 
 sected by the Parkersburg and Weston turn- 
 pike. Formed a few years ago out of part 
 of Lewis county, and named in honor of 
 Thomas W. Gilmer, member of Congress from 
 Virginia. Capital, Glenville. Population, 
 8475, of whom 3403 were free, and 72, slaves. 
 
 GiLiMER, a county in the N. part of Geor- 
 gia, bordering on Tennessee, has an area of 
 792 square miles. It is intersected in the 
 N. E. part by the Tocoa river, and also 
 drained by the head waters of the Conna- 
 sauga, Coosawattee, and Ellijay rivers. The 
 names of the principal creeks are Talking 
 Rock, Mountain Town, and Carticary. The 
 surface is diversified by mountain ridges 
 connected with the Blue Ridge, and is re- 
 markable for picturesque scenery. Some of 
 these elevations are known as the Cohuttah, 
 
GIL 
 
 GLA 
 
 Frog, Bald, Tallona, and Sharptop moun- 
 tains. The soil of the valleys is fertile, and 
 the highlands produce pasture. Indian corn, 
 oats, rye, and potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850, this county produced 214,193 bushels 
 of corn ; 24,894 of oats, and 20,097 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 2 grist mills, 3 saw 
 mills, and 1 tannery. It contained 10 
 churches, 205 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 30 attending an academy. Gilmer coun- 
 ty is remarkably rich in minerals. Gold 
 mines are worked in several places, and are 
 productive. Many persons are employed in 
 quarrying marble, which is of fine quality ; 
 and the county contains an abundance of 
 good iron. Named in honor of George R. 
 Gilmer, who was governor of Georgia in 1830. 
 Capital, Ellijay. Population, 8440, of whom 
 8240 were free, and 200, slaves. 
 
 Gilmer, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Upshur county, Texas, about 320 miles E. N. 
 E. from Austin City. It is situated in a rich 
 planting region, which is diversified by 
 prairies and forests. Laid out in 1848. 
 Population, in 1853, about 600. 
 
 GiLMEK, a township in Adams co., Illinois. 
 Population, 1051. 
 
 Gilmer, a post-village in Lake co., Illinois, 
 35 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Gilmer's Store, a post-office of Guilford 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 GiLOPOLis, a post-office of Robeson co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 GiLROT, a post-office of Cooper co., Mo. 
 
 GiLROY, a post-office of Santa Clara co.,Cal. 
 
 GiLSUM, a post- township of Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, 35 miles W. S. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 668. 
 
 Ginger Hill, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ginseng, a post-office of Wyoming co., Va. 
 
 Gin Town, a post-office of Irwin co., Ga. 
 
 GiRARD, a township of Clearfield co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 12 miles 
 N. E. from Clearfield. Population, 286. 
 
 GiRARD, a post-township of Erie co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Lake Erie. It is intersected by 
 the Beaver and Erie canal. Pop., 2843. 
 
 GiRARD, a beautiful post-borough in the 
 above township, on the Ridge road, and on 
 the Beaver and Erie canal, 16 miles S. W. 
 from Erie, and 2 miles from the lake. It is 
 surrounded by rich and well-cultivated farms, 
 and contains 1 academy, and several stores. 
 Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 GiRARD, a post-office of Burke co., Ga. 
 
 GiRARD, a thriving post-village of Russell 
 county, Alabama, on the right bank of the 
 Chattahoochee river, opposite Columbus, 
 Georgia. It is the largest place in the 
 county, and has considerable trade. Girard 
 contains 1 printing-office, several stores, and 
 about 1000 inhabitants. The route of a rail- 
 road has been surveyed from Girard to 
 Mobile. 
 
 Girard, a post-village of Trumbull county. 
 
 Ohio, on the Mahoning river, 170 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. The Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal passes through it. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Girard, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Branch co., Michigan. Population, 934. 
 
 Gladden's Grove, a post-office of Fair- 
 field district, South Carolina. 
 
 Glade, a township of Warren co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Alleghany river, immediately 
 above Warren. Population, 420. 
 
 Glade Hill, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Glade Mills, a post- village of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Glade creek, 22 miles N. 
 from Pittsburg. 
 
 Glade Mines, a post-office of Hall co., Ga. 
 
 Glade Run, a post-office of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Glade's Cross Roads, a post-office of Put- 
 nam CO., Ga., 32 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Glade Spring, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., Virginia, 10 miles from Abingdon; 
 is the seat of Emory and Henry College, 
 founded by the Methodists in 1838. 
 
 Glade Spring, a post-office of Harrison 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Gladevillb, a post-office of Preston co., Va. 
 
 Gladwin, a new county towards the E. part 
 of Michigan, contains about 570 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Titibiwassee river. 
 This county is not included in the census of 
 1850, and has few if any inhabitants. 
 
 Glady Creek, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., Va., 244 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Glasco, a small post- village of Ulster co.. 
 New York, on Hudson river, 48 miles S. of 
 Albany. It has a steamboat landing. 
 
 Glasgow, a small post-village of Newcastle 
 CO., Del., on the Newcastle and Frenchtown 
 railroad, 16 miles S. W. from Wilmington. 
 
 Glasgow, a small village of Walker co., Ala. 
 
 Glasgow, a post-village, capital of Barren 
 CO., Kentucky., on the railroad from Louis- 
 ville to Nashville, 126 miles S. W. from 
 Frankfort. It contains 3 houses for worship, 2 
 academies, and 2 tanneries. Pop. about 800. 
 
 Glasgow, a post-office of Columbiana co., 0. 
 
 Glasgow, a post-village of Scott county, 
 Illinois, 40 miles S. W. from Spi'ingfield. 
 
 Glasgow, a flourishing post-village of 
 Howard county, Missouri, on the left (N.) 
 bank of the Missouri river, 72 miles by land 
 N. W. from Jefferson City. It is a place of 
 considerable trade ; the surplus produce of 
 Howard county, and some others, being most- 
 ly shipped here. A plank-road is projected 
 between Glasgow and Huntsville. Two news- 
 papers are published. Population in 1853, 
 about 1200. 
 
 Glasgow, a post-office of JeflFerson co., lo. 
 
 Glassborough, a post-village of Franklin 
 township, Gloucester county. New Jersey, 11 
 miles S. by E. from Woodbury. It contains 
 1 Episcopal and 2 Methodist churches, an 
 academy, and several manufactories of glass. 
 Population in 1853, about 1300. 
 
 429 
 
GLA 
 
 GLO 
 
 Glass Creek, a post-office of Barry co. Mich. 
 Glass Village, a post-office of Conway 
 county, Ai^kansas. 
 
 Glassy Mountain, a post-office of Pickens 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Glastenbury, a township of Bennington 
 county, Vermont, 9 miles N. E, from Benning- 
 ton. Population, 62. 
 
 Glastonbury, a post-township of Hartford 
 county, Connecticut, on the east side of Con- 
 necticut river, 8 miles S. by E. from Hart- 
 ford. Population, 3390. 
 
 Glenalta, a small post-village of Marion 
 county, Georgia, 23 miles S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Glen Bkook, a post-office of Hart co., Ky. 
 
 Glenburn, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 60 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 905. 
 
 Glencoe, a post-office of Bolivar co.. Miss. 
 
 Glencoe, a post-office of Gallatin co., Ky. 
 
 Glen Cove, a post-village of Queen's coun- 
 ty. New York, on Hempstead harbor, 176 
 miles S. S. E. from Albany. It has 1 church 
 and a steamboat landing. 
 
 Glendale, a thriving post-village in Bur- 
 rillville township, Berkshire county, Massa- 
 chusetts, about 110 miles W. by N. from Bos- 
 ton. It contains 1 cotton mill, 2 stores, and 
 1 sash and blind works. Pop., about 200. 
 
 Glendale, a post-office of Camden co., N. J. 
 
 Glendon, a thriving village of Northamp- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank 
 of the Lehigh river, 2 miles above Easton. It is 
 the seat of the Boston Company's iron works. 
 
 Glenfinlas, apost- village of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Missouri, on Big river, 45 miles S. W. by 
 S. from St. Louis. 
 
 Glenham, a post-village of Dutchess coun- 
 ty, New York, on Fishkill creek, 88 miles S. 
 from Albany. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and 
 a large woollen factory. 
 
 Glenhope, a post-village of Clearfield 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 120 miles W. N. 
 W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Glenmorb, a post-office of Oneida co., N. Y. 
 
 Glenmobe, a post-office of Buckingham 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Glenn, a post-township of Montgomery 
 county, New York, on the S. side of the Mo- 
 hawk river, 43 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 8043. 
 
 Glenn, a post-office of McKean co., Pa. 
 
 Glenn Grove, a post-office of Fayette coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Glenn Mills, a post-office of Culpepper 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Glenn's, a post-office of Gloucester co., Va. 
 
 Glenn's, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa. 
 
 Glenn's Falls, a thriving post-village of 
 Warren county. New York, on the Hudson 
 river, about 50 miles N. from Albany. It 
 contains churches for the Presbyterians, 
 Methodists, and Baptists, 2 banks, 1 or 2 
 academies, 2 newspaper offices, and several 
 factories. The river is crossed by a bridge 
 at this place, and has a fall of about 60 feet, 
 480 
 
 furnishing abundant water-power. The vil- 
 lage is connected by a feeder with the Cham- 
 plain canal. Population, about 2400 ; of the 
 tov;nship, 2717. 
 
 Glenn's Springs, a post-village of Spartan- 
 burg district, South Carolina, 86 miles N. W. 
 from Columbia. It is surrounded by beautiful 
 scenery, and is a place of great resort. The 
 water is said to contain magnesia and sulphur. 
 
 Glenn's Valley, a post-office of Johnson 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Glennvillb, a thriving village of Barbour 
 county, Alabama, on the road betwen Eufaula 
 and Columbus, in Georgia, 18 miles N. from the 
 former. It derives its importance chiefly from 
 its excellent schools. Population, about 900. 
 
 Glen Rock, a post-village of York county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the York and Baltimore 
 railroad, 15 miles S. from York. It has a 
 small cotton factory. 
 
 Glen Rock, a post-office of Lawrence coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Glenville, a post-office of Fairfield coun- 
 ty, Connecticut. 
 
 Glenville, a post-township of Schenectady 
 county. New York, on the Mohawk river, 20 
 miles N. "W. from Albany. Population, 8409. 
 
 Glenville, a small post-village, capital of 
 Gilmer county, Virginia, on Little Kanawha 
 river, 210 miles in a direct line W. N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Glen Vv^iLD, a post-office of Sullivan co. N.Y. 
 
 Glenvtood, a post-office of Erie co., N.Y. 
 
 Glenwood, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Globe, a small village in Woonsocket town- 
 ship. Providence co., Rhode Island, about 12 
 miles N. by W. from Boston. 
 
 Globe, a post-office of Caldwell co., N. C. 
 
 Globe, a post-office of Johnson co.. Mo. 
 
 Globe Village, a post-office of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Gloucester, a county in the S. W. part of 
 New Jersey, has an area of 952 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. W. by the Delaware 
 river, N. E. by Big Timber creek, and S. W. 
 by Oldman's creek, and is drained by Ra- 
 coon and Mantua creeks. The surface is 
 level, except where worn down by streams. 
 Along the Delaware river, for about 7 miles 
 from its bank, the soil is a clayey loam, very 
 fertile, and highly cultivated. S. E. of this 
 it is sandy, and generally covered with pine 
 forests. Indian corn, Irish potatoes, sweet 
 potatoes, hay, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 380,221 bushels of 
 corn; 253,964 of potatoes; 254,870 of sweet 
 potatoes; 14,152 tons of hay, and 257,022 
 pounds of butter. The quantity of sweet 
 potatoes was the greatest produced by any 
 county in the state. There were 4 glass 
 manufactories, 11 flour mills, 8 grist mills, 
 and 14 saw mills. It contained 26 churches, 
 and 1 newspaper office ; 3656 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 90 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Marl is found along the 
 
GLO 
 
 GOD 
 
 bank of the Delaware and for several miles 
 inlanfl. iron ore near AVoodbury, which is ex- 
 ported for manufacture ; and beds of shells in 
 different places. The inhabitants are largely 
 engaged in glass and iron manufactures. The 
 proposed railroad from Camden to Cape 
 May will probably pass through this county. 
 Organized in 1677, (since which its area has 
 been much diminished by the formation of 
 Atlantic and Camden counties,) and named 
 from Gloucester, a county of England. Capi- 
 tal. Woodbury. Population, 14,655. 
 
 Glottcester county, Virginia, situated on 
 Chesapeake bay, in the S. E. part of the state, 
 contains 280 square miles. The Pianka- 
 tank forms its N. and the York river its S. W. 
 boundary. The surface is very level. The 
 soil produces good crops of corn, cotton, and 
 wheat. The waters contain an abundance 
 of fish and oysters, which furnish employ- 
 ment and subsistence to a great number of 
 the inhabitants. Large quantities of oysters 
 and wood are exported to New York and 
 Philadelphia. In 1850 this county produced 
 336,063 bushels of corn; 65,551 of wheat; 
 and 62 bales of cotton. There were 16 flour, 
 grist, and saw mills, and 2 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 14 churches; 253 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 95 attending academies or 
 other schools. Formed in 1642. Capital, 
 Gloucester Court House. Population, 10,527 ; 
 of whom 4970 were free, and 5557, slaves. 
 
 Gloucester, a port of entry of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, 28 miles N. N. E. from Boston, 
 is situated on the S. side of the peninsula of 
 Cape Ann, and connected by railroad with the 
 principal cities and towns of the seaboard and 
 interior. It contains 8 or 10 churches, 4 news- 
 paper offices, and a bank with a capital of 
 §200,000. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged 
 in the fisheries, particularly those of cod and 
 mackerel. The harbor is one of the best on 
 the coast, and is accessible at all seasons for 
 vessels of the largest class. The shipping 
 of the port June 30th, 1852, amounted to 
 an aggregate of 21391-^ tons registered, and 
 23,94l9''5 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the 
 latter, 12,153|| tons were employed in the cod 
 fishery, and ll,033|f in the mackerel fish- 
 ery. The foreign arrivals for the year 
 were 173, (tons, 14,849,) of which 147 (tons, 
 11,031,) were by foreign vessels. The clear- 
 ances for foreign ports were 164, tons, 13,794 
 of which 11,031 were foreign bottoms. 
 During the same year, 45 schooners, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 3828 Jj tons were ad- 
 measured. There are also some manufac- 
 tures in the town, such as boots and shoes, 
 and anchors. Incorporated in 1639. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 7786. 
 
 Gloucester, a township of Providence co., 
 Pihode Island, 15 miles W. by N. from Provi- 
 dence. Population, 2872. 
 
 Gloucester, a village of Atlantic co., New 
 Jersey, 13 miles N. E. from May's Landing. 
 It contains an iron furnace and a grist mill. 
 
 Gloucester, a township of Camden county, 
 New Jersey. Population, 2371. 
 
 Gloucester, a city of Gloucester town- 
 ship, Camden county. New Jersej', on the 
 Delaware, about 4 miles below Camden. 
 This flourishing place has increased in popu- 
 lation, within the last 5 years, from some 
 50 to about 3000. Its growth is chiefly 
 owing to the establishment of several cotton 
 and other factories. Within the ]astl5 years 
 4 churches have been erected. Steamboats 
 ply continually between this place and Phi- 
 ladelphia. 
 
 Gloucester Court House, Gloucester 
 county, Virginia, 82 miles E. S. E. from 
 Richmond, near an arm of the Chesapeake. 
 It contains 1 academy and several churches. 
 
 Gloucester Furnace, a post-village of At- 
 lantic CO., N. .J., 74 miles S. from Trenton. 
 
 Glover, a post-township of Orleans county, 
 Vermont, 35 miles N. N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1137. 
 
 Gloversvillb, a post- village of Fulton co.. 
 New York, 40 miles N. W. from Albany. It 
 has 2 churches, and 1 bank. 
 
 Glover Village, a small post-village in 
 Glover township, Orleans county, Vermont, 
 about 35 miles N. E. by N. from Montpelier. 
 It contains 2 places of worship, one of which, 
 the new Congregational church, is a spacious 
 and splendid edifice. 
 
 Glymont, a post-ofBce of Charles co., Md. 
 
 Glymphville, a post-office of Newberry 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Glynn, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on the sea, contains 
 about 400 square miles. The Altamaha 
 river bovmds it on the N. The surface is 
 partly occupied by pine barrens with a sandy 
 soil, and by extensive swamps, which, when 
 drained, are productive. Cotton, maize, rice, 
 olives, and other tropical fruits flourish here. 
 In 1850 this county produced 1030 bales of 
 cotton; 49,739 bushels of corn, and 55,100 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 4 tar and 
 turpentine distilleries, 2 ship-yards, and 1 
 saw mill. It contained 6 churches, 29 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 147 attending 
 academies or other schools. The county in- 
 cludes several islands on the coast, one of 
 which is about 12 miles long. This county, 
 which is among the oldest in the state, was 
 formed in 1777, and named in honor of 
 John Glynn, an English lawyer, and a warm 
 friend of the American colonies. Capital, 
 Brunswick. Population, 4933, of whom 701 
 were free, and 4232, slaves. 
 
 Gnadenhutten, a post-village of Tuscara- 
 was CO., Ohio, 96 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Goat Island, in Newport harbor, Rhode 
 Island, directly in front of the town. On the 
 N. end is a lighthouse, exhibiting a fixed 
 light. Lat. 41° 29' 18" N., Ion. 71° 20' 5" W. 
 
 Goat Island. See Niagara Falls. 
 
 Godfrey, a post- village of Madison co.. 111. 
 
 GoDWiNViLLE, a post-office of Bergen co. N. J 
 481 
 
GOF 
 
 GOO 
 
 GoFFLE, a small village of Passaic county, 
 New Jersey, about 3 miles N. from Patterson. 
 
 Goff's Corners, a post-of&ce of Cumber- 
 land county, Maine. 
 
 Goff's Mills, a post-office of Steuben 
 county. New York. 
 
 GoFFSTOWN, a post-township of Hillsborough 
 county. New Hampshire, on the W. side of 
 Merrimack river, 12 miles S. of Concord, on 
 the N. H. Central railroad. Pop. 2270. 
 
 GoFFSTOWN Centre, a post-village of Hills- 
 borough county. New Hampshire, on the New 
 Hampshire Central railroad, 15 miles S. from 
 Concord. 
 
 GoGGiNsviLLE, a post-officc of Franklin 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 GOLANDSVILLE, Or GOLANSVILLE, a pOSt- 
 
 village in Caroline county, Virginia. 
 
 GoLCONDA, a post-village, capital of Pope 
 county, Illinois, on Ohio river, at the mouth 
 of Lusk creek, 220 miles S. S. E. from Spring- 
 field. It has a brick court house. 
 
 Gold Creek, a post-office of Brown co., Ind. 
 
 Golden Grove, a post-office of Greenville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Golden Hill, a post-office of Dorchester 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Golden Lake, a post-office of Waukesha 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Golden Place, a post-office of Onslow 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Golden Pond, a post-office of Trigg co., Ky. 
 
 Golden Ridge, a township in Oxford coun- 
 ty, Maine. Population, 194. 
 
 Golden's Bridge, a post-office of West- 
 chester county, New York. 
 
 Golden Springs, a post-village of Ander- 
 son district. South Carolina. 
 
 Golden Valley, a post-office of Eutherford 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Gold Hill, a post-office of Buckingham 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Gold Hill, a post-office of Rowan co., N. C. 
 
 Gold Hill, a post-office of Meriwether 
 county, Georgia, 14 miles N. W. from Green- 
 ville, the county town. 
 
 Gold Region, a post-office of Moore co. , N. C. 
 
 GoLDSBOROUGH, a towuship of Hancock 
 county, Maine, on the Atlantic coast, 90 
 miles E. of Augusta, has many excellent har- 
 bors. Population, 1400. 
 
 GoLDSBORouGH, a village of York county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 
 and on the York and Cumberland railroad, 
 18 miles N. by W. from York. It was laid 
 out in 1850. 
 
 GoLDSBOROL'GH, a post-viUagc, capital of 
 Wayne county. North Carolina, on the Neuse 
 river, where it is crossed by the Wilmington 
 and Weldon railroad, 60 miles S. E. from 
 Raleigh. The first house was built in 1841. 
 About the year 1848 it began to improve ra-" 
 pidly, and is now one of the most flourishing 
 places in the state. The public buildings 
 are new and remarkably fine. Steamboats 
 can ascend the river as high as this place for 
 432 
 
 about two-thirds of the year. Goldsborough 
 is the E. terminus of the North Carolina 
 railroad, now in progress of construction. 
 Three newspapers are published in the vil- 
 lage, which has a flourishing seminary for 
 each sex. Population in 185-3, about 1500. 
 
 Goldsborough, a post-office of Poinsett 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 GoLDSTON, apost-office of Chatham co., N.C. 
 
 GoLDSviLLE, a post-office of Cherokee CO., Ga. 
 
 GoLDViLLE, a post-office of Talapoosa coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Golgotha, a post-village of Cobb county, 
 Georgia, 128 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Goliad, a county in the S. part of Texas, 
 has an area of 1750 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the San Antonio river, and 
 bounded on the S. W. by the Aransas river. 
 The soil is fertile, adapted to cotton, Indian 
 corn, and sugar cane, but frequently suffers 
 from drought. The surface is not densely 
 timbered. In 1850 this county produced 
 21,735 bushels of corn. There were 28 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Goliad. 
 Population, 648, of whom 435 were free, and 
 213, slaves. 
 
 Goliad, a post-village, capital of Goliad 
 county, Texas, on the right bank of San An- 
 tonio river, 120 miles in a straight line S. by 
 E. from Austin. 
 
 GoNic, a post-office in Strafford co., N. H. 
 
 Gonzales, a county in the S. or S. central 
 part of Texas, has an area of 1140 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Guadalupe, 
 and also drained by San Marcas river, and 
 by Castleman's fork. The soil is generally 
 fertile, adapted to cotton, Indian corn, and 
 grass. In 1850 this county produced 87,375 
 bushels of corn ; 975 of oats ; 9481 of sweet 
 potatoes; 1271 bales of cotton, and 75,450 
 pounds of butter. Capital, Gonzales. Popu- 
 lation, 1492, of whom 891 were free, and 
 601, slaves. 
 
 Gonzales, a post-village, capital of Gon- 
 zales county, Texas, on the Guadalupe river, 
 70 miles S. by E. from Austin. It was for- 
 merly a considerable village, but was burnt 
 during the Texan revolution. 
 
 Goochland, a county towards the S. E. 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 260 square 
 miles. James river forms the S. boundary 
 through the whole length of the countj'. The 
 surface is undulating ; the soil, originally 
 fertile, has been in some parts exhausted. 
 Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, and oats are 
 the staples. Extensive mines of bituminous 
 coal are worked here, and gold has been 
 found in small quantities. In 1850 this 
 county produced 624,208 pounds of tobacco ; 
 276,338 bushels of corn; 141,999 of wheat, 
 and 104,018 of oats. There were 20 flour and 
 saw mills, 4 coal mines, 3 tanneries, and 1 nail 
 factory. It contained 15 churches, and 320 
 pupils attending academies and other schools. 
 The James River canal connects the county 
 with Richmond. Formed in 1727, and named 
 
GOO 
 
 GOE 
 
 in honor of one of the governors of the co- 
 lony. Capital, Goochland Court House. Po- 
 pulation, 10,352, of whom 4507 were free, and 
 5845, slaves. 
 
 Goochland Court Hotjse, a post-village, 
 capital of Goochland co., Virginia, 1 mile N. 
 from James river, and 28 W. from Richmond. 
 The public buildings are neat and substantial. 
 
 Goooh's Mills, a post-village of Cooper 
 county, Missouri, on Little Saline creek, 35 
 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 GooDALL Lake, a township in Lake county, 
 Illinois. Population, 423. 
 
 Goode's Precinct, a post-ofiice in Clarke 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 GooDFiELD, a post-office in Meigs co., Tenn. 
 
 GooDFiRji, a township in Grundy county, 
 Illinois. Population, 101. 
 
 Good Ground, a small post-village of Suf- 
 folk county, New York, about 240 miles S. E. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Good Hope, a small post-village of Cum- 
 berland county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Good PIope, a post-village of Walton coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 7 miles E. from Monroe. 
 
 GooDHOPE, a post- village of Fayette co., 
 Ohio, 7 miles S. E. from Washington,' the 
 county seat. Laid out in 1849. 
 
 Good Hope, a township in the N. part of 
 Hocking county, Ohio. Population, 635. 
 
 Good Hope, a post-ofiice of Milwaukee co., 
 Wisconsin, 9 miles N. from Milwaukee city. 
 
 Goodhue, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Minnesota, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 and on Lake Pepin, which separates it from 
 Wisconsin, contains about 650 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Cannon river. The 
 surface is undulating ; the soil produces In- 
 dian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass. The 
 census of 1850 furnishes no statistics of this 
 county, it having been formed in 1852-3, out 
 of a part of Wabashaw co. Capital, P>,edwing. 
 
 Gooding's Grove, a post- village of Will co., 
 Illinois, 25 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Good Intent, a post-oifice of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 GooDLUCK, a village of Dover township, 
 Ocean county, New Jersey, 7 miles S. from 
 Tom's river. This town is one of the oldest 
 settlements on the Jersey shore, and has a 
 Methodist church and 2 schools. 
 
 Goodman, a district in Harris county, 
 Georgia. Population, 1260. 
 
 Goodrich, .a post-office of Genesee co., Mich. 
 
 Good Spring, a post-village of Williamson 
 CO., Tennessee, 13 miles S. from Nashville. 
 
 Good Spur, a post-office of Carroll co., Va. 
 
 GooDViLLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Good Water, a post-office of Coosa co., Ala. 
 
 Goodwin's Mills, a post-office of York 
 county, Maine. 
 
 GooDWTNSviLLE, a post-officB of Diuwiddie 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Goodyear's Bar, a mining settlement of 
 Sierra county, California. Population, about 
 2c 
 
 400. It has a post-office of the same 
 name. 
 
 Goose Creek, in the N. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Fauquier county, flows north- 
 eastward, crosses Loudon county, and falls 
 into the Potomac 4 miles E. from Leesburg, 
 after a course of nearly 50 miles. It fur- 
 nishes fine water-power at several places. 
 By means of dams, &c. it has been made 
 navigable for a distance of about 20 miles. 
 An affluent, called the North West fork, en- 
 ters this creek' from the left hand, near the 
 middle of Loudon county. 
 
 Goose Creek, of Mich. See Raisin River. 
 
 Goose Creek, a post-office of Richie coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Goose Creek, a post-office of Smith coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Goose Pond, a post-village of Oglethorpe 
 county, Georgia, 70 miles N. N. E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Gopher Creek, of Iowa, flows into the Mis- 
 souri a little below the mouth of Boyer river. 
 
 Gordo, a post-office of Pickens co., Ala. 
 
 Gordon, a new county in the N. W. part.of 
 Georgia. It is traversed by the Oostenaula 
 river, a branch of the Coosa, and also drained 
 by Pine Log and other creeks. The surface 
 is diversified by hills and valleys. The soil 
 in general rests on a stratum of blue lime- 
 stone, and is highly productive. The county 
 abounds in springs of good water. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, cotton, and grass are 
 the staples. The climate is favorable to 
 peaches and grapes. In 1850 this county 
 produced 285,360 bushels of corn; 20,586 
 of oats; 31,016 of sweet potatoes; and 184 
 bales of cotton. There were 300 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. It is intersected by 
 the Western and Atlantic railroad. It was 
 formed out of parts of Cass and Floyd counties 
 in 1849-50, and named in honor of William 
 W. Gordon, Esq., first president of the Cen- 
 tral railroad. Capital, Calhoun. Population, 
 5984, of whom 5156 were free, and 828, slaves. 
 
 Gordon, a thriving post-village of Wilkin- 
 son county, Georgia, on the Central railroad, 
 at the junction of the Milledgeville railroad, 
 30 miles E. from Macon. Large quantities 
 of cotton are exported from this place. It 
 has 6 dry-goods stores, and does an extensive 
 grocery business. Laid out in 1843. 
 
 Gordon's Point, a small village of Beau- 
 fort district. South Carolina. 
 
 Gordon's Springs, a post-village of Walker 
 CO., Ga., about 200 miles N.W. of Milledgeville. 
 
 GoRDONSViLLE, a Small post-village of Lan- 
 caster county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 GoRDONSViLLE, a post-villagc of Orange 
 county, Virginia, on the Central railroad, and 
 at the terminus of the Orange and Alexandria 
 railroad, 70 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 GoRDONSViLLE, a post-viUagc of Smith 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 GoRDONSViLLE, a post-officc of Logan coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 433 
 
GOK 
 
 GOR 
 
 GoRDONTON, a post-office of Person co., N.C. 
 
 GoKE, a post-office of Hocking co., Ohio. 
 
 GoRGANSviLLE, a small village of Ruther- 
 ford county, North Carolina. 
 
 GoEHAM,apost-township of Cumberland CO., 
 Maine, on the York and Cumberland railroad, 
 10 miles W. by N. from Portland. Pop., 3088. 
 
 GosHAM, a post-township of Coos county, 
 New Hampshire, about 100 miles N. by E. 
 from Concord. Population, 224. 
 
 GoRHAM, a post-township of Ontario coun- 
 ty, New York, 15 miles W. S. W. from Geneva. 
 Population, 2645. 
 
 GoRHAM, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Fulton co., Ohio. Pop., 906. 
 
 Goshen, a post-township of Sullivan co.. 
 New Hampshire, 30 miles E. by N. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 659. 
 
 Goshen, a post-township of Addison coun- 
 ty, Vermont. Population, 486. 
 
 Goshen, a post-township of Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts, 100 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston. Population, 512. 
 
 Goshen, a post-township of Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, 30 miles W. by N. from Hart- 
 ford ; said to be the most elevated township 
 in Connecticut. Population, 1457. 
 
 Goshen, a post-village in Goshen township, 
 and semi-capital of Orange co.. New Yoi'k, 
 on the Erie railroad, 70 miles N. N. W. from 
 New York. It contains 2 banks, 3 churches, 
 an academy, and several manufactories. 
 Three or four newspapers are pviblished here. 
 The township is noted for the excellent quali- 
 ty of its butter. Incorporated in 1809. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 3149. 
 
 Goshen, a post-village of Cape May co., 
 New Jersey, 5 miles N. W. from the court 
 house. It has a Methodist church, and 
 about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Goshen, a small village of Monmouth co., 
 New Jersey, 23 miles S. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Goshen, a township of Clearfield county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N. E. from Clear- 
 field. Population, 160. 
 
 Goshen, a post- village of Lancaster co., 
 Pa., 58 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Goshen, a post-village of Lincoln county, 
 Georgia, 96 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Goshen, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala. 
 
 Goshen, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tenn. 
 
 Goshen, a post-office of Oldham co., Ky. 
 
 Goshen, a township in Auglaize county, 
 Ohio. Population, 336. 
 
 Goshen, a village in Belmont county, Ohio. 
 Population, 1867. 
 
 Goshen, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop., 1943. 
 
 Goshen, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Clermont county, Ohio. Population, 1937. 
 
 Goshen, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 24 miles E. N. E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Goshen, a township in the E. part of Har- 
 din county, Ohio. Population, 590. 
 
 Goshen, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Mahoning county, Ohio. Population, 1720. 
 434 
 
 Goshen, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Elkhart county, Indiana, is beautifully situ- 
 ated on the right bank of the Elkhart river, 
 and on the railroad from Elkhart to Peru, 
 146 miles N. from Indianapolis. It has an 
 active trade, and is supplied with water- 
 power, which is employed in mills for grind- 
 ing and sawing. It contains several churches, 
 a bank, and, in 1853, about 1000 inhabitants. 
 First settled in 1831. 
 
 Goshen Creek, of Duplin co., North Caro- 
 lina, flows southward into Cape Fear river. 
 
 Goshen Hill, a post-office of Union dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Goshenville, a post-office of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 GospoRT, a township of Rockingham coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire. Population, 102. 
 
 GospoRT, Virginia. See Portsmouth. 
 
 GospoRT, a post-village of Clarke county, 
 Alabama, on the Alabama river, about 100 
 miles above Mobile, has a steamboat landing. 
 
 GospoRT, the principal post-village of Owen 
 county, Indiana, on the W. fork of the White 
 river, and on the New Albany and Salem 
 railroad, 44 miles S. W. from Indianapolis, 
 has an active business in shipping produce. 
 It contains 2 churches and 3 warehouses. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 Gott's Cross Roads, a post-office of Sulli- 
 van county, Tennessee. 
 
 GouLDSBOROUGH, a post-officc of Haucock 
 county, Maine. 
 
 GouRDViNE, a post-office of Union co., N.C. 
 
 Gouverneur, a post-township of St. Law- 
 rence county. New York, 25 miles S. W. from 
 Canton. Population, 2783. 
 
 GotJVERNEUR, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Oswegatchie river. It con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches and a seminary. 
 
 GovANSTOWN, a post-village of Baltimore 
 county, Maryland, 5 miles N. N. W. from 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Governor's Bridge, a post-office of Anne 
 Arundel county, Maryland. 
 
 Governor's Island, New York, situated 
 in New York harbor, about 1^ miles S. from 
 the City Hall. It belongs to the United 
 States, and is strongly fortified. 
 
 Governor's Island, a post-office of Macon 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 GowANDA, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York. 
 
 GowANTJS, a village of King's county. New 
 York, situated on Gowanus cove, about 1 
 mile S. from Brooklyn. 
 
 GowTJEYSviLLE, a post-officc of Uuion dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 GowENSviLLE, a post-villagc in Greenville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Gower's Ferry, a post- village of Cedar 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Graceham, a post-village in Frederick co., 
 Maryland, 75 miles N.W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Graceville, a post-village of Houston co., 
 Georgia, 68 miles S.W. from Milledgeville. 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 Gkadyville, a post-office of Adair co., Ky. 
 
 Grafensburg, a post-office of Adams coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Grafton, a connty in the N. W. central 
 part of New Hampshire, has an area of 
 about 1463 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by the Connecticut, and is drained 
 by the Pemigewasset, the principal branch 
 of the Merrimac, Lower Amonoosuck, and 
 the head waters of the Saco river. It has 
 many small lakes and ponds, the principal 
 of which are Squam lake and Newfound lake: 
 the former, a large portion of which lies in 
 Carroll county, is celebrated for its magnifi- 
 cent scenery. The surface of Grafton is 
 hilly and mountainous ; it is, however, capa- 
 ble of being cultivated, and affords abundant 
 pasture. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 228,799 bushels of corn; 244,177 
 of oats; 1,006,237 of potatoes; 103,001 tons 
 of hay, and 1,278,984 pounds of butter. The 
 quantity of oats, hay, and butter was each 
 the greatest produced by any county in the 
 state, and the quantity of potatoes the great- 
 est produced by any county in the United 
 States. There were 126 saw and planing 
 mills, 16 woollen factories, 23 flour mills, 8 
 paper mills, 16 starch works, and 27 tanne- 
 ries. It contained 88 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices, 10,836 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 374 attending academies or other schools. 
 The Boston, Concord, and Montreal railroad, 
 a branch of which connects with Bristol, 
 passes through this county, and the Northern 
 New Hampshire railroad intersects the south- 
 ern part. Capital, Haverhill. Population, 
 42,343. 
 
 Grafton, a post-office of Oxford co., Me. 
 
 Grafton, a post-township in Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Northern railroad, 
 44 miles N. N. W. from Concord. Pop., 1259. 
 
 Grafton, a post-township of Windham 
 county, Vermont, 90 miles S. by E. from 
 Montpelier. Soapstone of an excellent qua- 
 lity is found here in great abundance. Popu- 
 lation, 1241. 
 
 Grafton, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, 40 miles S. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 3904. 
 
 Grafton, a post-township of Rensselaer 
 county, New York, 20 miles N. E. from Al- 
 bany. Population, 2033. 
 
 Grafton, a post-township forming the 
 south-eastern extremity of Lorain county, 
 Ohio. Population, 947. 
 
 GjiAFTON, a post-village of Lorain county, 
 Ohio, on the railroad from Cleveland to Co- 
 lumbus, at the terminus of the Cleveland 
 and Toledo railroad, 25 miles S. W. from 
 Cleveland. 
 
 Grafton, a post-office of Monroe co., Mich. 
 
 Grafton, a small post-village of Jersey 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 
 about 84 miles S. W. from Springfield. Po- 
 pulation, 222. 
 
 Grafton, a township in the S. part of 
 McHenry county, Illinois. Population, 446, 
 
 Grafton, a village of Ozaukee county, 
 Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee river, 22 miles 
 N. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Grafton, a post-township in Washington 
 county, Wisconsin. Population, 710. 
 
 Grafton Centre, a post-village of Grafton 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Graham, a post-village, capital of Alamance 
 CO., North Carolina, on the North Carolina rail- 
 road, about 55 miles 'W. N. W^ from Raleigh. 
 It has 7 stores and over 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Graham, a small village of Guilford coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 Graham, a small village of Orange co., N.C. 
 
 Graham, a post-office of Independence 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Graham, a post-office of Jefferson county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Graham, a post-office of Nodaway co., Mo. 
 
 Graham's Creek, or Graham's Fork, of 
 Indiana, rises in Ripley county, and enters 
 the Muscatatack at the N. E. extremity of 
 W^ashington county. 
 
 Graham's Turnout, a post-office of Barn- 
 well district. South Carolina. 
 
 Grahamsville, a post-office of Sullivan 
 county, New York. 
 
 Grahamton, a small post-village of Clear- 
 field county, Pennsylvania, about 115 miles 
 W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Grahamton, a village of Meade county, 
 Kentucky, at the falls of the Otter creek, 
 about 30 miles S.W. from Louisville. It has 
 1 or 2 churches, and a manufactory of cotton 
 and wool. 
 
 Grahamville, a post-office of York coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Grahamville, or Grahamsville, a post- 
 village in Beaufort district. South Carolina, 
 120 miles S. from Columbia. 
 
 Grainger. See Granger. 
 
 Grampion Hills, a post-office of Clearfield 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Granby, a post-township in Essex county, 
 Vermont, 45 miles N. E. of Montpelier. Po- 
 pulation, 128. 
 
 Granby, a post-township in Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts, 100 miles W. by S. 
 from Boston. Population, 1104. 
 
 Granby, a post-township of Hartford coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, 15 miles N. N.W. from Hart- 
 ford. This township contains the celebrated 
 Simsbury mines, formerly used as a prison. 
 Population, 2498. 
 
 Granby, a post-township of Oswego coun- 
 ty. New York, on the Oswego river, 24 miles 
 N.W. from Syracuse. Population, 3368. 
 
 Granby Centre, a post-village of Oswego 
 county. New York. 
 
 Grand, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Marion co., Ohio. Pop., 353. 
 
 Grand Blanc, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Genesee county, Michi- , 
 gan. Population, 1165. 
 
 435 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 Grand Blanc, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Detroit and Saginaw road, 
 about 50 miles N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Grand Bluff, a post-office of Panola coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Grand Caillou bayou, of Terre Bonne 
 parish, Louisiana, commences near Houma, 
 and flowing south-westward through Lake 
 Caillou, enters the Gulf of Mexico. It is na- 
 vigable for small boats. The lake is 10 miles 
 long and 3 or 4 wide. 
 
 Grand Cave, a post-office of De Soto pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Grand Cane, a post-office of Liberty coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Grand Coteau, a post-village of St. Landry 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Grand Cote Prairie, a small post-village 
 of Perry county, Illinois, 65 miles S. S. W. 
 from Vandalia. 
 
 Grand Detour, a thriving post-village of 
 Ogle county, Illinois, on Rock river, 166 
 miles N. by E. from Springfield. Pop., 378. 
 
 Grande Chute, Wisconsin. See Appleton. 
 
 Grande Chute, a township in Brown coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. Population, 619. 
 
 Grand Ecore, a post-office of Natchitoches 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Grand Falls, a post-office of Newton 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Grand Glaze, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Grand Gulf, a post-village of Claiborne 
 county, Mississippi, on the Mississippi river, 
 2 miles below the mouth of Black river, and 
 60 miles above Natchez. It contains a town 
 hall, 2 or 3 churches, a market house, a 
 Masonic lodge, and several steam mills. A 
 considerable quantity of cotton is shipped 
 here. Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Grand Haven, a post-township, capital 
 of Ottawa county, Michigan, is situated on 
 the S. bank of Grand river, at its entrance 
 into Lake Michigan, 93 miles W. by N. from 
 Lansing. The river, which is here 850 yards 
 wide, forms the best harbor on the east shore 
 of the lake. The water is from 15 to 30 feet 
 in depth, and the capacity of the harbor 
 is sufficient for 500 vessels. A light-house 
 has been erected at the entrance of the har- 
 bor. Steamboats from Chicago and other 
 ports touch here daily, and an active busi- 
 ness is done in storing and forwarding pro- 
 duce, &c. 
 
 Grand Hill, a small village of Orange 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Grand Island, situated in Niagara river, 
 having its lower extremity about 4 miles 
 above Niagara Falls. Length, between 8 and 
 9 miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles; area, 
 about 17,400 acres. The soil is fertile: the 
 surface is level, and mostlj^ covered with a 
 heavy growth of timber. 
 
 Grand Island, a post-office of Erie co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Grand Isle, a county forming the N. W. 
 436 
 
 extremity of Vermont, has an area of about 
 77 square miles. It consists of a number of 
 islands in the northern part of Lake Cham- 
 plain, and the southern part of a peninsula 
 lying between the lake (including Missisque 
 bay) and the Richelieu river. The surface 
 is undulating, the soil fertile, and adapted to 
 grain and grass. This county is regarded as 
 producing the finest apples in the state. Wheat, 
 oats, wool, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 31,324 bushels of 
 wheat; 81,027 of oats; 6980 tons of hay; 
 93,225 pounds of wool ; and 70,291 of butter. 
 It contained 1 marble quarry, 1 tannery, 
 5 churches; 1364 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 33 attending academies or other 
 schools. This county is almost surrounded 
 by Lake Champlain, which is navigable for 
 vessels of 90 tons burthen. It is traversed in 
 the N. part by the Vermont Centi-al railroad. 
 Organized in 1802. Capital, North Hero. Po- 
 pulation, 4145. 
 
 Grand Isle, a post-township of Grand Isle 
 county, Vermont, in Lake Champlain, 50 miles 
 N. W. from Montpelier. Population, 066. 
 
 Grand Isle, Michigan, in Lake Superior, 
 near the S. shore. Length, about 15 miles; 
 greatest breadth, 7 or 8 miles. Between it 
 and the main land, on the S. E., is Grand 
 Isle bay, on the shore of which are the 
 famous "Pictured Rocks." 
 
 Grand Lake, on the E. border of Maine, 
 communicates with the St. Croix river. Length 
 about 15 miles ; greatest breadth, 4 or 5 miles. 
 
 Grand Lake, a post-village of Chicot co., 
 Arkansas, on the Mississippi, about 24 miles 
 by land S. from Columbia. It has a landing 
 for steamboats. 
 
 Grand Ledge, a post-office of Eaton co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Grand Marsh, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Grand Prairie, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Marion county, Ohio. Pop., 474. 
 
 Grand Prairie, a small post-village- of 
 Marion co., Ohio. 
 
 Grand Prairie, a post-office of Marquette 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Grand Rapids city, capital of Kent co., 
 Michigan, is finely situated on the rapids 
 of Grand River, 40 miles from its mouth, 
 and 60 miles W. N. W. from Lansing. It is 
 handsomely laid out on the left bank of the 
 river, and has a pleasant and healthy situa- 
 tion, commanding a fine view of the river, 
 and of the Indian mounds on the opposit'3 
 shore. It is one of the most important ar.i 
 flourishing inland towns of the state, and a 
 place of much activity in trade and manufac- 
 tures. Large steamboats run daily from this 
 place to Grand Haven, at the mouth of the 
 river, where they connect with the lake steam- 
 ers ; and a smaller boat ascends from the 
 head of the rapids to Lyons, which is about 
 50 miles distant by water. Salt and gypsum 
 of good quality are found here ; limestone 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 and pine lumber, and other materials for 
 building, are abundant in the vicinity. Nearly 
 20 manufactories were in operation here in 
 1851. The river at this place is about 300 yards 
 ■wide, and falls 18 feet in the course of a mile, 
 producing an amount of hydraulic power that 
 is not surpassed by any in the state. Grand 
 Rapids is the seat of St. Mark's College, 
 established in 1850, and contains 8 or 10 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and several 
 seminaries. Settled in 1833, and incorporated 
 in 1850. Population in 1853, about 5000. 
 
 Geand, Rapids, a post-township in Portage 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 341. 
 
 Geand Rapids, a post-village of Portage 
 co.i Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin river, 125 
 miles N. by W. from Madison. It has 1 
 church, 3 stores, and 4 saw mills. Many of 
 the inhabitants are emplo3'ed in the lumber 
 business. Population, about 400. 
 
 Grand Riveh, of Louisiana, forms the boun- 
 dary between St. Martin's par. on the W., and 
 Iberville, Ascension, and Assumption on the 
 E. It communicates with Atchafalaya bayou 
 on the N., and with Lake Chetimaches at the 
 S. E. extremity of the latter. 
 
 Grand River, of Ohio, rises in the N. E. 
 part of the state, and flows into Lake Erie in 
 Lake county, about 3 miles from Painesville. 
 
 Grand River, of Michigan, ( Washtenong 
 of the Indians,) an affluent of Lake Michigan, 
 is not exceeded in length or volume by 
 any river which traverses the peninsula. Its 
 branches rise in Washtenaw and Hillsdale 
 counties, and after §i course of a few miles 
 unite near Jackson. The river then flows in 
 a general N. W, direction, with many wind- 
 ings, to Lyons, in Iowa county, where it is 
 joined by the Maple river. From this point 
 it pursues a general westerly course, and 
 enters the Lake at Grand Haven. Its length 
 is estimated at270_miles, and it is about 320 
 yards wide near its mouth. The harbor 
 formed by its mouth is the best on the W. 
 side of the peninsula. Large steamboats 
 navigate the river daily, from the lake to 
 Grand Rapids, a distance of 40 miles, and a 
 smaller boat ascends about 50 miles farther. 
 The "Rapids" are caused by a stratum of 
 limestone rock, which extends about 1^ miles 
 along the channel, with a descent of 18 feet, 
 affording abundant water-power. The chief 
 towns on its banks are Jackson, Lansing, and 
 Grand Rapids. 
 
 Grand River, of Missouri,anaSiuent of Mis- 
 souri river, is formed by two small branches, 
 the East and West forks, which unite in Gen- 
 try county. It flows south-eastward through 
 Daviess and Livingston counties, and then 
 forms the boundary between Carroll and Cha- 
 riton, until it enters the Missouri, 30 miles 
 above Glasgow. The lower part of the chan- 
 nel is navigable for small boats. Branches. — 
 The East and West forks rise near the N. 
 border of the state, and pursue a southerly 
 course. The Crooked fork, which is properly 
 
 an affluent, rises in the S. part of Iowa, and 
 flowing southward, enters Grand river in 
 Livingston county, a few miles S. W. from 
 Chilicothe. 
 
 Grand River, of Missouri, rises near the 
 W. frontier of the state, and flowing south- 
 easterly, falls into the Osage in Benton 
 county, a few miles from AVarsaw. 
 
 Grand River, a branch of the Colorado, 
 rises in the Rocky Mountains, near Long's 
 Peak, and flowing nearly S. W., joins Green 
 river after a course of about 800 miles. 
 
 Grand River, a post-office of Caldwell co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Grand River, a post-office of Yf ayne co. lo. 
 
 Grand Saline, a post-office of Cherokee 
 Nation, Arkansas. 
 
 Grand Spring, a post-office of Dane co. Wis. 
 
 Grand Traverse, a new county in the N. 
 part of Michigan, bordering on Grand Tra- 
 verse bay of Lake Michigan. 
 
 Grand Traverse, a post-office of Michili- 
 mackinac co., Michigan. 
 
 Grand Traverse Bay, Michigan, near the 
 N. end of the Lower peninsula, extends S. E. 
 from Lake Michigan. Length, near 30 miles ; 
 greatest breadth, 7 or 8 miles. 
 
 Grand View, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Washington co., Ohio, on 
 the right bank of the Ohio river. Pop., 1154. 
 
 Grand View, a post-township in Edgar co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1337. 
 
 Grand View, a small post-village of Edgar 
 CO., Illinois, 12 miles S. W. from Paris. 
 
 Grand View, a post- village of Louisa co., 
 Iowa, 8 miles N. from Wapello, has about 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Grand View, a post-office of Richland co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Grandville, a thriving post-village of Kent 
 county, Michigan, on the S. bank of Grand 
 river, at the mouths of Buck and Rush creeks, 
 8 miles below Grand Rapids city. The river 
 is navigable by steamboats of the first class 
 as high as this place. The creeks aflbrd 
 water-power, by which a large quantity of 
 lumber is manufactured from the extensive 
 "pineries" in the vicinity. Laid out in 1835. 
 
 Grandville, a small village of Effingham 
 county, Illinois, on the National road, 4 miles 
 W. from Ewington. 
 
 Granger, a post-township of Alleghany 
 county. New York, 10 miles N. from Ange- 
 lica. Population, 1309. 
 
 Granger, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Tennessee ; area estimated at 330 square 
 miles. Clinch river forms its boundary on 
 the N. W., and Holston river on the S. E. 
 The surface is elevated, and is traversed by 
 Clinch mountain, which extends nearly pa- 
 rallel with the above-named rivers. The 
 soil along the rivers is fertile, producing 
 Indian corn, oats, and wheat. In 1850 there 
 were raised 488,968 bushels of corn ; 142,425 
 of oats, and 29,452 of wheat. It contained 
 3 churches, 1636 pupils attending public 
 
 437 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 schools, and 73 pupils attending academies 
 or other schools. Steamboats navigate the 
 Holston on the border of this county. The 
 Tennessee and Virginia railroad, lately 
 commenced, Tvill connect the county with 
 Knoxville. A plank-road is also projected 
 through it. Clinch mountain contains abun- 
 dance of iron ore, and other minerals. Ca- 
 pital, Rutledge. Population, 12,370, of whom 
 11,335 were free, and 1035, slaves. 
 
 Geangee, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Medina county, Ohio. Population, 1317. 
 
 Geakgektille, a post-office of Saratoga 
 county, New York. 
 
 Graxgerville, a post-village of Macon cc, 
 Ga., about 90 miles S. AV. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Granitetille, a thriving post-village of 
 Edgefield district. South Carolina, on the 
 South Carolina railroad, 126 miles W. N. W. 
 from Charleston, and 11 miles E. from Au- 
 gusta. The situation is remarkably beauti- 
 ful. A creek, flowing through the place, fur- 
 nishes excellent water-power, which is used 
 in the manufacture of cotton. 
 
 Grakite, a post-village of Knox county, 
 Illinois, 50 miles W. N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 Grant, a county in the N. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 200 square 
 miles. It is drained by Eagle river, an 
 affluent of the Kentucky. The surface is un- 
 dulating ; the soil is good and well timbered. 
 The county occupies the Dry Ridge, which 
 divides the waters of the Licking from those 
 of the Kentucky river. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, grass, and tobacco are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 542,955 bushels 
 of corn; 13,415 of wheat; 29,648 of oats, 
 and 104,303 pounds of tobacco. It contained 
 17 churches, and 450 pupils attending public 
 schools. The Trenton limestone underlies 
 this division of the state. Organized in 1820, 
 and named in honor of Colonel John Grant, 
 an early settler of Kentucky. Capital, Wil- 
 liamstown. Population, 6531, of whom 5999 
 were free, and 532, slaves. 
 
 Grant, a county situated in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part of Indiana, contains 420 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Mississinewa 
 river. The surface is mostly level, and was 
 occupied a few years ago by dense forests of 
 large timber. The soil is extremely fertile 
 and adapted to grain, grass, and fruit. In 
 1850 this county produced 361,318 bushels 
 of corn ; 90,961 of wheat, and 40,868 of oats. 
 It contained 17 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 1250 pupils attending public schools. The 
 river affords fine water-power. Organized in 
 1831, and named in honor of Samuel and 
 Moses Grant, who were slain in battle by the 
 Indians in 1789. Capital, Marion. Popula- 
 tion, 11,092. 
 
 Grant, a county forming the S. W. extre- 
 mity of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois and 
 Iowa, has an area of 1224 square miles. The 
 Mississippi forms its boundary on the S. W., 
 ftnd the Wisconsin on the N. W. It is drained 
 438 
 
 also by the Platte, Grant, Blue, and Fevre 
 rivers. The surface is diversified by prairies 
 and woodlands, and presents a succession of 
 ridges and valleys: the foi-mer consist of 
 limestone, and are traversed by fissures which 
 contain an abundance of lead and zinc. The 
 soil is excellent and particularly adapted to 
 wheat. In 1850 the county produced 127,164 
 bushels of wheat ; 200,585 of Indian corn ; 
 204,666 of oats; 8834 tons of hay, and 
 113,946 pounds of butter. It contained 14 
 churches, 1 newspaper office; 4174 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 120 attending 
 academies and other schools. The southern 
 part of the county is represented as one vast 
 lead mine, which has produced more than six 
 million pounds of lead in a year. The county 
 is liberally supplied with water-power. It is 
 intersected by the Mississippi and Milwaukee 
 railroad, not yet finished. Organized in 1836. 
 Capital, Lancaster. Population, 16,169. 
 
 Grant, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 Grantham, a post-township of Sullivan 
 county. New Hampshire, 35 miles N. W. of 
 Concord ; well watered by numerous ponds. 
 Population, 784. 
 
 Grant River, a small stream of Grant 
 county, Wisconsin, flows into the Mississippi. 
 
 Grant's Borough, a post-office of Camp- 
 bell county, Tennessee. 
 
 Grant's Creek, a post-office of Switzer- 
 land county, Indiana. 
 
 Grant's Lick, a small village of Campbell 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Grantsvilee, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Grantsville, a post-office of Coweta CO., Ga. 
 
 Grantvilee, a post-office of Norfolk coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts. 
 
 Granville, a county in the N. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on Virginia : area 
 estimated at 750 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Tar river, and also drained by 
 several creeks which flow S. into the Neuse. 
 The surface is undulating or hilly ; the soil is 
 fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 551,365 bushels of corn, and 3,420,884 pounds 
 of tobacco. The quantity of tobacco was the 
 greatest produced by any county in the state. 
 There were 14 corn and flour mills, 3 saw 
 mills, and 3 tanneries. It contained 26 
 churches, and 1 newspaper office. Sandstone 
 underlies a large part of the surface. It is 
 intersected by the Raleigh and Gaston rail- 
 road. Capital, Oxford. It was formed in 
 1746, and derived its name from the title of 
 the proprietor, the Earl of Granville. Popu- 
 lation, 21,249, of whom 11,384 were free, 
 and 9865, slaves, 
 
 Granville, a post-township of Addison 
 county, Vermont, 20 miles S. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 603. 
 
 Granville, a township of Hampden coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 100 miles W. S. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 1305. 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 Geanville, a post-township of Washington 
 county, New York. Population, 34S4. 
 
 Granville, a post-viihige in the above 
 township, on the Albany and Rutland rail- 
 road, 68 miles N. N. E. from Albany. It has 
 several c'nurches and perhaps 100 dwellings. 
 
 Granville, a post-township of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania, 16 miles W. S. W. from 
 Towanda. Population, 1083. 
 
 Granville, a township of Mifflin county, 
 Pennsylvania, on both sides of the Juniata 
 river. Intersected by the Central railroad. 
 Population, 1052. 
 
 Granville, a post-village of Monongalia 
 county, Virginia, on the Monongahela river, 
 295 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Granville, a post-village in Jackson coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Granville, a post-township in the central 
 part of Licking county, Ohio, intersected by 
 Racoon creek. Population, 2116. 
 
 Granville, a flourishing post-village of the 
 above township, is pleasantly situated on an 
 affluent of Licking river, 28 miles E. N. E. 
 from Columbus. A side-cut connects it with 
 the Ohio canal at Newark. Granville is neatly 
 built, and is noted for its excellent educa- 
 tional institutions. It contains 2 female se- 
 minaries, 1 academy for boys, and Granville 
 College, founded by the Baptists in 1832. 
 Also a bank, a newspaper office, and an iron 
 foundry. 
 
 Granville, a village of Mercer county, 
 Ohio. Population, 564. 
 
 Granville, a post-village of Delaware 
 county, Indiana, on the Mississinewa river, 
 65 miles N. E. of Indianapolis, has 2 churches. 
 
 Granville, a small post-village of Putnam 
 county, Illinois, 6 miles from Hennepin. It 
 contains an academy. 
 
 Granville, a village of Livingston county, 
 Missouri, on Grand river, 120 miles N. W. 
 from Jetferson City. 
 
 Granville, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Milwaukee county, Wisconsin. 
 Population, 1713. 
 
 Grape Grove, a post-office of Green co., 0. 
 
 Grape Island, a post-office of Tyler co.,Va. 
 
 Grass Hills, a post-village of Carroll coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Grass Lake, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Jackson county, Michigan. Pop., 1281. 
 
 Grass Lake, a flourishing post-village of 
 Jackson county, Michigan, on a small lake 
 of the same name, and on the Central rail- 
 road, 65 miles W. from Detroit. It contains 
 flouring mills, for which the outlet of the 
 lake affords motive-power. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Grass Land, a post-office of Harrison CO., Va. 
 
 Grass River rises in the S. E. extremity 
 of Lawrence county, New York, and running 
 first N. W., then N. E., falls into the St. Law- 
 rence river, about 40 miles N. E. of Canton. 
 Its whole length is about 120 miles. 
 
 Grass Valley, a post-office of Nevada coun- 
 ty, California. 
 
 Grassy Cove, a post-office of Bledsoe co., 
 Tennessee, 120 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Grassy Creek, of North Carolina, rises in 
 Granville county, and flows across the N. 
 boundary of the state into Roanoke river. 
 
 Grassy Creek, a post-office of Russell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Grassy Creek, a post-office of Yancey 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Grassy Creek, a post-office of Pendleton 
 coimty, Kentucky. 
 
 Grassy Creek, a post-office of Livingston 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Grassy Point, a post-village of Rockland 
 county. New York, near the Hudson river, 
 about 100 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Grassy Pond, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Grassy Valley, a post-office of Harrison 
 county, Indiana, 9 miles S. W. from Corydon. 
 
 Gratiot, a new county in the S. central 
 part of Michigan, has an area of about 650 
 square miles. It is intersected by Pine and 
 Maple rivers, and also drained by Salt and 
 Beaverdam creeks. The surface is undulat- 
 ing and well wooded. In the northern part 
 the timber consists chiefly of pine. The soil 
 is said to be fertile. This county is not in- 
 cluded in the census of 1850. County seat 
 not yet located. 
 
 Gratiot, a post-village of Muskingum 
 county, Ohio, on the National road, 42 miles 
 E. from Columbus. It contains 3 churches 
 and several mills. 
 
 Gratiot, a small post-village of Lafayette 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the Pekatonica river, 28 
 miles E. N. E. from Galena, contains about 10 
 dwellings. 
 
 Gratis, a post-township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Preble co., Ohio. Pop., 2107. 
 
 Gratitude, a post-office of Sussex co., N. J. 
 
 Grattan, a post-office of Kent co., Mich. 
 
 Gratz, or Gratztown, a post-village of 
 Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, 48 miles N. by 
 E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Gratz, a post-office of Owen co., Ky. 
 
 Grave Creek, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Marshall county, Virginia, is plea- 
 santly situated on the left bank of the Ohio, 
 12 miles below Wheeling. Big and Little 
 Grave creeks enter the river here, leaving an 
 interval of a mile in width, on which the vil- 
 lage is built. It is divided into two distinct 
 villages, of nearly equal size, namely, Eliza- 
 bethtown and Moundsville, the former of 
 which is the seat of justice. The name of 
 the post-office is Grave creek. The town 
 contains a classical academy, 2 steam flour- 
 ing mills, and about 1200 inhabitants. 
 Moundsville derives its name from the Mam- 
 mouth mound, in the vicinity, one of the 
 largest in the United States. 
 
 Gravel Hill, New Jersey. See Blaiks- 
 town. 
 
 Gravel Hill, a post-office of Buckingham 
 CO., Virginia 
 
 439 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 Gravel Hill, a post-office of McNairycc, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Gravelly Hill, a post-office of Bladen co., 
 North Carolina, 120 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Gravelly Landing, New Jersey. See 
 Port Republic. 
 
 Gravelly Spring, a post-office of Lauder- 
 dale CO., Alabama. 
 
 Gravel Ridge, a post-office of Bradley co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Gravel Run, a post-office of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Gravel Spring, a post-office of Frederick 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Graves, a county in the W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee, has an area 
 estimated at 600 square miles. It is drained 
 by Mayfield's creek, and the W. branch of 
 Clark's river. The surface is nearly level, 
 and the soil fertile. Indian corn, oats, to- 
 bacco, and cotton are the staples. Cattle 
 and swine are also raised here. In 1850 
 this county produced 653,838 bushels of corn ; 
 15,036 of wheat; 115,979 of oats ; 1,090,545 
 pounds of tobacco; 17,657 of wool, and 
 10,982 of flax. It contained 38 churches, 
 and 1150 pupils attending public schools. 
 Formed in 1823, and named in honor of Major 
 Benjamin Graves, who fell at the battle of the 
 River Raisin. Capital, Mayfield. Popula- 
 tion, 11,397 of whom 9958 were free, and 
 1439, slaves. 
 
 Graves, a post-office of Caswell co., N. C. 
 
 Graves, a post-office of Hempstead co.. Ark. 
 
 Graves City, a small village of Graves co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Gravesend, a post- township of King's co.. 
 New York, bordering on the Atlantic, 9 miles 
 S. from New York. Population, 1064. 
 
 Graves' Ferry, a small village of Ohio co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Graves' Mills, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Va., 108 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Graves' Mills, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Graves Mountain, a conical peak in Lin- 
 coln CO., Georgia. 
 
 Gravesville, a post-office of Herkimer co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Gray, a post-township of Cumberland co., 
 Maine, 50 miles S. S. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1788. 
 
 Gray RocKj a post-office of Titus co., Tex. 
 
 Graysburg, a post-office of Greene co. ,Tenn. 
 
 Gray's Creek, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Gray's Creek, a post-office of Moni'oeco. lo. 
 
 Gray's Cross Roads, a post-office of Ran- 
 dolph CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Gray's Hill, a post-office of Roan co., Tenn. 
 
 Gray's Landing, a small village of Cal- 
 houn CO., Illinois. 
 
 Grayson, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, con- 
 tains 340 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Kanawha river. The surface is mountainous ; 
 440 
 
 the soil is mostly adapted to grazing. The 
 Iron Mountain extends along the N. W. bor- 
 der and the Blue Ridge along the S. E. The 
 county contains iron ore, and is amply sup- 
 plied with water-power. Indian corn, oats, 
 hay, and live stock are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 177,206 bushels of corn ; 
 110,770 of oats ; 88,707 pounds of butter, and 
 3522 tons of hay. It contained 21 churches, 
 and 217 pupils attending public schools. 
 Organized in 1793, and named in honor of a 
 member of the Virginia convention which 
 ratified the federal constitution. Capital, 
 Independence. Population, 6677, of whom 
 6178 were free, and 499, slaves. 
 
 Grayson, a county in the N. part of Texas, 
 bordering on Red river, which separates it 
 from the Indian territory, contains about 910 
 square miles. The East fork of the Trinity 
 river rises in the county. The surface is un- 
 dulating or nearly level ; the soil is very 
 productive. Indian corn, cotton, oats, grass, 
 and cattle are the staples. In 1850 the coun- 
 ty produced 59,015 bushels of corn; 5 bales 
 of cotton, and 55,245 pounds of butter. 
 There were 247 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county contains extensive 
 prairies and some timber. Capital, Sherman. 
 Population, 2008, of whom 1822 were free, 
 and 186, slaves. Named in honor of Peter 
 W. Grayson, a candidate for the presidency 
 of Texas. 
 
 Grayson, a county in the W. central part 
 of Kentucky, has an area estimated at 700 
 square miles. Rough creek forms the N. 
 boundary, and it is also drained by Bear, 
 Clifty, and Caney creeks, affluents of Greene 
 river. The surface is level and undulating ; 
 the soil is moderately fertile, producing In- 
 dian corn, tobacco, and grass. In 1850 this 
 county produced 314,260 bushels of corn ; 
 78,275 of oats ; 248,227 pounds of tob.acco, 
 and 15,096 of wool. It contained 9 churches, 
 and 522 pupils attending public schools. 
 Stone coal and carboniferous limestone un- 
 derlie part of the surface. A great number 
 of white sulphur springs are found near 
 Litchfield, the county seat. Formed in 1810, 
 and named in honor of Colonel William Gray- 
 son, United States senator from Kentucky. 
 Population, 6837, of whom 6571 were free, 
 and 320, slaves. 
 
 GRAYSON,a post-office ofCrittenden CO., Ark. 
 
 Grayson, a small post-village, capital of 
 Carter county, Kentucky, on Little Sandy 
 river, 110 miles E. by N. from Frankfort, is 
 situated in a hilly region which abounds in 
 coal and iron ore. 
 
 Grayson Court House, of Virginia. See 
 Independence. 
 
 Grayson Springs, a post-office of Grayson 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Grayson Sulphur Springs, of Carroll 
 county, Virginia, on the bank of New river, 
 272 miles W. by S. from Richmond. These 
 springs are surrounded by a hilly country, 
 
GRA 
 
 GRE 
 
 remarkable for its salubrit3\ Buildings have 
 been erected for the entertainment of visitors. 
 
 Graysport, a small post-village of Yallo- 
 busha CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Gray's Valley, a post-office of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Graysville, a post-office of Herkimer co., 
 New York. 
 
 Graysville, a post-village of Hunterdon 
 CO., Pa., about 100 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Graysville, a post- village of Todd co., Ky. 
 
 Graysville, a post- village of Monroe co., 
 Ohio, about 8 miles S. W. from Woodsfield. 
 
 Graysville, or Grayville, a post-village 
 of White county, Hlinois, on the Wabash 
 river, 150 miles S. E. from Springfield. It 
 has an active trade, and is improving rapidly. 
 A plank-road, 10 miles long, connects it vrith 
 Albion. The village contains 3 churches, 
 and 3 steam mills. Pop. in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Greasy Creek, a post-office of Floyd co.,Va. 
 
 Greasy Creek, a post-office of Polk co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Great Auglick creek, of Pennsylvania, 
 enters the Juniata river in Huntingdon county. 
 
 Great Barrington, a post-village of 
 Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on the E. 
 bank of the Housatonic river and railroad, 85 
 miles N.'from Bridgeport by railroad. It is 
 pleasantly situated in the midst of picturesque 
 scenery, and contains 2 or 3 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, a bank, and several manu- 
 factories. Population of the township, 3264. 
 
 Great Bend, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, New York, on Black river, about 160 
 miles N. W. from Albany. It has a bridge 
 over the river, and several mills. 
 
 Great Bend, a township of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Susquehanna river. Population, 1150. 
 
 Great Bend, a prettily situated post-village 
 in the above township, on both sides of the 
 Susquehanna river, and on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 175 miles N. E. from Harris- 
 burg. The Lackawanna and Western railroad 
 connects this point with the coal mines of Lu- 
 zerne county. It is an important station on 
 the railroad, and has an active business. 
 
 Great Bend, a post-office of Meigs co., 0. 
 
 Great Bridge, a post-village in Norfolk 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Great Butte Des Morts Lake, in "Win- 
 nebago county, Wisconsin, an expansion of 
 Neenah river, about three miles and a half 
 long, and from one to two miles wide. The 
 name is derived from mounds in the vicini- 
 ty, called buttes des morts, or "hills of the 
 dead," on account of their containing, as it 
 is said, the bones of Indians slain in battle. 
 
 Great Captain's Islands, three in number, 
 are in Long Island sound, S. of Greenwich, Con- 
 necticut. On the westernmost is a fixed light. 
 
 Great Crossings, a post-village of Scott 
 CO., Kentucky, on N. Elkhorn river, 13 miles 
 E. from Frankfort, has 1 church, and over 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Great Egg Harbor, a bay of the Atlantic, 
 on the S. E. coast of New Jersey, at the 
 mouth of the river of the same name. Length, 
 5 miles, breadth, from ^ to 4 miles. 
 
 Great Egg Harbor River, of New Jersey, 
 rises in Camden county, flows south-oastvirard 
 through Atlantic county, and enters Great Egg 
 Harbor Bay. The whole length is esti- 
 mated at about 60 miles. It drains a level 
 and sandy tract, covered with pine forests, 
 and is navigable by sloops to May's lauding. 
 
 Great Equinunk creek, of Wayne co.. Pa., 
 flows into the Delaware river. 
 
 Great Falls, a post- village of Strafford co.j 
 New Hampshire, on the Salmon river, 34 miles 
 E. from Concord. The river here affords 
 great water-power, which is employed in ex- 
 tensive manufactories of various kinds. It is 
 situated at the junction of the Great Falls and 
 Couway railroad, with a branch 3 miles long 
 connecting the village with the Boston and 
 Maine railroad. It contains several churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 1 bank, and 3000 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Great Island, at the entrance of Ports- 
 mouth harbor. New Hampshire, near the 
 S. Vf. side. On its N. E. point is a fixed 
 light, 90 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 
 43° 3' 30" N., Ion., 70° 43' ^Y. 
 
 Great Kanaavha, a river of North Carolina 
 and Virginia, has its sources in Ashe county 
 of the former state, between the Blue Ridge 
 and the Iron Mountain. Flowing north-east- 
 ward it enters Virginia, and breaks through 
 the Iron Mountain on the northern border of 
 Grayson county. After crossing Pulaski 
 county, it assumes a north-westerly course, 
 and traverses several ridges of the Alleghany 
 chain, known by the local names of Walker's, 
 Peter's, and Greenbrier mountains. Below 
 the passage of the latter ridge, the river 
 flows through Faj'ette county to the mouth of 
 Gauley river, which enters it from the right 
 hand. The Kanawha here attains a width of 
 500 yards, and takes the name of the Great 
 Kanawha. The falls which occur about two 
 miles below the junction, are somewhat 
 remarkable for picturesque beauty, and form 
 the limit of navigation. The whole stream is 
 precipitated over a ledge of rocks 22 feet in 
 height. Continuing a north-western course, 
 the river flows through a hilly region, abound- 
 ing in salt springs and stone coal, passes by 
 Charleston, and_ enters the Ohio at Point 
 Pleasant. Above the mouth of Gauley river 
 it bears the local name of New river. The 
 whole length is estimated at 400 miles, and the 
 area drained, including its affluents, accord- 
 ing to Darby, is 10,800 square miles. It is na- 
 vigated by steamboats, in all stages of water, 
 from its mouth to the falls at Gauley Bridge, 
 a distance of more than 100 miles. 
 
 Great Mills, a post-office of St. Mary's 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Great Ogeechee River. See Ogeechee. 
 
 Great Ohoopee Piiver. See Ohoopee. 
 441 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 Great or Sandy Point, the northern ex- 
 tremity of Nantucket island, Massachu- 
 setts. It contains a fixed light 70 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 23' 20'' N., Ion. 
 70° 3' W. 
 
 Great Pond, a post-office of Hancock co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, Utah territory, is situ- 
 ated on the margin of the Great Basin, more 
 than 500 miles from the Pacific ; being in- 
 tersected by the 41st parallel of N. latitude, 
 and between the 112th and 113th meridians 
 of W. longitude. Length, about 70 miles ; 
 breadth, about 30 miles. The surface of this 
 lake is 4200 feet above the level of the sea. 
 It waters are a saturated solution of common 
 salt. Utah lake, distant 38 miles in a south- 
 easterly direction, is connected with the Great 
 Salt lake by the Utah or Jordan river. The 
 waters of this lake are fresh. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, city and county. See 
 Salt Lake. 
 
 Great South Bat, New York, on the S. side 
 of Long Island, is about 50 miles long, and 
 from a half a mile to 5 miles wide. It is 
 partly separated from the ocean by Great 
 South Beach, which is between 30 and 40 
 miles long. 
 
 Great Valley, a post-village of Great 
 Valley township, Cattaraugus county, New 
 York, at the junction of a creek of the same 
 name with the Alleghany river, where the 
 former is crossed by the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 421 miles from New York city. The 
 Indian Reserve, in which this village is situ- 
 ated, is about 30 miles long and 1 mile wide, 
 lying on both sides of the Alleghany river. 
 The reserve belongs to the Seneca Indians, 
 of whom there are about 700. The railroad 
 passes through it for about 12 miles. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 1638. 
 
 Great Western, a post-village of Arm- 
 strong county, Pennsylvania, on the Allegha- 
 ny rivei", about 212 miles W. N. W. from Har- 
 risburg, is the seat of extensive iron-works. 
 The name of the post-office is Brady's Bend. 
 
 Great Works, a post-village of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, on the Penobscot river, about 80 
 miles E. from Augusta. 
 
 Greece, a post-township of Monroe co.. 
 New York, on Lake Ontario, 6 miles N. N. W. 
 from Rochester. Population, 4219. 
 
 Greeland Depot, a post-office of Rock- 
 ingham county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Green, a county in the S. part of Wiscon- 
 sin, bordering on Illinois, has an area of 
 about 600 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Pekatonica and Sugar rivers. The sur- 
 face is much broken by hills of moderate 
 height, capable of being cultivated to their 
 summits. The southern part Consists chiefly 
 of prairie, and the other portions are rather 
 sparsely timbered. The soil is productive. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 148,997 bushels of wheat; 152,487 of oats; 
 442 
 
 133,595 of corn; 10,588 tons of hay, and 
 113,867 pounds of butter. It contained 6 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1132 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 50 attending 
 academies or other schools. Lead mines are 
 worked in several parts of the county, with 
 some profit. Limestone is the principal rock. 
 Sugar river affords permanent water-power 
 in this county. Capital, Monroe. Pop., 8566. 
 
 Green, a township forming the S. part of 
 Mahoning county, Ohio. Population, 1774. 
 
 Green, a township in the S. E. extremity 
 of Scioto county, Ohio, on the N. side of Ohio 
 river. Population, 2345. 
 
 Green, a township in the S. part of Sum- 
 mit county, Ohio. Population, 1928. 
 
 Green, a township in Jay county, Indiana, 
 Population, 362. 
 
 Green, a township in Morgan county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1329. 
 
 Green, a township in Parke county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1478. 
 
 Green, a township in St. Joseph county, 
 Indiana. Population, 566. 
 
 Green, a township in Wayne county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1313. 
 
 Green, a township in Piatt county, Mis- 
 souri. Population, 2594. 
 
 Green, a post-office of Wapello co", Iowa. 
 
 Green Bank, a post-village of Burlington 
 county, New Jersey, on Mullica river, 35 
 miles S. S. E. from Mount Holly. It has a 
 glass factory. 
 
 Green Bank, a post-office of Pocahontas 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Green Bay, a large arm or bay on the W. 
 side of Lake Michigan, forming a part of the 
 boundary between Wisconsin and the upper 
 peninsula of Michigan. It is above 100 miles 
 long, and from 15 to 35 broad. The epithet 
 Green has been applied to it on account of 
 its great depth, which is said to exceed 500 
 feet. 
 
 Green Bay, a post-office of Prince Edward 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Green Bay, a small post-village of Des 
 Moines county, Iowa. 
 
 Green Bay, a post-village in Lee county, 
 Iowa, near the Mississippi river, 80 miles S. 
 by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Green Bay, a thriving post-borough, capi- 
 tal of Brown county, Wisconsin, is situated 
 on the right bank of the Neenah or Fox river, 
 at its mouth, and exactly at the head of Green 
 bay, 114 milesN.from Milwaukee, and 120 miles 
 N. E. from Madison. The town has a beautiful 
 situation and contains manj'' spacious ware- 
 houses, fine churches, and elegant residences. 
 The bay and river afford a perfectly secure har- 
 bor, and the largest steamers of Lake Michigan 
 sto^j here, making this the principal place of 
 deposit and transit for the imports and exports 
 of Northern Wisconsin. The improvement of 
 the river by dams, which is nearly completed, 
 will open uninterrupted steam navigation 
 from Green bay to the Mississippi river. The 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 surrounding region contains extensive forests 
 of pine, from which large quantities of 
 lumber are made and exported. The older 
 part of the town was formerly called Nava- 
 rino, and in 1836, a suburb called Astor was 
 laid out, which joins the southern part of the 
 former. Population in 1853, about 2500. 
 On the opposite side of the river stands Fort 
 Howard, with a thriving village of that name. 
 
 Gebenborough, a post-oSice of Oswego 
 county. New York. 
 
 Green Bottom, a post-office of Cabell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Geeen Bottom, a post-office of Shelby 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Greenbeier, a county in the "W. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 880 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Greenbrier river, 
 from which it derives its name. The surface 
 is mostly occupied by mountain ridges of the 
 Alleghany system and the intervening val- 
 leys. One of the former is called Greenbrier 
 mountain. The mean height of the arable 
 land is estimated at 1500 feet above the sea. 
 Grain and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 182,119 bushels of 
 Indian corn; 47,778 of wheat ; 124,168 of 
 oats, and 6359 tons of hay. It contained 22 
 churches, 900 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 30 attending an academy. The main 
 road from Richmond to the Ohio river passes 
 through the county. The White Sulphur 
 spring of this county, is the most celebrated 
 watering place of Virginia. Formed in 1777. 
 Capital, Lewisburg. Population, 10,022 ; of 
 whom 8705 were free, and 1317, slaves. 
 
 Greenbrier, a post-office of Northumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Geeenbriee Mountain, in Greenbrier and 
 Pocahontas counties, in the W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an elevation of more than 2000 feet. 
 
 Greenbrier River, of Western Virginia, 
 rises at the base of Greenbrier mountain in 
 the N. part of Pocahontas county, flows south- 
 westward, crosses Gerenbrier county, and 
 enters the Kanawha or New river, on the 
 border between Monroe and Mercer counties. 
 The whole length is probably 150 miles. The 
 mean elevation of its valley is estimated at 
 1500 feet, as the mouth of the river has been 
 found by measurement to be 1333 feet above 
 the level of the sea. 
 
 Greenbrier Run, a post-office of Dod- 
 dridge county, Virginia. 
 
 Geeenburg, a township of West Chester 
 county, New York, on the Hudson river, 130 
 miles S. from Albany. Population, 4241. 
 
 Greenbush, a post-township of Penobscot 
 CO., Me., on the E. side of Penobscot river, 20 
 miles N. by E. from Bangor. Population, 457. 
 
 Greenbush, a post-township of Rensselaer 
 county, New York, on the Hudson river, op- 
 posite Albany. Population, 4945. 
 
 Greenbush, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the E. bank of the Hudson 
 river, 1 mile from Albany, at the terminus 
 
 of the Western railroad. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches, and several factories. 
 
 Greenbush, a post-office of Scott co.. Miss. 
 
 Greenbush, a small village of Brown 
 CO., 0., about 90 miles S. S. W. from Columbvis. 
 
 Greenbush, a post-office of Preble co., 0. 
 
 Greenbush, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Clinton county, Michigan. Pop., 318. 
 
 Greenbush, a post-office of Grant co., Ind. 
 
 Greenbush, a thriving post-village of 
 Warren county, Illinois, about 87 miles N. W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Greenbush, a post- village in Polk co. Iowa, 
 about 110 miles W. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Greenbush, a post-village of Sheboygan 
 county, Wisconsin, on the plank-road leading 
 from Fond du Lac to Lake Michigan, about 
 20 miles from each. It has water-power and 
 several mills. 
 
 Green Camp, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Marion county, Ohio, on the S. side of 
 Scioto river. Population, 407. 
 
 Greencastle, a flourishing post-village of 
 Franklin county, Pennsylvania, on the rail- 
 road from Chambersburg to Hagerstown, 56 
 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. It is situated 
 in a rich and highly cultivated country, and 
 is a place of considerable business. Popula- 
 tion, 1125. 
 
 Greencastle, a post-office of Fairfield 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Greencastle, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Putnam county, Indiana, is situated 
 on the great line of railways which extend 
 through the centre of Indiana E. and W., 40 
 miles W. S. W. from Indianapolis, and 1 mile 
 E. from the Eel river. Another railroad is 
 in progress which will cross the former at 
 Greencastle, and connect it with Chicago and 
 with the Ohio river at New Albany. The 
 town is beautifully situated on high table- 
 land, in a rich farming region. It is dis- 
 tinguished for the number and excellence of 
 its institutions of learning. It contains a 
 county seminary, a female academy, and 
 other high schools, and is the seat of Asbury 
 University, a flourishing institution under 
 the direction of the Methodists. Laid out in 
 1822. Population, in 1850, 1382. 
 
 Green Ceeek, of Ohio, enters the San- 
 dusky river a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Green Creek, a post-office of , Cape May 
 CO., New Jersey. » 
 
 Green Creek, a township in the S. E. parti 
 of Sandusky co., Ohio. Population, 1289. 
 
 Greene, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Hud- 
 son river, and is principally drained by the 
 Cattskill creek and Schoharie river, and 
 other smaller streams, which afford valuable 
 water-power. The surface is rough and 
 broken, the Cattskill mountains passing 
 nearly through the centre. The valleys in 
 some parts are extensive and rich, but on 
 the uplands and more elevated portions the 
 
 443 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 soil is of an inferior quality or quite sterile. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850, this county produced 
 189,325 bushels of corn ; 354,458 of oats ; 
 219,678 of potatoes; 72,271 J tons of hay, and 
 1,286,777 pounds of butter. There were 37 
 flour mills, 73 saw mills, 1 cotton and 9 
 woollen mills, 6 iron foundries, 4 paper mills, 
 1 powder mill, r,nd 23 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 07 churches and 3 newspaper offices, 
 8216 pupils attending public schools, and 
 825 attending academies or other schools. 
 The Hudson river is navigable for large ves- 
 sels along the border of this county. Named 
 in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene. Capital, 
 Cattskill. Population, 33,126. 
 
 Gbeenb, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Pennsylvania, bordering on Vir- 
 ginia, contains 600 square miles. The Mo- 
 nongahela river bounds it on the E., and it is 
 also drained by Wheeling, Dunkard's, and 
 Ten Mile creeks. The surface is hilly, and 
 cut into deep ravines by the watercourses. 
 The soil is generally fertile, being based on 
 alternating strata of sandstone, shale, and 
 limestone. The productions are Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, &c., and large numbers of 
 cattle, sheep, and swine are reared. In 
 1850, there were raised 556,684 bushels of 
 corn; 189,149 of wheat; 270,270 of oats; 
 15,086 tons of hay, and 459,180 pounds of 
 butter. There were 26 flour and grist mills, 
 7 saw mills, 7 distilleries, 12 tanneries, 9 
 manufactories of saddles and harness, and 1 
 of glass. It contained 43 churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices, 4257 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 90 attending academies or 
 other schools. Eich mines of bituminous 
 coal are found in many parts of the county. 
 Formed in 1796, having been previously in- 
 cluded in Washington county. Capital, 
 Waynesburg. Population, 22,136. 
 
 Geeene, a county in the E. central part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 230 square miles. 
 The Rapidan river forms the boundary on 
 the N. E. The surface is diversified by high 
 ridges and valleys, a part of the county lying 
 on the S. E. declivity of the Blue Ridge. 
 The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian 
 corn, wheat, and tobacco are the staples. 
 In 1850, this county produced 137,293 
 bushels of corn; 42,416 of wheat, and 
 200,714 pounds of tobacco. There were 6 
 flour and grist mills, 4 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 
 and 1 wool-carding mill. It contained 8 
 churches, and 152 pupils attending public 
 schools. A turnpike-road has been com- 
 menced in the county. Organized in 1838. 
 Capital, Stanardsville. Population, 4400, 
 of whom 2701 were free, and 1699, slaves. 
 
 Gbeene, a county in the E. central part of 
 North Carolina ; area estimated at 280 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Contentned creek, 
 (navigable for flat-boats,) an affluent of 
 Neuse river. The surface is level ; the soil 
 is generallj' sandy and fertile. Indian corn, 
 444 
 
 potatoes, pine lumber, tar, and turpentine 
 are the chief products. In 1850 this county 
 yielded 268.370 bushels of corn; 73,830 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 178 bales of cotton. 
 There were 4 saw mills, 81 tar and turpen- 
 tine manufactories, and 1 turpentine distil- 
 lery. It contained 12 churches. The Wil- 
 mington and W^eldon railroad passes near 
 the border of the county, and a plank-road 
 has been laid within it. Marl is found in 
 several places. Capital, Snow Hill. Formed 
 in 1791, and first called Glasgow ; the present 
 name was adopted in 1799. Pop., 6619, of 
 whom 3375 were free, and 3244, slaves. 
 
 Greene, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 374 square miles. 
 It is traversed from N. to S. by the Oconee 
 river, which afterwards flows along its S. W. 
 border. The Appalachee river forms the 
 boundary on the S. W. until it enters the 
 Oconee ; and the Ogeechee river rises in the 
 county. The surface is hilly ; the soil was 
 oi'iginally productive, but much of it is said 
 to be worn out. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850, 
 the county produced 12,600 bales of cotton ; 
 480,326 bushels of corn ; 96,787 of oats, and 
 85,296 of sweet potatoes. There were 2 
 cotton factories, 3 tanneries, 6 saw mills, 
 and 1 grist mill. It contained 22 churches, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. There were 408 
 pupils attending public schools, and 47 at- 
 tending an academy. The Oconee river fur- 
 nishes extensive water-power. The county 
 is intersected by the Georgia railroad. Capi- 
 tal, Greensborough. Population, 13,068, of 
 whom 4802 were free, and 8266, slaves. 
 
 Geeene, a county in the-W. part of Ala- 
 bama, has an area of 990 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Black Warrior river, 
 and bounded on the S. W. by the Tombig- 
 bee. These streams unite at the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of the county. The surface is mode- 
 rately hilly; a large portion of it is desti- 
 tute of timber, and was originally covered 
 by canebrakes. The soil is exceedingly fer- 
 tile, and mostly occupied by plantations of 
 cotton and maize. In 1850, this county pro- 
 duced 25,680 bales of cotton; 1,336,144 
 bushels of Indian corn, the greatest quantity 
 raised in any one county of the state ; 
 268,267 of sweet potatoes, and 121,658 of 
 oats. There were 10 grist and saw mills, 2 
 machine shops, and 5 tanneries. It contained 
 35 churches, 8 newspaper offices; 715 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 812 attending 
 academies and other schools. Both of the 
 rivers above named are navigable hj steam- 
 boats about six months of the year. Greene 
 county is the most populous in the state, and 
 is probably not surpassed by any in wealth 
 or refinement. Several Artesian wells fur- 
 nish motive-power for mills in this county. 
 Capital, Eutaw. Population, 31,441, of 
 whom 9314 were free, and 22,127, slaves. 
 
 Geeene, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, has an 
 area of about 830 sqiiare miles. It is wa- 
 tered by tlie Chickasawlia and Leaf rivers, 
 which unite in the 8. part and form the Pas- 
 cagoula. The surface is diversified by small 
 hills and dales. The soil is rather inferior. 
 Indian corn and cattle are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 41,275 bushels 
 of corn; 17,23(5 of sweet potatoes, and 
 80,810 pounds of rice. There were 57 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 130 attending 
 an academy. It is intersected by the Mobile 
 and Ohio railroad. The pine is abundant in 
 the forests. Capital, Leakesville. Pop., 2018, 
 of whom 1380 were free, and 638, slaves. 
 
 Greece, a county forming the N. N. E. 
 extremity of Arkansas, and bordering on 
 Missouri ; contains about 950 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by the Cache, and 
 on the E. by St. Francis river. The soil of 
 the river bottoms is fertile. Grain and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850, this county pro- 
 duced 106,560 bushels of corn; 3809 of 
 wheat; 9556 of oats, and 41,483 pounds of 
 butter. There were 120 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Gainesville. Popu- 
 lation, 2593, of whom 2540 were free, and 
 53, slaves. 
 
 Greene, a county in the E. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on North Carolina ; area 
 estimated at 750 square miles. The French 
 Broad river forms its S. W. boundary, and 
 the Nolichucky ilows through the county and 
 enters the former river at its W. extremity. 
 The surface is elevated and diversified by 
 high ridges and fertile valleys. The land is 
 well timbered, and plentifully supplied with 
 good springs. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 784,381 bushels of corn; 99,970 of 
 wheat, the greatest quantity raised in any 
 one county of the state ; 243,038 of oats, and 
 191,134 pounds of butter. It contained 37 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 616 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 104 attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. Exten- 
 sive mines of iron ore are worked in the 
 county. The streams furnish abundant mo- 
 tive-power. The E. Tennessee railroad is in 
 progress of construction through the county. 
 Capital, Greenville. Population, 17,824, of 
 whom 16,731 were free, and 1093, slaves. 
 
 Gkeene, a county in the S. central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 525 
 square miles. It is intersected from E. to 
 W. by Green river, (navigable by steamboats,) 
 and also drained by Barren fork, and by 
 Russell's, Robinson's, Meadow, and Pitman's 
 creeks. The surface is generally undulating 
 and hilly. The soil is based on cavernous 
 limestone, and is productive. Tobacco, In- 
 dian corn, oats, and live stock are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 1,267,971 
 pounds of tobacco; 20,934 of wool ; 118,132 
 of flax; 505,757 bushels of corn; 19,870 of 
 wheat, and 114,111 of oats. It contained 
 
 15 churches, 649 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 190 attending academies or 
 other schools. Salt is procured from springs 
 in this county. Limestone of good quality 
 is abundant. Capital, Greensburg. Popula- 
 tion, 9060, of whom 6452 were free, and 
 2608, slaves. 
 
 Greene, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 432 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Mad and Little Miami rivers, 
 and also drained by Csesar's and Massey's 
 creeks. The surface is generally undulating. 
 The soil is clayey, and very productive. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 1,219,944 bushels of corn; 241,794 
 of wheat; 115,714 of oats, and 15,704 tons 
 of hay. It contained 65 churches, 1 news- 
 paper ofiice ; 2215 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 176 attending academies or 
 other schools. Good limestone is abundant, 
 and a quarry of variegated marble has been 
 opened near Xenia. The county is copiously 
 supplied with water-power. It is intersected 
 by the Dayton and Springfield railroad, and 
 four other railroads terminate at Xenia, the 
 capital of the county, connecting it with Cin- 
 cinnati, Columbus, &c. Population, 21,946. 
 
 Greene, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Indiana ; contains 540 square miles. It is 
 watered by the W. fork of White river. The 
 surface is diversified by prairies, oak-open- 
 ings, and forests. The soil near the river is 
 sandy and rich ; the other parts contain more 
 clay. Wheat, corn, pork, and tobacco are 
 the chief productions. In 1850, this county 
 produced 615,050 bushels of corn; 33,091 
 of wheat; 64,083 of oats, and 2306 tons of 
 hay. It contained 9 churches, and 2346 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Iron ore, and 
 bituminous coal are abundant and easily pro- 
 cured. The Wabash and Erie canal, which 
 has lately been completed through this county, 
 contributes materially to its wealth and im- 
 provement. The river afibrds extensive water- 
 power. Capital, Bloomfield. Pop., 12,313. 
 
 Greene, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 500 square miles. 
 The Illinois river, navigable by steamboats, 
 forms its entire boundary on the W., and 
 Macoupin creek on the S. : it is drained by 
 Apple creek. The surface is undulating ; the 
 soil is highly productive and well cultivated. 
 The county contains a large proportion of 
 timbered land, and several beautiful upland 
 prairies of small extent. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, potatoes, and pork are the staples. 
 Peaches, apples, and other fine fruits flourish 
 in this region. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,346,973 bushels of Indian corn; 168,822 
 of wheat ; 104,952 of oats ; 5611 tons of hay, 
 and 186,222 pounds of butter. It contained 
 29 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Stone 
 coal is abundant. A plank-road extends from 
 the Illinois river into the interior. Capital, 
 Carrollton. Population, 12,429. 
 
 445 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 Greene, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 1218 square miles. 
 The Niangua, Pomme de Terre, and Sac rivers, 
 affluents of the Osage, rise in the county, and 
 flow towards the north. It is intersected by 
 James river and Finley creek, which flow 
 south-westward, and unite with White river 
 of Arkansas. The surface is diversified by 
 hills of moderate height ; the soil is generally 
 fertile and the water good. The county 
 contains numerous prairies, alternating 
 with forests of oak, hickory, walnut, &c. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 1,110,987 bushels of corn; 61,306 of wheat; 
 288,769 of oats ; 900 tons of hay, and 306,787 
 pounds of butter. The above quantity of 
 oats was the greatest raised in any county 
 of the state. It contained 8 churches, and 
 2 newspaper ofiices ; 259 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 275 attending academies 
 or other schools. Limestone underlies a 
 large part of the county, and lead ore is 
 found in it. It is copiously supplied with 
 springs and with water-power. Capital, 
 Springfield. Population, 12,785, of whom 
 11,555 were free, and 1230, slaves. 
 
 Greene, a new county in the W. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 600 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Racoon 
 river, an afiluent of the Des Moines river. 
 The county is mostly prairie ; the climate is 
 healthy. It is not included in the census of 
 1850, and has but few inhabitants. County 
 seat not yet located. 
 
 Greene, a post-township of Kennebec 
 county, Maine, on the Androscoggin and Ken- 
 nebec railroad, 41 miles N. by E. from Port- 
 land. Population, 1348. 
 
 Greene, a post-township forming the S.W. 
 extremity of Chenango co., N. Y. Pop., 3763. 
 
 Greene, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Chenango river, and on the canal of 
 that name, about 56 miles S. S. E. from Sy- 
 racuse. It contains Presbyterian, Episcopal, 
 Baptist, and Methodist churches, a bank, and 
 about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Greene, a township of Sussex county. New 
 Jersey, 7 miles S.W. from Newton. Pop., 823. 
 
 Greene, a township of Beaver county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river and on the 
 western boundary of the state. Pop., 1923. 
 
 Greene, a township of Erie county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 8 miles S. E. from Erie. The Sun- 
 bury and Erie railroad is to pass through it. 
 Population, 1542. 
 
 Greene, a township of Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, a few miles N. E. from Cham- 
 bersburg, intersected by the Cumberland 
 Valley railroad. Population, 3154. 
 
 Greene, a township of Greene county, 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles S. E. from Waynes- 
 burg. Population, 667. 
 
 Greene, a township of Indiana county, 
 Pennsylvania, about 60 miles E. N. E. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 2281. 
 446 
 
 Greene, a small post-village of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Greene, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, bor- 
 dering on Ohio. Population, 933. 
 
 Greene, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Pike county. Pa. Pop., 357. 
 
 Greene, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Adams co., Ohio. Pop., 1520. 
 
 Greene, a township in the S. part of Ash- 
 land county, Ohio. Population, 1902. 
 
 Greene, a township in the N. part of 
 Brown county, Ohio. Population, 632. 
 
 Greene, a townsliip in Clarke co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1230. 
 
 Greene, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Clinton county, Ohio. Population, 2026. 
 
 Greene, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop., 1058. 
 
 Greene, a township in Gallia county, Ohio. 
 Population, 1276. 
 
 Greene, a township in the S. part of Ha- 
 milton county, Ohio. Population, 3948. 
 
 Greene, a township in the E. part of Har- 
 rison county, Ohio. Population, 1527. 
 
 Greene, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Hocking county, Ohio, intersected 
 by Hocking river. Population, 1290. 
 
 Greene, a township in the E. part of Mon- 
 roe county, Ohio. Population, 1226. 
 
 Greene, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Ross county, Ohio, on the E. side of Scioto 
 river. Population, 1658. 
 
 Greene, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Shelby county, Ohio. Pop., 1078. 
 
 Greene, a township in the N. part of 
 Trumbull county, Ohio. Popiilation, 958. 
 
 Greene, a township in the E. central part 
 of W^ayne county, Ohio. Population, 2060. 
 
 Greene, a township in Hancock county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1019. 
 
 Greene, a township in Madison county, 
 Indiana. Population, 754. 
 
 Greene, a small post-village of Cape Gi- 
 rardeau county, Missouri. 
 
 Greene Corner, a post-office of Kennebec 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Greene's Store, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-township of Hancock 
 county, Maine, 25 miles N. E. from Bangor. 
 Population, 305. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-township of Hillsbo- 
 rough county, New Hampshire, 25 miles S.W. 
 from Concord. Population, 716. 
 
 Greenfield, a township in Rockingham 
 county. New Hampshire. Population, 730. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-township in Franklin 
 CO., Mass., on the Connecticut river railroad, 
 100 miles W. by N. from Boston. The village 
 contains several churches, 1 bank, and 3 news- 
 paper offices. Population, 2580. 
 
 Greenfield, Conn. See Greenfield Hill. 
 
 Greenfield, a township in Saratoga coun- 
 ty. New York, 9 miles N. from Ballston Spa. 
 Population, 2890. 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 Greenfield, a post-office of Ulster co., N.Y. 
 
 Greenfield, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Blair county, Pennsylvania, 10 
 miles S. W. from Hollidaysburg. Pop., 1032. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-township of Erie co., 
 Pa., 13 miles E. from Erie. Population, 731. 
 
 Greenfield, a township of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. W. from Carbon- 
 dale. Population, 869. 
 
 Greenfield, a village of Schuylkill county. 
 Pa., about 10 miles E. by N. from Pottsville. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-borough of Washington 
 county. Pa., on the W. bank of Monongahela 
 river, about 20 miles E. S. E. from Washing- 
 ton, the county seat. Population, 380. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-village in Nelson coun- 
 ty, Virginia, 90 miles W. N. W. of Richmond. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-office of Poinsett coun- 
 ty, Arkansas. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-village in Sullivan 
 CO., Tenn., about 220 miles E. of Nashville. 
 
 Greenfield, a township in the E. central 
 part of Fairfield county, Ohio. Pop., 2113. 
 
 Greenfield, a township forming the E. 
 extremity of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop., 952. 
 
 Greenfield, a thriving post-village of 
 Highland county, Ohio, on the Marietta and 
 Cincinnati railroad, 75 miles E. N. E. from 
 Cincinnati. It is situated in a rich farming 
 district, and has an active trade. It con- 
 tains an academy and several churches. Po- 
 pulation, 1011. 
 
 Greenfield, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Huron CO., Ohio. Population, 1332. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Wayne co., Mich. Population, 1674. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-village, capital of 
 Hancock county, Indiana, on the Central 
 railroad and the National road, (which is 
 here a plank-road,) 20 miles E. from Indian- 
 apolis, contains a court house, a county 
 seminary, and perhaps 500 inhabitants. It 
 was first settled in 1828. 
 
 Greenfield, a township in Orange county, 
 Indiana. Population, 725. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-township in Greene 
 county, Illinois. Population, 237. 
 
 Greenfield, a thriving post-village of 
 Greene county, Illinois, 60 miles S. W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Greenfield, a township in Grundy county, 
 Illinois. Population, 97. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-village, capital of Dade 
 CO., Missouri, on the West fork of Sac river. 
 
 Greenfield, a village in Shelby county, 
 Missouri, near Fabius river, 100 miles N. 
 N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Greenfield, a township in the S. part of 
 Dane county, Wisconsin. Population, 592. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-township in the central 
 part of Milwaukee CO., AVis. Pop., 1995. 
 
 Greenfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, 8 miles S. W. from Milwaukee city. 
 
 Greenfield Centre, a post-village of Sa- 
 ratoga county. New York, 36 miles N. by W. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Greenfield Hill, or Greenfield, a plea- 
 sant post-village in the N. W. part of Fair- 
 field township, Fairfield county, Connecticut, 
 56 miles N. E. from New York. It is the 
 scene of Dr. Dwight's poem of " Greenfield 
 Hill." 
 
 Greenfield Mills, a post-office of Frede- 
 rick county, Maryland. 
 
 Greenford, Mahoning county, Ohio. See 
 Green Village. 
 
 Green Garden, a post-office of Will co.. 111. 
 
 Green Grove, a post-office of Luzerne 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Green Grove, a post-office of Conway 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 . Green Haven, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county. New York. 
 
 Green Hill, a post-office of Chemung 
 county, New York. 
 
 Green Hill, a post-office of Campbell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Green Hill, a post-office of Rutherford 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Green Hill, a post-village of Stewart 
 county, Georgia, 12 miles N. from Lumpkin. 
 
 Green Hill, a post-office of Lauderdale 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Green Hill, a post-office of Wilson co., Tenn. 
 
 Green Hill, a post-office of Columbiana 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Green Hill, a small village of Montgomery 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Green Lake, Wisconsin, in the E. part of 
 Marquette county. Length, about 8 miles ; 
 breadth, 2 miles. Its waters are deep and 
 very clear. 
 
 Green Lake, a post-township in the E. 
 part of Marquette co., Wisconsin. Pop., 725. 
 
 Greenland, a post-township of Rocking- 
 ham CO. , N. H. , on the Portsmouth and Concord 
 railroad, 43 miles E. S. E. from Concord. 
 
 Greenland, a post-office of Covington 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Greenleaf, a post-office ofDe Soto CO., Miss. 
 
 Green Level, a post-office of Southamp- 
 ton county, Virginia, 
 
 Green Level, a post-village of Wake 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Green Log, a small village of Pope co., Ark. 
 
 Green Meadow, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Tennessee. 
 
 Green Meadow, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Ohio, 
 
 Green Mount, a post-office of Adams co.,Pa. 
 
 Green Mountain, Pennsylvania, is situated 
 near the N. extremity of Schuylkill county. 
 
 Green Mountains, a range extending from 
 near New Haven, in Connecticut, northwards 
 through Massachusetts and Vermont into 
 Canada. It attains its greatest elevation in 
 Vermont, to which it gives its name, {monts 
 verts, or verts monts, i. e. " green moun- 
 tains.") The highest sufhmit, Mansfield 
 North Peak, rises about 4300 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Several other peaks — for 
 example, Connell's Peak, Shrewsbury mouu- 
 
 447 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 tain, Mansfield South Peak' and Killington 
 Peak — have an elevation of near 4000 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 Green Oak, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Livingston co., Mich. Pop., 941. 
 
 Greenock, a post-village in Crittenden 
 county, Arkansas, on the W. bank of Missis- 
 sippi river, 135 miles E.N.E. from Little Rock. 
 
 Green Plains, a post-office of Northamp- 
 ton county. North Carolina. 
 
 Green Plains, a post-office of St. Francis 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Green Point, a post-office of King's co.,N.Y. 
 
 Green Pond, a post-village of Union dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Greenport, a township of Columbia coun- 
 ty, New York, on the Hudson river, 2 miles 
 below Hudson, intersected by the Hudson 
 River railroad. Population, 1300. 
 
 Greenport, a post-village and port of 
 entry of Suffolk county, New York, on the S. 
 side of the north-eastern point of Long Island, 
 and at the eastern terminus of the Long Island 
 railroad, 95 miles E. by N. from New York. 
 It is a flourishing village, and contains va- 
 rious mechanic shops and a newspaper office. 
 The harbor is one of the best on the coast, 
 and is seldom obstructed with ice. The 
 shipping of the port, June 30, 1852, amount- 
 ed to an aggregate of 3588|| tons registered, 
 and 5865| | tons enrolled and licensed. During 
 the year, 7 vessels, with an aggregate burthen 
 of586-|-l tons were admeasured. Population, 
 about 800. 
 
 Green River rises in Windham county, 
 Vermont, and flowing in a south-south- 
 easterly course, falls into Deerfield river, 
 near its junction with the Connecticut, in 
 Franklin county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Green River, of Kentucky, rises in Lin- 
 coln county, in the E. central part of the 
 state. It flows first nearly westward for 
 more than half of its course, during which it 
 traverses the cavernous limestone formation, 
 and passes by the Mammoth cave. After 
 passing the mouth of Big Barren river, 
 which enters it from the left, a few miles 
 S. E. from Morgantown, it assumes a general 
 N. W. direction, and enters the Ohio in Hen- 
 derson county, 9 miles above Evansville, in 
 Indiana. The whole length is estimated at 
 above 300 miles. The lower part of this 
 river is navigable by steamboats at all sea- 
 sons ; and by means of dams and locks, small 
 steamboats have ascended in high water to 
 Greensburg, more than 200 miles from its 
 mouth. Extensive beds of stone coal occupy 
 the lower part of the Green River valley. 
 
 Green River, Illinois, empties itself into 
 the Rock river, near 20 miles from the mouth- 
 of the latter. 
 
 Green River, the longest branch of the 
 Colorado, rises in Oregon, near Fremont's 
 peak, and flowing in its general course first 
 S. S. E., and then S. S. W., unites with Grand 
 river in 35° 39' N. lat., 112° 55' W. Ion. 
 448 
 
 Green River, a new county in the N. E. 
 part of Utah territory, intersected by Green 
 river, from which its name is derived. It 
 has been formed since 1850, and consequently 
 the census of that year gives us no informa- 
 tion respecting it. 
 
 Green River, a post-office of Windham 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Green River, a post-office of Columbia 
 county, New York. 
 
 Green River, a post-office of Hart co., Ky. 
 
 Green River, a post-village of Henry 
 county, Illinois, on Green river, 70 miles 
 N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 Green's, a post-office of Polk co., Texas. 
 
 Green's .Bluff, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Greensborough, a post-township of Or- 
 leans county, Vermont, 25 miles N. N. E. 
 from Montpelier. Population, 1008. 
 
 Greensborough, a post-village of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela 
 river, 20 miles S. E. from Waynesburg. 
 
 Greensborough, a flourishing post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Guilford county. North Caro- 
 lina, on the Central railroad, 86 miles W. N. 
 W. from Raleigh. The situation is healthy, 
 and the surrounding country is fertile. Many 
 of the houses are of wood, and others are 
 built of brick. It is a place of considerable 
 activity in trade, and is the seat of excellent 
 institutions for learning, among which are 
 several academies. It also contains 2 banks, 
 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and a number of 
 manufactories. 
 
 Greensborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Greene county, Georgia, 40 miles N. from 
 Milledgeville. It contains several elegant 
 buildings, among which are a new court 
 house, 2 churches, and 2 academies. 
 
 Greensborough, a flourishing post-village 
 of Greene county, Alabama, 85 miles W. by 
 N. from Montgomery, and 18 miles E. from 
 Eutaw. It is the largest j^lace in the county, 
 and is the centre of an active trade. Many 
 of the residents are wealthy planters, who 
 have plantations of cotton in the vicinity. 
 The village contains several churches and 
 flourishing schools, and 1 or 2 newspaper 
 offices. Population estimated at 2500. 
 
 Greensborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Choctaw county, Mississippi, on one of the 
 head streams of Big Black river, 110 miles 
 N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Greensborough, a post-office of Greene 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Greensborough, a post-township in Henry 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1190. 
 
 Greensborough, a post-village of Henry 
 county, Indiana, on Blue river, 36 miles E. 
 by N. from Indianapolis. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Greensborough, a small post-village of 
 Caroline county, Maryland, 59 miles E. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Greensburg, a flourishing borough of 
 Hempfield township, and capital of West- 
 
GRE 
 
 GEE 
 
 moreland county, Pcnnsylvanica, on the Central 
 railroad, 32 miles E. S. E. from Pittsburg. 
 It is a place of considerable trade, and is 
 surrounded by a fertile country, which is 
 rapidly increasing in population and wealth. 
 The Hempfiekl railroad, when finished, will 
 connect it with Wheeling. Coal of good 
 quality abounds in all parts of the county. 
 The borough has a large brick court house, 
 3 newspaper offices, and an academy. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 1051; in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Greensbukg, a post-office of Preston co.Va. 
 
 Grebnsbukg, a post-village, capital of St. 
 Helena parish, Louisiana, near Tickfah river, 
 about 40 miles N. E. from Baton Rouge. 
 
 Greensbukg, a post-village, capital of 
 Greene county, Kentucky, on the right bank 
 of Green river, 85 miles S. S. W. from Frank- 
 fort. It contains a court house, 3 churches, 
 a branch of the Kentucky bank, and 12 stores. 
 The river has lately been improved, so that 
 it is navigable for steamboats about 3 months 
 in the year. 
 
 Grebnsburg, a post-village of Trumbull 
 county, Ohio, 185 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Greensburg, a beautiful post-village, capi- 
 tal of Decatur county, Indiana, is situated on 
 Sand creek, and on the Michigan road, 46 
 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. The place was 
 first settled in 1821, and is steadily advancing 
 in size and importance. It is connected by 
 a plank-road with Madison, on the Ohio, and 
 is on the line of the Lawrenceburg and Mis- 
 sissippi railroad, now in course of construc- 
 tion. Greensburg contains good public build- 
 ings and a flourishing academy. Population 
 in 1850, 1202 ; in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 Greensburg Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Sandusky county, Ohio. 
 
 Green's Farms, a village in Fairfield town- 
 ship, Fairfield county, Connecticut, 54 miles 
 N. E. from New York. 
 
 Green's Fork, a township of Randolph 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1569. 
 
 Green's Fork, a post-office of Wayne coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Greensport, a small post-village of St. 
 Clair county, Alabama, on the Coosa river, 
 120 miles N. from Montgomery. 
 
 Green Spring, a post-village of Orange 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Green Spring, a post-office of Seneca co. 0. 
 
 Green Spring Furnace, a post-office of 
 Washington county, Maryland. 
 
 Green Spring Run, a post-office of Hamp- 
 shire county, Virginia. 
 
 Green Springs, a post-office of Tuolumne 
 county, California. 
 
 Greensville, a small village of Grayson 
 county, Virginia, on New river, 276 miles 
 W. by S. from Richmond, was formerly the 
 county seat. 
 
 Greenton, a post-office of Lafayette coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Greentop, a post-office of Schuyler co.. Mo. 
 
 Greentown, or Greenstown, a post-village 
 2d 
 
 of Stark county, Ohio, 10 miles N from Can- 
 ton. Population, about 300. 
 
 Greentown, a small post-village of Howard 
 county, Indiana, about 56 miles N. by E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Green Tree, a small village of Burlington 
 county. New Jersey, 12 miles E. by S. from 
 Camden. 
 
 Green Tree, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Greenup, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Kentucky, borders on the Ohio, 
 just below the mouth of Sandy river, which 
 separates it from Virginia. Area, estimated 
 at 480 square miles. The Ohio river forms 
 its boundary on the N. E. and N. W., and it 
 is intersected by Little Sandy river and Ty- 
 gart's creek. The surface is uneven, and 
 partly covered with timber. Indian corn, 
 wheat, and oats are cultivated. In 1850 this 
 county produced 323,488 bushels of corn; 
 5513 of wheat, and 39,630 of oats. It con- 
 tained 15 churches, 694 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending an academy. 
 The county contains large and productive 
 mines of iron ore and coal. It is amply 
 supplied with water-power. Formed in 1803, 
 and named in honor of Governor Christopher 
 Greenup. Capital, Greenupsburg. Pop., 
 9654, of whom 9048 were free, and 606, slaves. 
 
 Greenup, a post-township in Cumberland 
 county, Illinois. Population, 948. 
 
 Greenup, a small post-village, capital of 
 Cumberland county, Illinois, on Embarras 
 river, at the crossing of the National road, 
 111 miles E. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Greenupsburg, or Greenup Court House, 
 a post-village, capital of Greenup county, 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 132 miles E. N. 
 E. from Frankfort, contains a brick court 
 house, 1 church, and several stores. 
 
 Greenvalb, a post-village in Jo Daviess 
 CO., Illinois, 22 miles N. W. from Freeport. 
 
 Green Valley, a post-office of Bath co., Va. 
 
 Green Village, a post-village of Franklin 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the railroad from 
 Harrisburg to Chambersburg, 40 miles S. W. 
 from the former. Pop. in 1853, about 250. 
 
 Green Village, or Greenford, a post-vil- 
 lage of Mahoning county, Ohio, 158 miles N. 
 E. from Columbus, is situated in a rich and 
 populous district. Pop. estimated at 450. 
 
 Greenville, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, con- 
 tains about 300 square miles. The Notto- 
 way river bounds it on the N. and it is inter- 
 sected by the Meherrin river. The general 
 surface is level ; the soil is of medium quality. 
 The staple productions are corn, wheat, to- 
 bacco, and cotton. In 1850 there were raisea 
 211,537 bushels of Indian corn; 17,619 of 
 wheat; 138,000 pounds of tobacco; and 715- 
 bales of cotton. It contained 1 iron foundry, 
 1 grist mill, and 1 tannery; 12 churches, 
 and 125 pupils attending academies or other 
 schools. The railroad from Richmond to 
 
 449 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 Weldon, North Carolina, passes through the 
 county. Organized in 1784. Capital, Hicks- 
 ford. Population, 5639, of whom 1854 were 
 free, and 3785, slaves. 
 
 Greenville, a district in the N. W. part of 
 South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, 
 has an area of 660 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head streams of the Ennoree, 
 Tiger, and Reedy rivers, and bounded on the 
 W. by Saluda river. The Blue Ridge extends 
 along the N. W. border of the district, the 
 surface of which is beautifully diversified hy 
 mountains and hills. The Saluda mountain 
 rises in the vicinity of the court house. The 
 soil is generally good and well watered. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, and 
 cotton are the staples. In 1850 this district 
 produced 637,784 bushels of corn ; 60,682 of 
 wheat; 108,574 of oats; 79,731 of sweet pota- 
 toes ; and 2452 bales of cotton. There were 
 5 cotton factories, 17 grist mills, 7 saw and 
 planing mills, and 2 paper manufactories. It 
 contained 47 churches, 2 newspaper ofiSces, 
 960 pupils attending public schools, and 150 
 attending academies and other schools. Cha- 
 lybeate and sulphur springs are found 10 miles 
 N. from Greenville. A railroad has recently 
 been made from the court house to Colum- 
 bia, the capital of the state. Pop., 20,156, 
 of whom 13,465 were free, and 6691, slaves. 
 
 Greenville, a post-township of Piscata- 
 quis county, Maine, 80 miles N. by E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 326. 
 
 Greenville, a post-village in Providence 
 county, Rhode Island, 12 miles N. W. from 
 Providence, contains a bank. 
 
 Greenville, a post- village in Preston town- 
 ship. New London county, Connecticut, on the 
 Thames river, about 12 miles N. by E. from 
 New London. 
 
 Greenville, a post-township of Greene 
 county. New York, 24 miles S. S. W. from Al- 
 bany. Population, 2242. 
 
 Greenville, a thriving village of Raritan 
 township, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, 
 about 20 miles N. from Trenton. 
 
 Greenville, a small village of Sussex coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, 7 miles S. W. from Newton. 
 
 Greenville, a small village of Clarion co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 8 miles S. E. from Clarion. 
 
 Greenville, a village of Indiana county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Penn's run, 147 miles W. 
 from Harrisburg, and 8 miles E. from Indiana, 
 has 2 stores and about 30 houses. 
 
 Greenville, a small village of Mifflin coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Greenville, a township of Somerset coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland, 20 
 miles S. E. from Somerset. Population, 723. 
 
 Greenville, a post-village of Augusta 
 county, Virginia, on the South river, near its 
 source, 120 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. 
 It contains 1 academy, several stores, and 1 
 tlouring mill. Population, from 300 to 400. 
 
 Greenville, a post-village, capital of Pitt 
 county, North Carolina, on the right bank of 
 450 
 
 Tar river, about 100 miles E. by S. from Ra- 
 leigh. It contains a court house, academy, 
 and several stores. Tar and turpentine are 
 procured from the forests in the vicinity, and 
 exported by the river. 
 
 Greenville, or Greenville Court House, 
 a flourishing post-village, capital of Green- 
 ville district. South Carolina, on Reedy river, 
 near its source, 110 miles N. W. from Colum- 
 bia. The situation is elevated and healthy, 
 at the foot of the Saluda mountain, which 
 renders it a favorite resort for persons who 
 reside in the lower country. It is the N. ter- 
 minus of the Greenville and Columbia rail- 
 road. Greenville has 3 churches, 2 acade- 
 mies, and 2 newspaper offices. Population, 
 1305, of whom 685 are free, and 620, slaves. 
 
 Greenville, a neat post- village, capital of 
 Meriwether county, Georgia, on a high ridge 
 near Walnut creek," 108 miles W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. It is situated in a region which 
 is noted for its medicinal springs. The Warm 
 Springs, 10 miles S. from this town, have a 
 temperature of 90°, and discharge 1400 gal- 
 lons of water per minute. About $75,000 
 worth of goods are sold in Greenville annu- 
 ally. It has 2 churches, 3 seminaries, and 
 about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Greenville, a post-village, capital of But- 
 ler county, Alabama, 40 miles S. W. from 
 Montgomery, and 150 miles N. E. from Mobile, 
 contains a court house, a newspaper oiBce, se- 
 veral stores, and from 400 to 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Greenville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Washington co., Mississippi, on the Mis- 
 sissippi river, 100 miles N. N. W. from Jackson. 
 
 Greenville, a small and thriving post- 
 village, capital of Hunt county, Texas, is si- 
 tuated near the source of the Sabine river, 
 about 250 miles N. N. E. from Austin city. 
 It is situated in a fertile farming region, 
 which produces cotton, wheat, and maize, 
 and towards which an active immigration is 
 directed. The village has grown up since 1 845. 
 
 Greenville, a small post-village of Polk 
 county, Texas, 15 miles N. from Livingston, 
 the county seat, is surrounded by a commu- 
 nity of thrifty planters, and is improving. 
 
 Greenville, a small village of Clarke co., 
 Ark., about 90 miles S. W. from Little Rock. 
 
 Greenville, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Greene co., Tennessee, 250 miles E. 
 from Nashville, and 66 miles E. by N. from 
 Knoxville. Greenville College of this place, 
 was founded in 1794. A newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. Population, about 800. 
 
 Greenville, a post-village, capital of 
 Muhlenburg co., Kentucky, 170 miles S. W. 
 from Frankfort, and 9 miles S. from Green 
 river, is situated in a region which abounds 
 in coal and iron ore. It has 2 or 3 churches, 
 a seminary, 6 stores, and 2 tobacco factories. 
 
 Greenville, a post-township in the central 
 part of Darke co., Ohio. Population, 3417. 
 
 Greenville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Darke co., Ohio, on the Greenville and 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 Miami railroad, about 90 miles W. from Co- 
 lumbus. The village contains 4 or 5 churches, 
 and 3 newspaper af&ces. Population, in 1853, 
 about 1500. lu 1793, General Wayne built 
 Fort Greenville on the site of the present 
 town, and here the treaty of Greenville was 
 concluded between AVayne and the Indians. 
 
 Greenville, a post-office of Montcalm co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Greenville, a post-township in Floyd 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1809. 
 
 Greenville, a post-village in Floyd co., 
 Indiana, 15 miles N. W. from New Albany. 
 
 Greenville, a neat and thriving post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Bond co., Illinois, on the East 
 fork of Shoal creek, on the National road, and 
 on the railroad (unfinished) between Terre 
 Haute and Alton, about 45 miles E. from the 
 latter. It has a body of timber on the N., and 
 on the S. a beautiful expanse of prairie. It has 
 2 newspaper offices, 3 churches, and 7 stores. 
 
 Greenville, a small village of Saline co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Greenville, a post-village, capital of 
 Wayne co., Missouri, on St. Francis river, 
 150 miles S. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Greenville, a post-township in Brown 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 98. 
 
 Greenwich, a post-township of Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts, on the W. side of 
 Swift river, about 80 miles W. of Boston. 
 Population, 888. 
 
 Greenwich, a post-township of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut, bordering on Long Island 
 sound, and intersected by the New York and 
 Hew Haven railroad, 31 miles N. E. from 
 New York city. The principal village has a 
 beautiful situation near the water. It has 
 recently become a favorite place of residence 
 to persons doing business in New York. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 5036. 
 
 Greenwich, a post-township of Washing- 
 ton CO., New York, on the Hudson river, 36 
 miles E. by N. from Albany. Pop., 3803. 
 
 Greenwich, a post-township of Cumber- 
 land CO., New Jersey, on Delaware bay. Po- 
 pulation, 1158. 
 
 Greenwich, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Cohansey creek, 6 miles AV. S. 
 AV. from Bridgeton. It contains 2 or 8 
 churches, and about 100 dwellings. 
 
 Greenwich, a township of Gloucester co.. 
 New Jersey, 7 miles S. W. from AA''oodbury. 
 Population, 3067. 
 
 Greenwich, a township of Warren co., New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware river, 10 miles below 
 Belvidere. Population, 3726. 
 
 Greenwich, a township in the northern 
 part of Berks co., Pennsylvania, 18 miles N. 
 N. E. from Reading. Population, 1842. 
 
 Greenwich, a post-township forming the 
 S. S. E. extremity of Huron co., Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 1050. 
 
 Greenwich Village, a post-village of 
 Hampshire co., Massachusetts, 73 miles AV. 
 from Boston. 
 
 Greenwich Station, a post-office of Huron 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Greenwood, a post-township of Oxford co., 
 Me., 50 miles W. from Augusta. Pop., 1118. 
 
 Greenwood, a post-township of Steuben 
 CO., New York, 27 miles S. W. from Bath. 
 Population, 1185. 
 
 Greenwood, a township of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles, N. W. from Blooms- 
 burg. Population, 1260. 
 
 Greenwood, a township of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles S. S. AV. from Mead- 
 ville. Population, 1127. 
 
 Greenwood, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Juniata co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna river, 30 miles N. N. W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Greenwood, a small village of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Greenwood, a township of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Juniata river, 25 miles N. 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. Population, 995. 
 
 Greenwood, a post-office of Doddridge co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Greenwood, a post-village in Abbeville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Greenwood, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Florida. 
 
 Greenwood, a post-office of De Kalb co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Greenwood, a thriving post-village of Car- 
 roll CO., Mississippi, on the Yazoo river, 290 
 miles from its mouth, and 95 miles N. from 
 Jackson. The river is navigable for steam- 
 boats during the whole year, with few excep- 
 tions, and several thousand bales of cotton 
 are shipped here annually. The village has 
 also a large business in groceries and heavy 
 
 Greenwood, a post-village in Caddo parish, 
 Louisiana, about 350 miles N. W. from New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Greenvtood, a post-office of Sebastian co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Greenwood, a post-office of Sumner co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Greenwood, a post-office of Darke co., 0. 
 
 Greenwood, a thriving post-village of 
 Johnson co., Indiana, on the railroad be- 
 tween Madison and Indianapolis, 10 miles S. 
 S. E. from the latter. 
 
 Greenwood, a small post-village of McHen- 
 ry CO., Illinois, on the Nippersink creek, 
 about 60 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Greenwood, post-office, Marquette co.,AVis. 
 
 Greenwood, post-office, El Dorado co., Cal. 
 
 Greenwood Cemetery. See New York, 
 p. 815. 
 
 Greenwood Furnace, a post-office of Hunt- 
 ingdon CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Greenwood Lake, a delightful watering- 
 place of Orange co., New York, 8 miles S.W. 
 from Chester, which is situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Newburg and Erie railroads. 
 
 Greersville, a post-office of Knox co., 0. 
 
 Gregg, a post-township of Centre co., 
 451 
 
GRE 
 
 GEO 
 
 Pennsylvania, 13 miles S. E. from Bellefonte. 
 Population, 1473. 
 
 Gkegory's MiLi, a post-office of Granville 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Greig, a township of Lewis co.. New York, 
 on Moose river, about 40 miles N. from Utica. 
 Population, 1074. 
 
 Greigsville, a post-village of Livingston 
 CO., New York, on the Genesee canal, about 
 28 miles S. S. W. from Rochester. 
 
 Greigsville, a thriving post-village of 
 Preston co., Virginia, on the Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad. 
 
 Grenada, a thriving post-village of Yallo- 
 busha CO., Mississippi, on the Yallobusha 
 river, 113 miles N. by E. from Jackson. It 
 is at the head of steamboat navigation, and 
 has an active business. It con tains a United 
 States land-office, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Grey PvOCK, a post-office of Harford co.,Md. 
 
 Geeysville, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Griffin, a flourishing town of Pike co., 
 Georgia, on the Macon and Western railroad, 
 58 miles N. W. from Macon. This railroad 
 is a link in the chain extending from Savan- 
 nah to Nashville. The situation is healthy, 
 and the water good. Griffin i^ noted for the 
 prevalence of good order and temperance, 
 for the excellence of its schools, and for the 
 activity of its trade. Near 50,000 bales of 
 cotton are received here annually. Many of 
 the stores and dwellings are spacious brick 
 buildings. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and 
 5 large warehouses. Laid out in 1840. 
 Population in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Griffin's, a post-office of Johnson co.. Ark. 
 
 Griffinsbueg, a small post-village of Cul- 
 pepper CO., Virginia, 103 miles N. N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Griffin's Corners, a post-office of Dela- 
 ware CO., New York. 
 
 Griffin's Creek, a post-office of Benton 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Griffin's Mills, a post-village of Erie 
 CO., New York, on Cazenove creek, about 15 
 miles S. E. from Buffalo. It has 1 or 2 
 churches, and several mills. 
 
 Griffin's Mills, a post-office of Lowndes 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Griffith's, a post-office of Nicholas co., Ky. 
 
 Griffithsville, a post-office of Cabell co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Griggstown, a post-village of Somerset 
 county, New Jersey, on the Delaware and 
 Raritan canal, 9 miles S. from Somerville. 
 
 Griggsville, a neat and thriving post-vil- 
 lage of Pike CO., Illinois, 62 miles W. from 
 Springfield, and 5 miles W. from the Illinois 
 river. It has .an active trade. Population 
 in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Grimes, a county in the E. central part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 750 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Na- 
 vasoto and Brazos rivers, and drained by Lake 
 and Spring creeks. The surface is nearly 
 452 
 
 level, and but little elevated above the sea ; 
 the soil in some parts is fertile. Cotton, In- 
 dian corn, sweet potatoes, cattle, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 138,405 bushels of corn ; 2410 of oats ; 
 29,437 of sweet potatoes ; 2282 bales of cotton ; 
 56,685 pounds of butter ; 5404 of wool; and 
 
 14 hogsheads of sugar. Capital, Anderson. 
 Population, 4008, of whom 2328 were free, 
 and 1680, slaves. Named in honor of Jesse 
 Grimes, member of Congress of the republic 
 of Texas. 
 
 Grimesville, a post-office of Grimes co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Grimville, a post-office of Berks co.. Pa. 
 
 Grindlb Creek, of Pitt co.. North Caro- 
 lina, flows into the Tar river, near its mouth. 
 
 Grindstone Creek, of Missouri, enters 
 Grand river from the right in Daviess co. 
 
 Grindstone Point, a post-office of De Kalb 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Griswold, a post-township of New London 
 CO., Connecticut, 45 miles E. S. E. from Hart- 
 ford. Population, 2065. 
 
 Griswold, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 Illinois, 84 miles S. S. E. from Vandalia. 
 
 Griswold City, a village in Franklin co., 
 Missouri, on the Missouri river, 55 miles E. 
 by N. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Griswold's Mills, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., New York. 
 
 Griswoldsville, a post-office of Jones co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Griswoldville, a post-office of Eranklin 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Groff's Store, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Grogansville, a post-office of Rockingham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Groom's Corners, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Grooverville, a small post-village of 
 Thomas co., Georgia, 218 miles S. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Grosstete Bayou of Louisiana, commences 
 in Point Coupee parish, and flows S. E. to 
 Plaquemine bayou. 
 
 Grosstete, a post-office of Iberville parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Groton, a post-township of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, 40 miles N. N. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1259. 
 
 Groton, a post-township of Caledonia co., 
 
 15 miles W. by S. of Montpelier. Popula- 
 tion, 895. 
 
 Groton, a post-township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, 30 miles N. W. from Boston. 
 Several railroads centre at Groton Junction 
 in this township. Population, 2515. 
 
 Groton, a post-township of New London 
 CO., Connecticut, on the E. side of Thames 
 river, opposite to New London ; famous as 
 being the scene of the massacre perpetrated 
 by British troops under Arnold. Pop., 3654. 
 
 Groton, a small village of Delaware co.. 
 New York, 12 miles N. AY. from Delhi. 
 
GRO 
 
 GRU 
 
 Geoton, a post-township, foi-ming the N. 
 E. extremity of Tompldns co., New York, 12 
 miles N. E. from Ithaca. Population, 3342. 
 
 Gkoton, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 100 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 It has 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and a 
 few mills. Population, estimated at 300. 
 
 Groton, a post-township forming the S.W. 
 extremity of Erie co., Ohio. Pop., 884. 
 
 Groton Centre, a village of New London 
 CO., Connecticut, on the E. bank of the Thames 
 river, opposite New London. 
 
 Groton Centre, a post-ofP-oe of Erie co., 0. 
 
 Groton City, a post-office of Tompkins co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Grouse, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, 
 50 miles W. from Chicago. 
 
 Grout's Corners, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Grove, a post-township of Alleghany co.. 
 New York, about 260 miles W. by S. from 
 Albany. Population, 1154. 
 
 Grove, a township of Clinton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 35 miles W. N. W. from Lockhaven. 
 Population, 258. 
 
 Grove, a post-office of Chatham co., N. C. 
 
 Grove, a post-office of Elbert co., Georgia. 
 
 Grove, a post-office of Walworth co.. Wis. 
 
 Grove City, a post-office of Franklin co.,0. 
 
 Grove Creek, a post- village in Jones co., 
 Iowa, about 50 miles N. N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Grove Farm, a post-village of Henderson 
 CO., Illinois, 75 miles W. by N. from Peoria. 
 
 Grove Hill, a post-office of Page co., Va. 
 
 Grove Hill, a post-office of Warren co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Grove Hill, a post-office of Clarke co., Ala. 
 
 Grove Hill, a post-office of Jackson pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Groveland, a post- township in Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the S. side of Merrimack 
 river, about 25 miles N. by E. from Boston. 
 Population, 1286. 
 
 Groveland, a post-township of Livingston 
 CO., New York, on Conesus lake, 6 miles S. 
 from Genesee. Population, 1724. 
 
 Groveland, a post-office of Fulton co., 0. 
 
 Groveland, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Oakland co., Michigan. Pop., 988. 
 
 Groveland, a post-office of Putnam co.,Ind. 
 
 Groveland, a post-village in Tazewell co., 
 Illinois, near the Illinois river, 60 miles N. 
 by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Groveland, a post-office of Winnebago co., 
 Wis., about 30 miles N. from Fond du Lac. 
 
 Groveland Centre, a post-office of Living- 
 ston CO., New York. 
 
 Grove Level, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Georgia, 112 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Grove Meeting House, a small village of 
 Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Grove Mount, a post-office of Dyer co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Grovenor's Corners, a post-office of Scho- 
 harie CO., New York. 
 
 Geovepoet, a post-village in Madison 
 
 township, Franklin co., Ohio, 10 miles S. E. 
 from Columbus, with which it is connected 
 by a turnpike. Population, 480. 
 
 Groves, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana. 
 
 Groveton, a post-office of Prince William 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Groveville, a post-village of Mercer co.. 
 New Jersey, on Crosswicks creek, 6 miles 
 S. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Grubb's Mills, a post-office of Putnam co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Grub Springs, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Grunby, a district in Lumpkin co., Geor- 
 gia. Population, 263. 
 
 Grundy, a new county in the S. E. central 
 part of Tennessee, has an area estimated at 
 300 square miles. It is drained by Collins 
 river. The surface is mountainous, the 
 county lying on the western side of the Cum- 
 berland mountain. In 1850 it produced 
 158,000 bushels of Indian corn ; 20,767 of 
 oats, and 16,309 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 6 churches, 400 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 40 attending an academy. 
 Formed about 1848, out of parts of Marion, 
 Warren, Coffee, and Franklin. Capital, Al- 
 tamonte. Population, 2773, of whom 2537 
 were free, and 236, slaves. 
 
 Grundy, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 430 square miles. It 
 is traversed by the Illinois river, which is 
 formed in the N. E. part of the county by the 
 union of the Kankakee and Des Plaines ; and 
 also drained by Mason's river. The surface 
 is nearly level, and the soil good. Timber is 
 deficient in some parts. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and hay are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 143,778 bushels of corn; 
 46,875 of wheat; 82,851 of oats; and 7829 
 tons of hay. It contained 1 church, and 350 
 pupils attending public schools. Beds of 
 stone coal have been opened in several 
 places. The county is intersected by the 
 Illinois and Michigan canal, and by the Chi- 
 cago and Piock Island railroad. Capital, 
 Morris. Named in honor of the Hon. Felix 
 Grundy, formerly senator from Tennessee, 
 and attorney-general of the United States. 
 Population, 3023. 
 
 Grundy, a new county in the N. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 462 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Crooked fork of 
 Grand i-iver, by Medicine, Indian, and 
 Muddy creeks, and also drained by Weldon 
 river. The general course of these streams 
 is from N. to S. The county consists mostly 
 of open plains or prairies, the soil of which is 
 productive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
 cattle, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 152,770 bushels of corn : 
 10,902 of wheat; 28,136 of oats ; 201 tons of 
 hay, and 19,350 pounds of butter. There 
 were 325 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Trenton. Population, 3006 ; of whom 
 2867 were free, and 149, slaves. 
 
 453 
 
GRU 
 
 GUI 
 
 Gkundt, a new county in the N. E. central 
 pai-t of Iowa, has an area of about 500 square 
 miles. It is drained by Black Hawk creek, 
 an affluent of the Cedar river. This county 
 is not included in the census of 1850, and the 
 population is small. County seat not located. 
 
 GraiNDY, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ky. ^ 
 
 Guadalupe, (commonly pronounced gau-da- 
 loop'; Spanish pronunciation gwa-da-loo'pd,) 
 a river of Texas, rises in Bexar county, and 
 flows nearlj- eastward until it enters the allu- 
 vial plain, which descends toward the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Below this, its general direction is 
 south-eastward, and after passing Gonzales 
 and Victoria, it falls into the San Antonio, 
 about 12 miles from its mouth. The length 
 is estimated at 250 miles. 
 
 GuAUALUPE, a small river of California, 
 falling into the S. extremity of San Francisco 
 Bay. 
 
 Guadalupe, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Texas, has an area of 840 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Guadalupe 
 river, from which the name is derived, 
 bounded on the N. E. by San Marcus, and on 
 the S. W. by the Cibolo river. In 1850 this 
 county produced 80,330 bushels of corn ; 
 3050 of sweet potatoes ; 182 bales of cotton ; 
 1540 pounds of tobacco ; 34,265 of butter, 
 and 4281 of wool. Capital, Seguin. Popu- 
 lation, 1511 ; of whom 1176 were free, and 
 835, slaves. 
 
 GuEKNSET, a county in the E. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 460 square miles. It is 
 drained by Wills, Seneca, and Leatherwood 
 creeks, affluents of the Muskingum river. 
 The surface is hilly, the soil in some parts 
 is clayey, and is generally good. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, grass, wool, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 682,757 bushels of 
 corn; 217,275 of wheat; 301,904 of oats ; 
 1,738,131 pounds of tobacco, and 16,260 tons 
 of hay. It contains 77 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 8135 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 20 attending an academy. The 
 county contains large quantities of stone coal. 
 It is intersected by the Central Ohio railroad, 
 not yet finished. Organized in 1810, and 
 named from the British isle of Guernsey. 
 Capital, Cambridge. Population, 80,438. 
 
 Guest Station, a post-office of Russell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 GuiLDERLAND, a post-township of Albany 
 county, New York, 9 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. Population, 3279. 
 
 GuiLDEKLAND Centee, a post-office of Al- 
 bany county. New York. 
 
 Guildhall, a township of Essex co., Vt., 
 50 miles N. N. E. from Montpelier. Pop., 501. 
 
 Guildhall Falls, a small village in Guild- 
 hall township, Essex co., Vt., about 50 miles 
 N. E. by E. from Montpelier. 
 
 Guilford, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of North Carolina, has an area of about 
 600 square miles. The Beep river, a branch 
 454 
 
 of the Cape Fear, rises in the W. part of the 
 county. The N. part is drained by the Reedy 
 fork of Haw river. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and diversified with forests of fine 
 timber ; the soil is generally fertile, well 
 watered, and extensively cultivated. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, wheat, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 600 bales of 
 cotton; 884,286 bushels of corn; 214,682 of 
 oats, and 121,379 of wheat. The quantity 
 of corn and oats was each the greatest pro- 
 duced by any county in the state. There 
 were 13 corn and flour mills, 3 saw mills, 3 
 woollen factories, and 11 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 40 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 A copper mine recently opened in the county 
 is thought to be rich. The streams furnish 
 motive-power for numerous mills and factories. 
 The Central railroad of North Carolina is in 
 progress of construction through the county. 
 Guilford is the most populous county in the 
 state, excepting Wake. Organized in 1770, 
 and named in compliment to the Earl of 
 Guilford, an ancient British statesman. Capi- 
 tal, Greensborougli. Population, 19,754; of 
 whom 16,568 were free, and 3186, slaves. 
 
 Guilford, a post-township of Piscataquis 
 CO., Maine, 70 miles N. N. E. from Augusta, 
 on the north side of Piscataquis river. Po- 
 pulation, 834. 
 
 Guilford, a post-township of Windham co., 
 Vermont, 130 miles S. of Montpelier, possesses 
 good mill privileges. Population, 1389. 
 
 Guilford, a beautiful post-borough of New 
 Haven county, Connecticut, near Long Island 
 sound, and on the New Haven and New London 
 railroad, 16 miles E. by S. from New Haven. 
 In the centre is a fine square ornamented 
 with shade trees. Fronting it are the 
 churches, 2 Congregational, 1 Methodist, and 
 1 Baptist, the principal stores, and a hotel. 
 The Point, about a mile S. of the village, is 
 much resorted to in the summer months as a 
 watering place. Guilford is the birthplace 
 and present residence of Fitz Greene Halleck, 
 one of our most eminent American poets. 
 Population of thetorough, about 2000 ; of the 
 township, 2653. 
 
 Guilford, a post-township of Chenango 
 CO., New York, drained by the UnadiUa 
 river. Population, 2600. 
 
 Guilford, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 100 miles W.by S. from Albany. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Guilford, a township of Franklin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, lying immediately S. E. from Chara- 
 bersburg, intersected by the Franklin rail- 
 road. Population, 3471. 
 
 Guilford, a post-office of Accomac co., Va. 
 
 Guilford, a village of Columbiana co., Ohio, 
 70 miles S. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 Guilford, a post-township in the S. part 
 of ^Medina co., Ohio. Population. 1800. 
 
 Guilford, a post-village of Dearborn co., 
 Indiana, is the first station on the railroad 
 from Lawrenceburg to Indianapolis. 
 
GUI 
 
 GUT 
 
 GuiLFOKD, a township in Hendi-icks co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1104. 
 
 Guilford, a small village of Calhoun co., 
 111., on the W. bank of Illinois river, about 90 
 miles S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 GuiLFOKD, a township in the E. part of 
 Winnebago co., Illinois. Population, 917. 
 
 Guilford Centre, a post-village in Wind- 
 ham CO., Conn., 120 miles S. from Montpelier. 
 
 Guilford Centre, a post-village of Che- 
 nango CO., New York. 
 
 GuiNEATOWN, a small village of Salem co., 
 New Jersey, 5 miles E. from Salem. 
 
 Guiney's, a post-office of Caroline co., Va. 
 
 GuiONSviLLE, a post-ofifice of Dearborn co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Gulf Mills, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Gulf Prairie, a post-office of Brazoria 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 GuLLETTSViLLE, Ga. See Newmarket. 
 
 Gulley's Store, a post-office of Johnson 
 CO., Nortli Carolina. 
 
 Gull Island, in the Eace, at the eastern 
 entrance to Long Island sound. The light- 
 house on this island may be considered as the 
 key to the sound. It contains a fixed light 
 50 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 
 12' 18" N.. Ion., 72° 6' 45" W. 
 
 GUMBOROUGH, a pOSt-officC of Sussex CO., 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Guji Branch, a post-office of Darlington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Gum Creek, a post-office of Dooly co., Ga. 
 
 Gum Grove, a post-office of Union co., Ky. 
 
 Gum Hill, a post-office of Tipton co., Tenn. 
 
 Gum Pond, a post-office of Baker co., Ga. 
 
 Gum Spring, Virginia. See Arcola. 
 
 Gum Spring, a post-office of Smith co., Tex. 
 
 Gum Swamp, a post-office of Columbus co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Gum Swamp, a post-office of Marion dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Gum Swamp, a post-office of Pulaski co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Gum Tree, a post-office of Chester co.. Pa. 
 
 Gun Key, a narrow ridge of coral on the 
 western edge of the Great Bahama Bank. 
 At a distance of 250 yards from its southern 
 point, is a light, which revolves once a minute, 
 55 feet from its base, and 80 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 25° 34' 30'' N. Ion., 79° 
 18' 24" W. 
 
 Gun Lake, a post-office of Barry co., Mich. 
 
 Gun Plains, a township in Allegan co., 
 Michigan. Population, 587. 
 
 Gunpowder, a small river of Maryland, 
 rises near the northern border, flows south- 
 eastward through Baltimore county, and 
 falls into the Chesapeake, between that 
 county and Harford. The Little Gunpowder 
 forms the boundary between those two 
 counties, until it joins the main stream a few 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Gunpowder Creek, of Caldwell co.. North 
 Carolina, flews into Catawba river. 
 
 Guntersville, formerly Gunter's Land- 
 ing, a post-village of Marshall co., Alabama, 
 on the Tennessee river, about 35 miles S. E. 
 from Huntsville. It is the northern terminus 
 of the Alabama and Tennessee railroad, now 
 in course of construction. 
 
 Gurleyville, a post-village of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Gurnet Point, at the northern side of the 
 entrance to Plymouth harbor, Massachusetts. 
 Near its extremity are two fixed lights, 11^ 
 feet apart, and 86 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 42° 0' 6'' N. Ion., 70° 30' 48" W. 
 
 GusTAVus, a small post-village of Greene 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 GusTAvus, a post-township near the N. E. 
 extremity of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop., 1226. 
 
 GusTiNB, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 Guthrie, a new county in the S. W. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. 
 It is drained by Middle river, an affluent of 
 the Des Moines. This county is not included 
 in the census of 1850, and the population is 
 very small. Named in honor of Captain 
 J. B. Guthrie, who fell on his way from Vera 
 Cruz to Mexico. 
 
 Guthrie's Creek, of Indiana, rises in Jack- 
 son county, and flows into the E. fork of 
 White river, a few miles S. E. from Bedford. 
 
 Guthriesville, a post-office of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Guthrieville, a post-village of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Horseshoe 
 turnpike, 63 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 It has, perhaps, 80 houses. 
 
 GuTTENBURG, a thriving post-viilage of 
 Clayton county, Iowa, on the Mississippi 
 river, 40 miles above Dubuque. It has a 
 good landing for steamboats. Large mines 
 of lead are worked in the vicinity. 
 
 GuYAN, a township in the S. part of Gallia 
 county, Ohio. Population, 560. 
 
 GuYANDOTTE river, in the W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in the S. E. part of Logan county, 
 and flowing in a general N. N. W. course, falls 
 into the Ohio in Cabell county, about 10 miles 
 above the mouth of Sandy river. 
 
 GuYANDOTTE, a thriving post-village of Ca- 
 bell county, Virginia, on the Ohio river, at 
 the mouth of the Guyandotte, 228 miles be- 
 low Wheeling, and 360 miles W. by N. from 
 Richmond. It is an important point of 
 steamboat debarkation, and the terminus of 
 a turnpike extending to the watering places, 
 and to Richmond, with which it communi- 
 cates by a daily line of stages. A railroad 
 is projected between this place and Coving- 
 ton, to connect with the Central railroad. 
 Guyandotte contains 1 or 2 churches, and, 
 perhaps, 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Guy's Mills, a post-office of Crawford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 GuYSviLLB, a post-village of Athens coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on the Hocking river, 82 miles S. E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 GuYTON, a post-office of Effingham co.,,Ga. 
 455 
 
GWI 
 
 HAD 
 
 GwTNEDD, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Montgomery couutj'* Pennsylvania. 
 
 Gwinnett, a county in the N. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 550 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head waters of the Ap- 
 palachee, Yellow, and Ulcofauhachee (or Al- 
 covy) rivers, and bounded on the N. W. by 
 the Chattahoochee. The surface is hilly, the 
 soil is generally fertile, especially on the 
 margins of the rivers. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 2531 bales of 
 cotton; 4-36,227 bushels of corn; 102,056 of 
 oats ; and 78,307 of potatoes. There were 
 2 woollen factories, 3 flour mills, 8 saw mills, 
 and 3 tanneries. It contained 33 churches, 
 800 pupils attending public schools, and 85 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Granite 
 of fine quality is abundant ; gold is found on 
 the Chattahoochee, and iron and antimony 
 occur. Some of the streams furnish motive- 
 power for mills. Formed in 1818, and named 
 in honor of Button Gwinnett, one of the signers 
 of the Declaration of Independence. Capital, 
 Lawrenceville. Population, 11,257, of whom 
 8963 were free, and 2294, slaves. 
 
 Gypsum, a post-oSice of Ontario co., N. T. 
 
 Gypsum Creek, of Michigan, enters Grand 
 river 2 or 3 miles below Grand Rapids. 
 
 H 
 
 Habersha^i, a county in the N. E. part 
 of Georgia, has an area of about 700 square 
 miles. The Tugaloo river forms part of 
 the N. E. boundary, and separates it from 
 South Carolina. The Chattahoochee rises in 
 the county, which is also drained by the 
 Soquee, Tallulah, and Broad rivers. The 
 surface is broken by low mountains connected 
 with the Blue Piidge, among which Mount 
 Yonah and Currahee are the most consider- 
 able. The latter rises in the form of a 
 cone, to the height of 900 feet. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, and live stock 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 268,695 bushels of corn ; 48,683 of oats ; 
 and 57,491 of sweet potatoes. It contained 39 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 20 pupils 
 attending public schools. The gold mines of 
 this county are considered among the richest 
 in the state. In 1850, 3 mines were in ope- 
 ration. More than 1,200,000 dollars worth 
 of gold has been procured from Nacoochee 
 Talley. Iron is abundant ; rubies, cornelians, 
 and a few diamonds have been found. 
 (^White's Siathtics of Georgia.) The cele- 
 brated Falls of Tallulah are in this county. 
 Organized in 1818, and named in honor of 
 Colonel Joseph Habersham, speaker of the 
 general assembly of Georgia in 1785. Capi- 
 tal, Clarksville. Population, 8895, of whom 
 7677 were free, and 1218, slaves. 
 
 Hablochitto, a small post-village of Han- 
 cock county, Mississippi. 
 
 Hackensack river, rising in Rockland co., 
 456 
 
 New York, flows southward through Bergen 
 and Hudson counties, of New Jersey, and 
 enters Newark bay 4 miles E. S. E. from New- 
 ark. Sloops ascend to Hackensack village, 
 about 15 miles. 
 
 Hackensack, a post-township of Bergen 
 county. New Jersey, on the Hudson river, 
 about 10 miles N. from New York. Pop., 3486. 
 
 Hackensack, a pleasant post-village of 
 New Barbadoes township, capital of Bergen 
 county. New Jersey, on the \¥. bank of Hack- 
 ensack river, 13 miles N. by AV. from New 
 York. It extends more than a mile along 
 two pi'incipal streets. It contains 4 or 5 
 churches, one of which (the Reformed 
 Dutch) is a handsome stone building, 2 aca- 
 demies, a boarding school, and more than 
 200 dwellings. Small vessels ply constantly 
 between this place and New York. 
 
 Hackettstown, a thriving post-borough of 
 Independence township, Warren county. New 
 Jersey, on the Musconetcong creek, near the 
 Morris canal, about 50 miles N. from Tren- 
 ton. The Morris and Essex railroad connects 
 it with Newark. It contains a Presbyterian 
 and a Methodist church, a classical academy, 
 8 stores, and 2 flouring mills. It is sur- 
 rounded by a fertile country, of limestone 
 formation. Incorporated in 1852. Popula- 
 tion, in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Hackney's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Chatham county. North Carolina. 
 
 Hackney's Grove, a post-office of Warren 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Haddam, a post-village and semi-capital 
 of Middlesex county, Connecticut, on the 
 right bank of the Connecticut river, 20 miles 
 from its mouth, and 25 miles N. E. from New 
 Haven. The inhabitants are engaged in ship- 
 building, the shad fisheries, and in the quar- 
 rying of stone, which is found in great quan- 
 tities in the vicinity, and exported to the 
 amount of about §100,000 annually. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2284. 
 
 Haddington, a village of Philadelphia co., 
 Pa., 5 miles W. by N. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Haddon, a township in Sullivan county, 
 Indiana. Population, 3108. 
 
 Haddonfield, a flourishing post-village of 
 Newton township, Camden county, New Jer- 
 sey, on Cooper's creek, 6 miles S. E. from 
 Camden, and on the Camden and Absecom rail- 
 road. It contains 4 churches, and about 150 
 dwellings. Settled in 1713, and named from 
 John Haddon, one of the earliest residents. 
 
 Hadens, a post-office of Madison co., Ala. 
 
 Hadensville, a post-office of Goochland 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Hadensville, a post-office of Todd co., Ky. 
 
 Hadley, a post-township of Hampshire co., 
 Massachusetts, on the E. side of Connecticut 
 river, about 90 miles AV. of Boston. This 
 township is noted for its manufactures, par- 
 ticularly of brooms. The village has 2 or 3 
 churches and an academy. Population of 
 the township, 1986. 
 
HAD 
 
 HAL 
 
 Hadley, a post-townsbip in the N. part 
 of Saratoga county, New York, on the Hud- 
 son, contains 1 bank. Pop. 1008. 
 
 Hadlet, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Lapeer county, Michigan. Population, 847. 
 
 Hadlet, a post- village of AVill co., Illinois, 
 174 miles N. E. from Springfield, and 28 
 S. ^\. from Chicago. 
 
 Hadley's Mills, a post-oiSce of Chatham 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Hadlymb, a manufacturing post-village of 
 New London county, Connecticut, on the left 
 bank of the Connecticut river, 30 miles S. S. 
 E. from Hartford. 
 
 Hadnots, a post-ofiBce of Carteret co., N.C. 
 
 Haeelem. See Harlem. 
 
 Hagen's Geote, a post-of&ce of Shelby co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Hagbrman's Mills, a small post-village of 
 Montgomery county. New York, 36 miles 
 W. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Hagerstown, a small village of Salem co., 
 New Jersey, 4 miles S. from Salem. 
 
 Hagerstown, a thriving town, capital of 
 Washington county, Maryland, near the W. 
 bank of Antietam creek, 9 miles from the Po- 
 tomac river, 26 miles N. W. from Frederick, 
 and 86 miles W. by N. from Baltimore. It 
 is the southern terminus of the Franklin 
 railroad, and is a place of considerable trade. 
 The town is well built, and contains, besides 
 the county buildings, a number of churches, 
 academies, 1 bank, and several newspaper 
 offices. Population in 1850, 3884. The sur- 
 rounding country is very productive and 
 thickly settled. 
 
 Hagerstown, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Ohio, about 12 miles S. W. from Carrollton, 
 has a church, an academy, and several stores. 
 
 Hagerstown, a post-office of Preble co., 
 Ohio, 103 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Hagerstown, a thriving post-village of 
 Wayne county, Indiana, on a branch of 
 Whitewater river, 60 miles E. by N. from 
 Indianapolis, and at the head of navigation 
 on the Whitewater canal. It is a place of 
 active business. The Kichmond and New- 
 castle railroad passes through it. Popula- 
 tion, in 1850, 606 ; in 1853, about 900. 
 
 Hagersville, a post-office of Bucks co., Pa. 
 
 Hagley, a post-office of Cass co., Illinois. 
 
 Hague, a post-township of Warren co., N.Y., 
 about 90 miles N. from Albany. Pop. 717. 
 
 Hague, a post-village in Westmoreland co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Hague, a post-village of Logan co., Ken- 
 tucky, about 13 miles S. E. from Russellville. 
 
 Hailbt's Mill, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Haines, a township in the E. part of Centre 
 CO., Pa., 20 miles E. from Bellefonte. 
 
 Haines Creek, of Burlington co.. New 
 Jersey, enters the S. branch of Rancocus 
 creek 1 or 2 miles above Lumberton. 
 
 Hainesburo, a small village of Warren 
 CO.. N. J., about 12 miles N. from Belvidere. 
 
 Hainesville, a post-office of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Hainesville, a post-office of Berkley co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Hainesville, a thriving post-village of 
 Lake co., Illinois, 15 miles from Waukegan, 
 with which it is connected by a plank-road. 
 Population in 1853, about 350. 
 
 Hainesville, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Halawaka, a post-office of Chambers co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Halbert, a township in Martin co., In- 
 diana. Population, 405. 
 
 Halcottsville, a post -village of Delaware 
 CO., N. Y., about 70 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Halcyon, a post-office of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Halcyo]^ Dale, a post-office of Scriven co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Hale, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Hardin co., Ohio. Population, 428. 
 
 Hale, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Mich. 
 
 Hale, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 Hale's Creek, of Ohio, flows into the 
 Ohio river, near Portsmouth. 
 
 Hale's Eddy, a post-village of Broome co.. 
 New York, on the Coquago river, and on the 
 Erie railroad, 182 miles from New York. 
 
 Hale's Ford, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Hale's Mills, a post-office of Fentress co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Hale's Point, a post-office of Andrew co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Haleysburg, a post-office of Lunenburg 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Halfbeebd Creek, of Lee co., Iowa, flows 
 into the Des Moines river, about 7 miles from 
 its mouth. 
 
 Halfday, a small post-village of Lake 
 CO., Illinois, 28 miles N. from Chicago. It 
 has (1853) about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Halfmoon, a post-township of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson river, 12 miles 
 N. from Albany. Population, 2788. 
 
 Halfmoon, a post-township of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania, 18 miles S. W. from Bellefonte. 
 Population, 714. 
 
 Halfway, a post-office of Polk co., Mo. 
 
 HalfwayHouse, apost-officeofYorkco.Va. 
 
 Halfway Prairie, a post-office of Mon- 
 roe CO., Iowa. 
 
 Halifax, a county in the S. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on North Carolina, has an 
 area of 960 square miles. The Staunton or 
 Roanoke river forms its entire boundary 
 on the N. andE. It is intersected by the Dan 
 river, which unites with the former on the 
 border of the county, and also drained by the 
 Banister and Hycootee rivers. The surface is 
 moderately hilly, and the soil good. Halifax 
 is among the most populous and wealthy 
 counties of the state. Tobacco, Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 By the census of 1850 it produced more to- 
 
 457 
 
HAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 bacco and oats than any other county in 
 Virginia : the quantity of the former was not 
 exceeded by any county in the Union, ex- 
 cepting Prince George of Maryland. There 
 Tvere raised in that year 6,485,762 pounds of 
 tobacco; 649,896 bushels of corn; 146,769 
 of wheat, and 365,182 of oats. There were 
 5 flour mills, 4 grist mills, 2 manufactories 
 of farming implements, and 2 tanneries. It 
 contained 51 churches ; 252 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 86 pupils attending an 
 academy. A rich mine of plumbago has re- 
 cently been discovered. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Richmond and Danville rail- 
 road. Organized in 1752. Capital, Banister. 
 Population, 25,962; of whom 11,510 were 
 free, and 14,452, slaves. 
 
 Halifax, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 North Carolina, area estimated at 680 square 
 miles. The Eoanoke river forms its entire 
 boundary on the N. E., and Fishing creek 
 flows along the S. W. border. The surface is 
 diversified ; the soil in some parts is fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, tobacco, and turpentine 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1740 bales of cotton; 879,040 bushels 
 of corn, and 34,885 pounds' of tobacco. 
 There were 3 stave manufactories, and 1 tar 
 and turpentine distillery. It contained 2 
 newspaper offices. Eoanoke river is navigable 
 by small steamboats on the border of the 
 county. The Weldon and Wilmington railroad 
 passes through it. Granite underlies a por- 
 tion of the soil. Formed in 1758, and named 
 in honor of the Earl of Halifax, then first 
 lord of the board of trade. Capital, Halifax. 
 Population, 16,592; of whom 7638 were free, 
 and 8954, slaves. 
 
 Halifax, a post-iownship of Windham co., 
 Vermont, 120 miles S. by W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1133. 
 
 Halifax, a post-township of Plymouth co., 
 Massachusetts, 30 miles S. S. E. from Boston. 
 Population, 784. 
 
 Halifax, a post-township of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river. 
 Population, 1731. 
 
 Halifax, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the E. bank of Susquehanna river, 
 18 miles N. from Harrisburg. It contains 
 about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Halifax, a post-town, capital of Hali- 
 fax county. North Carolina, is beautifully 
 situated on the right bank of the Roanoke 
 river, 7 miles below the falls, and on the rail- 
 road between Weldon and Wilmington, 87 
 miles N. E. from Raleigh. It has con- 
 siderable trade, for which the river affords 
 facilities. Steamboats ascend to this town, 
 and a canal has been cut arou.nd the falls, by 
 which boats can ascend more than 100 miles 
 farther. Halifax has the honor of being the 
 birthplace of the constitution of North 
 Carolina. It contains several churches, and 
 1 or 2 newspaper ofBces. 
 
 Halifax, a post-office of Panola cc, Miss. 
 458 
 
 Halifax, a post- village in Wilson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Halifax Court House, Virginia. See 
 Banistek. 
 
 Hall, a county in the N. E. part of Geor- 
 gia, has an area of 540 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Chattahoochee river, partly 
 bounded on the W. by the Chestatee river, 
 and drained by the head streams of the 
 Oconee river. The surface is hilly ; the 
 land in the vicinity of the streams is fertile ; 
 the greater part of the soil is sandy. Indian 
 corn, wheat, and cotton are the staples. In 
 1850 it produced 295,759 bushels of corn ; 
 67,914 of oats ; 48,206 of sweet potatoes, 
 and 505 bales of cotton. It contained 14 
 churches, 209 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 67 attending an academy. Hall county 
 is remarkably rich in minerals. More than a 
 million dollars' worth of gold has been ob- 
 tained from the mines of this county. Seve- 
 ral diamonds have been found here, one of 
 which was sold for $200. ( White's Siaiistics.) 
 Silver, lead, rubies, emeralds, and amethysts 
 are also found. Organized in 1818, capital, 
 Gainesville. Population, 8718 ; of whom 
 7377 were free, and 1386, slaves. 
 
 Hall, a post-office of York co.. Pa. 
 
 Hall, a post-office of Appling co., Ga. 
 
 Hall,, a post-office of Hopkins co., Ky. 
 
 Hall, a township in Dubois co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1032. 
 
 Hall, a post-office of Franklin co., 111. 
 
 Hall, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Mo. 
 
 Hallett's Cote, or Astoria, a village of 
 Queen's co., New York, on the East river, 6 
 miles N. N. E. from New York. It has seve- 
 ral churches. 
 
 Hallettsville, a post-village, capital of 
 La Vacca county, Texas, on the left bank of 
 La Vacca river, 95 miles S. E. from Austin 
 City. It is situated in a fertile cotton-planting 
 district, which is well supplied with water. 
 In 1852 the seat of justice was removed by 
 popular vote from Petersburg to this town. 
 
 Halloca, a district and post-office in Mus- 
 cogee CO., Georgia. Population, 1430. 
 
 Hallowell, a post-village of Kennebec 
 county, Maine, on the right bank of the 
 Kennebec river, and on the Kennebec and 
 Portland railroad, 58 miles N. by E. from 
 Portland. It stands on an acclivity, com- 
 manding a fine prospect, and has several fine 
 streets, 2 banks, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 Vessels drawing 9 feet of water come to its 
 wharves. It has considerable shipping, which 
 is chiefly engaged in the coast trade. A fine 
 quality of granite, obtained in the vicinity, 
 is exported in large quantities. Population 
 of the township, 4769. 
 
 Hallowell Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 Hallsa's Creek, a post-office of Nodaway 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Hall's Bluff, a post-office of Houston co. 
 Texas. 
 
HAL 
 
 HAM 
 
 Hallsborough, a village of Chesterfield 
 CO., Virginia, 17 miles S. W. from Richmoiid. 
 
 Hallsborough, a post-office of Powhattau 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Hall's Corners, a post-office of Ontario 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Hall's Corners, a post-office of Allen co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Hall's Cross Eoads, a post-office of Hart- 
 ford CO., Mai'yland. 
 
 Hall's Cross Roads, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Hall's Hill, a post-office of Rutherford 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Hall's Landing, a small village of Putnam 
 CO., Hlinois, on the Hlinois river, below Hen- 
 nepin. Grain and other articles are shipped 
 at this place to the amount of about $150,000 
 in a year. 
 
 Hall's Mills, a village of Albany co.. New 
 York, 31 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Hall's Mills, a small village of Jackson 
 CO., Hlinois. 
 
 Hall's Port, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Hall's Store, a post-office of Sussex co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 Hall's Stream forms a part of the bound- 
 ary between New Hampshire and Canada, 
 and falls into the Connecticut river. 
 
 Hall'sVallet, apost-office of Morgan co.O. 
 
 Hallsville, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Hallsville, a post- village of Duplin co.. 
 North Carolina, on Goshen creek, 97 miles 
 S. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Hallsville, a post-village in Chester dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Hallsville, a post-office of Pike co., Ala. 
 
 Hallsville, a small post-village of Ross 
 Co., Ohio, 12 miles N. E. from Chilicothe. 
 
 Hallsville, a post-office of Boone co.. Mo. 
 
 Halltown, a post- village in Jeiferson co.Va. 
 
 Halsellvillb, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Halsey, a district in De Kalb co., Georgia. 
 Population, 588. 
 
 Halsey Valley, a post-office of Tioga co., 
 New York. 
 
 Hambaugh's, a post-office of Warren CO., Va. 
 
 Hamblin, a township in Brown co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1364. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-village of New London 
 CO., Ct., 14 miles W. by N. from New London. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-township of Ei'ie co.. 
 New York, on Lake Erie, 8 miles S. from 
 Buffalo. Population, 5219. 
 
 Hamburg, a manufacturing post-village in 
 Vernon township, Sussex co., New Jersey, 
 near the Walkill river, about 13 miles N. E. 
 from Newton. It has 1 church, 1 academy, 
 b stores, 1 tavern, 2 iron furnaces, and 2 
 grist mills. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-borough of Windsor town- 
 ship, Berks county, Pennsylvania, on the left 
 bank of Schuylkill river, near the foot of the 
 
 Blue mountain, 15 miles above Reading, and 
 on the Reading railroad and the Schuylkill 
 canal. Population, 1035. 
 
 Hamburg, a post- village of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Shenango creek, 10 miles 
 N. W. from Mercer. 
 
 Hamburg, a small village of Union co., Pa. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-office of Shenandoah co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Hamburg, a thriving post-village of Edge- 
 field district, South Carolina, on the left bank 
 of the Savannah river, opposite the city of 
 Augusta, at the W. terminus of the South 
 Carolina railroad, 136 W. by N. from Charles- 
 ton. A bridge connects this place with 
 Augusta. The bank of the river rises some- 
 what abruptly, and the town is built partly 
 on the top and partly at the foot of the de- 
 clivity. Hamburg contains a bank and a 
 newspaper office. 
 
 Hamburg, post-village in Macon co., Geor- 
 gia, 80 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-office of Madison co., Fla. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-village of Perry co., Ala- 
 bama, about 70 miles W. by N. from Montgo- 
 mery, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Mississippi, 95 miles from Jackson. 
 
 Hamburg, apost-officeof VanZandtco. Tex. 
 
 Hamburg, a post- village in Hardin CO., Tenn. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-office of Preble co., Ohio. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Livingston co., Michigan. Pop., 895. 
 
 Hamburg, a village of Clarke co., Indiana, 
 about 8 miles N. by E. from New Albany. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-village of Calhoun coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 88 miles 
 S. W. from Springfield. It has a steamboat 
 landing and numerous stores. Population, 
 estimated at 600. 
 
 Hamburg, a post-office of St. Charles co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Hamburg on the Lake, a post-village of 
 Erie co.. New York, on Lake Erie, about 10 
 miles S. from BuS'alo. 
 
 Hamden, a post-township in New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, 6 miles N. from New Haven, 
 intersected by the New Haven and Northamp- 
 ton Canal railroad. Population, 2164. 
 
 Hamden, a post-township in the central 
 part of Delaware co.. New York, 4 or 5 miles 
 S. by W. from Delhi. Population, 1919. 
 
 Hamer, a township in Highland co., Ohio.* 
 Population, 942. | 
 
 Hamer, a post-office of Washington co.,Wis. 
 
 Hamer's Corners, a small village of San- 
 dusky CO., 0., 8 miles E. by S. from Fremont. 
 
 Hamersville, a post-village of Brown co., 
 Ohio, 33 miles in a direct line E. S. E. from 
 Cincinnati. Population, 130. 
 
 Hamerville, a small village of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hamilton, a county in the N. E. part of 
 
 New York, has an area of about 1711 square 
 
 miles. It is drained by the head waters of 
 
 Racket, Hudson, Sacondaga, and Black rivers. 
 
 459 
 
HAM 
 
 HAM 
 
 A lai'ge portion of this county is still unset- 
 tled and covered with wood. The surface is 
 elevated and in some parts mountainous. The 
 soil is geuerally'-poor. Potatoes, grass, and 
 wool are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 23, RIO bushels of potatoes; 4004 tons 
 of hay, 6<i,9o0 pounds of butter, and 5486 
 of wool. There were 13 saw mills and 1 grist 
 mill. It contained 3 churches, and 493 pupils 
 attendingpublic schools. This county abounds 
 in iron ore of excellent quality. Organized in 
 1838, having been formed from a part of Mont- 
 gomery county, and named in honor of Alex- 
 ander Hamilton, the first secretary of the 
 treasury. Capital, Lake Pleasant. Pop., 2188. 
 
 Hamilton, a county in the N. part of Flo- 
 rida, bordering on Georgia, has an area of 
 703 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Alapaha river, bounded on the E. and S. 
 by the Suwanee, and on the W. by the With- 
 lacoochee river. The sui-face is nearly 
 level ; the soil produces Indian corn, cotton, 
 and sugar. In 1850 this county produced 
 56,705 bushels of corn; 560 bales of cotton, 
 and 22,073 bushels of sweet potatoes. It 
 contained 12 churches. Capital, Jasper. Po- 
 pulation, 2511, of whom 1826 were free, and 
 685, slaves. 
 
 Hamilton, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Georgia : area esti- 
 mated at 380 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Tennessee river, (navigable by steam- 
 boats.) The surface is diversified by high 
 ridges connected with the Cumberland moun- 
 tains. The soil is mostly fertile, producing 
 grain and grass. In 1850 there were raised 
 520,542 bushels of Indian corn; 69,451 of 
 oats; 64,650 pounds of butter, and 10,251 
 of wool. It contained 6 churches, 2 news- 
 paper of&ces; 1355 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 35 attending academies or 
 other schools. Stone coal and iron are 
 abundant. The Nashville and Chattanooga 
 railroad terminates in this county, and con- 
 nects with the Western and Atlantic railroad 
 of Georgia. Capital, Harrison. Population, 
 10,075, of whom 9403 were free, and 672, 
 slaves. 
 
 Hamilton, a county. forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Ohio, bordering on Indiana, and 
 on the Ohio river, which separates it from 
 Kentucky ; contains 390 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Great and Little Miami 
 rivers, and also drained by Whitewater river 
 and by Mill creek. The surface is generally 
 rolling. The soil is excellent, and highly 
 cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, haj', 
 potatoes, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850, this county produced 1,593,618 bushels 
 of corn ; 112,632 of wheat ; 242,558 of oats ; 
 19,992 tons of hay; 405,988 bushels of po- 
 tatoes, and 742,834 pounds of butter. The 
 quantity of potatoes was the greatest pro- 
 duced by any county in the state. It con- 
 tained 156 churches, 56 newspaper offices, 
 15.949 pupils attending public schools, and 
 460 
 
 4281 attending academies and other schools. 
 The grape vine is extensively cultivated in 
 the vicinity of the Ohio river, and a large 
 portion of the county is occupied by gardens 
 and orchards for the supply of the Cincinnati 
 markets. It is intersected by the Miami 
 canal, and by numerous railroads, for a par- 
 ticular account of which, see Cincinnati. 
 Hamilton is the most populous county in the 
 state. Capital, Cincinnati. Pop., 156,843. 
 
 Hamilton, a county in the central part of 
 Indiana, contains 400 square miles. It is 
 drained by the White river, and by Cicero, 
 Buck, and Eagle creeks. The surface is 
 partly level and partly undulating, and the 
 soil is uniformly fertile. The prairies of this 
 county are not very extensive. Wheat, corn, 
 oats, and grass are the chief staples, besides 
 which, pork, cattle, and horses are exported. 
 In 1850 this county produced 663,903 bushels 
 of corn; 64,872 of wheat; 59,209 of oats, 
 and 5131 tons of hay. It contained 4 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, and 456 pupils attending 
 public schools. The county is liberally sup- 
 plied with water-power. The railroad from 
 Indianapolis to Peru passes through it. Or- 
 ganized in 1823. Capital, Noblesville. Popu- 
 lation, 12,684. 
 
 Hamilton, a county in the S. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 395 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Skillett fork of Little Wabash 
 river, and the N. fork of , Saline creek. The 
 county consists partly of prairie and partly 
 of timbered land. The soil is moderately fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, oats, grass, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 it produced 242,955 
 bushels of corn; 28,764 of oats, and 48,055 
 pounds of butter. It contained 13 churches, 
 and 1468 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, McLeansborough. Population, 6362. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-township of Essex coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, bordering on the Ipswich 
 river, and intersected by the Eastern railroad, 
 22 miles N. by E. from Boston. Incorporated 
 in 1793. Population, 889. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-township of Madison co., 
 N. Y., 96 miles W. of Albany. Pop., 3599. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Chenango river and canal, 
 about 28 miles S. W. of Utica. It contains 
 several churches, an academy, a bank, and a 
 theological seminary tinder the direction of 
 the Baptists, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Hamilton, a township of Atlantic co.. New 
 Jersey, intersected by the Great Egg Harbor 
 river, and containing May's Landing, the 
 county seat. Population, 2015. 
 
 Hamilton, a village in the above township, 
 on Great Egg Harbor river, one-quarter of a 
 mile above May's Landing. 
 
 Hamilton, a township in the S. part of 
 Mercer co., New Jersey, on the Camden and 
 Amboy railroad. Population, 2807. 
 
 Hamilton, a township in the E. part of 
 Adams co., Pennsylvania, 12 miles E. N. E. 
 from Gettysburg. Population, 1166. 
 
HAM 
 
 HAM 
 
 Hamilton, a township in the centre of 
 Franklin co., Pennsylvania, lies immediately 
 YL from Chambersbnrg. Population, 1954. 
 
 Hamilton, a township in the W. part of 
 McKean co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 103. 
 
 Hamilton, apost-oiEce of Jefferson co., Pa. 
 
 Hamilton, a township in the S. part of 
 Monroe co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1984. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-village of Loudon co., 
 Virginia, about 157 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Hamilton, a thriving post-village of Mar- 
 tin county, North Carolina, on the right bank 
 of the Roanoke river, about 100 miles E. from 
 Raleigh, and at the head of navigation for 
 large vessels. It has an active trade in 
 cypress lumber. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-village, capital of Harris 
 county, Georgia, 22 miles N. from Columbus. 
 It is situated in a hilly region. It contains 
 a court house, 2 academies, 2 churches, and 
 about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Mississippi, is situated about one mile E. 
 from the Tombigbee river, and 12 miles S. 
 from Aberdeen. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-office of Union par., La. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-village of Shelby co., 
 Texas, on the Sabine river, about 20 miles 
 S. E. from Shelbyville. Cotton is shipped 
 here in steamboats. 
 
 Hamilton, a thriving post-village of Boone 
 CO., Ky., on the Ohio river, 48 miles below 
 Cincinnati, contains about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Hamilton, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Butler county, Ohio, on the Miami canal, 
 and on the left bank of the Miami river, 20 
 miles N. from Cincinnati, and 90 miles W. 
 S. W. from Columbus. It is connected by 
 railroad with Cincinnati and Dayton, and is 
 the terminus of another line extending to 
 Richmond, in Indiana. It is surrounded by a 
 rich and populous district, and has many 
 elements of prosperity, especially as a manu- 
 facturing town. A few years since a hy- 
 draulic canal was completed, which, with a fall 
 of 28 feet, furnishes a water-power equal to 
 166 pair of stones. There are now in opera- 
 tion 2 cotton factories, 2 paper mills, 4 flour- 
 ing mills, 2 woollen factories, 2 iron foun- 
 dries, 1 planingmill, and other establishments. 
 The Miami river separates this town from, 
 the village of Rossville. Hamilton contains 
 several churches and two newspaper offices, 
 Pop. in 1853, about 5000. 
 
 IIamilton, a township in the S. part of 
 Franklin co., Ohio, on the W. side of Scioto 
 river. Population, 1485. 
 
 Hamilton, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop., 665. 
 
 Hamilton, a township in the S. part of 
 Warren co., Ohio. Population, 2068. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Van Buren co., Michigan. Pop., 370. 
 
 Hamilton, a small village of Clinton co., 
 Indiana, on the plank-road from Lafayette to 
 Frankfort, 54 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Habiilton, a township in Delaware co., 
 Indiana. Population, 462. 
 
 Hamilton, a township in Jackson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1151. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-village of Steuben co., 
 Indiana, on Fish creek, about 36 miles N. by 
 E. from Fort Wayne. 
 
 Hamilton, a township in Sullivan co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1610. 
 
 Hamilton, a township in Lee co., Illinois. 
 Population, 316. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-village in Mahaska co., 
 Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 75 miles S. 
 W. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Hamilton, a small village of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Hamilton, a post-town, capital of Butte 
 county, in the N. part of California, is 
 situated on Feather river, about 60 miles 
 above its junction with the Sacramento, and 
 on the road from Sacramento City to Shasta, 
 140 miles N. N. E. from San Francisco. 
 
 Hamilton Ban, a township of Adams co., 
 Pa., 10 miles from Gettysburg. Pop., 1530. 
 
 Hamilton Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 McMinn co., Tennessee. 
 
 Hamilton Landing, a post-office of Jack- 
 son CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Hamilton Squaee, a post-office of Mercer 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Hamilton Village, of Philadelphia co.. 
 Pa., 1 mile W. from the Market-street 
 bridge, is a suburb of West Philadelphia. 
 
 Hamiltonville. See Newtown Habiilton. 
 
 Habilet, a small village in Woonsocket 
 township. Providence co., Rhode Island, 
 about 10 miles N. of Providence. 
 
 Habilet, a post-office of Chautauque co., 
 New York. 
 
 Habilin, a township of McKean co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 118. 
 
 Hamlin, a post-office of Cabell co., Va. 
 
 Habilinton, a post-office of Wayne co.. Pa. 
 
 Habibiock, a post-office of Jackson co., Va. 
 
 Hambiock Grove, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Georgia, 28 miles W. from Macon. 
 
 Habibionasset River, in the S. part of 
 Connecticut, after forming the boundary be • 
 tween New Haven and Middlesex counties, 
 falls into Long Island sound. 
 
 Hambiond, a post-township forming the W. 
 extremity of St. Lawrence county, New York. 
 on the St. Lawrence river. Population, 1819. 
 
 Hambiond, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 30 miles W. S. W. from Canton, 
 contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Habibiond, a township in Spencer county, 
 Indiana. Population, 912. 
 
 Hammondsbueg, a post-office of Warren 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Hambiondsport, a post-village of IJrbana 
 township, Steuben county. New York, at the 
 S. extremity of Crooked lake, 6 miles N. E. 
 from Bath. It contains several churches, 
 and numerous stores and warehouses. Po- 
 pulation, estimated at 800. 
 
 461 
 
HAM 
 
 HAM 
 
 Hammond's Store, a post-office of Anson 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Hammondsville, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Hammondville, a post-office of Hart coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Hammonton, a small village of Atlantic co.. 
 New Jersey, about 30 miles S. S. E. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Hamorton, a post- village of Chester co.,Pa. 
 
 Hampden, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Massachusetts, has an area of about 
 670 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Connecticut river, and is drained chiefly by 
 Westfield and Chickopee rivers and their 
 tributaries, ■which furnish abundant water- 
 power. The surface is uneven, and in some 
 parts mountainous. The soil is generally 
 fertile, especially along the banks of its 
 streams. Indian corn, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 252,213 bushels of corn; 805,637 of 
 potatoes; 48,749 tons of hay; 712,186 pounds 
 of butter, and 514,570 of cheese. There were 
 14 cotton and 12 woollen factories, 5 iron 
 foundries, 9 machine shops, 2 flour, 9 grist, 
 5 paper, 3 powder, and 46 saw and planing 
 mills, 35 car factories, 1 United States ar- 
 mory, 19 tanneries, and 57 boot and shoe 
 factories. It contained 81 churches, 9 
 newspapers, 8591 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 560 attending academies and 
 other schools. The Connecticut river is na- 
 vigable for small steamboats to Springfield. 
 The Canal railroad from Northampton to 
 Granby, and the railroads connecting Boston 
 with Albany, and Hartford with Bellows 
 Falls, traverse this county, which is also 
 partly intersected by the railroad connecting 
 New London and Palmer. Organized in 1812, 
 having previously formed part of Hampshire 
 county, and named in honor of John Hamp- 
 den, the celebrated English patriot. Capital, 
 Springfield. Population, 51,283. 
 
 Hampden, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, 5 miles S. of Bangor, on the 
 W. side of Penobscot river. This is a very 
 flourishing manufacturing township. Popu- 
 lation, 3195. 
 
 Hampden, a township of Cumberland co., 
 Pa., 6 miles W. from Harrisburg. Pop., 1273. 
 
 Hampden, a post-office of Marenga coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Hampden, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Geauga county, Ohio. Population, 919. 
 
 Hampden, a flourishing post-village of 
 Clinton township, Vinton co., Ohio, about 66 
 miles S. S. E. from Columbus. It has several 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Hampden, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Columbia co., Wisconsin. Pop., 489. 
 
 Hampden Sidney College, a post-office of 
 Prince Edward county, Virginia. 
 
 Hampshire, a county in the W. central part 
 of Massachusetts, has an area of 524 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Connecticut 
 462 
 
 river, and is drained by the head branches 
 of the Chickopee and Westfield rivers and 
 other smaller streams, which afford valuable 
 water-power. The industry of the inha- 
 bitants is chiefly directed to agriculture and 
 manufactures. The surface is uneven, and 
 in the W. part mountainous. The soil is ge- 
 nerally good, and on the Connecticut river 
 very fertile. Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 272,370 bushels of corn; 292,734 
 of potatoes ; 59,064 tons of hay ; and 908,201 
 pounds of butter. There were 9 cotton and 
 17 woollen factories, 7 button manufactories, 
 10 grist, 9 paper, 41 saw and planing mills, 
 4 iron foundries, 52 manufactories of brooms, 
 10 of coaches, and 12 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 66 churches, 5 newspaper offices ; 
 7607 pupils attending public schools, and 
 681 attending academies and other schools. 
 The Connecticut river is navigable for small 
 boats through this county. The railroad con- 
 necting Hartford and Bellows Falls traverses 
 the county, which is also partly intersected 
 by the New Haven and Northampton rail- 
 road. Organized in 1662, when it included 
 the whole of what is at present Franklin and 
 Hampden counties, and named from Hamp- 
 shire, a county in England. Capital, North- 
 ampton. Population, 35,732. 
 
 Hampshire, a county in the N. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on Maryland, contains 
 850 square miles. It is drained by the Ca- 
 capon river and by the N. and S. branches 
 of the Potomac. The surface is occupied by 
 the valleys and ridges of the Alleghany chain. 
 The soil of the lowlands is mostly fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and 
 wool are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 292,252 bushels of corn; 177,343 of wheat; 
 84,118 of oats ; 8996 tons of hay, and 248,467' 
 pounds of butter. There were 19 flour mills, 
 1 iron furnace, 4 woollen factories, and 11 
 tanneries. It contained 33 churches, 1500 
 pupils attending public schools, and 145 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The 
 county contains extensive beds of coal and 
 iron ore, which are easily accessible by the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad. The streams af- 
 ford excellent water-power. Capital, Romney. 
 Population, 14,036, of whom 12,603 were 
 free, and 1433, slaves. 
 
 Hampshire, a post-office of Lewis county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Hampshire, a post-township in Kane co., 
 Illinois. Population, 759. 
 
 Hampshire, a post-village of Kane county, 
 Illinois, on the road from Chicago to Galena, 
 58 miles W. N. W. from the former. 
 
 Hampson, a township in Van Wert county, 
 Ohio. Population, 513. 
 
 Hampstead, a post-township in Rocking- 
 ham county. New Hampshire, 30 miles S.v 
 E. from Concord. Population, 789. 
 
 Hampstead, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Maryland, 56 miles N. N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
HAM 
 
 HAN 
 
 Hampstead, a post- village in King George 
 county, Virginia, near the Potomac rivez", 66 
 miles N. N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Hampton, a post-township in Rockingham 
 CO. , N. H. on Eastern railroad 50 miles S. E. of 
 Concord. This township is a favorite sum- 
 mer resort for its fine bathing and pictu- 
 resque scenery. Population, 1197. 
 
 Hampton, a post-township in Windham 
 county, Connecticut, 35 miles E. by N. from 
 Hartford. Population, 928. 
 
 Hampton, a village of Oneida county, New 
 York, about 110 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 
 It has about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Hampton, a post-township of Washington 
 county, New York, 20 miles N. E. from Sandy 
 Hill. Population, 899. 
 
 Hampton, a small village of Burlington 
 county. New Jersey, about 30 miles E. S. E. 
 from Camden. 
 
 Hampton, a post-village of Adams co., Pa., 
 29 miles S. S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Hampton, a borough, capital of Elizabeth 
 City county, Virginia, on the left bank of James 
 river, about 2 miles from its entrance into 
 the Chesapeake bay, and 96 miles S. E. from 
 Richmond. The part of the estuary of 
 James river situated between this town and 
 Norfolk is called Hampton Roads. Hampton 
 is an old town possessing much historic in- 
 terest, and has been the birthplace of several 
 distinguished naval officers. Its present im- 
 portance is derived principally from its prox- 
 imity to Forts Monroe and Calhoun. The 
 former, in addition to its other sources of 
 expenditure, has lately become one of the 
 most fashionable places of resort in the 
 South. The beach in the vicinity affords 
 excellent bathing ground, and is thronged 
 during the summer months with the wealthy 
 and fashionable, and by some invalids, as- 
 sembled there from Virginia, Maryland, and 
 the Southern States. Fort Monroe is 2J 
 miles from Hampton. The town contains 
 4 churches, several hotels, and numerous 
 stores. Settled in 1705. Pop., about 1400. 
 
 Hampton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Calhoun county, Arkansas. It was laid out 
 about 1851. 
 
 Hampton, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Saginaw county, Michigan, on the E. 
 side of Saginaw river. Population, 917. 
 
 Hampton, a post-office of Hendricks county, 
 Indiana, 14 miles W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Hampton, a post-village of Rock Island 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 
 168 miles W. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 Hamptonbtjrg, a post-township of Orange 
 county. New York, 3 miles N. E. from Go- 
 shen. Population, 1343. 
 
 Hampton Falls, a post-township of Rock- 
 ingham county. New Hampshire, on the At- 
 lantic coast, and on the Eastern railroad, 50 
 miles S. S. E. from Concord. Population, 640. 
 
 Hampton's Mills, a small village of Lau- 
 rens county, Georgia. 
 
 Hampton Roads, a branch or arm of Che- 
 sapeake bay, at the mouth of James river, 
 situated between Hampton and Norfolk. It 
 is an important naval station. 
 
 Hamptonvillb, a post-village in Yadkin 
 CO., N. C, 180 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Hamtramc, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Wayne county, Michigan, near the head 
 of Detroit river. Population, 1628. 
 
 Hanauer's Store, a post-office of Randolph 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Hanchettsville, a post-office of Dane eo., 
 Wisconsin, about 20 miles N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Hancock, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Maine, has an area of about 2000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. by the At- 
 lantic ocean, and the Penobscot river and 
 bay for,m part of its western border. It con- 
 tains numerous lakes, and small streams 
 which afford motive-power to a large number 
 of grist and saw mills. It is drained princi- 
 pally by Union river, jyhich flows nearly 
 through its centre. Hancock county com- 
 prises a great number of islands, some of 
 which are of considerable size, and very fer- 
 tile. It has a seacoast of above 50 miles, 
 affording many excellent harbors. The sur- 
 face is uneven, with scattered hills and 
 mountains. The soil is fertile, especially in 
 the interior. Oats, potatoes, wool, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 47,917 bushels of oats; 75,163 of po- 
 tatoes; 31,623 tons of hay; 64,968 pounds 
 of wool, and 445,479 of butter. There were 
 69 cod and mackerel fisheries, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 12 ship-yards, 12 tanneries, and 43 saw 
 and planing mills. It contained 36 churches, 
 12,260 pupils attending public schools, and 
 100 attending academies or other schools. 
 The Penobscot river is navigable along the 
 W. border of this county. Capital, Ells- 
 worth. Population, 34,372. 
 
 Hancock, a new county, forming the N. 
 N. W. extremity of Virginia, bordering on 
 Pennsylvania and on the Ohio river, has an 
 area of about 100 square miles. The Ohio river 
 forms its boundary on the N. and W., sepa- 
 rating it from the State of Ohio. The surface 
 is hilly ; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, wool, butter, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 62,413 bushels 
 of wheat; 62,392 of corn; 62,444 of oats; 
 63,666 pounds of wool, and 76,966 of butter. 
 There were 8 flour, grist, and saw mills, 12 
 brick manufactories, and 2 potteries. It con- 
 tained 6 churches, 360 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 25 attending an academy. Stone 
 coal and fireclay are among the most valuable 
 minerals of the county. It was formed a few 
 years ago, out of the northern part of Brooke 
 county. Capital, New Cumberland. Popu- 
 lation, 4050, of whom 4047 were free, and 3, 
 slaves. 
 
 Hancock, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Georgia, has an area of 440 square 
 miles. The Oconee river forms its boundary 
 
 463 
 
HAN 
 
 HAN 
 
 on the W., the N. fork of the Ogeechee on 
 the N. E., and it is also drained by Buffalo 
 creek. The surface is diversified, the di- 
 viding ridge between the primary and ter- 
 tiary formations passing through the county. 
 The soil in the N. is clayey; in the S. it 
 is sandy, and covered with a growth of pine. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, and wheat are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 11,374 bales of cotton; 440,699 bushels of 
 corn; 72,875 of oats, and 119,205 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 2 cotton factories, 7 
 flour mills, and 8 saw mills. It contained 21 
 churches, and 339 pupils attending academies 
 and other schools. The county contains an 
 abundance of granite, and a great variety of 
 rare minerals and precious stones, including 
 gold, agate, chalcedony, opal, kaolin, zircon, 
 and galena. {White's Statistics.) The rivers 
 furnish motive-power. Formed in 1793. Ca- 
 pital, Sparta. Population, 11,578, of whom 
 4272 were free, and 7306, slaves. 
 
 Hanoock, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 600 square miles. 
 It is drained by Sipsey river, and by its af- 
 fluents, Jones's and Clifty creeks. The sur- 
 face is traversed by high ridges or moun- 
 tains, connected with the Appalachian sys- 
 tem, which afford fine pasture. The soil of 
 the valleys is fertile, producing cotton, In- 
 dian corn, and wheat. In 1850 there were 
 raised 39,624 bushels of corn ; 7366 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 26 bales of cotton. There 
 were 74 pupils attending public schools. 
 Oak and other timber is abundant in the 
 county. Population, 1542, of whom 1480 
 were free, and 62, slaves. 
 
 Hancock, a county forming the S. ex- 
 tremity of Mississippi, is situated on the 
 northei'n shore of Lake Borgne, and bounded 
 on the W. by Pearl river, which separates it 
 from Louisiana. Area, about 1000 square 
 miles. It is drained by Wolf river. The 
 surface in the N. is moderately hilly, and in 
 the S. nearly level. In a state of nature the 
 county was covered with pine woods ; the 
 soil is thin and sterile. Indian corn, rice, 
 cotton, and sweet potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 22,825 bushels 
 of corn; 33,925 of sweet potatoes; 129,420 
 pounds of rice, and 70 bales of cotton. It 
 contained 3 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 
 197 pupils attending public schools, and 27 
 attending an academy. Capital, Shields- 
 borough. Population, 3672, of whom 2456 
 were free, and 1216, slaves. 
 
 Hancock, a county in the N. part of East 
 Tennessee, bordering on Virginia. Area, 
 estimated at 480 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Clinch river. The surface is 
 mountainous, being traversed by Powell's 
 mount. The county is well timbered, and 
 supplied with good springs. Iron ore is 
 thought to be abundant in the highlands. 
 Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 280,070 
 464 
 
 bushels of corn; 49,310 of oats; 74,319 
 pounds of butter, and 11,832 of wool. It 
 contained 12 churches, and 1462 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The county was 
 formed out of parts of Claiborne and Haw- 
 kins, about the year 1848. Capital, Sneeds- 
 ville. Population, 5660, of whom 5458 were 
 free, and 202, slaves. 
 
 Hancock, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Kentucky, lies on the Ohio river, which 
 forms its entire northern boundary, sepa- 
 rating it from Indiana. Area, estimated' at 
 500 square miles. It is drained by Black- 
 ford and Panther creeks. The surface is 
 diversified ; the river bottoms are several 
 miles wide, and very rich ; the uplands are 
 undulating, and moderately fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, tobacco, grass, and live stock are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 210,730 bushels of corn; 18,127 of oats, 
 398,843 pounds of tobacco, and 20,172 of 
 fiax. It contained 10 churches, and 275 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Hawes- 
 ville. Population, 3853, of whom 3231 were 
 free, and 622, slaves. 
 
 Hancock, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Ohio, contains about 536 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Blanchard 
 fork of the Auglaize river, and also drained 
 by the sources of Portage river, and by 
 Eagle and Ottawa creeks. The surface is 
 level ; the soil is a rich black loam of lime- 
 stone formation. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 haj', wool, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 451,391 bushels 
 of corn; 197,003 of wheat; 96,259 of oats; 
 10,728 tons of hay, and 53,404 pounds of 
 wool. It contained 25 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices, and 5873 pupils attending public 
 schools. Limestone is the most valuable 
 mineral of the county. A branch railroad, 
 16 miles long, extends from the Mad River 
 and Lake Erie railroad to Findlay, the capi- 
 tal. Population, 16,751. 
 
 Hancock county, in the E. central part of 
 Indiana, contains 312 square miles. It ia 
 drained by Blue river and Sugar creek. 
 The surface is generally level, with small 
 undulations in the vicinity of the streams ; 
 and the soil is productive. The staples are 
 wheat, maize, grass, and pork ; cattle and 
 horses are also exported. In 1850 this county 
 produced 664,715 bushels of corn; 58,267 
 of wheat; 49,364 of oats, and 3821 tons 
 of hay. It contained 13 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 650 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 40 attending an academy. The 
 county is well supplied with timber. It is 
 traversed by the Central railroad, and by a 
 plank-road, both of which are very near the 
 line of the National road. Organized in 1828. 
 Capital, Greenfield. Population, 9698. 
 
 Hancock, a county in the extreme west- 
 ern part of Illinois, bordering on Missouri 
 and Iowa, has an area of 720 square 
 miles. The Mississippi river foi'ms its W. 
 
HAN 
 
 HAN 
 
 boundary. It is also drained by Crooked 
 creek, an affluent of the Illinois. The surface 
 is undulating, and diversified by beautiful 
 prairies and tracts of timber. The soil is 
 exceedingly rich, and much improved. In- 
 dian corn, Tyheat, oats, hay, pork, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 689,110 bushels of corn; 189,436 of 
 wheat; 137,947 of oats; 6076 tons of hay, 
 and 184,652 pounds of butter. There were 
 13 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 2630 
 pupils attending public schools. The county 
 contains large quantities of stone coal and 
 limestone. Capital, Carthage. Pop., 14,652. 
 
 Hancock, a new county in the N. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of about 500 square miles. 
 It is principally drained by Boone river, a 
 branch of the Des Moines. Boone lake, in 
 the N. part of the county, is the source of the 
 river of the same name. It is not included 
 in the census of 1850. County seat not 
 located. 
 
 Hancock, a post-township of Hancock coun- 
 ty, Maine, at the head of Frenchman's bay, 
 75 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Pop., 960. 
 
 Hancock, a post-township of Hillsborough 
 county. New Hampshire, 30 miles S. S. W. 
 from Concord. Population, 1012. 
 
 Hancock, a post-township of Addison coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 30 miles S. S. W. from Mont-- 
 pelier. Population, 430. 
 
 Hancock, a post-township of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, about 130 miles W. 
 by N. from Boston. Population, 789. 
 
 Hancock, a post-township forming the S. 
 extremity of Delaware county, New York. 
 Population, 1798. 
 
 Hancock, formerly Chehocton, a beauti- 
 ful and flourishing post-village in the above 
 township, at the junction of the East and 
 West branches of the Delaware river, where 
 the former is crossed by the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 174 miles from New York city. 
 
 Hancock, a post-village of Washington 
 county, Maryland, on the left bank of the 
 Potomac river, and on the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio canal, 124 miles W. N. W. from Balti- 
 more. It contains several churches. 
 
 Hancock, a village in Union county. South 
 Carolina, 80 miles N. N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Hancock, a post-office of De Soto co., Miss. 
 
 Hancock, a post-office of Harrison co., Ind. 
 
 Hancock's Bridge, a post-village of Salem 
 county. New Jersey, on Alloway's creek, 5 
 miles S. from Salem, has about 40 dwellings. 
 
 Hancock's Pv.idge, a post-office of Salem 
 county. New Jersey. 
 
 Handy, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Livingston county, Michigan. Pop., 484. 
 
 Haneyville, a post-office of Lycoming 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hanford's Landing, a post-office of Mon- 
 roe county. New York. 
 
 Hanging Eock, a small post-village of 
 Hampshire county, Virginia, 28 miles W. from 
 Winchester. It has 2 churches. 
 2e 
 
 Hanging Rock, a post-office of Kershaw 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Hanging Rock, a thriving post-village of 
 Lawrence county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 140 
 miles above Cincinnati, and 110 miles S. by 
 E. from Columbus. It is the depot for the 
 product of several blast furnaces, and has a 
 rolling mill and other manufactories. Laid 
 out in 1845. Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Hankin's, a railroad station in Sullivan 
 county. New York, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 153 miles from New York city. 
 
 Hannah's Creek, of North Carolina, flows 
 into the Neuse river, near the S. border of 
 Johnson county. 
 
 Hannahstown, or Hannahsburg, a small 
 post-village of Butler county, Pennsylvania, 
 about 10 miles S. E. from Butler. 
 
 Hannas, a post-office of Sumner co., Tenn. 
 
 Hannas Creek, of Indiana, flows into the 
 Whitewater, in Union county. 
 
 Hanna's Mills, a post-office of Mahoning 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Hannatchie, a post-office of Stewart coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Hannegan, apost-office of Cherokee CO., Ala. 
 
 Hannegan, a post-office of Rush co., Ind. 
 
 Hannegan, a small village of Atchison 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Hannibal, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Oswego county. New York, 
 28 miles N. W. from Syracuse. Pop., 2857. 
 
 Hannibal, a flourishing town of Marion 
 county, Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 
 158 miles above St. Louis, and 15 miles below 
 Quincy, in Illinois. It is advantageously situ- 
 ated for commerce, and is rapidly increasing 
 in population and business. Large quanti- 
 ties of hemp, tobacco, pork, &c., which are 
 raised in the vicinity, are shipped at this 
 point. The adjacent country is very produc- 
 tive, and rather populous. Coal and car- 
 boniferous limestone, an excellent material 
 for building, are abundant here. A railroad 
 has been commenced, which will extend from 
 Hannibal to St. Joseph, on the Missouri, above 
 200 miles in length. The town has 2 newspaper 
 offices. The pop. in 1840 was about 600; in 
 1850 it amounted to 2557; in 1853, to 3500. 
 
 Hannibal Centre, a post-village of Oswego 
 CO., N. Y., about 30 miles N. W. from Syracuse. 
 
 Hanno, a township in Lee county, Illinois. 
 Population, 475. 
 
 Hanover, a county in the E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, contains about 400 square miles. It is 
 drained by the North Anna and South Anna 
 rivers, which unite on the N. E. border of the 
 county, and form the Pamunkey. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and presents much diversity of 
 soil. Wheat, maize, oats, and tobacco are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 377,616 bushels of Indian corn; 157,388 of 
 wheat; 94,186 of oats; 404,550 pounds of 
 tobacco; and 78,316 of butter. There were 
 24 flour and grist mills, 3 tanneries, and 2 ma- 
 nufactories of farming implements. It coa- 
 
 465 
 
HAN 
 
 HAN 
 
 tained 27 churches ; 56 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 352 attending academies or 
 other schools. The dividing line between 
 the primitive and tertiary formations passes 
 through this county. It is intersected by the 
 Central railroad, and by the Richmond and 
 Potomac railroad. The streams afford ex- 
 tensive water-power. Organized in 1720. 
 Capital, Hanover Court House. Population, 
 15,153, of whom 6760 were free, and 8893, 
 slaves. 
 
 Hanoa^er, a post-township in Oxford coun- 
 ty, Maine. Population, 266. 
 
 Hanover, a post-township of Plymouth 
 county, Massachusetts, 20 miles S. S. E. from 
 Boston. Population, 1592. 
 
 Hanover, a post-village of Grafton county, 
 New Hampshire, about half a mile E. from 
 the Connecticut river, and 55 miles N. W. 
 from Concord. It has a fine situation on an 
 elevated plain, 1 80 feet above the surface of 
 the river. In the centre is a square of about 
 12 acres, around which stand the principal 
 dwellings, and the buildings of Dartmouth 
 College. This old and highly respectable in- 
 stitution was founded in 1769, and received 
 its name from AVilliam, Earl of Dartmouth. 
 Some of our most eminent statesmen (among 
 whom may be mentioned Daniel Webster) 
 here received their education. Connected 
 with the college is a flourishing medical 
 school, instituted in 1797. The village con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches, several stores, and a 
 newspaper office. Population of the town- 
 ship, 2352. 
 
 Hanover, a manufacturing village in Me- 
 riden township. New Haven county, Con- 
 necticut, on the Quinnepiac river, 15 miles 
 N. by E. from New Haven. It contains a Con- 
 gregational church, (just completed,) a fine 
 school, and several flourishing manufactories. 
 
 Hanover, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Chautauque county, New 
 York, bordering on Lake Erie. Pop., 5144. 
 
 Hanover, a township of Burlington county, 
 New Jersey, 12 miles E. N. E. from Mount 
 Holly. Population, 2245. 
 
 Hanover, a small village in the above town- 
 ship, about 24 miles S. S. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Hanover, a post-township of Morris coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, on the Passaic river, 5 miles 
 N. of Morristown. Population, 3608. 
 
 Hanover, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Beaver county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1732. 
 
 Hanover, a former township of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, now divided into East 
 and West Hanover. 
 
 Hanover, a township of Lehigh county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river, opposite 
 Allentown. Population, 2375. 
 
 Hanover, a township of Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the North branch of the 
 Susquehanna, 6 miles S. from Wilkesbarrc. 
 Population, 1506. 
 
 Hanover, a township of Northampton co., 
 466 
 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles W. from Easton. Po- 
 pulation, 428. 
 
 Hanover, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Washington county, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1803. 
 
 Hanover, a thriving post-borough of Hei- 
 delberg township, York county, Pennsylvania, 
 18 miles S. W. from York, and 35 miles S. 
 from Harrisburg. A branch railroad has 
 been constructed, which connects this town 
 with York and other places in that direction, 
 and it is to be extended westward to Gettys- 
 burg. Hanover is surrounded by a fertile, 
 highly cultivated, and populous country, and 
 is a place of active business. It contains 
 several churches, 1 academy, 3 newspaper 
 ofBces, and about 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 Hanover, a post-of&ce of Coosa co., Ala. 
 
 Hanover, a township in the S. part of Ash- 
 land county, Ohio. Population, 1902. 
 
 Hanover, a township in Butler county, 
 Ohio. Population, 1493. 
 
 Hanover, a township in the W. part of Co- 
 lumbiana county, Ohio, intersected by the 
 Beaver canal. Population, 2858. 
 
 Hanover, or Hanoverton, a thriving 
 post-village of Columbiana county, Ohio, on 
 the Sandy and Beaver canal, 10 miles W. from 
 New Lisbon. It has 3 churches, and about 
 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Hanover, a village of Harrison co., Ohio, 
 75 miles N. by E. from Marietta. 
 
 Hanover, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Licking co., 0., intersected by Muskingum 
 river and the Ohio canal. Population, 1180. 
 
 Hanover, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Jackson co., Michigan. Population, 930. 
 
 Hanover, a township in Jefferson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 207. 
 
 Hanover, a township in Shelby co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1061. 
 
 Hanover, a thriving post-village of Clinton 
 CO., Illinois, on Shoal creek, about 45 miles 
 E. from St. Louis. Settled by Germans. 
 
 Hanover, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Cook county, Illinois. Population, 672. 
 
 Hanover, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., 
 Illinois, on Apple creek, 20 miles S. E. from 
 Galena, has water-power and mills. Popula- 
 tion, about 300. 
 
 Hanover, a small village of Woodford co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Hanover, apost-ofBce of Waupaca co.. Wis. 
 
 Hanover Centre, a village of Grafton co., 
 N. H., 60 miles N. W. from Concord. 
 
 Hanover Court House, capital of Hanover 
 county, Virginia, is situated 1 mile from the 
 Pamunky river, and 20 miles N. from Rich- 
 mond. The railroad from Richmond to tha 
 Potomac passes near it. This place is me- 
 morable as the scene of Patrick Henry's 
 early triumphs, and in more recent times as 
 the birthplace of Henry Clay. 
 
 Hanover Neck, a post-ofiice of Morris co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Hanoverton, Ohio, See Hanover. 
 
HAN 
 
 HAR 
 
 Hanson, a post-township of Plymouth co., 
 Mass., on the Old Colony railroad, 25 miles 
 S. by E. from Boston. Population, 1217. 
 
 Hanson, a post-office of Marion co.. Mo. 
 
 Hanson, a township in Grant co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Population, 764. 
 
 Hansonville, a post-oflSce of Russell co., Va. 
 
 Happy Valley, a post-office of Carter co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Haralson, a post-oflBce of Coweta county, 
 Georgia, 82 miles W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Haraszthy, a small village of Sauk co.. Wis. 
 
 Hakbison, a township in Dubois co., In- 
 diana. Population, 935. 
 
 Harbor Creek, a post-township of Erie 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Lake Erie, 6 miles N. E. 
 from Erie. Population, 2084. 
 
 Hardeman, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on the Mississippi: area 
 estimated at 550 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Hatchee river, which flows into 
 the Mississippi. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is fertile and easily cultivated. Cot- 
 ton and Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 15,065 bales of cotton ; 
 798,645 bushels of corn; 113,505 of oats; 
 95,852 of potatoes, and 124,327 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 35 churches; 761 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 264 attending 
 academies and other schools. Hatchee river 
 is navigable by steamboats from this county 
 to its mouth in high water. The Memphis 
 and Charleston railroad passes near the S. 
 border of the county. Capital, Bolivar. Po- 
 pulation, 17,456, of whom 10,348 were free, 
 and 7108, slaves. 
 
 Hardford, a township in Blackford co., In- 
 diana. Population, 250. 
 
 Hardin, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Alabama and Mis- 
 sissippi: area estimated at 650 square miles. 
 The Tennessee river flows through the coun- 
 ty, dividing it into nearly equal parts. The 
 surface is formed of two inclined planes, with 
 a gradual descent towards the river. The 
 soil is fertile in some parts. Indian corn, 
 cotton, and lumber are the chief articles of 
 export. In 1850, Hardin county produced 
 449,328 bushels of corn; 40,272 of oats; 
 686 bales of cotton ; 12,836 pounds of wool, 
 and 62,246 of butter. It contained 1 church, 
 1410 pupils attending public schools, and 80 
 attending academies or other schools. Iron 
 ore is abundant on the E. side of the 
 river. The latter is navigable by steamboats 
 through the county. Capital, Savannah. Po- 
 pulation, 10,328, of whom 9071 were free, 
 and 1257, slaves. 
 
 Hardin, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Kentucky, contains about 500 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. E. by Salt river and 
 its Rolling fork, and drained by Nolin and 
 Rough creeks. The surface is undulating or 
 hilly, the soil fertile. Indian corn, oats, to- 
 bacco, and live stock are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 885,520 bushels of corn; 
 
 257,706 of oats, and 285,028 pounds of to- 
 bacco. It contained 27 churches and 1 news- 
 paper office. The county is intersected by 
 the Louisville and Nashville railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1792. Capital, Elizabethtown. 
 Population, 14,525, of whom 12,066 were 
 free, and 2459, slaves. 
 
 Hardin, a county in the N. W. central part 
 of Ohio, contains 476 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Scioto, and watered by the 
 head streams of the Miami and Blanchard's 
 fork, which flow in opposite directions. The 
 surface is nearly level, and the soil is fertile, 
 adapted to grain and pasture. The chief 
 productions are wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 cattle, and pork. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 34,463 bushels of wheat; 248,820 of 
 corn, and 33,907 of oats. It contained 6 
 churches, 2 newspapei- offices, and 754 pupils 
 attending public schools. It is intersected 
 by the Mad river and Lake Erie railroad. 
 Capital, Kenton. Population, 8251. 
 
 Hardin, a county in the S. part of Illinois, 
 bordering on Kentucky, is one of the smallest 
 counties in the state, having an area of 260 
 square miles. The Ohio river forms the S. 
 boundary. The soil is productive. Indian 
 corn, oats, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 164,400 bushels 
 of corn; 6311 of oats, and 6644 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 7 churches, and 375 pupils 
 attending public schools. The Cave in Piock, 
 well known to the navigators of the Ohio, is 
 situated in this county. Hardin was formed 
 recently out of part of Pope county. Capi- 
 tal, Elizabethtown. Population, 2887. 
 
 Hardin, a new county in the N. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Iowa river, and 
 also by Tipton creek. The surface slopes to- 
 wards the S. E. This county is not included 
 in the census of 1850. County seat not yet 
 located. Named in honor of Colonel John J. 
 Hardin, of Illinois, who fell at Buena Vista. 
 
 Hardin, a village of Shelby co., Ohio, 77 
 miles W. by N. from Columbus, contains, in 
 1853, about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Hardin, a post-village, capital of Calhoun 
 county, Illinois, on the W. bank of the Illi- 
 nois river, 85 miles S. W. from Springfield. 
 Population, 596. 
 
 Hardin, a post-office of Allomakee co., lo. 
 
 Hardinsburg, a post- village, capital of 
 Breckenridge co., Kentucky, 120 miles W. S. 
 W. from Frankfort. It has a court house, a 
 seminary, 2 or 3 churches, and about 1000 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Hardingville, a post-office of Gloucester 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Hardinsburg, a village in Dearborn co., 
 Indiana, 4 miles N. from Lawrenceburg. 
 
 Hardinsburg, a post-village in Washington. 
 CO., Ind., 32 miles N. W. from New Albany. 
 
 Hardinsburg, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Hardin's Tavern, a post-office of Albe- 
 467 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 marie co., Virginia, 88 miles W. by N. from 
 Eichmond. 
 
 Haedinsville, a post-village of Shelby 
 CO., Ky., on the turnpike from Louisville to 
 Frankfort, 9 miles S. W. from the latter. 
 
 Hardiston, a township of Sussex co., New 
 Jersey, about 66 miles N. from Trenton. Po- 
 pulation, 1341. 
 
 Haed Laboe Creek, of South Carolina, is 
 an aifluent or branch of Stevens creek, in 
 Edgefield district. 
 
 Hard Money, a post-office of Stewart co.Ga. 
 
 Hard Scrabble, a small village of Lancas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hard Scrabble, a post-office of Davis co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Hardware River rises in Albemarle co., 
 near the centre of Virginia, and falls into the 
 James river in Fluvanna county. 
 
 Hardwick, a post-township of Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont, 20 miles N. N. E. from Boston. 
 Population, 1402. 
 
 Hardwick, a post-township of "Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 6 miles W. from Boston. 
 Population, 1631. 
 
 Hardwick, a township of Warren co.. New 
 Jersey, 15 miles N. E. from Belvidere. Po- 
 pulation, 727. 
 
 Hardwick Centre, a small village of War- 
 ren CO., N. J., 3 miles N. E. from Blairstown. 
 
 HARDWiCKSTiLLE,a post-officc of Nclson CO., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Hardy, a county in the N. part of Virginia, 
 bordering on Maryland, has an area of about 
 1400 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 S. branch of the Potomac, which, in its pas- 
 sage through the county, receives two afflu- 
 ents, called the North and South forks : the 
 county is also drained by the N. branch of 
 the Potomac, and by Cacapon and Lost rivers. 
 The surface is very mountainous and rocky. 
 The North mountain forms its E. boundary ; 
 the main Alleghany and Branch mountains 
 extend across the county. The soil of the 
 valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, 
 cattle, pork, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 327,846 bushels 
 of corn ; 85,225 of wheat; 6362 tons of hay, 
 and 119,686 of butter. There were 21 flour, 
 grist, and saw mills, 4 wool-carding mills, 
 and 5 tanneries. It contained 18 churches, 
 622 pupils attending public schools, and 57 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 county has valuable mines of iron ore. It 
 was named in honor of Samuel Hardy, a 
 member of Congress from Virginia in 1784. 
 Capital, Moorefield. Population, 9543, of 
 whom 8283 were free, and 1260, slaves. 
 
 Hardy, a township in the central part of 
 Holmes co., Ohio, intersected by Killbuck 
 creek. Population, 2424. 
 
 Harewood, a post-office of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Harford, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Maryland, bordering on Pennsylvania, has 
 an area of 480 square miles. The Susque- 
 468 
 
 hanna flows along the N. E. boundary to the 
 head of the Chesapeake bay, which washes 
 its south-eastern border. It is also drained 
 by Deer creek and Winter's run. The sur- 
 face in the S. E. part is flat, in the N. W., 
 hilly. The soil has been rendered fertile by 
 the use of lime and guano. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, beef, pork, and butter are 
 the staples. It produced, in 1850, 516,537 
 bushels of corn ; 186,421 of wheat; 220,012 
 of oats, and 12,837 tons of hay. There were 
 3 woollen factories, 4 iron furnaces, 2 iron 
 forges, 1 paper mill, 1 pottery, 9 manufac- 
 tories of farming implements, and 12 flour 
 mills. It contained 38 churches, 3 newspa- 
 per offices, 39 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 68 attending academies or other schools. 
 Limestone, granite, and other primary rocks 
 underlie the upper portion of the county. 
 Iron ore is also found in it. The Tidewater 
 canal terminates at Havre de Grace, in this 
 county, which is also intersected by the 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1773. Capital, Bel Air. Popula- 
 tion, 19,356, of whom 17,190 were free, and 
 2166, slaves. 
 
 Harford, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Cortland county, New 
 York. Population, 949. 
 
 Harford, a post-township of Susquehanna 
 county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles S. E. from 
 Montrose. Population, 1258. 
 
 Harford, a village of Harford county, 
 Maryland, about 25 miles E. N. E. from 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Hargrave, a post-office of Copiah county, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Hargrove's Tavern, a post-office of Nan- 
 semond county, Virginia. 
 
 Harlan, a county in the S. E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Virginia, has an area 
 estimated at 600 square miles. The Cumber- 
 land river rises in the E. part of the county, 
 and traverses nearly its whole length. Cum- 
 berland mountain forms its S. E. boundary. 
 The surface is elevated and rugged. The 
 chief staples are grain, cattle, and swine. 
 In 1850 this county produced 181,013 bushels 
 of corn ; 21,065 of oats, and 9051 pounds of 
 wool. It contained 3 churches, and 330 pupils 
 attending public schools. The county contains 
 extensive beds of stone coal and iron ore, which 
 have not yet been worked. Alargepart of the 
 surface is covered with forests. Formed 
 in 1819, and named in honor of Major Silas 
 Harlan, who fell at the battle of Blue Licks. 
 Capital, Mount Pleasant. Population, 4268, 
 of whom 4145 were free, and 123, slaves. 
 
 Harlan, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana. 
 
 Harlan Court House, a post-office of 
 Harlan county, Kentucky. 
 
 Harland, a township in the N. W. part of 
 McHenry county, Illinois. 
 
 Harlansburo, a post-village of Lawrence 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Slippery creek, 226 
 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. 
 
IIAE 
 
 HAR 
 
 Harleesville, a post-village in Marion 
 district, South Carolina, on Little Pedee river, 
 about 100 miles E. N. E. from Columbia. 
 
 Haelem, a post-village of New York county, 
 Nevr York, on the Harlem river, and on the 
 railroad of its own name, 7 miles N. by E. from 
 the City Hall. It contains several churches, 
 manufactories, and fine country seats. 
 
 Haklem, a small village of Carroll county, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Haelem, a post-township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Delaware CO., Ohio. Pop., 1182. 
 
 Harlem, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 16 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Haelem, a township in Carroll co., Illinois. 
 Population, 392. 
 
 Harlem, a township in the central part of 
 Stephenson county, Illinois. 
 
 Haelem, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Winnebago county, Illinois. Pop., 763. 
 
 Haelem Spring, a post-office of Carroll 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Harlemville, apost-ofiice of Columbia co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Harletville, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Harlingen, a small post-village of Somer- 
 set county, New Jersey, 9 miles S. S. W. from 
 Somerville. 
 
 Haeling's Store, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Harmae, a flourishing post- village of Wash- 
 Jngton county, Ohio, is finely situated on the 
 Muskingum river at its mouth, opposite 
 Marietta. Steamboat building is carried on 
 here. It contains an academy, a large hotel, 
 an iron foundry, a steam mill, &c. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1837. Population in 1850, 1010, in 
 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Haemaeville, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Haemonsburg, a post-office of Crawford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Harmony, a post-township of Somerset co., 
 Maine, about 45 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1107. 
 
 Harmony, a post-township of Chautauque 
 county, New York, on Chautauque lake. 
 Population, 3749. 
 
 Harmony, a small village of Monmouth 
 CO;, New Jersey, about 14 miles N. E. from 
 Ereehold. 
 
 Harmony, a post- township of Warren co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, 7 miles 
 S. from Belvidere. Population, 1564. 
 
 Harmony, a thriving post-village of Butler 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Conequenessing 
 creek, about 220 miles W. by N. from Harris- 
 burg. It was settled in 1804 by a commu- 
 nity of Germans, who afterwards sold this 
 property, and finally established themselves 
 at Economy, in Beaver county. Pop., 441. 
 
 Harmony, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Susquehanna county, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1578. 
 
 Harmony, a post-office in Kent co., Md. 
 
 Harmony, a post-village in Halifax co.,'Va., 
 110 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Harmony, a post-village in York district, 
 S. C, about 100 miles N. from Columbia. 
 
 Haemony, a post-office of Elbert co., Ga. 
 
 Harmony, a village in Weakly co., Tenn., 
 125 miles W. N. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Harmony, a post-office of Owen co., Ky. 
 
 Harmony, a post-township in Clarke coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 1804. 
 
 Harmony, a township in Morrow county, 
 Ohio. Population, 1041. 
 
 Harmony, a post-office of Clay co., Indiana. 
 
 Harmony, a post-village in McHenry coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 55 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Harmony, a small village of Bates co.. Mo. 
 
 Harmony, a post-village in Washington co., 
 Missouri, 80 miles S. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Harmony, a post-office of Jeiferson co., lo. 
 
 Harmony, a township in the central part 
 of Rock county, Wisconsin. Population, 840. 
 
 Harmony Grove, a post-office of Taylor co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Harmony Geove, a post-village of Jackson 
 county, Georgia, 99 miles N. from Milledge- 
 ville. It has 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 Harmony Vale, a post-village of Sussex 
 CO., New Jersey, 80 miles N. from Trenton. 
 
 Harnadsvilla, a post-office of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Harnageville, a village in Cherokee co., 
 Ga., 136 miles N. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 HAROLD,apost-office of Montgomery CO. Ark. 
 
 Harper's Feeey, a post-village of Jeifer- 
 son county, Virginia, is situated at the con- 
 fluence of the Shenandoah with the Potomac 
 river, where the united stream breaks 
 through the Blue Ridge, 160 miles N. from 
 Richmond, and 53 miles N. W. from Wash- 
 ington City. The scenery in the vicinity is 
 in the highest degree beautiful and pictu- 
 resque. Thomas Jefi"erson considered the 
 "passage of the "Potomac through the Blue 
 Ridge one of the most stupendous scenes in 
 nature, and well worth a voyage across the 
 Atlantic to witness." The place was ori- 
 ginally called Shenandoah Falls. Its present 
 name is derived from a ferry long since esta- 
 blished across the Potomac, which is also 
 spanned by a fine bridge, about 800 feet in 
 length. The village is compactly, though 
 irregularly, built around the base of a hill, 
 and is the centre of considerable trade. It 
 contains 4 or 5 churches, several manufac- 
 tories and flouring mills, a United States 
 armory, in which about 250 hands are em- 
 ployed, producing, among other articles, 
 some 10,000 muskets annually, and a national 
 arsenal. In the latter are continually stored 
 from 80,000 to 90,000 stand of arms. As 
 these are subject to the orders of the execu- 
 tive department at Washington, the deficien- 
 cies occurring from time to time are supplied 
 from the factories. Harper's Ferry is in the 
 line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and 
 at the northern terminus of a railroad con- 
 
 469 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 necting it -with Winchester. The Ohio and 
 Chesapeake canal also passes along the oppo- 
 site side of the Potomac. 
 
 Harper's Ferrt, a post-office of Abbeville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Habpersfield, a post-township forming 
 ibe N. N. E. extremity of Delaware county, 
 New York. Population, 1613. 
 
 Harpersfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 60 miles W. by S. from Al- 
 bany, contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Harpersfield, a post-township in the N. 
 W. part of Ashtabula county, Ohio, inter- 
 sected by Grand river. Population, 1278. 
 
 Harpersfield, a post-village of Ashtabula 
 county, Ohio, on Grand river, about 45 miles 
 E. N. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 Harper's Home, a post-office of Brunswick 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Harper's Mills, a post-office of Pendleton 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Harpersville, a post-village of Broome 
 county. New York, on the Susquehanna river, 
 16 miles E. by N. from Binghampton. 
 
 Harpersville, a post-village of Cumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Harpersville, a post-village in Shelby 
 county, Alabama, 80 miles N. by W. from 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Harpeth Riter, in the central part of 
 Tennessee, rises near the S. E. extremity of 
 Williamson county, and flowing north-west- 
 ward through Davidson and Dickson coun- 
 ties, enters Cumberland river from the left 
 hand, near the boundary between the latter 
 counties. The whole length is estimated at 
 100 miles. A small creek, called West Har- 
 peth, flows into the river about 6 miles below 
 Franklin. Another, called Little Harpeth, 
 enters it on the right bank, about 12 miles 
 S.W. from Nashville. Harpeth river furnishes 
 valuable motive-power. 
 
 Harpeth, a post-village of Williamson co., 
 Tennessee, 25 miles S. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Harpswell, a township in Cumberland co., 
 Maine, on the N. side of Casco bay, 45 miles 
 S. by W. from Augusta. Population, 1585. 
 
 Harrells' Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Cherokee county, Alabama. 
 
 Harrbllsville, a post-village of Hertford 
 county. North Carolina, on Wiacon creek, 
 12 miles S. E. from Winton. Corn, peas, 
 lumber, &c. are exported here in sloops. 
 
 Harriettstown, a post-township of Frank- 
 lin county. New York, 40 miles S. from Ma- 
 lone. Population, 181. 
 
 Harriettsville, a post-office of Monroe 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Harrington, a post-township of Washing- 
 ton CO., Maine, 120 miles E. by N. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 963. 
 
 Harrington, a township of Bergen county. 
 New Jersey, on the Hudson river, 7 miles 
 N. N. E. from Hackensack. Pop., 1195. 
 
 Harrington, a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., North Carolina, 60 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 470 
 
 Harriotsville, a village of Noble county, 
 Ohio, about 100 miles E. by S. from Columbus. 
 
 Harris, a county in the W. part of Georgia, 
 has an area of 360 square miles. The Chat- 
 tahoochee river forms its W. boundary, and 
 separates it from Alabama : it is also drained 
 by Flat Shoal, Old House, Mountain, and 
 Mulberry creeks. The surface presents much 
 variety, and is partly covered with forests of 
 oak, hickory, pine, &c. The eastern or north- 
 eastern parts are traversed by ridges called 
 the Pine mountains and Oak mountains. The 
 soil is generally productive. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 11,935 
 bales of cotton; 554,895 bushels of corn-; 
 82,187 of oats, and 109,926 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 16 flour mills, 14 saw mills, and 
 6 tanneries. It contained 31 churches, and 
 399 pupils attending academies, or other 
 schools. The rocks which underlie the 
 county are primitive. The Mulberry creek 
 (Cataula) furnishes excellent water-power. 
 Organized in 1827, and named in honor of 
 Charles Harris, a lawyer of some eminence, 
 and at one time mayor of Savannah. Capital, 
 Hamilton. Population, 14,721 ; of whom 
 6739 were free, and 7982, slaves. 
 
 Harris, a county in the E. part of Texas, 
 bordering on Galveston bay. Contains about 
 1600 square miles. It is drained by Buifalo 
 bayou and San Jacinto river. The surface 
 is an alluvial plain, which is mostly destitute 
 of forests, excepting the margins of the 
 streams. The soil is highly productive, and 
 adapted to cotton, corn, and sugar, which 
 are the staples. Many horses and cattle are 
 fed on the fine pastures which grow sponta- 
 neously in the savannas of the county. The 
 produce of the county is exported in steam- 
 boats which navigate Buffalo bayou. A rail- 
 road is in progress of construction from Har- 
 risburg to the Brazos river. In 1850 the 
 county produced 50,664 bushels of corn ; 
 20,371 of sweet potatoes; 30,860 pounds of 
 butter, and 11 bales of cotton. It contained 
 about 8 churches, 5 newspaper offices, and 
 276 pupils attending public schools. There 
 was 1 iron foundry, and 1 hat factory in 
 operation. Capital, Houston. Population, 
 4668; of whom 3763 were free, and 905 
 
 slaves. Named in honor of Harris, an 
 
 early settler of the county. 
 
 Harris, a township of Centre co., Pa., 
 10 miles S. from Bellefonte. Pop., 1954. 
 
 Harris, a post-office of Louisa co., Va. 
 
 Harris, a district in Muscogee co., Georgia. 
 Population, 2097. 
 
 Harris, a township in the S. part of Ottawa 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 407. 
 
 Harris, a township in St. Joseph co., In- 
 diana. Population, 437. 
 
 Harrisb'urg, a post-township of Lewis co.. 
 New York, 58 miles N. N. W. from Utica. 
 Population, 1367. 
 
 Harrisburg city, capital of Pennsylvania, 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 and seat of justice of Dauphin county, is 
 delightfully situated on the E. bank of the 
 Susquehanna river, 100 miles W. by N. from 
 Philadelphia, and 110 miles N. bv E. from 
 Washington. Lat. 40° 16' N. Ion., 76° 50' W. 
 The Pennsylvania railroad connects at this 
 point with the Lancaster and Ilarrisburg 
 railroad. The Lebanon Valle}' railroad now 
 in progress leads from Harrisburg to Reading, 
 and the Cumberland Valley railroad extends 
 in the opposite direction. The site is an 
 elevated plain between the river and Paxton 
 creek. The public buildings belonging to the 
 state occupy an eminence in the N. part of the 
 town. The capitol is a handsome brick build- 
 ing 180 feet long by 80 wide, having a circu- 
 lar portico in front, supported by six Ionic 
 columns, and surmounted by a dome. The 
 latter affords a delightful view of the broad 
 river, studded with verdant islands, and 
 spanned by handsome bridges, with the 
 Kittatinny mountain in the background. On 
 each side of the capitol is a smaller building, 
 uniform in design, containing the executive 
 chamber, the state treasury, &c. Harris- 
 burg also contains an arsenal of the state, a 
 fine county prison of cut stone, one bank, a 
 savings institution, about 12 churches, a 
 Masonic hall, and a Lancasterian school. 
 One daily and 8 weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The city is freely supplied 
 with pure river water distributed through 
 iron pipes. Among the manufactories of this 
 place are 2 extensive iron furnaces, a rolling 
 mill, and several breweries and potteries. 
 Harrisburg was founded by John Harris, in 
 1785, and incorporated in 1808. It became 
 the capital of the state in 1812. Population 
 in 1840, 5980, in 1850, 7834, and in 1853, 
 about 8500. 
 
 Hakrisbtjeg, a post-village in Mecklen- 
 burg CO., North Carolina, about 160 miles 
 W. S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Harkisbueg, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Harrisburg, a post-office of Pontotoc co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Harrisburg, a village of Harris county, 
 Texas, on Buffalo bayou, 6 miles by road 
 below Houston. A railroad is in progress from 
 this place westward to the Brazos river, and it 
 will probably be continued to the Colorado. 
 
 Harrisburg, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Ohio, 14 miles S. W. from Columbus, has about 
 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Harrisburg, a post-village in Fayette co., 
 Indiana, 55 miles E. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Harrisburg, a village of Lafayette co.. 
 Mo., 115 miles W. by N. from Jefferson Citj'. 
 
 Harrisburg, a village in Van Buren co., 
 Iowa, 70 miles S. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Harris's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Franklin co.. North Carolina. 
 
 Harris's Hill, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Harris's Lot, a post-office of Charles co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Harrison, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 440 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the West fork of the Monon- 
 gahela river. The surface is broken with 
 many high hills, and extensively covered with 
 forests. The soil is generally fertile, adapted 
 to pasturage. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, and butter are' the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 277,585 bushels of corn ; 
 47,662 of wheat; 87,453 of oats; 8928 tons 
 of hay, and 173,206 pounds of butter. There 
 were 17 flour, grist, and saw mills, 3 tanneries, 
 2 machine shops, and 1 iron foundry. It 
 contained 19 churches, 330 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 60 attending an academy. 
 Stone coal is abundant, and iron ore is found. 
 It is intersected by the railroad, which ex- 
 tends from Parkersburg to the Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad. Named in honor of Benjamin 
 Harrison, governor of Virginia in 1782. 
 Capital, Clarksburg. Population, 12,728 ; 
 of whom 12,240 were free, and 488, slaves. 
 
 Harrison, a county in the S. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 has an area of about 1150 square miles. It 
 is drained by Biloxi and Wolf rivers. The 
 soil is sandy and mostly covered with pine 
 woods. It produces Indian corn, rice, and 
 sweet potatoes. In 1850 it yielded 9524 
 bushels of Indian corn; 19,394 of sweet 
 potatoes; 735 of peas and beans ; 107 pounds 
 of beeswax and honey, and 81,380 of rice. 
 It contained 5 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 100 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Mississippi City. Population, 4875; 
 of whom 3434 were free, and 1441, slaves. 
 
 Harrison, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on Louisiana, has an area 
 of 975 square miles. The Big Cypress bayou 
 and Caddo lake form its boundary on the N., 
 the Sabine river flows along its southern 
 border, and it is drained by the Little Cypress 
 bayou. The surface is diversified with prai- 
 ries and forests; thesoilis j)roductive. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, sweet potatoes, grass, cattle, and 
 horses are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced more Indian corn and more sweet 
 potatoes than any other in the state, and 
 more cotton than any other excepting Colo- 
 rado county. There were raised 376,600 
 bushels of corn; 8938 of oats; 126,763 
 of sweet potatoes ; 4581 bales of cotton ; 
 47,061 pounds of butter, and 830 of wool. 
 It had 2 newspaper offices, and 496 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Marshall. 
 Population, 11,822, of whom 5609 were free, 
 and 6213, slaves. 
 
 Harrison, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 357 
 square miles. The Licking river washes its 
 N. E. border, and the South branch of that 
 river flows through the middle of the county 
 in a northerly direction. The surface is di- 
 versified ; about half of the county is undu- 
 lating, and the other part hilly : the soil is 
 generally good, and adapted to grazing, but 
 
 471 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 that of the undulating portion is especially 
 rich. Wheat, Indian corn, hemp, horses, 
 mules, cattle, and swine are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 1,400,281 bushels 
 of corn; 44,330 of wheat; 124,706 of oats; 
 93,927 pounds of tobacco ; 48,028 of wool, 
 and 14,170 of iiax. It contained 21 churches; 
 851 pupils attending public schools, and 960 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 rock which underlies a large part of the sur- 
 face is the blue limestone, a good material for 
 building. Formed in 1793, and named in 
 honor of Colonel Benjamin Harrison, a mem- 
 ber of the legislature of Kentucky. Capital, 
 Cj'nthiana. Population, 13,064; of whom 
 9879 were free, and 3185, slaves. 
 
 Hakrison, a county in the E. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 400 square miles. It is 
 drained by Stillwater, Conotten, and Cross 
 creeks. The surface is diversified by hills, 
 which are capable of being cultivated to the 
 summit. The soil is partly of limestone form- 
 ation, and extremely fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, wool, cattle, horses, and 
 swine are the staples. This is one of the 
 greatest wool-growing counties of the state. 
 In 1850 it produced 603,771 bushels of corn; 
 235,152 of wheat; 264,124 of oats; 15,270 
 tons of hay, and 306,161 pounds of wool. 
 It contained 56 churches, and 2 newspaper 
 ofBces ; 2634 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 65 attending an academy. The county 
 contains rich mines of bituminous coal. It is 
 intersected by the Steubenville and Indiana 
 railroad, not yet finished. Capital, Cadiz. 
 Population, 20,157. 
 
 Habkison, a county in the S. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Kentucky, contains 475 
 square miles. It is drained by the Blue 
 river and the Indian creek, afiluents of the 
 Ohio river, which washes the S. border. 
 The surface is diversified by the "Knobs" 
 and river hills, which have an altitude of 
 400 or 500 feet, and presents as beau- 
 tiful scenery as can' be found in the state. 
 The county is based partly on the carbonif- 
 erous limestone, in which extensive caverns 
 are found. Pitman's cave, in the W. part, ex- 
 tends more than 2 miles under the ground, 
 and contains apartments of vast dimensions. 
 In this vicinity is a remarkable spring. It is 
 60 feet in diameter, and several hundred feet 
 deep. When General Harrison was governor 
 of Indiana, he erected a mill on its waters, 
 which are sufficient to drive 4 pair of 
 stones. Indian corn, wheat, oats, wool, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 549,276 bushels of corn; 108,819 
 of wheat; 154,739 of oats, and 2450 tons of 
 hay. It contained 41 churches, 1 newspa- 
 per office, and 2322 pupils attending public 
 school. Organized in 1808. Capital, Cory- 
 don. Population, 15,286. 
 
 Harkison, a county in the N. N. W. part 
 of Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area 
 of 750 square miles. The Crooked fork of 
 472 
 
 Grand river traverses the N. E. part; Big 
 creek, an afiluent of Grand river, flows 
 through the middle, from N. to S. ; the 
 county is also drained bj' Sugar, Cypress, 
 and Samson's creeks. A large portion of the 
 surface consists of prairies. The soil on the 
 margins of the streams is fertile. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 80,980 bushels of corn; 4120 of wheat; 
 16,234 of oats; 464 tons of hay, and 16,482 
 pounds of butter. It contained 1 church, and 
 27 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Bethanj'. Population, 2447; of whom 2434 
 were free, and 13, slaves. 
 
 Harrison, a new county in the W. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on the Mississippi river, has 
 an area of about 480 square miles. The 
 Missouri river forms its W. boundary, and it 
 is intersected by the Boyer and Soldier rivers. 
 It is not included in the census of 1850, and 
 thepopulationis very sparse. No seat of jus- 
 tice having been established, the county is at- 
 tached to Pottawattomie for judicial purposes. 
 
 Harrison, a post-township of Cumberland 
 county, Maine, 45 miles E. S. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1416. 
 
 Harrison, a post-township of Westchestef 
 county. New York, 25 miles N. E. from New 
 York. Population, 1262. 
 
 Harrison, a township of Hudson county, 
 New Jersey, situated between the Passaic 
 and Hackensack rivers. Population, 1344. 
 
 Harrison, a township on the W. border of 
 Bedford CO., Pennsylvania. Population, 1384. 
 
 Harrison, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Potter co., Pa. Pop., 718. 
 
 Harrison, a post-ofiice of Greene co., Ala. 
 
 Harrison, a post-village, capital of Ha- 
 milton county, Tennessee, on the Tennessee 
 river, 140 miles S. E. from Nashville. Iron 
 ore and stone coal are abundant in the vi- 
 cinity. The river is navigated by steamboats 
 above and below this town. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Harrison, a village of Pulaski co., Ky., 
 15 miles W. from Somerset, the county seat. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Carroll county, Ohio. Population, 1268. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the N. part of 
 Champaign county, Ohio. Population, 968. 
 
 Harrison, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Darke co., Ohio. Pop., 1706. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the S. part of 
 Gallia county, Ohio. Population, 1008. 
 
 Harrison, a post-village of Crosby town- 
 ship, Hamilton county, Ohio, on the White- 
 water canal, and on the western boundary 
 of the state, 20 miles W. N. W. from Cincin- 
 nati. Population in 1860, 940. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the N. part cf 
 Henry county, Ohio. Population, 516. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Knox county, Ohio. Population, 751. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Licking county, Ohio, intersected by the 
 Central Ohio railroad. Population, 1151. 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 Haerison, a township in the central part 
 of Logan county, Ohio. Population, 987. 
 
 Haerison, a township in Muskingum coun- 
 ty, Ohio. Population, 1533. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the W. part of 
 Paulding county, Ohio. Population, 62. 
 
 Harrison, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Perry co., Ohio. Pop. 1078., 
 
 Harrison, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Pickaway county, Ohio, intersected by the 
 Ohio canal. Population, 1167. 
 
 Harrison, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Preble co., Ohio. Pop., 2100. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the E. part of 
 Ross county, Ohio. Population, 878. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Scioto county, 
 Ohio. Population, 1102. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the W. part of 
 Van Wert county, Ohio. Population, 513. 
 
 Harrison, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Vinton co., Ohio. Population, 
 580. 
 
 Harrison, a small post-village of Lenawee 
 county,Michigan, is connected by a plank-road 
 with Adrian. Population, about 200. 
 
 Harrison, a post-township in Macomb 
 county, Michigan. Population, 483. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Bartholomew 
 county, Indiana. Population, 607. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Blackford county, 
 Indiana. Population, 746. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Cass county, In- 
 diana. Population, 773. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Clay county, In- 
 diana. Population, 684. 
 , Harrison, a township in Daviess county, 
 Indiana. Population, 692. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Dearborn coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 962. 
 
 Harrison, a post-township in Delaware 
 county, Indiana. Population, 798. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Elkhart county, 
 Indiana. Population, 840. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Fayette county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1544. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Hancock county, 
 Indiana. Population, 500. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Henry county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1425. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Howard county, 
 Indiana. Population, 912. 
 
 Harrison, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Kosciusko county, Indiana. Population, 780. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Miami county, 
 Indiana. Population, 546. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Morgan county, 
 Indiana. Population, 433. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Owen county, 
 Indiana. Population, 375. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Pulaski county, 
 Indiana. Population, 294. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Spencer county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1192. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Union county, 
 Indiana. Population, 834. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Vigo county, In- 
 
 diana, contains Terre Haute, the county seat. 
 Population, 4900. 
 
 Harrison, a small village of Vigo county, 
 Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie canal, 4 
 miles N. from Terre Haute. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Wayne county, 
 Indiana. Population, 766. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Wells county, In- 
 diana. Population, 983. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Ogle county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 497. 
 
 Harrison, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Winnebago co., Illinois. Population, 449. 
 
 Harrison, a post-village in Winnebago co., 
 Illinois, about 100 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Harrison, a township in Scotland county, 
 Missouri. Population, 419. 
 
 Harrisonburg, a neat and thriving post- 
 village, capital of Rockingham county, Vir- 
 ginia, 125 miles N. W. from Richmond. It is 
 surrounded by a fertile and beautiful coun- 
 try, and has considerable business. There 
 are 3 churches and 2 printing offices. Laid 
 out in 1780. Population in 1853, estimated 
 at 1300. 
 
 Harrisonburg, a post-village, capital of 
 Catahoula parish, Louisiana, on the W. bank 
 of the Washita river, 167 miles by water 
 N. N. W. from Baton Rouge. It stands at 
 the foot of the first pine-hills which occur in 
 ascending the river. It has a court house 
 and jail built of stone, and 5 stores. The 
 block furnished by Louisiana for the Wash- 
 ington monument was obtained from the sand- 
 stone quarries near this place. Population, 
 about 200. 
 
 Harrison City, a post-village of West- 
 moreland count}', Pennsylvania, 24 miles E. 
 by S. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Harrison Creek, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land county^ North Carolina. 
 
 Harrison's Mills, a post-office of Craw- 
 ford county, Missouri. 
 
 Harrison Square, a post-village of Dor- 
 chester township, Suffolk county, Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Old Colony railroad, 4 miles 
 S. by E. from Boston. 
 
 Harrison Valley, a post-office of Potter 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Harrisonville, (formerly Colestown,) a 
 small village of Gloucester county. New Jer- 
 sey, about 22 miles S. S. W. from Camden. 
 
 HxVRRisoNviLLE, a Small village of Centre 
 county, Pennsylvania, in Nittany valley, 4 
 miles S. E. from Bellefonte. 
 
 Harrisonville, a small village of Fulton 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from 
 Chambersburg to Bedford, 27 miles AV. from 
 the former. 
 
 Harrisonville, a village of Troup co., Ga. 
 
 Harrisonville, (formerlj"- Connersvilll,) 
 a post-village of Shelby county, Kentucky, 
 46 miles E. S. E. from Louisville. 
 
 Harrisonville, a village of Scioto county, 
 Ohio, 15 miles N. E. from Portsmouth. Po- 
 pulation, about 250. 
 
 473 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 Harrisonville, a thriving post-village of 
 Martin count}', Indiana, is situated on In- 
 dian creek, 4 miles N. E. from Dover Hill. 
 There are sulphur springs in the immediate 
 vicinity, which attract a large number of 
 visitors. 
 
 Harrisonyille, a village of Knox county, 
 Illinois, 12 miles S. from Knoxville. 
 
 Harrisonville, a post-village of Monroe 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 
 about 28 miles below St. Louis. 
 
 Harrisonville, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Cass county, Missouri, 115 miles 
 in a direct line W. from Jefferson City. It 
 has some trade with Utah and the Indians 
 who reside W. of Missouri. 
 
 Harristown, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Indiana, on the railroad from 
 New Albany to Salem, 4 miles E. from the 
 latter. 
 
 Harrisville, a post-office of Cheshire 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Harrisville, a village in Burrillville 
 township, Providence county, Rhode Island, 
 about 15 miles N. W. of Providence. It con- 
 tains 1 cotton mill and 1 spindle mill. Po- 
 pulation, about 400. 
 
 Harrisville, a post-village, of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, 24 miles N. N. W. of Butler. 
 Population, 235. 
 
 Harrisvixle, a small post-village, capital 
 of Ritchie CO., Virginia, 4 miles from the north- 
 western turnpike, and 37 miles E. from Park- 
 ersburg. It contains 2 churches. 
 
 Harrisville, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mery CO., North Carolina, 126 miles W. S. W. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Harrisville, a post-village of Harrison 
 CO., Ohio, 123 miles E. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, 800. 
 
 Harrisville, a township in ■ the S. W. 
 part of Medina co., Ohio. Population, 1477. 
 
 Harrisville, a post-office of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Harrodsburg, a flourishing post-town, 
 capital of Mercer county, Kentucky, is situ- 
 ated on a commanding eminence, 1 mile from 
 Salt river, and 30 miles S. from Frankfort. 
 It is said to be the oldest village in Ken- 
 tucky, the first cabin having been built in 
 1774, by Captain James Harrod. The town 
 is beautiful and well built, and is a place of 
 great resort in the summer on account of its 
 mineral waters. The Harrodsburg springs 
 are among the most celebrated in the state, 
 and perhaps the^ most fashionable in the 
 Western States : ,$300,000 have been expend- 
 ed in the buildings and other improvements. 
 This town has lately been selected as the site 
 for the new military academy. A large quan- 
 tity of fine dry goods is sold in this place, which 
 is also an important market for cattle, horses, 
 and other stock. It contains 1 bank. Turn- 
 pikes extend from the town in seven direc- 
 tions, and a railroad is in process of con- 
 struction which will connect it with Frank- 
 474 
 
 fort. A newspaper is published here. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, estimated at 3000. 
 
 Harrodsburg, a village of Monroe co., 
 Indiana, on Clear creek, 12 miles S. from 
 Bloomington. It is a depot for produce 
 raised in the vicinity. 
 
 Harrodsburg, a small village of Johnson 
 CO., Missouri, about 90 miles W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Harshmansville, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Ohio. 
 
 Hart, a county in the W. central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 425 
 square miles. It is traversed from E. to W. 
 by Green river, navigable by steamboats, 
 and also drained by Nolin and Bacon creeks. 
 This county forms part of the region com- 
 monly called the "Barrens," the surface of 
 which is diversified by conical hills, a few 
 hundred feet high, and sparsely covered with 
 small timber, chiefly oak. The soil is derived 
 from limestone, and is generally fertile. In- 
 dian corn, oats, tobacco, cattle, horses, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 434,613 bushels of corn; 88,550 of 
 oats, and 814,444 pounds of tobacco. It con- 
 tained 11 churches, and 630 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 23 attending an academy. 
 The rock which underlies the county is ca- 
 vernous limestone, suitable for building: 
 numerous caves and sink-holes are found in 
 it. The county is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. It is intersected by the Louis- 
 ville and Nashville railroad, now in course 
 of construction. Formed in 1819, and named 
 in honor of Captain Nathaniel Hart, an officer 
 in the war of 1812. Capital, Munfordville. 
 Population, 9093, of whom 7792 were free, 
 and 1301, slaves. 
 
 Hart, a township in Warwick co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1434. 
 
 Hartfield, a post-village of Chautauque 
 CO., New York, about a mile N. of Chau- 
 tauque lake. 
 
 Hartford, a county in the N. central part 
 of Connecticut, has an area of about 807 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Con- 
 necticut river, and is drained by Farmington 
 river and other smaller streams, which afi^ord 
 valuable water-power. The industry of the 
 inhabitants is principally directed to agri- 
 culture and manufactures. The surface is 
 uneven, and in some parts mountainous. 
 Talcott mountain is the principal elevation. 
 The soil is fertile and well cultivated. In- 
 dian corn, potatoes, tobacco, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 381,744 bushels of corn ; 490,387 of potatoes ; 
 80,817 tons of hay; 1,132,114 pounds of to- 
 bacco, and 1,071,486 of butter. There were 
 11 clock manufactories, 2 carpet manufac- 
 tories, 17 woollen factories, 12 cotton facto- 
 ries, and 1 edge-tool, manufactory. It con- 
 tained 114 churches, and 18 newspaper offices ; 
 15,832 pupils attending public schools, and 
 1366 attending academies and other schools. 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 The Connecticut river is nayigable for sloops 
 to Hartford, and for small steamboats through 
 the county. The railroads extending from iSew 
 Haven to Springfield, and from New Haven to 
 Northampton, and that from Providence tn 
 Fishkill, traverse this county, and several 
 shorter lines of railroad partly intersect it. 
 Organized in 16(36. Capital, Hartford. Po- 
 pulation, 69,906. 
 
 Hartfoed, a post-township of Oxford co., 
 Maine, 20 miles W. of Augusta. Pop., 1293. 
 
 Haktfokd, a post-township of Windsor co., 
 Vermont, on the W. side of Connecticut river, 
 40 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier. Pop., 2159. 
 
 Habtford, a city, seat of justice of Hart- 
 ford county, and semi-capital of Connecticut, 
 is situated on the right bank of the Connec- 
 ticut river, at the head of sloop navigation, 
 50 miles from Long Island sound, 36 miles by 
 railroad N. N. E. from New Haven, 124 miles 
 W. S. W. from Boston, and 112 miles N. E. 
 from New York. Lat. 41° 45' 59" N. ; Ion. 
 72° 40' 45" W. It is connected with East 
 Hartford, on the opposite side of the river, 
 by a covered bridge 1000 feet long. The 
 chartered limits of the city extend along the 
 W. bank of the river upwards of a mile, 
 and three-quarters of a mile back, including 
 an area of about 700 acres. The site is 
 considerably elevated, and the surface some- 
 what broken. There are upwards of 70 
 streets and alleys, some of which run parallel 
 with the river, and are intersected at right 
 angles by those passing from E. to W.; while 
 others are very irregular. Main street 
 reaches from the northern to the southern 
 extremity of the city, dividing it into two 
 nearly equal parts. On this street, which is 
 broad, and more than a mile in length, are 
 many of the public buildings and churches, 
 and also a large number of the retail stores. 
 State street extends from Maine street to the 
 river ; on it is done most of the wholesale 
 business : near its junction with Main street 
 it divides into two parts, enclosing the state 
 house and public square. Asylum street 
 passes westward to the principal railroad 
 station, and is the seat of an important busi- 
 ness, consisting chieily of cotton and woollen 
 goods of home manufacture. The city is, 
 for the most part, compactly built, princi- 
 pally of brick and freestone, and exhibits 
 much taste and elegance. Among the pub- 
 lic buildings the state house, erected in 1792, 
 may be mentioned as the most remarkable. 
 It is a fine structure of the Doric order, 114 
 feet by 76, with walls 54 feet high. Be- 
 sides the legislative halls, it contains apart- 
 ments for the several courts of the state and 
 county, and numerous public offices. The 
 edifice is adorned with two porticos and a 
 dome, the top of which affords a magnificent 
 view of the city, the river, and thie surrounding 
 country. The legislature meets alternately 
 here and at New Haven — the odd years at 
 Hartford. The city hall, fronting on mar- 
 
 ket square, is a handsome building of Gre- 
 cian architecture, containing the police court- 
 room, a large hall for public purposes, and 
 the city market. There are also 2 extensive 
 railroad depots. In 1852 the city contained 
 21 churches of the various denominations, 
 many of them large and elegant edifices. 
 
 The literary and educational institutions of 
 Hartford are numerous, and of a highly re- 
 spectable character. Among the first in im- 
 portance is Trinity College, situated on a 
 gentle acclivity about a mile W. from the 
 state house. It was founded in 1823, and is 
 under the direction of the Protestant Episco- 
 pal church. The grounds, comprising about 
 14 acres, are handsomely laid out and vari- 
 ously ornamented. The buildings are of 
 stone, 3 in number, named Seabury, Jarvis, 
 and Brownell halls. For statistics, see Table of 
 Colleges, in the Appendix. The "Wadsworth 
 AthenjEum, a beautiful granite building in the 
 castellated Gothic style, is devoted to the pro- 
 motion of literature, science, and the arts. 
 The southern compartment is occupied by the 
 Connecticut Historical Society, and contains, 
 besides the library, comprising some 5000 
 printed volumes and a great number of an- 
 cient documents and manuscripts, a large 
 and valuable collection of historical relics. 
 The northern compartment is appropriated 
 to the use of the Young Men's Institute, 
 which maintains an able course of lectures, 
 and has a library of about 10,000 volumes. A 
 gallery of paintings and other rooms devoted 
 to the fine arts occupy the central portion of 
 the building. The system of public instruc- 
 tion adopted by the city is probably the best 
 in the state. The schools are free to all 
 resident pupils, the expense being defrayed 
 partly by the income from the public school 
 fund, and partly by a tax on property. The 
 studies pursued in the high-school are simi- 
 lar to those usually embraced in a college 
 course. The newspaper press consists of 10 
 publications, of which 2 are issued daily. 
 
 Hartford has long been distinguished for 
 its benevolent institutions. The American 
 Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, standing 
 just without the city limits, was the first 
 institution of the kind ever established in 
 the United States. The late Rev. T. H. 
 Gallaudet, LL. D., having visited Europe for 
 the purpose of ascertaining the best method 
 of imparting instruction to the deaf andV 
 dumb, brought with him, on his return in' 
 1816, M. Laurent Clerc, a deaf mute, who 
 had been many years a successful teacher in 
 Paris, under the Abbe Sicai'd. The Ameri- 
 can Asylum was organized in 1817, under 
 the direction of Mr. Gallaudet, as principal, 
 and M. Laurent Clerc as associate teacher. 
 The institution rose rapidly into public favor, 
 the seven deaf mutes with which it first com- 
 menced having soon increased to 140. The 
 average number of pupils at present is about 
 200. The main building was erected in 1820, 
 
 475 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 and is 130 feet by 50, and 4 stories high. 
 The Retreat for the Insane, founded in 1822, 
 is situated in the S. W. part of the city, on 
 a gentle elevation, commanding an extensive, 
 varied, and most beautiful prospect. The 
 buildings are surrounded with some 17 acres 
 of ground, tastefully ornamented -with walks, 
 shade- trees, and shrubbery. The number of 
 patients during the year ending April 1, 1853, 
 was 321, of which 64 had been discharged 
 entirely cured ; 21 much improved ; 26 not 
 improved, and 21 had died ; leaving 170 in 
 the institution. 
 
 Hartford is advantageously situated for 
 trade, manufactures, and commerce. It is 
 in the great line of railways connecting the 
 New England with the Middle, Southern, 
 and Western States, and also in the line of 
 the Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill rail- 
 road. The Connecticut river, which is navi- 
 gable to Hartford for sea-vessels and steam- 
 boats of 1000 tons burthen, admits the pas- 
 sage of small boats as far as Newburg in 
 Vermont, a distance of 220 miles. There are 
 about 20 incorporated companies in Hartford, 
 having upwards of $2,000,000 capital, be- 
 sides many that are not incorporated, en- 
 gaged in commercial and manufacturing en- 
 terprises. The value of the city manufac- 
 tures for the year ending June 1, 1850, as 
 given by the census returns, amounted to 
 $3,619,389 ; and at the present time, August, 
 1 853, their value probably exceeds $4,500, 000. 
 The more important articles of manufacture 
 are railroad cars, firearms, and hardware 
 of the various kinds. Book publishing has 
 always been carried on to a great extent. 
 There are 8 banks in Hartford, with an ag- 
 gregate capital of about $5,000,000 ; 2 sav- 
 ings institutions, capital and deposits up- 
 wards of $2,000,000, and 10 fire and life in- 
 surance companies, with an aggregate capi- 
 tal of $3,888,100. The city is lighted with 
 gas ; it is also contemplated to supply it 
 with water from the Connecticut, at AVinsor 
 Locks, by means of an aqueduct. The city 
 is divided into 6 wards. The municipal go- 
 vernment is vested in a mayor, elected once 
 in two years, 6 aldermen, chosen annually, 
 and the common council, composed of 24 
 persons, also chosen annually. 
 
 Hartford was permanently settled in 1635, 
 by an English colony from Massachusetts. 
 Its name was given in honor of one of the 
 leading settlers, Mr. Stone, who was born in 
 Hartford, England. Previous to the settle- 
 ment of the colony, the Dutch had explored 
 the Connecticut, and erected a fort on what 
 is still called Dutch Point, in the S. E. part 
 of the city. The old " Charter Oak" is still 
 alive, and an object of much interest to visit- 
 ors. See Connecticut. The Indian name 
 of Hartford was Suckiaug. Incorporated as a 
 city in 1784. Population in 1820, 4726; in 
 1830, 7076; in 1840, 9468; in 1850, 17,966, 
 and in 1853, about 22,000. 
 476 
 
 Hartford, a post-township near the mid- 
 dle of V/^ashington co., New York. Pop., 2051. 
 
 Hartfokd, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 55 miles N. N. E. from Al- 
 bany. It has 2 or 3 churches, and several 
 stores, and a bank. 
 
 Hartford, a small village of Evesham 
 township, Burlington co.. New Jersey. 
 
 Hartford, a post-borough of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Erie Extension of 
 Pennsylvania canal, 13 miles S. W. from 
 Meadville, the county seat. Population, 200. 
 
 Hartford, a post- village of Forsyth co.,Ga. 
 
 Hartford, a small village of Pulaski co., 
 Georgia, on the Ocmulgee river, opposite 
 Hawkinsville, is nearly deserted on account 
 of its unhealthiness. 
 
 Hartford, a thriving post-village of 
 Chickasaw co., Mississippi, on the Loosa- 
 scoo-na river, at the head of keel-boat navi- 
 gation, 20 miles N. W. from Houston. It has 
 a dense population around it, and contains 
 several stores. 
 
 Hartford, a post-village, capital of Ohio 
 CO., Kentucky, on Rough creek, an affluent 
 of Green river, 160 miles S. W. from Frank- 
 fort. It contains a court house and two 
 churches. It was settled in 1808. Popula- 
 tion, about 500. 
 
 Hartford, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Licking co., Ohio. Pop., 1426. 
 
 Hartford, a post-village of Licking co., 
 Ohio, about 25 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Hartford, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Trumbull co., Ohio. Population, 1258. 
 
 Hartford, a township in the W. part of 
 Van Buren co., Michigan. Population, 296. 
 
 Hartford, a township in Adams co., In- 
 diana. Population, 265. 
 
 Hartford, a village, capital of Blackford 
 CO., Indiana, 75 miles N. E. from Indianapo- 
 lis. It contains a brick court house, and 
 about 300 inhabitants. Laid out in 1839. 
 
 Hartford, a thriving post-village of Ohio 
 CO., Indiana, on Laughery creek, 5 miles 
 from the Ohio river, and 90 miles S. E. from 
 Indianapolis, was first settled in 1814. It 
 has 1 or 2 churches, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Hartford, a post-office of Lake co.. 111. 
 
 Hartford, a post-oflice of Putnam co.. Mo. 
 
 Hartford, a post-village of Des Moines 
 CO., Iowa, on the plank-road from Burling- 
 ton to Fairfield, about 12 miles W. by N. from 
 the former. 
 
 Hartford, a small post-village of Polk co., 
 Iowa, on the river Des Moines, 17 miles S. E. 
 from Fort Des Moines, the county seat. 
 
 Hartford, a post-township in the W. part 
 of AVashington co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1050. 
 
 Hartford, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on a branch of Eock river, 
 near its source, about 35 miles N. W. from 
 Milwaukee. A mine of iron ore has been 
 opened in the vicinity, and is said to be rich. 
 
 Harthegig, a small post-village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
%^ 
 
 HAR 
 
 Hartland, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, about 42 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Augusta. Population, 960. 
 
 Hartland, a post- township of Windsor co., 
 V^ermont, on the Vermont Central railroad, 50 
 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. Pop. 2063. 
 
 Hartland, a post-township of Hartford 
 CO.. Connecticut, 20 miles N. W. of Hartford, 
 intersected by the East branch of Farming- 
 ton river. Population, 848. 
 
 Hartland, a post-township of Niagara 
 CO., New York, 11 miles N. E. from Lockport. 
 Population, 3028. 
 
 Hartland, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Huron co., Ohio. Population, 1024. 
 
 Hartland, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Livingston co., Michigan. Population, 996. 
 
 Hartland, a post-village of Livingston co., 
 Michigan, on Ore creek, about 44 miles E. 
 from Lansing, has a flouring mill, and about 
 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Hartland, a post-village in McHenry co., 
 niinois, about 200 miles N. N. E. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Hartland, a post-village of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin, about 24 miles W. by N. from 
 Milwaukee, with which it is connected by a 
 plank-road. It has 3 stores, 1 flouring mill, 
 and 30 dwellings. 
 
 Hartley, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Union co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 2142. 
 
 Hartleyton, a post-village of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania, in Buffalo valley, 70 miles N. 
 by W. from Harrisburg. The turnpike from 
 Lewisburg to Centre co. passes through it. 
 
 Hartleyville, a post-ofiice of Athens co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 HxVRT Lot, a post-office of Onondaga co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Hartsborough, a post-village of Warwick 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Hartsgrove, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop., 650. 
 
 Hartshorn, a post-village of Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Hart's Location, a post-office of Coos co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Hart's Mills, a post-office of Ripley co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Hartstown, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hart's Village, or Hartsville, a post- vil- 
 lage of Dutchess county. New York, 16 miles 
 E. N. E. from Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Hartsville, a post-village in Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, 125 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. 
 
 Hartsville, a village of Onondaga co,, 
 New York, 130 miles N. by W. from Albany. 
 
 Hartsville, a township on the W. border 
 of Steuben co.. New York. Population, 854. 
 
 Hartsville, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 108 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Hartsville, a post-office of Darlington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 HAS 
 
 Hartsville, a post- village of Sumner co., 
 Tenn., 45 miles E. N. E. from Nashville, has 
 1 church and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Hartsville, a post-village in Bartholo- 
 mew CO., Indiana, 50 miles S. E. from Indi- 
 anapolis. 
 
 Hartsville, a village of Decatur county, 
 Indiana, 10 miles S. W. from Greensburg. 
 
 Hartsville, or Hartvillb, a post-village, 
 capital of Wright co., Missouri, on a fork of 
 Gasconade river, 105 miles S. by W. from 
 Jefi"erson City. 
 
 Hartwellville, a post- village of Benning- 
 ton county, Vermont. 
 
 Hartwellville, a small post-village in the 
 S. part of Shiawassee county, Michigan. 
 
 Hartwick, a post-township in the centre 
 of Otsego county, New York, on the Susque- 
 hanna river. Population, 2352. 
 
 Hartwick, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Otsego creek, about 35 miles 
 S. by E. from Utica. It has churches of 
 three denominations, and probably 500 in- 
 hi/oitants. 
 
 Hartwick Seminary, a post- village of 
 Otsego CO., New York, on the Susquehanna 
 river, 6 or 7 miles below Cooperstown. It 
 has a theological seminary of that name, un- 
 der the direction of the Lutheran church. 
 
 Hartwood, a post-office of Stafi'ord co., Va. 
 
 Hartwood, apost-office of Autauga CO., Ala. 
 
 Harvard, a post-township of Worcester co., 
 Mass., on the Worcester and Nashua railroad, 
 25 miles N. by E. from Worcester. Pop., 1 630. 
 
 Harvard, a post-office of Delaware countj'. 
 New York. 
 
 Harvey's, a small post-village of Greene 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Harveysburg, a small village of Auglaize 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Harveysburg, a thriving post-village of 
 Warren county, Ohio, 41 miles N. E. from 
 Cincinnati. It contains 1 academy, and 4 oT 
 5 places of worship. Population, 330. 
 
 Harvey's Five Points, a post-village of 
 Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, 32 miles 
 E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Harvey's Point, a village in Polk county, 
 Iowa, 115 miles W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Harvey's Store, a post-office of Charlotte 
 CO., Va., 108 miles S. W. from Eichmond. 
 
 Harveysville, a post-village of Luzerne 
 CO., Pa., 108 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Harwich, a post- township of Barnstable CO., 
 Mass., 90 miles S. E. from Boston: 48 ves- 
 sels engaged in the fishing business are ovmed 
 here. Population, 3258. 
 
 Harwich Port, a post-village of Barnstable 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Harwinton, a post-township of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut, 23 miles N. W. from Hart- 
 ford. Population, 1176. 
 
 Hasbrouck, a post-office of Sullivan co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Haskell Flats, a post-office of Cattarau- 
 gus county, New York. 
 
 477 
 
HAS 
 
 HAV 
 
 Haskelltille, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Haskbnville, a post-office of Steuben co., 
 New York. 
 
 Haskinsville, a post-village in Greene 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Haskinsville, a village of Noble co., Ohio. 
 
 Hastings, a post-township of Oswego co., 
 New York, 20 miles N. by E. from Syracuse. 
 Population, 2920. 
 
 Hastings, or Hastings upon Hudson, a 
 post-village of Westchester county. New York, 
 on the Hudson river, and on the railroad of 
 that name, 20 miles N. N. E. from New York. 
 
 Hastings, a small post-village of Richland 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Hastings, a post-township in the N. E. 
 central part of Barry co., Mich. Pop., 554. 
 
 Hastings, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, and capital of Barry county, 
 Michigan, on Thornapple river, and on the 
 E. road from Battle creek to Grand Rapids, 
 42 miles W. from Lansing. It possesses ex- 
 cellent water-power, with several mills. 
 
 Hastings' Centkb, a post-village of Oswego 
 county. New York. 
 
 Hastingsville, a post-office of Columbiana 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Hat, a post-office of Lancaster co.. Pa. 
 
 Hatboeough, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania, 16 miles N. from 
 Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, 3 stores, a 
 grist mill, an academy, a public library of 
 about 5000 volumes, contained in a handsome 
 and spacious building erected for this pur- 
 pose, and from 40 to 50 dwellings. 
 
 Hatchek's, a post-office of Talladega co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Hatchie, Hatchee, or Hatcht, a river iu 
 the S. W. part of Tennessee, rises in Tippah 
 county, Mississippi, and, passing into Tennes- 
 see, enters the Mississippi river between Tip- 
 ton and Lauderdale counties, near Randolph. 
 Its general course is W. N. W. It is stated to 
 be navigable by steamboats to Bolivar, about 
 150 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Hatchy Tubnpike, a post-office of Tippah 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Hat Creek, a post-office of Campbell co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Hatfield, a post-township of Hampshire 
 CO., Mass., on the Connecticut River railroad, 
 100 miles W. from Boston. Pop., 1073. 
 
 Hatfield, a village of Alleghany county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 3 miles 
 N. E. from Pittsburg. It contains about 
 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Hatfield, a township of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles N. byE. from Norris- 
 town. Population, 1135. 
 
 Hatteras, Cape. See Cape Hatteras. 
 
 Hatt's Shop, a village of Talbot co., Ga. 
 
 Hausertown, a post-office of Owen co.,Ind. 
 
 Havana, a thriving post-village in Cathe- 
 rine's township, Chemung county, New York, 
 oa the Chemung branch of the New York and 
 478 
 
 Erie railroad, about 300 miles N. W. from New 
 York, and 3 miles S. of the head of Seneca 
 lake, with which it is joined by a canal. It 
 has 1 bank, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Havana, a post-village of Greene co., Ala- 
 bama, 25 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Havana, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio. 
 
 Havana, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Mason county, Illinois, is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on the E. bank of the Illinois river, op- 
 posite the mouth of the Spoon river, 218 
 miles, by water, from Chicago. The site is 
 elevated about 50 feet, and the landing is 
 convenient. The value of the produce shipped 
 at this place, in 1852, was estimated at 
 $200,000. Population in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Havenspoet, a thriving village of Fairfield 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie canal, 
 24 miles S..E. from Columbus. 
 
 Havensville, a small post-village of Brad- 
 ford county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Haverford, a post-township of Delaware 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 10 miles W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 1401. Haverford 
 School, a high-school, (or more properly col- 
 lege) under the direction of the Society of 
 Friends, is situated in this township, on the Co- 
 lumbia railroad, 9 miles W. from Philadelphia. 
 The grounds are tastefully laid out and orna- 
 mented withtrees and shrubbery. This institu- 
 tion is richly endowed ; it possesses an excel- 
 lent philosophical and chemical apparatus, and 
 a well selected library of about 2000 volumes. 
 
 Haverhill, a post-township of Grafton 
 county. New Hampshire, 70 miles N. N. W. 
 from Concord. Population, 2405. 
 
 Haverhill, a flourishing post-village of 
 Essex county, Massachusetts, on the N. bank 
 of the Merrimac river, at the head of naviga- 
 tion, about 15 miles from the ocean, and on 
 the Boston and Maine railroad, 33 miles N. 
 from Boston. It contains 7 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, a bank with a capital of 
 $150,000, and a savings institution. Two 
 of the churches have recently been erected, 
 one a Gothic-Arabic structure — the other is 
 modelled from an Italian temple — both beau- 
 tiful edifices. The schools of Haverhill are 
 among the best in Massachusetts. The vil- 
 lage contains manufactories of boots and 
 shoes, woollen goods, silver ware, hats and 
 caps, lasts, &c. Boots and shoes are annu- 
 ally produced to the amount of $1,500,000. 
 There are also about 10,000,000 of bricks 
 made yearly. Settled iu 1640, and incorpo- 
 rated in 1645. Population, of the township, 
 5877 ; of the village, in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Haverhill, a village of Scioto county, 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, 20 miles above Ports- 
 mouth. Population, 200. 
 
 Haverhill Centre, a post-village in Ha- 
 verhill township, Grafton CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Haverhill Corner, a post-village and 
 semi-capital of Grafton county, New Hamp- 
 shire, on the left bank of the Connecticut 
 river, G5 miles N. W. from Concord. It has 
 
HAV 
 
 HAY 
 
 a beautiful common in the centre, and con- 
 tains the county buildings, and a newspaper 
 office. Population of the township, 2405. 
 
 Haverstuaw, a post-township of Rockland 
 county, New York, on the W. side of the Hud- 
 son, 115 miles S. from Albany. Pop., 5885. 
 
 Haverstraw, a post-village in tlie above 
 township, on the W. side of the Hudson, 37 
 miles N. from New York city. 
 
 Haviland Hollow, a post-office of Putnam 
 county, New York. 
 
 Havilandville, a small post-village of 
 Harrison co., Ky., contains a cotton factory. 
 
 Havre db Grace, a thriving post-village 
 of Harford county, Maryland, on the western 
 shore of the Susquehanna river, and at the 
 head of Chesapeake bay, 36 miles N. E. from 
 Baltimore. It is an old town, considerably 
 enlarged and improved since the construction 
 of the Tidewater canal, of which it is the 
 southern terminus. The Philadelphia, Wil- 
 mington, and Baltimore railroad passes 
 through it, crossing the river by a steam 
 ferry. It contains 1 or 2 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, and a number of stores. During the 
 severe frosts of the winter of 1851 and 1852, 
 the railway cars crossed the river on the ice 
 for several weeks. Havre de Grace was 
 bui-ned by the British in the war of 1812. A 
 bridge is in course of construction across the 
 river at this place. Population in 1850, 1336 ; 
 in 1858, about 1800. 
 
 Haw, a township in Bartholomew county, 
 Indiana Population, 1572. 
 
 Haw Creek, a post-office of Knox co., 111. 
 
 Hawesville, a post-village, capital of 
 Hancock county, Kentuckj', on the Ohio 
 river, 124 miles below Louisville. There are 
 beds of coal here, which supply the village 
 and steamboats with fuel. It contains 2 
 churches, 10 stores, and over 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Hawfield, a post-village in Orange coun- 
 ty, North Carolina, 45 miles AV. from Raleigh. 
 
 Hawkerville, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Hawk Eye, a small post-village of Des 
 Moines county, Iowa. 
 
 Hawkins, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Virginia. Area, 
 estimated at 650 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Clinch and Holston rivers. The 
 surface is traversed by Clinch mountain and 
 other high ridges ; the soil is generally fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850, Hawkins county pro- 
 duced 550,186 bushels of corn; 140,787 of 
 oats; 43,381 of wheat, and 125,064 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 30 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 4442 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 140 attending academies or 
 other schools. Steamboats navigate the 
 Holston river through this county. Lime- 
 stone underlies part of the county. Water- 
 power is abundant on the streams. Capital, 
 Rogersville. Population, 12,770, of whom' 
 11,080 were free, and 1690, slaves. 
 
 Hawkins' Landino, a post-office of Ashley 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Hawkins' Mills, a small village of Bath 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Hawkinsville, a post-office of Oneida 
 county, New York. 
 
 Hawkinsville, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Pulaski county, Georgia, on the W. 
 bank of the Ocmulgee river, 61 miles S. from 
 Milledgeville, contains 2 churches, 6 stores, 
 and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Hawk Point, a small village of Lincoln 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Hawley, a post-township, Franklin county, 
 Massachusetts, about 100 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston. Population, 880. 
 
 Hawley, a flourishing post-village of Wayne 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the railroad of the 
 Pennsylvania Coal Company, about 8 miles 
 below Honesdale. The village has grown up 
 since 1848, and owes its rapid increase to 
 the joint operations of the coal company, 
 and the Delaware and Hudson Canal Com- 
 pany. Large quantities of coal are here 
 transferred from the cars to canal-boats. 
 The railroad connects at Scranton with more 
 extensive lines of railroad. Population in 
 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Hawley's Store, a post-office of Sampson 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Hawleyville, a post-village of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut, on the Housatonic railroad. 
 
 Hawpatch, a post- village of La Grange co., 
 Ind., 160 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Haw Ridge, a post-office of Dale co., Ala. 
 
 Haw River, of North Carolina, one of the 
 main branches of the Cape Fear river, rises 
 in the S. W. part of Rockingham county, and 
 flows in a general south-easterly course, until 
 it unites with Deep river, at Haywood, near 
 the centre of the state. It passes through a 
 hilly and fertile farming region, which con- 
 tains extensive mines of stone coal. 
 
 Hawsburg, a post- village in Rappahannock 
 CO., Va., 130 miles N. N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Hawsertown, a post-office of Owen co., Ind. 
 
 Hawthorn, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Hattcock, a township of Bucks county, 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. N. W. from Doyles- 
 town. Population, 1134. 
 
 Haydensville, a post-office of Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts. 
 
 Haydensville, a village of Todd county, 
 Kentucky, 190 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Haydentown, a small village of Fayette 
 county, Pennsylvania, 190 miles W. by S. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Haydock's Ferry, a small village of Mar- 
 shall county, Kentucky. 
 
 Hayes' Store, a post-office of Gloucester 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Hayesville, a small post-village of Ches- 
 ter county, Pennsylvania, about 67 miles S. 
 E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Hayesville, Ohio. See Haysville. 
 479 
 
HAT 
 
 HAZ 
 
 Hatfield, a post-townsliip of Ci'awford 
 county, Pennsylvania, 5 miles N. W. from 
 Meadyille. Population, 1723. 
 
 Hayleysburg, a post-office of Lunenburg 
 CO., Va., 95 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Hay Market, a post-village in Prince 
 William co., Va., 110 miles N. from Piichmond. 
 
 Hay Meadow, a post-office of Wilkes co., 
 N. C, 184 miles W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Hatxes, a post-office of Granger county, 
 Tennessee, 32 miles N. E. from Kuoxville. 
 
 Haynesville, a post-township in Aroos- 
 took county, Maine. Population, 96. 
 
 Haynesville, a post-oflSce of Rensselaer 
 county. New York. 
 
 Haynesville, a post-office of Claiborne pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Haynevillb, a post-village in York dis., 
 S. C, 60 miles S. S. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Haynevillb, a district in Houston county, 
 Georgia. Population, 1335. 
 
 Hayneville, or Hainesville, a post-vil- 
 lage of Houston county, Georgia, 9 or 10 
 miles S. E. from Perry, has 2 churches, 1 
 academy, and 3 stores. 
 
 Hatnevilll, a post-village, capital of 
 Lowndes county, Alabama, 23 miles S. W. 
 from Montgomery. It contains, besides the 
 county buildings, 2 flourishing chartered 
 academies, one for each sex, and 1 manufactory 
 of cotton-gins. Laid out in 1828. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Hay River, of Wisconsin, a small stream 
 which enters Red Cedar river from the right 
 in Chippewa county. 
 
 Hays, a county in the W. central part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 800 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Pedernales 
 and San Marcos rivers. The surface is hilly 
 or undulating ; the soil produces Indian 
 corn, cotton, and grass. In 1850 it yielded 
 19,000 bushels of corn; 800 of oats; 380 of 
 sweet potatoes ; 7350 pounds of butter, and 
 1091 of wool. There were 40 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Named in honor of John 
 C. Hays, a colonel in the Texan service. Ca- 
 pital, San Marcos. Population, 387, of whom 
 259 were free, and 128, slaves. 
 
 Hays' Creek, a post-office of Carroll coun- 
 ty, Mississippi, 
 
 Hats' Spring, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Haystack, a post-village of Surrey co., N.C. 
 
 Hays' Store, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Hatsville, a small village of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river, 9 
 miles below Pittsburg. It is a station on the 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad. 
 
 Hatsville, a small village of Lincoln 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Hatsville, a post-village of Marion coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, on the road from Lexington to 
 Nashville, in Tennessee. 
 
 Haysvlile, a thriving post-village of Ver- 
 milion township, Ashland county, Ohio, 78 
 480 
 
 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. It has a high 
 school called the Haysville Literary Institute. 
 Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Haysville, a post-village of Dubois coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the Patoka creek, about 115 
 miles S. S. W. from Indianapolis, has about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Hayter's Gap, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Haywood, a county in the W. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Tennessee. Area, 
 estimated at 900 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Big Pigeon river, an affluent of 
 the French Broad. The county is a moun- 
 tainous tract, between the Blue Ridge on the 
 S. E. and the Iron Mountain on the N. W. The 
 soil near the streams is fertile. Indian corn, 
 oats, and cattle are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 271,221 bushels of corn; 
 40,805 of oats; and 55,405 pounds of butter. 
 There were 26 churches. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Western turnpike, above 200 
 miles in length. The streams furnish abun- 
 dant motive-power. Capital, Waynesville. 
 Formed in 1808, and named in honor of John 
 Haywood, treasurer of North Carolina. Po- 
 pulation, 7074, of whom 6656 were free, and 
 418, slaves. 
 
 Haywood, a county in the W. part of Ten- 
 nessee. Area, estimated at 500 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Hatchee and the 
 South fork of the Forked Deer river, affluents 
 of the Mississippi. The general surface is 
 level; the soil is very productive, and much 
 cultivated. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 sweet potatoes, grass, butter, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 754,510 bushels of corn; 20,967 of wheat; 
 67,275 of oats; 67,971 of sweet potatoes; 
 15,967 bales of cotton; and 121,475 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 24 churches, 270 
 pupils attending public schools, and 195 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 Hatchee river is navigable by small steam- 
 boats through this county during high water, 
 i. e. in winter. Capital, Brownsville. Popu- 
 lation, 17,259, of whom 8761 were free, and 
 8498, slaves. 
 
 Haywood, a post-village of Chatham coun- 
 ty, North Carolina, at the confluence of the 
 Haw and Deep rivers, which form the Cape 
 Fear, 31 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Hazard, a small post-village, capital of 
 Perry county, Kentucky, on the North fork 
 of Kentucky river, 94 miles in a direct line 
 S. E. from Lexington. 
 
 Hazard Forge, a post-office of Hardy coun- 
 ty, Virginia. 
 
 Hazardville, a post-office of Hartford 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 Hazle, a township on the S. border of Lu- 
 zerne county, Pennsylvania, contains the well- 
 known Hazelton coal mines. Pop., 2080. 
 
 Hazle Bottom, a post-office of Barry co. Mo. 
 
 Hazle Dell, a post-office of Cumberland 
 county, Illinois. 
 
IIAZ 
 
 HEB 
 
 Hazle Flat, a post-office of Shelby coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Hazle Geeen, a village of Madison county, 
 Alabama, about 12 miles N. from Huntsville. 
 
 Hazle Green, a small post-Yillage of Mor- 
 gan county, Kentucky, about 100 miles E. S. 
 E. from Frankfort. 
 
 Hazle Green, a post-village of Grant coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, is situated in the middle of a 
 large and fertile prairie, about 12 miles N. 
 from Galena. It has 3 churches, 10 stores, 
 and 100 dwellings. Pop. in 1853, about 750. 
 
 Hazle Grove, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Hazle Grove, a post- village of Saline coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 75 miles W. N. W. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 Hazlepatch, a small post-village of Laurel 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Hazleton, a post-village of Luzerne coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, about 15 miles W. N. AV. 
 from Mauch Chunk, with which it is connected 
 by a railroad. 
 
 Hazlettville, a post-office of Kent co., Del. 
 
 Hazlewood, a post-office of Chester dis. S.C. 
 
 Hazlewoou, a post-office of Ballard co., Ky. 
 
 Hazlewood, a post-village of Wright coun- 
 ty, Missouri, 110 miles S. by W. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 Headley's, New Jersey. See Millville. 
 
 Headlet's Mills, a post-village of Foun- 
 tain county, Indiana. 
 
 Head oe Barren, a post-office of Claiborne 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Head of Clinch, a post-office of Tazewell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Head of Harbob, a small post-village of 
 Suffolk county. New York, on the N. side of 
 Long Island, about 50 miles E. by N. from 
 New York. 
 
 Head of Sassafras, a post-office of Kent 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Head of Tennessee, a post-office of Rabun 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Head Quarters, a post-office of Nicholas 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Head Waters, a post-office of Highland 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Healing Springs, a post-office of Davidson 
 CO., North Carolina, 136 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Heard, a county in the W. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on Alabama, has an area of 286 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Chat- 
 tahoochee river, and also drained by White- 
 water and Sundalhatchee creeks. The sur- 
 face is very hilly, and partly covered with 
 forests of oak, hickory, and pine. The soil 
 is highly productive. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 3384 
 bales of cotton; 265,242 bushels of corn; 
 35,034 of oats ; and 41,354 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 2 tanneries, 1 woollen factory, and 
 1 saw mill. It contained 24 churches, 403 
 pupils attending public schools, and 80 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Gold, iron, 
 2r 
 
 and lead have been found in the county. Or- 
 ganized in 1830, and named in honor of Ste- 
 phen Heard, an officer in the war of the Revo- 
 lution. Capital, Franklin. Pop., 6923, of 
 whom 4523 were free, and 2400, slaves. 
 
 Hearnville, a post-office of Putnam coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Heart Prairie, a post-village of Walworth 
 county, Wisconsin, about 40 miles S. W. from 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 Heartwellville, a post-office of Benning- 
 ton county, Vermont. 
 
 Heath, a post-township of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 100 miles W. N. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 803. 
 
 Heath, a township of Forest county, Penn- 
 sylvania, about 70 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, 203. 
 
 Heathland, a post-office of Henry co., HI. 
 
 Heath's Creek, a post-office of Pettis CO. Mo. 
 
 Heathsville, a handsome post-village, 
 capital of Northumberland county, Virginia, 
 is situated on the Northern Neck,' 92 miles 
 N. E. from Richmond, and 1 mile from the 
 head of Coan river, a navigable inlet opening 
 into the Potomac. It has a large church, an 
 academy, and a mill. 
 
 Heathsville, a post-village of Halifax co., 
 North Carolina, 82 miles N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Hebbardsville, a post-village in Hender- 
 son county, Kentucky. 
 
 Hebbardsville, a post-village of Athens 
 county, Ohio, about 70 miles S. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Hebron, a post-township of Oxford county, 
 Maine, 30 miles W. S. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 839. 
 
 Hebron, a post-township of Grafton coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire, 30 miles N. N. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 565. 
 
 Hebron, a post-township of Tolland county, 
 Connecticut, 15 miles S. E. from Hartford. 
 Population, 1345. 
 
 Hebron, a post-township on the E. border 
 of Washington co.. New York. Pop., 2548. 
 
 Hebron, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 54 miles N. N. E. from Albany. 
 It contains a bank and several stores. 
 
 Hebron, a post-township of Potter county, 
 Pennsylvania, 6 miles N. from Coudersport. 
 Population, 337. 
 
 Hebron, a post-office of Tyler co., Virginia. 
 
 Hebron, a post-village of Washington coun- 
 ty, Georgia, about 20 miles S. E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Hebron, a thriving post- village of Licking 
 county, Ohio, on the National road, where it 
 crosses the Ohio canal, 27 miles E. fronn 
 Columbus. 
 
 Hebron, a post-office of Porter co., Ind. 
 
 Hebron, a post-township in the N. part of 
 McHenry county, Illinois. 
 
 Hebron, a post-village of McHenry county, 
 Illinois, 60 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Hebron, a township in the central part of 
 Jefferson county, Wisconsin. Pop., 64Q 
 
 48i 
 
HEC 
 
 HEM 
 
 Heceer, a post-office of St. Clair co., 111. 
 
 Hecksiierville, apost-yillageof Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, 6 miles W. from Potts- 
 Tille. Population in 1853, about 350. 
 
 Hecktown, a small post-village of North- 
 ampton county, Pennsylvania, 55 miles N. 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Hecla, a post-office of Carroll co., Tenn. 
 
 Hecla, a post-office of Noble co., Ind. 
 
 Hecly Works, a post-office of Oneida coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 Hector, a post-township of Tompkins 
 county. New York, on the E. side of Seneca 
 lake, 15 miles W. from Ithaca. Pop., 6022. 
 
 Hector, a township of Potter county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 21 miles E. N. E. from Coudersport. 
 Population, 816. 
 
 Hector, a post-office of Jay co., Indiana. 
 
 Hedgesville, a thriving post-village of 
 Berkley county, Virginia, 1 mile from the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 187 miles N. by 
 W. from Richmond. Population, about 300. 
 
 Hedgman's River, in the N. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, flows along the S.W. border of Fauquier 
 CO., and unites with Thornton's river to form 
 the North river, or Rappahannock. 
 
 Heidelberg, a township of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles W. from Reading. 
 Population, 805. 
 
 Heidelberg, a township of Lebanon co., 
 Pennsylvania, 33 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 1467. 
 
 Heidelberg, a township of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles W. N. W. from Allen- 
 town. Population, 1385. 
 
 Heidblburg, a township of York co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 16 miles S. W. from York. Popu- 
 lation, 2826. 
 
 Heidlersburg, a post-village of Adams 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 26 miles S. S. W. from 
 Harrisburg. It has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Heistersburg, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Heldebbergs, of New York, are a range 
 of hills in Schoharie and Albany counties, 
 connected with the Catskill mountains. 
 Height between 400 and 500 feet. 
 
 Helen, a township of Clarion co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 648. 
 
 Helena, a post- village of St. Lawrence co.. 
 New York, on St. Regis river, 33 miles N. E. 
 from Canton. 
 
 Helena, a post-village, capital of Phillips 
 CO., Arkansas, on the Mississippi river, 80 
 miles below Memphis. It contains a court 
 house, jail, a land-office, and 4 newspaper 
 offices. In the summer of 1852 this village 
 was almost entirely destroyed by fire. 
 
 Helena, a post-village of Mason co., Ken- 
 tucky, 11 miles S. E. from Maysville. It has 
 about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Helena, a post-office of Peoria co., 111. 
 
 Helena, a thriving post-village of Iowa 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the left bank of the Wis- 
 consin river, about 40 miles W. from Madi- 
 son. The 1-0 uie of the Milwaukee and Mis- 
 482 
 
 sissippi railroad passes through this village. 
 The principal business is the manufacture of 
 shot. Lead mines have been opened in the 
 vicinity, and the produce of these is shipped 
 here by the river. 
 
 Helbnville, a post-office of JeflFerson co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Hellam, a post-township of York co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna. Pop., 1528. 
 
 Hellen, a post-village of Elk co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 170 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Hellen Furnace, a post-office of Clarion 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hellenville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Wisconsin, 6 miles E. from Jefferson, 
 contains 1 church, and 2 saw mills. 
 
 Hellertown, a post-village of Northamp- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, 96 miles E. N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Hell Gate, or Helle Gatt, a narrow and 
 rocky pass in the East river, 7 miles N. E. 
 from New York. The rocks which formerly 
 obstructed this passage have recently been 
 removed by the application of a new method 
 of blasting, which has proved eminently suc- 
 cessful. The powder, secured from the action 
 of the water, is sunk and simply placed upon 
 the rock, and exploded by means of an electric 
 spark. The superincumbent mass of water, 
 from its inelasticity, operates effectually as a 
 resisting medium, and the rock is broken 
 without the necessity of boring into its sub- 
 stance. 
 
 Helt, a township in Vermilion co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 2121. 
 
 Helton, a post-office of Ashe co., N. C. 
 
 Heltonsville, a small post-village of 
 Lawrence co., Indiana, about 8 miles N. E. 
 from Bedford. 
 
 Helvetia, a small village of Madison co., 
 Illinois, about 30 miles E. S. E. from Alton. 
 
 Hemlo, a post-office of Whitesides co., 111. 
 
 Hemlock, a post-office of Cambria county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hemlock, a township of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Fishing creek, opposite 
 Bloomsburg. Population, 1087. 
 
 Hemlock Grove, a post-office of Meigs co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Hemlock Lake, New York, between On- 
 tario and Livingston counties, is 7 miles long, 
 and near 1 mile wide. The outlet joins 
 Honeoye creek. 
 
 Hemlock Lake, a post-village of Living- 
 ston CO., New York, on a lake of the same 
 name, alDout 26 miles S. from Rochester. 
 
 Hempfield, a small post-village of Lancas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania, 40 miles S. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Hempfield, a township of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, is intersected by the Cen- 
 tral railroad, and contains Greensburg, the 
 county seat. Population, 5935. 
 
 Hemphill's Store, a post-village of Meck- 
 lenburg CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Hempstead, a county in the S. W. part of 
 
HEM 
 
 HEN 
 
 Arkansas, contains 1200 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by Little Missouri 
 river, and on the S. W. by Red river, and 
 drained by Bois d'Arc creek. The surface is 
 diversified by sandy hills ; the soil is fertile. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the chief produc- 
 tions. In 1850 there -were raised 2552 bales 
 of cotton; 278,818 bushels of corn; 28,407 
 of peas and beans ; 37,358 of sweet potatoes, 
 and 70,666 pounds of butter. There were 3 
 saw mills, 3 tanneries, and 1 machine shop. 
 It contained 9 chm-ches, 1 newspaper office, 
 166 pupils attending public schools, and 130 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 Red river is navigated by steamboats on the 
 border of this county. Capital, Washington. 
 Population, 7672, of whom 5212 were free, 
 and 2460, slaves. 
 
 Hempstead, a post-township of Queen's 
 CO., New York, on the Atlantic ocean, inter- 
 sected by the Long Island railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 8811, 
 
 Hempstead, a post-village in the above 
 township, 21 miles E. from New York. A 
 branch railroad, 3 miles long, connects it 
 with the Long Island railroad. It contains 
 churches of the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, 
 and Methodists, 1 or 2 seminaries, 1 news- 
 paper office, and about 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 Hempstead Bat, of Queen's co.. New York, 
 situated on tiie S. side of Long Island. 
 
 Hempstead Branch, a post-village of 
 Queen's co.. New York, on the Long Island 
 railroad, 20 miles E. from Brooklyn. 
 
 Hempstead Hap.boe, a post-village of North 
 Hempstead township. Queen's co.. New York, 
 on the N. side of Long Island, about 25 miles 
 E, N. E. from New York. It has several fac- 
 tories and mills. 
 
 Henby, a post-office of Montgomery co., 0. 
 
 Henderson, a county in the W. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on South Caro- 
 lina : area estimated at 600 square miles. It 
 is intersected by French Broad river. The 
 surface is mountainous, having the Blue 
 Ridge on its S. border. The soil is particu- 
 larly adapted to grazing. Indian corn is 
 cultivated. In 1850 this county produced 
 163,186 bushels of corn, and 49,907 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 21 churches. It is 
 intersected by a turnpike leading to Green- 
 ville, South Carolina; a company has been 
 formed to lay a plank-road in the same direc- 
 tion. Organized in 1838, and named in honor 
 of Leonard Henderson, late chief-justice of 
 the supreme court of North Carolina. Capi- 
 tal, Hendersonville. Population, 6853, of 
 whom 5929 were free, and 924, slaves. 
 
 Henderson, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Texas, contains 1200 square miles. 
 The Neclies river bounds it on the E., and 
 the Trinity on the S. W. The surface is un- 
 dulating, the soil is fertile, and supplied with 
 an abundance of spring water. Cotton and 
 grain of various kinds are cultivated. In 
 1850 it produced 31 bales of cotton, and 
 
 31,350 bushels of corn. There were 121 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Trinity river 
 is navigable for keel-boats along the border 
 of this county. Organized during or since 
 the year 1846, and named in honor of J. 
 Pinckney Henderson, first governor of the 
 state. Capital, Athens. Population, 1237, 
 of whom 1156 were free, and 81, slaves. 
 
 Henderson, a county in the W. part of 
 Tennessee, has an area of about 620 square 
 miles. Beech and Big Sandy rivers rise in 
 the county, and flow into Tennessee river. 
 Th-e surface is nearly level ; the soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, oats, cotton, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 there were raised 562,280 
 bushels of corn ; 70,553 of oats ; 5212 bales 
 of cotton, and 66,898 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 8 churches, 800 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 125 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county is well timbered. 
 Capital, Lexington. Population, 13,164, of 
 whom 10,572 were free, and 2592, slaves. 
 
 Henderson, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Kentucky, bordering on Indiana, has an 
 area estimated at 600 square miles. The 
 Ohio river bounds it on the N., and it is also 
 drained by the Green river. The surface is 
 uneven. The soil is generally productive. 
 The staples are Indian corn, oats, and tobac- 
 co. In 1850 this county produced 926,865 
 bushels of corn; 71,618 of oats; 4,292,960 
 pounds of tobacco. It contained 15 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 511 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 125 attending academies 
 or other schools. Stone coal is abundant. 
 A railroad is projected from Henderson to 
 Nashville. Organized in 1798. Capital, Hen- 
 derson. Population, 12,171, of whom 7774 
 were free, and 4397, slaves. 
 
 Henderson, a county in the W. part 
 of Illinois, bordering on Iowa, has an area 
 of 540 square miles. The Mississippi river 
 forms its W. boundary, and it is intersected 
 by Henderson river, and by Honey and Elli- 
 son creeks. The surface is diversified by 
 prairies and woodlands; the soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, and hay 
 are the staples. In 1850, Henderson county 
 produced 352,840 bushels of corn ; 121,775 of 
 wheat; 52,622 of oats, and 2813 tons of 
 hay. It contained 7 churches, and 1 news- 
 paper ofiice. There were 728 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The county contains 
 beds of stone coal and limestone. It is in- 
 tersected by the Peoria and Oquawka rail- 
 road. Formed in 1841, out of part of War- 
 ren county. Capital, Oquawka. Pop., 4612. 
 
 Henderson, a post-township of Jefferson 
 county. New York, on the E. end of Lake 
 Ontario, 6 miles S. W. from Sackett's Harbor. 
 Population, 2239. 
 
 Henderson, a township of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the .Juniata river, 
 contains the borough of Huntingdon. Popu- 
 lation, 819. 
 
 Henderson, a post-office of Mercer co.. Pa. 
 483 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 Henderson, a thriving post-village of Gran- 
 ville county, North Carolina, on the railroad 
 between Raleigh and Gaston, 45 miles N. from 
 the former. It is a depot for produce. 
 
 Henderson, a district in Houston county, 
 Georgia. Population, 1429. 
 
 Hendeeson, a post-village of Houston coun- 
 ty, Georgia, 68 miles S. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Henderson, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Rusk county, Texas, about 195 miles in a 
 direct line N. by E. from Galveston. It is 
 situated in a fertile country, and contains a 
 court house, 2 printing offices, and several 
 seminaries. 
 
 Henderson, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Henderson county, Kentucky, on the Ohio 
 river, about 200 miles below Louisville, and 
 170 W. from Frankfort. It is situated in a 
 fertile country, the productions of which are 
 received here for exportation. Steamboats 
 ply regularly between this port and Louis- 
 ville. It has 5 churches, a bank, 5 large to- 
 bacco factories, and 12 stores. Two news- 
 papers are published here. A railroad is 
 projected from this place to Nashville. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 1765. 
 
 Henderson, a thriving post-village of Knox 
 county, Illinois, 52 miles N. W. from Peoi'ia. 
 
 Henderson, a small post-village, capital 
 of Sibley county, Minnesota, on the left bank 
 of St. Peter's river, about 44 miles in a direct 
 line S. W. from St. Paul. 
 
 Henderson Harbor, a village of JeiFerson 
 county. New York, on Hungry bay of Lake 
 Ontario, about 60 miles N. from Syracuse. It 
 has a steamboat landing. 
 
 Henderson's, a post-office of Greene coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Henderson's Mill, a post-office of Greene 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Hendersonville, a post-village of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 12 miles E. N. E. 
 from Mercer. 
 
 Hendersonville, a small post-village, ca- 
 pital of Henderson county. North Carolina, 
 on the Buncombe turnpike, 250 miles W. by 
 S. from Raleigh. A company has been formed 
 to lay a plank-road from the Tennessee line 
 to Greenville, South Carolina, passing through 
 Hendersonville. 
 
 Hendersonville, a small post-village of 
 Sumner county, Tennessee, 16 miles N. E. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Hendersonville, a small village of Henry 
 county, Kentucky, 32 miles N. W. from Frank- 
 fort, contains 1 church and 2 stores. 
 
 Hendricks, a county in the W. central part 
 of Indiana, contains 389 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Whitelick and Eel rivers. The 
 surface is nearly level, and the soil mostly 
 fertile. Wheat, pork, horses, and cattle are 
 the principal articles of export. In 1850 
 this county produced 775,539 bushels of corn; 
 80,814 of wheat; 75,154 of oats, and 4934 
 *ons of hay. It contained 33 churches, 1 
 newspaper office; 3176 pupils attending pub- 
 484 
 
 lie schools, and 60 attending an academy. 
 The timber is excellent and abundant. The 
 TeiTe Haute and Indianapolis railroad passes 
 through this county. Organized in 1824. 
 Capital, Danville. Population, 14,083. 
 
 Hendricks, a township in Shelby county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1272. 
 
 Hendricks' Head, a point of land at the 
 entrance of Sheepscotriver,Maine, containing 
 a fixed light 30 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Hendricks' Mills, a post-office of Russell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Hendricks' Store, a post-office of Bedford 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Hendricksville, a post-office of De Kalb 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Hendbtsburg, a small post-village of Bel- 
 mont county, Ohio, about 100 miles E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Henley's Store, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Hennepin, a county in the E. part of Min- 
 nesota, contains about 1150 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi, on 
 the N. by Crow river, and on the S. E. by 
 the Minnesota, or St. Peter's. The surface is 
 undulating or level, and partly covered with 
 forests, from which lumber is procured. The 
 census of 1850 furnishes no information re- 
 specting this county, it having been formed 
 since that date. Capital, Minneapolis. The 
 county was named in honor of Louis Henne- 
 pin, a French missionary, who first explored 
 this territory. 
 
 Hennepin, a post-township in Putnam 
 county, Illinois. Population, 430. 
 
 Hennepin, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Putnam county, Illinois, on the left bank 
 of the Illinois river, 115 miles N. from Spring- 
 field. Steamboats navigate the river between 
 its mouth and Hennepin in all seasons except 
 winter. It has an active business in shipping 
 produce, the value of which, in 1852, was 
 estimated at $625,000. 
 
 Henniker, a post-toAvnship of Merrimack 
 county, New Hampshire, 10 miles W. by S. 
 from Concord, intersected by two railroads. 
 Population, 1688. 
 
 Henrico, hen-ri'co, a county towards the 
 S. E. part of Virginia, has an area of 280 
 square miles. The James river forms its 
 boundary on the S. W., and the Chickahominy 
 on the N. E. The surface is diversified by 
 hills of moderate height and declivity, pre- 
 senting abrupt precipices along the banks of 
 the rivers. The soil, with small exceptions, 
 is light and inferior. Wheat, Indian coi-n, 
 oats, hay, cotton, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 113,044 bushels 
 of wheat; 266,011 of corn; 83,832 of oats: 
 2196 tons of hay; 338 bales of cotton, and 
 66,615 pounds of butter. There were 32 
 tobacco factories, 10 flour and grist mills, 4 
 chandleries, 1 paper mill, 1 iron foundry, 4 
 coal mines, 5 saw mills, 1 iron forge, and 4 
 machine shops. It contained 44 churches, 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 15 newspaper offices; 859 ptipils attending 
 public schools, and 1123 attending academies 
 and other schools. The dividing line between 
 the tertiai-y and primary formations passes 
 through the county. Large quantities of 
 bituminous coal are procured in the western 
 part. The falls of James river, at Richmond, 
 aflFord extensive water-power. The James 
 river and Kanawha canal has its eastern ter- 
 minus in this county, and three lines of rail- 
 ways connect with each other at Riclimond, 
 namely, the Richmond and Danville, the 
 Richmond and Petersburg, and the Richmond 
 and Potomac. Henrico is the most populous 
 county in the state. Richmond is the county 
 seat and capital of Virginia. Named in honor 
 of Prince Henry of England, son of James 
 the First. Population, 43,572, of whom 
 27,463 were free, and 16,109, slaves. 
 
 Henkte's Fork, a post-office of Gilmer 
 coiinty, Virginia. 
 
 Heneietta, a post-township of Monroe 
 CO., N. Y., on the Genesee river. Pop., 2513. 
 
 Henrietta, a post-village in the above 
 township, 7 mUes S. from Rochester. It 
 contains 2 or 3 churches and an academy. 
 
 Henrietta, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Henrietta, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Lorain county, Ohio. Pop., 1042. 
 
 Henrietta, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Jackson county, Michigan. Pop., 830. 
 
 Henry, a county in the S. part of Virginia, 
 bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 
 about 325 square miles. Smith's river, an 
 affluent of the Dan, flows through the county. 
 The surface is hilly ; the soil produces tobacco, 
 Indian corn, and wheat. In 1850 there were 
 raised 1,013,079 pounds of tobacco; 232,311 
 bushels of coi-n, and 29,704 of wheat. There 
 were 6 flour, grist, and saw mills, 2 tanneries, 
 and 22 tobacco factories. It contained 13 
 churches, and 1391 pupils attending public 
 schools. Formed in 1776, and named in honor 
 of the celebrated orator, Patrick Henry. 
 Capital, Martinsville. Population, 8872, of 
 whom 6532 were free, and 3340, slaves. 
 
 Henry, a county in the N. W. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of about 400 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by South 
 river, a branch of the Ocmulgee, and also 
 drained by Cotton river, and Towaliga, Tus- 
 sahaw, Sandy, and Indian creeks. The sur- 
 face is uneven and partly covered with forests ; 
 the soil for the most part is moderately fer- 
 tile. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 9352 bales of cotton; 514,796 
 bushels of corn; 88,897 of oats, and 106,905 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 1 cotton fac- 
 tory, 1 tannery, 1 coach factory, 40 churches, 
 and 350 pupils attending public schools. 
 Gold, iron, and quartz are enumerated among 
 the minerals of the county ; the former, how- 
 ever, is found only in small quantities. It is 
 intersected by the Macon and Western rail- 
 
 road. Organized in 1821. Capital, McDo- 
 nough. Population, 14,726, of whom 9757 
 were free, and 4969, slaves. 
 
 Henry, a county forming the S. E. extre- 
 mity of Alabama, bordering on Georgia and 
 Florida, has an area of 1080 square miles. 
 The Chattahoochee forms the entire E. bound- 
 ary. The sui-face is uneven ; the soil is said 
 to be rather poor. Cotton and Indian corn 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 5235 bales of cotton; 277,356 bushels 
 of corn; 93,340 of sweet potatoes, and 873 
 hogsheads of sugar. It contained 26 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, and 526 pupils attending 
 public schools. A large part of the county is 
 covered with forests of pine. The river is 
 navigable by steamboats along the E. border. 
 Capital, Abbeville. Population, 9019, of 
 which 6777 were free, and 2242, slaves. 
 
 Henry, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky : area es- 
 timated at 550 square miles. The E. bound- 
 ary is formed by the Tennessee river, and its 
 affluent, the Big Sandy : two forks of the 
 Obion rise in the county and flow westward. 
 The soil is productive. Tobacco, Indian coi-n, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty yielded 2,029,132 pounds of tobacco; 
 893,328 bushels of Indian corn; 141,056 of 
 oats; 125,590 pounds of butter, and 685 
 bales of cotton. It contained 70 churches, 
 1 newspaper office ; 1500 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 190 attending academies 
 and other schools. Capital, Paris. Popu- 
 lation, 18,233, of whom 13,412 were free, 
 and 4821, slaves. 
 
 Henry, a county in the northern part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 220 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by 
 the Kentucky river, navigable by steamboats, 
 and drained by Drennon's and other creeks. 
 The surface is generally undulating, and 
 adorned with forests of oak, beech, and 
 sugar-maple. The soil is of limestone form- 
 ation, and remarkably fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, hemp, and tobacco are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 964,372 bush- 
 els of corn; 38,844 of wheat, and 1,057,273 
 pounds of tobacco. It contained 26 churches ; 
 885 pupils attending public schools, and 120 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 county contains abundance of fine limestone. 
 The Drennon Springs on the Kentucky river, 
 in this county, have considerable celebrity 
 as a place of resort. Henry county is inter- 
 sected by the Louisville and Frankfort rail- 
 road, and by the route of the projected Lou- 
 isville and Covington railroad. Organized in 
 1798. Capital, Newcastle. Pop., 11,442, of 
 whom 8429 were free, and 3013, slaves. 
 
 Henry, a county in the N. W. part of Ohio, 
 has an area estimated at 500 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the MaumtC river, and 
 also drained by Beaver and Turkey creeks. 
 The surface is generally level and the soil 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, 
 
 485 
 
HEN 
 
 HER 
 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 the coun- 
 ty produced 76,415 bushels of corn; 19,250 
 of wheat; 14,893 of oats, and 1498 tons of 
 hay. It contained 4 churches, and 1564 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. The county is 
 traversed by the Wabash and Erie canal, and by 
 the route of the Fort Wayne and Perrysburg 
 railroad. Capital, Napoleon. Pop., 3435. 
 
 Henrt, a county in the E. central part of 
 Indiana, contains 385 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Blue river and Fall creek. 
 The surface is mostly undulating, with seve- 
 ral tracts of level land ; the soil is fertile. 
 The land was originally covered with dense 
 forests of the oak, beech, ash, sugar-maple, 
 walnut, &c. Wheat, corn, oats, cattle, 
 horses, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 940,042 bushels of corn ; 
 129,303 of wheat; 90,685 of oats, and 7334 
 tons of hay. It contained 43 churches, 
 1 newspaper office ; 3846 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 130 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county is intersected 
 by the Central railroad, and by the Rich- 
 mond and Newcastle railroad. Organized in 
 1821. Capital, Newcastle. Pop., 17,605. 
 
 Henry, a county in the N. W. part of Illi- 
 nois, a few miles from the Mississippi river, 
 has an area of 830 square miles. It is drained 
 by Rock and Green rivers, and by Edward's 
 creek. The surface is undulating, and di- 
 versified with prairies and forests ; the soil 
 is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850, Henry coun- 
 ty produced 203,820 bushels of corn ; 61,108 
 of wheat ; 43,534 of oats, and 51,285 pounds 
 of butter. There were 500 pupils attending 
 public schools. The county contains exten- 
 sive beds of stone coal. It is intersected by 
 the Chicago and Rock Island railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1837. Capital, Cambridge. Po- 
 pulation, 3807. 
 
 Henry, formerly Rives, a county in the W. 
 part of Missouri, has an area of 750 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Grand river, an 
 affluent of the Osage, and also drained by 
 Big, Deepwater, and Tebo (Thibaut) creeks. 
 The Osage river crosses the S. E. corner of 
 the county. The surface is moderately di- 
 versified, consisting partly of prairies, inter- 
 spersed with forests of the oak, walnut, &c. 
 The soil is generally fertile, and peculiarly fa- 
 vorable for raising stock, being supplied with 
 springs of fresh and salt water. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 184,650 
 bushels of corn; 5684 of wheat; 53,257 of 
 oats, and 892 tons of hay. It contained 2 
 churches, and 332 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county is copiously supplied 
 with water-power. The prairies are stored 
 with large bodies of stone coal. Capital, 
 Clinton. Population, 4052, of whom 3380 
 were free, and 672, slaves. 
 
 Henry, a county in the S. E. pr.rt of Iowa, 
 lias an area of about 430 square miles. It 
 
 intersected by the Skunk river, an affluent 
 of the Mississippi, and also drained by Cedar 
 creek. The surface is generally undulat- 
 ing, the soil highly productive and easily 
 cultivated. The greater part of the county 
 consists of prairies, among which tracts of 
 woodland are interspersed. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, and grass flourish. 
 In 1850, Henry county produced 642,910 
 bushels of Indian corn; 81,675 of wheat ; 
 135,894 of oats; 27,165 pounds of wool, and 
 132,560 of butter. Limestone underlies a 
 part of the county, and stone coal is thought 
 to be abundant. The county is intersected 
 by a plank-road from Burlington to Fairfield, 
 and by the projected railway route from Keo- 
 kxik to Dubuque. Named in honor of Gene- 
 ral James D. Henry, of Illinois. Capital, 
 Mount Pleasant. Population, 8707. 
 
 Henry, a post-office of Sussex co., Va. 
 
 Henry, a post-office of Lawrence co., Tenn. 
 
 Henry, a township in the S. part of Wood 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 821. 
 
 Henry, a township in Fulton co., Indiana. 
 Population, 952. 
 
 Henry, a township in Henry co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1270. 
 
 Henry, a thriving post-village of Marshall 
 county, Illinois, is situated on the right (W.) 
 bank of Illinois river, 133 miles by water S. 
 W. from Chicago. A large quantity of grain 
 is bought and shipped at this town. Laid 
 out about 1840. Pop., in 1853, about 900. 
 
 Henry Clay, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Fayette county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1117. 
 
 Henry Clay* Factory, a post-office of New- 
 castle CO., Delaware. 
 
 Henry Creek, a township of Adams co., 
 Illinois. Population, 891. 
 
 Henrysburg, a small village of Blair co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Henry's Cross Roads, a post-office of Se- 
 vier CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Hekrysville, a post-office of Monroe CO., Pa. 
 
 Henrysville, a post-office of Marshall cc, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Henrysville, a post-office of Logan co.,Ky. 
 
 HENRYvaLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Lawrence county, Tennessee, on Buffalo 
 river, about 70 miles S. S. W. from Nashville, 
 has 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 Hensley, a township in Johnson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1260. 
 
 Hepburn, a township of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, 5 miles N. from Williamsport. 
 Population, 1428. 
 
 Herbert, a post- village of Kemper co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Herculaneum, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 30 
 miles below St. Louis. It was formerly the 
 county seat, and a great mart for the lead 
 procured from the mines in the vicinity. 
 The place was almost entirely destroyed by 
 a flood in 1844. 
 
HER 
 
 HES 
 
 Hereford, a post-township forming the 
 E. extremity of Berks co., Pa. Pop., 1244. 
 
 Hereford, a small post-village of Balti- 
 more CO., Maryland, 52 miles N. by W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Hereford's, a post-ofEce of Mason co., Va. 
 
 Herkimer, a county in the N. eastern part 
 of New York, has an area of about 1360 
 square miles. It is partly bounded on the E. 
 by East Canada creek, and is intersected by 
 the Mohawk river, and principally drained 
 by these streams, together with West Ca- 
 nada creek. Black river, and its tributaries, 
 ■which supply motive-power to numerous grist 
 and saw mills. It contains a number of small 
 lakes or ponds. The surface is generally 
 hilly and sometimes mountainous, and in 
 many parts thickly covered with pine and 
 other timber. The soil along the valleys of 
 its streams is of a superior qualit3% and in 
 many of the hilly districts quite fertile. In- 
 dian corn, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 209,292 bushels 
 of corn; 591,237 of oats; 95,520 tons of 
 hay ; 1,397,921 pounds of butter, and 
 9,548,009 of cheese, (the greatest quantity 
 produced by any county in the United States.) 
 There were 25 flour and grist mills, 86 saw 
 mills, 2 woollen factories, 2 cotton factories, 
 26 tanneries, 3 paper mills, and 5 iron foun- 
 dries. It contained 54 churches, 4 newspa- 
 per offices, 10,135 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 335 attending academies or other 
 schools. This county abounds in iron ore, 
 limestone, and building stone ; some lead, 
 plumbago, and gypsum are found. Near Lit- 
 tle Falls, beautiful specimens of quartz crys- 
 tal are abundant. The Utica and Syracuse 
 railroad and the Erie canal traverse the 
 southern part of this county. Organized in 
 1791, and enlarged in 1817. Capital, Herki- 
 mer. Population, 38,244. 
 
 Herkimer, a post-township of Herkimer 
 CO., New York, on the Erie canal. Pop., 2601. 
 
 Herkimer, a post-village in the above 
 township, capital of Herkimer county, on the 
 N. side of the Mohawk river, and on the 
 Utica and Schenectady railroad, 78 miles W. 
 N. W. from Albany. It has a bank, an aca- 
 demy, and a newspaper ofiice. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 1100. 
 
 Herman, a post-office of Ripley co., Ind. 
 
 Herman, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Dodge CO., "Wisconsin. Population, 912. 
 
 Hermann, a post-village, capital of Gas- 
 conade CO., Missouri, on the right bank of 
 the Missouri river, 49 miles E. from Jeiferson 
 City, was settled by Germans in 1837. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 944. 
 
 Hermitage, a post-office of Wyoming co., 
 New York. 
 
 Hermitage, a small post-village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hermitage, a post-office of Augusta co.,Va. 
 
 Hermitage, a post- village of Floyd co., 
 Georgia, about 170 N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Hermitage, a post-office of Point Coupee 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Hermitage, a post-office of Decatur co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Hermitage, a small post-village of Coles 
 CO., 111., 70 miles E. by S. from Springfield. 
 
 Hermitage, a small post-village, capital of 
 Hickory county, Missouri, near the right or 
 E. bank of Pomme de Terre river, 80 miles 
 W. S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Hermon, a post-township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, 8 miles W. by N. from Bangor. Po- 
 pulation, 1374. 
 
 Hermon, a post-township of St. Lawrence 
 county, New York, about 10 miles S. S. W. 
 from Canton. Population, 1690. 
 
 Hermon, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois. 
 
 Hernando, a post-office of Macon co., Ala. 
 
 Hernando, a post-village, capital of De 
 Soto county, Mississippi, about 200 miles N. 
 from Jackson. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, 4 large seminaries, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. Population, about 600. 
 
 Herrick, a post-township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles E. from Towanda. 
 Population, 818. 
 
 Herrick, a township on the E. border of 
 Susquehanna co., Pa. Population, 824. 
 
 Herrick Centre, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Herring, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 Herrington, a post-office of Angelina co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Herriotstille, a post-office of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hertford, a county in the N. E. part of 
 North Carolina, contains about 320 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. and N. E. by 
 Chowan river and watered by Pollacasty 
 creek. The surface is nearly level. The 
 chief articles of export are corn, lumber, 
 (pine and cedar,) tar, and turpentine. In 
 1850 this county produced 288,805 bushels 
 ofcorn^ 97,055 of sweet potatoes ; and 270 
 bales of cotton. There were 6 corn and flour 
 mills, 5 saw mills, and 2 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 11 churches. Sloops ascend Chowan 
 river from its mouth to the upper part of the 
 county. Formed in 1759, and named in honor 
 of the Marquis of Hertford, an English states- 
 man of liberal principles. Capital, Winton. 
 Population, 8142, of whom 4426 were free, 
 and 3716, slaves. 
 
 Hertford, a post-village, capital of Per- 
 quimans county, North Carolina, on the left 
 bank of Perquimans river, about 12 miles 
 from its entrance into Albemarle sound, and 
 154 miles E. from Raleigh. The largest 
 boats which ply on the sound can ascend the 
 river to this place. 
 
 Hervet, a post-offioe of Hancock co., Ind^ 
 
 Hess Road, a post-office of Niagara co.^ 
 New York. 
 
 Hessville, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county. New York. 
 
 Hester, a post-office of Marion co.^ Mo^ 
 487 
 
HES 
 
 HIC 
 
 Hestonville, a village of Philadelphia 
 CO., Pa., on the Columbia railroad. 
 
 Hetricks, a post-office of York co., Pa. 
 
 Hedvelton, a post-village of St. Lawrence 
 county, New York, on the Oswegatchie river, 
 about 200 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Hevener's Stoke, a post-of&ce of Highland 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Heverlyville, a post-office of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 HiAWASSEE, a small river which rises in 
 the N. E. part of Georgia, flows through a 
 small part of North Carolina, into Tennessee, 
 and enters the Tennessee river near the S.W. 
 extremity of Meigs county. Its general 
 course is W. N. W. 
 
 HiAWASSEE College, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 HiBBARDSviLLE, a Small village of Hen- 
 derson co., Ky., 14 miles E. from Henderson. 
 
 HiBERNiA, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 HiBERNiA, a post-office of Butler co., Pa. 
 
 HiBERNiA, a post-office of Duval co., Fla. 
 
 HiBERNiA, a post-office of Franklin co., 0. 
 
 HiBERNiA, a post-office of Kane co., HI. 
 
 HiBERNiA, a post-village in Callaway co., 
 Mo., on the Missouri river, opposite Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Hickerson's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Morgan county, Kentucky. 
 
 Hickman, a county in the W. central part 
 of Tennessee. Area estimated at 840 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Duck river, di- 
 viding it into nearly equal parts ; and also 
 drained by Cane and Piney creeks, which 
 furnish extensive motive-power. The sur- 
 face is hilly ; the soil mostly fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, grass, horses, and swine are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 635,265 bushels of corn; 82,250 of oats; 
 92,016 pounds of butter, and 17,202 of wool. 
 It contained 20 churches, and 30 pupils 
 attending an academy. The hills "contain 
 extensive beds of iron ore. A company has 
 been formed to improve Duck river by dams 
 and locks. Several cotton factories and iron 
 works have lately been erected in the county. 
 It is traversed by a turnpike leading to Nash- 
 ville. Capital, Centerville. Population, 9397, 
 of whom 7581 were free, and 1816, slaves. 
 
 Hickman, a county in the W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 which separates it from Missouri, has an area 
 estimated at 240 square miles. It is drained 
 by Bayou de Chien and other small streams. 
 The surface is level, or gently undulating, 
 and the soil good. Indian corn, tobacco, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 317,671 bushels of corn; 31,896 
 of oats, and 378,580 pounds of tobacco. It 
 contained 13 churches, 410 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 165 attending academies 
 or other schools. Formed in 1821, and 
 named in honor of Colonel Paschal Hickman, 
 killed at the battle of lliver Raisin. Capital, 
 488 
 
 Clinton. Population, 4791, of whom 3950 
 were free, and 840, slaves. 
 
 Hickman, formerly Mills Point, a thriving 
 post-village, capital of Fulton county, Ken- 
 tucky, on the Mississippi river, 35 miles 
 below the mouth of the Ohio, and 320 miles 
 W. S. W. from Frankfort. It has an active 
 business in shipping produce. It contains 
 2 or 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 bank, 
 and a plough factory. 
 
 Hickman Creek of Kentucky, rises in Fa- 
 yette county, and flows through Jessamine 
 county into the Kentucky river. 
 
 Hickman's Bend, a small post-village of 
 Mississippi county, Arkansas, on the Missis- 
 sippi, at the E. N. E. extremity of the state. 
 
 Hickory, a new county in the S. W. cen- 
 tral part of Missouri, has an area of 410 
 square miles. It is intersected by thePomme 
 de Terre river, an affluent of the Osage, flow- 
 ing from S. to N., and also drained by Little 
 Niangua river and Lindley's and Warblow 
 creeks. The surface is uneven. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and hay are the staples. In 
 1850, this county produced 79,212 bushels 
 of corn; 4278 of wheat; 28,212 of oats, and 
 542 tons of hay. There were 186 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The banks of Pomme 
 de Terre river are well timbered with hard 
 wood. Capital, Hermitage. Population, 2329, 
 of whom 2144 were free, and 185, slaves. 
 
 Hickory, a township of Mercer co.. Pa., 
 10 miles W. from Mercer. Population, 2079. 
 
 Hickory, a small post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hickory, a post-village of Carroll county, 
 Ohio, 120 E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Hickory, a township in Fulton county, 
 Illinois. Population, 764. 
 
 Hickory, a post-village in Lake county, 
 Illinois, 50 miles N. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Hickory, a township in Schuyler county, 
 Illinois. Population, 445. 
 
 Hickory Barren, a post- village of Greene 
 CO., Mo., 120 miles S.W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Hickory Corners, a post-office of Niagara 
 county, New York. 
 
 Hickory Corners, a post-office of Barry 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Hickory Creek of Gillespie county, Texas, 
 flows N. E. into the Rio Llano. 
 
 Hickory Creek, a small village of Warren 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Hickory Creek, a post-office of Coffee co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Hickory Creek, a post-village of Fayette 
 county, Illinois, about 80 miles S. S. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Hickory Creek, a post-village of Audrain 
 CO., Mo., 60 miles N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Hickory FLAT.a post-village of Cherokee co. 
 Georgia, 125 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Hickory Flat, a post-office of Tippah co., 
 Mississippi, about 200 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Hickory Flat, a post-village of Simpson 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
HIC 
 
 HIG 
 
 ;' Hickory Fork, a post-ofEce of Gloucester 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Hickory Ground, a post-office of Norfolk 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Hickory' Grove, a post-office of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Hickory Grove, a small post-village of 
 Crawford co., Georgia, 37 milesW. from Macon. 
 
 Hickory Grove, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery comity, Alabama. 
 
 Hickory Grove, a post-office of Oktibbeha 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Hickory Grove, a post-village of Jackson 
 county, Michigan, 96 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Hickory Grove, a post-office of Warren 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Hickory Grove, a post-village in Jackson 
 county, Iowa, 70 miles N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Hickory Head, a post-office of Lancaster 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Hickory Hill, a post-office of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hickory Hill, a post-village of Beaufort 
 county. South Carolina. 
 
 Hickory Hill, a post-office of Cass coun- 
 ty, Texas. 
 
 Hickory Hill, a post-village of Mai'ion 
 county, Illinois, 44 miles S. E. by S. from 
 Vandalia. 
 
 Hickory Hill, a post-village of Cole co., 
 Missouri, 17 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Hickory Level, a post-village of Carroll 
 county, Georgia, about 150 miles W. N. W. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Hickory Level, a post-office of Talladega 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Hickory Plain, a post-village of Prairie 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Hickory Plains, a post-office of Tishe- 
 mingo county, Mississippi. 
 
 Hickory Point, a post-office of Lake coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Hickory Point, a small village of McDo- 
 nough county, Illinois, 10 miles S. E. from 
 Macomb. 
 
 Hickory Run, a post-office of Carbon coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hickory Tavern, a post-office of Harford 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 HiCKORYTOWN, a Small village of Mont- 
 gomery county, Pennsylvania, 3 miles E. from 
 Norristown. 
 
 HiCKORYTOWN, a post-village of Venango 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Alleghany river. 
 
 Hickory Withe, a post-office of Fayette 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 HiCKSBURG, a post-village in Dorchester 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 HicKSFORD, a post- village, capital of Green- 
 ville countj', Virginia, on the Meherrin river, 
 and on the great Southern line of railroad, 
 62 miles S. from Richmond. The Greenville 
 and Roanoke railroad extends from this point 
 to Gaston. 
 
 Hicks' Mills, a post-office of De Kalb coun- 
 ty, Illinois. 
 
 Hicks' Run, a post-office of Elk co., Pa 
 
 Hicksville, a post-village of Queen's coun- 
 ty, New York, on the Long Island railroad, 
 26 miles E. from Brooklyn. It has a railroad 
 station. 
 
 Hicksville, a post-office of Rutherford 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Hicksville, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Defiance county, Ohio. 
 Population, 507. 
 
 Hicksville, a post- village of Defiance coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 172 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Hickville, a post-village of Oakland coun- 
 ty, Michigan, 29 miles N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Hico, a post-office of Carroll co., Tenn. 
 
 HiGGiNs' Ferry, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district, South Carplina. 
 
 HiGGANUM, a post-village in Middlesex 
 county, Connecticut, on Connecticut river, 23 
 miles S. S. E. from Hartford. 
 
 HiGGiNS, a post-office of Fayette co., 111. 
 
 HiGGiNs' Ferry, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 HiGGiNSPORT, a thriving post-village of 
 Lewis township. Brown county, Ohio, on the 
 Ohio river, 47 miles above Cincinnati. It has 
 a steamboat landing, and contains 3 churches. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 HiGGiNSPORT, a post-office of Jackson comi- 
 ty, Iowa. 
 
 HiGGiNSViLLE, a post-officc of Oneida coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 HiGGiNsviLLE, a post-officc of Hampshire 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 HiGGiNsviLLB, a post-office of Vermilion 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 HiGHBANKS, a small village of Pike coun- 
 ty, Indiana, on the White river, 100 miles S 
 S. W. from Indianapolis, is situated on a bluft 
 about 100 feet high. 
 
 High Blue, a post-office of Jackson coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 High Falls, a post-village of Ulster coun- 
 ty, New York, on Rondout creek, about 70 
 miles S. W. by W. from Albany. It has seve- 
 ral flouring and saw mills. 
 
 Highgate, a post-township of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, on the N. E. shore of Lake 
 Champlain, 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 2653. 
 
 High Grove, a post-office of Nelson coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 High Hill, a post-office of Shelby county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 High Hill, a post-office of Muskingum 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 High Hill, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 High Knob. See Pokono Mountain. 
 
 Highland, a county in the central part of 
 Virginia,contains about 400 square miles. The 
 head streams of the Potomac and James rivers 
 rise within its limits, and flow in opposite 
 directions. The surface is diversified by val- 
 leys and mountains, having the main Alle- 
 ghany on the N. W. border, and Jackson's 
 
HIG 
 
 HIG 
 
 Rivei' mountain in the middle. The high- 
 lands produce valuable timber and excellent 
 pasture, and contain iron ore. Indian corn, 
 •wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 54,241 bushels 
 of corn; 22,456 of wheat; 34,644 of oats; 
 6354 tons of hay; and 83,067 pounds of 
 butter. There were 3 grist mills and 4 tan- 
 neries. It contained 10 churches, and 135 
 pupils attending academies or other schools. 
 Formed, in 1848, of parts of Bath and Pen- 
 dleton counties. Capital, Monterey. Popu- 
 lation, 4227 ; of whom 3863 were free, and 
 364, slaves. 
 
 Highland, a county in the S. S. W. part 
 of Ohio, has an area of 460 square miles. 
 Paint river forms part of its eastern bound- 
 ary. Rattlesnake creek flows through the 
 county, which is also drained by Brush and 
 White Oak creeks, and by the Eocky fork of 
 Paint river, rising within its limits. This 
 county occupies a table land between the 
 Scioto and Little Miami rivers, from which 
 circumstance the name is derived. The sur- 
 face is diversified by hills of moderate height. 
 The soil is productive, and well cultivated. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 1,578.967 bushels of corn ; 191,5-56 of 
 wheat ; 170,400 of oats ; 11,426 tons of hay ; 
 and 474,492 pounds of butter. It contained 
 57 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 6376 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 202 attending 
 academies or other schools. A railroad has 
 been opened from Cincinnati to the county 
 seat, and is to be extended eastward to the 
 Ohio river. Capital, Hillsborough. Popula- 
 tion. 25,781. 
 
 Highland, a post-office of Bradford co., Pa. 
 
 Highland, a small and thriving village of 
 Elk county, Pennsylvania, on the Warren and 
 Ridgway turnpike. 
 
 Highland, a post-office of Ritchie co., Va. 
 
 HiEHLAND, a post-office of Shelby co., Ala. 
 
 HiGHLAND,apost-office of Jackson CO., Tenn. 
 
 Highland, a post-office of Tishemingo coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 Highland, a post-office of Bath co.,Ky. 
 
 Highland, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Defiance county, Ohio. Pop., 365. 
 
 Highland, a post-village of Highland coun- 
 ty, Ohio, about 50 miles S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Highland, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Muskingum county, Ohio. Population, 956. 
 
 Highland, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Oakland county, iMichigan. Pop., 851. 
 
 Highland, a small village of Clay county, 
 Indiana, on the Terre Haute and Indianapolis 
 railroad, 12 miles E. N. E. from Terre Haute. 
 
 Highland, a township in Delaware county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1625. 
 
 Highland, a township in Greene county, 
 Indiana. Population, 847. 
 
 Highland, a post-village of Vermilion 
 county, Indiana, 1 mile W. from the Wabash 
 river, and 70 miles ,W. from Indianapolis. 
 491 
 
 Highland, a post-township in Madison 
 county, Indiana. Population, 721. 
 
 Highland, a township of Grundy county, 
 Illinois. Population, 67. 
 
 Highland, a post- village of Jackson county, 
 Mo., 10 miles S. by W. from Independence. 
 
 Highland, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Iowa county, Wisconsin. Pop., 1184. 
 
 Highland, a post-village of Iowa county, 
 Wisconsin, about 55 miles W. from Madison, 
 has 1 church, 6 stores, 2 smelting furnaces, 
 and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Highland Creek, in the W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, forms the boundary between Union 
 and Henderson counties, and enters the Ohio. 
 
 Highland Grove, a post-office of Green- 
 ville district. South Carolina. 
 
 Highland Grove, a post-office of Jones 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Highland Mills, a post-village of Orange 
 CO., N. Y., about 95 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Highland Prairie, a post- village of McHen- 
 ry CO., Illinois, 68 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Highlands, a mountainous region of New 
 York, lying on both sides of the Hudson, and 
 included principally within the counties of 
 Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess, remarkable 
 for its picturesque and romantic scenery. 
 The highest summit, New Beacon, has an 
 elevation of 1685 feet above the sea. 
 
 Highlands, of Neversink, Monmouth co., 
 New Jersey, extend N. W. and S. E. from 
 Sandy Hook to Raritan bay. Mount Mitchell, 
 the highest elevation, is 282 feet above the 
 level of the sea. The Highland Lights are 
 two in number, and about 100 feet apart. 
 The southern one revolves, and is 248 feet 
 above the level of the sea. It is on the Fres- 
 nel plan, and without doubt the best on the 
 coast of the United States. Lat. 40° 23' 7" 
 N., long. 73° 59' 8" W. 
 
 High Market, a post-office of Lewis co., 
 New York. 
 
 High Pine, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 High Point, a post-office of Mercer co.. 111. 
 
 High Point, a post-village of Cole co.. Mo. 
 
 High Ridge, a post-office of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 High School, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 High Shoal, a district in Clarke co., Geor- 
 gia. Population, 558. 
 
 High Shoals, a post-village of Rutherford 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 High Shoals, a post-office of Morgan co., 
 Georgia, on Appalachee river, 60 miles N. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 High Shoals, a village of Walton co., Ga. 
 
 Highspire, a village of Dauphin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the left bank of the Susque- 
 hanna, 6 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Po- 
 pulation, 291. 
 
 HiGHTOWER, a post- village of Forsyth co., 
 Georgia, on the Etowah river, about 120 
 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
HIG 
 
 HIL 
 
 High Towers, post-office of Caswell co.,N.C. 
 
 HiGHTSTOWN, a post-village of East Wind- 
 sor township, Mercer co., New Jersey, on the 
 Camden and Amboy railroad, 14 miles E. by 
 N. from Trenton. It contains 3 churches, an 
 academy, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and 
 about 100 dwellings. 
 
 HiGHViEW, a post-office of Frederick co.,Va. 
 
 HiGiiviLLB, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Highway, a post-office of Greenville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 HiLABEE Creek, of Tallapoosa co,, Ala- 
 bama, flows S. into the Tallapoosa. 
 
 HiLHAM, a small post-village of Overton 
 CO., Tenn., 90 miles E. by N. from Nashville. 
 
 Hill, a new county in the E. central p*irt 
 of Texas, contains about 1000 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. W. by the Brazos 
 river, and drained by Aguila and Richland 
 creeks. The surface is undulating. It is 
 not included in the census of 1850. County 
 seat not located. 
 
 Hill, a post-township of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, 25 miles N. N. W. from Concord. 
 Population, 954. 
 
 Hillabee, or Hilabee, a post-village of 
 Talladega co., Alabama. 
 
 Hillegass, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hillerman, a small village of Massac co., 
 Illinois, on the Ohio river. 
 
 Hill Grove, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 CO., Virginia, 
 
 Hill Grove, a post-office of Darke co., 0. 
 
 Hillhouse, a post-office of Lake co., Ohio, 
 11 miles S. E. from Painesville. 
 
 Hilliar's Store, a post-office of Marshall 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 HiLLiARDS, a post-office of Shelby co., Tex. 
 
 Hilliardstown, a post-village of Nash co., 
 North Carolina, 50 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 HiLLiARDSviLLE, a post-officB of Henry co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Hillier, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Knox CO., Ohio. Population, 1141. 
 
 Hillsborough, a county in the S. part of 
 New Hampshire, has an area of about 960 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Mer- 
 rimac, and drained by the Contoocook, Sou- 
 hegan, and other smaller rivers, which afford 
 valuable water-power. It has numerous 
 small lakes or ponds, among which may be 
 mentioned Pleasant pond and Balloosuck 
 pond. The surface is uneven, with a few 
 mountain ridges. Soil generally fertile, more 
 especially along the valley of the Merrimack. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 205,634 bushels of corn; 110,571 of oats; 
 340,719 of potatoes; 76,350 tons of hay, and 
 1,014,774 pounds of buttei-. There were 16 
 cotton, and 8 woollen factories, 3 foundries, 
 2 hardware manufactories, 13 machine shops, 
 18 flour mills, 2 paper mills, 1 powder mill, 
 96 saw and planing mills, 10 sash and blind 
 
 manufactories, and 23 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 84 churches, 10 newspaper offices, 
 12,733 pupils attending public schools, and 
 676 attending academies or other schools. 
 This county is traversed by the Boston, Con- 
 cord, and Montreal railroad, and by the Mer- 
 rimack and Connecticut Rivers railroad. By 
 means of canals around the falls, boats are 
 enabled to navigate the Merrimack through 
 the county. Organized in 1771. Capital, 
 Amherst. Population, 57,478. 
 
 Hillsborough county, Florida, in the W. 
 part of the peninsula, bordering on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, has an area estimated at 1000 square 
 miles. It is drained by the river of its own 
 name, and penetrated by Tampa bay, which ia 
 near 40 miles long. The surface is low, and 
 in some parts marshy. The live oak and 
 palmetto are indigenous in the county ; the 
 sugar cane, cotton, and Indian corn are the 
 staples. It produced in 1850, 16,263 bushels 
 of corn ; 26,256 of sweet potatoes ; 24,250 
 gallons of molasses, and 18 bales of cotton. 
 It contained 4 churches, 120 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 60 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Capital, Tampa. Po- 
 pulation, 2377, of whom 1717 were free, and 
 660, slaves. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-township of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire, 20 miles W. by 
 S. from Concord ; intersected by the Contoo- 
 cook river, which affords excellent water- 
 privileges. Pop., 1685. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-office of Oneida co., 
 New York. 
 
 Hillsborough, a township of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey, on the Raritan river, 25 miles 
 N. by E. from Trenton. Population, 3404. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-borough of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania, on the National 
 road, 11 miles S. E. from Washington, the 
 county town. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-village of Caroline 
 CO., Maryland, 59 miles E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-village of Loudon 
 CO., Virginia, 165 miles N. from Richmond. 
 It contains 1 or 2 churches, 1 academy, and 
 2 flour mills. Population, about 300. 
 
 Hillsborough, a small village of Tyler 
 CO., Virginia, on Middle Island creek, 6 miles 
 from the Ohio river, has about 100 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Orange co., North Carolina, on the Eno river, 
 an affluent of the Neuse, 44 miles N. W. from 
 Raleigh. It contains a new court house, and 
 2 or 3 newspaper offices. The Central rail- 
 road, now in progress, passes through the 
 village. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-village of Jasper 
 CO., Georgia, 26 miles W. by N. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. It has 1 church, and 2 academies. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-village in Lawrence 
 CO., Alabama, about 120 miles N. from Tus- 
 caloosa. 
 
 Hillsborough, a small post-village, capi- 
 491 
 
HIL 
 
 HIN 
 
 tal of Scott CO., Mississippi, 50 miles N. E. 
 from Jackson. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-office of Union co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 HiLLSBOKOUGH, a post-villagc in Coffee co., 
 Tennessee, 75 miles S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 HjLLSBOEOuGH, a Small post-village of 
 Fleming co., Kentucky, 85 miles E. by N. 
 from Frankfort, has 3 stores. 
 
 HiLLSBOEOTTGH, a flourishing post-village 
 of Liberty township, capital of Highland 
 county, Ohio, on the Cincinnati, Hillsborough, 
 and Parkersburg railroad, 60 miles E. by N. 
 from Cincinnati, and 60 miles S. S. AV. from 
 Columbus. The railroad is completed from 
 Cincinnati to this point, and the other part 
 is in course of extension toward Parkersburg, 
 in Virginia. Hillsborough is surrounded by 
 a beautiful and fertile country, and is a place 
 of active and increasing business. It con- 
 tains an academy, a female seminary, 2 
 newspaper offices, and several churches. It 
 Tvas first settled about 1802. Pop., 1392. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-village of Fountain 
 CO., Indiana, on Coal creek, 14 miles E. from 
 Covington, contains about 20 houses. 
 
 Hillsborough, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Montgomery co., Illinois, on a fork 
 of Shoal creek, and on the route of the Alton 
 and Terre Haute railroad, 64 miles S. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Hillsborough, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of JeflFerson co., Missouri, 40 miles S. S. W. 
 from St. Louis, was commenced in 1840. 
 Population, about 100. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-office of Henry co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Hillsborough, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Oregon. 
 
 Hillsborough Bridge, a post-village of 
 Hillsborough co.. New Hampshire, 21 miles 
 S. W. from Concord. 
 
 Hillsborough Centre, a post-village of 
 Hillsborough co.. New Hampshire. 
 
 Hill's Corners, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Hillsdale, a county in the S. part of Mi- 
 chigan, bordering on Indiana, contains 576 
 square miles. The hills and valleys of this 
 county give rise to the principal rivers of the 
 state, viz. the Grand, St. Joseph's of Lake Mi- 
 chigan, the St. Joseph's of the Maumee, and 
 the Kalamazoo. The southern half of the 
 county is heavily timbered; the other is 
 covered by a sparse growth of oak and 
 hickory, free from underbrush. The soil is 
 a black, rich, sandy loom. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and wool are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 
 216.126 bushels of wheat; 247,520 of corn; 
 
 136.127 of oats; 108,102 of potatoes, and 
 12, -557 tons of hay. It contained 2 churches, 
 4 newspapfer offices, and 5628 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Quarries of fine sand- 
 stone have been opened in the county. It is 
 intersected by the Southern railroad, and by 
 
 492 
 
 a plank-road leading to Toledo. Capital, 
 Hillsdale. Population, 16,159. 
 
 Hillsdale, a post-township on the E. 
 border of Columbia co., N. Y. Pop., 2123. 
 
 Hillsdale, a small post-village in the 
 above township, about 40 miles S. S. E. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Hillsdale, a post-village of Guilford co., 
 North Carolina, 95 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Hillsdale, a post-township in Hillsdale co., 
 Michigan. Population, 1067. 
 
 Hillsdale, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Hillsdale county, Michigan, on the St. 
 Joseph's river, a few miles from its source, 
 and on the Southern railroad, 71 miles S. 
 from Lansing, and 69 miles W. from Monroe. 
 It contains a stone court-house, 3 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 10 or 12 stores, 1 fur- 
 nace, and 3 steam miUs. Laid out in 1839. 
 Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 HiLLSGROVE, a post-village of Sullivan co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Loyalsock creek, 23 
 miles W. from Laporte, the county seat. 
 
 HiLLSGROVE, a small post -village of 
 McDonough co., Illinois, 12 miles S. W. from 
 Macomb. 
 
 Hillside, a post-office of Oneida co., N. Y. 
 
 Hill's Landing, a small village of Carroll 
 CO., Mo., on the Missouri river, 92 miles in a 
 straight line N. W. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Hill's Store, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Hill's Valley, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 HiLLsviEw, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HiLLsviLLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 HiLLSviLLE, a village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 245 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 HiLLSviLLE, a post-village, capital of 
 CafroU CO., Virginia, 260 miles AV. by S. from 
 Richmond. It contains a court house, a 
 church, and an academy. Pop., about 200. 
 
 Hilltop, a post-office of AVayne co., Pa. 
 
 HiLLTOWN, a post-township of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 6 miles AV. by N. from Doyles- 
 town. Population, 2301. 
 
 HiLOOHEE, a post-office of AYashington co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Hilton, a post-village of Monroe co., Ky. 
 
 Hilton's, a post-office of Sullivan county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Hinckley, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Medina co., Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 1416. 
 
 Hindostan, an almost deserted village of 
 Martin co., Indiana, on the E. fork of White 
 river. It was once the county seat. 
 
 Hinds, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 930 
 square miles. The Pearl river forms the 
 boundary on the E., and the Big Black river 
 on the N. AV. The surface is nearly level, 
 the soil is fertile, and a large part of it is 
 under cultivation. Cotton, and Indian corn 
 
HIN 
 
 HOB 
 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 853,305 bushels of corn; 61,689 of 
 oats; 240,435 of sweet potatoes; 79,001 of 
 peas and beans, and 19,829 bales of cotton. 
 The quantity of beans and peas was the greatest 
 produced by any county in the United States. 
 It contained 26 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 
 767 pupils attending public schools, and 515 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 county is intersected by the Vicksburg and 
 lirandon railroad. It contains Jackson, 
 the capital of the state. Raymond is the 
 seat of justice. Named in honor of Colonel 
 Thomas Hinds, a member of Congress from 
 Mississippi. Population, 25,340 ; of whom 
 8715 were free, and 16,625, slaves. 
 
 Hinds, a post- village of Brazoria co., Texas, 
 53 miles W. from Galveston. 
 
 HiNDSBTJEG, a post-village of Orleans co., 
 New York, on the Erie canal, about 28 miles 
 W. from Rochester. 
 
 HiNESBURG, a post-township of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, 25 miles W. by N. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1834. 
 
 HiNEs's Mills, apost-ofEceof Ohio co., Ky. 
 
 HiNESTON, a post-office of Rapides dis., La. 
 
 HiNESviLLE, a small post-village, capital 
 of Liberty co., Georgia, 40 miles S. W. from 
 Savannah. It has a court house, an academy, 
 a church, and a few stores. Pop., near 200. 
 
 HiKGHAM, a post- village of Plymouth co., 
 Mass., on the S. side of Massachusetts bay, 
 and on the South Shore railroad, 17 miles 
 S. S. Vr. from Boston. It contains several 
 churches, and a bank. It is a favorite sum- 
 mer resort. The township is noted for its 
 commerce and manufactures. Pop., 8980. 
 
 HiNGHAM, a small post-village of Sheboy- 
 gan CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 HiN'KLETON, a post-village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Conestoga creek, about 40 
 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Hlnmansville, a post-office of Oswego co., 
 New York. 
 
 Hinsdale, a post-township of Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, on the E. side of Connec- 
 ticut river, 60 miles W. S. W. from Concord, 
 intersected by Ashuelot river and railroad. 
 Population, 1903. 
 
 Hinsdale, a post-township of Berkshire 
 CO., Mass., on the Western railroad, 148 miles 
 W. by N. from Boston. Population, 1258. 
 
 Hinsdale, a post-village of Cattaraugus 
 county. New York, at the junction of Oil and 
 Ischua creeks, where the latter is crossed by 
 the New York and Erie railroad, 397 miles 
 from New York city. The state has con- 
 structed a basin at Hinsdale, which has con- 
 siderably facilitated the business of the 
 place. Population of the township, 1302. 
 
 Hinsdale Depot, a post-office of Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Hinsdillvillb, a small manufacturing vil- 
 lage of Bennington township, Bennington co., 
 Vermont, about 3 miles W. by N. of Benning- 
 ton Centre. 
 
 Hinton's Gkove, a post-office of Pickens 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Hintonsville, a post-office of Pasquotank 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Hieam, a post-township of Oxford co,. 
 Me., 60 miles S. W. of Augusta. Pop., 1210. 
 
 Hiram, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Portage co., Ohio. Population, 1106 
 
 Hiramsbueg, a small post-village of Noble 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 HiTCHcocKviLLE, a post-village in Bark- 
 hamstead township, Litchfield co., Connec- 
 ticut, on the W. branch of Farmington river, 
 about 25 miles N. W. of Hartford. 
 
 Hitesville, a township in Coles co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 909. 
 
 Hitesville, a post-village in Coles co., 
 Illinois, 100 miles E. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 HiwASSEE. See Hiawassee. 
 
 Hix's Ferry, post-office, Randolph co.,Ark. 
 
 Hizerville, a post-office of Oneida co., 
 New York. 
 
 Hoadlet, a post-office of Racine co., Wis. 
 
 Hoaglin, a township in the N. part of Van 
 Wert county, Ohio. Population, 125. 
 
 Hoag's Corner, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 county, New York. 
 
 HoBART, a post-village of Delaware county. 
 New York, on the Delaware river, near its 
 source, 65 miles W. S. W. from Albany. It 
 has a church and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 HoBART, a post-township in Lake county, 
 Indiana. Population, 240. 
 
 HoBART, a post-village of Lake co., Indi- 
 ana, 11 miles N. E. from Crownpoint. 
 
 HoBBiEviLLE, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 HoBBYviLLE, a post-officc of Spartanburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 HoBOKEN, a beautiful post-village of North 
 Bergen township, Hudson county, New Jer- 
 sey, on the Hudson river, opposite New York, 
 and about 2 miles above Jersey City. It is 
 chiefly remarkable as a place of resort and 
 recreation for the citizens of- New York, and 
 for the delightful scenery in its vicinity. It 
 contains 4 churches, viz. a Methodist, a Bap- 
 tist, a Dutch Reformed, and an Episcopal 
 church. Population in 1853, 5527. 
 
 HoBOKEN, a new town of Sacramento co., 
 California, is situated on the left bank of the 
 American river, (which is navigable for small 
 steamers,) about 6 miles, by water, from 
 Sacramento city. The " oldest inhabitant" 
 cannot remember that its site has ever been 
 overflowed by the freshets of the American 
 river. The town was begun in the early part 
 of January, 1853, and in the rapidity of its 
 growth it appears to have surpassed all that 
 is related of those other wondrous produc- 
 tions of our Western world, where cities seem 
 to spring out of the earth as at the touch of 
 an enchanter's wand. The State Journal of 
 Sacramento says, " Some estimate may be 
 formed of what is going on at Hoboken when 
 we say, unhesitatingly, that since its existence 
 
 49S 
 
HOC 
 
 HOL 
 
 loithin the last ten days, there have been in- 
 comparably more goods sold there than at 
 any point in the state, excepting, of course, 
 the great commercial emporium, San Fran- 
 cisco." Before the town was ten days old an 
 election took place for mayor and harbor- 
 master, the whole number of votes polled 
 being 1757. The fear is, however, that, as 
 in most other cases, so rapid a growth can 
 scarcely be permanent, and that what has 
 "risen like an exhalation" may depart like 
 the morning cloud. 
 
 HocKANUM, a post-ofi5ce of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 HocKANUM River rises in Tolland county, 
 Connecticut, and falls into the Connecticut 
 river nearly opposite Hartford, in Hartford co. 
 
 HocicEEsviLLE, a post-office of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hocking, or Hockhocking, a river of Ohio, 
 ■which rises in the S. E. central part of the 
 state, and flowing in a south-easterly direc- 
 tion, enters the Ohio river in Athens county, 
 25 miles below Marietta. Some portions are 
 navigable by boats. A canal extends along 
 the Hocking valley, and connects with the 
 Ohio canal. 
 
 Hocking, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Ohio, has an area of 420 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Hockhocking river, and 
 also drained by the sources of Salt and Ra- 
 coon creeks. The surface is generally hilly 
 and broken ; the soil in some parts is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 334,342 bushels of corn ; 
 85,195 of wheat; 76,122 of oats; and 5352 
 tons of hay. It contained 28 churches, 
 2 newspaper ofi&ces, and 2051 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Iron mines have been 
 opened in the county, which are thought to 
 be very extensive. It is intersected by the 
 Hocking canal. Organized in 1818. Capi- 
 tal, Logan. Population, 14,119. 
 
 Hocking, a township in the S. W. central 
 part of Fairfield co., Ohio. Population, 1826. 
 
 Hockingpout, Ohio. See Teot. 
 
 HoDCHODKEE CiiEEK, of Georgia, rises in 
 Stewart county, and flows into Patawla 
 creek, in Randolph county. 
 
 HoDGDON, a post-township of Aroostook 
 county, Maine, on the boundary line, 160 
 miles N. E. of Augusta. Population, 862. 
 
 Hodgdon's Mills, a post-ofiice of Lincoln 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Hodge's, a post-office of Abbeville dis., S. C. 
 
 Hodge's Bend, a post-ofiice of Fort Bend 
 county, Texas. 
 
 HoDGENSviLLE, a post-oflice of La Rue co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 HoDGESViLLE, a Small village of ItaAvanda 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 HoDGiNviLLE, a neat post-village, capital 
 of La Rue county, Kentucky, 75 miles S. W. 
 from Frankfort, is pleasantly situated in a 
 fertile vallej 
 494 
 
 Hoffman's Feebt, a post-office of Schenec- 
 tady county. New York. 
 
 HoGANSBUEG, a post-villagc of Franklin 
 CO., New York, on St. Regis river, near its 
 mouth, 24 miles AV. N. W. from Malone. It 
 has an active business, and contains 2 or 8 
 churches. Population estimated at 400. 
 
 HOGANSVILLE, Or HoGANVILLE, a pOSt-vil- 
 
 lage of Troup county, Georgia, on the La 
 Grange railroad, 13 miles N. E. from La 
 Grange, the county seat. 
 
 HoGANSViLLE, a post-village in Dubuque 
 CO., Iowa, 15 miles W. S. W. from Dubuque. 
 
 Hog Creek, a post-office of Allen co., 0. 
 
 HoGESTOWN, a small post-village of Cum- 
 berland county, Pennsylvania, 9 miles S. W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Hoglb's Ceeek, a post- village of St. Clair co. 
 Missouri, 55 miles W. S.W. from Jefi'erson City. 
 
 Hog Mountain, a post-office of Hall co., 
 Georgia, about 95 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Hog River, a small stream of Michigan, 
 enters the Coldwater river in Branch county. 
 
 Hohenlinden, a post-office of Chickasaw 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 HoHOKus, a township of Bergen county, 
 New Jersey. Population, 2271. 
 
 HoHOKUs, a manufacturing village in the 
 above township, on Hohokus creek, 21 miles 
 N. N. W. from New York. 
 
 HoKAH, or Root River, in the S. E. part 
 of Minnesota territory, falls into the Missis- 
 sippi river a little below La Crosse, in Wis- 
 consin. Length, about 130 miles. 
 
 Holbert's Peecinct, a small village of 
 Limestone county, Alabama. 
 
 HoLCOMB, a post-office of Burke co., Ga. 
 
 Holcomb's Rock, a post-office of Bedford 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Holden, a post-ofiiee of Penobscot co.. Me. 
 
 HoLDEN, a post-township of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, 50 miles W. of Boston. Po- 
 pulation, 1933. 
 
 Holderman's Grove, a post-office of Ken- 
 dall county, Illinois. 
 
 HoLDERN ess, a post township of Grafton co. , 
 N. H., on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal 
 railroad, 45 miles N. by W. from Concord, 
 has many fine mill seats. Population, 1744. 
 
 Hole in the Wall, at the southern ex- 
 tremity of Abaco island, one of the Little 
 Bahamas. The lighthouse stands a third of 
 a mile N. from the Hole in the Wall, and 
 shows a revolving light 80 feet from its base, 
 and 160 feet above the level of the sea, in 
 lat. 25° 51' 30" N., Ion. 77° 10' 45" W. 
 
 Holland, a post-township of Orleans co., 
 Vermont, 55 miles N. N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 669. 
 
 Holland, a post-township of Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts, 70 miles W. S. W. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 449. 
 
 Holland, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Erie county. New York. Pop., 1315. 
 
 Holland, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 25 miles S. E. from Buffalo. 
 
HOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 Holland, a post-office of Venango cc, Pa. 
 
 Holland, a thriving post-village in Hol- 
 land township, in the S. W. part of Ottawa co., 
 Mich., at the mouth of Black river, 50 miles 
 N. W. from Kalamazoo. Pop. of the village, 
 about 600 ; of the township, 1829. 
 
 Holland Patent, a post-village of Oneida 
 CO., N. Y., 11 miles N. N. E. from Utica, has 
 2 churches and an academy. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Hollands, apost-office of Laurens dis., S. C. 
 
 HoLLENBACK, a towuship in the S. W. part 
 of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, on the N. 
 branch of the Susquehanna. Pop., 742. 
 
 HoLLEY, a post-village in Murray township, 
 Orleans co., N. Y., on the Erie canal, about 43 
 miles N. E. of Buffalo. It contains 5 stores, 2 
 churches, and 1 academy. Pop., about 1100. 
 
 HoLLEY Grove, a small village of Edge- 
 comb county, North Carolina. 
 
 HoLLiDAYSBURG, a flourishing post-bo- 
 rough, capital of Blair county, Pennsylvania, 
 is situated on the Juniata river, at the E. 
 terminus of the Alleghany Portage railroad, 
 where it connects with the Juniata division 
 of the canal, and near the E. base of the 
 Alleghany mountain. Distance from Harris- 
 burg by turnpike, 120 miles W., and by rail- 
 road, 137 miles. Since the construction 
 of the canal and railroad, this town has im- 
 proved rapidly, and has become the centre 
 of trade for an extensive country, which is 
 rich in agricultural and mineral resources. 
 The business of the town is estimated to be 
 more extensive than that of any place be- 
 tween Pittsburg and Harrisburg. Through 
 HoUidaysburg, the iron of the celebrated Ju- 
 niata region seeks a market. Stone coal and 
 grain are also exported in large quantities. 
 The cars on the Portage railroad are drawn 
 up to the summit by 5 inclined planes, which 
 have a vertical ascent of 1500 feet in a dis- 
 tance of 10 miles. The western declivity is 
 much more gradual, having an inclination of 
 about 1100 feet in a distance of 26 miles. 
 A small branch of the Juniata separates the 
 town from the borough of Gaysport. HoUi- 
 daysburg was incorporated in 1836, and be- 
 came the county seat in 1846. It contains 
 about 6 churches, 2 iron foundries, 1 manu- 
 factory of ironstone ware, and 4 newspaper 
 offices. Population, 2430, or, including Gays- 
 port, 3020. 
 
 Holliday's Cove, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 HoLLiDAYsviLLE,post-officeof Doolyco.,Ga. 
 
 HoLLiNGSwoRTH, a post-officc of Habersham 
 CO., Georgia, 115 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 HoLLis, a post-township of York co., Me., 
 60 miles S. W. from Augusta. Pop., 2683. 
 
 HoLLis, a post-township of Hillsborough 
 county. New Hampshire, 35 miles S. of Con- 
 cord. Population, 1293. 
 
 HoLLis, a post-village of Peoria county, 
 Illinois, 11 miles N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 HoLLis Centre, a post-village of York 
 county, Maine. 
 
 HoLLisTON, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, 25 miles S. W. by W. 
 from Boston. Population, 2428. 
 
 HoLLOWAYViLLE, a post-officc of Burcau 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Hollow Creek, a post-office of Lexington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Hollow Square, a post-office of Greene 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Holly, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Oakland county, Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 941. 
 
 Holly Creek, a post-village of Murray 
 county, Georgia, 10 miles S. from Spring 
 Place, the county town. 
 
 Holly Grove, a post-office of Stewart 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Holly Grove, a post-office of Walker coun- 
 ty, Alabama. 
 
 Holly Hill, a post-office of Charleston 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Holly Mills, apost-office of Oakland coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Holly Point, a post-office of Drew co.. Ark. 
 
 Holly Retreat, a post-office of Wilkinson 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Holly River, a post-office of Braxton co.Va. 
 
 Holly Spring, a post-village of Wake 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Holly SpRiNG,apost-office of Wood co.,Tex. 
 
 HoLLYSpRiNG,apost-office of Dallas CO., Ark. 
 
 Holly Springs, a flourishing and beauti- 
 ful post-village, capital of Marshall county, 
 Mississippi, 210 miles N. from Jackson. The 
 situation is healthful and remarkably beauti- 
 ful. The place is distinguished for the ex- 
 cellence of its schools and the intelligence of 
 its inhabitants. It contains 4 educational 
 institutions, which are justly celebrated : the 
 Chalmers Institute and St. Thomas' Hall for 
 boys ; and the Holly Springs Female Institute 
 and the Franklin Female College. The whole 
 number of pupils attending them is about 
 390. The village contains several churches, 
 4 newspaper offices, and 1 bank. The Mis- 
 sissippi Central railroad, when finished, will 
 connect it with Jackson and New Orleans. 
 The present population (18531 is estimated 
 at 4000. 
 
 HoLMDiL, apost-office of Monmouth co.,N. J. 
 
 Holmes, a new county in the N. part of 
 Florida, bordering on Alabama, has an area 
 of 495 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Choctawhatchee river. The surface is level 
 or undulating. Indian corn, sugar-cane, and 
 cotton are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 23,880 bushels of corn; 114 bales 
 of cotton ; 9 hogsheads of sugar, and 1050 
 gallons of molasses. There were 20 pupils 
 attending a public school. Holmes county 
 was formed recently by a division of Walton 
 and Jackson counties. Capital, Cerro Gordo. 
 Population, 1205, of whom 1042 were free, 
 and 163, slaves. 
 
 Holmes, a county in the N. W. central part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 940 
 
 495 
 
HOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 square miles. The Yazoo river forms its 
 boundary on the W., and the Big Black river 
 on the S. E. The surface is generally level, 
 and the soil is very rich. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are the stajDles. In 1850 this county 
 produced 12,635 bales of cotton ; 543,155 
 bushels of corn, and 124,892 of sweet pota- 
 toes. It contained 5 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices, 1090 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 140 attending academies or other schools. 
 The Yazoo is navigable for steamboats on the 
 border of the county through the whole year. 
 Named in honor of Governor David Holmes 
 of Mississippi. Capital, Lexington. Popu- 
 lation, 13,928, of whom 5551 were free, and 
 8377, slaves. 
 
 Holmes, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of Ohio, has an area of about 400 square 
 miles. It is traversed from N. to S. by Kil- 
 buck creek, intersected in the W. part by 
 the Walhonding river, and also drained by 
 Doughty's foi'k of the first-named stream. 
 The surface is moderately hilly, and the soil 
 generally good. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, butter, and cattle are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 358.360 bushels 
 of corn ; 294,677 of wheat ; 207,336 of oats ; 
 16,357 tons of hay, and 457,901 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 37 churches, 3 news- 
 paper offices, and 3690 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. Stone coal is found along Kil- 
 buck creek. Gas springs have recently been 
 discovered. The projected railroad from Cos- 
 hocton to Hudson will pass through the 
 county. Formed in 1824. Capital, Millers- 
 burg. Population, 20,452. 
 
 Holmes, a township in the AY. part of 
 Crawford county, Ohio. Pop., 1238. 
 
 HoLMESBURG, a pleasant post-village of 
 Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles 
 N. E. of Philadelphia. It contains 4 churches, 
 1 boarding school, and 1 spade factory. 
 
 Holmes' Hole, a small post-village in Tis- 
 bui'y township. Duke's county, Massachusetts, 
 about 60 miles S. E. by S. from Boston. 
 
 Holmes' Hole Lighthouse, at the entrance 
 of the harbor on the West Chop, Massachu- 
 setts. It contains a fixed light 60 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 29' N., Ion. 70° 
 36' 40" W. 
 
 Holmes' Valley, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton county, Florida. 
 
 Holmesville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Appling county, Georgia, 115 miles S. E. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Holmesville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Pilce county, Mississippi, on the Bogue 
 Chitto river, 90 miles S. from Jackson. 
 
 Holmesville, a post-village of Avoyelles 
 parish, Louisiana, about 20 miles S. W. from 
 Marksville. 
 
 Holmesville, a post-village of Holmes 
 county, Ohio, near Killbuck creek, 85 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus. Together with the 
 contiguous village of Lafayette, it has about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 496 
 
 HoLSTON, a post-of&ce of Washington CO., Va. 
 
 HoLSTON River, the largest branch of the 
 Tennessee, is formed by the junction of the 
 North and South forks, which rise among the 
 Alleghany mountains of Virginia, and unite 
 at Kingsport, in Sullivan county, Tennessee. 
 Flowing thence S. W., and passing by Knox- 
 ville, it unites with the Clinch river at King- 
 ston. The length of the main stream is esti- 
 mated at 200 miles. Though the current is 
 rather rapid, it has no considerable falls. 
 It is navigable by small steamboats to Knox- 
 ville at all seasons, and dui-ing the winter 
 they can ascend to Kingsport. Branches. — 
 The N. fork rises near the N. border of 
 Smyth county, Virginia, and its general 
 course is W. S. W. The S. fork rises near 
 the opposite side of that county, and flows 
 nearly parallel with the other branch. The 
 length of each is near 100 miles. 
 
 HoLSTON Valley, a post-office of Sullivan 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Holt, a new county near the N.W. extremity 
 of Missouri, bordering on the Missouri river, 
 which separates it from Indian Territory ; 
 area, 470 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the Nodaway river, and intersected 
 by Tarkeo and Little Tarkeo rivers. The 
 soil in some parts is fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, hemp, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 240,347 bushels of corn; 48,355 of 
 wheat; 11,423 of oats, and 870 tons of hay. 
 It contained 8 churches, and 330 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Oregon. 
 Population, 3957, of whom 3830 were free, 
 and 127, slaves. Named in honor of Dr. 
 Holt, a popular member of the Missouri 
 legislature. 
 
 Holt's Cross Roads, a small village of 
 Chatham co.. North Carolina. 
 
 Holt's Shop, a post-village of Talbot co., 
 Georgia, 40 miles S. W. from Macon. 
 
 Holt's Store, a post-village of Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Holy Neck, a post-office of Nansemond 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 HoLYOKE, a post-village of Hampden coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on the right bank of the 
 Connecticut river, and on the Connecticut 
 River railroad, 8 miles N. from Springfield, 
 and 106 miles by railroad W. by S. from Bos- 
 ton. The Hadley Falls Company, chartered 
 in April, 1848, with a capital of $4,000,000, 
 have here constructed a dam across the Con- 
 necticut, and laid the foundations of a ma- 
 nufacturing city. The fall in the river at 
 this place is 60 feet in three-quarters of a 
 mile. The dam is 1018 feet between the 
 abutments, and 30 feet high, and the hydraulic 
 power thus rendered available is capable 
 of being employed to an almost unlimited 
 extent. Such is the conformation of the 
 ground, that the water admitted to the canals 
 can be used twice, the power being divided 
 between two levels. The company have 
 
IIOM 
 
 HON 
 
 erected two mills, each 268 feet long, 68 
 wide, and 5 stories higb, with spindles, 
 looms, and other appurtenances, one for the 
 manufacture of fine lawns, silks, &c., and 
 the other for the production of heavy cotton 
 goods. They also have a machine-shop, 448 
 I'eet by 60, and 3 stories high. The churches, 
 dwellings, &c. are situated on a fine elevation, 
 W. of the canals. This portion is handsomely 
 laid out with streets intersecting each other 
 at I'ight angles, and contains a bank, a news- 
 paper ofiice, and a hotel, 162 feet long, and 4 
 stories high. The village is supplied with 
 water from the Connecticut river by forcing 
 pumps, operated by hydraulic power. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 3245. 
 
 HoMASASSA, a post-of&ce of Benton co., Fla. 
 
 H051E, a post-village of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 170 miles W. N. W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Home, a post-oiBce of Walker co., Texas. 
 
 HoMB, a post-village of Jeiferson co., In- 
 diana, 10 miles E. by N. from Madison. 
 
 Home, a village of Adair co., Missouri, on 
 the N. fork of Salt river, 120 miles N. of Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 Home, a post-ofBce of Van Buren co., lo. 
 
 Home City, a post-village of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, 10 miles below Cin- 
 cinnati, was laid out a few years ago by the 
 Cincinnati Building Association. 
 
 Homer, a post-township of Cortland co., 
 N. Y., 80 miles S. from Syracuse. Pop., 3836. 
 
 Homer, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, is pleasantly situated on the Tioughni- 
 oga creek, about 40 miles W. of Albany. It 
 contains churches for the Baptists, Episco- 
 palians, Methodists, and Universalists, a 
 newspaper ofBce, and an academy ; also seve- 
 ral mills and factories. Population, esti- 
 mated at 1500. 
 
 Homer, a post-township of Potter co., Pa., 
 6 miles S. of Coudersport. Population, 140. 
 
 Homer, a post-village, capital of Claiborne 
 parish, Louisiana, about 200 miles N. W. of 
 Baton Rouge. It is situated in a fertile cot- 
 ton-growing region. 
 
 Homer, a post-village of Licking co., Ohio, 
 on the N. fork of Licking river, 46 miles N. 
 E. from Columbus, has several churches and 
 mills. Population, about 350. 
 
 Homer, a township, forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Medina co., Ohio. Pop., 1102. 
 
 Homer, a township, forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop., 1590. 
 
 Homer, a small village of Morgan co., 0. 
 
 Homer, a post-township, forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Calhoun co., Mich. Pop., 929. 
 
 Homer, a small village of Jackson co., In- 
 diana, about 56 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Homer, a post-ofSce of Champaign co., 111. 
 
 Homer, a township in the N. part of Will 
 CO., niinois. Population, 811. 
 
 Homekville, a post-office of Medina co., 0. 
 
 Home Spring, a post-ofQce of Holmes co., 
 Florida. 
 
 2g 
 
 Homestead, a post-otHce of Iowa co., lo. 
 
 Homeward, a post-office of Scott co., Miss. 
 
 HoMMENY Creek, a post-office of Buncomb 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 HoMOCHiTTO, a small river of Mississippi, 
 rises in Copiah county, and flowing south- 
 westerly enters the Mississippi at the S. ex- 
 tremity of Adams county. 
 
 HoMOWACK, a post-office of Ulster county. 
 New York. 
 
 HoNCUT Creek, a small stream, forms part 
 of the boundary between Butte and Yuba 
 counties for its whole length, and falls into 
 Feather river about 10 miles above Marys- 
 ville. 
 
 Hondo Creek, of Texas, flows S. through 
 Medina county, and enters the Rio Frio in 
 Bexar county. 
 
 HoNEOYE, a post- village of Ontario co., 
 New York, at the foot of Honeoye lake, 25 
 miles S. of Rochester. 
 
 Honeoye Falls, a post-village of Mendon 
 township, Monroe county. New York, on 
 Honeoye creek, about 215 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. It contains churches of 4 or 5 
 denominations, and manufactories of wool 
 and of axes. Population in 1853, estimated 
 at 1500. 
 
 Honeoye Lake, New York, in the S. W. 
 part of Ontario co., is about 5 miles long, 
 and near 1 mile wide. Its outlet, Honeoye 
 creek, flows into Genessee river. 
 
 HoNESDALE, a flourishing post-borough, 
 capital of Wayne county, Pennsylvania, at 
 the confluence of Dyberry creek with the 
 Lackawaxen, and at the E. terminus of the 
 Delaware and Hudson railroad, 160 miles N. 
 E. from Harrisburg, and 12 miles E. from 
 Carbondale. It is a place of much activity 
 in business, and is rapidly increasing. The 
 prosperity of the place has been developed 
 by manufactures of various kinds, and by 
 the operations of the Delaware and Hudson 
 Canal Company. This company have exten- 
 sive coal mines near Carbondale, from which 
 about 500,000 tons are taken annually, and 
 conveyed by railroad to Honesdale and 
 thence by canal to the Hudson river. A 
 plank-road has been constructed from this 
 town to the New York and Erie railroad. 
 The houses are mostly built of wood and 
 present a neat appearance. Honesdale con- 
 tains 6 churches, 1 bank, 1 academy, and 2 
 newspaper offices. It was laid out in 1826, 
 incorporated in 1831, and became the county 
 seat in 1842. The town has extended itself 
 beyond the limits of the corporate borough, 
 and has a population of about 4500, while 
 the borough proper had in 1850 only 2268. 
 
 HoNEYBKOOK, a townsMp on the N. W. 
 border of Chester co.. Pa. Pop., 1937. 
 
 Honey Creek, of Ohio, falls into the San- 
 dusky river in Seneca co. 
 
 Honey Creek, of Indiana, flows through 
 Vigo county into the Wabash, 9 miles below 
 Terre Haute. 
 
 497. 
 
HON 
 
 HOP 
 
 Honey Creek, of Sauk co., Wisconsin, 
 flows into the Wisconsin river. 
 
 PIoNEY Creek, a township in Clinton co., 
 Indiana. Population, 905. 
 
 Honey Creek, a township in Vigo co., In-_ 
 diana. Population, 1529. 
 
 Honey Creek, a post-office of McDonald 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Honey Creek, a township in the S. W. 
 part of Sauk co., Wisconsin. Pop., 349. 
 
 Honey Creek, a small village of Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Honey Creek, a small post-village of Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin, 30 miles S. W. from 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 Honey Cut, a small post-village of Bald- 
 win CO., Alabama. 
 
 Honey Groye, a post-office of Fannin co., 
 Texas. 
 
 HoNEYViLLE, a post-villagc of Page co., 
 Virginia, on Honey creek, 137 miles N. W. 
 from Eichmond. It contains 1 church and 
 several mills. 
 
 Hood's Mills, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Hoodsville, apost-office of Marion co., Va. 
 
 Hooker, a post-office of Hunt co., Texas. 
 
 HooKERSViLLE, a small village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HOOKERTON, or HOOKERSTOWN, a Small 
 
 post-village of Greene co., North Carolina, on 
 Moccasin river, 82 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 HooKSET, a post-township of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Merrimack river, 
 and on the Concord railroad, 9 miles S. by E. 
 from Concord. Population, 1508. 
 
 HooKSTOWN, a post-village of Beaver co., 
 Pa., 242 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 HooKSTOWN, a post-office of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Hooper's Ferry, a small village of Leake 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Hoosic, a post-office of Greene co.. Wis. 
 
 HoosiCK, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Rensselaer county. New York, 
 20 miles N. E. from Troy. Pop., 3724. 
 
 HoosicK Falls, a post-village in the above 
 township, on both sides of Hoosick river, 35 
 miles N. E. from Albany. It has a fine wa- 
 ter-power, with a fall of 40 feet. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 600. 
 
 HoosicK, or HoosackRivek, rises in Mas- 
 sachusetts, and running a N. W. course 
 through Rensselaer county. New York, it 
 turns W. in Washington county and enters 
 the Hudson river about 15 miles N. of Troy. 
 
 Hoosier Grove, a post-village of Linn co., 
 Iowa, IG miles N. from Iowa City. 
 
 Hoosier Grove, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 HooTENSViLLE, a post-villagc of Upson co., 
 Georgia, 12 miles S. E. from Thomaston. 
 
 Hoover Hill, apost-office of Randolph co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Hoover's Point, a post-office of Macou- 
 pin CO., Illinois. 
 498 
 
 Hopahka, a post- village of Leake co., Mis- 
 sissippi, 65 miles N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 HoPBOTTOM, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hope, a post-township of Waldo co., Maine, 
 30 miles E. S. E. from Augusta. Pop., 1108. 
 
 Hope, a post-township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Hamilton co., New York. Po- 
 pulation, 789. 
 
 Hope, a post-township of Warren co., New 
 Jersey. Population, 1755. 
 
 Hope, a neat post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 10 miles N. E. from Belvidere. It con- 
 tains 8 stone churches, one of which is a fine 
 Gothic building. Population, about 350. 
 
 Hope, a post-village of Pickens co., Ala- 
 bama, 50 miles from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Hope, a post-office of Rapides par., La. 
 
 Hope, a post-office of Stewart co.. Term. 
 
 Hope, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 Hope, a township in Barry co., Michigan. 
 Population, 99. 
 
 Hope, a pleasant post-village of Bartholo- 
 mew CO., Indiana, 12 miles N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. Population, 300. 
 
 Hope Centre, a post-village of Hamilton 
 CO., New York, 60 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Hope Church, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hopedale, a post-village of Harrison co., 
 Ohio, 124 miles E. by N. from Columbus, con- 
 tains a seminary and a steam-flouring mill. 
 
 Hope Falls, a post-village of Hamilton co., 
 N. Y., 50 miles N.W. from Albany, has 1 bank. 
 
 Hope Farm, a post-office of Louisa county, 
 Iowa, 9 miles W. from Wapello. 
 
 Hope Furnace, a small village of Mifflin 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hope Hill, a post-village of Pikeco., Miss. 
 
 Hope Hill, a post-office of Gibson co., Tenn, 
 
 Hope Mill, apost-office of Maury co.,TeniL 
 
 Hope Mills, apost-office of Page co., Vir- 
 ginia, 140 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Hope Station, a post-village of Lexington 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 HoPEviLLE, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-township of Ontario co.. 
 New York, 12 miles W. from Geneva, inter- 
 sected by the Canandaigua and Elmira rail- 
 road. Population, 1923. 
 
 Hopewell, a township of Cumberland co., 
 New Jersey. Population, 1480. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-township of Mercer co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, about 10 
 miles N. W. from Trenton. Pop., 8696. 
 
 Hopewell, a township of Beaver co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the left bank of the Ohio river. 
 Population, 1025. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Bedford co., Pa. Population, 840. 
 
 Hopewell, a township forming the W. ex- 
 tremity of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1053. 
 
 Hopewell, a township on the W. border 
 of Washington co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1748. 
 
HOP 
 
 HOR 
 
 Hopewell, a township of York cc, Pa., 10 
 miles S. E. from York. Population, 2432. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-village in Mecklenburg 
 CO., N. C, 160 miles W. S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-village in York district, 
 S. C, about 90 miles N. from Columbia. 
 
 Hopewell, a small post-village of Craw- 
 ford CO., Geoi'gia, 24 miles W. from Macon. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-ofSce of Greene co., Ala. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-office of Chickasaw co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-office of Upshur co., Tex. 
 
 Hopewell, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Licking co., Ohio. Population, 1227. 
 
 Hopewell, a township in the N. part of 
 Mercer co., Ohio. Population, 290. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop., 2378. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-viilage of Muskingiim 
 CO., Ohio, 46 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Hopewell, a township in the N. part of 
 Perry co., Ohio. Population, 1387. 
 
 Hopewell, a township in the W. central 
 part of Seneca co., Ohio. Population, 1288. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-office of Jennings co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-office of Macon co., 111. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-office of Mississippi co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 HoPEMrELL, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa. 
 
 Hopewell, a post-office of Maheska co., lo. 
 
 Hopewell Centke, a post-office of York 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hopbwell Church, a post-office of Wilkin- 
 son CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Hopewell Cotton Works, a post-office of 
 Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hopewell Cross Pi,oads, a post-office of 
 Harford co., Maryland. 
 
 Hopewell Furnace, a small village of 
 Washington co., Missouri. 
 
 Hopkins, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Texas, has an area of 960 square miles. It 
 is drained by the White Oak ba3'ou, and by 
 Lake fork of Sabine river. The surface is 
 diversified by prairies and woodlands. In- 
 dian corn, oats, sweet potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 49,453 bushels of corn; 3215 of oats; 7557 
 of potatoes ; 37,674 pounds of butter, and 
 6769 of wool. Capital, Tarrant. Popula- 
 tion, 2623 ; of whom 2469 were free, and 154, 
 slaves. 
 
 Hopkins, a county in the W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 750 square 
 miles. Green river washes its N. E. border ; 
 Pond river forms its entire boundary on the E. , 
 and Tradewater creek on the S. W. The 
 surface is diversified, and in some parts hilly ; 
 the soil is mostly fertile. Tobacco, Indian 
 corn, and oats are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 741,032 bushels of corn ; 
 61,901 of oats, and 2,180,699 pounds of to- 
 bacco. It contained 24 churches, and 2310 
 pupils attending public schools. Stone coal 
 is abundant, and some iron ore is found in 
 
 the hills of this county. Green river is 
 navigable by steamboats on the border at all 
 stages of water. Organized in 1836, and 
 named in honor of General Samuel Hopkins, 
 an officer in the war of the Revolution. Capi- 
 tal, Madisonville. Population, 12,441; of 
 whom 10,249 were free, and 2192, slaves. 
 
 Hopkins' Grove, a post-village of Polk 
 CO., Iowa, on Des Moines river, 130 miles W. 
 by N. from Iowa City. 
 
 Hopkins' Turnout, a post-office of Rich- 
 land district, South Carolina. 
 
 HoPKiNSA^iLLB, a liandsome town, capital 
 of Christian county, Kentucky, is finely situ- 
 ated on Little river, on the Henderson and 
 Nashville railroad, 204 miles S. W. from 
 Frankfort. The town is regularly laid out, and 
 many of the streets are paved and bordered, 
 with shade- trees. The principal public build- 
 ing are a court house, a bank, 6 Protestant 
 churches, and the Second Kentucky Lunatic 
 Asylum, an elegant structure, presenting a 
 front of 368 feet, and containing 300 rooms 
 for patients. Three weekly and 2 semi- 
 weekly papers are published here. The town 
 contains a classical academy and 3 semina- 
 ries for girls, 16 dry-goods stores, 3 drug- 
 stores, 3 tobacco factories, 2 silversmiths, 
 and 4 carriage factories. In the vicinity of 
 the town is a fine botanic garden, with a 
 fountain, which is a place of general resort. 
 Hopkinsville was laid out in 1799, and incor- 
 porated in 1806. Pop. in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Hopkinsville, a post-village of Warren 
 county, Ohio, near the Little Miami railroad, 
 85 miles S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Hopkinton, a post-township of Merrimack 
 county, New Hampshire, 6 miles W. by S. 
 from Concord. Population, 2169. 
 
 Hopkinton, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, 25 miles W. S. W. from 
 Boston. This township contains a mineral 
 spring, which is a fashionable summer resort. 
 Popu.lation, 2801. 
 
 Hopkinton, a post-township in Washington 
 county, Rhode Island, intersected by Wood 
 river, about 35 miles S. W. from Providence. 
 Population, 2477. 
 
 Hopkinton, a post-township in the E. part 
 of St.Lawrence county. New York. Pop., 1476, 
 
 Hopkinton, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 210 miles N. N. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Hopkinton, a post-office of Delaware co.,Io. 
 
 Hopper's Mills, a post-office of Henderson 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Hop River, a small stream of Tolland coun- 
 ty, in the N. E. part of Connecticut, falls into 
 the Willimantic river. 
 
 HoREB, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. 
 
 HoKEM, a village of Brown county, Ohio, 
 on the plank-road from Batavia to Fincastle, 
 about 40 miles E. from Cincinnati. It has an 
 active business in lumber. 
 
 HoRicoN, lake. See George, lake. 
 
 HoRicoN, a post-township in the N. part of 
 499 
 
HGR 
 
 HOT 
 
 Warren county, New York, on Schroon river. 
 Population, 1152. 
 
 Honicox, a small post-yillage in the above 
 township, about 18 miles N. from Caldwell. 
 
 lioKicoN, a thriving post-village of Hub- 
 bard township, Dodge county, Wisconsin, on 
 Rock river, at the lower extremity of the so- 
 called Winnebago marsh, 50 miles N. E. from 
 Madison. It has an excellent water-power, 
 and contains 300 or 400 inhabitants. 
 
 EoRNBROOK, a post-office of Bradford co.Pa. 
 
 Hornby, a post-township of Steuben coun- 
 ty, New York, 17 miles S. E. from Bath. Po- 
 pulation, 1314. 
 
 Horn Creek, a post-office of Gilmer co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 HoRNBLLSViLLE, a post-township of Steu- 
 ben count}^ New York, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 342 miles from New York city. 
 The village is situated on the Canisteo river, 
 about a mile W. of the railroad station. The 
 inhabitants are principally engaged in the 
 lumber trade. The Hornellsville and Buffalo 
 railroad connects it with Buffalo, 90 miles 
 distant. Population of the township, 2637 ; 
 of the village, about 1200. 
 
 HoRNERSTOWN, a post-village of Monmouth 
 county, New Jersey, about 16 miles S. E. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 Hornet's Nest, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg county. North Carolina. 
 
 Hornsborough, a post-office of Chesterfield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 HoRNTOWN, a small post-village of Accomac 
 county, Virginia, is on a navigable creek 
 which communicates with the Atlantic, 26 
 miles N. E. from Accomac Court House. 
 
 HoRBELSTOWN, a Small village of Mifflin 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 14 miles W. S. W. 
 from Lewistown. 
 
 Horr's Ranch, a post-office of Tuolumne 
 county, California. 
 
 Horry, a district forming the E. extremity 
 of South Carolina, bordering on North Caro- 
 lina and on the Atlantic, has an area of about 
 1200 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 V/'accamaw river, and bounded on the W. by 
 the Little Pedee, which unites with the Great 
 Pedee on the S. W. border. The surface is 
 level, and partly occupied by marshes. The 
 soil is generally sandy, and not vex'y fertile. 
 Pine timber is abundant in the district. In- 
 dian corn and sweet potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 this district produced 127,100 bushels 
 of corn, and 137,303 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 23 turpentine distilleries, and 1 saw and 
 planing mill. It contained 33 churches, and 
 488 pupils attending public schools. It is 
 tr.aversed in the N. part by the Wilmington 
 and Manchester railroad. Capital, Conway- 
 borough. Population, 7646, of whom 5571 
 were free, and 2075, slaves. 
 
 Horse Creek, of Wake county. North Ca- 
 rolina, flows into the Neuse river. 
 
 HoESE Creek, of Alabama, flows through 
 Marengo county, into Tombigbee river. 
 500 
 
 Horse Creek, of Cedar county, Missouri, 
 flows N. E. into Sac river. 
 
 Horse Creek, a post-office of Rutherford 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Horse Creek, a post-office of Lexington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Horse Creek, a post-office of Greene coun- 
 ty, Tennessee. 
 
 Horse Creek, a post-office of Will co.. 111. 
 
 HoESE Creek, a post-village of Dade coun- 
 ty, Missouri, on a stream of its own name, 
 150 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 HoRSEHBAD, a post-office of Prince George's 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 HoRSEHEAD, a post-village of Macon coun- 
 ty, Georgia, about 45 miles S. S. W. from 
 Macon. 
 
 HoESEHEAB, a post-vJllage of Johnson coun- 
 ty, Arkansas, about 9 miles W. from Clarks- 
 ville. 
 
 HoESEHEADS, formerly Faieport, a post- 
 village in Elmira township, Chemung county, 
 New York, on the Chemung canal, and on the 
 Chemung branch of the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 6 miles N. from Elmira. Here Ge- 
 neral Sullivan, during his expedition against 
 the Indians, killed his pack-horses, the heads 
 of which were piled up ; hence the name. 
 
 Horse Pasture, a post-office of Henry 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Horseshoe, a post-xallage of Pickens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Horseshoe Bend, a small post-village of 
 Tallapoosa county, Alabama. 
 
 Horseshoe Bottom, a post-office of Rus- 
 sell county, Kentucky. 
 
 HoKSETOWN, a post-office of Shasta co., Cal. 
 
 HoRSEWELL, a small village of Barren co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Horsey's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Sussex CO., Delaware. 
 
 Horsham, a post-township of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 10 miles E. by N. from 
 Norristown. Population, 1336. 
 
 Horsham, or Hoeshamville, a small post- 
 village in the above township, 16 miles N. from 
 Philadelphia. It contains a Friends' meeting 
 house and 2 stores. 
 
 Hortona, a township in Brown co., Wis- 
 consin. Population, 192. 
 
 Hortonville, a post-office of Brown co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Hosensack, a post-office of Lehigh co.. Pa. 
 
 Hoskinsville, a post-village of Morgan 
 CO., Ohio, 90 miles E. by S. from Columbus. 
 
 Hotchkissville, a post- village of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Hotel, a post-office of Bertie co., N. C. 
 
 Hot House, a post-office of Gilmer co., Ga. 
 
 Hot Spring, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Arkansas ; area, 964 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Washita river and its 
 several forks. The surface is hilly or moun- 
 tainous. Indian corn, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 127,565 bushels of corn; 4411 of peas 
 
HOT 
 
 HOU 
 
 and beans; 12,990 of potatoes; and 26,620 
 pounds of butter. It contained 2 saw mills, 
 2 oilstone manufactories, 30 pupils attending a 
 public school, and 273 attending academies or 
 other schools. The Washita river is navigable 
 for small boats as far up as Rockport. The 
 county is liberally supplied with water-power 
 and mineral springs, among which are the 
 famous Hot Springs, 6 miJes from the Washita 
 river. Magnetic iron abounds in the "Mag- 
 net Cove," a valley which occupies an area 
 of 2 square miles, enclosed by large pine 
 forests. The magnetic influence is such that 
 the land can not be surveyed with a compass. 
 {DeBoiv^s Review, vol. v.) Large quarries of 
 excellent oilstone have been opened in the 
 county, and the article is exported to all parts 
 of the Union. Capital, Rockport. Popula- 
 tion, 3609 ; of whom 8248 were free, and 361, 
 slaves. 
 
 Hot Speings, a post-village of Bath coun- 
 ty, Virginia, 175 miles W. N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. This place is situated in a narrow 
 valley, and surrounded by a mountainous re- 
 gion which is remarkable for the salubrity of 
 its climate and for the charming character 
 of its scenery. There are several springs 
 here, which vary in temperature from 98° to 
 106°, and are considered efficacious in the 
 cure of dyspepsia, rheumatism, affections of 
 the liver, etc. The water contains the sul- 
 phates of lime and of magnesia, the carbon- 
 ates of lime and of magnesia, and sulphate 
 of soda. A spring of extremely cold water 
 rises in close proximity to one at 98°. Several 
 bathing houses and other buildings have been 
 erected here. 
 
 Hot Springs, a post-village of Hot Springs 
 county, Arkansas, 6 miles N. from the Washita 
 river, and 55 miles S. W. from Little Rock. 
 It is situated in a valley about 700 yards long 
 and 70 yards wide, having a high mountain 
 on each side. The temperature of the springs, 
 which are about 35 in number, varies from 
 135° to 160°. (See Arkansas, page 51.) The 
 main stage-route from Little Rock passes 
 through this place, "which was formerly the ca- 
 pital of the county. Novaculite, or oil-stone, 
 of fine quality, is abundant in the vicinity. 
 
 Houck's Store, a post-ofiice of Carroll 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Hough's Store, a post-village of Jasper 
 county, IMississippi. 
 
 Houghton, ho'ton,an unorganized county of 
 Michigan, in the N. W. part of the upper pe- 
 ninsula, bordering on Lake Superior ; area 
 estimated at 1200 square miles. Its outline 
 is deeply indented \)j Keweenaw bay, and it 
 is drained by Sturgeon river. The surface is 
 uneven. The county is remarkably rich in 
 minerals, including copper, silver, and iron. 
 Mines of copper are worked in several places. 
 The census of 1850 furnishes no statistics of 
 this county excepting the population — 708. 
 Named in honor of Prof. Douglas Houghton, 
 formerly state geologist of Michigan. 
 
 HotiGHTON, a post-office of Houghton coun- 
 ty, Michigan. 
 
 Houghtonville, a post-village of Windham 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 HouLiCA,apost-office of Chickasaw CO., Miss. 
 
 HouLTON, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Aroostook county, Maine, 190 miles N. E. 
 from Augusta, and 12 miles N. W. from Wood- 
 stock, in New Brunswick. It has a court 
 house, 3 churches, an academy, and about 10 
 stores. A military post was established in 
 1829, about a mile N. of the village. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 1453. 
 
 HouMA, a small post-village, capital of 
 Terre Bonne parish, Louisiana, on Bayou 
 Terre Bonne, 108 miles S. S. E. from Baton 
 Rouge. The baj'ou is navigable for small 
 boats. The village has a court house, jail, 5 
 stores, 2 churches, and 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 HouNr.sriELt), a township of Jefferson coun- 
 ty. New York, lies at the E. end of Lake On- 
 tario, and contains Sackett's Harbor. Popu- 
 lation, 4136. 
 
 HousATONic river, a fine stream which has 
 its sources in Berkshire co., Massachusetts, 
 and flowing 8., enters the state of Connecti- 
 cut. After winding through Litchfield county, 
 and forming the boundary between New Ha- 
 ven and Fairfield counties, it meets the tide- 
 water at Derby, about 14 miles from Long 
 Island sound. The sources of this stream 
 are more than 1000 feet above the level of 
 the ocean, and in its course of 150 miles, it 
 affords many excellent mill seats. The rail- 
 road from Bridgeport to Albany follows the 
 course of this river for nearly 40 miles, pre- 
 senting the traveller with a view of its charm- 
 ing scenery. The cataract at Canaan, in 
 Connecticut, well deserves the attention of 
 the lovers of the picturesque. 
 
 HousATONic, or HousATONicviLLE, a small 
 post-village in Berkshire county, Massachu- 
 setts, about 120 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 House Creek, a village of Polk co., N. C. 
 
 House Creek, a post-village of Irwin co.,Ga. 
 
 House's Springs, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Missouri, 28 miles S. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Houseville, a post-office of Lewis county, 
 New York. 
 
 Houston, hews'ton, a county in the S. W. 
 central part of Georgia, has an area of 875 
 square miles. The Ocmulgee river, navigable 
 by steamboats, bounds it on the E., theEcha- 
 connee creek flows along the northern border, 
 and it is drained by Mossy, Big Indian, Sandy 
 Run, and Lumpkin's creeks. The su -face is 
 nearly level ; the soil is of limestone forma- 
 tion, very fertile, and extensively culiivated. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, ricv>, .and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. By the 
 census of 1850, this county produced more 
 cotton and sweet potatoes than any other 
 in the state. There were raised 19,362 bales 
 of cotton; 662,600 bushels of corn; 46.830 
 of oats, and 188,224 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 6 grist mills, 10 saw mills, 1 cotton fac- 
 
 601 
 
HOU 
 
 HOW 
 
 tory, and 1 -woollen factory. It contained 24 
 churches, and 616 pupils attending public 
 schools. The South-western railroad passes 
 through the county, and the Muscogee rail- 
 road lias its eastern terminus in it. Named 
 in honor of John Houston, governor of Georgia 
 in 1778. Capital, Perry. Population, 16,450, 
 of whom 6526 were free, and 9924, slaves. 
 
 Houston, a county in the E. part of Texas, 
 contains about 1295 square miles. The 
 Trinity river bounds it on the W., and the 
 Is'eches on the N. E. The surface is, or was, 
 mostly occupied by woodlands; the soil is 
 highly productive, especially in the valley of 
 Trinity river. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples ; sugar, rice, and oats also flourish in 
 this region. In 1850 the county produced 
 71,495 bushels of corn; 21,707 of sweet pota- 
 toes ; 750 bales of cotton ; 82 hogsheads of 
 sugar, and 44,476 pounds of butter. There 
 were 50 pupils attending academies or other 
 schools. The Trinity river is regularly 
 navigated by steamboats as far up as this 
 county. Elkhart creek affords fine water- 
 power. Named in honor of General Sam 
 Houston, United States senator from Texas. 
 Capital, Crockett. Population, 2721, of whom 
 2048 were free, and 673, slaves. 
 
 Houston, a post-ofBce of Alleghany coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. See Faikview. 
 
 Houston, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Clearfield county, Pennsylvania, Pop., 230. 
 
 Houston, a post-office of Wayne co., Pa. 
 
 Houston, a thriving post- village of Heard 
 CO., Georgia, 9 miles S. W. from Franklin. 
 
 Houston, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Chickasaw county, Mississippi, is situated 
 near a branch of the Oktibbeha creek, 150 
 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. It is surrounded 
 by a rich cotton-planting region, and has an 
 active trade. Three newspapers are published 
 here. 
 
 Houston a city capital of Harris county, 
 Texas, situated on Buffalo bayou, 45 miles 
 by water from its entrance into Galveston 
 bay, 82 miles N. W. from Galveston city, and 
 200 miles E. S. E. from Austin city. Lat. 29° 
 45' N., Ion. 95° 30' W. This flourishing town, 
 the second of the state in commercial im- 
 portance, is advantageously situated for 
 trade, at the head of steamboat navigation. 
 Several steamboats ply regularly between 
 this place and Galveston. Houston is the 
 principal shipping port for several adjacent 
 counties, in which cotton, sugar, and maize 
 are produced, and towards which a copious 
 tide of emigration is flowing. A large por- 
 tion of the county is occupied by savannas 
 or treeless plains, which produce excellent 
 pasturage, and large numbers of cattle and 
 horses are kept liere with little labor. A 
 railroad has been commenced which is to be 
 extended westward to the Brazos rivei', and 
 probably to Austin. Five or six newspapers 
 are published here. It contains 1 iron 
 fjundry, with a machine shop, and 1 hat fac- 
 502 
 
 tory. It was settled in 1836, and was at one 
 time the capital of Texas. Population in 
 1853, estimated at 6000. 
 
 Houston, a small post-village of Wayne 
 CO., Tenn., 110 miles S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Houston, a post-village of Bourbon co., Ky. 
 
 Houston, a post-ofiice of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 Houston, a small post-village of Jackson 
 county, Indiana, 15 miles N. W. from Browns- 
 town, contains a few tradesmen's shops. 
 
 Houston, a post-township in Adams coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Population, 478. 
 
 Houston, a small village of Bond county, 
 Illinois, on the Terre Haute and Alton rail- 
 road, about 70 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Houston, a post-village of Marion county, 
 Mo., 110 miles N. by H. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Houston, a small post-village, capital of 
 Texas county, Missouri, 3 miles from Piney 
 river, and 100 miles S. from Jefferson City. 
 It was laid out about 1847. 
 
 HousTONViLLE, a post-villagc inli-edell co., 
 North Carolina, about 145 miles W. from 
 Pialeigh. 
 
 Howard, a new co. in the central part of 
 Maryland, containing about 280 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. E. by the Patapsco, 
 and on the S. W. by the Patuxent river. 
 The surface is uneven or hilly. Yv'heat, In- 
 dian corn, oats, and tobacco are the staples. 
 The county is intersected by the Baltimore 
 and AVashington railroad. The census of 
 1850 furnishes no information respecting this 
 county, which was formed since that year 
 out of the N. W. part of Anne Arundel co. 
 CapitaX Ellicott's Mills. 
 
 Howard, a county in the N. central part 
 of Indiana, contains 293 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Wildcat creek, an affluent 
 of the Wabash. The surface is nearly level, 
 and the soil uniformly fertile. The county 
 was originallj' heavily timbered, except a 
 few small prairies. The staples are wheat, 
 maize, oats, and grass. In 1850 this county 
 produced 238,853 bushels of corn; 27,930 of 
 wheat ; 6063 of oats, and 569 tons of hay. 
 It contained 10 churches, and 1 newspaper 
 office. It is intersected by railroads, which 
 communicate with Lake Michigan and the 
 Ohio river. Howard county formed part of 
 the Miami Reservation, was organized in 
 1844, and named in honor of General T. A. 
 Howard, member of Congress from Indiana. 
 Capital, Kokomo. Population, 6657. 
 
 Howard, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Missouri, has an area of 432 square 
 miles. The Missouri river forms part of its 
 western, and the whole of its southern bound- 
 ary. It is intersected by Bonne Femme and 
 Moniteau creeks, affluents, of the Missouri 
 river. The general surface is undulating ; 
 the soil is remarkably fertile, extensively 
 cultivated, and supplied with abundant 
 springs of limestone water. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, tobacco, hay, hemp, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 
HOW 
 
 HUD 
 
 produced 939,048 bushels of corn; 114,196 
 of wheat; 97.534 of oats ; 5401 tons of hay, 
 and 3,188,122 pounds of tobacco. The above 
 quantities of hay and tobacco were the great- 
 est raised in any county of the state. It 
 contained 19 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and 2053 pupils attending public schools. 
 Valuable quarries of limestone and sand- 
 stone have been opened, and stone coal is 
 abundant in the county. A plank-road is in 
 progress of construction from Hunts ville to 
 Glasgow, the county seat. Named in honor 
 of General Benjamin Howard, of Kentucky. 
 Population, 13,969, of whom 9079 were free, 
 and 4890, slaves. 
 
 Howard, a new county in the N. N. E. part 
 of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area 
 of about 430 square miles. It is drained by the 
 head streams of Turkey river, and the north- 
 ern part is intersected by the Upper Iowa. 
 The slope of the county is south-eastward. It 
 contains extensive tracts of timber, inter- 
 spersed with prairies. This county is not in- 
 cluded in the census of 1850 ; county seat not 
 located. 
 
 Howard, a post-township of Steuben co., 
 New York, about 66 miles S. from Roches- 
 ter. Population, 3244. 
 
 Howard, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 12 miles W. from Bath. 
 
 Howard, a post-office of Warren co., N. J. 
 
 Howard, a post-township of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1292. 
 
 Howard, a post-office of Taylor co., 6a. 
 
 Howard, a post-office of Bell co., Texas. 
 
 Howard, a township in the E. part of Knox 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1002. 
 
 Howard, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Cass CO., Michigan. Population, 766. 
 
 Howard, a township in Howard co., In- 
 diana. Population, 636. 
 
 Howard, a post-village of Parke co., In- 
 diana, near the Wabash river, 13 miles N. W. 
 from Rockville. 
 
 Howard, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Winnebago co., Illinois. Pop., 916. 
 
 Howard, a township in Brown co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Population, 567. 
 
 Howard's, a post-office of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Howard's Grove, a post-office of Sheboy- 
 gan CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Howard's Mills, a post-village of Mont- 
 gomerj'^ co., Kentucky. 
 
 Howard's Point, a post-office of Fayette 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Howardstille, a post-office of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Howardsville, a small post-village of 
 Stephenson co., Illinois, about 208 miles N. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Howardville, a post- village of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Bald Eagle creek and 
 canal, 11 miles N. E. from Bellefonte. Near 
 this are the Howard iron-works. 
 
 Howe, a post-office of Venango co.. Pa. 
 
 Howell, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, bor- 
 dering on the Atlantic. Population, 4058. 
 
 Howell, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Livingston co., Michigan, 33 miles E. S. E. 
 from Lansing. A plank-road extends from 
 Howell to Detroit. A newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. Population, about 800. 
 
 Howell Furnace, a post-village of Mon- 
 mouth CO., New Jersey, 12 miles S. E. from 
 Freehold. It has a church, and a large iron 
 furnace. 
 
 Howell's Depot, a small post-village of 
 Orange co.. New York, on the New Yoi-k and 
 Erie railroad, 81 miles from New York city. 
 
 Howell's Spring, a post-village of Hardin 
 CO., Kentucky, about 40 miles S. W. from 
 Louisville. 
 
 HowELLviLLE, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 4 or 6 miles W. N. W. from 
 Media. 
 
 HowELLSviLLE, a post-office of Piobeson co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Howell Works, a post-office of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Howe's Valley, a post-office of Hardin co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 HowLAND, a township in Penobscot co., 
 Maine, intersected by the Piscataquis river, 
 about 90 miles N. E. of Augusta. Pop., 214. 
 
 HowLAND, a post-township in Trumbull co., 
 Ohio. Population, 919. 
 
 HowLET Hill, a post-office of Onondago 
 CO., New York. 
 
 HoYsviLLE, a post-village of Loudon co., 
 Virginia, 165 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Hubbard, a post-township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Trumbull co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1272. 
 
 Hubbard, a township in the E. part of 
 Dodge CO., Wisconsin. Population, 874. 
 
 Hubbard's Corners, a post-office of Madi- 
 son CO., New York. 
 
 HuBBARDSTON, a post-township of Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts, 55 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston, contains a small village of its 
 own name. Population, 1825. 
 
 HuBBABDTON, a post-township of Rutland 
 CO., Vermont, about 46 miles S. S. W. from 
 Montpelier, contains a small village of its 
 own name. Population, 701. 
 
 HuBBARDTON RivER, a fine mill stream of 
 Addison co., Vermont, falls into the head of 
 East Bay. 
 
 HuBLEBSBURO, a post-village of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania, in Nittany valley, 88 miles N. 
 W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 HuDDLESTON, a post-office of Rapides pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 HuDDLESTON, a post-officc of Pike co., Ark. 
 
 Huddleston's Cross Roads, a post-office 
 of Wilson CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Hudson, or North River, one of the finest 
 and most important in the United States, is 
 formed by two small streams, which rise in 
 the Adirondack mountains, one in Hamilton. 
 
 503 
 
HUD 
 
 HUD 
 
 and the other in Essex county, New York, 
 and unite in Warren county, about 40 miles 
 from the source of each. To Sandy Hill the 
 course of the river is irregular, being first S. 
 by E., then E., after which it flows almost in 
 a straight line, nearly due S., entering New 
 York bay in lat. 40° 42' N., Ion. 74° 1' 30" 
 W. Its entire length is rather more than SOO 
 miles ; its breadth below Albany varies from 
 300 to 900 yards. Between Haverstraw and 
 Piermont, however, for a distance of 10 or 
 12 miles, it expands into a broad basin, 4 or 
 o miles wide. It has but few tributaries : 
 the Mohawk, flowing into it near Troy, and 
 the Walkill, entering it at Kingston, are the 
 principal. The scenery of the Hudson is in 
 the highest degree picturesque, and in some 
 places approaches even the sublime. The 
 banks are generally elevated, and not un- 
 frequently rise to lofty eminences, manj' of 
 which are rocky and precipitous. At the 
 Passage of the Highlands, 52 miles above 
 New York, the view is eminently grand and 
 imposing. A chain was suspended across 
 the river at this place in the Revolution, to 
 prevent the enemy's vessels ascending. On 
 the W. shore, about 30 miles below, com- 
 mences what is called the "Palisades," a re- 
 markable range of trap rock, which rises 
 perpendicularly from the margin of the river, 
 nearly 500 feet, and extends 18 or 20 miles 
 down the stream. The largest ships ascend 
 to Hudson, about 117 miles, and schooners 
 to Troy, at the head of tide-water, a distance 
 of 166 miles. As a commercial channel, pro- 
 bably no river in the United States of equal 
 extent is so important as the Hudson. Up- 
 wards of 70 sail-vessels, all moving at the 
 same time, have been counted from a single 
 point of observation on its banks. A great 
 number of steamboats, many of them of im- 
 mense size, also ply between New York, Al- 
 bany, and the intermediate places. Some of 
 these are the most splendid water-craft in 
 the world. The first successful attempt at 
 propelling vessels by steam was made upon 
 the waters of this river, by Robert Fulton, in 
 1808. 
 
 Hudson, a county in the N. E. part of New 
 Jersey, has an area of about 180 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Pas- 
 saic river, Newark bay, and the Kills ; on the 
 E. by New York bay and the Hudson river, 
 and on the W. by the Passaic river, and is 
 intersected by the Hackensack and Saddle 
 rivers. The surface is elevated in the E. 
 and W. portions, while the valley of the 
 Hackensack lies in the centre. Indian corn, 
 potatoes, hay, butter, and garden vegetables 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 37,155 bushels of corn; 32,885 of po- 
 tatoes; 4161 tons of hay; 49,891 pounds of 
 butter, and garden vegetables to the value 
 of §91,619. There were 4 machine shops, 
 1 manufactory of steel, 1 of wool, 1 of glass, 
 1 copper furnace, 1 nail factory, 1 pottery, 
 504 
 
 and 2 ship-yards. It contained 21 churches, 
 2 newspaper ofiices ; 1641 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 765 attending academies 
 or other schools. Magnetic iron ore and 
 limestone are found, and there are extensive 
 deposits of copper in the W. part, near the 
 Passaic river. This county is intersected by 
 the New Jersey railroad, by the Ramapo 
 and Paterson railroad, and by the Morris 
 canal. Named from the river which forms 
 its eastern boundary. Capital, Jersey City. 
 Population, 21,821. 
 
 Hudson, a township of Hillsborough co.. 
 New Hampshire, on the Merrimack river, 
 which is here crossed by a bi-idge, about 36 
 miles S. by E. from Concord, contains a small 
 village of its own name. Population, 1312. 
 
 Hudson, a city and seat of justice of Co- 
 lumbia county. New York, is situated on the 
 left bank of the Hudson river, at the head of 
 ship navigation, and on the Hudson River 
 railroad, 116 miles N. from New York city. 
 Lat. 42° 14' N., Ion. 73° 46' W. It is built 
 upon an elevation, which rises in the back- 
 ground to a height of 200 feet, called Pros- 
 pect hill. In front, the bank, which is here 
 60 feet high, projects into the river, termi- 
 nating in a bold promontory, on the brow of 
 which is a delightful promenade, and on 
 either side a fine bay, having a depth of 
 water sufiicient for the largest ships. Along 
 the margin of these bays and at the foot of 
 the promontory are the wharves, which are 
 canied out on a line with the base of the 
 hill. The city is for the most part regularly 
 laid out,* with streets usually intersecting 
 each other at right angles. Near the river 
 are extensive warehouses, stores, &c. War- 
 ren street is the principal thoroughfare and 
 seat of business. It extends in a south- 
 easterly direction, about a mile, terminating 
 near a fine public square. The principal 
 public buildings are the court-house, a hand- 
 some edifice, consti-ucted of marble and lime- 
 stone, and surmounted by a dome ; 8 or 10 
 churches, and 2 banks. The city contains a 
 lunatic asylum, situated on State street, 
 facing the court house, and several semi- 
 naries of learning. The newspaper press 
 consists of 7 publications, most of which are 
 issued weekly. Hudson is both a commercial 
 and a manufacturing city. Formerly it was 
 extensively engaged in the West India trade, 
 but of late this business has mostly given 
 place to the whale fisheries. Its river trade 
 is important. Great quantities of produce 
 are also brought to its markets from the inte- 
 rior. It enjoys superior advantages for 
 manufacturing, as the streams in the vici- 
 nity aff"ord good water-power. There are in 
 the city upwards of 70 establishments of 
 various kinds, some of them very extensive. 
 Hudson is well supplied with pure water 
 from a spring at the foot of Becraft moun- 
 tain, about 2 miles distant. A steam ferry 
 crosses to Athens on the opposite side of the 
 
HUD 
 
 HUM 
 
 river. Settled in 1784, and incoi-porated a 
 city in 1785. Population in 1850, 6289. 
 
 Hudson, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Greorgia, about 100 miles N. by E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Hudson, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Summit co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1457. 
 
 Hudson, a flourishing post-village in the 
 above township, on the Cleveland and Pitts- 
 burg railroad, 24 miles S. E. from the former, 
 and 123 miles N. E. from Columbus. It is 
 handsomely situated and neatly built. The 
 Western Pieserve College at this place was 
 fomided in 1826, and is a flourishing insti- 
 tution, with 8 instructors, and a library of 
 8000 volumes; 2 newspapers are issued here. 
 
 Hudson, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Lenawee co., Michigan. Pop., 1544. 
 
 Hudson, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, on the Michigan Southern railroad, 
 and on Tifiin's creek, 16 miles W. from Adrian. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 Hudson, a small post-village of Yfashtenaw 
 CO., Michigan, on Huron river, about 50 
 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Hudson, a post-township in La Porte co., 
 Indiana. Population, 415. 
 
 Hudson, a small post-village of La Porte 
 CO., Ind., on the Michigan Southern railroad. 
 
 Hudson, a post-village in McLean co.. 111. 
 
 Hudson, a village in Muscatine co., Iowa, 
 20 miles E. S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Hudson, formerly Willow Riveb, capital 
 of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, on the eastern 
 shore of Lake St. Croix, at the mouth of 
 Willow river, about 225 miles N. W. from 
 Madison. It contains (1853) 2 churches, a 
 United States land-of&ce, 6 stores, several 
 mills, and 94 dwellings. 
 
 Hudson, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Walworth co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1189. 
 
 Hudsonville, a post-village in Marshall 
 CO., Miss., 200 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Hudsonville, a small post -village of 
 Breckenridge co., Kentucky, about 120 miles 
 W. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Hudsonville, a small post-villnge of Craw- 
 ford CO., Illinois, on the right bank of Wabash 
 river, about 8 miles N. from Palestine. 
 
 HuEFTON, a post-ofiice of Henry co., Ind. 
 
 HuoaiNs' Creek, a post-ofiice of McNairy 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Hughes' Mills, a small village of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hughes River, of Western Virginia, rises 
 in Lewis and Doddridge counties, flows west- 
 ward and enters the Little Kanawha river, 
 near the northern border of Wirt county. 
 
 HuGHESviLLB, a flourishing village of 
 Warren co., N. J., on the Musconetcong creek, 
 about 18 miles S. by W. from Belvidere. 
 
 HuGHESViLLE, a flourishing post-village of 
 Wolfe township, Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, 
 19 miles E. from Williamsport. It derives its 
 
 support chiefly from the lumber business. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 HuciiEsviLLE, a post-village of Loudon co., 
 Va., 154 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 HuGHSONViLLE, a Small post-village in the 
 S. W. part of Dutchess co., New York. 
 
 Huguenot, a post-office of Orange co., N. Y. 
 
 HuLBURTON, a post- village of Orleans co.. 
 New York, on the Erie canal, about 25 miles 
 W. from Rochester. 
 
 Hull, a post-township of Plymouth co., 
 Massachusetts, 9 miles by water S. E. from 
 Boston, has a small village of its own name. 
 Population, 253. 
 
 Hull's, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 Hull's Corners, a post-office of Oswego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Hull's Mill, a post-office of Dutchess co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Hull's Station, a post-office of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 HuLMEsviLLB, a post-village of Bucks co.. 
 Pa., on Neshaminy creek, 20 miles N. E. from 
 Philadelphia. It contains several stores. 
 
 HuMANSviLLE, a Small post-village of Polk 
 CO., Missouri, about 110 miles S. W. from 
 ■Jeiferson City. 
 
 Humboldt, a new county towards the N. 
 W. part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. The Des Moines river flows through 
 it in a S. S. easterly direction, and the Lizard 
 river enters the Des Moines in the S. part of 
 the county. It is not included in the census 
 of 1850. County seat not located. It was 
 named in honor of the illustrious traveller 
 and savant, Baron Von Humboldt. 
 
 Humboldt, a new county in the N. W. part 
 of California, bordering on the Pacific ocean, 
 has an area of about 3300 square miles. 
 Formed since the census of 1852, from the 
 W. part of Trinity county. 
 
 Humboldt, a post-village of Milwaukee 
 county, Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee river, 
 5 miles N. from Milwaukee city. It has a fine 
 water-power, contains 1 paper mill and seve- 
 ral flouring mills. Population, about 400. 
 
 Humboldt Bat, of Humboldt county, Cali- 
 fornia, is about 270 miles N. of San Fran- 
 cisco. It is 16 miles in length, and from 
 three-quarters to 4 or 5 miles wide. It forms 
 one of the best harbors on the coast, and has 
 21 feet of water on the bar. The entrance 
 is scarcely 300 yards wide. 
 
 Humboldt City, a town of Humboldt co., 
 in the N. N. W. part of California, is situated 
 on Humboldt harbor, and on the main road 
 from Benicia to Klamath, 230 miles in a 
 straight line N. N. W. from San Francisco. 
 
 Humboldt Lake, of Tooele county, in the 
 W. part of Utah territory, near 40° 10' N. lat., 
 and 118° 40' W. Ion. Length near 20 miles, 
 greatest breadth from 8 to 10 miles. It re- 
 ceives Humboldt river, but has no outlet. 
 
 Humboldt River, or Mart's River, in the 
 western part of Utah, rises in Weber co., near 
 the N. boundary of the territory, and flowing 
 
 505 
 
HUM 
 
 HUN 
 
 first in a southerly and then in a westward 
 course, with a very winding channel, again 
 turns towards the S. and falls into Humboldt 
 lake. Its whole length is estimated at 350 
 miles. The ordinary route for emigrants 
 from the Great Salt lake to California passes 
 along the valley of this stream for upwards 
 of 250 miles. 
 
 Humboldt Rivek Mountains, a chain of 
 mountains in the W. central part of Utah 
 territory, which run in a nearly N. and S. 
 direction, crossing Tooele and Deseret coun- 
 ties. Humboldt river rises on the western 
 slope of this range. 
 
 Hume, a post-township of Alleghany co.. 
 New York, 12 miles N. W. from Angelica. 
 Population, 2159. 
 
 Humility, a post-office of Pulaski co., Va. 
 
 HuMMELSTOWN, a post-borough of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from 
 Lebanon to Harrisburg, 9 miles E. from the 
 latter. It is situated in a fertile limestone 
 tract. Population, 619. 
 
 Humphrey, a post- township of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York, 50 miles S. S. E. from Buffalo. 
 Population, 824. 
 
 Humphreys, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 450 
 square miles. Tlie Tennessee river forms its 
 entire V/. boundary, and Duck river flows 
 through the county into the former stream. 
 The surface is undulating, the soil mode- 
 rately fertile. Indian corn, pork, and to- 
 bacco are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 419,387 bushels of Indian corn; 
 30,173 of oats, and 89,656 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 18 churches, 1922 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 60 pupils attending 
 academies and other schools. The Tennessee 
 river is navigated by steamboats on the 
 border of the county. Capital, Waverley. 
 Population, 6422 ; of whom 5325 were free, 
 and 1097, slaves. 
 
 Humphreysyille, a post-village of New 
 Haven county, Connecticut, on the right bank 
 of the Kaugatuck river, about 7 miles from 
 its confluence with the Housatonic river, and 
 12 miles N. W. from New Haven. It contains 
 3 or 4 chui-ches, and several stores. The in- 
 habitants are largely engaged in the manu- 
 facture of iron and cotton. 
 
 HuMPHREYSviLLB, a post-office of Holmes 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Hundred and Two, a river of Missouri, 
 which rises near the N. border of the state, 
 and flowing southward, falls into the Platte 
 river in Buchanan county, about 10 miles S. 
 E. from St. Joseph. 
 
 Hunley's Creek of Indiana, flows through 
 Dubois CO., into the Patoka river. 
 
 HuNLOcic's Creek, a post-office of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hunt, a county in the N. E. part of Texas, 
 
 has an area of about 962 square miles. It is 
 
 drained by the sources of Sabine river. The 
 
 surface is somewhat uneven. The county 
 
 506 
 
 contains fertile prairies, and has some timber. 
 Indian corn, cotton, grass, and cattle are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 1 9,520 
 bushels of corn; 4023 of sweet potatoes; 5 
 bales of cotton, and 8420 pounds of butter. 
 Named in honor of Memucan Hunt, minister 
 from the Republic of Texas to the United 
 States. Capital, Greenville. Population, 
 1520 ; of whom 1479 were free, and 41, slaves. 
 
 Hunter, a post- township of Greene co.. 
 New York, 52 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 1849. 
 
 Hunter, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 Hunter, a post-office of Van Buren co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Hunter, a small post-village of Boone co., 
 Illinois, about 90 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Hunterdon, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of New Jersey, has an area of about 850 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by 
 the Delaware, N. W. by the Musconetcong, and 
 partly on the E. by Lamington river, and is 
 drained by Smith's branch and South branch 
 of Raritan river, and by Stony brook, which 
 afford valuable water-power. The surface 
 in the northern and southern parts is moun- 
 tainous, and in the central portion more level. 
 The soil in the valleys is generally very fer- 
 tile, and that on the hills, by the use of lime, 
 may be made productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 rye, oats, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 954,788 bushels 
 of corn; 188,828 of wheat; 133,662 of rye; 
 679,539 of oats ; 32,247 tons of hay, and 
 975,679 pounds of butter. There were 3 
 woollen factories, 2 foundries, 25 flour mills, 
 15 grist mills, 24 straw manufactories, and 
 14 tanneries. It contained 62 churches, 
 3 newspaper offices, and 4959 pupils attending 
 public schools. Limestone and freestone are 
 abundant in this county. The Delaware 
 river is navigable for small boats above Tren- 
 ton falls, along its W. border. The New Jer- 
 sey Central railroad traverses the county, 
 which is also partly intersected by the canal 
 extending from Trenton to Saxtonvile. Or- 
 ganized in 1714, and named in honor of Go- 
 vernor Hunter. Capital, Flemington. Po- 
 pulation, 28,989. 
 
 Hunter's Cave, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hunter's Land, a post-office of Schoharie 
 CO., New York. 
 
 HuNTERSTOwN, a post-vlllage of Adams co., 
 Pa., 35 miles S. S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 HuNTERSviLLE, a post-officc of Lycoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 HuNTERSviLLE, a Small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Pocahontas co., Virginia, 220 miles W. 
 N. W. from Richmond, is situated between 
 the Alleghany and Greenbrier mountains. 
 
 HUNTERSVILLE, a post-village of Hardin co., 
 Ohio, 82 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 HUNTERSVILLE, a Village, of Miami co., 
 Ohio, on the E. bank of Miami river, oppo- 
 site Piqua. Population, 225. 
 
HUN 
 
 HUN 
 
 HuNTERSViLLE, a townstip in Schujlcr co., 
 Illinois. Population, 513. 
 
 HuNTiNGBDKG, a post-oiSce of Du Bois cc, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Hunting Creek, a post-office of Accomac 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Huntingdon, a county in the S. central 
 part of Pennsylvania, has an area of 730 
 square miles. The upper branches of the 
 Juniata river, namely, the Little Juniata, 
 and the Frankstone branch, unite in the N. 
 part of the county, which is also drained by 
 the Raystown branch, of the same river, by 
 the Great Aughvrick and Standingstone 
 creeks. The surface is diversified by moun- 
 tainous ranges and fertile valleys, and is re- 
 markable for the grandeur of its scenery. 
 Tussey's mountain forms the boundary on the 
 W., and Tuscarora mountain on the S. E. ; 
 the names of the intervening ridges are Jack's 
 mountain, Warrior's ridge, and Sideling hill. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 365,278 bushels of wheat; 221,392 of 
 corn; 230,126 of oats; 17,842 tons of hay, 
 and 331,263 pounds of butter. There were 
 40 flour and grist mills, 34 saw mills, 5 iron- 
 mining establishments, 10 furnaces, 5 foun- 
 dries, G forges, 2 manufactories of coaches, 
 6 woollen factories, and 16 tanneries. It 
 contained 57 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 5925 pupils attending public schools, and 136 
 attending academies or other schools. Rich 
 iron mines are worked in the highlands ; 
 stone coal is abundant on Broadtop moun- 
 tain, in the S. part of the county ; the sur- 
 face rock of the valleys is blue limestone. 
 The streams furnish a copious supply of mo- 
 tive-power. The county is intersected by 
 the Pennsylvania canal and Central railroad. 
 Organized in 1787, and named from Hunting- 
 don county, England. Capital, Huntingdon. 
 Population, 24,786. 
 
 Huntingdon, a township of Adams co.. 
 Pa., 14 miles N. E. from Gettysburg. Popu- 
 lation, 1378. 
 
 Huntingdon, a pleasant post-borough in 
 Henderson township, capital of Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania, is delightfully situated 
 on the left bank of the Juniata river, and on 
 the Central railroad, 90 miles by turnpike or 
 98 miles by railroad W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 The banks of the Juniata are distinguished 
 for bold and beautiful scenery. Large quan- 
 tities of grain, iron, &c. are shipped at this 
 point by the Pennsylvania canal. A railroad 
 26 miles long is in progress of construction 
 from the town to the coal mines of Broadtop 
 mountain. The town has a bridge across the 
 Juniata and contains 6 churches, 1 academy, 
 and 8 newspaper offices. This place was 
 formerly the site of an Indian town called 
 Standingstone. Incorporated in 1796. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 1470; in 1853, about 1800. 
 
 Huntingdon, a township on the S. W. bor- 
 der of Luzerne co.. Pa. Population, 1747. 
 
 Huntingdon, a post-village of Moreland 
 township, Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Pennypack creek, 13 miles N. by E. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Huntingdon, a post-village, capital of Car- 
 roll CO., Tennessee, 105 miles W. from Nash- 
 ville. It has 2 academies, supported by a 
 revenue from public lands, and 9 stores. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
 Huntingdon Valley, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Huntington, a county towards the N. E. 
 part of Indiana, contains 384 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Wabash and Salamonie 
 rivers. The surface is nearly level : the soil 
 is deep and highly productive. Excepting a 
 few small prairies, the county was originally 
 covered with a dense forest of the most use- 
 ful deciduous trees. The principal produc- 
 tions are wheat, corn, beef, and pork, which 
 are exported by the Wabash and Erie canal. 
 In 1850 this county produced 216.173 bush- 
 els of corn ; 76,750 of wheat; 27,037 of oats, 
 and 2707 tons of hay. It contained 6 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, and 1500 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. The county is liberally 
 supplied with water-power. Capital, Hunt- 
 ington. Population, 7850. 
 
 Huntington, a post-township of Chitten- 
 den county, Vermont, intersected by Hunt- 
 ington river, about 20 miles W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 885. 
 
 Huntington, a post-township of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut, on the W. side of the Housa- 
 tonic river, about 18 miles W. from New Ha- 
 ven. Population, 1301. 
 
 Huntington, a post-township of Suffolk 
 CO., New York, extends across Long Island 
 from the sound of that name to Great South 
 bay. It is intersected by Long Island rail- 
 road. Population, 7481. 
 
 Huntington, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Huntington bay, on the N. side 
 of the island, about 40 miles E. N. E. from 
 New York. It has several churches, an acad- 
 emy, and 3 newspaper offices. 
 
 Huntington, a post-village of Laurens dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 82 miles N. W. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 Huntington, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Brown co., Ohio, on the N. side 
 of the Ohio river. Population, 1876. 
 
 Huntington, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Gallia co., Ohio. Pop.,' 1308. 
 
 Huntington, a township in the S. part of 
 Lorain co., Ohio. Population, 1173. 
 
 Huntington, a township in the S. part of 
 Ross CO., Ohio. Population, 1658. 
 
 Huntington, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Huntington co., Indiana, on Little 
 river, 2 miles above its junction with the 
 Wabash, and on the Wabash and Erie canal, 
 100 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. The fer- 
 tility of the surrounding country, the naviga- 
 tion of the canal, and other facilities for 
 trade, render this a place of considerable 
 507 
 
HUN 
 
 HUE 
 
 business. A plank-road extends from this 
 village to Liberty Mills, in Wabash county. 
 Two newspapers are published here. Popu- 
 lation in 18-5o, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Huntington Bat, a small arm of Long 
 Island sound, about 20 miles E. N. E. from 
 New York city. 
 
 HuNTiNCTOwN, a post-viUage of Calvert co., 
 Maryland, 34 miles S. S. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Huntley's Gkove, a small post-village of 
 McHenry county, Illinois, on the railroad be- 
 tween Chicago and Galena, 55 miles W. N. W 
 from the former. 
 
 HuNTSBURG, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Geauga co., Ohio. Population, 1007. 
 
 HuNTSBUKG, a small post-village of Geauga 
 CO., 0., about 170 miles N. E. of Columbus. 
 
 Hunt's Hollow, a post-ofBce of Livingston 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Hunt's Store, a post-oiSce of Guilford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 HuNTsviLLE, a post-village of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a small post-village of Lu- 
 zerne county, Pennsylvania, about 115 miles 
 N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 IIuxTsviLLE, a village in Surrey county. 
 North Carolina, on Yadkin river, 125 miles 
 W. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a post-otEce of Yadkin coun- 
 ty. North Carolina. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a post-village of Laurens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, 56 miles N. W. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a post-village of Paulding co., 
 Georgia, 11 miles E. from Van Wert, the 
 county seat. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a neat, thriving town, capital 
 of Madison county, Alabama, on the Win- 
 chester and Alabama railroad, 150 miles 
 N. N. E. from Tuscaloosa, and 116 miles 
 S. by E. from Nashville. It contains many 
 handsome brick buildings. The court house 
 cost $45,000. The bank, -which is a stone 
 edifice, with an Ionic portico, cost about 
 $80,000. It also contains an academy, 5 or 
 6 churches, a United States land-ofSce, and 
 3 newspaper offices. The route of the Mem- 
 phis and Charleston railroad passes through 
 this town. Population in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post-village of Choctaw co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Texas. 
 
 HuNTSViLLE, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Walker county, Texas, on the road 
 from Houston to Eastern Texas, 200 miles 
 E. by N. from Austin City. It is situated 
 in a rich cotton-planting region, and has 
 an active business. The state penitentiary 
 is located here. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished. Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 HuNTSYiLLE, a Small post-village, capital 
 of Madison county, Arkansas, 2 miles Vf. 
 from War Eagle river, and 175 miles N. W. 
 from Little Rock. 
 508 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a post-office of Scott CO., Tenn. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE, a village of Butler co., Ohio. 
 22 miles N. by E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a post-village of Logan co., 
 Ohio, on the railroad from Cincinnati to San- 
 dusky, 61 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 HuNTSTiLLE, a post- village of Madison co., 
 Indiana, 7 miles S. S. W. from Anderson, has 
 about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 HuNTSViLLE, a small village of Randolph 
 CO., Indiana, 9 miles S. W. from Winchester. 
 
 HuNTSviLLE, a post-village of Schuyler co., 
 111., on the stage-route from Springfield to 
 Warsaw, 80 miles W. N. W. from the former. 
 
 HuNTSViLLE, a post-village, capital of Ran- 
 dolph couniy, Missouri, 78 miles N. by W. 
 from Jefi'erson City. The East Chariton 
 river passes very near or through the vil- 
 lage. An effort is making to build a plank- 
 road from Glasgow to this place. 
 
 HuEDTOWN, a post-office of Morris co.,N. J. 
 
 Hurley, a post-township in the N. central 
 part of Ulster county. New York. Pop., 2003. 
 
 Hurl Gate. See Hell Gate. 
 
 Huron, the third in size of the five great 
 lakes communicating with the St. Lawrence 
 river, lies between 43° and 46° 15' N. lat., 
 and between 80° and 84° 40' W. Ion., being 
 limited on the S. S. W. by the State of Michi- 
 gan, and in all other directions by Canada 
 West, except where it receives its supplies 
 from Lakes Michigan and Superior, by the 
 Straits of Mackinaw and Saut St. Marie, and 
 at its outlet by St. Clair river. It is divided 
 into two unequal portions by a long penin- 
 sula, named Cabot's Head, and the Manitou- 
 line chain of islands. The parts to the N. 
 and E. are called Manitou (i. e. the Great 
 Spirit) bay, or the North channel, and Ma- 
 nitouline lake, or Georgian bay. With the 
 exception of these bodies of water and Sagi- 
 naw bay, the outline of Lake Huron ap- 
 proaches in form very nearly to a crescent. 
 Its position, lengthwise, is about S. S. E. and 
 N. N. W., and the distance from one extremity 
 to the other, following the curve, does not 
 vary much from 280 miles. The greatest 
 breadth, exclusive of Georgian bay, is 105 
 miles; average breadth, 70 miles ; estimated 
 area, 20,400 square miles. The surface of 
 the water is elevated 19 feet above Lake 
 Erie, 352 feet above Ontario, and 600 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The depth of 
 Lake Huron is greater than that of any other 
 in the chain, averaging, probably, not less 
 than 1000 feet. Off Saginaw bay it is said 
 that leads have been sunk 1800 feet, or 1200 
 feet below the level of the Atlantic ocean, 
 without reaching bottom. The waters are 
 remarkably clear, especially towards the 
 Straits of Mackinaw, and have an excellent 
 flavor. It is to their peculiar transparency 
 that Dr. Drake attributes the fact which he 
 ascertained by actual experiment, that the 
 temperature of the waters at the surface and 
 200 feet below the same spot, was precisely 
 
HUR 
 
 HTJR 
 
 the same — 56 degrees. The sun's rays pass 
 through them as through a cloudless atmo- 
 sphere, without meeting with sufficient solid 
 matter in suspension to elicit heat. This 
 lake is said to contain upwards of 3000 con- 
 siderable islands. It is the reservoir of nu- 
 merous streams, and its coast affords many 
 fine harbors. Like most of the other lakes 
 in the chain, it is subject to fearful storms, 
 but its navigation is not generally considered 
 dangerous. 
 
 HuEON, a county in the N. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 464 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed from south to north by Huron and 
 Vermilion rivers, and also drained by Pipe 
 and other creeks. The surface is nearly 
 level, or rather, is an inclined plain with a 
 moderate declivity to the north. The soil 
 contains a large portion of sand, and is ex- 
 cellent and highly cultivated. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, wool, butter, and live stock 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 666,416 bushels of corn ; 301,892 of 
 .wheat; 244,601 of oats; 31,433 tons of hay; 
 255,134 pounds of wool ; and 748,701 of but- 
 ter. It contained 42 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices ; 7380 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 158 attending academies or other schools. 
 The count}' is intersected by three railway 
 lines, viz. the Sandusky and Mansfield, the 
 Cleveland and Columbus, and the Cleveland, 
 Norwalk, and Toledo. It was formed in 1815, 
 and named from Huron river. Capital, Nor- 
 walk. Population, 26,203. 
 
 Huron, a new county in the E. part of 
 Michigan, bordering on Lake Huron, con- 
 tains about 570 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the N. W. by Saginaw bay. The surface 
 has but little elevation, and is mostly covered 
 with forests. County seat not yet located. 
 Population, 210. 
 
 Huron, a post-township of Wayne county, 
 New York, on Lake Ontario and Sodus bay, 
 about 40 miles E. by N. from Rochester, with 
 a village of the same name. Pop., 1966. 
 
 Huron, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Erie co., Ohio. Population, 1397. 
 
 Huron, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship,, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Huron 
 river. 111 miles N. by E. from Columbus. It 
 contains 3 churches, and several warehouses. 
 The exports and imports in 1852 amounted 
 to $1,260,089. Population, estimated at 600. 
 
 Huron, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Wayne co., Michigan, is intersected by Hu- 
 ron river. Population, 504. 
 
 Huron, a village in Des Moines co., Iowa, 
 on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, 55 
 miles S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Huron River, of Ohio, rises in the N. part 
 of the state, and, flowing through Huron 
 and Erie counties, enters Lake Erie at the 
 village of Huron. A ship-canal has been 
 opened from the mouth of the river to Milan, 
 8 miles above. 
 
 Huron River, of Michigan, an affluent of 
 
 Lake Erie, rises among the small lakes of 
 Oakland and Livingston counties. It flows 
 south-westerly to Portage lake, and, turning 
 thence towards the S. E., enters the lake 
 about 20 miles S. from Detroit. It is about 
 90 miles long. In the upper part of its course, 
 it is called AYoodruff's creek. 
 
 Hurricane, a post-oflSice of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Hurricane, a post-village of Franklin pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Hurricane, a post-ofiice of Conway county, 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Hurricane, a township in Cumberland co., 
 Illinois. Population, 539. 
 
 Hurricane, a post-ofiice of Montgomery 
 CO., 111., 60 miles S. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Hurricane Bridge, a post-office of Put- 
 nam county, Virginia. 
 
 Hurricane Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Satilla river in Ware county. It is also called 
 Tellfair creek. Little Hurricane creek enters 
 it in the N. part of the same county. 
 
 Hurricane Creek, of Saline county, Ar- 
 kansas, flows into Saline river. 
 
 Hurricane Creek, in the W. central part 
 of Tennessee, rises in Dickson county, and, 
 flowing S. W., enters Duck river in Hum- 
 phrey's county. 
 
 Hurricane Creek, a post-office of Lauder- 
 dale county, Mississippi. 
 
 Hurricane Creek, a post-office of Saline 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Hurricane Creek, a post-office of Hen- 
 derson county, Tennessee. 
 
 Hurricane Grove, a post-office of Grant 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Hurt's Cross Roads, a post-office of Mau- 
 ry county, Tennessee. 
 
 Hurum's City, a post-office of El Dorado 
 county, California. 
 
 HusTiSFORD, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Dodge county, Wisconsin. Pop., 635. 
 
 HusTiSFORD, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on Rock river, about 50 miles 
 N. E. from Madison. It has 2 stores, 2 mills, 
 and 12 dwellings. 
 
 Huston, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Blair co., Pennsylvania. Population, 1174. 
 
 Huston, a township of Centre co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 miles W. by S. from Bellefonte. 
 Population, 375. 
 
 HusTONViLLB, a thriving post-village of 
 Lincoln co., Kentucky, on Hanging Fork 
 creek, 53 miles S. from Frankfort. It con- 
 tains 5 stores, 2 churches, and 2 seminaries. 
 
 HuTSONViLLE, a post-viUago in Crawford 
 CO., Illinois, on the Wabash river, 130 miles 
 E. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 HuTTONSviLLE, a post-village of Randolph 
 CO., Va., 200 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Hyannis, a post-village, and an important 
 seaport of Barnstable township, Barnstable 
 county, Massachusetts, on Hyannis bay, 6 
 miles S. from Barnstable, and 70 miles S. E. 
 from Boston. A breakwater that has been 
 
 509 
 
HUR 
 
 IDA 
 
 constructed at the mouth of the harbor pro- 
 tects it from the sea. 
 
 Hyankis Light, on Point Gammon at the 
 entrance of Hyannis harbor, S. side of Cape 
 Cod, Massachusetts. It is a fixed light with 
 an elevation of 70 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 41° 38' 20" N. ; Ion. 70° 15' W. 
 
 Htattstown, a post- village of Montgomery 
 CO., Maryland, on Bennett's creek, 36 miles 
 N. W. from AVashington. 
 
 Htattsville, a post- village of Miami co., 
 Ohio, on the Miami canal, 7 miles S. from 
 Troy. 
 
 Hyco, a post-office of Halifax co., Va. 
 
 Htco Falls, a post-office of Halifax county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Hycooteb, a small river of North Carolina 
 and Virginia, rises in Caswell co., North Ca- 
 rolina, and enters the Dan river in Halifax 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Hyde, a county in the E. part of North 
 Carolina ; area estimated at 830 square miles. 
 Pamlico sound washes its E. and S. border, 
 and it is intersected by Pango river. The 
 surface is level and extensively covered by 
 lakes and swamps, which produce cypress, 
 red cedar, and pine. The chief articles of 
 export are shingles, staves, turpentine, tar, 
 &c. In 1850 this county produced 332,525 
 bushels of corn ; 14,876 of wheat, and 12,879 
 of oats. There were 2 shingle mills and 3 
 porpoise-oil manufactories. It contained 10 
 churches. This county, which was one of 
 the original precincts of North Carolina, was 
 formed about 1729, and named in honor of 
 Edward Hyde, governor of the colony. Ca- 
 pital, Swan Quarter. Population, 7636, of 
 whom 5009 Avere free, and 2627, slaves. 
 
 Hyde, a post-office of Warren co., N. Y. 
 
 Hydepakk, a post-village, capital of La- 
 moille CO., Vermont, on the road from Troy 
 to Waterbury, 28 miles N. of Montpelier. 
 It contains a court house, a jail, 1 church, 
 3 stores, 2 taverns, 1 saw mill, and various 
 manufacturing establishments. Population, 
 about 250; of the township, 1107. 
 
 Hydepark, a post-township of Dutchess 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson river, 66 miles 
 S. of Albany. Population, 2425. 
 
 Hydepark, a handsome post-village in the 
 above township, on the E. bank of the Hud- 
 son river, and on the railroad of that name, 
 6 miles N. of Poughkeepsie. It contains 
 Episcopal, Methodist, and Dutch Reformed 
 churches, with a number of fine country seats, 
 and has a steamboat landing. 
 
 Hydepark, a thriving post-village of Lu- 
 zerne CO., Pennsylvania, on the Lackawanna 
 river, and on the Lackawanna and Western 
 railroad, 1 mile N. from Scranton, a.nd 126 
 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. It is situated 
 about half a mile from the river, in a rich farm- 
 ing district, and it has extensive mines of coal 
 in tlie vicinity. The Pennsylvania Coal Com- 
 pany's railroad extends from this place to 
 the Lacka waxen canal. Many persons are 
 510 
 
 employed here in the iron business. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 1300. 
 
 Hydesbtjeg, a post- village in Ptalls co., 
 Missouri, 90 miles N. E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 Hyde Settlement, a post-office of Broome 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Hydeville, a post-office of Rutland co., Vt. 
 
 Hydraulic Mills, a post-village of Albe- 
 marle CO., Virginia, 100 miles W. N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Hyndsville, a post-village of Schoharie 
 CO., New York, 44 miles W. from Albany 
 
 Iberia, a small post-village of Morrow co., 
 Ohio, 48 miles N. from Columbus, and 1 mile 
 from the Cleveland and Columbus railroad. 
 
 Iberia, a post- village of Miller co., Mis- 
 souri, 40 miles S. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Iberville, a parish in the S. E. central 
 part of Louisiana, contains 450 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by Atchafalaya bayou, 
 and the Mississippi washes the S. E. border. 
 The surface is flat and subject to inundation. 
 Cultivation is confined to the banks of the 
 streams, which are the highest parts of the 
 parish. Sugar, molasses, and Indian corn 
 are the staples. In 1850 this parish pro- 
 duced 23,208 hogsheads of sugar ; 1,310,750 
 gallons of molasses, and 371,065 bushels of 
 corn. The quantity of molasses was greater 
 than was produced in any county of the 
 United States, and that of sugar greater than 
 in any except St. Mary's parish, Louisiana. 
 There were 5 coopering shops, 1 tannery, 1 
 manufactory of sheet-iron ware, and 1 of 
 coaches. It contained 7 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office; 168 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 100 attending academies or 
 other schools. Capital, Iberville. Popula- 
 tion, 12,278, of whom 3672 were free, and 
 8606, slaves. 
 
 Iberville, a post-village, capital of Iber- 
 ville parish, Louisiana, on the E. bank of the 
 Mississippi river, about 90 miles above New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Ice's Ferry, a post-office of Monongalia 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Ichaway-nochaway Creek, of Georgia, 
 rises in Stewart co., and flowing S. enters 
 Flint river in Baker co., 12 or 13 miles S. 
 W. from Newton. It furnishes fine water- 
 power. 
 
 IciiEPDCKESASSA, a post-officc of Hillsbo- 
 rough CO., Florida. 
 
 Ickesburg, a small post-village of Perry 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 40 miles W. N. W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Ida, a new county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of about 400 square miles. 
 It is traversed by the Tnyau Yanky, or Little 
 Sioux river, an aSuent of the Missouri. It 
 is not included in the census of 1850. Coun- 
 tv seat not located. 
 
IDA 
 
 ILL 
 
 Ida, a townsliip in the S. central part of 
 Monroe co., Michigan. Population, 345. 
 
 Ijamsville, a post-village in Frederick co., 
 Maryland, 70 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Ilchester Mills, a post-ofl&ce of Howard 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Ilesborobgh, a post-office of Hocking co., 
 Ohio. 
 I Ilion, a post-village of Herkimer county, 
 New York. 
 
 Illinois river, the largest stream in the 
 state of Illinois, is formed by the union of 
 the River DesPlaines and the Kankakee river, 
 which unite at Dresden, in Grundy county. 
 It flows in a general south-we&terly direction 
 nearly through the centre of the state, and 
 falls into the Mississippi about 20 miles above 
 Alton. It is navigable in high water (and is 
 being improved so as to be navigable at all 
 seasons) for steamboats to Ottawa, at the 
 mouth of Fox river, about 286 miles from 
 its mouth. Length, exclusive of branches, 
 about 320 miles. More than fifty steamboats 
 are plying upon this river. The most import- 
 ant town on the bank of the Illinois river is 
 Peoria, situated about 200 miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 Illinois, one of the Western United States, 
 is bounded on the N. by Wisconsin ; E. by Lake 
 Michigan and Indiana, from the last of which 
 it is partly separated by the AVaba~feh river; 
 S. by the Ohio river, which separates it from 
 Kentucky; and S. W. and W. by Missouri 
 and Iowa, from which it is separated by the 
 Mississippi river. It lies between 37° and 
 42° 30' N. lat., and between 87° 30' and 91° 
 40' W. Ion., being about 380 miles in extreme 
 length from N. to S., and about 200 in its 
 greatest, and 140 miles in its average breadth, 
 including 55,405 square miles, or 35,459,200 
 acres, of which only 5,175,173 acres were 
 improved in 1850, showing an immense capa- 
 city for increase of population in this exu- 
 berantly fertile state, which has scarcely any 
 soil uncultivable. 
 
 Population. — There were in Illinois 12,282 
 inhabitants in 1810; 55,211 in 1820; 157,445 
 in 1830; 476,183 in 1840, and 851,470 in 
 1850, of whom 445,644 were white males, 
 400,460 females ; 2756 colored males, and 
 2610 females. The ratio of increase in Illi- 
 nois in the last ten years preceding 1850 was 
 nearly 79 per cent., notwithstanding there 
 were in other states about 50,000 citizens 
 born in Illinois. This population was divided 
 among 149,153 families, occupying 146,544 
 dwellings. Of the entire population, only 
 343,618 were born in the state; 393,313 in 
 other states of the Union; 18,628 in Eng- 
 land; 27,786 in Ireland; 4661 in Scotland; 572 
 in Wales; 10,699 in British America ; 38,160 
 in Germany ; 3396 in France ; 6691 in other 
 countries, and 3947 whose places of birth were 
 unknown. In the year ending June 1, 1850, 
 797 paupers had received support, of whom 
 411 were foreigners; and 11 619 died, or 
 
 about 14 in every 1000 persons. According 
 to the census of 1850, there were 475 deaf 
 and dumb, of whom 2 were colored ; 257 
 blind, of whom 4 were colored ; 249 insane, 
 of whom 3 were colored, and 371 idiotic, of 
 whom 3 were colored. 
 
 Counties. — Illinois has 100 counties, viz. 
 Adams, Alexander, Bond, Boone, Brown, 
 Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Cass, Champaign, 
 Christian, Clarke, Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cook, 
 Crawford, Cumberland, De Kalb, De Witt, 
 Du Page, Edgar, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, 
 Franklin, Fulton, Gallatin, Greene, Grundy, 
 Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Henderson, 
 Heni-y, Iroquois, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, 
 Jersey, Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kane, Kankakee, 
 Kendall, Knox, Lake, LaSalle, Lawrence, Lee, 
 Livingston, Logan, McDonough, McHenry, 
 McLean, Macon, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, 
 Marshall, Massac, Mason, Menard, Mercer, 
 Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Moultrie, Ogle, 
 Peoria, Perry, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, 
 Putnam, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, 
 St. Clair, Saline, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, 
 Shelby, Stark, Stephenson, Tazewell, Union, 
 Vermilion, Wabash, Warren, Washington, 
 Wayne, White, Whitesides, Will, Williamson, 
 Winnebago, and Woodford. Capital, Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Illinois has a number 
 of thriving towns, and so rapidly do they in- 
 crease, that the census of 1850 will be in 
 many cases far below the truth ; but for 
 want of other reliable information, we must 
 adhere to it. Chicago is the largest city, 
 population, 29,963, (said to be 50,000 in 
 1853;) Quincy, 6901; Galena, 6004; Peoria, 
 5562 ; Springfield, 4533, and Alton, 3875 ; 
 besides Peru, Rock Island, Bridge Prairie, 
 Waukegan, Belleville, Jacksonville, Joliet, 
 Elgin, St. Charles, and many other flourish- 
 ing villages. 
 
 Pace of the Country. — Illinois is generally a 
 table-land, elevated from 350 to 800 feet 
 above the level of the Gulf of Mexico, with a 
 general inclination from N. to S., as indi- 
 cated by the course of the rivers. This state, 
 generally speaking, may be characterized as 
 level, though there are elevated bluffs on the 
 Illinois river, and still higher ones on the 
 Mississippi. There is a small tract of hilly 
 country in the S., and in the N. W. is a good 
 deal of broken land. Many of the prairies 
 are quite small, but others are very large ; 
 among the latter is Grand Prairie, extend- 
 ing from Jackson county, in a N. E. direction, 
 to Iroquois county, and varying in width 
 from 1 to 12 miles, and even more. This 
 is probably the highest land between the 
 Mississippi and the Wabash. The prairie is 
 everywhere skirted with Avood, and on its 
 border is a circle of settlements, which have 
 been here located on account of the tim- 
 ber. The prairies are interspersed with 
 groups of trees, but the timber is generally 
 sparse on them, which, however, seems not 
 
 511 
 
ILL 
 
 ILL 
 
 to arise from any thing unfavorable in the 
 soil, but from the annual burning of the 
 prairie grass ; for where this is prevented, a 
 forest of young trees speedily springs up, and 
 farmers are thus enabled to proceed inward 
 with settlements,, as it were, tier after tier. 
 The prairies are not generally flat, but grace- 
 fully undulating, and profusely decked with 
 the greatest variety of beautiful wild flowers 
 of every hue, which ravish the beholder with 
 delight. 
 
 Minerals. — Illinois has within her limits a 
 large portion of the great lead region, which 
 she shares with Iowa and Wisconsin. Galena, 
 in the N. W. part of the state, is almost wholly 
 supported by trade in this mineral. More 
 than 13,000,000 pounds have been smelted 
 (including Wisconsin) in one year. Bitu- 
 minous coal occurs in almost every county, 
 and maybe often obtained without excavation. 
 Vast beds are found in the bluffs adjacent to 
 the American Bottom. A bed of anthracite 
 coal is reported to have been discovered in 
 Jackson county. Copper abounds in the 
 N. part on Plum creek, and on the Pecka- 
 tonica I'iver. It has also been found in Jack- 
 son and Monroe counties. Iron is found in the 
 southern part, and is said to be abundant 
 in the north. Lime, zinc, some silver, [reported 
 in St. Clair county,) marble of a tine quality, 
 freestone, gypsum, and quartz crj-stals are tlie 
 other minerals. There are salt springs in 
 Gallatin, Jackson, and Vermilion counties, 
 leased by the state. Medicinal spi-ings, 
 chieflj'' sulphur and chalybeate, are found in 
 various parts, and one especiallj% in Jeffer- 
 son county, is much resorted to. In the 
 southern part of the state is one strongly 
 impregnated with Epsom salts. Others of 
 medicinal properties are found between Ot- 
 tawa and Peru. 
 
 Rivers. — The rivers of Illinois have gene- 
 rally cut channels through the table-land or 
 plain which they drain, presenting precipi- 
 tous bluffs, sometimes close to the river's brink, 
 and at other times leaving an alluvion bottom 
 between the river and the bluffs. The Mis- 
 sissippi coasts the entire western, and the 
 (.)hio river the entire southern boundary, 
 giving the state commercial access to the 
 great valleys bearing the names of their re- 
 spective rivers. The Illinois river is formed 
 by the Kankakee from Indiana, and the Des 
 Plaines from Wisconsin, in the N. E. of the 
 state, and crossing the middle of the state, 
 after a course of 500 miles, empties itself into 
 the Mississippi. The Rook river rises in Wis- 
 consin, and the Kaskaskia in the middle of 
 Illinois ; both flow S. W. into the Mississippi. 
 The Sangamon empties itself into the Illinois 
 80 miles above its mouth, after a westerly 
 course of about 200 miles. The Kankakee 
 from Indiana, and the Des Plaines and Fox 
 from Wisconsin, are the sources of the Illi- 
 nois, which has a number of smaller tributa- 
 ries. The Wabash, which receives the waters 
 512 
 
 that drain the E. part of the state, forms the 
 E. boundary for more than 100 miles. Lake 
 Michigan bounds the state on the N. E. for 
 60 miles, and adds greatly to its commercial 
 importance. Lake Peoria, an expansion of 
 the Illinois river, near the middle of the state, 
 and Lake Pishtaka, in the N. E., are the only 
 other lakes of any importance. The Illinois 
 has a sluggish current, and in time of freshets 
 the waters of the Mississippi back up into it 
 for 70 miles. It is navigable for steamboats 
 260 miles, and at high water boats proceed 
 beyond the rapids above the Vermilion river. 
 The Rock river has obstructions near its 
 mouth, but, notwithstanding, both it and the 
 Kaskaskia, as well as the Sangamon and 
 Spoon, are navigable for a considerable dis- 
 tance at high water by steamboats, and still 
 higher for small boats. The Wabash is navi- 
 gable for steamboats beyond the point where 
 it first touches the Illinois boundary. The 
 rivers flowing into the Wabash from Illinois 
 are the Vermilion, Embarras, and Little Wa- 
 bash, having courses of from 100 to 150 miles. 
 The Embarras is na^'igable for keel-boats. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Though Illi- 
 nois presents but few bold or very striking 
 features to the view of the traveller, she is 
 not without her objects of interest to the 
 lover of nature. Her wide-spread prairies, 
 decked with flowers of every hue that can 
 gratify the eye, and covered with waving 
 grass, convey, besides their quiet landscape 
 beauty, a feeling of sublimity from their vast- 
 ness, similar to that created by viewing the 
 ocean ; and perhaps no natural objects in our 
 country would more strike the European than 
 our prairies — especially the Grand Prairie, 
 which has already been referred to. The 
 river bluffs inspire the same sense of rugged 
 grandeur as mountains, though in a less de- 
 gree. The m.ost remarkable of these are on 
 the Mississippi, and are from 100 to 400 feet 
 high. Fountain Bluff, on the Mississippi 
 river, in Jackson county, is of an oval shape, 
 6 miles in circuit, and 300 feet high. The 
 top is full of sinkholes. Starved Rock, and 
 Lover's Leap are each eminences on the Illi- 
 nois river. The former is a perpendicular 
 mass of lime and sandstone, 8 miles below 
 Ottawa, and 150 feet above the river. It re- 
 ceived its name from a band of Illinois In- 
 dians having taken refuge here, who, being 
 surrounded by the Pottowatomies, all died, 
 not of starvation, but of thirst. Lover's 
 Leap is a ledge of precipitous rocks, some 
 distance above Starved Rock. On the other 
 side of the river, and nearly opposite to the 
 Lover's Leap, is Buffalo Rock, 100 feet high, 
 precipitous next the river, but sloping inland. 
 Hither the Indians formerly drove the buf- 
 falo, and frightening them by shouts, caused 
 them to crowd each other over the precipice. 
 The Cave in the Rock, in Hardin county, on 
 the banks of the Ohio, presents, as you 
 approach it, the iippearance of a vast mass 
 
ILL 
 
 ILL 
 
 of rocks, some resembling castellated ruins, 
 and others jutting out irregularly in a variety 
 of forms. The entrance of the cave, vrhich 
 is but little above the bed of the river, is a 
 semicircle, RO feet wide and 25 feet high. The 
 cave ascends gradually from its entrance to 
 the extreme limit, 180 feet back from the 
 mouth. A small opening leads into a second 
 cave, whose dimensions are not known. This 
 cave was in 1797 the abode of a band of rob- 
 bers, who sallied out to rob the unfortunate 
 boatmen and emigrants. It has since been 
 the abode of other bands of robbers. The 
 miners, in sinking their shafts in the lead 
 region, often come upon caverns at the depth 
 of 40, 70, and even 100 feet, which present 
 brilliant specimens of stalactites, stalagmites, 
 and other varieties of calcareous spar, and 
 resemblances of leaves, birds, animals, &c. 
 In some caves, sulphate of lime, in different 
 crystallized foi'ms, is found. Near Cahokia 
 is a mound 2000 feet in circumference and 
 90 feet high. There is great inducement for 
 the sportsman to visit Illinois to shoot the 
 prairie hen, a species of pheasant or grouse, 
 and to fish for trout in the clear streams of 
 Northern Illinois. — For Springs, see Minerals. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — Illinois, ex- 
 tending through more than 5° of longitude, 
 has considerable variety of climate. Though 
 somewhat milder than the Atlantic States in 
 the same parallels of latitude, there is great 
 irregularity in the seasons. Generally there 
 will not fall six inches of snow at one time, 
 which does not lie more than a few days, but 
 at distant intervals the rivers are frozen for 
 two or three months, and the snow lies for 
 as long a period. The summers are hot, but 
 mitigated by the fresh breezes from the prai- 
 ries. During 15 years, peach-trees blossomed 
 from March 25th to April 20th, and apple- 
 trees from April 1st to May 3d. In the same 
 period the earliest frost was September 17th, 
 but sometimes there is none till near the end 
 of October. The southern part, of course, 
 has a milder climate than the northern. 
 Cattle often are unhoused during the whole 
 winter. The meteorological table kept at 
 Muscatine, Iowa, (which see,) will perhaps be 
 a fair average representation of the tempei'- 
 ature of Illinois. 
 
 In agricultural capabilities Illinois is un- 
 surpassed, if equalled, by any state in the 
 American confederacy. In some of her river 
 bottoms the soil is 25 feet deep, and the up- 
 land prairies are but little inferior in fertility. 
 The Great American Botton, lying on the 
 Mississippi, between the mouths of the Kas- 
 kaskia and the Missouri rivers, is of exceed- 
 ing fertility, and has been cultivated for 100 
 years without apparent deterioration. This 
 bottom is about 80 miles in length, covering 
 an area of 288,000 acres. On the river side 
 is a strip of heavy timber, with dense under- 
 wood, which extends for 2 or 3 miles. The 
 rest is mostly prairie to the eastern limit, 
 2h 
 
 which is terminated by a chain of sandy or 
 rocky bluiis from 50 to 200 feet high. This 
 fine region is, however, not healthy, though 
 probably capable of being made so by drain- 
 age. The Rock river country is another 
 highly fertile district on the Rock river and 
 its branches. Of the same character are the 
 regions about the Sangamon, Kaskaskia, 
 and other rivers. Other regions of Illinois 
 are fertile ; but those mentioned pre-emi- 
 nently so, producing not unfrequently 40 
 bushels of wheat and 100 of Indian corn to 
 the acre. This is especially true of the narrow 
 river bottoms immediately adjacent to their 
 banks. The prairies of this state are pecu- 
 liarly favorable to the raising of stock and 
 the productions of the dairy. Illinois stands 
 third in the absolute amount of Indian corn 
 raised in the states of the Union ; but, first, 
 if we regard population and the number of 
 acres under cultivation. The other agricul- 
 tural staples are wheat, oats, Irish potatoes, 
 hay, butter, and cheese. Besides these, large 
 quantities of rye, wool, beans, peas, barley, 
 buckwheat, fruits, garden vegetables, and 
 some tobacco, sweet potatoes, wine, grass- 
 seeds, hops, hemp, flax, silk, maple sugar, 
 and molasses, beeswax and honey, and the 
 castor bean are produced. Of indigenous 
 fruits there are a variety of berries, plums, 
 grapes, crabapples, wild cherries, persim- 
 mons, and the papaw (a sweet pulpy fruit, 
 somewhat like the banana.) Of orchard 
 fruits, the apple and peach flourish best, but 
 pears and quinces are cultivated with faci- 
 lity. Of nuts, the shellbark or hickory, wal- 
 nut, butternut, a white walnut, and pecan, 
 abound. According to the census reports 
 of 1850, there were 76,208 farms in Illinois, 
 containing 5,039,545 acres of improved land, 
 and producing 9,414,575 bushels of wheat; 
 83,864 of rye; 57,646,984 of Indian corn; 
 10,037,241 of oats; 82,814 of peas and beans; 
 2,514,861 of Irish potatoes ; 157,433 of sweet 
 potatoes; 110,795 of barley; 184,504 of buck- 
 wheat; 841,394 pounds of tobacco.; 2,150,113 
 of wool; 12,526,543 of butter; 1,278,225 of 
 cheese; 601,952 tons of hay; 17,807 bushels 
 of grass-seeds ; 160,083 pounds of flax ; 
 248,904 of maple sugar ; 869,444 of beeswax 
 and honey; livestock, valued at $24,209,258; 
 slaughtered animals, at $4,972,286; orchard 
 products, at $446,089, and market produce, 
 at $127,494. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Illinois would not be wanting 
 in timber if it were more equally diS'used. The 
 occupation of the country will, however, re- 
 medy this deficiency (even in parts where there 
 is now a scarcity) by protecting the young 
 trees from the ravages of the prairie fires. 
 The bottom lands have a rich growth of black 
 and white walnut, ash, hackberry, elm, 
 sugar-maple, honey-locust, buckeye, catalpa, 
 sycamore, (of a size unknown in the At- 
 lantic States,) Cottonwood, pecan, hickory, 
 and oak of various species ; and of under- 
 
 513 
 
ILL 
 
 ILL 
 
 •wood, redbud, papaw, grape-vine, eglan- 
 tine, dogwood, spicebush, hazel, green-brier, 
 &c. On the uplands are post-oak (very 
 valuable for fencing) and other species 
 of oak, blackjack, (useless except for fuel,) 
 hickory, black and white walnut, linn or 
 basswood, cherry, &c. The white and yellow 
 poplar are found in the southern part of the 
 state, and the cypress on the Ohio bottoms. 
 
 Manufactures. — -Illinois is not largely en- 
 gaged in manufacturing, though the facilities 
 for carrying on this branch of industry are 
 not wanting, when circumstances shall arive 
 to make itproiitableor necessary. According 
 to the census of 1850, there were in Illinois 
 8099 manufacturing establishments, each pro- 
 ducing $500 and upwards annually, and home- 
 made manufactures, valued at $1,155,902; 
 of these 16 were engaged in the fabrication 
 of woollens, employing $154,500, and 124 
 male and 64 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $115,364, and producing 
 806,995 yards of stuffs and 187,000 pounds 
 of yarn, worth a total value of $206,572 ; 
 31 furnaces, forges, &c., employing $325,400 
 capital, and 482 male hands, consuming 
 $187,830 worth of raw materials, and pro- 
 ducing 2700 tons of pig and 4160 tons of 
 cast iron, worth a total value of $511,385; 
 96 tanneries, employing $188,873 capital, 
 consuming raw material worth $129,907, and 
 producing leather valued at $244,028. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — In 1836, when the 
 spirit of speculation was rife throughout our 
 entire nation, Illinois projected an extrava- 
 gant system of railroads and canals, which 
 shortly resulted(in the monetary revulsions be- 
 tween 1837 and 1840) in a general suspension. 
 Notwithstanding, that spirit of enterprise 
 which seems to grow from our free system, 
 and to be as boundless as our extended ter- 
 ritory, has again, with more rational views, 
 stimulated the citizens of this state to enter 
 upon a still more magnificent scheme of rail- 
 roads than that projected in 1836. Besides 
 these, she has completed her great canal 
 from Chicago to Peru, uniting the vraters 
 of Lake Michigan with the Mississippi 
 river. 
 
 In January, 1853, there were in opera- 
 tion in Illinois, 296 miles of railroad, and 
 1772 in course of construction. Chicago is 
 at present connected by railroad, either di- 
 rectly or indirectly, with Detroit, Cincin- 
 nati, New York city, Philadelphia, and 
 Boston, beyond the limits of the state, and 
 with Piockford, St. Chai-les, Aurora, and 
 Peru, within the state ; besides these, there 
 are railroads uniting Springfield with Jack- 
 son, Naples, and Alton ; and Quincy with 
 Columbus. When the roads under contract 
 shall have been completed, Chicago will 
 have continuous lines of railroad to almost 
 every important point in the state, and 
 through connection with other railroads, 
 with St. Louis, Terre Haute, Louisville, 
 614 
 
 Nashville, New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, 
 and Charleston. 
 
 Comm-erce. — Illinois is most favorably situ- 
 ated for intei'nal commerce, being able to 
 communicate with the western, southern, 
 and central parts of the Mississippi valley, 
 by means of the Mississippi, Missouri, and 
 Ohio rivers, and with the Northern and 
 Eastern States by way of the great lakes. 
 The total of the imports into this state from 
 the lakes, in 1851, was $7,820,953, and ex- 
 ports $4,435,012. Tonnage of the Chicago 
 district, 15,890|| ; total tonnage of the state, 
 25,209|5; steamers, 993ff. Vessels built 
 in 1850, 13, of which only one was a steamer. 
 In 1852, 17 vessels were built, the tonnage 
 of which was only 1217||. The vessels 
 doing the lake and river trade are mostly 
 built in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and 
 Kentucky. The foreign imports and exports 
 are trifling. For 1852 the foreign exports 
 amounted to $51,325, and imports to $4832. 
 Tonnage entered 1155, and cleared 3616. 
 Chicago does an immense business in lumber 
 and general trade, but we have no complete 
 statistics thereof. The domestic exports from 
 Galena in 1851, amounted to $1,800,358, of 
 which seven-ninths was lead. About $80,000 
 worth of lumber was received during the 
 same year. 
 
 Education. — In 66 counties, in 1850, there 
 were 2641 school houses, and 2350 volumes 
 in the school libraries. There were also 
 132,324 children in the common schools. In 
 the sameyear, $230,712 were paid to teachers, 
 of which $148,871 was public money. The 
 school fund, in 1850, was $939,799, derived 
 from the public lands and the surplus reve- 
 nue of the United States. On the formation 
 of the state, one section in each township 
 was appropriated for the support of schools, 
 and afterwards an additional income of 3 per 
 cent, on the actual proceeds from the sale 
 of public lands within the limit of the state. 
 One-sixth of these proceeds is appropriated 
 to colleges. There were, in 1852, four col- 
 leges in the state, with an aggregate of 198 
 students, and 14,800 volumes in their libra- 
 ries ; one theological (Baptist) and one me- 
 dical school. — See Table of Colleges, Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 1167 
 churches in Illinois in 1850, 265 were owned 
 by diiFerent divisions of Baptists ; 67 by 
 Christians ; 46 by Congregationalists ; 27 by 
 Episcopalians ; 40 by Lutherans ; 389 by 
 Methodists ; 198 by Presbyterians ; 58 by 
 Roman Catholics ; 31 by Unionists ; and the 
 rest by Africans, Concordists, Covenanters. 
 Dutch Reformed, Evangelicals, Evangelists, 
 Free Church, Fi'iends, German Reformed, 
 Independents, Moravians, Mormons, Protest- 
 ants, Swedenborgians, Tunkers, Unitarians, 
 and Universalists, giving one church to each 
 729 persons. Value of church property 
 $1,476,385. 
 
ILL 
 
 IND 
 
 Pullic Institutmis. — Illinois has a state 
 lunatic asylum at Jacksonville, and a state 
 penitentiary at Alton. There were in 1850, 
 27 public libraries, with an aggregate of 
 19,916 volumes. 
 
 Governmetif. — The executive power in Illi- 
 nois is lodged in a governor and lieutenant- 
 governor, elected by the people for 4 years ; 
 the former receiving $1500 per annum, and 
 the latter, who is ex-ofiicio president of the 
 senate, $3 per day during the session of the 
 legislature. The governor is ex-ofBcio fund 
 commissioner, and is only eligible for 4 years 
 out of any 8 years. The senate consists of 
 25, and the house of representatives of 75 
 members, both elected by the people, the 
 former for 4, and the latter for 2 years. 
 The judiciary consists of a supreme court, 
 of three divisions, presided over by as many 
 judges, receiving each $1200 per annum, 
 and 15 circuit courts, presided over by as 
 many judges, each receiving $1000 per an- 
 num. All white male citizens, of 21 years 
 of age, who have resided in the state six 
 months next preceding an election, are qua- 
 lified voters. Illinois is entitled to 9 mem- 
 bers in the national house of representatives, 
 and to 11 electoral votes for president of the 
 United States. The state debt in 1852 was 
 $16,621,509. The governor of the state, in 
 his message to the legislature, Jan., 1853, 
 states the finances to be in an excellent con- 
 dition, and that a surplus over expenditures 
 of $100,000 will remain in the treasury, 
 March 1st, 1858. Ordinary expenses of go- 
 vernment $125,000 ; school fund, seminary, 
 and university," $939,798 ; productive pro- 
 perty, $5,000,000 ; assessed value of pro- 
 perty in 1850, $114,782,645. Illinois has a 
 free-banking law, which requires that no 
 company shall go into operation until the 
 company have deposited stocks to the 
 amount of $50,000 with the auditor. 
 
 History. — Though Illinois did not become 
 a member of the confederacy till 1818, it 
 was colonized about the same period as 
 Philadelphia. Marquette, a French tra- 
 veller, visited it as early as 1673, and set- 
 tlements were made at Cahokia and Kaskas- 
 kia at the close of the 17th century. These, 
 however, like other French colonies, did not 
 increase rapidly. At the treaty of Paris in 
 1763, Illinois fell into the hands of the Eng- 
 lish, and came, with all the territory east 
 of the Mississippi, into the possession of the 
 government of the United States at the Re- 
 volution in 1775. Soon after some settlers 
 from Virginia located themselves in the ter- 
 ritory, and in 1787 it became a part of the 
 North-west Territory, then created, and 
 which included all the country N. W. of the 
 Ohio river. In 1800 it formed part of a 
 separate territory, under the name of In- 
 diana, in conjunction with the state now 
 bearing that name. A second division took 
 place in 1809, when the present state was 
 
 organized as the Territory of Illinois, and was 
 admitted as an independent member of the 
 confederacy in 1818, since which it has gone 
 on with an average decennial increase of 
 more than 200 per cent. 
 
 Illinois, a township in Washington county, 
 Arkansas. Population, 714. 
 
 Illinois, a township in Calhoun county, 
 Illinois. Population, 520. 
 
 Illinois Bayou, of Pope county, Arkansas, 
 flows south-westward into Arkansas river. 
 
 Illinois City, a post-village of Rock Island 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river. 
 
 Illinois Fuknace, a post-village of Hardin 
 county, Illinois, about 5 miles N. from the 
 Ohio river. 
 
 Illinoistown, a post-village of St. Clair 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, op- 
 posite St. Louis. It contains several hundred 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Illyeia, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa. 
 
 Imlay, a township in Lapeer county, Mi- 
 chigan. Population, 183. 
 
 Imlaystown, a small post-village of Mon- 
 mouth county, New Jersey, 14 miles E. S. E. 
 from Trenton. 
 
 Increase, a post-office of Early county, 
 Georgia. 
 
 Independence, a county in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part of Arkansas, contains about 1000 
 square miles. It is intersected by White 
 river, and bounded on the E. by Black river. 
 The surface is diversified by hills and valleys, 
 which are partly occupied by forests of pine 
 and other timber. The soil is fertile. Wheat, 
 corn, oats, and cattle are the chief products. 
 In 1850 there were raised 388,395 bushels of In- 
 dian corn, the greatest quantity produced in 
 any one county of the state except Ashley; 
 10,114 of wheat; 29,260 of oats, and 65,120 
 pounds of butter. There were 2 saw mills, 5 
 tanneries, 1 castor-oil mill, and 1 manufac- 
 tory of farming implements. It contained 4 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices; 310 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 85 attending an 
 academy. The White river is navigated by 
 steamboats from its mouth to Batesville, in 
 nearly all seasons. Black marble, slightly 
 variegated, is found in the county. An active 
 emigration is directed to this part of the state. 
 Capital, Batesville. Population, 7767 ; of 
 whom 6939 were free, and 828, slaves. 
 
 Independence, a post-township forming 
 the S. E. extremity of Alleghany county, 
 New York. Population, 1701. 
 
 Independence, a post-township of Warren 
 county. New Jersey, 14 miles E. N. E. from 
 Belvidere. Population, 2621. 
 
 Independence, a township of Beaver coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. Population, 799. 
 
 Independence, a small village of Beaver 
 county. Pa., 10 miles S. from Beaver. 
 
 Independence, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Pennsylvania, about 200 miles W- 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Independence, a small post-village, capi- 
 515 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 tal of Grayson county, Virginia, 288 miles 
 W. S. W. from Pdclimond. It is situated in a 
 wild, mountainous region. 
 
 iNDErENDEKCE, a small -village of Preston 
 county, Virginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio 
 railroad. 
 
 Independence, a post-village of Autauga 
 county, Alabama, about 90 miles S. E. from 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Independence, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Texas, 88 miles E. from Austin 
 city. It is the seat of Baylor University, a 
 flourishing institution under the direction of 
 the Baptists. 
 
 Independence, a post-office of Dickson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Independence, a post-village, capital of 
 Kenton county, Kentucky, 11 miles S. from 
 Cincinnati, was incorporated in 1840. It con- 
 tains 1 church and several stores. 
 
 Independence, a post-township in the cen- 
 tral part of Cuyahoga county, Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Ohio canal. Population, 1485. 
 
 Independence, a village of Defiance county, 
 Ohio, on the Maumee river and Wabash and 
 Erie canal, 53 miles above Toledo. 
 
 Independence, a township in the N. part 
 of Oakland county, Michigan. Pop., 978. 
 
 Independence, a thriving post-village of 
 Warren county, Indiana, on the Wabash river, 
 9 miles above Williamsport. 
 
 Independence, a township in Coles county, 
 Illinois. Population, 905. 
 
 Independence, a small village of Coles 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Independence, a small post-village of Ful- 
 ton countj', Illinois, 9 miles N. E. from Lewis- 
 town. The post-office is called Jackson Grove. 
 
 Independence, a post-office of McLean 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Independence, a township in Dunklin coun- 
 ty, Missouri. Population, 447. 
 
 Independence, a thriving town, capital of 
 Jackson county, Missouri, is situated 5 miles 
 S. from Missouri river, and 165 miles W. by 
 N. from Jefferson City. It is important as 
 one of the starting points in the trade with 
 New Mexico and Utah, and a place where 
 man}' of the emigrants to Oregon and Cali- 
 fornia procure their outiit. It is the centre 
 of trade for a considerable extent of the sur- 
 rounding coiuitry, which is extremely fertile. 
 The prodigious tide of emigration which has 
 passed through this place for aboitt four years 
 past, has created a demand for horses, pro- 
 visions, and merchandise, at prices which 
 have enriched the farmers and traders of 
 this vicinity. It contains several churches, 
 '! hotels, and 2 newspaper offices. A railroad 
 extends from the town to the river. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, estimated at 2500. 
 
 Independence, a post-village, capital of 
 Buchanan county, Iowa, on the Wapsipinicon, 
 about 75 miles N. N. W. from Iowa City. Its 
 origin is very recent. 
 
 In dependnece, a post-office of Polk co.,Ogn. 
 516 
 
 Ind'ependence Hill, a post-office of Prince 
 William county, Virginia. 
 
 Independence Eivek, rises in Hamilton 
 county, in the N. E. central part of New 
 York, and falls into Black river, in Lewis 
 county. 
 
 Indesville, a post-village of Surry co.,N.G. 
 
 Indiana, one of the Western States, and a 
 portion of the Great Mississippi Vallej', is 
 bounded on the N. by Lake Michigan and the 
 State of Michigan, E. by Ohio, S. by Ken- 
 tucky, from which it is separated by the Ohio 
 river, and W. by Hlinois, from which it is 
 partly separated by the Wabash river. It 
 lies between 37° 45' and 41° 52' N. lat., being 
 about 275 miles in its greatest length from 
 N. to S., and about 135 miles in width, form- 
 ing nearly a parallelogram, and including 
 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,760 acres, 
 only 5,045,453 of which are improved, leav- 
 ing three-fourths of this fertile state uncul- 
 tivated. When we take into consideration 
 that the million of inhabitants who possess 
 the cultivated portion are far from densely 
 settled, we arive at conclusions foreshadow- 
 ing the immense population that must one 
 day occupy the Great Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Population. — There were in Indiana, 4875 
 inhabitants in 1800; 24,520 in 1810; 147,178 
 in 1820; 343,031 in 1880; 685,866 in 1840, 
 and 988,393 in 1850; of whom 506,400 were 
 white males, 471,205 white females ; 5472 co- 
 lored males, and 5316 colored females. There 
 were also in 1850, 171,564 families, inhabit- 
 ing 170,178 dwellings. Of the entire popu- 
 lation, 541,078 were born in the state, 390,313 
 in other states of the Union, 5550 in England, 
 12,787 in Ireland, 1510 in Scotland and Wales, 
 1878 in British America, 28,584 in Germany, 
 2279 in France, 1838 in other countries, and 
 2598 whose places of birth were unknown. 
 In the year ending June 1st, 1850, there oc- 
 curred 12,728 deaths, or about 13 in every 
 thousand persons ; and in the same period, 
 1182 paupers received aid, of whom 322 were 
 foreigners, at an expense of nearlj' $30 to 
 the individual. There were at the same time, 
 349 blind, of whom 9 were colored ; 618 deaf 
 and dumb, of whom 4 were colored ; 579 
 insane, of whom 10 were colored, and 919 
 idiots, of whom 13 were colored persons. 
 
 Counties. — Indiana is divided into 91 coun- 
 ties, viz. Adams, Allen, Bartholomew, Ben- 
 ton, Blackford, Boone, Brown, Carroll, Cass, 
 Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Daviess, Dear- 
 born, Decatur, De Kalb, Delaware, Du Bois, 
 Elkhart, Fayette, Floyd, Fountain, Franklin, 
 Fulton, Gibson, Grant, Greene, Hamilton, 
 Hancock, Harrison, Hendricks, Henry, How- 
 ard, Huntington, Jackson, Jasper, Jay, Jef- 
 ferson, Jennings, Johnson, Knox, Kosciusco, 
 La Grange, Lake, Laporte, Lawrence, Madi- 
 son, Marion, Marshall, Martin, Miami, Mon- 
 roe, I Montgomery, Morgan, Noble, Ohio, 
 Orange, Owen, Parke, Perry, Pike, Porter, 
 Posey, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Pdpley, 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 Rush, Scott, Shelby, Spencei', Sfark, Steuben, 
 St. Joseph, Sullivan, Switzerland, Tippecanoe, 
 Tipton, Union, Vanderburgh, Vei-milion, Vigo, 
 Wabash, Warren, Warwick, Washington, 
 Wayne, Wells, White, and Whitley. Capital, 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Cities and Toivns. — New Albany is the largest 
 town, population (in 1850) 8181 ; the other 
 principal towns are Madison, population, 
 8005 ; Indianapolis, 8090 ; Fort Wayne, about 
 4000 ; Terre Haute, about 4000 ; Lafayette, 
 6129 ; Evansville, 3633 ; besides a number of 
 other towns between 1000 and 2000 each. 
 
 Face of the Country. — Indiana has no moun- 
 tains or great elevations, but portions S. of 
 the White river are somewhat hilly and rug- 
 ged. A low ridge from Kentucky extends in 
 a N. W. direction across the Ohio, White, and 
 Wabash rivers, causing rapids in each. North 
 of the White and Wabash rivers, (forming 
 much the larger part of the state,) the coun- 
 try is generally level, or slightly undulating. 
 Most of the rivers have rich alluvial bottoms 
 of a few miles in width. A range of hills 
 runs along the Ohio, sometimes approaching 
 and at others receding from the river, form- 
 ing in the S. W. an exceedingly broken and 
 rocky country. In the N. W. part is some land 
 heavily timbered with walnut, beech, maple, 
 buckeye, &c. , with a considerable portion of the 
 richest prairie land. Immediately bordering 
 on Lake Michigan are some sandhills about 
 200 feet in height, behind which is a region 
 covered with pine. The N. E. part of Indiana 
 is also heavily timbered, interspersed with 
 prairie, barrens, and marsh lands. The most 
 of the streams empty into the Ohio, showing 
 a general inclination of the surface in that 
 direction. 
 
 Minerals. — Indiana has beds of coal within 
 lier limits, estimated to cover 7700 square 
 miles, capable of yielding 50,000,000 bushels 
 to the square mile. One coal deposite com- 
 mences near the Ohio, in Perry county, and 
 extends N. W. about 150 miles, into Vermi- 
 lion county. Besides coal, Indiana contains 
 iron, some copper, lime, marble, freestone, 
 gypsum, and grindstones. In 1850 about 
 .$172,000 were invested in forges, furnaces, 
 &c., for the working of iron. 
 
 Rivers, Lakes, ^c. — Lake Michigan borders 
 on the N. W. portion of Indiana for about 
 40 miles, and opens to it the trade of the 
 great lakes. There are a number of small 
 lakes in the N. part of the state. The Ohio 
 forms the entire southern boundary of In- 
 diana, and gives it access to the commerce 
 of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. The 
 Wabash is the largest river that has its 
 course mainly within the state, of whose 
 surface, with its branches, it drains three- 
 fourths. It rises in the W. of Ohio, and 
 flowing N. W. and then S. W. across the 
 state, meets the boundary of Illinois, which 
 it follows for more than 100 miles, till it 
 discharges its waters into the Ohio, after a 
 
 total course of about 500 miles, (including 
 its windings,) 400 of which may be navigated 
 by steamboats at high water. At low water 
 its channel is obstructed by bars and ledges 
 of rocks just above the mouth of the White 
 river, its principal tributary. The latter 
 rises in two branches in the eastern part of the 
 state, flow S. W. and unite about 30 miles from 
 the Wabash. The course of the largest branch 
 (the W. fork) is about 200 miles. It is navi- 
 gable in the season of floods to Indianapolis, 
 140 miles from its mouth. The Maumee is 
 formed by the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's, in 
 the N. E. part of Indiana, and passes off into 
 Ohio. The Kankakee, one of the sources of the 
 Illinois, drains the N. W. portion of the state. 
 The upper St. Joseph's makes a bend into 
 Indiana from Michigan, to which, after a 
 course of about 30 miles, it returns. Some 
 branches of the Ohio and Wabash form th? 
 other principal streams. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — There are a 
 number of caves in this state. Wyandotte 
 Cave, in Crawford county, 11 miles from Co- 
 rydon, is said to rival Mammoth Cave, in 
 Kentucky, in extent and interest. Previous 
 to 1850, the cave had been explored for 3 
 miles. In that year new chambers and gal- 
 leries were discovered, more extensive than 
 the old, and abounding in stalactites and 
 other calcareous concretions, some of great 
 size and splendor. Epsom Salts Cave, on 
 the Big Blue river, is in the side of a hill 
 400 feet high. About 2500 yards from the 
 entrance is a white column, 15 feet in diame- 
 ter, 30 in height, regularly fluted, and sur- 
 rounded by smaller and similar columns. 
 The earth of the floor yields Epsom salts, 
 nitre, aluminous earth, and gypsum. There 
 is within, a rude painting of an Indian on 
 the rock. There are a number of mounds 
 scattered over the state, similar to those de- 
 scribed in Ohio. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate 
 of Indiana partakes of the general character 
 of the other Western States, N. of the Ohio, 
 that is to say, somewhat milder than on the 
 Atlantic coasts, but subject to sudden 
 changes. The cold of winter is severe, but 
 of comparatively short duration ; the snow 
 does not generally fall to a great depth 
 or lie very long ; though there is considera- 
 ble difference in this respect between the 
 northern and southern parts of the state. 
 The earlier fruits blossom in March, but 
 are liable to be injured by frosts. The soil 
 is generally good, and much of it highly 
 fertile. The richest lands are found in 
 the river bottoms, where the soil is very 
 deep. This is especially the case in the val- 
 leys of the Wabash and its tributaries above 
 Terre Haute, and in parts of the Ohio val- 
 ley. The country between the rivers is some- ' 
 what elevated, and not so luxuriantly fertile 
 as on the river bottoms, but amply repays 
 the labors of the husbandman ; indeed there 
 
 517 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 is very little of this state uncuUivable ; even 
 its wet and marshy lands will no doubt, at 
 some future day, when the density of popu- 
 lation and cheapness of labor may warrant 
 it, become as productive as most of the other 
 lands in the state. Indiana ranks fourth 
 of the states of the Union in the absolute 
 amount of Indian corn raised, and third as 
 respects population. It also produces large 
 quantities of wheat, oats, with Irish pota- 
 toes, fruit, butter, and live stock, besides 
 considerable rye, barley, buckwheat, sweet 
 potatoes, tobacco, wool, peas, beans, cheese, 
 grass-seeds, flax, hops, maple sugar, mo- 
 lasses, beeswax and honey, and some wine, 
 hemp, and silk. In 1850 there were in In- 
 diana 98,396 farms, occupying 5,046,543 
 acres of improved land, (averaging about 50 
 acres to each plantation,) and producing 
 6,214,458 bushels of wheat; 52,964,363 of 
 Indian corn ; 5,655,014 of oats ; 78,792 of 
 rye; 35,773 of peas and beans; 2,083,337 
 of Irish potatoes; 201,711 of sweet pota- 
 toes; 45,483 of barley; 149,740 of buck- 
 weat; 80,280 of grass-seeds; 1,054,620 
 pounds of tobacco; 2,610,287 of wool; 
 12,781,535 of butter; 624,564 of cheese; 
 403,230 tons of hay ; 92,796 pounds of hops ; 
 584,469 of flax; 2,921,642 of maple sugar, 
 (fourth in amount of the United States;) 
 935,329 of beeswax and honey; 14,055 gal- 
 lons of wine; 180,325 of molasses; live 
 stock valued at $22,478,555 ; orchard pro- 
 ducts at $324,940; market products at 
 $72,864 ; and slaughtered animals at 
 $6,567,935. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Indigenous to Indiana, are 
 various species of oaks, popular, ash, walnut, 
 hickory, elm, cherry, sugar-maple, buckeye, 
 beech, and some sassafras, lime, locust, sy- 
 camore, Cottonwood, hackberry, and mul- 
 berry in the bottom lands. The fruits com- 
 mon to the latitude thrive in Indiana. 
 
 Manufactures. — Though not yet largely en- 
 gaged in manufacturing industry, Indiana 
 has every facility, in the abundance of her 
 water-power and the cheapness of her coal, 
 for becoming a manufacturing state, when it 
 may become advantageous for her so to do. 
 There were in 1850, in this state, 4326 manu- 
 facturing establishments, each producing $500 
 and upwards annually, of which two were 
 cotton mills, employing $43,000 capital, and 
 38 male, and 57 female hands consuming 
 raw material, valued at $28,220, and pro- 
 ducing stuffs and yarns worth $44,200; 33 
 woollen mills, employing $171,545, and 189 
 male and 57 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth .$120,486, and producing 
 235,500 yards of stuffs, and 104,000 pounds 
 of yarn, valued at $205,802; 19 furnaces, 
 ■forges, &c., employing $171,900 capital, and 
 253 male hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $95,743, and producing 3782 tons of 
 cast, wrought, and pig iron, valued at 
 $210,190; 358 tanneries, cniijloying $514,897 
 518 
 
 capital, consuming raw material worth 
 $405,838, and producing leather valued at 
 $714,813; and $334,950 invested in the 
 manufacture of malt liquors, whisky, wine. 
 &c., consuming 118,150 bushels of barley, 
 1,417,900 of Indian corn, 48,700 of rye, 
 1000 of oats, and 18 tons of hops, and em- 
 ploying 287 hands, and producing 11,005 
 barrels of beer, ale, &c., and 4,639,900 gal- 
 lons of whisky, wine, &c. Homemade manu- 
 factures were produced valued at $1,631,039. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Indiana is among 
 the leading states of the Great Mississippi 
 Valley in works of internal improvement. In 
 .January, 1853, there were within her limits 
 755 miles of railroad completed, and 979 iu 
 course of construction ; and so rapid is her 
 progress in this respect, that any correct ac- 
 count of them one year would be antedated 
 the next. One line passes through the mid- 
 dle of the state, uniting Terre Haute, on its 
 western border, with Columbus, in Ohio, and 
 passing through Indianapolis. Branching 
 off from the latter place is another railroad, 
 uniting the capital with Cleveland, Ohio. 
 The Southern Michigan, and Northern In- 
 diana, connecting Blonroe, in Michigan, and 
 Cleveland, and various other points in Ohio, 
 and even New York city and Philadelphia 
 with Chicago, has about 130 miles of its 
 track in the N. W. of Indiana. Other lines 
 connect the capital, directly or indirectly, 
 with Madison, with Lafayette, with Mun- 
 cie Town, with Rushville, Shelbyville, and 
 Knightstown. There are some other roads 
 given in the Appendix. The projected and 
 incomplete railroads are the Evansville and 
 Terre Haute, (27 miles finished,) Fort Wayne 
 and Muncie, Indianapolis and Lawrence- 
 burg, (63 miles finished,) Indianapolis and 
 Peru, (30 miles finished,) Junction, New 
 Albany and Salem, (83 miles finished,) Ohio 
 and Mississippi, and Richmond and Logans- 
 port. The Wabash and Erie canal, connect- 
 ing the Maumee river at Toledo with Terre 
 Haute, is 340 miles long, and has much the 
 greater part of its course in Indiana. The 
 receipts from it in 1852 were $460,452; 
 expenditures, $409,621. Another canal, 68 
 miles long, unites Lawrenceburg, on the 
 Ohio, with Cambridge City, in the interior. — 
 See Table of Railroads and Canals, Appendix. 
 
 Commerce. — Indiana has no foreign com- 
 merce, but an active lake and river trade 
 with New Orleans and the various points of 
 the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, by the 
 rivers of the same name, and with New York 
 by the lakes, though for the most part in 
 vessels owned in other states. The report 
 of the secretary of the treasury of the 
 United States, gives no tonnage nor nnj 
 vessels built to Indiana. The great objects 
 of export are cattle, hogs, and other live 
 stock, pork, beef, lard, Indian corn, wheat, 
 and wool. 
 
 Education. — Indiana has a school fund, 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 derived from several sources, ■wliicli Governor 
 Wright, in his message of December, 1851, 
 estimates at $=^,664,279, which is constantly 
 augmenting, from fines, forfeitures, and the 
 profits of the sinking fund. The receipts 
 from the university fund for 1852 were 
 $15,528; and from the common school fund, 
 $73,839. There were expended for the In- 
 diana University in the same year, $16,361. 
 The constitution provides for the election by 
 the people of a superintendent of public 
 schools, to hold office for two years. The 
 number of children in the schools in 1851 
 was 225,818, or nearly one-fourth of the in- 
 habitants. There were in 1852 four col- 
 leges in Indiana, with an aggregate of 421 
 students, and 20,800 volumes in their li- 
 braries ; one theological school, one medical 
 school, with 50 students, and one law school, 
 with 29 students. — -See Table of Colleges, Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 1947 
 churches in Indiana, in 1850, the diiferent 
 sects of Baptists owned 412; the Christian 
 Church, 182 ; the Episcopalians, 24 ; the Free 
 Church, 10; the Friends, 85; the Lutherans, 
 60; the Methodists, 745; the Moravians, 53; 
 the Presbyterians, 267 ; the Roman Catho- 
 lics, 63, and the Universalists, 15. The rest 
 belonged to the Benevolent Church, the Con- 
 gregationalists, the Dutch Reformed, the 
 Grerman Reformed, the New Lights, the Se- 
 ceders, Tunkers, Union Church, and the Uni- 
 tarians ; giving one church to every 507 per- 
 sons. Value of church propert}', $1,512,485. 
 
 Public Institutions. — Indiana stands among 
 the first of the Western States in provision 
 for the unfortunate. There are at Indian- 
 apolis asylums for the deaf and dumb, blind, 
 and insane ; and the constitution directs the 
 erection of houses of refuge for the reform- 
 ation of juvenile criminals. In 1851 there 
 were 172 pupils in the deaf and dumb, and 
 52 in the blind asylum. In the same year, 
 the insane hospital had 137 patients, 52 of 
 whom it discharged cured. This institution 
 was opened in 1848.. All the deaf and dumb 
 between the ages of 10 and 30, and all blind 
 children of the state may, if they choose, re- 
 ceive a gratuitous education. The different 
 benevolent institutions received from the 
 state, in 1852, appropriations amounting to 
 $105,050.21. There were 16 public libraries 
 in Indiana in 1850, with an aggregate of 
 40,000 volumes. 
 
 Government. — The governor and lieute- 
 nant-governor are both elected by the people 
 for four years. The former, who receives 
 $1300 per annum, can only be elected once 
 in any period of eight years. The latter is 
 ex-of[icio president of the senate, and re- 
 ceives $3 per day during the sessions of the 
 legislature. The senate consists of 50, and 
 the house of representatives of 100 members, 
 both elected by the people ; the former for 
 four, and the latter for two years. The se- 
 
 cretary of state, auditor, and treasurer, are 
 each chosen by the people for two years. 
 The auditor is also superintendent of public 
 schools. The judiciary consists of a supreme 
 court, composed of not less than three or 
 more than five judges, elected by the people 
 for six years ; and of thirteen circuit courts, 
 presided over by judges elected by the people 
 of each district, for six years. The judges 
 of the supreme court receive $1300 per an- 
 num. Justices of the peace are chosen by 
 the people of each township for four years. 
 Any voter of good moral character may prac- 
 tise law, and any white male of 21 years of 
 age, born in the United States, or any fo- 
 reigner, resident in the United States one 
 year, and who has declared his intention, 
 according to law, of becoming a citizen, may 
 vote, after six months' residence in the state. 
 Indiana is entitled to 11 members in the na- 
 tional house of representatives, and to 13 elec- 
 toral votes for president of the United States. 
 
 Banks, Finances. — The state debt, princi- 
 pal and interest, in 1847, was $14,374,640; 
 but by an act of the legislature of that year, 
 the bondholders took the state's interest in 
 the Wabash and Erie canal, which they were 
 to finish for half this debt, while the state 
 should issue new certificates for the other 
 half. In August, 1850, the state liabilities 
 were $6,775,522.50. In January, 1852, there 
 were 14 banks, with an aggregate capital of 
 $2,082,151, a circulation of $3,680,000, and 
 $1,300,000 in coin. The general banking 
 law prevails in this state. The assessed 
 value of property in 1850 was $152,870,339; 
 the public debt, $6,907,477. In 1852 the 
 expenses, exclusive of debt and schools, be- 
 nevolent institutions, &c., were $108,076. 
 Receipts for 1852, including arrearages of 
 former years, $1,464,325.06, and expendi- 
 ture, $1,061,605.58. 
 
 History. — Indiana was settled in the early 
 part of the eighteenth century by the French, 
 who remained here, without much accession 
 to their numbers, till long after tlie close of 
 the American Revolution. Like other French 
 settlements, they were nearly stationary, as 
 far as regarded increase from without, until 
 the arrival of the Americans among them; 
 enjoying life with the characteristic cheer- 
 fulness of their nation, and mingling with 
 the neighboring savages, not only on terms 
 of amity, but sometimes forming matrimonial 
 alliances with them. In 1800, Indiana be- 
 came, in conjunction with Illinois, a terri- 
 torial government, and in 1816, an independ- 
 ent member of the confederacy. In 1811, 
 the savages of the Shawnee tribe, led on by 
 their prophet, and incited, it is said, by the 
 British, who put arms into their hands, at- 
 tacked the American settlements, and com- 
 mitted great depredations. General Harri- 
 son being sent against them, routed them 
 completely at Tippecanoe, but with the loss 
 of 2OO of his own troops. 
 
 519 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 Indiana, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 770 
 square miles. The Conemaugh river forms 
 its boundary on the S. It is also drained by 
 Little Mahoning, Crooked, Black Lick, and 
 Two Lick creeks. The surface is hilly. The 
 soil, -where not too rough for cultivation, is 
 moderately fertile. Grain, horses, cattle, 
 and sheep are the staples. In 1850 there 
 were raised 213,636 bushels of corn ; 209,763 
 of wheat; 493,182 of oats; 18,189 tons of 
 hay, and 470,251 pounds of butter. There 
 were 17 flour and grist mills, 5 saw mills, 8 
 iron foundries, 1 furnace, and 2 woollen fac- 
 tories. It contained 61 churches, 3 news- 
 paper offices, 5271 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 57 attending academies or other 
 schools. Extensive forests of white pine and 
 other timber overspread a portion of the sur- 
 face. The highlands contain large quantities 
 of bituminous coal and iron ore ; and valua- 
 ble salt springs occur in the S. part of the 
 county. The Pennsylvania canal and Cen- 
 tral railroad pass along the S. border. Or- 
 ganized in 1803, and named from the gene- 
 ral appellation of the aboriginal tribes. Ca- 
 pital, Indiana. Population, 27,170. 
 
 Indiana, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 10 
 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. Pop., 2448. 
 
 Indiana, a thriving post-borough, capital 
 of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, is handsomely 
 situated on high ground, on the turnpike 
 leading from Ebensburg to Kittanning, 50 
 miles E. N. E. from Pittsburg. A plank-road, 
 about 16 miles long, extends southward to 
 the Central railroad. It contains the usual 
 county buildings, 5 or 6 churches, and an 
 academy. Population in 1850, 963. 
 
 Indianapolis, a city, capital of Indiana, 
 and seat of justice of Marion county, on the 
 W. fork of White river, at the crossing of the 
 National road, and immediately below the 
 mouth of Fall creek, 109 miles N. W. from 
 Cincinnati, and 86 miles N. N. W. from Ma- 
 dison. Lat. 39° 46' N., Ion. 86° 5' W. It is 
 situated in a fertile and extensive plain, very 
 nearly equidistant from the several bound- 
 aries of the state. When this place was se- 
 lected for the capital of Indiana, in 1820, the 
 whole country for 40 miles in every direction 
 was covered with a dense forest. On the 1st 
 of January, 1825, the public offices of state 
 were removed from Corydon, and the seat of 
 government was permanently established 
 here. The streets generally cross each other 
 at right angles, excepting 4 diagonal streets, 
 which converge to a circular area in the 
 centre of the town. The principal public 
 buildings are on Washington street, which is 
 120 feet wide. Several other streets are 90 
 feet wide. The state house, erected at a 
 cost of $60,000, is an elegant building, sur- 
 mounted by a dome, and having 10 Doric 
 columns on each front. Its dimensions are 
 180 feet long by SO wide. Among the public 
 520 
 
 buildings may be mentioned the governor's 
 house, the court house, a large Masonic hall, 
 the Bates House, th3 largest hotel in the state, 
 besides many other hotels, 2 market houses, 
 and the depot of the Madison and Indianapolis 
 railroad, 350 feet long, by 56 wide. There are 
 26 churches, and 3 others are in course of 
 construction. Indianapolis is said to contain 
 a greater number of churches in proportion 
 to its population than any other city in the 
 Union. Great attention is paid to education, 
 and the public schools are in a very flourish- 
 ing condition. The city contains 2 banks. 
 Seven or eight newspapers are published here, 
 one of which is a daily. The city contains 
 several iron foundries, flouring mills, and ma- 
 nufactories of steam engines, paper, window 
 sashes, and other articles. Indianapolis is 
 the terminus, of seven railroads, viz. the Madi- 
 son and Indianapolis, opened in 1847, the La- 
 fayette, the Terre Haute and Indianapolis, 
 the Indiana Central, the Indianapolis and 
 Bellefontaine, the Peru and Indianapolis, and 
 the Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi 
 railroad. Nearly all of the above are now 
 in operation. Population in 1840, 2692; in 
 1850, 8090; in 1853, about 12,000. 
 
 Indianapolis, a post-village of Mahaska 
 county, Iowa, about 14 miles N. E. from Os- 
 kaloosa, the county seat. 
 
 Indian Creek, Georgia, flows into Little 
 river, in Putnam county, about 8 miles N. 
 W. from Eatonton. 
 
 Indian Creek, of Tishomingo county, Mis- 
 sissippi, enters Tennessee river near Eastport. 
 
 Indiana Creek, a small stream of Yuba 
 county, towards the N. part of California, 
 falls into Dry creek about 22 miles from its 
 junction with Yuba river. Gold is found 
 along this stream in considerable quantities ; 
 miners average $5 a day. The banks are 
 well wooded with excellent timber. 
 
 Indian Creek, of Indiana, rises in Floyd 
 county, and flowing S. W., passes Corydon, 
 and falls into the Ohio. The Little Indian 
 creek enters it at Corydon. 
 
 Indian Creek, of Indiana, rises in Monroe 
 county, and enters the E. fork of White river, 
 at the Sulphur Springs, in Martin county. 
 
 Indian Creek, of Morgan county, Indiana, 
 falls into the W. fork of White river, a few 
 miles below Martinsville. 
 
 Indian Creek, of Switzerland county, In- 
 diana, flows into the Ohio near Vevay. 
 
 Indian Creek, of Missouri, enters the Ma- 
 ramec from the right in Franklin county. 
 
 Indian Creek, a post-village in iNIonroe co., 
 Virginia, 190 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Indian Creek, a post-office of Newbury 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Indian Creek, a post-office of Jackson 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Indian Creek, a post-office of Pike co., Ala. 
 
 Indian Creek, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Indian Creek, a post-office of Kent co. Mich. 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 Indian Creek, a townsliip in Lawi'ence 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1227. 
 
 Indian Creek, a post-township in Monroe 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1202. 
 
 Indian Creek, a township in Pulaski coun- 
 ty, Indiana. Population, 420. 
 
 Indian Creek, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Mo., 80 miles N. N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Indian Creek, a small village of Pike co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Indian Fields, a post-office of Albany 
 county. New York. 
 
 Indian Fields, a post-office of Fulton coun- 
 ty, Indiana. 
 
 Indian Grove, a post-office of Grayson 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Indian Grove, a small post-village of Li- 
 vingston county, Illinois, 94 miles N. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Indian Hill, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Indian Hill, a post-office of Elbert co., Ga. 
 
 Indian Kentucky Creek, of Indiana, rises 
 in Piipley county, and flows into the Ohio, 8 
 miles above Madison City. 
 
 Indian Key, a post-village of Dade county, 
 Florida, is situated on a small island in the 
 Atlantic, about 39 miles E. S. E. from Cape 
 Sable, and 75 miles E. N. E. from Key West. 
 The island is of coral formation. This vil- 
 lage contains nearly the whole population of 
 the county, which in 1850 was only 159. The 
 climate renders it a desirable winter residence 
 for invalids. 
 
 Indian Lake, New York, in the E. part of 
 Hamilton county, is 8 or 9 miles long, and 
 near 2 miles wide. The outlet called Indian 
 river falls into the Hudson. 
 
 Indian Mound, a post-office of Stewart 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Indianola, a post-village of Calhoun coun- 
 ty, Texas, on the western shore of Matagorda 
 bay, about 35 miles W. S. W. from Matagorda. 
 A newspaper is published here, and steam- 
 boats ply between this place and Galveston. 
 
 Indianola, apost-office of Vermilion co.. 111. 
 
 Indianola, a post-village, capital of War- 
 ren county, Iowa, 135 miles W. by S. from 
 Iowa City. The county has a fertile soil, 
 and contains extensive beds of stone coal. 
 
 Indian Orchard, a post-office of Wayne 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Indian Prairie, a post-office of Van Buren 
 county, Iowa. 
 
 Indian River, of New Hampshire. See 
 Indian Stream. 
 
 Indian Ria^er, in the W. part of New York, 
 rises in Lewis county, crosses Jefferson, and 
 passing through Black lake, enters the Oswe- 
 gatchie river in St. Lawrence county. 
 
 Indian River, of Sussex county, Delaware, 
 flows eastward into the Atlantic. 
 
 Indian River, of Florida, on the E. side 
 of the peninsula, flows nearly parallel with 
 the coast. Length, about 100 miles. The 
 depth varies greatly in different seasons. The 
 
 breadth also is very unequal ; in some parts 
 it expands into extensive lakes or lagunes. 
 
 Indian River, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Indian River, a hundred in the E. part of 
 Sussex county, Delaware. Population, 1683. 
 
 Indian River, a post-office of St. Lucie 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Indian Springs, a small post-village of 
 Butts county, Georgia, 50 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville, is a fashionable place of resort. 
 
 Indian Stream, of Coos county, in the N. 
 part of New Hampshire, unites with the E. 
 branch to form the Connecticut. 
 
 Indian Stream, a township of Coos county. 
 New Hampshire, bordering on Canada East, 
 is drained by the head waters of the Con- 
 necticut river. 
 
 Indian Tavern, a small village of Morgan 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Indian Territory is a vast tract of coun- 
 try set apart by the government of the 
 United States as a permanent home for the 
 aboriginal tribes removed thither from the 
 east of the Mississippi river, as well as those 
 indigenous to the territory. It is bounded 
 on the N. by the extensive region known as 
 the Missouri, or North-west Territory, and 
 by Minnesota ; E. by Iowa, Missouri, and 
 Arkansas; S. by Texas, and New Mexico, 
 and W. by Texas, New Mexico, Utah and Ore- 
 gon. The Platte river forms a part of the 
 N., the Missouri of the E., and the Red of 
 the S. boundai'y. Indian Territory lies be- 
 tween 33° 30' and 42° 50' N. lat., being about 
 700 miles in extreme length from E. to W., 
 and about GOO from N. to S., including an 
 area of 187,171 square miles. 
 
 Population. — We have no census returns 
 of the population of this territory, but the 
 eastern portion is mainly in possession of 
 tribes removed thither by the United States 
 government, including among others, the 
 Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Cherokees, 
 Senecas, Shawnees, Seminoles, Quapaws, 
 several Miami tribes, Potawatamies, Otta- 
 was, Delawares, Kickapoos, Sacs, and lowas. 
 The country directly west of these, with a 
 small tract in the N. E., is occupied by the 
 Osages, the Kansas or Konzas, the Otces, 
 Omahas or Mahas, Pawnees, and the Pun- 
 cahs, all indigenous tribes. The central and 
 western portions are roamed over by the 
 Camanches, Kioways, Pawnees, Arrapahoes, 
 Utahs, Chiennes, Gros Ventres, Aricka- 
 ras or Rickarees, and some other nomad 
 tribes. Some of the removed tribes have 
 made considerable advances in agricul- 
 ture and the industrial arts, and have esta- 
 blished schools and churches, while others 
 are relapsing into indolence and vagrancy, 
 and, following the common fate of the savage 
 when in contact with the civilized man, are 
 fast diminishing under the influence of in- 
 temperance and vicious connection with 
 abandoned whites. 
 
 521 
 
IND 
 
 IND 
 
 Face of the Country. — There is a general in- 
 clination of the country from the base of the 
 Rocky mountains, on the western border of 
 Indian Territory, toward the Mississippi 
 river, beyond the eastern boundary of the 
 territory. The Rocky mountains form a vast 
 wall between this region and Utah and Ore- 
 gon territories. They rise from a base of 
 about 3000 feet, and attain in Pike's and 
 Long's Peaks an estimated elevation of 
 12,000 feet. East of the main chain are 
 some outlying ridges of moderate elevation, 
 and some table-lands, which are followed by 
 a vast barren and sandy tract, generally 
 known as the Great American Desert. The 
 rest of the territory spreads out, for the most 
 part, into undulating plains of great extent, 
 with the exception of the Ozark or Washita 
 mountains, which enter the S. E. angle of 
 Indian Territory from Arkansas. This ter- 
 ritory, however, has been too imperfectly ex- 
 plored to enable us to speak with great pre- 
 cision of its surface. 
 
 Rivers. — Indian Territory is drained by 
 four great rivers, viz. the Platte, or Nebras- 
 ka, the Kansas, Arkansas, and Red rivers, with 
 their tributaries : these all have their sources 
 in or near the Rocky mountains, and after 
 flowing in an eastern, or south-eastern direc- 
 tion across or on the borders of the tei'ritory, 
 empties itself, the first two into the Missouri, 
 and the last directly into the Mississippi. The 
 Kansas is the only one of these rivers that 
 has its course wholly within the territory ; the 
 Platte, as before stated, forming a part of the 
 north, and the Red river of the south bound- 
 ary, while the Arkansas passes oif into the 
 state of the same name. The Missouri coasts 
 the N. E. boundai-y. The tributaries are, 
 (within the territory,) of the Platte, the 
 South fork ; of the Kansas, the Smoky Hill 
 and Solomon's forks ; of the Arkansas, the 
 Cimarron, Neosha, North fork, and Canadian, 
 and of the Red, the Washita — all having 
 nearly an eastern course, except the Neosha, 
 which runs south, Tlie Osage, a tributary of 
 the Missouri, has its sources in the east part 
 of Indian Territory. These rivers have gene- 
 rally broad and shallow channels ; and in 
 the case of the Platte and Kansas, in the dry 
 Season constitute little more than a sei'ies 
 of sandy pools, and in the winter and spring 
 are only navigable by flat-boats and canoes, 
 or for steamboats (if at all) near their 
 mouths. The Arkansas and Red rivers are 
 both navigable for steamboats, but to what 
 distance we are not accurately informed. 
 The Arkansas has a course of about 2000, 
 the Red of 1200, and the Platte and Kansas 
 each of about 1000 miles. 
 
 Climate. — Of the climate we have little 
 definite information, but that of the eastern 
 portion is probably similar to the climates 
 of Arkansas and Missouri, on which it 
 borders ; while the table-lands of the west 
 are dry and hot in the daytime, with cool 
 522 
 
 nights. The mountain region is of course 
 temperate in summer, but severe in winter, 
 with deep snows, some peaks rising to the 
 line of perpetual frost. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — On this point, too, 
 our information is limited. The eastei-n por- 
 tion, occupied by the partly civilized Indians, 
 is represented as fertile prairie land, inter- 
 spersed "with mountain and fiat hills," for 
 an extent of 200 miles westward from the 
 boundary of Arkansas and Missouri. On the 
 borders of the streams are strips of wood- 
 land, mostly Cottonwood and willows: the coun- 
 try is, however, generally destitute of timber. 
 The Cross Timbers, thus described by Cap- 
 tain Marcy, are partly in this territory : — 
 "A narrow strip of woodland, called the 
 Cross Timbers, from 5 to 30 miles wide, ex- 
 tending from the Arkansas river some 500 
 miles in a S. W. direction to the Brazos, di- 
 vides the arable land from the great prairies, 
 for the most part ai-id and sterile." The 
 western portion of the territory is mostly a 
 barren, dreary waste " of bare rocks, gravel, 
 and sand," destitute of all vegetation, except 
 perhaps a few stunted shrubs, "yuccas, 
 cactuses, grape-vines, and eucurbitaceous 
 plants." The water is brackish, and the 
 surface in many places covered with saline 
 efflorescences. The eastern prairies are well 
 adapted to grazing, and the products of the 
 adjoining states flourish there. 
 
 Animals. — Vast herds of buffaloes and wild 
 horses roam over its prairies, and in the moun- 
 tain district is found the grizzly bear, Rocky 
 mountain goat, antelope, deer, and some 
 other animals. Upon the other points gene- 
 rally treated of in our articles on the states 
 and territories, we have too little reliable in- 
 formation to speak in a work meant to be 
 one of facts and not of conjectures. Indian 
 Territory forms a part of the great Louisiana 
 tract purchased by President Jeiferson from 
 France in 1 803. The United States Government 
 have military stations at Fort Leavenworth 
 and Council BluflF, on the Missouri ; Fort 
 Gibson, on the Arkansas ; Fort Towson, on 
 the Pted ; Fort Washita, on the Washita, and 
 Fort Laramie, on the Platte. It has been 
 proposed to form a new territory on both 
 sides of the Platte or Nebraska, to be named 
 from that river, which would take from In- 
 dian Territory all N. of 40° N. latitude. 
 
 Indian Town, a small village of Camden 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Indian Town, a post-village in Currituck 
 CO., N. C, 165 miles E. N. E. of Raleigh. 
 
 Indian Town, a post-village in Williams- 
 burg district, South Carolina, 85 miles E. S. 
 E. of Columbia. 
 
 Indian Town, a small post-village of Bu- 
 reau CO., Illinois. 
 
 IndianValley, apost-officeof Floydco.,Va, 
 
 Indian Village, a post-village of Washita 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Indian Wheeling Creek, of Ohio, flows 
 
IND 
 
 lOW 
 
 through Belmont co., and enters the Ohio 
 opposite Wheeling. 
 
 Indigo Head, a post-oiEce of CoflFee co. , Ala. 
 
 Industry, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Maine, on both sides of Sandy river, about 
 28 miles N. N. W. from Augusta. Pop., 1041. 
 
 Industry, a post-village of Beaver co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Ohio 
 river, arout 38 miles below Pittsburg. 
 
 Industry, apost-oiSceof Austinco., Texas. 
 
 Industry, a post- village of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, on the OMo river, 4 miles below Cin- 
 cinnati, contains a stove foundry, and near 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Industry, a post-office of McDonough CO., 111. 
 
 Ingham, a county in the S. central part of 
 Michigan, contains 560 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Grand river, and also drained 
 by Red Cedar and Sycamore creeks. The 
 surface is mostly level, and heavily timbered 
 "with the sugar-maple, beech, &c. The soil 
 is productive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 and grass are cultivated. In 1850 this 
 county produced 88,577 bushels of wheat; 
 94,721 of corn; 62,756 of oats, and 8837 
 tons of hay. It contained 2 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, and 2936 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 25 attending an academy. 
 Mines of iron and coal have been found in the 
 county, but not yet explored. The streams 
 furnish extensive water-power. A plank- 
 road extends from the county seat to Detroit. 
 Named in honor of Samuel D. Ingham, secre- 
 tary of the treasury under President Jackson. 
 Capital, Lansing. Population, 8631. 
 
 Ingham, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Ingham county, Michigan. Pop., 744. 
 
 Ingham Centre, a small post-village of 
 Ingham county, Michigan, in the township 
 of the same name. It has a steam saw mill 
 and 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 Ingraham Prairie, a post-office of Clay 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Ingram's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Lauderdale county, Alabama. 
 
 Inland, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio. 
 
 Inland, a post-office of Cedar co., Iowa. 
 
 Inmansville, a post-office of Rock co., Wis. 
 
 Inmanville, a small village in Providence 
 county, Rhode Island, about 25 miles N. W. 
 by W. from Providence. It contains a scythe 
 factory. Population, about GO. 
 
 Intercourse, a post-village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pa., 12 miles E. from Lancaster city. 
 
 Intercourse, a post-office of Sumter co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Inverness, a post-office of Columbiana CO., 0. 
 
 Inverness, a small village of Mackinac 
 county, Michigan, on Sheboygan river, 18 
 mijes S. from Mackinac. Large quantities 
 of pine lumber are sawn here. 
 
 Inyan PiEakah, River of the EocJc, a river 
 which rises in the Minnesota territory, and 
 flowing through the N. W. part of Iowa, falls 
 into the Sioux river. 
 
 Intan Yankey river, of Iowa, rises to- 
 
 ward the N. W. part of the state, and flow- 
 ing south-westerly, enters the Missouri in 
 Harrison county. It is sometimes called the 
 Little Sioux. 
 
 Ion, a post-office of Morehouse parish, La. 
 
 Ione, a post-office of Effingham co., 111. 
 
 loNi, a post-office of Anderson co., Texas. 
 
 Ionia, a county in the W. central part of 
 Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Grand aud Flat rivers, 
 and also drained by Maple and Looking- 
 glass rivers, and by Prairie creek. The sur- 
 face is gently undulating, and the soil is 
 partly alluvial, and uniformly fertile and free 
 from stone. More than half of the county is 
 occupied by timbered openings, which have 
 a sparse growth of oak and hickory ; the 
 other portion is covered with dense forests. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, potatoes, pork, 
 and maple sugar are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 77, 838 bushels of wheat; 
 76,035 of corn; 43,363 of oats; 53,555 of 
 potatoes ; and 5598 tons of hay. It con- 
 tained 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 2610 pupils attending public schools. Grand 
 river is regularly navigated by steam as high 
 as the county seat. The streams furnish 
 sufficient water-power for mills. A quarry 
 of red sandstone has been opened in the 
 county. Capital, Ionia. Pop. 7597. 
 
 Ionia, a post-township in the central part 
 of Ionia county, Michigan, intersected by 
 Grand river. Population, 774. 
 
 Ionia, a post-village, capital of Ionia co., 
 Michigan, on the right bank of Grand river, 
 about 90 miles from its mouth, and 38 miles 
 N. W. from Lansing. The river is navigable 
 as high as this point in all stages of water, 
 and a small steamer plies regularly between 
 the village and the city of Grand Rapids. A 
 quarry of red sandstone, valuable for build- 
 ing, has been opened near Ionia. It contains a 
 United States land-office and several churches. 
 The water-power of the river is employed in 
 mills of various kinds. 
 
 Ionia, a post-office of Warren co., Illinois. 
 
 Ionia, a village in Morgan co., Missouri, 
 40 miles W. by S. from Jefi"erson City. 
 
 Iosco, a new county in the E. part of Mi- 
 chigan, bordering on Lake Huron, contains 
 about 900 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Au Sable river. This county is not 
 named in the census of 1850, and probably 
 has no civilized inhabitants. It was origi- 
 nally called Kanotin. 
 
 Iosco, a post-township in theW. part of Liv- 
 ingston county, Michigan. Population, 645. 
 
 Iowa river, in the state of the same name, 
 rises in Hancock county, and flowing in a 
 general S. E. direction, passes by the seat of 
 government, and enters the Mississippi 35 
 miles above Burlington. The whole length 
 is estimated at over 300 miles. Small steam 
 boats can ascend as far as Iowa City, a-boui 
 80 miles, for three months in the year. 
 
 Iowa, a newly formed state, W. of the Mis- 
 523 
 
low 
 
 low 
 
 Bissippi, is bounded N. by Minnesota Terri- 
 tory, E. by tlie Mississippi, -(vliich separates 
 it from the states of Wisconsin and Illinois, 
 S. by Missouri, and W. by Indian Territory 
 and Minnesota, from the former of which it 
 is separated by the Missouri, and from the 
 latter by the Great Sioux river. It lies 
 (■with the exception of a small projection in 
 the S. E. between the Des Moines and Mis- 
 sissippi rivers) between 40° 30' and 43° 30' N. 
 lat., and between 90° and 97° W. Ion., being 
 about 300 miles in extreme length from E. to 
 W., and about 208 in breadth, including an 
 area of 50,914 square miles, or 32,584,960 
 acres, of which only 824,682 were improved 
 in 1850. 
 
 Population. — Iowa had 43,112 inhabitants 
 in 1840, and 192,214 in 1850, of whom 100,885 
 were white males, 90,994 white females, 
 168 colored males, and 167 colored females. 
 (By a state census in 1852, the population 
 was 230,000.) This population was divided 
 among 33,517 families, occupying 32,962 
 dwellings. Of the population of Iowa, 50,380 
 were born in the state, 120,240 in other states 
 of the Union, 3785 in England, 4485 in Ire- 
 land, 1064 in Scotland and Wales, 1756 in 
 British America, 7152 in Germany, 382 in 
 France, 2208 in other countries, and 362 
 whose places of birth were unknown, making 
 more than 10 per cent, of the popula- 
 tion of foreign birth. During the year end- 
 ing June 1, 1850, 2044 deaths occurred, or 
 about 10 in every 1000 persons : 135 paupers 
 received support in the same period, of whom 
 35 were foreigners. In the same year there 
 were 51 deaf and dumb, all white ; 47 blind, 
 do. ; 40 idiotic, do. ; and 93 insane, do. 
 
 Counties. — Tliere are in Iowa 49 organized 
 counties, viz. AUomakee, Appanoose, (or Ap- 
 panuse,) Benton, Black Hawk, Boone, Bu- 
 chanan, Cedar, Clarke, Clayton, Clinton, Dal- 
 las, Davis, Decatur, Delaware, Des Moines, 
 Dubuque, Fayette, Fremont, Henry, Iowa, 
 Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, 
 Keokuk, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Lucas, Madison, 
 Mahaska, Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Mus- 
 catine, Page, Polk, Pottawatomie, Poweshiek, 
 Scott, Tama, Taylor, Van Buren, Wapello, 
 Warren, Washington, W^ayne, and Winnishiek. 
 Capital, Iowa City. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — At the census of 1850, 
 Burlington was the largest town in the state ; 
 population, 4081. Dubuque, Keokuk, Mus- 
 catine, and Davenport have populations va- 
 rying from 2000 to 5000. Iowa City had a 
 population of 1250. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The surface of Iowa 
 is generally composed of rolling prairies, 
 having nothing within its limits which ap- 
 proaches a mountain in elevation. The 
 highest ground in the state is a plateau in 
 the N. W., called ' Coteau des Prairies.' 
 which enters the state from Tilinnesota. A 
 small portion in the N. E., on the Mississippi, 
 '8 rugged and rocky, and Table Mound, a 
 524 
 
 conical elevation with a flat summit, 3 or 4 
 miles from Dubuque, is, perhaps, 500 feet 
 high. The state, however, may be generally 
 described as a rolling prairie, crossed by 
 rivers whose banks are skirted with wood. 
 There are said to be some swamps in the 
 N. W. portion of the state. The prairies, 
 though sometimes 20 miles across, are rarely 
 more than 5 or 10. 
 
 Geology. — The great coalfield of Missouri 
 and Iowa, occupying the centre and southern 
 parts of the latter state, and extending out 
 in the form of a semicircle, is surrounded on 
 every side but the S. by a belt of upper car- 
 boniferous limestone. The Mississippi, on 
 the S. E. of the state, has its channel in a 
 bed of the lower carboniferous limestone. 
 The great drift deposits from Minnesota enter 
 the N. of Iowa. A narrow strip of the lead- 
 bearing magnesian limestone lies on the Mis- 
 sissippi to the N. E., and is succeeded on the 
 S. W. first by a broad belt of upper magne- 
 sian, and then by a second of limestone of 
 the Devonian period. The coal veins of Iowa 
 are not nearly so thick as those of Illinois, 
 being seldom more than 4 or 5 feet. The 
 prairies of this state are sprinkled over with 
 boulders, some of them of immense size. 
 One measured by Professor Owen was 50 feet 
 in circumference, 12 feet high, and probably 
 as many beneath the soil. 
 
 Minerals. — Iowa is rich in mineral re- 
 sources. A portion of the great lead region 
 of Illinois and Wisconsin extends into this 
 state. The ore is abundant, but lies deeper 
 than on the E. side of the river. Lead mines 
 have been opened in Dubuque and Clayton 
 counties. Zinc and copper are also found 
 in the same localities, and in connection with 
 the lead. The great bituminous coalfield 
 of Iowa and Missouri has an extent of near 
 200 miles from E. to W., and 140 from N. to 
 S., within the former state, and occupying 
 most of the central and southern portions. 
 Copper has been recently discovered in Cedar 
 county in considerable quantities. 
 
 Rivers. — The rolling prairies of Iowa are 
 furrowed by several important rivers, which 
 cross it in a S. E. direction, and help to 
 swell the volume of waters in the great Mis- 
 sissippi, into which they discharge them- 
 selves. The Des Moines, the most import- 
 ant of these, has its sources in Minnesota, 
 and traversing the entire state, forms near 
 its mouth a small portion of the S. E. bound- 
 ary. Its length is about 450 miles, 250 of 
 which are navigable for light steamboats at 
 high water. The other rivers which flow into 
 the Mississippi, proceeding in order north- 
 ward, are the Skunk, Iowa, (the Red Cedar, a 
 branch of the Iowa.) Wapsipinicon, Mako- 
 queta, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. The Skunk 
 is about 200, the Iowa 300, and the rivers 
 last named from 100 to 200 miles in length. 
 The Iowa is navigable for steamboats 110, 
 and the Cedar river 60 miles. The Makoqueta 
 
low 
 
 low 
 
 and the Wapsipinicon have rapid currents, 
 and furnish abundant water-power. The 
 Missouri and its tributary, the Great Sioux, 
 form the W. boundary. The Little Sioux, the 
 next important tributary of the Missouri 
 from Iowa, has a course of little more than 
 100 miles. There are a few small lakes in 
 the N. and W. part of the state. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The prin- 
 cipal claim of this new, and as yet scarcely 
 explored state, on the attention of travellers, 
 must chiefly rest upon the beauty of its un- 
 dulating prairies or its picturesque land- 
 scapes. There are, however, a few objects 
 which may be classed among natural curi- 
 osities, of which the following are the most 
 prominent. Numerous sinks, or circular de- 
 pressions in the surface of the ground, from 
 10 to 20 feet across, are found in different 
 places, and particularly on Turkey river, in 
 the N. part of the state. Small mounds from 
 o to 6 feet high, and sometimes 10 or 12 in a 
 row, are found on the same stream, within 10 
 or 15 miles of its mouth. A cave several 
 rods in extent exists in Jackson county, from 
 which flows a stream large enough to turn a 
 mill. The Upper Iowa and Makoqueta rivers 
 have worn their channels through magnesian 
 limestone rocks, leaving, on their southern 
 banks, cliffs worn by the rain, frost, and 
 winds into resemblances of castles, forts, &c. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — According 
 to meteorological tables kept at Muscatine, 
 in 1851, by T. S. Parvin, Esq., the maxi- 
 mum of .January was 46°, the minimum, 16° ; 
 for February, max. 52°, min. 0° ; March, max. 
 78°, min, 12° ; April, max. 70°, min. 24° ; 
 May, max. 82°, min. 23°; June, max. 85, 
 miu. 44 ;° July, max. 92°, min. 44° ; August, 
 max. 85°, min. 52° ; September, max. 91°, 
 min. 30 ; October, max. 79°, min. 18° ; No- 
 vember, max. 51°, min. 14 ; December, max. 
 56°; min. — 18°. Greatestheat, July 27th, 92°; 
 greatest cold, December 16th, — 18°; range, 
 110°. The Mississippi closed January 30th ; 
 opened February 21st. Last frost. May 24th ; 
 first in autumn, September 28th. Rainy 
 days 101 ; 53 of which were in May, June, 
 and July ; 20 snowy days, 55 cloudy, 88 
 clear, and 212 variable. The amount of rain, 
 that fell during the entire year was 72-4 
 inches. A frost in May killed most of the 
 fruit. The peach-tree blossoms in April, 
 fall wheat ripens in July, spring wheat in 
 August, and Indian corn in October. The 
 rivers are frozen over from 2 to 3 months 
 on an average each winter. The soil of Iowa 
 is generally excellent and of easy cultivation, 
 with prairie and woodland intermingled. The 
 va'lej'S of the Ked Cedar, Iowa, and Des 
 Moines, (we quote Owen's Geological Report,) 
 as high as lat. 42° or 42° 31', presents a body 
 of arable land, which, taken as a whole, for 
 richness in organic elements, for amount of 
 saline matter, and due admixture of earthy 
 silicates, affords a combination that belongs 
 
 only to the most fertile upland plains. After 
 passing lat. 42° 30' N., near the confines of 
 the Couteau des Prairies, a desolate, knobby 
 counti-y commences, the highlands being 
 covered with gravel and supporting a scanty 
 vegetation, while the low grounds are either 
 wet or marshy, or filled with numerous ponds 
 or lakes, and where the eye roves in vain in 
 search of timber. North of 41° 30', and be- 
 tween the head waters of the Grand, Noda- 
 way, and Nishnabotona rivers, the soil is in- 
 ferior in quality to that S. of the same parallel. 
 The staples of this state are Indian corn, wheat, 
 and live stock, besides considerable quan- 
 tities of oats, rye, buckwheat, barlej^ Irish 
 potatoes, butter, cheese, hay, wool, maple 
 sugar, beeswax and honey ; and some rice, 
 tobacco, beans, peas, sweet potatoes, orchard 
 fruits, wine, grass-seeds, hops, flax, and silk 
 are produced. There were 14,805 farms, 
 including 824,682 acres of improved land in 
 Iowa in 1850, producing 8,656,799 bushels of 
 Indian corn; 1,530,581 of wheat ; 1,524,345 
 of oats; 276,120 of Irish potatoes; 52,516 
 of buckwheat; 25,093 of barley; 19,916 
 of rye; value of live stock $3,689,275; 
 373,898 pounds of wool; 2,171,188 of butter ; 
 206,849 of cheese; 89,055 tons of hay, and 
 78,407 pounds of maple sugar. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Iowa is in many places des- 
 titute of timber ; along the rivers, however, it 
 is well wooded, except near their sources. 
 On the intervals between the rivers there 
 are often prairies of from 15 to 20 miles, 
 without so much as a bush higher than the 
 wild indigo and compass plant. The greatest 
 scarcity of trees is N. of 42°. Ash, elm, 
 sugar, and white maple grow in alluvion 
 belts of from one-fourth to one mile in width 
 on the river banks. The other forest trees 
 are poplar, various species of oak, black 
 and white walnut, hickory, locust, ironwood, 
 Cottonwood, lime or basswood, and some pine 
 in the northern parts of the state. Oak 
 constitutes the larger part of the timber of the 
 state. The peach grows too luxuriantly, and 
 blooms too soon to admit of its being cul- 
 tivated to advantage. The grape, goose- 
 berry, and wild plum are indigenous. 
 
 Manufactures. — As a newly settled state, 
 Iowa can of course have made as yet but 
 little progress in manufactures ; though she 
 has within her limits two important elements 
 of manufacturing industry, viz. abundance 
 of coal and water-power. In 1850 there 
 were 482 establishments, producing each $500 
 or upwards annually ; of these 3 were en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of iron, employing 
 $5500 capital, and 17 male hands, consuming 
 raw material worth $2524, and producing 
 castings, &c. worth $8500 ; 1 a woollen fac- 
 tory, employing $31,225 capital, and 7 male 
 hands, consuming raw material worth $3500. 
 and producing 14,000 yards of stuffs, valued 
 at $13,000 ; and $19,000 invested in manufac 
 turing malt and spirituous liquors, consum-'ng 
 
 525 
 
low 
 
 low 
 
 51,150bushels of Indian corn, and 7200 of rye, 
 and producing 160,000 gallons of whiskey, &c. 
 Homemade manufactures were valued at 
 $221,292. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Iowa has made lit- 
 tle progress as yet in this direction, though 
 Bhe will doiibtless not be behind her sisters, 
 age and population considered, in her future 
 advance in this particular. Only seven years 
 a member of the confederacy, her energies 
 have been necessarily directed to opening 
 common roads and laying some plank-roads. 
 Until her river borders have all been settled, 
 she will scarcely need the aid of railways to 
 carry her products to market. A railroad of 
 180 miles in length is projected from Dubuque 
 to Keokuk. 
 
 Commerce. — Iowa has no foreign trade, but 
 is very favorably located for internal traffic, 
 washed as it is by the Missouri on the west, 
 the Mississippi on the east, and its interior 
 traversed by the Des Moines, Iowa, Cedar, 
 and other rivers. The principal articles of 
 export are grain, flour, lead, and pork. 
 
 Education. — All lands granted by Congress, 
 all escheated estates, and whatever per- 
 centage Congress may allow on the public 
 lands sold within the state, are to constitute 
 a fund, the interest of which and the rent of 
 unsold lands, together with military and court 
 fines, are to form an appropriation for the 
 support of public schools in Iowa, which are 
 to be under the direction of a superintendent 
 of public instruction, elected for three years 
 by the people. Schools must be kept open at 
 least three months of every year in each dis- 
 trict. An appropriation is also made for the 
 support of Iowa University, which is to be 
 perpetual. The school fund in 1850 amounted 
 to $250,230; annual expenditure, 41,693 ; 
 volumes in school libraries, 287 ; and children 
 in the state 64,336, of whom only 24,804 were 
 in school. 
 
 Religions. — There were 148 churches in 
 Iowa in 1850, of which the Baptists owned 
 16; Christians,8; Congregationalists,14; Epis- 
 copalians, 4 ; Friends, 5 ; Lutherans, 4 ; Me- 
 thodists, 50 ; Presbyterians, 24 ; and the Ro- 
 man Catholics, 17. The rest were divided 
 among German Reformed, Moravians, Union- 
 ists, and Universalists. — See Table of Reli- 
 gions, Appendix. Number of persons to each 
 church, 1298. Value of church property, 
 $177,400. 
 
 Fublic Institutions. — In 1850 there were five 
 public libraries in Iowa, with an aggregate 
 of 2660 volumes. There is a state prison at 
 Fort Madison, on the Mississippi. 
 
 Government, Finances, Ba?iks, ^c. — The go- 
 vernor of Iowa is chosen for four years, and 
 receives $1000 per annum; the senate, com- 
 posed of 19 members, for the same period; 
 and the house of representatives, of 39 mem- 
 bers, for two years ; all elected by popular 
 vote. The sessions of the legislature are bi- 
 ennial. The members receive $2 per diem 
 62e» 
 
 for the first fifty days of the session, but after 
 that only $1 a day; $2 are allowed for every 
 20 miles travelled. The judiciary is com- 
 posed — 1. Of a supreme court, presided over 
 by one chief and two associate judges, re- 
 ceiving each $1000 per annum. 2. Of dis- 
 trict courts, each presided over by a single 
 judge, receiving $1000 per annum. The 
 judges of the supreme court are elected by 
 joint vote of the legislature for six years, 
 and the district judges by the people of 
 their respective districts for five years. The 
 assessed value of property in Iowa in 1850 
 was $21,690,642 ; and public debt, $81,792, in 
 December, 1852. There was but one bank in 
 the state in June, 1852, with a capital of 
 $200,000, circulation $100,000, and coin 
 $50,000. 
 
 History. — Iowa formed originally a part of 
 the Louisiana purchase, then successively a 
 part of Missouri, Wisconsin, and lastly of 
 Iowa Territory. It became an independent 
 member of the confederacy in 1845. Settle- 
 ments were permanently commenced about 
 1833 ; the first at Burlington. 
 
 Iowa, a new county in the S. E. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. 
 The Iowa river, from which the name is de- 
 rived, flows eastward through the northern 
 part, and the North fork of English river tra- 
 verses the southern part of the county. Tlie 
 principal streams, besides these, are Beaver, 
 Oldman's, and Richmond creeks. The coun- 
 ty is said to have a fertile soil, a healthy cli- 
 mate, and good timber. In 1850, Iowa county 
 produced 31,145 bushels of Indian corn, 5535 
 of wheat. The projected railway route from 
 Davenport to Council Blufi's passes through 
 the county. Capital, Marengo. Pop., 822. 
 
 Iow.\, a county in the S. W. part of Wis- 
 consin, contains 740 square miles. The Wis- 
 consin river bounds it on the N., and it is 
 drained by the branches of the Pekatonica, 
 which rise in the county and flow south-east- 
 ward. The surface is occupied by valleys 
 and ridges, which are mostly destitute of 
 timber, excepting small and scattered groves. 
 The soil is calcareous and fertile. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, and wool are the staples 
 of agriculture. In 1850 the county produced 
 50,747 bushels of wheat; 81,108 of Indian 
 corn; 109,876 of oats; and 53,090 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 13 churches; 1664 
 pupils attending public schools, and 85 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. This county 
 is remarkable for mineral wealth. Lead is 
 abundant, and is one of the chief articles of 
 export. Copper and zinc are also found in 
 connection with the lead. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Milwaukee and Mississippi 
 railroad, not yet finished. Capital, Mineral 
 Point. Population, 9525. 
 
 Iowa, a small post-village of Perry co., Illi- 
 nois, near the Illinois Central railroad. 
 
 Iowa City, a flourishing town, capital of 
 the State of Iowa, and seat of justice of John- 
 
low 
 
 IRO 
 
 son county, is beautifully situated on the 
 bluffs which rise from the left bank of the 
 Iowa river, about 80 miles from its mouth, 
 33 miles N. W. from the Mississippi river at 
 Muscatine, and about 760 miles in a straight 
 line W. by N. from Washington. Lat. 41° 39' 
 N. ; Ion. 91° 30' W. When this place was 
 selected as the seat of government, in May, 
 1839, it was entirely in a state of nature ; and 
 within a year from that time it contained 
 from 500 to 700 inhabitants. The town is 
 embowered among groves of trees, and sur- 
 rounded by fertile prairies. The principal 
 streets are Capitol street and Iowa avenue, 
 which are above 100 feet in width. At the 
 intersection of these, on a commanding emi- 
 nence, stands the capitol, a fine edifice of the 
 Doric order, 120 feet long by 60 feet wide. 
 The material was quarried in this vicinity, 
 and is marked with spots and rings, which 
 give it the name of "bird's-eye marble." The 
 cost is estimated at $100,000. The river is 
 navigable by steamboats from its mouth to this 
 place in all stages. Several railways have been 
 surveyed, which, when finished, will connect 
 the town with Dubuque, Keokuk, and Daven- 
 port. The river affords in this vicinity excel- 
 lent water-power, which is partially improved. 
 Iowa City contains several churches, a college, 
 an academj', and other schools. Three or 
 four newspapers are published here. Popu- 
 lation in 1850, 2262; in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 lowAYiLLE, a small post-village of Van Bu- 
 ren co., Iowa, on the Des Moines river, in the 
 N. W. corner of the county, is surrounded by 
 a country which is rapidly improving. 
 
 Ipswich, a post-village, port of entry, and 
 one of the shire-towns of Essex county, Mas- 
 sachusetts, is situated on both sides of a 
 river of its own name, about 4 miles from 
 the sea, and on the Eastern railroad, 25 miles 
 N. N. E. from Boston. Ipswich river affords 
 good water-power, and at its mouth is an ex- 
 cellent harbor. It is crossed by a stone 
 bridge, built in 1764, at a cost of £1000. 
 The village is very pleasant, and contains, 
 besides the county buildings, 3 or 4 churches, 
 a house of correction, a county insane asy- 
 lum, and a flourishing female seminary. It 
 has several vessels engaged in the coast trade 
 and the fisheries. The shipping of the port, 
 June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 521^1 tons enrolled and licensed. During 
 the year one schooner of 88|| tons was ad- 
 measured. Manufacturing is also carried on 
 to some extent. The Indian name of Ipswich 
 was Agawam, signifying fishing station. In- 
 corporated in 1634. Population, about 3000 ; 
 of the township, 3349. 
 
 Ipswich Lights, on Ipswich beach, Massa- 
 chusetts. The Weston light, at the entrance 
 of the harbor, revolves ; the other is fixed. 
 Lat. 42° 41' 6" N. ; Ion. 70° 46' 30" W. 
 
 Ipswich river, a small stream of Essex co., 
 in the N. E. part of Massachusetts, flows into 
 lpswi«h bay. 
 
 Iea, a post-township of Piutland co., Ver- 
 mont, 60 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 400. 
 
 Ira, a post-township of Cayuga co.. New 
 York, 24 miles N. from Auburn. Pop., 2110. 
 
 Ira, a small post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 18 miles S. from Oswego. 
 
 Ira, a post-township in the S. part of St. 
 Clair county, Michigan, on the N. shore of 
 Lake St. Clair. Population, 596. 
 
 Irasburg, a post-village and semi-capital 
 of Orleans co., Vt., on Black river, 40 miles N. 
 N. W. from Montpelier, contains 1 bank, and a 
 newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 1034. 
 
 Iredell, a county toward the W. part of 
 North Carolina, has an area estimated at 600 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 Great Catawba, and intersected by the several 
 creeks which flow into the Yadkin. The sur- 
 face is hilly; the soil fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 it produced 506,491 bushels of 
 corn; 53,111 of wheat; 134,648 of oats ; and 
 34,875 of sweet potatoes. There were 9 grist 
 mills, 1 linseed-oil mill, 1 cotton factory, and 
 7 tanneries. It contained 38 churches. Gold 
 has been found near the S. border of the 
 county. It is intersected by the Western 
 turnpike, leading from Salisbury westward. 
 This county gave birth to Judge Hugh L. 
 White, late United States Senator from Ten- 
 nessee. It was formed in 1788, and named 
 in honor of James Iredell, late associate 
 justice of the supreme court of the United 
 States. Capital, Statesville. Population, 
 14,719, of whom 10,577 were free, and 4142, 
 slaves. 
 
 Ireland, a post-ofiice of Hampden co.,Mass. 
 
 Irela:md, a post-office of Lewis co., Va. 
 
 Ireland Corners, a post-ofiice of Albany 
 county. New York. 
 
 Irisburg, a post-office of Henry co., Va. 
 
 Irish Corner, a small village of Benning- 
 ton township, Bennington county, Vermont, 
 about 3 miles W. of Bennington Centre. 
 
 lRisHCREEK,apost-officeof DeWittco.,Tex. 
 
 Irish Grove, a post-office of Atchison coun- 
 ty, Missouri. 
 
 Irish Grove, a post-office of Lucas co., lo. 
 
 Irish Ripple, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Irishtown, a post-office of Mercer co., Pa. 
 
 Iron, a large county in the S. part of Utah 
 Territory, has an area estimated at 7000 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Rocky mountains, and on the W. by Califor- 
 nia, extending entirely across the territory, 
 and is drained by Green and Grand rivers, 
 which unite near its S. border to form the 
 Rio Colorado, and by several smaller streams 
 The surface in the eastern and central parts 
 is mountainous. In 1850 there were raised 
 8948 bushels of wheat; 3435 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 312 tons of hay. It contained 1 
 church and 1 academy. Capital, undeter 
 mined. Population, 360. 
 
 527 
 
IRO 
 
 IRW 
 
 Iron Ckeek, a post-ofBce of Waslitenaw 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Iro'ndequoit, a post-township of Monroe 
 county, New York, on Lake Ontario, at the 
 mouth of the Genesee river, 5 miles N. N. E. 
 from Rochester. Population, 2397. 
 
 IrondequoitBat, New York, extends south- 
 ward from Lake Ontario into Monroe county. 
 Length, 5 or G miles. A small creek of the 
 same name flows into the bay. 
 
 Iron Furnace, a post-office of Scioto co., 0. 
 Iron Hill, a post-office of Northampton 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Iron Hills, a post-office of Jackson co., lo. 
 Iron Mountain, in the S. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, between Grayson and Smith counties, 
 near the border of North Carolina. Its 
 highest summit, termed Whitetop mountain, 
 is said to be 4260 feet above the level of 
 the sea. 
 
 Iron Mountain, a post-office of St. Francis 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Iron Ridge, post-village of Dodge co., Wis. 
 Iron Spring, a small village of Butts co.,Ga. 
 Iron Springs, a post-office of Montgomery 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Ironton, a thriving post-village of Law- 
 rence county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 145 
 miles above Cincinnati. It was laid out by 
 the Ohio Iron and Coal Company, in June, 
 1849. It is handsomely situated en the river 
 bottom, above the highest floods, with high 
 hills in the rear. These hills contain stores 
 of iron and stone coal, which are thought to be 
 inexhaustible. The town contains many large 
 brick buildings, 1 bank, and several churches. 
 Liberal donations of ground have been made 
 for schools and churches. It has 2 large iron 
 foundries, one of which is 162 feet in length, 
 1 rolling mill, 1 machine shop, and several 
 steam mills, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. 
 The Iron railroad, which terminates here, is to 
 be extended to Jackson. Pop. in 1853, 1600. 
 Irontille, a small post-village of Blair 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ironwood Bluef, a post-office of Itawamba 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Iron Works, a post-village of Cass county, 
 Georgia, on Etowah river, 142 miles N. W. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Iroo.uois river, of Indiana and Illinois, 
 rises in Jasper county, of the former state, 
 and enters the Kankakee in Iroquois county, 
 Illinois. Its length is estimated at 100 miles. 
 It is sometimes called the Pick.amink. 
 
 Iroquois, a county in the E. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Lidiana, has an area of 
 1435 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Kankakeo and Iroquois rivers, which, unite 
 in the N. pnrt of the county. The surface 
 is level and low, and principally prairie ; the 
 soil is fertile, adapted to grain and grass. In 
 1850 the county produced 311,115 bushels of 
 Indian corn ; 27,125 of wheat ; 69,793 of oats, 
 and 1496 tons of hay. It contained 1 church. 
 The Chicago branch of the Central railroad 
 528 
 
 passes through this county. Capital, IMiddle- 
 port. Populadon, 4149. 
 
 Iroquois, a post-village in Iroquois county, 
 Hlinois, on Illinois river, 85 miles S. by W. 
 from Chicago. 
 
 Irville, a post-village of Muskingum coun- 
 ty, Ohio, 55 miles E. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 Irvin, a township in Howard county, In- 
 diana. Population, 847. 
 
 Irvine, a post-village of Warren county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, at the 
 mouth of Brokenstraw creek, 212 miles N. W. 
 from Ilarrisburg. It has a woollen factory 
 and a foundry. 
 
 Irvine, a post-village, capital of Estill 
 county, Kentucky, is handsomely situated on 
 the right bank of the Kentucky river, 70 
 miles S. E. from Frankfort. Irvine village 
 has a brick court house and a seminary. 
 
 Irvine's Store, a post-village of Weakly 
 CO., Tennessee, 114 miles W. from Nashville. 
 Ira'inesville, a post-office of Nicholas coun- 
 ty, Kentucky. 
 
 Irving, a post-village of Chautauque coun- 
 ty, New York, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of 
 Cattaraugus creek, about 30 miles S. S. W. 
 from Buffalo, with which it is connected by 
 railroad. 
 
 Irving, a village of Westchester county, 
 
 New York, on the Hudson river, 26 miles N. 
 
 from New York. It has a steamboat landing. 
 
 Irving, a post-township in the N. part of 
 
 Barry county, Michigan. Population, 214. 
 
 Irving, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana. 
 
 Irving College, a post-office of Warren 
 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Irvingsville, a village in Franklin county, 
 Mass., 80 miles W. N. W. from Boston. 
 
 iRwaN, a county in the S. part of Georgia, 
 has an area of 1456 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by the Ocmulgee, in- 
 tersected by the Alapaha, and also drained 
 by the sources of Little and Santilla rivers. 
 The surface is level, and covered with forests 
 of pine. The soil is sandy and generally 
 poor ; that of the south-eastern part, how- 
 ever, is said to be good. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 sugar, and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 112 bales of cotton; 
 89,000 bushels of corn; 37 hogsheads of su- 
 gar, and 51,437 bushels of sweet potatoes. It 
 contained 12 churches, and 174 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Named in honor of Ge- 
 neral Jared Irwin, governor of Georgia in 
 1807. Capital, Irwinville. Population, 3334, 
 of whom 2884 were free, and 450, slaves. 
 
 Irwin, a township of Venango co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 12 miles S. W. from Franklin. Po- 
 pulation, 1504. 
 
 Irwin, a small village of Venango co., Pa. 
 Irwin's Cross Roads, a post-village of 
 Washington county, Georgia, about 30 miles 
 S. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Irwinton, a pleasant post-village, capital 
 of Wilkinson county, Georgia, 20 miles S. 
 from Milledgeville, and o miles from the Cen- 
 
IRW 
 
 ITxi 
 
 tral railroad. It has a court house, 2 churches, 
 and several stores. 
 
 Irwinville, or Irwin sville, a post-village, 
 capital of Irwin count3% Georgia, 112 miles 
 S. from f.Iilledgeville. It has a court house, 
 tavern, and 1 or 2 stores. 
 
 Isabel, a township in Fulton county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 539. 
 
 Isabella, a new county in the central part 
 of Michigan, has an area of about GOO square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Chippewa 
 river, and also drained by Pine and Salt 
 rivers, tributaries of the Tittibawassee. 
 
 IscHUA Creek, of Cattaraugus co., in S. W. 
 part of N. Y., falls into the Alleghany river. 
 
 Isinglass River, in the S. E. part of New 
 Hampshire, falls into the Cocheco river. 
 
 Island county, a new county of Washington 
 Ter., comprising Whidbt's Island, which see. 
 
 Island Creek, a post-village of Hancock co., 
 Ga., a few miles N. W. from Milledgeville, has 
 a church, an academy, and a Masonic hall. 
 
 Island Creek, a post-township in the E. 
 part of Jefferson co., Ohio, on the Ohio river. 
 Population, 1981. 
 
 Island Creek, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Ohio, 155 miles E. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 Island Ford, a post-ofiBce of Ptutherford 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Island No. 66, a post-office of Coahoma 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Island Pond, a thriving village of Essex 
 CO., Vt., on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence rail- 
 road, 149 m. N. W. from Portland, and 143 m. 
 S. E. from Montreal. The road was built and 
 is owned to this place, 16 m. within the States, 
 by the people of Canada. Depots, engine- 
 houses, &c., of both portions of the road, are 
 now being erected. A Congregrational and a 
 Methodist church, and several steam flouring 
 and saw mills are also being built. The village 
 is on the route of the Passumpsic Piiver rail- 
 road, and is also'the terminus of the Missisque 
 Bay railroad, (projected.) 
 
 Isle au Bois, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Isle att Haut, at the entrance of Penob- 
 scot bay, Maine, is composed of high steep 
 cliffs, and contains a fixed light, 40 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 43° 59' N., Ion. 68° 
 34' W. 
 
 Isleborough, a post-township of Waldo 
 CO., Maine, 50 miles E. by S. from Augusta. 
 It consists of several islands. Pop., 984. 
 
 Isle la Motte. See La Motte. 
 
 Isle Rotale, an island in Lake Superior, 
 forming a portion of Houghton county, Michi- 
 gan, and 50 miles N.W. from Keweenaw Point. 
 The island is about 42 miles long, and from 5 
 to 8 miles wide. The soil is said to be gene- 
 rally good, the timber abundant, the harbors, 
 of which there are several, deep and secure. 
 (See Rock Harbor.) Copper ore abounds, 
 and mining operations have been carried on 
 to some extent ; but owing to the long and 
 severe winters, and the uncertain communi- 
 2i 
 
 cation with the settled parts of the state, per- 
 manent settlements have not yet been made. 
 
 Isles of Shoals, 7J miles S. S. E. from 
 Portsmouth lighthouse, New Hampshire. 
 They consist of 8 small islands, which are 
 inhabited chiefly by fishermen. On White 
 Island, the westernmost, is a revolving light, 
 87 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 42° 
 58' N., Ion. 70° 37' 20" W. 
 
 Isle of Wight, a county in the S. E. part 
 of Virginia, at the mouth of James river, 
 which washes the N. E. border. It has an area 
 of about 230 square miles. The Blackwater 
 river forms the W. boundary. The surface 
 is nearly level ; the soil is generally thin and 
 sandy. A portion of the land is occupied by 
 swamps and pine forests. Indian corn is the 
 staple product. Bacon of superior quality 
 is exported. In 1850 there were raised 
 315,699 bushels of corn, and 89,713 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 1 cotton factory, 1 
 saw mill, and 1 tannery ; 19 churches, 149 
 pupils attending public schools, and 56 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The Isle 
 of Wight was one of the eight original shires 
 into which Virginia was divided in 1634. 
 Capital, Smithfield. Population, 9353, of 
 whom 5958 were free, and 3395 slaves. 
 
 IsLip, a post-township of Suffolk co.. New 
 York, bordering on Great South bay, about 
 45 miles N. E. from New York. It has a 
 small village of the same name. Pop., 2602. 
 
 IsNEY, a post-office of Choctaw co., Ala. 
 
 Isom's Store, a post-office of Maury co., Ten. 
 
 Israel, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Preble co., Ohio. Pop., 1641. 
 
 Israel's River, of Coos co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, rises near the foot of Mount Washing- 
 ton, and falls into the Connecticut river. 
 
 Issaquena, a county in the W. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, has an area of about 1030 square 
 miles. The Mississippi forms its boundary 
 on the W., the Yazoo river (navigable by 
 steamboats) washes the S. E. border, and it 
 is intersected by the Sunflower river. The 
 surface is flat and low, partly subject to in- 
 undation ; the soil is fertile. Cotton and In- 
 dian corn are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 8461 bales of cotton; 143,130' 
 bushels of corn, and 18,595 of sweet potatoes. 
 Formed quite recently from the S. part of 
 Washington county. Capital, Tallula. Pop., 
 4478, of whom 373 were free, and 4105, slaves. 
 
 Isthmus, a post-office of Dane co., Wiscon- 
 sin, about 11 miles E. from Madison. 
 
 Italy, a township forming the W. extre- 
 mity of Yates co., New York. Pop., 1627. 
 
 Italy Hill, a post-office of Yates co., N. Y. 
 
 Italy Hollow, a post-office of Yates co.N.Y. 
 
 Itasca, an unorganized county, forming 
 the N. E. extremity of Minnesota, bordering 
 on Lake Superior and the British posses- 
 sions, contains about 17,500 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. by the Rainy lake, and 
 by the river of that name, and on the S. W. 
 by the Mississippi ; it is drained by the St 
 
 529 
 
ITA 
 
 JAC 
 
 Louis and other rivers. The surface is un- 
 even, and diversified by numerous lakes. 
 According to the census of 1850, this county 
 produced 90 bushels of corn ; 1060 of pota- 
 toes, and 43 tons of hay. Population, 97. 
 
 Itasca, a small post-village of Benton co., 
 Minnesota, on the Mississippi river, about 20 
 miles above St. Paul. 
 
 Itasca Lake, into which flow the head wa- 
 ters of the Mississippi, is situated near the 
 summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, the divid- 
 ing ridge of the Head river on the N., inlat. 
 47° 10' N., Ion. 95° 54' W., and at an eleva- 
 tion of 1575 feet above the level of the Gulf 
 of Mexico. It is a beautiful sheet of water, 
 lying among the hills, surrounded with pines. 
 The outlet is 10 or 12 feet wide, and from 12 
 to 18 inches deep. Discovered by School- 
 craft, July 13th, 1832. 
 
 Itawamba, a county in the E. N. E. part 
 of Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, has 
 an area of about 1180 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Tombigbee river, and 
 by Oldtown and Bullmouth creeks. The 
 surface is generally a level plain, almost des- 
 titute of trees. The soil is a heavy loam, of 
 a very dark color, strongly impregnated with 
 lime, and highly productive. Cotton and In- 
 dian corn are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 5519 bales of cotton; 533,507 
 bushels of corn, and 105,692 of sweet pota- 
 toes. It contained 46 churches, and 661 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. The Tombig- 
 bee is navigable by small steamers to the 
 county seat when the water is high. The 
 route of the Mobile and Ohio railroad passes 
 through the county. It derives its name 
 from the daughter of an Indian chief. Capi- 
 tal, Fulton. Population, 13,528, of whom 
 11,401 were free, and 2127, slaves. 
 
 Ithaca, a post- township of Tompkins co., 
 New York, at the southern extremity of Ca- 
 yuga lake. Population, 6909. 
 
 Ithaca, a post-borough, capital of Tomp- 
 kins CO., New York, in the above township, 
 on both sides of Cayuga inlet, about a mile 
 S. from the head of Cayuga lake, and 162 
 miles W. by S. from Albany. It is finely 
 situated on a plain, and on the lower de- 
 clivity of the hill, which encloses it on all 
 sides except the N., rising gradually to the 
 height of 400 or 500 feet, and commanding 
 an extensive view of the picturesque scenery 
 for which Cayuga lake is remarkable. The 
 town is regularly laid out and handsomely 
 built. It contains churches of six or seven 
 denominations, two banks, and an academy. 
 One daily and two weekly newspapers are 
 published here. Steamboats ply daily from 
 this town to the foot of the lake, and con- 
 nect with the main lines of travel and 
 transportation. The Cayuga and Susque- 
 hanna railroad connects it with Owego, and 
 another railroad extends northward to Au- 
 burn and Lake Ontario. Fall creek, which 
 enters the lake at this place, furnishes 
 530 
 
 abundant water-power. Among the manu- 
 factories of Ithaca are 2 woollen factories, 
 1 cotton factory, 1 paper mill, and seve- 
 ral iron foundries, with machine shops. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, estimated at 7000. 
 
 Ithaca, a post- village of Darke co., Ohio, 
 about 100 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 IvANHOE, a post- village of Linn co., Iowa, 
 on Red Cedar river, 18 miles N. of Iowa City. 
 
 IvERSON, a post-office of Bienville par.. La. 
 
 IvES Grove, a post-office of Racine co., 
 Wis., about 90 miles E. S. E. from Madison. 
 
 Ives' Store, a post-office of Princess Anne 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Ivy, a post-office of Yancey co., N. C. 
 
 Ivy, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana. 
 
 IvT Bend, a post-office of Madison co., N. C. 
 
 Ivy Creek Mills, a post-office of Bedford 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Ivy Island, a post-office of Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Ivy Log, a post-office of Union co., Ga. 
 
 IvT Mills, a post- village of Delaware co., 
 Pa., 88 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 IxoNiA, a post-township in Jefferson co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 1109. 
 
 Izard, a county in the N. part of Arkansas; 
 area, 880 square miles. It is intersected by 
 White river. The surface is diversified ; the 
 soil is fertile, producing wheat, maize, oats, 
 and excellent pasture. In 1850 there were 
 raised 173,479 bushels of Indian corn ; 7054 
 of wheat ; 12,090 of oats, and 46,779 pounds 
 of butter were made. It contained 7 saw 
 mills, 3 churches, and 195 pupils attending 
 public schools. The White river is navigable 
 for boats. The county is amply supplied with 
 water-power. Capital, Mount 'Olive. Pop., 
 3213, of whom 3017 were free, and 196, slaves. 
 
 J 
 
 Jacinto, a post-village, capital of Tisha- 
 mingo CO., Miss., 250 miles N. N. E. from Jack- 
 son. It has 1 or 2 newspaper offices. The 
 Mobile and Ohio railroad will here intersect 
 the Meruphis and Charleston railroad. 
 
 Jacksborough, or Jacksonborough, a 
 small post-village, capital of Campbell coun- 
 ty, Tennessee, 152 miles E. by N. from Nash- 
 ville. It stands near the S. E. base of Cum- 
 berland mountain. 
 
 Jacksborough, a small village of Warren 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Jack's Creek, a post-office of Yancey 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Jack's Creek, a post-office of Henderson 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Jack's Forks, a post-office of Texas co.,Mo. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on the Ohio river, which 
 separates it from the State of Ohio, contains 
 405 square miles. The Ohio river washes its 
 W. border, and it is drained by the Sandy 
 and Big Mill creeks. The surface is hilly ; 
 
JAO 
 
 JAC 
 
 the soil is generally adapted to grazing, and 
 there is good arable land near the streams. 
 The chief productions are corn, wheat, oats, 
 hemp, lumber, pork, and cattle. In 1850 there 
 were raised 257,242 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 16,630 of wheat; 43,324 of oats, and 98,561 
 pounds of butter were made. There were 13 
 flour, grist, and saw mills, 1 wool-carding 
 mill, and 2 tanneries; 3 churches, and 1350 
 pupils attending public schools. The county 
 contains limestone of good quality. Capital, 
 Ripley. Population, 6544, of whom 6491 
 were free, and 52, slaves. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the W. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Tennessee and South 
 Carolina ; area, estimated at 1000 sqiiare 
 miles. It is drained by the Tuckaseegee 
 river, an affluent of the Tennessee. The coun- 
 ty is a mountainous tract between the Blue 
 Pddge on the S. E., and the Iron mountain 
 on the N. W. The soil produces good pasture 
 and some grain. The county was formed in 
 1850, from Haywood and Macon counties. 
 County seat not yet located. 
 
 Jackson, a county in theN. E. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 378 square miles. 
 It is traversed by the principal branches of 
 Oconee river. The surface is uneven. Much 
 of the soil is unproductive, but there is some 
 good land near the rivers. Cotton and maize 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1202 bales of cotton, and 309,272 
 bushels of corn. There were 4 flour mills, 1 
 cotton factory, and 1 tannery. It contained 14 
 churches; 217 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 50 attending an academj'. Granite and 
 quartz are abundant in the county ; iron, 
 soapstone, and asbestos are found. The 
 name was given in honor of General James 
 Jackson, United States senator from Georgia. 
 Capital, Jefi"erson. Population, 9768, of whom 
 6827 were free, and 2941, slaves. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Florida, bordering on Alabama, contains 
 1060 square miles. The Chattahoochee and 
 Appalachicola rivers, navigable by steam- 
 boats, form its boundary on the E., and it is 
 intersected by the Chipola river. The surface 
 is nearly level, and partly covered with pine 
 forests ; the soil in some parts is fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, sugar, 
 tobacco, and rice flourish. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 4744 bales of cotton ; 227,582 
 bushels of corn; 43,770 of sweet potatoes; 
 14,202 pounds of tobacco, and 50,490 of rice. 
 It contained 12 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 48 pupils attending an academy. Capi- 
 tal, Marianna. Population, 6639, of whom 
 8105 were free, and 3534, slaves. 
 
 Jackson, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Alabama, bordering on Tennessee 
 and Georgia, has an area of 1150 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Tennessee river 
 and numeroiis creeks. The surface is tra- 
 versed by mountain ridges. The soil in some 
 parts is fertile, adapted to cotton, Indian 
 
 corn, and grass. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 2382 bales of cotton; 796,201 bushels 
 of corn, and 72,016 of oats. There were 2 
 tanneries, 1 cotton factory, and 1 grist and 
 saw mill. It contained 25 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office; 453 pupils attending piiblic 
 schools, and 40 attending an academy. The 
 Tennessee river is navigated by steamboats 
 through the county. ' Capital, Bellefonte. 
 Population, 14,088, of whom 11,796 were free, 
 and 2292, slaves. 
 
 Jackson, a county forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Mississippi, bordering on Ala- 
 bama, and on Pascagoula bay, has an area 
 of about 1230 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Pascagoula river. The soil is sandy and 
 sterile, mostly covered by pine woods. In- 
 dian corn, potatoes, and rice are cultivated. 
 In 1850 this county produced 29,848 bushels 
 of corn; 29,669 of sweet potatoes, and 113,975 
 pounds of rice. It contained 14 churches, 
 and 114 pupils attending public schools. 
 The river is navigable through the county. 
 Capital, Jacksonborough. Population, 3196, 
 of whom 2371 were free, and 825, slaves. 
 
 Jackson, a parish in the N. part of Louisi- 
 ana, contains 760 square miles. It is drain- 
 ed by small affluents of the Washita river. 
 The surface is undulating, the soil mostly 
 fertile. Cotton and maize are the staple 
 products. In 1850 there were raised 1394 
 bales of cotton; 136,404 bushels of Indian 
 corn, and 30,798 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 2 saw and planing mills, and 4 manufac- 
 tories of farming implements. It contained 12 
 churches, and 660 pupils attending public 
 schools. A strong current of emigration 
 from the older cotton states has recently 
 been directed to this section of Louisiana. 
 Capital, Vernon. Population, 5566, of whom 
 3408 were free, and 2158, slaves. 
 
 J»A^CKSON, a county in the S. part of Texas, 
 bordering on Lavacca bay, has an area of 
 884 square miles. It is intersected by La- 
 vacca river, navigable by small boats, and 
 also drained by the Navidad river. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and consists partly of 
 prairies ; the soil near the streams is fertile. 
 Indian corn, sugar, and indigo flourish. In 
 1850 this county produced 30,600 bushels 
 of corn ; 8454 of sweet potatoes ; 290 bales 
 of cotton; 26,240 pounds of butter, and 31 
 hogsheads of sugar. It had 1 newspaper 
 office, and 20 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Texana. Population, 996, of whom 
 657 were free, and 339, slaves. 
 
 .Jackson, a county in the N. E. part of Ar- 
 kansas ; area, about 1040 square miles. The 
 Black and White rivers form the W. boundary. 
 It is also drained by the Cache river. The 
 surface is level ; the soil fertile, adapted to 
 cotton and maize. In 1850, Jackson county 
 produced 108,615 bushels of Indian corn; 
 870 bales of cotton, and 41,375 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 1 flour and grist mill, 
 and 2 tanneries. There were 125 pupils at 
 
 531 
 
JAC 
 
 JAC 
 
 tending public schools. The county contains 
 large forests of cypress and ash, which supply 
 the chief article of export. Capital, Eliza- 
 beth. Population, 3086, of whom 2523 were 
 free, and 5G3, slaves. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the N. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Kentucky ; area, esti- 
 mated at 630 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Cumberland river. The surface is diver- 
 sified by hills and valleys; the soil produces 
 Indian corn, tobacco, and pasture for cattle. 
 In 1850 there were raised 805,737 bushels of 
 corn ; 56,288 of oats ; 432,114 pounds of to- 
 bacco, and 177,310 of butter were made. It 
 contained 11 churches, 6377 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 100 attending academies 
 or other schools. Cumberland river is navi- 
 gable by steamboats through the county. 
 Capital, Gainesborough. Population, 15,673, 
 of whom 14,115 were free, and 1558, slaves. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the S. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of about 378 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Little Scioto river, and by 
 Salt and Symmes' creeks. The surface is 
 moderately hilly, and the soil generally fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, oats, haj% butter, cattle, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1 850 this county 
 produced 316,337 bushels of corn; 74,790 of 
 oats ; 7184 tons of hay, and 131,712 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 16 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and 4082 pupils attending 
 public schools. This county is rich in mine- 
 rals. Stone coal, iron, marble, and salt can 
 be procured in any quantity, but are not 
 much iised at present ; a few iron furnaces, 
 however, are in operation. The Scioto and 
 Hocking Valley" railroad extends from Ports- 
 mouth to the county seat, and the Hills- 
 borough and Parkersburg railroad passes 
 through the county. Capital, Jackson. Po- 
 pulation, 12,721. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the S. central jvirt 
 of Michigan, contains about 720 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head streams of the 
 Grand, Kalamazoo, and Raisin rivers. The 
 surface is undulating, and the soil is a rich 
 sandy loam. The greater part of the county 
 was occupied by dense forests, and by " oak 
 openings," or plains which are covered with 
 a sparse growth of oak and hickory, and 
 free from underbrush. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, hay, potatoes, wool, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 486,616 bushels of wheat; 270,112 of corn; 
 178,334 of oats; 168,516 of potatoes; 28,464 
 tons of hay, and 143,876 pounds of wool. 
 The above quantities of potatoes was the 
 greatest raised in any county of the state. 
 It contained 22 churches and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Limestone and sandstone are abun- 
 dant, and stone coal and iron are found in the 
 county. The streams furnish abundant water- 
 power. The Central railroad connects the 
 county with Detroit and Lake Michigan. 
 Capital, Jackson. Pop., 19,431. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the S. part of In- 
 532 
 
 diana, contains 544 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Driftwood fork of White 
 river. The surface is mostly undulating or 
 nearly level, and presents a variety of soils, 
 some of which are very fertile. The chief 
 productions are wheat, maize, oats, potatoes, 
 and pork. In 1850 this county produced 
 949,174 bushels of corn; 38,464 of wheat; 
 75,752 of oats, and 2458 tons of hay. There 
 were 28 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 1154 
 pupils attending public schools. It contains 
 beds of iron ore, the extent of which has not 
 been explored. The railroad from Jefferson- 
 ville to Columbus passes through the county. 
 The streams furnish extensive water-power. 
 Organized in 1815. Capital, Brownstown. 
 Population, 11,047. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the S. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Missouri, has an area of 
 about 645 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the S. W. by the Mississippi river, intersect- 
 ed by Big Muddy river, and also drained by 
 Beaucoup and other creeks. The surface is 
 diversified. An eminence called Fountain 
 Bluff, remarkable for its ovoid form, rises in 
 the S. AV. part, to the height of about 300 
 feet. Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, 
 pork, and cattle are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 273,050 bushels of 
 corn; 22,354 of wheat, and 30,104 of oats. 
 It contained 8 churches, and 1050 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Extensive mines of 
 stone coal have been opened on the banks 
 of Big Muddy river. Salt is procured from 
 springs near the same stream. The county 
 is traversed by the Central railroad. Capi- 
 tal, Murphysborough. Population, 5862. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Indian Territory, has 
 an area of 612 square miles. The Missouri 
 river (navigable by steamboats) forms its 
 northern boundai-y ; the Kanzas river enters 
 the Missouri at the N. ^Y. extremity of the 
 county ; it is also drained by Big Blue and 
 Little Blue rivers, and by Snybar creek. 
 The surface is undulating ; the soil is remark- 
 ably fertile, and well watered. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, hemp, cattle, horses, mules, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 938,309 bushels of corn; 
 .55,856 of wheat; 124,363 of oats; 798 tons 
 of hay, and 361]- tons of hemp. It contained 
 14 churches and 2 newspaper offices, 1195 
 pupils attending public schools, and 236 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Lime- 
 stone is the principal rock of the county. 
 The streams furnish extensive water-power. 
 The caravans engaged in the trade of Santa 
 Fe .and Utah obtain their outfit at this place, 
 which furnishes a good market for provisions, 
 horses, &c. Vast numbers of emigrants to 
 California also take their departure from In- 
 dependencej the capital. Pop., 14.000, of 
 whom 11,031 were free, and 2969, slaves. 
 
 Jackson, a county in the E. part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Illinois, has an area of 636 
 
JAC 
 
 JAG 
 
 square miles. The Mississippi river washes 
 its north-eastern border ; the county is tra- 
 versed by the Maquolieta river, and drained 
 also by the Fall river, and by several creeks. 
 The surface is uneven, the soil is fertile, well 
 watered and well timbered. Indian corn, 
 wheat, potatoes, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850, Jackson county produced 202,791 
 bushels of Indian corn; 182,024 of wheat; 
 25,854 of potatoes, the greatest quantity 
 raised in any county of the state except Du- 
 buque county; 101,512 pounds of wool, and 
 7594 tons of hay. The county contains valu- 
 able mines of iron, and lead. Maquoketa 
 river furnishes water-power. Capital, Belle- 
 Yue. Population, 7210. 
 
 Jackson, a post-township of Waldo co., 
 Maine, about 44 miles N. E. from Augusta, 
 contains a small village of its own name. 
 Population, 833. 
 
 Jackson, a post-township of Coos co., New 
 Hampshire, on the head waters of Ellis river, 
 about 70 miles N. by E. from Concord. Po- 
 pulation, 589. 
 
 Jackson, a post-township of Washington 
 CO., New York, 40 miles N. N. E. from Alba- 
 ny. Population, 2129. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Cambria co., Pa., 
 7 miles W. from Ebensburg. Pop., 832. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 14 miles N. by W. from Bloomsburg. 
 Population, 374. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Dauphin co., Pa., 
 20 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. Pop., 920. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Greene co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 miles S. W. from Waynesburg. 
 Population, 1252. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Huntingdon co.. Pa. Pop., 1431. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Lebanon co., Pa., 
 7 miles E. from Lebanon. Pop., 1980. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 4 or 5 miles N. W. from AVilkes- 
 barre. Population, 592. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. by W. from Wil- 
 liamsport. Population, 407. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Monroe co.. Pa., 
 26 miles N. N. W. from Easton. Pop., 692. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Northumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 
 13 miles S. from Sunbury. Pop., 1935. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Perry co., Penn- 
 sj'lvania, 36 miles W. from Harrisburg. Po- 
 pulation, 885. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Potter co.. Pa., 12 
 miles E. from Coudersport. Pop., 51. 
 
 Jackson, a post-township of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 13 miles E. from Montrose. 
 Population, 978. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Tioga CO., Pa. Pop., 1419. 
 
 Jackson, a small village of Tioga co.. Pa. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Venango co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 985. 
 
 Jackson, a small village of Venango co., Pa. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village of Louisa co., Vir- 
 ginia, 37 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village, capital of North- 
 ampton county. North Carolina, 95 miles 
 N. E. from Raleigh. It contains, besides 
 the county buildings, 2 churches, 3 stores, 
 and 2 schools. 
 
 Jackson, a small post-village, capital of 
 Butts county, Georgia, 55 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. It is pleasantly situated in the 
 midst of a fertile country. It contains a 
 court house, 2 churches, and 2 academies. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village in Clark co., Ala- 
 bama, near Tombigbee river, 125 miles S. W. 
 from Montgomery. 
 
 Jackson, a thriving town of Hinds co., and 
 capital of the state of Mississippi, is situated 
 on the right bank of Pearl river, and on the 
 Vicksburg and Brandon railroad, 45 miles E. 
 from Vicksburg, and 1010 miles from Wash- 
 ington. Lat. 32° 23' N., lon. 90° 8' W. The 
 site of the town is level and the plan is re- 
 gular. It contains a handsome state house, 
 the executive mansion, the state lunatic asy- 
 lum, the penitentiary, a United States land- 
 ofSce, several churches, and 4 newspaper of- 
 fices. About 30,000 bales of cotton are annu- 
 ally shipped here. Jackson is one of the 
 principal points on the New Orleans, Jackson, 
 and Northern railroad, now in progress. 
 Population in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Jackson, a thriving post-village of E. Fe- 
 liciana parish, Louisiana, on Thompson's 
 creek, 20 miles N. from Baton Rouge. It is 
 the seat of the state asylum for the insane, 
 founded in 1848. The buildings are spacious 
 and comfortable. The number of patients 
 in 1851 was 81. Centenary College of this 
 place is a flourishing institution, under the 
 direction of the Methodists. The village also 
 contains several female seminaries of respect- 
 able character, and 4 churches. Population, 
 about ] 000. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village in Lawrence co., 
 Arkansas, near Spring river, 135 miles N. 
 N. E. from Little Rock. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Monroe co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 339. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Sevier co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 756. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Union co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 796. 
 
 Jackson, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Madison co., Tennessee, on the Forked Deer 
 river, 150 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. It 
 is surrounded by a fertile region, and is a 
 place of considerable trade. The Mobile and 
 Ohio railroad is to pass through this village. 
 It contains a bank, 2 or 3 churches, and a 
 flourishing college. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village, capital of Breathitt 
 CO., Kentucky, on the Kentucky river, about 
 70 miles in a straight line S. E. from Lexing- 
 ton. It contains 2 churches and several 
 stores. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the E. part of Al- 
 533 
 
JAC 
 
 JAC 
 
 len CO., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and 
 Indiana railroad. Population, 1175. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Ashland co., Ohio. Population, 1532. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the E. part of 
 Brown co., Ohio. Population, 1262. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop., 1735. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the E. part of Cler- 
 mont CO., Ohio, Population, 1241. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the central part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio. Population, 2037. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Crawford co., Ohio, Population, 1711. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Darke co., Ohio. Population, 565. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the S. part of Frank- 
 lin CO., Ohio, on the W. side of the Scioto river. 
 Population, 1550. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the S. part of 
 Guei-nsey co., Ohio. Population, 1192. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Hancock co., Ohio. Population, 830. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Hardin co., Ohio. 
 Population, 530. 
 
 .Jackson, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Highland co., Ohio. Population, 1449. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop., 713. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village of Liberty town- 
 ship, and capital of Jackson county, Ohio, 75 
 miles S. S. E. from Columbus. The Scioto 
 and Hocking Valley railroad, when finished, 
 will connect it with Portsmouth on the Ohio 
 river. It contains 4 churches, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. Laid out in 1817, Population 
 in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Knox CO., Ohio. Pop., 1080. 
 
 Jackson or Jacksontown, a post-village of 
 Licking co., Ohio, on the National road, 31 
 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Mahoning co., Ohio. Population, 1142. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Montgomery co., Ohio. Population, 2012. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Morgan co.,Ohio. 
 Population, 1249. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop., 1233. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the W. central part 
 of Paulding co., Ohio. Population, 58. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the W. part of 
 Perry co., Ohio. Population, 1740. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the central part of 
 Pickaway co., Ohio, on the W. side of Scioto 
 river. Population, 1042. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Pike CO., Ohio, intersected by 
 Scioto river. Population, 1465. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the W. N. W. part 
 of Preble co., Ohio. Population, 1406. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. 
 Population, 221. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Richland co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1003, 
 534 
 
 Jackson, a township in the S. 'W. part of 
 Sandusky co., Ohio. Population, 1092. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop., 995. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop., 705. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Starke co., Ohio. Population, 1517. 
 
 Jackson, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Union co., Ohio. Pop., 436. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Vinton co., Ohio. Population, 835. 
 
 Jackson, a village in Wayne co., Ohio, on 
 the road from Wooster to Cleveland, 96 
 miles N. E. from Columbus, has about 300 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 .Jackson, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Wood county, Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 74. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Wyandottco., Ohio. 
 Population, 395. 
 
 Jackson, a post-township in the central 
 part of Jackson co., Michigan. Pop., 4147. 
 
 Jackson, a flourishing town in the town- 
 ship of the same name, and capital of Jack- 
 son county, Michigan, is situated on Grand 
 river, near its source, and on the Central 
 railroad, 76 miles AV. from Detroit, and 38 
 miles S. by E. from Lansing. A plank-road 
 is in process of construction from Lansing to 
 this place. The river affords an extensive 
 water-power, which is employed in factories 
 and mills of various kinds. Jackson con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, 5 churches, 
 1 seminary for young ladies, 2 printing offices, 
 and the state penitentiary, in which about 
 170 convicts are employed in mechanical 
 labor. Population in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Bartholomew co., 
 Indiana. Population, 343. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Blackford co., In- 
 diana. Population, 419. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Brown co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1098. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Carroll co., Indiana. 
 Population, 895. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Cass co., Indiana. 
 Population, 488. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Clay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 735. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Clinton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 2060. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Dearborn co., In- 
 diana. Population, 916. 
 
 Jackson, a township of De Kalb co., In- 
 diana. Population, 726. 
 
 Jackson, a post-township of Elkhart co., 
 Indiana. Population, 991. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Fayette co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1283. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Fountain co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1170. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Greene co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1146. 
 
 •Jackson, a township of Hamilton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1800. 
 
JAC 
 
 JAC 
 
 Jackson, a township in Hancock co., In- 
 diana. Population, 677. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Howard co., In- 
 diana. Population, 584. 
 
 Jaokson, a township of Jackson co., la- 
 diana. Population, 625. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Jasper co., Indiana. 
 Popuhition, 312. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Jay co., Indiana. 
 Popuhition, 575. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana. Population, 851. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Madison co., In- 
 diana. Population, 835. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Miami co., Indiana. 
 Population, 546. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Morgan co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1138. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Orange co., In- 
 diana. Population, 687. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Owen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 778. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Parke co., Indiana. 
 Population, 959. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Putnam co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1218. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Randolph co., In- 
 diana. Population, 911. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Ripley co., Indiana. 
 Population, 887. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Rush co., Indiana. 
 Population, 887. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Shelby co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1181. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Steuben co., In- 
 diana. Population, 594. 
 
 Jackson, a township of Sullivan co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1056. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village in Switzerland co., 
 Indiana, 100 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Tippecanoe co., 
 Indiana. Population, 966. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Washington co., 
 Indiana. Population, 2641. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Wayne co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1074. 
 
 Jackson, a township in Wells co., Indiana. 
 Population, 633. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village in Stephenson co., 
 Illinois, 140 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Jackson, a' township in Will co., Illinois. 
 Population, 456. 
 
 Jackson, a post-village, capital of Cape 
 Girardeau county, Missouri, 200 miles E. S. 
 E. from Jefferson City, and 10 miles from the 
 Mississippi river. It contains a court house, 
 a bank. United States land-ofiBce, a newspaper 
 office, and numerous stores. 
 
 Jackson, a township in the S. part of Wash- 
 ington CO., Wisconsin. Population, 1038. 
 
 Jackson, a post-town of Calaveras county, 
 California, is situated in the northern part of 
 the county, about 3 miles N. of the Moque- 
 lumne river. It is principally supported by 
 miners. Pop. in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Jacksonboeough, a post-village of Scriven 
 
 CO., Georgia, on Beaverdam creek, 55 miles 
 S. S. E. from Augusta, was formerly the 
 county seat. 
 
 Jacksonboeough, Mississippi. See Jack- 
 son Court House. 
 
 Jacksonboeough, a post-village of Butler 
 countjr, Ohio, about 100 niiles W. S. W. from" 
 Columbus. 
 
 Jacksonbeook, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Maine. 
 
 Jacksonburg, a post-office of Herkimer 
 county. New York. 
 
 Jacksonburg, a post- village in Wayne co., 
 Indiana, 60 miles E. by N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Jackson Corners, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county. New York. 
 
 Jackson Court House, Va. See Ripley. 
 
 Jackson Court House, formerly Jackson- 
 borough, a post-village, capital of Jackson 
 county, Mississippi, on Pascagoula river, 
 about 150 miles S. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Jackson Creek, a small post-village of 
 Will county, Illinois, 48 miles S. W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Jackson Furnace, a post-village of Jack- 
 son county, Ohio, about 90 miles S. by E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Jackson Grove, a post-office of Fulton co., 
 Illinois. See Independence. 
 
 Jackson Hall, a post-village of Franklin 
 county, Pennsylvania, 5 miles S. E. from 
 Chambersburg, contains near 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Jacksonham, a post-village in Lancaster 
 district, South Carolina, 80 miles N. N. E. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Jackson Hill, apost-village of Davidson co., 
 North Carolina, 132 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Jackson Hill, a post-office of Spartan- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 Jackson Point, a post-office of Holt co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Jackson Port, a small post-village of .Jack- 
 son county, Arkansas, at the confluence of 
 White and Black rivers. 
 
 Jackson's Ca^ip, a small post-village of 
 Tallapoosa county, Alabama. 
 
 Jackson's Ferry, a post-office of Wythe 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Jackson's Glass-works, a post-village of 
 Camden county. New Jersey, about 18 miles 
 S. E. from Camden. 
 
 Jackson's Mills, a post-office of Ocean 
 county, New Jersey. 
 
 Jackson's River of Virginia, the principal 
 constituent of James river, is formed by two 
 branches, the North and South forks, which 
 rise in Highland county, in the N. central 
 part of the state, and flowing south-westward, 
 unite in Bath county. The river then pur- 
 sues a southerly course to the mouth of Potts' 
 creek, in Alleghany county, where it turns 
 toward the north-east, and flowing through 
 rugged mountain passes, unites with the Cow- 
 pasture river, (the other branch of the 
 .James river,) near the boundary between 
 Alleghany and Botetourt counties, about 15 
 
 535 
 
JAC 
 
 JAC 
 
 miles below CoTington. The passage of tins 
 river through Waite's mountain is remarkable 
 for its sublime scenery. The length of the 
 main stream is estimated at above 50 miles, 
 and each of the branches has about the same 
 extent 
 
 Jacksontown, Ohio. See Jackson. 
 
 Jackson Valley, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-village in Windham 
 county, Vermont. 
 
 Jacksonville, a small post-village of 
 Tompkins county, New York, 8 or 10 miles 
 N. N. W. from Ithaca. 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-village of Burlington 
 county, New Jersey, 17 miles S. from Trenton, 
 has a Methodist church, and 2 stores. 
 
 Jacksonville, formerly Imlay's Mills, a 
 small village of Monmouth co.. New Jersey, 
 aboiit 10 miles W. from Freehold. 
 
 Jacksonville, a village of Middlesex co.. 
 New Jersey, at the head of Cheesequake 
 creek, contains 2 churches. 
 
 Jacksonville, a village of Centre county, 
 Pennsylvania, in Nittany valley, 9 miles N. 
 E. from Bellefonte. The name of the post- 
 office is Walker. 
 
 Jacksonville, a thriving village of Greene 
 CO., Pennsylvania, IG miles W. from Waynes- 
 burg. The village has several hotels and 
 about 40 dwellings. 
 
 Jacksonville, a village of Indiana county, 
 Pennsylvania, 40 miles E. from Pittsburg, 
 contains 1 or 2 churches, an academy, and 
 about 50 houses. 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-village of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Maiden creek, about 82 
 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Jacksonville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Floyd county, Virginia, 230 miles W. byS. 
 from Richmond. It contains the county 
 buildings, a church, an academy, and about 
 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Jacksonville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Telfair county, Georgia, is 1 mile from the 
 Oomulgee river, and 104 miles S. from Mill- 
 edgeville. It has the usual county buildings, 
 and 4 stores. 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-village, capital of 
 Duval county, Florida, on the left bank of St. 
 John's river, 252 miles E. from Tallahassee. 
 It contains a court house, church, several 
 stores, and 1045 inhabitants. 
 
 Jacksonville, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Benton county, Alabama, is situ- 
 ated on a beautiful eminence in Tallasahat- 
 chee valley, 125 miles N. by E. from Mont- 
 gomery. The situation is healthy, and com- 
 mands a fine view of an adjacent mountain 
 range. A newspaper is published here. The 
 Alabama and Tennessee Eiver railroad will 
 pass through or near this place. 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-office of Cherokee 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Jacksonville, a small village of Obion co., 
 Tennessee, about 150 miles W. from Nashville. 
 636 
 
 Jacksonville, a small post-village of Bour- 
 bon CO., Kentucky, 9 miles N. W. from Paris. 
 
 Jacksonville, a village of Adams county, 
 Ohio, on the Maysville and Zanesville turn- 
 pike, about 100 S. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-village of Darke co., 
 Ohio, 100 miles W. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 Jacksonville, a village of Fountain co., 
 Indiana, about 18 miles S. E. from Covington. 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-village of Switzer- 
 land county, Indiana, 100 miles S. E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-township in Morgan 
 county, Illinois. Population, 2745. 
 
 Jacksonville, a flourishing town, capi- 
 tal of Morgan county, Illinois, on the San- 
 gamon and Morgan railroad, 32 miles W. 
 from Springfield. It is situated in an un- 
 dulating and fertile prairie, in the vicinity of 
 a small afliuent of the Illinois river, called 
 Movestar creek, a corruption of " Mauvaise 
 Terre." This town is distinguished for the 
 elegance of its public buildings, and for the 
 number of its educational and charitable in- 
 stitutions, among which are Illinois College, 
 the state asylums for the blind, the insane, 
 and the deaf and dumb, a female academy, 
 under the direction of the Methodists, and 2 
 other academies. The asylums above named 
 occupy relatively three sides of a quadran- 
 gle around the town, each about a mile from 
 its centre. Illinois College occupies a beau- 
 tiful and commanding position, and is one 
 of the most flourishing and respectable in- 
 stitutions in the state. It was founded in 
 1830, and has a library of 2500 volumes. 
 An intelligent traveller, who recently visited 
 this jDlace, remarks, "It looks like a village 
 made to order at the East, with neat houses, 
 some wood, some brick ; with gardens filled 
 with flowers and shrubbery, with wide and 
 cleanly streets adorned with shade-trees, with 
 academies, churches, and a college, clustering 
 about the village centre, while well- tilled farms 
 stretch along the borders on every side." 
 
 Jacksonville, a post-town of Tuolumne 
 county, California. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Jack's Reef, a post-ofiice of Onondaga 
 county, New York. 
 
 Jackstown, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 count}', Pennsylvania. 
 
 Jacksville, a post-office of Butler co., Pa. 
 
 Jacobsbueg, a small post-village of North- 
 ampton county, Pennsylvania, about 11 miles 
 N. W. from Easton. 
 
 Jacobsbukg, a post-village of Belmont co., 
 Ohio, about 10 miles S. from St. Clairsville. 
 
 Jacob's Church, a post-office of Shenan- 
 doah county, Virginia. 
 
 Jacob's Creek of Westmoreland county, 
 Pennsylvania, flows into the Youghioghen3\ 
 
 Jacob's Fork, a post-office of Catawba co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Jacobsport, a thriving village of Coshoc- 
 ton CO., Ohio, about 80 miles E. N. E. from 
 Columbus. Population, about 300. 
 
JAC 
 
 JAM 
 
 Jacobstown, a post-village of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, 12 miles E. N. E. from 
 Mount Holly. It has 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 Jacobsville, a post-of&ce of Carroll cc, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Jadben, a post-office of Grant co., Ind. 
 
 Jaffeey, a post-township of Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, on the head waters of Con- 
 toocook river, about 44 miles S. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 1497. 
 
 Jake's Peaieie, a post-office of Gasconade 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Jake's Run, a post-office of Monongalia co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Jalapa, a post-office of Dooly co., Ga. 
 
 Jalapa, a post-office of McMinn co., Tenn. 
 
 Jalapa, a new post-village of Grant co., 
 Indiana, 80 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 It has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Jalapa, a thriving post-village of Greene 
 CO., Illinois, on Macoupin creek, 12 miles S. 
 E. from Carrollton. The water-power of the 
 creek gives motion to several mills. 
 
 Jamaica, a post-township of Windham co., 
 Vermont, on AVest river, about 90 miles S. 
 from Montpelier, contains a village of its own 
 name. Population, 1606. 
 
 Jamaica, a post-township of Queen's co.. 
 New York, bordering on Jamaica bay. Po- 
 pulation, 4247. 
 
 Jamaica, n, neat post-village in the above 
 township, on the Long Island railroad, 12 
 miles E. from Brooklyn. It contains S or 6 
 churches, 2 academies or seminaries, 2 news- 
 pj^per offices, and many fine residences, some 
 of which are occupied by persons doing busi- 
 ness in New York city. 
 
 Jamaica, a post-office of Middlesex co., Va. 
 
 Jamaica Plain, a post-village of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, 6 miles S. W. of Boston. 
 
 Jamesbueg, a post-office of Ulster co., N. Y. 
 
 Jamesbukg, a post-office of Middlesex co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 James Citt, a county in the S. E part of 
 Virginia, contains 184 square miles. The 
 York river bounds it on the N. E., the James 
 river on the S., and the Chickahominy on 
 the W. The surface is undulating. Corn, 
 wheat, oats, and butter are cultivated. In 
 1850 this county produced 102,430 bushels 
 of corn; 25,476 of wheat; 22,040 of oats; 
 and 17,785 pounds of butter. There were in 
 that year 280 pupils attending academies 
 and other schools. The exports consist of 
 oak and pine wood for fuel, and oysters. 
 This is one of the eight original shires into 
 which Virginia was divided in 1634. Capi- 
 tal, Williamsburg. Population, 4020, of 
 whom 2152 were free, and 1868, slaves. 
 
 James Creek, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 100 miles W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 James Cross Roads, a small post-village 
 of Washington co., Tennessee. 
 
 James Fork or River, Missouri, see 
 White River, of Arkansas. 
 
 James' Fork, a post-office of Sebastian co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 James' Mill, a post-office of Monroe, co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Jamesport, a post- village of Suffolk co., 
 New York, on the Long Island railroad, 80 
 miles E. from New York city. 
 
 James River, the largest of the rivers which 
 have their course wholly within the state of 
 Virginia, is formed by the Jackson and Cow- 
 pasture rivers, which unite 15 miles below 
 Covington, on the border between Alleghany 
 and Botetourt counties. Flowing first south- 
 eastward through the mountains of Central 
 Virginia, it is joined by the Calfpasture 
 river from the left at the base of the Blue 
 Ridge, through which it forces a passage 
 about 15 miles N. E. from the Peaks of Otter. 
 It then flows south-eastward, passes by 
 Lynchburg, and at the southern extremity 
 of Amherst county changes its course to the 
 north-east. Below Scottsville its general 
 direction is east-south-east. After passing 
 by Richmond, where the channel is divided 
 by numerous islands, and the river descends 
 over rocky rapids about 6 miles in extent, 
 it gradually expands into an estuary of seve- 
 ral miles in width, and flows into the south- 
 ern extremity of Chesapeake bay, between 
 Willoughby Point and Old Point Comfort. 
 The whole length, exclusive of the branches, 
 is about 450 miles. The tide ascends to 
 Richmond, about 150 miles from the sea. It 
 is navigable for vessels of 130 tons to the 
 port of Richmond, from which point the 
 James River and Kanawha canal has been 
 constructed along the upper part of the river. 
 This canal is completed to Buchanan, be- 
 yond the Blue Ridge, and is to be extended 
 to Covington, on Jackson's river. Here it 
 will connect with the eastern terminus of 
 the Covington and Ohio railroad, now in 
 course of construction. James river passes 
 through a fertile and populous country, and 
 is an important channel of trade. The chief 
 towns on its banks are Richmond, Lj-nch- 
 burg, Scottsville, Manchester, and Buchanan. 
 That part of the estuary which lies between 
 Hampton and Norfolk is called Hampton 
 Roads. 
 
 James River, of Missouri, flows through 
 Green co., and enters White river in Taney co. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-township of Newport 
 CO., Rhode Island, consists of Canonicut, a 
 beautiful island in Narragansett bay, oppo- 
 site Newport. Population, 358. 
 
 Jamestown, a thriving post-village of Elli- 
 cott township, Chautauque county, New 
 York, on the outlet of Chautauque lake, 21 
 miles S. E. from Maysville. It contains 6 or 
 7 churches, an academy, a bank, and 2 
 newspaper offices. A steamboat plies daily 
 to Maysville. The outlet furnishes water- 
 power, which is used in manufactories of 
 wool, iron, flour, and other articles. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 2200. 
 
 537 
 
JAM 
 
 JAS 
 
 Jamestown, a post-village of Mercer, co., 
 Pa., about 22 miles N. W. from Mercer. 
 
 Jamestown, a village in James City co., 
 Virginia, on the N. bank of Jamestown river, 
 50 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. The first 
 English settlement in the United States was 
 made at this 23lace in 1608: nothing now re- 
 remains but a few ruins. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-village of Guilford co., 
 North Carolina, on Deep river, 94 miles W. 
 by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Jamestown, a small village in Rutherford 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-ofBce of Muscogee co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-village of Sumter co., 
 Alabama, near Tombigbee river, 130 miles 
 W. N. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-village, capital of Fen- 
 tress county, Tennessee, 120 miles E. by N. 
 from Nashville. It is situated on the Cum- 
 berland mountain. 
 
 Jamestown, a village of Campbell county, 
 Kentuckjr, on the Ohio river, 2 miles above 
 Cincinnati, is beautifully situated and rapidly 
 improving. It has several steam mills, and 
 a steam ferry to Cincinnati. Laid out in 
 1847. Population in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Jamestown, a small village in Monroe co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Jamestown, a small post-village, capital 
 of Russell county, Kentucky, on the Cumber- 
 land river, 80 miles in a straight line S. S.W. 
 from Lexington. It contains the usual pub- 
 lic buildings, 6 stores, and near 200 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-village of Greene co., 
 Ohio, on the Xenia and Washington turnpike, 
 64 miles W. S. W. from Columbus. It con- 
 tains 3 churches and several mills. 
 
 Jamestown, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Ottawa co., Mich. Pop., 72. 
 
 Jamestown, a small post-village of Boone 
 CO., Indiana, 29 miles W. N. W. from Indi- 
 anapolis, contains about 40 dwellings. 
 
 Jamestown, a small village of Elkhart co., 
 Indiana, 12 miles W. N. W. from Goshen. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-village of Clinton co., 
 Illinois, 15 miles N. W. from Carlyle. 
 
 Jamestown, a village in Stephenson co., 
 Illinois, 115 miles AV. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Jamestown, a village in Andrew county, 
 Missouri, 180 miles N. W. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-office of Moniteau co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Jamestown, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Grant co., Wisconsin, on the E. side of the 
 ISIississippi river. Population, 666. 
 
 Jamestown, a small post-village in the 
 above township, 86 miles W. S. W. from Ma- 
 dison, contains about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Jamesville, a post-village of De Witt 
 township, Onondaga county, New York, 6 or 
 7 miles S. S. E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Janatts, a post-office of Sussex co., Va. 
 538 
 
 Janelew, a post-village of Lewis co., Vir- 
 ginia, about 280 miles N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Janesville, a flourishing town in Janes- 
 ville township, and capital of Rock county, 
 Wisconsin, is finely situated on both sides of 
 Rock river, 45 miles S. E. from Madison, and 
 65 miles W. from Racine, with which it is 
 connected by a plank-road. It is built prin- 
 cipally on a level space about 200 j^ards in 
 width, between the river and the bluffs, which 
 rise nearly to the height of 100 feet. The 
 court house occupies a conspicuous position 
 on the summit of the bluff. The town con- 
 tains 6 churches of brick or stone, 2 banks, 
 an academy, a female seminary, and the state 
 institution for the blind. The Milwaukee and 
 Mississippi railroad here intersects the Fond 
 du Lac and Rock River railroad. The former 
 is completed from Milwaukee to Janesville. 
 Railroads are also in progress to P^acine, 
 Beloit, Madison, Kenosha, and Chicago. 
 Rock river affords extensive water-power, 
 which is employed in factories and mills of 
 various kinds. Janesville is the centre of 
 an active and increasing trade. Four news- 
 papers are published here. It was settled 
 about 1836, made the the county seat in 1839, 
 and incorporated as a city in 1853. The po- 
 pulation (in 1853) is estimated at 5000. 
 
 Jansen's Creek, of Columbia county. New 
 York, forms part of the boundary between 
 Columbia and Dutchess counties, and falls 
 into the Hudson river about 4 miles S. of 
 Catskill. 
 
 Jaerett's, a post-office of Sussex county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Jaerett's Ford, a post-office of Kanawha 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Jaerettsville, a post-office of Harford 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Jasper, a county in the N. central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 365 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by the Ocmulgee 
 river, and drained by Rocky, Falling, Mur- 
 der, and Cedar creeks. The surface is un- 
 dulating and hilly; the soil is moderately 
 fertile, adapted to cotton and grain. In 
 1850 the county produced 9899 bales of cot- 
 ton ; 460,680 bushels of corn ; 62,898 of oats ; 
 and 78,734 of sweet potatoes. There were 
 5 flour mills, 2 saw mills, and 1 tannery. It 
 contained 27 churches, 213 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 170 attending academies 
 or other schools. Gold, iron, granite, jasper, 
 and garnet are enumerated among the mine- 
 rals of the county. Organized in 1807, and 
 named in honor of Sergeant Jasper, who fell 
 at the siege of Savannah, in 1779. Capital, 
 Monticello. Population, 11,486, of whom 
 4352 were free, and 7134, slaves. 
 
 Jasper, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Mississippi, contains about 700 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Tallahoma river. 
 The surface is moderately uneven ; the soil 
 in some parts is fertile. Cotton and Indian 
 
JAS 
 
 JAY 
 
 corn are tlie staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 1422 bales of cotton ; 209,691 bush- 
 els of corn ; and 78,942 of sweet potatoes. 
 It contained 14 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 339 pupils attending public schools, and 115 
 attending academies or other schools. Ca- 
 pital, Paulding. Population, 6184, of whom 
 4297 were free, and 1887, slaves. 
 
 Jasper, a county in the E. part of Texas, 
 contains about 1000 square miles. The 
 Neches river bounds it on the W., and it is 
 drained by the Angelina river. The soil 
 near the margin of the stream is very fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 359 bales of cotton; 44,498 bushels of corn, 
 and 15,745 of sweet potatoes. It contained 
 1 newspaper office, and 140 pupils attending 
 public schools. The Neches river is naviga- 
 ble, in high stages of water, to the upper 
 part of this county. Capital, Jasper. Popu- 
 lation, 1767, of whom 1226 "were free, and 
 541, slaves. 
 
 Jasper, a county in the N. W. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Illinois, contains 984 
 square miles, and is the largest county in the 
 state. It is drained by Kankakee and Iro- 
 quois rivers. The surface is nearly level. 
 A large part of it is occupied by the Grand 
 Prairie and the Kankakee marshes, or wet 
 prairies, among which small groves, or oak 
 openings, are dispersed. The soil is better 
 adapted to pasturage than tillage, and the 
 chief articles of export are cattle, horses, 
 swine, &c. In 1850 this county produced 
 250,895 bushels of corn; 9051 of wheat; 
 27,376 of oats ; and 3822 tons of hay. It 
 contained 1 church, and 238 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Organized in 1837. Ca- 
 pital, Eensselaer. Population, 3540. 
 
 Jasper, a county in the E. S. E. part of Il- 
 linois, has an area of 440 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Embarras river, an affluent 
 of the Wabash. The surface is nearly level, 
 and in some parts flat. It contains some 
 fertile prairies. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 132,585 bushels of corn ; 
 3540 of wheat, and 19,620 of oats. It con- 
 tained 7 churches, and 180 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Newton. Popula- 
 tion, 3220. 
 
 Jasper, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on the Indian Territory, 
 has an area of 1230 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by Spring river, and also drained 
 by Muddy, Centre, Drywood, and Horse 
 creeks. Surface somewhat diversified ; soil 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cat- 
 tle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 275,116 bushels of corn; 
 16,909 of wheat ; 63,265 of oats ; and 201 
 tons of hay. It contained 8 churches, and 
 369 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Carthage. Population, 4223, of whom 4010 
 were free, and 213, slaves. 
 
 Jasper, a county in the central part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. It is 
 traversed by Skunk river and its North fork, 
 which flow south-eastward. The surface is 
 undulating, or nearly level ; and the soil 
 productive. The prairies of this county 
 are large, and timber is deficient in some 
 parts ; but stone coal is abundant. Indian 
 corn and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 62,635 bushels of In- 
 dian corn ; 4494 of wheat; 15,772 pounds of 
 butter ; and 541 tons of hay. The main road 
 from Iowa City to Fort Des Moines passes 
 through the county. Capital, Newton. Po- 
 pulation, 1280. 
 
 Jasper, a post-township of Steuben co., 
 New York, 21 miles S. W. from Bath. Popu- 
 lation, 1749. 
 
 Jasper, a small post-village, capital of 
 Hamilton county, Florida, is about 100 miles 
 E. from Tallahassee. It has several stores, 
 and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Jasper, a post-viilage, capital of Walker 
 CO., Alabama, about 50 miles in a direct line 
 N. N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Jasper, a post-village, capital of Jasper 
 CO., Texas, 6 miles E. from the Neches river, 
 and 55 miles S. from San Augustine. Jas- 
 per contains a court house, jail, 3 stores, and 
 about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Jasper, a small post-village, capital of 
 Newton co., Arkansas, about 125 miles N. N. 
 W. from Little Kock. Its origin is very re- 
 cent. 
 
 Jasper, a post-village, capital of Marion 
 CO., Tennessee, on the Sequatchy river, an 
 afiluent of the Tennessee, about 6 miles from 
 the latter, and 114 miles S. E. from Nash- 
 ville. Population, from 200 to 300. 
 
 Jasper, a post- village of Pike co., Ohio, 
 on the Scioto river and Ohio canal, 65 milea 
 S. from Columbus, contains near 100 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 Jasper, a post-village, capital of Dubois 
 CO., Indiana, on the Patoka creek, 120 miles 
 S. S. W. from Indianapolis. First settled in 
 1830. Population in 1853, estimated at 700. 
 
 Jasper, a post-ofl5ce of Schuyler co., 111. 
 
 Jasper, a village in Jasper co., Missouri, 
 165 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Java, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Wyoming co.. New York. Population, 2245. 
 
 Java, a post-village in the above township, 
 on Seneca creek, about 28 miles S. E. from 
 Buffalo. It has 1 or 2 churches, and several 
 mills. 
 
 Java, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio. 
 
 Java Centre, a village in Java township, 
 Wyoming co.. New York, 18 miles W. S. W. 
 from Warsaw. 
 
 Java Village, a post-office of W^yoming 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Jay, a county in the E. part of Indiana, 
 bordering on Ohio, contains 370 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head waters of the 
 Salamonie and Wabash rivers. The surface 
 
 539 
 
JAY 
 
 JEF 
 
 is level or gently undulating, and presents 
 some diversity of soil, part of which re- 
 quires draining before it will be very pro- 
 ductive. The staples are wheat, corn, oats, 
 grass, and pork. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 170,4.55 bushels of corn; 47,290 of 
 wheat; 40,193 of oats, and 4266 tons of hay. 
 It contained 9 churches, 810 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 80 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Capital, Portland. 
 Population, 7047. 
 
 .Jay, a township of Franklin co., Maine, on 
 the Androscoggin river, about 28 miles N. W. 
 from Augusta. Population, 1733. 
 
 Jay, a post-township of Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont, bordering on Canada, about 55 miles 
 N. from Montpelier. Population, 871. 
 
 Jay, a post-township in the N. part of Es- 
 sex CO., New York. Population, 2688. 
 
 Jay, a post-village in the above township, 
 on the East branch of Au Sable river, about 
 145 miles N. from Albany. It has 2 or 3 
 churches, and perhaps 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Jay, a township of Elk co., Pennsylvania, 
 15 miles S. E. from Pddgway. Pop., 327. 
 
 Jay Beidge, a post-of&ce of Franklin co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Jay Couet House. See Poetland. 
 
 Jaynesville, a post-village of Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the line between Carbon and 
 Luzerne counties, 15 miles N. W. from Mauch 
 Chunk. 
 
 Jaynesville, a post-village of Covington 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Jeaneeetts, a post-ofBce of St. Mary's co., 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Jeansville, a post-office of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 Jedbueg, a post-office of Charleston dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Jedbo, a post-office of Orleans co., N. Y. 
 
 Jeddo, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 • Jeffeeson, a county in the N. N. E. part 
 of New York, has an area of about 1140 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 Lake Ontario, and on the N. W. by the St. 
 Lawrence, and is drained by Black and In- 
 dian rivers, and other smaller streams, which 
 supply motive-power to numerous grist and 
 saw mills. The sui-face is uneven, and gene- 
 rally heavily wooded. The soil is usually 
 a rich sandy loam. Indian corn, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this countj' 
 produced 367,731 bushels of corn; 430,363 
 of oats; 131,949 tons of hay, (the greatest 
 quantity raised in any county of the state 
 except Oneida county;) 3,584,376 pounds of 
 butter, and 4,192,719 of cheese. There were 
 38 flour and grist mills, 113 saw mills, 5 
 woollen factories, 3 cotton factories, 4 dis- 
 tilleries, 1 nail factory, and 8 iron foundries. 
 It contained 10(i churches, 5 newspaper 
 offices, 21,534 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 574 attending academies and other 
 schools. It abounds in iron ore, and some 
 lead and copper are found. Black river is 
 540 
 
 boatable in some parts of its course through 
 this county ; and Lake Ontario and the St. 
 Lawrence river on its borders afford great 
 facilities for navigation. The railroad con- 
 necting Utica and Cape Vincent intersects 
 the county. Named in honor of Thomas 
 Jefferson, the third president of the United 
 States. Capital, Watertown. Pop., 68,153. 
 
 Jeffeeson, a county in the W. central 
 part of Pennsylvania, has an area of 950 
 square miles. It is traversed from E. to W. 
 by Mahoning and Redbank creeks. The 
 surface is hilly and broken ; the soil of the 
 creek bottoms is excellent, and the level up- 
 lands are moderately fertile. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 The chief article of export is lumber. In 
 1850 this county produced 76,999 bushels of 
 wheat; 68,877 of corn; 145,828 of oats; 
 9116 tons of hay, and 147,316 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were 76 saw mills, 18 flour and 
 grist mills, 8 iron foundi'ies, 37 timber-yards, 
 and 7 tanneries. It contained 18 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 2837 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 80 attending academies 
 or other schools. The hills contain extensive 
 beds of iron ore and stone coal. Capital, 
 Brookville. Population, 18,518. 
 
 Jeffeeson, a county in the N. N. E. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on the Potomac, which 
 separates it from Maryland, has an area of 
 260 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Shenandoah, which enters the Potomac on 
 the north-eastern border, and bounded on 
 the N. W. by Opequan creek. The county 
 occupies part of the Great Valley of Vir- 
 ginia, having the Blue Ridge on its S. E. 
 border. The surface is rolling, and the 
 soil remarkably fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 hay, butter, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 472,008 bushels 
 of wheat ; 287,395 of corn ; 5558 tons of hay, 
 130,198 pounds of butter. There were 2 cot- 
 ton factories, 28 flour mills, 5 cotton and 
 woollen factories, 1 United States armory, 
 and 2 iron foundries. It contained 20 
 churches, 1000 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 165 attending academies or 
 other schools. The rock which underlies 
 the county is fine limestone. The passage 
 of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, at 
 Harper's Ferry, so much admired for its 
 picturesque effect, will be described under 
 the head Vieginia. This county is intersected 
 by the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and by 
 the Winchester and Potomac railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1801. Capital, Charlestown. 
 Population, 15,357, of whom 11,010 were 
 free, and 4841, slaves. 
 
 Jeffeeson, a county in the E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 634 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Ogeechee river, and 
 also drained by the Rocky Comfort, Big, and 
 Brier creeks. The general surface is level ; 
 a large portion of the soil was originally very 
 fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and sweet po- 
 
JEF 
 
 JEF 
 
 tatoes, and fruits are tlie staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 10,441 bales of cotton; 
 354,836 bushels of corn, and 61,841 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 20 flour mills, and 7 
 saw mills. It contained 15 churches, 196 
 pupils attending public schools, and 35 at- 
 tending an academy. Burrstone, agate, 
 chalcedony, and cornelian are found. The 
 Central railroad passes through the county, 
 and connects it with Savannah. Capital, 
 Louisville. Population, 9131, of whom 3764 
 were free, and 5367, slaves. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the N. part of Flo- 
 rida, bordering on Georgia, and on Appalachee 
 bay of the Gulf of Mexico, contains about 
 1000 square -miles. The Ocilla river forms 
 its boundary on the S. E. Micosukee lake 
 lies in the N. W. part. The surface is roll- 
 ing ; the soil is productive. Cotton, sugar, 
 Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 9468 bales, of cotton — more than an^r other 
 county in the state, excepting Leon; 116 
 hogsheads of sugar ; 275,477 bushels of corn, 
 and 74,283 of sweet potatoes. There were 2 
 flour and grist mills, and 3 saw mills. It 
 contained 15 churches, 172 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 47 attending an academy. 
 Capital, Monticello. Population, 7718, of 
 whom 2780 were free, and 4938, slaves. 
 
 Jeffeeson, a county in the N. central part 
 of Alabama, has an area of 980 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Locust fork of Black 
 Warrior river. The surface is diversified by 
 hills, which produce good pasture, and by 
 fertile valleys, in which cotton and Indian 
 corn are cultivated. In 1850 this county 
 produced 2451 bales of cotton ; 342,743 bush- 
 els of corn ; and 45,022 of sweet potatoes. It 
 contained 18 churches, and 350 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Four coal mines were 
 worked in it. Iron ore is abundant ; also 
 timber of various kinds. Capital, Elyton. 
 Population, 8989, of whom 6722 were free, 
 and 2267, slaves. 
 
 Jeffekson, a county in the W. S. W. part 
 of Mississippi, bordering on Louisiana, has 
 an area of about 530 square miles. The Mis- 
 sissippi forms the W. boundary. The soil is 
 fertile, especially near the river. Cotton and 
 Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 417,745 bushels of corn;, 
 14.035 of oats; 77,129 of sweet potatoes; 
 46.079 of peas and beans; 16,193 bales of 
 cotton. It contained 14 churches, 2 news- 
 paper ofiices, and 181 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Fayette. Pop., 13,193, of 
 whom 2700 were free, and 10,493, slaves. 
 
 Jeffekson parish, in the S. E. part of Loui- 
 siana, forms part of the delta of the Missis- 
 sippi, and extends from that river, opposite 
 New Orleans, to the Gulf of Mexico. The 
 area is 384 square miles. Barataria bay 
 washes its S. E. border. The surface near the 
 gulf is partly occupied by extensive marshes 
 or lakes. The soil is fertile, especially near 
 
 the Mississippi. Sugar, rice, maize, and cat- 
 tle are the chief products. In 1850 there 
 were raised 8897 hogsheads of sugar ; 430,580 
 gallons of molasses ; 197,849 bushels of corn ; 
 and 122,000 pounds of rice. There were 9 
 brick-yards, 7 saw and planing mills, and 1 
 sugar refinery. It contained 11 churches, 4 
 newspaper otfices ; 2049 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 324 attending academies or 
 other schools. Capital, Lafayette. Popula- 
 tion, 25,094 of whom 18,898 were free, and 
 6196, slaves. 
 
 Jeffekson county, Texas, occupying the 
 S. E. corner of the state, borders on Loui- 
 siana and the Gulf of Mexico ; area, about 
 1400 square miles. The Sabine river and 
 pass bound it on the E., and it is drained by 
 the Neches river. The surface is occupied 
 by a grassy plain or savanna, containing a 
 sparse population, whose principal business 
 is the raising of cattle and horses, which 
 range in immense herds over these natural 
 meadows. The Neches and Sabine are navi- 
 gable during high water ; the valley of 
 the former has a fertile soil, yielding Indian 
 coi'n, sweet potatoes, butter, and sugar. In 
 1850 this county produced 16,545 bushels of 
 corn ; 9758 of sweet potatoes ; 18,900 pounds 
 of rice ; and 41 hogsheads of sugar. There 
 were 90 pupils attending public schools. Capi- 
 tal, Beaumont. Population, 1836, of whom 
 1567 were free, and 269, slaves. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Arkansas, contains about 1290 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Arkansas river. 
 The surface is nearly level or undulating. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the chief produc- 
 tions. In 1850 there were raised 4273 bales 
 of cotton; 191,829 bushels of corn, and 26,178 
 pounds of butter were made. It contained 
 5 saw mills, 1 tannery ; 10 churches, 1 
 newspaper office, 234 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 25 attending an academy. The 
 Arkansas is navigated by steamboats through 
 this county. Capital, Pine Bluff. Popula- 
 tion, 5834, of whom 3213 were free, and 2621, 
 slaves. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the E. part of Ten- 
 nessee ; area, estimated at 600 square miles. 
 The Holston river forms its N. W. boundary, 
 and it is intersected by the French Broad river. 
 The county is traversed by high ridges and 
 fertile valleys, belonging to the Alleghany 
 chain, and is finely diversified in surface. It 
 is well timbered, and supplied with abun- 
 dance of good water. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 659,187 bushels of corn; 
 192,469 of oats ; 40,426 of wheat ; and 101,632 
 pounds of butter. It contained 21 churches ; 
 3000 pupils attending public schools, and 305 
 attending academies and other schools. Iron 
 ore is found in the higjilands. Water-power 
 is abundant on the streams, and steamboats 
 navigate the rivers above named. The E. Ten- 
 nessee and Virginia railroad passes through 
 
 541 
 
JEP 
 
 JEF 
 
 the county. Capital, Dandridge. Popula- 
 tion, 13,204, of whom 11,576 were free, and 
 1628, slaves. 
 
 Jefferson, the most populous county of 
 Kentucky, situated in the N. W. part of the 
 sta£e, has an area estimated at 600 square 
 miles. The Ohio river forms its entire N. W. 
 boundary, and it is also drained by Floyd's 
 fork of Salt river, and by Beargrass creek. 
 The surface is diversified from the level river 
 bottoms to the rolling uplands. The soil is 
 highly productive, and extensively cultivated. 
 AVheat, Indian corn, oats, hemp, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 92,809 bushels of wheat; 983,429 
 of corn; 128,522 of oats; and 120 tons of 
 hemp. It contained 17 churches, 2789 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 1465 attending 
 academies and other schools. A large part of 
 the land is occupied with vegetable gardens, 
 for the supply of the Louisville market. This 
 county is the seat of extensive manufacto- 
 ries. — See Louisville. The public improve- 
 ments are the Louisville and Portland canal, 
 and the Louisville and Frankfort railroad ; 
 two other railroads are projected from Louis- 
 ville to Nashville and Covington. This county 
 was one of the original counties of Kentucky. 
 Formed in 1780. Capital, Louisville. Popu- 
 lation, 59,829, of whom 48,418 were free, and 
 10,911, slaves. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the E. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on the Ohio river, which separates 
 it from Virginia, contains about 850 square 
 miles. It is watered by Yellow and Cross 
 creeks, which flow into the Ohio. The sur- 
 face is pleasantly diversified by hills of mo- 
 derate height, which are capable of cultiva- 
 tion to the summit. The soil is very fertile, 
 and well cultivated. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, cattle, and wool are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 582,844 bushels 
 of corn; 411,905 of wheat ; 369,240 of oats; 
 and 15,495 tons of hay. It contained 67 
 churches, 6 newspaper offices ; 2645 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 203 attending 
 academies or other schools. Stone coal is 
 abundant, and is extensively used in manu- 
 factories of cotton, wool, flour, &c. Rail- 
 ways have been commenced, which will con- 
 nect the county with Pittsburg on one hand, 
 and Zanesville, Cincinnati, &c. on the other. 
 Capital, Steubenville. Population, 29,132. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Indiana, bordering on Kentucky, contains 
 about 362 square miles. The Ohio river 
 washes its southern border. The surface 
 near the river is diversified by a range of 
 steep hills, which are about 400 feet high. 
 The northern and central portions are nearly 
 level. The soil of the river bottoms and hills 
 is calcareous and very fertile. Wheat, maize, 
 oats, tobacco, pork, and cattle are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 549,471 bushels 
 of corn ; 58,659 of wheat ; 98,664 of oats, and 
 8944 tons of hay. It contained 79 churches, 
 642 
 
 4 newspaper offices ; 4679 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending an academy. 
 The county is intersected by the Madison 
 and Indianapolis railroad. It contains ma- 
 nufactories of cotton, wool, and iron. Capi- 
 tal, Madison. Population, 23,916. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the S. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 530 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head streams of Big Muddy 
 river, which flow southward. The county is 
 partly covered with forests, and contains a 
 considerable proportion of prairie. The soil 
 is moderately fertile. Indian corn, oats, cat- 
 tle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 802,944 bushels of corn; 
 38,707 of oats ; and 73,443 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 21 churches, and 2274 pupils 
 attending' public schools. Capital, Slount 
 Vernon. Population, 8109. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the E. part of Mis- 
 souri, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 which separates it from Illinois, has an area 
 of 654 square miles. Big river flows through 
 the county from south to north, and falls into 
 the Maramec, which forms part of the north- 
 ern boundary. The county is also drained 
 by Plattin, Joachim, and Sandy creeks. The 
 northern and eastern parts are generally 
 level and fertile ; the western portion is 
 hilly and sterile, Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, cattle, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 289,116 bushels 
 of corn; 17,322 of wheat; 35,441 of oats; 
 and 751 tons of hay. It contained 5 churches, 
 and 281 pupils attending public schools. The 
 hills contain rich mines of lead ; copper and 
 cobalt are found in smaller quantities. The 
 Mammoth mine has yielded many thousand 
 pounds of lead. Capital, Hillsborough. Po- 
 pulation, 6928, of whom 6416 were free, and 
 512, slaves. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Big Cedar creek, and the 
 N. E. part is drained also by Skunk river and 
 by Warrior creek. The surface is diversified 
 by rolling prairies, and by forests of oak, 
 hickory, ash, maple, &c. The soil is good, 
 well-watered, and easily cultivated. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, grass, cattle, and swine are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 705,296 bushels of Indian corn ; 59,539 of 
 wheat; 132,864 of oats; 127,338 pounds of 
 butter; and 33,726 pounds of wool. Stone 
 coal is abundant. A plank-road extends 
 from the county seat to Keokuk. This county 
 is among the most populous and best improved 
 in the state. Capital, Fairfield. Pop., 9904. 
 
 Jefferson, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Wisconsin, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Rock river, which 
 flows south-westward, and also drained by 
 Crawfish and Bark rivers, affluents of the 
 former. Koshkonong lake, an expansion 
 of Rock river, in the S. W. part of the 
 county, is about 8 miles long and several 
 
JEF 
 
 JEP 
 
 miles wide. The surface is undulating, and 
 in some parts nearly level. The eastern 
 part is covered with dense forests of large 
 trees ; the remainder produces a sparse 
 growth of oak and hickory. The soil is ge- 
 nerally good, and the valley of Rock river is 
 noted for fertility. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 potatoes, hay, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 182,545 bushels 
 of wheat; 81,079 of Indian corn; 117,894 
 of oats; 60,922 of potatoes; 14,296 tons of 
 hay, and 190,820 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 12 churches, 2 newspaper ofiBces, S219 
 pupils attending public schools, and 60 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 rock which underlies the county is blue lime- 
 stone. The rivers furnish abundant water- 
 power, which is partly improved. The coun- 
 ty is intersected by the Milwaukee and Mis- 
 sissij^pi railroad, and by a plank-road lead- 
 ing to Lake Michigan. Capital, Jefferson. 
 Population, 15,317. 
 
 Jefferson, a new county in the N. W. part 
 of Washington Territory, on Admiralty Bay. 
 This is one of the best parts of the territory. 
 County town. Port Townsend, which see. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-township of Lincoln co., 
 Maine, at the head of Damariscotta river, 
 about 20 miles S.E. from Augusta. Pop., 2225. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-township of Coos co., 
 New Hampshire, situated on both sides of 
 Israel's river, about 90 miles N. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 629. 
 
 Jefferson, also called Watkins, a thriving 
 village in Dix township, Chemung co., N. Y., 
 at the head of Seneca lake, and on the Ca- 
 nandaigua and Elmira railroad, 21 miles N. 
 from Elmira. It contains several churches, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. Steamboats ply be- 
 tween this place and Geneva. Pop. , about 1500. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Schoharie co., N. 
 Y., 56 miles W. from Albany. Pop., 1748. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Morris co.. New 
 Jersey, 15 miles N. W. from Morristown. 
 Population, 1358. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela river, 10 
 miles S. by E. from Pittsburg. Pop., 1138. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 16 miles N. N. E. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 710. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Fayette co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Monongahela river, 12 miles 
 N. W. from Uniontown. Population, 1435. 
 
 Jefferson, a small village of Forest county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-township, forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Greene co., Pennsylvania, 
 8 miles E. by N. from Waynesburg. Popu- 
 lation, 1378. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-village of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Ten Mile creek, about 37 
 miles S. by W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 7 miles S. from Carbon- 
 dale. Population, 414. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Somerset co.,* 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. from Somerset. 
 Population, 775. 
 
 Jefferson, a village of York co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 12 miles S. W. from York. 
 
 Jefferson, a post- village of Frederick co., 
 Maryland, 83 miles W. N. W. from Annapo- 
 lis, contains several stores, and 337 inhabit- 
 ants. 
 
 Jefferson, a post- village of Powhattan co., 
 Virginia, on the S. bank of James river, 35 
 miles above Richmond. 
 
 Jefferson, a small post-village, capital of 
 Ashe county. North Carolina, is situated near 
 the source of the New river, between the 
 Blue Ridge and Stone mountain, about 200 
 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. Jefferson was 
 settled about 1800, and has about 100 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-office of Chesterfield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Jefferson, or Jeffersonton, a post- village, 
 capital of Camden co., Georgia, on Santilla 
 river, 110 miles S. W. from Savannah. It 
 contains a court-house and 3 stores. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-village, capital of Jack- 
 son CO., Georgia, on a branch of the Oconee 
 river, 90 miles N. from Milledgeville. It 
 contains a brick court house, a church, an 
 academy, and 5 stores. 
 
 Jefferson, a village, capital of Cherokee 
 CO., Alabama, on Coosa river, 145 miles N. N. 
 E. from Montgomery. 
 
 Jefferson, a pleasant post-village of Ma- 
 rengo CO., Ala., a few miles N.W. from Linden, 
 the county seat. It contains 1 or 2 churches, 
 and several flourishing seminaries. 
 
 Jefferson, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Cass county, Texas, on Big Cypress bayou, 
 4 miles above its entrance into Soda lake, 350 
 miles N. E. from Austin City. Soda lake 
 discharges itself into Red river just below 
 the " Raft." Jefferson is at the head of na- 
 vigation for large steamboats, and is the 
 principal shipping point for a large extent 
 of fertile country. Cotton, wheat, cattle, 
 and horses are the chief articles of export. 
 The value of goods sold here in 1851, was 
 estimated at $400,000. It was first settled 
 in 1843 ; in 1848 it contained 250 inhabit- 
 ants; in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in Sevier co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 489. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-village of Rutherford 
 county, Tennessee, on Stone's river, 20 miles 
 S. E. from Nashville, was the county town 
 about 40 years ago. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the E. part of 
 Adams co., Ohio. Population, 1530. 
 
 J'efferson, a post-township in the N. cen- 
 tral part of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop., 1064. 
 
 Jefferson, post-village, capital of Ashta- 
 bula CO., Ohio, is pleasantly situated 56 miles 
 E. from Cleveland. It contains 3 churches, 
 1 academy, and about 500 inhabitants. Set- 
 tled in 1805, by natives of New England. 
 
 543 
 
JEF 
 
 JEF 
 
 . Jefferson, a township in Clinton cc, Ohio. 
 Population, 810. 
 
 Jeffeesox, a township in the W. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio, intei'sected by Walhond- 
 ing river, and the Ohio canal. Pop., 929. 
 
 Jeffef.son, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop., 1872. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the E. part of 
 Franklin co., Ohio. Population, 1236. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the N. central 
 part of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop., 857. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the S. part of 
 .Jackson CO., Ohio. Population, 1036. 
 
 Jefferson, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Knox co., Ohio. Pop., 1484. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the E. part of 
 Logan CO., Ohio. Population, 2042. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the W. part of 
 Madison co., Ohio, intersected by the National 
 road and the Columbus and Xenia railroad. 
 Population, 1070. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in Mercer co., Ohio. 
 Population, 493. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the S. part of 
 Montgomery co., Ohio. Population, 1808. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Muskingum co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Ohio canal. Population, 1374. 
 
 Jefferson, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Preble co., Ohio. Pop., 2258. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the S. part of 
 Richland CO., Ohio. Pop., 2564. 
 
 Jefferson, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Pioss co., Ohio. Pop., 845. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in Scioto co., Ohio, 
 on the E. side of Scioto river. Population, 
 840. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Population, 1063. 
 
 .Jefferson, a township in the E. part of 
 Williams co., Ohio. Population, 1015. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Cass CO., Michigan. Population, 887, 
 
 .Jefferson, a township of Adams co., In- 
 diana. Population, 297. 
 
 .Jefferson, a township of Carroll co., In- 
 diana. Population, 713. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Cass co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 734. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-township of Clinton co., 
 Indiana. Population, 254. 
 
 Jefferson, a flourishing post-village of 
 Clinton county, Indiana, 46 miles N. W. from 
 Indianapolis, is situated in a level and fer- 
 tile tract. A plank-road is projected from 
 this place to Lafayette. Pop., about 600. 
 
 Jeffekson, a township of Elkhart co., In- 
 diana. Population, 707. 
 
 Jefferson, a tovenship of Grant co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1029. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Greene co., In- 
 diana. Population, 470. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Henry co., In- 
 diana. Population, 816. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Jay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 717. 
 544 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana. Population, 169. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Miami co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1138. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Morgan co., In- 
 diana. Population, 874. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in Noble co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 722. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Owen co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1191. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Pike co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1638. 
 
 .Jefferson, a township in Putnam co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1046. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Switzerland co., 
 Indiana. Population, 3082. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Tipton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 787. 
 
 Jefferson, a township of Wayne co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1117. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in Wells co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 796. 
 
 Jefferson, a post-township in the N. cen- 
 tral part of Cook co., Illinois. Pop., 744. 
 
 Jefferson, a village in Henry co., Iowa, 
 40 miles S. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Jefferson, a township in the S. W. cen- 
 tral part of Jefferson co., Wisconsin, inter- 
 sected by Rock river. Population, 1610. 
 
 Jefferson, a thriving post-village of Jef- 
 ferson township, capital of Jefferson county, 
 Wisconsin, on the left or E. bank of Rock 
 river, at the mouth of the Crawfish river, 40 
 miles E. by S. from Madison, The valley of 
 Rock river has a high reputation for fertility, 
 and the banks of the river are remarkable 
 for picturesque beauty. Jefferson has a fine 
 water-power, and is a place of active busi- 
 ness. It contains 2 churches, 10 stores, and 
 4 mills. The Rock River Valley railroad is 
 located through this village. Population in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Jefferson Barracks, a post-village and 
 United States military station in St. Louis 
 CO., Missouri, on the W. bank of the Missis- 
 sippi river, 12 miles S. by W. of St. Louis. 
 
 Jefferson City, capital of the State of 
 Missouri, and seat of justice of Cole county, 
 on the right bank of the Missouri river, 155 
 miles by water W. from St. Louis, and 980 
 miles from Washington. Lat. 38° 36' N. ; 
 Ion. 92° 8' W. The situation is elevated and 
 picturesque, commanding a fine view of the 
 river and of the cedar-crowned cliffs on the 
 opposite shore. It contains the state house, 
 the governor's residence, a handsome build- 
 ing, and the state penitentiary. Two or 
 three newspapers are published here. A 
 railroad is projected from St. Louis to this 
 place. Pop., in 1853, estimated at 3000. 
 
 Jefferson Corners, a post-office of White- 
 sides CO., Illinois. 
 
 Jefferson Furnace, a post-office of Cla- 
 rion CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Jefferson Mills, a post-office of Coos co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
JEF 
 
 JEN 
 
 Jeffekson Mills, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Jeffebson's River, the most westerly of 
 the three branches which form the Missouri 
 river, rises in the Rocky mountains in about 
 44° N. lat., and 111° 30' W. Ion. It flows 
 about N. N. E. to join Gallatin's river. 
 
 Jeffeksonton, a post-village of Culpepper 
 county, Virginia, on the Rappahannock river, 
 109 miles N. N. W. from Richmond. It con- 
 tains 1 church and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Jeffeksonton, a post-village, capital of 
 Camden co., Georgia, on the Satilla river, 
 185 miles S. S. E. of Milledgeville. 
 
 Jeffersontown, a post-village in .Jefferson 
 CO., Kentucky, 45 miles W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Jefferson Valley, a post-office of "West- 
 chester CO., New York. 
 
 Jeffersonville, a post-village in Lamoille 
 CO., Vermont, 45 miles N. of Montpelier. 
 
 Jeffersonville, a post-office of Sullivan 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Jeffersonville, a small post-village of 
 Montgomery CO., Pennsylvania, on the turn- 
 pike between Noi-ristown and Reading, 8 
 miles N. W. from the former. 
 
 Jeffersonville, a post-village, capital of 
 Tazewell county, Virginia, one mile S. from 
 Clinch river, and 300 miles W. by S. from 
 R,ichmond. It is situated near the base of 
 Rich mountain. It has 1 bank. 
 
 Jeffersonville, a post-village of Twiggs 
 CO., Georgia, 22 miles S. E. from Macon, 
 contains 2 churches, a high school, and 150 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Jeffersonville, a small village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Kentucky, 8 miles E. from Mount 
 Sterling. 
 
 Jeffersonville, a post-village of Fayette 
 county, Ohio, on Sugar creek, 4 miles S. W. 
 from Columbus. It has 1 church, and about 
 300 inhabitants. Laid out in 1831. 
 
 Jeffersonville, a flourishing town of 
 Clarke county, Indiana, is situated on the 
 Ohio, nearly opposite Louisville, Kentucky, 
 immediately above the falls, and 40 miles be- 
 low Madison. The situation is elevated, and 
 presents a delightful view of the city of 
 Louisville, of the broad and winding river 
 with its verdant islands, and of a range of 
 hills a few miles distant. The Ohio is about 
 a mile wide opposite this town, and descends 
 22 feet in 2 miles, producing a rapid current. 
 Jeffersonville is the S. terminus of a railroad 
 which connects with the Madison and Indian- 
 apolis railroad at Columbus. For several 
 years this town has increased rapidly in 
 population and business. The penitentiary 
 of Indiana is located at this place. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 8000. 
 
 Jeffrey's Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 into Pedee river from the right in Marion dist. 
 
 Jeffrey's Creek, a post-office of Marion 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Jeffrey's Store, a post-office of Nottaway 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 2k 
 
 Jeffries, a post-office of Clearfield co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Jelloway, a post-office of Knox.co., Ohio. 
 
 Jena, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Ala. 
 
 Jencksvills, a small village in Smithfield 
 township, Providence co., Rhode Island, about 
 15 miles N. by W. from Providence. 
 
 Jenkins' Bridge, a post-village of St. 
 Clair county, Missouri, 95 miles S. W. by W- 
 from Jefferson City. 
 
 Jenkins' Store, a post-office of Union co.. 
 N. C, about 150 miles S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Jenkintown, a pleasant post-village of 
 Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 turnpike from Philadelphia to Doylestown, 
 10 miles N. from the former. It contains from 
 40 to 50 stone houses. 
 
 Jenks, a township of Forest co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 85 miles N. E. of Pittsburg. 
 Population, 88. 
 
 Jenner, a post-township of Somerset co.. 
 Pa., 12 miles N. of Somerset. Pop., 1553. 
 
 Jennerville, a small post-village of Ches- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania, 69 miles E. by S. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Jennerville, a post-village of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from 
 Pittsburg to Bedford, 62 miles E. by S. from 
 the former. The post-office is named Jenner's 
 Cross Roads. 
 
 Jennings, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Indiana, contains 375 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Vernon fork and Graham's 
 fork of Muscatatuck river, and by Sand 
 creek. A portion of the surface is hilly. 
 The soil is moderately fertile. The staples 
 are wheat, maize, oats, pork, lumber, and 
 lime. In 1850 this county produced 516,053 
 bushels of corn ; 62,848 of wheat; 78,274 of 
 oats, and 5701 tons of hay. It contained 30 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 1857 pupils 
 attending public schools. It is intersected 
 by the Madison and Indianapolis railroad. 
 A quarry of millstones has been opened in 
 the county. Organized in 1817, and named 
 in honor of Jonathan Jennings, the first go- 
 vernor of the state. Capital, Vernon. Po- 
 pulation, 12,096. 
 
 Jennings, a post-office of Hamilton co., Fla. 
 
 Jennings, a township forming the S.W. ex- 
 tremity of Putnam co., Ohio. Pop., 336. 
 
 Jennings, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop.. 201. 
 
 Jennings, a township of Crawford county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1412. 
 
 Jennings, a township of Fayette county, 
 Indiana. Population, 898. 
 
 Jennings, a post-office of Franklin co., Ind. 
 
 Jennings, a township of Scott co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1598. 
 
 Jennings, a township of Owen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 460. 
 
 Jennings' Creek, a small village of JacK- 
 son county, Tennessee. 
 
 Jennings' Gap, a post-village of Augusta 
 county, Virginia, 183 miles W. N. W. from 
 
 545 
 
JEN 
 
 JER 
 
 Eichmond. There is a pass through North 
 Mountain at this place. 
 
 Jennings' Ordinary, a post-ofEce of Not- 
 taway county, Virginia. 
 
 Jenny Linp, a post-village of Sebastian co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Jennyopolis, a post-office of Benton co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Jericho, a post- township of Chittenden co., 
 Vermont, on the right bank of Onion river, 
 about 30 miles N. W. from Montpelier. Po- 
 pulation, 1837. 
 
 Jericho, a post-village of Queen's county, 
 New York, about 30 miles E. from New York. 
 
 Jericho, a post-village of Wayne county. 
 North Carolina, 71 miles E. S. E. from Kaleigh. 
 
 Jericho, a small post-village of Perry co., 
 Alabama, on the Cahawba river, 13 miles 
 N. from Marion, the county town. 
 
 Jericho, a post-office of Henry co., Ky. 
 
 Jericho, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 Jericho, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois. 
 
 Jericho, a small village in Shelby co., 111. 
 
 Jericho Centre, a post-village of Chitten- 
 den county, Vermont, 32 miles N. W. from 
 Montpelier. 
 
 Jernigan, a post-office of Orange co., Fla. 
 
 Jernigan, a post-office of Barbour co., Ala. 
 
 Jerome, a post-township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Union county, Ohio. Pop., 1249. 
 
 Jerome, a small post-village of Howard's 
 county, Indiana, on the Wildcat river, 55 
 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Jeromeville, or Jeromesville, a thriving 
 post-village of Mohiccan township, Ashland 
 county, Ohio, on a branch of the Mohiccan 
 river, 85 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 There are several large flouring mills in the 
 vicinity. Population, about 500. 
 
 Jersey, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Illinois, bordering on Missouri, has an area 
 of about 350 square miles. It is situated at 
 the confluence of the Illinois and Missis- 
 sippi rivers, the former of which forms the 
 boundary on the W., and the latter on the S. : 
 Macoupin creek washes the northern border. 
 The county consists partly of prairie and 
 partly of woodland ; the soil is good. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 759,530 bushels 
 of corn; 154,127 of wheat, and 96,753 of 
 oats. It contained 10 churches, 1 newspa- 
 paper office, and 963 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Jerseyville. Pop., 7354. 
 
 Jersey, a post-village of Bradford town- 
 ship, Steuben county. New York, on Mud 
 creek, about 12 miles E. by N. from Bath. 
 It has several mills. 
 
 Jersey, a post-tovrnship in the W. part of 
 Licking county, Ohio. Population, 1371. 
 
 Jersey, a ^..ost-office of Oakland co., Mich. 
 
 jEUSiJY OiTY, capital of Hudson county. 
 New Jeisey, on the right or W. bank of the 
 Hudson river, iit its entrance into New York 
 bay, and opposite New York city, from which 
 It is 1 mile distant. It is the eastern termi- 
 646 
 
 nus of the New Jersey railroad leading to 
 Philadelphia, and the southern terminus of 
 the Hudson and Paterson railroad. The 
 Morris canal connects it with Easton, in 
 Pennsylvania. Five large ferry-boats ply 
 continually between New York and this city, 
 and the Cunard line of ocean steamships run 
 from this port. Jersey City is well built, 
 with wide streets, crossing each other at 
 right angles, and lighted with gas. There 
 are 8 churches, viz. 2 Methodists, 2 Reform- 
 ed Dutch, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Epis- 
 copal, and 1 Catholic. It contains 2 banks, 
 a large manufactory of glass, one of black- 
 lead, one of porcelain or delft-ware, several 
 iron foundries, and two newspaper offices. 
 It has several seminaries and a high-school, 
 which enjoys a distinguished reputation. Ar- 
 rangements have recently been made to sup- 
 ply this city with water from the Passaic 
 river, 7 or 8 miles distant. The reservoir is 
 on Bergen Hill, 2 miles W. from the city. 
 The cost of the water-works is estimated at 
 $600,000. The introduction of good water 
 will, it is thought, commence an era in the 
 growth and prosperity of this city. Steamers 
 can always leave Jersey City for Europe, 
 without obstruction from ice, which they 
 cannot do from New York. Poj^ulation in 
 1853, 18,456. 
 
 Jersey Landing, a post-village of Jersey 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Jersey Prairie, a small post-village of 
 Cass county, Illinois, 45 miles W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Jersey Settlement, a post-office of David- 
 son county. North Carolina. 
 
 Jersey Shore, a thriving post-borough of 
 Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, is pleasantly 
 situated on the West branch of the Susque- 
 hanna river, 105 miles N. N. W. from Harris- 
 burg. A bridge connects this borough with 
 the right bank of the river. It is a depot 
 for flour and pine lumber, and contains 3 
 churches, and 1 iron foundry. Pop., 700. 
 
 Jersbytown, a post-village of Montour co., 
 Pa., 75 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Jerseyville, a post-township in Jersey co., 
 Illinois. Population, 760. 
 
 Jerseyville, a post-village, capital of .Jer- 
 sey county, Illinois, is situated on a prairie, 
 71 miles S. W. from Springfield, and about 
 12 miles from the Mississippi river. It con- 
 tains a court house, and a newspaper office. 
 
 Jerusalem, a post-township of Yates co., 
 New York, on Crooked lake, 20 miles S. S.W. 
 from Geneva. Population, 2912. 
 
 Jerusalem, a small post-village, capital of 
 Southampton co., Virginia, on the Nottoway 
 river, 75 miles S. S. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Jerusalem, a post-office of Davie county, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Jerusaleji, a post-office of Monroe co., 0, 
 
 Jerusalem Mills, a post-office of Hartford 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Jerusalem South, a small post-village of 
 
JES 
 
 JOH 
 
 Queen's county, New York, 176 miles S. S. E. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Jessamine, a county in the central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 250 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and 
 S. E. by the Kentucky river, and drained by 
 Hickman and Jessamine creeks. The sur- 
 face is undulating, the soil is remarkably 
 fertile. Indian corn, oats, grass, hemp, and 
 live stock are the staples. In 1850 the coun- 
 ty produced 725,891 bushels of corn ; 134,750 
 of oats, and 1563 tons of hemp. It contained 
 16 churches, 601 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 85 attending academies or other 
 schools. The Lexington and Danville rail- 
 road passes through the county. Capital, 
 Nicholasville. Population, 10,249, of whom 
 6424 were free, and 3825, slaves. 
 
 Jessamine Ckeek, of Jessamine county, 
 Kentucky, flows south-westward into the 
 Kentucky river. 
 
 Jesse's Stoke, a post-oiSce of Shelby co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Jessup, a township of Susquehanna coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 5 miles S. W. from Mont- 
 rose. Population, 840. 
 
 Jessup's Landing, a village of Saratoga co., 
 New York, on the Hudson river, about 42 
 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 Jessup's River rises in the E. N. E. pai't 
 of Hamilton county. New York, and enters 
 the Hudson river in Essex county. 
 
 Jetersville, a post-village of Amelia co., 
 Virginia, 54 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Jewell Hill, a post-of&ce of Madison co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Jewett, a post-township of Greene county, 
 New York, 40 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 1452. 
 
 Jewett Centre, a post-office of Greene 
 county, New York. 
 
 Jeavett City, a post-village in Griswold 
 township. New London co.. Conn., on the 
 Norwich and "Worcester railroad, where it 
 crosses the Quinebaug river, 9 miles N. E. 
 by N. from Norwich. It contains 1 bank. 
 
 Joachim Creek, of Missouri, enters the 
 Mississippi at Herculaneum. 
 
 Joanna Furnace, f. post-office of Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 JoBE, a post-office of Oregon co., Missouri. 
 
 JoBSTOWN, a post-village of Burlington co., 
 N. J., 6 miles E. N. E. from Mount Holly. 
 
 JoBsviLLE, a small village of Gloucester 
 county. New Jersey, on the Delaware river, 
 3 or 4 miles W. from Woodbury. 
 
 Jo Daviess, a county forming the N. "W. 
 extremity of Illinois, bordering on Iowa and 
 Wisconsin, has an area of 650 square miles. 
 The Mississippi river forms its S. W. bound- 
 ary. The Fevre and Apple rivers flow through 
 the county. It is also drained by Plum river 
 and Rush creek. The surface is uneven, and 
 in some parts hilly ; the soil is generally 
 good. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 
 produced 207,288 bushels of wheat; 220,615 
 of corn ; 250,386 of oats, 20,029 tons of hay, 
 and 168,138 pounds of butter. It contained 
 14 churches, 5 newspaper offices, and 2485 
 pupils attending public schools. This county 
 is chiefly remarkable for its rich mines of 
 lead and copper, which are extensively 
 worked. It is intersected by the Chicago and 
 Galena railroad. Named in honor of Colonel 
 Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who fell in the 
 battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, Galena. Po- 
 pulation, 18,604. 
 
 Joe Bayou, a post-office of Carroll co., La. 
 
 Joe's Lick, a post-office of Madison co., Ky. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, a township in War- 
 ren county, Indiana. Population, 539. 
 
 John River., a small stream of Coos coun- 
 ty. New Hampshire, falls into the Connecti- 
 cut in the N. part of the state. 
 
 Johns, a post-office of Liberty co., Texas. 
 
 JoHNSBURG, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Warren county. New 
 York, drained by the Hudson river. Popu- 
 lation, 1503. 
 
 JoiiNSBURG, a small post-village in the 
 above township, about 85 miles N. from 
 Albany, contains a few mills. 
 
 Johnson, a county in the E. central part 
 of North Carolina ; area, estimated at 670 
 square miles. It is intersected by Neuse and 
 Little rivers. The surface is uneven. In- 
 dian corn, potatoes, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 451,528 bushels 
 of corn, and 197,298 of potatoes. There were 
 5 corn and flour mills, 6 saw mills, 1 cotton 
 factory, 62 tar and turpentine manufactories, 
 and 18 turpentine distilleries. It contained 
 19 churches, and 6 newspaper offices. The 
 dividing line between the tertiary and the 
 primary formations passes through the coun 
 ty. Granite and iron ore are found. Formed 
 in 1746, from Craven county, and named in 
 honor of Gabriel Johnson, then governor of 
 the colony. Capital, Smithfield. Popula- 
 tion, 13,726, of whom 9063 were free, and 
 4663, slaves. 
 
 Johnson, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of Arkansas, contains 870 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Arkansas river, navi- 
 gable by steamboats. The surface is gene- 
 rally undulating or hilly; the soil in some 
 parts is fertile. Indian corn, cotton, and 
 lumber are the chief productions. In 1850 
 it yielded 251,070 bushels of corn; 35,154 
 of oats ; 813 bales of cotton, and 48,957 
 pounds of butter. There were 5 grist and 
 saw mills, 1 cotton factory, and 3 tanneries. 
 It contained 2 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 280 pupils attending academies and other 
 schools. Capital, Clarksville. Population, 
 5227, of whom 4496 were free, and 731, slaves. 
 
 Johnson, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Tennessee, bordering on Virginia 
 and North Carolina ; area, estimated at 210 
 square miles. It is drained by an affluent 
 of Watauga river. The surface is mountain- 
 
 547 
 
JOH 
 
 JOH 
 
 ous, and covered with vast forests. Iron ore 
 is abundant. In 1850, Johnson county pro- 
 duced 87,801 bushels of Indian corn; 57,037 
 of oats; 43,214 pounds of butter, and 9675 
 of wool. It contained 7 churches, 600 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 40 attending 
 academies or other schools. Capital, Taylors- 
 ville. Population, 3705, of whom 3499 were 
 free, and 206, slaves. 
 
 Johnson, a county situated in the E. part 
 of Kentucky, bordering on Virginia, contains 
 an area estimated at 480 square miles. It is 
 traversed by the W. fork of the Big Sandy 
 river. The surface is diversified by hills and 
 fertile valleys. The soil has a basis of sand- 
 stone, and contains a large portion of sand. 
 The exports consist of cattle, horses, hogs, 
 lumber, and stone coal. In 1850 this county 
 produced 185,120 bushels of corn; 1736 of 
 wheat; 21,786 of oats; 9250 pounds of to- 
 bacco; 11,173 of wool, and 6380 of flax. 
 There were 305 pupils attending public 
 schools. Extensive mines of stone coal are 
 found in many parts of the county. Formed 
 in 1842, and named in honor of the late 
 Richard M. Johnson, formerly vice-president 
 of the United States. Capital, Paintville. 
 Population, 3873, of whom 3843 were free, 
 and 30, slaves. 
 
 Johnson, a county in the S. central part 
 of Indiana, contains 320 square miles. It is 
 drained by the White river and Sugar creek. 
 The surface is level or undulating ; the soil 
 is mostly a rich black loam mixed with sand. 
 Wheat, maize, oats, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 993,375 bushels 
 of corn; 99,038 of wheat; 34,262 of oats, 
 and 3082 tons of hay. It contained 85 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 4708 pujiils 
 attending public schools. The Madison and 
 Indianapolis railroad passes through the 
 county^ another railroad extends from the 
 county seat westward to White river. Or- 
 ganized in 1823, and named in honor of John 
 Johnson, a judge of the supreme court of In- 
 diami. Capital, Franklin. Pop., 12,101. 
 
 Johnson, a county in the S. part of Illinois, 
 has an area estimated at 300 square miles. 
 It is drained by Cash river, and by Big Bay 
 creek. The general surface is level ; the 
 soil is moderately fertile. Indian corn, oats, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 the coun- 
 ty produced 133,295 bushels of corn ; 10,689 
 of oats, and 19,036 pounds of butter, It 
 contained 9 churches, and 524 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Capital, Vienna. Popu- 
 lation, 4113. 
 
 Johnson, a county in the W. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 790 square miles. It 
 is drained by the head streams of Black- 
 water river, an affluent of the Lamine, and 
 by the Postoak fork and Clear fork of the 
 first-named river. Big creek also flows 
 through the S. W. part of the county. The 
 surface consists of prairies and woodlands, 
 the former of which are estimated to be the 
 548 
 
 most extensive. The soil is generally good, 
 and particularly favorable to grazing. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, wool, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 445,895 bushels of corn; 
 22,930 of wheat; 89,245 of oats, and 1247 
 tons of hay. It contained 12 churches, 1151 
 pupils attending public schools, and 205 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Ex- 
 tensive beds of stone coal are found in the 
 county. The streams furnish motive-power 
 for numerous mills. Capital, Warrensburg. 
 Population, 7464, of whom 6585 were free, 
 and 879, slaves. 
 
 Johnson, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 616 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Iowa river, which divides 
 it into nearly equal portions ; Cedar river 
 flows through the N. E. part ; it is also 
 drained by Oldman's and Clear forks. The 
 surface is diversified, and the soil is said to 
 be unsurpassed in fertility. A considerable 
 portion of the county consists of prairies. 
 Indian corn, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 225, 105 bushels 
 of Indian corn; 54,081 of wheat; 68,909 
 pounds of butter, and 4615 tons of hay. 
 Quarries of good building stone have been 
 opened near the Iowa river. This stream 
 affords extensive water-power, and is navi- 
 gable by small steamboats in the county 
 below Iowa City. Companies have been 
 formed for the construction of railways 
 through this countj^ from Dubuque to Keo- 
 kuk, and from Davenport to Iowa City, 
 which is the seat of justice, and also the ca- 
 pital of the state. Formed about 1839. Po- 
 pulation, 4472. 
 
 Johnson, a post-village in Lamoille county, 
 Vermont, on the right bank of the Lamoille 
 river, about 32 miles N. by W. from Montpe- 
 lier, contains 2 churches, a town house, 1 
 woollen factory, 1 grist and saw mill, and 
 various other manufacturing establishments. 
 Population of the township, 1381. 
 
 Johnson, a post-office of Floyd co., Ga. 
 
 Johnson, a township in the W. part of 
 Champaign county, Ohio. Population, 1553. 
 
 Johnson, a township of Brown county, In- 
 diana. Population, 418. 
 
 Johnson, a township of Clinton county, 
 Indiana. Population, 777. 
 
 Johnson, a township of Gibson county, In- 
 diana. Population, 1568. 
 
 Johnson, a township in La Grange county, 
 Indiana. Population, 878. 
 
 Johnson, a township of Porter county, In- 
 diana. Population, 402. 
 
 Johnson, a township of Ripley county, In- 
 diana. Population, 2141. 
 
 Johnson, a small village of Carroll county, 
 Illinois, about 38 miles S. E. from Galena. 
 
 Johnson, a township in Clarke county, Illi- 
 nois. Population, 672. 
 
 Johnson, a post-office of McDonough county, 
 Illinois. 
 
JOH 
 
 JOL 
 
 Johnson, a small Tillage of Washington 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 JOHNSONBURG, Or JoHNSONSBURG, a pOSt- 
 
 village of Wj'oming county, New York, about 
 260 miles AV. from Albany. 
 
 JoHNSONBURG, a post- village of Warren co., 
 N. J., 65 miles N. from Trenton. It con- 
 tains 2 churches, a mill, and several stores. 
 
 Johnson's, a village of Essex co., N. Y., 20 
 miles S. S. W. from Elizabethtown. 
 
 Johnson's, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Johnson's Corners, a post-village of Sum- 
 mit CO., Ohio. 
 
 Johnson's Creek, of Orleans co., New 
 York, falls into Lake Ontario, in the W. N. 
 W. part of the state. 
 
 Johnson's Creek, a small post-village of 
 Niagara co.. New Yox-k, about 35 miles N. N. 
 E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Johnson's Creek, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 .Johnson's Ferry, a small village of St. 
 Charles co., Mo., 34 miles W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Johnson's Forks, a post-office of Morgan 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Johnson's Grove, a small village of De 
 Kalb CO., 111., 68 miles W. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 Johnson's Landing, a small village of 
 Calhoun co., Illinois. 
 
 Johnson's Mills, a post-office of Pitt co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Johnson's Mills, a post-village of Clarke 
 CO., Illinois, on the N. fork of Emb arras river, 
 115 miles E. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Johnson's Springs, a post-village of Gooch- 
 land CO., Va., 28 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Johnson's Station, a post-office of Tar- 
 rant CO., Texas. 
 
 Johnsonsville, a post-office of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 JoHNSONTOWN, a post-office of Northampton 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 JoHNSONviLLE, a post-offico of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 JoHNSONViLLE, a post-villagc of Cumber- 
 land CO., N. C, 65 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 
 JoHNSONViLLE, a post-offico of Williams- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 JoHNSONViLLE, a post-officc of TrumbuU co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 John's Rivee, of North Carolina, rises in 
 the N. part of Burke county, and flowing S., 
 falls into the Catawba near the centre of the 
 county. 
 
 Johnston, a township of Providence co., 
 Rhode Island, 5 miles W. from Providence. 
 Population, 2937. 
 
 Johnston, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Trumbull county, Ohio. Population, 1099. 
 
 Johnston, a post-office of Poinsett co.. Ark. 
 
 JoHNSTONViLLE, a post-office of Monroo co., 
 Ga., about 60 miles W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Johnstown, a post-township of Fulton co.. 
 New York, contains the county seat. Popu- 
 lation, 6131. 
 
 Johnstown, a post-village in the above 
 township, and capital of Fulton county. New 
 York, 46 miles W. N. W. from Albany, and 4 
 miles N. from the Erie canal. It contains a 
 bank, an academy, 2 newspaper offices and 
 churches of 5 or 6 denominations. 
 
 JoHNSTOAVN, a post-town, the largest of 
 Cambria county, Pennsylvania, is situated at 
 the confluence of Conemaugh river with Stony 
 creek, on the Pennsylvania railroad, and at 
 the W. terminus of the Portage railroad, 85 
 miles E. from Pittsburg. The western divi- 
 sion of the Pennsylvania canal extends from 
 this town to Pittsburg. Johnstown has an 
 active business in shipping produce. Four 
 newspapers are published here. Population 
 in 1858, estimated at 2000. 
 
 Johnstown, a village of Juniata co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 55 miles N. W. from Harrisburg, and 
 6 miles S. W. from Miffiintown. 
 
 Johnstown, a thriving post-village of Lick- 
 ing CO., Ohio, about 24 miles N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. It contains 2 or 3 churches. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Johnstown, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Barry co., Michigan. Population, 451. 
 
 Johnstown, a small post-village of Rock 
 CO., Wisconsin, 53 miles S. W. from Milwau- 
 kee, contains 2 churches, a few stores, and 
 40 dwellings. 
 
 Johnstown Centre, a post-village of Rock 
 CO., Wisconsin, 10 miles E. from Janesville, 
 contains 40 dwellings, and about 200 in- 
 habitants.. 
 
 JoHNSviLLE,apost-office of Dutchess CO. N.Y. 
 
 Johnsville, a small village of Somerset 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Delaware and Rari- 
 tan canal. Population, 150. 
 
 Johnsville, a post-village in Frederick co., 
 Maryland, 74 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Johnsville, a village in Dyer co., Tenn., on 
 Obion river, 150 miles W. bj' S. from Nashville. 
 
 Johnsville, a small post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Ohio. 
 
 Johnsville, a post- village of Richland co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Joliet, a thriving town, capital of Will 
 county, Illinois, on both sides of the Des 
 Plaines river, and on the Illinois and Michi- 
 gan canal, 87 miles S. W. from Chicago. The 
 town is handsomely built, and contains, be- 
 sides the county buildings several churches, 
 one bank, and 2 newspaper offices. The 
 canal and river afi'ord motive-power for mills. 
 Joliet is surrounded by fertile and cultivated 
 prairies, the produce of which is shipped 
 here by the canal. Quarries of good build- 
 ing stone are worked in the vicinity. The 
 Chicago and Rock Island railroad passes 
 through the place. The value of the grain, 
 &c., received here in 1852, was estimated at 
 $550,000. Population in 1853, about 8500. 
 
 Joliet, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Will CO., Illinois. Population, 2659. 
 
 Jolly, a post-township in Washington co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1014. 
 
 64& 
 
JOL 
 
 JON 
 
 JoLLYTOWN, a post-office of Greene co., Pa. 
 
 Jonathan's Creek, Oliio, rises ia Licking 
 CO., and flows into the Muskingum river, a 
 few miles below Zanesville. 
 
 Jonathan's Ckeek, a post-office of Hay- 
 wood CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Jones, a county in the S. E. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Neuse river, has an 
 area estimated at 480 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Trent river. The surface 
 is level, and mostly covered by marshes and 
 forests of pitch pine, and cypress. The soil 
 is generally sandy. The S. E. part is occu- 
 pied by Catfish swamjj. Indian corn and 
 cotton are cultivated ; lumber, tar, and tur- 
 pentine are exported. In 1850 this county 
 produced 235,362 bushels of corn ; 10,385 of 
 oats, and 98 bales of cotton. There were 12 
 tar and turpentine manufactories, 1 coach 
 miinufactory, and 13 churches. Formed in 
 1779, and named in honor of AVillie Jones, of 
 North Carolina. Capital, Trenton. Popu- 
 lation, 5038 ; of whom 2281 were free, and 
 2757, slaves. 
 
 Jones, a county in the central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 378 square miles. 
 The Ocmulgee river forms its entire bound- 
 ary on the S. W. ; it is also drained by Falling, 
 Cedar, Walnut, and Commissioner's creeks. 
 The surface is generally hilly and broken ; 
 the soil has been much worn, but is still pro- 
 ductive. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 9006 bales of cotton ; 
 402,360 bushels of corn; 54,208 of oats, and 
 84,677 of sweet potatoes. There were 2 
 woollen factories, 1 manufactory of farming 
 implements, 6 grist mills, and 2 saw mills. 
 It contained 16 churches, 350 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 63 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Iron, granite, and 
 quartz are found. The county is intersected 
 by the Central railroad. Organized in 1807, 
 and named in honor of James Jones, for- 
 merly member of Congress from Georgia. Capi- 
 tal, Clinton. "Population, 10,224; of whom 
 3945 were free, and 6279, slaves. 
 
 Jones, a county in the S. E. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Leaf and 
 Tallahoma rivers. The surface is mode- 
 rately uneven ; the soil is sandy, and not 
 uniformly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and 
 cattle are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 60,988 bushels of corn ; 32,615 of 
 sweet potatoes ; 250 bales of cotton, and 
 74,555 pounds of rice. It contained 12 
 churches, and 76 pupils attending public 
 schools. Named in honor of Commodore Paul 
 Jones. Capital, Ellisville. Population, 2164; 
 of whom 1890 were free, and 274, slaves. 
 
 Jones, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has 
 an area of 576 square miles. The Wapsi- 
 pinicon and Makoqueta rivers, affluents of 
 the Mississippi river, flow through the county 
 in a S. E. direction ; it is also drained by Fall 
 650 
 
 river and Bear creek. The surface is diver- 
 sified by prairies and woodlands ; the soil is 
 highly productive. Grain of various kinds, 
 potatoes, grass, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850, Jones county produced 
 99,070 bushels of Indian corn ; 38,523 of 
 wheat, and 3371 tons of hay. It is intersected 
 by railway routes leading to Dubuque and 
 Keokuk. Limestone is one of the principal 
 rocks of the county. The larger streams fur- 
 nish valuable water-power. Named in honor 
 of George W. Jones, United States senator 
 from Iowa. Capital, Anamosa. Pop., 3007. 
 
 Jones, a township of Elk co., Pa., 11 miles 
 N. by E. from Pvidgway. Population, 285. 
 
 Jones, a township in Hancock co., Indiana. 
 Population, 670. 
 
 Jones, a small village of Morgan co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Sangamon and Morgan railroad, 
 40 miles AV, by S. from Springfield. 
 
 Jones' Bluff, a post-office of Sumter co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a post-township of "Wash- 
 ington CO., Maine, at the head of English- 
 man's bay, about 128 miles E. by N. from 
 Augusta. Population, 466. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a post-village of Brunswick 
 CO., Virginia, about 90 miles S. by W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a thriving post-village of 
 Fayette co., Georgia, on the Macon and West- 
 ern railroad, 79 miles N. W. from Macon. It 
 is a depot for cotton. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Alabama, 36 miles E. N. E. from Tusca- 
 loosa, contains a male and female seminary. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a post-office of Tippah co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Washington county, Tennessee, is 
 pleasantly situated 280 miles E. from Nash- 
 ville. The route of the E. Tennessee and 
 Virginia railroad passes through the place. 
 It is situated in a highly productive and 
 beautiful valley, which is abundantly sup- 
 plied with water-power. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches, 2 academies, a good court house, 
 and 3 or 4 newspaper offices. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a thriving post-village of 
 Grant county, Indiana, on the Mississinewa 
 river, 6 miles S. S. E. from Marion. A plank- 
 road passes through this village from Lagro 
 to Anderson. Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a thriving village of Greene 
 CO., Indiana, about 85 miles S. W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a Small post-villftge, capi- 
 tal of Union county, Illinois, on the Central 
 railroad, 150 miles S. from Springfield, and 
 10 miles from the Mississippi, contains several 
 churches and stores. The county has ex- 
 tensive beds of coal, iron ore, lead, and 
 porcelain clay. 
 
 JoNESBOEOUGH, a post-village of Saline co., 
 Missouri, on Salt fork of Lamine river, about 
 80 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
JON 
 
 JUL 
 
 JoNESBiiEG, a village in Camden co., N. 
 C, 155 miles E. N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Jones' Creek, of Kent co., Delaware, 
 passes by Dover and falls into Delaware bay. 
 
 Jones' Creek, of North Carolina, flows 
 into Yadkin river at the E. border of Anson 
 county. 
 
 Jones' Creek, of Walker co., Alabama, 
 flows into Sipsey river. 
 
 Jones' Creek, in the N. W. central part of 
 Tennessee, flows into Harpeth river, a few 
 miles from its mouth, in Dickson county. 
 
 Jones' Creek, a post-ofiice of Anson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Jones' CREEK,a post-ofiice of Liberty co.Ga. 
 
 Jones' Creek, a post-office of Randolph 
 ■ CO., Illinois. 
 
 Jones' Ferry, a post-office of Morehouse 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Jones' Mills, a post-office of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Jones' Mills, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Jones' Mills, a post-office of Meriwether 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Jones' Mills, a post-office of Yalabusha 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Jones' Mills, a post-office of McNairy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Jones' Mill, a small town, capital of 
 Oconto CO., Wisconsin, on the Oconto river, 8 
 or 10 miles from its entrance into Green bay. 
 
 Jones' Nursery, a post-office of Clarke co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Jonesport, a township of Washington co., 
 Maine, on the Atlantic coast, 127 miles E. by 
 N. from Augusta. Population, 826. 
 
 Jones' Spring, a post-office of Berkeley 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Jones' Tanyard, a small post-village of 
 Callaway co., Missouri, 35 miles N. E. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 JoNESTON, a township in Union co., Illinois. 
 Population, 230. 
 
 Jonestown, a thriving post-village of Swa- 
 tara township, Lebanon county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the Swatara creek, 29 miles N. E. 
 frorn Harrisburg. It is one of the largest 
 plaees in the county, and contains 3 churches 
 and several stores. 
 
 JoNESviLLE, a post-office of Chittenden co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 JoNESYiLLE, a post- village of Saratoga co.. 
 New York, 21 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 JoNESviLLE, a village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 5 miles W. S. W. from Mercer. 
 
 Jonesville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Lee county, Virginia, on Powell's river, 
 392 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. It is situ- 
 ated on a beautiful eminence, near the foot 
 of Cumberland mountain. Pop., about 300. 
 Jonesville, a post-village in Yadkin co.. 
 North Carolina, on Yadkin river, 145 miles 
 W. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Jonesville, a post-village in Union dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 80N.W. from Columbia. 
 
 Jonesville, a post-office of Jackson co.,AIa. 
 Jonesville, a post-office of Harrison co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Jonesville, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Ohio, 40 miles N. E. from Marietta. 
 
 Jonesville, a post-township of Hillsdale 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 565. 
 
 Jonesville, a thriving post- village of Hills- 
 dale county, Michigan, on St. Joseph's river, 
 and on the Michigan Southern railroad, 74 
 miles W. from Monroe. It contains 4 churches, 
 and a large brick Union school-house, in 
 which about 250 pupils receive instruction. 
 This school is considered one of the best of 
 its class in the state. Jonesville has 10 stores, 
 1 woollen factory, 1 foundry, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. Settled about 1830. It is the 
 oldest village of the county, and was the first 
 'seat of justice. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Jonesville, a post-office of Bartholomew 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Jonesville, a post-office of Sauk co.. Wis. 
 Jones Valley, a post-office of Calaveras 
 CO., California. 
 
 Jordan, a post-village of Elbridge town- 
 ship, Onondaga county. New York, on the 
 Erie canal, and on the Syracuse and Roches- 
 ter railroad, about 150 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. It contains several churches ; flour- 
 ing mills, and a manufactory of wooden-ware. 
 Jordan, a township of Clearfield co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 12 miles S. S. W. from Clearfield. 
 Population, 612. 
 
 Jordan, a post-office of Greene co.. Wis. 
 Jordan Creek, of Lehigh co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, falls into the Lehigh river, near Allen- 
 town. 
 
 Jordan's Mills, a post-office of Orange- 
 burg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Jordan's Saline, a post-village, capital of 
 
 Van Zandt co., Texas, on the right bank of 
 
 Sabine river, about 260 miles N.E. from Austin. 
 
 Jordan's Store, a post-office of Williamson 
 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Jordan's Valley, a post-office of Ruther- 
 ford CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Jordanvillb, a post-office of Herkimer co., 
 New York. 
 
 ■ Josephine, a post-village of Woodford co., 
 Illinois, 84 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Joshua, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. 
 Population, 879. 
 
 Joy, a post-office of Wayne co., New York. 
 Joyner's Depot, a post-office of Edge- 
 combe CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Joy's Mills, a post-office of Burke co., Ga. 
 Juan, a small village of Pottawatomie co.,, 
 Iowa. 
 JuDA, a post-office of Greene co.,Wis. 
 Judy's (or Judah's) Gap, a village of Hick- 
 ory CO., Missouri, 90 miles S. W. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 JuGTOWN, a small village of Hunterdon co., 
 New Jersey, 12 miles N. W. from Flemington. 
 Julian, a small village of Moultrie co., Il- 
 linois, 66 miles E. by S. from Springfield. 
 
 551 
 
JUL 
 
 KAL 
 
 Julian Fuenage, a post-village of Centre 
 
 county, Pennsylvania, in Baldeagle Valley, 
 
 about 95 miles W. N. W. from Plarrisburg. 
 
 Julian's Gap, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Juliet, a new village of Lawrence co., In- 
 diana, on the New Albany and Salem rail- 
 road, 5 or 6 miles S. from Bedford. 
 Juliet, Illinois. See Joliet. 
 JuLiusTOWN, a post-village of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, 6 or 7 miles E. by N. from 
 Mount Holly. It has a church, and about 30 
 dwellings. 
 
 Junction, a post-ofSce of E,ennselaer co., 
 New York. 
 
 Junction, a post-office of Hanover co., Va. 
 
 Junction, a small post-village of Paulding 
 
 CO., Ohio, at the junction of the Miami canal 
 
 with the Wabash and Erie canal, 5 miles N. 
 
 from Charloe. 
 
 Junction, a post-village of Du Page co., 
 Illinois, on the Galena and Chicago Union 
 railroad, 35 miles W. from Chicago. Here 
 the branches diverge, one running towards 
 Galena, the other to Aurora. 
 
 Junction, a post-ofSce of Yuba co., Cal. 
 .Junction Store, a pcst-ofBce of Botetourt 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Juneau, formerly Dobge Centke, a post- 
 village, capital of Dodge co., AVisconsin, is 
 pleasantly situated in the centre of the coun- 
 ty, on the Fond du Lac and Rock Pdver rail- 
 road, 46 miles E. N. E. from Madison. It was 
 laid out and selected as the county seat about 
 the year 1850, and named in memory of the 
 first white settler of Wisconsin. The sur- 
 rounding country is fertile, and rapidly im- 
 proving. A newspaper is published here. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 500. 
 
 Juniata, a river of Pennsylvania, formed 
 by the union of the Little Juniata and Franks- 
 town branch, commences in the S. central 
 p.art of the state, and flowing in a general 
 easterly direction, falls into the Susquehan- 
 na, 14 miles above Harrisburg. The region 
 through which it passes is diversified by fer- 
 tile limestone valleys and mountain ridges, 
 in which iron ore is abundant. The scenery 
 along the banks of this river is in the highest 
 degree beautiful and picturesque. The whole 
 length of the Juniata (including the Franks- 
 town branch) is estimated at near 150 milep. 
 It is not navigable, but the Pennsylvania 
 canal passes along it to HoUidaysburg. 
 Branches.— Ihe Little Juniata, a very small 
 stream, rises in the N. W. part of Blair coun- 
 ty, and after a course of perhaps not more 
 than 30 miles, joins the Frankstown branch. 
 The latter rises in the N. part of Bedford 
 county, and passes by Frankstown, from 
 which it derives its name. The Raystown 
 branch, more properly an affluent of the 
 Juniata, is the principal tributary of that 
 river. It has its sources in the S. W. part 
 of Bedford county, and joins the Juniata near 
 Huntingdon. 
 552 
 
 Juniata County, Pennsylvania, situated in 
 the S. K central part of the state, contains 
 350 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Juniata river, and also drained by the Tus- 
 carora and Lost creeks. The surface is 
 mostly occupied with valleys and mountains, 
 which abound in beautiful and romantic 
 scenery. The valleys are fertile, and well 
 cultivated. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and 
 butter are the staple productions. In 1850 
 there were raised 187,187 bushels of wheat; 
 138,633 of corn ; 102,493 of oats ; 12,233 tons 
 of hay, and 262,035 pounds of butter were 
 made. There were 25 flour and grist mills, 
 20 tanneries, 2 iron foundries, and 2 woollen 
 factories. It contained 26 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 2000 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 60 attending an academy. Lime- 
 stone, sandstone, and slate are the principal 
 rocks. The county is well watered, and 
 some of the creeks afford fine motive-power. 
 The Pennsylvania canal and Central railroad 
 pass through it. Capital, Mifiiintown. Po- 
 pulation, 13,029. 
 
 Juniata, a township of Blair co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 6 miles S. W. from HoUidaysburg. 
 Population, 1752. 
 
 Juniata, a post-township of Perry co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Juniata river, 25 miles 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. Population, 1435. 
 
 Juniata Crossings, a post-office of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Junior, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio. 
 
 Juniper Creek, of Chesterfield district, 
 South Carolina, flows into Thompson's creek, 
 a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Junius, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Seneca co.. New York, 8 miles 
 N. from Waterloo. Population, 1516. 
 
 Juno, a post-office of Lumpkin co., Ga. 
 
 Juno, a post-office of Henderson co., Tenn. 
 
 Justus' Mills, a post-office of Hempstead 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Kaaterskill, New York, a small stream 
 rising in the Catskill mountains, and falling 
 into Catskill creek near its mouth. About 
 two miles from the Mountain house, it has a 
 perpendicular fall of 175 feet. 
 
 Kaatsberg. See Catskill Mount^uns. 
 
 Kabletown, a post-office of Jefferson co.Va. 
 
 Kalamazoo river, of Michigan, rises in 
 Hillsdale county, in the S. part of the state, 
 and flowing in a W. N. W. direction, enters 
 Lake Michigan in Allegan county, 29 miles 
 S. from Grand river. The whole length is 
 nearly 200 miles, and the width near its 
 mouth is between 300 and 400 feet. It is 
 navigable for boats of 50 tons in all stages 
 to Allegan, a distance of 38 miles. The region 
 through which it flows is nearly level, and 
 the soil is generally fertile. 
 
 Kalajiazoo, a county in the S. W. part of 
 
KAL 
 
 KAN 
 
 Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Kalamazoo, and drained 
 by the Portage river of the Kalamazoo, and 
 the Portage river of the St. Joseph, and by 
 Bear and Gull creeks. The surface is nearly 
 level, and is diversified by prairies, tracts of 
 heavy timber, and plains, which are covered 
 with scattered oak-trees. The soil is uni- 
 formly and extremely fertile. The chief pro- 
 ductions are wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, hay, 
 and wool. In 1850 the county produced 
 225,855 bushels of wheat; 366,578 of corn; 
 97,325 of oats ; 106,913 of potatoes, and 11,736 
 tons of hay. It contained 15 churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices. The streams furnish ex- 
 tensive water-power. The county is intersect- 
 ed by the Central railroad. Organized in 
 1830. Capital, Kalamazoo. Pop., 13,179. 
 
 Kalamazoo, a township in the.central part 
 of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, intersected by 
 the Kalamazoo river. Population, 3281. 
 
 Kalamazoo, a thriving town, capital of 
 Kalamazoo co., Michigan, on the left bank 
 of the river of its own name, and on the Cen- 
 tral railroad, 140 miles W. from Detroit, 
 aud 140 miles E. N. E. from Chicago. It is 
 scarcely eighteen years since the place was 
 first settled ; the population is now (1853) es- 
 timated at 4500. It contains a United States 
 land-office, a branch of the university, a 
 number of churches, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 Manufactories of various kinds have recently 
 been established ; plank-roads have been 
 made, and every element of prosperity which 
 nature has given, has been developed with 
 surprising rapidity. The surrounding coun- 
 try is well timbered, and the soil is uniformly 
 productive. The Michigan Asylum for the 
 Insane has recently been located here. 
 
 Kalamo, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Eaton co., Michigan. Population, 429. 
 
 Kalcasca, a new and unorganized county 
 towards the N. part of Michigan. The area 
 is 576 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Manistee river. The census of 1850 furnishes 
 no returns for this county. 
 
 Kalida, a post-village, capital of Putnam 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ottawa river, 112 miles N. 
 W. from Columbus. Laid out in 1834. It 
 contained in 1850, 1 or 2 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and several stores. 
 
 Kanawha, a county in the W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 1176 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Great Kanawha, from 
 which the name is derived, and also drained 
 by the Elk, Coal, and Pocatalico rivers. The 
 surface is beautifully diversified by moun- 
 tains, hills, and fertile valleys. The high- 
 lands are mostly covered with forests, and 
 contain inexhaustible beds of stone coal. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the 
 staples of agriculture. Lai-ge quantities of 
 salt are prepared from numerous springs on 
 the banks of the Kanawha river, a few miles 
 above Charleston. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 352,995 bushels of corn; 25,074 of 
 
 wheat; 58,596 of oats, and 2014 tons of hay. 
 There were 33 salt-boiling establishments, 9 
 grist mills, 14 saw mills, and 3 machine shops. 
 It contained 25 churches ; 1300 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 162 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. The principal rock 
 of the county is sandstone. Steamboats 
 navigate the Kanawha river in this county, 
 which is intersected by the Covington and 
 Ohio railroad, unfinished. Capital, Charles- 
 ton. Population, 15,353, of whom 12,213 
 were free, and 3140, slaves. 
 
 Kanawha Saline, a post-village in Ka- 
 nav^ha county, Virginia, on' Great Kanawha 
 river, 260 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Kane, a county in the N. E. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 540 square miles. The 
 Fox or Pishtaka river flows from N. to S. 
 through the greatest length of the county. It 
 is a rapid and beautiful stream, affording 
 abundant water-power. The surface is mostly 
 an undulating prairie, interspersed with beau- 
 tiful groves of small extent ; the river is 
 bordered on the E. by a tract of timber, from 
 1 to 4 miles in width. The soil is excellent, 
 yielding abundant crops of grain and fruits. 
 In 1850 it produced 316,493 bushels of wheat ; 
 337,593 of Indian corn; 206,364 of oats; 
 23,244 tons of hay, and 224,085 pounds of 
 butter.- It contained 18 churches, 3 newspa- 
 per offices, and 36G5 pupils attending public 
 schools. Limestone is the principal rock. 
 The county is intersected by the Chicago and 
 Galena railroad, and by the Aurora Extension 
 railroad. First settled in 1835, and named 
 in honor of Elias K. Kane, United States se- 
 nator from Illinois. Capital, Geneva. Po- 
 pulation, 16,703. 
 
 Kane, a small post-village of Greene CO., 
 111., about 78 miles S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Kanesville, a flourishing Mormon town, 
 capital of Pottawattomie county, Iowa, is 
 pleasantly situated on a prairie, 4 or 5 miles 
 E. from the Missouri river, and about 240 
 miles W. by S. from Iowa City. It is the 
 largest town in the western part of the state, 
 and is a place of active business. It contains 
 a tabernacle and numerous stores, and over 
 1000 inhabitants. Many emigrants to Utah 
 get their outfit here. See Council Bluffs. 
 
 Kaneville, a small post-village of Kane 
 CO., Illinois, about 50 miles W. from Chicago. 
 
 Kankakke river, of Indiana and Illinois, 
 rises near South Bend, in the N. part of In- 
 diana, and after a course of about 100 miles 
 enters the state of Illinois, and empties itself 
 into Illinois river, at Dresden. It is a very 
 sluggish stream, flowing through a level 
 country, which is occupied by extensive prai- 
 ries and marshes. 
 
 Kankakee, a new coimty in the north- 
 eastern part of Illinois, lying between the 
 counties of Iroquois and V/ill, and bordering 
 on the state of Indiana. Area, about 590 
 square miles. It is watered by the river 
 Kankakee and its tributaries. The surface 
 
 s53 
 
KAN 
 
 KEA 
 
 is generally level, and consists cliiefly of 
 prairie. Capital, Kankakee City. 
 
 Kankakee, a township of Laporte co., Ind. 
 
 Kankakee City, capital of Kankakee coun- 
 ty, Illinois, on the right bank of Kankakee 
 river, at the point where the Chicago and 
 , Illinois railroad crosses this stream. 
 
 Kankakee, a small village of Grundy coun- 
 ty, Illinois, at the junction of the Kankakee 
 aud Des Plaines rivers. 
 
 Kankalin, a township in Brown county, 
 Wisconsin. Population, 704. 
 
 Kanona, a post-office of Steuben co., N. Y. 
 
 Kan'zas, Kansas, or Konzas river, one of 
 the largest affluents of the Missouri, rises on 
 the E. slope of the Rocky mountains, near 
 Pike's Peak, and flowing easterly, falls into 
 the Missouri river, where the latter enters 
 the state of this name. Entire length esti- 
 mated at 1200 miles, for 900 of which it is 
 said to be navigable. Branches. — Solomon's 
 fork is about 700 miles long ; and Smokyhill 
 fork, 800 miles long. They unite near 97° 
 W. Ion. 
 
 Kanzas, a pleasant post-village of Jackson 
 county, Missouri, on the Missouri river, three- 
 quarters of a mile below the mouth of Kan- 
 zas river, and 14 miles W. from Independence. 
 It has a good landing, and an active business. 
 Great numbers of emigrants pass through 
 this place. It contains several churches and 
 (in 1853) about 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 Kanzas, Kansas, or Konzas Indians, a 
 tribe in the Indian territory, dwelling in the 
 vicinity of Kanzas river. 
 
 Kaequenas, or Carqtjinez, kar-kee'nes, of 
 -California, the strait joining San Pablo and 
 Suisun bays. 
 
 Karthaus, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Clearfield co., Pa. Pop., 316. 
 
 Kaethacs, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the West branch of the Susque- 
 hanna, 20 miles E. N. E. from Clearfield. 
 
 Kasey's, a post-ofSce of Bedford co., Va. 
 
 Kaskaskia, a river which rises in Cham- 
 paign county, in the E. central part of Illi- 
 nois, and flowing south-westerly, passes Shel- 
 byville, Vandalia, Carlyle, and the town of 
 Kaskaskia, falling into the Mississippi 7 or 8 
 miles below the last-mentioned place. Length 
 estimated at near 300 miles. 
 
 Kaskaskia, a handsome post-village of 
 Randolph county, Illinois, is finely situated 
 on the right or W. bank of the Kaskaskia 
 river, about 2 miles E. from the Mississippi 
 river, and 142 miles S. from Springfield. It 
 has the distinction of being the oldest town 
 in Illinois, or perhaps in the whole Western 
 States, having been settled by the French 
 about the year 1673. It was the first capital 
 of the territory, and retained that rank until 
 1818. The Kaskaskia river is a fine naviga- 
 ble stream. The village contains a United 
 States land-office and a Catholic chapel. 
 
 Kasoag, a post-office of Oswego co., N. Y. 
 
 Kata^ii'iiin, a mountain of Piscataquis 
 654 
 
 county, Maine, about 130 miles N. N. E. from 
 Augusta. Height, 5300 feet. 
 
 ILiTAHDiN (or Katahden) Ieonwoeks, & 
 post-township of Piscataquis county, Maine, 
 about 135 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 158. 
 
 Katonah, a post-office of Westchester coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Kattelvihb, a post-office of Broome coun- 
 ty. New York. 
 
 Kaufman, a county of Texas, situated in 
 the N. E central part of the state, contains 
 1030 square miles. It is drained by the Tri- 
 nity river and its affluents. The county con- 
 tains extensive prairies, and is traversed by 
 numerous streams, which are fringed with an 
 abundance of fine timber, such as the oak, 
 hickory, walnut, &c. The soil is productive. 
 Indian corn, oats, cotton, grass, and live 
 stock are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 30,685 bushels of corn; 2223 of oats, and 6 
 bales of cotton. There were 129 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Kaufman county was 
 formed during or since 1846, and the popu- 
 lation is increasing rapidly. Named in honor 
 of David S. Kaufman, former representative 
 of Texas. Capital, Kaufman. Population, 
 1047, of whom 982 were free, and 65, slaves. 
 
 Kaufman, a post-village, capital of Kaufman 
 CO., Texas, 210 miles N. N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Kaukauna, formerly Geand Kaukaulin, 
 a thriving post-village of Outagamie county, 
 Wisconsin, on the Neenah or Fox river, 
 100 miles N. N. W. from Milwaukee. The 
 rapids in the river here afford abundant wa- 
 ter-power, which is employed in sawing pine 
 lumber, &c. It contains 2 churches and 3 
 stores. Population, about 200. 
 
 Kayadekosseras Mountains, in the E. 
 part of New York, are situated in Warren 
 county, between Lake George and Schroon 
 river. 
 
 Kayesikang River. See Shell River, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Keaesaege Mountain, in Merrimack coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire, rises about 2468 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Its summits con- 
 sist of bare granite. 
 
 KEARSLEY,a post-office of Genesee co.,Mich. 
 
 Kearsley Creek, of Michigan, falls into 
 Flint river, in Genesee county. 
 
 Keas Bridge, a post-office of Chickasaw 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Keasbueg, a village of Logan county, Ken- 
 tucky, 196 miles S. W. from Frankfort, con- 
 tains 1 or 2 churches and 4 stores. 
 
 Keatchie, a post-office of De Sotopar., La. 
 
 Keating, a township of McKean county, 
 Pennsylvania, contains the county seat. Po- 
 pulation, 1181. 
 
 Keating, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Clinton county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the W. branch of the Susquehanna. Po- 
 pulation, 225. 
 
 Keaton's Landing, or Vinton, a small 
 village of Lowndes county, Mississippi. 
 
KEG 
 
 KEL 
 
 Keck's Church, a post-office of Martin 
 county, Indiana. 
 
 Kecks viLLE, a small village of Martin 
 CO., Indiana, 9 miles N. W. from Dover Plill. 
 
 Keechi, or Upper Keechi Creek, of Texas, 
 rises in Freestone county, and flows south- 
 eastward through Leon county into Trinity 
 river. Lower Keechi enters the river in the 
 S. part of the same county. 
 
 Keechil, a post-office of Freestone co., Tex. 
 
 Keedtsville, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Maryland. 
 
 Keeper's Corkers, a post-office of Albany 
 county. New York. 
 
 Keeper's Store, a post-office of Franklin 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Keeler, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Van Buren county, Michigan. 
 Population, 485. 
 
 Keelersburg, a post-office of Wyoming 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Keelerstille, a post-village of Van Buren 
 CO., Michigan, 180 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Keene, a beautiful post-village and seat of 
 justice of Cheshire county. New Hampshire, 
 is situated on the left bank of the Ashuelot 
 river, and at the junction of the Connecticut 
 River railroad with the Cheshire railroad, 93 
 miles N. W. from Boston. It is remarkable 
 for the extent, width, and uniform level of 
 its streets. Maine street, extending a mile 
 in a straight line, is almost a perfect level, 
 and handsomely ornamented with shade-trees. 
 Besides the county buildings, the village con- 
 tains 4 or 5 churches, 2 banks, and several 
 fine schools. Three newspapers are issued 
 weekly. The inhabitants are noted for their 
 enterprise, and are extensively engaged in 
 the various branches of trade and manufac- 
 tures. Population of the township in 1840, 
 2610; in 1850, 3392. 
 
 Kjeene, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Essex county, New York. Population, 756. 
 
 Keene, a flourishing post-village of Jessa- 
 mine county, Kentucky, 11 miles S. W. from 
 Lexington. It is surrounded by a rich farm- 
 ing district, has 5 or 6 dry goods stores, and 
 near 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Keene, a post-township in the E. central 
 part of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop., 1078. 
 
 Keene, a post-village of Coshocton county, 
 Ohio, 82 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Keeneville, a post-office of Wayne co.. 111. 
 
 Keenet's Settlement, a post-office of 
 Cortland county. New York. 
 
 Keensville, a small post-village of Union 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Keesbville, a post-village of New York, 
 on both sides of Au Sable river, and on the 
 line between Clinton and Essex counties, 4 
 miles from Lake Champlain, and 150 miles 
 N. from Albany. It contains 4 or 5 churches, 
 an academy, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and 
 large manufactories of iron and nails, in 
 which water-power is employed. Popula- 
 tion, estimated at 2000. 
 
 Keezletown, a post-office of Rockingham 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Keg Creek, of Iowa, flows into Missouri 
 river in Fremont county. 
 
 Keith's, a district in Lumpkin county, 
 Georgia. Population, 369. 
 
 Keith's, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 Keith's Furnace, a railroad station in 
 Bridgewater township, Plymouth county, 
 Massachusetts, 3 miles N. of Bridgewater, 
 and 24 miles S. S. E. from Boston. 
 
 Keithsburg, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Mercer county, Illinois, on the Missis- 
 sippi, 150 miles N. W. from Springfield. A 
 large quantity of produce is bought and 
 shipped at this village, which has a good 
 landing. Population, about 500. 
 
 Kellback, a post-office of Cattaraugas co., 
 New York. 
 
 Kellersvillb, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kellbrtown, a post-village in Wilkinson 
 CO., Miss., 110 miles S. S. W. from Jackson. 
 
 Kellet's Mills, a post-office of Lawrence 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Kellogsville, a post-village of Cayuga Co., 
 N. Y., about 16 miles S. E. from Auburn. It 
 contains 2 churches, 2 stores, a tavern, and 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Kellogsville, a post-village of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio, 220 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Kelly, a township of Union county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna river, imme- 
 diately above Lewisburg. Population, 834. 
 
 Kelly, a small village of Union co.. Pa. 
 
 Kelly, a township of Ottawa county, Ohio ; 
 it comprises Cunningham's or Kelly's Island, 
 in Lake Erie, 12 miles N. from Sandusky City. 
 It contains quarries of fine limestone, and has 
 a good harbor, which is much resorted to by 
 steamers for wood and water. See Cunning- 
 ham's Island. 
 
 Kellysborg, a village of Indiana county, 
 Pennsylvania, 54 miles in a direct line E. N. 
 E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Kelly's Creek, a post-office of St. Clair 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Kelly's Ferry, a post-office of Meigs co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Kelly's Landinq, a post-office of Oldham 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Kelly's Spring, a post-office of Talladega 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Kellysville, a thriving post-village of 
 Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on Darby 
 creek and the West Chester railroad, 6 or 7 
 miles W. by S. from Philadelphia. The in- 
 habitants are mostly employed in manufac- 
 tures, for which the creek furnishes motive- 
 power. Population, estimated at 500. 
 
 Kellysville, a post-office of Culpepper 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Kelso, a post-office of Dearborn co., Ind. 
 
 Kelsoes, a small village of Monroe co.Tenn. 
 
 Kelvin Grove, a post-village of Wake 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 655 
 
KEM 
 
 KEN 
 
 Kemblesville, a post-office of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kemp, a post-office of Kaufman co., Texas. 
 
 Kempee., a county in tlie E. part of Missis- 
 sippi, bordering on Alabama, has an area of 
 about 800 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Tugaloo or Suckernochee creek. The 
 soil is productive. Cotton and Indian corn 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 504,685 bushels of corn; 40,495 of oats; 
 175,960 of sweet potatoes; 4444 of peas and 
 beans, and 5115 bales of cotton. It contained 
 14 churches, and 297 pupils attending public 
 schools. The route of the Mobile and Ohio 
 railroad passes along or near the W. border 
 of the county. Capital, De Kalb. Popula- 
 tion, 12,517, of whom 7139 were free, and 
 5378, slaves. 
 
 Kempek, a post-office of Bladen co., N. C. 
 
 Kemper Springs, a post-office of Kemper 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Kemp's Creek, a post-office of Benton 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Kbmpsyille, a post-village of Princess 
 Anne county, Virginia, on the E. branch of 
 Elizabeth river, at the head of tide-water, 
 124 miles S. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Kenansville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Duplin county. North Carolina, about 5 
 miles E. from the Wilmington and Weldon 
 railroad, and 86 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Kesdall, a county in the N. E. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 325 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Fox river, which flows south- 
 westward, and also drained by the sources 
 of Au Sable river. The surface is undulating 
 prairie, diversified with fine groves of timber. 
 The soil is uniformly and highly productive. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 410,986 bushels of Indian corn; 213,660 of 
 •wheat ; 139,008 of oats ; 14,700 tons of hay, 
 and 180,270 pounds of butter. It contained 
 lOchvirches, and 3556 pupils attending public 
 schools. Quarries of good building stone are 
 worked near the county seat. Fox river is 
 a rapid and copious stream, affording va- 
 luable water-power. Two plank-roads are in 
 progress in the county, which is intersected 
 by the Aurora Extension railroad. Capital, 
 Oswego. Population, 7730. 
 
 Kekdall, a post-township, forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Orleans co.. New York, on 
 Lake Ontario. Population, 2289. 
 
 Kendall, a small post-village of Beaver 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kendall, a post-township in Kendall co., 
 Illinois. Population, 797. 
 
 Kendall, a small village of Clay co., Mis- 
 souri, 25 miles N. by E. from Independence. 
 
 Kendall, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Lafayette co., Wisconsin. Population, 333. 
 
 Kendall Creek, a post-office of McKean 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kendall Mills, a post-office of Orleans 
 30., New York 
 656 
 
 Kendall's Mills, a flourishing post-vil- 
 lage in Fairfield township, Somerset county, 
 Maine, on the Kennebec river, and at the 
 present terminus of the railroad connecting 
 this place with Portland. 
 
 Kendall's Store, a post-office of Stanley 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Kendalville, or Kendallsville, a small 
 post- village of Noble co., Indiana, on the Elk- 
 hart river, about 8 miles N. E. from Albion. 
 
 Kendrick's Spur, a post-office of Patrick 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Kendxjskeag river, a fine mill stream of 
 Penobscot co., near the centre of Maine, falls 
 into the Penobscot river at Bangor. 
 
 Kenduskeag, a post-office of Penobscot co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Kenjua, or KiNZUA, a township of Warren 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 9 miles E. S. E. from War- 
 ren. Population, 232. 
 
 Kbnjua, a post-village of Warren co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, near 
 the mouth of Kenjua creek, about 12 miles 
 above Warren. 
 
 Kenjua Creek, in the N. N. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, rises in McKean co., flows 
 north-westward, and enters the Alleghany 
 river in Warren county. 
 
 Kenka, a post-office of Steuben co., N. Y. 
 
 Kennebec, an important river of New Eng- 
 land, has its principal source in Moosehead 
 lake, in Somerset county, Maine, and flow- 
 ing in a general southerly course, unites its 
 waters with the Atlantic in Lincoln county. 
 Its whole descent is more than 1000 feet in a 
 length of about 150 miles, affording an im- 
 mense and vei'y valuable water-power. It is 
 navigable for large ships 12 miles to Bath, 
 and for sloops of 150 tons to Hallowell, 40 
 miles. The mean time of the closing of the 
 river by ice for 45 successive years has been 
 December 12th, and of the opening, April 
 3d ; and since the year 1786 the river has not 
 been closed by ice later than the 20th of 
 April. The principal towns upon the banks 
 of this stream are Bath, Hallowell, Augusta, 
 Waterville, and Norridgewock. 
 
 Kennebec, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Maine, has an area of about 1000 
 square miles. It contains numerous small 
 lakes and ponds. The Kennebec river tra- 
 verses the county from north to south, divid- 
 ing it into two nearly equal portions. The 
 Androscoggin forms part of the western 
 boundary. The surface is undulating and 
 the soil very fertile. Indian corn, potatoes, 
 wool, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county yielded a greater quantity of In- 
 dian corn, hay, and butter, and a greater 
 value of orchard fruits than any one county 
 of the state : the products were 296,108 
 bushels of corn; 380,014 of potatoes; 97,496 
 tons of hay; 149,617 pounds of wool, and 
 1,124,721 pounds of butter. There were 3 
 cotton mills, 5 woollen mills, 6 oilcloth manu- 
 factories, 3 iron foundries, 5 machine shops. 
 
KE]^ 
 
 KEN 
 
 73 saw and planiug mills, 13 grist mills, and 
 '2 flour mills. It contained 111 cliurcLes, 8 
 newspaper offices, 20,658 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 928 attending academies 
 and other schools. The Kennebec river, from 
 which the name of the county is derived, is 
 navigable for sloops to Augusta, the capital 
 of the state, above which place it afifords a 
 valuable water-power. This county is nearly 
 intersected by the railroad connecting Yar- 
 mouth and Waterville, and by that connect- 
 ing Augusta and Portland. Capital, Au- 
 gusta. Population, 62,521. 
 
 Kennebec, a small mining settlement of 
 Yuba county, California, is situated on the 
 Yxiba river, 15 miles from its junction with 
 Feather river, and about 110 miles N. N. E. 
 of Benicia. Miners' wages, 5 dollars per day. 
 Population in 1852, 129. 
 
 Kenkebunk, a small river of York county, 
 Maine, flows into the Atlantic. 
 
 Kennebunk, a post- village and port of entry 
 of York county, Maine, on the S. W. side of 
 the Kennebunk river, at its entrance into the 
 Atlantic, where it forms a good harbor, 25 miles 
 S. W. from Portland. Manufacturing is carried 
 on to some extent, but the chief interests are 
 commerce and ship-building. The shipping 
 of the port, June 30, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggre'gate of 10,862|| tons registered, and 
 3616|4 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the 
 latter 2556|| tons were employed in the 
 coast trade, and 895i| tons in the cod fishe- 
 ries. During the year, 12 vessels, (6 of them 
 ships,) with an aggregate burthen of 5782|-| 
 tons, were admeasured. Population of the 
 township, 2650. 
 
 Kennebunk Depot, a post-office of York 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Kennebunk Port, a sea-port and post-vil- 
 lage of York county, Maine, at the mouth of 
 Kennebunk river, opposite Kennebunk, with 
 which its trade is united, 24 miles S. W. from 
 Portland. The inhabitants are engaged in 
 commerce and in ship-building. Population 
 of the township, 2706. 
 
 Kennedy's, a small village of Greenwich 
 township, Warren co., New Jersey. 
 
 Kennedy's, a post-office of Brunswick co., 
 Virginia, 66 miles S. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Kennedysvillb, a post-Tillage of Steuben 
 county, New York, on the Buffalo and Corn- 
 ing railroad, about 220 miles W. by S. of 
 Albany. It has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 KBNNEMEK,a post-of&cc of Marshall co.,Ala. 
 
 Kennet, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 28 miles Vf. S. W. from Philadel- 
 phia. Population, 1706. 
 
 Kennet, formerly Butlek, a small post- 
 village, capital of Dunklin co.. Mo., about 
 380 miles S. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Kennet Square, a thriving post-village 
 in Kennet township, Chester county, Penn- 
 sylvania, is pleasantly situated about 35 
 miles W. S. W. from Philadelphia. The vil- 
 lage is neatly built, and the greater part of 
 
 the houses are of brick. It has a large 
 boarding school. Pop., estimated at 600. 
 
 Kenney's, a post-office of Shiawassee cc, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Kennon, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 Kennonsburg, a small post-village of No- 
 ble CO., Ohio. 
 
 Kennonsviile, a village in Lewis co., 
 Mo., 110 miles N. N. E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 Kenosha, a county, forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Wisconsin, bordering on Lake 
 Michigan and Illinois, contains 276 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Pishtaka aud 
 Des Plaines rivers. The surface is nearly 
 level, and mostly destitute of timber, except- 
 ing scattered groves of oak and hickory. " 
 The soil is calcareous and fertile. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, and potatoes are the chief 
 products. In 1850 the county produced 
 318,051 bushels of wheat; 100,016 of corn; 
 230,969 of oats; 68,555 of potatoes ; 284,793 
 pounds of butter, and 24,229 tons of hay. 
 It contained 12 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 2980 pupils attending public schools, and 80 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 rock which underlies the county is limestone. 
 A plank-road extends through the county 
 from the lake to Pishtaka river. Kenosha 
 county was formed in 1850, from the S. part 
 of Piacine. Capital, Kenosha. Pop., 10,734. 
 
 Kenosha, formerly Southport, a flourish- 
 ing town of Southport township, capital of 
 Kenosha county, Wisconsin, on the W. shore 
 of Lake Michigan, 55 miles N. from Chicago, 
 and 35 miles S. from Milwaukee. It is the 
 most southern lake port in Wisconsin, and 
 has a good harbor and piers. The town was 
 commenced in 1836 ; in 1840 it had 337 in- 
 habitants : since which date it has increased 
 very rapidly. The adjacent counti'y is a 
 beautiful, fertile prairie, in which extensive 
 improvements have been made. A plank- 
 road about 20 miles long connects this place 
 with Fox river, of Illinois, and railroads are 
 in progress to Chicago, Milwaukee, and Rock 
 river. The chief articles of export are 
 wheat, flour, oats, pork, and wool. The town 
 contains 1 bank and 3 newspaper offices. 
 Population, in 1850, 3455 ; in 1853, about 
 5000. 
 
 Kensico, a post-office of Westchester co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Kensington, a post-township of Rocking- 
 ham CO., New Hampshire, about 40 miles E. 
 S. E. from Concord. Population, 700. 
 
 Kensington, a post- village in Hartford co., 
 Conn., about 15 miles S. W. from Hartford. 
 
 Kensington, a district of Philadelphia 
 county, Pennsylvania, bordering on the 
 Delaware river, and forming the north-east- 
 ern suburb of Philadelphia city. It con- 
 tains numerous ship-yards, and manufac- 
 tories of glass, iron, cotton, wool, and other 
 materials. Pop., 46,774. See Philadelphia, 
 
 Kensington, a post-village of Oakland co., 
 Michigan, on Woodruff creek, and oc the 
 
 557 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 Detroit and Lansing plank-road, 36 miles N. 
 W. from Detroit. It has several mills. 
 
 Kensington Furnace, a small village of 
 Butler CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kent, a county in the W. central part of 
 Rhode Island, has an area of about 180 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Narraganset bay, and the Pawtuxet river 
 forms part of its northern boundary. It is 
 principally drained by Flat river, and by the 
 head waters of Moosup and Wood rivers, 
 which afford some water-power. A large 
 part of the industry and enterprise of the 
 inhabitants is directed to manufactures and 
 , commerce, although considerable attention 
 is paid to agriculture. The surface is un- 
 even, and in the W. part hilly ; soil generally 
 fertile, but rather more adapted to grazing 
 than tillage. Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 57,401 bushels of corn ; 85,052 of 
 potatoes ; 8734 tons of hay, and 101,700 
 pounds of butter. There were 18 cotton 
 factories, 6 printing and bleaching establish- 
 ments, 4 machine shops, 2 manufactories of 
 stocking yarn, 3 of cotton warp, and 3 of 
 woollen goods, 8 grist, and 13 saw mills. It 
 contained 30 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 
 2599 pupils attending public schools, and 
 475 attending academies and other schools. 
 The railroad connecting Boston and Stoning- 
 ton traverses this county. Named from 
 Kent, a county in England. Capital, East 
 Greenwich. Population, 15,068. 
 
 Kent, the middle county of Delaware, ex- 
 tends from the Delaware bay on the E. to 
 Maryland on the W., and contains about 240 
 square miles. Duck creek flows along its 
 northern border, and Mispillion creek along 
 its south-eastern border, it is drained by the 
 sources of Choptank and Marshy Hope rivers, 
 and by Jones and Motherkill creeks. The 
 surface is undulating or nearly level, the 
 soil moderately fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 899,079 bushels of corn ; 
 119,774 of wheat; 105,596 of oats, and 
 67,900 of potatoes. There were 17 grist 
 mills, 14 saw and planing mills, 8 quercitron- 
 bark mills, 4 tanneries, 3 iron foundries, and 
 7 coach factories. It contained 48 churches, 
 and 3 newspaper offices. Dover is the county 
 seat, and capital of the state. Pop., 22,816 ; 
 of whom 22,469 were free, and 347, slaves. 
 
 Kent, a county in the N. E. part of Mary- 
 land, bordering on Delaware state, and on 
 Chesapeake bay, has an area of about 240 
 square miles. The Sassafras river forms its 
 boundary on the N., and Chester river on the 
 S. E. The surface is rolling or -moderately 
 hilly, the soil is of medium quality. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 556,731 bushels of corn ; 186,421 of 
 wheat; 136,206 of oats; 44,653 of potatoes, 
 and 856 tons of hay. It contained 1 woollen 
 558 
 
 factory, 5 flouring mills, 6 grist mills, and 4 
 coach factories. There were 37 churches, 1 
 newspaper office, 700 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 160 attending academies or other 
 schools. Organized in 1650. Capital, Ches- 
 tertown. Population, 11,386 ; of whom 8759 
 were free, and 2627, slaves. 
 
 Kent, a county in the W. central part of 
 Michigan, contains 760 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Grand river, and also 
 drained by Piouge and Thornapple rivers. 
 The surface is rolling or hilly, and the soil is 
 a rich vegetable loam, with a substratum of 
 clay. Wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 69,275 bushels of wheat ; 96,584 of 
 corn; 61,041 of oats ; 77,964of potatoes, and 
 8770 tons of hay. It contained 8 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices ; 3513 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 60 attending an academy. 
 Pine timber and several kinds of hard woods 
 are abundant. The county is liberally sup- 
 plied with water-power, and contains good 
 limestone, gypsum, and salt. Capital, Grand 
 Rapids. Population, 12,016. 
 
 Kent, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Litchfield co., Connecticiit, intersected by the 
 Housatonic river, and by the Housatonic 
 railroad, about 44 miles N. W. from Hartford. 
 Population, 1848. 
 
 Kent, a post-township of Putnam co.,]Sr.Y., 
 16 miles E. from Newburg. Pop., 1557. 
 
 Kent, a post-office of Indiana co.. Pa. 
 
 Kent, a small post-village of Jefferson co., 
 Indiana, 10 miles W. from Madison, has about 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Kent, a township in the W. part of Kent 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Kent, a post-office of Stephenson co., 111. 
 
 Ketjton, a county in the N. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on the Ohio river opposite 
 Cincinnati, has an area estimated at 150 
 square miles. Licking river forms its entire 
 eastern boundary. The surface is undu- 
 lating or hilly; the soil is very productive, 
 both in the bottom lands and uplands. In- 
 dian corn, oats, and tobacco are cultivated. 
 A large part of the land is occupied with dairy 
 farms and gardens for the supply of the Cin- 
 cinnati market. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 473,545 bushels of corn ; 30,780 of 
 oats, and 125,440 pounds of tobacco. It 
 contained 26 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 
 1418 pupils attending public schools, and 275 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 surface rock of the county is the blue lime- 
 stone. The county is intersected by the Co- 
 vington and Lexington railroad. Formed in 
 1840, and named in honor of General Simon 
 Kenton, a distinguished pioneer of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Independence. Population, 17,038; 
 of whom 16,208 were free, and 830, slaves. 
 
 Kenton, a post-village, capital of Hardin 
 county, Ohio, on the Scioto river, where it is 
 crossed by the Mad River and Lake Erie 
 railroad, 71 miles N. W. from Columbus. The 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 surrounding country is level and productive. 
 Since the completion of the railroad the po- 
 pulation and business of Kenton have much 
 increased. It contains several churches, 3 
 printing offices, 2 mills, and 1 iron foundry. 
 Population in 1850, 1065. 
 
 Kenton, a township in Fulton co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 308. 
 
 Kentontown, a post-village in Harrison 
 CO., Ky., 50 miles E. N. E. from Frankfort. 
 
 Kent's Hill, a post-office of Kennebec co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Kentucky, a beautiful river of Kentucky, 
 formed by the North, Middle, and South 
 forks, ■which unite at Proctor, in Owsley 
 county. It flows north-westward, forming 
 the boundary between Fayette, Jessamine, 
 and Woodford counties, on the right, and 
 Madison, Garrard, Mercer, and Anderson, 
 on the left. Then passing through Franklin 
 county and Frankfort City, and separating 
 Owen from Henry county, it falls into the 
 Ohio at Carrollton. The length of the main 
 stream is about 200 miles. By means of 
 dams and locks, steamboats ascend to Frank- 
 fort at all times ; and flat-boats ascend 90 or 
 100 miles farther. In many parts of its course 
 it flows through a deep channel foi-med by 
 perpendicular walls of limestone, and is re- 
 markable for picturesque scenery. Branches. 
 — The North fork rises in Letcher county, 
 among the Cumberland mountains, and flows 
 north-westward. The Middle fork rises in 
 Perry county, and flows in a N. N. W. direc- 
 tion. The South fork rises in Clay county, 
 and flows nearly northward. Laj^ge beds of 
 stone coal and iron ore are found on these 
 branches. 
 
 Kentucky, one of the Western states, and 
 the second admitted into the confederacy 
 after the Revolution, is bounded on the N. W. 
 and N. by Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, (from 
 ■which it is separated by the Ohio river,) E. by 
 the Big Sandy river and Cumberland moun- 
 tains, which divide it from Virginia ; S. by 
 Tennessee, and W. by the Mississippi river, 
 which runs between it and Missouri. Ken- 
 tucky lies between 36° 30' and 39° 10' N. lat., 
 and between 81° 50' and 89° 26' W. Ion., be- 
 ing about 300 miles in length, from E. to W., 
 about 180 in its greatest, and 150 in average 
 width, and including an area of nearly 
 37,680 square miles, or 24,115,200 acres, of 
 ■which 11,368,270 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — The population of Kentucky 
 was originally derived from Virginia and 
 North Carolina, and has always been noted 
 for its stalwart forms, frank and manly bear- 
 ing, for gallantry in the field, and fondness 
 for humor. The number of inhabitants in 
 1790 was 73,077; 220,955 in 1800; 406,511 
 in 1810; 564,317 in 1820 ; 687,917 in 1830; 
 779,828 in 1840; and 982,405 in 1850— of 
 whom 392,810 were white males, 368,607 
 white females, 4863 free colored males, 5144 
 free colored females ; 105,044 male, and 
 
 105,937 female slaves. This population is 
 divided among 132,920 families, occupying 
 130,769 dwellings. Representative popula- 
 lation, 898,012. Of the free population, 
 601,764 were born in the state; 130,117 in 
 other states of the Union, 2805 in England, 
 9466 in Ireland, 854 in Scotland and Wales, 
 275 in British America, 13,607 in England, 
 1116 in France, 1066 in other countries, and 
 1354 whose places of birth were unknown, 
 making about 4 per cent, of the free popula- 
 tion of foreign birth. In the year ending 
 June 1, 1850, there occurred 15,206 deaths, 
 or about 12 persons in every 1000 ; and in 
 the same period, 1126 paupers received aid, 
 of whom 155 were foreigners, at an expense 
 of about $51 to the individual. There were 
 539 deaf and dumb, of whom 4 were free 
 colored, and 50 slaves ; 530 blind, of whom 
 19 were free colored, and 90 slaves ; 507 in- 
 sane, of whom 3 were free colored, and 16 
 slaves ; and 849 idiotic, of whom 20 -were 
 free colored, and 80 slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Kentucky is divided into 100 
 counties, viz. Adair, Allen, Anderson, Ballard, 
 Barren, Bath, Boone, Bourbon, Boyle, Breathitt, 
 Bracken, Breckinridge, Bullitt, Butler, Cald- 
 well, Callaway, Campbell, Carroll, Carter, 
 Casey, Christian, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Crit- 
 tenden, Cumberland, Daviess, Edmonson, 
 Estill, Fayette, Fleming, Floyd, Franklin, 
 Fulton, Gallatin, Garrard, Grant, Graves, 
 Grayson, Greene, Greenup, Hancock, Har- 
 din, Harlan, Harrison, Hart, Henderson, 
 Henry, Hickman, Hopkins, Jefi^erson, Jessa- 
 mine, Kenton, Knox, Laurel, La Rue, Law- 
 rence, Letcher, Lewis, Lincoln, Livingston, 
 Logan, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, 
 McCracken, Meade, Mercer, Monroe, Mont- 
 gomei-y, Morgan, Muhlenburg, Nelson, Nicho- 
 las, Ohio, Oldham, Owen, Owsley, Pendleton, 
 Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Russell, 
 Scott, Shelby, Simpson, Spencer, Taylor, 
 Todd, Trigg, Trimble, Union, Warren, Wash- 
 ington, Wayne, Whitley, Woodford. Capi- 
 tal, Frankfort. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Louisville is the largest 
 and most commercial town, population in 
 1850,43,194; (in 1853, 51,726;) the other 
 most populous towns are Lexington, popula- 
 tion, about 12,000 ; Covington, 9408 ; New- 
 port, 5895 ; Maysville, 3840 ; Frankfort, (in 
 1853,) 5000, and Paducah, population, 2428. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The Cumberland 
 mountains form the S. E. boundary of the 
 state, and several outlying ridges traverse the 
 south-eastern counties, but none of them are 
 of great elevation, being probably under 2000 
 feet. Passing westward, the central and north- 
 ern counties are hilly, or undulating, but those 
 west of the Cumberland river are mostly level. 
 A range of hills runs nearly parallel with the 
 Ohio river, with intervals of bottom land be- 
 tween it and the river, sometimes having a 
 breadth of 10 or even 20 miles. 
 
 Geology. — This state partakes of the car- 
 559 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 boniferous rocks characteristic of the Mis- 
 sissippi vallej'. The strata, which are com- 
 posed of sedimentary rocks, lie all nearly 
 horizontal, or with very little* dip, verging 
 from Cincinnati as a centre. The blue lime- 
 stone is the lowest rock in Kentucky exposed 
 to the surface, mostly mixed with clay and 
 magnesia, the latter is found sometimes in 
 large quantities. It forms the sui-face rock 
 in a large part of Kentucky adjacent to the 
 state of Ohio, extending S. E. from Dayton to 
 Danville, and E. from Madison to Maysville. 
 These strata extend to a probable depth of 
 1000 feet, and, where the rivers have cut 
 down through them, present perpendicular 
 cliffs, which, in the Kentucky river near 
 Frankfort, are nearly 500 feet high. These 
 yield an inferior marble, suitable for build- 
 ing ; bxxt, though capable of a high polish, it 
 is liable to fracture. The cliff limestone 
 overlies the blue limestone in a belt of about 
 20 or 30 miles in width, between Louisville 
 (where it forms the rapids in the Ohio) and 
 Madison, extending N. E. by N. to Niagara 
 Falls, and N. W. into Illinois and Iowa. The 
 slate rests upon the cliff limestone, and 
 passes, in a semicircular direction, (as a sur- 
 face rock,) in a belt of only about 20 miles 
 in width, just outside the cliff limestone 
 above described, forming part of a large 
 curve extending from the N. E. of Illinois to 
 the centre of New York ; and abounding in 
 pyrites, iron ores, and mineral springs. 
 Overlying the slate, but outside of the belt 
 mentioned, is the sand or freestone, which 
 forms a line of hills from Louisville round by 
 Danville and back to the Ohio, near Ports- 
 mouth, where it is about 350 feet thick. 
 One sti'iking feature of this state is its lime- 
 stone caverns, of which the celebrated Mam- 
 moth cave is an example ; but besides which 
 there are numberless smaller ones. This 
 formation, occupying about a fourth of the 
 state, is located south-west from the centre, 
 and thence to the southern border between 
 Monroe county and Cumberland river, and is 
 bounded on the N. E. by the Rolling Fork of 
 Salt river. Thislimestone furnishes a valuable 
 building material, which is sent down the Mis- 
 sissippi in considerable quantities. Through- 
 out this region occur "sinks," where the 
 streams sink below the surface, and run, for 
 great distances, in subterraneous channels. 
 In parts of this limestone region there is a 
 scarcity of spring-water, resulting from the 
 cavernous nature of the grounds Resting on 
 the cavernous limestone is the conglomerate, 
 or pudding stone, which underlies the coal 
 series, and occupies two regions in Kentucky, 
 the one in the E. and S. E. of the state, and 
 the other on the Green river counties, ex- 
 tending to the Ohio and beyond the mouth 
 of the Green river. Both districts may cover 
 10,000 or 12,000 square miles. Great quan- 
 tities of organic remains are found in all the 
 strata of Kentucky. 
 560 
 
 Minerals. — Kentucky abounds in bitumi- 
 nous coal, which, thoiigh not yet extensively 
 mined, crops out of the river banks and hill- 
 sides, indicating its localities, when the 
 scarcity of wood or the increase of manufac- 
 tures may call for its use. The amount of 
 iron manufactured in 1850 was about 33,000 
 tons, a small quantity in proportion to the 
 abundance of the raw material which exists in 
 the state. Lead, iron pyrites, marble, (on the 
 cliffs of the Kentucky river,) freestone, gyp- 
 sum, conglomerate, and cliff limestone are the 
 other minerals. Salt and medicinal springs 
 are particularly numerous in this state. The 
 salt licks, so famous in the hunter's vocabu- 
 lary, are names given to the vicinity of the 
 salt springs, where the buffalo and other wild 
 animals have licked the ground, and almost 
 eaten it, so as to present a bare space for 
 some distance around.- — See Objects of Inte- 
 rest to Tourists. Salt is extensively manu- 
 factured from these springs, and large quan- 
 tities of saltpetre were procured from the 
 Mammoth cave during the war of 1812. 
 
 Rivers. — Kentucky is washed along the entire 
 extent of her northern boundary by the Ohio 
 river, which gives her a steamboat naviga- 
 tion of more than 600 miles, and opens to 
 her the inland commerce of the Ohio valley. 
 The great Mississippi in like manner coasts 
 her western limits, and gives Kentuckj'^ access 
 to the trade of the immense valley which 
 bears its name. The Cumberland river rises 
 in the S. E. part of the state, makes a bend 
 into Tennessee, and returning, crosses the 
 western part of Kentucky, and flows into 
 the Ohio. It is about 600 miles long, and is 
 navigable for steamboats to Nashville, and 
 sometimes to Carthage, while keel-boats as- 
 cend still higher. The Tennessee has its 
 mouth and about 70 miles of its course in 
 that part of the state west of the Cumberland 
 river. It is navigable for steamboats far be- 
 yond the limits of Kentucky. The other 
 rivers, commencing at the east, are the Lick- 
 ing, Kentucky, Salt, and Green. These have 
 N. W. courses, varying from 100 to 350 miles, 
 of which, in the order they are named, ex- 
 cept the Licking, there are severally naviga- 
 ble for steamboats 62, 35, and 150 miles, 
 while keel-boats may ascend them to a still 
 greater distance. The Big Sandy, a tributary 
 of the Ohio, (as are all the important streams 
 of Kentucky,) forms the eastern boundary 
 for about 100 miles, of which 50 are navigable. 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — No Western 
 State probably presents so great a variety of 
 objects to interest the lover of nature, as Ken- 
 tucky ; whether we regard mere picturesque- 
 ness, or the wild and more striking devia- 
 tions from the ordinary course of creation. 
 Prominent among these, and perhaps first 
 among the subterranean caverns of the globe, 
 stands the Mammoth cave, in Edmondson 
 count3% S. of the middle of the state. In the 
 extent and number of its chambers, in the 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 length of its galleries, and its variety of in- 
 teresting objects, such as streams, mounds, 
 stalactites, stalagmites, &c., it has no equal. 
 It is said to have been explored for ten miles 
 (part of that distance in a boat, on a deep 
 river, inhabited by white, eyeless fish) with- 
 out giving any indications of coming to a 
 termination. If its lateral branches are in- 
 cluded, you have an extent of probably 40 
 miles of cavernous windings. Stalactites of 
 ponderous size hang from the vaults, formed 
 by the droppings from the limestone roofs, 
 and gigantic stalagmites bristle the floors of 
 these immense chambers ; one of v/hich, 
 called the Temple, is stated to occupy an 
 area of two acres, and to be covered by a 
 single dome of solid rock, 120 feet high. 
 Consumptive patients sometimes resort hither, 
 and reside in the cave for weeks together, to 
 be improved by its equable temperature. 
 Human bones are found, indicating its hav- 
 ing been a place of sepulture to former races 
 inhabiting the country. There are a number 
 of other caves, that would attract attention 
 in any other vicinity, viz. in Allen, Barren, 
 Bourbon, Breckinridge, Christian, Hart, 
 Knox, Meade, -Jessamine, Rockcastle, Union, 
 Warren, "Wayne, and Whitley counties, 
 These caves occur in the limestone forma- 
 tions, in a rough but not mountainous dis- 
 trict. Goodrich thus describes the sinks: 
 — "In this state are also many singular 
 cavities or depressions in the surface of the 
 ground, called sinkholes. They are com- 
 monly in the shape of inverted cones, 60 or 
 70 feet in depth, and from 60 to 300 feet in 
 circuit at the top. Their sides and bottoms 
 are generally covered with willows and aqua- 
 tic productions. The ear can often distin- 
 guish the sound of waters flowing under 
 them, and it is believed that there are per- 
 forations in the bed of limestone below the 
 soil, which have caused the earth above to 
 sink. Sometimes the ground has been open- 
 ed, and disclosed a subterraneous stream of 
 water. Considerable streams disappear in 
 several places, and afterwards rise again to 
 the surface, at some distance below." The 
 most remarkable of these is Sinking creek, 
 in Breckinridge county, where a stream, a 
 few miles from its source, sinks beneath the 
 earth, and does not reappear for 5 or 6 miles. 
 We condense from Collins' Kentucky, the 
 following descriptions : — Near Munfordville, 
 in Hart county, is a remarkable spring, 
 which is connected with a millpond, the 
 waters of which, at about 12 o'clock each 
 day, rise 12 or 15 inches, overflow the dam, 
 and recede to their ordinary level, with all the 
 regularity of the tides. Six miles E. of the 
 same village is a hole, shaped like an in- 
 verted cone, 70 feet in diameter at the top, 
 but diminished to 10 or 12 at the depth of 
 25 or 30 feet. A stone thrown into this 
 rumbles down the sides without returning 
 any sound indicating its having touched the 
 2l 
 
 bottom. In the same vicinity, near the top 
 of an elevation called Frenchman's Knob, 
 commences a hole or sink, which has been 
 descended 275 feet by means of a rope, with- 
 out finding bottom. The Devil's Pulpit, in 
 •Jessamine county, on the Kentucky river, is 
 a rocky eminence, SOO feet high. The last 
 100 feet of this rock is an oblong shaft, re- 
 sembling an inverted candlestick, the top of 
 which forms the pulpit, and is 15 feet across. 
 A natural bridge, 30 feet high, and 60 feet 
 in span, in Christian county, is located in 
 the midst of romantic scenery. Dismal rock, 
 in Edmonson county, on Dismal creek, has a 
 perpendicular elevation of 163 feet. Cum- 
 berland gap, in Knox county, is the pas- 
 sage of the river of that name, between cliffs 
 of 1300 feet elevation, through the Cumber- 
 land mountains. There are also in Kentucky 
 a varietj' of mineral and medicinal springs. 
 Of the latter, Harrodsburg Springs, in Mer- 
 cer county, 35 miles S. of Frankfort, is the 
 most fashionable watering-place in the West. 
 Sulphates and carbonates of magnesia, sul- 
 phates of soda and lime, carbonate of lime, 
 sulphuretted hydrogen, and iron are yielded 
 by an analysis of its waters. The Blue Lick 
 springs, scarcely inferior to these in reputa- 
 tion, are situated in Nicholas county, 70 miles 
 N. E. from the capital. The waters are very 
 extensively exported to different parts of the 
 United States. In Clinton county, on the 
 top of Poplar mountain, whose elevation 
 is from 1000 to 1500 feet above the valleys, 
 are three chalybeate springs. This spot 
 unites to healing waters the invigorating 
 air of the mountains, and the charm of 
 beautiful scenery, to invite the invalid to its 
 locality. A fine waterfall, of 90 feet perpen- 
 dicular pitch, on Indian creek, is in this 
 neighbourhood. Our limits will permit us 
 merely to name the falls of Kentick's creek, 
 and Rock House, in Cumberland county ; 
 Pilot Rock, in Christian county; Indian Rock, 
 in Edmonson county; Flat Rock and Anvil 
 Rock, in Union county ; and the cliffs of the 
 Kentucky and Dick rivers, in Mercer county. 
 Both the antiquarian and geologist may 
 gratify their taste within the domains of 
 Kentucky. For the former are numerous 
 mounds and fortifications, erected, it is sup- 
 posed, at a period antecedent to the race 
 who possessed the country before the Euro- 
 peans arrived. The most remarkable of 
 these is a fortification in Allen county, 17 
 miles from Bowling Green, where a wall of 
 solid limestone, 200 yards in length, 40 feet 
 high, 30 feet thick at the base, and 6 feet wide 
 at the top, crosses a neck formed by a bend in 
 Drake's creek, and encloses a peninsula of 
 200 acres, elevated 100 feet above the river. 
 On the top of this natural mound is an area, 
 of 3 acres, enclosed by a wall and a ditch, 
 forming one of the strongest fortresses in the 
 world. Similar works, with mounds of dif- 
 ferent sizes within and around them, which 
 
 661 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 entomb human bones, beads, trinkets, and 
 copper implements and ornaments, are found 
 in Barren, Bourbon, La Rue, Montgomery, 
 Spencer, Boone, and Warren counties. For 
 the geologist, besides the examinations of its 
 different strata of rocks, there are at Bigbone 
 Licks, in Boone county, deposits of immense 
 bones of extinct mastodons, which had no 
 doubt been drawn hither by the saline waters, 
 and perhaps perished in fierce combats with 
 each other at the springs, leaving their skele- 
 tons to form a page in the book of the geolo- 
 gist. Some of these bones have found their 
 way into the cabinets of the savans of this 
 country and Europe. Other fossil remains 
 are found in Bourbon county ; and in Union 
 county are impressions of the feet of human 
 beings and dogs, imbedded in a rock near 
 ?.Iorganfield. Human bones have been found 
 in caves in many parts of the state. 
 
 Climate. — Kentucky enjoys in her climate 
 a happy medium between the severity of the 
 Northern states and the enervating heats of 
 the South, having but two or three months' 
 winter, with mild springs and autumns. It 
 is milder than the same latitude on the At- 
 lantic side of the Alleghanies, but subject to 
 sudden changes. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — In the fertility of its 
 soil, Kentucky rivals the most favored parts 
 of the great Mississipi^i valley. Perhaps no 
 district in the United States surpasses that 
 around Lexington, both for the richness of 
 the soil and the picturesqueness of " its lay," 
 if we may be allowed the use of the term. 
 "View the country," says Tilson, "round 
 from the heads of the Licking, the Ohio, 
 the Kentucky, Dick's, and down the Green 
 river, and you have 100 miles square of the 
 most extraordinary country on which the 
 sun has ever shone." The soil is mostly a 
 black mould, without sand, and often two or 
 three feet deep. Kentucky is generally well 
 timbered, and in parts the cane grows to a 
 height of 12 feet, forming extensive cane- 
 brakes, so dense that it is often diiScult to 
 pass through them. In short, there is but 
 little of this state that is not capable of cul- 
 tivation. The Barrens, so called, in the S. 
 part of the state, and about the head-waters of 
 the Green river, are very unjustly named, as, 
 with the exception of a few sterile eleva- 
 tions, they are, when in a state of nature, 
 covered with pasture. But for an injudi- 
 cious system of culture, Kentucky must have 
 been, in proportion to its area, one of the 
 leading agricultural states of the Union. Its 
 staple products are Indian corn, tobacco, 
 flax, and hemp, besides which large quanti- 
 ties of wheat, rye, oats, wool, peas, beans, 
 Irish and sweet potatoes, barley, fruits, 
 market products, butter, cheese, hay, grass- 
 seeds, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey, 
 a.nd some buckAvheat, rice, wine, hops, cot- 
 ton, silk, and sugar-cane are produced. Of 
 tliese aticles, Kentucky raises more flax 
 562 
 
 and hemp than any other state; is second 
 only to Virginia in the amount of tobacco 
 produced ; and, if we regard population and 
 area relatively, greater even than that state. 
 It is also the second in the yield of Indian 
 corn, Ohio being the first. In 1850 there 
 were in this state 74,777 farms, occupying 
 11,368,270 acres of improved land, less than 
 half the area of the state, and giving about 
 150 acres to each farm. There were pro- 
 duced 2,140,822 bushels of wheat; 415,073 
 of rye; 58,675,591 of Indian corn ; 8,201,311 
 of oats; 202,574of peas and beans; 1,492,487 
 of Irish potatoes ; 998,184 of sweet potatoes ; 
 95,343 of barley; 16,097 of buckwheat; 
 75,579 of flaxseed; 24,681 of grass-seed; 
 55,501,196 pounds of tobacco; 303,200 of 
 cotton; 2,297,403 of wool; 9,877,868 of but- 
 ter; 213,784 of cheese; 7,793,123 of flax; 
 437,345 of maple sugar; 284,000 of cane 
 sugar; 1,156,939 of beeswax and honey; 
 113,655 tons hay ; 55,692 of hemp ; live stock 
 valued at $29,591,387 ; orchard products at 
 $106,160; market products at $293,120, and 
 slaughtered animals at $6,469,318.. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Kentucky, at its first settle- 
 ment, was one of the best wooded of the 
 Western states. The natural growth of the 
 state includes the black walnut, oak, chestnut, 
 buckeye, sugar-tree, elm, papaw, honey- 
 locust, mulberry, ash, yellow poplar, coff'ee- 
 tree, cottonwood, and whitethorn. The fruit- 
 trees are the apple, pear, plum, and peach. 
 White grapes are abundant. 
 
 Manufactures. — Kentucky is not yet largely 
 engaged in manufactures, though the amount 
 of capital invested in this branch of industry 
 is considerable. In 1850 there were in the 
 state 3471 establishments, each producing 
 $500 and upwards annually, and homemade 
 manufactures were fabricated of the value of 
 $2,487,493. Large quantities of coarse bag- 
 ging are made from hemp, and sent South for 
 packing cotton. Of the manufacturing es- 
 tablishments named above, 8 were cotton fac- 
 tories, employing $239,000 capital, and 181 
 male and 221 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $180,907, and producing 
 1,003,000 yards of stufi's, and 433,000 pounds 
 of yarn, valued at $394,700; 25 woollen fac- 
 tories, employing $249,820 capital, and 256 
 male and 62 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $205,287, and producing 
 878,034 yards of stuffs, valued at $318,819; 
 45 forges, furnaces, &c., employing$],602,900 
 capital, and 2586 male hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $736,485, and producing 
 33,203 tons of cast, wrought, and pig iron ; 
 275 tanneries, employing $763,455 capital, 
 consuming raw material worth $537,147, and 
 producing leather valued at $985,267 ; and 
 $168,895 capital employed in the manufac- 
 ture of malt and spirituous liquors, con- 
 suming 65,650 bushels of barlej', 551,350 of 
 Indian corn, 30,520 of rye, 5000 of apples, 
 and 18 tons of hops, producing 19,500 bar- 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 rels of ale, &c., and 1,491,745 gallons of whis- 
 key, "wine, &c. 
 
 Internallmprovemenis. — -Although Kentucky 
 has not kept pace with her sister states N. of 
 the Ohio river in constructing Avorks of inter- 
 communication, yet she has not been inatten- 
 tive to the importance of cheap and expeditious 
 means of transport for her valuable products. 
 In January, 1853, there were 94 miles of 
 railroad in operation, and 661 in course of 
 construction. Those completed connect the 
 capital with her commercial metropolis, 
 Louisville, and with Lexington. Those pro- 
 jected are to connect Loviisville with the 
 Chattanooga, Danville, and JefFersonville, 
 Covington with Lexington, and Maysville 
 with Big Sandy river and Danville. There 
 were recently in Kentucky, (according to De 
 Bow's "Internal Resources of the South and 
 West,") 400 miles of turnpike, and 290 of 
 slackwater navigation. The United States 
 government has constructed a canal round 
 the rapids of the Ohio at Louisville, through 
 which small steamboats pass at low water. 
 Though only 1| miles long, its construction 
 cost $750,000. It is 200 feet wide at the top, 
 50 at the bottom, and has 22 feet of lockage. 
 Plank-roads are beginning to claim attention 
 in this state, as elsewhere in the United 
 States. — See Table of Railroads, Appendix. 
 
 Commerce. — Kentucky carries on an active 
 trade with New Orleans and other towns on 
 the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Most of her 
 rivers are navigable to a considerable dis- 
 tance for steamboats, and still farther for flat- 
 boats. The exports are hemp, salt beef, pork, 
 bacon, butter, cheese, hogs, horses, and 
 mules. Large numbers of the last two are 
 annually driven east to the Atlantic States for 
 sale. Cotton bagging and hemp cordage are 
 also extensive articles of export. In 1852 
 there were built in Kentucky 27 steamboats, 
 with an aggregate tonnage of 7312||. The 
 tonnage owned in the state the same year 
 was ll,818|fl, and the foreign exports 
 $185,559. In 1853, Louisville owned a steam 
 marine of 26 vessels, and a tonnage of 14,529, 
 all high-pressure. 
 
 Educatioii. — There is a state school fund, 
 which amounted in December, 1851, to 
 $1,400,270, and which yields an income of 
 about $75,000. The number of children re- 
 ported for 1851, was 186,111 ; but the ave- 
 rage attendance at school was only 74,343. 
 Children in the state, between 5 and 16, 
 205,557. Total raised for schools by tax and 
 state appropriations, $111,666.60. There 
 were 8 colleges in 1852, with an aggregate 
 of 656 students, and 37,700 volumes in their 
 libraries; 1 theological school, with 18; 2 
 law schools, with 125 ; and 2 medical schools, 
 with 590 students ; showing a larger number 
 of law and medical students (in colleges) 
 than in any other state South or West.— See 
 Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 1818 
 
 churches in Kentucky in 1850, 789 were 
 owned by different sects of Baptists ; 112 by 
 the Christians; 117 by the Episcopalians; 
 32 by the Free Church; 522 by the Me- 
 thodists; 222 by the Presbyterians; 15 by 
 the Protestant Church; 48 by the Roman 
 Catholics ; and 31 by the Union Church. 
 The rest were owned by the African Church, 
 German Protestant, Jews, Lutherans, Re- 
 publicans, Shakers, Tunkers, Unitarians, 
 and Universalists ; giving 1 church to every 
 540 persons. Value of church property, 
 $2,260,098.— See ra6Zeo/i?e%w«s, Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — Kentucky has not been 
 unmindful of her unfortunate children, for 
 249 of whom a state lunatic asylum at Lex- 
 ington afforded shelter and medical aid in 
 1852 ; a deaf and dumb asylum at Danville 
 instructed 67 mute and deaf, and a blind 
 school at Louisville, 35 sightless pupils. A 
 second lunatic asylum is nearly finished at 
 Hopkinsville, at a cost of $180,000. The 
 state penitentiary at Frankfort confined 166 
 prisoners in the same year. This is con- 
 ducted on a plan somewhat peculiar, being 
 farmed out to keepers, who pay to the state 
 two-thirds of the profits, guaranteeing that 
 they shall not fall short of $5000 annually. 
 Each prisoner is furnished with a suit of 
 clothes and $5 at his dismissal. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^'c. — The governor 
 of Kentucky is elected by the people for four 
 years, and receives $2500 per annum. The 
 senate consists of 38 members, elected for 4, 
 and the house of representatives of 100 mem- 
 bers, elected for 2 years. The judiciary con- 
 sists — 1. Of a court of appeals, composed of 
 one chief and 4 associate judges. 2. Of a 
 court of chancery, presided over by a single 
 chancellor; and, 3. Of 12 circuit courts. The 
 judges of the court of appeals and the chan- 
 cellor each receive $1500 per annum, and the 
 circuit judges $1400. All these ofiScers are 
 elective. Kentucky is entitled to 10 mem- 
 bers in the national house of representa- 
 tives, and to 12 electoral votes for president 
 of the United States. The assessed value of 
 property, real and personal, in this state in 
 1851, was $317,082,604; the public debt 
 in 1852, $5,726,038; productive property, 
 $6,000,000, and ordinary expenses, exclu- 
 sive of debt and schools $250,000. The re- 
 ceipts for the fiscal year ending October 
 1851 were $738,245.52, and expenditures 
 $733,653.40. The receipts of the sinking 
 fund for the payment of the public debt for 
 the same time, were $531,044.54. The bank- 
 ing capital of Kentucky, in January, 1853, was 
 $7,656,700, a circulation of $8,889,101, and 
 $3,634,043 in coin. 
 
 History. — The name of Kentucky (the 
 dark and bloody ground) is an epitome of 
 her early history, of her dark and bloody 
 conflicts with a, wily and savage foe. This 
 state was formerly included in the territory 
 of Virginia, to which it belonged till 1792 
 
 563 
 
KEN 
 
 KER 
 
 It was originally explored by, and the theatre 
 of many of the daring exploits of the far-famed 
 Daniel Boone and his compeers, about the 
 year ] 769, at or near which date Boons- 
 borough was settled. Harrodsburg was 
 founded in 1774, and Lexington a year or two 
 after, probably while the news of the battle 
 of that name was fresh in the minds and 
 hearts of its founders. The first court was 
 held at Harrodsburg in 1777. The first 
 settlers were much annoyed by incursions 
 and attacks of the Indians. The state owes 
 its name not merely to the Indian forays 
 upon the whites, but to its being the grand 
 battle-ground between the northern and 
 southei-n Indians. There was a period of 
 discontent subsequent to the Revolution, and 
 previous to the admission of Kentucky into 
 the federal union in 1792, caused partly by 
 the inefficiency of the protection afforded by 
 Virginia and the old federal Congress against 
 the inroads of the savages, and partly by a 
 distrust lest the central government should 
 surrender the right to navigate the Missis- 
 sippi to its mouth. The most important battle 
 ever fought on the soil of Kentuckj' since it 
 has been in the possession of the white race, 
 was that fought between the Indians and the 
 Kentuckians, on the 19th of August, 1782, near 
 the Blue Lick Springs. The celebrated Colo- 
 nel Boone bore a prominent part in this en- 
 gagement, in which he lost a son. The whites 
 numbered only 182, while the savages were 
 twice or thrice that number. The combat re- 
 sulted in the rout of the Kentuckians, and a 
 loss of 60 killed and wounded. Thus ended the 
 most disastrous conflict in which the whites 
 had been engaged with the aborigines since the 
 defeat of Braddock. Kentucky was the cen- 
 tral scene of the imputed intrigues of Aaron 
 Burr and his coadjutors to form a western 
 republic. The Kentuckians, however, frank 
 and brave in character, were not the material 
 from which to manufacture rebels — nor the 
 state that gave Henry Clay to the national 
 councils, one to foster disunionists. Ken- 
 tucky has been largely and effectively repre- 
 sented in the war with Great Britain in 1812, 
 and in the more recent conflicts with Mexico 
 in 1846 and 1847. 
 
 Kentuckyville, a small post-village of 
 Susquehanna co., Pennsylvania, 174 miles 
 N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Kenwood, a post-ofiSce of Albany co., N. Y. 
 
 Kenyon, a small post-village of Jackson co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Keokuk, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It 
 IS traversed by Skunk river, and its N. and 
 S. forks, which flow nearly eastward, and 
 unite in the S. E. part of the county; and 
 the S. fork of English river intersects the N. 
 part. The soil is productive, and adapted to 
 grain and grass. The county contains nu- 
 merous prairies, alternating with groves of 
 hard timber. Wool, Indian corn, and oats 
 564 
 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 346,650 bushels of Indian corn ; 58,266 
 of oats, and 11,923 pounds of wool. A rail- 
 road is projected through the county from 
 Muscatine to Oskaloosa. First settled about 
 1843. Named in memory of a noted Indian 
 chief. Capital, Lancaster. Pop., 4822. 
 
 Keokuk, a flourishing town of Iowa, and 
 semicapital of Lee county, is situated at the 
 foot of the " Lower Eapids" of the Missis- 
 sippi river, 205 miles above St. Louis, and 
 126 miles S. from Iowa City. It is at the 
 head of navigation for the larger class of 
 steamers, and the natural outlet of the fertile 
 valley of the Des Moines, which is the most 
 populous part of the state. A line of splendid 
 steam-packets communicates daily between 
 Keokuk and St. Louis. The number of steam- 
 boat arrivals in 1852 was stated to be 795. 
 The Lower Rapids are eleven miles in ex- 
 tent, in the course of which the river has a 
 fall of 24 feet. The cargoes of vessels ascend- 
 ing the river are transhipped over the rapids 
 by lighters drawn by horses, and then re- 
 shipped on board of steamboats for their 
 destination. Keokuk stands on a basis of 
 fine limestone, aflbrding an excellent mate- 
 rial for building. It contains the medical 
 department of the state university, 6 or 7 
 churches, 3 academies, several public schools, 
 and a hospital. Two weekly newspapers and 
 
 1 medical journal are published here. The 
 town contains also between 80 and 90 stores, 
 
 2 steam flouring-mills, and 2 iron foundries. 
 The reported value of merchandise sold here 
 in 1852 was $1,345,000. A railroad is in course 
 of construction from this place to Dubuque, 
 180 miles. Keokuk is thought to be one of 
 the most eligible points for bridging the Mis- 
 sissippi, which is here about 1 mile wide. 
 The river flows over a bed of limestone, and 
 is bordered by bluifs which rise abruptly 
 nearly 150 feet high. Between these bluffs 
 is an island 1700 feet wide. The population 
 of Keokuk in 1845 was 460; in 1852 it 
 amounted to 3963 ; in 1853, to about 5000. 
 
 Keosauque, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Van Buren county, Iowa, on the left 
 bank of the Des Moines river, 78 miles S. by 
 W. from Iowa City. It is surrounded by a 
 rich farming district, in which many improve- 
 ments have been made, and has an active 
 trade. A bridge has been built across the 
 river, which is here about 800 feet wide. 
 Keosauque has mills of various kinds, moved 
 by water and by steam-power. Two news- 
 papers, are published weekly. 
 
 Kepner's, a post-oflice of Schuylkill co.. Pa. 
 
 Keehonkson, a post-oflice of Ulster county, 
 New York. 
 
 Keeneusville, a small piost-village of For- 
 syth CO., N. C, 110 miles W. N. W. of Raleigh. 
 
 Keekeysville, a post-ofiice of Jefferson 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Kern Lake, sometimes called Upper Tule 
 Lake, of Tulare county, California, is situated 
 
KER 
 
 KEY 
 
 in about 35° 10' N. kt., ancm9^20'W.lon. Its 
 length is said to be about 1 5 miles, by 8 wide. 
 It receives the waters of Kern river, and its 
 outlet communicates with Tule lake. 
 
 Keen River, a small stream of Tulare co., 
 California, rises in the Sierra Nevada, and 
 flowing in a S. W. course, falls into Kern lake. 
 
 KERNsroRT, a post-village of Lehigh coun- 
 tj', Pennsylvania, 68 miles N. N. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Slate quarries have been 
 opened in this vicinity. Pop., about 200. 
 
 Kernsville, a post-village of Northampton 
 CO., Pa., 105 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Kerr's Creek, a post-office of Rockbridge 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Kerr's Store, a post-office of Clarion co.Pa. 
 
 Kersey's, a post-office of Elk co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 155 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Kershaw, a district in the N. E. central 
 part of South Carolina, has an area of 756 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Wa- 
 teree river, bounded on the E. by Lynche's 
 creek, and also drained by Little Lynche's, 
 Rice, and Pinetree creeks. The surface is 
 moderately hilly, the soil in some parts pro- 
 ductive. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this 
 district produced 9015 bales of cotton ; 
 362,165 bushels of corn; 23,510 of oats, and 
 64,880 of sweet potatoes. There were 4 tan- 
 neries, 1 cotton factory, 1 grist, and 2 saw 
 and planing mills. It contained 13 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, 340 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 75 attending academies or 
 other schools. The Wateree river is naviga- 
 ble by steamboats in the S. part of the dis- 
 trict. A railroad has lately been made from 
 Camden to the Columbia Branch railroad. 
 Named in honor of Colonel Joseph Kershaw, 
 of South Carolina. Capital, Camden. Po- 
 pulation, 14,473 ; of whom 4895 were free, 
 and 9578, slaves. 
 
 Kesnick Depot, a post-office of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Kessler's, a post-office of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ketcham's Corners, a post-office of Sara- 
 toga CO., New York. 
 
 KBTCHUMViLLE,apost-officeof Tiogaco.,Pa. 
 
 Kettle Creek, of Pennsylvania, falls into 
 the W. branch of the Susquehanna, in Clinton 
 county. 
 
 Kettle Creek, a post-office of Potter co.,Pa. 
 
 Kewauna, a post-office of Fulton co., Ind. 
 
 Kewaunee, a small river of Wisconsin, 
 flows through Door co. into Lake Michigan. 
 
 Kewaunee, a new county in the E. part 
 of Wisconsin, bordering on Lake Michigan, 
 contains about 460 square miles. It is 
 drained by Kewaunee and Red rivers, and 
 by Benton's creek. Formed in 1 852 out of 
 the S. part of Door county. County seat not 
 yet located. 
 
 Kewaunee, a post-office of Brown co.. Wis. 
 
 Kewauee, a post-office of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Keweenaw Bay is situated S. E. of Kewee- 
 naw Point. Length, about 30 miles ; great- 
 est breadth, 10 or 12 miles. 
 
 Keweenaw Bay, a post-office of Houghton 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Keweenaw Point, a peninsula in the N. 
 part of Michigan, intersected by the 47th 
 parallel of N. latitude, and the meridian of 
 88° 30' W. longitude. Length, near 70 miles ; 
 breadth, varying from 5 to 30 miles ; area, 
 estimated at 1000 square miles. This penin- 
 sula is well watered, and is generally very 
 fertile. It abounds in copper, iron, and 
 other rainerals. The copper is mostly found 
 native, and sometimes in masses weighing 
 several hundred pounds. 
 
 Keyport, a flourishing post-village of 
 Monmouth county. New Jersej^ on Raritan 
 biiy, 22 miles S. S. W. from New York. It 
 has a ship-yard, and carries on an active 
 trade with New York by sloops and schooners. 
 A plank-road is projected from this village 
 to the Delaware river. 
 
 Keysburg, a post-village in Logan co., 
 Kentucky, 160 miles N. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Keysburg, a post-village in Pike co., Illi- 
 nois, 77 miles W. by S. from Springfield. 
 
 Keysport, a small post-village of Clinton 
 CO., Illinois, on the Kaskaskia river, 12 miles 
 above Carlyle. 
 
 Key Stone, a post-office of Perry co.,Pa. 
 
 Keystone, a post-office of .Jackson co., 
 Ohio, 83 miles S. S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Keytesville, a post-township in Chariton 
 CO., Missouri. Population, 1426. 
 
 Keytesville, a piost-village, capital of 
 Chariton co., Missouri, on Wolf creek, a few 
 miles from its entrance into Chariton river, 
 91 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. It has 
 a court house and several stores. 
 
 Key West, the most western of the Pine 
 Islands, about 60 miles S. W. from Cape Sa- 
 ble, Florida. On Whitehead's Point, the 
 south-western extremity of the island, is a 
 fixed light, 83^ feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 24° 32' 40" N., Ion. 81° 48' 40" W. 
 
 Key West City, a port of entry and capi- 
 tal of Monroe county, Florida, on a small 
 island of its own name, in lat. 24° 20' N., 
 Ion. 82° 4' AV. It is the most populous 
 town of the state, and occupies an import- 
 ant position as the key to the Florida Pass 
 and the Gulf of Mexico. The island of Key 
 West is 4 miles long by 1 mile wide, and ele- 
 vated not more than 20 feet above the level 
 of the sea. It is of coral formation, with lit- 
 tle available soil. The name is said to be a 
 corruption of Cayollueso, or Bone Key, and has 
 no relation to the position of the island, which 
 is not the most western of the reef. The 
 town is laid out with streets 50 feet wide, 
 crossing each other at right angles. It con- 
 tains Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, and Ro- 
 man Catholic churches, 5 schools, 26 stores, 
 10 warehouses, 650 houses, and nbout 3000 
 inhabitants. The marine hospital is a fine 
 
 665 
 
KEZ 
 
 KIN 
 
 building, 100 feet long by 45 feet wide. The 
 harbor is capacious, safe, and easily accessi- 
 ble for ships of 22 feet di-aught. The prin- 
 cipal business of Key West is derived from 
 the salvages and other perquisites of wrecked 
 vessels, which amount to about $200,000 an- 
 nually. This business is not, as some sup- 
 pose, a species of piracy, but is conducted 
 under equitable rules, for the mutual benefit 
 of the i^arties. From 30 to 50 vessels are 
 usually wrecked every year in this vicinity. 
 The entrance of the harbor is defended by 
 Fort Taylor, a large and very costly struc- 
 ture. Key West is a military station of the 
 United States. The shipping of the port, 
 June oOth, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 4080f f tons registered, and 2157|§ tons 
 enrolled and licensed. The foreign arrivals 
 for the year were 101 (tons, 25,617) of which 
 81 — tons, 24,171, were by American vessels. 
 The clearances for foreign ports were 80— 
 tons, 7otJl, of which 6884 were in American 
 bottoms. The Charleston and Havana steamer 
 touches at this port once a week, which is 
 the only regular communication with the 
 mainland. About 30,000 bushels of salt are 
 made annually in the island by solar evapora- 
 tion, and sponges are procured and exported 
 in large quantities. First settled in 1822. 
 
 Kezae,'s Falls, a post-office of York coun- 
 ty, Maine. 
 
 KiAjiiTiA, a small post-village of Red River 
 county, Texas, on Red river, opposite the 
 mouth of Kiamitia river, about 35 miles 
 N. N. W. from Clarksville. Cotton is shipped 
 here in the steamboats. 
 
 KicKAPOo creek, of Henderson co., Texas, 
 flows into Neohes river, near its source. 
 
 KicKAPOO creek, in the central part of 
 Hlinois, is an afiluent of Salt creek. 
 
 KicKAPOo river, of Wisconsin, flows into 
 the Wisconsin river, about 18 miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 KiCKAPOo, a post-office of Anderson co. , Tex. 
 
 KicKAPOo, a post-village of Peoria county, 
 Illinois, 12 miles N. W. from Peoria. It is 
 situated on the border of a fertile prairie. 
 Population, about 400. 
 
 KiDUER, a township of Carbon county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 536. 
 
 KiDDViLLE, a post-village of Clarke county, 
 Kentucky, 55 miles E. S. E. from Frankfort, 
 has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 KiDRON, a post-village of Coweta county, 
 Georgia, about 110 miles W. by N. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 KiDBON, a post-village and missionary sta- 
 tion in the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory. 
 
 KiLGORE, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 Kilkenny, a sterile and mountainous town- 
 ship of Coos county, New Hampshire, about 
 98 miles N. from Concord. 
 
 KiLLAwoG, a post-otBce of Broome co., N. Y. 
 
 KiLLBOUEN, a post-office of Delaware CO. 0. 
 
 KiLLBUCK, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county, New York. 
 566 
 
 KiLLBUCK, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Holmes county, Ohio. Population, 1244. 
 
 KiLLBUCK, a post-village in Ogle county, 
 Illinois, 85 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 KiLLBUCK Creek, of Ohio, rises in Medina 
 county, and falls into the Walhouding river, 
 about 6 miles N. W. from Coshocton. 
 
 KiLLBUCK Creek, of Indiana, flows into 
 the W. fork of White river, near Anderson. 
 
 Ivillian's Mills, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., N. C, 177 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 KiLLiNGLY, a post-township of Windham 
 county, Connecticut, bordering on Rhode 
 Island, and intersected by the railroad con- 
 necting Norwich and Worcester, is about 
 50 miles E. from Hartford. Pop., 4545. 
 
 KiLLiNGWOBTH, a post-township of Middle- 
 sex county, Connecticut, intersected by the 
 Hammonasset river, 22 miles E. by N. from 
 New Haven. Population, 1107. 
 
 Kilmarnock, a post-township of Piscata- 
 quis CO., Maine, on the Piscataquis river, 
 about 90 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 322. 
 
 Kilmarnock, a post-village of Lancaster 
 CO., Virginia, on a small creek of Chesapeake 
 bay, 90 miles E. by N. from Richmond. It 
 contains 4 churches and several stores. 
 
 KiLMiCHEAL, a post-office of Choctaw comi- 
 ty, Mississippi. 
 
 KiLNA, a post-office of Shasta co., Cal. 
 
 KiLROY, a village in Clayton co., Iowa, on 
 the W. bank of the Mississippi, 95 miles 
 N. N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 KiMBERLiN, a post-office of Giles co., Va. 
 
 KiMBERTON, a small j)ost-village of Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, near French creek, 
 75 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 KiMBOLTON, a post-village of Guernsey co., 
 Ohio, 88 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 KiMULGA, a post-office of Talladega co.,Ala. 
 
 Kincannon's Ferry, a post-office of Meigs 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Kinchafoona Creek, of Georgia, rises 
 near the N. line of Stewart county, and, 
 flowing S. E., empties itself into Flint river, 
 at Albany, after a course of about 80 miles. 
 It aftords fine water-power. 
 
 Kinder, a post-office of Hancock co., Ind. 
 
 KiNDERHOOK, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Columbia co.. New York. Pop., 3970, 
 
 KiNDERHOOK, a post-villagc in the above 
 township, on the Western railroad, 5 miles E. 
 from the Hudson river, and 16 miles S. by E. 
 from Albany. It contains several churches, 
 an academy, a bank, and a newspaper office. 
 Two miles S. from the village is the residence 
 of ex-president Martin Van Buren. 
 
 KiNDERHOOK, a post-officc of Washington 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 KiNDERHOOK, a Small post-village of Van 
 Buren county, Arkansas. 
 
 KiNDERHOOK, a post-officc of Lincoln co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 KiNDERHOOK, a post-township in the S. 
 part of Branch co., Michigan. Pop., 356. 
 
KIN 
 
 KIN 
 
 KinderHook;, a post-office of Pike co., Ind. 
 
 KtNDEKHOOK, or West Kinherhook, a 
 small post-village of Tipton county, Indiana, 
 35 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 KiNDERHOOK, a post-villagB in Pike co., 
 Illinois, 90 miles W. by S. from Springfield. 
 
 KiNDERHOOK Creek, of Columbia county, 
 New York, flows south-westward, and enters 
 the Hudson river about 5 miles above Hudson. 
 
 King and Queen, a county in the S. E. 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 330 square 
 miles. The Mattapony and York rivers form 
 its boundary on the south-west, and the Pian- 
 katank on the N. E. The surface is undu- 
 lating rather than hilly ; the soil is not very 
 rich. Indian corn, wheat, wool, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 376,986 bushels of corn; 68,755 of 
 wheat; 11,034 pounds of wool, and 48,883 
 of butter. It contained 2 saw mills and 1 
 tannery; 18 churches, 281 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 110 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county contains large 
 beds of marl, which is used in fertilizing the 
 soil. Capital, King and Queen Court House. 
 Population, 10,319, of whom 4555 were free, 
 and 5764, slaves. 
 
 Kjng and Qdebn Court House, a small post- 
 village, capital of the above county, on 
 the Mattapony river, 49 miles E. by N. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 King Creek, a post-office of Barnwell dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 KiNGFiELD, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Maine, about 52 miles N. by W. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 662. 
 
 King George, a county in the E. part of 
 Virginia, contains 176 square miles. The 
 Potomac bounds it on the N. and E., and the 
 Rappahannock on the S. The surface is 
 hilly and the soil diversified. Corn, wheat, 
 butter, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 it produced 241,900 bushels of corn ; 
 76,707 of wheat, and 40,090 pounds of 
 butter. There were 3 grist mills and 2 
 carpenter shops, besidesother establishments. 
 It contained 8 churches and 200 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, King George 
 Court House. Population, 5971 ; of whom 
 2563 were free, and 3403, slaves. 
 
 King George Court House, a small post- 
 village, capital of the above county, 70 miles 
 N. N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 King of Prussia, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kings, a county in the S. E. part of New 
 York, forming the W. extremity of Long 
 Island, has an area of about 70 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N.W. by Hudson and East 
 rivers, and S. by the Atlantic ocean. The 
 surface is level, with the exception of a range 
 of hills running nearly through the centre. 
 The soil is various, but generally very fer- 
 tile, and particularly adapted to gardening, 
 and large quantities of fruit and vegetables 
 are supplied to the New York markets. Wheat, 
 
 Indian corn, potatoes, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 29,926 
 bushels of wheat ; 91,949 of corn; 208,452 of 
 potatoes, and 6804 tons of hay. There were 
 2 flour mills, 1 steam-engine factory, 4 ship- 
 yards, 5 sperm oil and candle factories, 1 
 gutta-percha manufactory, 5 gold-pen facto- 
 ries, and 10 distilleries. It contained 86 
 churches, 11 newspaper offices; 11,791 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 4406 attending 
 academies and other schools. It is intersected 
 by the Long Island railroad. Organized in 
 1683. Capital, Brooklyn. Pop., 138,882. 
 
 King's, a post-office of Barbour co., Ala. 
 
 Kingsborough, or Kingsbury, a post-vil- 
 lage of Fulton CO., New York, 50 miles N. W. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Kingsborough, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Kaufman co., Texas, 13 miles E. 
 from the Trinity river, and 225 miles N. N. E. 
 from Austin City. Laid out in 1851. 
 
 King's Bridge, a post-village of New York 
 CO., New York, near the N. end of Manhattan 
 Island, 13 miles N. from the City Hall. 
 
 Kingsbury, a post-township of Piscataquis 
 CO., Maine, about 60 miles N. by E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 181. 
 
 Kingsbury, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Washington co., New York. Pop., 3032. 
 
 Kingsbury, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 55 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 Kingsbury, a post-office of Cumberland co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Kingsbury, a post-village of La Porte co., 
 Indiana, 17 miles from Lake Michigan, and 
 5 miles S. from La Porte, the county town. 
 
 Kingsbury, a post-office of Whitesides co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 King's Corners, Ohio. See New London. 
 
 King's Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 south-westward through York district into 
 Broad river. 
 
 King's Creek, of Champaign co., Ohio, is 
 an affluent of Mad river. 
 
 King's Creek, a post-office of Caldwell 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Kjngsessing, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Philadelphia co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware river, 5 miles S. 
 W. from Philadelphia. Population, 1778. 
 
 King's Ferry, a post-office of Cayuga 
 CO., New York, 20 miles S. from Auburn, 
 and 2 miles E. from Cayuga lake. Here is a 
 village named Northville. 
 
 King's Gap, a post-office of Harris co., 
 Georgia, 32 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 King's Hill, a post-office of Cherokee co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Kingsley's, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 King's Mills, a post-office of Kane co.. 111. 
 
 King's Mills, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 King's Mountain, a post-village of Gaston 
 CO., North Carolina, 200 miles W. S. W. from 
 Raleigh. In the vicinity is King's Mountain, 
 
 567 
 
KIN 
 
 KIN 
 
 the scene of an important victory won by 
 American militia over the British troops, 
 October, 1780. 
 
 King's Point, a small post-village of Dade 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 KiNGSPORT, a post-village of Svillivan co., 
 Tennessee, near Holston river, 270 pailes E. 
 by N. from Nashville. 
 
 King's River, a small stream of Arkansas 
 and Missonri, rises in the former state, and 
 flows northward into White river in Barry 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 King's River, a small stream near the N. 
 border of Tulare county, California, rises at 
 the foot of Sierra Nevada, and flowing in a 
 W. S. W. course, falls into Tule lake. 
 
 King'sRiver, a post-office of Carroll CO. Ark. 
 
 King's Settlement, a post-oiSce of Che- 
 nango CO., New York. 
 
 Kingston, a township of Addison co., Ver- 
 mont, about 28 miles S. W. from Montpelier. 
 
 Kingston, a post-township of Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, about 35 miles S. E. 
 from Concord. Population, 1192. 
 
 Kingston, a post-village of Plymouth co., 
 Massachusetts, on Jones' river, and on the 
 Old Colony railroad, 33 miles S. S. E: from 
 Boston. It contains 3 churches, several 
 stores, and from 50 to 60 dwellings. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 1591. 
 
 Kingston, a post-village and seat of justice 
 of Washington co., Pvhode Island, on the 
 Stonington and Providence railroad, 27 miles 
 S. by W. from Providence. 
 
 Kingston, a post-township of Ulster co.. 
 New York, on the W. side of Hudson river. 
 Pop., including Kingston village, 10,232. 
 
 Kingston, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Ulster CO., New York, onEsopus creek, 
 3 miles from the Hudson river, and 55 miles 
 S. by W. from Albany. It contains churches 
 of 4 or 5 denominations, 2 banks, 2 or 3 newspa- 
 per ofiices, an academy, and several factories. 
 
 Kingston, a post-village of New Jersey, 
 on the line between Somerset and Middlesex 
 counties, and on the Millstone river, 13 miles 
 N. E. from Trenton. It contains 1 or 2 
 churches and an academy. 
 
 Kingston, a small village of Cumberland 
 CO., Pa., 6 miles E. N. E. from Carlisle. 
 
 Kingston, a post-township of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the N. branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna river. Population, 2445. 
 
 Kingston, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, Luzerne county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the W. branch of the Susquehanna, 
 opposite Wilkesbarre, with which it is con- 
 nected by a bridge, and 111 miles N. N. W. 
 from Philadelphia. It carries on consider- 
 able trade, and has rich coal mines in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 Kingston, a post- village of Somerset co., 
 Maryland, a few miles from Pocomoke bay, 
 and 1 18 miles S. S. E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Kingston, a post-ofiice of Cumberland co., 
 North Carolina. 
 568 
 
 Kingston, a post-village, capital of Lenoir 
 county, North Carolina, on the left bank of 
 Nease river, 80 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 
 It contains a court house and several stores. 
 Tar and turpentine are procured from the 
 forests of the county and exported by the 
 steamboats which navigate the river. 
 
 Kingston, a post-village of Cass co., Geor- 
 gia, is situated on the Western and Atlantic 
 railroad, at its junction with the Rome 
 Branch railroad, 62 miles N. W. from At- 
 lanta. A large quantity of lime is burned 
 here. 
 
 Kingston, a post-village, capital of Autau- 
 ga county, Alabama, on Autauga creek, 25 
 miles N. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Kingston, a post-village in Adams co., 
 Mississippi, near Homochitto river, 100 miles 
 S. W. from Jackson. 
 
 Kingston, a post-village, capital of Roane 
 county, Tennessee, is situated on the point 
 formed by the junction of the Holston and 
 Clinch, constituent branches of the Ten- 
 nessee river, 145 miles E. by S. from Nash- 
 ville. It has several stores, and is a shipping 
 point for the produce of the county. 
 
 Kingston, a small post-village of Madison 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Kingston, a township in the E. part of 
 Delaware co., Ohio. Population, 761. 
 
 Kingston, a thriving post-village in Greene 
 township, Ross county, Ohio, 10 miles N. E. 
 from Chilicothe. It has 1 brick church and 
 numerous stores. Population, about 600. 
 
 Kingston, a post-office of Decatur co., Ind. 
 
 Kingston, a small village of Adams co., 111. 
 
 Kingston, a post-township in De Kalb co., 
 Illinois. Population, 601. 
 
 IviNGSTON, a small post-village of De Kalb 
 CO., Illinois, near Syracuse river, about 200 
 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Kingston, a thriving village of Peoria 
 county, Illinois, on the right bank of the Illi- 
 nois river, 20 miles below Peoria city. It has 
 an active business, particularly in stone coal, 
 large quantities of which are procured in the 
 vicinity. The post-office is called Kingston 
 Mines. 
 
 Kingston, a post-village, capital of Cald- 
 well CO., Mo., near Shoal creek, 120 miles in 
 a straight line N. W. from JeS'erson City. 
 
 Kingston, a post-township in Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 536. 
 
 Kingston, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Sauk CO., Wisconsin, near Wisconsin river. 
 Population, 435. 
 
 Kingston Centre, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Kingston Mines. See Kingston. 
 
 KiNGSTREE, a post-village, capital of Wil- 
 liamsburg district. South Carolina, on the 
 left bank of Black river, 76 miles in a direct 
 line, or about 100 miles by post route E. S. 
 E. from Columbia. It is situated in a level 
 and sandy district. 
 
 KiNGsviLi.E, a post-office of Clarion co.. Pa. 
 
KIN 
 
 KIR 
 
 KiNGSvlLLE, a village of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland, 16 miles N. E. from Baltimore. 
 
 KiNGSviLLB, a post-township ia the N. E. 
 part of Ashtabula co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Lake Shore railroad. Population, 1494. 
 
 KiNGSviLLE, a pleasant post-village of 
 Ashtabula county, Ohio, on Conneaut creek, 
 and on the Cleveland and Ashtabula railroad, 
 about 68 miles N. E. from Cleveland. It con- 
 tains 3 churches, a flourishing academy, and 
 several mills. 
 
 KiNGSviLLE, a post-office of Talladega co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 King William, a county in the E. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 260 square miles. 
 Its N. E. and S. W. borders are respectively 
 washed by the Mattapony and Pamunky 
 rivers, which unite at the S. E. extremity of 
 the county, and form the York river. The 
 surface is undulating, the soil of the river 
 bottoms is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 253,685 bushels of corn ; 108,819 of 
 wheat, and 32,580 pounds of butter. There 
 were 4 flour and grist mills, 1 tannery, and 
 2 manufactories of agricultural implements. 
 It contained 9 churches, and 238 pupils at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Pa- 
 munky river is navigable on the border of the 
 county. Formed in 1701, andnamed in honor 
 of William III., king of England. Capital, 
 King William Court House. Pop., 8779 ; 
 of whom 3048 were free, and 5731, slaves. 
 
 King William Court House, a small 
 post-village, capital of the above county, 
 is situated between the Mattapony and Pa- 
 munkey rivers, 2 miles from the former, and 
 27 miles N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 KiNGWOOD, a post-township of Hunterdon 
 CO., New .Jersey, 7 miles W. from Flemington. 
 Population, 
 
 KiNGWOOD, a small post- village, capital of 
 Preston co., Virginia, on the Cheat river, 280 
 miles N. W. from Richmond. The river af- 
 fords excellent water-power. 
 
 Kinkeksville, a post-village of Licking 
 CO., Ohio, on the National road, 22 miles E. 
 from Columbus. Population, about 350. 
 
 KiNKHEAD, a small post-village of St. 
 Francis co., Missouri. 
 
 Kinley's, a post-office of Bexar co., Tex. 
 
 KiNLocK, a post-office of Lawrence county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 KiNLOOK, a post-office of Panola co., Tex. 
 
 Kinnaed's Store, a post-office of Maury 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Kinney, a new county in the S. W. part of 
 Texas, bordering on the Rio Grande river, 
 which separates it from Mexico ; area about 
 2700 square miles. The Nueces river forms 
 its boundary on the N. E. The county con- 
 tains extensive prairies, which produce pas- 
 ture. The chief business of the farmers is 
 the raising of cattle and horses. This county 
 is not included in the census of 1850, having 
 been formed since that was taken. Named 
 
 in honor of II. L. Kinney, member of Congress 
 of the republic of Texas. 
 
 Kinney's Four Corners, a post-village of 
 Oswego CO., New York, 6 or 7 miles S. S. W. 
 from Oswego. 
 
 KiNNicoNicK, a post-office of Louis co., Ky. 
 
 Kinnie's Creek, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Kinsale, a post-office of Westmoreland co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Kinsey's Store, a post-office of Polk co. Ten. 
 
 Kinsetville, a post-village of Salem co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, 58 miles 
 S. W. from Trenton. Here is a ferry leading 
 to Newcastle, in Delaware. 
 
 Kinsman, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Trumbull co., 0. Pop., 1005. 
 
 KiNTERBisH, apost-office of Sumter CO., Ala. 
 
 Kinzer's, apost-office of Lancaster co.. Pa. 
 
 Ivinzua, Pennsylvania. See Ken.jua. 
 
 KiOMATiA. See Kiamatia. 
 
 KiOKEE Creek, of Georgia, flows into Savan- 
 nah river, about 9 miles N. E. from Appling. 
 
 KiowEE River, S. C. ■ See Savannah. 
 
 KiRBT, a township of Caledonia co., Ver- 
 mont, about 38 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 509. 
 
 KiEBY, a small post-village of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 KiRKERSviLLE, a post-village of Licking 
 CO., Ohio, 22 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 KiRKLAND, a post-township of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, about 70 miles N. E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 717. 
 
 KiRKLAND, a post-township of Oneida co., 
 New York, 10 miles W. S. W. from Utica. 
 Population, 3421. 
 
 KiRKLAND, a post-village of Cabarras co., 
 NorthCarolina,147 milesW.byS. from Raleigh. 
 
 KiRKi-iN, a township of Clinton co., Ind. 
 
 KiRKLiN, a small village of Clinton co., 
 Indiana, on the Michigan plank-road, 31 
 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Kirk's Cross Roads, apost-office of Clinton 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Kirksey's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Edgefield district, South Carolina. 
 
 Kirk's Ferry, a post-office of Tensas 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Kirk's Mills, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Kjrks\ille, a post-village in Butler co., 
 Alabama, 140 miles S. S. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 KtRKSviLLE, a post-village, capital of Adair 
 CO., Missouri, about 112 miles in a direct 
 line N. by V/. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Kjrkville, a post-village of Onondaga co., 
 New York, on the Erie canal, 13 miles E. 
 from Syracuse. 
 
 KiRKViLLE, a small post-village of Madison 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 KiRKviLLE, a post-office of Wapello co., lo. 
 
 Kiekwood, a small post-village of Broome 
 countj^ New York, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 216 miles from New York city. 
 The house in which Joseph Smith, the founder 
 
 569 
 
KIR 
 
 KLA 
 
 of the sect of Mormons, -was born, is still stand- 
 ing in this place. 
 
 KiRKWooD, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Belmont co., Ohio. Population, 2208. 
 
 KiKTLANi), a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Lake co., Ohio. Population, 1598. 
 
 KiKTLAND, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on a branch of Chagrin river, 160 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus. The Western Reserve 
 Teachers' Seminary at this place has 120 
 pupils. This village was formerly the head- 
 quarters of the Mormons, and contained at 
 one time near 3000 persons. Since their re- 
 moval, many of the houses have gone to 
 decay. The temple which they built here in 
 1835 is said to have cost ^40,000. 
 
 KiSHicoQUiLLAS, a post-ofBce of MiSlin co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 KisiiicoQUiLLAS Creek, of Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the Juniata river near Lewistown. 
 
 KisHWAUKEE, a post-village in Winnebago 
 CO., Illinois, on Rock river. 90 miles W. N. W. 
 from Chicago. 
 
 KisKATUM, a post-office of Greene co., N. Y. 
 
 KisKiMiNETAS rivor rises in the W. cen- 
 tral part of Pennsylvania, and falls into the 
 Alleghany river, 30 miles above Pittsburg. 
 See CoNEMAUGH River. 
 
 KisKiMiNETAS, a post-township forming the 
 S. extremity of Armstrong co.. Pa., on the 
 river of the same name. Population, 2430. 
 
 KissiNEE, a river of Florida, issues from a 
 lake of the same name, flows through St. 
 Lucie county, and enters Lake Okechobee. 
 Its general course is S. by E. 
 
 Kitching's Mills, a post-office of Orange- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 KiTTANNiNG, a post-township of Armstrong 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river. 
 Population, 1175. 
 
 KiTTANNiNG, a thriving post-borough in the 
 above township, and capital of Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of 
 the Alleghany river, 45 miles above Pitts- 
 burg, and 200 miles W. by N. from Harris- 
 burg. It is pleasantly situated on the river 
 flats, with high hills in the rear, and occupies 
 the site of an Indian town of the same name. 
 The vicinity abounds in coal and iron ore, 
 and an impulse has recently been given to 
 the growth of Kittanning by the erection of 
 iron-works. It contains a court house, jail, 
 academy, several churches, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Incorporated in 1821. Population, 
 in 1850, 1561 ; in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 KiTTATiNNY, or Blue MOUNTAINS, a chain 
 which, commencing in Shawaugunk, in Ulster 
 CO., New York, passes through the N. W. part 
 of New Jersey, and crossing the Delaware at 
 the Water Gap, becomes, through the greater 
 part of Pennsylvania, one of the principal 
 mountain ridges in that state. Although its 
 course, as it approaches the Potomac, is less 
 clearly marked, it may be traced through 
 Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, into 
 Alabama The average elevation and bulk 
 570 
 
 of this range is greater than of the Blue 
 Ridge ; yet the latter, on account of its hav- 
 ing a narrow base, and being better defined, 
 as well as on account of its loftier mountain 
 summits, occupies a more conspicuous place 
 on all our maps of the United States. As a 
 distinct and nearly continuous range, the 
 Kittatinny extends more than 800 miles. Its 
 elevation above the sea varies from about 
 800 to 2500 feet. 
 
 KiTTERT, a post-township of York county 
 Maine, bordering on the Atlantic, and on the 
 Piscataqua river opposite Portsmouth, with 
 which it is connected by a bridge, 50 miles 
 S. W. from Portland. Its coasts are deeply 
 indented, and aftord good harbors. The Port- 
 land Saco and Portsmouth railroad passes 
 through it. Population, 2706. 
 
 KiTTOCTAN Creek, in the N. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, flows through Loudon county and falls 
 into the Potomac above the Point of Rocks, 
 after a course of about 30 miles. 
 
 Klamath, or Tlamath, river, has its 
 source in Klamath lake, in the S. W. part of 
 Oregon Territory. It flows in a general 
 southerly course, (crossing the boundary line 
 between Oregon and California,) till it re- 
 ceives the waters of Ehett lake ; it then runs 
 north-westwardly into Oregon ; and turning 
 again, takes a S. W. direction to its junction 
 with Trinity river ; and lastly, reassuming a N. 
 W. course falls into the Pacific in about 41° 30' 
 N. lat. Its whole length is estimated at 250 
 miles. There is a bar at the mouth of the Kla- 
 math which at high water will admit a ship of 
 the line, but more frequently nothing larger 
 than a whale-boat. It might be navigated by 
 a small steamboat 40 miles beyond this point. 
 Its waters abound in fish, particularly salmon. 
 Gold is found in abundance on this river, 
 miners averaging $7 per day. 
 
 Klamath, a county, forming the N. W. 
 extremity of California, has an area of about 
 4500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by the Pacific ocean, on the N. by Oregon 
 Territory, and partly E. by the Coast Range 
 of mountains. It is intersected by the Kla- 
 math, and also drained by Trinity and Sal- 
 mon rivers. The surface is uneven and 
 mountainous, and often heavily wooded ; 
 redwood, pine, and fir are the principal kinds 
 of timber. The redwood in some cases mea- 
 sures 21 feet in diameter. Salmon moun- 
 tain, between Salmon and Klamath rivers, is 
 covered with snow nine months in the year, 
 and Mount Prospect, on Klamath river, 5000 
 feet above the level of the sea, is covered 
 with snow eight months in the year. The 
 soil of a strip of land on the coast about 
 20 miles long and 5 wide is unsurpassed for 
 agricultural purposes and is finely watered. 
 In the valley of Trinity river, a portion of 
 which has been set apart as an Indian re- 
 servation, it is also of excellent quality. Pota- 
 toes, barley, mules, and horses are the prin- 
 cipal productions. In 1852 this county pro- 
 
KLA 
 
 KNO 
 
 fluced 1732 bushels of potatoes, and 380 of 
 barley. There were 406 mules, and 89 
 horses. The number of acres under cultiva- 
 tion was 109. But little attention has yet 
 been paid to agriculture, a large portion of 
 the inhabitants being engaged in quartz and 
 placer mining. Klamath, Trinity, and Sal- 
 mon rivers all abound in gold. About 250 
 men are at work on them, averaging $7 per 
 day. Capital not yet determined. Popula- 
 tion, 530. 
 
 Klamath, a town of Klamath county, in 
 the N. N. W. part of California, is situated 
 on the Klamath river, about 10 miles from 
 its mouth, and 280 miles in a direct line N. 
 N. W. from San Francisco. 
 
 Klecknerville, a thriving post-village of 
 Crawford co., Pennsylvania, on French creek, 
 9 miles N. from Meadville, the county seat, 
 has an active trade, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Klecknekville, a small post-village of 
 Northampton co., Pennsylvania, 63 miles N. 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Klinesville, a post-office of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Klinesville, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. 
 
 Klinesville, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Klingerstown, a post-office of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Knap of Reeds, a post-office of Granville 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Knaps, a post-office of Carter co., Ky. 
 
 Knight, a township of Vanderburg co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Knight's Ferry, a post-office of San Joa- 
 quin CO., California. 
 
 Knightstown, a thriving post-village of 
 Henry county, Indiana, on Blue river, where 
 it is crossed by the National road and Cen- 
 tral railroad, 32 miles E. from Indianapolis, 
 and 35 miles W. from Richmond. Another 
 railroad extends to Shelbyville. The sur- 
 rounding country is fertile and much im- 
 proved, and the town is a place of active 
 business, and is rapidly increasing. The 
 Blue river is an excellent mill stream. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 Knightsville, a post-village of Providence 
 CO., Pt. I., 5 miles S. W. from Providence. 
 
 Knob, a post-office of Tazewell co., Va. 
 
 Knob Creek, a post-office of Harrison co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Knob Fork, a post-office of Wetzel co., Va. 
 
 Knob Mountain, Pennsylvania, in the E. 
 N. E. part of Columbia co., extends a short 
 distance into Luzerne. 
 
 Knobnoster, a small post-village of John- 
 son CO., Missouri. 
 
 Knottsvxlle, a post-village in Daviess co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Knowersville, a post-village of Albany 
 CO., New York, 16 miles West of Albany. 
 
 Knowlesville, a post-village in Ridgway 
 township, Orleans county. New York, on the 
 Erie canal, about 40 miles N. E. by N. from 
 
 Buifalo. It contains 2 churches and 3 stores. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 Knowlton, a township of Warren co.. 
 New Jersey, on Paulinskill creek.* Popula- 
 tion, 1356. 
 
 Knowlton Mills, a small village of War- 
 ren CO., New Jersey, on Paulinskill creek, 10 
 miles N. of Belvidere. 
 
 Knox, a county in the central part of E. 
 Tennessee, area estimated at 510 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Holston river, 
 bounded on the N. W. by the Clinch, and 
 also drained by the French Broad river. 
 The surface is traversed by several high 
 ridges between the Cumberland mountains 
 and the main Alleghany chain. These are 
 locally denominated Copper Ridge, Chestnut 
 Ridge, and Bay's mountain. The valleys and 
 river bottoms are fertile and well watered with 
 excellent springs. Indian corn, oats, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850, Knox 
 county produced 861,703 bushels of corn ; 
 256,890 of oats, and 176,916 pounds of but- 
 ter. It contained 37 churches, 5 newspaper 
 offices, 2500 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 285 attending academies and other 
 schools. The county contains extensive 
 beds of limestone, fine marble, and iron ore. 
 Many of the streams furnish permanent and 
 abundant water-power. The rivers are na- 
 vigable by steamboats in all seasons. The 
 Great railroad of East Tennessee passes 
 through the county. Organized in 1794, 
 and named in honor of General Henry Knox, 
 then secretary of war of the United States. 
 Capital, Knoxville. Population, 18,755; of 
 whom 16,562 were free, and 2193, slaves. 
 
 Knox, a county in the S. E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee, contains an 
 area estimated at 600 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Cumberland river. The 
 surface is occupied by valleys and mountains. 
 The staples are Indian corn, oats, and grass. 
 In 1850 this county produced 290,965 bushels 
 of corn; 2526 of wheat; 48,341 of oats; 
 16,869 pounds of tobacco; 18,766 of wool, 
 and 9334 of flax. It contained 13 churches, 
 and 975 pupils attending public schools. 
 Iron ore, stone coal, and limestone are abun- 
 dant. Knox county was formed in 1799. 
 Capital, Barboursville. Population, 7050 ; 
 of whom 6438 were free, and 612, slaves. 
 
 Knox, a county in the N. central part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 528 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Vernon and Walhonding 
 rivers, and also drained by the North fork 
 of the Licking. The surface is undulating, 
 and in some parts hilly. The soil is remark- 
 ably fertile, well watered, and highly culti- 
 vated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, wool, 
 butter, tobacco, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 723,729 bushels of corn ; 239,177 of wheat ; 
 206,144 of oats; 231,318 pounds of wool; 
 493,877 of butter, and 65,200 of tobacco. It 
 contained 64 churches, 6 newspaper offices, 
 
 571 
 
KNO 
 
 KNO 
 
 6315 pupils attending public schools, and 
 275 attending ncadeniies or other schools. 
 The county is liberally supplied with water- 
 power. It is intersected by the line of rail- 
 roads wliich connect Sandusky City with New- 
 ark, and also by the Springfield, Mount Ver- 
 non, and Pittsburg railroad, now in course of 
 construction. Organized in 1808. Capital, 
 Mount Vernon. Population, 28,873. 
 
 Knox, a county in the S. W. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Illinois, contains 516 
 square miles. The Wabash bounds it on 
 the W. , the White river on the S., and the 
 W. fork of Vv'hite river on the E. The sur- 
 face is mostly level or rolling. There are 
 several prairies near the Wabash, which are 
 very fertile. Corn, wheat, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county yielded 720,725 
 bushels of corn; 27,187 of wheat; 51,010 of 
 oats, and 2783 tons of hay. It contained 22 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1600 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 135 attending 
 academies or other schools. Coal is found 
 in many parts of the county. Organized in 
 1802. The first settlement of the state was 
 made in this vicinity by the French about 
 1750. Capital, Vincennes. Pop., 11,084. 
 
 Knox, a county in the W. N. W. part of Il- 
 linois, has an area of 840 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Spoon river, and also drain- 
 ed by Pope and other creeks. The surface is 
 undulating ; the soil is very productive. A 
 large portion of the surface consists of 
 prairies, alternating with timber. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, wool, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 1,370,361 bushels of corn ; 201,481 of wheat; 
 227,718 of oats ; 13,164 tons of hay, and 
 67,849 pounds of wool. It contained 14 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 2448 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 339 attending 
 other schools. Knox county contains beds of 
 stone coal, which are thought to be extensive. 
 Spoon river furnishes valuable water-power. 
 The county is intersected by the Peoria and 
 Oquawka railroad, and Military Tract rail- 
 road. Capital, Knoxville. Pop., 13,279. 
 
 Knox, a county in the N. E. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 504 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the North, South, and 
 Middle Fabius, and by the N. fork of Salt 
 river, all of which flow in a south-easterly 
 direction. The surface is undulating, and 
 consists partly of prairies, and partly of fo- 
 rests of oak, hickory, ash, walnut, and maple. 
 The soil is very productive, and adapted to 
 grazing. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
 butter, and pork are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 216,027 bushels of corn ; 20,906 of 
 wheat; 26,639 of oats, and 1378 tons of hay. 
 It contained 1 church, and 124 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Edina. Po- 
 pulation, 2894, of whom 2628 were free, and 
 266, slaves. 
 
 Knox, a township in Waldo co., Me., about 
 35 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. Pop., 1102. 
 572 
 
 Knox, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Albany co., N. Y. Pop., 2021. 
 
 Knox, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 22 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Knox, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Columbiana co., Ohio. Pop., 2155. 
 
 Knox, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Guernsey co., Ohio. Population, 755. 
 
 Knox, a township in the W. part of Holmes 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1210. 
 
 Knox, a township in the N. E. part of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Ohio, on the W. side of Ohio 
 river. Population, 1902. 
 
 Knox, a post-ofiice of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 Knox, a township of Jay co., Indiana. 
 
 Knox, a post-village, capital of Stark co., 
 Indiana, on the Yellow river, about 30 miles 
 from its mouth, and 100 miles N. by W. from 
 Indianapolis, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Knox Centre, a post- village of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Kwox Corners, a post-office of Oneida co., 
 New York. 
 
 Knox Hill, a post-office of Walton co., Ga. 
 
 Knoxville, a post-office of Steuben co. N.Y. 
 
 Knoxville, a post-village of Tioga county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Cowanesque creek, about 
 165 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Knoxville, a post-village, capital of Craw- 
 ford CO., Georgia, 25 miles W. S. W. from 
 Macon ; incorporated in 1825. It has a court 
 house, 2 hotels, 2 churches, 4 stores, and 1 
 academy. 
 
 Knoxville, a post-office of Greene co., Ala. 
 
 Knoxville, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Knoxville, a flourishing city, capital of 
 Knox county, Tennessee, and formerly the 
 seat of the state government, is beautifully 
 situated on the right bank of the Holston 
 river, 4 miles below its confluence with the 
 French Broad river, 185 miles E. from Nash- 
 ville, and 204 miles S. E. from Lexington, in 
 Kentucky. The situation is elevated and 
 healthy, commanding a beautiful view of the 
 river, and of the Blue mountains of Chil- 
 howee, some 30 miles distant. The river is 
 navigable for steamboats at all seasons from 
 this point downward ; and during winter and 
 spring they extend their trips up the river 
 as far as Kingsport. The region, however, 
 in future will not be dependent on the river 
 for the means of transportation. The East 
 Tennessee and Georgia railroad, which ex- 
 tends from Knoxville to Dalton in Georgia, 
 connecting with the extensive railways in 
 that state, was opened in 1852, and has given 
 a new impetus to every department of busi- 
 ness. Another railroad has been commenced, 
 which will extend from Knoxville to the Vir- 
 ginia line. When these two roads shall have 
 been completed. East Tennessee will be inter- 
 sected by a chain of railways extending from 
 Boston to IMemphis, forming the great tho- 
 roughfare of the Union, and traversing a 
 country remarkable for the fertility of its 
 
KNO 
 
 KUL 
 
 soil and tlie salubrity of its climate. This 
 will be the most central and direct line from 
 New York to New Orleans. Knoxville, from 
 its midwaj^ position, may be expected to de- 
 rive much benefit from the immense amount 
 of trade and travel which must pass along 
 this route. The completion of the railroad 
 from Dalton to Knoxville appears to have 
 produced a great sensation among the inha- 
 bitants of East Tennessee, a region hereto- 
 fore almost isolated from the busy world. 
 In the poetical language of a gentleman re- 
 siding in that region, to whom the editors 
 are indebted for much valuable information, 
 '•the neigh of the iron horse mingles with 
 the roar of her innumerable waterfalls, and 
 awakens the echoes of her vast and silent 
 forests." The city already exhibits an as- 
 pect of increased prosperity, and manufac- 
 tures of various kinds are springing up in 
 its vicinity. The manufactory of window- 
 glass at this place is said to be the largest in 
 the Southern States. Knoxville contains the 
 state asylum for the deaf and dumb, and is 
 the seat of the university of East Tennessee, 
 founded in 1807. It has .5 churches, 3 banks, 
 several academies, and printing ofiices issuing 
 6 or 7 newspapers. It was laid out in 1 794, in 
 which year it became the capital of the state, 
 and so continued until lgl7. Population in 
 18.50, SGflO; in 1853, about .5000. 
 
 Kn'oxvjlle, a small village of Pendleton 
 CO., Kentucky, on the road from Wai'saw to 
 Falmouth, the county seat. 
 
 Knoxville, a post-village of .Jefferson co., 
 Ohio, 141 miles E. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 Knoxville, a neat and thriving post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Knox county, Illinois, on the 
 Peoria and Burlington railroad, 41 miles W. 
 by N. from Peoria. It has a high and beau- 
 tiful situation in the midst of an extensive 
 prairie. Knoxville has several churches, and 
 1 newspaper ofl&ce. Population in 1853, 
 about 1200. 
 
 Knoxville, a post-village of Ray co., Mo., 
 140 miles N. W. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Knoxville, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Marion county, Iowa, 100 miles W. S. W. 
 from Iowa City. The railroad which is pro- 
 jected from Davenport to Council Blufif is 
 expected to pass through this place. 
 
 KoKOMO, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Howard co., Indiana, on the railroad be- 
 tween Peru and Indianapolis, 50 miles N. 
 from the latter. Settled in 1844. 
 
 KoLEMOKEB Creek. See Colamoka. 
 
 KoRO, a post-office of Winnebago co., Wis. 
 
 KoRTRiGHT, a post- township in the N. part 
 (;f Delaware co., New York. Pop., 2181. 
 
 Kosciusko, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Indiana, contains 558 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Tippecanoe river and Turkey 
 creek, which rise within its borders. The 
 surface is mostly undulating, and the soil 
 fertile. Originally about two-thirds of the 
 county was occupied by forests, and the 
 
 other portions by prairies and oak openings. 
 There are a fe^ small lakes, which are 
 stocked with fish, in the N.E. part. Wheat, corn, 
 and oats are cultivated ; cattle, horses, and 
 hogs are also exported. In 1850 this county 
 produced 341,556 bushels of corn; 117,918 
 of wheat; 78,092 of oats, and 4338 tons of 
 hay. It contained 9 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices, and 2451 pupils attending public 
 schools. The railroad from Elkliart to Peru 
 (now in construction) will pass through this 
 county. Organized in 1836. Capital, War- 
 saw. Population, 10,248. 
 
 Kosciusko, a post-village, capital of At- 
 tala county, Mississippi, on a branch of Pearl 
 river, about 70 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 It contains 8 churches, 3 academies, and 2 
 or 3 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, 502. 
 
 KosHKONONG, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1477. 
 
 KosHKONONG, a Small post-village of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Wisconsin, near the lake of the 
 same name. 
 
 KosiiKONONG Creek, of Wisconsin, rises in 
 Dane co., and- empties itself into the lake of 
 its own name. 
 
 KosHKONONG Lake, Wisconsin,an expansion 
 of Rock river, at the S. W. extremity of Jef- 
 ferson county, is near 8 miles long and 8 or 
 4 miles wide. The water is from 8 to 12 
 feet deep. 
 
 Kossuth, a new county in the N. N. W. 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is intersected by a large branch 
 of the Des Moines river, which itself tra- 
 verses the S. W. part of the county. It is 
 not included in the census of 1850. County 
 seat not located. Named in honor of the re- 
 nowned Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth. 
 
 Kossuth, apost-officeof Washingtonco. Me. 
 
 Kossuth, a post-office of Clarion co.. Pa. 
 
 Kossuth, a post-village of Aiiglaize co., 
 Ohio. Population, about 100. 
 
 KossuTH,apost-office of Washington CO. Ind. 
 
 Kossuth, a post-village in Boone co., Illi- 
 nois, 90 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Kossuth, a post-office of Clarke co.. Mo. 
 
 Kosuth, a post-office of Des Moines co., lo. 
 
 Kossuth, a township in the S. part of Co- 
 lumbia CO., Wisconsin. Population, 394. 
 
 Kossuth, a post-village of Racine co.. Wis. 
 
 Koughstown, a small village of New .Jer- 
 sey, on the line between Somerset and Hun- 
 terdon counties,4 miles S. E. from Flemington. 
 
 Kowalaga, a post-ofiBce of Tallapoosa co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 KRATZERSviLLE,a post-office of Union CO. Pa. 
 
 Kreidersville, a small post-village of 
 Northampton co., Pennsylvania, 103 miles E. 
 N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 KRESGEViLLE,apost-olficeof Monroeco.,Pa. 
 
 Kroh's Mills, apost-officeof Carroll CO. Md. 
 
 KuLLUsPELM, a lake, or rather expansion 
 of Clarke's river, towards the N. part of 
 Washington Territor3^ Length near 40 miles ; 
 greatest breadth about 16 miles. 
 
 573 
 
KUL 
 
 LAC 
 
 Kttlpsville, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 KuNKLETOWN, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 KuTZTOWN, a post-borough of Maxatawny 
 township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, 69 
 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg, and 18 miles 
 N. E. from Reading, contains 2 churches, 1 
 academy, and about 700 inhabitants. 
 
 Kyger, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 Kyle's Landing, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Ktsekville, a post-office of Livingston co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Kyte River, a post-village in Ogle co., Il- 
 linois, 90 miles W. by N. from Chicago. 
 
 Labansville, a village of Washington town- 
 ship, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, on Lion 
 creek, about 68 miles N. N. W. from Phila- 
 delphia. It contains an extensive slate ma- 
 nufactory, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Lab ANUS, a post-office of Robertson co.,Ten. 
 
 Labor Creek, Georgia, flows through Mor- 
 gan county into the Appalachee river, about 
 8 miles N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Labranch Landing, a post-office of St. 
 Charles parish, Louisiana. 
 
 La Canada, a post-office of Rio Arriba co.. 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Lacey, a post-village in De Kalb co., Illi- 
 nois, 70 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Lacey Spring, a post-office of Rockingham 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Lacey's Spring, a post-office of Morgan 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Laceyville, a post-village of Wyoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the N. branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna river, 18 miles above Tunkhannock. 
 The North Branch canal is in progress of 
 construction to this place. 
 
 Laceyville, a post-office of Harrison co., 0. 
 
 Lack, a township forming the S. W. extre- 
 mity of .Juniata county, Pennsylvania, 22 
 miles S. W. from Mifflintown. 
 
 Lackamute, or Lackemute, a post-office 
 of Polk CO., Oregon. 
 
 Lackawac, a post-village of Ulster co., 
 N. Y., about 80 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Lackawanna or Lackawannock river of Pa., 
 rises in the N. E. part of the state, and falls 
 into the N. branch of the Susquehanna river, 
 about 10 miles above Wilkesbarre. The val- 
 ley of this river is noted for rich coal mines. 
 
 Lackawanna, post-township of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, 16 miles S. S. W. from Car- 
 bondnle. Population, 389. 
 
 Lackawannock, a former township of Mer- 
 cer CO., Pennsylvania, divided into East and 
 West Lackawanna. 
 
 Lackawannock Mountain, Pennsylvania, 
 extends from the Susquehanna north-east- 
 ward along the N. W. side of Lackawanna 
 674 
 
 creek, for 25 or 30 miles. The averagfe . ; 
 height may be about 800 feet. This moun- l.| 
 tain, together with the Nanticoke and Shaw- ' 
 nee mountains, of which it may be regarded 
 as the continuation, constitutes the N. W. 
 boundary of the Lackawanna or "Wyoming 
 coal valley, the Wyoming and Moosic moun- 
 tains forming the S. E. boundary. This val- 
 ley is near 70 miles long, and from 5 to 6 
 miles wide. 
 
 Lackawaxen, a river in the N. part of 
 Pennsylvania, rises in Wayne county, and 
 enters the Delaware in Pike county. 
 
 Lackawaxen, a post-township forming the 
 N. extremity of Pike co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Delaware river. Population, 1419. 
 
 Lackawaxen, a thriving post-village of Pike 
 county, Pennsylvania, at the mouth of a river 
 of its own name, which is here crossed by the 
 New York and Erie railroad, 121 miles from 
 New York city. The Hudson and Delaware 
 canal crosses the Delaware river by an aque- 
 duct in the immediate vicinity of this place. 
 
 Laclaik, a post-village in De Kalb co., Il- 
 linois, 70 miles W. S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 La Clede, formerly Kinderhook, a county 
 in the S. central part of Missouri, has an 
 area of 750 square miles. It is intersected 
 in the E. part by Gasconade river and its 
 Osage fork, and also drained by the Niangua 
 and Auglaize rivers. The surface is uneven, 
 and consists partly of prairies and partly of 
 forests of hard timber ; the soil produces In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, and pasture for cat- 
 tle. In 1850 there were raised 136,829 bushels 
 of corn; 9601 of wheat; 18,672 of oats, 
 and 30,975 pounds of butter were made. 
 La Clede was formed a few years ago out of 
 the W. part of Pulaski county, and named in 
 honor of La Clede, the founder of St. Louis. 
 County seat not located. Population, 2498 ; 
 of whom 2348 are free, and 140, slaves. 
 
 Lacon, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Marshall county, Illinois, on the left (E.) 
 bank of Illinois river, 99 miles N. from 
 Springfield. Steamboats can ascend to this 
 place in nearly all stages of water. Lacon 
 has a court house and 2 newspaper offices. 
 The value of grain, &c., shipped from this 
 point in 1852, was estimated at $650,000. 
 
 Lacon A, a post-office of .Jeiferson co., Ky. 
 
 Laconia, a post-office of Desha co.. Ark. 
 
 Laconia, a post-village of Harrison co., In- 
 diana, 2 miles from the Ohio river, and 13 
 miles S. from Corydon. 
 
 La Cote St. Marie, a post-office of Mar- 
 quette CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Lac qui Parle, a post-office of Dakota co., 
 Minnesota. 
 
 La Crosse, a small river of AVisconsin, 
 rises in La Crosse county and flows into the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 La Crosse, a county in the W. part of 
 Wisconsin, bordering on Minnesota, from 
 which it is separated by the Mississippi river, 
 contains 5065 square miles. It is drained 
 
LAC 
 
 LAP 
 
 by La Crosse and Black rivers, and bounded 
 on the N. W. by Buffalo river. Piue timber 
 is abundant in the county. Capital, La 
 Crosse. This county had not been organized 
 when the census of 1850 was taken. 
 
 La Crosse, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of La Crosse county, Wisconsin, is beautifully 
 situated on the left bank of the Mississippi 
 river, at the mouth of La Crosse river, 90 
 miles above Prairie du Chien, and 130 miles 
 from Madison. It contains a court house, 
 1 or 2 churches, 11 stores, and 1 steam mill. 
 Population in 1853, 543. 
 
 Lactin, a post-office of Cedar co., Iowa. 
 
 Lacy, a post-office of Drew co.. Ark. 
 
 LACY,a small post-village of De Kalb co.. 111. 
 
 Lacy's Hill, a post-office of. Pickens co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Laddsburgh, a post-office of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ladiesburg, a post-village in Frederick 
 CO., Md., 80 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Lauiga, a small post-village of Benton co., 
 Ala., 140 miles N. by E. from Montgomery. 
 
 Ladoga, a small village of Montgomery co., 
 Ind., 11 miles S. S. E. from Crawfordsville. 
 
 Ladoga, a post-office of Fond du Lac co.,Wis. 
 
 La Fargeville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., New York, 16 miles N. of Watertown. 
 
 Lafayette, a county in the N. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, has an area of about 800 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Tallahat- 
 chie, and its affluent the Yocknapatalfa 
 river. The surface is diversified by gentle 
 undulations, and adorned by open groves 
 of oak, .hickory, &c. The soil has a sub- 
 stratum of sand, and is very productive, 
 especially in the valleys. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 10,387 bales of cotton; 562,530 of 
 corn ; and 22,288 pounds of beeswax and 
 honey. It contained 38 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices ; 469 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 109 attending academies or other schools. 
 Tallahatchie river is navigable by steamboats 
 through this county, during 6 or 8 months of 
 the year. Timber and water-power are 
 abundant. The railroad which is projected 
 from New Orleans to Nashville will probably 
 pass through the county. The Chickasaw 
 Indians were removed from this part of the 
 state in 1838. Capital, Oxford. Pop., 14,069 ; 
 of whom 8350 were free, and 5719, slaves. 
 
 Lafayette parish, in the S. part of Louisi- 
 ana, contains about 350 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Vermilion river, (navigable by 
 steamboats.) The surface is nearly level; 
 the soil is alluvial and fertile. Sugar, cotton, 
 Indian corn, and beef are the chief products. 
 In 1850 there were raised 2629 hogsheads of 
 sugar; 2560 bales of cotton, and 288,358 
 bushels of corn. It contained 1 church, 1 
 newspaper office, 242 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 43 attending an academy. Po- 
 pulation, 6720 ; of whom 3550 were free, and 
 3170, slaves. 
 
 Lafayette, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Arkansas, bordering on Louisiana and Texas, 
 contains about 1500 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Red river, and also drained by Bayous 
 Bodcan and Dauchite and the Sulphur fork 
 of Red river. The general surface is level, 
 and is interspersed with prairies ; the soil is 
 fertile. Cotton, Indian coi'n, sweet potatoes, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 160,090 bushels of corn ; 
 22,857 of sweet potatoes; 1977 bales of 
 cotton, and 22,185 pounds of butter. Capi- 
 tal, Lewisville. Population, 5220 ; of whom 
 1900 were free, and 3320, slaves. 
 
 Lafayette, (formerly Lillard,) a county 
 in the W. part of Missouri, has an area of 
 612 square miles. The Missouri river, which 
 here flows towards the E., forms the north- 
 ern boundary; the county is also drained 
 by Big Snybar and Terre Beau creeks, 
 and by the Salt fork of Blackwater river. 
 The surface is agreeably diversified ; the 
 soil is remarkably and almost uniformly 
 fertile. The land is well watered, and about 
 half of the county is heavily timbered. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, hemp, cattle, 
 horses, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 788,675 bushels of 
 corn; 83,037 of wheat ; 94,075 of oats ; 2462 
 tons of hemp ; 2358 tons of hay, and 154,663 
 pounds of butter. It contained 22 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 962 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 513 attending academies 
 and other schools. Limestone and sandstone 
 underlie a large part of the county. The 
 bluifs of the Missouri along the northern 
 border consist almost entirely of beds of 
 stone coal. Lafayette county is among the 
 most populous and highly cultivated in the 
 state. Capital, Lexington. Population, 
 13,690; of whom 9075 were free, and 4615, 
 slaves. 
 
 Lafayette, a county in the S. S. W. part 
 of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois, has an 
 area of about 660 square miles. It is drained 
 by Fevre river, and the two branches of 
 the Pekatonica, which cross the northern 
 border of the county, and unite in the S. E. 
 part. The surface is broken by ridges, 
 which are in some parts entirely bare of 
 timber, and in others covered with a sparse 
 growth of oaks. The soil is generally pro- 
 ductive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, potatoes, 
 pork, and lead are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 62,283 bushels of wheat ; 
 91,491 of corn; 175,851 of oats, and 9196 
 tons of hay. It contained 13 clmrches, 
 and 3203 pupils attending public schools. 
 The cliif limestone which underlies the 
 county abounds in rich veins of lead and 
 copper, from which large quantities are 
 taken. The famous Platte mounds, in the 
 N. W. part, are remarkable for their regular 
 form, and are surrounded by a large expanse 
 of prairie. Organized in 1847. Capital 
 Shullsburg. Populativ.-ia, 11,531. 
 
 575 
 
LAF 
 
 LAP 
 
 Lafayette, a post-office of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshu'e. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-township of Onondaga 
 CO., New York, with a village of the same 
 name, about 12 miles S. by E. from Syracuse. 
 Population, 2533. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-township of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey. Population, 928. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-village of Sussex co.. 
 New Jersey, about 70 miles N. from Trenton. 
 It has 2 or 8 churches, and 2 iron foundries. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-township of McKean co., 
 Pa., 12 miles W. from Smithport. Pop., 196. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-village in the above 
 township, 208 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Virginia, on the Roanoke river, about 
 190 miles AV. by S. from Eichmond. Popu- 
 lation, from 200 to 800. 
 
 Lafayette, a district in Walker co., Geor- 
 gia. Population, 588. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-village, capital of Walker 
 CO., Georgia, 210 miles N. W. from Milledge- 
 ville, is beautifully situated in a mountainous 
 region. The village has a court-house, 2 
 churches, 1 academy, and 10 stores. It was 
 formerly called Chattooga. 
 
 Lafayette, a village of Chambers co., 
 Alabama. See Chambers Court House. 
 
 Lafayette, Louisiana. See New Orleans. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-village, capital of Macon 
 CO., Tennessee, about 50 miles in a straight 
 line N. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Lafayette, a thriving post-village of Chris- 
 tian CO., Kentucky, 218 miles W. S. W. from 
 Frankfort, and 1 mile from the Tennessee 
 line. It contains 4 churches, and 6 dry 
 goods stores. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in the E. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio, intersected by the Mus- 
 kingum river and the Ohio canal. Popu- 
 lation, 1040. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-village of Madison co., 
 Ohio, on the National road, 22 miles W. from 
 Columbus, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in the central part 
 of Medina co., Ohio. Population, 1332. 
 
 Lafa\i;tte, a small village of Richland co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Van Buren co., Michigan. Pop., 1143. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in Allen co., In- 
 diana. Population, 524. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in Floyd co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1215. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in Madison co., In- 
 diana. Population, 694. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in Owen co., In- 
 diana. Population, 754. 
 
 Lafayette, a flourishing tovm, capital of 
 Tippecanoe county, Indiana, on the left bank 
 of the Wabash river, and on the Wabash and 
 Erie canal. 66 miles N. W. from Indianapolis, 
 and 123 miles S. E. from Chicago, lat. 40° 25' 
 N. Ion., 8('° 49' W. It is pleasantly situated on 
 cTadually rising ground, which affords a de- 
 576 
 
 lightfulview of theTiver and the neighboring 
 hills. It is one of the largest towns on the 
 canal above named, and is considered the 
 fourth of the state in respect to popula- 
 tion. The Wabash and Erie canal connects 
 it with Lake Erie and the Ohio river. Rail- 
 roads have recently been completed from 
 Lafayette to Indianapolis, and to Crawfords- 
 ville. These advantages, together with the 
 fertility of the surrounding country, render 
 it a place of active trade, and the princi- 
 pal grain market in the state. It con- 
 tains a court house, which cost $20,000, 
 four banks, a county seminary, and about 
 10 churches, some of which are large and 
 handsome buildings. It has also several 
 paper mills, iron foundries, and large esta- 
 blishments for packing pork. Three weekly 
 and 2 daily newspapers are published here. 
 The surrounding country consists of fertile 
 prairies, interspersed with oak openings. 
 Settled in 1825. Population in 1846, 1700; 
 in 1850, 6129; in 1853, about 8000. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in Fulton county, 
 Illinois. Population, 965. 
 
 Lafayette, a township in the S. part of 
 Ogle county, Illinois. 
 
 Lafayette, a small post-village of Stark 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-village in Linn county, 
 Iowa, 35 miles N. bj' W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Lafayette, a pretty village of Polk coun- 
 ty, Iowa, on the River Des Moijies, 13 miles 
 below Fort Des Moines, is situated on the 
 border of a prairie. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-towiiship in the central 
 part of Walworth co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1048. 
 
 Lafayette, a post-office of Yamhill co.,Ogn. 
 
 Lafayette Hill, a post-office of Fluvanna 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Lafayette Springs, a post-office of Lafa- 
 yette county, Mississippi. 
 
 Lafayetteville, a post-office of Dutchess 
 county. New York. 
 
 Laffing Gall, a post-office of Cherokee 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 La Fontaine, a post-office of Harlan co.,Ky. 
 
 La Fontaine, a post-office of Wabash co.Ind. 
 
 La Fourchb, a bayou in the S. E. part of 
 Louisiana, is an outlet of the Mississippi, 
 commencing at Donaldsonville, on the right 
 bank. It flows south-easterly through the 
 parish of La Fourche Interior, and enters the 
 Gulf of Mexico after a course of about 150 
 miles. It is one of the most important chan- 
 nels of communication between the Gulf and 
 the interior, being navigable by steamboats 
 about 100 miles from its mouth. The land 
 along its banks is generally arable, and pro- 
 duces abundant crops of sugar and cotton. 
 
 La Fourche Interior, a parish in the S. 
 E. part of Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, contains about 1200 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Bayou La Fourche. The sur- 
 face is level and in some parts marshy; the 
 soil along the bayou is productive. Sugar, 
 
LAG 
 
 LAI 
 
 molasses, and Indian coim are the staples. In 
 1850 there were raised 10,055 hogsheads of 
 sugar; 345,126 gallons of molasses ; 227,015 
 bushels of corn, and 231,980 pounds of rice. 
 There was 1 saw and planing mill, 1 manufac- 
 tory of cabinet-ware, and lof tin and sheet iron. 
 It contained 3 churches, 1 newspajper office ; 
 40 pupils attending public schools, and 100 
 attending academies or other schools. La 
 Fourche bayou is navigable by steamboats 
 through this parish. Capital, Thibodeaux. 
 Population, 9532, of whom 5164 were free, 
 and 4368, slaves. 
 
 Lagada, a post-office of Wilson co., Tenn. 
 
 Lagonda, or Buck Creek, Ohio, flows into 
 the Mad river at Springfield. 
 
 La Grange, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Indiana, bordering on Michigan, contains 384 
 square miles. It is drained by Pigeon river. 
 The surface is mostly level. About two-thirds 
 of it is occupied by oak openings, which have 
 a sandy soil adapted to wheat, and nearly 
 one-fourth of the county is thickly timbered. 
 The exports consist of wheat, corn, oats, pork, 
 cattle, and horses. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 321,211 bushels of corn; 127,905 of 
 wheat; 73,816 of oats, and 7203 tons of 
 hay. It contained 5 churches and 1 newspa- 
 per office ; 2234 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 47 attending an academy. The 
 Northern Indiana railroad passes through the 
 county. Capital, La Grange. Pop., 8387. 
 
 La Grange, a post-township of Penobscot 
 county, Maine, on the Penobscot and Pisca- 
 taquis rivers, about 85 miles N. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 482. 
 
 La Grange, a township of Dutchess coun- 
 ty, New York, 6 miles E. from Poughkeepsie. 
 Population, 1941. 
 
 La Grange, a post-office of Wyoming coun- 
 ty, New York. 
 
 La Grange, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pa. 
 
 La Grange, a post-village in Randolph co., 
 North Carolina, 90 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 La Grange, a post-office of Chester dis.,S.C. 
 
 La Grange, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Troup county, Georgia, on the La 
 Grange railroad, 42 miles N. from Columbus. 
 The La Grange railroad connects, at Atlanta, 
 with the principal lines of the state, and at 
 West Point with a railroad leading to Montgo- 
 mery, in Alabama. The village has 4 schools, 
 which stand high in the public estimation ; 
 namely, the La Grange High School, the 
 Brownwood University, the La Grange Fe- 
 male Seminary, and the La Grange remal(? 
 Institution. 
 
 La GRANGE,a post-office of Franklin co.,Ala. 
 
 La Grange, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Fayette county, Texas, on the left bank of 
 the Colorado river, 65 miles E. S. E. from 
 Austin City. It is surrounded by a fertile 
 cotton-planting district, and has an active 
 business. Steamboats ply between this village 
 and Galveston, and sometimes ascend as high 
 as Austin City. 
 
 2m 
 
 La Grange, a post-office of Phillips co., Ark. 
 
 La Grange, a thriving post-village of Fa- 
 yette county, Tennessee, on the railroad lead- 
 ing from Memphis to Charleston, about 50 
 miles E. from the former. It contains 3 
 churches and 1 female seminary. Population 
 in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 La Grange, a post-village, capital of Old- 
 ham county, Kentucky, on the Louisville and 
 Frankfort railroad, 46 miles N. W. from 
 Frankfort. It contains 1 church, and an in- 
 stitution named the Masonic College. 
 
 La Grange, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Lorain county, Ohio, intersected by the 
 Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati railroad. 
 Population, 1402. 
 
 La Grange, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Cass county, Michigan. Population, 1327. 
 
 La Grange, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 130 miles S. W. from Lan- 
 sing, and 4 miles S. E. from the Central rail- 
 road. Population, about 400. 
 
 La Grange, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of La Grange county, Indiana, on the North- 
 ern Indiana railroad, 170 miles N. N. E. from 
 Indianapolis, became the county seat in 1842. 
 
 La Grange, a village of Tippecanoe county, 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river, 11 miles S.W. 
 from Lafayette, the county town. 
 
 La Grange, a post-village of Lewis county, 
 Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 184 miles 
 above St. Louis. It contains a college, 8 
 churches, 1 steam flouring mill, and 6 stores. 
 It has an active business in shipping produce. 
 Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 La Grange, a post-office of Monroe co. ,Iowa. 
 
 La Grange, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Walworth county, Wisconsin. Pop., 1050. 
 
 La Grange Bluff, a small post-village of 
 Brown county, Illinois, on the Illinois river, 
 65 miles W. by N. from Springfield. 
 
 La Grange Iron-works, a small village of 
 Stewart county, Tennessee. 
 
 La Grew Springs, a post-office of Arkan- 
 sas county, Arkansas. 
 
 Lagro, a post-township in Wabash county, 
 Indiana. Population, 2515. 
 
 Lagro, a thriving post-village of Wabash 
 county, Indiana, on the Wabash river and 
 canal, opposite the mouth of the Salamonie, 
 6 miles above Wabash, the county seat. 
 
 Laguna del Madre, la-goo'na del mad-ra, 
 a large lagoon or shallow bayou in the S. E. 
 part of Texas. It extends from Corpus Christi 
 Bay nearly to the mouth of the Rio Grande. 
 Entire length above 110 miles; greatest 
 breadth about 14 miles. 
 
 La Harpe, a post-village of Hancock co., 
 Illinois, 110 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Laiiaska, a post-office of Bucks co.. Pa. 
 
 Laing's, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 Laingsburg, a small post-village of Shia- 
 wassee county, Michigan. 
 
 Lairdsville, a post-village of Oneida co., 
 N. Y., about 100 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Lairdstille, Pa. See Funstonville. 
 577 
 
LAK 
 
 LAK 
 
 Lake, a county in the N. N. E. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on Lake Erie, contains about 220 
 square miles. It is intersected by Grand and 
 Chagrin rivers. The surface is rolling rather 
 than level ; the soil is mostly a fertile clayey 
 loam, with occasional ridges of sand or gravel. 
 From the influence of the lake the climate is 
 favorable to fine fruits. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, hay, jjotatoes, ■wool, dairy products, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. Apples, 
 pears, peaches, and plums are extensively 
 cultivated. In 1850 this county produced 
 51,744 bushels of wheat; 336,312 of corn; 
 151,178 of oats; 25,582 tons of hay; 120,104 
 bushels of potatoes, and 142,779 pounds of 
 wool. It contained 26 churches and 1 news- 
 paper office. There were 3517 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 510 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Iron ore is found in 
 this county. The Cleveland and Erie railroad 
 passes through it, and a plank-road has been 
 made from Painesville to Trumbull county. 
 Formed in 1840, by a division of Geauga and 
 Cuyahoga counties. Capital, Painesville. 
 Population, 14,654. 
 
 Lake, a new county in the W. part of 
 Michigan, has an area of about 700 square 
 miles. It is intersected in the N. E. by an 
 affluent of the Manistee river, and principally 
 drained by another tributary of that river, 
 and by the Notipeskago. This county is not 
 included in the census of 1850. County seat 
 not yet located. 
 
 Lake, a county forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Indiana, bordering on Lake Michi- 
 gan and Illinois, has an area of 480 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. by Kankakee 
 river, and traversed by Calumick and Deep 
 rivers. The surface is nearly level, consist- 
 ing partly of prairie and partly of timbered 
 land. Extensive marshes occupy the southern 
 part. A portion of the soil is adapted to 
 grazing. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 138,040 bushels of corn; 46,389 of wheat; 
 02,424 of oats, and 8949 tons of hay. It 
 contained 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 
 375 pupils attending public schools, and 40 
 attending an academy. It is traversed by 2 
 or 3 railroads leading from Chicago to Michi- 
 gan and Ohio. Capital, Crown Point. Po- 
 pulation, 3991. 
 
 Lake, a county forming the N. E. extremity 
 of Illinois, bordering on Wisconsin, has an 
 area of 390 square miles. Lake Michigan 
 forms its entire boundary on the E. The 
 Des Plaines and Fox rivers flow through 
 the county from N. to S. It contains about 
 50 small lakes, the average extent of 
 which is nearly 1 square mile, and some of 
 them are said to be very deep. They are 
 supplied with springs of clear water, and 
 stocked with a variety of fish. The surface 
 is nearly level, and is diversified by prairies 
 and groves of timber. The soil is a deep 
 black loam, with substrata of gravel and 
 678 
 
 clay, and is remarkable for fertility and 
 durability. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 320,071 bushels of wheat; 
 168,915 of Indian corn; 250,733 of oats; 
 35,506 tons of hay, and 421,200 pounds of 
 butter. I-t contained 8 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 2391 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 160 attending other schools. 
 The county is watered by numerous perma- 
 nent streams. It is traversed by a plank- 
 road extending from the lake into the inte- 
 rior. The Illinois and Wisconsin railroad 
 passes through the S. W. part. Organized in 
 1839. Capital, Waukegan. Pop., 14,226. 
 
 Lake, a post-office of Washington co., N. Y. 
 
 Lake, a post-township of Luzerne co.. Pa., 
 14 miles N. W. from Wilkesbarre. Pop., 383. 
 
 Lake, a post-office of Trinity co., Texas. 
 
 Lake, a township of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 Population, 880. 
 
 Lake, a township in the central part of 
 Logan CO., Ohio, intersected by the Mad 
 River and Lake Erie railroad. Pop., 1767. 
 
 Lake, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Stark CO., Ohio. Population, 2228. 
 
 LAKE,atownshipof Woodco.Ohio. Pop.152. 
 
 Lake, a township in Allen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 578. 
 
 Lake, a township in the E. part of Cook 
 CO., Illinois, on the S. W. shore of Lake 
 Michigan. Population, 349. 
 
 Lake, a township in Buchanan co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 378. 
 
 Lake, a township in the E. part of Mil- 
 waukee CO., Wisconsin, on the W. shore of 
 Lake Michigan. Population, 1474. 
 
 Lake Bluff, a post-ofiice of Prairie co. Ark. 
 
 Lake Centre, a post-office of Milwaukee 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Lake Charles, a post-office of Calcasieu 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Lake Comfort, apost-ofifice of Hyde co. N.C. 
 
 Lake Creek, of Texas, enters the San Ja- 
 cinto near the middle of Montgomery county. 
 
 Lake Creek, a post-office of Lamar co., Tex. 
 
 Lake Creek, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Lake Creek, a post-office of Petis co., Mo. 
 
 Lake George. See George, Lake. 
 
 Lake Griffin, a post-office of Marion co. Flo. 
 
 LakeKattakittekon, (Fv.Lac VieuxDesert,) 
 a lake at the head of Wisconsin river, on the 
 border between the states of Wisconsin and 
 Michigan. Length, about 7 miles ; breadth, 
 '4 or 5 miles. The French name, Vieux De- 
 sert, signifying " old deserted," is derived 
 from the circumstance that on an island in 
 this lake there was an old deserted planting 
 ground of the Indians. 
 
 Lakeland, a post-village and station on 
 the Long Island railroad, in Suffolk co.. 
 New York, 49 miles E. from Brooklyn. 
 
 Lake Landing, a post-village of Hyde co., 
 N. C, about 170 miles E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Lake Maria, a small post-village of Mar- 
 
LAK 
 
 LAM 
 
 qnette co., Wisconsin, 65 miles N. N. E. from 
 Madison, has about 10 dwellings. 
 
 Lake Mills, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Pop., 882. 
 
 Lake Mills, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on Rock lake, 25 miles E. 
 from Madison. It has water-power which 
 gives motion to several mills, and contains 
 (1853) 1 church, 3 stores, and about 400 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Lake of the Woods, a small village of 
 Mississippi county, Arkansas. 
 
 Lake Pleasant, a small lake in the S. E. 
 central part of Hamilton co.. New York, 4 
 miles long, and 1^ miles wide. Its outlet falls 
 into Sacondaga river. 
 
 Lake Pleasant, a post-township in the 
 central part of Hamilton co.. New York. 
 PoiDulation, 305. 
 
 Lake Pleasant, a post-village, capital of 
 Hamilton county, New York, in the above 
 township, on a small lake of the same name, 
 about 70 miles N. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Lakeport, a post-of5ce of Madison co., N.Y. 
 
 Lake Prairie, a village in Marion co., 
 Iowa, on Des Moines river, 80 miles W. S. W. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 Lake Providence, a post-village of Carroll 
 parish, Louisiana. See Providence. 
 
 Lake Ridge, a small post-village of Tomp- 
 kins CO., N. Y., 16 miles N. by W. from Ithaca. 
 
 Lake Ridge, a post-office of Lenawee co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Lake SARAH,a post-office of Portage co.Wis. 
 
 Lake Station, a post-office of Lake co., Ind. 
 
 Lakesville, a small post-village of Dor- 
 chester CO., Maryland. 
 
 Lake Swamp, apost-office of Horry dis.,S.C. 
 
 Laketon, a post-village in Wabash co., 
 Indiana, 95 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Lake View, a post-office of Dane co., ^Yis- 
 consin, 8 miks S. from Madison. 
 
 Lake Village, a small post-village in Gif- 
 ford township, Belknap co.. New Hampshire, 
 on the Boston, Concord, and ilontreal rail- 
 road, about 35 miles N. by E. from Concord. 
 
 Lakbville, a small post-village in Salis- 
 bury township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, 
 about 40 miles N. W. hy W. from Hartford. 
 
 Lakbville, a post-village of Livingston 
 CO., New York, at the N. end of Conesus 
 lake, 24 miles S. by W. from Rochester. 
 
 Lakeville, a small village of Queen's co.. 
 New York, about 20 miles E. from New York. 
 
 Lakeville, a post-village of Oakland co., 
 Michigan, 43 miles N. N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Lakeville, a post-office of St. Joseph co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Lake Zurich, a post-village of Lake coun- 
 ty, Illinois, 35 miles N. N. W. from Chicago. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 Lampasas, a small stream of Texas, rises 
 in the central part of the state, and flowing 
 eastward, unites with Leon river, in Bell co. 
 
 Lamar, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on Red river, which sepa- 
 
 rates it from the Indian territory, contains 
 about 1080 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Sulphur fork of Red river. The surface 
 is somewhat uneven, consisting of prairies 
 and groves, the former of which are the most 
 extensive. The soil is excellent. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, oats, grass, cattle, and horses 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 1055 bales of cotton ; 116,596 bushels 
 of corn; 22,762 of oats, and 101,976 pounds 
 of butter, (more than any other county in 
 the state.) It contained 1 newspaper office. 
 Steamboats navigate Red river on the bor- 
 der of the county. Named in honor of Gene- 
 ral Mirabeau B. Lamar, third president of 
 Texas. Capital, Paris. Population, 3978, 
 of whom 2893 were free, and 1085, slaves. 
 
 Lamar, a post-township of Clinton co.. Pa., 
 4 or 5 miles S. from Lock Haven. Pop., 1182. 
 
 Lamar, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala. 
 
 Lamar, a flourishing post-village of Mar- 
 shall county, Mississippi, on the stage-road 
 from Holly Springs to La Grange, in Tennes- 
 see, about 220 miles N. of Jackson. The first 
 houses were built in 1836. 
 
 Lamar, a small post-village of Refugio co., 
 Texas, on the E. shore of Aransas bay. 
 
 Lamar, a post-office of Lake co., Illinois. 
 
 Lamartine, a post-office of Clarion co., Pa. 
 
 Lamartine, a post-office of Benton co., Ala. 
 
 Lamartine, apost-office of Washita co., Ark. 
 
 L.vmartinb, a post-office of Giles co., Tenn. 
 
 Lamartine, a post-office of Carroll oo., 0. 
 
 Lamartine, a post-township in Fond du 
 Lac county, Y/isconsin. Population,. 588. 
 
 Lamartine, a post-village in the above 
 township, 7 miles S. W. from Fond du Lac, 
 contains 1 church, and 2 stores. 
 
 Lamasco, a township in Yanderburg co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1444. 
 
 Lamasco City, a thriving village of Yan- 
 derburg county, Indiana, is situated on the 
 Ohio river, at the terminus of the Wabash 
 and Erie canal, and in the immediate vicinity 
 of Evansville. See Evansville. 
 
 Lamberton, a former village of Mercer co., 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, now forms- 
 part of the borough of South Trenton. 
 
 Lambertville, a flourishing post-town of 
 Hunterdon county, New Jersey, on the Dela- 
 ware river, 15 miles above Trenton. It is 
 the largest town in the county, containing 13 
 stores, 5 churches, 3 hotels, 2 flour mills, 3 
 saw mills, 2 flax mills, 1 iron and brass 
 foundry, and 2 turning and machine shops 
 in which steam-power is used. A covered 
 wooden bridge connects this place with New 
 Hope. Iron ore of a superior quality has re- 
 cently been found in the vicinity, and furnaces 
 are about being erected for the manufacture 
 of iron on an extensive scale. Lambertville 
 possesses excellent water-pcwer from the 
 feeder of the Delaware and Karitan canal. 
 The Belvidere and Delaware railroad passes 
 through the town. Population, in 1853, 
 about 2000. 
 
 579 
 
LAM 
 
 LAN 
 
 Lamberta'ille, a post-Tillage in Monroe 
 county, Michigan. 
 
 Lamb's Point, a post-office of Madison co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Lambueg, a post-office of Iroquois co., 111. 
 
 La Mixe river, of Missouri, rises near the 
 S. border of Pettis county, and falls into the 
 Slissouri, about 6 miles above Booneville, 
 after a very tortuous course, the general di- 
 rection of which is N. E. Its whole length 
 probably exceeds 150 miles. It is navigable 
 for keel-boats for a large part of the distance. 
 
 La Mixe, a post-village of Cooper county, 
 Missouri, on La Mine river, 50 miles N. W. by 
 W. from Jeiferson City. 
 
 Lamixgton, a small river of New Jersey, 
 rises in JMorris county, and, flowing south- 
 ward along the boundary of Somerset and 
 Hunterdon counties, enters the North branch 
 of the Piaritan about 6 miles N. W. from 
 Somerville. 
 
 Lamixgton, a village of Somerset county, 
 New Jersey, on Lamiugton river, 10 miles 
 N. W. from Somerville. 
 
 Lamixgton, a post-office of Russell co., Ala. 
 
 La Miea, a post-office of Belmont co., 0. 
 
 Lamoille River, in the N. part of Ver- 
 mont, rises in Orleans county, and after 
 flowing south-westerly into Caledonia county, 
 turns and flows, in a W. N. W. direction, 
 through Lamoille and Franklin counties, and 
 falls into Lake Champlain, in Chittenden 
 county, in the N. ^Y. part of the state. 
 
 Lamoille, a county in the N. part of Ver- 
 mont, has an area of about 450 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Lamoille river, and 
 is principally watered by it and its numerous 
 tributaries, which afford valuable water- 
 power. The Green mountain range passes 
 through the county, on which account the 
 soil is more adapted to grazing than tillage, 
 although along the Lamoille river, especially 
 in the eastern portion, there are some excel- 
 lentjfitracts of rich meadow land. Indian 
 corfi, potatoes, maple sugar, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 66,017 bushels of corn; 278,252 of potatoes; 
 26,973 tons of hay ; 437,110 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 427,918 of maple sugar. There 
 were 4 woollen factories, 5 grist mills, 8 saw 
 mills, 10 starch works, and 6 tanneries. It 
 contained 17 churches, 4344 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 205 attending academies 
 or other schools. Organized in 1836. Capi- 
 tal, Hyde Park. Population, 10,872. 
 
 Lamoille, a post- village of Bureau county, 
 Illinois, on Bureau creek, 154 miles N. by E. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 La Motte, commonly called Isle La Motte, 
 or Vineyaki), an island about 6 miles long, 
 near the N. end of Lake Champlain. It be- 
 longs to Grand Isle county, and constitutes 
 the township of Isle La Motte. Pop., 476. 
 
 La Motte, a post-village iri Jackson co., 
 Iowa, 70 miles N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Lampetek, a former post-township of 
 580 
 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, divided into 
 East and West Lampeter. 
 
 Lampeter, or Lampeter Square, a post- 
 village of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
 about 5 miles S. E. from Lancaster. 
 
 Lamprey River rises in the N. W. part of 
 Rockingham county. New Hampshire, and 
 falls into the Piscataqua river, about 10 miles 
 W. of Portsmouth. 
 
 Lampsville, a post-office of Belmont co., 0. 
 
 Lamson's, a post- village of Oswego county, 
 near Onondaga county line. New York, on 
 the Oswego and Syracuse railroad, 17 miles 
 N. W. from Syracuse. 
 
 Lanark, a small post-village of Bradley 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 Lancaster, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland, has an 
 area of 950 square miles. Susquehanna 
 river forms its boundary on the S. W., and 
 the Octorara creek on the S. E. It is inter- 
 sected by Conestoga creek and its branches. 
 The ridge called South mountain, or Cone- 
 wago hill, extends along the N. W. border ; 
 and Mine Ridge traverses the S. E. part. 
 Between these is a broad and fertile lime- 
 stone valley, the surface of which is undu- 
 lating, and the soil a rich calcareous loam. 
 The county is well watered, highly cultivated, 
 and densely peopled. In respect to popu- 
 lation, it is only inferior to Philadelphia and 
 Alleghany counties ; in the value of agricul- 
 tural productions it is not equalled by any 
 in the state. Grain of various kinds, pota- 
 toes, fruit, cattle, horses, and swine are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,803,312 bushels of Indian corn; 1,365,111 
 of wheat; 1,578,321 of oats; 215,277 of po- 
 tatoes; 96,134 tons of hay, and 1,907,843 
 pounds of butter. The quantity of oats was 
 the greatest raised in any county of the 
 United States ; that of wheat the greatest in 
 any except Monroe county. New York ; and 
 that of corn greater than in any other county 
 of the state. There were 191 flour and grist 
 mills, 68 saw mills, 4 iron mines, 54 limekilns, 
 31 manufactories of farming implements, 37 of 
 cabinet-ware, 26 of coaches, 12 of guns, and 
 23 of bricks, 5 iron foundries, 11 furnaces, 12 
 forges, 2 cotton factories, 17 woollen facto- 
 ries, 1 rolling mill, 3 machine shops, 9 pot- 
 teries, 37 distilleries, and 53 tanneries. It 
 contained 190 churches, 10 newspaper offices, 
 17,001 pupils attending public schools, and 
 943 attending academies and other schools. 
 The county contains quarries of blue lime- 
 stone, suitable for building, and of roofing 
 slate. Marble, chrome, and magnesia, are 
 also found. The creeks furnish abundant 
 motive-power. It is intersected by the 
 Philadelphia and Columbia railroad, and in 
 part by the Lancaster and Harrisburg rail- 
 road. Organized in 1729, and named from 
 Lancaster, a county of England. Capital, 
 Lancaster. Population, 98,944. 
 
 Lancaster, a county in the E. part of Vir 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 ginia, bordeinng on CheScapeake bay, at the 
 mouth of Rappahannock river, which forms 
 its S. W. boundary. Area, 108 square miles. 
 The surface is moderately uneven ; the soil 
 is sandy and light. Indian corn, wheat, and 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 120,530 bushels of corn; 24,424 
 of wheat ; and 10,857 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 2 coach factories and 1 tannery. 
 It contained 10 churches, 282 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 46 attending an aca- 
 demy. Organized in 1652. Capital, Lancas- 
 ter Court House. Population, 4708, of whom 
 2068 were free, and 2640, slaves. 
 
 Lakcastek, a district in the N. part of 
 South Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, 
 has an area of 690 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the Catawba, or Wa- 
 teree i-iver, on the N. E. by Lynche's creek, 
 and drained by Sugar, Waxsaw, and other 
 creeks. The surface is uneven, or hillj' ; 
 the soil, in some parts, is productive. Cot- 
 ton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet po- 
 tatoes are the staples. In 1850 this district 
 produced 8661 bales of cotton; 21,644 bush- 
 els of wheat; 352,218 of corn; 65,100 of 
 oats, and 34,683 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 7 grist, 6 saw and planing mills, and 
 2 tanneries. It contained 25 churches, and 
 569 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Lancaster Court House. Population, 10,988, 
 of whom 5974 were free, and 5014, slaves. 
 
 Lancaster, a post-village, capital of Coos 
 county. New Hampshire, on Israel's river, 
 near its junction with the Connecticut, about 
 100 miles N. from Concord, contains, besides 
 the county buildings, an acadsmy and 2 
 banks. The Connecticut river is crossed by 
 a bridge near this place. Population of the 
 township, 1559. 
 
 Lancastek, a post-village of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, on the Worcester and 
 Nashua railroad, and on the West Branch 
 river, near its junction with the Nashua, 
 19 miles N. N. E. from Worcester. It contains 
 a bank, an academy, and several stores. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1688. 
 
 Lancaster, a post-township of Erie co., 
 New York. Population, 3794. 
 
 Lancaster, a tlmving post-village in the 
 above township, on Cayuga creek, and on 
 the Buffalo and Albany railroad, 10 miles E. 
 from Buffalo. It contains 1 Catholic and 2 
 Protestant churches, and several flouring 
 and saw mills. Pop. in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Lancaster city, capital of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, is pleasantly situated on the 
 Philadelphia and Columbia railroad, 1 mile 
 W. from Conestoga creek, 70 miles by rail- 
 road W. from Philadelphia, and 37 miles E. 
 S. E. from Harrisburg. It was for many 
 years the largest inland town of the United 
 States, and v/as the seat of the state govern- 
 ment from 1799 to 1812. At present it is 
 the fourth city of Pennsylvania in respect to 
 population. It is situated in the most popu- 
 
 lous and wealthy agricultural districts of the 
 state, and carries on a considerable trade by 
 means of the railroad and the slack-water 
 navigation of the Conestoga. The oldest 
 turnpike in the United States has its western 
 terminus at this place, and connects it with 
 Philadelphia, which is 62 miles distant by 
 this route. The streets are generally straight, 
 crossing each other at right angles, and well 
 paved. The greater part of the town is sub- 
 stantially built of brick, and the more modern 
 houses are commodious and elegant. During 
 the last 10 years, great improvement has been 
 made in the appearance and business of the 
 city. Gas-light has been introduced by a com- 
 pany with a capital of $100,000. Three large 
 steam cotton factories have been put in opera- 
 tion, giving employment to 800 persons. A 
 new county prison, of sandstone, has been 
 erected at a cost of $110,000. The new court 
 house, nearly finished, is a magnificent edifice, 
 in the Grecian style : the cost is estimated at 
 above $100,000. Franklin College, of this 
 place, was founded in 1787, but subsequently 
 declined. Recently a charter was obtained 
 for the union of this institution with Marshall 
 College, on the condition that $25,000 should 
 be raised by the citizens of Lancaster county. 
 This sum having been collected, the buildings 
 will be erected the present year, (1853,) and 
 the institution will be speedily organized. 
 Lancaster contains about 16 churches, among 
 which are 2 Lutheran, 2 or 3 German Re- 
 formed, 2 Methodist, 1 or 2 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Moravian, 2 Roman Catholic, 
 and 1 Winebrennerian. The First Lutheran 
 has a steeple 200 feet in height. Among 
 the remarkable buildings may be mentioned 
 Fulton Hall, recently erected for the accom- 
 modation of public assemblies and musical 
 concerts. Its dimensions are 105 feet long, 
 by 57 wide. The city a,lso contains a classi- 
 cal academy, 2 public libraries and 3 banks. 
 It is noted for the manufacture of rifles, 
 axes, carriages, and threshing machines, it 
 is plentifully supplied with v/ater brought in 
 pipes from Conestoga creek. The inhabit- 
 ants are mostly of German descent. Lancas- 
 ter was laid out in 1730, and incorporated as 
 a city in 1818. Population in 1800, 4292; 
 in 1840, 8417; in 1850, 12,369; and in 1853,*, 
 about 14,000. 
 
 Lancaster, a post-village in Smith co., 
 Tennessee, 60 miles S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Lancaster, a post-village, capital of Gar- 
 rard CO., Kentucky, 57 miles S. S. E. from 
 Frankfort. It contains a fine court house, 
 4 churches, 1 academy, 1 seminary, and 1 
 newspaper office. ,. 
 
 Lancaster, a flourishing post-town of 
 Hocking township, capital of Fairfield coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on the Hocking river, 30 miles S. 
 E. from Columbus, and 139 miles E. N. E. 
 from Cincinnati. It is situated in a beauti- 
 ful and fertile valley. The Hocking canal 
 connects it with the Ohio canal, and attracts 
 
 581 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 considerable trade. The groTrtli of Lancas- 
 ter has received an impetus from the rail- 
 road now in course of construction, -which 
 will connect it with Cincinnati and Zanes- 
 viile. The town is well built, and has seve- 
 ral wide and handsome streets. It contains 
 churches of 7 denominations, 1 bank, and 3 
 or 4 newspaper offices. On the border of a 
 plain near Lancaster, stands a sandstone 
 1 -^ck of a pyramidal form, and about 200 feet 
 in height, which is much resorted to by par- 
 ties of pleasure. Laid out in 1800. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 3480; in 1853, about 5000. 
 
 Lancasteii, a post-township in Jefferson 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1381. 
 
 Lakcastee, a post-village in Jefferson co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad connecting Indiana- 
 polis and Madison, 85 miles S. S. E. from the 
 former. 
 
 Lancaster, a township in Wells co., In- 
 diana. Population, 795. 
 
 Lancaster, a post-office of Cass co., 111. 
 
 Lancaster, a township in the E. central 
 part of Stephenson co., Illinois. Pop., 835. 
 
 Lancaster, a small post-village, capital 
 of Schuyler co., Missouri, 130 miles in a 
 straight line N. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Lancaster, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Keokuk co., Iowa, on Skunk river, 50 
 miles S. W. from Iowa City. It is surrounded 
 by a healthy and fertile farming region, and 
 has an active trade. Population, about 600. 
 
 Lancaster, a post-village, capital of 
 Grant county, Wisconsin, about 14 miles N. 
 from the Mississippi river, and 85 miles W. S. 
 W. from Madison. It is surrounded by an 
 excellent tract of land, and has productive 
 lead mines in its vicinity. The village has a 
 brick court house, 3 churches, and a news- 
 paper office. Population in 1853, about 450. 
 
 Lancaster Court House, a post-village, 
 capital of Lancaster co., Virginia, 80 miles 
 K. E. from Fvichmond, contains, besides the 
 county buildings, several stores. 
 
 Lancaster Court House, a post-village, 
 capital of Lancaster district. South Carolina, 
 about 10 miles E. from Catawba river, and 72 
 miles N. N. E. from Columbia. It contains a 
 court house, a few stores, and about 400 in- 
 liabitants. 
 
 Lanhaff, a post-township of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Amonoosuck river, 
 about 75 miles N. N. W. from Concord. Po- 
 pulation, 948. 
 
 Landersville, a post-office of Lawrence 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 LANnGROVE, a post-township of Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, about 78 miles S. by W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 337. 
 
 Landisburg, a post-borough of Tyrone 
 tovvuship, Perry co., Pennsylvania, on Sher- 
 man's creek, about 25 miles W. by N. from 
 llarrisburg xC contains 1 or 2 churches, 
 and several stores. Population, 416. 
 
 Lanihsville, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 582 
 
 . Land of Promise, a post-office of Princess 
 Anne co., Virginia. 
 
 Landsdown, a post-office of Prince Yt'illiam 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Landsford, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Lane, a post-office of Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 
 Lanefield, a post-office of Haywood co., 
 Tennessee, 185 miles W. from Nashville. 
 
 Lanesborough, a post-village of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, 125 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston. It is built chiefly on one ex- 
 tended street, and contains 3 churches, an 
 academy, and several stores. The new state 
 prison has recently been located here. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1229. 
 
 Lanesborough, a handsome and thriving 
 post-village of Susquehanna county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna river, and on 
 the Erie railroad, 185 miles N. E. from Har- 
 risburg. It contains several mills and tan- 
 neries, and from 300 to 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Lanesborough, a post-village in Anson 
 CO., North Carolina, 125 miles S. W. by W. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Lane's Creek, of Anson co., North Caro- 
 lina, flows into the Yadkin, about 12 miles 
 N. W. from Wadesborough. 
 
 Lane's Creek, a post-office of Union co.. 
 North Carolina, 140 miles S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Lane's Prairie, a post-village of Osage co., 
 Missouri, 40 miles S. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Lanesville, a small ijost-village of Iving 
 William co., Virginia, about 28 miles N. E. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Lanesville, a post-office of Floyd co., Ky. 
 
 Lanesville, a thriving post-village of Har- 
 rison CO., Indiana, on the plank-road from 
 Corydon to New Albany, 10 miles from each. 
 
 Lanesville, a village of Marion co., In- 
 diana, on the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine 
 railroad, 8 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Languon, a post- township of Sullivan co.. 
 New Hampshire, on the Connecticut river, 
 about 46 miles W. from Concord. Pop., 575. 
 
 Langhorne's Tavern, a post-office of Cum- 
 berland CO., Va., 61 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Langley, a post-office of Fairfax co., Va. 
 
 Langsbury, a small post-village of Camden 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Langston, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. 
 
 Langsville, a post-office of Meigs co., 0. 
 
 Languelle, a post-office of St. Francis co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Lanier, a post-village, capital of Macon 
 county, Georgia, on the W. side of the Flint 
 river, 6 miles W. from the South-western 
 railroad, and 80 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, and 3 stores. 
 
 Lanier, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Preble county, Ohio. Population, 1694. 
 
 Lannahassee, a post-village of Stewart 
 CO., Georgia, 18 miles E. from Lumpkin. 
 
 L.\nsing, a township in the N. part of 
 Tompkins co.. New York, on the E. side of 
 Cayuga lake. Population, 3318. 
 
LAN 
 
 LAP 
 
 Lansing, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Ingham co., Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 1229. 
 
 Lansing, a thriving town of Ingham coun- 
 ty, and capital of the State of Michigan, is 
 situated on the Grand river, 110 miles N. W. 
 from Detroit. Lat. 42° 42' 30" N., Ion. 84° 
 28' W. This place was selected for the 
 seat of govei-nment in 1847, being at that 
 time surrounded by an almost unbroken wil- 
 derness. It is now the centre of an active 
 and increasing trade, and is connected by 
 plank-roads with Detroit, Jackson, and Mar- 
 shall. The river aifords an excellent water- 
 power, which is employed in flouring mills 
 and factories. Lansing contains 4 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, several hotels, and about 
 300 houses. The state house is a large and 
 handsome building, situated on an eminence 
 50 feet above the level of Grand river. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Lansing, a post-office of Porter co., Ind. 
 
 Lansing, a post-village in Allomakee co., 
 Iowa, on the W. bank of the Mississippi 
 river, 125 N. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Lansing, a township in Brown co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Population, 209. 
 
 Lansing, a small post-village of Outaga- 
 mie CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Lansingbukg, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Rensselaer co., New York. Pop., 5752. 
 
 Lansingbueg, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the E. bank of the Hudson 
 river, and on the Troy and Boston railroad, 
 10 miles above Albany. It is a place of ac- 
 tive business, and has a variety of manu- 
 factures. There are churches of Presby- 
 terians, Methodists, Episcopalians, and Uni- 
 versalists ; 3 newspaper offices, a bank, and 1 
 or 2 academies. A bridge across the river 
 connects it with Waterford. Population in 
 1853, about 4500. 
 
 Lansingville, a post-village of Tompkins 
 CO., New York, about 12 miles N. from Ithaca. 
 
 Laona, a post-office of Chautauque co., N. Y. 
 
 Laona, a post- village in Winnebago co., Il- 
 linois, 110 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Lapeek, a county in the E. part of Michi- 
 gan, contains about 900 square miles. It is 
 drained by the sources of Flint and Belle 
 rivers, and by Kearsley, Farmer's, and Mill 
 creeks. The surface is gently undulating, 
 and partly covered with forests of oak, ma- 
 ple, pine, &c. ; the soil in some parts is fer- 
 tile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, wool, 
 and maple sugar are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 84,521 bushels of wheat; 
 66,967 of corn; 52,956 of oats, and 6875 
 tons of hay. It contained 7 churches and 1 
 newspaper office. Capital, Lapeer. Popu- 
 lation, 7029. 
 
 Lapeer, a township in the S. part of Cort- 
 land CO., New York. Population, 822. 
 
 Lapeer, a township in the S. central part 
 of Lapeer co., Michigan. Population, 1468. 
 
 Lapeer, a post-village, capital of Lapeer 
 
 county, Michigan, in the above township, on 
 Flint river, at the mouth of Farmer's creek, 
 57 miles N. by W. from Detroit. It contains 
 a court house, a printing office, and a number 
 of stores. Water-power is abundant in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 Laphamsvillb, a post-office of Kent co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Lapland, a post- village of Buncombe co.. 
 North Carolina, 275 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 La Pointe, a county forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Wisconsin, bordering on Minnesota 
 and Michigan, has an area of 5330 square 
 miles. Lake Superior washes its northern 
 border. The St. Croix and Chippewa rivers 
 rise in the county and flow into the Missis- 
 sippi ; the Burntwood and Mauvais rivers 
 also rise in the county and flow into Lake Su- 
 jDerior. The surface is extensively covered 
 by forests of pine timber. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 250 bushels of corn; 233 of 
 oats, 1950 of potatoes, and 45 tons of hay. 
 Thirty pupils attended public schools. Ca- 
 pital, La Pointe. Population, 489. 
 
 La Pointe, a small post-village, capital 
 of La Pointe county, Wisconsin, on Made- 
 leine island of Lake Superior, a few miles 
 from the main land. It is said to be the old- 
 est settlement in Wisconsin. 
 
 Lapomba, a post-office of Lafayette co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Laporte, a county in the N. part of Indi- 
 ana, bordering on Lake Michigan, contains 
 450 square miles. It is watered by the Kan- 
 kakee river. The surface is mostly level or 
 undulating, excepting the hills of sand near 
 the lake ; the soil is fertile, especially in the 
 prairies, some of which are extensive. 
 Wheat, corn, oats, vines, and fruits flourish. 
 In 1850 this county produced 663,949 
 bushels of corn ; 206,016 of wheat, and 
 21,322 tons of hay. The quantity of wheat 
 and hay was each greater than that produced 
 by any other county in the state. It con- 
 tained 21 churhces, 6700 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending an academy. 
 The county is traversed by the railroad from 
 Chicago to Detroit, and by several plank-roads. 
 Organized in 1832. Capital, Laporte. Po- 
 pulation, 12,145. 
 
 Laporte, a small post-village, capital of 
 Sullivan county, Pennsylvania, 107 miles N. 
 by E. from Harrisburg. This place was se- 
 lected as the county seat in 1850, the site be- 
 ing then a complete wilderness. The public 
 buildings are in progress of erection, and the 
 place is rapidly improving. Pop., 300. 
 
 Laporte, a post-village of Lorain co., Ohio, 
 3 miles S. E. from Elyria, has 3 churches 
 and several stores. 
 
 Laporte, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Laporte county, Indiana, on the North 
 Indiana railroad, 150 miles N. by W. from In.- 
 dianapolis, and 12 miles from Lake Michigan, 
 was first settled in 1832. It is situated ou 
 the border of a beautiful prairie of the same 
 
 583 
 
LAP 
 
 LAT 
 
 name, the soil of which is extremely rich and 
 well cultivated. The village is a place of 
 active trade, which is facilitated by plank- 
 roads extending to Lake Michigan and into 
 the adjoining counties. Laporte contains a 
 medical college, an academy, and a bank. 
 Population in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Lappon's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Washington co., Maryland. 
 
 La Prairie, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Rock CO., Wisconsin. Population, 835. 
 
 La Purissima, a small village of Santa 
 Barbara county, California, is situated on the 
 main road from San Jose to Los Angeles, 
 247 miles in a direct line S. E. by S. from 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Laputa, a post-village of Franklin co., Ken- 
 tucky, 10 miles N. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Laredo, lah-r5.'do, capital of Webb county, 
 Texas, on the left bank of the Rio del Norte, 
 at the crossing of the San Antonia and Sal- 
 tillo road, about 500 miles S. W. from Austin 
 City. It was once a flourishing town, with 
 over 1000 inhabitants, but it is now in a de- 
 clining state, in consequence of the repeated 
 inroads of the Indians. 
 
 Larimer's Station, a post-office of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Larissa, a post-village of Cherokee co., 
 Texas, about 230 miles N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Larkinsburg, a post-office of Clay CO., 111. 
 
 Larkin's Fork, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Larkinsville, a post-village of Jackson 
 CO., Alabama, about 15 miles W. by S. from 
 Bellefonte. 
 
 Lark's SpuR,a post-office of Bedford co., Pa. 
 
 Larned's Corners, a post-office of Ontario 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Larone, a post-office of Somerset co.. Me. 
 
 Larrabee's Point, a post-office of Addi- 
 son CO., Vermont. 
 
 Larry's Creek, a post-office of Lycoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 La Rue, a county near the centre of Ken- 
 tucky, contains an area estimated at 400 
 square miles. The Rolling fork of Salt river 
 bounds it on the N. E., and it is drained by 
 Nolin creek. The surface is mostly undulat- 
 ing and the soil fertile. The staple produc- 
 tions are corn, tobacco, and pork. In 1850 
 this county produced 335,275 bushels of corn ; 
 17,578 of wheat; 73,465 of oats; 131,950 
 pounds of tobacco; 13,348 of wool, and 
 17,682 of flax. It contained 11 churches, 600 
 pupils attending public schools, and 70 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Organized 
 in 1843. Capital, Ilodginville. Population, 
 5859; of whom 5187 were free, and 672, 
 slaves. The county was named in honor of 
 John Larue, an early settler in this region. 
 
 La Salle, a county in the N. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 1050 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Illinois river, flowing 
 from E. to W., and also drained by Fox and 
 Vermilion rivers, and by Indian creek. The 
 584 
 
 surface is undulating, diversified by prairies 
 and woodlands, the former being the most 
 extensive ; the soil is exceedingly fertile and 
 extensively cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, and wool are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 637,483 bushels of In- 
 dian corn; 253,598 of wheat; 199,875 of 
 oats, and 25,179 tons of hay. It contained 
 11 churches, 4 newspaper offices, and 1490 
 pupils attending public schools. Stone coal 
 is abundant, and extensive quarries of sand- 
 stone have been opened near Ottawa. The 
 county is liberally supplied with water-power. 
 It is intersected by the Illinois and Michigan 
 canal, by the Central railroad, and by the 
 Chicago and Rock Island railroad. The name 
 was given in honor of M. La Salle, one of the 
 first explorers of Illinois. Capital, Ottawa. 
 Population, 17,815. 
 
 La Salle, a post-office of Niagara co., N. Y. 
 La Salle, a post-village and port of entry 
 of Calhoun county, Texas, on the S. W. side 
 of Matagorda bay, 165 miles S. S. E. from 
 Austin city. The shipping of the port, June 
 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 561 1| 
 tons em-oUed and licensed, of which 105ff 
 were employed in steam navigation. 
 
 La Salle, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Monroe co., Michigan, on the W. shore of 
 Lake Erie. Population, 1100. 
 
 La Salle, a flourishing post-village of La 
 Salle county, Illinois, on the Illinois river, one 
 mile above Peru, and at the terminus of the 
 Illinois canal, 100 miles long, which connects 
 it with Chicago. This village has excellent 
 facilities for trade and manufactures. It has 
 a ready communication both with the northern 
 and southern markets by the canal and river, 
 the latter of which is navigable by steamboats 
 in all stages of water. The surrounding coun- 
 try is highly productive, and contains exten- 
 sive beds of bituminous coal. One or two 
 newspapers are published here. The Galena 
 branch of the Central railroad, not yet finished, 
 passes through this place. The trade of 
 La Salle in 1852, was estimated by Governor 
 Matteson, in his late message, at $1,200,000. 
 Population, in 1851, 1500 ; in 1853, by recent 
 census 3201. 
 
 Las Casas, a post-office of Rutherford co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Lassellville, a post-village of Fulton co., 
 N. Y., 68 miles W. N. Vf. of Albany. 
 Lassens, a post-office of Butte co., Cal. 
 Lassiter's Mills, a post-office of Ran- 
 dolph CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Las Vegas, a post-office of San Miguel co., 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Lathrop, a township of Susquehanna co., 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles S. by E. from Mont- 
 rose. Population, 510. 
 
 Latimore, a township of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 15 miles N. E. from Gettysburg. 
 Population, 1138. 
 
 Latimore Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Conewago in Adams county. 
 
LAT 
 
 LAU 
 
 Latkobe, a post-village of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Loyalhanna creek, 
 41 miles E. by S. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Lattas, a post-ofl5ice of Ross co., Ohio. 
 
 Iatjbach, a post-oflSce of Northampton co., 
 Pennsyvalnia. 
 
 Laudekdale, a county forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Alabama, bordering on Tennes- 
 see, has an area of 630 square miles. The 
 Tennessee river forms the entire S. boundary 
 of the county, ■which is intersected by four 
 large creeks, namely. Cypress, Little Cypress, 
 Shoal, and Blackwater creek. The surface 
 is hilly. The soil is generally fertile. Cot- 
 ton, grain, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 10,606 bales of cotton ; 
 785,146 bushels of corn, and 80,529 of oats. 
 There were 2 cotton factories, 2 woollen fac- 
 tories, 6 flour mills, and 12 saw mills. It 
 contained 35 churches, 1 newspaper oflice; 
 909 pupils attending public schools, and 283 
 attending academies and other schools. 
 Iron ore and limestone are found exten- 
 sively. Water-power is abundant on the 
 creeks, and at the rapids of Tennessee river, 
 called the Muscle Shoals. Steamboats navi- 
 gate the river from these rapids to its mouth. 
 It is expected the railroad from Charleston 
 to Memphis will pass through Florence, the 
 county town. Population, 17,172 ; of whom 
 11,157 were free, and 6015, slaves. 
 
 Laudekdale, a county in the E. part of 
 Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, has an 
 area of about 750 square miles. It is drained 
 by the head streams of the Chickasawha. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 4195^ bales of 
 cotton; 324,459 bushels of corn, and 102,203 
 pounds of rice. It contained 28 churches, 1 
 newspaper oflice, and 521 pupils attending 
 public schools. The county is intersected by 
 the Mobile and Ohio railroad. Named in 
 honor of Colonel Lauderdale, who fell at the 
 battle of New Orleans. Capital, Marion. 
 Population, 8717 ; of whom 6056 were free, 
 and 2661, slaves. 
 
 Laudekdale, a county in the W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on the Mississippi ; 
 area estimated at 350 square miles. The 
 navigable river Hatchie forms its entire 
 boundary on the south. The surface is near- 
 ly level, and the soil fertile. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, and pork are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 216,896 bushels of corn ; 
 1604 bales of cotton; 157,440 pounds of to- 
 bacco, and 31,258 of butter. It contained 
 11 churches, 180 pupils attending- public 
 schools, and 80 attending academies or other 
 schools. Capital, Ripley. Population, 5169; 
 of whom 3403 were free, and 1766, slaves. 
 
 Laudekdale's Factory^ a post-office of 
 Lauderdale co., Alabama. 
 
 Lauderdale Springs, a post-office of Lau- 
 derdale CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Laughery, a township in Dearborn co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1092. 
 
 Laughery, a township in Ripley co., In- 
 diana. Population, 868. 
 
 Laughery Creek, of Indiana, rises in De- 
 catur county, and enters the Ohio 2 miles be- 
 low Aurora, in Dearborn county. It is a 
 valuable stream for mills. 
 
 Laughlintown, a post-village of V/estm ore- 
 land CO., Pa., 55 miles E. S. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Laura, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio. 
 
 Laurabiie, a post-township in Tippecanoe 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1611. 
 
 Lauraville, a post-office of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Laurel, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 430 square 
 miles. Rockcastle river forms its N. W. 
 boundary, and it is also drained by Laurel 
 creek, from which the name is derived. The 
 surface is hilly, and mostly covered with 
 forests. The soil produces Indian corn, oats, 
 and pasture. In 1850 this county yielded 
 54,927 bushels of corn; 17,339 of oats, and 
 11,688 pounds of wool. It contained 7 
 churches, and 180 pupils attending pxiblic 
 schools. Capital, Loudon. Population, 4145 ; 
 of whom 3953 were free, and 192, slaves. 
 
 Laurel, a thriving post-village of Sussex 
 county, Delaware, on Broad creek, an afflu- 
 ent of the Nanticoke river, 52 miles S. of 
 Dover. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 2 hotels, 
 and about 15 stores. There are numerous 
 saw mills in the vicinity. The creek is na- 
 vigable for sloops, by which an active trade 
 is carried on in pine lumber and produce. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Laurel, a post-office of Washington co.,Va. 
 
 Laurel, a post-village of Clermont co., Ohio, 
 on the road from Batavia to the Ohio river. 
 
 Laurel, or Laurel City, a flourishing 
 post-village of Franklin countj'', Indiana, on 
 the Whitewater river and canal, 14 miles 
 W. N. W. from Brookville. It has several 
 stores and mills. Pop. estimated at 700. 
 
 Laurel, a township in the S. W. central part 
 of Hocking county, Ohio. Population, 1226. 
 
 Laurel Bluff, a post-office of Muhlen- 
 burg CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Laurel Cove, a post-office of Van Buren 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Laurel CKEEK,apost-office of Floyd co.,Va. 
 
 Laurel Creek, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Laurel Factory, a post-village of Prince 
 George's -county, Maryland, on the South 
 branch of the Patuxent, half a mile from the 
 Baltimore and Washington railroad, and 22 
 miles S. W. from Baltimore. The manufac- 
 ture of cotton constitutes the chief business 
 of the village. Population, about 1000. 
 
 Laurel FoKK,apost-office of Carroll co.,Va. 
 
 Laurel Fork, a post-office of Bath co., Ky. 
 
 Laurel GAP,a post-office of Greene CO. Tenn. 
 
 Laurel Grove, a post-office of Pittsyl- 
 vania CO., Virginia. 
 
 Laurel Grove, a post-office of Greene co 
 Kentucky. 
 
 ■ 585 
 
LAU 
 
 LAV 
 
 Laurel Hill, a beautiful cemetery of Plii- 
 ladelplua coucty, Pennsylvania, situated on 
 the left bank of the Schuylkill, 3} miles N. 
 W. from Philadelphia. It comprises above 
 20 acres, with an undulating surface, elevated 
 from 80 to 100 feet above the river, which 
 greatly contributes to the appropriate beauty 
 of the surrounding scenery. The grounds 
 are tastefully ornamented with winding paths, 
 groups of trees, shrubbery, and flowers. The 
 chapel is a fine Gothic building, near the centre 
 of the enclosure. See Philadelphia, p. 912. 
 
 Lauecl Hill, called also Laurel Moun- 
 tain and Laurel PacGE, a range in the S. 
 W. part of Pennsylvania, beginning in Cam- 
 bria county, and running between Somer- 
 set on the east, and Fayette and AVestmore- 
 land counties on the west. The name is often 
 loosely applied to different mountain ridges. 
 About 10 miles west of the range just de- 
 scribed there is another, named Chesnut 
 Pddge ; after passing the boundary of Vir- 
 ginia, the names of the two ranges are re- 
 versed, the former taking the appellation of 
 Chesnut Ridge, the latter that of Laurel Hill. 
 
 Laurel Hill, a post-office of Lunenburg 
 CO., Virginia, 94 miles S. W. from Eichmond. 
 
 Laurel Hill, a post-ofBce of Richmond 
 CO., N. C, about 100 miles S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Laurel Hill, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Ga., about 15 miles S. W. from Carrollton. 
 
 Laurel Hill, a post-office of Marengo co., 
 Alabama, 92 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Laurel Hill, a small post-village of Ful- 
 ton CO., Illinois, 70 miles N. W. from Spring- 
 field. The name of the post-oflice is Table 
 Grove. 
 
 Laurel Hill Creek, of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania, flows into Castleman's river. 
 
 Laurel Mills, a post-office of Rappahan- 
 nock CO., Virginia. 
 
 Laurel Mountain. See Laurel Hill. 
 
 Laurel Point, a post-office of Monongalia 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Laurel Springs, a post-oifice of Ashe co., 
 N. C, 200 miles W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Laurelville, a small village of Blair co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Laurelville, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Laurens, a district in the N. W. part of 
 South Carolina, has an area of 812 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by Enno- 
 ree rivei% on the S. W. by the Saluda, and 
 drained by Reedy and Little rivers, and by 
 Reaburn's and Duncan's creeks. The sur- 
 face is finely diversified ; the soil is produc- 
 tive, Avell watered, and extensively cultivated. 
 This district produced in 1850 more wheat 
 than any other in the state. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, grass, sweet potatoes, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. There 
 were raised in 1850, 15,842 bales of cotton ; 
 895,291 bushels of corn; 129,694 of wheat; 
 192,476 of oats, and 102,926 of sweet potatoes. 
 Tnere were 33 grist, 23 saw and planing 
 586 • 
 
 mills, and G tanneries. It contained 42 
 churches, and 1 newspaper office, 863 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 225 attending 
 academies or other schools. Capital, Lau- 
 rensville. Population, 23,407; of whom 
 11,454 were free, and 11,952, slaves. 
 
 Laurens, a county in the S. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 700 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Oconee river, and 
 also drained by the Ohoopee river, and by 
 Palmetto and Okewalkee creeks. The sur- 
 face is undulating, and extensively covered 
 with forests of pine, oak, and hickory. The 
 soil is composed of lime, sand, and mould, 
 with a substratum of clay. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, oats, and potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 3883 bales of 
 cotton; 211,958 bushels of corn; 7535 of 
 oats, and 82,995 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 7 fiour mills, 5 grist mills, and 1 woollen 
 factory. It contained 200 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 120 attending academies 
 or other schools. Soft limestone is abundant 
 in the county. Named in honor of Colonel 
 John Laurens, of South Carolina. Capital, 
 Dublin. Population, 6442 ; of whom 3464 
 were free, and 2974, slaves. 
 
 Laurens, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Otsego CO., New York. Population, 2168. 
 
 Laurens Court House, or Laurensville, 
 a post-village, capital of Laurens district, 
 South Carolina, 75 miles N. W. from Colum- 
 bia. It is situated on the dividing ridge be- 
 tween Saluda and Ennoree rivers. It has 3 
 churches, 2 academies, and numerous stores. 
 A branch railroad connects this place with 
 Columbia. 
 
 Laurens Hill, a small post-village of 
 Laurens co., Georgia, 132 miles W. by N. 
 from Savannah. 
 
 Laurensville, a post-village of Otsego co., 
 New York, on Otsego creek, about 80 miles 
 W. by S. from Albany. 
 
 Lausanne, a post-township of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river, N. E. from 
 Pottsville. Population, 1382. 
 
 Lausanne, a post-village of Carbon co.,Pa., 
 on the Lehigh river, 2 or 3 miles above Mauch 
 Chunk. It is surrounded by rich coal mines. 
 
 Latacca, a river of Texas, rises near the 
 N. W. border of Lavacca county, and flows 
 through Jackson county into the bay of its own 
 name. Steamboats ascend from its mouth to 
 Texana, nearly 20 miles. 
 
 Lavacca, a county in the S. central part 
 of Texas, contains about 900 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Lavacca and Navidad 
 rivers. The surface is undulating. The 
 upper part of the cou.nty is mostly occupied 
 by fertile praii-ies ; the middle is well tim- 
 bered and also productive ; the soil of the 
 lower part is inferior, and covered with the 
 post-oak. Cotton, Indian corn, and sugar are 
 the chief productions. It contained 1 church. 
 The census of 1850 gives no returns of the 
 agricultural products. Orgnnized about the 
 
LAV 
 
 LAW 
 
 year 1845. Capital, Hallettsville. Popula- 
 tion, 1487 ; of -whom 1055 were free, and 432, 
 
 Lavacca Bat of Texas, is principally in- 
 cluded in Calhoun county. It may be re- 
 garded as an arm of Matagorda Bay. 
 
 Lavansville, a post-village of Somerset 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 144 miles W. from Harris- 
 burg, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 La VERaNB, a post-office of Rutherford co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Lavona, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 Lawn Ridge, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Lawnsville. See Logan Coukt House. 
 
 Lawrence, a county in the W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Ohio, has an area of 
 about 400 square miles. The Mahoning and 
 Shenango rivers unite near the centre of the 
 county to form the Beaver river ; it is also 
 drained by Slippery Rock and Neshannock 
 creeks. The surface is undulating ; the soil 
 is fertile and durable. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, tobacco, cattle, and horses are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 205,620 bushels of corn; 168,246 of wheat; 
 292,213 of oats; 22,025 tons of hay, and 
 420,650 pounds of butter. There were 10 
 flour and grist mills, 4 saw mills, 1 manu- 
 factory of edge tools, 2 nail factories, 3 iron 
 foundries, 3 furnaces, 1 rolling mill, 4 woollen 
 factories, and 6 tanneries. It contained 40 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 3864 
 pupils attending public schools. Valuable 
 mines of coal and iron, and quarries of lime- 
 stone have been opened in the county. 
 "VVater-power is abundant. The county is 
 intersected by the canal which extends from 
 Beaver to Erie. Formed a few years ago 
 out of parts of Mercer and Beaver counties. 
 Capital, New Castle. Population, 15,246. 
 
 Lawrence, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 825 square miles. 
 The Tennessee river forms the entire bound- 
 ary on the N. The channel of the river, op- 
 posite this county, is obstructed by rocks for 
 a distance of 20 miles, forming the Muscle 
 Shoals. The surface is traversed by high 
 ridges, connected with the Appalachian range. 
 The soil is fertile, especially in the valleys. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 13,427 bales of 
 cotton; 815,114 bushels of corn; 88,858 of 
 oats, and 70,786 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 6 tanneries, 3 saw mills, and 1 machine 
 shop It contained 80 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office; 728 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 41 attending an academy. It is inter- 
 sected by the railroad from Decatur to Tus- 
 cumbia. Capital, Moulton. Pop., 15,258; 
 of whom 8406 were free, and 6852, slaves. 
 
 Lawrence, a county towards the S. V/. part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 900 
 square miles. The Pearl river flows through 
 the central part. The soil in some sections 
 is fertile, producing cotton and Indian corn. 
 
 Pine timber is abundant. In 1850 this county 
 produced 229,129 bushels of corn; 14,281 
 of oats ; 66,139 of sweet jDotatoes ; 12,413 
 of peas and beans ; 3304 bales of cotton ; 
 76,103 pounds of rice, and 2416 of beeswax 
 and honey. It contained 17 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 206 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 160 attending academies or other 
 schools. Small boats can navigate the Pearl 
 river through the county. Capital, Monti- 
 cello. Population, 6478 ; of whom S549 were 
 free, and 2929, slaves. 
 
 Lawrence, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, contains 
 1330 square miles. It is drained by Black, 
 Spring, and Cache river. The surface is 
 diversified ; the soil of the river bottoms is 
 fertile, producing wheat, maize, and tobacco. 
 The county is well adapted to grazing. In 
 1850 there were raised 283,457 bushels of 
 Indian corn; 11,802 of wheat ; 22,978 of 
 oats; 16,366 pounds of tobacco ; and 68,858 
 of butter were made. There were 366 pupils 
 attending public schools. The Black river is 
 navigable by steamboats through the county. 
 Capital, Smithville. Population, 5274; of 
 whom 4886 were free, and 388, slaves. 
 
 Lawrence, a county in the S. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Alabama ; area esti- 
 mated at 650 square miles. Shoal creek 
 rises by several branches in the county, and 
 flows into Tennessee river ; it is also drained 
 by Sugar creek. The county occupies a 
 table-land ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, 
 oats, and pork are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 34,122 bushels of corn; 
 50,457 of oats; 80,153 pounds of butter, and 
 11,486 of wool. It contained 26 churches, 1 
 newspaper office, 1200 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 70 attending academies or 
 other schools. Several productive mines of 
 iron are worked in the county. The abun- 
 dant motive-power furnished by the streams is 
 employed in the manufacture of cotton. It is 
 intersected by the Nashville and New Orleans 
 railroad, (unfinished, ) and by several turnpike- 
 roads. Capital, Lawrenceburg. Pop., 9280; 
 of whom 8118 were free, and 1162, sla,ves. 
 
 Lawrence, a county in the E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Virginia, has an area 
 estimated at 640 square miles. Its E. boun- 
 dary is formed by Big Sandy river ; it 
 is also drained by the W. fork of that 
 river, and by the Little Sandy river. The 
 surface is hilly and broken ; the soil is said 
 to be fertile, well watered, and well timbered. 
 Indian corn, oats, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 278,371 bushels of corn ; 30,398 of oats, and 
 15,561 pounds of wool. It contained 11 
 churches, and 687 pupils attending public 
 schools. Rich mines of stone coal have been 
 opened near Big Sandy river, and the coal is 
 extensively exported by means of the river to 
 Cincinnati. Iron ore is also abundant. 
 Formed in 1821, and named in honor of Cap- 
 
 587 
 
LAW 
 
 LAW 
 
 tain James La-wrence, of the United States 
 navy. Capital, Louisa. Population, 6282 ; 
 of whom 6145 were free, and 137, slaves. 
 
 Lawrence, a county forming the southern 
 extremity of Ohio, has an area of 400 square 
 miles. The Ohio river forms its southern 
 boundary, and separates it from Virginia 
 and Kentucky. It is intersected by Symmes' 
 creek, and also drained by Hale's and other 
 creeks. The surface consists mostly of high 
 abrupt hills of sandstone formation ; the land 
 in the vicinity of the streams is productive. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes 
 are cultivated. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 188,418 bushels of corn; 9395 of 
 wheat ; 37,255 of oats ; 1082 tons of hay, and 
 27,102 bushels of potatoes. It contained 13 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 6205 pupils 
 attending public schools. The county con- 
 tains abundance of iron ore and stone coal, 
 and has more extensive manufactories of iron 
 than any other county in the state. Clay 
 suitable for stone ware is found under the 
 iron. Lawrence county is intersected by the 
 Iron railroad. Capital, Burlington. Popu- 
 lation, 15,246. 
 
 Lawrence, a county towards the S. part 
 of Indiana, contains 440 square miles. It is 
 drained by the East fork of White river. The 
 surface is mostly rolling or hilly, and the soil 
 fertile. Wheat, corn, oats, and pork are the 
 chief productions. In 1850 this county 
 yielded 838,238 bushels of corn; 43,953 of 
 wheat; 146,556 of oats, and 2746 tons of 
 hay. It contained 24 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, and 4994 pupils attending public schools. 
 The county is supplied with excellent springs, 
 and contains an abundance of timber and 
 limestone. It is connected by railroad with 
 the Ohio river at New Albany. Organized in 
 1818. Capital, Bedford. Pop., 12,097. 
 
 Lawrence, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Illinois, bordering on Indiana, has an area 
 of 325 square miles. It is situated on the 
 Wabash river, opposite Vincennes, and inter- 
 sected by the Embarras river, which enters 
 the Wabash. The surface is uneven, and 
 presents some fertile prairies, and tracts of 
 swamp which are unproductive. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, cattle, and swine are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 it produced 427,850 bushels 
 of corn; 15,582 of wheat; 59,144 of oats, 
 and 1926 tons of hay. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, 
 unfinished. It contained 13 churches, and 1 
 newspaper office. There were 1000 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Lawrence- 
 ville. Population, 5292. 
 
 Lawrence, a new county in the S. W. part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 600 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head streams of Spring 
 j'iver, which flows towards the W., by the Sac 
 river, (an affluent of the Osage,) which tiows 
 towards the N., and by Centre creek. The 
 surface is somewhat diversified, the soil gene- 
 rally fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, 
 588 
 
 butter, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 293,564 bushels of corn ; 
 19,488 of wheat; 68,687 of oats, and 29,678 
 pounds of butter. It contained 9 churches, 
 680 pupils attending public schools, and 75 
 attending academies or other schools. Stone 
 coal is found in the N. W. part. The county 
 is copiously supplied with water-power. Ca- 
 pital, Mount Vernon. Population, 4859, of 
 whom 4611 were free, and 248, slaves. 
 
 Lawrence, a post-town and semicapital of 
 Essex county, Massachusetts, on the left (N.) 
 bank of the Merrimack river, 26 miles N. 
 from Boston, and 12 miles N. E. by E. from 
 Lowell. This is one of those wonderful 
 creations of the manufacturing enterprise of 
 New England, under the influence of which, 
 a petty village, or perhaps a tract without 
 inhabitants, is almost instantaneously con- 
 verted into a populous city. In 1845 the Essex 
 company constructed a dam across the iMer- 
 rimack river at this place, by which a fall of 
 28 feet in the entire volume of the river has 
 been obtained. The woi'k cost about $250,000. 
 A canal, more than a mile long, and from 60 
 to 100 feet wide, and about 12 feet deep, con- 
 ducts the water from the dam to the different 
 mills. The town is laid out on both sides of 
 the Spicket river, but chiefly between the 
 Spicket and Merrimack, with streets extend- 
 ing from river to river. Near the centre is 
 a handsome common, comprising 17^ acres. 
 The principal public buildings are a town 
 house, 120 by 62 feet, containing town offices 
 in the lower story, and in the second a large 
 hall for public meetings, a jail just completed, 
 and 10 or 12 churches. 
 
 Among the literary and educational institu- 
 tions may be mentioned the Franklin Literary 
 Association, incorporated April 26th, 1847. 
 Besides other donations, one of $1000 was 
 received from the Hon. Abbott Lawrence, for 
 the purchase of scientific works. Means 
 have also been provided for the maintenance 
 of public lectures. Lawrence has an excel- 
 lent system of public schools. Two or three 
 newspapers are published in the town. The 
 financial institutions are a bank with a capi- 
 tal of $300,000, and a savings' institution. 
 
 The Essex Company commenced their ope- 
 rations upon the dam August 1st, 1845. Dur- 
 ing the session of the legislature of 1846 
 charters were granted to the following corpo- 
 rations, to be located at Lawrence, viz. Feb- 
 ruary 2d, the Bay State Mills, for the manu- 
 facture of woollen and other goods, with a 
 capital of $1,000,000; February 3d, the At- 
 lantic Cotton Mills, with a capital of 
 $2,000,000, and March 26th, the Union Mills, 
 for the production of cotton, woollen, and 
 linen goods, with a capital of $1,000,000. 
 Other companies, with heavy capitals, have 
 since been incorporated. The machine shop 
 owned by the Essex Company is one of the 
 largest of the kind in the United States. It is 
 a stone building 400 by 60 feet, and 4 stories 
 
LAW 
 
 LAW 
 
 high, and, ■with the foundry, furnishes emploj^- 
 ment to ahont 1000 hands. The Bay State 
 Corporation have a building adjoining the 
 river 998 feet long, and varying from 3 to 5 
 stories in height, with wings each 240 feet 
 in length, and 8 stories high. The entire build- 
 ing is appropriated to the various purposes 
 of woollen manufacturing, such as dyeing, 
 drying, assorting, repair shop, &c. The ma- 
 nufactures of Lawrence comjirise nearly everj' 
 article embraced in the various branches of 
 mechanical industry. A highly intelligent 
 correspondent, wlio has every means neces- 
 sary to form a correct judgment, assures us 
 that when the mills and other buildings now in 
 course of construction are completed,- the pre- 
 sent population of Lawrence will be doubled. 
 The town is lighted with gas, and supplied 
 with an abundance of pure water from the 
 Merrimack river. Incorporated in 1847, and 
 named in honor of the Lawrence family. 
 The first sale of land by the Essex Company 
 was on the 29th of April, 1846. January 1st, 
 1848, the population was not less than 6000 ; 
 in 1850, 8283; and in 1853, about 12,000. 
 
 Lawrence, a township in the E. N. E. part 
 of St. Lawrence co., New York. Pop., 2214. 
 
 Lawrence, a township of Mercer co., N. J., 
 6 miles N. E. from Trenton. Pop., 1835. 
 
 Lawkence, a township of Clearfield co., 
 Pennsylvania, contains the borough of Clear- 
 field. Population, 1173. 
 
 Laavrence, a township of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Tioga river, and on the N. 
 line of the state. Population, 1029. 
 
 Lawrence, a post-office of Monroe co., Miss. 
 
 LawPvEnce, a township in the S. central 
 part of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop., 634. 
 
 Lawrence, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Stark co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Ohio canal. Population, 2287. 
 
 Lawrence, a township in the N. part of 
 Tuscarawas co., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio 
 canal. Population, 1468. 
 
 Lawrence, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Washington co., Ohio, intersected by Little 
 Muskingum river. Population, 814. 
 
 Lawrence, a post-township in the S. cen- 
 tral part of Van Buren co., Mich. Pop., 510. 
 
 Lawrence, a thriving post-village of the 
 above township, on Pawpaw river, 79 miles 
 "W. S. W. from Lansing. Pop., 260. 
 
 Lawrence, a post-township of Marion co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1986. 
 
 Lawrence, a township of Brown co., Wis- 
 consin. Population, 256. 
 
 Lawrenceburg, a post- village of Armstrong 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 
 about 60 miles N. by E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Lawrenceburg, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Lawrence co., Tennessee, on Shoal 
 creek, 75 miles S. S. W. from Nashville. Shoal 
 creek affords abundant water-power. Within 
 a few miles of the village there are 4 manu- 
 factories of cotton yarn. It contains 1 or 2 
 academies, 3 newspaper offices, and a bank. 
 
 Lawrenceburg, a post-village, capital of 
 Anderson co., Kentucky, 12 miles S. W. from 
 Frankfort. The proposed railroad from 
 Frankfort to Harrodsburg will pass through 
 it. It has 3 churches, and 1 seminary. 
 
 Lawrenceburg, a thriving town, capital 
 of Dearborn coixnty, Indiana, on the Ohio 
 rivei", 22 miles below Cincinnati, and 88 miles 
 S. E. from Indianapolis. It is the southern 
 terminus of a railroad, recently constructed, 
 which connects it with Indianapolis. The 
 Whitewater canal also terminates at this 
 place, furnishing extensive water-power, and 
 drawing a large amount of business. The 
 newer part of the town is built on the second 
 bottom, and is rapidly improving. Law- 
 renceburg contains a court-house, about 6 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices, one bank and 
 mills of different kinds. Incorporated in 
 1846. Population in 1850, 3487; in 1853^ 
 about 4500. 
 
 Lawrence Creek, of Middlesex co.. New 
 Jersey, falls into the Raritan, 3 miles below 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Lawrenceport, a post-village of Lawrence 
 CO., Indiana, 86 miles S.by W. from Indiana- 
 polis. Population, estimated at 400. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a post-village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New Yoi-k, on the Northern rail- 
 road, 41 miles E. from Ogdensburg. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a post-village of Mercer 
 CO., New Jersey, 5 J miles N. E. from Trenton. 
 It has a high-school for boys, and a seminary 
 for girls. 
 
 Lawrencetillb, a small village of Warren 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Paulinskill, 15 miles 
 N. E. from Belvidere. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a borough of Peebles town- 
 ship, Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 left bank of the Alleghany river, 2J miles 
 above Pittsburg. Here is an arsenal of the 
 United States, comprehending several large 
 stone buildings. The higher portions of the 
 town are occupied with handsome country 
 seats, and there are several churches in the 
 place. Population, 1746. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a village of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river, 35 
 miles N. W. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a post-borough of Tioga 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Tioga river, and on 
 the Corning and Blossburg railroad, 158 miles 
 N. by W. from Harrisburg, and very near the 
 north boundary of the state. Population in 
 1850, 494. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a pleasant post-village, 
 capital of Brunswick county, Virginia, on 
 Great creek, about 70 miles S. S. W. from 
 Richmond. It contains a court house and 2 
 handsome churches. Pop., from 300 to 400. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a village of Montgomery 
 CO., North Carolina, near Yadkin river, 90 
 miles W. S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a post-village, capital of 
 Gwinnett county, Georgia, 90 miles N. N. W. 
 from Milledgeville. The site is elevated and 
 
 589 
 
LAW 
 
 LEB 
 
 healthy. It has a handsome court house, 2 
 academies, and 2 churches. 
 
 Lawrenceville, a post-village of Henry 
 CO., Ala., 7 or 8 miles N. from Abbeville. It 
 contains 1 church, an academy, and 2 stores. 
 
 Lawkenceville, a small post-village of 
 Monroe co., Arkansas, on a lake, 3 or 4 miles 
 N. E. from White river, and 80 miles E. S. E. 
 from Little Rock. 
 
 Lawkenceville, a small post-village of 
 Dearborn county, Indiana, about 90 miles 
 S. E. from Indianapolis, has about 200 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Laweenceville, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Lawrence co., Illinois, on the right 
 bank of Embarras river, about 10 miles W. 
 from Vincennes. It contains a court house 
 and a newspaper oifice. The route of the Ohio 
 and Mississippi railroad passes through it. 
 
 Lawson, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ga. 
 
 Lawsonville, a post-village of Rockingham 
 CO., North Carolina, 1 3 miles from Wentworth, 
 the county seat, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Lawsville Centre, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lawton, a post-office of Van Buren co. Mich. 
 
 Lawtonville, a post-village in Beaufort 
 district, S. C, 120 miles S. from Columbia. 
 
 Lawyeesville, a post-village of Schoharie 
 CO., New York, 44 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Laysville, a post-office of New London co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Laytonsville, apost- village of Montgomery 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Lazer Creek, Georgia, flows into Flint 
 river in Talbot county, a few miles N. E. from 
 Talboton. 
 
 Leaciiman, a post-village of Buchanan co., 
 Missoiiri, on the Missouri river, 50 miles N. 
 W. from Independence. 
 
 Leacock, a post-office of Lancaster co.. Pa. 
 
 Leacock, a former township of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, now divided into Upper 
 and Lower Leacock. 
 
 Lead Hill, a post- village of Davidson co.. 
 North Carolina, about 100 miles W. from Ra- 
 leigh, has valuable mines of lead and silver. 
 
 Lead Hill, a post-office of Muhlenburg 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Leading Creek, a post-village of Lewis 
 CO., Virginia, 18 miles W. from Weston. 
 
 Leading Creek, of Meigs co., Ohio, flows 
 into the Ohio river about 4 miles below 
 Pomeroy. 
 
 Leadsville, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Leadva LE, a post-office of Jefferson CO. Tenn. 
 
 Leaf River, of Mississippi, rises in the S. 
 central part of the state, and flowing south- 
 ward, and afterwards south-eastward, unites 
 with the Chickasawha, near the S. border of 
 Greene county. The river thus formed is the 
 Pascagoula. 
 
 Leaf River, a post-office of Perry co.. Miss. 
 
 Leaf River, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Ogle co., Illinois. Population, 405. 
 590 
 
 Leake, a county in the central part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about (jOO square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Pearl river. 
 The soil is less fertile than in some other parts 
 of the state. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county yielded 180,637 
 bushels of corn; 46,534 of sweet potatoes; 
 1644 bales of cotton, and 70,040 pounds of 
 rice. It contained 19 churches, 342 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 40 attending 
 an academy. Named in honor of Governor 
 Waller Leake, of Mississippi. Capital, Car- 
 thage. Population, 5533, of whom 3984 were 
 free, and 1549, slaves. 
 
 Leake's Store, a post-office of Washita 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Leakesville, a post-village of Rocking- 
 ham county. North Carolina, on the Dan 
 river, 110 miles N. W. from Richmond, has a 
 cotton factory and flouring mills. Pop., 300. 
 
 Leakesa'ille, a post-village in Newton co., 
 Georgia, 49 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Leakesville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Greene co., Mississippi, on the Chickasaw- 
 ha river, about 50 miles N. W. from Mobile. 
 
 Leandee, a post-office of Graves co., Ky. 
 
 Leasbueg, a post-village of Caswell co.. 
 North Carolina, about 70 miles N. W. from 
 Raleigh, has a flourishing female school, and 
 from 200 to 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Leasville, a post-office of Lauderdale co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Leatiieesfoed, a small village of Lumpkin 
 CO.,' Georgia, on the Chestatee river, 11 miles 
 below Dahlonega. 
 
 Leathersville, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Leatherwood, a post-office of Clarion cc, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Leatherwood, a post-office of Guernsey 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Leatherwood's Store, a post-office of 
 Henry co., Virginia, 192 miles W. S. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 L'Eau Claire, a small river of Wisconsin, 
 flows into Chippewa river from the left in 
 the S. central part of Chippewa county. 
 
 Leavensworth, a post-office of Darlington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Leavenworth, Indiana. See Levenworth. 
 
 Leaa'itt, a post-office of Carroll co., Ohio. 
 
 Lebanon, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 800 square 
 miles. The Swatara river flows through the 
 county towards the S. W. ; it is drained also 
 by Little Swatara, Quitapahilla, Tulpehocken, 
 and Indian creeks. This county forms part 
 of the Kittatinny valley, bounded on the N. 
 W. by Kittatinny or Blue mountain, and on 
 the S. E. by the South mountain or Conewago 
 hill. The soil of the valley is remarkably 
 fertile, and in a good state of cultivation. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, hay, cattle, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 274.095 bushels of wheat ; 241,939 
 of corn ; 372,542 of oats; 25,602 tons of hay. 
 
LEB 
 
 LEB 
 
 and 417,074 pounds of butter. There were 
 06 flour and grist mills, 13 saw mills, 1 iron 
 foundry, 3 forges, 8 furnaces, and 15 tan- 
 neries. It contained 52 churches, 5 news- 
 paper offices ; 5738 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 174 attending academies or 
 other schools. Limestone and slate are 
 abundant in the valley. Mines of excellent 
 iron ore are worked in the S. part of the 
 county ; the Cornwall mine yields 70 per 
 cent, of metal ; rich veins of copper occur 
 in connection with the iron. A quarry 
 of gray marble, susceptible of fine polish, 
 has recently been opened on the Swatara 
 river, 6 miles from Lebanon. The county is 
 intersected by tiie Union canal, and by the 
 Lebanon Valley railroad. Organized in 1813, 
 and named from one of the principal town- 
 ships included in it. Capital, Lebanon. Po- 
 pulation, 26,071. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-township of York co., 
 Maine, on the Salmon Falls river, about 88 
 miles S. W. from Augusta. Population, 2208. 
 
 Lebanon, a flourishing post- village of Graf- 
 ton count3'-. New Hampshire, is situated on a 
 plain at the head of the falls in the Mascomy 
 river, near its confluence with the Connecticut 
 river, and on the Northern railroad, 4 miles 
 from its junction with the Vermont Central 
 railroad, 65 miles N. W. from Concord. At 
 Olcott's falls in the Connecticut at this place, 
 there is a descent of about 40 feet in a mile, 
 around wliich is a canal with locks, afi"ord- 
 ing extensive water-power. The village is an 
 important centre of trade, and the seat of 
 considerable manufacturing. It contains a 
 bank and several fine schools. Population 
 of the township, 2136. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-village of New London 
 county, Connecticut, 27 miles E. S. E. from 
 Hartford. It consists principally of one fine 
 street, oO rods in breadth, and a mile in 
 length. Population of the township, 1901. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Madison co., New York, on the Chenango 
 canal. Population, 1709. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-village of Clinton town- 
 ship, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, 10 miles 
 in a straight line N. from Flemington. It is 
 situated in a fine fertile country, and by 
 means of the New Jersey Central railroad, 
 which passes near it, has easy communica- 
 tion with New York and Easton. Popula- 
 tion, about 800. 
 
 Lebanon, a well-built town of South Leba- 
 non township, and capital of Lebanon county, 
 Pennsylvania, is beautifully situated in a 
 fertile limestone valley, 25 miles E. from 
 Harrisburg, with which it is connected by 
 turnpike. The streets are regularly laid 
 out, and the houses mostly built of brick or 
 stone. It contains an academy, a bank, and 
 several churches. Lebanon is the centre of 
 an active trade, for which the Union canal 
 affords facilities. A company has been char- 
 tered to construct a railroad, which, when 
 
 finished, will connect this town with Har- 
 risburg and Pleading. In the vicinity are 
 several very large anthracite furnaces, each 
 of which can produce more than 100 tons of 
 iron per week. There are 4 newspapers pub- 
 lished here. Population in 1850, 2184. 
 
 Lebanon, a township of Wayne co.. Pa., 
 11 miles N. from Honesdale. Pop., 426. 
 
 Lebanon, a small post-village, capital of 
 Russell CO., Virginia, is finely situated on an 
 affluent of Clinch river, 325 miles W. by'S. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-village in Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-village of Cobb co., 
 Georgia, 100 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-village, capital of De Kalb 
 county, Alabama, on Big Wills creek, 160 
 miles N. from Montgomery. It is situated 
 in a long and very narrow valley, and con- 
 tains a court house, a United States land- 
 office, and 4 stores. 
 
 Lebanon, a small post-village, capital of 
 Searcy co., Arkansas, about 100 miles N. N. 
 W. from Little Rock. 
 
 Lebanon, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Wilson county, Tennessee, 30 miles E. from 
 Nashville, with which it is connected by a 
 turnpike. It is distinguished as a seat 
 of learning. Cumberland University is a 
 flourishing institution, under the direc- 
 tion of the Cumberland Presbyterians. A 
 law school, which is attached to the uni- 
 versity, is extensively patronized. There 
 are also 2 academies, 3 churches, and 2 
 newspaper oflices. Lebanon contains a large 
 steam manufactory of cotton and wool, which 
 employs from 150 to 200 operatives, with a 
 capital of about $200,000. The building is 
 regarded as an ornament to the town and 
 country. Population in 1851, about 2000. 
 
 Lebanon, a handsome post-village, capital 
 of Marion county, Kentucky, 60 miles S. by 
 W. from Frankfort. It contains a court 
 house, 3 churches, 2 seminaries, 14 stores, 
 and 1 steam saw mill. Incorporated in 1815. 
 
 Lebanon, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Meigs CO., Ohio, on the W. side of 
 the Ohio river. Population, 1008. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-village of Turtle Creek 
 township, capital of Warren county, Ohio, 30 
 miles N. N. E. from Cincinnati. It is sur- 
 rounded by a beautiful and fertile country. 
 The Warren County canal extends from this 
 place to the Miami canal. Lebanon contains 
 an academy, 6 churches, and 2 or 3 newspa- 
 per ofBces. Six miles E. of the village, on 
 Little Miami river, is an ancient fortification, 
 nearly a mile in length, enclosed by a wall 
 of earth, which in some places is 10 feet high, 
 and has more than 50 openings or gateways 
 Pop. in 1850, 2088; in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Lebanon, a township forming the N. W 
 extremity of Clinton co., Michigan, intersect- 
 ed by Maple river. Population, 192. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-village, capital of Boone. 
 591 
 
LEB 
 
 LEE 
 
 CO., Indiana, on the railroad from Lafayette to 
 Indianapolis, 26 miles N. W. from the lattsr. 
 It contains a court house, a county seminary, 
 and 2 churches. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-village of St. Clair co., Il- 
 linois, on the road from St. Louis to Vin- 
 cennes, 20 miles E. from the former. It has a 
 high and beautiful situation, and is sm-round- 
 ed by a rich farming district. McKendree 
 College, of this place, under the direction of 
 the Methodists, was founded in 1835. It has 
 a library of 7000 volumes. 
 
 Lebanon, a village in Boone co., Missouri, 
 42 miles N. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Lebanon, a post-ofSce of Laclede co., Mo. 
 
 Lebanon, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Dodge CO., Wisconsin. Population, 1030. 
 
 Lebanon, apost-office of Marion co., Ogn. 
 
 Lebanon White Sulphur Springs, a post- 
 ofSce of Augusta co., Virginia. 
 
 Le Bceup, a township of Erie co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 18 miles S. S. E. from Erie. Pop., 990. 
 
 Le Claire, a thriving post-village of Scott 
 CO., Iowa, on the Mississippi river, about 15 
 miles above Davenport, at the head of the 
 Upper Rapids. 
 
 Lederocksville, a small village of Montgo- 
 mei"y co., Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. by W. 
 from Morristown. 
 
 Ledlies, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 Ledyard, a post-township of New London 
 county, Connecticut, on the E. side of the 
 Thames river, about 45 miles S. E. from Hart- 
 ford. Population, 1588. It contains a small 
 village of its own name. The Norwich and 
 Worcester railroad terminates here. 
 
 Ledyard, a post-township in Cayuga co.. 
 New York, on the E. shore of Cayuga lake. 
 Population, 2043. 
 
 Lee, a county forming the S. W. extremity 
 of Virginia, bordering on Tennessee and 
 Kentucky, has an area of 550 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Powell's river, an affluent 
 of the Clinch. Cumberland mountain forms 
 the N. W. boundary, and Powell's mountain 
 extends along or near the E. border ; the 
 soil of the valleys is fertile. Beef, pork, and 
 horses are the staples. Maple sugar is made 
 for domestic consumption. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 485,725 bushels of Indian corn, 
 and 107,030 of oats. There were 2 iron 
 forges and 2 tanneries. It contained 25 
 churches, and 550 pupils attending public 
 schools. Iron ore, saltpetre, and limestone 
 are abundant in the county. The streams 
 furnish valuable water-power. Organized in 
 1792, and named in honor of Henry Lee, at 
 that time governor of the state. Capital, 
 Jonesville. Population, 10,267 ; of whom 
 9480 were free, and 787, slaves. 
 
 Lee, a county in the S. W. part of Georgia, 
 contains about 380 square miles. The Flint 
 river forms its eastern boundary, and it is 
 also drained by Muckalee creek. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and the soil is of various 
 qualities. Cotton and corn are the staple 
 592 
 
 productions. In 1850 this county produced 
 9342 bales of cotton; 297,614 bushels of 
 corn; 21,210 of oats, and 71,993 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 5 grist mills, 4 saw 
 mills, and 1 tannery. It contained 9 churches, 
 137 pupils attending public schools, and 23 
 attending an academy. The forests contain 
 the pine, oak, and hickory. Bui-rstones and 
 fossils of the tertiary formation are found. 
 Named in honor of Eichard Henry Lee, a 
 member of Congress and celebrated orator 
 from Virginia in 1776. Organized in 1826. 
 Capital, Starkville. Population, 6660; of 
 whom 3033 were free, and 3627, slaves. 
 
 Lee, a county in the N. part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 700 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by Rock river, and also drained by 
 Green river and Bureau creek. The surface 
 is nearly level, and the soil excellent. The 
 county is principally prairie, but portions 
 of it are covered with timber. Indian corn, 
 wheat, and oats are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 232,010 bushels of 
 corn; 97,538 of wheat; 99,562 of oats, and 
 8661 tons of hay. It contained 6 churches, 
 1518 pupils attending public schools, and 40 
 attending other schools. It is intersected by 
 the Galena Branch of the Central railroad. 
 Named in honor of General Lee of the Revo- 
 lutionary war. Capital, Dixon. Pop., 6121. 
 
 Lee, a county forming the S. E. extremity 
 of Iowa, bordering on ilissouri and Illinois, 
 has an area of 486 square miles. It is situ- 
 ated at the confluence of the Mississippi and 
 Des Moines rivers, which respectively form 
 the boundaries of the county on the S. E. and 
 S. W. ; the Skunk river forms its N. E. bound- 
 ary ; the county is also drained by Sugar and 
 Halfbreed creeks. The surface is undulat- 
 ing, and presents an alternation of prairies 
 and woodlands in convenient proportions. 
 The soil is uniformly and highly productive. 
 In 1850, Lee county produced a greater 
 quantity of Indian corn, wheat, and butter 
 than any other county in the state. There were 
 raised 754,138 bushels of corn; 149,414 
 of wheat ; 165,237 of oats ; 13,810 of pota- 
 toes ; 29,885 pounds of wool, and 232,225 
 pounds of butter. It contained 16 churches, 
 3 newspaper offices ; 2402 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 132 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county contains ex- 
 tensive beds of stone coal and quarries of 
 limestone. The streams afford permanent 
 water-power. The state has undertaken to 
 open steamboat navigation on the Des Moines 
 river ; and a company has been formed for the 
 construction of a railroad from Keokuk to 
 Dubuque. This county is the most popu- 
 lous and wealthy in the state. The Sacs, and 
 Foxes were removed from the soil about 1835. 
 Keokuk and Fort Madison are the capitals. 
 Population, 18,860. 
 
 Lee, a post-township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, about 112 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 917. 
 
LEE 
 
 LEE 
 
 Lee, a post-township of Sti'afford co., New 
 Hampshire, on both sides of the Lamprey 
 river, about 30 miles E. by S. from Concord. 
 Population, 862. 
 
 Lee, a post-township of Berkshire county, 
 Massachusetts, on the Housatonic river, 11 
 miles S. from Pittsfield. This is one of the most 
 flourishing townships in the county, chiefly 
 in consequence of its extensive woollen, pa- 
 per, and cotton mills. The village is situated 
 on the river and Housatonic railroad, and 
 contains a bank and several stores. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 3220. 
 
 Lee, a post-township of Oneida co., New 
 York, with a village of the same name, about 
 20 miles N. W. from Utica. Pop., 3033. 
 
 Lee, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Athens co., Ohio. Pop., 961. 
 
 Lee, a township in the S. E. part of Car- 
 roll CO., Ohio. Population, 1220. 
 
 Lee, a township in the N. E. part of Cal- 
 houn CO., Michigan. Population, 381. 
 
 Lee, a post-office of Warrick co., Ind. 
 
 Lee, a township in Fulton co.. 111. Pop. ,333. 
 
 Lee, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 Lee, a township in Platte co., Missouri. 
 Population, 1793. 
 
 Lee Centre, a post-oflSce of Oneida co. ,N. Y. 
 
 Lee Centre, a post-township in Lee co., 
 Illinois. Population, 292. 
 
 Lee Centre, a thriving post-village of Lee 
 CO., Illinois, 100 miles W. from Chicago. 
 
 Leechbueg, a thriving post- village of Arm- 
 strong county, Pennsylvania, on the Kiskimi- 
 netas river and Pennsylvania canal, 35 miles 
 N. E. from Pittsburg. A dam across the river 
 here creates extensive water-power. 
 
 Leechville, a post-village in Beaufort co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Leeds, a post-township of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of the Androscoggin 
 river, about 18 miles W. by S. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1652. 
 
 Leeds, apost-officeof Hampshire co., Mass. 
 
 Leeds, a post-village of Greene co., New 
 York, on Catskill creek, about 83 miles S. by 
 W. from Albany. 
 
 Leeds, a post-office of Columbia co.. Wis. 
 
 Leed's Manor, a post-office of Fauquier 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Leed's Point, a small post-village of At- 
 lantic CO., New Jersey, about 15 miles nearly 
 E. of May's Landing. 
 
 Leed's Station, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Leedsville, a post-village of Dutchess co.. 
 New York, about 60 miles S. by E. of Albany. 
 
 Leedsville, a post- village of Atlantic co., 
 New Jersey, on the seashore, 11 miles S. E. 
 from May's Landing. 
 
 Leedsville, a village in Randolph county, 
 Virginia, 175 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Leelenaw, a new and unorganized county 
 
 of Michigan, in the N. W. part of the lower 
 
 peninsula, bordering on Lake Michigan ; area 
 
 estimated at 1000 square miles. It is drained 
 
 2n 
 
 by Carp and Platte rivers. The census of 
 1850 furnishes no returns for this county. 
 
 Leepeetown, a post-office of Bureau co.,Ill. 
 
 Leesbueg, a small village of Cumberland 
 county, New Jersey, on Maurice river, 11 
 miles S. from Millville. 
 
 Leesbueg, a small village of Lancaster co., 
 Pa., 10 miles S. S. E. from Lancaster. 
 
 Leesborg, a post-office of Mercer co.. Pa. 
 
 Leesbueg, a handsome post-borough, capi- 
 tal of Loudon county, Virginia, is situated 
 near the Ettoctan mountain, 3 miles from 
 the Potomac river, and 150 miles N. from 
 Richmond. The streets are well paved, and 
 the town is built in a neat and substantial 
 manner. It contains a court house, 3 
 churches, a bank, an academy, and 2 news- 
 paper offices. It is surroimded by a fertile, 
 well-cultivated country, which presents a 
 beaxitiful variety of landscapes. Population 
 in 1850, 1691 ; in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Leesbueg, a post-village in Cherokee co., 
 Alabama, 150 miles N. from Montgomery. 
 
 Leesbueg, a post-village in Washington 
 CO., Tenn., 270 miles E. by N. from Nashville. 
 
 Leesburg, a post-village of Hari-ison co., 
 Kentucky, 27 miles E. N. E. from Frankfort, 
 contains 3 churches, 1 manufactory of wool, 
 and 1 of bagging. 
 
 Leesbueg, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Ohio, on the Conotten creek, 12 miles S. W. 
 from Carrollton. It contains 2 churches, 
 several stores, and about 80 houses. 
 
 Leesburg, a thriving post-village of 
 Highland county, Ohio, on the railroad from 
 Cincinnati to Marietta, 11 miles N. from 
 Hillsborough. Population, estimated at 500. 
 
 Leesburg, a township in the E. part of 
 Union county, Ohio. Population, 701. 
 
 Leesburg, a post-village of Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad from Elkhart to Peru, 
 and on the border of Turkey Creek prairie, 
 116 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. Popu- 
 lation, 217. 
 
 Lee's Co-vte, a small post-village of Shelby 
 county, Alabama. 
 
 Lee's Creek, a post-office of Clinton co., 0. 
 
 Lee's Cross Roads, a small post-village 
 of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania, about 16 
 miles S. AV. from Carlisle. 
 
 Lee's Mills, a post-office of Owen co., Ky. 
 
 Leesport, a thriving post-village of Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river 
 and canal, 8 miles N. from Reading. The 
 Pottsville and Reading railroad passes near 
 it. It contains a large mill, and several 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Lee's Ridge, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 LEESviLLE,apost-office of Middlesex CO., Ct 
 
 Leesville, a post-village of Schoharie co., 
 New York, about 50 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Leesville, a post- village in Campbell co., 
 Virginia, 110 miles W. S. W. from Richmond, 
 
 Leesville, a post-village of Robeson co., 
 N. C, 100 miles S. S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 593 
 
LEB 
 
 LEI 
 
 Leesville, a small post-village of Lexing- 
 ton district, South Carolina, SO miles W. by S. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Leesville, a village in Choctaw county, 
 Mississippi, 100 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Leesville, a post-village in Hart co., Ken- 
 tucky, about 90 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Leesville, Ohio. See Leesbueg. 
 
 Leesville, a post-village of Crawford co., 
 Ohio, 10 miles E. from Bucyrus. It contains 
 2 churches, and perhaps 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Leesville, a post-village of Lawrence co., 
 Indiana, 12 miles E. from Bedford. 
 
 Leesville, a small village of Boone co.. 111. 
 
 Leesville Ckoss Roads, a post-village of 
 Crawford co., Ohio, 70 miles N. by E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Leetown, a small post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Virginia, 165 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Lee Valley, a post- village of Hawkins co., 
 Tennessee, 256 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Leflore, a post-village of Carroll county, 
 Mississippi, on the Yazoo river, at the con- 
 fluence of its branches, 18 miles W. from Car- 
 roUton. Several thousand bales of cotton 
 are annually shipped here by steamboats. 
 
 Legal Law, a post-of&ce of York dis., S. C. 
 
 Lehi, a post-of&ce of Jefferson co.; Ark. 
 
 Lehigh river, of Pennsylvania, (Lechay 
 of the Indians,) has its sources in the 
 pine swamps and forests of Luzerne, Pike, 
 and Monroe counties. It is a beautiful and 
 rapid stream, and the scenery along its banks 
 is highly picturesque. After flowing through 
 the rich coal region of Carbon county, it 
 breaks through the Blue Ridge, 12 miles be- 
 low Mauch Chunk, and falls into the Dela- 
 ware at Easton. The improved navigation 
 Avhich has been opened on this river from its 
 mouth to White Haven, a distance of 70 miles 
 by water, is the channel of an immense trade 
 in coal and lumber. Its whole length is 
 about 90 miles. 
 
 Lehigh, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 350 square 
 miles. The Lehigh river, from which the 
 name is derived, flows along the N. E. border, 
 and intersects the eastern part of the countj', 
 which is also drained by the Little Lehigh, 
 Jordan, Saucon, and Copley creeks. The 
 greater part of it lies in the Kittatinny val- 
 ley, bounded on the N. W. by Blue mountain, 
 and on the S. E. by a ridge called South 
 mountain, or Lehigh hills. This valley has 
 an undulating surface, and is remarkable for 
 its beauty and fertility. Grain, cattle, pork, 
 and iron are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 IDi-oduced 397,048 bushels of corn; 261,301 
 of wheat; 327,505 of rye; 289,669 of oats; 
 30,332 tons of hay, and 838,816 pounds of 
 butter. There were 67 flour and grist mills, 
 1 7 saw mills, 9 iron-mining establishments, 
 5 foundries, 3 furnaces, 5 manufactories of 
 lavming implements, 10 of coaclies, 10 of 
 bricks, 3 of woollen goods, and 28 tanneries, 
 ft contained 39 churches, 6 newspaper offices, 
 594 
 
 7888 pupils attending public schools, and 
 8.5 attending other schools. Limestone and 
 clay slate are abundant in the county, and 
 quarries of the latter have been opened. 
 Great quantities of iron ore are found, and 
 several furnaces are kept in constant opera- 
 tion. The canal which has been constructed 
 along the Lehigh river to the coal region has 
 contributed materially to the wealth of this 
 county. It was mostly settled by Germans, 
 and the German language is chiefly spoken. 
 Organized in 1812. Capital, AUentown. Po- 
 pulation, 32,479. 
 
 Lehigh, a township forming the W. ex- 
 tremity of Northampton co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Lehigh river. Population, 2343. 
 
 Lehigh Gap, a post-office of Cai-bon co., Pa. 
 
 Lehighton, a post-village of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Le- 
 high river, 36 miles W. N. W. from Easton. 
 A bridge extends across the river here. 
 
 Lehman, a post-township of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, 120 miles N. N. E. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 558. 
 
 Lehman, a township forming the S. ex- 
 tremity of Pike county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Delaware river. Population, 869. 
 
 Leicester, a post-township of Addison co., 
 Vermont. Population, 596. 
 
 Leicester, a post-township of Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, intersected by the 
 Western railroad, 54 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. The Quinnebaug and branches of 
 the Blackstone take their rise in this town- 
 ship, affording excellent water-power, which 
 is extensively employed in manufacturing. 
 The village is situated on a hill, commanding 
 a beautiful prospect. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches, a bank, and one of the oldest 
 academies in the state, founded in 1784. 
 Population of the township, 2269. 
 
 Leicester, a township in the W. part of 
 Livingston county, New York, on the Gene- 
 see river. Population, 2142. 
 
 Leicester, a post-office of Dane co., Wis. 
 
 Leidy, a township of Clinton co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 263. 
 
 LEiGHTON,a post-office of Lawrenceco.,Ala. 
 
 Leighton, a township, forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop. ,112. 
 
 Leighton's Corners, a post-office of Car- 
 roll CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Leighton's, a post-office of Yalabusha co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Leiper's Fork, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Leiperville, a small post-village of Dela- 
 ware CO., Pennsylvania, on Ridley creek, 12 
 miles S. E. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Leipsic, a post-village in Kent co., Dela- 
 ware, 8 miles N. N. E. of Dover. 
 
 Leipsic, a post-office of Putnam co., Ohio. 
 
 Leipsic, a post-office of Orange co., Ind. 
 
 Leiteesbueg, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., Maryland, 107 miles N. W. from Ajona- 
 polis, contains 298 inhabitants. 
 
LEI 
 
 LEO 
 
 Leitrsville, a post-office of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Leland's Mills, a post-office of Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Lemixgtox, a post-to'wnship of Essex co., 
 Vermont, on the Connecticut river, about 37 
 miles N. E. from Augusta. Population, 187. 
 
 Lemon, a township of Wyoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 7 miles N. by E. from Tunkhan- 
 nock. Population, 284. 
 
 Lemon, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Butler CO., Ohio, intersected by the Miami 
 canal. Population, 3021. 
 
 Lejion Creek, a post-office of Richmond 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Lbmonfair River, a mill stream of Addi- 
 son CO., in the W. part of Vermont, falls into 
 Otter creek. 
 
 Lemon Place, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and 
 Columbia railroad. 
 
 Lemoxt, a post-township, forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Cook co., 111. Pop., 210. 
 
 Lemonwier, a small river of Adams co., 
 Wisconsin, flows into Wisconsin river. 
 
 Lempster, a post-township of Sullivan co., 
 New Hampshire, 35 miles W. from Concord. 
 Population, 906. 
 
 Lena, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 Lenape, a post-office of Marquette co., Wis. 
 
 Lenawee, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Michigan, bordering on Ohio, contains 730 
 square miles. It is traversed by the Raisin 
 river, and its North and South branches, 
 and also drained by Macon river. Little Rai- 
 sin, and by Tiffin's, Evans', Bear, and Beaver 
 creeks. The surface is undulating. The 
 soil is a black, sandy loam, mostly free from 
 stone, and very fertile. The staples are 
 wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, hay, pork, wool, 
 and butter. In 1850 this county produced 
 315,210 bushels of wheat; 399,676 of corn ; 
 176,627 of oats: 126,089 of potatoes; 25,643 
 tons of hay, and 187,570 pounds of wool. 
 It contained 43 churches, 5 newspaper offices, 
 and 8059 pupils attending public schools. 
 Some portions of the county are well tim- 
 bered, and in other parts the trees are quite 
 sparse. The railroad leading from Monroe 
 to Chicago passes through the county. Iron 
 ore has been found. Capital, Adrian. Po- 
 pulation, 26,372. Lenawee is among the 
 most populous counties of the state. 
 
 Lenoir, a county in the S. E. part of 
 North Carolina ; area estimated at 450 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Neuse river. 
 The surface is nearly level. The soil is 
 generally sandy. Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 cotton are cultivated. Tar and turpentine 
 are procured from the forests. In 1850 this 
 county produced 322,584 bushels of corn; 
 92,548 of sweet potatoes, and 185 bales of 
 cotton. There were 2 turpentine distilleries 
 and 13 tar and turpentine manufactories. 
 It contained 13 churches. The Neuse river 
 is navigable by large boats in this county. 
 
 The pitch pine is abundant. Formed in 
 1791, and named in honor of General William 
 Lenoir, an officer in the war of the Revolu- 
 tion. Capital, Kingston. Population, 7828 ; 
 of whom 3712 were free, and 4116, slaves. 
 
 Lenoir, a post-village, capital of Caldwell 
 CO., North Carolina, is situated on the Yad- 
 kin river, near its source, 180 miles W. from 
 Raleigh. Population, about 300. 
 
 Lenoir's, a post-office of Roane co., Tenn. 
 
 Lenox, a post-village and seat of justice 
 of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on the 
 Housatonic railroad, 9 miles S. from Pitts- 
 field. It has a pleasant situation on an ele- 
 vation, and contains, besides the county 
 buildings, 3 or 4 churches, an academy, 
 founded in 1803, and from 40 to 50 dwellings. 
 Population of the township, 1698. 
 
 Lenox, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Madison co.. New York, on the Erie canal. 
 Population, 7507. 
 
 Lenox, a post-township of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pa., 16 miles S. E. of Montrose. 
 
 Lenox, a post-township in the central part 
 of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 731. 
 
 Lenox, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Macomb co., Michigan. Population, 652. 
 
 Lenox Basin, a village of Madison co., 
 New York, on the Erie canal, about 120 
 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Lenox Castle, a post-office of Rockingham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Lenox Furnace, a post-office of Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Lenoxville, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lenude's Ferrt, a post-office of Williams- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 Leo, a post-office of Washington co., N. C. 
 
 Leo, a post-office of Habersham co., Ga. 
 
 Leo, a post-office of Allen co., Indiana. 
 
 Leominster, a post-township of Berkshire 
 county, Massachusetts, intersected by the 
 Fitchburg, and the Fitchburg and Worcester 
 railroads, 21 miles N. by E. from Worcester, 
 The streams afford excellent water-power, 
 which is employed in manufacturing. The 
 village at the centre contains several churches 
 and an academy. Population of the town- 
 ship in 1840, 2069 ; in 1850, 3121. 
 
 Leon, a county in the central part of Flo- 
 rida, bordering on Georgia, has an area of 
 800 square miles. It is bounded on the N. 
 W. by the Ocklockonnee river. The surface 
 is undulating ; the soil fertile. Cotton, In- 
 dian corn, sugar, tobacco, and sweet potatoes 
 flourish in this region. By the census of 
 1850 the county produced more cotton and 
 corn than any other in the state. In that 
 year there were raised 16,107 bales of cot- 
 ton; 407,976 bushels of corn; 178 hogsheads 
 of sugar ; 37,780 pounds of tobacco, and 
 120,025 bushels of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 3 flour and grist mills, 5 saw mills, and 
 1 tannery: 19 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 54 pupils attending public schools, and 349 
 
 595 
 
LEO 
 
 LES 
 
 attending academies or other schools. This 
 is the most populous county in the state, and 
 contains Tallahassee, the capital of Florida. 
 A railroad extends from Tallahassee to St. 
 Mark's. Population, 11,442; of whom 3239 
 ■were free, and 8203, slaves. 
 
 Leon, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 800 square 
 miles. The Trinity river forms its boundary 
 on the E. and the Navasota on the W. It is 
 drained by Upper and Lower Keechi creeks. 
 The surface is diversified by prairies and 
 woodlands. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet po- 
 tatoes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 66,545 bushels of corn ; 
 3218 of oats; 18,039 of sweet potatoes; 913 
 bales of cotton; 1380 pounds of tobacco; 
 85,060 of butter, and 1320 of wool. There 
 were 93 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Leona. Population, 946 ; of whom 
 325 were free, and 621, slaves. 
 
 Leon, a post-township on the W. border of 
 Cattaraugus co., New York. Pop., 1340. 
 
 Leon, a post-village in Madison co., Vir- 
 ginia, 160 miles N. W. of Richmond. 
 
 Leon, a post-office of Ashtabula co., Ohio, 
 208 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Leon, a post-office of La Crosse co., Wis. 
 
 Leona, a post-village, capital of Leon co., 
 Texas, about 120 miles in a direct line E. N. 
 E. from Austin City. 
 
 LeonardsbtjRG, post-office, Delaware co., 0. 
 
 Leonaudstown, a post-village, capital of St. 
 Mary's CO., Marjdand, on Britton's river, 55 
 miles S. by W. from Annapolis, contains two 
 newspaper offices. 
 
 Leonakdsville, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., New York, on Unadilla river, about 88 
 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Legni, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Jackson co., Michigan. Population, 1290. 
 
 Leoni, a thriving post-village in Grass 
 Lake township, Jackson county, Michigan, 
 on the Central railroad, 68 miles W. from De- 
 troit. It contains several churches, flouring 
 mills, &c. Pop. in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Leonidas, a post-township, forming the 
 N. E. extremity of St. Joseph co., Michigan, 
 intersected by the St. Joseph's river. Popu- 
 lation, 857. 
 
 Leonidas Centre, a post-village of St. 
 Joseph CO., Michigan, on Nottawa creek, 
 about 125 miles W. hy S. from Detroit. It 
 has about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Leon River, of Texas, rises in the N. W. 
 central part of the state, and flowing south- 
 eastward, unites with Lampassas river, in 
 Bell county. 
 
 Leopoli), a post- township in Perry co., In- 
 diana. Population, 485. 
 
 Leopold, a post-village of Pei'ry co., In- 
 diana, 14 miles N. from Rome. Settled by 
 Belgians, French, and Irish. It contains one 
 ('atholic chapel. 
 
 Le Ray, a township in the central part of 
 'efi^erson county, New York. Pop., 3654. 
 596 
 
 Le Ratsville, a thriving post-village in 
 the above township, near Black river, 12 
 miles E. N. E. from Watertown. 
 
 Le Raysville, a post-village of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 16 miles E. by N. from 
 Towanda. 
 
 Le Roy, a township of Genesee co.. New 
 York. Population, 3473. 
 
 Le PtOY, a post-village in the above township, 
 on Allen's creek, and the Bath and Batavia 
 railroad, now in process of construction. It is 
 the second village in the county with respect 
 to population and wealth, and contains about 
 20 stores, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and 5 
 churches. Pop. over 2000. 
 
 Le Roy, a village of Otsego co.. New York, 
 at the outlet of Canaderaga lake. 
 
 Le Roy, a post-township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, 140 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 916. 
 
 Le Roy, a small village of Bradford co., Pa. 
 
 Le Roy, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Lake co., Ohio. Population, 1128. 
 
 Lb Roy', a post-office of Medina co., Ohio. 
 
 Le Roy, a township in the W. part of Cal- 
 houn CO., Michigan. Population, 878. 
 
 Le Roy, a small village of Genesee co., 
 Michigan, on Thread creek, one and a half 
 miles S. E. from Flint, has several mills. 
 
 Le Roy, a post-village of Ingham co., 
 IMichigan, on the plank-road from Lansing to 
 Detroit, 17 miles E. of the former, was set- 
 tled in 1850. 
 
 Le Roy, a post-office of McLean co., III. 
 
 Le Roy, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Dodge CO., Wisconsin. Population, 397. 
 
 Le Roy, a small village of Dodge county, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Le Roy Springs, a village of Mecklenburg 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Leslie, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Ingham co., Michigan. Population, 673. 
 
 Leslie, a post- village in the above township, 
 is on the Lansing and Jackson stage-road, and 
 on Mill creek. 
 
 Le Sourdestille, a post-office of Butler 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Lesser Cross P»,oads, a post-office of 
 Somerset co., New Jersey. 
 
 Lessley, a post-village of Benton co.. Mo. 
 
 Lester's District, a post-office of Burke 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Lestertille, a post-office of Reynolds' co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Le Sueur, a county in the S. E. part of Min- 
 nesota, contains about 545 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. W. by the St. Peter's 
 river, and drained by Le Sueur river. The 
 surface is undulating, and partly covered 
 with forests; the soil is said to be fertile. 
 There are several small lakes in the .county. 
 It is not included in the census of 1850, hav- 
 ing been formed since that date. Capital, 
 Le Sueur. 
 
 Le Sueur, a post-Anllage, capital of Le Sueur 
 CO., Minnesota, on the right bank of the St. 
 
LET 
 
 LEW 
 
 Peter's river, about 50 miles S. W. from St. 
 Paul. Laid out in 1852. 
 
 Letaut, a townsliip forming the S. extre- 
 mity of Meigs CO., Ohio, on the N. side of 
 the Ohio river. Population, 966. 
 
 Letakt Falls, a small post-village of 
 Meigs CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river, 110 miles 
 S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Letchek, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on Virginia, contains 
 an area estimated at 300 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head waters of the Kentucky 
 river, and has the Cumberland mountain on 
 the S. E. border. The surface is occupied 
 by valleys and mountains, which produce 
 good pasture, and contain large bodies of 
 coal. In 1850 this county produced 86,718 
 bushels of corn; 2054 of wheat; 8092 of 
 oats ; 8370 of wool, and 8856 of flax. It 
 contained 8 churches, 298 pupils attending 
 public schools. The chief articles of export 
 are cattle, horses, pork, and wool. Or- 
 ganized in 1842, and named in honor of Ro- 
 bert P. Letcher, at that time governor of 
 Kentucky. Capital, Whitesburg. Popula- 
 tion, 2512, of whom 2450 were free, and 62, 
 slaves. 
 
 Letchee, a post-office of Harlan co., Ky. 
 
 Letcherville, a post-office of Green co.,Ill. 
 
 Le Timbreville, a post-village of Marion 
 CO., Ohio, 55 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Letohatchee Geeek, of Alabama, flows 
 through Lowndes co., and enters the Alaba- 
 ma from the S. E. 
 
 Letter B, a post-township in the AY. part 
 of Oxford CO., Maine, on Umbagog lake. 
 
 Lbtterkenny, a township of Franklin coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. W. from Cham- 
 bersburg. Population, 2048. 
 
 Levaxna, a post- village of Cayuga co.. 
 New York, on the E. shore of Cayuga lake, 
 14 or 15 miles S. W. from Auburn. Here is 
 a steamboat landing. Pop., about 200. 
 
 Levanna, a village of Brown co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio river, 52 miles above Cincinnati, has 
 about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Levant, a township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, on the right bank of the Kenduskeag 
 river, about 60 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1841. 
 
 Levant, a post-village of Chautauque co.. 
 New York, on Conewango creek, about 18 
 miles E. S. E. from Maysville. 
 
 LEVEE,a post-village of Montgomery CO., Kjr. 
 
 Level, a post-office of Richland dis., S. C. 
 
 Level, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio. 
 
 Level Green, a post-office of Giles co., Va. 
 
 Levenworth, a post-village, capital of 
 Crawford co., Indiana, on the Ohio river, 
 125 miles S. from Indianapolis. It is situ- 
 ated at the Horseshoe bend, and is the prin- 
 cipal shipping point for an extensive region. 
 The county seat was located here in 1843, 
 since which a good court house and other 
 public buildings have been erected. Popu- 
 lation estimated at 700. 
 
 Leveeett, a post- township of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, about 28 miles N. by E. from 
 Springfield. Population, 948. 
 
 Leveeing, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio, 
 about 60 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Levekington, a post-office of Philadelphia 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Levi, a post-office of .Jackson co., Ohio. 
 
 Levy, a county in the N. W. part of the 
 peninsula of Florida, bordering on the Gulf 
 of Mexico, has an area of 1000 square miles. 
 The Suwanee river forms its boundary on 
 the N. W., and the Withlacoochee on the S. 
 The surface is nearly level, consisting mostly 
 of pine wood, marshes, and savannas. The 
 soil is sandy. The sugar-cane, Indian corn, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 63 hogsheads of sugar ; 
 6310 bushels of corn, and 7425 of sweet po- 
 tatoes. Population, 465, of whom 320 were 
 free, and 145, slaves. 
 
 Lewes, a post-village of Sussex co., Dela- 
 ware, on Delaware bay, opposite the Break- 
 water, 45 miles S. S. E. from Dover. It has 
 3 large hotels, 3 churches, a telegraph sta- 
 tion, and several stores. 
 
 Lewes and Rehobeth, a hundred in the 
 E. part of Sussex co., Delaware. It has a 
 post-office of the same name. Pop., 1855. 
 
 Lewis, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of New York, has an area of about 1290 square 
 miles. It is drained by Black river (by 
 which it is intersected) and its tributaries, 
 and by Oswagatchie river. These streams 
 afford valuable water-power. The surface is 
 generally hilly and uneven. The soil is usually 
 fertile, and, along Black river and some other 
 streams, of excellent quality. Corn, pota- 
 toes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 83,027 bushels of corn ; 
 287,707 of potatoes; 67,280 tons of hay; 
 1,655,245 pounds of butter, and 3,067,300 of 
 cheese. There were 9 flour and grist mills, 
 39 saw mills, 2 woollen factories, 2 paper 
 mills, and 7 tanneries. It contained 38 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices; 6316 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 140 attending 
 academies or other schools. Iron and lead 
 ores are mined to some extent. Black river 
 is navigable for small boats through tliia 
 county. Organized in 1805. Capital, Mar- 
 tinsburg. Population, 24,564. 
 
 Lewis, a county in the N. W. part of Vir 
 ginia, has an area of 530 square miles. It 
 is intersected bj^ the W. fork of IMonongahela 
 river. The surface is rocky, hilly, and in 
 some parts mountainous ; the soil of the val 
 leys produces pasture and Indian corn. In 
 1850 there were raised 235,675 bushels of 
 corn, and 9190 tons of hay. There were 7 
 flour, grist, and saw mills, and 4 tanneries. 
 It contained 15 churches, and 1602 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Stone coal is found 
 in the county. A turnpike has been con- 
 structed from Weston to Fairmont, on the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Formed iu 
 
 597 
 
LEW 
 
 LEW 
 
 1816, and named in honor of Colonel Charles 
 Lewis. Capital, Weston. Population, 10,031, 
 of whom 9663 were free, and 368, slaves. 
 
 Lewis, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Tennessee ; area estimated at 450 square 
 miles. It is drained by Buffalo river, an 
 affluent of Duck river. The surface is un- 
 even ; the soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 Lewis county produced 293,610 bushels of 
 corn; 18,729 of oats; 38,680 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 8421 of wool. It contained 14 
 churches; 1400 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 80 attending academies or other 
 schools. This county was formed a few years 
 ago, and named in honor of Captain Meriwe- 
 ther Lewis, the explorer of the North-western 
 Territorj'. Capital, Newburg. Population, 
 4438, of whom 3702 were free, and 736, slaves. 
 
 Lewis, a county in the N. E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Ohio, has an area esti- 
 mated at 400 square miles. The Ohio river 
 forms its entire boundary on the N., and it is 
 also drained by Cabin creek. The surface is 
 generally hilly ; the soil of the W. part is 
 fertile, and that of the river bottoms excel- 
 lent. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the 
 staples. Horses, cattle, and swine are the 
 chief articles of export. In 1850 this county 
 produced 398,686 bushels of corn; 7213 of 
 wheat; 54,308 of oats ; 36,820 pounds of to- 
 bacco ; 14,604 of wool, and 7515 of flax. It 
 contained 13 churches, and 513 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Valuable quarries of slate 
 and limestone have been opened in this coun- 
 ty, near the river. It contains the Esculapia 
 Spring, a fashionable watering place. Formed 
 in 1806. Capital, Clarksburg. Population, 
 7202, of whom 6880 were free, and 322, slaves. 
 
 Lewis, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 520 square miles. 
 The Mississippi river forms its eastern bound- 
 ary, and separates it from Illinois. The 
 Wyaconda flows through the N. E. part into 
 the Mississippi ; the North Fabius river flows 
 through the middle of the county, the South 
 Fabius through the S. W. part, and the Mid- 
 dle Fabius enters the North Fabius near the 
 county seat. The surface is diversified ; 
 about half of the county is well timbered 
 with forests, distributed along the rivers, and 
 separated by beautiful upland meadows or 
 prairies, the soil of which is deep, remark- 
 ably fertile, and easily cultivated. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, grass, hemp, cattle, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 336,730 bushels of corn; 68,527 of 
 wheat; 67,104 of oats; 2224 tons of hay, 
 and 94,861 pounds of butter. It contained 
 11 churches, 1 newspaper office; 1178 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 45 attending 
 academies or other schools. Coal has been 
 discovered in several places. Limestone un- 
 derlies a part of the county. Capital, Mon- 
 ticello. Population, 6578, of whom 5372 were 
 free, and 1206, slaves. 
 598 
 
 Lewis, a large county in the W. part of 
 Washington Territory, has an area estimated 
 at 4000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 the W. by the Pacific, on the N. by the Straits 
 of Juan de Fuca, partly on the E. by Admi- 
 ralty sound, and on the S. E. by Cowelitz river, 
 and is drained by.Puget sound, Chehalis river, 
 and several smaller streams. The surface in 
 the N. part is uneven and sometimes moun- 
 tainous. Mount Olympus is the principal 
 elevation. The soil is generally fertile. 
 Wheat, oats, potatoes, and wool are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 10,745 
 bushels of wheat; 5790 of oats; 27,367 of 
 potatoes, the greatest quantity produced hj 
 any county of the state, and 18,150 pounds 
 of wool. There were 13 pupils attending an 
 academy. Capital, Quenaudenville. Pop. 558. 
 
 Lewis, a post-township in the N. E. part of 
 Essex county. New York. Population, 2058. 
 
 Lewis, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Northumberland co., Pa. Pop. 1475. 
 
 Lewis, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Brown county, Ohio, on the N. 
 side of the Ohio river. Population, 2720. 
 
 Lewis, a township in Clay county, Indiana. 
 Population, 574. 
 
 Lewis, a post-office of Vigo co., Indiana. 
 
 Lewisbeery, a post-village of York coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 10 miles in a direct line S. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Lewisborougii, a post-tOwnship on the E. 
 border of Westchester co., N. Y. Pop., 1608. 
 
 Lewisburg, or Debestown, a flourishing 
 town of Buffalo township. Union county, 
 Pennsylvania, is delightfully situated on the 
 right bank of the AVest branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna, at the mouth of Buffalo creek, 69 
 miles N. from Harrisburg. It is the centre 
 of trade for the fertile valley of Buffalo 
 creek, and is the most populous town in the 
 county. A large quantity of grain and other 
 produce is shipped at this place. Lewisburg 
 is connected by a bridge with the E. bank of 
 the river, and is on the route of the Sunbury 
 and Erie railroad. This place is the seat of a 
 university or college, founded in 1849, under 
 the direction of the Baptists, and has 3 news- 
 paper ofBces. Population in 1850, 2012 ; in 
 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Lewisburg, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Greenbrier county, Virginia, 214 miles W. 
 from Richmond, and 9 miles W. from the 
 White Sulphur Springs. It is surrounded by 
 a beautiful and healthy region among the 
 mountains, and is a place of active business. 
 The court of appeals for the western counties 
 is held at Lewisburg. It contains 3 churches, 
 1 academy, and 1 printing office. 
 
 Lewisburg, a small post-village of Conway 
 county, Arkansas, on the Arkansas river, 60 
 miles above Little Eock, was formerly the 
 county seat. 
 
 Lewisburg, a post-village, capital of Mar- 
 shall county, Tennessee, 55 miles S. from 
 Nashville. Population, from 400 to 500. 
 
LEW 
 
 LEYt 
 
 Lewisbukg, a small village of Mason co., 
 Keiitiicky, 7 miles S. from Maysville. 
 
 LinvisBUEG, a small village of Muhlenburg 
 county, Kentucky, on Green river, 160 miles 
 S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Lewisbukg, a post-village of Paish town- 
 ship, Champaign county, Ohio, 14 miles N. E. 
 from Urbana. It has several mills. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Lf.wisbtteg, a small village of Montgomery 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Levfisburg, a thriving post-village of Pre- 
 ble county, Ohio, on the Eaton and Piqua 
 railroad, 56 miles N. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Lem'iseukg, a small post-village of Cass 
 county, Indiana, on the Wabash river and 
 canal, 8 miles E. from Logansport. Popula- 
 tion, abut 300. 
 
 Lewisbueg, a small village of Hancock co., 
 Indiana, 10 miles N. from Greenfield. 
 
 Lewis Centre, a post-office of Delaware 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 Lewis Creek, a fine mill stream of Addison 
 and Chittenden counties, in the W. part of 
 Vermont, falls into Lake Champlain. 
 
 Lewis' Fork, a post-office of Wilkes countj', 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Lewisport, a post-village of Hancock co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 1 1 miles W. from 
 Hawesville, has about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Lewis River, or Snake River, the largest 
 affluent of the Columbia river, rises by seve- 
 ral sources on the E. side of the principal 
 ridge of the Rocky mountains, near 43° N. 
 lat., and 109° W. Ion., its head waters inter- 
 locking with those of the Yellowstone river. 
 Its general course is westerly till it reaches 
 115° 30' W. Ion., when it changes to N. by 
 W., and continues nearly in this direction to 
 the 46th parallel ; then it reassumes its west- 
 erly course and falls into the Columbia river, 
 in about 46° 6' N. lat., and 118° 40' W. Ion. 
 The entire length is estimated at 900 miles. 
 
 Lewis' Store, a post-office of Spottsylva- 
 nia county, Virginia. 
 
 Lewiston, a flourishing post-village of 
 Lincoln county, Maine, is situated on the 
 left bank of the Androscoggin river, and on 
 the Androscoggin and Kennebec railroad, 33 
 miles N. from Portland. The river here has 
 a fall of about 50 feet in 15 rods, aifording 
 water privileges equal to the best in New 
 England. The scenery on this portion of the 
 river is exceedingly wild and picturesque. 
 About 700 acres of land adjoining the falls 
 have recently been purchased by a company 
 of capitalists, for the purpose of building up 
 a manufacturing city. A dam across the 
 Androscoggin has already been constructed, 
 and extensive mills erected. A bridge, 1000 
 feet in length, spans the river immediately 
 below the falls. Four temperance hotels are 
 supported in the village, which also contains 
 several churches, a bank, a valuable public 
 library, a newspaper office, and an academy. 
 From its present prospects there can be no 
 
 doubt thiit Lewiston will become one of the 
 largest interior towns of the state. The At- 
 lantic and St. Lawrence railioad passes on 
 the opposite side of the river. Population of 
 the township in 1840, 1801; in 1850, 3584; 
 of the village in 1853, probably 4000. 
 
 Lewiston, a port of entry of Niagara co., 
 New York, in the township of its own name, 
 on Niagara river, 7 miles below the falls. It is 
 connected by railroad with Rochester and Buf- 
 falo, and is at the head of steamboat naviga- 
 tion. It contains 4 or 5 churches. The ship- 
 ping owned here, June 30, 1852, was 628^-| 
 tons. Foreign arrivals for the year, 691, 
 (tons, 213,613,) of which 69,484were in Ame- 
 rican bottoms. Clearances, the same as the 
 arrivals. Population of the township, 2924. 
 
 Lewiston, a village of Columbia co., Wis- 
 consin, 45 miles N. N. W. from Madison, con- 
 tains 5 stores and 50 dwellings. The post- 
 office is Beaver Creek. Pop. in 1853, 350. 
 
 Lewistown, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank 
 of the Juniata river, at the mouth of the 
 Kishicoquillas creek, 69 miles by railroad 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. The situation is 
 elevated and beautiful. Lewistown has 
 ample facilities for trade, by means of the 
 canal and railroad, which follow the Juniata 
 river through a great part of its course, and 
 connect the town with Pittsburg, Philadel- 
 phia, &c. Large quantities of wheat, Indian 
 corn, pork, and iron are exported from this 
 place. Two weekly newspapers are Yiuh- 
 lished here. The town has a spacious court- 
 house, an academy, a bank, 2 iron foundries, 
 1 woollen factory, and 2 flouring mills. Laid 
 out in 1790. Population in 1850, 2735; in 
 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Lewistown, a small village of Frederick 
 CO., Maryland, 10 miles N. from Frederick. 
 
 Lewistown, a post-village of Logan co., 
 Ohio, on the Miami river, 66 miles N. W. by 
 W. from Columbus. 
 
 Lewistown, a post-village of Mahoning co., 
 Ohio, 166 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Lewistown, a pretty post-village, capital 
 of Fulton county, Illinois, 55 miles N. W. from 
 Springfield, and 4 miles E. from Spoon river. 
 Bituminous coal is abundant in the vicinity. 
 Lewistown contains several churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices. 
 
 Lewisville, a small post- village of Chester 
 CO., Pa., 22 miles S. W. from West Chester. 
 
 Lewisville, a village of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 167 miles W. from Harrisburg, con- 
 tained in 1851, 1 church, and 14 houses. 
 
 Lewisville, a post-village of Brunswick 
 CO., Va., 78 miles S. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Lewisville, a post-village in Chester dis- 
 trict, S. C, 60 miles N. from Columbia. 
 
 Lewisville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Lafayette CO., Arkansas, 160 miles S. W 
 from Little Rock. 
 
 Lewisville, small village of Clinton co., 0. 
 
 Lewisville, a village of Coshocton co., 
 599 
 
LEW 
 
 LEX 
 
 Ohio, on tlie Ohio canal, 80 miles E. N. E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Lewisville, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Ohio, 110 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Lewisvillb, a post-village of Henry co., 
 Indiana, on the Central railroad, and 42 miles 
 E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Lexington, a district in the central part 
 of South Carolina, has an area of 980 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Saluda river, 
 bounded on the N. E. by the Broad river and 
 Congaree, and on the S. W. by the North 
 Edisto river. The surface is moderately 
 hilly. Cotton, grain, and sweet potatoes are 
 the staples. In 1850 the district produced 4608 
 bales of cotton; 382,518 bushels of corn; 
 86,942 of wheat; 34,066 of oats, and 60,721 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 1 cotton fac- 
 tory, 3 grist and 38 saw and planing mills, 
 and 2 tanneries. It contained 33 churches, 
 700 pupils attending public schools, and 93 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 Greenville and Columbia railroad passes 
 through the district, and the Congaree river 
 is navigable for steamboats along the border. 
 Capital, Lexington. Population, 12,930; of 
 whom 7373 were free, and 5557, slaves. 
 
 Lexington, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, about 51 miles N. N. W. from 
 Augusta. Population, 538. 
 
 Lexington, a post-village of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, on the Lexington and 
 "VYest Cambridge Branch railroad, 11 miles N. 
 W. from Boston. It contains 2 or 8 churches, 
 which with tlie principal dwellings and stores 
 are arranged around a pleasant green. Lex- 
 ington is memorable as being the place where 
 the first blood was slied in defence of Ame- 
 rican liberty. A monument with an appro- 
 priate inscription has been erected by the 
 state, to commemorate the patriotism and 
 valor of the eight persons who fell in the battle 
 fought April 19th, 1775. It stands on the 
 green. Population of the township, 1894. 
 
 Lexington, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Greene co., New York. 
 Population, 2263. 
 
 Lexington, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lexington, a handsome post-village, capi- 
 tal of Rockbridge county, Virginia, on the 
 North river, an affluent of James river, 146 
 miles W. from Richmond, and 35 miles N. W. 
 from Lynchburg. It is situated in a valley, 
 and surrounded by beautiful mountain 
 scenery. Washington College, founded at this 
 place in 1798, and endowed by General 
 Washington, has a library of 4950 volumes. 
 The Virginia Military Institute was esta- 
 blished here by the legislature of Virginia, in 
 1838-9. Lexington contains 4 or 5 churches, 
 2 seminaries, 2 printing offices, and several 
 fine brick residences. It was laid out in 
 1778 Population, 1733. 
 
 Lexington, a flourishing and beautiful 
 post-village, capital of Davidson county, 
 600 
 
 North Carolina, is situated near Abbott's 
 creek, an afiiuent of Yadkin river, 112 miles 
 W. from Raleigh. Valuable mines of lead 
 and silver have been opened in the county. 
 The Central railroad of North Carolina passes 
 through near Lexington. 
 
 Lexington, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Oglethorpe county, Georgia, 3-^ miles from 
 the Athens Branch railroad, and 75 miles V/. 
 N. W. from Augusta, is situated in a healthy 
 and fertile region, which is noted for the pro- 
 duction of cotton. It contains 2 churches, an 
 academy, and a female seminary. Several 
 of the most eminent citizens of Georgia have 
 resided here. 
 
 Lexington, a post-village of Lauderdale 
 CO., Alabama, 20 miles N. E. from Florence. 
 It has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Lexington, a post - village, capital of 
 Holmes co., Mississippi, on a small affluent 
 of Yazoo river, 70 miles N. from Jackson. 
 The Yazoo river, which borders the county on 
 the W., is a fine stream for navigation. Two 
 newspapers are published here. 
 
 Lexington, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Henderson county, Tennessee, on Beech 
 river, a small affluent of Tennessee river, 122 
 miles ^Y. S. W. from Nashville. It is situated 
 in a fertile country, and has an active trade. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches, and 2 female 
 seminaries. Poptilation in 1853, about 700. 
 
 Lexington, a handsome and wealthy city, 
 capital of Fayette county, Kentucky, on the 
 Town fork of the Elkhorn river, 25 miles S. 
 E. from Frankfort, 81 miles S. from Cincin- 
 nati, and 94 miles E. from Louisville. Lat. 
 38° 6' N. Ion., 84° 18' W. Lexington is the 
 second city of the state in population and 
 importance. Few inland towns are more de- 
 lightfully situated or more remarkable for 
 the beauty of their general appearance. It 
 is laid out in rectangular blocks ; the streets 
 are well paved, and bordered with orna- 
 mental trees. Main street is 80 feet wide, 
 and more than a mile long. Jlany of the 
 public and private buildings are spacious and 
 very handsome specimens of architecture. 
 The surrounding country is undulating, 
 highly cultivated, and dotted with elegant 
 mansions. Lexington is distinguished for 
 the excellence of its literary and scientific 
 establishments. Transylvania University of 
 this place is a flourishing institution: the de- 
 partments of law and medicine are probably 
 more frequented than any other in the Vi'est- 
 ern states. It has a library of 14,000 
 volumes. The halls of the university are 
 among the principal ornaments of the city. 
 The state lunatic asylum located here oc- 
 cupies a large and beautiful building, capa- 
 ble of accommodating more than 300 patients. 
 The city also contains a court house, 2 banks, 
 a public library, several academies, a museum, 
 an orphan asylum, about 12 churches, and 5 
 or 6 newspaper offices. A monument is to 
 be erected here to the memory of Henry 
 
LEX 
 
 LIB 
 
 Clay, who resided at Ashland, a mile and a 
 half from the city. Lexington is the centre 
 of an extensive trade, facilitated by a rail- 
 road extending to Louisville via Frankfort. 
 Other railways are in course of construction 
 which are designed to connect it Avith Cin- 
 cinnati, Maysville, and Danville. This place is 
 the seat of valuable manufactures, the most 
 important of which produce bagging, ropes, 
 iron, brass, and silver ware, machinery, and 
 carriages. The city and suburbs produce 
 annually about 3,000,000 yards of bagging, 
 and 2,500,000 pounds of rope. Lexington 
 was formerly the capital of Kentucky. It 
 was founded in 1776, and incorporated in 
 1782. Population in 18-15, 8178 ; in 1853 it 
 was about 12,000. 
 
 Lexington, a thriving post-village of Troy 
 township, Richland county, Ohio, on the Clear 
 fork of Mohiecan river, and on the railroad 
 between Mansfield and Newark, 8 miles S. W. 
 from the former. It has 3 churches, and 
 mills of various kinds. Population, 500. 
 
 Lexington, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Stark co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 1996. 
 
 Lexington, a village of St. Clair co., IMich., 
 on Lake Huron, 70 miles N. E. from Detroit. 
 
 Lexington, a post-office of Sanilac co. , Mich. 
 
 Lexington, a small village of AVashtenaw 
 CO., Michigan, on Raisin river. 
 
 Lexington, a post-township in Scott co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1929. 
 
 Lexington, a post-village, capital of Scott 
 CO., Indiana, is pleasantly situated 18 miles 
 S. A¥. from Madison, with which it is con- 
 nected by a plank-road. Population, 273. 
 
 Lexington, a post-village in McLean co., 
 Illinois, 75 miles N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Lexington, a post-township in Lafayette 
 CO., Missouri. Population, 4878. 
 
 Lexington, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Lafayette county, Missouri, on the right 
 bank of Missouri river, 120 miles by the 
 road W. from Jefferson City. The situation 
 is high and healthy. Lexington has an 
 active trade with the caravans of Santa Fe 
 and the Great Salt lake. The great emigra- 
 tion to Califoimia which has passed through 
 the county for several years past, has fur- 
 nished a market for grain, cattle, and horses 
 at very high prices. Extensive beds of coal 
 are found on the river bank here. Lexing- 
 ton contains, besides the county buildings, a 
 United States land-office, 2 newspaper offices, 
 about 7 churches, and 1 bank. Population in 
 1850, 2459 ; in 1853, estimated at 4000. 
 
 Lexington, a post- village of Clatsop co., 
 Oregon, on a small stream flowing into the 
 Pacific, near 30 miles S. from Astoria. 
 
 Lexington Court House, capital of Lex- 
 ington district. South Carolina, is situated a 
 few miles S. from Saluda river, and 12 miles 
 W. from Columbia. It contains a court house, 
 jail, academy, and several stores. 
 
 Leyden, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, bordering on Vermont, about 
 44 miles N. from Springfield. Pop., 710. 
 
 Leyden, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Lewis CO., New York. Population, 2253. 
 
 Leyden, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 Leyden, a post-office of Rock co.. Wis. 
 
 Liberia, a small village of Prince William 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Libekty, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on the Atlantic ocean, 
 contains about 700 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Medway and Newport rivers, 
 and the Altamaha river washes its S. V/. 
 border. The surface is level ; the soil is 
 mostly sandy and sterile. The staples are 
 cotton, rice, maize, oats, and oranges. In 
 1850 this county produced 1883 bales of 
 cotton; 114,310 bushels of corn; 2122 of 
 oats, and 115,119 of sweet potatoes. It 
 contained 1 wheelwright's shop, 1 turpentine 
 distillery, 2 saw mills, 10 churches ; 151 
 pupils attending public schools, and 95 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Among 
 the forest-trees are the pine, cypress, mag- 
 nolia, and palmetto. Marl is found in seve- 
 ral places. Capital, Hinesville. Pop., 7926, 
 of whom 2018 were free, and 5908, slaves. 
 
 LiEEKTT, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on Galveston bay, contains 
 2290 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Trinity river. The surface is an alluvial 
 plain, which is mostly without trees, except- 
 ing the margins of the streams. The soil in 
 the S. is sandy and poor, but improves as we 
 advance towards the N. Cotton, corn, and 
 the sugar-cane are cultivated, and many cattle 
 are reared on the prairies with little labor 
 or expense. In 1850 the county produced 
 253 bales of cotton; 54,310 bushels of corn; 
 19,430 of sweet potatoes, and 115 hogsheads 
 of sugar. It contained 1 church, and 100 
 pupils attending public schools. The i-iver 
 is navigated by steamboats at all stages, to 
 Liberty, the county seat. Population, 2522, 
 of whom 1630 were free, and 892, slaves. 
 
 Liberty, a post-township of Waldo co.. Me., 
 about 15 miles E. from Augusta. Pop., 1116. 
 
 Liberty, a village and station of Steuben 
 CO., New York, on the Buffalo and Corning 
 railroad, 16 miles N. W. from Bath. 
 
 Liberty, a post-township of Sullivan co., 
 New York, about 120 miles S. S. W^. from Al- 
 bany. It contains a small village of the 
 same name. Entire population, 2612. 
 
 Liberty, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Adams co.. Pa. Pop., 722. 
 
 Liberty, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Bedford co., Pennsj'lvania, 20 
 miles N. E. from Bedford. Population, 522. 
 
 Liberty, a township of Centre co.. Pa., 12 
 miles N. E. from Bellefonte. Pop,, 387. 
 
 Liberty, a small village of Clinton co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of Susque- 
 hanna river, 110 miles N. N. W. from Har- 
 risburg, has near 100 inhabitants. 
 
 eoi 
 
LIB 
 
 LIB 
 
 LiBEETY, a township of McKeau co., Penn- 
 sylvania, drained by tlie Allegliany river, 
 about 10 miles £. from Smitliport. Pop., 612. 
 
 Liberty, a township forming the W. ex- 
 tremity of Montour co., Pennsylvania, 5 miles 
 W. N. W. from Danville. Population, 1233. 
 
 Liberty, a township of Susquehanna co., 
 Pa., 10 miles N. by E. from Montrose. 
 
 Liberty, a post-township of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles S. E. from Wells- 
 borough. Population, 1472. 
 
 Liberty', a beautiful post-village, capital 
 of Bedford county, Virginia, on the Virginia 
 and Tennessee railroad, 25 miles W. from 
 Lynchburg. It has a sublime view of the 
 peaks of Otter, which are not less than 7 
 miles distant, though they appear to be in 
 the immediate vicinity. Liberty has a hand- 
 some court house, 4 churches, and about 700 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Liberty, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. 
 
 Liberty, a small post-village, capital of 
 Amite co.. Miss., on the left bank of the 
 Amite river, 100 miles S. S. W. from Jackson. 
 
 Liberty, a pleasant post-village, capital of 
 Liberty co., Texas, is situated on the E. bank 
 of Trinity river, 60 miles N. from Galveston. 
 Steamboats navigate the river between this 
 point and Galveston at all seasons. 
 
 Liberty, a small village of Izard co., 
 Arkansas, on White river, near the N. W. 
 corner of the county. 
 
 Liberty, a post-office of Washita co.. Ark. 
 
 Liberty, a post- village of De Kalb co., 
 Tennessee, on Opossum creek, 54 miles E. 
 from Nashville, with which it is connected 
 by a turnpike. 
 
 Liberty, a post-village, capital of Casey 
 county, Kentucky, on Green river, near its 
 source, 69 miles S. from Frankfort, has a 
 court house and 2 or 3 churches. Popula- 
 tion, 200. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the W. part of 
 Adams co., Ohio. Population, 1498. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the E. part of But- 
 ler CO., Ohio. Population, 1501. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. part of Clin- 
 ton CO., Ohio. Population, 1232. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the central part 
 of Crawford CO., Ohio. Population, 1782. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Delaware co., Ohio. Population, 1051. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. part of Fair- 
 field, Ohio, intersected by the Ohio canal. 
 Population, 2901. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Guernsey co., Ohio. Population, 1001. 
 
 Liberty, a small village of Guernsey co., 
 Ohio, on Wills creek. 
 
 LiBEBTY, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Hancock CO., Ohio, intersected by Blanchard's 
 fork. Population, 874. 
 
 Liberty, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Hardin co., Ohio. Pop., 422. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. part of 
 Henry co., Ohio. Population, 400. 
 002 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. part of 
 Highland co., Ohio. Population, 4075. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the central part- of 
 Jackson co., Ohio. Population, 1017. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Knox CO., Ohio. Population, 1320. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Licking co., Ohio. Population, 1190. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the S. part of Lo- 
 gan CO., Ohio, intersected by the Mad river, 
 and Lake Erie railroad. Population, 1262. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Mercer co., Ohio. Population, 182. 
 
 Liberty, a post-village of Montgomery co., 
 0., 7 miles W. from Dayton. It has 1 church. 
 
 Liberty, a township of Putnam co., Ohio. 
 Population, 322. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Ross CO., Ohio. Population, 1126. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Seneca co., Ohio. Population 1400. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Trumbull co., Ohio. Population, 1829. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the W. part of 
 Union co., Ohio. Population, 1257. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the S. part of Van 
 Wirt CO., Ohio. Population, 427. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Washington co., Ohio. Population, 1223. 
 
 Liberty, a township in the S. W. central 
 part of Wood co., Ohio. Population, 236. 
 
 Liberty, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Jackson co., Michigan. Population, 819. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Crawford co., In- 
 diana. Population, 545. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Delaware co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1171. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Fulton co., Indiana. 
 Population, 657. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Grant co., Indiana. 
 Population, 797. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Hendricks co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1661. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Henry co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1766. 
 
 Liberty, a small village of Lawrence co., 
 Indiana, on the East fork of White river, 4 
 or 5 miles S. W. from Bedford. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Parke co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1234. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Porter co., Indiana. 
 Population, 210. 
 
 Liberty, a township in St. Joseph co., In- 
 diana. Population, 655. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Shelby co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1113. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Tipton co., Indiana. 
 Population, 144. 
 
 Liberty, a post-township in Union co., In- 
 diana. Population, 979. 
 
 Liberty, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Union co., Indiana, on the railroad from 
 Hamilton, in Ohio, to Rushville, 70 miles E. by 
 S. from Indianapolis, and 40 miles N. W. from 
 Cincinnati. It contains 2 or 3 cliurclies and 
 a county seminary. 
 
LIB 
 
 Lie 
 
 Liberty, a township in Wabash co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1425. 
 
 LiBEKTT, a township in Warren co., In- 
 diana. Population, 900. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Wells co., Indiana. 
 Population, 269. 
 
 Liberty, a post-township in Adams co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1077. 
 
 Liberty, a post-village in Adams co., Illi- 
 nois, 90 miles W. by N. from Springfield. 
 
 Liberty, a small village of Randolph co., 
 Illinois, on the Mississippi river. 
 
 Liberty, a post-village, capital of Clay 
 county, Missouri, is situated about 5 miles N. 
 from the Missouri river, about 200 miles by 
 the river above Jefferson City. The situation 
 is healthy and the water is good. The town 
 contains a handsome brick court house, 
 about 5 churches, 2 academies, and a news- 
 paper office. It is surrounded by a highly 
 productive farming district, which abounds 
 in stone coal and fine limestone. Many 
 horses, cattle, and swine are also exported. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 1500. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Marion co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1064. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Stoddard co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 424. 
 
 Liberty, a township in Washington co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1044. 
 
 Liberty, a post-office of Kenosha co.. Wis. 
 
 Liberty, a post-office of Racine co., AVis. 
 
 Liberty Corners, a post-village of So- 
 merset CO., New Jersey, 8 miles N. N. E. 
 from Somerville. 
 
 Liberty Corners, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Liberty Falls, a post-office of Sullivan co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Liberty Hall, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Liberty Hill, a post-village of New Lon- 
 don CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Liberty Hill, a post-office of McKeanco., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Liberty Hill, a post-office of Iredell co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Liberty Hill, a village of Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Liberty Hill, a post-office of Kershaw 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Liberty Hill, a small post-village of Pike 
 CO., Georgia, 13 miles S. E. from Griffin. 
 
 Liberty Hill, a post-office of Dallas co. Ala. 
 
 Liberty Hill, a small post-village of La- 
 fayette CO., Mississippi, 17 miles S. E. from 
 Oxford, the county seat. 
 
 Liberty Mills, a post-village in Orange 
 CO., Virginia, 79 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Liberty Mills, a small post-village of 
 Wabash co., Indiana, on Eel river, about 100 
 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Liberty Square, a small post-village of 
 Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Libertytown, a post-village in Frederick 
 CO., Maryland, 70 miles N. W. of Annapolis. 
 
 Lieertyville, a post-village of Ulster co., 
 New YorK, on the Walkill river. 
 
 Lieertyville, a post-village in the N. part 
 of Sussex CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Lieertyville, a post-township in Lake co., 
 Illinois. Population, 756. 
 
 Lieertyville, a post- village of Lake co., 
 Illinois, 84 miles N. from Chicago, has a 
 steam-flouring mill and 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Lieertyville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Iowa, 60 miles S. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Library, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pa. 
 
 Lick, a township in the W. part of Jackson 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1503. 
 
 Lick BRAiJcii, a post-office of Parke co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Lick Creek, of Ohio, enters Tiffin's river 
 in Defiance county. 
 
 Lick Creek, of Indiana, rises in Orange 
 county and flows westward through Martin 
 county into the E. fork of White river. 
 
 Lick Cbeek, of Ralls co., Missouri, flows 
 northward into Salt river. 
 
 Lick Creek, a post-office of Hickman co., 
 Tennessee, 40 miles from Nashville. 
 
 Lick Creek, a post-office of Sangamon co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Lick Creek, a post-office of Ralls co., Mo. 
 
 Lick Creek, a post-village in Van Bureu 
 CO., Iowa, 65 miles S. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Licke, a post-office of Fannin co., Texas. 
 
 Lick Fork, a small post-village of Daviess 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Licking, a county in Ohio, situated near 
 the centre of the state, contains 670 square 
 miles. It is drained by Licking river and 
 its branches. The surface is undulating or 
 nearly level. The soil is generally fertile, 
 and mostly under cultivation. Wheat, In- 
 dian corn, oats, wool, cattle, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 336,317 bushels of wheat ; 1,433,335 of corn ; 
 239,310 of oats; 338,245 pounds of wool, 
 33,754 tons of hay. It contained 99 churches, 
 6 newspaper offices, 16,989 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 145 attending academies 
 or other schools. Extensive quarries <3f 
 sandstone and freestone have been opened, 
 and cannel coal has been found in one place. 
 The streams furnish motive-power for nume- 
 rous mills and factories. The county is tra- 
 versed by the Central Ohio railroad, by the 
 Columbus and Lake Erie railroad, and by 
 the Ohio canal. Capital, Newark. Popula- 
 tion, 38,846. 
 
 Licking, a township in the S. part of Lick- 
 ing CO., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio canal. 
 Population, 1371. 
 
 Licking, a township in the AY. part of Musk- 
 ingum CO., Ohio, intersected by Licking river, 
 and the Ohio canal. Population, 1434. 
 
 Licking, a township in Blackford co., In- 
 diana. Population, 975. 
 
 Licking a post-office of Texas co.. Mis 
 souri, 95 miles S. by E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Licking Creek rises in the S. part of 
 603 
 
Lie 
 
 LIM 
 
 Pennsylvania, and flowing southward, falls 
 into the Potomac. 
 
 Licking Creek, a township of Fulton co., 
 Pennsylvania, 24 miles W. from Chambers- 
 burg. Population, 953. 
 
 Licking Rivek, of Kentucky, rises among 
 the Cumberland mountains, in Floyd county, 
 and pursuing a north-westerly course, falls 
 into the Ohio opposite Cincinnati. The whole 
 length is estimated at 200 miles. It is gene- 
 rally from 50 to 100 yards wide, with high 
 and steep banks, which are bordered with 
 forest-trees of great size. Small steamboats 
 can ascend it to Falmouth, about 50 miles 
 from its mouth. An affluent, called the 
 South Licking, rises in Montgomery county, 
 and enters the river from the left hand at 
 Falmouth. The North fork flows westward 
 through Mason and Bracken counties until 
 it joins the main stream. 
 
 Licking River, of Ohio, rises near the cen- 
 tre of the state and flows into the Muskingum 
 opposite Zanesville. It is formed by three 
 main branches which unite at Newark, namely, 
 the North fork. South fork, and Racoon fork. 
 
 Licking STATiON,a village of Morgan co. Ky. 
 
 LiCKiNGTOWN, a small village of Licking 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio canal, 6 miles E. from 
 Newark. 
 
 LiCKSHiLLETT, a thriving village of Floyd 
 CO., Georgia, on the S. bank of the Etowah 
 river, opposite Rome. 
 
 LicKviLLE, a post-village in Greenville 
 district, South Carolina, 100 miles N. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 Light Corners, a post-ofSce of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Light Street, a small post-village of Co- 
 lumbia CO., Pennsylvania, 2 or 3 miles N. E. 
 from Bloomsburg. 
 
 LiGONiER, a post-township of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. Population, 2582. 
 
 LiGONiER, a post-borough in the above 
 township, on the turnpike from Pittsburg to 
 Philadelphia, 52 miles E. S. E. from the for- 
 mer. It contains 2 churches, and several 
 stores. Population, 378. 
 
 LiGONiER, a post-office of Noble co., Ind. 
 
 LiGONS, a post-office of Charlotte co., Va. 
 
 Likens, a post-office of Crawford co., 0. 
 
 LiLESviLLE, a post-village in Anson co.. 
 North Carolina, 140 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 LiLLECASH, a small post-villageof Will co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Lillby's Mills, a small village of Mifflin 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lima, a post-township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Livingston co.. New York. Po- 
 pulation, 2433. 
 
 Lima, a post-village in the above township, 
 about 18 miles S. of Rochester. It has seve- 
 ral churches, and aWesleyan seminary. Po- 
 pulation, estimated at 700. 
 
 Lima, small post-village of Delaware co., 
 Pa., about 7 miles N. W. from Chester. 
 604 
 
 Lima, a post-office of Greenville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Lima, a post-office of St. Tamany par.. La. 
 
 Lima, a flourishing post-village of Bath 
 township, and capital of Allen co., Ohio, on 
 the Ottawa river, 98 miles N. W. from Co- 
 lumbus. It has a pleasant and healthy situ- 
 ation, and is surrounded by a fine farming 
 country. It contains several churches, 3 
 newspaper offices, an iron foundry, and seve- 
 ral steam mills. The Ohio and Indiana rail- 
 road intersects the Dayton and Michigan 
 railroad at this place. First settled in 1836. 
 Population in 1850, 757 ; in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Lima, a township in the S. W. part of Lick- 
 ing CO., Ohio. Population, 973. 
 
 Lima, a post-village of Mahoning co., Ohio, 
 170 miles N. E. from Columbus. The name 
 of the post-office is North Lima. 
 
 Lima, a post-townshijD in the W. part of 
 Washtenaw co., Michigan, intersected by the 
 Michigan Central railroad. Pop., 912. 
 
 Lima, a small post-village in the above 
 township, about 50 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Lima, a post-village of La Grange co., In- 
 diana, on Pigeon river, 174 miles N. N. E. 
 from Indianapolis, was the county seat until 
 the year 1842. 
 
 Lima, a post-township in Adams co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 920. 
 
 Lima, a post-village in Adams co., Illinois, 
 100 miles W. N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Lima, a township in the E. part of Carroll 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 198. 
 
 Lima, a post-township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Rock co.. Wis. Pop., 839. 
 
 LiMAviLLE, a post-village of Stark co., 
 Ohio, about 140 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Limber Lost, a post-office of Adams co., Ind. 
 
 Lime Hill, a post-office of Bradford co.. Pa. 
 
 Limerick, a post-village of York co., Maine, 
 on the Little Ossippee river, about 28 miles 
 W. from Portland, has an academy, one or two 
 newspaper offices, and a number of stores. 
 Population of the township, 1473. 
 
 Limerick, a post-village of Jefferson co.. 
 New York, on the Rome and Watertown rail- 
 road, 8 miles W. N. W. from Watertown. 
 
 Limerick, a post-township of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river, 
 12 W. N. W. from Norristown. Pop., 2165. 
 
 Limerick Bridge, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lime Ridge, a post-office of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lime Rock, a post-village in Providence 
 CO., Rhode Island, 10 miles N. N. W. from 
 Providence. 
 
 Lime Rock, a post-village in Salisbury 
 township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, about 
 40 miles N. W. by W. from Hartford. 
 
 Limestone, a county in the N. part of Ala- 
 bama, bordering on Tennessee, has an area 
 of 570 square miles. The Tennessee river 
 forms the S. boundary. The Elk river (na- 
 vigable for small boats) flows through the 
 
LIM 
 
 LIN 
 
 county and enters the former river oppo- 
 site tlie Muscle Shoals. The surface is hilly. 
 The soil is calcareous and highly productive. 
 Cotton, grain, and pork are the staj^les. In 
 1850 there were raised 14,809 bales of cot- 
 ton ; 861,604 bushels of corn, and 85,977 of 
 oats. There were 6 grist and saw mills, 4 
 tanneries, and 1 cotton factory, besides other 
 establishments. It contained 27 churches, 1 
 newspaper office, 665 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 290 attending academies or 
 other schools. The surface rock is limestone, 
 from which the name of the county is derived. 
 Steamboats navigate the Tennessee river on 
 the border of the county between the Muscle 
 Shoals and Knoxville. Capital, Athens. Po- 
 pulation, 16,483 ; of whom 8420 were free, 
 and 8063, slaves. 
 
 LiJiESTONE, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Texas, has an area of 840 square 
 miles. It is drained by the sotirces of the 
 Navasoto river. A large portion of the coun- 
 ty is prairie. The soil is generally fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, cattle, 
 and horses are the staples. In 1840 this 
 county produced 99,800 bushels of corn; 
 1490 of oats; 9675 of sweet potatoes; 603 
 bales of cotton; 1787 pounds of tobacco; 
 32,787 of butter, and 816 of wool. It con- 
 tained 3 chtirches, 75 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 30 attending another school. 
 The name is derived from the abundance of 
 limestone found in the county. Capital, 
 Springfield. Pop., 2608 ; of whom 1990 were 
 free, and 618, slaves, i 
 
 Limestone, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 county, New York. 
 
 Limestone, a village of Armstrong county, 
 Pa., 151 miles W. N. \Y. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Limestone, a post-township of Clarion co.. 
 Pa., 6 miles S. E. from Clarion. Pop., 1461. 
 
 Limestone, a small village of Columbia 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Limestone, a township of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles S. W. from Williams- 
 port. Population, 983. 
 
 Limestone, a township of Montour county, 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. W. from Danville. 
 Population, 763. 
 
 Limestone, a township of Union county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 807. 
 
 Lijiestone, a township of Warren county. 
 Pa., on the Alleghany river. Pop., 248. 
 
 Limestone, a post-office of Buncombe co., 
 North Carolina, 266 miles W. from Kaleigh. 
 
 Limestone, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 Tennessee, 144 miles S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Limestone, a village of Will co.. 111., on 
 the Iroquois river, 60 miles W. S. W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Limestone Cwe, a post-office of Carter 
 county, Tennessee. 
 
 Limestone Rivee, a post-office of Aroos- 
 took county, Maine. 
 
 Limestone Springs, a post- village of Spar- 
 tanburg district. South Carolina, 93 miles 
 
 N. W. from Columbia. It is the seat of a 
 female college, an excellent, successful, and 
 popular institution, occupying a spacious 
 building, which was formerly a hotel. The 
 springs are not now much freauented as a 
 watering place. 
 
 Limestone Springs, a post-office of Greene 
 county, Tennessee 
 
 Limestoneville, a post-office of Montour 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Limestone Well, a post-office of Forsyth 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 LiMETOWN, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 LiMiNGTON, a post-township of York co., 
 Maine, on the Ossipee river, about 24 miles 
 W. by N. from Portland. Population, 2116. 
 
 LiNA, a post-office of Sheboygan co.. Wis. 
 
 Lincoln, a county in the S. part of Maine, 
 has an area of about 950 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the S. W. by the Androscoggin, 
 and on the S. by the ocean. It is drained by 
 the Damariscotta and Sheepscot rivers, and 
 intersected by the Kennebec. These streams 
 afford some fine mill seats. The soil is fer- 
 tile, but the attention of the inhabitants is 
 chiefly given to navigation and the fisheries. 
 It has a sea coast of about 50 miles, afford- 
 ing a great number of excellent harbors. 
 Indian corn, potatoes, wool, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 154,452 bushels of corn ; 239,492 of potatoes ; 
 86,805 tons of hay; 816,141 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 115,410 of wool. There were 98 lime 
 kilns, 73 saw and planing mills, 40 ship- 
 yards, 13 tanneries, 25 shipsmiths, 6 grist 
 mills, 5 manufactories of edge tools, 3 brass 
 foundries, 4 iron foundries, 7 woollen facto- 
 ries, and 91 cod and mackerel fisheries. It 
 contained 114 churches, 10 newspaper offices ; 
 25,444 pupils attending public schools, and 
 558 attending academies and other schools. 
 The Kennebec river is navigable for large 
 ships to Bath, 12 miles, and for sloops of 
 150 tons through the whole extent of this 
 county. The Damariscotta is navigable 16 
 miles for large vessels. The railroad con- 
 necting Portland with Augusta, and the 
 Androscoggin and Kennebec railroad pass 
 through the W. end of this county. Capi- 
 tals, Wiscasset and Topsham. Pop., 74,875. 
 
 Lincoln, a county in the S. W. part of 
 North Carolina ; area estimated at 420 square 
 miles. The Great Catawba forms the E. 
 boundary, and the South Catawba intersects 
 the county. The surface is diversified by 
 hills of moderate size ; the soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, cotton, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 274,331 bushels of corn; 36,256 of wheat, 
 and 506 bales of cotton. There were 3 cot- 
 ton factories, 4 iron foundries, 2 iron forges 
 28 grist mills, 1 paper mill, and 6 saw mills, 
 It contained 25 churches, and 2 newsisaper 
 offices. Water-power is abundant on the 
 streams. Gold is found near the E. bordei 
 
 605 
 
LIN 
 
 LIN 
 
 of the county, and iron is abundant. Lin- 
 coln was the most populous county of the 
 state until reduced by the formation of Ca- 
 tawba and Gaston counties, since 1842. Ca- 
 pital, Lincolnton. Formed in 1779. Popu- 
 lation, 7746, of whom 5691 were free, and 
 2055, slaves. 
 
 Lincoln, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 260 square miles. 
 The Savannah, which separates it from 
 South Carolina, forms its boundary on the 
 N. E., the Broad river on the N., and Little 
 river on the S. E. ; it is also drained by Fish- 
 ing, Pistol, Lloyd's, and Soap creeks. The 
 surface is hilly ; a portion of the land is fer- 
 tile, particularly on the margins of the rivers. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pota- 
 toes are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 5447 bales of cotton ; 204,594 bush- 
 els of corn; 64,472 of oats; and 32,123 of 
 sweet potatoes. There were 5 grist mills, 
 3 saw mills, and 3 tanneries. It contained 
 14 churches, 78 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 73 attending academies or other 
 schools. Granite and iron are abundant in 
 the county, and novaculite is found near Lin- 
 colnton, the county seat. Population, 5998, 
 of whom 2218 were free, and 3780, slaves. 
 
 Lincoln, a county in the S. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Alabama, has an area 
 estimated at 700 square miles. Elk river 
 flows through the county, from E. to AV. The 
 surface is composed of two inclined planes, 
 on the opposite sides of the river ; the soil is 
 highly productive, and well watered. Indian 
 corn, oats, and cotton are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 1,873,321 bushels 
 of corn ; 239,707 of oats ; 2576 bales of cot- 
 ton; 253,766 pounds of butter, and 47,492 
 pounds of wool. It contained 33 churches, 
 1 newspaper ofBce, 1914 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 125 attending academies and 
 other schools. The streams furnish motive- 
 power for numerous mills and factories. Capi- 
 tal, Fayetteville. Population, 23,492, of 
 whom 17,871 were free, and 5621, slaves. 
 
 Lincoln, a county near the centre of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 350 square 
 miles. It is traversed by Dick's river, an af- 
 fluent of the Kentucky, and also drained by 
 the sources of Green river. The surface is 
 undulating ; the soil is of limestone forma- 
 tion, and very productive. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and rye are the staples. Cattle, 
 horses, mules, and swine are the chief arti- 
 cles of export. In 1850 this county produced 
 740,499 bushels of corn; 23,686 of wheat; 
 87,485 of oats; and 40,655 pounds of wool. 
 It contained 12 churches, 600 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 175 attending academies 
 or other schools. Limestone underlies a 
 large part of the surface. Turnpike roads 
 have been made from this county to Frank- 
 fort and Danville. Lincoln county was one 
 of the 3 original counties formed in 1780. 
 Named in honor of General Benjamin Lincoln. 
 
 6oe 
 
 Capital, Stanford. Population, 10,093, of 
 whom 6738 were free, and 3355, slaves. 
 
 Lincoln, a county in the E. part of Mis- 
 souri, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 which separates it from Illinois. Area, 580 
 square miles. It is traversed by Cuivre, or 
 Copper river, and its branches, and also 
 drained by the Eagle fork and Big creek. 
 The surface is undulating and hillj', consist- 
 ing partly of prairies and partly of wood- 
 lands. The soil is generally rich. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, butter, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 567,472 bushels of corn ; 64,552 of 
 wheat; 70,494 of oats; 695,758 pounds of 
 tobacco, and 119,959 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 8 churches, 1564 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending academies 
 and other schools. The county is liberally 
 supplied with timber and building stone. 
 Capital, Troy. Population, 9421, of whom 
 7394 were free, and 2027, slaves. 
 
 Lincoln, a post-township of Penobscot co., 
 ]Maine, on the left bank of the Penobscot 
 river, about 48 miles N. N. E. from Bangor. 
 Population, 1356. 
 
 Lincoln, a mountainous post-township of 
 Grafton county, New Hampshire, on the 
 head waters of the Merrimack river, about 
 70 miles N. by W. from Concord. Pop., 57. 
 
 Lincoln, a post-township of Addison co., 
 Vermont, about 24 miles W. S. Vf. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1057. 
 
 Lincoln, a post-township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg railroad 
 and Sudbury river, 15 miles W. N. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 719. 
 
 Lincoln, a post-village in Yazoo co., Mis- 
 sissippi, 40 miles N. W. from .Jackson. 
 
 Lincoln, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Morrow co., Ohio. Population, 891. 
 
 Lincoln, a post-ofSce of Waushara co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Lincoln Centre, a post-village of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Lincolnton, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Lincoln county. North Carolina, is situ- 
 ated on the E. side of Little Catawba river, 
 170 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. It has an 
 active trade, and an abundant water-power, 
 which is employed in manufactories of cot- 
 ton, iron, and paper. Lincolnton contains, 
 besides the county buildings, 3 or 4 churches, 
 2 academies, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Lincolnton, a small post-village, capital 
 of Lincoln county, Georgia, on Soap creek, 
 90 miles N. E. from IMilledgeville. It con- 
 tains an academy, and 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 LiNCOLNViLLE, a post-township of Waldo 
 CO., Maine, on Penobscot bay, about 10 miles 
 S. from Belfast. Population, 2174. 
 
 LiND, a post-ofBce of Winnebago co.. Wis. 
 
 Linden, a post-village of Genesee co., New 
 York, on the Buffalo and New York railroad, 
 about 40 miles E. from Buffalo. 
 
 LiNDEN, a post-village of Lycoming co., 
 
LIN 
 
 LIN 
 
 Pennsylvania, on the West branch of the 
 Susquehanna, 8 miles above Williamsport, 
 has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Linden, a post-village, capital of Marengo 
 county, Alabama, 1 J miles south of Chickasaw 
 creek, 100 miles W. from Montgomery. It is 
 situated in a very productive cotton region, and 
 contains 2 academies and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Linden, a post-office of Copiah co., Miss. 
 
 Linden, a post-office of Cass co., Texas. 
 
 Linden, a post-office of St. Francis co.. Ark. 
 
 Linden, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Perry county, Tennessee, on Buffalo river, 
 100 miles S. W. from Nashville. It contains 
 a new court house, an academy, and 5 stores. 
 It has grown up since 1847. Population in 
 1853, about 500. 
 
 Linden, a post-office of Genesee co., Mich. 
 
 Linden, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Washtenaw co., Mich. Pop., 901. 
 
 Linden, a village of Montgomei-y co., In- 
 diana, on the railroad between Lafayette and 
 Crawfordsville, 10 miles N. from the latter. 
 
 Linden, a small post-village, capital of 
 Atchison co., Missouri, about 70 miles N. N. 
 W. from St. Joseph. 
 
 Linden, a small village of Greene co., Mis- 
 souri, 19 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Linden* a post-township in Iowa co., Wis- 
 consin. Population, 951. 
 
 Linden, a post- village of Iowa co., Wiscon- 
 sin, 6 miles N. W. from Mineral Point. It 
 has an active trade in lead, which is pro- 
 cured from mines in the vicinity. Pop., 200. 
 
 LiNDENTiLLE, a Small post-village of Ash- 
 tabula CO., Ohio. 
 
 LiNDENviLLB, a Small village of Sheboygan 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 LiNDENwooD, a post- village in Ogle co., 
 Illinois, 85 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 LiNDLET, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Steuben co., New York. Population, 686. 
 
 LiNDLET, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Corning and Blossburg railroad, 
 12 miles S. from Corning. 
 
 Lindlet's, a post-village of Ohio co., Ken- 
 tucky, 166 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Lindley's Stoke, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 LiNDLETTOWN, a post-office of Steuben co., 
 New York. 
 
 Lindlt's Mills, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LiNDNERSviLLB, a post-officc of SchuylkiU 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lindsay's Cheek, a post-office of Choctaw 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Lindsay's Mill, a post-office of Trigg co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 LiNDviLLE, a post-office of Union par., La. 
 
 LiNDTiLLE, a small village of Monroe co., 
 Iowa, 110 miles W. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Line, a post-office of De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 
 Line Creek, of Georgia, forms the bound- 
 ary between Fayette and Coweta counties, 
 and unites with Whitewater creek. 
 
 Line Creek, a post-office of Laurens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Line Creek, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Line Creek, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Line Creek, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ky. 
 
 Line Lexington, a post-village on the 
 boundary between Bucks and Montgomery 
 counties, Pennsylvania, 13 miles N. N. E. 
 from Norristown. 
 
 Line Mills, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Line Mountain, a post-office of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Line Port, a post-village of Stewart co., 
 Tennessee, on Cumbei-land river, and on the 
 line between Kentucky and Tennessee, has 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Line Store, a post-office of Hinds co.,Miss. 
 
 Linganore Creek, of Frederick co., Mary- 
 land, enters the Monocacy river from the left, 
 a few miles above Fredericktown. 
 
 LiNGLESTOWN, a post-villago of Dauphin 
 CO., Pa., 8 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 LiNKLAEN, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Chenango co., New York. 
 Population, 1196. 
 
 Linn, a county towards the N. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 650 square miles. Lo- 
 cust and Yellow creeks, affluents of Grand 
 river, flow through the county from N. to S. ; 
 it is drained by Wolf and Elk creeks, and 
 Grand river touches the S. W. extremity. 
 The county contains a large proportion of 
 prairie, interspersed with woodland; the 
 soil is productive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, tobacco, butter, and pork are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 it produced 219,500 bushels 
 of corn; 15,570 of wheat; 24,257 of oats; 
 873 tons of hay; 344,665 pounds of tobacco, 
 and 47,179 pounds of butter. There were 
 100 pupils attending public schools. Named 
 in honor of Lewis F. Linn, United States se- 
 nator from Missouri. Capital, Linneus. Po- 
 pulation, 4058, of whom 3681 were free, and 
 377, slaves. 
 
 Linn, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has 
 an area of 720 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Cedar and Wapsipinicon rivers, 
 which flow in a S. E. direction, affording 
 abundant water-power ; it is also drained by 
 Prairie and Buffalo creeks. The surface is 
 agreeably diversified, and the county is said 
 to be well timbered. The soil is excellent, 
 and the water good. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, grass, wool, potatoes, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 306,390 bushels of Indian corn; 85,633 of 
 wheat, and 6144 tons of hay. A railroad is 
 projected through the county from Dubuque 
 to Keokuk. Capital, Marion. Pop., 5444. 
 
 Linn, a county in the western part of 
 Oregon, has an area estimated at 3000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Cas- 
 cade Eange, and on the W. by the W'!lla- 
 
 607 
 
LIN 
 
 LIT 
 
 mette river, and is drained by the Santyara 
 and Mackenzie's rivers. The soil along the 
 valleys of the streams is very fertile. Grain, 
 potatoes, butter, and cheese are the staples. 
 In 18-50 this county produced 21,893 bushels 
 of ■wheat; 1(394 of oats; 3366 of potatoes; 
 32,910 pounds of butter, and 5055 of cheese. 
 There were 55 pupils attending academies 
 or other schools. Population, 994. 
 
 LixN, a post-office of Onondaga co., N. Y. 
 
 LiNX, a small village of Greenup co., Ken- 
 tucky, about 120 miles E. N. E. from Frank- 
 fort, has 2 churches and 2 tanneries. 
 
 Linn, a post-township in Osage co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1213. 
 
 Linn, a post-village, capital of Osage co., 
 Missouri, on the road from St. Louis to Jef- 
 ferson City, 22 miles E. from the latter. 
 
 Linn, a township in the S. E. part of Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin. Population, 630. 
 
 Linn City, a post- village of Washington co., 
 Oregon, on the left bank of the Willamette 
 river, one mile below the mouth of Tualatin 
 river, and immediately opposite to Oregon 
 City. It contains several mills. 
 
 LiNNEUS, a post-township of Aroostook co., 
 Maine, about 10 miles S. W. from Houlton. 
 Population, 561. 
 
 LiNNEus, a small post- village, capital of Linn 
 CO., Mo., 116 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Linn Flat, a post-of&ce of Nacogdoches 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Linn Grove, a post-office of Adams co., Ind. 
 
 LiNNViLLE, a small post-village of Licking 
 CO., Ohio, 37 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 LiNNTiLLE, a village in Jefferson co., Mis- 
 souri, on Big river, 40 miles S. W. from St. 
 Louis. 
 
 LiNViLLE RiVEB-, of Burke co., North Caro- 
 lina, flows into the Catawba. 
 
 LiNNviLLE PiivER, a post-office of Burke 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Linton, a post-office of Oglethoi-pe co., Ga. 
 
 Linton, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop., 1590. 
 
 Linton, a thriving post-village of Greene 
 CO., Ind., 88 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Linton, a township in Vigo co., Indiana. 
 Population, 972. 
 
 Linton, a post-village of Des Moines co., 
 Iowa, 21 miles N. by W. from Burlington. 
 
 LiNviLLB Gkove, a small village of Madi- 
 son CO., Missouri. 
 
 LiNwoon, a small village of Delaware co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Hook creek. 
 
 LiNwooD, a post-office of Cherokee co., Tex. 
 
 Lion's Beard, a post-office of Sevier co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 LioNviLLE, a post-village of Uwchlan town- 
 ship, Chester co., Pennsylvania, 31 miles W. 
 by N. from Philadelphia. It contains 1 meet- 
 ing-house and 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-township of Lincoln co., 
 Maine, on the left bank of the Androscoggin 
 river, about 25 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1495. 
 608 
 
 Lisbon, a post-township of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on both sides of the Am- 
 monoosuck river, about 81 miles N. by W. 
 from Concord. Population, 1881. 
 
 LfSBON, a post-township of New London 
 county, Connecticut, about 20 miles N. by E. 
 from New London. It intersected by the 
 Norwich and Worcester railroad. Pop., 937. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-township of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York, on the St. Lawrence river. 
 Population, 5295. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Northern railroad, 9 miles E. of 
 Ogdensburg. Here is a railroad station. 
 
 Lisbon, a village of Burlington co.. New 
 Jersey, about 22 miles S. S. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-village in Howard co., Ma- 
 ryland, 40 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-village in Bedford co., Vir- 
 ginia, 150 miles W. by S. from Richmond. 
 
 Lisbon, a small village of Lincoln county, 
 Georgia, on the Broad river, 105 miles N. E. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Lisbon, a post- office of Claiborne par., La. 
 
 Lisbon, a small post-village of Union co., 
 Arkansas, 12 miles N. from El Dorado. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-office of Noble co., Indiana, 
 135 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-township in Kendall co., Il- 
 linois. Population, 519. 
 
 Lisbon, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, is situated on an extensive and 
 fertile prairie, 51 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 It has an academy and several stores. Po- 
 pulation, about 400. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 Lisbon, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Waukesha co., Wisconsin. Population, 1036. 
 
 Lisbon Centre, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 LiSBURN, a thriving post-village in Cum- 
 berland co., Pennsylvania, on Yellowbreeches 
 creek, 9 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 LisBURN, a post-village in Sampson co.. 
 North Carolina, 113 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Lisha's Kill, a post-office of Albany co., 
 New York. 
 
 Lisle, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Broome co., New York. Popu- 
 lation, 1680. 
 
 Lisle, a post- village in Osage co., Missouri, 
 on Osage river, at the mouth of Mauvaise 
 creek, 12 miles S. W. by W. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Litchfield, a county forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Connecticut, has an area of about 
 40 square miles, being the largest county in 
 the state. It is intersected by the Housa- 
 tonic river, by which, and the Farmington 
 river, with their tributaries, it is chiefly wa- 
 tered. The streams supply motive-power to 
 numerous grist and saw mills. The surface 
 is uneven and in some parts mountainous. 
 The soil is good and generallj' well cultivated. 
 Indian corn, buckwheat, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this coxmty produced 
 
LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 279,136 bushels of corn; 66,447 of buck- 
 wheat; 293,511 of potatoes; 109,238 tons of 
 hay, and 1,246,588 pounds of butter. The 
 quantities of hay and butter were each great- 
 er than that produced by any other county 
 in the state. There were 16 woollen factories, 
 5 cotton factories, 2 manufactories of clocks, 3 
 of cutlery, and 14 iron forges. It contained 
 104 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 8828 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 699 attending 
 academies and other schools. This county 
 abounds in iron ore, which is extensively manu- 
 factured. The railroad connecting Bridge- 
 port with Albany traverses the county, and 
 that extending from Derby to Winsted nearly 
 intersects it. Organized in 1651, and named 
 from Litchfield, a city in England. Capital, 
 Litchfield. Population, 45,253. 
 
 Litchfield, a township of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, 11 miles S. S. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 2100. 
 
 Litchfield, a township of Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the left bank of the 
 Merrimack river, about 28 miles S. by E. from 
 Concord. Population, 447. 
 
 Litchfield, a beautiful post-village and 
 seat of justice of Litchfield county, Connec- 
 ticut, 31 miles W. from Hartford, and 37 
 miles N. W. by N. from New Haven. It is 
 situated on an elevation, surrounded by rich 
 and varied scenery. One of the largest lakes 
 in the state lies in full view. The principal 
 dwellings and stores are on two streets, cross- 
 ing each other at right angles, at the inter- 
 section of which is a handsome square. Be- 
 sides the county buildings, it contains a Con- 
 gregational and an Episcopal church, a 
 branch of the Phoenix bank of Hartford, and 
 2 newspaper of&ces. A law school, which was 
 established hereinl784, by the Hon. Tapping 
 Reeve, was for many years the most celebrated 
 in the United States. After the death of its 
 distinguished founder, the school was discon- 
 tinued. Population of the township, 3957. 
 
 Litchfield, a post-township of Herkimer 
 CO., New York, 12 miles S. by E. from Utica. 
 Population, 1676. 
 
 Litchfield, a post-township of Bradford 
 CO., Pa., 14 miles N. N. E. from Towanda. Po- 
 pulation, 1112. 
 
 Litchfield, a small post-village of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Litchfield, a small post-village, capital of 
 Graysonco., Ky., llOmilesS. W. of Frankfort. 
 
 Litchfield, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Medina co., Ohio. Population, 1312. 
 
 Litchfield, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 10 miles W. N. AV. from Medina. 
 
 Litchfield, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Hillsdale co., Michigan, 
 intersected by St. Joseph's river. Pop., 1362. 
 
 Litchfield, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, on the St. Joseph's river, 12 miles N. W. 
 from Hillsdale. It contains 3 churches, 2 
 stores, 2 mills, and 1 foundry. Population 
 in 1853, about 500. 
 
 2o 
 
 Litchfield Coeners, a post-office of Ken- 
 nebec CO., Maine. 
 
 Lithgow, a post-village of Dutchess co., 
 N. Y., about 75 miles S. by E. from Albany. 
 
 LiTHONiA, a village of De Kalb co., Georgia, 
 on the Georgia railroad, 20 miles E. from 
 Atlanta. Population, 200. 
 
 LiTHOPOLis, a post-village of Fairfield co., 
 Ohio, on the road from Columbus to Lancas- 
 ter, about 18 miles S. E. from the former. 
 Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 LiTiz, lit'its, a post-village of Lancaster co. , 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. from Lancaster, is a 
 Moravian settlement, with neat and substan- 
 tial buildings. It contains a female seminary, 
 and an academy for boys. Laid out in 1757. 
 
 Little Bay, a post-office of Calhoun co. Ark. 
 
 Little Beaver, a township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Lawrence co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Population, 960. 
 
 Little Beaver Bridge, a post-office of 
 Columbiana co., Ohio. 
 
 Little Beaver River, of Columbiana co., 
 Ohio, flows into the Ohio river near the 
 boundary between Ohio and Pennsylvania, 
 14 miles below Beaver. 
 
 Little Black River, rises in Ripley co., 
 Missouri, and enters Current river in Ran- 
 dolph CO., Ai-kansas. 
 
 Little Blue River, of Indiana, flows into 
 the Blue river near Shelbyville. 
 
 Little Brazos river, Texas, is a small 
 stream which extends across Robertson co., 
 parallel with Brazos river, and then enters 
 that river a few miles W. from Booneville. 
 
 Little Brewster Island, at the N. side 
 of the entrance to Boston harbor, Massachu- 
 setts. It contains a revolving light 82 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Lat. 42° 19' 48" 
 N., Ion. 70° 53' 30" AV. 
 
 Little Britain, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Little Britain, a township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 20 miles S. E. from Lan- 
 caster. Population, 1764. 
 
 Little Britain, a small village of Lancas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Little Brokenstraw Creek, of Warren 
 CO., Pa, falls into Big Brokenstraw creek. 
 
 Little Bull Falls, a post-office of Marar- 
 thon CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Little Bushkill Creek, of Pennsylvania^ 
 falls into Bushkill creek in Pike co. 
 
 Littleby, a post-office of Audrain co., Moi 
 
 Little Canada, a post-office of Ramsey 
 CO., Minnesota Territory. 
 
 Little Catawba river, N. C. See Catawba. 
 
 Little Chazy river, of Clinton co.. New 
 York, falls into Lake Champlain. 
 
 Little Chucket, a post-office of Greene 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Little Chute, a post-office of Outogamie 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Little Clearfield Creek, of Pennsylva- 
 nia, falls into Clearfield creek, in the county 
 of the same name. 
 
 609 
 
LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 Little Cliftt, a post-office of Todd co., Ky. 
 Little Coal river, in the W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Logan county by two branches, 
 called the Pond and Spruce forks, and falls 
 into Coal river in Kanawha county. 
 
 Little Compton, a post-township of New- 
 port CO., Pthode Island, on the Atlantic, 30 
 miles S. S. E. from Providence. Pop., 1462. 
 
 Little Compton, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., JNIissouri. 
 
 Little Creek, a hundred in Kent co., De- 
 laware. Population, 2315. 
 
 Little Ckeek Landing, a post-office of 
 Kent CO., Delaware. 
 
 Little Cumberland Island, S. side of the 
 entrance to Santilla river, Georgia. On the N. 
 end is a fixed light 53 feet high. Lat. 30° 
 58' 30" N., Ion. 81° 87' W. 
 
 Little Cuyahoga river, Ohio, joins the 
 main stream in Summit co., near Akron. 
 
 Little Darby Creek, of Ohio, flows into 
 Darby creek about 14 miles S. W. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Little Detroit, a small post-village of 
 Tazewell co., Illinois. 
 
 Little Eagle, a post-office of Scott co., Ky. 
 
 Little Egg Harbor, a township in the S. 
 part of Burlington co., N. J. Pop., 2020. 
 
 Little Egg Harbor Bay, on the S. E. coast 
 of New Jersey, between New Inlet and Bar- 
 negatbay. Length, about 10 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, Sg or 4 miles. 
 
 Little Egg Harbor River, of New Jersey, 
 is formed by several small branches, which 
 unite at Pleasant Mills. Pursuing a south- 
 easterly course, it forms the boundary be- 
 tween Burlington and Atlantic counties, and 
 flows through Great bay into the ocean. It is 
 navigable by sloops 25 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Little Elkhart, a post-office of Elkhart 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Little Elkhart Creek, of Indiana, rises 
 in La Grange co., and enters the St. Joseph's 
 river at Bristol. 
 
 Little Elm, a post-office of Denton co., Tex. 
 
 Little Falls, or Rockton, a post-village in 
 Piockton township, Herkimer county. New 
 York, on both sides of the Mohawk river, 
 and on the Utica and Schenectady railroad, 
 75 miles Yl. N. W. from Albany. It is situated 
 in a narrow and romantic valley. The river 
 falls over rocky rapids, descending 42 feet 
 in the course of three quarters of a mile, and 
 fui-nishing great water-power. The Erie 
 canal here passes by a deep cut in the solid 
 rock, through a picturesque defile, 2 miles in 
 extent. Granite rocks rise on both sides of 
 the valley, to the height of about 500 feet. 
 The village contains churches of five denomi- 
 nations, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and 
 :nanufactories of machinery, paper, woollen 
 goods, floui", &c. The feeder of the canal 
 crosses the river by a handsome aqueduct, 
 with an arch of 70 feet span. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 3000. 
 
 Little Falls, a post-village of Passaic 
 010 
 
 county, New Jersey, on the Passaic river, 
 and on the Morris canal, 4 miles S. W. from 
 Patterson. It has extensive water-power, 
 with several manufactories. 
 
 Little Falls, a post-office of Benton co., 
 Minnesota Territory. 
 
 Little Flat, a post-office of Bath co., Ky. 
 
 LittleFlat Rock Creek, Indiana, flowsinto 
 the Flat rock, 7 miles N. W. from Greensburgh. 
 
 LiTTLEFORT, Illinois. See Waukegan. 
 
 Little Gap, a post-office of Carbon co., Pa. 
 
 Little Genesee, a post-village in the S. 
 W. part of Alleghany co.. New York. 
 
 Little Grant, a post-office of Grant co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Little Green Lake, in Marquette county, 
 Wisconsin, lies about 4 miles S. from Green 
 lake. It is 1 J miles long, and 1 mile wide. 
 Its waters are very deep, and remarkably 
 pure. The scenery around is exceedingly 
 beautiful and picturesque. On the N. side, 
 for more than a mile, the shore is composed 
 of beautiful white sandstone, rising in some 
 places like a wall, 70 or 80 feet in height. 
 
 Little Grove, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Little Gunpowder, a post-office of Balti- 
 more county, Maryland. 
 
 Little Guyandotte river, in the W. part of 
 Virginia, falls into the Ohio, after forming 
 part of the boundary between Mason and 
 Cabell counties. 
 
 Little Hockhocking, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., Ohio. 
 
 Little Juniata river, Pa. See Juniata. 
 
 Little Kanawha river, of Western Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Braxton county, passes through 
 Gilmer, Wirt, and Wood counties, and enters 
 the Ohio at Parkersburg. Its general direc- 
 tion is W. N. W. ; its length perhaps 150 
 miles. The country through which it flows 
 is hilly, and contains extensive beds of stone 
 coal, and a number of salt springs. This 
 river is navigable only a few miles. 
 
 Little Lake, in the S. E. part of Louisiana, 
 between the parishes of Jefferson and La 
 Fourche Interior, is connected by short outlets 
 with Barataria bay. Length, about 7 miles. 
 
 Little Level, a post-office of Pocahontas 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Little Loyalsook Creek, an affluent of 
 Loyalsock creek, in Sullivan co.. Pa. 
 
 Little Mahoney, a township of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania. Pop., 826. 
 
 Little Mahoning Creek, of Indiana co., 
 Pennsylvania, flows into Mahoning creek. 
 
 Little Marsh, a small post-village of 
 Tioga CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Little Meadows, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Little Miami river, of Ohio, rises in the 
 S. W. central part of the state, and flowing 
 in a direction nearly S. W., enters the Ohio 
 river 6 miles above Cincinnati. 
 
 Little Mill Creek, a post-office of Dela- 
 ware CO., Ohio. 
 
LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 LiTTLK Mitts, a post-office of Richmond 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Little Missouri river, of Arkansas, rises 
 in Polk county in the W. part of the state, 
 and flowing south-eastward, empties itself 
 into Washita river, about 15 miles N. from 
 Camden. It is noted for turbid water and 
 rapid current, and hence its name. 
 
 Little Missouri river, of Missouri Ter- 
 ritory, rises in latitude about 45° N., and 
 flowing north-easterly, falls into the Mis- 
 souri river in about 47° 40' N. lat. Length 
 about 300 miles. 
 
 Little Mountain, Pennsylvania, situated 
 iu the S. E. part of Columbia county, S. of, 
 and parallel to Catawissa mountain. 
 
 Little Mountain, a post-office of New- 
 berry district, South Carolina. 
 
 Little Muddt, a small post-village of 
 Franklin county, Illinois. 
 
 Little Muncy Creek, of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, flows into Muncy creek a few 
 miles above Pennsborough. 
 
 Little JiIuskingum river, Ohio, rises in 
 Monroe county, and falls into the Ohio about 
 8 miles above Marietta. 
 
 Little Omon, a river in the S. W. part of 
 Kentucky, flows S. ^Y. through Hickman co., 
 and enters the Mississippi a few miles above 
 Mills Point. 
 
 Little Ocmulgee. See Ocmulgee. 
 
 Little Ogeechee. See Ogeechee. 
 
 Little Osage, a post-office of Bates co.,Mo. 
 
 Little Pigeon River, of East Tennessee, 
 is formed by two forks, the East and South, 
 which unite at Sevier Court House. After a 
 north-westerly course of about 8 or 10 miles, 
 it enters French Broad river. 
 
 Little Pine Creek, a post-office of Lyco- 
 ming county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Little PiNET,a post-office of Pulaski co.Mo. 
 
 Little Pinet Creek, of Pulaski county, 
 Mo., enters the Gasconade from the right. 
 
 Little Plymouth, a small post-village of 
 King and Queen county, Virginia, 57 miles 
 E. from Richmond. 
 
 Little Port, a post-office of Clayton co., lo. 
 
 Little Prairie, a post-office of Cass coun- 
 ty, Georgia. 
 
 Little Prairie, a post-office of Catahoula 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Little Prairie, a post-office of Crawford 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Little Prairie, a post-office of Walworth 
 county, Wisconsin. 
 
 Little Prairie Ronde, a post-office of 
 Cass count}'', Michigan. 
 
 Little Racoon Creek, Indiana, enters the 
 Big Racoon in Parke county. 
 
 Little Raisin River, a small stream of 
 Michigan, flows into the Piaisin river near 
 Dundee, in Monroe county. 
 
 Little Red River, of Arkansas, rises in 
 the N. AV. part of the state, and, flowing 
 south-easterl}^ enters the White river on the 
 E. border of White county. The length is 
 
 estimated at 150 miles. It is navigable bj 
 steamboats for a few miles. 
 
 Little Rest, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 Little River, in the N. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, is a small affluent of Goose creek, in 
 Loudon county. It has been rendered navi- 
 gable from its mouth to Aldie, by means of 
 dams, which produce valuable water-power. 
 
 Little River, of North Carolina, an afflu- 
 ent of Cape Fear river, flows through Cum- 
 berland county, from the W. Upper Little 
 river enters the Cape Fear, in the N. part of 
 the same county. 
 
 Little River, of North Carolina, an afflu- 
 ent of Yadkin river, i-ises in Randolph coun- 
 ty, and enters that river near the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Richmond county. 
 
 Little River, of North Carolina, a small 
 affluent of the Neuse, rises in Wake co., and, 
 flowing S. E., falls into the Neuse at Waynes- 
 borough. 
 
 Little Riyer, of Abbeville district, South 
 Carolina, flows southward, and enters the 
 Savannah at the S. extremity of the district. 
 
 Little River, of South Carolina, rises in 
 Chester district, and flows S. through Fair- 
 field district, into Broad river. 
 
 Little River, of South Carolina, rises in 
 Laurens district, and flows S. E. through 
 Newberry district into Saluda river. 
 
 Little River, of Georgia, an affluent of 
 the Oconee, rises in Morgan county, and, 
 flowing S. E., enters the latter river about 
 10 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Little River, of Georgia, rises in Ogle- 
 thorpe county, and enters the Savannah from 
 the S. W., on the line between Lincoln and 
 Columbia counties. 
 
 Little River, of Lowndes co., Georgia, 
 a small stream which flows into the Withla- 
 coochee at Troupville. 
 
 Little River, of Ala., flows into Alabama 
 river at the S. W. extremity of Monroe county. 
 
 Little River, of Louisiana, commences at 
 the confluence of the Dugdemona and Castor, 
 at the N. extremity of Rapides parish, and 
 flows S. E. to Catahoula lake. After passing 
 through the lake it pui'sues a north-eastward 
 course, and unites with the Washita at the 
 mouth of Tensas river. It is navigable by 
 small steamboats 150 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Little River, of Texas, commences at the 
 confluence of Leon ancl Lampasas rivers, in 
 Bell county, and flows south-eastward into 
 Brazos river, near Nashville. 
 
 Little River, of East Tennessee, rises at 
 the base of the Smoky mountain, in Blount 
 county, and flowing through that county in 
 a W. N. W. direction, enters the Holston 
 river about 12 miles S. W. from Knoxville. 
 It is said the stream furnishes great motive- 
 power. 
 
 Little River, in the S. W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, rises near the W. border of Todd 
 county, and flowing S. W. and then W., enters 
 
 611 
 
LIT 
 
 LIT 
 
 tlie Cumberland riyer in Trigg county, about 
 8 miles W. from Cadiz. 
 
 Little Rivek, of Indiana, rises in Allen 
 county, near Fort Wayne, and enters the 
 Wabash 2 miles below Huntington. 
 
 Little River, a post-office of Floyd co., Va. 
 
 LiTLLE River, a post-office of Caldwell co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Little River, a post-village of Columbia 
 county, Florida. 
 
 Little River, a post-office of Blount co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Little River, a post-office of Horry dis.S.C. 
 
 Little Piiver Harbor, Maine, E. from 
 Machias Bay. On the N. side is a fixed light 
 23 J feet high. Lat. 44° 33' N., Ion. 67° 6' W. 
 
 Little Rivek Village, a post-office of 
 Lincoln county, Maine. 
 
 Little Rock, a post-office of Rockingham 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Little Rock, capital of Arkansas, and 
 seat of justice of Pulaski county, on the right 
 or southern bank of Arkansas river, about 
 800 miles from its mouth, 155 miles W. by S. 
 from Memphis, and 1065 miles W. by S. from 
 Washington. Lat. 34° 40' N., Ion. 83° 10' W. 
 It is situated on a rocky promontory, or bluff, 
 about 50 feet high, the first that occurs in 
 ascending the river, commanding a delightful 
 and extensive view of the surrounding coun- 
 try. The state house is a fine brick edifice, 
 rough cast. The town contains a United 
 States arsenal, the state penitentiary, which 
 has been once or twice burned down by the 
 convicts, and 6 churches, all handsomely 
 built of brick, namely, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopalian, 1 Methodist, 1 Christian, and 
 2 Roman Catholic. There are 2 news- 
 papers published here. It has also a Ma- 
 sonic hall, an Odd-fellows' hall, and several 
 seminaries. The United States court for the 
 eastex'n district is held here. Many of the 
 residents are planters who own estates in this 
 part of the state. Little Rock communicates 
 regularly by steamboats with different points 
 on the Arkansas and Mississippi rivers. 
 Good clay for brick is found in the vicinity ; 
 also quarries of fine slate, and granite very 
 like the Quincy granite, but not so hard. A 
 company has been formed by a number of 
 gentlemen from Cincinnati to work the slate 
 quarry, which is in the immediate vicinity. 
 The origin of the name Little Rock is ex- 
 plained as follows : — In ascending the river 
 there appears on the south bank, rising out 
 of the water, a bald, igneous slate rock, 
 which at low water is about 25 feet above 
 the surface, but at high water is almost hid- 
 den from view. This gives name to the city, 
 and is called by the townspeople "the Point 
 of Rocks." Two miles above this, on the N. 
 bank, is another rocky bluff, about 200 feet 
 high, which is called the "Big Rock." Popu- 
 lation in 1850, 2167; in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Little Rock, a post-township in Kendall 
 county Illinois. Population, 906. 
 612 
 
 Little Rock, a neat post-village of Ken- 
 dall county, Illinois, 57 miles W. by S. from 
 Chicago, contains 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 Little Rockfish, a post-office of Cum- 
 berland county. North Carolina. 
 
 Little St. Joseph's River, of Michigan, 
 rises in Hillsdale county, Michigan, and, 
 passing into Ohio, enters the St. Joseph's river 
 of the Maumee. 
 
 Little Salt Creek, of Indiana, enters 
 Salt creek in the S. E. part of Monroe co. 
 
 Little Sandusky, a post-village of Wyan- 
 dot CO., Ohio, on the Sandusky river, 54 miles 
 N. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Little Sandy, a post-office of Morgan co. Ky. 
 
 Little Sandy Creek, a small stream of 
 Oswego CO., New York, falls into the E. end 
 of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Little Schuylkill river of Pennsylvania, 
 enters the Schuylkill at Port Clinton. 
 
 Little Scioto river of Ohio, rises in the S. 
 part of the state, and flows into the Ohio 
 river, 8 miles above Portsmouth. 
 
 Little Sioux river, Iowa. See Inyan 
 Yankey. 
 
 Little Skin Creek, a post-office of Lewis 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Little Sodus, a village of Cayuga co.. 
 New York, on a bay of the same name, about 
 30 miles N. of Auburn. 
 
 Littlestown, a post-village of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, 42 miles S. S. W. from Harris- 
 burg, and 10 miles S. E. from Gettysburg. 
 Population, 894. 
 
 Little Tallapoosa river of Georgia and 
 Alabama, rises in Carroll county, and flowing 
 S. W. into Alabama, enters the Tallapoosa 
 in Randolph county. 
 
 Little Toby's creek, of Elk co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, is an affluent of Clarion river. 
 
 Littleton, a post-township of Grafton 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Connecticut and 
 Amonoosuck rivers, about 90 miles N. by W. 
 from Concord. Population, 2008. 
 
 Littleton, a post-township of Middlesex 
 CO., Mass., on the Fitchburg railroad, 31 miles 
 W. N. AV. from Boston. Population, 987. 
 
 Littleton, a post-office of Sussex co., Va. 
 
 Littleton, a post-village of Halifax co.. 
 North Carolina, 78 miles N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Littleton, a post-office of Richland dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Littleton, a small post-village of Schuyler 
 CO., Illinois, 66 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Littleton Depot, a small village of Warren 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 LiTTLETOWN, a village of Morris co.. New 
 Jersey, 5 miles N. from Morristown. 
 
 Little Traverse bay, of Lake Michigan, 
 extends into Kishkawkee co., near the N. 
 end of the lake. 
 
 Little Utica, a post-office of Onondaga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Little Valley, a post-township of Catta- 
 raugus CO., New York. Population, 1383. 
 
 Little Valley, a post-village in the above 
 
LIT 
 
 LIV 
 
 township, near the junction of a creek of its 
 own ilanie with the Alleghany river, and on 
 the New York and Erie railroad, 431 miles 
 from New York city. 
 
 Little Valley, a village in Jo Daviess cc, 
 Illinois, 160 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 LiTTLEViLLE, a village in the N. part of 
 Livingston co.. New York. 
 
 Little Wabash, a river in the S. E. part 
 of Illinois, rises near Paradise, in Coles 
 county, and flowing southerly, falls into the 
 Wabash river, about 10 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Little Walnut Ceeek, of Ohio, enters the 
 Scioto river, in Pickaway co. 
 
 Little Waraju river, of Minnesota Ter- 
 ritory, falls into the St. Peter's river S. of 
 Marrah Tankah lake, length about 70 miles. 
 
 Little Wareioe, a post-office of Blount 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Little Watts Island, Chesapeake bay, E. 
 side, forming the western point of Pocomoke 
 bay. On it is a fixed light 40 feet high. 
 
 Little Woods, a post-office of Kane co., 111. 
 
 Little Yadkin. See Yadkin River. 
 
 Little York, a post-office of Cortland co., 
 New York. 
 
 Little York, a post-office of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Little York, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Little York, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Little York, a post-village of Warren co., 
 111., 110 miles N. W. by N. from Springfield. 
 
 LiTWALT0N,a post-oflice of Lancaster co. Va. 
 
 Lively, a post-office of St. Clair co., 111. 
 
 Lively OAK,a post-office of Lancaster co. Va. 
 
 Live Oak, apost-office of Ascension par., La. 
 
 Live Oak, a post-office of De Witt co., Tex. 
 
 LivERMORE, a post-township of Oxford co., 
 Maine, on the Androscoggin, about 22 miles 
 W. by N. from Augusta. Population, 1764. 
 
 LivERMORE, a post-village of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pa., on the Conemaugh creek and Penn- 
 sylvania canal, 18 miles N.E. from Greensburg. 
 
 LivERMORE, a post-office of Ohio co., Ken- 
 tucky, 169 miles from Frankfort. 
 
 LivERMORE Centre, a post-village of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 LivERMORE Falls, a post- village of Kenne- 
 bec CO., Maine, on the Androscoggin river and 
 railroad, 22 miles W. by N. from Augusta. 
 
 Liverpool, a post-village of Salina town- 
 ship, Onondaga co., New York, on the E. shore 
 of Onondaga lake, and on the Oswego canal, 
 5 miles N. N. W. from Syracuse. It has nu- 
 merous saline springs. 
 
 Liverpool, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Perry co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna river. Population, 956. 
 
 Liverpool, a thriving post-borough in the 
 above township, on the W. bank of the Sus- 
 quehanna river and canal, 29 miles above Har- 
 risburg. It has an active business in lumber 
 and other articles. Population in 1850, 606; 
 in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Liverpool, a village of York co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the turnpike from York to Harris- 
 burg, 6 miles N. from the former. 
 
 Liverpool, a post-office of Brazoria co., 
 Texas, 36 miles W. from Galveston. 
 
 Liverpool, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Columbiana co., Ohio, on the N. 
 side of Ohio river, and intersected by the 
 Beaver canal. Population, 1581. 
 
 Liverpool, formerly Rosedale, a post- 
 village of Madison co., Ohio, about 25 miles 
 N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Liverpool, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Medina CO., Ohio. Population, 2203. 
 
 Liverpool, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on Rocky river, about 122 
 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. It has 1 iron 
 foundry and several flouring mills. 
 
 LivEBPOOL, a village in Lake co., Indiana, 
 155 miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Liverpool, a post-townshic in Fulton co., 
 Illinois. Population, 674. 
 
 Liverpool, a post-village of Fulton county, 
 Illinois, on the Illinois river, 38 miles below 
 Peoria. It has a good landing for steam- 
 boats, and a plank-road leading to Canton. 
 The land of the vicinity is highly productive, 
 and contains stone coal. In 1852 about 
 $175,000 worth of produce was shipped here. 
 
 Livingston, a county in the western part 
 of New York, has an area of about 540 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Gene- 
 see river, by which and its tributaries it is 
 chiefly drained. These streams afford valua- 
 ble water-power. It contains Conesus lake, 
 and Hemlock lake. The surface is diversified, 
 in some parts rather hilly, and in others 
 almost level. The soil along the streams is 
 very fertile, and in other parts generally of 
 a good quality. Wheat, Indian corn, wool, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 1,111,986 bushels of wheat, 
 (the greatest quantity produced by any county 
 in the state except Oneida;) 366,557 of 
 corn; 44,274 tons of hay; 834,138 pounds 
 of butter, and 410,447 of wool. There were 
 28 flour and grist, and 66 saw mills, 16 iron 
 foundries, 12 tanneries, 2 steam engine 
 manufactories, and 5 carding and fulling 
 mills. It contained 79 churches, 7 news- 
 paper offices, 11,841 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 565 attending academies or 
 other schools. Iron ore and limestone are 
 found in this county in abundance, and the 
 celebrated sulphur springs of Avon are 
 situated in the N. part. This county is 
 traversed by the Genesee Valley canal, and 
 by the Bufi'alo, Corning, and New York rail- 
 road. Organized in 1821. Capital, Geneseo. 
 Population, 40,875. 
 
 Livingston parish, in the S. E. part of 
 Louisiana, contains about 900 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Tickfah river, and 
 bounded on the S. and W. by Amite river. 
 Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain wash its 
 S. E. border. The surface is neariy leveL 
 
 613 
 
LIV 
 
 LIY 
 
 The soil iu some parts is fertile. Cotton, maize, 
 and sugar are cultivated. Lumber is largely 
 exported. In 1850 this parish produced 265 
 bales of cotton; 120 hogsheads of sugar; 
 10,800 gallons of molasses ; 47,506 bushels 
 of Indian corn, and 25,801 of sweet potatoes, 
 it contained 14 churches, 400 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 46 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Small steamboats 
 navigate the Amite river, on the border of 
 the parish. Capital, Springfield. Popula- 
 tion, 3385 ; of whom 2543 were free, and 842, 
 slaves. 
 
 Livingston, a county near the W. extre- 
 mity of Kentucky, bordering on the Oliio 
 river, which separates it from Illinois, has 
 an area estimated at 280 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the W. by the Ohio, on the S. 
 by the Tennessee, and intersected by the 
 Cumberland river. The surface is undulat- 
 ing and hilly. The soil is fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, tobacco, potatoes, cattle, horses, 
 and swine are staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 331,436 bushels of corn ; 25,718 of 
 oats, and 41,200 pounds of tobacco. It con- 
 tained 14 churches, 447 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending an academy. 
 Limestone and sandstone underlie the sur- 
 face. Timber is abundant. The county con- 
 tains large deposits of stone coal and iron 
 ore. Organized in 1798, and named in lienor 
 of Robert Pv. Livingston, of New York. Ca- 
 pital, Smithland. Population, 6578; of 
 whom 5460 were free, and 1118, slaves. 
 
 Livingston, a county of Michigan, situated 
 in the S. E. central part of the state ; con- 
 tains 576 square miles. It is drained by the 
 head streams of the Shiawassee and Red 
 Cedar rivers, and intersected by Huron river. 
 The surface is undulating. The soil is a 
 rich, black, sandy loam. Dense forests of 
 hard timber overspread the north part of the 
 county, and the remainder is occupied by 
 oak openings, or plains which produce a 
 sparse growth of oaks. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, potatoes, hay, wool, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 304,588 bushels of wheat; 174,022 of corn; 
 87,609 of oats; 101,292 of potatoes, and 
 22,183 tons of hay. It contained 8 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, and 4465 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. The streams furnish ex- 
 tensive water-power. Iron ore and Saline 
 springs are found in the county. Organized 
 in 1836. Capital, Howell. Pop., 13,485. 
 
 Livingston, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Illinois, has an area of 1000 square 
 miles. It is drained by the sources of the 
 Vermilion and Mason rivers, affluents of the 
 Illinois. The surface is level. The soil is 
 fertile, adapted to Indian corn and grass. 
 The county contains extensive prairies and 
 small tracts of good timber. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 129,785 bushels of Indian corn, 15,517 
 of wheat, and 25,409 of oats. It contained 
 1 church, and 200 pupils attending public 
 614 
 
 schools. Stone coal abounds along the Ver- 
 milion river. Sandstone and limestone are 
 the principal rocks. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Chicago and Mississippi rail- 
 road. Capital, Pontiac. Population, 1552. 
 
 Livingston, a county in the N. N. W. part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 530 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Grand river, (of the Mis- 
 souri,) which, in passing through it, receives 
 the Crooked fork and Medicine creek from 
 the left, and a large stream called Shoal 
 creek from the right. The surface is gene- 
 rallj' level, and a large proportion of it is 
 prairie. The soil is said to be good. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 270,270 bushels of corn; 32,233 of wheat; 
 39,881 of oats ; 972 tons of hay, and 42,665 
 pounds of butter. It contained 3 churches, 
 1 newspaper ofBce, 205 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 30 attending academies or 
 other schools. The streams of the county 
 furnish water-power. Named in honor of 
 Edward Livingston, secretai-y of state under 
 President Jackson. Capital, Chilicothe. Po- 
 pulation, 4247 ; of whom 3939 were free, and 
 308, slaves. 
 
 Livingston, a post-township of Columbia 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson river, 6 miles 
 S. from Hudson. Population, 2020. 
 
 Livingston, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Essex co.. New Jersey, on the Passaic 
 river. Population, 1151. 
 
 Livngston, a small post-village of the above 
 township, 10 miles W. by N. from Newark. 
 
 Livingston, a post-village, capital of Sum- 
 ter county, Alabama, on the Tugaloo or 
 Suckernochee creek, 68 miles S. W. from 
 Tuscaloosa. It contains a newspaper office. 
 
 Livingston, a post-village in Madison co., 
 Mississippi, 20 miles N. by W. from Jackson. 
 
 Livingston, a post-village, capital of Polk 
 county, Texas, 250 miles E. by N. from Aus- 
 tin City. Business is said to be brisk at this 
 place. 
 
 Livingston, a small post-village, capital 
 of Overton county, Tennessee, 100 miles E. 
 by N. from Nashville. It is situated in a 
 hilly region, which contains extensive beds 
 of stone coal and iron ore. 
 
 Livingston, a post-office of Crawford co., 0. 
 
 Livingston, a post-village in Livingston 
 CO., Mich., 40 miles W. N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Livingston, a post-township in Clarke co., 
 Illinois. Population, 378. 
 
 Livingston, a small post-village of Clarke 
 CO., Illinois, on the National road, about 14 
 miles W. from Terre Haute, Indiana. 
 
 LiviNGSTONViLLE, a post-village of Scho- 
 harie CO., New York, 30 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. It has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Livonia, a post-township of Livingston co.. 
 New York, on the ButFalo and Coi-uing rail- 
 road. Pojiulation, 2627. 
 
 Livonia, a post-office of Point Coupee pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
LIV 
 
 LOG 
 
 LiroNiA, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Wayne co., Michigan. Population, 1375. 
 
 Livonia, a small post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., Indiana, about 100 miles S. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Livonia Centre, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Lizard River, a small stream of Iowa, 
 enters the Des Moines from the W. near Fort 
 Clark. 
 
 Llewellyn, a post-village of Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, 5 miles S. W. from 
 Pottsville. Its prosperity is derived from 
 the coal mines in the vicinity. A branch 
 railroad connects it with the Reading rail- 
 road at Schuylkill Haven. Population, 476. 
 
 Lloyd's, a post-office of Essex co., Virginia, 
 62 miles N. E. from Pdchmond. 
 
 LLOYD.syiLLE, a small post-village of Bel- 
 mont CO., Ohio. 
 
 Loag, a post-office of Chester co., Pa. 
 
 LoBAcnsviLLE, a post-office of Berks co,. Pa. 
 
 Lobdell's Store, a post-office of West 
 Baton Rouge parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Location, a post-office of Coweta co., 
 Ga., about 90 miles W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Lochapoka, a post-village of Macon co., 
 Alabama, on the railroad between Montgo- 
 mery and West Point, 53 miles N. E. from 
 the former. 
 
 Loch Leven, a post-office of Lunenburg 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Loch Lomond, a post-office of Goochland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Lock, a post-office of Rnox co., Ohio. 
 
 Lock, a township forming the N. E. extre- 
 mity of Ingham co., Michigan. Pop., 321. 
 
 Lock,- a township in Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 Population, 171. 
 
 Lock Berlin, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 N. Y., on the Erie canal, 4 miles E. of Lyons. 
 
 Lockbourne, a post-village of Franklin 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio canal, 11 miles S. by 
 E. from Columbus. 
 
 Locke, a post-township on the S. border 
 of Cayuga co.. New York. Population, 1478. 
 
 Locke, a post-village of Elkhart co., Ind. 
 
 Locke's Mills, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Locke's Mills, a post-office of Mifflin co.Pa. 
 
 LocKHART, a small post-village, capital of 
 Caldwell co., Texas, about 25 miles S. by E. 
 from Austin. 
 
 Lockhart's Store, a post-office of Holmes 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Lock Haven, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Clinton county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 right bank of the W. branch of the Susque- 
 hanna river, at the mouth of the Bald Eagle 
 creek, and on the route of the Sunbury and 
 Erie railroad, 107 miles N. N. W. from Har- 
 risburg. It is near the head of navigation 
 on the West Branch canal. It is a place of 
 active business, and a depot for pine lumber, 
 of which large quantities are sawn in the 
 county. It contains several churches, 2 
 
 newspaper offices, and 2 steam saw mills. 
 Extensive beds of bituminous coal have been 
 opened about 4 miles from the village. A 
 bridge across the river connects Lock Haven 
 with Dunnstown. Population, 830. 
 
 Lockington, a thriving post-village of 
 Shelby co., Ohio, on the Miami and Erie 
 canal. Population, 300. 
 
 LocKLAND, a post-office of Macon co., Ala. 
 
 Lockland, a thriving post-village of Ha- 
 milton county, Ohio, on the Miami canal, 11 
 miles N. N. E. from Cincinnati. It has a valu- 
 able water-power, is a place of active busi- 
 ness, and a station on the Cincinnati and 
 Dayton railroad. 
 
 Lockport, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Niagara county. New York, on the Erie 
 canal, and on the Rochester, Lockport, and 
 Niagara Falls railroad, 31 miles N. N. E. 
 from Bufialo, and 260 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. Lat. 43° 11' N., Ion. 78° 46' W. It 
 is situated at the point on the canal where 
 the water descends from the level of Lake 
 Erie to the Genesee level, by ten double com- 
 bined locks of massive masonry, in the best 
 style of workmanship. The abundant hy- 
 draulic power obtained by this means con- 
 stitutes one of the chief sources of the 
 prosperity of Lockport. This power w'ill 
 be greatly augmented by the completion of the 
 Erie canal enlargement to Buffalo, which is 
 now far advanced. In the construction of 
 this great work, a barrier of solid limestone 
 has been excavated from the head of the 
 locks, about 3 miles southward, from 25 to 
 40 feet in depth, and 62 feet in width, with 
 an additional space of 15 feet for a towpath. 
 Water, in any desirable quantity, may be 
 drawn from the Erie level, and returned to 
 the canal, 60 feet below, without detriment 
 to the navigation. Large quarries of the 
 finest limestone and of sandstone flagging are 
 worked at this place, furnishing constant em- 
 ployment to several hundred men. Lockport 
 has 6 flouring mills, 3 of whcli are of the first 
 class, 11 saw mills, 5 iron foundries, 1 cotton 
 factory, 1 woollen factory, 4 banks, and seve- 
 ral printing offices which issue newspapers. 
 It has 6 primary public schools and 1 Union 
 school : the latter is a large and substantial 
 stone building, in which from four to six hun- 
 dred children, after leaving the primary 
 schools, are instructed in all the branches of 
 a liberal education. There are 13 churches 
 in Lockport, viz. 2 Episcopal, 2 Presbyte- 
 rian, 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Lutheran, 1 
 Universalist, 1 Catholic, and several others. 
 A direct railroad, 22 miles long, has been 
 opened from this place to Buffalo. The- 
 Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara railroad, 
 crosses the canal by a viaduct 500 feet in 
 length, and 60 feet above the water. This 
 road was completed in June, 1852, and is 
 designed to connect with the Great West- 
 ern railway through Canada West to Detroit,. 
 by a suspension bridge ever the Niagara river^ 
 
 615 
 
LOG 
 
 LOG 
 
 IJ miles below the falls. Lockport is the 
 largest unincorporated town in the state. 
 Population in 1852, from 12,000 to 14,000. 
 
 LocicPOKT, a village iu Clinton county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, op- 
 posite Lock Haven, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Lockport, or Platea, a post-village of Erie 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Beaver and Erie 
 canal, 21 miles S. W. from Erie. 
 
 Lockport, a village of Lehigh co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Lehigh river, contains about 
 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Lockport, a small village of Mifflin county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lockport, or Lockport Station, a small 
 post-village of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Conemaugh creek, Pennsylva- 
 nia canal, and Central railroad, 25 miles E. 
 1^. E. from Greensburg. 
 
 Lockport, a village of La Pourche Interior 
 parish, Louisiana, on Bayou La Fourche. 
 The produce of the vicinity is shipped at this 
 village by steamboats. It has about 100 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Lockport, a village of Butler co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Green river, at Lock and Dam No. 4. 
 
 Lockport, a post-village of Heni-y co., 
 Kentucky, on the Kentucky river. It is the 
 principal landing place in the county, and 
 has 2 stores and 3 warehouses. 
 
 Lockport, a village of Tuscarawas co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio canal, 100 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. Population, about 200. 
 
 Lockport, a post- village of Williams co., 
 Ohio, on Tiffin's river, about 143 miles N. W. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Lockport, a township in the central part 
 of St. Joseph's CO., Michigan, intersected by 
 the St. Joseph river. Population, 1142. 
 
 Lockport, a post-township in Cai-roU co., 
 Indiana. Population, 126. 
 
 Lockport, a post-village of Carroll co., In- 
 diana, on the Wabash and Erie canal, 75 
 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Lockport, a thriving post-village of Fa- 
 yette CO., Indiana, on the Whitewater river 
 and canal, about 60 miles E. from Indiana- 
 polis. 
 
 Lockport, a village of Vigo co., Indiana, 
 on the Wabash and Erie canal, 9 miles S. E. 
 from Terre Haute. 
 
 Lockport, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Will co., Illinois, intersected by Des 
 Plaines river and the Illinois and Michigan 
 canal. Population, 1657. 
 
 Lockport, a handsome post- village of Lock- 
 port township. Will co., Illinois, on the Des 
 Plaines river, and on the Illinois and Michi- 
 gan canal, 32 miles S. W. from Chicago. It 
 ie a place of active business, possessing ex- 
 tensive water-power, and quarries of good 
 building stone. The general office of the 
 canal company is located here. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 2000. A newspaper is 
 published here weekly. 
 
 Lockport Station, Pa. See Lockport. 
 616 
 
 LocKRiDGE, a post-office of Jefferson co. ,Io. 
 
 Lock Station, a post-office of St. Joseph 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Lock's Village, a post-village in Frank- 
 lin CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Lockville, a small village of Chatham co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Lockville, a post-village of Fairfield co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie canal, 20 miles 
 S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Lockwood, a post-village of Susses co.,N. J. 
 
 Locust, a post-office of Jackson co.. Ark. 
 
 Locust Corner, a post-office of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Locust Creek, of Missouri, rises near the 
 N. boundary of the state, and flowing south- 
 ward through Dodge, Sullivan, and Linn 
 counties, it enters Grand river from the left, 
 in the N. W. part of Chariton county. 
 Branches. — ^The W. fork flows southward 
 through Sullivan county, and enters Locust 
 creek from the right in Linn county. The E. 
 fork falls into the main stream from the left 
 in the S. part of Sullivan county. 
 
 Locust Creek, a post-ofiice of Louisa co., 
 Virginia, 33 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Locust Dale, a post-office of Madison oo. Va. 
 
 Locust Forest, a small village of Butler 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Locust Fork of Black Warrior river, Ala- 
 bama. See Black Warrior. 
 
 Locust Grove, a post-ofiice of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Maryland. 
 
 Locust Grove, a post-office of Orange co., 
 Virginia, 86 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Locust Grove, a post- village of Henry co., 
 Ga., about 9 miles S. S. E. from McDonough. 
 
 Locust Grove, a post-office of Searcy co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Locust Grove, a small village of Scott co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Locust Grove, a post-office of Weakly co., 
 Tennessee, 132 miles W. from Nashville. 
 
 Locust Grove, a post-village of Callaway 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Locust Grove, a post-village of Adams co., 
 Ohio, 90 miles S. S. W. from Columbus. A 
 plank-road connects it with Ripley on the Ohio. 
 
 Locust Grove, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Locust Gkove, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Locust Hill, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Locust Hill, a post-office of Middlesex 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Locust HiLL,apost-office of Caswell co.N.C. 
 
 Locust Hill, a post-village of Anderson 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 LocustLane, a post-office of Fayette co.,Va. 
 
 Locust Mills, a post-office of Bracken co., 
 Keatuck}'. 
 
 Locust Mount, a post-office of Accomack 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Locust Mount, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
LOG 
 
 LOG 
 
 Locust Mountain, Pennsylvania, in the N. 
 E. part of Schuylkill county, may be regarded 
 as a portion of Broad mountain. 
 
 Locust Shade, a post-office of Overton co., 
 Tennessee, 100 miles E. by N. from Nashville. 
 
 Locust Spring, a post-village of Macoupin 
 CO., Illinois, 30 miles S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Log ustTeee, a post-office of Niagara CO. N.Y. 
 
 LocusTViLLE, a post-office of Accomack co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 LoDDY, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tenn. 
 
 LoDEESviLLE, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 LoDi, a village of Cattaraugus co., New 
 York, about 20 miles E. from Dunkirk. 
 
 LoDi, a post-township of Seneca co., N. Y., 
 on the E. side of Seneca lake. Pop., 2269. 
 
 LoDi, or LoDi Village, a post-village in 
 the above township, 3 or 4 miles S. from 
 Ovid. It contains 2 churches, 4 stores, and 
 about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Lqdi, a post-township of Bergen co., New 
 Jersey, 5 miles N. W. from Hackensack. Po- 
 pulation, 1113. 
 
 LoDi, a post-village of Abbeville dis., S. C. 
 
 LoDi, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia, 
 130 miles W. by N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 LoDi, a post-office of Choctaw co.. Miss. 
 
 LoDi, a post-village of Jackson co., Tenn. 
 
 LoDi, a township in the S. part of Athens 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1836. 
 
 LoDi, a post- village of Medina co., Ohio, 
 about 100 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 LoDi, a post-township in the central part 
 of Washtenaw co., Michigan. Pop., 1234. 
 
 LoDi, a post-office of Wabash co., Ind. 
 
 LoDi, a small post- village of Clark co.. 111. 
 
 LoDi, a post-township in the S. W. part of 
 Columbia co., Wisconsin. Population, 252. 
 
 LoDi, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 20 miles N. by W. from Madison. It 
 has 2 flouring mills, 4 stores, and about 150 
 inhabitants. 
 
 LoDi Bar, a small village of Sumter dis. , S. C. 
 
 LoDi Centre, a post-office of Seneca co.,N. Y. 
 
 Lodiville, a small post-village of Parke 
 CO., Indiana, on the Wabash canal, about 16 
 miles N. W. from Rockville. 
 
 LoDOMiLLO, a post-office of Clayton co., To. 
 
 Lodore, a post-office of Amelia co., Va. 
 
 Lofton's Store, a small village of Butts 
 CO., Ga., 62 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Logan, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on Kentucky, has an 
 area of 825 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Guyandotte river, and bounded on the 
 S. W. by the Tug fork of Sandy river. The 
 county slopes towards the N. W. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, and overspread with ex- 
 tensive forests ; the soil is generally good. 
 Indian corn, oats, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 it produced 154,943 bushels of corn ; 
 20,014 of oats, and 31,374 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 6 churches, and 175 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The highlands of 
 this county abound in stone coal and iron, 
 
 which are not much used at present. Formed 
 in 1824, and named in honor of a distinguished 
 chief of the Mingo tribe. Capital, LaAvns- 
 ville, or Logan Court House. Population, 
 3620 ; of whom 3533 were free, and 87, slaves. 
 
 Logan, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, has an 
 area estimated at 600 square miles. It is 
 traversed by Red river, an affluent of Cumber- 
 land river, and also drained by Muddy and 
 Whippoorwill creeks. The surface is beau- 
 tifully diversified by ranges of hills, covered 
 with timber. The soil is fertile, and well 
 watered. Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, 
 and live stock are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 1,103,186 bushels of corn; 
 50,316 of wheat; 242,340 of oats, and 
 2,684,767 pounds of tobacco. It contained 
 39 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 746 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 99 attending 
 academies or other schools. The surface 
 rock is the cavernous limestone. The creeks 
 furnish motive-power for mills. The county 
 contains a number of artificial mounds, which 
 recall the memory of former ages. Formed 
 in 1792, and named in honor of General Ben- 
 jamin Logan, one of the pioneers of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Russellville. Population, 16,581, 
 of whom 11,114 were free, and 5467, slaves. 
 
 Logan, a county in the W. central part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 457 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Miami river, and also 
 drained by the sources of Mad river, and of 
 Rush, Darby, and Mill creeks. The surface 
 is generally rolling or level, and the soil 
 productive and well timbered. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, butter, and live stock are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 665,605 bushels of corn; 166,811 of wheat; 
 97,562 of oats; 14,555 tons of hay, and 
 359,332 pounds of butter. It contained 27 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 7965 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 35 attending 
 an academy. It is intersected by the Mad 
 River and Lake Erie railroad, and by the 
 Bellefontaine and Indiana railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1817. Capital, Bellefontaine. Po- 
 pulation, 19,162. 
 
 Logan, a county near the centre of Il- 
 linois, has an area of 625 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Salt creek, an affluent of 
 Sangamon river, and also drained by Kicka- 
 poo and Sugar creeks. The surface is level, 
 and is mostlj'' destitute of forests ; the soil is 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 839,638 bushels of corn ; 26,598 
 of wheat; 35,728 of oats, and 23,527 pounds 
 of wool. Several creeks in the county are 
 bordered with narrow strips of timber, and 
 the deficiency of wood in other parts is com- 
 pensated by an abundance of stone coal. 
 The county is intersected by the Chicago and 
 Mississippi railroad. Capital, Mount Pu 
 laski. Population, 5128. 
 
 Logan, a post-village of Tompkins county, 
 617 
 
LOG 
 
 LON 
 
 New York, near Seneca lake, about 24 miles 
 W. by N. from Ithaca. 
 
 Logan, a township forming the S. extre- 
 mity of Clinton CO., Pennsylvania, 10 miles 
 S. from Lockhaven. Population, 712. 
 
 Logan, a township of Auglaize co., Ohio. 
 Population, 335. 
 
 Logan, a thriving post-village of Falls 
 township, and capital of Hocking county, 
 Ohio, on the Hocking river and canal, 49 miles 
 S. E. from Columbus, and 1 mile below the falls 
 of the river. It has 1 bank. Two newspapers 
 are published here. Extensive beds of iron 
 ore are found in the vicinitj^ Laid out about 
 the year 1816. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Logan, a township in Dearborn co., In- 
 diana. Population, 753. 
 
 Logan, a township in Fountain co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1717. 
 
 Logan, a post-office of Edgar co., Illinois. 
 
 Logan Coubt House, or Lawnsyille, a 
 small post-village, capital of Logan co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Guyandotte river, 350 miles W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Logan Mills, a post-office of Clinton co. , Pa. 
 
 Logan Mills, a post-office of Logan co., Ky. 
 
 Logan's Ckeek, a post-village of Reynolds 
 CO., Mo., 125 miles S. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Logan's Fere,y, a post-village of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 
 18 miles above Pittsburg, has about 100 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Logansport, a post-office of De Soto pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Loganspoet, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Cass county, Indiana, is situated 
 on the Wabash river and canal, at the mouth 
 of Eel river, and at the crossing of the Michi- 
 gan road, 70 miles N. by W. from Indiana- 
 polis, and 42 miles N. E. from Lafayette. It 
 is the centre of trade for a fertile agricul- 
 tural region, from which grain, pork, and 
 lumber are exported. The county of Cass 
 included part of the Miami Reserve, whicli 
 was relinquished by the Indians a few years 
 ago ; since which event the settlement of the 
 county has progressed rapidly. A plank- 
 road is now in progress, which, when finished, 
 will connect Logansport with Indianapolis. 
 The canal and rivers furnish abundant wa- 
 ter-power at this place, which is employed 
 in mills of various kinds. A considerable 
 quantity of lumber (poplar and black walnut) 
 is procured in the vicinity, and exported to 
 the Eastern cities. Logansport has a city 
 charter, and contains 3 banks, 1 academy, 
 and 6 churches, 3 of which are stone build- 
 ings. The court house, which is one of the 
 finest in the state, is built of hewn stone. 
 Two newspapers are published here. West 
 Logansport is situated on the W. bank of 
 Eel river, and it is included in the corporate 
 limits. Laid out in 1829. Population in 
 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Logan's Store, a post-office of Ptutherford 
 C-. , North Carolina 
 618 
 
 Logansville, a village of Morris co., New 
 Jersey, 6 miles S. from Morristown. 
 
 Logansville, a post-village of Logan co. 
 Ohio, on the Miami river, 64 miles N. W 
 from Columbus, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 LoGANViLLE, a Small village of Clinton co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 100 miles N. by W^ from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 LoGANTiLLE, a post-village of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, 31 miles S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 LoGTOWN, a small village of Upson co., 
 Georgia, 9 miles S. E. from Thomaston. 
 
 LoGANViLLE, a post-officc of Walton co., Ga. 
 
 Log Cabin, a post-office of Morgan co., 0. 
 
 Log Lick, a post-office of Switzerland co.Ind. 
 
 Logtown, a post-office of Washita.par., La. 
 
 LoMBAEDViLLE, a post-officc of Cecil co., Md. 
 
 Lombard Y, a post-village of Columbia co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Lombaedt Grove, a post-village of Meck- 
 lenburg CO., Virginia. 
 
 LoMiRA, a post-office of Dodge co., Wis. 
 
 LoNACONiNG, a small post-village of Alle- 
 ghany CO., Maryland, about 16 miles W. by 
 S. from Cumberland. 
 
 London, a small post- village of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 London, a small post-village, capital of 
 Laurel co., Kentucky, 100 miles S. S. E. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 London, a post-village, capital of Madison 
 CO., Ohio, on the railroad connecting Columbus 
 with Xenia, 24 miles W. by S. from the former. 
 It contains 2 churches, 1 classical academy, 
 and 1 printing office. Pop., about 600. 
 
 London, a small village of Richland co., 0. 
 
 London, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Monroe co., Michigan. Population, 626. 
 
 London Bridge, a post-village in Princess 
 Anne co., Va., 100 miles S. E. from Richmond. 
 
 London Britain, a township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 35 miles W. S. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 680. 
 
 London City, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Illinois, 14 miles N. E. from Vandalia, has 
 about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Londonderry, a post-township of Rocking- 
 ham CO., New Hampshire, on the Manchester 
 and Lawrence railroad, 6 miles S. from Man- 
 chester. Population, 1731. 
 
 Londonderry, a post-village in the above 
 township, is the seat of Pinkerton academy. 
 
 Londonderry, a post-township of Wind- 
 ham CO., Vermont, on both sides of West 
 river, about 73 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1274. 
 
 Londonderry, a township forming the S. 
 W^ extremity of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 823. 
 
 Londonderry, a post-township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 35 miles W. S. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population. 643. 
 
 Londonderry, a township forming the S. 
 extremity of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Susquehanna river, 14 miles S. E. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 1587. 
 
LON 
 
 LON 
 
 Londonderry, a townsliip of Lebanon co., 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles S. W. from Lebanon. 
 Population, 1563. 
 
 Londonderry, a post-township forming 
 the N. E. extremity of Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1548. 
 
 Londonderry, a small post-village of 
 Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 
 Londonderry, a village of Ross co., Ohio, 
 has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 London Grove, a post-township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 31 miles W. S. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 1425. 
 
 Lone Jack, a small post-village of Jackson 
 CO., Missouri, about 29 miles S. E. from In- 
 dependence. 
 
 Lone Star, a post-office of Titus co., Tex. 
 
 Lone Tree, a post-village of Bureau co., 
 Illinois, 110 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 LoNG-A-coMiNG, a post-villagc of Camden 
 CO., New Jersey, 15 miles S. E. from Camden. 
 It has 1 church. 
 
 Long Bottom, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Long Bottom, a post-office of Meigs co., 0. 
 
 Long Branch, a post-village and watering 
 place of Monmouth county, New Jersey, on 
 the seacoast, about 33 miles S. from New 
 York. Here are several boarding houses and 
 good bathing grounds, which are much fre- 
 quented by the citizens of New York and 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Long Branch, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Long Branch, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Mo., 60 miles N. N. E. from Jeiferson City. 
 
 Long Cane, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Long Cane, a post-office of Troup co., Geor- 
 gia, 140 miles W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Long Cane creek, of South Carolina, enters 
 Little river, in the S. part of Abbeville district. 
 
 Long Cane creek, of Georgia, flows through 
 Troup county into the Chattahoochee river, a 
 few miles below West Point. 
 
 Long Creek, of Jlecklenburg co.. North 
 Carolina, flows into Catawaba river from 
 the N. E. 
 
 Long Creek, of Stanley co.. North Caro- 
 lina, flows southward into Rocky river. 
 
 Long Creek, a post-office of Louisa co., Va. 
 
 Long Creek, a post-office of New Hanover 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Long Creek, a small village of Attala co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Long Creek, a post-office of Panola co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Long Dick's Creek, of Iowa, flows into 
 Shikagua or Skunk river, in .Jasper county. 
 
 Long Falls Creek, a post-village of Daviess 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Long Glade, a post-office of Augusta co. Ga. 
 
 Long Green Academy, a post-office of 
 Baltimore co., Maryland. 
 
 Long Grove, a post-village in Lake co., 
 Illinois, 30 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Long Hill, a post-office of Morris co., N. J. 
 
 Long Island, forming part of the State of 
 New York, is situated on the E. coast of the 
 United States, between 40° 33' and 41° 6' N. 
 lat., and 72° and 74° 2' W. Ion. Length about 
 115 miles, greatest breadth about 20 miles. 
 It is separated from the continent by Long 
 Island sound, and by the East river, and is 
 indented by numerous bays and inlets. It 
 comprises the counties of King's, Queen's, 
 and Suffolk. 
 
 Long Island Light, on the N. E. point of 
 Long Island, in Boston harbor, Massachusetts, 
 4 1 miles W. by N. from Point Alderton. The 
 lantern, which is 7 feet high, is supported by s). 
 tower 20 feet in height. Lat. 42° 20' N. 
 Ion., 70° 58' 58" W. 
 
 Long Island Sound, separating Long Island 
 from New York and Connecticut. The length 
 is about 110 miles, the breadth varying from 
 2 to 20 miles. It communicates with New 
 York bay through a narrow channel called 
 the East river. 
 
 Long John, a post-village of Will co., Illi- 
 nois, 33 miles S. W. by W. from Chicago. 
 
 Long King Creek, of Polk co., Texas, flows 
 into Trinity river from the N. 
 
 Long Lake, a township in the N. part of 
 Hamilton co.. New York. Population, 111. 
 
 Long Lake, a post-office of Marquette co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Long Lane, a post-office of Dallas co.. Mo. 
 
 Long Marsh, a post-office of Queen Anne 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Long Meadow, a post-township of Hamp- 
 den CO., Massachusetts, on the left bank of 
 the Connecticut river, about 4 miles S. from 
 Springfield. It is intersected by the New 
 Haven, Hartford, and Springfield railroad. 
 Population, 1252. 
 
 Long Meadow, a post-office of Page co., Va. 
 
 Longmire, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Longmire's Store, a post-office of Edge- 
 field district. South Carolina. 
 
 LoNGMOss, a post-office of Randolph co., Ga. 
 
 Long Neck, a post-office of Richmond co., 
 New York. 
 
 Long Old Fields, a post-office of Prince 
 George co., Marj'land. 
 
 Long Pine, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. 
 
 Long Plain, a post-office of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Long Point, or Long Point Shoals, Mas- 
 sachusetts, within Cape Cod, near its ex- 
 tremity. On it, at the entrance of Province 
 Town harbor is a fixed light, 25 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 42° 2' 10" N., Ion. 70° 
 10' 35" W. 
 
 Long Point, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Long Point, a post-township in Cumber- 
 land CO., Illinois. Population, 512. 
 
 Long Point, a post-village of Livingston 
 CO., 111., 105 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Long Pond, a post-office of Caldwell co., Ky. 
 619 
 
LON 
 
 LOS 
 
 Long Praikie, a post-office of Wahnahta 
 CO., Minnesota Territory. 
 
 Long Ridge, a post-office of Fairfield cc, 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Long Run, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ky. 
 
 Long Savannah, a post-office of Hamilton 
 CO., Tenn., 139 miles S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Long's Bak, a mining settlement of Yuba 
 count}^ California, is situated on the Yuba 
 river, 17 miles above its junction with Feather 
 river, and about 110 miles N. N. E. of Benicia. 
 Miners wages, $5 a day. Population, 450. 
 
 Long's Bkidge, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Long's Mills, a post-office of Randolph co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Long's Peak, one of the summits of the 
 Rocky mountains, in lat. 40° 10' N., Ion. 106° 
 W. Height about 12,000 feet. 
 
 LoNGSTOWN, Pa. See New Berlin. 
 
 Long Street, a post-village of Moore co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Long Street, a post-village of Lancaster 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Long Street, a small post-village of Pu- 
 laski CO., Georgia, about 45 miles S. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Long Swamp, a post-township of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles E. N. E. from Reading. 
 Population, 1868. 
 
 Long Swamp, apost-office of Marion co., Fla. 
 
 Longtown, a post-office of Fairfield dis. , S. C. 
 
 LoNGTOWN, a post-office of Panola co.. Miss. 
 
 Long Valley, apost-office of Monroe co., Pa. 
 
 Long View, a post-office of Ashley co.. Ark. 
 
 Long View, a small village of Bradley co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Long View, a post-office of Morgan co. , Tenn. 
 
 Long View, apost-office of Christian co., Ky. 
 
 LoNGWOOD, a post- village of Union co., Ky. 
 
 LONGWOOD, a post-office of Fayette co., Ind. 
 
 Linsdale, a post-office of Providence co., 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Looking Glass, a post-village of Clinton 
 CO., niinois, 100 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Looking Glass river, of Michigan, rises in 
 Shiawassee county, and flowing westward 
 about 70 miles, enters Grand river, near 
 Portland, in Ionia county. It is a clear and 
 beautiful stream. 
 
 Lookout, a post-village of Cole co., Mis- 
 souri, on Moreau creek, 15 miles W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Loomisville, a post-office of Seneca co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Loomisville, a post-office of Kent CO. , Mich. 
 
 Looney's Creek, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Loosahatchee, a small river in the S. W. 
 part of Tennessee, rises near the E. border 
 of Fayette county, and flowing westward and 
 south-westward enters Wolf river, a little N. 
 from Memphis. 
 
 Loosahatchee, a post-office of Shelby co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Loosa.scoo'na, or Lususcoona, a small river 
 620 
 
 of Mississippi, rises in Pontotoc county, and 
 flowing S. W., unites with the Yallobusha 
 river in Yallobusha county. It is navigable 
 by keel-boats for a large part of its course. 
 
 Loose Greek, a post-village of Osage co., 
 Mo., 18 miles E. S. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Loosing Creek, of North Carolina, flows 
 through Hartford co., into the Chowan. 
 
 Lookout Creek, of Georgia and Tennessee, 
 flows north-eastward though Dade county, of 
 Georgia, and enters Tennessee river, a few 
 miles below Chattanooga. 
 
 Lookout Valley, a district in Walker co., 
 Georgia. Population, 1062. 
 
 LooxAHOMA,apost-officeofDe Soto CO., Miss. 
 
 Larado, a post- village of Green co.. Ark. 
 
 Lorain, a county in the N. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on Lake Erie, contains about 485 
 square miles. It is drained by Black river 
 and its branches, and by Rocky and Vermilion 
 rivers, which flow towards the N. The sur- 
 face is nearly level ; the soil is fertile and 
 generally clayey. Grass, Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, wool, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 885,837 bushels 
 of corn; 142,881 of wheat; 174,210 of oats; 
 262,500 pounds of wool, and 724,766 of but- 
 ter. It contained 47 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices ; 8027 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 163 attending academies or other schools. 
 Sandstone of fine quality underlies part of 
 the county, and is quarried at Elyria for 
 building materials. Lorain county is inter- 
 sected by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cin- 
 cinnati railroad, by the Cleveland and Toledo 
 railroad, and the Lake Shore railroad. Ca- 
 pital, Elyria. Population, 26,086. 
 
 Lorain, a township forming the S. AV. ex- 
 tremity of Shelby county, Ohio. Pop., 1049. 
 
 LoRAiNE, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Jefferson county, New York, on the Rome and 
 Watertown railroad. Population, 1511. 
 
 Loramie's, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 Loramie's Creek, of Ohio, rises in Shelby 
 county, and flows into the JMiami river, about 
 3 miles above Piqua. 
 
 LoRAN, a post-office of Whitley co., Ind. 
 
 LoRDSTOWN, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Trumbull county, Ohio. Population, 1329. 
 
 Lorentz's Store, a post-office of Lewis 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 LORENZOVILLE FOUNDRY, a pOSt-officC of 
 
 Shenandoah county, Virginia. 
 
 Loretto, a small post-village of Cambria 
 county, Pennsylvania, 5 or 6 miles E. N. E. 
 from Ebensburg, the county seat, has 1 Ca- 
 tholic chapel and 193 inhabitants. 
 
 Loretto, a small post-village of Essex co., 
 Virginia, 69 miles N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Loretto, a post-village of Marion co., Ky. 
 
 LoRiN, a small village of Stephenson co.. Ill 
 
 Los Angeles, a large county in the S. E. part 
 of California, has an area of above 4,800 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by 
 the Pacific, and on the E. by San Bernardi- 
 no CO., and drained by the San Gabriel and 
 
LOS 
 
 LOU 
 
 Rio de Los Angeles rivers, with their tribu- 
 taries. The surface is uneven and moun- 
 tainous, with many broad and fertile valleys. 
 Several broken spiirs of the Coast Range rear 
 their summits in the N. part of the county. 
 The climate is remarkably salubrious and 
 genial. Wheat, Indian corn, barley, fruit, 
 cattle, and horses are the staples. In 1852 
 Los Angeles county, included all territory 
 now comprised in the new county of San Ber- 
 nardino: it produced 34,230 bushels of wheat ; 
 6934 of corn; 12,120 of barley; and 2,250,000 
 pounds of grapes, 1,000,000 of which were 
 shipped to San Francisco, and from the rest 
 was manufactured 2000 barrels of wine. 
 There were 48,424 cows; 65,051 beef catttle, 
 and 12,173 horses. Cotton and sugar-cane 
 succeed well. The quantity of wine, 57,355 
 gallons, was the greatest produced by any 
 county in California. This county affords 
 great facilities for agriculture, which has not, 
 however, been much attended to heretofore. 
 It is celebrated for its vineyards, of which 
 there are above 100. It contains several 
 missions, among which may be mentioned San 
 Gabriel, San Fernando, and San Juan Capi- 
 strano. The county contains some silver, 
 and probably other metals, and limestone and 
 building rock are abundant. Six miles from 
 Los Angeles is a spring, covering about two 
 acres, from which pitch boils up in great 
 abundance : this is used for covering the roofs 
 of houses. There are also a number of saline 
 springs, which supply abundance of salt. The 
 anchorage in the port of San Pedro is good 
 and perfectly safe, except during the pre- 
 valence of the south-easterly winds in the 
 winter season. Capital, Los Angeles. Popu- 
 lation, 7831. 
 
 Los Akgeles, a post-town, capital of Los 
 Angeles county, California, on a small river 
 of its own name, 30 miles from its mouth, 
 and on the road from San Jose to San Diego, 
 about 850 miles in a direct line S. E. from 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Los Angeles River, a small stream of Los 
 Angeles county, in the S. S. E. part of Cali- 
 fornia, falls into the Pacific ocean. The town 
 of Los Angeles is situated on its left bank. 
 
 Lost Creek, of Alabama, enters the Mul- 
 berry fork near the S. extremity of Walker co. 
 
 Lost Creek, a post-office of Harrison CO., Va. 
 
 Lost Creek, a post-ofBce of Saline co.. Ark. 
 
 Lost Creek, a post-office of Campbell co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Lost Creek, a post-office of Breathitt co.Ky. 
 
 Lost Creek, a township in the E. part of 
 Miami county, Ohio. Population, 1459. 
 
 Lost Creek, a township in Vigo county, 
 Indiana. Population, 1232. 
 
 Lost Creek, a post-office of Lincoln co.,Mo. 
 
 Lost Grove, a post-office of De Kalb co.,Ill. 
 
 Lost Mountain, a post-office of Cobb co.,Ga. 
 
 Lost River, a small stream of Indiana, 
 rises in AV^ashington county, and unites with 
 Lick creek, an affluent of White river, in 
 
 j\Lartin county. It flows in a subterranean 
 channel for several miles, and returns again 
 to the surface. 
 
 Lost River, a post-office of Hardy co., Ya. 
 
 Lost River, a post-office of Orange co., 
 Indiana, about 100 miles S. by W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Lost Village, a post-office of New Madrid 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Lot's Creek, of Bullock county, Georgia, 
 enters the Cannouchee from the left, at the 
 S. extremity of the county. 
 
 LoTTRiDGE, a post-office of Athens co., 0. 
 
 Lott's, a post-village of Edgefield dis., S. C. 
 
 LoTTSBURG, a post-office of Northumber- 
 land county, Virginia. 
 
 Lott's Creek, a small village of Bradley 
 county, Arkansas. 
 
 LoTTSviLLE, a post-village of Warren co.. 
 Pa., about 20 miles W. N. AV. from Warren. 
 
 Loudon, a county in the N. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on Maryland, contains 486 
 square miles. The Potomac river forms its 
 N. E. boundary, and it is drained by Goose 
 creek. The surface is hilly, having the Blue 
 ridge on the N.AV. border, and the Kittoctan 
 mountain near the middle of the county. 
 The soil varies from a rich alluvion to an un- 
 productive clay, but a large portion of it is 
 fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, oats, grass, pork, 
 and beef are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 563,930 bushels of wheat; 749.428 
 of corn; 117,055 of oats; 11,990 tons of 
 hay, and 422,021 pounds of butter. The 
 quantity of butter was the greatest produced 
 by any one county of the state, and that of 
 wheat greater than in any except Rocking- 
 ham county. There were 54 flour, grist, and 
 saw mills, 1 iron furnace, 3 woollen factories, 
 and 9 tanneries. It contained 33 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices; 1703 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 85 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county contains lime- 
 stone, marble, granite, gneiss, and other pri- 
 mitive rocks. It was formed from Fairfax 
 county, in 1757, and named in honor of the 
 earl of Loudon. Capital, Leesburg. Popu- 
 lation, 22,079, of whom 16,438 were free, and 
 5641, slaves. 
 
 LoTJDON, a post-township of Merrimack co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Suncook river, about 
 14 miles N. E. from Concord. Pop., 1552. 
 
 Loudon, a post-village of Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the West branch of Coneco- 
 cheague creek, 14 miles W. from Chambers- 
 burg. It stands in a rich limestone valley. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 Loudon, a post-office of Roane co., Tenn. 
 
 Loudon, a township forming the S. E. ex • 
 tremity of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop., 840. 
 
 Loudon, a township in the W. part of Se- 
 neca CO., Ohio. Population, 1681. 
 
 Loudon Centre, a post-village of Merri- 
 mack county. New Hampshire. 
 
 Loudon Ridge, a post-office of Merrimack 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 621 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 LotJDONViLLE, a flourishing post-village of 
 Hanover township, Ashland county, Ohio, on 
 the Black fork of Mohiccan river, and on the 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad, about 70 
 miles N. E. from Columbus. It is surrounded 
 by a rich farming district, and has an active 
 trade. 
 
 LouDSYiLLE, a post-village of Habersham 
 CO., Georgia, 21 miles W. from Clarkesville, 
 has rich gold mines in the vicinity. 
 
 Louisa, a county in the E. central part of 
 Virginia, has an area of about 500 sqiiare 
 miles. The North Anna river forms its 
 northern boundary ; the county is also drain- 
 ed by the South Anna and Little rivers. The 
 surface is hilly ; the soil, originally fertile, 
 has been partly vrorn out. Tobacco, Indian 
 corn, and wheat are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,584,285 pounds of to- 
 bacco ; 377,288 bushels of corn, and 199,521 
 of wheat. There were 7 flour, grist, and saw 
 mills, 1 iron furnace, and 3 tanneries. It 
 contained 26 churches, and 452 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Gold mines have 
 been worked in this county, but are not very 
 productive. It is intersected by the Central 
 railroad of Virginia. Formed in 1742. Capi- 
 pital, Louisa Court House. Population, 16,691, 
 of whom 6827 were free, and 9864, slaves. 
 
 Louisa, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 400 square miles. The 
 Mississippi river forms its entire eastern 
 boundary, and the Iowa river flows through 
 the middle of the county, which is drained 
 also by Long creek. The soil and timber are 
 said to be good. Corn, wool, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 379,449 bushels of Indian corn; 49,713 of 
 wheat; 11,681 pounds of wool, and 89,642 
 of butter. It contained 7 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, and 674 pupils attending public 
 schools. The streams furnish valuable water- 
 power. Limestone and stone coal are found. 
 The Iowa river is navigable by steamboats. 
 Capital, Walpello. Population, 4939. 
 
 Louisa, a small post-village, capital of 
 Lawrence county, Kentucky, is situated at 
 the forks of Big Sandy river, on the E. 
 boundary of the state, about 135 miles E. 
 from Frankfort. It contains a court house, 
 1 church, and 4 stores. 
 
 Louisa, a post-village in Stephenson co., 
 Illinois, 135 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Louisa Coukt House, a small post-village, 
 capital of Louisa- co., Virginia, on the Central 
 railroad, 60 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Louisa Foek. See Sandy PavER. 
 
 LouisBuiiG, a mining village of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 11 miles E. by N. 
 from Pottsville. 
 
 LouisBURG, a post-village, capital of Frank- 
 lin CO., North Carolina, on the left bank of 
 Tar river, 35 miles N. E. from Pialeigh. It 
 contains a court house and 2 churches. 
 
 Louisiana, one of the Southern States of 
 the American confederacy, is bounded on 
 622 
 
 the N. by Arkansas and Mississippi ; E. by 
 Mississippi, (from which it is separated by 
 the Mississippi and Pearl rivers,) and the 
 Gulf of Mesicc; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and W. by Texas, from which it is partly 
 separated by the Sabine river. It lies be- 
 tween 29° and 33° N. lat., and 88° 50' and 
 94° 20' W. Ion., having an extreme length 
 from E. to W. of about 292, and a breadth 
 of 250 miles, including an area of 46,431 
 square miles, or about 29,715,840 acres, of 
 which only 1,500,025 were improved in 1850, 
 or scarcely one-twentieth part of the entire 
 surface of the state. 
 
 Population. — Louisiana being originally co- 
 lonized by France and Spain, has a larger 
 admixture of the inhabitants of those coun- 
 tries (with their manners and customs) than 
 any other state of the Union. There were in 
 Louisiana in 1810, 76,556 inhabitants; 153,407 
 in 1820; 215,739 in 1830; 352,411 in 1840, 
 and 517,763 in 1850 ; of whom 141,244 were 
 white males; 114,248 females ; 7479 free co- 
 lored males ; 9983 free colored females, and 
 125,874 male and 118,935 female slaves. Pie- 
 presentative population, 419,824. This popu- 
 lation was divided among 73,786 families, oc- 
 cupying 73,070 dwellings. Of the white popu- ' 
 lation, 145,474 were born in the state; 60,447 
 in other states; 3550 in England; 24,266 in 
 Ireland; 1244 in Scotland and Wales ; 499 in 
 British America; 17,507 in Germany; 11,552 
 in France ; 7795 in other countries, and 620 
 whose places of birth were unknown, making 
 nearly one-fourth of the free population of 
 foreign birth. During the year ending June 1, 
 1850, there occurred 11,948 deaths, or about 
 23 in every 1000 persons — the greatest pro- 
 portion in any state of the Union. In the 
 same period, 423 paupers, of whom 290 were 
 foreigners, received aid, at an expense of 
 about .$40 to each person. The number of 
 deaf and dumb in 1850 was 118, of whom 
 5 were free colored, and 34, slaves ; blind, 
 218, of whom 25 were free colored, and 126, 
 slaves; idiotic, 173, of whom 13 were free 
 colored, and 56, slaves ; and insane, 208, of 
 whom 15 were free colored, and 43, slaves. 
 
 Farislu's. — Louisiana is divided into 48 pa- 
 rishes, viz. Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, 
 Bienville, Bossier, Caddo, Calcasieu, Cald- 
 well, Carroll, Catahoula, Claiborne, Con- 
 cordia, De Soto, East Baton Rouge, East 
 Feliciana, Franklin, Iberville, Jackson, Jeffer- 
 son, Lafayette, Lafourche, Livingston, Madi- 
 son, Morehouse, Natchitoches, Orleans. Pla- 
 quemines, Point Coupee, Rapides, Sabine, 
 St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. Helena, St. 
 James, St. John Baptist, St. Landry, St. Mar- 
 tin's, St. Mary, St. Tammany, Tensas, Terre 
 Bonne, Union, Vermilion, Washita, Washing- 
 ton, West Baton Rouge, West Feliciana, and 
 Winn, Capital, Baton Rouge. 
 
 Cilies and Tovna. — New Orleans (popula- 
 tion, 116,370) is the largest city in Louisiana, 
 and the commercial metropolis of the South 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 western States. Tlie other towns are La- 
 fayette, (a suburb of New Orleans,) popula- 
 tion, 14,187, and Baton Rouge, 3905. The 
 other principal towns are Donaldsonville, 
 Iberville, Alexandria, and Shreveport. 
 
 Face of tlie Country. — The surface of Lou- 
 siana nowhere attains an elevation of more 
 than 200 feet above the level of the Gulf, 
 while at Trinitj'^, in Catahoula parish, it is 
 only 68 feet, and much of the southern por- 
 tion is so low as to be overflowed at high 
 water. West of the basin of the Mississippi, 
 and occupying the central and northern por- 
 tion of the state, the country is hilly and 
 broken. The N.W. part is intersected by seve- 
 ral arms of the Red river, forming small lakes, 
 and rendering the country for about 50 miles 
 in length, and 6 in breadth, generally marshy. 
 The bottoms on this river are from 1 to 10 
 miles wide. South of the central portion 
 commences the low prairie lands, which ter- 
 minate in the marshes of the coast. The 
 elevation of this district varies from 10 to 50 
 feet. Below the mouth of the Red river, the 
 Atchafalaya branches off from the Missis- 
 sippi, and forms the western boundary of a 
 great delta, occupying an area of several 
 thousand square miles, which is elevated but 
 10 feet above low water, and at high water 
 is often inundated. There is a belt of similar 
 character on the W. bank of the Mississippi, 
 above the Delta, which is protected by arti- 
 ficial embankments, that serve to deepen as 
 well as confine the channel. That part of 
 the state adjacent to the S. boundary of Mis- 
 sissippi, is similar in character to the district 
 described in the N. W. Near the Gulf, a 
 portion is salt marsh, mostly destitute of 
 timber, and often overflowed in equinoctial 
 gales. Darby states that 2700 square miles 
 on the Mississippi, above the Red river, 2550 
 on the Red river, and 3200 on the Mississippi, 
 below the Red river, are subject to inunda- 
 tions, though not all portions of it, annually. 
 
 Geology. — According to Professor Forshey, 
 the tertiary formation occupies two-fifths of 
 the state, and lies N. of a waving line, com- 
 mencing on the Sabine near the mouth of the 
 river Neclies, and extending 20 miles N. of 
 Alexandria, to Harrisonburg: it contains coal, 
 salt, iron, ochre, gypsum, and marl. A sa- 
 line bed seems to underlie the tertiary. The 
 rest of the state is alluvial and diluvial. 
 
 Minerals. — Of the minerals mentioned above, 
 iron is abundant in almost all the tertiary 
 strata. The coal is inferior to that of Pitts- 
 burg, but the marl is rich, and the gypsum 
 of the best quality. The alluvions of the 
 Mississippi are bounded on the W. by preci- 
 pitous hills of freestone, from 80 to 200 feet 
 high. In the region around Harrisonburg, 
 Dr. Holliday has collected very large quartz 
 crystals, abundance of agates, jasper, sar- 
 donyx, cornelians, onyx, selenite, or crystal- 
 lized gypsum, feldspar of a splendid quality, 
 alumine in great abundance, chalcedony, lava, 
 
 meteoric stones, amorphous iron ore, and fos- 
 sils of various kinds. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, S^c. — Lake Borgne (properly 
 a bay) and Black bay open into the Gulf of 
 Mexico on the S. E.; and Bastien, Barataria, 
 Atchafalaya, Cote Blanche, and Vermilion 
 bays on the S. ; and Sabine,Calcasieu, and Mer- 
 mentau lakes on the S. W., are all expiansions 
 of rivers bearing the same names. Lakes 
 Pontcliartrain and Maurepas are expansions 
 of the Amite river, near its entrance into 
 Lake Borgne. Small lakes or sloughs are very 
 numerous in the marshy regions in the south- 
 ern part of the state and along the Missis- 
 sippi river. Catahoula in the centre, and 
 Bistineau, and Caddo in the N. W. are the 
 principal lakes. The Mississippi river forms 
 the east boundary of Louisiana to 31° N. 
 lat., and passing through the south-eastern 
 portion of the state, discharges its waters 
 into the Gulf of Mexico by several mouths. 
 The Red river enters the N. W. angle of Lou- 
 isiana from Arkansas, and joins the Missis- 
 sippi about the centre of the state. The 
 Washita, coming S. from Arkansas, is the 
 principal branch of the Red river. The Sa- 
 bine, Calcasieu, and Mermentau drain the 
 W. and S. W. parts of the state. The Pearl 
 forms a part of the S. E. boundary. The 
 Mississippi is navigable for the largest class 
 steamboats far beyond the limits of Louisi- 
 ana ; and the Red river, since the removal 
 of the obstruction called the Great Raft, near 
 the N. W. boundary, is also navigable beyond 
 the limits of the state. Of the different arms 
 that part from the parent stream below 
 31° N. lat., the Atchafalaya, on the west, 
 is the largest. Nine of these are navigable, 
 according to Colonel Long's estimate, from 5 
 to 140 miles, making an aggregate of nearly 
 500 miles. The same authority estimates the 
 Washita as navigable 376 miles, and its 
 branches sum up a total of 715 miles of 
 water, mostly within the state, navigable by 
 steamers, to which the Red and its branches 
 add several hundred more. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Dr. Kilpa- 
 trick informs us that in the parish of Con- 
 cordia there are numerous mounds, con- 
 structed by a race which he considers supe- 
 rior to the Indians of the present day. 
 These mounds contain human bones, pottery, 
 arrow-heads, stone hatchets, relics cut in 
 the shape of a canoe or crescent, and in one 
 instance, a gold ornament worth $7.50 was 
 found. According to the same authority, 
 these mounds form, in this country subject 
 to overflow, good sites for gardens, orchards, 
 &c. To the general inquirer, as well as to 
 the geologist, the delta of the Mississippi af- 
 fords a curious and most interesting subject 
 for contemplation or research. — See Mis- 
 sissippi, Delta op. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — Louisiana 
 has very mild winters, but more severe than 
 in the same parallel on the Atlantic coast. 
 
 623 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 The long, hot summers acting on the exten- 
 sive marshes of this state, cause a poisonous 
 exhalation, Avhich every autumn produces 
 more or less yellow fever. The orange, 
 lemon, lime, and other tropical fruits grow 
 here, but the orange does not flourish above 
 30° N. lat., nor the sugar-cane above 81°. 
 The apple thrives in the northern parts of 
 the state. The best soil is on the river bot- 
 toms, which are exuberantly fertile, and pro- 
 ductive in sugar-cane and rice. Two-thirds 
 of the alluvial land is heavily timbered, and 
 overrun with a thick undergrowth of cane. 
 This district is easily drained, and when 
 drained very productive. The prairie lands 
 are often of no great fertility, and in some 
 places barren. Cotton and sugar-cane are 
 the great staples of the state, and of the lat- 
 ter, Louisiana produced nine-tenths of the 
 whole amount raised in the Union in 1850. 
 Indian corn, rice, peas, beans, Irish, and 
 sweet potatoes, and butter are extensively 
 produced ; tobacco, wool, fruits, market pro- 
 ducts, hay, beeswax, and honey to consider- 
 able extent ; and wheat, rye, buckwheat, 
 wine, cheese, grass-seeds, hops, silk, and 
 maple sugar, in very small quantities. Of 
 fruits, the principal are oranges, figs, 
 peaches, apples, and grapes. According to 
 the census returns of 1850, there were in 
 Louisiana 13,422 farms, occupying 1,590,025 
 acres of improved land, (nearly 120 acres 
 to each plantation,) producing 10,226,373 
 bushels of Indian corn ; 89,637 of oats ; 
 161,732 of peas and beans ; 95,632 of Irish 
 potatoes ; 6,428,453 of sweet potatoes ; 3 of 
 buckwheat ; 2 of clover-seed ; 97 of other 
 grass-seeds ; 4,425,349 pounds of rice ; 
 26,878 of tobacco; 178,737 bales of cotton, 
 of 400 pounds each ; 109,897 pounds of wool ; 
 683,069 of butter ; 226,001,000 of cane su- 
 gar; 96,701 of beeswax and honey; 25,752 
 tons of hay; 10,931,177 gallons of molasses ; 
 value of orchard produce, $22,359 ; market 
 goods, $148,329; and live stock, $11,152,275. 
 Forest Trees. — Walnut, oak, sassafras, ash, 
 mulberry, poplar, hickory, and magnolia are 
 found in the central and northern parts, and 
 on the more fertile uplands; buckeye, locust, 
 papaw, Cottonwood, and willow flourish in 
 the bottom lands. Cypress swamps occupy 
 certain basins, which having no outlet, re- 
 tain the waters they receive at the flood sea- 
 son, till they either evaporate or sink into 
 the earth. Pine and oak grow on the sandy 
 uplands. Dr. Kilpatrick mentions among 
 the timber of Concordia parish, (which is 
 probably similar to many other river pa- 
 rishes,) the Cottonwood, red elm, hackberry, 
 maple, ash, i^ecan, hickory, honey locust, 
 basket elm, dogwood, tupelo, 5 species of 
 oak, box elder, cypress, prickly ash, black 
 locust, mulberry, persimmon, willow, and 
 wild cane, growing to the height of from 15 
 to 30 feet. The same authority says of fruits, 
 in the same locality, the peach, quince, plum, 
 624 
 
 and fig do well, but the apple and pear do 
 not encourage culture. 
 
 Animali. — Dr. Kilpatrick reports black 
 bears, wolves, and panthers as occasionally 
 found ; besides which are wildcats, racoons, 
 otters, polecats,opossums,squirrels, and moles; 
 and among amphibia, huge alligators and va- 
 rious species of turtle. Among reptiles are 
 the rattlesnake, viper, horned, and other 
 snakes. Among birds are the bald and gray 
 eagle, several species of hawks and owls, a 
 few wild turkeys and pigeons, partridges, 
 cranes, herons, water turkeys, wild geese, 
 brant in abundance, and a great variety of 
 smaller birds. 
 
 Manufactures. — This state is not largely en- 
 gaged in manufactures. In 1850 there were 
 1021 establishments, producing $500 and up- 
 wards annually, of which 8 were fui'naces, 
 employing $255,000 capital, and 347 male 
 hands, consuming raw material worth $73,300, 
 and producing 1570 tons of castings, valued 
 at $308,500. Louisiana is largely engaged in 
 the manufacture of the coarser sugars and 
 molasses ; but the refining of these articles 
 is mostly done in the Northern States. Of the 
 236,547 hogsheads produced in 1851-2, only 
 32,625 were refined in the state. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Louisiana has not 
 the same necessity for railways and canals as 
 many other states, having probably 2500 
 miles of navigable waters within her limits ; 
 still she has need of them for communication 
 with other states, if she would maintain her 
 commercial position. Railroads are pro- 
 jected and partly completed, connecting her 
 commercial metropolis (New Orleans) -with 
 the great lakes at Chicago, and with the Ohio 
 valley by way of Nashville, Tennessee. In 
 January, 1853, there were 63 miles of rail- 
 road in operation, and 200 in course of 
 construction, in this state,' connecting Clin- 
 ton and Port Hudson ; New Orleans and Lake 
 Pontchartrain ; New Orleans and Proctors- 
 ville ; and Woodville (Mississippi) and 
 Bayou Sara, (Louisiana.) Besides these are 
 the Carrollton, and the AVest Feliciana rail- 
 roads, both short. 
 
 Commerce. — Louisiana has no parallel on 
 the face of our globe in the natural advan- 
 tages which she enjoys for river trade with 
 an interior, extending back directly north 
 2000 miles to St. Anthony's Falls; north- 
 westward 3000 miles to the very base of the 
 Rocky mountains ; north-eastward through 
 the entire extent of the Ohio Valley, 2500 
 miles, even into the State of New York ; be- 
 sides innumerable intermediate points in the 
 great valleys of the Mississippi, Missouri, 
 Ohio, Arkansas, Tennessee, Cumbei-land, 
 Red river, and a multitude of tributary 
 streams, which pour the products of fourteen 
 states into her lap; while many more await 
 but the advance of population to add new 
 treasures from tracts now roamed over by 
 the savage and the buffalo. Immense amounts 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 of the products of the Western and South- 
 "western States, including cotton, pork, sugar, 
 lead, flour, wheat, Indian corn, &c., are 
 transhipped from New Oi-leans to various 
 parts of our own and to foreign countries. 
 The value of domestic produce received 
 from the interior in 1850-51 amounted to 
 $106,924,083, and to $108,051,708 in 1851-2, 
 of which $81,216,925 were exported in the 
 former year, and $76,344,569 in the latter. 
 The articles from the interior received in 
 the greatest amount are pork and bacon, beef, 
 cotton, corn, flour, hides, lard, lead, molasses, 
 sugar, tobacco, and whiskey, besides large 
 quantities of apples, beans, baggings, bale 
 rope, butter, cheese, candles, coal, furs, hemp, 
 hay, leather, oats, linseed, castor and lard 
 oil, potatoes, staves, and wheat ; some bees- 
 wax, buffalo robes, cider, dried apples and 
 peaches ; feathers, flaxseed, iron, lime, 
 onions, porter, ale, deer and bear skins, 
 shot, soap, Spanish moss, tallow, twine, 
 vinegar, window glass, and various other 
 articles. The foreign imports for 1851-52 
 amounted to $12,057,724, and exports to 
 $49,058,885 ; tonnage entered, 424,281 ; 
 cleared, 544,482 ; tonnage owned in the dif- 
 ferent districts, 268,170|f ; and number of 
 vessels built, 16, with an aggregate tonnage 
 of 1284||. Of the entire tonnage owned, 
 about 170,000 was in steam-vessels. About 
 three-tenths of the foreign trade was carried 
 on in foreign bottoms. — See New Orleans. 
 
 Education. — The constitution provides for 
 a superintendent of public schools, to hold 
 office for two years, and that free public 
 schools shall be established throughout the 
 state. An appropriation of $250,000 is made 
 annually for the support of free schools, 
 raised by taxation ; and a fund is established, 
 to be derived from the proceeds of public 
 lands granted for the purpose, and from 
 lands escheated to the state. This fund 
 amounted on January 1, 1850, to $40,272.63. 
 According to the census, the number of 
 public schools in the state in 1850, was 675 ; 
 teachers, 845, and pupils, 25,793 ; of aca- 
 demies there were 142 ; teachers, 355, and 
 pupils, 5379 ; and of colleges, 8, professors 
 and tutors, 47, and students, 725. In 1852 
 there were 1 law school, with 3 professors, 
 and 1 medical, with 7 professors, and 188 
 students. — See Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 278 
 churches in Louisiana, in 1850, 72 were 
 owned by the Baptists ; 12 by the Episcopa- 
 lians ; 106 by the Methodists ; 17 by the 
 Presbyterians ; and 55 by the Roman Catho- 
 lics : the rest were owned by the Christians, 
 the Free Church, French Protestants, Ger- 
 man Pveformed, Jews, Temple of the Lord, 
 Unionists, and Universalists — giving 1 church 
 to every 1862 persons. Value of church pro- 
 perty, $1,782,470.— See Table of Religious 
 Denominations, Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The state penitentiary 
 
 of Louisiana is located at Baton Rouge, and 
 received 105 convicts in 1848, the receipts 
 from whose labors exceeded the expenditures 
 by about $6600. The charity hospital at 
 New Orleans will be described under that 
 heading. In 1850 there were six public libra- 
 ries, with an aggregate of 30,000 volumes, 
 and 13,000 in the difierent college libraries. 
 The site for a deaf, dumb, and blind asylum 
 has been located, and temporary buildings 
 erected. 
 
 Government, Finances. — The governor of 
 Louisiana is elected for four years by the peo- 
 ple, and receives $6000 per annum ; the 
 lieutenant-governor, who is ex-officio presi- 
 dent of the senate, is elected for a like pe- 
 riod, and receives $8 per diem when that body 
 is in session. The senate consists of 32 mem- 
 bers, and the house of representatives of 97, 
 both elected by the people, the former for 
 four, and the latter for two years. The ju- 
 diciary consists — 1. Of a supreme court, com- 
 posed of one chief and three associate 
 judges ; and 2. Of nine district courts. The 
 judges of the supreme court are appointed 
 for eight, and those of the district court for 
 six years, jointly by the executive and legis- 
 lature. The chief justice of the supreme 
 court receives $6000, and his associates 
 $5500 per annum. The judges of the dis- 
 trict courts of New Orleans receive $3500 per 
 annum. The new constitution, adopted in 
 1852, requires that the judiciary shall be 
 elected by popular vote. Louisiana is en- 
 titled to 4 members in the national house 
 of representatives, and to 6 electoral votes 
 for president of the United States. The as- 
 sessed value of property in Louisiana in 1850 
 was $220,165,172. Public debt in 1852, 
 $11,492,566, of which $10,557,000 is contin- 
 gent debt. Productive property, $2,416,938. 
 Ordinary expenditures, exclusive of debt and 
 schools, $515,000. In January, 1853, Louisi- 
 ana had $10,934,130 of banking capital, a cir- 
 culation of $4,409,271, and $5,946,990 in coin. 
 History. — Louisiana was visited and the 
 mouth of the Mississippi discovered by La 
 Salle, as early as 1691 ; and though Iberville 
 attempted a settlement in 1699, no perma- 
 nent colony was established at that time. In 
 1712 the king of France granted to M. Cro- 
 zart a charter which included the whole of 
 the territoi'y of Louisiana. The celebrated 
 John Law, so notorious for the financial com- 
 motion and subsequent disasters caused by 
 him in France, became in 1717 the head of a 
 company which purchased Louisiana; but 
 after the deplorable failure of his schemes, 
 Louisiana came again into the possession of 
 the crown, which transferred it, in 1762, to 
 Spain. Retroceded to France in 1800, Lou- 
 isiana including all the the territory west o^ 
 the Mississippi, (excepting Texas and New 
 Mexico, and the territory wgst of the Rocky 
 mountains,) was purchased by President 
 Jefi'erson in 1803, for the sum of $11,250^000. 
 
 625 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 beside the assumption on the part of the 
 United States of some claims of our citizens 
 against the government of France. Previous 
 to this purchase the inhabitants of the West- 
 ern States and Territories had been in a state 
 of great excitement lest they should lose the 
 control of the mouth of the Mississippi, so 
 essential as an outlet for their products ; and 
 the satisfaction of that portion of the country 
 was proportionately great on its peaceful ac- 
 quisition. That part of the Louisiana terri- 
 tory now known as the State of Louisiana 
 became an independent member of the con- 
 federacy in 1812, and was, two years after- 
 ward, the scene of a conflict between the 
 British and American troops, in which Gene- 
 ral Jackson repulsed the former with great 
 loss, January 8th, 1815. 
 
 Louisiana, a post-village of Pike county, 
 Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 1 mile 
 below the mouth of Salt river, 88 miles N. E. 
 from Jeiferson City. It contains numerous 
 warehouses, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Louisville, a post-township in the N. part 
 of St. Lawrence co., New York, on the St. Law- 
 rence river. Population, 2054. 
 
 Louisville, a thriving village of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the road from Coudersport 
 to Cowanesque. A great quantity of pine 
 lumber is procured in this vicinity. 
 
 Louisville, a village of Orangeburg dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Louisville, a decayed post-village, capi- 
 tal of Jefferson county, Georgia, on Rocky 
 Comfort creek, 54 miles E. from Milledgeville. 
 It was the capital of the state from 1795 to 
 1804, when the seat of government was re- 
 moved to Milledgeville. It has a court 
 house, a church, and an academy. 
 
 Louisville, a post-village of Barbour co., 
 Ala., about 85 miles S. E. from Montgomery. 
 
 Louisville, a post-village, capital of Win- 
 ston county, Mississippi, near the source of 
 Pearl river, 95 miles N. E. from Jackson. It 
 contains several academies. A newspaper is 
 published here. Pop. in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Louisville, a post-village of Blount co., 
 Tennessee, on the left bank of the Holston 
 river, about 20 miles, by land, below Knox- 
 ville. It is a place of rapid growth, and one 
 of the most flourishing in East Tennessee, 
 having a brisk trade on the river, which is 
 navigated by steamboats. The East Tennes- 
 see and Virginia railroad passes through this 
 village. 
 
 Louisville, a city and port of entry of 
 Kentucky, and seat of justice of Jefferson 
 county, is situated on the Ohio river, at the 
 head of the falls, at the mouth of Beargrass 
 creek, 130 miles below Cincinnati, and 53 
 miles W. from Frankfort, and 590 miles from 
 Washington. Lat. 38° 3' N., Ion. 85° SC W. 
 It is the largest town in the state, and one 
 of the most important places on the Ohio 
 river. The population in 1830 was 10,341 ; 
 in 1840, 21,210; in 1850, 43,19G; and in 
 026 
 
 1853 it amounts to 51,726. A railroad, 93 
 miles long, connects it with Frankfort and 
 Lexington, and several others are in course 
 of construction from this place to Danville, 
 Nashville, &c. The situation and surround- 
 ing scenery are remarkably beautiful. Some 
 parts of the city present delightful views of 
 the Ohio river, which is here about one mile 
 wide ; of the rocky rapids, and of the town 
 of New Albany, a few miles below. Louis- 
 ville stands on a plain elevated about 70 feet 
 above low water, and is regularly laid out. 
 Eight handsome streets extend nearly 2 miles 
 in length parallel with the river, which here 
 flows from east to west. These vary in width 
 from GO to 120 feet, and are intersected, at 
 right angles, by more than 30 others, with a 
 uniform width of 60 feet. The streets are 
 generally paved and lighted with gas, and 
 bordered with ornamental trees. The public 
 buildings most remarkable for size and splen- 
 dor are the city hall, lately erected, the 
 court house, the first Presbyterian church, 
 St. Paul's church, (Episcopal,) the medical 
 institute, and the University of Louisville, 
 which is now in successful operation. The 
 medical institute, which ranks high among 
 the public institutions of Louisville, was 
 founded by an ordinance of the city coun- 
 cil, which appropriated $50,000 for the li- 
 brary, buildings, &c. The number of stu- 
 dents in 1852 was 356. The asylum for the 
 blind, established by the state, occupies a 
 commodious and handsome building, erected 
 by joint contributions of the state and the 
 citizens of Louisville. The Mercantile Libra- 
 ry Association has a library containing from 
 4000 to 5000 volumes. The Historical Society 
 of this place has collected valuable documents 
 relating to the early history of the state. 
 Louisville also contains a marine asylum, 
 founded by the state, 2 orphan asylums, 
 about 40 churches, 2 synagogues, a prison, 
 4 market houses, 5 banks, and 4 large pub- 
 lic school houses. Six daily, seven weekly 
 newspapers and 1 monthly medical journal 
 are published here. 
 
 Louisville may be said to owe its existence 
 to the falls, which arrested the course of 
 navigation at this point. In 1833 a canal 
 2| miles long was opened around these falls, 
 with a total lockage of 22 feet. It was cut 
 through the solid limestone rock, at a cost 
 of $750,000. The dimensions having been 
 found too small to admit the passage of the 
 largest steamers now built for the New Or- 
 leans trade, a railway has been projected on 
 the Indiana side, the object of which is to 
 transport such vessels around the rapids by 
 means of a stationary engine and pulleys. 
 The stock has been taken, and the work will 
 doubtless shortly be completed. In 1850 the 
 entire trade of Louisville was estimated at 
 $50,000,000. (De Bow's Review.) The whole- 
 sale business has increased rapidly since that 
 period. There are now near 100 houses 
 
LOU 
 
 LOW 
 
 doing an exclusively -wholesale business, the 
 amount of which is computed at $20,321,400 ; 
 viz. 25 of dry goods, 39 of groceries, 8 of 
 drugs, 9 of hardware, 8 of hats and furs, 
 8 of boots and shoes, and 9 of saddlery. 
 Many of the warehouses are 3 or 4 stories 
 high, and from 100 to 130 feet deep. No ex- 
 act record has been kept of the exports of 
 this port, but a good estimate may be formed 
 from the circumstance that about 10 steam- 
 boats depart daily from its wharfs, all well 
 patronized in freight and passengers. The 
 chief articles of export are tobacco, pork, 
 hemp, and flour. In 1862 the quajitity of 
 tobacco received was 16,176 hogsheads. The 
 number of steamboat arrivals from diiferent 
 ports below the falls, for the year ending 
 June, 1852, was 1124. Those from the Upper 
 Ohio were probably about the same num- 
 ber. The shipping at the above-named date 
 amounted to an aggregate of 11,818|| tons 
 enrolled and licensed, all of which was em- 
 ployed in steam navigation. Louisville has 
 several establishments for the construction 
 of steamboats. During the year referred to, 
 27 boats, with an aggregate burthen of 7312|i 
 tons were admeasured. There are in the 
 vicinity a great variety of manufactories, in- 
 cluding iron foundries, with machine shops, 
 ropeAvalks, large bagging factories, cotton 
 and woollen factories, glass works, 2 white- 
 lead factories, 6 flouring mills, several exten- 
 sive potteries, &c. 
 
 Louisville, a thriving post- village of Nimi- 
 shillen township, Stark county, Ohio, on the 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad, 126 miles N. 
 E. from Columbus. It was settled almost en- 
 tirely by the French. 
 
 Louisville, a post-village of Henry co., 
 Indiana, on the National road, and on the Cen- 
 tral railroad, 42 miles E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Louisville, a small post-village of Clay 
 CO., Illinois, on the Little Wabash river, 110 
 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Louisville, a post-village in Lincoln co., 
 Missouri, 75 miles N. E. by E. from Jefl"er- 
 son City. 
 
 Louisville Landing, a post-office of St. 
 Lawrence co., New York. 
 
 Loundes' Ferry, a post-office of Williams- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 LouTRB Island, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Missouri. 
 
 LouTRB, or Otter River, of Missouri, flows 
 through Montgomery co., and falls into the 
 Missouri river at Loutre island. It affords 
 motive-power for mills. 
 
 Lovelace, a post-office of Wilkes co., N. C. 
 
 Lovelaceville, a small post-village of 
 Ballard co., Kentucky. 
 
 Lovelady, a post-office of Caldwell co.,N.C. 
 
 Loveland, a post-office of Clinton co.. Pa. 
 
 LovELAND, a post-office of Clermont co., 0. 
 
 LovELiA,orLoviLiA,apost-village of Monroe 
 CO., Iowa, 90 miles W. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 LoYELL, a post-township of Oxford co., 
 
 Maine, about 20 miles W. by S. from Paris. 
 Population, 1193. 
 
 Lovely Mount, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Virginia. 
 
 Love's Level, a post-office of Union co. ,N. C. 
 
 Love's Mills, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Lovett's, a post-office of Newton co.. Miss. 
 
 Lovett's, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 Lovett's Grove, a post-office of Wood co.,0. 
 
 LovETTSviLLE, a post- village of Loudon co., 
 Virginia, 2 miles from the Potomac, and 166 
 miles N. from Richmond. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches. 
 
 LovEviLLE, a post- village of Newcastle co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 LoviNGSTON, a post-village, capital of Nel- 
 son county, Virginia, 118 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond. It is beautifully situated on a branch 
 of Tye river, and surrounded by hills, the 
 summits of which afford a magnificent view 
 of the Blue Ridge. The village has 3 churches 
 and about 350 inhabitants. 
 
 LoviNGTON, a small post-village of Moultrie 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Lowell, a post-township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, on the Passadumkeag river, about 33 
 miles N. E. from Bangor. Population, 378. 
 
 Lowell, a post-township of Orleans cc, 
 Vermont, at the head of Missisque river, 
 about 40 miles N. from Montpelier. Popu- 
 lation, 637. 
 
 Lowell, a city and one of the capitals of 
 Essex county, Massachusetts, is situated on 
 the right bank of the Merrimack where it re- 
 ceives the Concord river, and at the terminus 
 of five railroads, which communicate with 
 the principal cities on the seaboard, and with 
 various sections of the interior, 25 miles N. 
 by W. from Boston. Lat. 42° 38' 46" N., 
 Ion. 71° 19' 2" W. In the extent and variety 
 of its manufactures this city may be regard- 
 ed as without a rival in the United States. 
 The site has many inequalities of surface, but 
 is regularly laid out with streets intersecting 
 each other at right angles. In different sec- 
 tions are two public squares. The one in the 
 southern part of the city, called South Square, 
 has an ample area, which is being graded and 
 beautifully ornamented. The private edifices 
 are for the most part spacious and elegant; 
 those occupied as boarding-houses for the 
 15,000 operatives employed in the mills, will 
 compare favorably with the better class of resi- 
 dences in other American cities. The principal 
 public edifices are the Court House, Mechanics' 
 Hall, a market-house, and the churches, of 
 which there are 22, viz. 1 Episcopal, 3 Roman 
 Catholic, 4 Baptist, 3 Congregational, 3 Uni- 
 versalist, 3 Methodist, 2 Unitarian, 2 Ortho- 
 dox, and 1 ministry at large. A new court 
 house was erected by the county two or thre«« 
 years since, at a cost of about $100,000; it m 
 fire-proof throughout, and a very handsome 
 structure. A costly railroad depot has been 
 erected within the present year, the upper 
 
 627 
 
LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
 story of which contains a large hall for the use 
 of the city cotmcil. The literarj' and educa- 
 tional institutions of Lowell are highly respect- 
 able. Among the most prominent may be men- 
 tioned the Mechanic Association, incorporated 
 in 1825, with a fund of $25,000. It has a valu- 
 able library of about 6000 volumes, reading 
 room, philosophical apparatus, &c. The City 
 School Library, comprising about 9500 vols., 
 is owned by the city, and accessible to all upon 
 the annual payment of fifty cents. A hospital 
 was established in 1839 by the several manu- 
 facturing companies, chiefly for the benefit 
 of persons in their employ. Lowell has an 
 excellent system of public instruction. It 
 comprises 48 primary, 3 intermediate, 10 
 grammar schools, and 1 high-school, for the 
 maintenance of which about $44,000 have 
 been appropriated in 1853. The press consists 
 of 4 daily and 4 weekly papers. The total 
 number of pupils for this year is about 9500. 
 The almost unrivalled advantages which 
 Lowell enjoys for manufacturing are derived 
 from a descent of 30 feet in the Merrimack, 
 known as the Pawtucket Falls, which, by the 
 aid of canals and locks, furnishes an im- 
 mense hydraulic power. The original design 
 of the first canal was to provide a passage 
 for boats and rafts from Concord river to the 
 head of the falls. In 1822, a company, en- 
 titled the Proprietors of Locks and Canals 
 on Merrimack River, commenced the enlarge- 
 ment of this channel for the purpose of secur- 
 ing an extensive and available water-power 
 for the propulsion of machinery. Its present 
 dimensions are, length, a mile and a half, 
 breadth, 60 feet, and depth, from 6 to 8 feet. 
 In 1847, the old canal proving in some degree 
 inadequate to the rapidly increasing demand, 
 a new one of greater capacity was construct- 
 ed, averaging 100 feet wide, 15 feet deep, and 
 nearly a mile in length, costing upwards of 
 $600,000. The same corporation are the 
 proprietors of all the principal water privi- 
 leges at Lowell, and also of most of the lands 
 adjoining the falls on both sides of the liver. 
 In the short space of three months, the Lowell 
 Machine Shop is prepared to furnish machi- 
 nery for a mill with a capacity for 6000 spin- 
 dles : the mill can be built in the same period. 
 In 1852 there were 12 manufacturing corpora- 
 tions in Lowell, owning 51 mills, and employ- 
 ing an aggregate capital of iJlS, 900,000. The 
 number of hands engaged were, males, 4163 ; 
 females, 8470 ; total, 12,633. Number of spin- 
 dles in operation, 342,722; looms, 10,606; 
 cotton consumed during the year, 91,650 
 bales; wool, 5,158,000 pounds; iron in ma- 
 chine shops, 4500 tons ; anthracite coal, 
 30,576 tons; charcoal, 68,350 bushels ; wood, 
 3220 cords; whale and sperm oil, 69,607 
 gallons ; lard, 47,000 gallons ; and starch, 
 1,400,000 pounds. .The weekly products of 
 the looms were, cotton cloth, 2,087,000 yards ; 
 osnaburgs, 90,000 yards; woollens, 27,000 
 yards; carpets, 25,000 yards; cotton goods 
 628 
 
 dyed and printed, 300,000 yards. The me- 
 dium produce of a loom per day is about 45 
 yards of No. 14 yarn, and 33 yards of No. 30 
 yarn. Average produce of a spindle per day, 
 1^ yards. The average wages of males per 
 week, clear of board, are about $4.80, and 
 of females, $2.00. Among the 12 corpora- 
 tions, the Merrimack Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, with a capital of $2,500,000, may be 
 mentioned as one of the most extensive. It 
 annually makes use of 1,000,000 pounds of 
 madder, 38,000 pounds of copperas, 60,0C0 
 pounds of alum, 50,000 pounds of sumac, 
 45,000 pounds of indigo, and 40,000 pounds 
 of soap. The Middlesex Company annually 
 use 6,000,000 teasels, 2,000,000 pounds of 
 fine wool, 50,000 pounds of glue, $30,000 
 worth of dyestuflFs, and $13,000 worth of 
 soap. Other manufactures, in addition to 
 those above specified, embracing powder, 
 paper, batting, &c., are annually produced 
 to the value of $1,500,000, employing a ca- 
 pital of $400,000, and about 1500 operatives. 
 Comparatively few adults are natives of 
 Lowel ; about one-third of the whole popula- 
 tion, are foreigners, principally Irish ; the 
 other two-thirds are nearly all from the dif- 
 ferent New England states. New Hampshire 
 and Maine furnishing a large portion. Very 
 great efforts are made to avoid the usual 
 objections to a manufacturing city arising 
 from immorality. No female of doubtful re- 
 putation is employed in any of the mills, and 
 even a reasonable suspicion of any impro- 
 priety of conduct is, by an arrangement 
 among all the manufacturing companies, suf- 
 ficient to procure her discharge and to prevent 
 her employment in any other manufactory in 
 the city. The result is a highly respectable 
 community, in which the daughters of the 
 worthy farmers of New Hampshire and Maine 
 find profitable work and agreeable society, 
 without a suggestion that the employment is 
 in any degree derogatory to their reputation. 
 They remain only about three years on the ave- 
 rage. Lowell has 5 banks, an insurance com- 
 pany, and 2 savings institutions. The amount 
 deposited in the latter, November 1st, 1851, 
 was $812,598.63, and the number of deposi- 
 tors, 6224, nearly all of whom were persons 
 employed in the mills. A reservoir of great 
 capacity has been built on an elevation, in 
 Belvidere, east of the city, for the purpose 
 of furnishing a ready supply of water to any 
 part of Lowell in cases of fire. The water is 
 conveyed into the reservoir by forcing-pumps 
 from the Lowell Machine Shop, and thence 
 by distributing pipes to the city hydrants, to 
 which hose can be attached when necessarj'. 
 The annual expenditures of the government 
 are about $200,000. The mills are all heated 
 by steam and lighted with gas. The name 
 of Lowell is derived from Francis C. Lowell, 
 a gentleman of Boston, distinguished for his 
 efl:"orts to introduce the manufacture of cotton 
 into the United States. It was incorporated 
 
LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
 a town in 1826, and a city in 1836. T^'hen 
 the enlargement of the canal was commenced 
 in I81I2, the teiu-itory included within the 
 limits of Lowell contained less than 200 inha- 
 bitants. In 1830 the population was 6474 ; 
 in 1840, 20,796; in 1850, 33,385; and in 
 September, 1853, about 37,000. 
 
 Lowell, a post-office of Oneida co., N. Y. 
 
 Lowell, a post-village of Johnson co., N.C. 
 
 Lowell, a post-village of Randolph co., 
 Georgia, on the Pataula creek, 170 miles S. 
 W. from Milledgeville. The creek at this 
 place has forced its way through a ledge of 
 rocks, and affords a valuable water-power. 
 
 LovTELL, a thriving post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Ohio, on the Muskingum river, 
 10 miles N. from Marietta, has a fine water- 
 power produced by a dam across the river. 
 
 Lowell, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Kent CO., Michigan, intersected by Grand 
 river. Population, 214. 
 
 Lowell, a small village of Washtenaw co., 
 Michigan, on the Central railroad. 
 
 Lowell, a post-office of La Salle co., 111. 
 
 Lowell, a post-office of Holt co.. Mo. 
 
 Lowell, a post-village in Henry co., lo., on 
 Skunk river, 65 miles S. byE. from Iowa City. 
 
 Lowell, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Dodge CO., Wisconsin. Pop., 834. 
 
 Lowell, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Beaverdam creek, 38 miles N. 
 E. from Madison. Pop. in 1853, about 200. 
 
 Lowellville, a post-village of iMahoning 
 county, Ohio, on the Mahoning river, and on 
 the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, 12 miles E. 
 from Canfield, is the seat of extensive iron- 
 works. 
 
 Lower, a township of Cape May county. 
 New Jersey, forms the S. extremity of the 
 state. Population, 1604. 
 
 LoWEK Allen, a township forming the E. 
 extremity of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Susquehanna river. Pop., 1134. 
 
 Lower Augusta, a township of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania, on the Susque- 
 hanna river, 4 miles below Sunbury. Popu- 
 lation, 2019. 
 
 Lower Baktlett, a post-office of Coos co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Lower Been, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. 
 
 Lower Blue Lick, a small post-village of 
 Nicholas county, Kentucky, on the Licking 
 river, 58 miles E. N. E. from Frankfort. The 
 medicinal springs at this place have a wide 
 reputation, and this is one of the most fash- 
 ionable watering places in the Western States. 
 The principal hotel is a magnificent structure, 
 670 feet in length, and is visited by several 
 thousands annually. The water is an exten- 
 sive article of commerce throughout the West. 
 It is highly medicinal, containing the muriates 
 and sulphates of soda, lime, and magnesia. 
 
 Lower Chanceford, a post-township of 
 York CO., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 river, 22 miles E. S. E. from York. Pop., 1637. 
 
 Lower Chichester, a township of Dela- 
 
 ware CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware 
 river, 20 miles W. S. W. from Philadelphia. 
 Population, 422. 
 
 Lower Columbia, a post-office of Coos co.. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Lower Dickinson, a township in the S. 
 part of Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 825. 
 
 Lower Dublin, a township of Philadelphia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. B. from Phila- 
 delphia, borders on the Delaware river. Po- 
 pulation, 4294. 
 
 Lower Evesham, a small village in the W. 
 part of Burlington co., New Jersey. 
 
 Lower Gilmanton, a post-office of Belknap 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Lower Lawrence, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., Ohio. 
 
 Lower Leacock, a township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 11 miles E. from Lancaster. 
 Population, 1943. 
 
 LoAVER Macungt, a township of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. W. from Allentown. 
 Population, 2353. 
 
 Lower Mahanot, a township foroning the 
 S. W. extremity of Northumberland co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna river. Popu- 
 lation, 1474. 
 
 Lower Mahantango, a post-township of 
 Schuylkill co., Pensylvania, about 20 miles 
 W. by S. from Pottsville. Population, 1505. 
 
 Lower Makefield, a township of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 24 
 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. Pop., 1746. 
 
 Lower Marlborough, a post- village of 
 Calvert co., Maryland. 
 
 Lower Mbrion, a post-township of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank 
 of the Schuylkill river, 10 miles N. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 2238. 
 
 Lower Mount Bethel, a township of Nor- 
 thampton CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware 
 river, 12 miles N. from Easton. Pop., 3117. 
 
 Lower NaZxIreth, a township of Northamp- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, 6 miles W. from 
 Easton. Population, 1297. 
 
 Lower Okaw, a township in Coles co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 440. 
 
 Lower Oxford, a township of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, 41 miles S. W. from Philadel- 
 phia. Population, 1341. 
 
 Lower Paxton, a township of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 6 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 1573. 
 
 Lower Peachtree, a post-office of Wilcox 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Lower Providence, a township of Mont 
 gomery co.. Pa., on the Schuylkill river, 5 
 miles N. W. from Norristown. Pop., 1961. 
 
 Lower Saginaw, a thriving post-village of 
 Saginaw county, Michigan, on the right bank 
 of Saginaw river, 5 miles from its mouth, 
 and about 112 N. N. W. fi-om Detroit. Large 
 quantities of pine lumber are sawn and 
 shipped here. The fisheries also give employ- 
 ment to a great number of the Inhabitants 
 
 629 
 
LOW 
 
 LOW 
 
 It lias a good harbor, accessible to large 
 steamers. It has 2 churches, 5 stores, and 
 several schools. Pop. in 1851, about 1000. 
 
 Lower St. Claie, a township of Alleghany 
 CO., rennsylvania, on the Ohio river, imme- 
 diately below Pittsburg. Population, 5930. 
 
 LowEE S.\LEM, a post-ofiSce of Washington 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 LowEE S.\LFORT), a towDshlp of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Pennsylvania, 25 miles N. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 1207. 
 
 LowEE S.vNDESKT, Ohio. See Feemont. 
 
 Lower S.\ucon, a post-township of North- 
 ampton CO., Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh 
 river, 10 miles S. W. from Easton. Pop., 2905. 
 
 LowEE S.MiTHFiELD, a townshlp in Monroe 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 4 
 miles E. from Stroudsburg. Pop., 1283. 
 
 LowEE ScAXKUM, a post-office of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 LowEE SwATAEA, a township of Dauphin 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Swatara river, 5 
 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Pop., 759. 
 
 LowEE Theee Ceeek, of Barnwell district, 
 South Carolina, flows into Savannah river. 
 
 Lower Three Eitees, a post-office of Barn- 
 well district. South Carolina. 
 
 LowEE TuRKETFOOT, a township in the S. 
 W. part of Somerset co., Pa. Pop., 666. 
 
 LowEE Wateefoed, a post-office of Cale- 
 donia CO., Vermont. 
 
 LowEE WixDSOE, a township of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 10 
 miles E. from York. Population, 1923. 
 
 LowEET, a post-office of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 LowETiLLE, a village in Madison co., Ala- 
 bama, 180 miles N. from Montgomery. 
 
 Low Hampton, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Low Hill, a post-township of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, 88 miles E. N. E. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 1021. 
 
 LowxDES. a county in the S. part of Geor- 
 gia, bordering on Florida, contains 2000 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Ala- 
 paha and V.'ithlacoochee rivers, and also 
 drained by Little river and Ocopilco creek. 
 The surface is level, and the soil productive. 
 It is divided between pine and hummock 
 lands. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and sweet 
 potatoes, are the staples. In 1850 the coun- 
 ty produced 3020 bales of cotton; 250,919 
 bushels of corn, and 86,161 of sweet pota- 
 toes. It contained 23 churches, and 509 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Organized in 
 1825, and named in honor of "William Jones 
 Lowndes, member of Congress from South 
 Carolina. Capital, Troupville. Population, 
 8351, of whom 5867 were free, and 2484, 
 slaves. 
 
 LowxDES, a county in the S. central part 
 of Alabama, has an area of 930 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the Alabama 
 river, and drained by the Piutelala and Le- 
 tohatchee creeks. The surface is uneven, 
 630 
 
 the soil is fertile, and extensively cultivated. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 23,872 bales of 
 cotton; 933,287 bushels of corn; 163,505 of 
 sweet potatoes, and 95,901 of oats. It con- 
 tained 1 machine shop, and 1 tannery ; 29 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 466 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 158 attending 
 other schools. The navigation of the river 
 is good for large steamboats through its 
 whole extent. Capital, Haynesville. Popu- 
 lation, 21,915, of whom 7266 were free, and 
 14,649, slaves. 
 
 Lowndes, a county in the E. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, bordering on Alabama, has an area 
 of about 725 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Tombigbee, which, in passing through 
 the county, receives the Oktibbeha river and 
 Luxapatilla creek. The surface is level or 
 gently undulating, and is mostly occupied 
 with prairies. The soil is a dark-colored, 
 heavy, and highly productive loam, thought 
 to be very durable, and particularly adapted 
 to cotton. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 15,127 bales of cotton; 871,864 bushels of 
 corn, and 98,418 of sweet potatoes. It con- 
 tained 24 churches, 1 newspaper office, 503 
 pupils attending public schools, and 607 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Large 
 steamboats navigate the Tombigbee during 
 more than half of the year. The route of the 
 Mobile and Ohio railroad, now in progress, 
 passes through the county. Capital, Colum- 
 bus. Population, 19,544, of whom 6551 were 
 free, and 12,993, slaves. 
 
 Lowndes, a post-village of Wayne co., Mis- 
 souri, on Castor creek, 160 miles S. E. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 LowNDESBOEOTJGH, apost-viUage of Lowndes 
 CO., Alabama, about 25 miles W. S. W. from 
 Montgomery. It is surrounded by rich plan- 
 tations of cotton, and has considerable trade. 
 The county is among the most fertile and 
 wealthy in the state. The village contains 1 
 male and 1 female academy. Pop., about 500. 
 
 LowxDESTiLLE, a post-viUage in Abbeville 
 dis., S. C, 110 miles W. from Columbia. 
 
 LowNDEsriLLE, a steamboat landing on 
 the Tombigbee river, below Columbus. 
 
 Low Point, apost-officeof Woodford co.. 111. 
 
 Lowrance's Mills, a post- village of Lin- 
 coln CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Lowey's Turnout, a small village of Barn- 
 well district, South Carolina. 
 
 LowET, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 Lowey's Feeey, a small village of Murray 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Loweysville, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Loweytown, a village of Carbon co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Lehigh river, about 12 miles 
 aboveMauchChunk.and 112 from Harrisburg. 
 
 LowEYViLLE,apost-office of Hardin co.Tenn. 
 
 Low's Corner, a post-office of Sullivan co.. 
 New York. 
 
LOW 
 
 LUM 
 
 LowviLLE, a post-village of Lewis cou, New 
 York, in the township of the same name, 55 
 miles N. by W. from Utica. It contains se- 
 veral churches, 2 newspaper offices, an 
 academy, and 2 banks. Population of the 
 village estimated at 800. Total pop., 2377. 
 
 LowviiLE, a village of Erie co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on French creek, 15 miles S. E. from 
 Erie borough, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 LowviLLE, a post-township in the central 
 part of Columbia co., Wisconsin. Pop., 823. 
 
 LowA'iLLE, a post-village in the above 
 township, 22 miles N. from Madison. 
 
 LoYALHANNA, a township of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 30 miles E. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 1258. 
 
 LoYALHANNA Ceeek, of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, unites with the Conemaugh to 
 form the Kiskiminetas river, near Salzburg. 
 
 LoYALSocK, a township of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 
 contains the county seat. Population, 1581. 
 
 LoYALSOCK Creek rises in the N. E. part 
 of Pennsylvania, and flows into the Susque- 
 hanna below AVilliamsport. 
 
 LoYD, a post- office of Ulster co., New York. 
 
 LoYDSviLLE, a post-office of Benton CO., Ala. 
 
 LoTDSviLLE, a post-village of Belmont co., 
 Ohio, 16 miles W. from Wheeling in Virginia. 
 
 Loy's Cross Roads, a post-office of Ander- 
 son CO., Tennessee. 
 
 LuBBUB Creek, of Alabama, flows S. W. 
 through Pickens co. into Tombigbee river. 
 
 Lubec, a post-village and seaport of Wash- 
 ington county, Maine, 230 miles N. E. from 
 Portland. It is pleasantly situated on a 
 point of land projecting into the harbor, 
 which is spacious, easy of access, and never 
 obstructed with ice. The inhabitants are 
 principally engaged in the coast trade and 
 the fisheries. A ferry-boat plies regularly 
 between Lubec and Eastport. Settled in 
 1815. Population of the township, 2814. 
 
 Lubec Mills, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Lucas, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Michigan and Lake Erie, 
 has an area of 560 square miles. It is partly 
 bounded on the S. E. by the Maumee river, 
 and also drained by the Ottawa, and by 
 Swan creek. The surface is level, and partly 
 covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 118,947 bushels of corn; 
 51,914 of wheat; 37,427 of oats; 9045 tons 
 of hay, and 124,581 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 13 churches, 7 newspaper offices, 
 and 5122 pupils attending public schools. 
 The county is intersected by the Wabash and 
 Erie canal, and by the Erie and Kalamazoo 
 railroad : another railroad extends from To- 
 ledo, the county seat, to Cleveland. Popu- 
 lation, 12,363. 
 
 Lucas, a new county in the S. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 430 square miles. 
 
 Whitebreast river, an affluent of Des Moines, 
 flows through the county in a N. E. direction ; 
 the Chariton river, an affluent of Missouri, 
 traverses the S. part; the county is also 
 drained by English and other creeks. The 
 surface is diversified with rolling prairies, 
 and groves of hard timber ; the soil is gene- 
 rally fertile, producing Indian corn, wheat, 
 potatoes, grass, &c. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 11,925 bushels of Indian corn; 505 of 
 wheat; 2771 pounds of butter, and 100 tons 
 of hay. Capital, Polk. Pop., 471. 
 
 Lucas, a post-village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 Lucas, a post-office of Henry co., Missouri. 
 
 Lucas, a village in Muscatine co., Iowa, 
 near Cedar river, 25 miles S. E. of Iowa City. 
 
 LucASViLLE, a post-village of Scioto co., 
 Ohio, on the left bank of the Scioto river, 13 
 miles S. from Portsmouth. 
 
 Luce, a township in Spencer co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1042. 
 
 Lucerne, a post-village of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 Lucerne, a post-office of Washtenaw co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 LuciNDA Furnace, a post-office of Clarion 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lucky Hit, a small post-village of Lime- 
 stone CO., Alabama. 
 
 LucTO, a small village of Mercer co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Salt river. 
 
 LuDA, a post-office of Washita co.. Ark. 
 
 Ludlow, apost-township of Windsor co.,Vt., 
 on the Rutland and Burlington railroad, 70 
 miles S. from Montpelier. Pop., 1619. 
 
 Ludlow, a post-township of Hampden coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on the right bank of the 
 Chickopee river, abont 9 miles N. E. from 
 Springfield, contains a thriving village of its 
 own name. Population, 1186. 
 
 Ludlow, a post-office of Scott co., Miss. 
 
 Ludlow, a post-office of Miami co., Ohio. 
 
 Ludlow, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Washington CO., Ohio. Population, 1051. 
 
 Ludlow, a post-office of Dubois co., Ind. 
 
 Ludlowville, a thriving post-village in 
 Lansing township, Tompkins county. New 
 York, on the E. shore of Cayuga lake, at the 
 mouth of Salmon creek, 10 miles N. by W. 
 from Ithaca. It has flouring mills, and se- 
 veral churches. Population in 1853, esti- 
 mated at 500. 
 
 Lumber, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Clinton co.. Pa. Population, 136. 
 
 Lumber Bridge, a post-office of Robeson 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Lumber City, a small post-village of Tel- 
 fair CO., Georgia, on the Ocmulgee river, 
 about 100 miles S. S. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 LuMBERLAKD, a post-township of Sullivan 
 CO., New York, about 125 miles S. S. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 2635. 
 
 LuMBERPORT, a post-village in Harrison 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Lumber River, rising near the N. E. border 
 of Richmond county, in North Carolina, flowM 
 in a southerly course^ and enters the Little 
 
 iai 
 
LUM 
 
 LUZ 
 
 Pedee, in South Carolina, about 14 miles E. 
 from Marion Court House. 
 
 LuMBEETON, a post-village and port of 
 entry of Burlington county, New Jersey, on 
 the S. branch of Rancocus creek, at the head 
 of navigation, 2 or 3 miles S. from Mount 
 Kolly. It contains a glass factory. The 
 shipping of the port, June 30th, 18512, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 12,066-52 tons 
 enrolled and licensed, of which 2794|§ tons 
 were employed in steam navigation. During 
 the year, 1 schooner and 7 other vessels, with 
 an aggregate burthen of 536§| tons were ad- 
 measured. 
 
 LuMBERTON, a Small village of Gates co., 
 North Carolina, on the Chowan river, about 
 25 miles W. by N. from Gatesville. 
 
 LuMBERTON, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Robeson co., North Carolina, on the 
 Lumber river, 91 miles S. S. AY. from Raleigh. 
 It has an active trade in lumber and turpen- 
 tine. Population, in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 LuMBERTON, a post-viUage in Clinton co., 
 Ohio, about 70 miles S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 LuMBERviLLE, a post-village in Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river. 
 
 Lumpkin, a county in the N. part of Geor- 
 gia, contains 460 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Chestatee and Etowah rivers. The 
 surface is diversified, being traversed by the 
 Blue Ridge. The soil near the rivers is very 
 productive. Corn, wheat, tobacco, and 
 apples flourish. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 242,716 bushels of corn; 40,746 of 
 oats, and 42,110 of sweet potatoes. It con- 
 tained 34 churches, 1 newspaper oflice, 1170 
 pupils attending public schools, and 75 at- 
 tending an academy. This county is chiefly 
 remarkable for mineral treasures. Gold is 
 found in nearly all parts, and some of the 
 mines are very rich. Indications of its pre- 
 sence are seen in the color of the waters, and 
 many of the hills are completely riddled with 
 shafts and tunnels. (White's Statistics.) Cop- 
 per, silver, magnetic iron, lead, and granite 
 are also found. Organized in 1838, and na- 
 med in honor of Wilson Lumpkin, governor 
 of Georgia. Capital, Dahlonega. Popula- 
 tion, 8954 ; of whom 8015 were free, and 939, 
 slaves. 
 
 Lumpkin, a post-village, capital of Stewart 
 county, Georgia, situated near the source of 
 Hodchodkee creek, 160 miles S. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, 2 churches, 2 academies, and 12 
 stores and groceries. 
 
 Lumpkin's Creek, Georgia, enters Flint 
 river, in Dooly county. 
 
 Lunday's Lane, a post-ofEce of Erie co., Pa. 
 Lunenburg, a county in the S. S. E. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of about 370 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by Nottoway 
 river, and on the S. by the Meherrin river. 
 The surface is uneven; the soil is moderately 
 fertile. Indian corn and tobacco are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 632 
 
 240,065 bushels of c-orn, and 2,284,668 
 pounds of tobacco. There were 7 flour and 
 grist mills, 2 tanneries, and 1 manufactory 
 of farming implements. It contained 26 
 churches, and 450 pupils attending public 
 schools. Formed in 1746. Capital, Lewis- 
 town. Population, 11,692 ; of whom 4505 
 were free, and 7187, slaves. 
 
 Lunenburg, a post-township of Essex co., 
 Vermont, on the W. side of Connecticut river, 
 about 40 miles N. by E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1128. 
 
 Lunenburg, a post-township of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg rail- 
 road, about 38 miles W. N. W. from Boston. 
 Population, 1249. 
 
 Lunenburg Court House, or Lewistown, 
 a small post-village, capital of Lunenburg 
 county, Virginia, 91 miles S. W. from Rich- 
 mond. It has an elevated situation, and con- 
 tains a handsome court house. 
 
 Luney's Creek, a post- village of Hardy co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 LuRAY, a post-village, capital of Page 
 county, Virginia, 136 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. It is pleasantly situated in a 
 fertile limestone valley. Here is a quari-y 
 of fine marble. Luray contains several 
 churches, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 LuRAY', a small village of Licking co., 0., on 
 the National road, 24 miles E. from Columbus. 
 Luray, a post- village of Henry co., Ind., 
 E. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Lurgan, a township of Franklin co., Pa., 
 13 miles N. from Chambersburg. Pop., 1228. 
 Lusby's Mills, a post-of&ce of Owen co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 LususcooNA river. See Loosascoona. 
 
 LuTHERSBURG, a Small post -village of 
 
 Clearfield co., Pennsj'lvania, on the Erie 
 
 turnpike, 136 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 LuTHERSviLLE, a village of Rowan co.,N. C. 
 
 LuTHERViLLE, a post-villagc in Meriwether 
 
 CO., Georgia, 100 miles W. by N. from Mil- 
 
 ledgeville. 
 
 LuxAPATiLLA creck, of Alabama and Mis- 
 sissippi, rises in Marion co., Alabama, and 
 flowing south-westerly, enters the Tombigbee 
 river a little below Columbus, in Mississippi. 
 Luzerne, a county in the N. E. i3art of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 1400 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the N. branch of 
 Susquehanna river ; the Lehigh river flows 
 along its S. E. border; and it is also drained 
 by the Lackawanna, Nescopeck, Huntingdon, 
 and Wapwallo'pen creeks. The surface is 
 diversified by several parallel mountain 
 ridges of the Alleghany chain. Wyoming 
 mountain traverses the middle of the county, 
 parallel with the river, and extends towards 
 the N. E. under the name of Moosic moun- 
 tain. The average height of this ridge is 
 about 1000 feet above the valley. Another 
 ridge, called in different parts the Nanticoke 
 and Lackawanna mountains, rises iu the N. W. 
 part. Bctv, eon these lies the beautiful and 
 
LUZ 
 
 LYN 
 
 fertile valley of Wyoming, through -which the 
 Susquehanna river flows. Including the 
 valley of the Lackawanna, this is a long ellip- 
 tical basinn, early 60 miles in length, and 5 
 miles in width, constituting a separate coal- 
 field, the beds of which in some parts are 
 about 30 feet thick. Large quantities of 
 coal are mined near Carbondale and Wilkes- 
 barre. The soil of these valleys is well 
 adapted to agriculture. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, hay, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 290,122 bushels of corn; 165,328 of wheat; 
 287,797 of oats; 183,047 of potatoes ; 31,601 
 tons of hay, and 558,168 pounds of butter. 
 There were 85 saw mills, 20 collieries, 23 
 flour and grist mills, 11 iron foundries, 2 
 manufactories of edge tools, 2 woollen fac- 
 tories, and 15 tanneries. It contained 39 
 churches, 2 newspaper ofSces, 6815 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 445 attending 
 academies or other schools. It is intersected 
 by the north branch of the state canal, and 
 in part by the Lackawanna and Yf estern rail- 
 road, the Lehigh and Susquehanna railroad, 
 and the Pennsylvania Coal Company's rail- 
 road. Organized in 1786, and named in 
 compliment to Chevalier de la Luzenie, at 
 that time minister from France to the United 
 States. Capital, Wilkesbarre. Pop., 56,072. 
 
 Luzerne, a post-township of Wai'ren co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson river. It has a 
 village of the same name. Pop., 1300. 
 
 Luzerne, a township forming the western 
 extremity of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, 88 
 miles S. from Pittsburg. Population, 1869. 
 
 Luzerne, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Ltbrand, a post-office of Allomakee co., lo. 
 
 Lycoming, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 1500 square 
 miles. The West branch of the Susquehanna 
 river flows eastward through the S. part; 
 and it is also drained by Muncy, Loyalsock, 
 Lycoming, and Pine creeks. The surface 
 is mountainous ; the main Alleghany, here 
 called North mountain, extends through the 
 middle. The soil of the valleys is based on 
 limestone, and is very productive ; the up- 
 lands are mostly susceptible of improvement. 
 Grain, cattle, lumber, and iron are the 
 staples. In 1850 this countj' produced 
 285,925 bushels of wheat ; 262,456 of Indian 
 corn; 166,308 of oats; 15,035 tons of hay, 
 and 300,401 pounds of butter. There were 
 114 saw mills, 25 flour and grist mills, 2 
 manufactories of coaches, 2 iron foundries, 
 50 forges, 8 woollen factories, 11 distilleries, 
 and 21 tanneries. It contained 44 churches, 
 4 newspaper offices, 5179 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 130 attending academies 
 or other schools. It has extensive mines of 
 bituminous coal, and is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. A canal has been made along 
 the river in this county. The Williamsport 
 and Elmira railroad terminates at the county 
 
 seat. Formed in 1795, and named from Lyco- 
 ming creek. Capital, Williamsport. Popu- 
 lation, 26,257. 
 
 Lycoming, a township near the centre of 
 Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, on the West 
 branch of the Susquehanna. Pop., 1275. 
 
 Lycoming creek, of Pennsylvania, flows 
 into the West branch of the Susquehanna, 
 about 2 miles above Williamsport. 
 
 Lycoming Creek, a post-office of Lycoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lyc urgus, a post-office of Marshall co. , Ind. 
 
 Lycurgus, a post-office of Allomakee co., lo. 
 
 Lyden, a township in the central part of 
 Cook CO., Illinois, intersected by Des Plaines 
 river. Population, 756. 
 
 Lykena, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 Lykens, a township forming the N. ex- 
 tremity of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania, 26 miles 
 N. by E. from Harrisburg. Pop., 1371. 
 
 Lykens, a thriving post-village of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, is situated about 38 
 miles N. E. from Harrisburg, at the foot of 
 Bear mountain, which abounds in coal of 
 superior quality. It is connected by a rail- 
 road 16 miles long with the Susquehanna 
 river, at Millersburg. Many persons are 
 employed in the coal mines at this place. 
 
 Lyman, a post-township of York co., Maine, 
 about 25 miles S. W. from Portland. Popu- 
 lation, 1376. 
 
 Lyman, a post-township of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the left bank of the Con- 
 necticut river, about 17 miles N. N. E. from 
 Haverhill. Population, 1442. 
 
 Lyman Centre, a post-village of York CO. Me. 
 
 Lymansville, a small post-village of Pot- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania, 183 miles N. W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Lyme, a post-township of Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the left bank of the Connecti- 
 cut river, about 55 miles N. W. by N. from 
 Concord. Population, 1617. 
 
 Lyme, a post-township of New London co., 
 Connecticut, on the left bank of the Connec- 
 ticut river, at its entrance into Long Island 
 sound, 34 miles E. from New Haven. Popu- 
 lation, 2668. It contains a village of its own 
 name, on the New Haven and New London 
 railroad. 
 
 Lyme, a township in the W. part of Jefi'erson 
 CO., New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop., 2919. 
 
 Lyme, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Huron co., Ohio. Pop., 1859. 
 
 Lynchburg, a flourishing town of Camp- 
 bell county, Virginia, is finely situated on a 
 steep declivity on the right (S.) bank of James 
 river, 120 miles W. S. W. from Richmond, and 
 20 miles S. E. from the Blue Ridge. Lat. 37'^ 
 36' N., Ion. 79° 22' W. The South Side rail- 
 road, leading to Petersburg and Richmond, 
 connects here with the Virginia and Tennessee 
 railroad, which is to form part of the most di- 
 rect route from the Eastern States to those of 
 the South-west, and to be one of the principal 
 
 633 
 
LYN 
 
 LYN 
 
 thoroughfares of the Union. The James Eiver 
 and Kanawha canal, the greatest public work 
 in the state, follo\ring the course of the river 
 from the falls at Richmond, is completed to 
 Buchanan, about 60 miles above Lynchburg, 
 and is to be continued to Covington. The 
 distance between Richmond and Lynchburg 
 by canal is 147 miles. The navigation of the 
 canal renders this town the market of an ex- 
 tensive and fertile tract of country. The 
 principal article is tobacco, of which about 
 15,000,000 pounds are inspected here annu- 
 ally. About 300,000 bushels of wheat are 
 also received here every year. The town is 
 supplied with river water from a reservoir 
 which is elevated about 253 feet above the 
 level of the river, and contains 400,000 gallons. 
 This work was finished in 1829, at a cost of 
 $50,000. The river is here about 200 yards 
 wide, and is crossed by a fine bridge. It af- 
 fords abundant water-power, which is employ- 
 ed in the manufacture of cotton, wool, flour, 
 &c. The town contains 9 churches, 3 printing 
 offices, 3 banks, 8 savings banks, 1 cotton and 
 woollen factory, 36 tobacco factories, 4 brass 
 andiron foundries, and 150 stores, in which the 
 annual sales exceed $2,000,000. Capital em- 
 ployed in 1851 in manufactures, $725,000. 
 The town was founded in 1786, and incorpo- 
 rated in 1805. In 1848 it contained 7678 in- 
 habitants. Pop. in 1853, about 10,000. 
 
 Lynchbtjbg, a village of Stokes co., N. C. 
 
 Lynchbueg, a post-village of Sumter dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Lynchburg, a post-office of Coosa co., Ala. 
 
 Lynchburg, a small post-village of Harris 
 CO., Texas, on Buflfalo bayou, opposite to San 
 Jacinto, about 18 miles E. from Houston. 
 
 Lynchburg, a post-village of Lincoln co., 
 Tennessee, 78 miles S. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Lynchburg, a village of Marion co., Ky., 
 on the road from Lexington to Nashville. 
 
 Lynchburg, a post-village of Highland co., 
 Ohio, about 50 miles E. by N. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Lynch's Creek, of South Carolina, rises 
 near the N. border of the state, and flows 
 south-eastward, forming the boundary be- 
 tween the districts of Lancaster, Kershaw, 
 Sumter, and Williamsburg on the right, and 
 Chesterfield, Darlington, and Marion on the 
 left, until it enters the Great Pedee. 
 
 Lynch's Creek, a post-village of Marion 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Lynch's Lake, a post-office of AVilliamsburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Lynchwood, a post-village of Kershaw dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Lyndeborough, a post-township of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire, on the left bank 
 of the Souliegan river, about 25 miles S. S. W. 
 ftcom Concord, Population, 968. 
 
 Lynden, a post-office of Aroostook co.. Me. 
 
 Lyndon, a township of Caledonia co., Ver- 
 mont, on the head Avaters of the Pasumsick 
 river, about 36 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1752. 
 634 
 
 Lyndon, a township in the E. part of Cat- 
 taraugus CO., New York. Population, 1092. 
 
 Lyndon, a thriving post-village of White- 
 sides CO., Illinois, on Rock river, about 150 
 miles N. from Springfield. 
 
 Lyndon Centre, a post- village of Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 Lyndonville, a post-village in the N. W. 
 part of Orleans co.. New York. 
 
 Lynesville, a post-village of Granville co., 
 N. C, 54 miles N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Lynn, a city and seaport of Essex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Eastern railroad, 9 miles N. 
 N. E. from Boston. Lat. 42° 27' 51" N., Ion. 
 70° 57' 27" W. It is situated on the north-east- 
 ern shore of Massachusetts bay, in the midst 
 of the most varied and picturesque scenery. 
 The beaches and Nahant, in the vicinity, are 
 noted places of resort, both for pleasure and 
 health. Lynn was incorporated a city in 
 1850, and is handsomely built on wide and 
 pleasant streets. The principal public edi- 
 fices are the City Hall, Lyceum Hall, and the 
 churches, of which there are fifteen, of the 
 various denominations. Among the institu- 
 tions, the Society for the cultivation of Natural 
 History deserves notice. It has a library, and 
 a valuable collection of curiosities. An effi- 
 cient system of education has been provided, 
 similar to that generally adopted in the state. 
 There are in the city an academy, a high- 
 school, 9 principal, 6 intermediate, and 18 
 primary schools, besides several private ones. 
 The press consists of two weekly issues. Lynn 
 has long been celebrated for the manufacture 
 of ladies' shoes. This branch of business was 
 pursued here before the Revolution. The sales 
 were then chiefly confined to New England ; but 
 since that period the business has been greatly 
 extended, and shoes are now exported in large 
 quantities to almost every part of the United 
 States. It is estimated that at the present 
 time there are 150 manufactories in the city, 
 giving employment to about 10,000 persons, 
 more than half of which are females ; and 
 that 4,500,000 pairs of ladies' and misses' 
 shoes are annually made, amounting in value 
 to some $3,500,000. From 400,000 to 500,000 
 pairs are also purchased from neighbor- 
 ing towns. Besides the above, there are 
 manufactories of leather, morocco, cotton 
 prints, chocolate, glue, machiuerj', tinware, 
 &c. There are 2 banks in Lynn, with a capi- 
 tal of $250,000, a savings' institution, and 2 
 insurance offices. Settled in 1629, and in- 
 corporated as a town in 1032. Population in 
 1830, 6138; 1840, 9367; 1850, 14,257. 
 
 Lynn, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 1997. 
 
 Lynn, a post-office of Susquehanna county, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Lynn, a township in St. Clair co., Michigan. 
 Population, 55. 
 
 Lynn, a small village of Martin co., Indi- 
 ana, 45 miles E. from Vincennes. 
 
LYN 
 
 McC 
 
 Lynn, a township in Posey co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1227. 
 
 Lynn, a small post-village of Eandolph co., 
 Indiana, 8 miles S. S. E. from Winchester. 
 
 Lynn, a post-office of Calumet co.. Wis. 
 
 Lynn Camp, a post-office of Knox co., Ky. 
 
 Lynnfield, a post-toAvnship of Essex co., 
 Mass., on the S. Reading Branch railroad, 13 
 miles N. by E. from Boston. Pop., 1723. 
 
 Lynnfielb Centre, a post-office of Essex 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Lynnville, a post-village of Lehigh co., 
 Pa., 83 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Lynnville, a post- village in Giles co., Tenn. 
 
 Lynnville, a post-village in Warrick co., 
 Ind., 145 miles S. W. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Lynnville, a post-village in Morgan co. , 111. 
 
 Lynnville, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Ogle CO., Illinois. Population, 168. 
 
 Lynnville, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa. 
 
 Lyon, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Oakland co., Mich. Pop., 1134. 
 
 Lyons, a pleasant post-village, capital of 
 Wayne county. New York, situated in the 
 township of the same name, on the Erie canal, 
 and on the direct railroad from Syracuse to 
 Rochester, 44 miles E. by S. from Rochester. 
 It contains a bank, 2 newspaper offices, a 
 fine union school house, which cost $16,000, 
 and churches for the Presbyterians, Me- 
 thodists, Baptists, Lutherans, and Episco- 
 palians. The first two churches are large 
 and ornamental buildings. There are seve- 
 ral flouring mills and manufactories here. 
 Population of the township in 1850, 4925; 
 estimated pop. of the village in 1853, 2500. 
 
 Lyons, a post-office of Fayette co., Texas. 
 
 Lyons, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 Lyons, a thriving post-village of Lyons 
 township, Ionia county, Michigan, on Grand 
 river, 1 mile above the mouth of Maple river, 
 and 31 miles N. W. from Lansing. Small 
 steamboats ascend as far as Lyons when the 
 water is high. The river furnishes exten- 
 sive water-power. Pop. of the township, 850. 
 
 Lyons, a thriving post-village of Clinton 
 CO., Iowa, on the Mississippi river, about 45 
 miles below Galena. Produce is shipped 
 here in steamboats. 
 
 Lyons, a township in Sauk co., Wisconsin. 
 Population, 60. 
 
 Lyons, a thriving post-village of Hudson 
 township, Walworth co., Wisconsin, on White 
 river, 9 miles E. S. E. from Elkhorn. It has 
 2 stores and 30 dwellings. 
 
 Lyonsdale, a post-village of Lewis co., 
 N. Y., about 120 miles N. W.from Albany. 
 
 Lyons' Falls, apost-officeof Lewis co.,N.Y. 
 
 Lyons' Hollow, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Lyons' Landing, a post-office of Bladen 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Lyons' Store, a post-office of Hawkins 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Lyonsville, a post- village of Cook co., 
 Illinois, 16 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Lyra, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio. 
 
 Lysander, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Onondaga co., New York, 
 on Oswego and Seneca rivers. Pop., 5833. 
 
 Lysander, a township in the W. part of 
 Winnebago co., Illinois, intersected by the 
 Chicago and Galena railroad. Pop., 559. 
 
 Lythonia, a post-office of De Kalb co., Ga. 
 
 Lyttlesville, a post-office of McLean CO. 111. 
 
 M 
 
 Mabbettsville, a post-office of Dutchess 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mabees, a post-office of Jackson co., Ohio. 
 
 McAfee, a post-office of Mercer co., Ky. 
 
 McAlevey's Fort, a post-office of Hunt- 
 ingdon CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 McAllister's Cross Roads, a post-office 
 of Montgomery co., Tennessee. 
 
 McAllistersville. See Calhounsville. 
 
 McAllisterville, a post-village of Juniata 
 CO., Pa., 55 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 McArthur, a township in the N. part of 
 Logan CO., Ohio, intersected by the Mad 
 River and Lake Erie railroad. Pop., 1376. 
 
 McArthur, a post-village of Elk township, 
 and capital of Vinton county, Ohio, 60 miles 
 S. S. E. from Columbus. The Cincinnati and 
 Marietta railroad, when finished, will pass 
 near this town. A newspaper is published 
 here. Population in 1850, 424. 
 
 McBean, a post-village of Richmond co. ,Ga. 
 
 McBean's Creek, of Georgia, flows east- 
 ward along the S. border of Richmond co. 
 into the Savannah. 
 
 McBridesville, a post-office of Union dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 McCall's Creek, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 McCallum's Store, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomery CO., North Carolina. 
 
 McCartyville, a village in Washington 
 township, Burlington county. New .Jersey, 
 on Wading river, about 28 miles S. E. from 
 Mount Holly, contains an extensive paper 
 mill, and about 30 dwellings. 
 
 McClellandtown, a post-village of Fayette 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. from Union- 
 town, has several stores, and about 60 houses. 
 
 McComb, a post-office of Hancock co., 0. 
 
 McConnellsburg, a post-borough, capital 
 of Fulton county, Pennsylvania, on the turn- 
 pike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 70 miles 
 W. S. W. from Harrisburg. It is pleasantly 
 situated in a valley near Cove mountain, and 
 on Big Cove creek. It was incorporated in 
 1814. One newspaper is published here. 
 Population in 1850, 477. 
 
 McConnell's Grove, a post-village in Ste- 
 phenson county, Illinois, 140 miles W. N.W. of 
 Chicago. 
 
 McConnellstown, a small post-village of 
 Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, 95 miles W 
 by N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 635 
 
McC 
 
 MAC 
 
 McCoNNELLSTiLLE, a post-ofScc of Oneida 
 CO., New York. 
 
 McCoxNELLSviLLE, a thriving post-village 
 of Morgan township, capital of Morgan coun- 
 ty, Ohio, on the left bank of the Muskingum 
 river, 27 miles S. S. E. from Zanesville. It 
 contains 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 1 
 "woollen factory, and 2 flouring mills. The 
 manufacture of salt is carried on extensively 
 in this vicinity. The strata which contain 
 the salt water are in some instances 850 feet 
 below the surface. 
 
 McCoumick's- Springs, a post-office of 
 Lewis CO., Kentucky. 
 
 McCoYSYiLLE,apost-office of Juniata CO. Pa. 
 
 McCracken, a county in the W. part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on Illinois, has an area 
 estimated at 330 square miles. The Ten- 
 nessee and Ohio river form its N. N. E. 
 boundary ; Mayfield's creek washes its S. W. 
 border; and it is also drained by Clark's 
 I'iver. The surface is level and low, partly 
 subject to be overflowed; the soil is fertile. 
 Tobacco, Indian corn, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 174,976 bushels of corn; 5536 of wheat; 
 3 8,383 of oats, and 84,196 pounds of tobacco. 
 It contained 15 churches, 458 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 187 attending aca- 
 demies or other schools. Formed in 1824, 
 and named from Captain Virgil McCracken, 
 who was killed at the battle of the River 
 Raisin. Capital, Paducah. Population, 6067, 
 of whom 5259 were free, and 808, slaves. 
 
 McCulloch's Mills, a post-ofl&ce of Ju- 
 niata CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 McCutchensville, a post-village of Wyan- 
 dot CO., Ohio, on the Sandusky river, about 
 78 miles N. by W. from Columbus. 
 
 McCutchenville, a post-office of Vander- 
 burg CO., Indiana. 
 
 McDaniel's, a post-office of Orange CO., N.C. 
 
 McDaniel's, a post-otBce of Gallia co., 0. 
 
 McDo>fALD, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Missouri, bordering on Arkansas 
 and the Indian Territory, has an area of 620 
 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of Elk or Cowskiu river, an affluent 
 of the Neosho. The slope of the county is 
 towards the W. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 145,659 bushels of In- 
 dian corn; 7839 of wheat; 7870 of oats, and 
 26,295 pounds of butter. It contained 5 
 churches. Elk river is bordered with forests 
 of pine, and its branches furnish motive- 
 power for mills. Lead mines are found in 
 the county, but not yet worked. Named in 
 honor of Sergeant McDonald, of South Caro- 
 lina. Capital, Rutledge. Population, 2236, 
 of whom 2153 were free, and S3, slaves. 
 
 McDonald, a post- village of Wilkinson co., 
 Georgia, on the Central railroad, 18 miles S. 
 from jNIilledgeville. 
 
 McDonald, a post-village of Randolph co., 
 Alabama, 161 miles E from Tuscaloosa. 
 636 
 
 McDonald, a post-township in Hardin co., 
 Ohio. Population, 582. 
 
 McDonald, a village, capital of Barry co., 
 Missouri, 165 miles S.S.W. of Jeiferson City. 
 
 McDonald's Mill, a post-office Montgo- 
 mery CO., Virginia. 
 
 McDonald's Mills, a post-office of Pdch- 
 mond CO., North Carolina. 
 
 McDoNOUGH, a county in the W. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 575 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Crooked creek, an affluent 
 of Illinois river, and drained b3^ Downing's 
 fork, and Turkey and Grindstone creeks. 
 The surface is moderately uneven; the soil 
 is very productive. The greater part of 
 the county is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, ha}', pork, and potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 550,768 bushels 
 of corn; 100,107 of wheat; 76,689 of oats; 
 3286 tons of hay, and 118,491 pounds of but- 
 ter. It contained 13 churches, and 1879 
 pupils attending public schools. It is tra- 
 versed by the Military Tract railroad. Groves 
 of timber are distributed along many of the 
 streams. Capital, Macomb. Pop., 7616. 
 
 McDoNOUGH, a post-village in McDonough 
 township, Chenango county, New York, about 
 15 miles W. by S. from Norwich. It has 2 
 or 3 churches. Pop. of the township, 1522. 
 
 McDonough, a post-office of Newcastle co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 McDonough, a post-village, capital of 
 Henry county, Georgia, 65 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. It contains 3 churches, 1 
 academy, and about 600 inhabitants. There 
 is a cotton factorv very near the place. Set- 
 tled in 1822. 
 
 McDowell, a county in the W. part of 
 North Carolina ; area estimated at 450 square 
 miles. The ^atawba river has its sources in 
 this county a,t the S. E. base of the Blue 
 Ridge. The surface is hilly or mountainous ; 
 the soil generally fertile. Indian corn, oats, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 255,262 bushels of corn; 
 31,464 of oats; and 45,657 pounds of butter. 
 There were 2 tanneries, 1 corn and flour 
 mill, 1 grist mill, and 1 saw mill. It con- 
 tained 17 churches. The summits of the 
 Blue Ridge, along or near the border of this 
 county, are about 6000 feet above the sea. 
 Formed in 1842 from parts of Burke and 
 Rutherford, and named in honor of General 
 Joseph McDowell. Capital, Marion. Popu- 
 lation, 6246 ; of whom 4984 were free, and 
 1262, slaves. 
 
 McDowELL,a post-office of Highland co.,Va. 
 
 Macedon, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Wayne co.. New York, inter- 
 sected by the Erie canal. Population, 2384. 
 
 Macedon, or Macedon Locks, a post-vil- 
 lage in the above township, on the Erie canal, 
 18 miles W. from Lyons. 
 
 Macedon, a post-village of Mercer co., 
 Ohio, 12 miles S. W. from Celina. 
 
 Macedon Centre, a post-village of V/ayne 
 
MAC 
 
 McK 
 
 CO., New York, about 200 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Macedonia, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Macedonia, a post office of Tippah co. Miss. 
 
 Macedonia, a post-village in Carroll co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Macedonia, a post-office of Potawatomie 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Macedonia Depot, a post-office of Summit 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 McElrot, a post-office of Dodridge co.,Va. 
 
 McElwain's, a village of York dis., S. C. 
 
 McEwen's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 McEwENSviLLE, a post-village of North- 
 umberland CO., Pennsylvania, about 74 miles 
 N. from Harrisburg. It has 2 or 3 churches, 
 and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 McFarland's, a post-office of Lunenburg 
 CO., Virginia, 79 miles S. W. from PJchmond. 
 
 McGalvysville, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham CO., Virginia. 
 
 McGary, a post-office of Hancock co.. 111. 
 
 McGke's, a post-office of Polk co., Texas. 
 
 McGbe's Bridge, a post-office of Yallo- 
 busha CO., Mississippi. 
 
 jMcGn£E's Store, post-office, Jackson co.,0. 
 
 McGiLtiVRAT's, KooTANiE, or Plat Bow 
 river, rises in the Eocky Mountains, in British 
 America, and after twice crossing the line of 
 Wiiyiiington Ter., falls into the Columbia. 
 
 iMcG«AWVii,LE, a post-village of Cortland CO. 
 New York, about 140 miles W. from Albany, 
 contains a college, and 3 newspaper offices. 
 
 McIJkkgor's Landing, a thriving post-vil- 
 lage of Clayton co., Iowa, on the Mississippi 
 river, 61 miles above Dubuque. 
 
 McGuire's Store, post-office, Floyd co.,Ga. 
 
 .MoHargde's Mills, a post-office of Laurel 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 McHenry, a county in the N. N. E. part 
 of Illinois, bordering on Wisconsin, has an 
 area of 620 square miles. The Pishtaka 
 or Fox river flows through the eastern part 
 of the county from N. to S., it is also drained 
 by the Kishwaukee river, and by Nippersink 
 and Piskashaw creeks. The surface is nearly 
 level, and is diversified with fertile prairies 
 and pleasant groves of good timber. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, wool, pork, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 562,269 bushels of wheat, the largest 
 amount raised by any county in the state ; 
 301,248 of com; 270,275 of oats; 347,008 
 pounds of butter. It contained 10 churches, 
 and 5936 pupils attending public schools. 
 The rock which underlies the county is lime- 
 stone. It is intersected by the Chicago and 
 Galena railroad, and by the Rock River Val- 
 lej'' railroad, the latter of which is unfinished. 
 Named in honor of — — McHenry, a member 
 of the Illinois legislature. Capital, Wood- 
 stock. Population, 14,979. 
 
 McHenry, a post-village of McHenry co., 
 111., on Fox river, 55 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Machias, a port of entry and seat of jus- 
 tice of Washington county, Maine, on Ma- 
 chias river, near its mouth, 204 miles N. E. 
 from Portland. It is the seat of numerous 
 mills and an extensive lumber depot, although 
 the industry of the inhabitants is chiefly di- 
 rected to the coast trade and ship building 
 The shipping of the district, June 30th, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 3507|| tons 
 registered, and 22,644|f tons enrolled and 
 licensed : nearly all of the latter was em- 
 ployed in the coast trade. The number of 
 clearances fo^ foreign ports during the year 
 was 31 — tons, 6611, of which 6427 were ip 
 American bottoms. During the same period 
 2 ships, 9 brigs, and 15 schooners, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 4166|f tons were ad- 
 measured. Population of the township, 1590. 
 Machias, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Cattaraugus co.. New York. It containi 
 a village of the same name. Pop., 1342. 
 
 Machias Port, a post-village and seaport 
 of Washington county, Maine, at the moutL 
 of Machias river, 200 miles N. E. from Port- 
 land. It has an excellent harbor and an ex- 
 tensive trade in lumber and the fisheries. 
 The Franklin railroad connects it with Whit- 
 neyville, 9 miles distant. Population of the 
 township, 1266. 
 
 Machias River, a fine mill stream in the 
 S. E. part of Maine, in Washington co., falls 
 into Machias bay; 
 
 McIndoe's Fa^lls, a village of Barnet town- 
 ship, Caledonia- county, Vermont, on the 
 Connecticut and Passumsic Pdvers railroad, 
 29 miles E. by S. from Montpelier. The 
 Connecticut is navigable to the falls at this 
 place. 
 
 McIneerfer's Creek, of Michigan, enters 
 Stony creek in St. Joseph county. 
 
 McIntosh, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on the Atlantic, has an 
 area of 640 square mil^ s. It is bounded on 
 the S. W. by the Altamaha river, and drained 
 by Sapelo river and Doctor's creek. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and partly covered with 
 forests of pine. The soil along the Altamaha 
 is very fertile. Rice, sugar, cotton, Indian 
 corn, and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 520 bales of cot- 
 ton ; 3,122,919 pounds of rice; 34,715 
 bushels of conn, and 53,165 of sweet pota- 
 toes. There were 4 turpentine distilleries, 
 2 tar distilleries, and 4 saw mills. It con- 
 tained 12 churches, 82 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 38 attending academies 
 or other schools. Organized in 1793, and 
 named in memory of the Mcintosh family, 
 early settlers of Georgia. Capital, Darien. 
 Population, 6028 ; of whom 1399 were free, 
 and 4629, slaves. 
 
 McIntyre, a township of Lycoming co. - 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 252. 
 
 McKaig's Mills, a post-office of Columbi- 
 ana CO., Ohio. 
 
 McKay, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio 
 637 
 
McK 
 
 McL 
 
 McKay, a post-office of Dallas co., Iowa. 
 
 McKean, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on New York, has 
 an area of 1100 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected in the N. E. part by Alleghany river 
 and Oswaya creek, and also drained by the 
 sources of Clarion river, and Teonesta, Ken- 
 jua, Driftwood, and Potato creeks. The 
 surface is hilly, and extensively covered with 
 forests. The soil is of slate and shale form- 
 ation, and adapted to pasturage. Indian 
 corn, oats, hay, butter, and maple sugar are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 10,172 bushels of corn; 29,974 of oats ; 6356 
 tons of hay ; 66,136 pounds of butter, and 
 45,674 of maple sugar. There were 38 saw 
 mills and 1 iron foundry. It contained 5 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 920 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 52 attending an 
 academy. Lumber is the chief article of ex- 
 port. Capital, Smethport. Pop., 5254. 
 
 McKean, a post-township of Erie co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 9 miles S. E. from Erie. 
 
 McKean, a township in the central part of 
 Licking co., Ohio. Population, 1378. 
 
 McKeansbueg, a post-village of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pa., 10 or 11 miles E. from Pottsville. 
 
 McKean's Old Stand, a post-office of 
 Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 McKee's Half Falls, a post-office of Union 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 McKeesport, a post-borough of Versailles 
 township, Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the right bank of the Monongahela river, 
 at the mouth of the Youghiogheny river, 15 
 miles above Pittsburg. It is a flourishing 
 place, and owes its rapid growth to boat 
 building, and to the trade in coal, immense 
 quantities of which are taken out of the hills 
 about two miles from this town. Population, 
 in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Mackerel Corner, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Mackford, a small village of Dodge co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Mackford, a post-township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Marquette co.. Wis. Pop. ,520. 
 
 Mackford, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 50 miles N. N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Mackinac, or MiciiiLiAfACKiNAC, commonly 
 called Mackinaav, a post-village, capital of 
 Michilimackinac co., Michigan, on an island 
 of the same name, in Lake Huron, about 320 
 miles by water, N. N. W. from Detroit. Lat. 
 46°. 54' N., Ion. 84° 30'. It is pleasantly 
 situated around a small bay at the south- 
 eastern part of the island. The harbor is 
 safe and deep enough for large vessels. Fort 
 Mackinaw stands on a rocky height 150 feet 
 above the village which it commands. Here 
 is an agency for Indian aflFairs. The village 
 contains a court house, 2 or 3 churches, and 
 numerous stores. The trade of Mackinac in 
 1851 was computed at ^356,218. Large num- 
 bers of fish are exported from this place. 
 Pop in 1853, 1200 See Michilimackinac. 
 688 
 
 Mackinaw, a post-village in Tazewell co., 
 Illinois, 55 miles N. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Mackinaw Creek, in the N. W. central 
 part of Illinois, falls into the Illinois river in 
 Tazewell county. 
 
 McKiNLET, a post-office of Marengo co., Ala. 
 
 McKinney, a post-village, capital of Collin 
 county, Texas, is situated near the E. fork 
 of the Trinity river, 235 miles N. from Austin 
 City. It is surrounded by a rich farming 
 district. Settled since 1846. 
 
 McKinney's, a post-office of Ritchie co.,Va. 
 
 McKinstby's Mills, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 McKissack's, a small post-village of Fre- 
 mont CO., Iowa. 
 
 Macksbtjrg, a post-office of Giles co., Va. 
 
 Mack's Place, a post-office of St. Clair co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Macksville, a post-village of Clarke co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Macksville, a thriving post-village of 
 Randolph co., Indiana, near White river, and 
 69 miles E. N. E. from Indianapolis, has a 
 large flouring mill and saw mills. 
 
 Macksville, a small village of Vigo co., 
 Indiana, 1 or 2 miles W. from Terre Haute. 
 
 Mackville, a post-village in Washington 
 CO., Ky., 35 miles S. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 McLain's Mills, a post-office of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 McLaughlinsville, a small village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, .about 20 miles 
 in a direct line E. N. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 McLean, a county in the central part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 1150 square miles. It 
 is drained by Mackinaw, Kickapoo, Salt, and 
 Sugar creeks, which all rise within its limits. 
 The surface consists mostly of extensive open 
 plains or prairies ; the soil is deep, and very 
 fertile, producing naturally a luxuriant 
 gTowth of grass and a variety of flowers. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, pork, and wool 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1,226,533 bushels of corn; 63,893 of 
 wheat; 126,159 of oats; 5450 tons of hay, 
 and 49,883 pounds of wool. It contained 11 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 800 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 100 attending 
 other schools. Beds of stone coal and build- 
 ing stone are found in several places. The 
 Chicago and Mississippi railroad intersects 
 the Central railroad at Bloomington, the ca- 
 pital. Named in honor of the Hon. John 
 McLean, member of Congress from Illinois. 
 Population, 10,163. 
 
 McLean, a post-village of Tompkins co.. 
 New York, on Fall creek, about 150 miles 
 W. from Albany. It has several churches 
 and mills. 
 
 McLean, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Shelby co., Ohio. Pop., 775. 
 
 McLeansboeodgh, a post-village, capital 
 of Hamilton co., Illinois, 160 miles S. S. E. 
 from Springfield. It contains, besides tho 
 county buildings, a few stores. 
 
MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 McLean's Store, a post-office of Tippah 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 McLeansville, a village in Jackson co., 
 Tenn., 80 miles N. E. by E. from Nashville. 
 
 McLemore's Cove, a village of Walker co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 McLemoresvilie, a thriving post-village of 
 Carroll co., Tennessee, 114 miles W. by S. 
 from Nashville. It is the seat of Bethel 
 College, a flourishing institution, under the 
 direction of the Cumberland Presbyterians, 
 and contains 3 churches, 6 stores, and a 
 tobacco factory. 
 
 McLennan, a new county in the central 
 part of Texas, has an area of about 800 
 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Brazos river, and also drained by the Bosque, 
 Middle Bosque, and South Bosque rivers. 
 The surface is uneven, and consists partly of 
 prairies. This county was formed since the 
 census of 1850 was taken. The population 
 is unknown, but very sparse. Capital, Waco. 
 
 McLeou's, a post-village of Greene co., Miss. 
 
 McMahon's Ceeek, of Belmont co., Ohio, 
 flows into the. Ohio river about 5 miles below 
 Wheeling. 
 
 McManus, a village of Greene co., Miss. 
 
 McMath's, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 McMeekin's, a post-village of Fairfield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 McMillan's, apost-office of Panola co., Tex. 
 
 McMinn, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 480 
 square miles. The Hiawassee river forms its 
 S. W. boundary, and it is also drained by 
 Chestua creek. The surface is an inclined 
 plane sloping to the S. W. The soil is fertile, 
 producing Indian corn, oats, and grass. 
 In 1850 there were raised 939,116 bushels 
 of Indian corn ; 216,154 of oats, and 113,928 
 pounds of butter. There were 52 churches, 
 3 newspaper offices; 3851 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 145 attending academies 
 and other schools. The great railroad of 
 E. Tennessee passes through the county, and 
 contributes greatly to its prosperity. Capi- 
 tal, Athens. Population, 13,906; of whom 
 12,308 were free, and 1568, slaves. 
 
 McMinnville, a post-village, capital of 
 Warren CO., Tenn. on the McMinvilleand Man- 
 chester railroad 75 m. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 McNairy, a county in the S. S. AV. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Mississippi, has an 
 area estimated at 570 square miles. The 
 South fork of Forked Deer river rises in the 
 county, and it is also drained by a creek 
 which flows into the Hatchie river. This 
 county occupies part of the table-land be- 
 tween the Tennessee and Hatchie rivers. 
 The soil produces Indian corn, tobacco, and 
 cotton. In 1850 this county produced 
 571,080 bushels of Indian corn; 55,332 of 
 oats; 140,548 pounds of butter, and 2821 
 bales of cotton. It contained 35 churches, 1 
 newspaper office, and 2500 pupils attending 
 
 public schools. Capital, Purdy. Pop. 12,864; 
 of whom 11,471 were free, 1393, slaves. 
 
 McNeil's Fbkrt, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., North Carolina. 
 
 McNuTT, a small post-village, capital of 
 Sunflower co., Mississippi, about 90 miles 
 in a direct line N. from Jackson. It has 
 been laid out within a few years. 
 
 Macomb County, situated in the S. E. part 
 of Michigan, bordering on Lake St. Clair, 
 contains 450 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Clinton river and its branches. The sur- 
 face in the E. part is level, and heavily tim- 
 bered with white oak, elm, linden, ash, &c. ; 
 the W. part is more rolling, and is occupied by 
 oak openings, or uplands, which are covered 
 with a scattered growth of oaks. The soil is 
 deep and fertile, adapted to wheat, which is 
 the staple production. Indian corn, oats, 
 potatoes, hay, and wool are also raised. In 
 1850 the county produced 129,803 bushels of 
 wheat; 107,596 of corn; 158,145 of oats; 
 61,897 of potatoes, and 18,582 tons of hay. 
 It contained 15 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 
 and 4427 pupils attending public schools. 
 The Clinton river affords water-power, and 
 is navigable to the capital, Mount Clemens. 
 Population, 15,530. 
 
 Macomb, a post-township of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York, about 140 miles N. N. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 1197. 
 
 Macomb, a post-township in the central 
 part of Macomb co., Michigan. Pop., 757. 
 
 Macomb, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of McDonough county, Illinois, on the Mili- 
 tary Tract railroad, 85 miles W. N. W. from 
 Springfield. It is pleasantly situated on a 
 fertile prairie. It is the largest place in the 
 county, and contains a court house and seve- 
 ral churches. Pop. in 1853, about 1400. 
 
 Macon, a county near the W. extremity of 
 North Carolina, bordering on Georgia and 
 Tennessee, area estimated at 600 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Tennessee river. 
 The Iron or Smoky mountain forms the 
 boundary on the N. W., and the Blue Ridge 
 extends near the S. E. border. The soil of 
 the valleys produces Indian corn, oats, and 
 pastures. In 1850 this county yielded 225,897 
 bushels of corn; 69,052 of oats, and 79,750 
 pounds of butter. There were 2 saw mills, 
 1 woollen factory, and 3 tanneries. It 
 contained 9 churches, 1250 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 100 attending academies 
 or other schools. It is intersected by the 
 Western turnpike, extending from Salisbury 
 to the border of Georgia. Iron is found in 
 the mountains. Capital, Franklin. Formed 
 in 1828, and named in honor of Nathaniel 
 Macon, United States senator from North 
 Carolina. Population, 6389, of whom 5840 
 were free, and 549, slaves. 
 
 Macon, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 366 square miles. 
 It is traversed from N. to S. by Flint river, 
 and also drained by Juniper, Whitewater, 
 
 639 
 
MAC 
 
 MAG 
 
 and Buck's creeks. The surface is leTel, and 
 the soil mostly productive. The western 
 part of the county is timbered with pine. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 5773 bales of cotton ; 258,364 
 bushels of corn; 28,477 of oats, and 93,557 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 22 churches, 
 and 350 pupils attending public schools. 
 The county is intei'sected by the Muscogee 
 railroad, and in part by the South-western 
 railroad. Capital, Lanier. Population, 7052, 
 of whom 4091 were free, and 2961, slaves. 
 
 Macon, a county in the E. part of Alaba- 
 ma, bordering on Georgia, has an area of 
 850 square miles. It is drained by the Eu- 
 faukee creek, and other affluents of the Tal- 
 lapoosa river, which forms part of the N. W. 
 boundary. The surface is vmeven ; the soil 
 in some parts is fertile. Indian corn, cot- 
 ton, and cattle are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 998,867 bushels of corn; 
 288,880 of sweet potatoes ; 187,082 of oats, 
 and 29,089 bales of cotton. There were 9 
 saw and grist mills, 4 coach manufactories, 
 and 3 tanneries. It contained 28 churches, 
 8 newspaper offices, and 1842 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Tallapoosa river is navi- 
 gable by small steamboats. The Montgomery 
 and West Point railroad passes through the 
 county. Organized about the year 1834, 
 previous to which it was included in the 
 Creek Indians' territory. Capital, Tuskegee. 
 Population, 26,898, of whom 11,302 were 
 free, and 15,596, slaves. 
 
 Macon, a county in the N. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Kentucky ; area esti- 
 mated at 280 square miles. It is drained 
 by affluents of Big Barren river. The sur- 
 face is uneven, the soil is generally fertile. 
 Indian corn, tobacco, and cattle are the 
 staples. In 1850, Macon county produced 
 302,505 bushels of Indian corn; 44,865 of 
 oats; 941,268 pounds of tobacco, and 48,388 
 of butter. It contained 37 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office ; 680 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 20 pupils attending another 
 school. Capital, Lafayette. Pop., 6948, of 
 whom 6182 were free, and 766, slaves. 
 
 Macon, a county in the central part of 
 Illinois, has an area of about 500 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the North or 
 principal branch of Sangamon river, dividing 
 it into nearly equal parts. The surface is 
 generally level, and consists of open plains 
 or prairies, diversified by small tracts of 
 timber ; the soil is highly productive. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 there were raised 
 698,220 bushels of corn ; 22,226 of wheat ; 
 90.805 of oats, and 99,775 pounds of butter 
 were made. It contained 5 churches, and 
 600 pupils attending public schools. The 
 Central railroad and the Northern Cross 
 railroad pass through the county. Capital, 
 Decatur. Population, 3988. 
 640 
 
 Macon, a county towards the N. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 830 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Chariton river, and by 
 its East fork ; the E. part is drained by the 
 South fork of Salt river, and the W. part by 
 Wolf creek. The soil produces Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, and tobacco. Cattle and 
 swine are also among the staples. In 1850 
 the county yielded 420,023 bushels of corn ; 
 19,131 of wheat; 76,683 of oats; 9.54 tons of 
 hay, and 845,110 pounds of tobacco. It 
 contained 7 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 588 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Bloomington. Population, 6585, of 
 whom 6262 were free, and 308, slaves. 
 
 Macon, a flourishing city, capital of Bibb 
 county, Georgia, is situated on both sides of 
 the Ocmulgee river, where it is crossed by 
 the Central railroad, 191 miles W. N. W. 
 from Savannah, 100 miles S. E. from Atlanta, 
 and 30 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. The 
 Macon and Westei^n railroad connects with 
 the Central railroad at this place, which is 
 also the terminus of the South-western rail- 
 road, leading to Oglethorpe. Macon is the 
 third city of the state in population and 
 importance, and is the centre of an active 
 trade. Steamboats can ascend the river as 
 high as this place, which is the head of navi- 
 gation. The city contains a "commodious 
 court house, a market house, 7 churches, 4 
 banks, 1 academy, and the Georgia Female 
 College. The latter is a four-storied brick 
 building, 160 feet by 60, finely situated on an 
 eminence. Five or six newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. A bridge, about 380 feet long, 
 connects the opposite banks of the river. Rose 
 Hill Cemetery, situated on the Ocmulgee, 
 half a mile above the city, is much admired 
 by visitors. On the bank of the river, a few 
 miles below Macon, is an isolated eminence, 
 known as Lamar's Mound, which appears to 
 be the work of nature, although several ar- 
 tificial mounds occur in the vicinity. The 
 western front of this is rugged and precipit- 
 ous, and the summit is occupied by a level 
 area of 50 acres. Population in 1850, 5953 ; 
 in 1858, about 7000. 
 
 Macon, a village of Clarke co., Alabama, 
 about 134 miles S. by W. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Macon, a post- village of Marengo co., Ala- 
 bama, 56 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Macon, a post-village, capital of Noxubee 
 CO., Mississippi, on the Noxubee river, 125 
 miles E. N. E. from Jackson. It is situated 
 in a fertile cotton-planting disti'ict, and has 
 some trade. 
 
 Macon, a post- village in Fayette co., Ten- 
 nessee, 190 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Macon, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Lenawee co., Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 1080. 
 
 Macon Bayotj of Louisiana, commences 
 near the N. E. extremity of Carroll parish, 
 and flowing in a S. S. W. course, unites with 
 Tensas river on the W. border of Tensas 
 
MAC 
 
 MAD 
 
 parish. In high water it is navigable about 
 150 miles. 
 
 Macon Depot, a post- village of Warren 
 CO., North Carolina, on the Gaston and Ra- 
 leigh railroad, and 67 miles N. N. E. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Macon Rivek, of Michigan, is formed by 
 three branches which unite in Monroe co. ; 
 it enters the Raisin river about 12 miles 
 above Monroe City. 
 
 Macopin, a post-office of Passaic co., N. J. 
 
 Macoupin, a county in the AV. S. W. part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 800 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Macoupin, Otter, and 
 Cahokia creeks, from the first of which the 
 name is derived. The surface is moderately 
 diversified and the soil excellent. The prai- 
 ries of the county are more extensive than 
 the forests. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pota- 
 toes, pork, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 it produced 1,598,829 bushels of corn ; 
 77,022 of wheat; 257,101 of oats, and 297,707 
 pounds of butter. It contained 20 churches, 
 and 2003 pupils attending public schools. 
 The county is intersected by the Alton and 
 Springfield railroad, and by the Alton and 
 Terre Haute railroad, not yet finished. Ca- 
 pital, Carlinviile. Population, 12,355. 
 
 Macoupin, a township in Macoupin co., Il- 
 linois. Population, 72. 
 
 Macoupin Ceeek, Illinois, has its sources 
 in Macoupin county, and joins the Illinois 
 river about 20 miles from its mouth. 
 
 McRae's Mills, a post-office of Montgo- 
 mery CO., North Carolina. 
 
 McRae's Stoebs, a post-office of Telfair 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 McSheertstown, a post-village of Adams 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles E. from 
 Gettysburg. Population, 206. 
 
 Macungy, a former post-township of Lehigh 
 county, Pennsylvania, divided into Upper and 
 Lower Macungy. 
 
 McVeytown, formerly Watnesbueg, a 
 thriving post-borough of Mifflin county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the left bank of the Juniata 
 river, 11 miles above Lewistown. The Penn- 
 sylvania canal and Central railroad pass 
 through the place. The adjacent hills abound 
 in iron ore, which is manufactured here. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 580; in 1853, about 800. 
 
 McWiLLiAMSTOWN, a post- village of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Madawaska, a post-township of Aroostook 
 county, Maine, bordering on New Brunswick, 
 about 225 miles N. E. by N. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1276. 
 
 Madbury, a township of Strafford county, 
 New Hampshire, on the Salmon Falls river, 
 and on the Boston and Maine railroad, about 
 10 miles N. W. from Portsmouth. Popula- 
 tion, 483. 
 
 Maddenville, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Maddox, a post-office of Hanover county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 2q 
 
 Madison, a county in the E. central part 
 of New York, has an area of 620 square 
 miles. It is partly bounded on the N. by 
 Oneida lake, and on the E. by the Unadilla 
 river, and is drained by the head branches of 
 the Chenango river, and by several smaller 
 streams, which supply motive-power to nu- 
 merous mills. The surface in the south- 
 ern and middle portions is uneven and hilly; 
 along the lake shore more level. The soil 
 near the lake is fertile, but in the south- 
 ern parts rather cold and wet, and more 
 adapted to grazing than grain. Indian corn, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 thia 
 county produced 339,906 bushels of corn; 
 585,307 of oats ; 93,565 tons of hay ; 1,584,499 
 pounds of butter, and 2,450,172 of cheese. 
 There were 28 flour and grist mills, 14 wool- 
 len and 3 cotton mills, 8 iron foundries, 5 dis- 
 tilleries, 2 paper mills, 24 tanneries, and 
 7 machine shops. It contained 84 churches, 
 6 newspaper offices; 11,837 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 857 attending academies 
 or other schools. Gypsum, water limestone, 
 and common limestone are found in abund- 
 ance, and some iron ore and marl occur. It 
 has also a salt spring and two sulphur springs. 
 The Erie canal, the Chenango canal, and the 
 Utica and Syracuse railroad traverse this 
 county. Organized in 1806, having previously 
 formed part of Chenango county, and named 
 in honor of James Madison, fourth president 
 of the United States. Capital, Morrisville 
 Population, 43,072. 
 
 Madison, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 280 square 
 miles. The Rapidan river forms its bound- 
 ary on the S., S. E., and S. W. ; it is also 
 drained by Robertson's and Hazel rivers, 
 which rise within its limits. The Blue Ridge 
 forms the N. W. boundary of the county ; 
 the surface is diversified by other elevations, 
 and is noted for the sublimity of its scenery. 
 The soil of the valleys is fertile. The coun- 
 ty is timbered with the oak, hickory, cherry, 
 and other trees. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, butter, and live stock are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 343,443 bush- 
 els of corn ; 136,684 of wheat ; 21,890 of 
 oats ; 1667 tons of bay, and 81,184 pounds 
 of butter. There were 27 flour, grist, and 
 saw mills, 7 tanneries, and 1 woollen factory. 
 It contained 15 churches, and 386 pupils at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Exten- 
 sive beds of copper ore are found in the Blue 
 Ridge, but are not worked at present. The- 
 county is traversed by the Blue Ridge turn- 
 pike. Organized in 1792. Capital, Madi- 
 sontown. Population, 9331 ; of whom 4607 
 were free, and 4724, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a county iu the W. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Tennessee ; area es- 
 timated at 450 square miles. It is intersect- 
 ed by French Broad river. The surface is 
 mountainous, the county lying on the S. E. 
 declivity of Bald mountain. The land pro- 
 
 641 
 
MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 duces good pasturage. The county -was 
 formed in 1850, from Buncombe and Yancey 
 counties. Capital, Marshall. 
 
 Madison, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Georgia, has an area of about 300 
 square miles. It is drained by the North 
 and South forks of Broad river, which unite 
 at its S. E. extremity. The surface is un- 
 even; the soil in the northern part is poor, 
 and in the south-eastern productive. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, oats, and potatoes are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 the county produced 2219 
 bales of cotton ; 195,421 bushels of corn; 
 28,777 of oats, and 31,365 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 2 saw mills and 1 tannery. It 
 contained 11 churches, 191 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending academies 
 or other schools. Gold and granite are found, 
 and iron ore is .abundant in the county. Ca- 
 pital, Danielsville. Population, 5703 ; of 
 whom 3770 were free, and 1933, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a county in the central part of 
 Florida, bordering on Georgia and the Gulf 
 of Mexico, contains about 2500 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Suwanee river, 
 and on the W. by the Oeilla river. The sur- 
 face is undulating ; the soil in some parts is 
 productive. Cotton, sugar-cane, Indian corn, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 5024 bales of cotton ; 
 119,640 bushels of corn, and 42,799 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 2 saw mills, 1 wheel- 
 wright establishment, and 1 tannery. It con- 
 tained 12 churches, 140 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and lOO attending academies or 
 other schools. Capital, Madison. Popula- 
 tion, 5490 ; of whom 2802 were free, and 
 2688, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a county in the N. part of Ala- 
 bama, bordering on Tennessee, has an area of 
 850 square miles. It is intersected by Flint 
 and Paint Rock creeks, ailluents of the Ten- 
 nessee river, which forms the S. boundary. 
 The surface is hilly ; the soil is very fertile 
 and extensively cultivated. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, and pork are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 20,888 bales of cotton ; 
 1,195,037 bushels of corn, and 163,074 of 
 oats. There were 2 cotton factories, 2 cord- 
 age and bagging manufactories, 13 flour mills, 
 and 13 saw mills. It contained 33 churches, 
 3 newspaper offices, and 930 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Limestone underlies a 
 large part of the surface. Steamboats na- 
 vigate the Tennessee river, on the border of 
 this county. A railroad has been commenced 
 between Winchester, Tennessee, and Hunts- 
 ville, the county seat. Madison county is 
 one of the most densely peopled portions of 
 the state. Population, 26,427 ; of whom 
 12,101 were free, and 14,326, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a county in the W. central part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 740 
 square miles. The Pearl river forms its 
 boundary on the S. E., and the Big Black 
 washes its N. W. border. The soil is pro- 
 642 
 
 ductive. Indian corn, oats, and sweet pota- 
 toes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 785,485 bushels of corn; 76,964 of 
 oats; 175,230 of sweet potatoes; 45,957 of 
 peas and beans ; 14 bales of cotton. It con- 
 tained 26 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 293 
 pupils attending public schools, and 233 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 railroad projected from Jackson to Tennessee 
 will pass through the county. Capital, Can- 
 ton. Population, 18,173, of whom 4330 were 
 free, and 13,843, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a parish in the N. E. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on the Mississippi, con- 
 tains 640 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by Macon bayou, and intersected by 
 the navigable river Tensas. The surface is low ; 
 the soil is alluvial and fertile' In 1850 there 
 were raised 12,771 bales of cotton, and 214,365 
 bushels of corn. It contained 1 6 wood-yards, 5 
 saw and planing mills, 2 cotton-ginning mills ; 
 5 churches, 1 newspaper ofBce ; 123 pupils at- 
 tending schools. Capital, Richmond. Pop.j 
 8773 ; of whom 1420 were free, and 7353, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a new county towards the E. part 
 of Texas, formed in 1850 from Grimes and 
 Walker cos., has an area of about 580 square 
 miles, bounded on the E. by the navigable 
 river Trinity, and drained by P-idais creek. 
 
 Madison, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, contains 
 1030 square miles. It is drained by the 
 main foi'k of White river, and by War Eagle 
 river, and by King's river. The surface is 
 diversified by hills and valleys, the soil of 
 which is generally fertile and adapted to 
 grazing and fruits. Wheat and Indian corn 
 are among the chief products. In 1850 there 
 were raised 842,764 bushels of corn ; 23,422 
 of wheat ; 35,489 of oats, and 74,540 pounds 
 of butter. There were 2 flour and grist 
 mills, 1 carding and fulling mill, and 3 tan- 
 neries. It contained 9 churches, and 410 
 pupils attending public schools. An active 
 emigration has been directed to this section 
 for a few years past. Capital, liuntsville. 
 Population, 4823 ; of whom 4659 were free, 
 and 164, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 650 
 square miles. It is traversed by the South 
 fork of the Forked Deer river, and the North 
 fork of the same rises within its limits. The 
 surface presents no great elevations. The 
 soil is fertile. Grain, cotton, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,045,424 bushels of corn ; 32,707 of wheat; 
 15,823 bales of cotton, and 187,079 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 44 churches, 2 news- 
 paper ofiices ; 540 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 842 attending academies and 
 other schools. The route of the Mobile and 
 Ohio railroad passes through the county. 
 Capital, Jackson. Population, 21,470; of 
 whom 12,918 were free, and 8552, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a county in the E. central part 
 
MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 of Kentucky, has an area estimated at 500 
 square miles. The Kentucky river forms its 
 entire boundary on the N., and it is also 
 drained by Silver and Paint Lick creeks. 
 The surface is undulating. The soil is gene- 
 rally fertile. The county is well supplied 
 with timber of various kinds. Indian corn, 
 tobacco, grass, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 1,424,856 bushels 
 of corn ; 176,400 of oats, and 60,511 pounds 
 of tobacco. It contained 20 churches, 1 
 newspaper office ; 1762 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 195 attending academies or 
 other schools. Limestone underlies a part 
 of the surface. Capital, Richmond. Popu- 
 lation, 15,727 ; of whom 10,334 were free, 
 and 5893, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Ohio, has an area of 480 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Darby and Little Darby 
 creeks, and also drained by the sources of 
 Little IMiami river, and of Deer creek. The 
 surface is nearly level, and partly covered 
 with forests of large timber. The soil is 
 good, and particularly adapted to grazing. 
 Indian corn, hay, wool, butter, and cattle 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 726,4-51 bushels of corn ; 19,308 tons 
 of hay; 120,690 pounds of wool, and 128,948 
 of butter. It contained 24 churches, 1 news- 
 paper ofBce, and 3833 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. It is traversed by the Columbus 
 and Xenia railroad, and by the Columbus 
 and Piqua railroad, the latter of which is not 
 yet finished. Capital, London. Pop., 10,015. 
 
 Madison, a county in the E. central part 
 of Indiana, contains 400 square miles. It is 
 watered by White river. Fall creek, and 
 Pipe creek. The surface is undulating or 
 nearly level, and was originally covered with 
 heavy timber. The soil is extremely fertile. 
 Wheat, corn, oats, and grass are the staples ; 
 and cattle, mules, and swine are raised for 
 exportation. In 1850 this county produced 
 895,817 bushels of corn; 107,488 of wheat; 
 47,857 of oats, and 4358 tons of hay. There 
 were 20 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 2752 pupils attending public schools. The 
 county contains valuable quarries of lime- 
 stone and marble, and is very liberally sup- 
 plied with water-power. The Bellefontaine 
 and Indianapolis railroad, recently opened, 
 passes through the county. Organized in 
 1823. Capital, xinderson. Pop., 12,375. 
 
 Madison, a county in the S. W. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Missouri, has an area of 
 about 690 square miles. It is situated on 
 the Mississippi river opposite the mouth of 
 the Missouri, and nearly opposite St. Louis. 
 It is intersected by Cahokia creek, and also 
 drained by Silver creek and its branches. 
 The surface is elevated and undulating, di- 
 versified by prairies and woodlands. The 
 river bottom below Alton is several miles 
 wide, and bounded on the E. by a bluff which 
 rises from 100 to 200 feet. The soil is re- 
 
 markably fertile, and is extensively culti- 
 vated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, 
 pork, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 1,153,183 bushels of 
 corn; 88,893 of wheat; 202,059 of oats ; 
 6499 tons of hay, and 251,824 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were in that year 3574 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 209 attending 
 academies or other schools ; 78 churches, and 
 2 newspaper oflSces. Stone coal and limestone 
 are abundant on the banks of the river near 
 Alton. The county is intersected by the Alton 
 and Terre Haute railroad, and by the Chi- 
 cago and Mississippi. Capital, Edwardsville. 
 Population, 20,436. 
 
 Madison, a county in the S. E. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of about 900 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the St. Francis river, and 
 Castor creek, flowing from N. to S., and also 
 drained by More's and Big creeks. The soil 
 is generally thin. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, and butter are the staples of agricul- 
 ture. Lead is the chief article of export. 
 In 1850 the county produced 266,690 bushels 
 of corn; 11,439 of wheat; 39,505 of oats, 
 and 540 tons of hay. It contained 4 churches. 
 Limestone and sandstone are the principal 
 rocks of the county. Iron and lead are 
 abundant, and a small quantity of copper is 
 found in- connection with the lead. The La 
 Motte mine, in the N. part of the county, 
 has yielded about 1,000,000 pounds of lead 
 in a single year. In the N. W. part is a re- 
 markable eminence, called Pilot Knob, which 
 is covered with the micaceous oxide of iron. 
 Capital, Fredericktown. Population, 6008 ; 
 of whom 5307 were free, and 696, slaves. 
 
 Madison, a new county in the S. W. cen- 
 tral part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. The North and Middle rivers, aflSu- 
 ents of the Des Moines, traverse the county 
 from W. to E. ; it is also drained by Prairie 
 branch of Middle river. Extensive prairies 
 occur in the county. The soil is productive 
 and well watered. Indian corn, butter, and 
 wool are the staples. In 1850, Madison 
 county produced 26,250 bushels of Indian 
 corn ; 842 of wheat ; 1410 pounds of wool, 
 and 6005 pounds of butter. There were 66 
 pupils attending public schools, and 25 attend- 
 ing another school. Large beds of stone coal 
 are found. Capital, Winterset. Pop., 1179. 
 
 Madison, a post-township of Somerset co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec river, about 
 35 miles N. of Augusta. Population, 1769. 
 
 Madison, a post-village and seaport of 
 New Haven county, Connecticut, on the New 
 Haven and New London railroad, 21 miles E. 
 from New Haven. It contains a Congrega- 
 tional church, an academy, and several 
 stores. Manufacturing and ship building 
 are carried on to a considerable extent. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1837. 
 
 ISIadison, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Madison co.. New York, on the Chenango 
 canal. Population, 2405. 
 
 643 
 
MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 Madison, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Cherry Valley turnpike, 95 miles 
 W. by N. from Albany. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches. 
 
 Madison, formerly Bottle Hill, a post- 
 village in Chatham township, Morris county, 
 New .Jersey, on the Morris and Essex rail- 
 road, about 14 miles W. from Newark, contains 
 2 churches, an academy, and above 100 houses. 
 
 Madison, a township of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. from Kit- 
 taning. Population, 1151. 
 
 Madison, a township of Clarion co., Pa., 
 15 miles S. W. of Clarion. Population, 1365. 
 
 Madison, a township of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 712. 
 
 Madison, a township of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 579. 
 
 Madison, a township of Montour co.. Pa., 
 10 miles N. of Danville. Population, 1255. 
 
 Madison, a township of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles W. by S. from Bloom- 
 field. Population, 1292. 
 
 Madison, a small post-village of 'West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, on the Hemp- 
 field railroad, 6 miles S. W. from Greensburg. 
 
 Madison, a post-village of Rockingham 
 CO., North Carolina, on Dan river, at the con- 
 fluence of the Mayo, 116 miles N. W. from 
 Raleigh. Population, about 400. 
 
 Madison, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Morgan county, Georgia, on the Geor- 
 gia railroad, 103 miles W. from Augusta, 
 and 43 miles N. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 It has a pleasant and healthy situation, sur- 
 rounded by a beautiful and fertile country. 
 This place has long been distinguished for 
 excellent schools, and at the present time it 
 contains 4, which axe in a prosperous condi- 
 tion, namely, the Baptist Collegiate Institute, 
 the Madison Female College, (Methodist,) 
 the Madison Male Academy, and a high- 
 school for boys. About 250 pupils are re- 
 ceiving instruction here. Madison is a place 
 of active trade, and a market for the cotton 
 raised in the vicinity. From 20,000 to 25,000 
 bales are received here annually. The value 
 of goods sold in a year exceeds $230,000. 
 It has 4 churches and 1 steam cotton mill. 
 The resident population is about 1600. 
 
 Madison, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tex. 
 
 Madison, a township in Sevier co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 350. 
 
 Madison, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Butler co., Ohio. Pop., 2242. 
 
 Madison, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Clarke co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Xenia and Columbus railroad. Pop., 949. 
 
 Madison, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Columbiana co., Ohio. Population, 1406. 
 
 Madison, a tov/nship in the S. part of 
 Fairfield co., Ohio. Population, 1164. 
 
 Madison, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Fayette co., Ohio. Population, 864. 
 
 Madison, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop., 2480. 
 644 
 
 Madison, a tovmship in Guernsey co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1519. 
 
 Madison, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Highland co., Ohio. Pop., 2174. 
 
 Madison, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop., 1515. 
 
 Madison, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Lake co., Ohio, on both sides of Grand 
 river. Population, 2986. 
 
 Madison, a tewnship in the E. part of 
 Licking co., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio 
 canal. Population, 1027. 
 
 Madison, a township in the central part 
 of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop., 1688. 
 
 Madison, a township in the N. part of 
 Perry co., Ohio. Population, 988. 
 
 Madison, a township in Pickaway co., 
 Ohio. Population, 885. 
 
 Madison, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Sandusky co., Ohio. Population, 389. 
 
 Madison, a village in Ingham co., Michi- 
 gan, 130 miles W. N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Madison, a township in the S. central part 
 of Lenawee CO., Michigan. Pop., 2404. 
 
 Madison, a post-office of Livingston co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Madison, a township in Allen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 561. 
 
 Madison, a township in Carroll co., In- 
 diana. Population, 558. 
 
 Madison, a township in Clinton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 694. 
 
 Madison, a township in Daviess co., In- 
 diana. Population, 919. 
 
 Madison, a township in Jay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 645. 
 
 Madison, a post-township in Jefferson co., 
 Indiana. Population, 3223. 
 
 Madison, a flourishing city and river port 
 of Indiana, and seat of justice of Jefferson 
 county, on the Ohio river, 90 miles below 
 Cincinnati, 44 miles above Louisville, and 
 86 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis. Lat. 
 38° 46' N., Ion. 85° 21' W. It is advan- 
 tageously situated for trade, and is equal, if 
 not superior, to any town of the state in po- 
 pulation and importance. Steamboats make 
 regular passages between this port and other 
 towns of the Mississippi valley. The naviga- 
 tion is usually open all winter in ordinary 
 seasons. Several steamboats are owned 
 here. Madison is the S. terminus of the 
 Madison and Indianapolis railroad, which 
 was completed in 1848, and is doing a large 
 business in conveying freight and passen- 
 gers. The city is beautifully situated in a 
 valley nearly 3 miles in length, which is en- 
 closed on the N. by steep and rugged hills 
 about 400 feet high. The site is elevated 
 30 or 40 feet above the highest floods. Madi- 
 son is well built, containing a larger propor- 
 tion of brick houses than is usual in the 
 towns of Indiana. It has a court house, a 
 jail, 2 market houses, 1 bank, 2 large public 
 schools, and about 15 churches. There are 
 4 or 5 newspapers published here. Several 
 
MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 of the streets are paved, and liglited with gas. 
 A considerable amount of capital and labor 
 is employed in manufactures of cotton, wool, 
 iron, machinery, and oil, and the establish- 
 ments for packing pork are very extensive. 
 First settled in 1808. Pop. in 18-10, 3798; in 
 1860, including N. Madison village, 8681 ; in 
 1853, about 12.000. 
 
 Madison, a township in Montgomery co., 
 Indiana. Population, 988. 
 
 Madison, a township in Morgan co., In- 
 diana. Population, 884. 
 
 Madison, a township in Pike co., Indiana. 
 
 Madison, a township in Putnam co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1199. 
 
 Madison, a township in St. Joseph co., 
 Indiana. Population, 422. 
 
 Madison, a township in Tipton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 778. 
 
 Madison, a township in Johnson co., Mis- 
 Bouri. Population, 668. 
 
 Madison, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Missouri, 12 miles W. from Paris, is in a rich 
 farming district which abounds in coal. 
 
 Madison,. capital of the state of Wisconsin, 
 and seat of justice of Dane county, is plea- 
 santly situated on an isthmus between Third 
 lake and Fourth lake, 80 miles W. from Mil- 
 waukee, and 154 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 Lat. 48° 5' N., Ion. 89° 20' W. It stands in 
 the centre of a broad valley, surrounded by 
 heights from which the town can be seen at 
 a distance of several miles. The isthmus is 
 about three-quarters of a mile in width. 
 Fourth lake, which lies on the N. W. side of 
 the town, is 6 miles long by 4 miles wide. It 
 is a beautiful sheet of water, with clean, gra- 
 velly shores. The depth is sufficient for navi- 
 gation by steamboats, and is estimated at 
 about 60 feet. The Third lake is rather 
 smaller. When this place was selected for 
 the seat of government, in 1836, it contained 
 no building but a solitary log cabin. The 
 Capitol, which is a limestone structure, built 
 at an expense of $50,000, stands on ground 
 70 feet above the level of the lakes, and is 
 surrounded by a public square. The streets 
 which lead from the capitol towards the car- 
 dinal points descend gradually to the shores 
 of the lakes, excepting the one which extends 
 westward to College hill. On this eminence, 
 1 mile W. from the capitol, and about 125 
 feet above the lake, is situated the university 
 of Wisconsin, which -was instituted in 1849. 
 Three newspapers are published. It contains 
 a bank, 5 or 6 churches, 26 stores, an iron 
 foundry, a woollen factory, and several steam 
 miUs. The author of "Western Portraiture" 
 gives the following lively sketch of this place 
 and its environs : — "Madison perhaps com- 
 bines and overlooks more charming and diver- 
 sified scenery to please the eye of fancy and 
 promote health and pleasure, than any other 
 town in the West, and in these respects it 
 surpasses every other state capital in the 
 Union. Its bright lakes, fresh groves, rip- 
 
 pling rivulets, shady dales, and flowery mea- 
 dow lawns, are commingled in greater profu- 
 sion, and disposed in more picturesque order 
 than we have ever elsewhere beheld. . . . 
 Nor is it less noteworthy for its business ad- 
 vantages and its healthful position. Situated 
 on elevated ground, amid delightful groves 
 and productive lands, well above the cool, 
 clear lakes, it must be healthy ; while the 
 abundance and convenience of fine streams 
 and water-power must facilitate a sound 
 and rapid advancement in agriculture and 
 the mechanic arts. There are also liberal 
 charters for railroads connecting Madison 
 with Milwaukee, Chicago, and the Missis- 
 sippi, some of which are being pushed ahead 
 with energy." Population in 1840, 376 ; in 
 1850, 1525; in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Madisonburg, a post-office of Wayne co., 0. 
 
 Madison Centre, a post-ofifice of Somerset 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Madison Court House, capital of Madison 
 county, Virginia, 70 miles N. W. from Rich- 
 mond, 96 miles from Washington. It contains 
 several churches, and there are 5 flouring 
 mills in its vicinity. It has a healthy situation 
 on high ground, and commands a beautiful 
 view of the Blue Ridge. Pop., about 800. 
 
 Madison Court House, a post-village, ca- 
 pital of Madison county, Florida, about 50 
 miles E. from Tallahassee. 
 
 Madison Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Madison co., Alabama. 
 
 Madison Mills, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., Virginia, has a ■woollen factory. 
 
 Madison Springs, a post-village of Madi- 
 son CO., Georgia, on the N. fork of Broad 
 river, 94 miles N. from Milledgeville. It is 
 a place of summer resort. 
 
 Madison's River, the middle branch of 
 the three which go to form the Missouri 
 river, rises near Sublette's lake, and flows 
 nearly N. to join Jefferson's river. 
 
 Madisonville, a small post-village of Ma- 
 dison CO., Mississippi, on Pearl river, 21 miles 
 N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Madisonville, a post-village of St. Tam- 
 many parish, Louisiana, on Chefuncte river, 
 1 mile N. from Lake Pontchartrain, and 35 
 miles N. from New Orleans. 
 
 Madisonville, a post-village, capital of 
 Monroe co., Tennessee, 172 miles E. S. E. 
 from Nashville, contains a court house and 
 several stores. 
 
 Madisonville, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Hopkins co., Kentucky, 200 miles W. 
 S. W. from Frankfort. It contains a court 
 house, an academy, and 2 churches. 
 
 Madisonville, a small post-village of Ha- 
 milton CO., Ohio, about 6 miles E. N. E. from 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Madisonville, a post-village in Puall's co., 
 Missouri, 80 miles N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Madrid, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Maine, about 55 miles N. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 404. 
 
 645 
 
MAD 
 
 MAH 
 
 Madrid, a post-township in the N. part 
 of St. Lawrence co., New York, on the St. 
 Lav.-rence river. Population, 4856. 
 
 Madkid, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Northern railroad, 18 miles E. 
 from Ogdensburg. It has several hundred 
 inhabitants. A newspaper is published here. 
 
 jWad River, a small stream of Grafton co., 
 near the centre of New Hampshire, falls into 
 the Pemigewasset river. 
 
 Mad River, of Washington co., Vermont, 
 fails into Onion river about 7 miles below 
 Montpelier. 
 
 Mad PtivER, a small stream of Litchfield 
 county, in the N. Y{. part of Connecticut, falls 
 into the West branch of Farmingfcou river. 
 
 Mad PtivER, of Ohio, rises in the W. cen- 
 tral part of the state, and falls into the Mi- 
 ami river at Dayton. It is the largest afflu- 
 ent of the Miami from the E. 
 
 Mad River, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Champaign county, Ohio. Pop., 1907. 
 
 Mad PtivEB, a township in Clarke county, 
 Ohio. Population, 1790. 
 
 Mad River, a township in Montgomery 
 county, Ohio. Population, 1464. 
 
 Magdalena, a post-ofiice of Meriwether 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-village of Chautauque 
 county, New York, on Chautauque lake, about 
 7 miles S. E. from Maysville. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-office of Harford co., Md. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-office of Washington 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-office of Clinch co., Ga. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-office of Yazoo co.. Miss. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-office of Anderson co.,Tex. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-office of La Rue co., Ky. 
 
 Magnolia, a post- village of Stark co., 0. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-office of Crawford co.,Ind. 
 
 Magnolia, a small post-village of Putnam 
 CO., 111., 100 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Magnolia, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop., 632. 
 
 Magnolia Springs, a post-office of Jasper 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Magoffinsvills, a post-office of San An- 
 tonio county, Texas. 
 
 Mahala, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 Mahanoy, a post-office of Northumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mahanoy Creek, of Northumberland coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, falls into the North branch 
 of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Mahanoy Mountain, Pennsylvania, is situ- 
 ated on the N. side of Mahanoy creek. It 
 traverses from N. E. to S. W. the northern 
 part of Schuylkill county, and then extends 
 westerly nearly through Northumberland. 
 The whole length is above 30 miles. 
 
 Mahantango Creek, of Pennsylvania, 
 rises in Schuylkill county and flows into the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 Mahaska, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. The county is intersected by the Des 
 646 
 
 Moines and by the North and South forks of 
 Skunk river, which all flow in a S. E. direc- 
 tion. It is also drained by numerous creeks. 
 The surface in some parts is level, and in 
 others rolling, and is finely diversified with 
 prairies and woodlands. The prairies are 
 of moderate extent, and separated by large 
 bodies of heavy timber distributed along the 
 rivers and creeks. The soil is deep, friable. 
 and highly productive. Wheat and Indian 
 corn are the principal productions. In 1850 
 there were raised 341,150 bushels of Indian 
 corn, and 40,092 of wheat. It contained 1 
 church and 805 pupils attending public 
 schools. Stone coal is abundant in many 
 parts of the county, and extensive beds of 
 limestone of good quality are found. The 
 rivers and creeks afford a copious supply of 
 water-power. A railway route has been sur- 
 veyed from Davenport to Oskaloosa. The 
 possession of the soil was given by the abo- 
 rigines to the whites in 1843. Organized in 
 1844. Capital, Oskaloosa. Pop., 5989. 
 
 Mahomet, a post-village of Champaign co., 
 Illinois, on the N. fork of Sangamon river, 80 
 miles E. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Mahoning river, of Ohio and Pennsylva- 
 nia, rises in the N. E. part of the former, and 
 joins the Beaver river near Newcastle, Penn- 
 sylvania. The Pennsylvania and Ohio canal 
 is constructed along the lower part of this 
 river. 
 
 Mahoning, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Pennsylvania, contains 
 403 square miles. It is drained by the Ma- 
 honing and Little Beaver rivers. The surface 
 is undulating; the soil is highly productive 
 and well cultivated. The staples are Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, wool, hay, and butter. In 
 1850 this county produced 261,019 bushels of 
 corn; 151,110 of wheat; 285,143 of oats; 
 288,010 pounds of wool; 40,930 tons of hay, 
 and 565,601 pounds of butter. It contained 
 58 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 6476 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 194 attending 
 academies or other schools. Extensive beds 
 of stone coal and iron ore have been opened. 
 The Pennsylvania and Ohio canal passes 
 through the county, and the railroad of the 
 same name runs near its S. border. Mahoning 
 was formed out of Trumbull and Columbiana 
 counties, and was organized in 1846, and 
 named from its principal river. Capital, 
 Canfield. Population, 23,735. 
 
 Mahoning, a former post-township of In- 
 diana county, Pennsylvania, now divided into 
 North, South, East, and West Mahoning. 
 
 Mahoning, a township of Lawrence coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on Mahoning river, about 
 55 miles N. N. W. from Pittsbui-g. Pop., 1841. 
 
 Mahoning, a township of Montour county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the North branch of the 
 Susquehanna, contains Danville. Total po- 
 pulation, 41G9. 
 
 Mahoning, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio. 
 
 Mahoning Cheek, of Pennsylvania, falls 
 
MAH 
 
 MAI 
 
 into the Alleghany riyer a few miles above 
 Kittanning. 
 
 Mahoning Mountain, Pa., in Carbon co., 
 is situated on the S. W. side of the Leliigh 
 river, and on the S. E. of Mahoning creek. 
 
 Mahontonga, or jMahantanga Mountain, 
 Pennsylvania, extends from the Susquehanna 
 along the northern border of Daupliiii county. 
 
 Maiioo'peny, a township of Wyoming coun- 
 ty, Peunsj'lvania, 7 miles W. by N. from 
 Tunkhannock. Population, 767. 
 
 Mahoopeny Creek, of Pennsylvania, en- 
 ters the Susquehanna in Wyoming county. 
 
 Mahoopeny Mountain, Pennsylvania, in 
 the W. part of Wyoming county, near Ma- 
 hoopeny creek, an afiluent of the Susque- 
 hanna. It consists propei'lj' of two portions 
 — Big iMahoopeny, near the S. W-, and Little 
 Mahoopeny, in the N. W. part of the county. 
 Both of these mountains are spurs of the 
 Alleghany range. 
 
 Mahopac, a post-ofiSce of Putnam co., N. Y. 
 
 Mahopac, a post-office of Oakland county, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Maiden Ckebk, an affluent of Schuylkill 
 river, in Berks county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Maiden Creek, a post-township of Berks 
 county, Pennsylvania, 60 miles E. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 1284. 
 
 Maiden Spring, a post-office of Tazewell 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Maidstone, a township of Essex county, 
 Vermont, on the right bank of the Connec- 
 ticut river, about 66 miles E. N. E. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 237. 
 
 Maine, the largest of the New England 
 States, and the most easterly of the United 
 States, is bounded on the N. by Canada East, 
 (from which it is separated by the St. John's 
 river,) on the E. by New Brunswick, S. by 
 the Atlantic ocean, and W. by New Hamp- 
 shire and Canada East. It lies between 43° 
 5' and 47° 30' N. lat., and between 66° 50' 
 and 71° W. Ion., being abou t250 miles in ex- 
 treme length from N. to S., and 190 in its 
 greatest breadth from E. to W., including 
 an area of about 30,000 square miles, or 
 19,200,000 acres, of which only 2,036,596, 
 or less than one-ninth, were improved in 1850. 
 
 Populaiion. — Till recently, the population 
 of Elaine was almost wholly of English or 
 New England origin, but now it begins to re- 
 ceive a portion of the mixed emigration from 
 Europe. The number of inhabitants was 
 96,540 in 1790 ; 151,719 in 1800; 228,705 in 
 1810; 298,335 in 1820; 399,455 in 1830; 
 501,793 in 1840, and 583,169 in 1850; of 
 whom 296,745 were white males; 285,068 
 females ; 726 colored males, and 630 females. 
 This population was distributed among 
 103,787 families, occupying 95,797 dwellings. 
 Of the entire population, 517,117 were born 
 in the state ; 34,012 in other states of the 
 Union, 1949 in England, 13,871 in Ireland, 
 592 in Scotland and Wales, 14,181 in British 
 America, 290 in Germany, 143 in France, 
 
 430 in other countries, and 584 whose places 
 of birth were unknown, making about 6 per 
 cent, of the population of foreign birth. In 
 the year ending June 1st, 1850, there occurred 
 7545 deaths, or about 13 in every 1000 per- 
 sons ; in the same period, 5503 paupers, of 
 whom 950 were foreigners, received aid, at 
 an expense of about $38 to each person. Of 
 230 deaf and dumb, 1 was a colored person ; 
 of 201 blind, none were colored ; of 536 in- 
 sane, 3 were colored, and of 658 iditotic, 3 
 also were colored. 
 
 Counties. — Maine is divided into 1 3 counties, 
 viz. Aroostook, Cumberland, Franklin, Han- 
 cock, Kennebec, Lincoln, Oxford, Penobscot, 
 Piscataquis, Somerset, Waldo, Washington, 
 and York. Augusta is the capital. 
 
 Cities and Toivns. — Portland is the largest 
 and most commercial town ; population in 1850, 
 20,815. The other most important places are 
 Bangor, population, 14,432 ; Augusta, 8225; 
 Bath, 8020; Gardiner, 6486; Saco, 5798; 
 Rockland, Belfast, Brunswick, Westbrook, 
 Calais, Frankfort, Eastport, Waldoborough, 
 Ellsworth, and Camden. 
 
 Face of the Country. — A ridge of. broken and 
 detached eminences, apparently an irregular 
 continuation of the AVhite mountains of New 
 Hampshire, extends along the western side of 
 Maine for some distance, and then crosses the 
 state in a N. E. direction, forming a chain of 
 scattered peaks, which terminate in Mars Hill, 
 on the eastern boundary. Mount Katahdin, 
 tlie highest summit in Maine, and inferior only 
 to some of the higher peaks of the White 
 mountains, has an elevation of 5385 feet 
 above the sea level. This mountain is situated 
 E. of ChesuDcook lake, and a little below the 
 46th degree of N. latitude. There are several 
 peaks varying from 1000 to 4000 feet in alti- 
 tude. The ridge of highlands just described 
 separates the waters flowing N. into the St. 
 John's river from those flowing S. into the 
 Atlantic. Amid this group of mountains lie 
 a number of beautiful lakes of considerable 
 magnitude. Another range of highlands of 
 from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation, separates 
 Maine from Canada E., till it strikes the 
 head waters of the St. John's river. The 
 state is generally hilly and diversified. 
 Along the coast, however, from 10 to 20 
 miles inland, there are some small and 
 marshy plains. Mount Desert, on an island 
 of the same name in Frenchman's bay, has 
 an elevation of more than 2000 feet, and 
 forms a striking contrast with the vast plain 
 of waters around it. 
 
 Minerals. — Maine is not distinguished for 
 its mineral resources, but iron, lime, and a 
 fine building granite, are extensively found. 
 Some of the marble which abounds in the> 
 state, admits of a fine polish, particularly i; 
 the neighborhood of Thomaston, and ott 
 the W. branch of the Penobscot river. Slate, 
 of a fine quality for roofing and for school 
 purposes is found between the sources of the- 
 
 647 
 
MAI 
 
 MAI 
 
 Kennebec and the St. John's river. Lead is 
 found in small quantities. 
 
 Rivers, Lakes, Bays, S;-c. — The rivers of 
 Maine are numerous and important, afford- 
 ing near their sources, or on their branches, 
 sites for mills, with abundant T^ater-power, 
 and furnishing in the principal streams, 
 channels for navigation, down which are 
 floated those vast quantities of lumber, which 
 constitute so important a source of the wealth 
 of the inhabitants of this state. The Penob- 
 scot and Kennebec rivers are the largest, and, 
 traversing the interior of the state, empty 
 into the Atlantic, after courses of from 200 
 to 300 miles. The Penobscot river, in which 
 the tide rises from 20 to 25 feet, is navi- 
 gable to Bangor (52 miles) for large vessels. 
 The Kennebec river is navigable 12 miles, to 
 Bath for ships, to Augusta (50 miles) for 
 sloops, and to Waterville (68 miles) for keel- 
 boats. The Androscoggin river issues from 
 Umbagog lake, and pursuing a very winding 
 course through New Hampshire and Maine, 
 joins the Kennebec a few miles from the 
 sea. The Saco river rises in the White 
 mountains in New Hampshire, and passing 
 through the celebrated Notch, empties into the 
 Atlantic in the S. W. part of Maine. The St. 
 Croix river forms the E. boundary for about 
 50 miles, and the St. John's river the N. 
 boundary for about 70 miles. The coast of 
 Maine is lined with islands, the principal of 
 which are Mount Desert island, in French- 
 man's bay. Deer, Long, and Fox islands in 
 Penobscot bay. The coast of Maine is in- 
 dented with bays and inlets, forming the 
 gi-eatest number of fine harbors possessed by 
 any state in the Union. Commencing at the E., 
 the most important are the Passamaquoddy, 
 Machias, Pleasant Kiver, Frenchman's, Pe- 
 nobscot, and Casco bays, besides a number of 
 smaller inlets, but all important to the trade 
 of the state. Maine is mirrored over with 
 beatiful sheets of water, some of them lakes 
 of considerable magnitude, among the largest 
 of which are Moosehead lake, 35 miles long, 
 Chesuncook lake, 24 miles long, Millinoket, 
 Schoodic, Eagle, Grand, Umbagog, Sebago, 
 (and a number of others with unpronounceable 
 names,) which diversify and give beauty to the 
 landscape. So numerous are the lakes and 
 bays of Maine, that it has been estimated 
 one-tenth of its surface is covered with water. 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — If the 
 scenery of Maine was not overshadowed by 
 the grandeur and fame of the neighboring 
 White mountains of New Hampshire, it wouid 
 be the resort of crowds of admiring tourists. 
 In addition to its picturesque lakes and 
 waterfalls, Mount Katahdin rears its bold 
 Bummit to a height but little inferior to that 
 of Mount Washington, and commands a pano- 
 rama scarcely inferior in extent or grandeur. 
 Sugar Loaf mountain on the Seboois river, 
 thought not quite 2000 feet in elevation, is 
 Baid to ovei-look 50 mountains and 17 lakes. 
 64* 
 
 Chase's mountain, in the same vicinity, Mars 
 Hill on the E. boundary, (1519 feet high,) and 
 Mount Bigelow, Saddleback, Squaw, Bald, 
 Blue, Speckled, Gilead, and other mountains 
 on the W., abound in sources of delight to the 
 lover of the romantic in nature. On Mount 
 Desert island, as has been elsewhere stated, 
 a mountain of the same name, 2500 feet high, 
 exhibits in striking contrast the grandeurs 
 of the ocean and the land, pleasing the more 
 by contrast, and heightening the effect of each 
 other. Some of the mountains in the W. 
 are said to attain an elevation of 4000 feet. 
 Maine abounds in waterfalls, which lovely as 
 they are in their scenic aspects, do not dash 
 and foam adown their rocky descents merely 
 for man's amusement, but are there as an 
 unfailing source of utility in all coming 
 time, as sites for mill seats, factories, and 
 forges. Near Lewiston, on the Androscoggin 
 river, the water is precipitated over a broken 
 ledge for about 50 feet. Godfrey's falls in 
 the Seboois river, Ptumford's falls in the An- 
 droscoggin river, Frye's fall, on a tributary of 
 Ellis river, several falls in the Kennebec 
 river at Waterville, Skowhegan, Norridge- 
 wock, and Solon, are all highly picturesque 
 objects. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The win- 
 ters of Maine are long and severe, but the 
 cold generally steady, and free from those 
 frequent changes that prove so deleterious 
 to health in the states farther south. The 
 summers are short, the period of vigorous 
 vegetation scarcely lasting four months, ren- 
 dering it unfavorable to maize ; but the late 
 springs favor apples, pears, plums, and me- 
 lons, because they are not tempted to blos- 
 som so early as to be caught by the frosts. 
 The snow lies for three, and in some of the 
 interior forest districts, for five months in 
 the year. The N. E. winds from the Atlan- 
 tic, in the spring and early summer, charged 
 with fog and chilliness, are among the most 
 unpleasant and unhealthful features of the 
 climate of this state. Meteorological tables 
 kept at Biddeford, by James G. Garland, in 
 the years 1851-2, gave the monthly mean of 
 July at IJ P.M., at 80°; of August, 77°; 
 of September, 59° 76 ; of October, 60° ; of 
 November, 40.09°; of December, 27.93° ; of 
 January, 27.41°; of February, 37.13°; of 
 March, 41.04°; of April, 49.13°; of May, 
 65.08°, and of June, 75° 46'. Wind west- 
 wardly 151 days, eastwardly 54, northward- 
 ly 84, and southwardly 77. Quantity of 
 rain, 49.24 inches. First frost in 1851. Sep- 
 tember 15th ; last in the spring of 1852, June 
 12th; first snow, October 26; last in spring 
 of 1852, April 16. Saco frozen over Decem- 
 ber 1st; opened March 31st. Lowest point 
 of the mercury 8° below, and highest 98° 
 above zero. The mercury, however, in some 
 parts, and in severe seasons, descends to 
 nearly 30° below zero. 
 
 The soil of Maine is as various as its surface. 
 
MAI 
 
 MAI 
 
 The best lands are between the Penobscot and 
 Kennebec, and are highly productive ; there 
 is also much good land in the valley of the St. 
 John's, and on some other rivers. There is 
 a great deal of poor land in the mountainous 
 districts, and along the coast, especially in the 
 S. E. part of the state. The most abundant 
 agricultural products of Maine are Irish po- 
 tatoes, oats, Indian corn, hay, butter, cheese, 
 wool, live stock, and fruits, besides consider- 
 able quantities of wheat, rye, peas, beans, 
 barley, buckwheat, market produce, grass- 
 seeds, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey; 
 and some wine, hops, flax, silk, and molasses. 
 In 1850 there were in the state 46,760 farms, 
 occupying 2,036,596 acres of improved land, 
 and producing 296,259 bushels of wheat; 
 102,916 of rye; 1,750,056 of Indian corn; 
 2,181,037 of oats; 205,541 of peas and 
 beans; 8,436,040 of Irish potatoes ; 151,731 
 of barley; 104,523 of buckwheat; 18,311 of 
 grass-seeds ; 1,364,034 pounds of wool ; 
 9,243,811 of butter; 2,434,454 of cheese; 
 93,642 of maple sugar; 189,618 of beeswax 
 and honey; 756,889 tons of hay; live stock 
 valued at $9,706,726; orchard products at 
 $342,865 ; market products at $122^87, and 
 slaughtered animals at $1,646,773. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The great staple of Maine is 
 its lumber. Extensive forests of pine cover 
 the country around the sources of the Ken- 
 nebec, Penobscot, and other rivers in the 
 centre and N. of the state. Hemlock and 
 spruce abound in all parts ; but white and 
 red oak are confined to the districts near the 
 coast. Maple, beech, birch, and ash are 
 plentiful, and some butternut and white 
 walnut are found, but not in abundance. 
 Cedar swamps occur in the north central 
 portions. The other trees are the poplar, 
 elm, sassafras, dogwood, willow, wild plum, 
 basswood, buttonwood, juniper, hornbeam, 
 &c. The cutting and rafting of timber to 
 the saw mills, where it is converted into 
 boards, shingles, scantling, &c., is a great 
 business in Maine. In winter, great numbers 
 of men are employed in felling the trees, and 
 dragging them over the hard and deep snow 
 to the rivers, where they are suffered to lie 
 till the breaking up of the ice in the spring, 
 when they are floated down to the mills and 
 places of export. Of the fruit-trees, the 
 apple, pear, plum, and cherry flourish, but 
 tife peach does not succeed well. 
 
 Animals. — The moose and caribon are still 
 occasionally met with in the forests of Maine ; 
 the other animals are the bear, deer, cata- 
 mount, wildcat, wolf, mink, wolverine, bea- 
 ver, martin, sable, weasel, porcupine, wood- 
 chuck, racoon, squirrel, &c. The birds are 
 wild geese and ducks, passenger-pigeons, 
 hawks, eagles, owls, ravens, humming-birds, 
 thrushes, quails, &c. 
 
 Manufactures. — Maine is not so extensively 
 engaged in manufactures as some of the New 
 England States ; she had, however, according 
 
 to the census of 1850, 3682 manufacturing 
 establishments, each producing $600 and 
 upwards annually, of which 12 were cotton 
 factories, employing $3,329,700 capital, and 
 780 male and 2950 female hands, consuming 
 raw material worth $1,673,110, and produc- 
 ing 82,852,566 yards of stuffs, valued at 
 $2,596,356 ; 36 woollen factories, employing 
 $467,600 capital, and 310 male and 314 fe- 
 male hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $495,940, and producing 1,023,020 yards of 
 stuffs, and 1200 pounds of yarn, valued at 
 $753,300; 26 iron foundries, forges, fur- 
 naces, &c., employing $364,100 capital, and 
 314 male and 1 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $127,509, and producing 
 5175 tons of pig iron and castings, valued at 
 $301,616; and distilling establishments em- 
 ploying $17,000 capital, and 5 hands, and 
 producing 220,000 gallons of rum. There 
 ai-e 213 tanneries, employing $732,747 capi- 
 tal, consuming raw material worth $892,343, 
 and producing leather valued at $1,620,636 ; 
 and $17,000 were invested in the manufac- 
 ture of malt and spirituous liquors, con- 
 suming 2000 gallons of molasses, and pro- 
 ducing 220,000 gallons of rum. More ships 
 are built, and perhaps more boards and 
 scantling sawn in Maine, than in any other 
 state in the Union. It was estimated that 
 100,000 tons of shipping would be built in 
 the state during the year 1853. Lime is also 
 largely manufactured for export, chiefly in 
 Thomaston and Rockland. 
 
 Commerce. — Maine has a coast indented by 
 bays and inlets, presenting a greater number 
 of good harbors than any other state in the 
 confederacy,navigable by vessels of the largest 
 class. Her rivers may be ascended by ships 
 and other sea-crafts from 12 to 60 miles, and 
 much farther by keel-boats. The great sta- 
 ple of export from Maine is lumber, of which 
 202,005,830 feet was manufactured in 1851, 
 independent of lath, shingles, &c., which are 
 also largely exported, as well as lime, marble, 
 granite, and ice. The fisheries employ a 
 number of vessels and hands in the catching, 
 curing, and carrying the fish to foreign {i. e. 
 out of the state) markets. The foreign im- 
 ports for 1862 amounted $1,717,818, and the 
 exports to $1,094,977. The completion of 
 the Atlantic and St. Lawrence railroad, it is 
 thought, will greatly increase the foreign com- 
 merce of Portland. The increase of the im- 
 ports of 1851 over 1860, was over $300,000. 
 The tonnage owned in Maine in 1852 was 
 592,805||, of which 44,070|| were engaged 
 in cod, and 15,078§| in the mackerel fish- 
 ery ; number of ships built, 364, with an 
 aggregate capacity of 100,0474,1 tons, being 
 the greatest amount of ship-building in >my 
 state in the Union. 
 
 Internal Improvements.— 'In January, 1853, 
 Maine had 394 miles of railroad completed, 
 and 111 in course of construction. Her 
 chief commercial town, Portland, is connect- 
 
 649 
 
MAI 
 
 MAI 
 
 ed by railroad -with Boston and all the in- 
 termediate places of importance in Maine as 
 well as in New Hampshire and Massachu- 
 setts. A line already completed to Island 
 Pond, in Vermont, and passing within 5 miles 
 of Mount Washington, will soon connect Port- 
 land and Montreal. From the latter, roads 
 branch to Buckfield and Waterville ; Augusta, 
 Hallowell, and Gardiner are also united to 
 Portland by railway, and railroads are pro- 
 jected to connect St. John's, New Brunswick, 
 and Bangor, Maine, with the commercial me- 
 tropolis of the state. — See Table of Railroads, 
 Appendix. The Cumberland and Oxford ca- 
 nal, including some lockage, forms a naviga- 
 ble line of 50 miles, uniting Portland with 
 Sebngo, Brandy, and Long Ponds. 
 I Education. — Maine has a permanent school 
 fund, arising from 20 townships of land set 
 apart by the state in 1820. In 1850, twenty- 
 four half-townships more were set apart. 
 The fund arising from the first appropriation 
 amounted, in 1850, to $104,363. In addi- 
 tion to this, the banks pay a semi-annual tax 
 of one-half of one per cent, on their capital 
 for school purposes, and a tax of 40 cents 
 per capita is levied in each town. All these 
 sources yielded, in 1850, $800,000, when 
 there were 6627 schools, and 230,724 pupils, 
 but with an average attendance of only 91,519. 
 The same year Maine had 92 chartered aca- 
 demies, and school libraries in 9 towns. 
 There are 2 colleges in this state, with an 
 aggregate of 217 pupils, and 43,000 volumes 
 in their libraries, 1 theological seminary with 
 37, and 1 medical school with 51 students. 
 — See Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 RcligiousDenoviinalions. — Of the 851 churches 
 in Maine in 1850, there belonged to the Bap- 
 tists 283, to the Christians 9, the Congrega- 
 tionalists 165, the Episcopalians 8, the Free 
 Church 19, the Friends 24, the Methodists 
 171, the Presbyterians 7, the Roman Catho- 
 lics 11, the Union Church 83, the Unitarians 
 15, and to the Universalists 53. The re- 
 maining churches were owned by the Church 
 of the Second Advent and the Swedenbor- 
 gians — giving one church to evei'y 685 per- 
 sons. Church property valuedat-S 1,712, 152. 
 — See Tabic of Religions, Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The state prison of 
 Maine is at Thomaston, and is conducted on 
 the Auburn (or silent) system. The prisoners 
 are engaged in stone-cutting and quarrying. 
 There is a state insane asylum located at 
 Augusta, which was partly destroyed by fire 
 in December, 1850, when 27 of the unfor- 
 tunate lunatics perished in the flames. It 
 was sufficiently repaired to receive patients 
 in about a month after the calamity. In 1852, 
 Maine appropriated $5126.25 for the educa- 
 tion of the deaf and dumb and the blind, 
 (the former in the asylums of Connecticut,) 
 $3000 to the state reform schools, $602 for 
 the insane hospital and $500 for the state 
 '>rison. 
 
 Government, Finances, Banlts, ^c. — The go- 
 vernor of Maine is elected annually by popu- 
 lar vote, and receives a salary of $1500 per 
 annum. He is aided by a council of seven 
 persons, elected on joint ballot by the legis- 
 lature. The senate, composed of 31, and 
 the house of representatives, of 151 members, 
 are elected annually by the people. Three 
 months' residence in the state previous to an 
 election, gives every male citizen of the 
 United States, not a pauper or criminal, the 
 right of suiFrage. Maine is entitled to six 
 members in the national house of representa- 
 tives, and to eight electoral votes for presi- 
 dent of the United States. The judiciary 
 consists — 1. Of a supreme judicial court, com- 
 posed of 1 chief and 6 associate judges, hold- 
 ing courts in three judicial districts, the west- 
 ern, eastern, and middle, for the purpose of 
 hearing and determining questions in law 
 and equity : other cases are tried in the seve- 
 ral counties where they are commenced. The 
 judges of this court have salaries of $1800 
 dollars per annum ; 2. Of probate courts, 
 held in each county, and receiving salaries 
 of from $160 to $500; 3. Of municipal and 
 police courts in the larger towns. 
 
 The assessed value of property in Maine 
 in 1850 was $96,765,868; public debt in 
 1852, $600,500; school fund, $350,000 ; other 
 productive property, $700,000, and ordinary 
 expenses, exclusive of debt and schools, 
 $150,000. In January, 1853, there were in this 
 state 39 banking institutions, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $3,923,000, circulation 
 $3,2-54,882, and coin $622,300. 
 
 History. — A settlement was made on the 
 site of the present town of Phippsburg in 
 1607, contemporaneously with Jamestown in 
 Virginia, but afterwards abandoned. Settle- 
 ments from New Hampshire gradually extend- 
 ed themselves into Maine, and York and 
 Saco are known to have bad an existence in 
 1625. In 1635 a French armed vessel took pos- 
 session of a trading house on the Penobscot 
 and sent the colonists back to Plymouth. In 
 the same year Maine fell into the hands of 
 Gorges, but after his death in 1652, Avas an- 
 nexed to Massachusetts, as far as the Kenne- 
 bec river. In the latter part of the 17th 
 century, Maine suffered much from incur- 
 sions by the savages and French, many of 
 the towns^ being laid waste and the inhabit- 
 ants slaughtered. This state of things wks 
 terminated by the treaty of Utrecht in 1712, 
 by which Maine passed with Acadie into the 
 hands of the English, and lost its separate 
 history in that of Massachusetts, to which it 
 was attached. During the Revolutionary 
 war, Portland was bombarded by the English 
 in 1775, and more than 100 buildings, public 
 and private, were destroyed. The ever- 
 memorable march of Arnold, on his passage 
 to Quebec, in the fall and winter of the same 
 year, took place along the margin of the Kenne- 
 bec, within the limits of the present state of 
 
MAI 
 
 MAN 
 
 Maine. In 1820 this state became an inde- 
 pendent member of the great American con- 
 federacy. After a long diplomatic contro- 
 versy, which had nearly resulted in an appeal 
 to arms, Great Britain and the United States, 
 by treaty, in 1842, defined the N. and N. W. 
 boundary of Maine to be the St. John's and 
 St. Francis rivers to Pohenagamook lake, 
 and from thence in a S. W. direction along 
 the highlands to the N. E. corner of New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Maine, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Broome co., New York. Population, 1843. 
 
 Maine, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 70 miles S. from Syracuse. It 
 contains 2 churches. 
 
 Maine, a township of Columbia co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna. Pop., 581. 
 
 Maine, a post-ofBce of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 Mainesburg, a post-village of Tioga CO., Pa. 
 
 Mainesville, a small post-village of Co- 
 lumbia CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mainsburg, see Mainesburg. 
 
 Main Stream, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Makee, a post-office of Allamakee co., Iowa. 
 
 Makoqueta (ma-ko'ke-ta) river, of Iowa, 
 rises near the S. E. corner of Fayette county, 
 and empties itself into the Mississippi in 
 Jackson county, about 22 miles below Ga- 
 lena. Its general course is south-easterly, 
 and its whole length exceeds 100 miles. 
 
 Makoqueta, a thriving post- village in Jack- 
 son CO., Iowa, on the river of its own name. 
 It is 32 miles S. W. from Galena, and 60 miles 
 N. E. by E. from Iowa City. It is pleasantly 
 situated in the middle of a beautiful prairie. 
 
 Malaga, a post-village in Franklin town- 
 ship, Gloucester co., New Jersey, about 20 
 miles S. S. E. from Woodbury, contains a 
 church, a glass factory, and near 40 dwellings. 
 
 Malaga, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Monroe co., Ohio. Population, 1561. 
 
 Malaga, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Ohio, 110 miles E. by S. from Columbus, has 
 about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Malcolm, a post-village of Jeiferson co., 
 Mississippi, 26 miles E. N. E. from Natchez, 
 is the eastern terminus of the Malcolm and 
 Natchez railroad, in course of construction. 
 
 Malden, a iiourishing post-village of Mid- 
 dlesex county, Massachusetts, at the junc- 
 tion of the Medford branch with the Boston 
 and Maine railroad, 5 miles N. from Boston. 
 It contains several churches, and a bank. A 
 bridge 2420 feet in length across the Mystic 
 connects it with Charlestown. Population 
 of the township, 3520. 
 
 Malden, a post- village of Ulster co., New 
 York, on the W. bank of Hudson river, 42 
 miles below Albany. It has a steamboat 
 landing. 
 
 Malden Bridge, a post-village of Colum- 
 bia CO., New York, on Kinderhook creek, 16 
 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Malheur (mal-oor') river, in the S. E. part 
 
 of Oregon, rises in the Blue mountains, and 
 flows into Snake river. 
 
 Mallet's Creek, a small post-village of 
 Medina co., Ohio, 115 miles N. N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Mallortsville, a post-village of Wilkes 
 CO., Georgia, 76 miles N. N. E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. It has 1 church, 1 academy, and 
 1 cotton-gin factory. 
 
 Malone, a post-village in Malone town- 
 ship, and capital of Franklin county, New 
 York, on both sides of Salmon river, and on 
 the Northern railroad, about 150 miles in a 
 direct line N. by W. from Albany. It con- 
 tains 3 or 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, an 
 academy, an arsenal of the state, a bank, 
 and has manufactories of cotton, iron, &c. 
 A bridge crosses the river here. Population 
 of the township, 4550. 
 
 Malta, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Saratoga co.. New York. Pop., 1349. 
 
 Malta, a post-township in the central part 
 of Morgan CO., Ohio. Population, 1302. 
 
 Malta, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, on the right bank of the Muskin- 
 gum, opposite to McConnelsville, and 75 miles 
 E. S. E. from Columbus. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches, and 1 flouring mill. Population, 
 about 700. 
 
 Maltaville, a post-village of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, 30 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 Malugin Grove, a post-office of Lee co., 
 Illinois, 90 miles W. from Chicago. 
 
 Malvern, a small post-village of Carroll 
 CO., Ohio, 137 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Mamakating, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Sullivan co., N. Y. Pop., 4107. 
 
 Mamaroneck, a post-village of Wesiches- 
 ter county, New York, in the township of the 
 same name, on Long Island sound, and on 
 the New York and New Haven railroad, 23 
 miles N. E. from New York. It has 2 or 3 
 churches. Population of the township, 928. 
 
 Mammelle, a creek of Pulaski co., Arkan- 
 sas, flows into the Arkansas river, several 
 miles above Little Rock. 
 
 Mammoth Cave, a post-office of Edmonson 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Manada Hill, a post-office of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Manack, a post-office of Lowndes co., Ala. 
 
 Manahocking, a flourishing post-village of 
 Ocean county, New -Jersey, on a creek of its 
 own name, about 19 miles S. from Tom's 
 River, contains 3 or 4 stores, and about 45 
 dwellings. 
 
 Manalapan, a post-office of Monmouth co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Manalapan Brook, or South River, of 
 New Jersey, rises in Monmouth county, flows 
 northward, and enters the Raritan, 4 miles 
 below New Brunswick. 
 
 Manantico Creek, of Cumberland co., 
 New Jersey, flows into Maurice river. 
 
 Manasquan River, of Monmouth county, 
 New Jersey, flows nearly south-eastward, and 
 
 651 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 enters the Atlantic by Manasquan inlet, at 
 the S. E. extremity of the county. 
 
 Manassus Station, a post-office of Prince 
 William co., Virginia. 
 
 Manatawxy, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. 
 
 Manatawny Ceeek, of Pennsylvania, en- 
 ters the Schuylkill river near Pottstown. 
 
 Manatee, a post-office of Hillsborough co., 
 Florida. 
 
 Manayunk, a manufacturing town of Phi- 
 ladelphia county, Pennsylvania, on the left 
 bank of the Schuylkill river, and on the 
 Philadelphia and Norristown railroad, 7 
 miles N. N. W. from Philadelphia. It is built 
 on the declivity of the hills which rise near 
 the margin of the river, and is not laid out 
 with much regularity. A number of hand- 
 some residences and churches occupy the 
 higher parts of the town. Arrangements 
 are now in progress for the introduction of 
 gas-light. Manayunk is amply supplied with 
 water-power, and is the seat of extensive 
 manufactories of cotton, of which there are 
 about 16 in operation. It contains also 
 several manufactories of Kentucky jeans, 
 and of woollen goods, 3 paper mills, and 1 
 rolling mill. There are 6 Protestant and 2 
 Catholic churches. Two bridges cross the 
 river at this place. Pop. in 1850, 6158 ; in 
 1853, about 7000. 
 
 Manchac, a post-office of East Baton, 
 Rouge parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Manchac Bayou, of Louisiana, a small 
 stream forming the S. boundary of East Ba- 
 ton Rouge, communicates with the Missis- 
 sippi on the W., and with the Amite on the 
 E. A small steamboat plies between its ex- 
 tremities. 
 
 Manchatjg, a post-office of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Manchester, a city and one of the shire 
 towns of Hillsborough county. New Hamp- 
 shire, is situated on the left bank of the 
 Merrimack river, at the junction of the Man- 
 chester and Lawrence, the Concord, and the 
 "Vermont Central railroads, 18 miles S. S. E. 
 from Concord, and 59 miles N. W. from Bos- 
 ton. This town, like a number of others in 
 New England, through the development of 
 the manufacturing enterprise, has suddenly 
 grown from a small farming community into 
 a wealthy and populous city. Its site is on 
 an elevated plain, 90 feet above the surface 
 of the river. It is regularly planned ; the 
 principal street, 100 feet broad, extends up- 
 wards of a mile from N. to S., with others 
 of less breadth parallel to it, and to the 
 river. These are intersected by others, run- 
 ning from E. to W. There have been laid 
 out in different sections four public squares, 
 some of which are handsomely ornamented. 
 The eastern portion of the city is fcuilt almost 
 exclusively of brick, while the western abounds 
 in structures of wood, many of which are 
 tasteful and elegant residences. The mills and 
 boarding-houses occupy the slope between 
 652 
 
 the western verge of the plain and the river. 
 The principal public buildings are the new 
 town house, erected in the place of the one 
 destroyed by fire in 1842, and the churches, 
 of which there are 12, of the various deno- 
 minations. An Athenseum was established 
 in 1844, having a reading room and a library, 
 which at present numbers about 3500 volumes. 
 The system of public instruction comprises a 
 high-school, 2 grammar schools, an interme- 
 diate, 6 middle, and 12 primary schools, be- 
 sides others not classed. Manchester con- 
 tains 9 or 10 newspaper offices, 6 insurance 
 agencies, and 3 banks, with an aggregate 
 capital of $500,000. A gas company, for 
 lighting the city, was incorporated in 1851, 
 with a capital of $75,000. 
 
 The present prosperity of Manchester com- 
 menced about the year 1839, at which date 
 the locality now occupied by the city con- 
 tained no more than 50 inhabitants. The 
 Merrimack here has a descent of 54 feet in 
 the distance of a mile, called the Amoskeag 
 falls, which are the most extensive through- 
 out its entire course. By the erection of a 
 dam across the river, at the head of the falls, 
 and the construction of canals, the stream has 
 been made to furnish an hydraulic power suf- 
 ficient to run several hundred thousand spin- 
 dles. With these advantages for manufac- 
 turing, the place has increased rapidly in 
 population and importance. Among the most 
 extensive corporations in Manchester, may 
 be mentioned the Amoskeag Manufacturing 
 Company, who have 4 mills, containing 62,846 
 spindles and 1665 looms. These are operated 
 by 2100 females and 400 males, who daily 
 manufacture 65,000 yards (37 miles) of tick- 
 ings, denims, pantaloon stuffs, drillings, and 
 sheetings. The machine shops connected 
 with the above employ 500 hands, who annu- 
 ally turn out 60 locomotives, besides a vast 
 amount of machinery of every description. 
 The Sark Mills (3 in number) employ 1000 
 females and 200 males. These daily produce 
 17,000 yards of drilling, and 30,000 of sheet- 
 ing, equal to 27 miles of cloth, besides more 
 than 5000 seamless bags. One loom yields 40 
 substantial fancy striped bags daily, woven 
 from top to bottom without a seam. The 
 Manchester Print Works, burnt down in Sep- 
 tember, 1853, are now being rebuilt, and will 
 be ready for operation by March, 1854. In 
 these works 12,000,000 yards of delaines were 
 annually printed. The cloth is manufactured 
 by the Merrimack mills, at the rate of 38,000 
 yards (22 miles) daily. Besides the above, 
 numerous other establishments in Manches- 
 ter annually turn out a vast amount of various 
 kinds of work. Several new companies have 
 been incorporated the present year, (1853.) 
 Among these may be named the Bloodgett 
 Paper Company, (capital, $200,000,) intended 
 to make 8000 rolls of paper hangings daily; 
 the New Paper Mill, for the manufacture of 
 all kinds of paper, at the rate of 8 tons a 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 day; tie New Machine Shop, capital $100,000, 
 and the New Brass, Copper, and Iron Foundry. 
 Buildings for the above are now in course of 
 erection, and will be ready for operation about 
 the 1st of January, 1854. A new foundry hiis 
 just been completed, with which is connected 
 the building of freight cars, intended to em- 
 ploy 200 machinists. The Amoskeag Company 
 nre also laying the foundation of another mill, 
 to be completed next year, in which 1500 ope- 
 ratives will be employed. Manchester re- 
 ceived a city charter in 1846. By a late act 
 the corporate limits have been extended, 
 including the villages of Piscataquog and 
 Amoskeag, (commonly called " Squog" and 
 "Skeag.") Population in 1850, 13,932; in 
 1853, 20,000. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village, semi-capital 
 of Bennington co., Vermont, on the Batten- 
 kill river, about 88 miles S. S. W. from Moni- 
 pelier. Population of the township, 1782. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village and seaport 
 of Essex county, Massachusetts, on the East- 
 ern railroad, 9 miles N. E. from Beverly, and 
 23 miles N. E. from Boston. The industry 
 of the inhabitants is chiefly directed to the 
 manufacture of cabinet-ware, which employs 
 a capital of $500,000. Incorporated in 1645. 
 Population of the townshij), 1638. 
 
 Manchester, a post-township of Ilartford 
 county, Connecticut, intersected bj'' the Pro- 
 vidence, Hartford, and Fishkill railroad, 8 
 miles E. from the city of Hartford. Pop. ,2546. 
 
 Manchester, a manufacturing village of 
 Dutchess CO., New York, on Wappinger's 
 creek, a few miles from Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Manchester, a village of Oneida co.. New 
 York, on Oriskany creek. It has several 
 mills and a cotton factory. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village in Manchester 
 township, Ontario county. New York, on the 
 Canandaigua outlet, 8 miles N. N. E. from 
 Canandaigua. It has several churches, and 
 a woollen factory. Population of the town- 
 ship, 2940. 
 
 Manchester, a post-office of Ocean co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Manchester, a township of Passaic co., 
 New Jersey. Population, 2781. 
 
 Manchester, a flourishing borough of Re- 
 serve township, Alleghany county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the right bank of the Ohio river, 
 two miles below Pittsburg. It has been 
 built up since 1840. Here are large manu- 
 factories of paper, ploughs, wagons, oilcloth, 
 and India rubber. Immediately below is 
 the United States Marine Hospital, a four- 
 story brick building, recently erected. The 
 name of the post-office is West Manchester. 
 Population, 1755. 
 
 Manchester, a township of Wayne co., 
 Pennsylvania, 18 miles N. byE. from Hones- 
 dale. Population, 749. 
 
 Manchester, a post-township of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, 18 miles S. from Harrisburg. 
 I'opulation, 2603. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Maryland, 60 miles N. N. W. from Annapolis. 
 It contains a few stores and about 600 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village of Chesterfield 
 county, Virginia, on the James river, opposite 
 Richmond, with which it is connected by a 
 bridge. It has a beautiful situation, and 
 contains several elegant residences erected 
 by persons who do business in Richmond. 
 It has 2 churches, and manufactories of to- 
 bacco, cotton, and flour. Population in 
 1853, estimated at 1800. 
 
 Manchester, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on the Wilmington and 
 Manchester railroad, about 36 miles E. S. E. 
 from Columbia. It is a station on the rail- 
 road which connects with the Camden branch 
 about 6 miles from this village. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village, capital of 
 Coffee county, Tennessee, is situated at the 
 junction of the forks of Duck river, 62 miles 
 S. E. from Nashville. The above streams 
 afford an excellent water-power. At this place 
 is a very remarkable object, called the Old 
 Stone Fort, which is described as a solid stone 
 wall in the fork between the rivers, including 
 about 47 acres of land. It presents indications 
 of high antiquity, as the trees growing upon 
 it are computed to be 500 years old, or more. 
 The Tennessee and Alabama railroad passes 
 through the village. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village, capital of 
 Clay CO., Kentuckj'-, 110 miles S. E. from 
 Frankfort ; is surrounded by a hilly region 
 which abounds in coal and iron ore. It has 
 2 churches and 1 seminary. 
 
 Manchester, a thriving post-village in 
 Sprigg township, Adams county, Ohio, on the 
 Ohio river, 72 miles above Cincinnati. It has 
 some shipping business, and contains several 
 flouring mills and small factories. It was for- 
 merly the county seat. Pop., about 600. 
 
 Manchester, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. part of Morgan co., Ohio. Pop., 1337. 
 
 Manchester, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Washtenaw co., Michigan. 
 Population, 1275. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the North branch of River Rai- 
 sin, about 60 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. It 
 is situated in a rich farming distx'ict, and 
 has several stores. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village in Dearborn 
 CO., Indiana, 85 miles S. E. by E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village in Scott cc, 
 111., 45 miles S. W. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Manchester, a small village of Putnam 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Manchester, a post-village of St. Louis 
 CO., Missouri, about 20 miles W. of St. Louis. 
 
 Manchester, a village in Scott co., Mis- 
 souri, 20 milea W. by S. from St. Louis. 
 
 658 
 
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 . M ANCHESTEK, a towDship in Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 94. 
 
 Manchester Bridge, a post-office of 
 Dutchess CO., New York. 
 
 Manchester Centre, a post-office of On- 
 tario CO., New York. 
 
 Manchester Station, a post-office of 
 Hartford co., Connecticut. 
 
 Manchester Village, a small village in 
 Manchester township, Bennington county, 
 Vermont. It is situated on elevated ground, 
 and contains a court house, jail, the Batten- 
 kill bank. Burr Seminary, 3 stores, 2 taverns, 
 and 1 church. The seminary, a spacious 
 stone edifice, is pleasantly situated in the 
 midst of beautiful scenery. 
 
 Mandana, a post-village of Onondaga co., 
 N. Y., about 21 miles S. AV. from Syracuse. 
 
 Mandarin, a post-office of Duval co., Fla. 
 
 Mandeville, a post-village in St. Tam- 
 many parish, Louisiana, on the N. shore of 
 Lake Pontchartrain, SO miles N. from New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Mangohick, a post-office of King William 
 CO., Va., 40 miles E. N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Manhasset, a post-village of Queen's co.. 
 New York, on the N. side of Long Island, 
 about 20 miles E. N. E. from New York. 
 
 Manhattan, a post-township in Lucas co., 
 Ohio. Population, 541. 
 
 Manhattan, a post-village of Lucas co., 
 Ohio, at the mouth of the Maumee river, 3 
 miles below Toledo. 
 
 Manhattan, a post-village of Putnam co., 
 Indiana, on the National road, 45 miles W. 
 S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Manhattan Island, sometimes called New 
 York Island, in the S. E. part of New York, 
 separated from the mainland by Harlem 
 river. Length 15 miles, width from half a 
 mile to 2 miles. It is co-extensive with the 
 county of New York, and contains the city 
 of that name. 
 
 Manhattanville, a post-village of New 
 York CO., New York, on the Hudson river 
 railroad, 8 miles N. from the City Hall. The 
 Lunatic Asylum of New York is located here. 
 
 Manheigan Island, S. of the entrance of 
 George river, Maine. On it is a revolving 
 light, alternately red and white, elevated 170 
 feet. Lat. 43° 44' N., Ion. 69° 15' W. 
 
 Maniieim, a post-township of Herkimer 
 CO., New York, on the Mohawk river, about 
 25 miles E. from Utica. Population, 1902. 
 
 Manheim, a post-township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 33 miles E. S. E. 
 from Harrisburg. Population, 2087. 
 
 Maniieim, a post-borough of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, 11 miles N. W. from Lancaster. 
 It is surrounded by a rich and populous dis- 
 trict, and contains several stores. A newspa- 
 per is published here. Pop. in 1850, 778. 
 
 Manheim, a former township of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania, divided into North and 
 South Manheim. 
 
 Manheim, a township forming the S. W. 
 654 
 
 extremity of York co., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 1806 
 
 Manheim Centre, a post-village of Herki- 
 mer CO., New York. 
 
 Manidowish, a small river of Chippewa 
 CO., Wisconsin, rises near the N. boundary 
 of the state and flows south-westward into 
 Chippewa river. 
 
 Manilla, a post- village of Rush co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Shelbyville and Rushville rail- 
 road, 10 miles W. S. W. from Rushville. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 Manistee, or Manistic river, of Michigan, 
 rises in the N. part of the peninsula, and 
 flowing in a W. S. W. direction, enters Lake 
 Michigan, in Manistee county. Its length is 
 estimated at 150 miles. 
 
 Manist.-se, a new and unorganized county 
 in the W. N. W. part of Michigan, contains 
 about 650 square miles. It is traversed from 
 E. to W. by the Manistee river, from which 
 the name is derived. It is not named in 
 the census of 1850. 
 
 Manitoowoc, a small river of AVisconsin, 
 is formed by two branches which rises near 
 Lake AVinnebago and unite in the E. part 
 of Calumet county. It flows thence eastward 
 and enters Lake Michigan at the village of 
 its own name. The navigation is obstructed 
 by a series of rapids. The name signifies 
 "river of spirits." 
 
 Manitoowoc, a county in the E. part of 
 AVisconsin, bordering on Lake Michigan, has 
 an area of 590 square miles. Manitoowoc 
 river, from which the name is derived, flows 
 through the middle of the county ; the N. E. 
 part is traversed by East and West Twin 
 rivers, and the S. W. by Sheboygan river. 
 The surface in some parts is broken, and 
 the county is heavily timbered with pine, 
 oak, &c. The soil is mostly clayey and fer- 
 tile. Pine lumber is the chief article of ex- 
 port. In 1850 it produced 5253 bushels of 
 oats ; 7297 of potatoes, and 460 tons of hay. 
 It contained 2 churches, and 182 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The county is libe- 
 rally supplied with water-power. Organ- 
 ized in 1839. Capital, Manitoowoc. Pop. ,3702. 
 
 MANiToowoc,a thriving post-village, capital ■ 
 of ManitooAvoc county, AVisconsin, on the AV. 
 shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the 
 river of its own name, 93 miles N. by E. from 
 Milwaukee. It has a good harbor, contains 3 
 or 4 churches, 12 stores, 2 steam mills, and 2 
 ship-yards, and cari-ies on an active trade in 
 pine lumber. A newspaper is issued here. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 2500. 
 
 Manitoowoc Rapids, a township in the S. 
 part of Manitoowoc co., AVis. Pop., 969. 
 
 Manitoowoc Rapids, a small post-village 
 of Manitoowoc county, Wisconsin, on the river 
 of its own name, 4 miles from its entrance 
 into Lake Michigan. The rapids afford great 
 motive-power, which is employed in sawing 
 pine lumber. 
 
 Manitou River, of Brown county, AVis- 
 
MAN 
 
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 consin, falls into the Fox or Neenah river a 
 little above the town of Green B<ay. Its 
 course is nearly parallel with Fox river, from 
 •which it is only 2 or 3 miles distant. 
 
 Manitta, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. 
 Population, 442. 
 
 Mankato, a post-village, capital of Blue 
 Earth co., Minnesota, on the right bank of 
 the Minnesota, a little below the mouth of 
 the Mankato river. 
 
 Mankato Rivek, a small stream in the S. 
 part of Minnesota territory, falls into the 
 Minnesota river, about 1 mile above the vil- 
 lage of Mankato. 
 
 Manlitis, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Onondaga co., New York. Pop., 6298. 
 
 Manlius, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Syracuse and Utica railroad, 8 
 miles E. from Syracuse. It contains 5 or 6 
 churches, an academy, and several cotton 
 factories. 
 
 Manlius, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Allegan co., Michigan, intersected by Ka- 
 lamazoo river. Population, 82. 
 
 Manlhts Centre, a post-village of Manlius 
 township, Onondaga co.. New York, on the 
 Erie canal, 9 miles E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Manlunkus, a new township of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine. Population, 199. 
 
 Manly, a post-office of Ashe co., N. C. 
 
 Manlysville, a small post-village of 
 Henry co., Tennessee, near Sandy river. 
 
 Manningham, a post- village in Butler co., 
 Alabama, 130 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Mannxngton, a township of Salem co., 
 New Jersey, on Salem creek, about 23 miles 
 S. S. W. from Woodbury. Population, 2187. 
 
 IMannington, a village of Marion co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 
 
 Mannington, a post-village of Leon co., 
 Florida. 
 
 Mannington Hill, a small village of Man- 
 nington township, Salem co. , New Jersey, on 
 a creek of its own name, about 4 miles E. N. 
 E. from Salem. 
 
 Mannsbokough, a post-village in Amelia 
 CO., Virginia, 80 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Mann's Choice, a post-office of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mann's Mill, a village in Linn co., Iowa, 
 25 miles N. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Mannsville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., New York, on the Rome and Watertown 
 railroad, 52 miles N. W. from Rome. It has 
 several mills. 
 
 Mannsville, a post-office of Taylor co., Ky. 
 
 Manny, a post-village, capital of Sabine 
 parish, Louisiana, .about 150 miles W. N. W. 
 from Baton Rouge. 
 
 Manona, a new county in the W. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 890 square miles. The 
 Missouri river forms its boundary on the S. 
 W., and the Inyan Yankey and Soldier rivers 
 flow through the county in a S. W. direction. 
 It contains extensive prairies; and the soil 
 is fertile, but mostly uncultivated. It is not 
 
 included in the census of 1850, and has but 
 few inhabitants. County seat not yet located. 
 
 Manona, a village in Clayton co., Iowa, 60 
 miles N. W. by N. from Dubuque. 
 
 Manor, a post-township of Lancaster co.. 
 Pa., 6 miles S. W. from Lancaster. Pop., 3135. 
 
 Manor, a small post-village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Manor Hill, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pa., 83 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Manor Kill, a post-office of Schoharie co., 
 New York. 
 
 Manorville, a post-village and station of 
 Suffolk CO., New York, on the Long Island 
 railroad, 66 miles E. from New York. 
 
 Manowine, a post-office of Ramsey co., Min. 
 
 Mansfield, a township of Lamoille co., 
 Vermont, about 23 miles N. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. (Population not given.) 
 
 Mansfield, a post-township of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Boston and Provi- 
 dence railroad, about 28 miles S. S. AV. from 
 Boston. Population, 1789. 
 
 Mansfield, a post-township of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, on the Natchaug river, and on 
 the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer rail- 
 road, 38 miles N. by W. from New London, 
 has various manufactories. Population, 2517. 
 
 Mansfield, a township of Cattaraugus co.. 
 N.Y., 4 miles V/. from Ellicottville. Pop., 1057. 
 
 Mansfield, a township of Burlington co., 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, about 7 
 miles N. from Mount Holly, contains a little 
 village of its own name. Population, 2953. 
 
 Mansfield, a township of Warren co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Musconetcong creek, about 9 
 miles E. from Belvidere. Population, 1615. 
 
 Mansfield village, N. J. See Washington. 
 
 Mansfield, a small post-village of Tioga co., 
 Pa., on the Corning and Blossburg railroad. 
 
 Mansfield, a post-office of Louisa co., Va 
 
 Mansfield, a post-village, capital of De 
 Soto parish, Louisiana, on the road from 
 Shreveport to Alexandria, 82 miles in a di- 
 rect line S. from the former. 
 
 Mansfield, apost-officeof Henry co., Tenn. 
 
 Mansfield, a flourishing town of Madison 
 township, capital of Richland county, Ohio, 
 on the line of railroad between Sandusky 
 City and Newark, where it is crossed by the 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad, 65 miles N. 
 N. E. from Columbus, and 56 miles by railroad 
 S. from Sandusky City. Mansfield is com- 
 pactly built on a beautiful and commanding 
 elevation, in the midst of a fertile and popu- 
 lous region. It was laid out in 1808, at 
 which time the place was surrounded by an 
 unbroken forest for many miles in extent. 
 The town contains 8 churches, one of which 
 is remarkably elegant, 5newspaper office?, and 
 a branch of the state bank. Population in 
 1840, 1328 ; and in 1850, 3557. 
 
 Mansfield, a post-office of Parke co., Ind. 
 
 Mansfield, a post-office of Kendall co.. 111. 
 
 Mansfield Centre, a post-village of Tol- 
 land CO., Connecticut. 
 
 655 
 
MAN 
 
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 Maiisfield Depot, a post-office of Tolland 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Mansker's Ceeek, a post-office of Davidson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 MANSURA,apost-office of Avoyelles par., La. 
 
 Mansville, a post-office of Perry co., Pa. 
 
 Manti, a post-village of San Pete co.,Utah, 
 40 miles E. S. E. from Fillmore City. 
 
 Manton, a post-office of Providence co.,R. I. 
 
 Manton, a post-office of Marion co., Ky. 
 
 Mantua, a post-office of Pickens co., Ala. 
 
 Mantua, a small post-village of McMinn 
 CO., Tenn., 164 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Mantua, a township in the N. part of 
 Portage co., Ohio, on Cuyahoga river. Po- 
 pulation, 1169. 
 
 Mantua, a post-office of Monroe co., Iowa. 
 
 Mantua Centre, a post-office of Portage 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Mantua Creek, of Gloucester co., New 
 Jersey, flows nearly N. W., and enters the 
 Delaware river 11 miles below Camden. 
 
 Mantua Village, of Philadelphia county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of the Schuyl- 
 kill river, opposite Fairmount wire bridge. 
 It is part of the borough of West Philadelphia. 
 
 Manvillb, a post-office of Providence co., 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Manwaring's, a post-office of Shelby co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Maple, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio. 
 
 Maple, a post-office of Ionia co., Mich. 
 
 Maple Bottom, a village of Iredell co., N.C. 
 
 Maple Creek, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Maple Creek, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Maple Furnace, a post-office of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Maple Grove, a post-office of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Maple Grove, a post-office of Otsego co.N. Y. 
 
 Maple Groa^e, a post-office of Knox co., 0. 
 
 Maple Grove, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Barry co., Michigan. Pop., 153. 
 
 Maple River, of Michigan, rises in Shia- 
 wassee county, and after a course of about 
 100 miles, falls into Grand river, at Lyons, 
 Ionia county. Its general direction is west- 
 ward. 
 
 Maple Springs, a post-office of Lafayette 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Maple Springs, a post-office of Red River 
 county, Texas. 
 
 Maplesville, a post-village in Bibb co., 
 Alabama, 45 mi^es N. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Mapleton, a post-office of Niagara co., N. Y. 
 
 Mapleton, a post-village in Abbeville dis- 
 trict, S. C, 110 miles W. from Columbia. 
 
 Mapleton, a post-village of Stark co., 
 Ohio, 125 miles N. E. from Columbus, has 2 
 stores, and 1 church. 
 
 Mapleton, a post-office of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Mapleton, a little village of Mercer co., 
 New Jersey, on Millstone river. 
 666 
 
 Mapleton Depot, a post-office of Hunting- 
 don CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mapletown, a small post-village of Greene 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Maplevillb, a small post-village of Pro- 
 vidence CO., Rhode Island, about 20 miles N. 
 W. by W. from Providence. It contains 2 
 woollen and cotton mills, employing 75 hands. 
 Population, about 230. 
 
 Maquon, a thriving post-village of Eaiox 
 CO., Illinois, on Spoon river, about 100 miles 
 N. N. W. from Springfield. It has a valuable 
 water-power, and contains several stores. 
 
 Maramec, (pronounced, and frequently writ- 
 ten Merrimac, ) rises in Dent county, in the S.E. 
 central part of the state. Its general direc- 
 tion is north-easterly, and its whole length is 
 estimated at 300 miles. It flows through a 
 hilly country, abounding in mines of copper, 
 iron, and lead, many of which are success- 
 fully worked. Steamboats have navigated 
 this river, and, with a little improvement, 
 they would be able to ascend to the Virginia 
 mines of Franklin county, a distance of per- 
 haps 100 miles. A small stream, called the 
 Osage fork, enters the river from the right, in 
 the N. E. part of Crawford county. The 
 Dry fork rises near the N. E. extremity of 
 Texas county, and flowing northward, falls 
 into the main stream near Massie's Iron- 
 works, in Crawford county. 
 
 Maramec, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Missouri, 70 miles S. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Marah Tanka, a lake of Minnesota TeiTi- 
 tory, 10 N. W. of Mankato. Length about 
 10 miles. 
 
 Marais, a post-village of Osage co., Mis- 
 souri, on the above stream, 23 miles S. S. E. 
 from Jefferson City. 
 
 Marais Creek, of Missouri, flows N. 
 through Osage co., and enters the Osage a 
 few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Marathon, a county in the N. part of Wis- 
 consin, bordering on the Upper Peninsula of 
 Michigan, contains 5452 square miles. The 
 Wisconsin river rises near the N. E. extremity 
 of the county, and traverses its whole length 
 from N. to S. The surface presents no great 
 elevations, and is mostly covered with forests 
 of pine, from which vast quantities of lumber 
 are procured, and floated on rafts down to 
 Galena, St. Louis, &c. This county was 
 separated from Portage county in 1849-50; 
 the land has not yet come into market, except 
 a strip 6 miles wide along the river. Capital, 
 Wausan. Population, 508. 
 
 Marathon, a post-township on the S. border 
 of Cortland co., New York. Pop., 1149. 
 
 Marathon, a post-office of Clermont co., 0. 
 
 Marathon, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Lapeer co., Michigan. Pop., 205. 
 
 Marble, a post-office of Marion co., Ark. 
 
 Marble Creek, a post-village of Jessamine 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Marble Dale, a post-office of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Marble Fuknace, a post-ofEce of Adams 
 CO., Ohio, 93 miles S. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Marble Hall, a post-ofiice of Hawkins co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mabblehead, a post-village and port of 
 entry of Essex county, Massachusetts, on an 
 iiTegular rocky peninsula of its own name, 
 and at the terminus of a railroad by which it 
 has communication with Salem, 18 miles N. E. 
 from Boston. It is pleasantlj' situated on an 
 excellent harbor, which is accessible at all sea- 
 sons to vessels of the largest class. A break- 
 water constructed in 1845 also renders it safe 
 during storms. The inhabitants are exten- 
 sively engaged in the cod fisheries,, in which 
 about 60 vessels are employed. The quantity 
 of fish annually taken is about 60,000 quintals, 
 in the curing of which upwards of 60, 000 bush- 
 els of salt are consumed. The shipping of Mar- 
 blehead June 30th, 1852, amounted to an ag- 
 gregate of 1191 1} tons registered, and6114|| 
 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter 
 1857fi| tons were employed in the coast 
 trade, and 8G75|| tons in the cod fisheries. 
 The foreign arrivals for the year were 168, 
 (tons, 12,129,) of which 161 (tons, 11,464) 
 were by foreign vessels. The clearances for 
 foreign ports were 162, (tons, 11,675, of 
 which 11,161 were in foreign bottoms.) Dur- 
 ing the same year 5 schooners, with an ag- 
 gregate burthen of 431 ^j- tons were admea- 
 sured. There are in the village 2 banks, with 
 a capital of $220,000, an insurance oflBce, 1 
 newspaper office, and upwards of 80 manu- 
 factories of the various kinds. The principal 
 articles produced are boots and shoes, and 
 cordage. Population of the township, 6167. 
 
 Maeblbhead, a post-office of Gilmer co. Ga. 
 
 Maeblehead, a post-office of Ottawa co. 0. 
 
 Maeblehead Lights, two in number, are 
 situated on the S. E. side of the E. entrance 
 to Marblehead harbor, Massachusetts. Lat. 
 42° 80' 18" N., Ion. 70° 50' 30" W. 
 
 MARBLEHiLL,apost-office of Prince Edward 
 CO. .Virginia, 83 miles W. S. W. from Pdchmond. 
 
 Marble Hill, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Marble Spring, a post-office of Cherokee 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Marbletown, a post-township of Ulster co.. 
 New York, 7 miles S. W. from Kingston, on the 
 Delaware and Hudson canal. Pop., 3839. 
 
 Maeble Valley, a post-office of Coosa co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Marble Works, a post-office of Cherokee 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Maecelline, a post-office of Adams co., HI. 
 
 Maecellon, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Columbia CO., Wisconsin. Pop., 468. 
 
 Maecellus, a post-township of Onondaga 
 CO., New York. Population, 2759. 
 
 Maecellus, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Nine Mile creek, about 12 miles 
 E. by N. from Auburn. It has Presbyterian, 
 Methodist, and Episcopal churches ; also 
 manufactories of paper and wool. 
 2e 
 
 Maecellus, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Cass co., Michigan. Pop.. 222. 
 
 Maecellus, a small village of Rush co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad 5 miles E. from 
 Rushville. 
 
 Maecellus, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Iowa. 
 
 Maecellus Falls, a post-village of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York, on Nine Mile creek, 
 about 140 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Maechand, a post-office of Indiana co.. Pa. 
 
 Marchfield, a new township of Washing- 
 ton CO., Maine. Population, 294. 
 
 Marcumsville, a post-office of Tuscaloosa 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Marcus, a post-office of Jackson co., Geor- 
 gia, 100 miles N. by W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Marcus Hook, a post-village of Delaware 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 
 18 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. The Phila- 
 delphia and Wilmington railroad passes 
 through it. In the early settlement of Penn- 
 sylvania this was a place of importance, but 
 has since declined. Population, about 500. 
 
 Maect, a post-township of Oneida co., 
 New York, 4 miles N. from Utica. Popula- 
 tion, 1857. 
 
 Marcy, a post-office of La Grange co., Ind. 
 
 Marcy, a post-village of Waukesha co., 
 Wis., 15 miles W. N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Maedisville, a post-village of Talladega 
 CO., Alabama, about 110 miles E. by N. from 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Marengo, a county in the W. part of Ala- 
 bama, has an area of 1166 square miles. The 
 Tombigbee and Blackwarrior rivers unite on 
 its N. W. border, and the former constitutes 
 the entire western boundary. It is also 
 drained by Chickasaw creek. The surface is 
 undulating, and partly occupied by prairies ; 
 the soil is exceedingly fertile. The county 
 comprises a large part of the tract commonly 
 known as the " Canebrake," which by many 
 is regarded as the most desirable cotton land 
 in the South. In 1850 this county produced 
 32,295 bales of cotton; 1,242,460 bushels of 
 Indian corn; 261,080 of sweet potatoes, and 
 94,540 of oats. There were 4 saw mills. It 
 contained 27 churches, 2 newspaper ofiices, 
 and 876 pupils attending public schools. The 
 Tombigbee is navigated by steamboats. 
 Capital, Linden. Population, 27,831, of 
 whom 7138 were free, and 20,693, slaves. 
 
 Marengo, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 New York, about 14 miles N. E. from Geneva. 
 
 Marengo, a post-office of Laurens district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Maeengo, a post-office of Jackson co., Tenn. 
 
 Marengo, a post-office of Morrow co., 0. 
 
 Marengo, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Calhoun co., Michigan, intersected by 
 Kalamazoo river, and the Michigan Southern 
 railroad. Population, 1014. 
 
 Marengo, a post-office of Crawford co., Tnd. 
 Marengo, a post-township in McHenry 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 1030. 
 
 657 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Maeengo, a thriving post-village and rail- 
 road station of McHenry county, Illinois, on 
 the railroad between Chicago and Galena, 
 66 miles W. N. W. from the former. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 650. 
 
 Marengo, a post-village, capital of Iowa 
 county, Iowa, on Iowa river, about 35 miles 
 W. N. W. from the capital of the state. 
 
 Maegallaway River rises in the N. 
 E. part of New Hampshire, in Coos county, 
 and running in Maine for about 20 miles, it 
 returns into New Hampshire, where, after 
 flowing about six miles, it receives the waters 
 of Umbagog lake. After this junction it is 
 called the Androscoggin river. 
 
 Margaretsville, a post-village in North- 
 ampton CO., North Carolina, 150 miles N. E. 
 by E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Margaretta, a township in the W. part of 
 Erie co., Ohio. Population, 1537. 
 
 Margaretta, a post-village of Clarke co., 
 Illinois, 110 miles E. by S. from Springfield. 
 Margaretta Furnace, a post-office of York 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Maria Creek, of Indiana, enters the Wa- 
 bash, 8 miles above Vincennes. 
 
 Maria Creek, a post-office of Knox co. Ind. 
 Maria Forge, a post-office of Talladega 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Marianna, a small post-villnge, capital of 
 Jackson county, Florida, on the right bank 
 of Chipola river, 72 miles W. N. W. from Tal- 
 lahassee. It has a court house, a printing 
 office, and several stores. 
 
 Marianna, a post-office of Phillips co.. Ark. 
 Marianna, a post-office of Davidson co.Tenn. 
 Maria's River, one of the upper tribu- 
 taries of Missouri, rises on the side of the 
 Rocky mountains, near the N. AV. extremity of 
 MissouriTerritory,and flowing south-easterly, 
 joins the Missouri about 50 miles below the 
 Great Falls. Entire length, about 300 miles. 
 Maria Stein, a post-office of Mercer co., 0. 
 Mariaville, a township of Hancock co., 
 Maine, on both sides of Union river, about 
 20 miles E. by N. from Bangor. Pop., 374. 
 
 Mariaville, a post-office of Schenectady 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Marietta, a post-village of Onondaga co.. 
 New York, 145 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 
 Marietta, a post-borough of East Donegal 
 township, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the left bank of the Susquehanna, 25 
 miles S. E. from Harri.sburg, and 14 miles W. 
 from Lancaster. It is finely situated on a 
 gradual declivity, and surrounded by a rich 
 and populous country. The original name 
 of the place was Anderson's Ferry. It car- 
 ries on an active trade in coal and lumber, 
 by means of the Pennsylvania canal and 
 Columbia Branch railroad, which connect 
 it with Harrisburg and Columbia. Incor- 
 porated in 1812. Marietta contains a town 
 hall, nn academy, and 3 or 4 churches. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 2099; in 1853, about 2500. 
 Marietta, a flourishing and handsome 
 658 
 
 post-village, capital of Cobb county, Georgia, 
 is situated on the Western and Atlantic rail- 
 road, 20 miles N. W. from Atlanta. The site 
 of this village is higher than that of any 
 other on this railroad. It is surrounded by 
 a rich farming and mining region. It con- 
 tains 4 churches, and 3 newspaper offices. 
 Two and a half miles from Marietta is Kene- 
 saw mountain, which is 1828 feet above the 
 level of the sea, and affords an extensive and 
 beautiful view. 
 
 Marietta, a post-office of Itawamba co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Marietta, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Washington county, Ohio, is beautifully situ- 
 ated on the left (E.) bank of the Muskingum 
 river, at its confluence with the Ohio, 62 
 miles below Wheeling, and 115 miles S. E. 
 from Columbus. The town is regularly laid 
 out on level ground, and in the midst of 
 highly picturesque scenery. Many of the 
 houses are constructed with great neatne'ss, 
 and embellished with fine gardens and orna- 
 mental trees. Marietta has the distinction 
 of being the oldest town in the state, having 
 been settled in April, 1788, by a company of 
 Nevf-Englanders, under the command of 
 General R. Putnam. Fort Harmar was built 
 on the opposite bank of the Muskingum in 
 1786. It is also distinguished by the excel- 
 lence of its schools. The town contains 7 or 
 8 churches, 2 public libraries, 2 academies, 
 a branch of the State Bank, and is the seat 
 of Marietta College, founded in 1835. Two 
 newspapers are published here. The Mus- 
 kingum is navigable by steam as high asZanes- 
 ville, and also affords extensive water-power. 
 A railroad has been commenced, leading from 
 Cincinnati via Marietta to Wheeling, &c. A 
 great impetus has been given to the growth 
 of the town during the last 5 or six years, by 
 the establishment of manufactories of various 
 kinds. Population, in 1850, 3175; in 1853, 
 about 4000. 
 
 Marietta, a village of Shelby co., Indiana, 
 on Blue river, and on the Shelbyville Branch 
 railroad, about 35 miles S. E. from Indiana- 
 polis. 
 
 Marietta, a small post-village of Fulton 
 CO., Illinois, about 12 or 14 miles N. W. from 
 Lewistown. 
 
 Marietta, a post-office of Marshall co., lo. 
 
 Marietta Furnace, a small village of Lan- 
 caster CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Marin, ma-reen', a county in the W. N. W. 
 part of California, has an area of about 500 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 Pacific ocean, and partly on the E. by San 
 Pablo bay, and is drained by Corta Madera, 
 San Antonio, San Geronimo, and several 
 other little streams, flowing into the Pacific 
 and San Pablo bay. San Geronimo creek is 
 noted for its salmon fisheries. The surface 
 is uneven, with a range of mountains running 
 nearly through the centre. Tama el Paris, 
 or Table mountain, is the principal elevation.. 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 About one-half of the soil is susceptible of 
 cultivation ; the other portion is excellent for 
 grazing. Potatoes, barley, wild hay, cattle, 
 and horses are the staples. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, garden vegetables, and fruit 
 thrive well. There were in 1852, 8700 beef- 
 cattle, 1200 cows, and 2500 horses. The 
 number of acres under cultivation was 1250. 
 The amount of capital employed in making 
 bricks was $100,000; and in lumber, $150,000. 
 The county is generally well wooded, and 
 plentifully stocked with game of various 
 kinds. Capital, San Rafael. Pop., 1036. 
 
 Marine, a post- village of Madison co., Il- 
 linois, about 22 miles E. by S. from Alton. 
 
 Maeine Mills, a small village of St. Croix 
 CO., AVisconsin, on the St. Croix river, about 
 18 miles N. from PKidson. 
 
 Maeingouin, a small bayou of Louisiana, 
 cohimences in Pointe Coupee parish, and 
 flows southward through Iberville parish into 
 Grand river. 
 
 Maeion, a county in the N. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of about 300 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Monongahela river and 
 its branches, the West fork, and Tygart's Val- 
 ley river, which unite within its limits. The 
 surface is diversified by hills of moderate 
 height, and partly covered with forests of 
 good timber. The soil is generally rich. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and live stock 
 and lumber are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 167,071 bushels of corn; 
 48,469 of wheat; 93,095 of oats; 6125 tons 
 of hay, and 144,409 pounds of butter. There 
 were 17 flour mills, 11 saw mills, 1 iron 
 foundry, and 8 tanneries. It contained 21 
 churches, and 720 pupils attending public 
 schools. Mines of good stone coal are exten- 
 sively worked, and iron ore is abundant. 
 Steamboats ascend the river as far as the 
 county seat : the Baltimore and Ohio railroad 
 passes through the county. It is plentifully 
 supplied with water-power. Organized in 
 1841-2, and named in honor of General Fran- 
 cis Marion, a prominent actor in the war of 
 the Revolution. Capital, Fairmont. Popu- 
 lation, 10,552, of whom 10,458 were free, 
 and 94, slaves. 
 
 Maeion, a district in the E. part of South 
 Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, has 
 an area of 1100 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Great Pedee, and bounded on 
 the S. E. by the Little Pedee, or Lumber 
 river, on the S. W. by Lynche's creek. The 
 first and second of these unite at the S. E. 
 extremity of the district. The surface is 
 nearly level, the soil is sandy, but in some 
 parts fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 the 
 district produced 8680 bales of cotton ; 
 476,718 bushels of corn ; 23,345 of oats, and 
 151,482 of sweet potatoes. It contained 34 
 churches, 1 newspaper office; 850 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 50 attending an 
 academy. The Pedee river is navigable in 
 
 the lower part of the district, which is inter- 
 sected by the Wilmington and Manchester 
 railroad. This railway crosses the river by 
 an iron bridge, the piers of which are hollow 
 cylinders of iron, 19 feet in circumference. 
 These are sunk many feet in the bed of the 
 river, by exhausting the air from within 
 them, and afterwards filled with some solid 
 material, forming piles of great strength and 
 durability. Capital, Marion Court House. 
 Population, 17,407, of whom 9887 were free, 
 and 7620, slaves. 
 
 Maeion, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of about 550 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Kinchafoonee, 
 Juniper, Buck, Cedar, and Whitewater creeks, 
 affluents of Flint river. The surface is near- 
 ly level, and partly covered with pine forests ; 
 the soil for the most part is sandy and pro- 
 ductive. Cotton, sugar, Indian corn, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 7149 bales of cotton ; 6 
 hogsheads of sugar; 333,904 bushels of corn, 
 and 81,370 of sweet potatoes. There was 1 
 woollen factory, 1 manufactory of coaches, 
 and 1 of saddlery. It contained 22 churches, 
 466 pupils attending public schools, and 130 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 county is intersected by the Muscogee rail- 
 road. Capital, Buena Vista. Population, 
 10,280, of whom 6676 were free, and 3604, 
 slaves. 
 
 Marion county, Florida, in the N. central 
 part of the peninsula, has an area of above 
 2500 square miles. It is drained by the Ock- 
 lawha river, and bounded on the S. W. by the 
 Withlacoochee. The surface is nearly level, 
 and partly occupied by pine forests and 
 shallow lakes or marshes. The soil is sandy. 
 The sugar-cane, cotton, Indian corn, sweet 
 potatoes, oranges, and lemons flourish in the 
 county. In 1850 it produced 96,192 bushels 
 of corn; 508 hogsheads of sugar; 31,626 
 gallons of molasses, and 109,000 pounds of 
 tobacco. The quantity of sugar was the 
 greatest raised in any county of the state. 
 It contained 1 newspaper office, and 60 pupils 
 attending public schools. Population, 3338, 
 of whom 2069 were free, and 1269, slaves. 
 
 Maeion, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Alabama, bordering on Mississippi, has an 
 area of 1180 square miles. It is traversed 
 by the Buttahatchee river, and also drained 
 by Sipsey river. The surface is hilly ; the 
 soil generally fertile. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 1552 bales of cotton; 91,496 
 bushels of corn, and 39,648 of sweet pota- 
 toes. It contained 3 tanneries, and 63 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Pikeville. 
 Population, 7833, of whom 6925 were free, 
 and 908, slaves. 
 
 Marion, a county in the S. part of Missis- 
 sippi, bordering on Louisiana, has an area 
 of about 1570 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Pearl river, (navigable for small 
 
 659 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 boats.) The surface is undulating, or nearly 
 level ; the soil is generally sandy and in- 
 ferior, partly' covered witli forests of pine. 
 Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and cotton are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county yielded 
 lo0,504 bushels of corn ; 62,465 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 1411 bales of cotton. It contained 
 6 churches, and 132 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Columbia. Pop., 4410, of 
 whom 2215 were free, and 2195, slaves. 
 
 Maeion county, in the N. part of Arkan- 
 sas, bordering on Missouri, contains 700 
 square miles. It is intersected by White 
 river. The surface is diversified by hills and 
 valleys, which are adapted to grazing, and 
 to the growth of grain. In 1850 this county 
 produced 144,302 bushels of Indian corn; 
 1100 bales of cotton, and 40,975 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 1 cabinet-ware shop, 
 and 150 pupils attending public schools. 
 Extensive lead mines are found in the coun- 
 ty, and quarries of beautiful yellow varie- 
 gated marble on the western border. White 
 river is navigable by small boats in this part 
 of its course. Capital, Yellville. Pop., 2302, 
 of whom 2176 were free, and 126, slaves. 
 
 Maeion, a county in the S. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Georgia and Alabama ; 
 area estimated at 700 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Tennessee and Sequatchie 
 rivers. The surface is traversed by high 
 ridges connected with the Cumberland moun- 
 tains. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850, Marion county pro- 
 duced 24,413 bales of cotton ; 468,294 bushels 
 of corn; 56,965 of oats, and 77,854 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 17 churches, 1060 
 pupils attending public schools, and 60 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Stone 
 coal is found. Capital, Jasper. Pop., 6314, 
 of whom 5763 were free, and 551, slaves. 
 
 Marion, a county near the centre of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 330 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Rolling fork of 
 Salt river. The surface is undulating and 
 hilly, and the soil mostly fertile. Indian 
 corn, tobacco, pork, cattle, and horses are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,001,919 bushels of corn; 195,857 pounds 
 of flax ; and 16,450 of tobacco. It contained 
 ■]6 churches, 1400 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 173 attending other schools. 
 The rock which underlies the county is lime- 
 stone. It is partly intersected by the turn- 
 pike from Danville to Lebanon, the county 
 seat. Organized in 1834. Population, 11,765, 
 of whom 8679 were free, and 3086, slaves. 
 
 Marion, a county in the N. centi-al part 
 of Ohio, contains 360 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Scioto and Olentangy rivers. 
 The surface is generally level, and the soil 
 fertile. An extensive prairie occupies the N. 
 part, in which many cattle and sheep are 
 pasturedi Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 18G0 this county 
 produced 559,794 bushels of corn ; 32,806 of 
 660 
 
 wheat; 99,937 of oats, and 17,434 tons of 
 hay. It contained 12 churches, 2 newspaper 
 oflBces, and 2300 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county is intersected by the 
 Bellefontaine and Indiana railroad. Organ- 
 ized in 1824. Capital, Marion. Population, 
 12,618. 
 
 Marion, a county situated in the centre of 
 Indiana, contains 420 square miles. It is 
 drained by the W. fork of White river, and by 
 Eagle and Fall creeks. The surface is nearly 
 level, or undulatipg ; the soil is fertile and 
 easily cultivated. The whole area was ori- 
 ginally occupied by. a dense forest. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 1,123,860 bush- 
 els of corn ; 110,334 of wheat ; 89,318 of oats, 
 and 7485 tons of hay. It contained 82 
 churches, 9 newspaper offices, 5156 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 531 attending 
 academies and other schools. The water- 
 power of the streams has been employed in 
 numerous mills and manufactories. Marion 
 county is the most populous in the state, ex- 
 cept Wayne. It is traversed by 7 or 8 rail- 
 road lines, a more particular account of 
 which will be found under the head of Indi- 
 anapolis, the capital. Organized in 1822. 
 Population, 24,103. 
 
 Marion, a county in the S. central part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 530 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Skillett fork of Little Wa- 
 bash river, and by Crooked and other creeks. 
 The county includes a part of the Grand 
 Prairie, and is partly covered v/ith forests. 
 The general surface is undulating ; the soil 
 is excellent. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pota- 
 toes, castor beans, white beans, and fine 
 fruits flourish, and the prairies produce ex- 
 cellent pasturage for cattle. In 1850 there 
 were raised 413,335 bushels of corn ; 5813 of 
 wheat; 71,557 of oats, and 1553 tons of hay. 
 It contained 9 churches, and 668 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The surveyed routes 
 of the Central railroad and of the Ohio and 
 Mississippi railroad intersect each other in 
 this county. Capital, Salem. Pop., 6720. 
 
 Marion, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 which separates it from Illinois, has an area 
 of 432 square miles. It is traversed by th«\ 
 North and South Fabius rivers, and by th» 
 North Two river, and also drained by SoutK 
 Two river. The surface is somewhat diversi- 
 fied, and consists of undulating prairies, and 
 forests which are distributed along the larger 
 streams. The prairies have a deep, rich 
 soil, free from stones, and covered with a 
 profusion of flowers. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, hemp, cattle, pork, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 668,653 bushels of corn; 105,811 of wheat; 
 65,384 of oats; 4585 tons of hay, and 499 
 of hemp. It contained 23 churches, 2 news- 
 paper ofnces, 1436 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 277 attending other schools. 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Bituminous coal iitid saltpetre are found in 
 the county, and limestone .and freestone are 
 abundant. A railroad is in progress of con- 
 struction through the county from Hannibal 
 to St. Joseph on the Missouri river. Capi- 
 tal, Palmyra. Population, 12,230, of whom 
 9398 were free, and 2832, slaves. 
 
 Marion, a county in the S. central part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. The 
 River Des Moines flows through the county in 
 a S. E. direction, receiving in its passage 
 the AVhitebreast river and English creek; 
 the S. E. part is traversed by Cedar creek. 
 Extensive prairies occur in the county, but 
 it has also a large proportion of timber. The 
 surface is undulating, and in some parts 
 broken ; the soil is productive, and well wa- 
 tered. "Wheat, Indian corn, oats, grass, and 
 pork arc tlie staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 219,565 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 17,094 of wheat; 12,850 of oats, and 1780 
 tons of hay. It contained 1 church, 792 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 240 attend- 
 ing an academy. Stone coal and iron abound 
 along the banks of Des Moines river. The 
 streams furnish valuable water-power. Set- 
 tled about 1843. Capital, Knoxville. Popu- 
 lation, 5482. 
 
 Marion, a county in the W. part of Oregon, 
 has an area estimated at 1000 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Cascade Range, 
 and on the W. by Williammette river, and is 
 drained by several tributaries of that stream. 
 The soil in the W. part is very fertile. Wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 86,165 bushels of 
 wheat; 34,172 of oats; 15,224 of potatoes, 
 and 29,359 pounds of butter. It contained 3 
 churches, and 113 pupils attending academies 
 or other schools. Capital, Salem. Popula- 
 tion, 2749. 
 
 Marion, a post-township of Washington 
 county, Maine, about 88 miles E. from Ban- 
 gor. Population, 207. 
 
 Marion, a post-office of Hartford co., Conn. 
 
 Marion, a post township of Wayne county, 
 New York, 12 miles N. W. from Lyons. Po- 
 pulation, 1839. It contains a village of the 
 same name. 
 
 Marion, a township of Berks co., Pa., 18 
 miles W. by N. from Reading. Pop., 1530. 
 
 Marion, a township of Centre co.. Pa., 7 
 miles N. E. from Bellefonte. Pop., 595. 
 
 Marion, a small village of Forest co., Pa. 
 
 Marion, a thriving post-village of Frank- 
 lin CO., Pa., near the Franklin railroad, 51 
 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. It contains 
 2 stores and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Marion, a township of Greene county, 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 852. 
 
 Marion, a village of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 167 miles W. by N. fi'om Harrisburg, 
 and 12 miles N. E. from Indiana, has 2 stores 
 and 15 houses. 
 
 Marion, a small post-village, capital of 
 Smythe co., Virginia, on the Middle fork of I 
 
 Holston river, 275 miles W. by S. from Rich- 
 mond. The turnpike from Baltimore to 
 Nashville passes through it. 
 
 Marion, a small post-village, capital of 
 McDowell county. North Carolina, is situated 
 a few miles E. from the Blue Ridge, near the 
 source of Catawba river, about 220 miles W. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Marion, a post-village, capital of Twiggs 
 CO., Georgia, 35 miles S. S. W. from Milledge- 
 ville. It contains a court house, 2 stores, and 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Marion, a post-village, capital of Perry 
 county, Alabama, 78 miles W. N. W. from 
 Montgomery. It is the seat of Howard Col- 
 lege, under the direction of the Baptists. 
 Marion also has 2 flourishing female semina- 
 ries, and several churches. Three newspapers 
 are published here. Population, 1544. 
 
 Marion, a village of Can-roll co., Mississippi, 
 on the Yazoo river, about 90 miles N. from 
 Jackson. Several thousand bales of cotton 
 are shipped here in steamboats. 
 
 Marion, a post-village, capital of Lauder- 
 dale CO., Miss., 110 miles E. from Jackson. 
 
 Marion, a post-office of Union parish. La. 
 
 Marion, a small post-village, capital of An- 
 gelina CO., Texas, on the right hand of the An- 
 gelinariver, IBOmiles N. by E. from Galveston. 
 
 Marion, a small post-village, capital of 
 Crittenden co., Arkansas, is situated on the 
 road from Memphis to Little Rock, 10 miles 
 W. N. W. from the former, and 140 miles E. 
 by N. from the latter. 
 
 Marion, a township in White county, Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 404. 
 
 Marion, a post-village, capital of Critten- 
 den CO., Kentucky, about 230 miles W. S. W. 
 from Frankfort. It contains a court house 
 and over 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Marion, a township in the W. part of Al- 
 len CO., Ohio, intersected by the Big Auglaize 
 river. Population, 672. 
 
 Marion, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Clinton co., Ohio. Population, 995. 
 
 Marion, a township in Fayette co., Ohio. 
 Population, 841. 
 
 Marion, a township in the E. part of Han- 
 cock CO., Ohio. Population, 904. 
 
 Marion, a township in the W. part of Har- 
 din CO., Ohio. Population, 452. 
 
 Marion, a township in Henry co., Ohio. 
 Population, 77. 
 
 Marion, a township in the N. part of Hock- 
 ing CO., Ohio. Population, 1746. 
 
 Marion, a post-township in the central part 
 of Marion co., Ohio. Population, 2291. 
 
 Marion, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Marion co., Ohio, on the route of the Belle- 
 fontaine and Indiana railroad, 44 miles N. 
 from Columbus. It was laid out in 1821, and 
 it is steadily improving. Marion contains a 
 court house, 3 or 4 churches, 1 academy, and 
 1 bank. Some of these are fine brick build- 
 ings. Two newspapers are published here. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1311 ; in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 661 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Marion, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Mercer co., Ohio. Pop., 1428. 
 
 MAraoN, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Morgan co., Ohio. Population, 1764. 
 
 Maeion, a township in Pike co., Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 900. 
 
 Maeion, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Livingston co., Michigan. Pop., 883. 
 
 Maeion, a township in Allen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1095. 
 
 Maeion, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Grant county, Indiana, on the Mississine- 
 wa river, 68 miles N. N. E. from Indianapo- 
 lis. The plank-road from Lagro to Ander- 
 sonton passes through it. It is surrounded 
 by a rich farming country. One newspaper 
 is published here. Population in 1850, 703 ; 
 in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Maeion, a township in Hendricks co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1270. 
 
 Marion, a township in Jasper co., Indiana. 
 Population, 883. 
 
 Marion, a township in Jennings co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1260. 
 
 Marion, a township in Lawrence co., In- 
 diana. Population, 2025. 
 
 Marion, a township in Monroe co., Indiana. 
 Population, 256. 
 
 Marion, a township in Owen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 898. 
 
 Marion, a township in Putnam co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1320. 
 
 Marion, a townshipin Shelby co., Indiana. 
 Population, 786. 
 
 Marion, a village of Shelby co., Indiana, 
 on Blue river, and on the railroad from Shel- 
 byville to Knightstown, 4 miles N. from Shel- 
 byville. 
 
 Marion, a township in Madison co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 966. 
 
 Marion, a township in Ogle co., Illinois. 
 Population, 595. 
 
 Marion, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Williamson county, Illinois, on the Main road 
 leading N. and S. through the centre of the 
 state, 172 miles S. by E. from Springfield. 
 Laid out in 1839. 
 
 Marion, a township in Buchanan co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 798. 
 
 Marion, a post-village in Cole co., Missouri, 
 on the W. bank of the Missouri river, 15 
 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Marion, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Linn co., Iowa, on the mail route from Du- 
 buque to Iowa City, 30 miles N. from the 
 latter. 
 
 Marion, a post-village of Kenosha co., AVis. 
 
 Marion City, a post-village of Marion co., 
 Missouri, on the Mississippi river, about 100 
 miles N. N. E. from Jelferson City. 
 
 Marion Court House, capital of Marion 
 district. South Carolina, on the Wilmington 
 and Manchester railroad, 110 miles E. by N. 
 from Columbia. It is situated in a level and 
 fertile country, in which cotton and rice 
 flourish. A newspaper is published here. 
 662 
 
 Mariontille, a post-ofEce of Forest co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mariposa river, of Mariposa county, Cali- 
 fornia, rises among the hills at the foot of 
 the Sierra Nevada, and flowing in a general 
 W. S. W. course, falls into the San Joaquin. 
 
 Mariposa, a county in the central part of 
 California, has an area estimated at about 
 8000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S. W. by the Coast Eange, and is drained by 
 San Joaquin river and its tributaries, the 
 Mercede and Fresno, and other smaller 
 streams. These streams afford many desira- 
 ble locations for mining and for mills of dif- 
 ferent kinds. The surface in the E. part ia 
 uneven and mountainous, being traversed by 
 the Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range of Cali- 
 fornia. Agriculture is yet in its infancy; 
 but abundant proofs have been given of the 
 adaptation of the soil and climate to almost 
 every kind of product, and many prepara- 
 tions are being made for cultivating the soil 
 and raising stock. The chief productions 
 are wild oats, clover, and other rich grasses, 
 which are abundant in the San Joaquin val- 
 ley, and on the hills at the foot of Sierra Ne- 
 vada. Thousands of wild horses are found 
 in this county, and game of almost every 
 kind abounds. The finest quality of marble 
 exists on the N. fork of the Mercede and 
 elsewhere. Various kinds of mineral springs 
 are found in different parts. Gold is abun- 
 dant. Six quartz mills are already in ope- 
 ration, all of which are paying well, and 
 many more are being erected. There are 60 
 towneys, (quartz-grinding machines,) each 
 paying from $16 to $25 per day. Five hun- 
 dred and twenty-two quartz veins are legally 
 located, and many more are known to exist. 
 New and rich discoveries are daily made, and 
 it is believed that immense deposits of gold 
 lie in the beds of the San Joaquin, Mercede, 
 and other rivers, which can only be obtained 
 by a heavy expenditure of capital and labor. 
 A great variety of other minerals are found in 
 various parts. The gold district in this coun- 
 ty is perhaps 100 miles wide, and extends 
 back indefinitely into unexplored regions. 
 Capital, Mariposa. Pop. in 1852, 8969. 
 
 Mariposa, a post-town of Mariposa co., 
 California, on the road from Sacramento City 
 to Los Angeles, and on the Mariposa river, 
 about 150 miles S. E. from San Francisco. 
 
 Marissa, a small post-village of St. Clair 
 CO., Illinois, 40 miles S. E. from St. Louis. 
 
 Marits, a post-office of Morrow co., Ohio. 
 
 Markesan, a small post-village of Mar- 
 quette CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Markham Station, a post-office of Fauquier 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Markle, apost-office of Huntington county, 
 Indiana. 
 
 Marklesboro, a small village of Hunting- 
 don CO., Pennsylvania, about 100 miles W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Makksborough, or Marksville, a post- 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 village of Hardwick township, Warren co., 
 New Jersey, on the left bunk of Paulinshill 
 river, 14 miles N. N. E. from Belvidere, con- 
 tains a church, and a cotton factory. 
 
 Mark's Creek, of Richmond co., North 
 Carolina, flows into Yadkin river, near the S. 
 boundary of the state. 
 
 Marksville, a post-village of Page co., 
 Virginia, 100 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Marksville, a post-village, capital of 
 Avoyelles parish, Louisiana, about 4 miles S. 
 from Red river, and 255 W. N. W. from New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Marlborough, a district in the N. E. part 
 of South Carolina, bordering on North Caro- 
 lina, has an area of 504 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S. W. by the Great Pedee, 
 and drained by the Little Pedee and Crooked 
 creek. The surface is uneven, the soil 
 Bandy and in some parts fertile. Cotton, In- 
 dian corn, oats, and sweet potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 this district produced 9501 
 bales of cotton; 351,670 bushels of corn; 
 59,338 of oats, and 95,810 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 10 saw and planing and 8 grist 
 mills, and 1 wool-carding mill. It contained 
 20 churches, and 524 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Bennettsville. Population, 
 10,789; of whom 5189 were free, and 5600, 
 slaves. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-township of Che- 
 shire CO., New Hampshire, on the Cheshire 
 railroad, about 43 miles W. S. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 887. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-township of Wind- 
 ham CO., Vermont, about 27 miles S. S. AV. 
 from Bellow's Falls. Population, 896. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-township of Middle- 
 sex county, Massachusetts, intersected by the 
 Lancaster and Sterling Branch railroad, 34 
 miles W. from Boston. Population, 2941. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-township of Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, about 17 miles S. E. 
 from Hartford. Population, 832. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-township of Ulster 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson river. Popu- 
 lation, 2406. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Oldmanskill, near the Hudson, 
 about 20 miles S. from Albany. It has manu- 
 factories of paper and wool. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-office of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-office of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Marlborough, a township of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 16 miles N. from Norris- 
 town. Population, 1174. 
 
 Marlborough, a township in the N. part 
 of Delaware co., Ohio. Population, 587. 
 
 Marlborough, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Stark co., Ohio. Population, 2133. 
 
 Marlborough Court House. See Ben- 
 nettsville. 
 
 Marlborough Depot, a post-office of 
 Cheshire co.. New Hampshire. 
 
 Marlbkook, a post-office of Hempstead co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Marlet's Mills, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Mablin, a post-office of Falls co., Texas. 
 
 Marlin Bottom, a post-office of Pocahon- 
 tas CO., Virginia. 
 
 Marlin's Creek, a small village of Pickens 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mablow, a post-township of Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Ashuelot river, about 
 38 miles W. by S. from Concord. Pop., 708. 
 
 Marlton, a flourishing post-village in 
 Evesham township, Burlington co., New .Jer- 
 sey, about 9 miles S. S. W. from Mount Holly. 
 
 Marmiton, a small river of Missouri, rises 
 in the E. part of the Indian Territory, and 
 flowing eastward into Bates county, in Mis- 
 souri, unites with the Little Osage a few 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Marple, a post-township of Delaware co., 
 Pa., 12 miles W. from Philadelphia. Pop., 876. 
 
 Marquette, an unorganized county of 
 Michigan, in the W. part of the upper penin- 
 sula, contains about 3600 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Michigamig river, which 
 flows southward. The surface is uneven 
 and mostly covered with forests of pine. 
 The underlying rocks are granite and lime- 
 stone. Extensive beds of iron are found in 
 the county. The census of 1850 furnishes 
 no statistics of this county except population, 
 which was only 136. 
 
 Marquette, a county near the centre of 
 Wisconsin, contains 860 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Neenah or Fox river, and 
 contains a few small lakes, the largest of 
 which is 8 miles long by 2 miles broad. The 
 surface is partly occupied by prairies ; the 
 soil is good, and numerous farms have been 
 improved. In 1850 the county produced 
 85,614 bushels of wheat; 66,197 of oats, and 
 5495 tons of hay. It contained 1 church, and 
 298 pupils attending public schools. The 
 principal rock is sandstone. Organized in 
 1844. Capital, Marquette. Named in honor 
 of M. Marquette, one of the first explorers of 
 this region. Population, 8641. 
 
 Marquette, a village of La Salle co., In- 
 diana, on Little Indian creek. 
 
 Marquette, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Marquette co., Wisconsin. Pop., 246. 
 
 Marquette, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Marquette co., Wisconsin, is pleasantly 
 situated on the S. shore of Puckawa lake, an 
 expansion of Neenah river, about 50 miles 
 N. N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Marr, a township in Posey co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1319. 
 
 Marbiottsville, a post-office of Howard 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Marrowbone, a post-office of Davidson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Marrowbone, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Mars, a post-office of Bibb co., Alabama. 
 663 
 
MAE 
 
 MAR 
 
 Mars Bluttf, a post-ofSce of Marioa dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Marseilles, a post-townsliip in the S. W. 
 part of Wyandot co., Ohio. Population, 538. 
 
 Marseilles, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, about 60 miles N. N. VV. from 
 Columbus. Population, over 300. 
 
 Marseilles, a small post-village of Noble 
 CO., Ind., 136 miles N. N. E. from Indianaoplis. 
 
 Marseilles, a post-village of La Salle co., 
 Illinois, on the Illinois river and canal, 76 
 miles by water W. S. W. from Chicago. It is 
 a shipping point for grain, &c. 
 
 Marsh, a post-office of Chester co.. Pa. 
 
 Marshall, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on Pennsylvania and 
 Ohio, has an area of about 230 square miles. 
 The Ohio river washes its W. border, and 
 Fishing and Grave creeks flow through the 
 county. The surface is diversified ; the soil 
 is fertile, especially on the extensive bottoms 
 of the Ohio river. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 apples, and cattle are the chief products. In 
 1850 there were raised 302,130 bushels of 
 corn; 74,976 of wheat; 114,345 of oats, and 
 132,100 pounds of butter were made. There 
 were 9 flour mills, 9 grist mills, 3 coal mines, 
 and 2 tanneries. It contained 15 churches, 
 700 pupils attending public schools, and 60 
 attending an academy. The Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad has been opened through this 
 county. Stone coal and water-power are 
 abundant. Formed in 1835, and named in 
 honor of John Marshall, late chief-justice of 
 the United States. Capital, Elizabethtown. 
 Population, 10,138, of whom 10,089 were 
 free, and 49, slaves. 
 
 Marshall, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 677 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Tennessee river, (navi- 
 gable by steamboats,) and Paint Rock river 
 flows along its N. W. border. The surface is 
 traversed by mountain ridges connected with 
 the Appalachian system. The soil is gene- 
 rally fertile, adapted to cotton, Indian corn, 
 and grass. In 1850 this county produced 
 1966 bales of cotton; 357,201 bushels of 
 corn, and 83,246 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 3 saw mills, 4 tanneries, and 3 saddle 
 and harness manufactories. It contained 7 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 429 pupils 
 attending public schools. The plank-road 
 extending from Wetumpka to the Tennessee 
 river has its northern terminus in this county. 
 Water-power is abundant on the streams. A 
 part of the surface is covered with forests of 
 oak, pine,- &c. Capital, Warrenton. Popu- 
 lation, 8846, of whom 7978 were free, and 
 868, slaves. 
 
 Marshall, a county in the N. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, bordering on Tennessee, has an area 
 of about 860 square miles. It is watered by 
 the Tallahatchie, Tippah, and Coldwater 
 rivers. The surface is finely diversified by 
 gentle undulations, and presents an open 
 champaign appearance The soil has a sub- 
 664 
 
 stratum of sand, and is fertile and easily 
 cultivated. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 32,775 
 bales of cotton; 1,236,006 bushels of corn; 
 147,232 of oats, and 216,640 of sweet pota- 
 toes. The quantities of corn, oats, and cotton 
 were the greatest produced by any county in 
 the state. It contained 38 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 304 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 220 attending academies or 
 other schools. The Tallahatchie river is na- 
 vigable for small boats along the S. border 
 during high water. Marshall county was 
 comprised in the territory of the Chickasaw 
 Indians. It was transferred from aboriginal 
 hands, and organized in 1836, and is now the 
 most populous and among the most wealthy 
 of the state. Capital, Holly Springs. Popu- 
 lation, 29,689, of whom 14,272 were free, 
 and 15,417, slaves. 
 
 Marshall, a county in the S. central part 
 of Tennessee ; area, estimated at 350 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Duck river. The 
 surface is diversified by hills or undulations 
 of moderate height ; the soil is mostly fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, oats, grass, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1,291,675 bushels of corn; 161,727 of 
 oats; 1054 bales of cotton; 144,600 pounds 
 of butter, and 34,544 of wool. It contained 
 59 churches, 2971 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 251 attending academies and 
 other schools. Capital, Lewisburg. Popu- 
 lation, 15,616, of whom 11,982 were free, 
 and 3634, slaves. 
 
 Marshall, a county in the W. part of 
 Kentucky, contains about 850 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Ten- 
 nessee river, and drained by Clarke's river. 
 The surface is moderately hilly or undu- 
 lating ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, to- 
 bacco, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 192,835 bushels of corn ; 
 27,454 of oats, and 122,883 pounds of to- 
 bacco. It contained 16 churches, and 720 
 pupils attending public schools. Organized 
 in 1841. Capital, Benton. Population, 6269, 
 of whom 5020 were free, and 249, slaves. 
 
 Marshall, a county in the N. part of In- 
 diana, contains 440 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Yellow and Tippecanoe rivers. 
 The surface is generally level. About half 
 of the county is timbered land, and the re- 
 mainder is occupied by barrens and prairies. 
 The soil of the prairies and timbered,Jand is 
 extremely productive. The staples are wheat, 
 Indian corn, and oats. In 1850 this county 
 produced 108,080 bushels of corn ; 51,435 of 
 wheat, and 28,827 of oats. It contained 4 
 churches, and 360 pupils attending public 
 schools. Extensive beds of iron ore are 
 found in the county. Organized in 1836. 
 Capital, Plymouth. Population, 5348. 
 
 Marshall, a couoty in the N. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 445 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Illinois river, (navi 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 gnble by steamboats,) and also drained by 
 Sand and Crow creeks. The surface is near- 
 ly level, and is diversified by prairie and 
 timber. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, potatoes, and hay are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 392, .317 bushels 
 of corn ; 104,469 of wheat ; 46,990 of oats, 
 and 4967 tons of hay. It contained 6 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 800 pupils 
 attending public schools. Stone coal is 
 found. Capital, Lacon. Population, 5180. 
 
 Marshall, a new county in the central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is traversed by Iowa river, flowing 
 S. E., and also drained by Timber creek. 
 The land is productive, and is said to be 
 finely timbered with oak, ash, walnut, sugar- 
 maple, &c. Indian corn and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850, Marshall county produced 
 12,410 bushels of corn, and 4230 pounds of 
 butter. Stone coal is found in the county. 
 Population, 338. 
 
 Marshall, a post-township of Oneida co., 
 New York, 12 miles S. W. from Utica. Po- 
 pulation, 2115. 
 
 Marshall, a post-village, capital of Ma- 
 dison CO., North Carolina, on the French 
 Broad river, 280 miles W. from P.aleigh. 
 
 Marshall, a small village of Marshall co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Marshall, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Harrison county, Texas, about 250 miles 
 N. by E. from Galveston. It contains, besides 
 the county buildings, a college and several 
 hotels. Three newspapers are published 
 here. The surrounding country is fertile, 
 and rather thickly settled. 
 
 Marshall, a post-office of Bath co., Ky. 
 
 Marshall, a post-township of Highland 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1187. 
 
 Marshall, a post-village of Highland co., 
 Ohio, 68 miles E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Marshall, a post-township in the central 
 part of Calhoun co., Michigan, intersected 
 by Kalamazoo river and Michigan Central rail- 
 road, contains the county seat. Pop., 2822. 
 
 Marshall, a post-village, capital of Cal- 
 houn county, Michigan, on the right bank of 
 the Kalamazoo river, and on the Central 
 railroad, 48 miles S. W. from Lansing, and 
 110 miles W. from Detroit. It has a plea- 
 sant situation, and is one of the most flou- 
 rishing inland towns of the peninsula. It 
 contains Marshall College, 2 newspaper offi- 
 ces, several churches, 1 woollen factory, and 
 4 flouring mills. Pop., in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Marshall, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Marshall, a post-township of Clark co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1341. 
 
 Marshall, a small post-village of Clarke 
 CO., Illinois, on the National road, about 130 
 miles E. S. E. from Springfield. It was for- 
 merly the county seat. 
 
 Marshall, a township in Platte co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 2243. 
 
 Marshall, a post-village, capital of Saline 
 CO., Missouri, 87 miles W. N. W. from Jeffer- 
 son City, contains a court house, church, 
 and a few stores. 
 
 Marshall, a post-office of Henry co., lo. 
 
 Marshall's Creek, a post-office of Mon- 
 roe CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Marshall's Ferry, a post-office of Granger 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Marshall's Point, at the E. entrance of 
 Herring Gut, Lincoln county, Maine. On it 
 is a fixed light, 30 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 43° 50' N. ; Ion. 69° 9' 30" W. 
 
 Marshallsville, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Marshallsville, a post-village in Macon 
 CO., Georgia, on the South-West railroad, 70 
 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Marshallsville, a post-village of Wayne 
 CO., Ohio, 100 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Marshallton, a post-village of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 30 miles W. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Marshall Turnpike, a post-office of Mar- 
 shall CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Marshallvillb, or Cumberland Works, 
 a village in Maurice Piiver township, Cum- 
 berland county. New Jersey, on Tuckahoe 
 creek, contains some extensive glass works, 
 and upwards of 40 dwellings. 
 
 Marshapeb Township, an ancient Indian 
 settlement of Barnstable co., Massachusetts, 
 about 48 miles S. E. from Plymouth. 
 
 Marshbog, a small village of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey, about 10 miles S. E. from 
 Freehold. 
 
 Marsh Creek, of Adams co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, is a branch of the Monocacy river. 
 
 Marsh Cresk, a post-office of Gibson co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Marshfield, a post-township of Washing- 
 ton CO., Vermont, on the Onion river, about 
 11 miles E. N. E. from Montpelier. Pop., 1102. 
 
 Marshfield, a post-township of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, on Massachusetts bay, 
 28 miles S.E. by S. from Boston. The farm 
 and country residence of the late Daniel 
 Webster is in the S. part, about 12 miles N. 
 from Plymouth. Population, 1837. 
 
 Marshfield, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Mars Hill, of Aroostook county, Maine, 
 about 1 mile W. from the New Brunswick 
 boundary-line. It is an isolated eminence 
 with 2 peaks, one 1506 feet, and the other 
 1363 feet above the level of St. John's river. 
 
 Mars Hill, a small village of Clarke co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Marsh Island, at the entrance to Vermi- 
 lion bay, Louisiana. At its W. end is a re- 
 volving light, elevated 90 feet. 
 
 Marshland, a post-office of Pdchmond co , 
 New York. 
 
 Marsh's Landing, a post-office of Contra 
 Costa CO., California. 
 
 Marshy Hope, a small river which rises 
 in Kent co., Delaware, and enters the Nanti ■ 
 
 665 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 coke on the boundary between Dorchester 
 and Somerset counties of Maryland. 
 
 Maeston's Mills, a post-ofSce of Barn- 
 stable CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Martha Fdbnace, a post-village of Centre 
 CO., Pennsylvania, in Bald Eagle valley, 100 
 miles AV. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Martha's, or Martha's Furnace, a post- 
 village of Hardin co., Illinois, 5 miles from 
 the Ohio river. 
 
 Marthasville, a post-ofEce of Macon co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Marthasville, a post-village in Warren 
 CO., Missouri, near the Missouri river, 65 
 miles E. by N. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Martha's Vineyard, an island lying off 
 the S. E. coast of Massachusetts, and sepa- 
 rated from Barnstable county by Vineyard 
 sound, which is from 3J to 7 miles wide. It 
 is 21 miles in length, and from 3 to 9 miles 
 in breadth. It forms a part of Duke's county, 
 Massachusetts, which see. 
 
 Martha's Vineyard, a post-office of Chat- 
 ham CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Martic, a post-township of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river. 
 Population, 3099. 
 
 Marticville, a small post-village in the 
 above township, 8 miles S. from Lancaster. 
 
 Martin, a county in the E. central part 
 of North Carolina; area estimated at 430 
 square miles. The Roanoke forms the entire 
 N. boundary. The surface is level, and the 
 soil generally sandy. Indian corn and cot- 
 ton are cultivated. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 267,477 bushels of corn, and 119,067 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 2 saw mills, 
 11 shingle mills, 2 tar and turpentine manu- 
 factories, and 1 turpentine distillery. It 
 contained 10 churches, 900 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 100 attending academies 
 or other schools. The county contains ex- 
 tensive forests of pitch pine and cedar. The 
 Roanoke river is navigable for large boats on 
 the border of the county, and large quanti- 
 ties of lumber (pine and cedar) are exported 
 by this means. Formed in 1774, and named 
 in honor of Josiah Martin, then governor of 
 the colony. Capital, Williamston. Pop. ,8307; 
 of whom 4940 were free, and 3367, slaves. 
 
 Martin, a county in the S. W. part of In- 
 diana, has an area of 340 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the East fork of White river, 
 and by Lick creek. The surface is hilly. 
 The soil contains a large propoi'tion of clay, 
 and in some parts is fertile. Indian corn, oats, 
 hay, pork, and beef are the staples. In a 
 state of nature the county was covered with 
 dense ferests, with small exceptions. In 
 1850 it produced 251,700 bushels of corn; 
 32,650 of oats ; 8423 of wheat, and 839 tons 
 of hay. It contained 6 churches, and 320 
 pupils attending public schools. A rail- 
 road is projected through the county, from 
 Cincinnati to St. Louis. Stone coal, iron ore, 
 and grit or hard sandstone are abundant. 
 G66 
 
 Organized in 1820, and named in honor of 
 the late Major Martin, of Kentucky. Capi- 
 tal, Dover Hill. Population, 5941. 
 
 Martin, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Allegan co., Michigan. Population, 329. 
 
 Martindale, a post-office of Mecklenburg 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Martindale Depot, a post-village of Co- 
 lumbia CO., New York, on the Harlem rail- 
 road, 35 miles S. by E. from Albany. 
 
 Martindale's Creek, of Indiana, enters 
 the Whitewater river near Milton, Wayne co. 
 
 Martinetta, a township in Brown co., 
 Wisconsin, Population, 243. 
 
 Martinez, a post-town of California, 
 situated in the N. part of Contra Costa co., 
 of which it is the capital, is separated from 
 Benicia by the strait connecting Suisun and 
 San Pablo bays. 
 
 Martinigus Island, S. of Penobscot bay, 
 Maine : on it are two fixed lights, 40 feet from 
 each other, and 82 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 43° 46' 30" N., Ion. 68° 49' W. 
 
 Martinsburg, a post - township in the 
 central part of Lewis co., New York. Popu- 
 lation, 2677. 
 
 Martinsbi7rg, a post-village in the above 
 township, and capital of Lewis county. New 
 York, about 130 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 It contains several churches, an academy, 
 a bank, a newspaper office, and manufac- 
 tories of wool and flour. Population, esti- 
 mated at 700. 
 
 Martinsburg, a thriving post- borough of 
 Blair co., Pennsylvania, is situated in Mor- 
 rison's Cove, a rich valley among the Alle- 
 ghany mountains, 112 miles W. from Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Martinsburg, a small village of Butler co., 
 Pa., about 18 miles N. N. E. from Butler. 
 
 Martinsburg, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Berkley county, Virginia, on Tus- 
 carora creek, and on the Baltimore and Ohio 
 railroad, 180 miles N. from Richmond. It is 
 situated in a fertile and elevated region, a 
 few miles W. from the Blue Ridge. It has 
 an active trade, and is an important station 
 on the railroad, containing the machine shops 
 and engine houses of the company. The 
 abundant water-power furnished by the creek 
 is employed in the manufacturing of flour, 
 iron, &c. The town contains 4 or 5 churches, 
 2 academies, 2 newspaper offices, and 1 alms- 
 house. Population in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Martinsburg, a post- village in Monroe co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Martinsburg, a post-village of Knox co., 
 Ohio, about 40 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 It contains 1 academy and several churches. 
 
 Martinsburg, a post- village of Washington 
 CO., Indiana, 12 miles S. S. E. from Salem. 
 
 Martinsburg, a post-office of Pike co,. 111. 
 
 Martinsburg, a post-village of Ripley co.. 
 Mo., 190 miles S. E. by S. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Martin's Creek, of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into the Delaware river. 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Maktin's Creek, a post-ofBce of Nortla- 
 ampton co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Martin's CkeeKj a post-office of Pickens 
 disti'ict, South Carolina. 
 
 Mabtin's Feery, a post-ofSce of Belmont 
 CO,, Ohio. 
 
 Martin's FoEK,apost-office of Lewis co.Ky. 
 
 Martin's Hill, a post-office of Chemung 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Martin's Landing, a small village of Cole 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Martin's Limekilns, a post-office of Stokes 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Martin's Store, a post-office of Macon co., 
 Georgia, on the South-Western railroad, about 
 60 miles E. by S. from Columbus. 
 
 Martinsville, a post-village in Wheatfield 
 township, Niagara county. New York, on the 
 N. bank of Tonawanda creek, about 15 miles 
 N. of Buffalo. It contains 2 stores, 1 steam 
 eaw mill, and 1 tavern. Pop., about 600. 
 
 Martinsville, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Martinsville, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Martinsville, a post-village of Northamp- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 
 115 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. The 
 post-office is named Martin's creek. 
 
 Martinsville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Henry co., Virginia, on a branch of the 
 Dan river, 207 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Martinsville, a post-village of Belmont 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river, 2 miles above 
 Wheeling, contains 3 churches, several stores, 
 and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Martinsville, a post-village of Clinton co., 
 Ohio, 10 miles S. from Wilmington. 
 
 Martinsville, a thriving post-village of 
 Washington township, and capital of Morgan 
 county, Indiana, 1 mile E. from the West fork 
 of White river, and 31 miles S. S. W. from 
 Indianapolis. A large amount of produce is 
 bought at this place, and shipped by the 
 river during high water. This village is the 
 W. terminus of a railroad which connects 
 with the Madison and Indianapolis railroad 
 at Franklin. It contains a court-house, 
 several churches, and a newspaper office. 
 Pop.ulation in 1858, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Martinsville, a small post-village of 
 Clarke co., Illinois, on the National road, 84 
 miles E. by N. from Vandalia. 
 
 Martville, a post -village of Sterling 
 township, Cayuga co., New York, 175 miles 
 W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Marvel, a post-village of Bates co., Mis- 
 souri, 150 miles W. by S. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Marvin, a post-village of Chautauque co., 
 N. Y., about 280 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 
 Marvin, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Pa. 
 
 Marvins, a village in Adair co., Iowa, 170 
 miles W. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Marvin's Mill, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Mart, a post-office of Pulaski co.. Ark. 
 
 Mart Ann, a township in the E. part of 
 Licking co., Ohio. Population, 999. 
 
 Mary Ann Furnace, a small village of 
 Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Maryland, one of the thirteen original 
 states of the American confederacy, and the 
 most southern of the Middle States, is bounded 
 on the N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware 
 and the Atlantic, and S., S. W., and W. by 
 Virginia, from which it is separated by the 
 Potomac river. It lies between 38° and 39° 
 44' N. lat., and between 75° 10' and 79° 20' W. 
 Ion. Maryland is very irregular in outline, 
 occupying an extent of about 190 miles on its 
 northern boundary, which contracts on its 
 W. side till at its southern limits, it has 
 scarcely half that extent, even, including 
 Chesapeake bay. Its greatest breadth, in a 
 N. and S. direction, is about 120 miles. This 
 state is divided by Chesapeake bay into two 
 portions, called the Eastern and Western 
 Shore ; the two divisions, exclusive of the 
 bay, including an area of about 9356 square 
 miles, or 5,987,840 acres, of which 2,797,905 
 were improved land in 1850. The Western 
 Shore is about double the area of the East- 
 ern. About 60 square miles of the original 
 territory of Maryland have been taken off by 
 its grant of the Disirict of Columbia to the 
 government of the United States. 
 
 Population. — Marjdand was originally set- 
 tled mostly by the English, but it partakes 
 at present of much the same mixture of po- 
 pulation that characterizes the United States 
 generally. The number of inhabitants was 
 319,728 in 1790; 341,548 in 1800; 380,546 
 in 1810; 407,350 in 1820; 447,040 in 1830; 
 470,019 in 1840; 583,035 in 1850; of whom 
 211,495 were white males, 207,095 white 
 females, 34,914 free colored males, 39,163 
 free colored females, 45,944 male slaves, 
 and 44,424 female slaves. This population 
 is divided into 87,384 families, occupying 
 81,708 dwellings. Representative population, 
 546,887. Of the white population, 400,594 
 were born in the state; 38,322 in other 
 states of the Union ; 3467 in England ; 
 19,557 in Ireland; 1353 in Scotland and 
 Wales; 215 in British America; 26,936 in 
 Germany ; 507 in France ; 1253 in other 
 countries, and 462 whose places of birth were 
 unknown ; making about 10 per cent, of the 
 free population of foreign birth. There oc- 
 curred, in the year ending June 1, 1850, 
 6467 deaths, or about 11 in every 1000 per- 
 sons. In the same period, 4494 paupers, of 
 whom 1093 were foreigners, received aid, at 
 an expense of about $16 to each person. Of 
 254 deaf and dumb, 36 were free colored, 
 and 23 slaves. Of 307 blind, 71 were free 
 colored, and 43 slaves. Of 553 insane, 52 
 were free colored, and 24 slaves ; and of 398 
 idiotic, 53 were free colored, and 72 slaves. 
 
 Maryland is divided into 21 counties, viz 
 Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, 
 Caroline, Carroll, Cecil, Charles, Dorchester, 
 
 667 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Frederick, Harford, Howard, Kent, Montgo- 
 mery, Prince George, Queen Anne, St. Ma- 
 ry's, Somerset, Talbot, Washington, and Wor- 
 cester. Capital, Annapolis. 
 
 Cities and Toicns. — The principal towns of 
 Maryland are Baltimore, population in 1850, 
 169,054; Cumberland, 6067; Frederick, 6028; 
 Hagerstown, 3884; Annapolis, (the capital,) 
 3011, and several other towns with popula- 
 tions varying from 1000 to 1500. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The surface on both 
 shores of Chesapeake bay is level, and the 
 soil sandy. A range of hills enters the state 
 where the N. boundary strikes the Susque- 
 hanna, and extends in a S. W. direction to the 
 Potomac river, which it intersects about 10 
 miles above V/ashington City. This ridge di- 
 vides the alluvial from the mountainous por- 
 tion of the state. The mountainous district 
 occupies the strip of territory (not more than 
 4 miles wide in its narrowest part) in the N. 
 W. of the state, between the Pennsylvania line 
 and the Potomac river. This section is crossed 
 by different ridges of the Alleghany moun- 
 tains, bearing different local names, such as 
 South-east mountain, Sugar Loaf, Catoctin, 
 Blue Ridge, Kittatinny, lUtgged mountain, 
 and Will's mountain. None of these are of 
 any great elevation. A belt of primary forma- 
 tion, composed of gneiss, mica slate, serpen- 
 tine, hornblende, limestone, clay slate, &c., 
 forms the mountainous part of this district. 
 The N. "W. part of this state is rich in bitu- 
 minous coal and iron. The trade in this coal 
 has received a double impetus recently by 
 the completion of the Baltimore and Ohio 
 railroad, and from the increased demand for 
 the use of steam vessels at NeAv York. The 
 sales of coal increased from 4964 tons, in 
 1843, to 162,500 in 1851. In the first six 
 months of 1853 there were sent to mai'ket 
 205,169 tons. The estimated sales for 1852 
 were 450,000 tons. The extent of its iron 
 resources will be best shown by the simple 
 statement of the fact that there were 31 fur- 
 naces in Maryland in 1851-2, smelting 
 70,500 tons of iron. Copper mining is be- 
 ginning to attract much attention in this 
 state, by the recent discovery of localities 
 rich in that mineral. The copper mines in 
 Frederick county are also rich in argentife- 
 rous lead ore. Cobalt, too, is sometimes 
 found, in connection with the copper, in 
 abundance. The capital engaged in copper 
 mining in 1850 was only $13,200. The other 
 minerals are alum, porcelain clay, lime, 
 chrome, manganese, magnesia, barytes, mar- 
 ble, marls, ochres, hones, and even gold. 
 
 Rivers and Bays. — The Chesapeake bay 
 extends northward about 120 miles within 
 this state, with a breadth varying from 7 to 
 20 miles. It is navigable for large vessels 
 throughout its whole extent, and receives 
 the large and navigable river Potomac at the 
 S. extremity of the state, besides the Patux- 
 ent and Patapsco from the W., the Susque- 
 668 
 
 hanna from the N., and the Elk, Chester, 
 Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke from 
 the E. All these rivers are more or less na- 
 vigable for small ocean craft, and the Poto- 
 mac for the largest class vessels to Alexan- 
 dria. The bay abounds with fine fish, oysters, 
 and terrapins. The waters of the bay back 
 up in numerous inlets, and bring the means 
 of cheap and easy transport almost to the 
 very doors of the farmer, beside furnishing 
 him with a cheap supply of a great variety' 
 of the finest fish. There are a number of 
 islands in Chesapeake bay, the principal of 
 which are Kent island, opposite the city of 
 Annapolis, 12 miles long, and Tangier island, 
 farther south. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Maryland 
 shares with Virginia the wild scenery at 
 Harper's Ferry, where the Potomac bursts 
 through the Blue Ridge, and which Mr. Jef- 
 ferson declared worth a voyage across the 
 Atlantic to witness. The falls of the Poto- 
 mac, about 14 miles above Georgetown, 
 thovigh of no great perpendicular height, are 
 represented as being one of the most inte- 
 resting cataracts in the United States. The 
 descent is about 80 feet in IJ miles, from 30 
 to 40 feet of which are in one perpendicular 
 pitch. It is not, however, the fall of water 
 that constitutes the whole interest of the 
 scene, which is very much heightened by the 
 wild perpendicular cliffs that shut in the 
 river on the Virginia side. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — Maryland 
 occupies a position about equally i-emoved 
 from the extremes of the North and South as 
 to temperature. Her contiguity to the ocean, 
 and the fact of the Chesapeake bay per- 
 meating her midst, give her the advantage 
 of whatever mitigating effects large bodies of 
 water may exert on climate. On the other 
 hand, the lowlands on the borders of the 
 Chesapeake bay are subject to exhalations of 
 miasmatic matter, which give rise to bilious 
 fevers and fevers with ague in the autumn. 
 
 The soil of the Eastern Shore, and some 
 of the counties on the Western, is a mix- 
 ture of sand and clay, which, though not 
 of the most fertile character, is easily im- 
 proved, and by the aid of manure, which it 
 possesses at hand in its extensive beds of 
 marl, well repays cultivation. Some of the 
 valleys of the middle and northern counties 
 are highly fertile. Maryland has formerly 
 suffered from an injudicious system of agri- 
 culture, of constant cropping with but little 
 manuring. Tliis system is, however, happily 
 passing away : emigrants from the North are 
 taking up the lands worn out by the system 
 referred to, and by means of guano, bone- 
 dust, marl, and other manures, are restoring 
 the land to more than its pristine fertility. The 
 soil icceives improvement easily, is readily 
 cultivated, and the farmers emigrating from 
 the rougher soil of the North find their labors 
 here much diminished. Maryland ranks 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 third of the states of the Union in the abso- 
 lute amount of tobacco produced, and if we 
 regard population, the second. The other 
 oreat staples are wheat and Indian corn ; 
 besides which, large quantities of oats, rye, 
 buckwheat, flax, hay, grass-seeds, Irish and 
 sweet potatoes, peas, beans, fruits, butter, 
 beeswax, honey, and wool, and some barleys 
 wine, cheese, hops, hemp, silk, maple sugar, 
 mid molasses are produced. According to 
 I he census of 1850, there were in Maryland 
 21,850 farms, occupying 2,797,905 acres of 
 improved land, (about 130 acres to each 
 farm,) producing 4,494-,680 bushels of wheat; 
 226,014 of rye; 11,104,631 of Indian corn; 
 2,242,151 of oats; 12,816 of peas and beans; 
 764,939 of Irish potatoes; 208,993 of sweet 
 potatoes: 103,671 of buckwheat; 17,778 of 
 grass-seeds: 2446 of flax-seed ; 21,407,497 
 pounds of tobacco; 480,226of wool ; 3,806,160 
 of butter; 157,956 tons of hay; 35,686 pounds 
 of flax; 47,740 of maple sugar; 74,802 of 
 beeswax and honey ; live stock valued at 
 $7,997,634; orchard products, $164,051; 
 market products, $200,869; and slaughtered 
 animals, $1,954,800. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Several varieties of oak, pine, 
 chestnut, cedar, poplar, maple, fir, hickory, 
 ash, beech, gum, birch, persimmon, syca- 
 more, walnut, cypress, sassafras, locust, dog- 
 wood, magnolia, holly, elm, and cherry are 
 the principal woods. 
 
 Manufactures. — Maryland has a large 
 amount of capital invested in a great variety 
 of manufactures. In 1850 there were 3863 
 establishments, each producing $500 and 
 upwards annually ; of these, 24 were cotton 
 factories, employing $2,236,000 capital, and 
 1008 male and 2014 female hands, consuming 
 raw material worth $1,165,579, and pro- 
 ducing 27,883,923 yards of stuffs, and 46,000 
 pounds of yarn, valued at $2,120,504; 38 
 woollen factories, employing $244,000 capi- 
 tal, and 262 male and 100 female hands, con- 
 suming raw material worth $165,568, and 
 producing 373,100 yai'ds of stuffs, valued at 
 $295,140; 51 furnaces, forges, &c., employ- 
 $2,559,750 capital, and 2699 male hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $1,259,426, 
 and producing 59,885 tons of castings, pig 
 iron, &c., valued at $2,512,831; $247,100 
 were invested in the manufacture of malt 
 and spirituous liquors, consuming 76,900 
 bushels of barley ; 166,100 of Indian corn ; 
 54,300 of rye; 460 Of oats, and 25 tons of 
 hops, employing 126 hands, and producing 
 26.380 barrels of ale, and 787,400 gallons 
 of whiskey, wine, &c. ; and 116 tanneries, 
 employing $628,900 capital, consuming 
 .$725,612 worth of raw material, and pro- 
 ducing leather valued at $1,103,139. Home- 
 made manufactures, valued at $111,828, 
 were fabricated. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Maryland was 
 among the earliest of the United States to 
 enter with zeal upon a system of internal 
 
 improvements ; and it is believed that a por- 
 tion of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad was 
 the first in America used for the purposes of 
 ordinary travel and transport of goods. This 
 state, as well as Pennsylvania, displayed 
 more enterprise than caution in projecting 
 her earlier works of intercommunication, 
 and involved herself in a heavy debt, parti- 
 cularly for the construction of the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio canal, for which, up to the 
 year 1839, she had expended upwards of 
 $7,000,000, and which has never been com- 
 pleted beyond Cumberland, (200 miles,) nor 
 yielded a remunerating income in tolls. 
 Maryland has loaned and expended more 
 than $15,000,000 in aid of railroads and 
 canals, which are now likely to become rich- 
 ly remunerative. She has already a sinking 
 fund of $2,770,302, which will probably be 
 multiplied rapidly by the increased produc- 
 tiveness of the completed works. Discoveries 
 of new veins of coal in the Cumberland coal 
 region, for which there is now a great de- 
 mand for steamships and other purposes, 
 together with the increased production of 
 iron from the same region, cannot fail to 
 add greatly to the income from the canal. 
 In January, 1853, there were in Maryland 
 521 miles of railroad in operation. These 
 roads connect Baltimore with Wheeling, 
 and various intermediate places, with Wash- 
 ington City, with Wilmington, in Delaware, 
 with Harrisburg, with Philadelphia, and with 
 Annapolis, the state capital. The Chesa- 
 peake and Delaware canal opens an inland 
 navigation to Philadelphia, and the Susque- 
 hanna canal gives Baltimore a share in the 
 trade of the interior of Pennsylvania, bring- 
 ing to her the lumber of southern New York. 
 Hagerstown, in Maryland, is also connected 
 with Chambersburg, and with Cai'lisle and 
 Harrisburg, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Commerce. — Maryland possesses great faci- 
 lities both for foreign and internal commerce, 
 having the Chesapeake bay, navigable for 
 the largest vessels, extending through the 
 heart of her territory, and her south-western 
 shore washed by the Potomac and the Sus- 
 quehanna, floating a portion of the products 
 of southern New York and the interior of 
 Pennsylvania to her coaimercial metropolis. 
 Communicating with the great West by the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railway, and the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio canal ; with Pennsylvania, 
 and the north-east by the Chesapeake and 
 Delaware canal; and by several railroads, 
 Maryland has every prospect of increasing 
 her trade in a rapid ratio. The Cumberland 
 coal, now much in demand for steamers, 
 will add greatly to her coasting tonnage. 
 The prime articles of foreign export are flour, 
 wheat, pork, and tobacco. The imports of 
 Maryland for the year 1851-52 amounted 
 to $6,719,986, and her exports to $6,667,861 ; 
 tonnage entered, 128,021 ; cleared, 128,243: 
 owned in the state, 206,243i| ; and number 
 
 669 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 of vessels built, 119, -with a tonnage of 
 18,158|9. Of the vessels built, 7 were 
 steamers. 
 
 Education. — In 1852 there were in Mary- 
 land 5 colleges, with an aggregate attend- 
 ance of 408 students, and 34,892 volumes in 
 their libraries, and 2 medical schools with 
 125 students. — SeeTableofOolleffes, Appendix. 
 Of 104,488 children in the state in 1850, 
 only 34,467 Avere in the schools, for which 
 there was annually expended $225,260. The 
 school fund in 1852 was $148^509. There 
 were 8 school libraries, with 6335 volumes. In 
 Baltimore are a number of educational in- 
 stitutions of a public character, among which 
 are the Central High School, the Eastern 
 Female High School, and the AVestern Female 
 High School, the first of which had 230, the 
 second 136, and the third 134 pupils in 1852. 
 There were also 11 male, and a like number 
 of female grammar schools ; 4 male, and 22 
 female primary schools ; with an aggregate 
 of 9081 pupils. All these schools were main- 
 tained at an expense of $32,583.73, including 
 repairs of buildings, &c. 
 
 lieliffious Denominations. —OHhe 909 churcnes 
 in Maryland in 1850, the different sects of 
 Baptists owned 48 ; the Episcopalians, 133; 
 Friends, 26 ; German Reformed, 22 ; Luther- 
 ans, 42; Methodists, 479; Moravians, 12; 
 Presbyterians, 57 ; E,oman Catholics, 65, and 
 Union Church, 10. The remaining churches 
 belonged to the Jews, Mennonites, Tunkers, 
 Unitarians, and Universalists, giving one 
 church to every 641 persons. Value of church 
 property, $3,947,884. — See Table of Religions, 
 Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The state penitentiary 
 is located at Baltimore, which received a 
 state .appropriation in 1851 of $30,000. The 
 number of convicts in this institution in 
 December, 1852, was 305, of whom 54 were 
 minors ; but for the latter class a place of 
 correction rather than punishment is about to 
 be supplied, in a house of refuge, now in 
 course of construction, which will embrace 
 the improvements suggested by institutions 
 established in other states. The Maryland 
 hospital for the insane, at Baltimore, had 164 
 patients under care in the year 1852, of whom 
 101 were private patients, and 63 public. Of 
 these, 34 were admitted during the year, 10 
 recovered, 18 were discharged, 3 improved, 
 15 unimproved, and 6 died. The expendi- 
 tures for the year were $25,647.06. From 
 the establishment of this institution, in the 
 early part of the present century, up to this 
 time, (1853,) it has received from the state 
 $111,000, and from other sources $98,000. 
 A lot has been purchased on which to erect a 
 new building, more suited to the improved 
 modes of treatment. For other institutions, 
 see Baltimork. 
 
 Government, Finances, Banks, ^-c. — The go- 
 vernor of Maryland is elected by the people 
 for four ycsirs, and has a salary of $3600 
 (570 
 
 per annum, with the use of a furnished house. 
 The senate consists of 22 members, elected 
 for four, and the house of representatives of 
 74, elected for two years, both by the people. 
 The state is divided into three districts, from 
 which the governor must be chosen in rota- 
 tion. After 1854, the sessions of the legisla- 
 ture are to be biennial. The judiciary con- 
 sists — 1. Of a court of appeals, composed of 
 four judges, elected from districts by popular 
 vote for ten years, but each judge must retire 
 at the age of 70. The governor and senate 
 designate one of the four as chief justice. 2. 
 Of eight circuit courts, presided over by as 
 many judges, each elected from a separate 
 district, by popular vote, for ten years. The 
 fifth circuit comprises the city of Baltimorej 
 which has three courts, viz. a superior court, 
 court of common pleas, and a criminal court. 
 The judge of the latter is elected for six 
 years. 3. Of an orphans' court in each 
 county, and in the city of Baltimore, com- 
 posed of three persons as judges, elected by 
 popular vote for four years. Registers, she- 
 riffs, constables, justices of the peace, and 
 prosecuting attorneys are all elected by the 
 people, for periods varying from two to six 
 years. The judges of the court of appeals, 
 and the Baltimore city courts, receive sala- 
 ries of $2500, and the circuit judges $2000 
 per annum. The office of attorney-general 
 has been abolished by the new constitution. 
 No debt is to be contracted by the state for a 
 greater sum than $100,000, or for a longer 
 period than 15 years. Every free white male 
 citizen of the United States, 21 j'ears of age, 
 resident in the state one year, and in the 
 county, town, or city where he offers to vote, 
 for six months next preceding the election, 
 may vote. Maryland is entitled to 6 members 
 in the national house of representatives, and 
 to eight electoral votes for president of the 
 United States. The assessed value of pro- 
 perty in 1850 was $208,563,568. The public 
 debt, in January, 1853, $15,186,792, including 
 a loan of $3,200,000 to the Baltimore and Ohio 
 railroad, and a sinking fund of $2,770,302; in- 
 dependent of these, itis reduced to $9, 166,490. 
 School fund in 1852, $148,509 ; amount of 
 productive property, $11,212,617 ; and, of at 
 present unproductive property, $16,319,138; 
 ordinary expenses, exclusive of debt and 
 schools, $170,000. The number of banking 
 institutions in January, 1852, was 26, with an 
 aggregate capital of $9,287,395, a circula- 
 tion of $3,700,000, and $3,000,000 in coin; 
 and partial returns for January, 1853, give 
 $8,064,930 capital, $4,254,412.47 circula- 
 tion, and $2,838,071.09 in coin. 
 
 History. — Maryland derived its name from 
 Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I., who 
 granted to Lord Baltimore a charter for the 
 territory now occupied by the present State 
 of Maryland. Leonard Calvert, brollicr of 
 Lord Baltiinore, led the first colony, which 
 settled at St. Mary's in 163-1. In 1649, to 
 
MAR 
 
 MAS 
 
 hev lasting honor, Maryland passed an act 
 granting religious toleration to all sects and 
 creeds. In 1660, when Philip Calvert assumed 
 the government, the colony had 12,000 inha- 
 bitants; eleven years afterwards they had in- 
 creased to 20,000. In 1688, William III. 
 assumed the government; which, however, 
 was restored to the family 27 years later. 
 In 1694 and 1695, a disease prevailed among 
 the stock, carrying off about 90,000 cattle 
 and hogs. In 1753, the colony had 154,188 
 inhabitants. No conspicuous engagement 
 took place in Maryland during the Revolu- 
 tionary contest, but some of the sessions of 
 the continental Congress were held at Anna- 
 polis, and there Washington resigned his com- 
 mand at the close of the war. During the 
 war of 1812, however, her territory was twice 
 invaded by the British, who were gallantly re- 
 pulsed from North Point, near Baltimore, Sep- 
 tember 13th, 1814 ; although they had gained 
 a temporary triumph a few weeks before, at 
 Bladensburg, which they sullied by the burn- 
 ing of the capitol and national library at 
 Washington. The constitution of Mai-yland 
 underwent a radical change at the Revolu- 
 tion, and has been twice remodelled since, 
 viz. in 1833 and 1851. 
 
 Maryland, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Otsego CO., New York. It contains a small 
 village of the same name. Pop., 2152. 
 
 Maryland Line, a post-ofEce of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Mary's Creek, Texas, rises in Cook co., 
 and Hows south-eastward into Stewart's fork, 
 in Tarrant county. 
 
 Marysville, a post-village in Campbell co., 
 Virginia, near Staunton river, 115 miles S. 
 W. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 MARYS"vaLLE, a post-village, capital of Char- 
 lotte CO., Virginia, is situated near the rail- 
 road from Richmond to Danville, 100 miles S. 
 W. from the former. It contains 3 churches, 
 an academy, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Marysville, a post-office of Robeson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Marysville, a post-office of Itawamba co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Marysville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Blount county, Tennessee, 18 miles S. by 
 W. from Knoxville, and about 8 miles S. from 
 Holston river. It is the seat of the South- 
 western Theological Seminary, founded by 
 the Presbyterians in 1821. 
 
 Marysville. See Claysville. 
 
 Marysville, a thriving post-village of 
 Paris township, capital of Union county, 
 Ohio, on Mill creek, an affluent of the Scioto 
 river, 30 miles N. AV. from Columbus. It is 
 situated in a beautiful and fertile country, 
 at the intersection of two railroads, now in 
 course of construction, which will connect it 
 with Columbus, Springfield, Cincinnati, &c. 
 Marysville contains a court house, an acnde- 
 my, and several churches. Population, 800. 
 
 Marysville, a post-village, capital of De 
 
 Kalb CO., Missouri, about 150 miles in a 
 straight line N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Marysville, a post-village in Benton co., 
 Iowa, 40 miles N. W. by N. from Iowa City. 
 
 JIarysville, an important post-town, ca- 
 pital of Yuba county, California, is situ- 
 ated on the N. bank of the Yuba river, 1 
 mile above its junction with Feather river, 
 and about 100 miles N. N. E. from Benicia. 
 Steamboats ply regularly between this town 
 and San Francisco ; and the main road from 
 Sacramento City passes through it. There 
 were, in 1852, 4 churches in this town, and 3 
 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, 8000. 
 
 Marysville, a post-village of Benton co., 
 Ogn., on the W. bank of the Willamette river. 
 
 Maryville, a post-village of Noddawayco., 
 Mo., 220 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Masardis, a post-township of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine, intersected by Aroostook river. 
 
 Mascomy River, a small stream of Grafton 
 CO., near the centre of New Hampshire, falls 
 into Mascomy Pond. 
 
 Mascoutah, a post-village of St. Clair co., 
 Illinois, 25 miles E. S. E. from St. Louis. 
 It has 1 Methodist and 1 Catholic church, 
 and a steam-flouring mill. 
 
 Mashapang, a post-office of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Maske'gon, or Maske'go river, of Michi- 
 gan, rises in the N. central part of the state, 
 and flowing nearly south-westward, enters 
 Lake Michigan in Ottawa county, about 12 
 miles N. N. W. from Grand Haven. Its whole 
 length is estimated at 200 miles, and it is 
 navigable 25 miles from its mouth. Fifty 
 miles from its mouth it has a fall of 25 feet. 
 Maskegon lake, an expansion of the river, is 
 10 miles long, and is about half a mile from 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 Maskegon, or Muskegon, a post-township 
 in the N. W. part of Ottawa co., Michigan, 
 intersected by Maskegon river. Pop., 484. 
 
 Mason, a county in the W. part of Virginia, 
 bordering on the Ohio river, has an area of 
 300 square miles. The Kanawha river flows 
 through the middle of the county into the Ohio. 
 The surface is diversified by hills and valleys, 
 and the soil is productive. Indian corn, 
 wheat, cattle, and swine are the staples. In 
 1850 it produced 399,080 bushels of corn, and 
 20,545 of wheat. There were 2 flour mills, 
 5 grist mills, 4 saw mills, and 2 tanneries. 
 It contained 12 churches, and 1 150 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Timber and stone 
 coal are abundant. Salt springs of great 
 value have lately been found near the Ohio 
 river in this county, and several furnaces for 
 preparing salt are now in operation. Formed 
 in 1804, and named in honor of George Ma- 
 son, a distinguished statesman of Virginia. 
 Capital, Point Pleasant. Population, 7539 ; 
 of whom 6892 were free, and 647, slaves. 
 
 Mason, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on the Ohio, contains 
 230 square miles. The Ohio river bounds it 
 
 671 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 on the N., and it is intersected by tte N. fork 
 of the Licking, and also drained by Lime- 
 stone and Lee's creeks. A bold range of 
 hills extends along the Ohio river, and the 
 surface of the interior is finely diversified. 
 The soil is calcareous, deep, and highly pro- 
 ductive. The staples are Indian corn, hemp, 
 and tobacco. Cattle, horses, swine, and 
 sheep are also exported. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 978,470 bushels of corn ; 52,486 
 of wheat; 50,236 of oats; 2,492,622 poimds 
 of tobacco, and 1853 tons of hemp. It con- 
 tained 35 churches, 5 newspaper oflices, 542 
 pupils attending public schools, and 417 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The 
 "Mason county tobacco" has a high reputa- 
 tion among tlie admirers of the "weed." 
 It is intersected by the Maysville and Dan- 
 ville railroad, and by a turnpike leading to 
 Lexington. Capital, AVashington. Popula- 
 tion, 18,344; of -whom 14,060 were free, and 
 4284, slaves. 
 
 Mason, formerly Notipeskago, an unor- 
 ganized county in the W. part of Michigan, 
 bordering on Lake Michigan, contains about 
 400 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Notipeskago river. The census of 1850 states 
 the population at 93. 
 
 Mason, a county in the Vv'". central part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 540 square miles. The 
 Illinois and Sangamon rivers respectively form 
 its boundaries on the N. W. and the S., and 
 unite at its western extremity. The surface 
 is generally level or flat, and liable to sub- 
 mersion ; the soil is very productive. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 555,610 bushels of corn ; 142,474 of 
 wheat; 70,400 of oats, and 66,177 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 1 church, and 440 
 pupils attending public schools. Stone coal 
 is abundant. The Illinois river furnishes an 
 easy access to the northern and southern 
 markets. Capital, Havana. Pop., 5921. 
 
 Mason, a post-township in Hillsborough 
 co..N.H.,on the Peterborough and Shirley rail- 
 road, 38 miles S. byW. of Concord. Pop. J 626. 
 
 Mason, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Lawrence co., Ohio. Pop., 1132. 
 
 Mason, a post-village of Warren co., Ohio, 
 about 90 miles S. W. from Columbus, contains 
 a few stores, and 431 inhabitants. 
 
 Mason, a small village of Branch county, 
 Michigan, on the Coldwater river, 85 miles 
 S. S. W. from Lansing, and 1| miles from 
 the Southern railroad. 
 
 Mason, a township in the S. part of Cass 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 570. 
 
 Mason, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Ingham county, Michigan, 12 miles S. E. 
 from Lansing. The Sycamore creek, which 
 p-isses through tlie village, affords water- 
 poWer. Mason is the oldest village in the 
 county, which was first settled about 1837. 
 Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 MasonHall, a post-office of Orange CO., N.C. 
 672 
 
 Mason Hall, a post-oifice of Obion co., 
 Tennessee, 153 miles W. by N. from Nashville. 
 
 Mason Grove, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., Tennessee, 15 miles N. V/. from Jackson. 
 
 JIason's Point, a small post-village of 
 Benton co., Tenn., on the Tennessee river. 
 
 Mason Rivee, Illinois, a little stream 
 which falls into the Illinois river, opposite 
 to Morris, in Grundy county. 
 
 Masontown, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, 194 miles W. by S. from Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Mason Village, a post-village of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Masonville, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Delaware co., New York, contains a 
 village of the same name. Pop., 1650. 
 
 Masonville, a post-village in Lauder- 
 dale CO., Alabama, near the Tennessee river, 
 about 200. miles N. N. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Masonville, a small village of Daviess co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Maspeth, a post-office of Queen's co., N. Y. 
 
 Massac, a county in the S. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on the Ohio river, which sepa- 
 rates it from Kentucky, has an area of about 
 140 square miles. The surface is uneven and 
 heavily timbered. Indian corn, oats, cattle, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 146,700 bushels of corn; 12,607 
 of oats, and 30,650 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 2 newspaper ofiices, and 143 pupils 
 attending public schools. Stone coal and 
 lead are found in the county, but not worked. 
 Capital, Metropolis. Population, 4092. 
 
 Massac, a village of Massac co., Illinois, 
 on the Ohio river. 
 
 Massachusetts, one of the original states 
 of the American confederacy, and one of the 
 New England or Eastern States, is bounded 
 on the N. by Vermont and New Hampshire, 
 E. by the Atlantic, S. by the Atlantic, Rhode 
 Island, and Connecticut, and W. by New 
 York. It lies between 41° 10' (including the 
 islands) a.nd 42° 53' N. lat., and between 69° 
 50' and 73° 30' W. Ion. It is very irregular 
 in shape, the S. E. portion projecting into 
 the ocean so as almost to enclose Cape Cod 
 bay. The greatest length of the state from 
 E. to W. is about 145 miles, and it has in 
 the longitude of Boston a breadth of about 90 
 miles, while the western portion is not more 
 than 48 miles wide. It includes an area of 
 about 7800 square miles, or 4,992,000 acres, 
 of which 2,133,436 are improved. 
 
 Fopulation. — Massachusetts was originally 
 settled, and for a long period almost exclu- 
 sively occupied by people of nearly unmixed 
 English descent. In point of morals, educa- 
 tion, and intellectual culture, her citizens 
 are unsurpassed in any portion of the Union, 
 and she has given birth to a larger number 
 of eminent authors, inventors, and states- 
 men, than any other state of the confede- 
 racy. Among the multitude of her distin- 
 guished authors may be named Prescott, 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 Bancroft, Bryant, Hawthorn, and Bowditeli ; 
 and it is no exaggeration to say that the 
 renown of her statesmen is coextensive 
 witli the fame of their country. At the 
 first national census in 1790, the inhabitants 
 numbered 378,717; 423,245 in 1800; 472.040 
 in 1810; 823,287 in 1820; 610,408 in 1830; 
 737,699 in 1840, and 994,499 in 1850; of 
 whom 484,284 were wliite males, and 501,420 
 females ; 4314 colored males, and 4481 fe- 
 males, being the most densely peopled of the 
 United States, viz. 127 to the square mile. 
 This population was divided into 192,679 
 families, occupying 152,835 dwellings, or 
 30,000 more families than dwellings. In the 
 year preceding June 1st, 1850, there occurred 
 19,414 deaths, or rather more than 19 per- 
 sons in every thousand — a greater ratio than 
 in any state except Louisiana. In the same 
 period, 15,777 paupers, of whom 9247 were 
 foreigners, received aid, at an expense of 
 about ^24 to each pauper. Of the entire 
 population in 1850, 695,236 were born in the 
 state; 134,830 in other states; 16,685 in 
 England; il5,917 in Ireland ; 4683 in Scot- 
 land and Wales ; 15,862 in British America ; 
 4319 in Germany; 805 in France; 2638 in 
 other countries, and 3539 whose places of 
 birth were unknown — being tibout 16 per cent, 
 of foreign birth. Deaf and dumb in the 
 state at the same period, 364 ; of whom four 
 were colored ; 497 blind, of whom seven were 
 colored; 1647 insane, of whom 18 were 
 colored, and 791 idiotic, of whom 6 were 
 colored. 
 
 Counties. — Massachusetts is divided into 
 14 counties, viz. Barnstable, Berkshire, 
 Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, 
 Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, 
 Plymouth, Suffolk, and Worcester. Capital, 
 Boston. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — In proportion to its ex- 
 tent and popiilation, Massachusetts has more 
 large towns than any other state in the Union. 
 The most important of these are Boston, po- 
 pulation in 1850, 136,881; Lowell, 33,383; 
 Salem, 20,624; Koxbury, 18,364; Charles- 
 town, 17,216; Worcester, 17,049; New Bed- 
 ford, 16,443; Cambridge, 15,215; Lynn, 
 14,257; Springfield, 11,766; Fall River, 
 11,524; Taunton, 10,441; Newburyport, 
 9572; Nantucket, 8542; Lawrence, 8288, 
 (12,000 by a local census in 1853;) Chickopee- 
 8291 ; Dorchester, 7969 ; Gloucester, 7786 ; 
 Andover, 6945; Marblehead, 6167; Ply- 
 mouth, 6024 ; Haverhill, 5877 ; Newtown, 
 5258; Fitchburg, 5120, and Quincy, 5017; 
 besides a large number of villages, with po- 
 pulations varying from 2000 to 5000. It is 
 to be observed, that in giving the popula- 
 tions above, the township is included with 
 the village or town. To give a correct idea 
 of the relative importance of Boston, we 
 should give in its population a number of 
 neighboring towns and villages, dependent on 
 it, and doing business in it. Taking a radius 
 2s 
 
 of ten miles, with Tremont House for a cen- 
 tre, you will enclose an area containing 
 250,000 inhabitants ; or limiting it to its im- 
 mediate suburbs of Charlestown, Chelsea, 
 Cambridge, Roxbury, Brookline, Dorchester, 
 &c., you will have an aggregate of more than 
 200,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The surface of Massa- 
 chusetts is generally uneven, and in many parts 
 rugged and mountainous. Tliemiddle, eastern, 
 and north-eastern portions are hilly and brok- 
 en, and the south-eastern level and sandy. 
 The western portion, though mountainous, does 
 not attain a very great elevation above the 
 sea. Saddle mountain, in the N. AV. extre- 
 mity, 3505 feet in altitude, is the highest 
 land in the state. This is a peak of the 
 Green mountains, which enter the state from 
 Vermont and pass into Connecticut. They 
 run nearly parallel with the Connecticut 
 river, at distances of about 20 to 30 miles. 
 The other principal mountains are the iso- 
 lated peaks of Mount Tom, and Mount 
 Holyoke, near Northampton — the former on 
 the W., and the latter on the E. side ; and 
 Wachusett mountain, N. of the middle of the 
 state. Wachusett has an elevation of about 
 2018 feet. Mount Tom of 1200, and Holy- 
 oke of 910 feet. The Green mountain divide? 
 into two ranges in Massachusetts ; the most 
 western and most elevated is called the 
 Taugkannic, or Taconic, and the eastern the 
 Hoosic ridge, and is about half the height of 
 the other. Saddle mountain, already named, 
 and Bald mountain, or Mount Everett, or 
 Mount Washington, by all which names it is 
 designated, 2624 feet in height, in the S. W. 
 angle of the state, are peaks of the Taug- 
 kannic range. Mount Holyoke, Mount Tom, 
 and AVachusett mountain are considered as 
 detached parts of the great White mountain 
 range from New Hampshire. 
 
 Geology. — The rocks of Massachusetts are 
 mostly primary, in some places covered with 
 the older secondary formation. A belt of 
 this kind, 10 to 15 miles in width, extends 
 from Boston S. W. to Rhode Island. The 
 primary rocks extend in the N. to the 
 ocean's verge, while the valley of the Con- 
 necticut rests on a bed of red sandstone. The 
 primary rocks of this state form some excel- 
 lent building stone, and the gray granite of 
 the Quincy Hills has probably its represent- 
 ative in one or more of the public buildings 
 of every great city or town from Massa- 
 chusetts to Texas. The mountains of the 
 western part of the state are composed of 
 granite, gneiss, quartz and other siliceous 
 rocks, of mica and clay slates, limestone, 
 and hornblende. The white marble of Berk- 
 shire county is a fine building material, and 
 forms parts of the walls and columns of the 
 Girard College at Philadelphia. The other 
 minerals are serpentine, asbestos, slate, some 
 anthracite coal in the secondary formation, 
 some copper near Greenfield, iron in Ply^ 
 
 673 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 mouth and Bristol counties, argillaceous 
 earth in the islands, plumbago and ochre in 
 Worcester county, sulphuret of iron, and 
 some lead, constitute the present known 
 mineral wealth of Massachusetts. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, and Islands. — The E. and S. 
 E. border of Massachusetts is much indented 
 with bays. A large gulf, between Cape Ann 
 and Cape Cod, has protruded itself for about 
 25 miles in a S. W., and 65 in a S. E. direc- 
 tion, into the eastern part of the state ; the 
 northern portion having received the name 
 of Massachusetts, and the southern of Cape 
 Cod bay. Buzzard's bay from the S. extends 
 in a N. E. direction towards Cape Cod bay, 
 forming Barnstable county into a peninsula 
 almost enclosing Cape Cod bay. Plymouth 
 bay is a smaller inlet of Cape Cod on the W. 
 1'he Connecticut river, which passes through 
 the VV. part of the state, is the only large 
 river in Massachusetts ; and even this, on 
 account of its rapid descent, is not navigable 
 in this state without the aid of canals and 
 locks. The Merrimack, from New Hamp- 
 shire, runs 35 miles within the N. E. portion 
 of Massachusetts, and by means of its falls 
 and rapids, furnishes valuable water-power 
 to the great manufacturing towns of Lowell 
 and Lawrence. It receives from this state 
 the Nashua and Concord rivers. The latter 
 is a feeder of the Middlesex canal. Black- 
 stone river passes from the centre of the 
 state S. E. into Narragansett bay. The Con- 
 necticut receives the Miller's and Chickopee 
 rivers from the E., and Deerfield and West- 
 field from the W. The Housatonic rises in 
 the N. W. of Massachusetts, and runs S. into 
 the state of Connecticut. Taunton river, 
 celebrated for its water-power, and on whose 
 banks stand the manufacturing towns of 
 Taunton and Fall River, runs from the S. E. 
 part of this state into Narragansett bay.* 
 The rivers of this state furnish abundant wa- 
 ter-power, and in many places exhibit wild 
 and romantic scenery. There are several 
 small islands belonging to this state, near the 
 S. E. shore. The principal of these are Nan- 
 tucket and Martha's Vineyard, chiefly noted 
 for their employment in the whale and other 
 fisheries. Nantucket island has an area of 
 about 50 square miles, and Martha's Vine- 
 yard, 85. 
 
 Objects of interest to Tourists. — Massachu- 
 setts abounds in picturesque scenery. This 
 observation is especially true of the western 
 part of the state, and the view of the Con- 
 necticut river and valley from Mount Holy- 
 oke has long been celebrated. Though 
 rather less than 1000 feet in height, the views 
 it commands, and its easy ascent, being tra- 
 versed to its summit by a good carriage road, 
 have invited hither many toui-ists in the sea- 
 son for travelling. The spectator has below 
 him the beautiful meandering Connecticut 
 
 * Charles river, fix)m the interior, separates Boston 
 from Charkstown, and flows into Massachusetts hay. 
 
 674 
 
 wending its way through the meadows and 
 among the villages, while to the S. W., and 
 at no great distance, is Mount Tom ; and 
 still farther in the same direction. Bald or 
 Washington mount, and in the N. W. Saddle 
 mountain, the highest ground in the state ; 
 and turning to the E. and N. E. he has the 
 peaks of Wachusett, in Massachusetts, and 
 Monadneck in New Hampshire ; the interme- 
 diate parts of the scene being filled up with 
 a great variety of landscape, villages, hills, 
 rivulets, and low mountains or hills. There 
 is a good hotel on the top of Mount Tom, and 
 in the vicinity the beautiful village of North- 
 ampton, at which the tourist may take up 
 his quarters and make his excursion from 
 thence over the mountain. A yet more exten- 
 sive view is obtained from Saddle mountain, 
 but it has hitherto lain more out of the line 
 of travel, and been less visited, though of 
 thrice the elevation of Mount Tom. It com- 
 mands a view of the surrounding country for 
 40 or 50 miles, extending to the Catskills on 
 the W., overlooking the Green mountains on 
 the N., S., and E., and on the N. E. reaching 
 to Monadnock mountain, in New Hampshire. 
 This mountain is fertile to the summit, near 
 which is a small lake or pond. Goodrich 
 describes a phenomenon as having occurred 
 here in 1784, called by the inhabitants tlte 
 bursting of a cloud. About dawn of a certain 
 morning, the tenants of a house on the banks 
 of the Hoosic, on the western slope, were 
 aroused by the roaring of the torrent, and 
 had barely time to escape before their dwell- 
 ing was swept away by the flood. The tor- 
 rent wore a gully in the mountain 20 feet 
 deep, and swept away the timber entirely 
 from about 10 acres of land. Berkshire 
 county abounds in sublime and picturesque 
 scenery, and has become a favorite resort 
 not only for tourists, but for citizens seeking 
 pleasant summer residences. Hawthorne, 
 Miss Sedgwick, Fanny Kemble, James, and 
 others, have rendered their tribute to the 
 charms of Berkshire scenery, by taking up 
 their abode there for considerable periods. 
 The Ice Hole, a narrow and deep ravine of 
 great wildness, in Stockbridge, where the ice 
 remains the year round ; a fall of about 70 
 feet descent, amid wild scenery, in the Hou- 
 satonic, in Dalton ; the Natural bridge, on 
 Hudson's brook, in Adams, where a fissure 
 of from 30 to 60 feet deep, and about 500 
 long, has been worn through the limestone 
 rock, forming a bridge 50 feet above the 
 water; a rock of 30 or 40 tons, in New 
 Marlborough, so nicely balanced that a finger 
 can move it; and Hanging mountain, on the 
 Farmington river, in Sandisfield, rising in a 
 perpendicular wall above the river to the 
 height of more than 300 feet; are, after 
 the mountains already named, the most re- 
 markable natural objects in Berkshire. Blue 
 Hill, 11 miles S. W. from Boston, which com- 
 mands a fine view of Boston harbor and the 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 ocean, is 635 feefc high, being the most ele- 
 Tated land in eastern Massachusetts. On the 
 side of Mount Toby, a hill of sandstone, ele- 
 vated about 1000 feet above the Connecticut, 
 is a cavern about 150 feet in length and 60 in 
 depth. Nahant, a rocky promontory on the 
 N. shore of Boston bay, extending 4 miles 
 into the sea, is the most noted watering place 
 in Massachusetts. It is about 9 miles N. E. 
 of Boston, and commands a fine view of the 
 ocean, and of the shipping entering and de- 
 parting from the harbor. In addition to its 
 good beach, Nahant has the charm of wild- 
 ness given to it by the rugged rocks which 
 form the promontory, and into the caves and 
 recesses of which the sea surges at times 
 with great violence. The mineral springs 
 of this state have not acquired any great 
 celebrity beyond her own limits ; the princi- 
 pal are, one in the town of HopMnton, im- 
 pregnated with carbonic acid, and carbonates 
 of lime and iron ; one in Shutesbury, con- 
 taining muriate of lime ; and a chalybeate 
 sulphur spring in Winchenden. The Quincy 
 granite quarries, 6 or 8 miles S. of Boston, 
 in a range of hills 200 feet high, are worthy 
 of a visit. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The cli- 
 mate of Massachusetts is severe in winter, 
 and on the sea coast, subject to chilling 
 N. E. winds in the spring, that are very un- 
 favorable to delicate lungs. According to 
 observations made at Worcester in 1850-51, 
 snow fell two days in October, and on 5 days in 
 April, and one day in May. According to 
 a register kept by Mr. Bond, at Cambridge, 
 from May, 1851, to April, 1852, the mean 
 temperature of 4 observations made between 
 sunrise and 9 p.m., gave for Jlay, 55.53; 
 for June, 64.76; July, 71.40; August, 68.02 ; 
 September, 61.09; October, 52.94; Novem- 
 ber, 34.80; December, 22.86; January, 20.80; 
 February, 27.43; March, 32.94, and April, 
 41.02. The greatest cold was 8° below 
 zero, Januai'y 16th, at sunrise ; the greatest 
 heat 98°, June 30th, at 3 p. m. North-west 
 winds prevailed 149 days, S. W. 67, and N. E. 
 37 days, in 1850-51. It snowed 37 days in 
 the same year, and rained 97 ; 219 days 
 were fair, and 129 cloudy ; 4577 inches of 
 rain, and 61 of snow fell. The most unplea- 
 sant feature of the climate is the sudden 
 changes, sometimes more than 40° in 24 hours. 
 The settled weather of the winter is more 
 regular, and perhaps on that account more 
 healthful than farther south. The rivers are 
 frozen for two or three months, and occa- 
 sionally the harbors for as many weeks. 
 Though vegetation is rather late in putting 
 forth, it makes amends by its rapidity. The 
 peach and apricot bloom about the middle 
 of April, and* cherry and apple about the 
 same period in May. Though the soil and 
 climate of ^Massachusetts are not the most 
 favorable to agriculture, the skill and indus- 
 try of her people have made even her rocky ! 
 
 soil to yield rich rewards to the husbandman, 
 and there is probably no more scientific 
 farming than in the Bay state. The best 
 soils are in the middle and western parts of 
 the state, in the valleys of her streams and 
 rivers, and particularly those of the Con- 
 necticut and Housatonic. The poorest soil 
 is in the flat, sandy counties of the south-east. 
 Salt marshes abound near the coast. Senator 
 Preston, of South Carolina, has said of Mas- 
 sachusetts, that though the most prosperous 
 state in the confederacy, yet she literally ex- 
 ported none of the products of her soil but 
 her rocks and her ice. Though she does not 
 produce grain enough to supply her own 
 consumption, she is enabled by her skill, en- 
 terprise, and industry in the production of 
 manufactures, and by her wide extended com- 
 merce, generally to keep the balance of trade 
 in her favor, and to support the densest popu- 
 lation in theUnited States, in the greatest aver- 
 age amount of comfort. Her most important 
 agricultural products are Indian corn, oats, 
 Irish potatoes, rye, barley, buckwheat, fruits, 
 butter, cheese, hay, maple sugar, and live 
 stock ; with considerable tobacco, wool, 
 peas, beans, wheat, grass seeds, hops, bees, 
 wax, and honey ; and some wine, flax, silk, 
 and molasses. In 1850 this state had 34,235 
 farms occupying 2,133,436 acres of improved 
 land, (or about 63 acres to each farm,) pro- 
 ducing 31,211 bushels of wheat; 481,021 of 
 rye; 2,345,490 of Indian corn; 1,165,106 
 of oats ; 43,709 of peas and beans ; 3,585,384 
 of Irish potatoes; 112,385 of barley; 106,095 
 of buckwheat; 138,246 pounds of tobacco ; 
 585,136 of wool; 8,071,370 of butter; 
 7,088,142 of cheese; 651,807 tons of hay; 
 121,595 pounds of hops; 795,525 of maple 
 sugar; 59,508 of beeswax and honey; live 
 stock valued at $9,647,710; orchard pro- 
 ducts $463,995 ; market products $600,020 : 
 and slaughtered animals $2,500,924. 
 
 Manufactures. — In manufactures, as indeed 
 in most else requiring skill, industry, and 
 enterprise, Massachusetts takes the lead. 
 Though small in area, and with a churlish 
 soil and climate, this state, through the aid 
 of her manufactures, is more densely popu- 
 lated and more thickly dotted over with 
 thriving towns and villages, than any member 
 of the confederacy. By the census returns 
 of 1850, she stands far before every other 
 state in the amountof her woollen and cotton 
 manufactures. According to the same census, 
 there were in Massachusetts 9637 (the 
 greatest relative amount in the Union) manu- 
 facturing establishments, each producing 
 $500 and upwards annually, of which 213 
 were cotton manufactories, employing 
 $28,455,630 capital, and 9293 male, and 
 19,437 female hands, consuming raw mate- 
 rial worth $11,289,309, and producing 
 298,751,392 yards of stufl-s, and 353,660 
 pounds of yarn, valued at $19,712,461 ; 119 
 woollen factories, emoloying $9,089,342 
 
 675 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 capital, and G167 males, and 4963 female 
 hands, consumiDg raw material -worth 
 $8,671,071, and producing 25,865,658 yards 
 of stuffs, and 749,550 pounds of yarn, valued 
 at $12,770,565; 80 forges, furnaces, &c., em- 
 ploying $2,578,350, and 2119 male hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $1,464,833, 
 and producing 52,081 tons of pig, wrought, 
 and cast iron, valued at $2,959,078 ; invested 
 iu the manufacture of malt and spirituous 
 liquors, $457,500, consuming 80,000 bushels 
 of barley, 19,400 of Indian corn, 26,600 of 
 rye, 35,130 hogsheads of molasses, and 29 
 tons of hops, producing 25,800 barrels of 
 ale, &c., 120,000 gallons of wine, whiskey, 
 &c., and 3,786,000 gallons of rum; and 246 
 tanneries, employing $1,377,725 capital, con- 
 suming raw material worth $2,311,178, and 
 manufactured leather valued at $3,519,123. 
 Inlernal Iviprovemenis. — We would not 
 speak in superlatives, but justice to Massa- 
 chusetts seems to require it. While nature 
 has dealt out her favors to her with a sparing 
 hand, she has surpassed all other states in 
 industrial and mechanical improvement, and 
 has laid down more miles of railroad than 
 any other member of the confederacy, popula- 
 tion and area con.sidered. Though not the 
 first to enter the field in this kind of im- 
 provement, she has amply atoned for any 
 temporary delay at the commencement by 
 her subsequent energy and enterprise ; and 
 at the beginning of 1853 had 39 lines of rail- 
 road, numbering 1203 miles, completed, and 
 36 in course of construction. By these roads 
 Boston communicates directly with every 
 important town in Massachusetts, and with 
 most of those of the neighboring states. 
 There are three lines of continuous railroads, 
 uniting the cajjital of the state with New 
 York and with the intermediate towns of 
 Rhode Island, Connecticut, and central Mas- 
 sachusetts. Two other lines connect Boston 
 with Portland and the towns between them. 
 Two, one through Vermont, and the other 
 through central New Hampshire, bring her 
 in direct intercourse with Burlington, Ver- 
 mont, with Montreal, and with Ogdensburg ; 
 and another to Albany, opens an uninter- 
 rupted line of railway communication be- 
 tween Boston, Cincinnati, Terre Haute, and 
 Chicago, and by the close of the present year 
 (1853) will probably be united to St. Louis. 
 8ee Table of Railroads, Appendix. Railroad 
 communication has generally diverted public 
 attention from canals, and in Massachusetts 
 the beds of two canals, the Blackstone, from 
 Worcester to Providence, and the Hampden 
 and Hampshire canal from Northampton to 
 Southwick, have been converted into tracks 
 for railroads ; so that the Middlesex canal, 
 uniting Boston with Lowell, is the only impor- 
 tant canal left in the state, with the excep- 
 ion of some short ones round the falls in the 
 Connecticut and Merrimack rivers. 
 
 Commerce. — In commerce, this state oc- 
 676 
 
 cupies the same prominence as in most else, 
 being second only to New York in absolute 
 amount; but if we regard population, first in 
 this respect in the Union. Though, as before 
 stated, she exports nothing of her native pro- 
 ducts but her rocks and her ice, yet her hardy 
 sons explore every sea where the whale ranges, 
 bringing home, after years of toil and endu- 
 rance, rich cargoes of oil and bone, which are 
 distributed over the world. Her citizens at 
 home are no less industrious ; calling to their 
 aid the most ingenious machinery, and the 
 powers of water and steam, they manufacture 
 millions of yards of stufi's to be distributed, 
 not only over their own country, but send 
 them to South America, the West Indies, and 
 even to Europe and China. She has also 
 nearly monopolized the trade with Hindostan 
 and Russia. The foreign imports for the 
 fiscal year 1851-2 amounted to $33,504,789, 
 and the exports $16,546,499; tonnage en- 
 tered 645,944; cleared, 657,513; tonnage 
 owned 767,739.72, (relatively the greatest in 
 the Union) number of vessels built ; (second 
 only to Maine) 161, of which only 4 were 
 steamers, with an aggregate tonnage of 
 48,001.56. Of the tonnage owned in the 
 state 53,258.97 were employed in the whale, 
 48,938.48 in the cod, and 54,695.86 in the 
 mackerel fishery. In 1848 the tonnage of 
 Massachusetts engaged in the cod fisheries, 
 amounted to 44,754, and in the mackerel fishe- 
 ries to 37,696 tons. The importation of whale 
 oil in 1849 was 204,000 barrels, being three- 
 fifths of the total amount imported into the 
 United States. More than half of the cod 
 and mackerel fisheries is carried on in 
 Massachusetts bottoms. There is great ir- 
 regularity in this branch of trade, the pro- 
 duct in 1850 for example being twice that of 
 1849 in the cod fishery, and but little more 
 in tlie latter year than in 1838. This de- 
 partment of industry, as a distinct employ- 
 ment, is almost peculiar to New England, and 
 more especially to Massachusetts, which, per- 
 haps, has a greater amount of capital and 
 hands employed in the fisheries generally, 
 (and in the whale fisheries certainly,) than 
 any other country in America, if not in the 
 world. The entire whaling tonnage of the 
 United States for the year 1851, was 184,644 ; 
 in the cod fisheries 87,475, and in the macke- 
 rel 59,539. Taking the known results of 
 other years for data, if we give three-fifths of 
 this to Massachusetts we shall not be very 
 far from the truth. A recent return of the 
 assessors of Massachusetts, gave the capi- 
 tal invested in the fisheries generally at 
 $13,619,578, employing 20,313 persons, and 
 yielding $9,622,611 in fish and oil. The 
 future prospect of the cod and mackerel 
 fisheries is, notwithstanding, not flattering, 
 as we have been almost entirely superseded 
 in foreign markets. We learn from De Bow's 
 Resources of the South and West, that the 
 two Canadas exported between 1840 and 50, 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 fish of the value of $7,000,000, find Halifax, 
 in one year, §275,000. The total amount of 
 mackerel inspected in Massachusetts in 1852, 
 was 196,768.} barrels, and of all kinds, 
 pickled and smoked, 333,332} barrels. The 
 greatest amount (389,944 barrels,) was in- 
 spected in 1831, the smallest (58,309 barrels) 
 in 1840. These items are given to show the 
 irregularity of the trade. 
 
 Education. — -In Jlassachusetts was begun 
 that system for the diffusion of knowledge 
 among all classes, by means of common 
 schools, which has since extended itself to 
 the Middle and Western states, is slowly 
 making its way in the Southern States, and 
 even into Europe ; and wherever it goes car- 
 rying with it the spirit of liberty, for which 
 it seems, (humanly speaking) the only fit 
 preparation. Though many of her sister 
 states are now rivalling Massachusetts in the 
 excellence of their common schools and 
 other educational institutions, yet to her 
 belongs the undoubted honor of having first 
 extended her care to the intellectual culture 
 of her humblest citizens ; the rich reward of 
 which is seen not only in the number of 
 splendid names that adorn her literature, 
 but in the distinguished sons she has sent 
 out to form the legislators, professors, 
 authors, and teachers of other states. There 
 are four colleges, three theological semi- 
 naries, and two medical schools in Massa- 
 chusetts. (See Appendix.) Of these Harvard 
 College, at Cambridge, stands first in reputa- 
 tion in the United States, unless Yale College 
 be considered its rival in this respect. In 
 1851 there were 3987 public schools in the 
 state of Massachusetts, attended in winter 
 by 199,429 pupils, and in summer by 179,497. 
 Entire number of children in the state 
 235,289 ; number of incorporated academies 
 69, unincorporated academies and private 
 schools 785, with an aggregate attendance of 
 20,812 ; so that, independent of colleges, there 
 are in the different schools about 220,000 
 pupils, or more than one-fifth of the popula- 
 tion. The towns raised by taxation $915,840, 
 the surplus revenue income $9,998, and the 
 income of the school fund ($955,120,) about 
 $40,000 ; making a total of nearly $1,000,000 
 of annual expenditures for public free schools, 
 to which may be added more than $350,000 
 for tuition in private schools and academies. 
 There were 91,530 volumes in the school 
 libraries in 1851, and apparatus worth 
 •$23,826. There are three Normal schools, 
 (for the education of teachers,) one at West, 
 field, another at West Newton, and a third at 
 Bridgewater, supported at an annual ex- 
 pense of $8,174, and training 225 persons 
 for the ofiice of teachers. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 1430 
 churches in Massachusetts, in 1850, the dif- 
 ferent sects of Baptists owned 252 ; the 
 Christians, 29 ; the Congregationalists, 439 ; 
 the Episcopalians, 53 ; the Friends, 37 ; 
 
 the Jlethodists, 255 ; the Presbyterians, 15 ; 
 the Koman Catholics, 36 ; the Unitarians, 
 162, and the Universalists, 117. The re- 
 maining churches were owned by the Free 
 Church, French Protestants, German Pro- 
 testants, Jews, Liberals, Lutherans, Restora- 
 tionists. Second Advent Church, Shakers, 
 Swedenborgians, and the Union Church — 
 giving 1 church to every 695 persons. Value 
 of church property, $10,205,284.— See Table 
 of Religions, Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — This state abounds in 
 institutions of this class, conspicuous among 
 which are the State Lunatic Asylum at Wor- 
 cester, founded in 1832. This is considered 
 a model of its kind, and has been very suc- 
 cessful in the cure of patients. Of 2306 lu- 
 natics admitted in 13 years, over 1000 were 
 discharged cured. The average number of 
 patients is about 400. Of the 466 inmates 
 in the asylum, November, 1851, 208 were 
 paupers. The McLean Asylum for the In- 
 sane is also an institution where great pains 
 are taken to interest the minds of patients, 
 to surround them with agreeable objects, 
 and to avoid severe remedies. It was es- 
 tablished in 1818, and named from its 
 founder. The state reform school at West- 
 borough is an institution for the reformation 
 of juvenile offenders ; expenses for the year, 
 $31,224.47. In November, 1850, there were 
 310 boys in the school. Four hours of each 
 day are devoted to school, and six to labor. 
 The other charitable institutions being mostly 
 located in Boston, will be found described 
 under that head. The state prison, located 
 in Charlestown, was founded in 1800. The 
 number of prisoners (September, 1851) was 
 472, 399 of whom were confined for offences 
 against property, and 73 against the person; 
 168 were natives of Massachusetts, 146 of 
 other states, and 158 were foreigners. 
 Among the convicts were 35 negroes, and 15 
 mulattoes. Expenses, $45,843.78 ; receipts, 
 $45,344.93. The whole number of prisoners 
 in the jails and houses of correction for 1851 
 was (including 1471 debtors) 11,628, of whom 
 5072 were foreigners, and 498 colored. Ex- 
 penses, $91,548; value of labor, $28,730. 
 In 1850, Massachusetts had 762 public libra- 
 ries, with an aggregate of 415,658 volumes. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — The governor 
 and lieutenant-governor are elected annually 
 by the people, the former receiving $2500 
 per annum, and the latter $4 per diem. The 
 senate consists of 40, and the house of repre- 
 sentatives of 356 members, both elected an- 
 nually by popular vote. Massachusetts is 
 entitled to 11 members in the national house 
 of representatives, and to 13 electoral votes 
 for president. The judiciary consists^l. 
 Of a supreme court, comprised of 6 judges, 
 appointed by the governor and council, and 
 holding oflice during good behaviour. This 
 court has exclusive jurisdiction in all capital 
 and chancery suits, and in all civil cases 
 
 677 
 
MAS 
 
 MAT 
 
 where the amount exceeds $600 in Suffolk, 
 or $300 in the other counties ; 2. Of a court 
 of common pleas, composed of 1 chief and 6 
 associate judges, which has jurisdiction in all 
 cases exceeding $20, and in criminal cases not 
 capital, except in Suffolk, where the munici- 
 pal court has cognizance in criminal actions ; 
 3. Of a justices' court ; 4. Of the police court 
 of Boston ; and 5. Of commissioners of in- 
 solvency. The judges of the supreme court 
 have salaries, the chief of $3500, and the as- 
 sociates of $8000 ; of the court of common 
 pleas, the chief has $2300, and the associates 
 $2100 ; of the police court, $1500 per an- 
 num ; and the commissioners of insolvency 
 are remunerated by fees not to exceed $1500 
 each. [A convention is now (July, 1853) 
 sitting to amend the constitution.] The as- 
 sessed value of property in Massachusetts, in 
 1850, was $546,003,057 ; the public debt in 
 1852 was $6,391,030, of which $5,049,555 was 
 contingent; productive, $7,821,000; unpro- 
 ductive, $1,607,000; and average expendi- 
 ture, $500,000, exclusive of debt and schools. 
 There were in Massachusetts in January, 
 1853, 137 banks, with an aggregate capital 
 of $43,270,500, a circulation of $21,172,369, 
 and in coin, $3,568,782. There are besides 
 54 saving banks, 45 of which reported in 
 1851 depositsmadeby86,537 persons, amount- 
 ing to $15,554,088.88 securely invested, and 
 yielding an average dividend for 5 years of 
 6.21 per cent. 
 
 History. — Massachusetts has been the thea- 
 tre of some of the most stirring events in the 
 history of our counti-y. Here the mental con- 
 flict, as well as the struggle in arms, with Great 
 Britain commenced. The first settlement was 
 made at Plymouth, December 22, 1620, by 
 the Pilgrim Fathers, the founders of our 
 public school system, now scattering bless- 
 ings wherever it goes, and of those principles 
 of endurance and private virtue which have 
 been the stay of the land in every hour of 
 peril. What if they did transmit some bigotry 
 and intolerance along with it : in human af- 
 fairs we expect nothing perfect; and stern 
 virtues in their excesses are often nearly 
 allied to vices. If men believe ardently, 
 they are apt to support strongly ; and it re- 
 quires a great enlargement of views or great 
 forbearance, to tolerate that which is to us 
 clearly wrong. Indifference may tolerate 
 every thing ; but it is next to impossible for 
 zeal to do so. 
 
 In 1675, a native chief, named Philip of 
 Pokaneket, having aroused the different tribes 
 to make a united effort to expel the Eng- 
 lish, made an attack upon the inhabitants 
 of Swansey, in which a number of the colo- 
 nists perished ; this kindled a war of savage 
 incursions, lasting for three years, which 
 was terminated by the capture and death 
 of Philip, and the complete overthrow of 
 the power of the Indian in Massachusetts. 
 The Revolutionary contest began in this 
 678 
 
 state, with the skirmish at Lexington, in 
 April, 1775, which was followed by the battle 
 of Bunker's Hill, June 17th of the same 
 year, and the evacuation of Boston by the 
 British troops in March, 1776, which for 
 ever destroyed British rule in Massachu- 
 setts. This state has since been the scene 
 of but one struggle in arms, when an at- 
 tempt was made in 1786 to resist the autho- 
 rities by a party of rebels led on by one Da- 
 niel Shays. This revolt led to no important 
 engagement, and was finally put down in the 
 commencement of the following year. Mas- 
 sachusetts has given two presidents to the 
 United States, (the elder and younger Adams, ) 
 and has sent some of the most distinguished 
 statesmen and orators to the national councils. 
 
 Massack, a post-ofiBce of McCracken co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Massanutten, a post-office of Page co., 
 Virginia, 144 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Massena, a post-township, forming the N. 
 extremity of St. Lawrence co., New York, on 
 the St. Lawrence river. Population, 2870. 
 
 Massena Centre, a post- village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 Masset's Creek, of Greene co., Ohio, flows 
 into the Little Miami river. 
 
 Massib's Mills, a post-office of Nelson co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 M ASSiLLON, a handsome and flourishing town 
 of Perry township, Stark co., Ohio, on the 
 Tuscarawas river, and on the Ohio canal, 112 
 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 65 miles S. 
 from Cleveland. The Ohio and Pennsylvania 
 railroad connects it with Pittsburg on one 
 hand, and with the railways of Indiana on 
 the other. The town is regularly planned 
 and compactly built, and contains a number 
 of handsome residences. It is situated in 
 a highly productive and populous farming 
 district, which is liberally supplied with hard 
 timber, stone coal, and water-power. Large 
 quantities of flour, wheat, and Indian corn 
 are shipped by the canal at this place. Wool 
 is also an extensive article of export. Mas- 
 sillon contains churches of 7 denominations, 
 1 bank, 3 iron foundries, with machine shops, 
 and 1 woollen factory ; 3 newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. Population in 1853, estimated 
 at 4000. 
 
 Massillon, a post-office of Allen co.,'Ind. 
 
 Massillon, a post-village of Cedar co., 
 Iowa, near the E. line of the county, 40 miles 
 N. E. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Mastbn's Corner, a post-office of Kent co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 Mastersonville, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Masterton, a post-office of Monroe co., 0. 
 
 Mast Hope, a railroad station in Wayne 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 126 miles from New York city. 
 
 Mast Yard, a post-office of Merrimack co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Matagorda, a county in the S. E. part of 
 
MAT 
 
 MAU 
 
 Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico, and on Mata- 
 gorda bay. It is intersected by the Colorado 
 river and the Caney baj^ou. The surface is 
 an alluvial plain, which is destitute of tim- 
 ber, excepting the margins of the streams. 
 The Colorado river is navigable for steam- 
 boats, and flows through a fertile valley, in 
 which cotton, sugar, and corn flourish. The 
 uplands are mostly uncultivated. In. 1850 
 the county produced 1613 bales of cotton; 
 1394 hogsheads of sugar, (more than any 
 other in the state excepting Brazoria ;) 
 10,336 bushels of corn, and 39,400 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 2 churches, 1 news- 
 paper oSice, and 80 pupils attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Capital, Matagorda. 
 Population, 2124, of whom 916 were free, 
 and 1208, slaves. 
 
 Matagorda, capital of Matagorda county, 
 Texas, is situated on the bay of the same 
 name, at the mouth of the Colorado river, 
 250 miles S. E. from Austin City. The river 
 is navigable for steamboats to the city of 
 Austin. Matagorda has considerable trade, 
 and is the depot for the produce of the Colo- 
 rado valley, which is one of the richest por- 
 tions of the state, producing cotton, sugar- 
 cane, rice, indigo, and maize. The sea 
 breeze, which blows during the summer, ren- 
 ders this town a favorite summer residence of 
 citizens from the interior. A lighthouse has 
 lately been erected here. A weekly newspaper 
 is published. Pop. in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Matagorda Bat, an extensive lagoon of 
 Texas, at the mouth of the Colorado river. 
 Length about 45 miles, greatest breadth 
 above 7 miles. 
 
 Matamora, a small post-village of Harde- 
 man CO., Tennessee, near the Hatchee river, 
 67 miles E. from Memphis. 
 
 Matamoras, a village of Dauphin county, 
 Pennsylvania, 13 miles N. from Harrisburg, 
 has 123 inhabitants. 
 
 Matajioras, a post-ofiice of Montgomery 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 Matamoras, a small village of Blackford 
 county, Indiana, on the Salamonie river, 
 about 85 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Mataska, a small village of Itawamba 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Matawamkeag river, in the N. E. part 
 of Maine, rising in Aroostook county, falls 
 into the Penobscot in Penobscot county. 
 
 Matawamkbag, or Mattawamkeag, a post- 
 office of Penobscot co., Maine. 
 
 Matchaponix Brook, of New Jersey, rises 
 in Monmouth county, and falls into the South 
 river in Middlesex county, near Spottswood. 
 
 Matherton, a post-office of Ionia oo,, 
 Michigan. 
 
 Matilda Furnace, a small village of Mif- 
 flin CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Matildaville, a small post-village of Cla- 
 rion county, Pennsylvania, on Clarion river, 
 about 6 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Matinicus, a post-office of Lincoln co., Me. 
 
 Matotjchin, a village in Woodbridge town- 
 ship, Middlesex county. New Jersey, on the 
 New Jersey railroad, about 7 miles N. E. 
 from New Brunswick. 
 
 Mattapoisett, a post-office of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Mattapont River, in the E. S. E. part of 
 Virginia, rises in Spottsylvania county, and 
 flowing in a general S. E. course after form- 
 ing the boundary between King and Queen 
 and King William counties, unites with the 
 Pamunkey to form the York river. 
 
 Mattammiscontis, a township in Lincoln 
 CO., Maine. Population, 54. 
 
 Mattawan, a post-village of Van Buren 
 county, Michigan, on the Michigan Central 
 railroad, 156 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Mattewan, a post-village of Fishkill town- 
 ship, Dutchess county. New York, on Fishkill 
 creek, about 90 miles S. from Albany. It 
 has abundant water-power, and contains ma- 
 nufactories of iron and cotton fabi'ics. Po- 
 pulation estimated at 1900. 
 
 Matthews, a county in the E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on Chesapeake bay, near its 
 southern extremity. It consists of a penin- 
 sula washed by Piankatank river on the N., 
 by the Chesapeake on the E., and by Mobjack 
 bay on the S. W., and joined to the main land 
 by an isthmus about 1 mile wide. Length, 
 20 miles ; greatest breadth, 8 miles. Area, 
 about 90 square miles. The surface is ex- 
 tremely level; the soil i| sandy and mode- 
 rately fertile. Wheat, potatoes, oats, hay, 
 and live stock are the staples. The forests 
 consist of pine, chestnut, and a species of 
 oak, valuable for ship-building, which is 
 an important branch of business in this 
 county. In 1850 the county produced 7640 
 bushels of wheat; 13,292 of sweet potatoes; 
 19,405 of oats, and 1288 tons of hay. There 
 were 2 saw mills, 1 tannery; 9 churches, and 
 400 pupils attending public schools. Named 
 in honor of General Matthews, an officer in 
 the war of the Revolution, and afterwards 
 governor of Georgia. Capital, Westville. 
 Population, 6714, of whom 3791 were free, 
 and 2923, slaves. 
 
 Matthews Court House, a post-village, 
 capital of Matthews co., Virginia, 70 miles E. 
 from Richmond, is situated near an arm of 
 Chesapeake bay. 
 
 Matthew's Store, a post-office of Howard 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Matthewsville, a village in Pocahontas 
 CO., Virginia, 170 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Mattison, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Branch oo., Michigan. Population, 475. 
 
 Mattituck, a post- village of Suffolk co.,. 
 New York, on the Long Island railroad, 83' 
 miles E. from New York. 
 
 Mauch Chunk, a flourishing town, capital 
 of Carbon county, Pennsylvania, on the right 
 bank of the Lehigh river, at the mouth of; 
 Mauoh Chunk creek, 100 miles N. E,. from, 
 
 679- 
 
MAU 
 
 MAX 
 
 Harrisburg, and 36 miles W. N. W. from 
 Easton. The surrounding region is traversed 
 by several rugged and sterile mountain ranges, 
 ivbicli abound in coal and iron ore. The banks 
 of the river near this place are high and pre- 
 cipitous, and the scenery is remarkably wild. 
 Mauch Chunk is built in one of the narrow 
 ravines through which the river passes, where 
 there is scarcely room for buildings, and 
 there are no gardens in the place. The ground 
 being all occupied in Mauch Chunk proper, 
 they are now building in what is termed Up- 
 per Mauch Chunk, on the top of the hill, and 
 on the E. bank of the river. The latter 
 quarter is called Greenwood. Mount Pisgah, 
 which is a short distance N., rises about 1000 
 feet above the surface of the Lehigh. Mauch 
 Chunk is a place of active business, particu- 
 larly in coal and lumber. The bed of coal on 
 the top of Mauch Chunk mountain, or Sum- 
 mit hill, is about 50 feet in thickness. In 
 1850, 722,000 tons of coal were exported from 
 Carbon county by the Lehigh company's 
 canal, which has contributed greatly to the 
 prosperity of this region. The amount paid 
 out by the Company in the year was com- 
 puted at $603,000. In 1851 the produce of 
 the mines amounted to 989,296 tons. The 
 navigation of the river has been improved as 
 far as Whitehaven, 25 miles above. The 
 works on this part of the line are truly mag- 
 nificent ; there are dams 50 feet high, and 
 locks of solid stone, which raise the water 33 
 feet. A railroad has been constructed to the 
 mines of Summit hill, about 9 miles W. of 
 the town. The cars, loaded with coal, de- 
 scend by their own gravity to the landing, 
 and after being emptied have been heretofore 
 drawn up the plane by mules. But now the 
 labors of the mules are superseded. A " back 
 track" has been constructed, which is re- 
 garded as a master-piece of bold and success- 
 ful engineering. From the chutes where the 
 coal cars are unloaded at the town of Mauch 
 Chunk, they return by their own weight to 
 the foot of Mount Pisgah. They are then 
 drawn to the top of that mountain on an in- 
 clined plane by means of a stationary engine. 
 From the head of this plane they pass by 
 their own gravity along a railway of 6 miles, 
 to the foot of another inclined plane. To the 
 top of this they are again raised by steam, 
 and thence descend to the diiferent mines, 
 (vhere they are filled with coal, and again de- 
 scend by their own Aveight to the chutes. Two 
 papers are issued here. Pop. in 1850, 3500. 
 
 Matickpokt, a post-village in Harrison co., 
 Indiana, on the Ohio river, 135 miles S. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Maulding's Mills, post-ofiice.Wayne co.IU. 
 
 Maumkf, river, is formed by the St. Jo- 
 seph's and St. Mary's rivers, which unite at 
 Fort Wayne, in Indiana. It flows through the 
 N. W. part of Ohio, and enters Maumee bay 
 at the W. end of Lake Erie, about 4 miles 
 below Toledo. Steamboats can ascend to 
 080 
 
 Defiance (about 60 miles from its mouth) 
 when the water is high, and boats of 60 tons 
 in ordinary stages. The Wabash and Erie 
 canal follows the course of this river from 
 Fort Wayne to its mouth, a distance of 80 
 miles. 
 
 Maumee, a township in Allen co., Indian<a. 
 Population, 93. 
 
 Maumee City, capital of Lucas co., Ohio, 
 on the left bank of the Maumee river, and on 
 the Wabash and Erie canal, opposite Perrys- 
 burg, and 8 miles S. W. from Toledo. It is 
 at the head of the regular steamboat naviga- 
 tion, and has an active business. It contains 
 4 churches, 1 printing office, and numerous 
 stores. There are in the vicinity several 
 flouring and other mills. 
 
 Maumelle, a post-office of Pulaski co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Maurepas lake, situated in the E. part of 
 Louisiana, at the mouth of Amite river, com- 
 municates with Lake Pontchartrain by an 
 outlet about 3 miles long. Its form is orbicu- 
 lar, and its greatest extent 13 miles. 
 
 Maurice River, or Prince Maurice River, 
 of New Jersey, rises by several small streams 
 in the S. central part of Gloucester county, 
 and flowing first southerly' and afterwards 
 southwesterly, falls into Delaware bay about 
 20 miles in a straight line N. by W. from 
 Cape May lighthouse. It is navigable for 
 vessels of 80 or 100 tons to Millville, 20 miles. 
 
 Maurice River, a township of Cumberland 
 CO., New Jersey, on the left bank of Maurice 
 river, about 40 miles S. E. from Salem. Popu- 
 lation, 2245. 
 
 Mauricetown, a village of Downe township, 
 Cumberland co., New Jersey, on Maurice 
 river, about 36 miles S. E. from Salem, con- 
 tains a church and 30 or 40 dwellings. 
 
 Maurius, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind. 
 
 Maury, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Tennessee ; area estimated at 600 square 
 miles. Duck river divides it into nearly 
 equal parts, and is joined in its passage by 
 several affluents, which furnish water-power. 
 The surface is diversified ; the soil is very 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cotton, swine, 
 and cattle are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 2,016,600 bushels of corn — 
 more than any other county of the state ; 
 185,170 of oats; 9972 bales of cotton, and 
 240,710 pounds of butter. It contained 20 
 churches ; 930 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 1303 attending academies and other 
 schools. The county is intersected by the 
 central turnpike, and by the route of the pro- 
 jected railroad from Nashville to Jackson, in 
 Mississippi.^ Maury is the third county in 
 the state with respect to population. Capi- 
 tal, Columbia. Population, 29,520, of whom 
 16,850 were free, and 12,670, slaves. 
 
 Mauvaisb River, or Mushkee, a small 
 stream of Wisconsin, rises in La Pointe co., 
 and flows into Lake Superior. 
 
 Maxatawny, a township of Berks co., Penu- 
 
MAX 
 
 MAY 
 
 sylvania, 74 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 1740. 
 
 Maxey, a small post-village of Oglethorpe 
 CO., Georgia, on the Athens Branch railroad, 
 94 miles W. by N. from Augusta. 
 
 Maxfield, a post-township of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, on the Piscataquis river, about 
 38 miles N. by E. from Bangor. Pop., 186. 
 
 Maxvillb, a post-village of AVashiugton 
 CO., Kentucky, about 30 miles S. S. W. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Maxville, Huron co., Ohio. See Peru. 
 
 Maxville, a village of Spencer co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Ohio river, at the mouth of An- 
 derson's creek, about 140 miles S. by W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Maxwell, a post-office of Delaware co., 0. 
 
 Maxwell's Creek, a post-office of Mari- 
 posa CO., California. 
 
 Mat, a post-office of Lancaster co.. Pa. 
 
 Matbinton, a small post-village of New- 
 berry district. South Carolina, near Broad 
 river, about 45 miles N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Matcallin Creek, of Arkansas, flows 
 through Pope co., and enters the Arkansas 
 near the W. line of Johnson county. 
 
 Matesville, a post-office of Sumter district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Mayfield, a township of Somerset cc, 
 Maine, about 62 miles S. by E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 133. 
 
 Mayfield, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Fulton CO., New York. It contains a vil- 
 lage of the same name. Population, 2429. 
 
 Mayfield, a small post-village of Isle of 
 Wight CO., Virginia, is pleasantly situated, 72 
 miles S. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Mayfield, or Rock Mills, a post-village 
 of Warren CO., Georgia, on the Ogeechee river, 
 54 miles W. by S. from Augusta. It has a 
 cotton factory. 
 
 Mayfield, a post-office of Jackson co.,Tenn. 
 
 Mayfield, a post-village, capital of Graves 
 CO., Kentucky, on Mayfield creek, 275 miles 
 W. S. W. from Frankfort. It has a court 
 house and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Mayfield, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1117. 
 
 Mayfield, a township in De Kalb co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 564. 
 
 Mayfields Creek, in the W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, rises in Graves co., and flowing north- 
 ward and then westward, enters the Missis- 
 sippi river in Ballard county, about 8 miles 
 below the mouth of Ohio river. 
 
 May Flower, a post-office of Otsego co. ,N. Y. 
 
 May Hill, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois. 
 
 Mayo, a small river of Virginia and North 
 Carolina, rises by two branches, the North 
 and South Mayo, in Patrick co., of the former 
 state, and flowing south-eastward into North 
 Carolina, enters the Dan river at Madison. 
 
 Mayo, a post-office of Halifax co., Virginia. 
 
 Mayoning, a post- village in Patrick co., Va. 
 
 Maypoet MiLLs,apost-office of Duval co.Fa. 
 
 May's Landing, a post-village, capital of 
 Atlantic county. New Jersey, is situated in 
 Hamilton tov/nship, at the head of naviga- 
 tion, on Great Egg Harbor river, about 65 
 miles S. from Trenton. It consists of two 
 parts. May's Landing proper, and Hamilton, 
 about a quarter of a mile up the river, where 
 a dam has recently been constructed, afford- 
 ing fine water-power. It has 3 or 4 churches, 
 2 banks, 2 foundries, and a large grist mill. 
 
 Mayslick, a post- village of Mason co., 
 Kentucky, on the railroad from Maysville to 
 Lexington, 12 miles S. W. from the former. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Maysville, a post-village, capital of Chau- 
 tauque co.. New York, at the north-west end 
 of Chautauque lake, about 60 miles S. S. W. 
 from Buffalo. It contains several churches, 
 an academy, and 3 newspaper offices. A 
 steamboat plies between this place and James- 
 town. Population, estimated at 700. 
 
 Maysville, a post-office of Mercer co.. Pa. 
 
 Maysville, a post-village, capital of Buck- 
 ingham CO., Virginia, is situated on Slate 
 river, at the head of navigation, 27 miles 
 from its mouth, and 87 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond. It has a handsome court house, built 
 according to a plan furnished by Thomas 
 Jefferson, and a large Presbyterian church. 
 
 Maysville, a post-village in Greenbrier co., 
 Virgiida, 190 miles W. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 Maysville, a post-office of Jackson co., Ga. 
 
 Maysville, a post-office of Madison co., Ala. 
 
 Maysville, a small post-village of Benton 
 CO., Arkansas, stands on the W. boundary of 
 the state, about 25 miles W. from Bentonville. 
 
 Maysville, a handsome city of Mason 
 county, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 60 miles 
 above Cincinnati, and 60 miles N. E. from 
 Lexington. It was formerly called Lime- 
 stone, from Limestone creek, which here 
 enters the river. The situation is elevated 
 and delightful. A range of bold and verdant 
 highlands, risingimmediately behind the city, 
 render its appearance, as viewed from the 
 river, exceedingly attractive. It is compact- 
 ly built. Among the public buildings are a 
 handsome city hall, a substantial stone jail, 
 a hospital, and 7 or 8 churches. It contains 
 also 2 banks, 2 large seminaries, besides the 
 public schools, and printing offices, in which 
 4 newspapers are published. In the extent 
 of its business and population, Maysville is 
 the fourth town in the state, and is steadily 
 advancing in these respects. It is the en- 
 trepot of the goods and produce imported 
 and exported by the north-eastern section of 
 Kentucky, and is the most extensive hemp 
 market in the United States. A railroad is 
 in course of construction extending from this 
 place to Lexington, and another to the mouth 
 of Big Sandy river. Among the various 
 manufactures in operation maybe mentioned 
 2 steam-cotton factories, 1 large bagging fac- 
 tory, 2 iron foundries, 5 rope walks, 12 ma- 
 nufactories of ploughs, and 5 of coaches and 
 
 681 
 
MAY 
 
 MEC 
 
 ■wagons. The corporation have expended 
 $70,000 on the different turnpikes which con- 
 verge to this point, in addition to individual 
 subscriptions. Maysville was settled in 1784, 
 and incorporated in 1833. Population in 
 1853, estimated at 6500. 
 
 Maysville, a small village of Montgomery 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Maysville, a village of Daviess co., In- 
 diana, on the White river, and on the Wabash 
 and Erie canal, 110 miles S. W. from Indiana- 
 polis. 
 
 Maysville, a village in Fountain co., In- 
 diana, on the Wabash river, and on the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, 70 miles N. W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Maysville, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Maysville, a post-village, capital of Clay 
 CO., Illinois, on the border of Twelve Mile 
 Prairie, and on the Ohio and Mississippi 
 railroad, near the Little Wabash river, 122 
 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Maysville Court House, a post-office of 
 De Kalb co., Missouri. 
 
 Maytown, a post-village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, 80 miles from Harrisburg. 
 
 Mayvillb, New York. See Maysville. 
 
 Maysville, a thriving post-village of 
 Dodge county, Wisconsin, on the Ossin river, 
 an affluent of Eock river, about 52 miles N. 
 W. from Milwaukee. It has a valuable and 
 improved water-power. Iron ore is found 8 
 miles from this village, and a company has 
 been formed here for the manufacture of 
 iron. Population in 1853, estimated at 600. 
 
 Mazon, a small post-village of Grundy co., 
 Illinois, a few miles S. from Morris. 
 
 Mead, a township of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, contains the borough of Meadville. 
 Total population, 3388. 
 
 Mead, a post-office of Warren, co-, Pa. 
 
 Mead, a township in the S. E. part of Bel- 
 mont CO., Ohio, on the W. side of the Ohio 
 river. Population, 1626. 
 
 Meade, a county in theN. part of Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 500 square miles. 
 The Ohio river forms its boundary on the N. 
 and N.W. for a distance of about 60 miles, and 
 Salt river forms its boundary on the E. The 
 surface is generally rolling, and the soil fer- 
 tile. Hemp, tobacco, Indian corn, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 373,145 bushels of corn; 11,216 
 of wheat; 125,183 of oats, and 210,427 
 pounds of tobacco. There were 9 churches. 
 The county contains abundance of cavernous 
 limestone, a good material for building ; 
 several caverns occur in it, but have not been 
 explored to much extent. Formed in 1823, 
 and named from Captain James Meade, who 
 fell at the battle of Ptiver Raisin. Capital, 
 Brandensburg. Population, 7393 ; of whom 
 5820 were free, and 1573, slaves. 
 
 Meadoeville, a post-office of Mason co., 
 Tennessee. 
 682 
 
 Meadow Bluff, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Meadow Branch, a post-office of Jackson 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Meadow Creek, a post-office of Orange cc, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Meadow Creek, a post-office of Whitley 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Meadow Dale, a post-office of Highland 
 CO. Virginia. 
 
 Meadow Farm, a post-office of Muskin- 
 gum CO., Ohio. 
 
 Meadow River, a small stream in the W. 
 central part of Virginia, rises in Greenbrier 
 county, and flows along the boundary between 
 Nicholas and Fayette counties into Gauley 
 river. 
 
 Meadow River, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 MEADOws,apost-officeof VanBurenco.Ark. 
 
 Mead's Basin, a post-office of Passaic co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Mead's Corners, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mead's Mill, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Meadville, a flourishing borough, capital 
 of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, is plea- 
 santly situated on French creek, 236 miles 
 W. N. W. from Harrisburg, and about 95 
 miles N. from Pittsburg. It is the principal 
 market of this fertile and populous county, 
 from which grain, lumber, &c. are exported. 
 A branch canal extends to the Alleghany 
 river at Franklin. Among the public build- 
 ings are a handsome court house, a state 
 arsenal, and an academy. The elegant build- 
 ing of Alleghany college stands on an emi- 
 nence half a mile N. of the town. Meadville 
 contains several paper mills, an oil mill, and 
 an edge-tool factory. Four newspapers are 
 published here. Incorporated in 1823. Po- 
 pulation, 2578. 
 
 Meadville, a thriving post-village of Ha- 
 lifax county, Virginia, on the Banister river, 
 at the head of navigation, about 136 miles 
 S. W. from Richmond. It contains a large 
 flouring mill and a tobacco factory. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Meadville, a post-village, capital of 
 Franklin county, Mississippi, on the Homo- 
 chitto river, 80 miles S. S. W. from Jackson, 
 and 34 miles E. from Natchez. 
 
 Meadville, a post-office of Mead co., Ky. 
 
 Meagher, a post-office of Bureau co., 111. 
 
 Meander Creek, of Ohio, flows into the 
 Mahoning river, about 7 miles below Warren. 
 
 Meansville, a post-village in Union dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Mecca, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Trumbull co., Ohio, intersected by the Mus- 
 quito river. Population, 872. 
 
 Mechanic, a township in the S. part of 
 Holmes co., Ohio. Population, 1647. 
 
 Mechanicsborodgh, a post-office of Lehigh 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
MEC 
 
 MEG 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a village of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 10 miles 
 N. E. from Pittsburg. Population, over 200. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a thriving post-borough 
 of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Cumberland Valley railroad, 8 miles E. from 
 Carlisle. It is situated in a populous neigh- 
 borhood, and has an active business. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a small village of York 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 44 miles S. S. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 MECHAKicsBURG,a post-office of Giles CO. Va. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a small village of Carroll 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a flourishing post-village 
 of Goshen township. Champaign county, Ohio, 
 on the Springfield and Delaware turnpike, 
 10 miles E. from Urbana. It is surrounded 
 by a fertile country, and has increased ra- 
 pidly within a few years. The railroad which 
 is in progress from Springfield to Delaware 
 passes through this village. It has a wool- 
 len factory and several mills. Population 
 in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a post-office of Henry co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a small village of Marion 
 CO., Ind., 10 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 - Mechanicsburg, a post-village of Sanga- 
 mon CO., Illinois, 15 miles E. from Springfield. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a post-village of Macon 
 CO., Missouri, 105 miles N. N. W. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 Mechanicsburg, a village in Van Buren 
 CO., Iowa, 80 miles S. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Mechanics' Falls, a post-office of Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine. 
 
 Mechanics' Grove, a post-office of Lancas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mechanics' River, a post-office of Albe- 
 marle CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mechanicstown, a small post-village of 
 Frederick co., Maryland, about 20 miles N. 
 from Frederick. 
 
 Mechanicstown, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a post-village in Eutland 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a post-village of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson river, and on 
 the Champlain canal, 12 miles N. from Troy. 
 It contains a cotton factory and several mills. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a village and station of 
 West Chester co.. New York, on the Harlem 
 railroad, 45 miles N. N. E. from New York. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a small village in Read- 
 ington township, Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 about 12 lailes N. E. from Flemington. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a small post-village of 
 Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, 104 miles E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a post-village of Lehigh 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 6 miles N. W. from Allen- 
 town, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a small post-village of 
 
 Montgomery co., Maryland, 24 miles N. from 
 Washington. 
 
 Mechamcsville, a post-village of Louisa 
 CO., Virginia, 65 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 It has 1 church. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a post-village in Sumter 
 <listrict, South Carolina. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a post-village of Jasper 
 CO., Ga., 46 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a post-office of Russell 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mechanicsville, a post-village in Cannon 
 CO-, Tennessee. 
 
 Mecklenburg, a county in the S. S. E. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, has 
 an area of 500 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Roanoke river, bounded on the N. by 
 the Meherrin, and also drained by Allen's, 
 Bluestone, and many other creeks. The sur- 
 face is beautifully diversified by hill and 
 dale, and partly covered with forests of oak, 
 hickory, and pine ; the soil is generally fer- 
 tile, excepting the higher ridges. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 552,466 bushels 
 of corn; 113,016 of wheat; 184,695 of oats, 
 and 4,863,184 pounds of tobacco. There were 
 8 flour and grist mills, 8 tobacco factories, 5 
 tanneries, and 2 coach factories. It contain- 
 ed 30 churches, 284 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 328 attending academies and other 
 schools. Granite and other primary rocks 
 underlie the surface. The Roanoke is navi- 
 gable by small boats in this part of its course. 
 A plank-road has recently been laid in the 
 county. Organized in 1764. Capital, Boyd- 
 town. Population, 20,630, of whom 8168 were 
 free, and 12,462, slaves. 
 
 Mecklenburg, a county in the S. W. part 
 of North Carolina, bordering on South Caro- 
 lina; area, estimated at 720 square miles. 
 The Catawba river forms the entire W. 
 boundary, and the county is drained by 
 McAlpin's and Sugar creeks. The surface is 
 elevated and hilly ; the soil in some parts is 
 fertile. Indian corn, cotton, cattle, and 
 swine are the chief products. In 1850 this 
 county yielded 549,162 bushels of corn, and 
 4219 bales of cotton. There were 3 tanneries, 
 1 cotton factory, and 1 woollen factory: 31 
 churches; 2 newspaper offices; 1354 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 161 attending 
 academies or other schools. Granite is found 
 in several parts of the county, and a few mines 
 of gold have been opened in it. The North 
 Carolina Central railroad, now in progress, is 
 designed to terminate at Charlotte, the county 
 seat, and another railroad extends from that 
 town to Columbia, South Carolina. Popula- 
 tion, 13,914, of whom 8441 were free, and 
 5473, slaves. 
 
 Mecklenburg, a post-village of Hector 
 township, Tompkins co.. New York, 13 miles 
 W. from Ithaca. It contains 3 churches and 
 several manufactories. Pop., estimated at 400. 
 
 Mecklenburg, a post-village in Knox co., 
 683 
 
MEC 
 
 MEE 
 
 Tennessee, on Ilolston river, near the mouth 
 of French Broad river, 185 miles E. by S. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Mecosta. See Necosta. 
 
 Medary, a post-village of Putnam co., 
 Ohio, on the road from Finley to Defiance. 
 
 Medehne, a post-ofBce of Parke co., Ind. 
 
 Medfield, a post-township of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, on Charles river, about 18 
 miles S. W. from Boston, contains a village 
 of its own name. Population, 966. 
 
 Medford, a flourishing post-township of 
 Middlesex county, Massachusetts, on Mystic 
 river, 5 miles N. from Boston. It is inter- 
 sected by the Boston and Lowell railroad, 
 and by the Middlesex canal. Pop., 3749. 
 
 Medfoed, a j)ost-village in the above town- 
 ship, situated near its centre. It contains 4 
 churches and several stores. 
 
 Medfoed, a village and station of Suffolk 
 CO., New York, on the Long Island railroad, 
 55 miles E. from Brooklyn. 
 
 Medfoed, a post-village in Evesham town- 
 ship, Burlingtpn county, New Jersey, on 
 Haines creek, 7 miles S. from Mount Holly, 
 contains 4 churches, 8 or 10 stores, 1 bank, 
 nnd about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Media, a post-village, capital of Delaware 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia 
 and West Chester railroad, about 15 miles 
 W. S. W. from Philadelphia. It contains a 
 fine court house and jail, erected at a cost of 
 about $35,000. A newspaper is published 
 here. Population in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Medicinal Springs, a post-village of 
 Walker county, Georgia, about 210 miles N. 
 ; W. from Milledgeville, situated at the base 
 of Taylor's ridge. These springs are sur- 
 rounded by charming scenery. 
 
 Medicine Creek, of Missouri, rises near 
 the N. border of the state, and after a 
 southerly course of perhaps 100 miles, enters 
 Grand river in Livingston county, about 10 
 miles S. E. from Chilicothe. 
 
 Medina, a small river of Texas, rises in 
 Bexar county, and flowing south-eastward, 
 unites with other streams a few miles S. 
 from San Antonio ; below this it is called San 
 Antonio river. 
 
 Medina, a county towards the S. W. part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 1100 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by the 
 Medina river, from which the name is de- 
 rived, and intersected by Hondo and Seco 
 creeks. The surface is uneven, consisting 
 partly of prairies ; the soil is mostly unculti- 
 vated. Indian corn, sweet potatoes, grass, 
 and cattle are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 26,106 bushels of corn ; 
 248 of sweet potatoes, and 2770 pounds of 
 butter. There wei-e 37 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Castroville. Popu- 
 lation, 909. of whom 881 were free, and 28, 
 slaves. 
 
 Medina, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 420 square miles. It is 
 684 
 
 drained by Rocky and Black rivers, and by 
 Killbuck and Chippewa creeks, which rise 
 within its limits. The surface is undulating, 
 the soil a clayey and gravelly loam, adapted 
 to pasturage. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, wool, and butter, are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 418,027 bushels 
 of corn; 132,446 of wheat; 215,330 of oats; 
 37,571 tons of hay; 306,602 pounds of wool, 
 and 613,853 of butter. It contained 42 
 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. There 
 were 9915 pupils attending public schools, and 
 25 attending another school. Large quan- 
 tities of mineral fire-proof paint are pro- 
 cured in the eastern part of the county, and 
 exported to other states and to Europe. 
 Capital, Medina. Population, 24,441. 
 
 Medina, a thriving post-village in Ridge- 
 way township, Oi'leans county. New York, 
 on Oak Orchard creek, where it is crossed 
 by the Erie canal, and Rochester, Lockport, 
 and Niagara Falls railroad, about 36 miles 
 N. E. by N. from BuflFalo. It contains several 
 flouring mills, about 10 stores, 5 churches, 
 and 1 academy. A newspaper is published 
 here. Population in 1853, 2500. 
 
 Medina, a post-township in the E. central 
 part of Medina co., Ohio. Pop., 2011. 
 
 Medina, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Medina county, Ohio, is pleasantly situated 
 in Medina township, on an eminence 112 
 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 28 miles S. 
 W. from Cleveland. Medina contains several 
 churches, and 2 newspaper ofiices. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 1008 ; in 1853, about 1400. 
 
 Medina, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Lenawee co., Mich. Pop., 1600. 
 
 Medina, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Tiffin's creek, 80 miles S. W. from 
 Detroit, has about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Medina, a township in Warren co., In- 
 diana. Population, 602. 
 
 Medina, a post-village in Winnebago co., 
 Illinois, about 100 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Medina, a post-ofBce of Brown co.. Wis. 
 
 Medon, a post-office of Madison co., Tenn. 
 
 Medusa, a post-office of Albany co., N. Y. 
 
 Medwat, a small river of Georgia, which 
 enters the Atlantic between Bryan and Li- 
 berty counties, a few miles below Sunbury. 
 
 Medway, a post-township of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, on Charles river, about 22 
 miles S. W. from Boston, contains a manufac- 
 turing village of its own name. Pop., 2778. 
 
 Medway, a post-otSce of Greene co., N. Y. 
 
 Medway, a post-office of Clark co., Ohio. 
 
 MEDYBEMrs, a township of Washington co., 
 Maine, 25 miles N. W. from Eastport. Popu- 
 lation, 287. 
 
 Meekes Hill, a post-oflcice of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Meeme, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Manitoowoc co., Wisconsin. Pop., 199. 
 
 Meeme, a small post-village in the above 
 township. 
 
MEE 
 
 MEM 
 
 Meeting Street, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Mbhekkin, a river of Virginia and North 
 Carolina, rises in Lunenburg and Charlotte 
 counties of the former state. It passes into 
 North Carolina, and flows along the bound- 
 ary between Ccates and Hertford counties, 
 until it unites with the Nottoway river to 
 form the Chowan. Its general direction is 
 E. S. E., and its whole length is estimated at 
 about 150 miles. It is navigable by sloops 
 to Murfreesborough in North Carolina. 
 
 Meheerin Depot, a post-office of South- 
 amptonco., Virginia. 
 
 Meiioopany, or Mahoopbny, a post-office 
 of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Meigs, a county in the S. E. part of Ten- 
 nessee ; area estimated at 160 square miles. 
 The Tennessee river forms its boundary on 
 the N. W. The surface is hilly; the soil 
 fertile. Indian corn, oats, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850, Meigs county produced 
 442,875 bushels of corn; 72,022 of oats, and 
 59,211 pounds of butter. It contained 2145 
 pupils attending public schools. The river 
 is navigable by steamboats on the border of 
 the county. Capital, Decatur. Pop., 4879; 
 of whom 4484 were free, and 395, slaves. 
 
 Meigs county, in the S. S. E. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Virginia, contains about 
 350 square miles. The Ohio river washes 
 the eastei-n and part of the southern bor- 
 der. The surface is hilly and broken, 
 and the soil is chiefly composed of clay. It 
 is more remarkable for its mineral than its 
 agricultural riches. The hills along the 
 Ohio river contain very extensive mines of 
 excellent coal, from which 5,000,000 bushels 
 have been exported in a year. The salt- 
 works of this county are probably as exten- 
 sive as any in the Western states. In 1851 
 five or six companies were formed for the 
 manufacture of salt, near the Ohio river. 
 Wells have been sunk to the depth of 1000 
 feet, each of which throws up 50 gallons of 
 brine per minute. Wheat, Indian corn, wool, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 113,091 bushels of wheat; 
 267,404 of corn; 44,142 pounds of wool, 
 and 173,582 of butter. It contained 37 
 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 5366 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 160 attending an 
 academy. Capital, Pomeroy. Pop., 17,971. 
 
 Meigs, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Adams co., Ohio. Population, 1438. 
 
 Meigs, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop., 1680. 
 
 Meigs Creek, of Ohio, enters the Mus- 
 kingum river in Morgan county. 
 
 Meig's Creek, a post-office of Morgan co.,0. 
 
 Meigsville, a post- village in Jackson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Meigsville, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Morgan co., Ohio. Population, 1512. 
 
 Melendez, a small post-village, capital of 
 --Benton co., Florida. 
 
 Mellenville, a post-village of Columbia 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson and Berkshire 
 railroad, 9 miles E. by N. from Hudson. 
 
 Mellonsville, a village of Lawrence co., 
 Kentucky, is situated on the Levica river, a 
 fork of Big Sandy river, 15 miles above 
 Louisa. Extensive coal mines have been 
 opened in this vicinity. 
 
 Mellonville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Orange co., Florida, about 240 miles S. E. 
 from Tallahassee. 
 
 Melmore, a post-office of Seneca co., Ohio. 
 
 Melon, a post-office of Barbour co., Va. 
 
 Melpine, a post-village in Muscatine co., 
 Iowa, 40 miles E. S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Meleose, a new post-township of Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts, 5 miles N. from Bos- 
 ton, contains a village which is situated on 
 the Boston and Maine railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1260. 
 
 MELROSE,a post-office of Rockingham CO. Va. 
 
 Melrose, a post-village of Nacogdoches co., 
 Texas, about 260 miles N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Melrose, a post-office of Rush co., Ind. 
 
 Melrose, a township in Adams co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 1541. 
 
 Melrose, a post-township in Clark co., 
 Illinois. Population, 672. 
 
 Melrose, a small post-village in Clarke 
 CO., 111., 9 or 10 miles W. S. W. from Darwin. 
 
 Meltonsville, a post-village in Marshall 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Melville, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. 
 
 Melville, a post-office of Orange co., N. C. 
 
 Melville, a post-office of Chattooga co.,Ga. 
 
 Melvin, a post-office of Ballard co., Ky. 
 
 Melvin Village, a post-village of Carroll 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Memphis, a post-village and steamboat 
 landing of Pickens co., Alabama, on the Tom- 
 bigbee river below Columbus. 
 
 Memphis, a flourishing city and port of entry 
 of Shelby county, Tennessee, is beautifully 
 situated on the Mississippi river, just below 
 the mouth of Wolf river, and on the 4th 
 Chichasaw bluff, 420 miles below St. Louis, 
 and 209 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. It 
 is the most populous and important town on 
 the river between St. Louis and New Orleans, 
 and occupies the only eligible site for a com- 
 mercial depot from the mouth of the Ohio to 
 Vicksburg, a distance of 650 miles. The 
 bluff on which it stands is elevated about 30 
 feet above the highest floods, and its base ia 
 washed by the river for a distance of three 
 miles, while a bed of sandstone projects into 
 the stream and forms a convenient landing. 
 The appearance of Memphis from the river 
 is remarkably fine. An esplanade, several 
 hundred feet wide, extends along the bluff 
 in front of the town, and is bordered with 
 blocks of large warehouses. Travellers who 
 have recently visited Memphis, express as- 
 tonishment at the signs of improvement and 
 commercial activity which are here exhibited. 
 The population has been doubled since 1845. 
 
 685 
 
MEM 
 
 MEN 
 
 It contains 6 or 7 churches, 1 academy, a medi- 
 cal college, 2 banks, and a telegraph otSce. 
 The United States government has recently 
 established a naval depot at this place. The 
 river is deep enough to float the largest ship 
 of war from this point to its mouth. The 
 building of steamboats has been commenced, 
 and manufactories of cotton, iron, and ropes 
 have been established. Six weekly and seve- 
 ral daily newspapers are published here. 
 Memphis is the western terminus of the Mem- 
 phis and Charleston railroad, part of which 
 is in operation. Another railroad is in 
 course of construction from this place to 
 Nashville, and one also projected to Little 
 Rock, Arkansas. Steamboats make frequent 
 passages between this and other ports on the 
 river. The quantity of cotton annually 
 shipped here is estimated at above 100,000 
 bales. The population in 1840, was 3300, in 
 1850 it amounted to 8841, and in 1853 it is 
 estimated at 12,000. 
 
 Memphis, a post-ofiice of St. Clair co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Memphis, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Scotland county, Missouri, is situated near 
 the North Fabius river, 130 miles in direct 
 line N. from Jeiferson City. The land in the 
 ■vicinity presents fine advantages for farming. 
 
 Memphremagog Lake, situated partly in 
 Vermont and partly in Canada, is about 30 
 miles in length, and varies from 1 to 4 in 
 breadth. About 8 miles only of its S. extre- 
 mity lies in Orleans county, Vermont, and 
 the rest in Canada. It discharges its waters 
 by Magog outlet into the St. Francis river, 
 in Canada. 
 
 Menallen, a post-township of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, 48 miles S. W. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 1455. 
 
 Menallen, a township of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles S. E. from Brownsville. 
 Population, 1411. 
 
 Menard, a county in the W. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 300 square miles. 
 The Sangamon river flows through the coun- 
 ty from S. to N., and afterwards forms part 
 of its northern boundary ; Salt creek also 
 flows along the northern border until it en- 
 ters that river. The surface is level ; the 
 soil productive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 and poi'k are the staples. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 1,280,206 bushels of corn; 69,106 of 
 wheat; 129,107 of oats; 3447 tons of hay, 
 and 124,378 pounds of butter. It contained 
 13 churches. There were 720 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 65 attending other 
 schools. Named in honor of Peter (Piei're) 
 Menard, a distinguished French pioneer. 
 Capital, Petersburg. Population, 6349. 
 
 Menasiia, a thriving post-village of Winne- 
 bago CO., Wis., at the outletof Winnebago lake, 
 and on the right bank of Neenah river, 33 miles 
 N. from Fond du Lac. It has plank-roads ex- 
 tending to Appleton and Manitoowoc, and 
 steamboats run daily to Fond du Lac. It con- 
 686 
 
 tains an iron foundry, a large pottery, 2 grist 
 mills, 5 saw mills, a pail factory, 2 chair fac- 
 tories, and 2 sash and blind factories. Here 
 is a United States land-office, and the state 
 improvement office. Pop. in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Mendham, a post-village in Mendham town- 
 ship, Morris co., N. J., 7 miles W. by S. from 
 Morristown, has 2 churches, 2 academies, and 
 5 or 6 stores. Population, about 400; of the 
 township, 1720. 
 
 Mendocino, men-do-see'no, a county in the 
 N. W. part of California, has an area of about 
 5000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by the Pacific ocean, and on the E. by 
 the Coast Range. Barley, wheat, Indian 
 corn, cattle, horses, and swine are the sta- 
 ples. In 1852 this county produced 4713 
 bushels of barley; 3690 of wheat, and 981 
 of corn. There were 1276 beef cattle ; 638 
 horses, and 956 hogs. Population, 416. 
 
 Mendocino, a post-ofSce of Trinity co., 
 California. 
 
 Mendon, a post-township of Rutland co., 
 Vermont, about 57 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 504. 
 
 Mendon, a post- village of Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on a commanding elevation, 
 35 miles S. W. from Boston. It contains 3 
 or 4 churches, from 50 to 60 dwellings, and 
 several stores. Pop. of the township, 1301. 
 
 Mendon, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Monroe co., New York. Population, 3353. 
 
 Mendon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 12 miles S. S. E. from Rochester. It 
 has 2 or 3 churches and an academy. 
 
 Mendon, a post-ofiBce of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mendon, a post-oiBce of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 Mendon, a post-office of Lenawee co., Mich. 
 
 Mendon, a township of St. Joseph co., Mi- 
 chigan, on the St. Joseph's river, about 140 
 miles W. by S. from Detroit. Pop., 862. 
 
 Mendon, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, on the St. Joseph's river, a few miles N. 
 E. from Centreville. Population, about 200. 
 
 Mendon, a post-office of Madison co., Ind. 
 
 Mendon, a post- village of Adams co., Illi- 
 nois 116 miles W. by N. from Springfield. 
 
 Mendon, a village in Clayton co., Iowa, 
 about 100 miles N. N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Mendon Centre, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mendota, a post-village, capital of Dakota 
 county, Minnesota, at the confluence of St. 
 Peter's or Minnesota river, with the Missis- 
 sippi, 7 miles above St. Paul. It is situated 
 in a fertile tract of land. 
 
 Menelos, a post-office of Madison co., Ky. 
 
 Menno, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 12 miles W. from Lewistown. Pop\i- 
 lation, 1020. 
 
 Menomonee, or Menominee, a small river 
 of Wisconsin, rises in Washington county and 
 falls into Milwaukee river at the citj' of Mil- 
 waukee. It furnishes extensive water-power 
 at the rapids, 15 miles from its mouth. 
 
MEN 
 
 MER 
 
 Menomonee, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Waukesha co., Wisconsin. Po- 
 pulation, 1340. 
 
 Menomonee Falls, a thriving post-village 
 of Waukesha county, Wisconsin, on the Me- 
 nomonee river, 15 miles N. W. from Milwau- 
 kee. The river passes between steep banks 
 of blue limestone, 80 feet high, and has a 
 fall of 48 feet in the course of a half mile, 
 aflFording fine water-power, which gives mo- 
 tion to several mills. 
 
 Mentor, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Lake co., Ohio, on the S. shore of Lake 
 Erie. • Population, 1571. 
 
 Mentok, a small post-village of Sheboy- 
 gan CO., AVisconsin. 
 
 Mentz, a post-township of Cayuga co.. 
 New York, intersected by the Erie canal, 
 and by the Syracuse and Eochester railroad. 
 Population, 5239. 
 
 Mequanigo or Mukwanago, a post-village 
 of W^aukesha county, Wisconsin, on Fox 
 river, at the mouth of Mequanigo creek, and 
 on the Milwaukee and Janesville plank-road, 
 25 miles W. from Milwaukee. It has 5 
 stores, 1 flouring mill, and about 500 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Mequon, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Washington co., Wisconsin, Pop., 2100. 
 
 Mequon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Milwaukee river, at the mouth of 
 Mequon river, 18 miles N. from Milwaukee 
 City. It has 20 dwellings and about 150 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Mequon Rivee, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Meeata, a post-office of Jefferson co., Wis. 
 
 Meecedb City, a small town of Tuolumne 
 county, California, is situated on the San .loa- 
 quin river, a little below the mouth of the 
 Mercede, and on the main road from Sacra- 
 mento City to Los Angeles, 115 miles in a 
 straight line E. S. E. from San Francisco. 
 
 Meecede Rivee, of Mariposa county, near 
 the centre of California, rises on the slope 
 of the Sierra Nevada, and flowing in a gene- 
 ral W. S. W. course, falls into the San Joaquin 
 about 75 miles above Stockton. It is naviga- 
 ble for small steamboats about 20 miles. 
 
 Meecee, a county near the centre of New 
 Jersey, has an area of about 370 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by the 
 Delaware, and partly on the N. E. by Mill- 
 stone river, and is drained by Assunpink 
 and Stony creeks. The surface is generally 
 level, with a considerable elevation on the 
 northern border, called Rocky Hill. The 
 soil is fertile and highly cultivated. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 468,670 bushels of corn ; 124,735 of wheat; 
 376,123 of oats ; 20,481 tons of hay, and 
 458,978 pounds of butter. There were 8 
 cotton factories, 6 woollen factories, 2 button 
 factories, 2 forges, 3 foundries, 14 flour mills, 
 2 paper mills, and 10 saw mills. There were 
 
 38 churches, 11 newspaper offices, 3691 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 858 attending 
 academies or other schools. Limestone is 
 abundant, and sandstone is found in the 
 northern part. The Trenton Falls of the 
 Delaware, near Trenton, afford immense wa- 
 ter-power to manufactories in and near the 
 city. The Delaware river is navigable for 
 steamboats to Trenton. The Camden and 
 Amboy railroad, the New Jersey railroad, and 
 the Delaware and Raritan canal traverse this 
 county, which is also partly intersected by the 
 Trenton Branch railroad. Named in honor 
 of General Hugh Mercer, who was mortally 
 wounded at the Battle of Princeton in 1777. 
 Capital, Trenton. Population, 27,992. 
 
 Meecee, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio, has an area 
 of 775 square miles. The Shenango river 
 flows through the county from N. to S. ; 
 French creek touches the N. E. part, and 
 other parts are drained by the Neshannoc, 
 Sandy, and Pymatuning creeks. The surface 
 is generally undulating, and in some places 
 nearly level ; the soil of the upland is a rich 
 clayey loam. Wheat, and other grains, cat- 
 tle, pork, wool, and potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 206,729 bushels 
 of wheat; 263,710 of Indian corn; 885,976 
 of oats; 101,860 of potatoes ; 41,579 tons of 
 hay, and 625,572 pounds of butter. There 
 were 10 iron furnaces, 5 iron foundries, 28 
 flour and grist mills, 24 saw mills, 4 coal 
 mines, 5 wool-carding mills, 12 tanneries, 
 and 12 pot and pearl asheries. It contained 
 61 churches, 4 newspaper offices; 8615 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 75 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Extensive 
 beds of stone coal and limestone are found, 
 and the county contains valuable iron mines. 
 The Pittsburg and Erie railroad, not yet 
 finished, passes through this county, which is 
 also traversed by the Beaver and Erie canal. 
 Organized in 1800. Capital, Mercer. Popu- 
 lation, 38,172. 
 
 Meecee, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 440 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Blue Stone river, 
 bounded on the E. by the Kanawha or New 
 river, and also drained by Brush and other 
 creeks. The surface is hilly or mountain- 
 ous, and heavily timbered ; the Great Flat 
 Top mountain, a branch of the Alleghany 
 chain, extends along the N. W. border of the 
 county. The land is adapted to pasturage. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and live stock 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 105,946 bushels of corn; 12,284 of 
 wheat; 35,280 of oats, and 1375 tons of hay. 
 It contained 4 churches, and 400 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Organized in 1887. 
 Capital, Princeton. Population, 4222 ; of 
 whom 4045 were free, and 177, slaves. 
 
 Meecee, a county in the central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 300 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by 
 
 087 
 
MER 
 
 MER 
 
 the Kentucky river, on the E. by Dick's river, 
 and drained by the sources of Salt river. 
 The surface is undulating ; the soil good. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and live stock are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,098,395 bushels of corn; 68,690 of wheat, 
 and 143,990 of oats. It contained 33 
 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 1523 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 844 attending 
 other schools. The Kentucky river is navi- 
 gable along the border of the county. Or- 
 ganized in 1786. Capital, Ilarrodsburg. Po- 
 pulation, 14,067; of whom 10,806 were free, 
 and 3260, slaves. 
 
 jSIercer, a county in the W. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on Indiana, has an area of 468 
 square miles. It is intersected in the N. E. 
 part by St. Mary's river, and also drained by 
 the head streams of the Wabash. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and extensively covered 
 with forests ; the soil is fertile if well culti- 
 vated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 149,506 bushels of corn ; 51,660 
 of wheat; 34,918 of oats, and 4128 tons of 
 hay. It contains 11 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, and 1335 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Celina. Population, 7712. 
 
 Mercee, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Illinois, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 
 about 500 square miles. The Mississippi 
 river forms its boundary on the W., and it is 
 intersected by Edward's and Pope's creeks. 
 The surface is moderately uneven, and the 
 soil is good ; the county contains a large 
 proportion of prairie. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 there were raised 430,991 bushels of 
 corn; 103,479 of wheat; 60,159 of oats, and 
 19,493 pounds of wool. It contained 8 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 196 pupils 
 attending public schools. This county is 
 comprised in the coal field of Illinois. Capi- 
 tal, Keithsburg. Population, 5246. 
 
 Mercer, a county in the N. part of Mis- 
 souri, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 
 500 square miles. It is drained by Weldon 
 river. Crooked fork of Grand river. Medicine 
 and Muddy creeks, all of which flow nearly 
 southward. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 149,555 bushels of corn; 
 7311 of wheat ; 26,500 of oats ; 375 tons of 
 hay, and 33,906 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 7 churches, and 100 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Princeton. Popu- 
 lation 2691 ; of whom 2677 were free, and 
 14, slaves. 
 
 Mercer, a post-township of Somerset co., 
 Maine, on Sandy river, about 25 miles N. by 
 W. from Augusta. Population, 1186. 
 
 Mercer, a township of Butler co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 20 miles N. by W. from Butler. Po- 
 pulation, 1296. 
 
 Mercer, a small village of Butler co., Pa. 
 
 Mercer, a post-borough, capital of Mer- 
 
 cer county, Pennsylvania, is pleasantly situ- 
 ated near Neshannoc creek, on the turnpike 
 from Pittsburg to Erie, 60 miles N. by W. 
 from the former, and 238 miles W. N. W. 
 from Harrisburg. It has a brick court house, 
 a stone prison, an academy, several churches, 
 and a number of handsome dwellings. Four 
 newspapers are published here. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1814. Population in 1850, 1004. 
 
 Mercer, a post-office of Mercer co., Ohio. 
 
 Mercer Salt Works, a post-office of Mer- 
 cer CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mercersburg, a flourishing post-borough 
 of Montgomery township, Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, 62 miles S. W. from Harris- 
 burg. It is the second town of the coum;y, 
 in population, &c., and is a place of active 
 trade. The houses are principally built of 
 brick and stone. Marshall college of this 
 place, under the direction of the German 
 Keformed church, was founded in 1836. Con- 
 nected with this is a theological seminary. A 
 newspaper is published here. Population in 
 1850, 1184. 
 
 Merchant's Bluff, a post-office of Dar- 
 lington CO., South Carolina. 
 
 Mere, a post-office of Macomb co., Mich. 
 
 Meredith, a township of Belknap co.. New 
 Hampshire, on Winnipiseogee lake, 33 miles N. 
 from Concord, contains 1 bank. Pop., 3521. 
 
 Meredith, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Delaware co., New York. It has a small 
 village of the same name. Pop., 1634. 
 
 Meredith Bridge, a manufacturing village, 
 capital of Belknap co., N. II., on Winnipiseogee 
 river, and on the Boston, Concord, and Mon- 
 treal railrbad, 27 miles E. by N. from Con- 
 cord, has 3 churches and 15 stores. 
 
 Meredith Centre, a post- village of Belk- 
 nap CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Meredith Mills, a post-office of Fulton 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Meredith's Tavern, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Meredith Village, a post-village in Belk- 
 nap CO., New Hampshire, near Winnipiseogee 
 lake. 
 
 Meredosia, a post-village of Morgan co., 
 Illinois, on the Illinois river, about 55 miles 
 AV. from Springfield. It has a steamboat 
 landing, and some shipping business. The 
 produce received here in 1852 was valued at 
 $300,000. 
 
 Meriden, a post-office of Sullivan co., N.H. 
 
 Meriden, a beautifully situated post-village 
 of New Haven co., Conn., on the New Haven 
 Hartford and Springfield railroad, 18 miles N. 
 by E. from New Haven. It contains Schurches, 
 4 of them new, a bank, and several extensive 
 manufactories and foundries. Population of 
 the township, 3559. 
 
 Meridian, formerly Cato Four Corners, a 
 post-village of Cayuga co.. New York, 16 miles 
 N. from Auburn. 
 
 Meridian, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Ingham co., Michigan. Population, 367. 
 
MER 
 
 MER 
 
 Meridian, a post-village in Mercer co., 
 Illinois, 125 miles N. N. W. from Springfield. 
 Mekidianville, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., Alabama, 8 miles N. from Huntsville. 
 
 Meriwether, a county in the W. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of about 500 square miles. 
 The Flint river forms its E. boundary, and it is 
 drained by White Oak, Red Oak, Beech, Cane, 
 and Flat Shoal creeks. The surface is gene- 
 rally undulating. The Pine mountains rise 
 W. from the Flint river, and afford much pic- 
 turesque scenery. Good soil is found, par- 
 ticularly on Flint river. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 Trheat, oats, and sweet potatoes are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 12,862 
 bales of cotton; 594,601 bushels of corn; 
 98,050 of oats ; and 116,791 of sweet potatoes. 
 It contained 21 churches, 360 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 134 attending other 
 schools. Small quantities of gold are found 
 in the N. part. This county is remarkable 
 for its medicinal springs, namely, the Warm 
 Springs, Sulphur Springs, Cold Springs, and 
 Chalybeate Springs. The Warm Springs dis- 
 charge 1400 gallons per minute, at the 
 temperature of 90 degrees. Fine bathing 
 houses have been erected at this place. Flat 
 Shoal creek furnishes valuable water-power. 
 Formed in 1827, and named in honor of David 
 Meriwether, formerly a member of Congress 
 from Georgia. Capital, Greenville. Popu- 
 lation, 16,476, of whom 8483 were free, and 
 7993, slaves. 
 
 MEKiwETHEE.apost-office of Baldwin CO. Ga. 
 
 Mermaid, a post-office of New Castle co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 Mermenteau River, Louisiana, is formed 
 by small branches, which unite on the S. W. 
 border of St. Landry parish. Flowing south- 
 westward, it enters the Gulf of Mexico at the 
 W. extremity of Vermilion parish. 
 
 Merom, a post-village of Sullivan co., In- 
 diana, on the Wabash river, about 33 miles S. 
 from Terre Haute. It was formerly the 
 county seat. 
 
 Merona, a post-village in McHenry co., 
 Illinois, 50 miles N. W from Chicago. 
 
 Merrell, a post-village of Greene co., Geor- 
 gia, on the Oconee river, about 28 miles N. 
 from Milledgeville. It has water-power, 
 which is employed in a cotton factory. Po- 
 pulation, 300. 
 
 Merkick, a post-office of Queen's co., N. Y. 
 
 Merrilsville, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 New York. 
 
 Merrillsville, a post-office of St. Clair co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Mekrilltown, a post-office of Travis co. Tex. 
 
 Merrillville, a post-office of Lake co. Ind. 
 
 Merrimack, an important river of New 
 England, is formed by the union of the 
 Pemigewasset and AVinnipisiogee rivers on 
 the borders of Belknap and Merrimack coun- 
 ties, in the S. central part of New Hampshire, 
 and after flowing in a general S. course for 
 about 78 miles into Massachusetts, turns to 
 2t 
 
 the N. E., and falls into the Atlantic a few 
 miles below Newburyport. Its whole course 
 is about 110 miles, flowing through a country 
 which, although tiot as picturesque as the 
 valley of the Connecticut, is still well worthy 
 of attention from the traveller. It is navi- 
 gable for vessels of 200 tons 15 miles to Ha- 
 verhill, and by means of the Middlesex canal, 
 and canals and locks around the falls, boats 
 may ascend to Concord, in New Hampshire. 
 
 Merrimac, of Missouri. See Maramec. 
 
 Merrimack, a county in the S. central part 
 of New Hampshire, has an area of about 900 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Mer- 
 rimack and watered by the Contoocook, Sun- 
 cook, and other smaller streams, affording 
 water-power. It contains numerous small 
 lakes or ponds. . The surface is uneven, 
 and in the N. part rough and mountain- 
 ous. Kearsarge mountain, and the Ragged 
 mountains are the principal elevations. The 
 soil is in most parts productive, and under 
 good cultivation. Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 231,610 bushels of corn; 500,051 
 of potatoes ; 82,003 tons of hay ; 790,950 
 pounds of butter, and 479,435 of cheese. 
 The quantity of corn was greater than that 
 produced by any other county in the state. 
 There were 9 woollen and 7 cotton factories, 
 3 foundries, 1 glass works, 8 flour mills, 77 
 manufactories of boots and shoes, 44 saw 
 mills, and 18 tanneries. It contained 79 
 churches, 5 newspaper offices ; 10,743 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 1,181 attending 
 other schools. By means of canals around 
 the falls, boats are enabled to ascend the 
 Merrimack river to Concord. The railroad 
 connecting Manchester with Bristol traverses 
 this county, which includes and is intersected 
 by numerous short lines centering in Concord. 
 Organized in 1823. Capital, Concord. Popu- 
 lation, 40,337. 
 
 Merrimack, a township of Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire, on both sides of the 
 Souhegan river, at its junction with the Mer- 
 rimack, and on the Nashua and Lowell rail- 
 road. Pop. 1685. 
 
 Merriman's Shop, a post-office of Prince 
 Edward co., Virginia, 96 miles W. S. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Merritt, a post-office of Barry co., Mich. 
 
 Meeeitt, a small town of Yolo co., Cal. 
 
 Merritt's Bridge, a post-office of Lexing- 
 ton district. South Carolina. 
 
 Meeritstown, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, 4 miles S. from Brownsvile. 
 
 Merrittsville, a post-village in Green- 
 ville district. South Carolina, 135 miles N. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Meeeow Station, a post-office of Tolland 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Mereyall, a post-office of Bradford co.,Pa. 
 
 Meeet Hill, a post-office of Bertie co., 
 North Carolina, 173 miles E. by N. from, 
 Raleigh. 
 
 689 
 
MER 
 
 MIA 
 
 Mt5BET MoTJNT, a post-ofBce of Warren co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Mekry Oaks, a post-oiSf e of Hamilton co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Merry Oaks, a post-oiEce of Barren co.,Ky. 
 
 Mershon's Cross Roads, a post-of&ce of 
 Laurel co., Kentucky. 
 
 Merton, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Waukesha co., Wisconsin. Population, 966. 
 . Mertztoatn, a small village of Berks co.. 
 Pa., 74 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Merwinsbueg, a post-office of Monroe CO. Pa. 
 
 Meshopen Creek, of Pennsylvania, falls 
 into the N. branch of the Susquehanna, in 
 Wyoming county. 
 
 Mesopotamia, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Trumbull county, Ohio. 
 Population, 959. 
 
 Messina Springs, a post-ofiice of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York. 
 
 Messongo, a post-office of Accomack CO., Va. 
 
 Metal, a township of Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, 13 miles W. N. W. from Cham- 
 bersburg. Population, 1221. 
 
 Metamora, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 Metamora, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Lapeer co., Michigan. Population, 821. 
 
 Metamora, a post-township in Franklin 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 865. 
 
 Metamora, a post-village, capital of Wood- 
 ford CO., Illinois, about 80 miles N. by E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Metamoras, a post-office of Pike co.. Pa. 
 
 Metea, a small post-village of Cass co., 
 Indiana, 10 miles N. by E. from Logansport. 
 
 Metetecunk, a small river in the E. part 
 of New -Jersey, is formed by the North and 
 South branches which rise in Monmouth 
 county, unite in Ocean county, and after a 
 course of 4 miles it enters the N. end of Bar- 
 negat bay. 
 
 METETECUNCK,apost-officeof Oceanco.,N.J. 
 
 Methuen, a manufacturing post-village of 
 Essex CO., Massachusetts, 30 miles N. by W. 
 from Boston, is situated near the Merrimack 
 river, on both sides of the Spicket, which here 
 has a fall of 36 feet, affording excellent water- 
 power, and on the Manchester and Lawrence 
 railroad. The principal articles produced 
 are cotton goods, boots and shoes, hats, and 
 leather. About 1,000,000 yards of twilled 
 goods and tickings, and 2,000,000 bricks are 
 annually made. Pop. of the township, 2543. 
 
 Metomen, a post-village of Fond du Lac co., 
 Wis., in a township of its own name, 20 miles 
 W. by S. from Fond du Lac, has 2 churches 
 and 2 mills. Pop., 250; of the township, 720. 
 
 Metompkin, post-office of Accomack co., Va. 
 
 Metropolis City, a post-village, capital 
 of Massac co., Illinois, on the Ohio river, 36 
 miles from its mouth, and 214 miles S. by E. 
 from Springfield. Two newspapers arc pub- 
 lished here. Population, about 600. 
 
 Mets, a post-office of Steuben co., Ind. 
 
 Metiiciien, a post-office of Middlesex co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 690 
 
 Mexico, a post-township of Oxford county, 
 Maine, on the left bank of the Androscoggin 
 river, about 38 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 482. 
 
 Mexico, a post-township of Oswego Co., 
 New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop., 4221. 
 
 Mexico, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Salmon creek, about 35 miles N. 
 from Syracuse. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 an academy, and several mills. Population, 
 over 500; 
 
 Mexico, a post-village of Juniata co., Pa., 
 on the Juniata river and canal, 42 miles N. 
 W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Mexico, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ala. 
 
 Mexico, a post-village of Wyandot co., 
 Ohio, on the Sandusky river, 78 miles N. by 
 W. from Columbus. 
 
 Mexico, a small post- village of Miami co., 
 Indiana, on the plank-road from Peru to 
 Rochester, 5 miles N. N. W. from the former. 
 
 Mexico, a small post-village, capital of 
 Audrain co., Missouri, on a fork of Salt river, 
 50 miles N. N. E. from Jefferson city, contains 
 a few stores and dwellings, and about 100 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Mexico, Gulf of. See United States. 
 
 Meyer's Mill, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Meyerstown. See Myeestown. 
 
 Meyersville, a post-office of De Witt co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Miami river, Ohio, rises in Hardin county, 
 in the N. W. central part of the state. Its 
 general course is nearly S. W., and after pass- 
 ing Troy, Dayton, and Hamilton, it empties 
 itself into the Ohio river at the S. W. extremity 
 of the state, about 20 miles below Cincinnati. 
 Its principal tributaries are the West branch, 
 the Mad river, and the Whitewater river. Its 
 length is computed at about 150 miles. It is a 
 beautiful and rapid stream, flowing through 
 a highly productive and populous valley or 
 plain, in which limestone and hard timber 
 are abundant. The Miami canal follows the 
 course of the river for about 70 miles. The 
 river and canal furnish extensive water- 
 power. 
 
 Miami, a county in the W. part of Ohio, 
 contains about 400 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Miami river, bj"^ the West branch 
 of that river, and also drained b}' Gi-eenville 
 and Panther creeks. The surface of the 
 eastern part is rolling, and that of the west- 
 ern part more level. The soil is rich and 
 under good cultivation. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, butter, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,129,466 bushels of corn ; 222,122 of wheat; 
 163,987 of oats; 11,057 tons of hay, and 
 491,676 pounds of butter. It contained 43 
 churches, 7 newspaper offices; 10,579 pupils 
 attending public schools. The county con- 
 tains an abundance of excellent limestone. 
 It is copiously supplied with water-power, and 
 is intersected by the Miami and Erie canal. 
 
MIA 
 
 MIC 
 
 One or two railroads are in course of con- 
 struction through this county. Capital, 
 Troy. Topulation, 24,996. 
 
 Miami, a county in the N. central part of 
 Indiana, contains 384 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Wabash and Eel rivers. 
 The surface is hilly near the rivers, and 
 almost level in other parts. The soil is fer- 
 tile. Wheat, corn, oats, pork, and beef are 
 the principal articles of export. In 1850 this 
 county produced 548,338 bushels of corn; 
 114,454 of wheat; 29,569 of oats, and 3701 
 tons of hay. It contained 12 churches, 1 
 newspaper office ; 2500 pupils attending pub- 
 lic scliools, and 170 attending other schools. 
 The Wabash and Erie canal passes through 
 the county, and a railroad is in course of 
 construction from Indianapolis to Peru. Capi- 
 tal, Peru. Population, 11,304. 
 
 Miami, a post-village of Dade county, Flo- 
 rida, on Key Eiscayne bay, at Cape Florida. 
 A lighthouse has been erected, and a com- 
 pany of United States troops stationed here. 
 It is considered a desirable winter residence 
 for invalids. 
 
 Miami, a towniship in Clermont county, 
 Ohio. Population, 2690. 
 
 Miami, a township in the N. part of Greene 
 county, Ohio, intersected by the Mad river 
 and Lake Erie railroad. Population, 1865. 
 
 Miami, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity cf Hamilton county, Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Miami river. Pop., 1556. 
 
 Miami, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Logan cc, Ohio. Pop., 775. 
 
 Miami, a township in the S. part of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Ohio, intersected by the Miami 
 river, the Ohio canal, and the railroad con- 
 necting Dayton with Hamilton. Pop., 3456. 
 
 Miami, a post village of Miami co., Indiana, 
 on the Peru and Indianapolis railroad, 10 
 miles S. from Peru. 
 
 Miami, a post-office of Saline co.. Mo. 
 
 MiAMisBrEG, a flourishing post-village of 
 Miami township, Montgomery county, Ohio, 
 on the Miami river and canal, 10 miles be- 
 low Dayton, with which it is connected by 
 railroad. The village is neatly built in the 
 midst of a rich and populous neighborhood. 
 The river affords extensive water-power, and 
 is crossed by a covered bridge, Miamisburg 
 contains 3 or 4 churches, 1 cotton factory, 
 1 woollen factory, and 1 iron foundry. About 
 one mile from the town is a remarkable 
 mound of a conical form, 67 feet high. It 
 is the largest one in the northern states, ex- 
 cept the Mammoth Mound at Grave creek, be- 
 low Wheeling. 
 
 MiAJiisviLLE, a post-ofSce of Clermont co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 MiAMiTOWN, a post-village of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, on the Miami river, 14 miles W. N. W. 
 from Cincinnati, contains several hundred in- 
 habitants. 
 
 MiANUs, a post-office of Fairfield co., Ct. 
 
 MiCAJJOPY, a post-oiEce of Alachua co., Fla. 
 
 MiccosuKBE, a post-oiBce of Leon co., Fla. 
 
 MicHAELViLLE, a post-villagc in Harford 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 MiCHESEBEE, a Small river of Saginaw co., 
 Michigan, tiows into the Shiawassee 1 J miles 
 from its junction with the Flint. 
 
 MiCHETTEE, a township in Martin co., In- 
 diana. Population, 953. 
 
 Michigan, one of the five great Lakes of 
 North America, connected with the St. Law- 
 rence river, situated between 41° 30' and 46° 
 N. lat., and between 85° 50' and 88° W. Ion. 
 It is the largest lake that is wholly included 
 within the United States. The principal por- 
 tion lies between the state of Michigan on 
 the E. and Illinois and Wisconsin on the W.; 
 but the N. E. extremity, to the extent of 
 about 100 miles, is comprised within the 
 state of Michigan. Its length, following 
 the curve, is near 350 miles ; its greatest 
 breadth, about 90 miles. The surface of the 
 lake is about 600 feet above the level of the 
 sea ; the depth is stated to be 900 feet ; some 
 have estimated its mean depth as high as 
 1000 feet ; area estimated at 20,000 square 
 miles. The shore of the lake is generally 
 low, being formed of limestone, rock, clay, or 
 sand. It never has high cliffs, like those on 
 the upper part of the Mississippi river. In 
 accordance with the spirit of the age, the 
 lake appears to be moving westward, as the 
 water is constantly, though slowly, receding 
 from the Michigan shore, and encroaching 
 upon that of Wisconsin. On the E. shore, 
 the sand thrown up by the waves during a 
 heavy sea soon becomes dry, and is carried in- 
 land by the action of the winds. This loose 
 sand forms hills ranging in height from 10 to 
 150 feet, the forms of which are constantly 
 changing. (See Laphan's Gazetteer of Wis- 
 consin, p. 132-3.) Lake Michigan is destitute 
 of islands, except a few near its N. E. ex- 
 tremity. It is usually clear of ice about 
 the middle or latter part of March ; but as 
 the straits of Mackinaw remain frozen con- 
 siderably later, steamers from the E. seldom 
 reach Milwaukee before the middle of April, 
 and they are sometimes prevented by the ice 
 from arriving before the middle of May. 
 Lake Michigan has but few bays on its 
 shores, and fewer good harbors. Among the 
 latter may be mentioned Little Traverse bay, 
 in the N. part of the Lower Peninsula, and 
 Grand Haven, at the mouth of Grand river, 
 in Ottawa county, Michigan. Green bay, 
 lying principally within the limits of Wis- 
 consin, is the only considerable bay on Lake 
 Michigan. See Geeen Bay. 
 
 Michigan, one of the more recently set- 
 tled of the North-Western States, occupies 
 two peninsulas, the southern one lying be- 
 tween Lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Huron on 
 the E., and Lake Michigan on the W. ; and 
 the northern between Lakes Michigan and 
 Huron on the S., and Lake Superior on the 
 N. The whole is bounded N. by Lake Su- 
 
 691 
 
MIC 
 
 MIC 
 
 perior, E. by the straits of St. Mary, Lake 
 Huron, St. Clair river and lake, Detroit river 
 and Lake Erie, (all which separate it from 
 Canada West,) on the S. by Ohio and Indi- 
 ana, and on the W. by Lake Michigan and 
 Wisconsin, from the latter of which it is 
 partly separated by the Menomonee and 
 Montreal rivers. Michigan lies between 41° 
 40' and 47° 30' N. lat., (if we exclude Isle 
 Royale, a dependency of this state,) and be- 
 tween 8li° 12' and 90° 30' W. Ion. The north- 
 ern peninsula is about 320 miles in extreme 
 length from S. E. to N. W., and 130 in its 
 greatest breadth, and the southern about 283 
 from N. to S., and 210 from E. to W. in its 
 greatest width. The joint area of the two pe- 
 ninsulas is 56,243 square miles, or 35,595,520 
 acres, of which only 1,923,582 were improved 
 in 1850. About two-fifths of the area is in- 
 cluded in the northern peninsula. 
 
 Population. — Though originally settled by 
 the French, the great bulk of the population 
 is from the New England and Middle States. 
 A large portion of the latter is of New Eng- 
 land descent. The number of inhabitants in 
 Michigan in 1810, was 4762; 8896 in 1820; 
 31,639 in 1830 ; 212,267 in 1840, and 897,654 
 in 1850, of whom 208,471 were white males, 
 186,626 white females ; 1412 colored males, 
 and 1145 colored females. There were also 
 72,611 families, occupying 71,616 dwellings. 
 Of the entire population, 140,648 were born 
 in the state, 200,943 in other states of the 
 Union, 10,620 in England, 13,430 in Ireland, 
 2448 in Wales, 14,008 in British America, 
 10,070 in Germany, 945 in France, 3291 in 
 other countries, and 1211 whose places of 
 birth were unknown, making about 12 per 
 cent, of the population of foreign birth. In 
 the twelve months preceding June 1st, 1850, 
 1190 paupers received aid, of whom 541 were 
 foreigners, and in the same period there were 
 4520 deaths, or about 12 in every one thou- 
 sand persons. Of 122 deaf and dumb, 1 was 
 a colored person ; of 122 blind, none were 
 colored ; of 136 insane, 1 was colored, and of 
 190 idiotic, 8 were colored. 
 
 Comities. — Michigan is divided into 64 or- 
 ganized counties, viz. Allegan, Barry, Berrien, 
 Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Chippewa, Clinton, 
 Eaton, Gennessee, Hillsdale, Houghton, Hu- 
 ron, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent, 
 Lapeer, Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb, Mar- 
 quette, Mackinaw, Mason, Midland, Mont- 
 calm, Monroe, Newago, Oakland, Oceana, 
 Ontonagon, Ottawa, Saginaw, Sanilac, St. 
 Clair, St. Joseph, Schoolcraft, Shiawassee, 
 Tuscola, Van Buren, Washtenaw, Wayne, be- 
 sides 21 unorganized counties. Capital, 
 Lansing. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The towns of this state 
 exhibit the same rapid growth which is so 
 wonderful a characteristic of the Western 
 States generally. Detroit, the largest town in 
 the state, had, in 1850, a population of 21,01 9. 
 The other principal towns are Ann Arbor, 
 692 
 
 population, 4868; Jackson, 4147; Flint, 3304; 
 Grand Rapids, 3147 ; Ypsilante, 3051 ; 
 Adrian, 3006 ; Marshall, 2822 ; Pontiac, 
 2820; Monroe City, 2813; Tecumseh, 2079; 
 Kalamazoo, 2507; Coldwater, 2166; and 
 Clinton, 2130. These populations, as in New 
 England, sometimes include the townships. 
 
 Face of the Country, Geology, and3Iinerals. — 
 The southern peninsula of Michigan, so in- 
 teresting in its agricultural and economical 
 aspects, is rather tame in its topographical 
 features, as there is no considerable elevation 
 (compared with the country immediately 
 around it) within its whole extent, though 
 the ridge which divides the waters flowing 
 into Lakes Huron and Erie from those flowing 
 into Lake Michigan, is 300 feet above the 
 level of the lakes, and about 1000 above the 
 sea. The country, however, may be gene- 
 rally characterized as a vast undulating 
 plain, seldom becoming rough or broken. 
 There are occasional conical elevations of 
 from 150 to 200 feet in height, but generally 
 much less. The shores of Lake Huron are 
 often steep, forming bluffs ; while those of 
 Lake Michigan are coasted by shifting sand- 
 hills of from 100 to 200 feet in height. In 
 the southern part are those natural parks, 
 thinly scattered over with trees, called in 
 the parlance of the country "oak openings;" 
 and in the S. W. are rich prairie lands. The 
 northern peninsula exhibits a striking con- 
 trast, both in soil and surface, to the southern. 
 While the latter is level or moderately undu- 
 lating, and luxuriantly fertile, the former is 
 picturesque, rugged, and even mountainous, 
 with streams abounding in rapids and water- 
 falls — rich in minerals, but rigorous in cli- 
 mate, and sterile in soil. The AVisconsin or 
 Porcupine mountains, which form the water- 
 shed between Lakes Michigan and Superior, 
 are much nearer the latter than the former, 
 and attain an elevation of about 2000 feet in 
 the N. W. portion of the peninsula. The E. part 
 of this division of the state is undulating and 
 picturesque, but the central hilly, and com- 
 posed of table-land. The shores of Lake Su- 
 perior are composed of a sandstone rock, 
 which in many places is worn by the action 
 of the wind and waves into fancied resem- 
 blances of castles, &c., forming the celebrated 
 Pictured Rocks ; while the shores of Lake 
 Michigan are composed of a limestone rock. 
 The streams on the northern slope of the 
 Porcupine mountains have a rapid descent, 
 and abound in picturesque falls and rapids. 
 The north peninsula is primitive, and the 
 southern secondary; but primitive rocks are 
 scattered over the plains of the latter of 
 more than 100 tons weight, most abundant 
 on the borders of the great lakes, on the 
 flanks of valleys, and where traces of recent 
 floods are apparent. 
 
 Michigan, in its northern peninsula, pos- 
 sesses probably the richest copper mines in 
 the world. A block of almost pure copper, 
 
MIC 
 
 MIC 
 
 ■weighing some tons, and bearing tlie arms of 
 the state, rests imbedded in the walls of the 
 National Monument at Washington. The 
 region fi-om which this block was taken lies 
 on the shores of Lake Superior, near the 
 mouth of the Ontonagon river. The same 
 mineral abounds in Isle Royale, near the 
 N. shore of Lake Superior. Iron, said to 
 be of a very superior quality, is found in a 
 district about 60 miles S. E. of the great cop- 
 per region, as well as in some other parts of 
 Michigan. The other minerals known to 
 exist in this state, whose mineral resources 
 are very imperfectly developed as yet, are 
 lead, gypsum, peat, limestone, marl, and 
 some coal. An excellent sand for the manu- 
 facture of the finer kinds of glass-ware is 
 found on the shores of Lake Michigan as 
 well as Lake Erie. The copper mines in the 
 northern peninsula are estimated to have 
 produced within the past year, (March, 1853,) 
 nearly 4000 tons of copper, worth, on the sea- 
 board, $1,500,000. Great activity prevails 
 in the mining region this year ; new dis- 
 coveries are being made, an increased num- 
 ber of hands employed, and additional ma- 
 chinery erected. A mass of copper, weighing 
 5072 pounds, sent from Michigan, is now 
 (1853) exhibited at the World's Fair in New 
 York. 
 
 Lakes, Rivers, and Islands. — Michigan is 
 fairly entitled to the soubriquet of "The 
 Lake State," surrounded as it is by the largest 
 fresh water lakes on the globe. The sea- 
 like Superior laves the shores of the north- 
 ern peninsula for more than 350 miles, with 
 its stormy waves, while Lake Michigan 
 washes the western shore of the southern 
 peninsula for nearly the same distance. 
 Lake Huron, the N. E., for 300; and Lakes 
 Erie and St. Clair, the S. E., for about 40 
 and 30 miles respectively ; giving to Michi- 
 gan a lake coast of considerably more than 
 1000 miles. The small lake, St. Clair, lies 
 about midway between Lakes Huron and 
 Erie, with which it communicates by the 
 straits (commonly called rivers) St. Clair and 
 Detroit, each about 25 miles in length. 
 There are a number of small lakes in Michi- 
 gan of no importance to navigation, which 
 yet add to the general picturesqueness of 
 the state. The straits of Mackinaw (for- 
 merly written Michilimackinac) separate the 
 southern from the northern peninsula, and 
 connect the waters of Lakes Michigan and 
 Huron by a navigable channel. Finally, the 
 straits of St. Mary unite the waters of Lake 
 Huron with Lake Superior, but here unfor- 
 tunately occurs a bar to the navigation, in 
 a rapid called the Sault St. Mary, which has 
 a descent of about 22 feet in half a mile. 
 A ship-canal is now being excavated, which 
 it is expected will soon enable vessels to sur- 
 mount this impediment. The rivers of Michi- 
 gan are not large; the most important in the 
 southern peninsula, on the W., (commencing 
 
 at the S.,) are the St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, 
 Grand, Maskegon, and Manistee, all empty- 
 ing into Lake Michigan ; and on the E. are 
 the Au Sable and Saginaw, flowing into 
 Lake Huron, and the Huron and P,.aisin, dis- 
 charging their waters into Lake Erie. The 
 Saginaw is formed by a number of branches, 
 proceeding from almost every point of the 
 compiass. The rivers of the northern penin- 
 sula are also small, and, as has been before 
 stated, those descending into Lake Superior 
 have short and rapid courses, obstructed by 
 frequent falls and rapids, which oppose navi- 
 gation, but furnish valuable mill-sites. The 
 principal rivers in this section are, the Me- 
 nomonee, Montreal, and Ontonagon. The 
 Menomonee, forming part of the boundary be- 
 tween Wisconsin and Michigan through the 
 greater part of its course, empties itself into 
 Green bay. The Montreal also forms a por- 
 tion of the same boundary, but discharge^ 
 its waters into Lake Superior, as does the 
 Ontonagon, about 50 miles farther E. Ke- 
 weenaw bay, on the northern peninsula, 
 opens into Lake Superior; and Green bay, in 
 the S. W. of the same peninsula, opens into 
 Lake Michigan. This bay is partly in Wis- 
 consin. Great and Little Traverse bays pro- 
 ject from Lake Michigan into the N. W. of 
 the southern peninsula, and Thunder and 
 Saginaw bays, from Lake Huron, extend into 
 the N. E. of the same peninsula. The St. 
 Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, and Maskegon 
 have courses of from 200 to 300 miles, and 
 are navigable from 40 to 50 miles for vessels 
 of light draught. There are several small 
 islands belonging to Michigan. The most 
 important of these are Isle Royale, in Lake 
 Superior, valuable for its copper mines ; and 
 Mackinaw, Beaver, Bois Blanc, and Drum- 
 mond islands, in and near the straits of 
 Mackinaw. 
 
 Animals. — The wild animals of Michigan 
 are the wolverine, black bear, wolf, elk, deer, 
 moose, lynx, wildcat, panther, fox, martin, 
 raccoon, porcupine, opossum, weasel, skunk, 
 gopher, squirrel, marmot, rabbit, hare, with 
 some beavers, otters, muskrats, and minx. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The island 
 of Mackinaw, in the straits of the same name, 
 already visited for its picturesqite beauty, 
 may probably become the future Newport of 
 the North-western States. In addition to its 
 bold shores, rising to a height of nearly 200 
 feet perpendicularly above the water, and 
 the charm of its picturesque views and cool 
 breezes, it has the accompaniment of fine 
 fishing in its vicinity ; and the pleasant ex- 
 cursions to Sault St. Mary, to angle for the 
 far-famed white fish, to tempt the sportsman 
 and epicure to while awa.y a summer vaca- 
 tion in this vicinity. About 60 miles W. of 
 the entrance of the strait St. Marie, are the 
 celebrated "Pictured Piocks," composed of 
 sandstone of various colors, and worn by the 
 action of the wind and waves into resem- 
 
 6'J3 
 
MIC 
 
 MIC 
 
 blaiices of ruined temples, castles, &c. One 
 peculiarly sticking object, called the Doric 
 Kock, is a coloiiade of four rouud pillars, of 
 from about 3 to 7 feet in diameter, and 40 
 feet in height, supporting an entablature, 8 
 feet thick and 30 feet across. These rocks 
 extend for about 12 miles, and rise about 
 300 feet above the ■water. Sometimes cas- 
 cades shoot over the precipice, so that yes- 
 sels can sail between them and the natural 
 ■wall of rock. On laying out the track for a 
 railway across the state from Detroit, the 
 engineers encountered a singular lake, cover- 
 ed with an accumulation of vegetable mat- 
 ter—the gro^wth of ages — but concealing be- 
 neath a deep and dangerous, though not ex- 
 tensive lake, which made it necessary to 
 make a detour from the road. 
 
 Climate., Soil, and Productions. —^oiy^'ii^- 
 standing the severity of the climate in Michi- 
 gan, it is moderated by its proximity to the 
 lakes ; yet the temperature of the northern 
 peninsula is quite rigorous. A registry kept 
 at Fort Brady, in January, 1825, showed a 
 range of 61° between 30° above and 25° 
 below zero, ■with prevailing ■winds S. E. ; 
 ■while in July, of the same year, the range 
 was from 51° to 89°, and 'winds mostly W. 
 Average for the year 43-52 ; maximun, 89° ; 
 minimum, 25° ; range, 114° ; prevailing 
 ■winds W ; fair days, 162 ; cloudy, 43 ; rainy, 
 95, and sno'wy, 65. The temperature of 
 southern Michigan is milder than the same 
 parallel in the Eastern states. Observations 
 kept at Detroit, in January, 1828, sho^wed a 
 range of from 3° belo^w to 60° above zero ; 
 averaging 83° for the month, prevailing 
 ■winds S. W. The northern peninsula is fa- 
 vorable to ■winter grains, but not to Indian 
 corn ; ■while the southern produces maize as 
 ■well as the winter grains abundantly. The 
 prevailing diseases are bilious fevers, ague, 
 and dysentery ; consumption is rare. 
 
 Great fertility is the characteristic of most 
 of the soil in the middle and S. of the lower 
 peninsula ; mostly free from stone, and of a 
 deep, dark sandy loam, often mingled with 
 gravel and clay. The northern peninsula has 
 a large portion of rugged and poor soil, but 
 its-agricultural capabilities are not yet well 
 developed. Portions of it are well timbered 
 with white pine, spruce, hemlock, birch, oak, 
 aspen, m.aple, ash, and elm. As the wants of 
 the advancing settlements increase the de- 
 mand, this region can furnish large sujjplies of 
 lumber from its forests of pine, spruce, &c., 
 manufactured at the fine mill-sites aiforded 
 by the rapid streams on the Superior slope 
 of the Porcupine mountains. Much of 
 southern Micliigan is occupied by those 
 beautiful and fertile natural lawns, called 
 oak openings, covered with scattered trees, 
 and free from underwood. Another portion 
 is prairie, and yet another timbered land, 
 covered with black and white walnut, sugar 
 maple, difl'ereut species of oaks, hickory, ash, 
 694 
 
 basswood, soft maple, elm, li^iiden, locust, 
 dogwood, poplar, beech, aspen, sycamore, 
 Cottonwood, cherry, pine, hemlock, spruce, 
 tamarack, cypress, cedar, chestnut, ]oapaw, 
 &c. The prairies are small, and divided into 
 wet and dry, the latter of course being some- 
 what elevated. The N. W. of the lower 
 peninsula is but little known, but recent 
 letters from that region represent it as well 
 timbered, well watered, and fertile ; it, how- 
 ever, has an uninviting aspect from the 
 lakes. On the shores of Lake Huron, near 
 Saginaw bay, is a marshy district. Michi- 
 gan is eminently an agricultural state ; the 
 staple products being wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, Irish potatoes, (for which it is espe- 
 cially favorable,) butter, hay, maple sugar, 
 wool, and live stock, with large quantities of 
 buckwheat, rj'e, peas, beans, barley, fruits, 
 cheese, beeswax, and honey ; and some to- 
 bacco, sweet potatoes, wine, grass seeds, 
 hops, flax, silk, and molasses. In 1850 
 there were 34,089 farms in Michigan, con- 
 taining 1,929,110 acres of improved land, 
 (being about 60 acres to each farm,) pro- 
 ducing 5,641,420 bushels of Indian corn; 
 4,925,889 of wheat; 2,866,056 of oats; 
 2,359,897 of Irish potatoes; 472,917 of buck- 
 wheat; 2,043,283 pounds of wool; 7,065,878 
 of butter; 1,011,492 of cheese ; 2,439,794 of 
 maple sugar; 404,934 tons of hay, and live 
 stock to the value of $8,008,734; market 
 products, §14,788; orchard, $132,650, and 
 slaughtered animals, $1,328,327. 
 
 Manufactures. — In common with the other 
 more recently settled states, Michigan has 
 not yet had leisure to give much attention 
 to the development of her manufactui-ing 
 resources. In 1850 there were in the state, 
 1,979 manufacturing establishments each 
 producing $500 and upwards annually, of 
 which 15 were engaged in woollen manu- 
 factures, employing $94,000 capital, and 78 
 male and 51 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $43,402, and producing 
 141,570 yards of stuffs worth $90,242; 64 
 forges, furnaces, &c. employing $210,450 
 capital, and 362 male hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $105,865, and producing 
 5430 tons of castings, pig iron, &c. valued at 
 $300,697; $139,425 capital, and 98 hands 
 were employed in the manufacture of 10,320 
 barrels of ale, porter, &c., and 890,900 gal- 
 lons of whiskey, wine, &c. ; and 60 tanneries, 
 employing $286,000 capital, consuming raw 
 material worth $203,450, and producing 
 manufactured leather valued at $363,980; 
 domestic manufactures were fabricated worth 
 $354,936. 
 
 Internal Improvemenis. — This youthful state 
 has made rapid advances in internal commu- 
 nication, although she has been provided by 
 nature with an excellent and cheap highway 
 to nearly all her boi'ders, in the inland seas 
 which surround her. In .Tanuarv, 1S53, she 
 had 474 miles of railroad completed, which 
 
MIC 
 
 MIC 
 
 connect Detroit nnd Munroe with Chicago, 
 Illinois, nnd various interior towns in Michi- 
 gan. Detroit is also connected with Pontiac, 
 and Adrian with Toledo, Ohio. A portion of 
 the Southern railroad leaves Michigan, and 
 passes into Indiana, about 40 miles E. of 
 Lake Michigan. A contract has been en- 
 tered upon (1853) for constructing a ship- 
 canal round the rapids on St. Mary's river, to 
 connect Lnkes Superior and Huron, and to be 
 completed in 1855. This work, when in ope- 
 ration, must add greatly to the commercial 
 importance of Michigan, and enhance the 
 value of the copper, iron, and lead mines on 
 the shores of Lake Superior. 
 
 Commrrce. — Michigan, surrounded as it is 
 by inland seas, is most favorably situated 
 for internal trade, and trade with British 
 America. Her foreign commerce is, how- 
 ever, small, and only amounted, in 1851-2, in 
 imports, to $191,976, and exports $145,152; 
 tonnage entered for the same year, 66,041 ; 
 cleared, 69,981; owned, 46,318-12, of which 
 24,681-73 was steam tonnage; number of 
 vessels built, 16, ivith a tonnage of 2639-00. 
 In the spring of 1853 there were owned at 
 Detroit and Mackinaw, 56 steamers, with a 
 tonnage of 17,925. The lake trade of 1851 
 has been stated at, imports, $5,330,609, and 
 exports, S5, 790,860. Wheat and other grain, 
 flour, pork, live stock, wool, and copper are 
 among the leading articles of export. 
 
 Education. — On the subject of education, 
 Michigan is largely imbued with the opinion 
 of New England, (from whence so many of 
 her sons derive their origin,) that republican 
 government and common school education 
 must proceed or fall together. Her school 
 fund, in 1852, was $575,668; in addition 
 to which, is a fund called the University 
 Fund, of $100,000. In 1850, $42,794 were 
 apportioned among the schools, and $81,392 
 raised by taxation for their support, besides 
 $46,797 raised for buildings, &c. During 
 the same year, 132,234 pupils attended the 
 schools, of whom 125,866 were educated from 
 the public funds. There is a state normal 
 school, at Ypsilanti, about going into opera- 
 tion, for the education of teachers, under the 
 control of aboard of six persons appointed by 
 the legislature. The township libraries, 
 in 1850, numbered on their shelves 84,823 
 volumes. 
 
 Religion. — Of the 362 churches in Michigan, 
 in 1850, the Methodists owned 103, the Pres- 
 byterians 67, Baptists 58, Roman Catholics 
 42, Congregationalists 29, Episcopalians 25, 
 and Lutherans 12 ; the rest belong to Friends, 
 Christians, Dutch Reformed, Free Church, 
 Moravians, Union Church, Universalists, Ma- 
 riners, and some others, giving one church to 
 every 1098 persons. Value of church property 
 $723,200.— See Table of Religions, Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — Provision has recently 
 been made for the establishment of asylums 
 for the deaf, dumb, blind, and insane, which 
 
 are now in course of construction. The 
 former at Flint, and the latter (the insane) 
 at Kalamazoo. An additional appropriation 
 of $20,000 was made in favor of these insti- 
 tiitions in 1853. They are under the control 
 of a board of 5 trustees, appointed by the 
 legislature. The state prison is at Jackson, 
 and had 131 inmates in November, 1850, of 
 whom 115 were white, and 16 colored ; 94 
 could read and write, 34 read only, 3 could 
 neither read or write, and 19 learned to read 
 in prison ; 86 were natives, and 45 foreigners. 
 The income during the year was $10,700, 
 and expenditure $16,736, leaving nearly 
 $6000 to be paid by the state. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^'c. — The governor 
 and lieutenant-governor of Michigan are 
 each elected by the people for two years ; 
 the former receiving a salary of $1500 per 
 annum, and the latter, who is ex-officio pre- 
 sident of the senate, $6 per diem, during the 
 sessions of the legislature. The senate con- 
 sists of 32, and the house of representatives 
 of 66 members — both elected by the people 
 for two years. The state sends 4 members 
 to the national house of representatives, and 
 casts 6 electoral votes for president of the 
 United States. The judiciary consists of a 
 supreme court, composed of 8 circuits, pre- 
 sided over by one chief, and seven associate 
 judges. The assessed value of property in 
 Michigan, in 1850, was $30,877,223 ; public 
 debt, November 30, 1852, $2,307,850.19; 
 school fund $500,000 ; other productive pro- 
 perty $628,000 ; expenses, exclusive of debt 
 and schools, about $125,000 a year; total 
 expenses for 1852, $431,918.87, and receipts 
 $451,082.97. In January, 1853, the banking 
 capital of the state was $665,803, circula- 
 tion $861,140, and $197,294.92 in coin. 
 
 History. — Michigan was colonized by the 
 French near Detroit in the latter half of the 
 seventeenth century, and also at Mackinaw; 
 but like other French colonies in America, 
 did not progress rapidly. At the peace of 
 1763 it came, with the other French pos- 
 sessions in North America, under the domi- 
 nion of Great Britain, and so remained till 
 the breaking out of the American Revolution, 
 when it of course came into the hands of the 
 United States. On the expulsion of the 
 French, the celebrated Indian chief, Pontiac, 
 seized the occasion to rid the country of the 
 hated whites, by a general uprising, and 
 simultaneous attacks on all the forts of the 
 English on the lakes. Mackinaw was taken 
 by stratagem, and the garrison mercilessly 
 butchered. Detroit was besieged for some 
 months by Pontiac with 600 Indians ; but it 
 held out till the Indian allies, becoming 
 weary of the siege, retired, and left Pontiac 
 no choice but to make peace. The British 
 did not surrender Detroit to the United States 
 till 1796. In 1805, Michigan, which up to 
 that period had been a part of the North-west 
 territory, was formed into a separate govern^ 
 
 695 
 
MIC 
 
 ment. In 1812 it became the scene of some 
 stirring events in the war with Great Britain. 
 Lying contiguous to Canada, it was invaded 
 in the very commencement of that struggle, 
 and its capital (Detroit) surrendered, August 
 15, 1812, by General Hull, under circum- 
 stances which led to his displacement from 
 his command. Previous to this, Fort Macki- 
 naw had been taken by the enemy. At 
 Frenchtown, in this state, occurred (January 
 22, 1813) a cruel massacre by the savages, of 
 a party of Americans, prisoners of war. 
 General Harrison soon after drove the enemy 
 out of the territory of Michigan, and re- 
 moved the seat of war into Canada. Michi- 
 gan became an independent member of the 
 American confederacy in 1837, and has since 
 been rapidly progressing in population, 
 wealth, and internal improvements. 
 
 Michigan, a township in Clinton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 844. 
 
 Michigan, a township in La Porte co., In- 
 diana. Population, 163. 
 
 Michigan Centee, a post-village of Jack- 
 son CO., Michigan, on the Central railroad, 
 70 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Michigan City, a post-village of La Porte 
 county, Indiana, on Lake Michigan, about 
 40 miles by water E. S. E. from Chicago. 
 The Michigan Central railroad passes through 
 it, and several plank-roads terminate here. It 
 contains a branch of the state bank, a news- 
 paper office, and numerous stores. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 1002; in 1853, 2853. 
 
 MiciiiGANTOWN, a thriving post-village of 
 Clinton co., Indiana, on the Slichigan (plank) 
 road, 40 miles N. from Indianapolis. Popu- 
 lation, about 300. 
 
 MicHiLiMACKiNAc, sometimes written Mac- 
 kinac, a county of Michigan, in the E. part 
 of the upper peninsula, borders on Lake 
 Michigan and the straits of Mackinac, which 
 separate it from the lower peninsula. The 
 surface is uneven, and is timbered with pine 
 and other trees. Lumber is the chief article 
 of export. In 1850 the county produced 814 
 tons of hay, and 19,640 bushels of potatoes. 
 It contained 16 churches, and 348 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Mackinac. 
 Population, including 21 unorganized coun- 
 ties, 3598. 
 
 MiCHiLiMACKiNAC, DISTRICT OF. The ship- 
 ping of this district, June 30th, 1852, amounted 
 to an aggregate of 2392-||- tons enrolled and 
 licensed, of which 561^;^ tons were employed 
 in steam navigation. During the year 6 ves- 
 sels, with an aggregate burthen of 351 gf 
 tons, were admeasured. 
 
 MiDBRiDGE, a post-office of Giles co., Tenn. 
 
 Middle, a township of Cape May county, 
 New Jersey, about 52 miles S. E. from Salem, 
 extends entirely across the county, bordering 
 ou both Delaware bay and Atlantic ocean. 
 Population, 1854. 
 
 MiDDLEBOBOUGH, a post-township of Ply- 
 luouth county, Massachusetts, on the left 
 696' 
 
 MID 
 
 bank of Taunton river, about 40 miles S. by 
 E. from Boston, contains an important ma- 
 nufacturing village of its own name, which 
 is situated on the Fall River railroad, at its 
 junction with Cape Cod railroad. Pop., 5336. 
 
 MiDDLEBOUKNE, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Tyler county, Virginia, on Middle 
 Island creek, 45 miles S. by W. from AVheel- 
 ing. It has a turnpike leading to the Ohio 
 liver, and contains a flouring mill. 
 
 MiDDLEBOUENE, a post-village of Guernsey 
 CO., Ohio, on the national road, 91 miles E. 
 by N. from Columbus. It has 2 or 3 churches, 
 and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Middle Beanch, a post-office of Stark co.,0. 
 
 MiDDLEBEOOK, a post-offico of Orange co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 MiDDLEBEOOK, N. J. See Bound Beook. 
 
 MiDDLEBEOOK, a post-villagc of Augusta 
 CO., Virginia, 10 fiiiles S. W. from Staunton. 
 It contains a church, and about 60 dwellings. 
 
 MiDDLEBEOOK MiLLS, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Maryland. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a post-towusliip in the E. 
 part of Schoharie co.. New York. Pop., 2967. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Schoharie creek, 35 miles W. 
 from Albany. It has several churches. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a Small village of Franklin 
 county, Pennsylvania ; stands on the south 
 line of the state, 63 miles S. W. from Harris- 
 burg. It contains about 250 inhabitants. 
 The Franklin railroad passes through it. 
 
 MiDDDLEBUEG, a Small village of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, Called also SWINEFOEDSTOWN, 
 
 a post-village of Union co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Middle creek, 60 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a post-villagc in Carroll co., 
 Maryland, 65 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a handsome post-borough of 
 Loudon county, Virginia, on a small affiuent 
 of the Potomac, 143 miles N. from E,ichmond. 
 It has an active trade, and is one of the princi- 
 pal towns of the county. It has 3 churches, 
 a flourishing academy, 7 stores, and 1 tobacco 
 factory. Population, about 800. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a post-officc of Duval CO., Fla. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a Small post-village of Harde- 
 man co., Tenn. ,180 miles S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, apost-village in Casey co.,Ky. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a Small post-village of Lewis 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a post-towuship in the W. 
 part of Cuyahoga co., Ohio, partly intersect- 
 ed by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincin- 
 nati railroad. Population, 1490. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a village of Logan co., Ohio, 
 40 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a small village ofNoble co., 0. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a post-officc of Shiawassee 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a post-office of Boone co.,Mo. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEG, a Small village of Carroll co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 MiDDLEBUEY, a bcautiful post-village and 
 
MID 
 
 MID 
 
 seat of justice of Addison county, Vermont, 
 is situated on both sides of Otter creek, at 
 tlie falls, and on the Rutland and Burlington 
 railroad, 35 miles S. S. E. from Burlington. 
 It contains, besides the county buildings, 5 
 or 6 churches, a bank, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 A white and variegated marble of the finest 
 quality, obtained from a quarry near the vil- 
 lage, is wrought and exported in large quan- 
 tities. Middlebury is one of the most impor- 
 tant manufacturing towns in the state, and 
 is the seat of Middlebury College, founded in 
 1800. The principal edifice is of stone, 106 
 feet by 40, and four stories high. Population 
 of the township, 3517. 
 
 Middlebury, a post-township of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, about 20 miles N. W. 
 from New Haven. Population, 763. 
 
 MiDDLEBUKY, a post-township of Wyoming 
 CO., New York, 5 miles N. from Warsaw. 
 Population, 1799. 
 
 Middlebury, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Bufi'alo and New York rail- 
 road, 43 miles E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Middlebury, a township of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. by E. from Wells- 
 borough. Population, 1096. 
 
 Middlebury, a township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Knox co., Ohio. Population, 
 1092. 
 
 Middlebury, a post- village of Logan co., 
 Ohio, 45 miles N. W. from Columbus. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 300. 
 
 Middlebury, a thriving post-village of 
 Tallmadge township. Summit county, Ohio, 
 112 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 2 miles 
 E. from Akron. It is beautifully situated on 
 both sides of Little Cuyahoga river, which 
 furnishes extensive water-power. The vil- 
 lage contains 2 woollen factories, 1 manufac- 
 tory of fire-engines and letter-presses, and 
 manufactories of stone-ware pumps and wa- 
 ter-pipes. Population, about 1200. 
 
 Middlebury, a township in the W. part 
 of Shiawasse co., Michigan. Pop., 132. 
 
 Middlebury, a post-township in Elkhart 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1135. 
 
 Middlebury, a small village of Clay co., 
 Indiana, 70 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Middlebury, a post-village of Elkhart co., 
 Indiana, 11 miles N. E. from Goshen. It 
 contains 2 churches, an academy, and a 
 flouring mill. 
 
 Middlebury, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 MiDDLEBUSH, a Small post- village in Frank- 
 lin township, Somerset co.. New Jersey, about 
 25 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Middle Creek of Union co., Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the Susquehanna. 
 
 Middle Creek of North Carolina, flows 
 into Yadkin river, near the E. border of 
 Davie co. 
 
 Middle Creek, a township of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania, 4 miles S. from New Berlin. 
 Population, 614. 
 
 Middle Creek, a small post-village of 
 Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MiddleCreek, a post-office of Wake co.N.C. 
 
 Middle Creek, apost-office of McMinn co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Middle Creek, a post-office of Monroe co. 0. 
 
 Middle Creek, a small village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Missouri. 
 
 Middle Creek Mills, a post-office of 
 Boone co., Kentucky. 
 
 Middle Fabius, a post-office of Scotland 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Middlefield, a post-township of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, on the Western 
 railroad, about 30 miles N. W. from Spring- 
 field. Population, 737. 
 
 Middlefield, a post-township of Otsego 
 CO., New York, on Otsego Lake. Pop., 3131. 
 
 Middlefield, a post-township in Geauga 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 918. 
 
 Middlefield Centre, a post-village of Ot- 
 sego CO., New York, G miles N. E. from 
 Cooperstown. 
 
 MiDDLEFORD, a post-village in Sussex co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 Middle Fork, a post-office of Piandolph 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Middle Fork, a post-office of Henderson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Middle Fork, apost-office of Hockingco.,0. 
 
 Middle Fork, a post-office of Clinton co.Ind. 
 
 Middle Fork, a post-office of Macon co. ,Mo. 
 
 Middle Granville, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., New York, on the Rutland and 
 Washington railroad, 65 miles N. N. E. from 
 Albany. It has a cotton factory. 
 
 Middle Grove, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Middle Grove, a post-office of Fulton co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Middle Grove, a post-village of Monroe 
 CO., Missouri, 17 miles W. S. W. from Paris. 
 
 Middle Haddam, a post-village in Middle- 
 sex CO., Connecticut, on the E. side of Con- 
 necticut river, 20 miles S. S. E. from Hart- 
 ford. 
 
 MiDDLEHoi?B,apost-office of Orange CO. N.Y. 
 
 Middle Island, a small post-village of Suf- 
 folk CO., New York. 
 
 Middle Island Creek, in the N. W. part 
 of Virginia, rises near the boundary between 
 Lewis and Harrison counties, pursues an ex- 
 tremely winding course through Doddridge 
 and Tyler counties, and empties itself into 
 the Ohio, about 20 miles above Marietto. Its 
 whole length is estimated at more than 120 
 miles. It furnishes ample water-power. 
 
 Middle Lancaster, a post-office of Butler 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Middle Mills, a post-office of Chippewa 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Middle Mountain, a post-office of Bote- 
 tourt CO., Virginia. 
 
 Middle Paxton, a township of Dauphin 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Susquehanna river, 9 
 miles above Harrisburg. Population, 1204. 
 ; 697 
 
MID 
 
 MID 
 
 MiDDLEPOET, a thriving post-village in 
 Royalton township, Niagara county, New 
 York, on the Erie canal, and Rochester and 
 Niagara railroad, about 33 miles N. E. of 
 Buffalo. It contains 4 churches, 6 stores, 2 
 hotels, 2 flouring mills, 1 steam saw and 3 
 water mills, and 1 fui'nace. Pop., about 800. 
 
 MiDDLBPORT, a post-office of Schuylkill co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MiDDLEPOKT, a post-office of Braxton co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 MiDDLEPOET, a thriving village of Meig's 
 county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, about 2 miles 
 below Pomeroy. It has valuable coal mines. 
 
 MiDDLEPOKT, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Iroquois county, Illinois, on the Iro- 
 quois river, at the junction of Sugar creek, 
 150 miles E. N. E. from Springfield. It con- 
 tains a court house and numerous stores. 
 Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Middle Ridge, a post-office of Newton co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Middle River, of Virginia, a branch of 
 the Shenandoah, rises in Augusta co., floAvs 
 eastward, and unites with the North river 
 near Port Republic, in Rockingham county. 
 
 Middle River, a small stream of Iowa, 
 rises in the W. central part of the state, and 
 flowing eastward, enters Des Moines river in 
 Polk CO. 
 
 Middle River, a post-oflice of Franklin 
 CO., Georgia, about 120 miles N. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Middle River, a post-office of Allen co., 0. 
 
 Middlesex, a county in the N. central part 
 of Massachusetts, has an area of about 830 
 square miles. It is partly bounded on the S. 
 E. by the Charles river, and is watered by 
 the Merrimack, Nashua, and Concord rivers, 
 and other smaller streams, which furnish 
 abundant water-power. The attention of the 
 inhabitants is principally directed to manu- 
 factures. Lowell, the most celebrnted, and 
 one of the most important manufacturing 
 cities in America, is situated in this county. 
 The surface is uneven, and in the E. part 
 hilly ; the soil is various. Indian corn, pota- 
 toes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 269,908 bushels of corn ; 
 586,804 of potatoes ; 81,991 tons of hay, and 
 926,263 pounds of butter. There were 16 
 cotton and 11 woollen factories, 4 carpet and 
 3 nail manufactories, 4 iron foundries, 24 ma- 
 chine shops, 19 grist, 14 paper, 2 powder, and 
 40 saw and planing mills, 2 iron forges, 15 
 chandleries, 239 manufactories of boots and 
 shoes, 43 of cabinet ware, 2 of chemicals, 5 
 of drugs and dye stuffs, 5 of edge tools, and 
 1 of sewing silk; 7 ship-yards, 13 tanneries, 
 and 1 United States armory. It contained 204 
 churches, 12 newspaper offices, 26,233 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 1990 attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. By means 
 of the Middlesex canal, from Chelmsford 
 to Boston hai'bor, and can.als around the falls, 
 boats ascend the Merrimack river through 
 098 
 
 this county to Concord, in New Hampshire. 
 It is intersected by the Boston and Worcester, 
 the Fitchburg, the Worcester and Nashua rail- 
 roads, and those connecting Fitchburg with 
 Lawrence, Boston and Nashua, and Boston and 
 Manchester. Named from Middlesex, a coun- 
 ty of England. Seats of justice. Concord, 
 Cambridge, and Lowell. Middlesex is the 
 most populous county in Massachusetts. Po- 
 pulation, 161,383. 
 
 Middlesex, a county in the S. part of Con- 
 necticut, has an area of about 430 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. by Long Island 
 sound, partly on the E. by the Connecticut 
 river, and the Hammonasset river runs along 
 its W. border. Several smaller streams furnish 
 abundant water-power. A large number of 
 the inhabitants are engaged in manufactures 
 and the fisheries. The surface is uneven, with 
 some hills towards the N. and E. The soil is 
 generally fertile, and along the Connecticut 
 river of excellent quality. Indian coi'n, pota- 
 toes, rye, and grass are the staples. In 1860 
 this county produced 95,118 bushels of corn ; 
 223,733 of potatoes; 50,549 of rye ; 38,579 
 tons of hay, and 501,123 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 1 woollen and 3 cotton facto- 
 ries, 2 foundries, and 2 gun factories ; 65 
 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 7087 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 722 attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. Sand- 
 stone is abundant, and large quantities of it 
 are quarried and exported. The railroad 
 connecting New Haven and New London tra- 
 verses this county, which is also partly inter- 
 sected by a branch of the New Haven and 
 Hartford railroad. Seats of justice, Middle- 
 town and Haddam. Population, 30,680. 
 
 Middlesex, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of New Jersey, has an area of about 460 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by 
 Millstone river, partly on the N. by Rahway 
 river, and on the E. by Staten Island sound and 
 Raritan bay. It is intersected by the Rari- 
 tan, and also drained by South river, and 
 Manalapan creek. The surface is level or 
 undulating. The soil varies from deep 
 sand to clay, and is generally fertile. In- 
 dian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, butter, and 
 different kinds of fruit are the staples. la 
 1850 this county produced 438,668 bushels 
 of corn; 213,954 of oats; 123,076 of pota- 
 toes ; 22,267 tons of hay, and 501,648 pounds 
 of butter. There were 8 distilleries, 3 cotton 
 factories, 3 India-rubber manufactories, 2 ma- 
 chine shops, 13 flour mills, 1 paper mill, 8 saw 
 mills, 8 potteries, 7 tanneries, and 10 coach 
 manufactories. It contained 47 churches 
 and 5 newspaper offices ; 3221 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 300 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Sandstone is quarried 
 in various parts of the county, and much used 
 for building. The Raritan river is navigable 
 for small steamboats to New Brunswick, and 
 the bay of the same name into which it flows 
 affords an excellent harbor. The Camden 
 
MID 
 
 MID 
 
 and Amboy railroad, and the New Jersey rail- 
 road traverse this county, and the Delaware 
 and Karitan canal touches its western border. 
 Organized in 1G82. Capital, New Brunswick. 
 Population, 28,G35, of whom 11 were slaves. 
 
 Middlesex, a county in the E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, boi'dering on Chesapeake bay, at the 
 mouth of Rappahannock river. The latter 
 forms the entire boundary on the N. E., and 
 Piankatank river on the S. W. The length 
 is 39 miles ; mean breadth, about 5 miles ; 
 area, about 150 square miles. The soil is 
 sandy, and a portion of the land is fertile. 
 Indian corn is the staple product. In 1850, 
 there were raised 134,253 bushels of corn, 
 and 30,762 of wheat. There were 8 grist mills 
 and 5 saw mills. It contained 9 churches, 
 152 pupils attending public schools, and 74 
 attending other schools. Formed in 1675. 
 Capital, Drbana. Population, 4394, of whom 
 2052 were free, and 2342, slaves. 
 
 Middlesex, a post-township of Washington 
 CO., Vermont, on Onion river, and on the Ver- 
 mont Central railroad, about 6 miles N. W. 
 from Montpelier. Population, 1365. 
 
 Middlesex, a post- township of Yates co.. 
 New York, on Canandaigua lake. Pop., 1385. 
 
 Middlesex, a township of Butler co.. Pa., 
 20 miles N. from Pittsburg. Pop., 2262. 
 
 Middlesex, a small village in Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Middlesex, a village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Shenango creek, and on the 
 Erie extension canal, 12 miles S. W. from 
 Mercer. 
 
 Middlesex Village, a post-village in Mid- 
 Mdlesex co., assachusetts. 
 
 Middle Smithfield, a township forming 
 the N. E. extremity of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Delaware river. Pop., 1678. 
 
 Middle States. See United States. 
 
 Middleton, a post-township of Strafford 
 CO., New Hampshire, bordering on Maine, 
 about 34 miles N. E. from Concord. Pop. ,476. 
 
 Middleton, a post- township of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Essex 
 railroad, 19 miles N. from Boston. Popula- 
 tion, 852. 
 
 Middleton, a small village of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river, 12 miles 
 below Pittsburg. 
 
 Middleton, or Middletown, a small post- 
 village of Hyde co.. North Carolina, on Mid- 
 dle creek, 1 mile from Pamlico sound, is one 
 of the principal shipping ports of the county. 
 
 Middxeton, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Mississippi, about 95 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Middleton, a village of Rutherford co., Ten- 
 nessee, about 40 miles S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Middleton, a village of Jackson co., Ohio, 
 84 miles S. S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Middleton, a township in the N. part of 
 Wood CO., Ohio. Population, 331. 
 
 Middleton, a post-village of Des Moines 
 CO., Iowa, about 8 miles W. hj N. from Bur- 
 lington. 
 
 Middleton, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Dane co., Wisconsin. Population, 320. 
 
 Middleton Centre, a post-office of Dela- 
 ware CO., New York. 
 
 Middletown, a post-township of Rutland 
 CO., Vermont, about 66 miles S. by W. from 
 ]\Iontpelier, contains a village of its own 
 name. Population, 875. 
 
 Middletown, a village recently sprung up 
 on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Dukea 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the road le'\ding from 
 Holmes Hole to the village of Newton. It 
 contains a Baptist church. 
 
 Middletown, a township of Newport co., 
 on the island of Rhode Island, about 23 miles 
 S. S. E. from Providence. Population, 830. 
 
 Middletown, a city, port of entry, and 
 semi-capital of Middlesex county, Connecticut, 
 on the right bank of the Connecticut river, at 
 the head of ship navigation, and on the route 
 of the air line railroad nov/ in jsrocess of con- 
 struction between New York and Boston, 34 
 miles from Long Island sound, and 24 miles 
 N. E. from New Haven. Lat. 41° 33' 8" N., 
 Ion. 72° 39' W. A branch railroad commu- 
 nicates with the New Haven, Hartford, and 
 Springfield railroad, 10 miles distant. It is 
 pleasantly situated, partly on an acclivity com- 
 manding a fine prospect. Main street, on 
 which are the principal stores, hotels, and 
 many of the churches, is broad, level, and 
 with others parallel to it, is intersected at 
 right angles by those passing westward from 
 the river. Tlie elevated portion of the city 
 contains many elegant mansions, surrounded 
 with spacious and highly ornamented grounds. 
 The principal public buildings are the cus- 
 tom house and court house, both constructed 
 of the Chatham free-stone. The latter is 
 adorned with a fine Grecian portico. The 
 Wesleyan University, a flourishing institu- 
 tion under the direction of the Methodists, 
 occupies a beautiful elevation ovei'looking the 
 city and the valley of the Connecticut. Three 
 newspapers are published. The wharves are 
 commodious, and have 10 feet of water. 
 Steamboats, plying between Hartford and New 
 York, here have a landing. The shipping of 
 the port, .June 30th, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 14,431 1| tons enrolled and 
 licensed, of which 14,005|| tons were em- 
 ployed in the coast trade, and the remainder 
 in the cod and mackerel fisheries. During 
 the year, 14 schooners and 2 steamers with 
 an aggregate burthen of 2213;^'? tons, were 
 admeasured. In the vicinity of Middleton are 
 rich minerals, for an account of which, see 
 Connecticut, page 273. The city contains 3 
 banks, and a savings' institution. It was 
 settled in 1636, incorporated a town in 1654, 
 and a city in 1784. Population of the town- 
 ship, 8441; of the city, 4211. 
 
 Middletown, a township in the E. part of 
 Delaware co.. New York. Pop., 3005. 
 
 Middletown, a flourishing post-village of 
 Orange co., New York, on the Yoi-k and Erie 
 
 699 
 
MID 
 
 MID 
 
 railroad, 77 niiles from New York city. It 
 has extensive irou works in the vicinity. 
 
 MiWDLKTcnvN, a post-township of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Athmtic ocean, about 
 13 miles N. E. from Freehold. Pop., 3245. 
 
 jMiDDLETowN, a jiost-village of the above 
 township, about 41 miles E. N. E. from Tren- 
 ton, contains 3 or 4 churches, and some 25 or 
 SO houses, and tv/o newspaper oflices. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a Small village of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. from Gettysburg, 
 has near 100 inhabitants. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a spiall village of Armstrong 
 CO., Pa., on the turnpike from Kittanning to 
 Indiana, 45 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a township of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. N. E. from Phila- 
 delphia. Population, 2223. 
 
 MiDDLETOAVN, a post-borougli of Swatara 
 township, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, on 
 the E. bank of the Susquehanna river, at the 
 mouth of Swatara creek, and on the Lan- 
 caster and Ilarrisburg railroad, 9 miles S. E. 
 from Harrisburg. It contains a bank and a 
 newspaper office. The Union canal termi- 
 nates here. Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a township of Delaware co., 
 Pennsylvania, contains Media, the county 
 seat. Popula,tion, 1972. * 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 16 miles N. by E. from Mercer. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a township of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pa., 10 miles W. by N. from Montrose. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a Small village of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pa., 174 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a thriving post-village of 
 New Castle county, Delaware, 25 miles S. S. 
 W. from Wilmington. It has 2 fine churches, 
 a flourishing academy, about 6 stores, and 
 a carriage factory. Population, about 500. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a post-villagc of Frederick 
 CO., Maryland, on a branch of Catoctin creek, 
 9 miles W. by N. from Frederick. It contains 
 1 or 2 newspaper ofBces. 
 
 MiDDLETOv/N, a post-village of Frederick 
 CO., Virginia, on the turnpike leading from 
 Winchester to Staunton, 13 miles S. S. W. 
 from the former. It contains 2 churches. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a Small village of Sullivan 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a Small village of Warren co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a post-village in Jefferson co., 
 Kentucky, 40 miles W. by N. from Frankfort. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a thriving post-village of 
 Lemon township, Butler county, Ohio, on the 
 Miami river and canal, 13 miles N. E. from 
 Hamilton. It contains several churches, 
 and numerous stores. The railroad from 
 Cincinnati to Dayton passes along the other 
 side of the river, which is here crossed by a 
 bridge. Population in 1853, about 1400. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a village of Champaign co., 
 Ohio, 10 miles N. E. from Urbana. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a towusliip in the E. part of 
 Columbiana co., Ohio. Population, 1570. 
 700 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a Small village of Holmes co., 
 Ohio, 98 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a post-village of Henry co., 
 Ind., about 40 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a village of Montgomery co., 
 Indiana, 55 miles W. N. W. from Indianapolis ; 
 has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a Small village of Vigo co., 
 Indiana, 14 miles S. S. W. from Terre Haute. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a post-village of Logan co., 
 Illinois, on Salt creek, 22 miles N. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a Small post-village of McDo- 
 nough CO., Illinois, 10 miles S. S. W. from Ma- 
 comb. The name of the post-ofSce is Young. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a township in Lafayette co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1352. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a post-village in Montgomery 
 CO., Mo., 65 miles N. E. from Jetferson City. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a post-viUagc in Des Moines 
 CO., Iowa, 65 miles S. S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a township in the S. part of 
 Marquette co., Wisconsin. Population, 359. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a Small mining settlement 
 of Shasta co., California. 
 
 MiDDLETOWN PoiNT, a post-village in Mid- 
 dletown township, Monmouth co., New Jersey, 
 on a small creek of its own name, 36 miles E. 
 N. E. from Trenton, has a bank, about a 
 dozen stores, 2 or 3 churches, and near 600 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Middle Village, a post-office of Queen's 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Middleville, a post-village of Herkimer 
 CO., New York, on W. Canada creek, about 
 14 miles E. N. E. from Utica. It has manu- 
 factories of cotton, &c. 
 
 MiDDLEViLLE, a post-office of Sussex CO., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 IMiDDLETiLLE, a post-village of Barry co., 
 Michigan, onThornapple river, about 54 miles 
 W. from Lansing. 
 
 MiDDLEWAY, a post- village of Jefferson co., 
 Virginia, near Opequan creek, 7 miles S. W. 
 from Charlestown, contains 2 churches. Po- 
 pulation, about 500. 
 
 Middle Woodberey, a township of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 18 miles N. N. E. from 
 Bedford. Population, 1709. 
 
 Middle Yuba river, of Yuba county, Cali- 
 fornia, rises on the slope of the Sierra Nevada, 
 and flowing in a general W. S. W. course, falls 
 into the Yuba river, 75 miles above Marys- 
 ville. Gold is found on this stream, which 
 also affords valuable water-power. 
 
 Midland, a new county in the E. central 
 part of Michigan, has an area of about 600 
 square miles. It is partly bounded on the E. 
 by Saginaw bay, and is intersected by Titti- 
 bawasse river, and also drained by the Salt, 
 Chippewa, and Pine rivers, tributaries of the 
 first-mentioned stream. The surface is said 
 to be undulating or level, and well wooded. 
 The soil is generally fertile. Indian corn, 
 potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 1650 bushels of corn; 
 
MID 
 
 MIL 
 
 750 of potatoes ; 50 tons of hay, and 128 
 pounds of wool. County seat not yet located. 
 Population, 65. 
 
 M LiiLAxn, a post-office of Charlotte co., Va. 
 
 MiuTiEW, a post-office of Henry co., Ky. 
 
 MiDviLLE, a post-office of Burke co., Ga. 
 
 Midway, a village of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Pennsylvania railroad, 40 
 miles W. from Philadelphia ; has several ma- 
 chine shops. 
 
 Midway, a post-office of Davidson co., N. C. 
 
 Midway, a post- village and station of Barn- 
 well district. South Carolina, on the South 
 Carolina railroad, 72 miles W. S. W. from 
 Charleston. 
 
 Midway, a pleasant village of Baldwin 
 county, Georgia, on the railroad from Mil- 
 ledgeville to Gordon, IJ miles S. from the 
 former. It is the seat of Oglethorpe Uni- 
 versity, (Presbyterian,) a flourishing institu- 
 tion, founded in. 1838. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Midway, a post- village in Barbour co., Ala. 
 
 Midway, apost-village of Madison co.,Miss. 
 
 Midway, a post-office of St. Landry par., La. 
 
 Midway, a post-office of Newton co., Tex. 
 
 Midway, a post-office of Hot Springs co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Midway, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Tenn., 164 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Midway, a handsome post-village of Wood- 
 ford county, Kentucky, on the railroad from 
 Lexington to Frankfort, 14 miles from each 
 place. It has 3 churches, 3 hemp factories, 
 and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Midway, a small village of Clarke co., 
 Ohio, about 50 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Midway, a village of Madison co., Ohio, a 
 few miles S. from London, the county seat. 
 
 Midway, a post-office of Spencer co., Ind. 
 
 Midway, a post-office of Fulton co.. 111. 
 
 Midway, a post-village of Cooper co., 
 Missouri, 30 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Midway Ixn, a post-office of Prince Ed- 
 ward CO., Virginia. 
 
 Miek, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 Miee, a post-office of Wabash co., Illinois. 
 
 Mifflin, a county in the S. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of 370 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Juniata river, 
 and also drained by Kishicoquillas, Jack's, 
 and Licking creeks. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, traversed by high and rugged ridges, 
 and by beautiful valleys. Kishicoquillas 
 valley is remarkable for its fertility. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 305,994 bushels of wheat; 218,896 of corn; 
 191,048 of oats; 13,196 tons of hay, and 
 264,850 pounds of butter. There were 11 
 flour and grist mills, 9 saw mills, 2 woollen 
 factories, 1 iron foundry, and 9 tanneries. 
 It contained 31 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and 2190 pupils attending public schools. 
 Iron is procured in large quantities from the 
 mines of this county ; limestone and slate 
 are also abundant. It is intersected by the 
 
 Pennsylvania canal and Central railroad. 
 Formed in 1789, and named in honor of Go- 
 vernor Mifllin. Capital, Lewistown. Popu- 
 lation, 14,980. 
 
 Mifflin, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles S. E. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, 2693. 
 
 Mifflin, a township of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the North branch of the 
 Susquehanna, 8 miles E. from Bloomsburg. 
 Population, 1024. 
 
 Mifflin, a township of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, 17 miles W. from Carlisle. 
 Population, 1574. 
 
 Mifflin, a township of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 22 miles N. by E. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 1302. 
 
 Mifflin, a township of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles W. from Williamsport. 
 Population, 1186. 
 
 Mifflin, a post-village of Henderson co., 
 Tennessee, 137 miles S. W. from Nashville ; 
 has 3 stores. 
 
 Mifflin, a post-township in Ashland co., 
 Ohio. Population, 891. 
 
 Mifflin, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Franklin co., Ohio. Population, 1095. 
 
 Mifflin, a township in the W. part of Pike 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 546. 
 
 Mifflin, a township in the E. part of 
 Richland co., Ohio. Population, 1106. 
 
 Mifflin, a township in the S. part of Wy- 
 andot CO., Ohio. Population, 668. 
 
 Mifflin, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Iowa co., Wisconsin. Pop., 640. 
 
 Mifflin, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 11 miles from Mineral Point. It has 4 
 stores, 1 smelting furnace, and about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Mifflin Cross Roads, a small village of 
 Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MiFFLINSBUKG, Or YoUNGMANSTOWN, a pOSt- 
 
 borough of Buffalo township. Union county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Buffalo creek, 68 miles N. 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. It is situated in a 
 rich farming district, and has an active trade- 
 It contains 2 churches. 
 
 MiFFLiNTOWN, a post-borough, capital of 
 Juniata county, Pennsylvania, is beautifully 
 situated on the left bank of Juniata river, 43 
 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. The site 
 is elevated, and affords a charming view of 
 mountain, valley, and river. The Central 
 railroad, which runs along the right bank of 
 the river, connects the town with Pittsburg, 
 Harrisburg, &c. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. It contains 3 churches and an 
 academy. The Juniata is crossed by a 
 bridge at this place. 
 
 MiFFLiNViLLE, a post-village of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the North branch of 
 the Susquehanna river, 88 miles N. N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Milam, mi'lam, a county in the central 
 part of Texas, has an area of about 600 
 square miles. The Brazos forms its N. E. 
 
 701 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 boundary. It is intersected by Little river, 
 and also drained by Brushy creek. The 
 soil is generally fertile. Indian corn, sweet 
 potatoes, grass, and cattle are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 38,539 bushels 
 of corn; 8032 of sweet potatoes; 26,308 
 pounds of butter, and 675 of wool. There 
 were 169 pupils attending public schools. 
 Named in honor of General Benjamin Milam. 
 Capital, Cameron. Population, 2907 ; of 
 whom 2471 were free, and 486, slaves. 
 
 Milam, a small post-village, capital of 
 Falls CO., Texas, on the right bank of the Rio 
 Brazos, about 85 miles N. N. E. from Austin. 
 
 MiLABi, a post-village, capital of Sabine 
 county, Texas, on Boregas creek, an aiSuent 
 of Sabine river, 330 miles E. N. E. from Aus- 
 tin City. 
 
 Milan, a post-township of Coos co., New 
 Hampshire, about 105 miles N. by E. from 
 Concord. Population, 493. 
 
 Milan, a pleasant village of Cayuga coun- 
 ty, New York, on the Owasco inlet, 21 miles 
 S. by E. from Auburn. It contains several 
 churches and manufactories. 
 
 Milan, a post-township of Dutchess co., 
 New York, about 56 miles S. from Albany. 
 Population, 1764. 
 
 Milan, a small post-village of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Milan, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Erie co., Ohio. Population, 2697. 
 
 Milan, a flourishing post-village in the 
 above township, on the right bank of Huron 
 river, 8 miles from Lake Erie, and 103 miles 
 N; bj' E. from Columbus. It is beautifully 
 situated on a bluflf 60 feet higher than the 
 river. A ship-canal has been opened, by 
 which vessels of 250 tons can ascend from 
 the lake to this point. Considerable quanti- 
 ties of grain and other produce are shipped 
 here. Milan contains 3 churches, a large 
 academy, a newspaper office, and numerous 
 stores. Settled in 1809. Pop., about 2000. 
 
 Milan, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Monroe co., Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 642. 
 
 Milan, a post-village of Ripley co., In- 
 diana, 70 miles S. E. from Indianapolis, has 
 about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 ]\Iilan, a post- village of Calhoun co., Il- 
 linois, on the Mississippi river, 25 miles 
 above Alton. 
 
 JIiLAN, a post-office of Sullivan co., Mo. 
 
 INIiLr.cuEN, a village of Ballard co. ,Ky. , about 
 14 miles from the Mississippi river. It con- 
 tains 2 churches, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 MiLEPjBGB, a post- township of Washington 
 CO., Maine. Population, 1170. 
 
 Mii.i.BiEG, a post-office of Greenville dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 MiLES, a porit-township forming the E. ex- 
 tremity of Centre co., Pa. Pop., 1306. 
 
 ^IiLESBiuiG, a thriving post-borough of 
 Centre county, Pennsylvania, on Bald Eagle 
 creek and canal, 2 miles N. from Bellefontc, 
 702 
 
 and 87 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. It is 
 the terminus of a plank-road which extends 
 to Tyrone, on the Central railroad. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Miles Rivee, of Talbot co., Blaryland, is 
 a navigable inlet of the Chesapeake. 
 
 MiLESTOWN, a village of Philadelphia co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia nnd Doyles- 
 town turnpike, 7 miles N. from Philadelphia. 
 
 MiLESTOWN, a post-office of St. Mary's co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 MiLFOUD, a post- township of Penobscot co.. 
 Maine, on the Penobscot river, about 17 
 miles N. E. from Bangor. Population, 087. 
 
 MiLFOED, a post-township of Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire, about 29 miles S. by 
 W. from Concord. Population, 2159. 
 
 MiLFOED, a post- village of Worcester co., 
 Mass., on the Milford Branch railroad, 34miles 
 S. W. from Boston. It contains 4 churches, 
 a bank, a newspaper office, and a high-school. 
 In Milford township, 1 J miles W. from the vil- 
 lage is the flourishing community of Hope- 
 dale, founded in 1842. It comprises about 
 600 acres of land, a post-office, and about 200 
 inhabitants. Two newspapers are published 
 here. Population of the township, 481 9. 
 
 MiLFOED, a post-village and seaport of 
 New Haven county, Connecticut, on the New 
 York and New Haven railroad, and on the 
 Wopewang river, 10 miles S. W. from New 
 Haven. It contains 3 churches, 6 or 8 stores, 
 and several good schools. The harbor is 
 safe, and admits vessels of about 200 tons 
 burthen. Population of the township, 2465. 
 
 MiLEOED, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Otsego CO., New York. Population, 2227. 
 
 MiLFOED, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 75 miles W. from Albany. It has 
 2 churches. 
 
 MiLFOED, a post-village of Alexandria 
 township, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, is 
 situated on the Delaware river, and the Bel- 
 videre and Delaware railroad, about 20 miles 
 above Lambertville. It has 2 churches, 4 
 stores, 2 hotels, and 1 flouring mill. A bridge 
 crosses the river at this place. Population, 
 about 800. 
 
 MiLFOED, a little village of Mercer co.. 
 New Jersey, about 16 miles E. from Trenton. 
 
 MiLFOED, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Bucks co., Pennsylvania, 36 
 miles N. by W. from Philadelphia. Pop. ,2527. 
 
 MiLFOED, a township of Juniata co.. Pa., 
 on Juniata river, opposite Mifflir.town. 
 
 MiLFOED, a post-township of Pike co., Pa., 
 contains the county seat. Population, 830. 
 
 MiLFOED, a post-borough, capital of Pike 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 
 and on the Delaware and Hudson canal, 160 
 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. It contains 
 a court house, 2 churches, and an academy. 
 Settled about 1800. 
 
 MiLFOED, a township of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. W. from Somerset. 
 Population, 2070. 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 MiLFORD, a small village in the aforesaid 
 township, 147 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 MiLFOED, a hundred in Kent co., Delaware. 
 Population, including Mispillion, 5895. 
 
 MiLFOKD, a thriving post-borough of Kent 
 county, Delaware, on the left bank of Mis- 
 pillion creek, 21 miles S. S. E. from Dover, 
 and 68 miles S. from Wilmington. It has 
 considerable business, and contains 2 banks, 
 4 or 5 churches, a public library, and a 
 newspaper office. The Mispillion is naviga- 
 ble for schooners. Next to Wilmington, Mil- 
 ford is the largest place in the state. It is 
 divided by the Mispillion into North and 
 South Milford. The latter has a branch of 
 the Smyrna bank, a church, an academy, and 
 a ship-yard. 
 
 MiLFOED, a post- village of Caroline co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and 
 Potomac railroad, 38 miles from Richmond. 
 
 Milford, a small village of Preston co., 
 Virginia, on the turnpike from Brandonville 
 to Fishing creek. 
 
 Milford, a post-village in Greenville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Milford, a post-ofBce of Baker co., Ga. 
 
 Milford, a post- village in Bracken co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Milford, a township in the N. part of 
 Butler CO., Ohio. Population, 2068. 
 
 Milford, a thriving post-village of Miami 
 township, Clermont co., Ohio, on the E, bank 
 of Little Miami river, 14 miles N. E. from Cin- 
 cinnati. A bridge across the river connects 
 the village with the Little Miami railroad. 
 Population estimated at 600. 
 
 Milford, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Defiance co., Ohio. Population, 645. 
 
 Milford. a township in the S. W. part of 
 Knox CO., Ohio. Population, 1349. 
 
 Milford, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Oaklaud co., Michigan. Population, 1470. 
 
 Milford, a flourishing post-village in the 
 above township, on Woodruff creek, 40 miles 
 N. W. from Detroit. The water-power of the 
 creek gives motion to 3 grist mills, 1 woollen 
 factory, and 2 fulling mills. Milford contains 
 3 churclies, and 10 stores. Population in 
 1853, about 800. 
 
 Milford, a post-village of Decatur co., In- 
 diana, on Clifty creek, 8 miles W. from 
 Greensbui'g, contains about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Milford, a post- village of Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana, on Turkey creek, 126 miles N. by E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Milford, a township in La Grange co., In- 
 diana. Population, 806. 
 
 Milford, a small village of Warren co., 
 Indiana, 14 miles N. from Williamsport. 
 
 Milford, a small post-village of Iroquois 
 CO., Illinois, on Sugar creek, about 140 miles 
 E. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Milford, a thriving post-village of Ken- 
 dall CO., Illinois, on Fox river, 61 miles S. 
 W. from Chicago. It has an excellent water- 
 power, and several mills. 
 
 Milford, a village in Winnebago co., Illi- 
 nois, 90 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Milford, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Jefferson CO., Wisconsin. Pop., 728. 
 
 MiLFOED, a small post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Milfoed Centre, a post-village of Otsego 
 CO., New York, on the Susquehanna river, 
 about 15 miles S. from Cooperstown. 
 
 Milford Centre, a thriving post-village 
 of Union co., Ohio, on Big Darby creek, and 
 on the Springfield and Mansfield railroad, 32 
 miles N. W. from Columbus. It has 2 or 3 
 churches. 
 
 MiLFOEDTON, a post-officc of Kuox CO., 0. 
 
 Military Institute, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Military Road, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Militaey Springs, a post-office of Fayette 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mill, a township in the E. part of Tus- 
 carawas CO., Ohio. Population, 1510. 
 
 Mill, a township in Grant co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1537. 
 
 SliLLARD, a new county in the western 
 part 'of Utah territory, is bounded on the W. 
 by California, and is drained by Walker's 
 and Nicollet rivers, with some smaller 
 streams. This county was formed since 
 1850, and consequently the census gives us 
 no information respecting it. Named in ho- 
 nor of Millard Fillmore, late president of the 
 United States. 
 
 Millard, a post-office of Wayne co., N. C. 
 
 Millard, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ind. 
 
 Millard, a post-ofiice of Dubuque co., Iowa. 
 
 Millard, a post-office of Walworth co.. Wis. 
 
 Millardsvillb, a small village of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mill Aek, a post-office of Fulton co., Ind. 
 
 Millbach, a post-office of Lebanon co., Pa. 
 
 Mill Bend, a post-office of Hawkins co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 MiLLBOEOUGH Speing, a post- village of Bath 
 CO., Virginia, 157 miles W. N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. It is pleasantly situated on the turn- 
 pike from Staunton to Bath Court House, and 
 is a place of active business. Medicinal 
 springs occur in the vicinity. 
 
 MiLLBEiDGE, a post-office of Pike co., Ga. 
 
 MiLLBROOK, a post-office of Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Mellbrook, a post-office of Warren co.,N. Y. 
 
 MiLLBROOK, a post-office of Warren co., N.J. 
 
 Millbrook, a small village of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MiLLBROOK, a post-village of Wayne co.. 
 Ohio, 80 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 MiLLBURG, a post-office of Berrien co.,Mich. 
 
 MiLLBURN, a post-village in Lake co., Illi- 
 nois, 45 miles N. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 MiLLBUBY, a post-township of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, intersected by the Black- 
 stone river and canal, 42 miles W. S. W. from 
 Boston, contains 1 bank. Pop. 3031. 
 
 703 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 MiLLEURT, a post-Yilkge of tlie afoi'esaid 
 township, on thoProvidence and Worcester rail- 
 road. It contains scTcral churches. 
 
 Mill Ckekk, of Austin CO., Texas, flows into 
 Brazos river a few miles above San Felipe. 
 
 Mill Creek, of Middle Tennessee, flows 
 into Cumberland river from the left, about 4 
 miles above Nashville. It furnishes motive- 
 power to several mills. 
 
 Mill Ceeek, of Mahoning co., Ohio, falls 
 into Mahoning river. 
 
 Mill Creek, Ohio, an affluent of the Ohio 
 river, which it enters at Cincinnati. 
 
 Mill Creek, Ohio, an atfluent of Scioto 
 river, which it enters in Delaware county. 
 
 Mill Creek, of Michigan, rises in Lapeer 
 CO., and enters Black river in St. Clair co. 
 
 Mill Creek, of Washtenaw co., IMichigan, 
 enters the Huron river near Dexter. 
 
 Mill Creek, Indiana, an alfluent of Eel 
 river, rises in Hendrick's co., and enters the 
 river in Putnam co. It has a perpendicular 
 fall of 45 feet. 
 
 Mill Creek, of Pulaski co., Indiana, flows 
 into the Tippecanoe. 
 
 Mill Creek, a township of Erie co., Penn- 
 S3'lvania, contains Erie, the county seat. 
 Total population, 8922. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mill Creek, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mill Creek, a township of Lebanon co.. 
 Pa., 10 miles E. from Lebanon. Pop., 1059. 
 
 Mill Creek, a township of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 840. 
 
 Mill Creek, a small post-village of Tioga 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mill Creek, a hundred in New Castle co., 
 Delaware. Population, 3317. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-office of Berkley co., 
 Va., about 168 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-office of Dale co., Ala. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-office of Sabinepar., La. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-office of Bowie co., Tex. 
 
 Mill Creek, a township in the N. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio. Population, 872. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-office of Fulton co., 0. 
 
 Mill Creek, a township in the S. part of 
 Hamilton county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 
 intersected by Mill creek, the Ohio canal, 
 and the railroad connecting Cincinnati with 
 Hamilton. Population, 6287. 
 
 Mill Creek, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Union co., Ohio. Population, 726. 
 
 Mill Creek, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Williams co., Ohio. Pop., 408. 
 
 Mill Creek, a township in Clark co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 672. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-office of Pulaski co., 111. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-office of Union co., 111. 
 
 Mill Creek, a post-village of Ripley co., 
 Mo., 160 miles S. S. E. from Jefi'erson City. 
 Milldale, a post-office of Warren co., Va. 
 MiLLDALE, a small post-village of Warren 
 CO., Miss., 13 miles N. E. from Vicksburg. 
 704 
 
 MiLLDALE, a post-office of Defiance co., 0. 
 
 MiLLDAM, a post-office of Madison co., Mo. 
 
 MiLLEDGEviLLE, a post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., N. C, 133 miles W. S. W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 MiLLEDGEviLLE, a post-village in North- 
 ampton CO., North Carolina. 
 
 MILLEDGEVILLE, capital of the state of 
 Georgia, and seat of justice of Baldwin 
 county, is situated on the W. bank of the 
 Oconee river, 158 miles N. W. from Savan- 
 nah, and 659 miles S. W. from Washington. 
 Lat. 83° ? 20" N., Ion. 83° 19' 45" W. It is 
 surrounded by a beautiful and fertile cotton 
 country, and contains a number of handsome 
 residences. The Oconee river furnishes ex- 
 cellent water-power here, and was once navi- 
 gated below by small steamers, but these are 
 now superseded by railroads. A branch rail- 
 road, 17 miles long, extends S. to Gordon, on 
 the Central railroad, and another extends in 
 the opposite direction to Eatonton. The state 
 house is a fine Gothic edifice. Milledgeville 
 contains a iDenitentiary, an arsenal of the 
 state, a court house, 4 or 5 churches, 1 aca- 
 demy, and 1 bank. Five newspapers are 
 published here. Population, about 3500. 
 
 MILLEDGEVILLE, a village in White co., 
 Tennessee, 80 miles E. by S. from Nashville. 
 
 JIiLLEDGEViLLE, a post-villagc of Lincoln' 
 CO., Kentucky, 9 miles S. from Danville. It 
 contains a steam mill. 
 
 MILLEDGEVILLE, a post-village of Carroll 
 CO., 111., about 50 miles S. E. from Galena. 
 
 Millen's Bat, a post-village in the W. 
 part of Jeiferson co.. New York. 
 
 Miller, a county in the S. central part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 570 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Osage river, and also 
 drained by Auglaize river and Tavern creek. 
 The surface is uneven, and in some parts 
 broken ; the soil is generally poor, excepting 
 on the margins of the streams. The county 
 is well timbered with valuable wood, in- 
 cluding walnut and sugar maple. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 144,994 bushels of corn; 14,724 of 
 wheat; 34,603 of oats, and 182 tons of hay 
 The Osage river is navigable in high stages 
 of water, that is usually 3 or 4 months of the 
 year. Named in honor of .John Miller, former 
 governor of Missouri. Capital, Tuscumbia. 
 Population, 3834, of whom 3645 were free, 
 and 189, slaves. 
 
 Miller, a township in the S. paft of Knox 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1064. 
 
 Miller, a township in Dearborn co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1122. 
 
 Miller, a township in Marion co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1290. 
 
 Miller, a township in Scotland co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 666. 
 
 Miller's, a post-office of Lawrence co., 0. 
 
 Millersburg, a small village of Berks co., 
 Pa., about 26 miles N. W. from Reading. 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 MiLLEESBUEG, a post-village of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of 
 the Susquehanna river, at the mouth of Wico- 
 nisco creek, 28 miles N. N. W. from Harris- 
 burg. It contains a church and several 
 stores. A railroad, 16 miles long, extends 
 from this place to the coal mines of Bear 
 mountain. 
 
 MiLLEKSBUEG, a post- village of Rutherford 
 CO., Tenn., 43 miles S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 MiLLEESBURG, a post-village of Bourbon 
 county, Kentucky, on the Hinkston creek, 48 
 miles E. from Frankfort, is surrounded by a 
 rich farming community, and is one of the 
 principal places in the county. It has 4 or 
 5 churches and several mills. Pop., 600. 
 
 MiLLEESBUEG, a post-village, capital of 
 Holmes county, Ohio, on Killbuck creek, 87 
 miles N. E. from Columbus. It is built on 
 elevated ground and surrounded by hills. 
 Laid out in 1824. It contains 4 churches, 4 
 newspaper offices, 1 foundry, and 1 grist 
 mill. The Cleveland and Zanesville railroad 
 passes through it. 
 
 MiLLEESBURG, a Small village of Meigs 
 CO., Ohio, 88 miles S. E. from Columbus, and 
 12 miles N. from Pomeroy. 
 
 MiLLEESBUEG, a village of Ohio co., In- 
 diana, on the Ohio river, about 40 miles be- 
 low Cincinnati. 
 
 MiLLEESBUEG, a Small village of Whitley 
 CO., Indiana, on the Eel river, 12 miles S. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 MiLLEESBUEG, a post-village of Mercer co., 
 Illinois, 166 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 It was the county seat previous to 1849. A 
 newspaper is published here. 
 
 MiLLEESBURG, a post-villagc of Callaway 
 CO., Mo., 21 miles N. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Miller's Chapel, a post-office of Dyer co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Millee's Ceeek, a post-office of Estill co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Miller's Ceeek, a post-office of Davis co.j 
 Utah. 
 
 Miller's Mill, a post-office of Bath co.,Va. 
 
 Miller's Mill, a post-office of Christian 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Miller's Place, a post- village of Suffolk 
 CO., New York, near the N. side of Long 
 Island. 
 
 Milleesport, a thriving post-village of 
 Fairfield co., Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie 
 canal, 30 miles E. S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Millee's Rivee, a mill stream in Caledonia 
 county, in the E. N. E. part of Vermont, 
 falls into the Passumpsick river. 
 
 Miller's Tavern, a post-office of Essex 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 MiLLEESTOWN, a village of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles E. N. E. from Butler. 
 
 MiLLEESTOWN, a village of Lebanon coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Har- 
 risburg to Lebanon, 20 miles E. from the 
 former. It has several mills on Quitapahilla 
 creek, Population in 1853, about 1000. 
 2u 
 
 MiLLEESTOWN, a Small post-village of Le- 
 high CO., Pennsylvania, 9 miles S. W. from 
 Allentown. 
 
 MiLLEESTOWN, a thriving post-village of 
 Greenwood township. Perry county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the left bank of the Juniata 
 river, 29 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 The Central railroad and Pennsylvania canal 
 pass by the place. Population, about 800. 
 
 MiLLEESTOWN, a post-village of Grayson 
 CO., Ky., 125 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 MiLLEESTOWN, a post-villagc of Champaign 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 MiLLEEsviLLE, a post-village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 89 miles S. E. from Har- 
 risburg. It contains several stores and about 
 600 inhabitants. 
 
 MiLLEEsviLLE, a post-officB of Anne Arun- 
 dell CO., Maryland. 
 
 MILLEESVILLE, a post-officB of Bamwell 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 MiLLERSviLLE, a post-office of Adair CO., Ky. 
 
 MILLEESVILLE, a Small village of Delaware 
 CO., Ohio, 28 miles N. N. W. of Columbus. 
 
 MILLEESVILLE, a post- village of Marion co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Mill Falls, a post-office of Marion co., Va. 
 
 MiLLFiELD, a post- village of Athens co., 
 Ohio, about 72 miles S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 MiLLFOED Square, a post-office of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mill Green, a post-office of Harford co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Mill Grove, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Mill Grove, a post-village of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Mill Grove, a post-office of Cobb co., 
 Georgia, 9 miles S. from Marietta. 
 
 Mill Geove, a village of Wood co., Ohio, 
 about 120 miles N. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Mill Geove, a small post-village of Owen 
 CO., Indiana, on Mill creek, 15 miles N. from 
 Spencer, the county town. 
 
 Mill Grove, a township in Steuben co., 
 Indiana. Population, 523. 
 
 Mill Hall, a post-village of Bald Eagle 
 township, Clinton county, Pennsylvania, on 
 Fishing creek, 104 miles N. W. from Har- 
 risburg. It contains 1 woollen factory, 1 
 iron foundry, 1 furnace, and several mills. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
 Mill Haven, a post- village of Scriven co., 
 Georgia, 77 miles N. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Millheim, a post-village of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania, in Penn valley, 85 miles N. W. 
 from Harrisburg. Population, 200. 
 
 Mill Hill, a post-office of Cabarras co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 MiLLHOusEN, a small post-village of Deca- 
 tur CO., Indiana, 55 miles S. E. from Indi- 
 anapolis. 
 
 MiLLiCAN, a post-office of Brazos co., Tex. 
 
 Millieen's Bend, a post-village of Madi- 
 son CO., Louisiana, on the right bank of the 
 Mississippi river, 25 miles above Vicksburg, 
 
 MiLLiN, a post-office of Burke co., Ga. 
 705 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 MiLLiNGTON, a village of Middlesex co., 
 Conn., 35 miles E. N. E. from New Haven. 
 
 MiLLiNGTON, a post-village of Somerset co.. 
 New Jersey, about 40 miles N. N. E. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 MiLLiNGTON, a post- village of Kent co., 
 Maryland, on the Chester river, 60 miles E. 
 N. E. from Annapolis. 
 
 MiLLiNGTON, a post-office of Albemarle co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Mill Plain, a post- village in Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Mill Point, a post-village in Pocahontas 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mill Point, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mill Point, a village of Ottawa county, 
 Michigan, on Grand river, 1 mile above 
 Grand Haven. It has 6 or 7 steam saw mills. 
 
 Millport, a post-village in Veteran town- 
 ship, Chemung county. New York, on the 
 Canandaigua and Elmira railroad, 150 miles 
 S. W. by W. from Albany. 
 
 Millport, a thriving post- village of Potter 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Oswayo creek, 
 about 200 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Mill Port, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Millport, a small village of Jackson co., 
 Indiana, on the Muscatituck river, 78 miles 
 S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Mill Port, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Mill Eay, a post-office of Bullock co., Ga. 
 
 Mill Ridge, a post-office of St. Francis 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Mill River, a small stream of Windsor 
 CO., in the S. S. E. part of Vermont, falls into 
 the Connecticut river. 
 
 Mill River, a small stream of Fairfield 
 CO., in the S. W. part of Connecticut, falls into 
 Long Island sound. 
 
 Mill River, a post-office of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Mill River, a post-office of Henderson co., 
 North Carolina, 270 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Mills, a new county in the W. S. W. part 
 of Iowa, bordering on the Indian Territory, 
 has an area of about 400 square miles. The 
 Missouri river forms its W. boundary, and the 
 county is traversed by Nishnabatona river 
 and Keg creek. The soil is said to be good, 
 but is mostly uncultivated. This county is 
 not included in the census of 1850. Named 
 in honor of Major Mills, of Iowa, killed in 
 the Mexican war. 
 
 MiLLSBOROUGii, a post-villagc of Washing- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela 
 river, about 36 miles by land S. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 MiLLSBOROUGii, a post-village of Sussex 
 CO., Delaware, 45 miles S. by E. from Dover. 
 
 MiLLSBOBOUGii, a village of Richland co.,0. 
 
 Mills' Corners, a post-office of Fulton 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Millsfield, a township of Coos co.. New 
 706 
 
 Hampshire, about 10 miles W. from Umba- 
 gog lake. Population in 1830, S3 ; in 1840, 
 12 ; and in 1850, 2. 
 
 MiLLsroRD, a township in the E. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 
 Mill's Gap, a post-office of Rutherford 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Mills' Mills, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mills' Mills, a thriving village of Fayette 
 CO., Indiana, on the Whitewater river and 
 canal, 60 miles E. S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Mills Point, Kentucky. See Hickman. 
 
 Millsport, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mills' Prairie, a post-office of Edward's 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Mill Spring, a post-office of Jefi"erson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mill Springs, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Kentucky, 101 miles S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Millstone, a new township of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey. Population, 1673. 
 
 Millstone, a post-village of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey, on the left bank of Millstone 
 river, and near the Delaware and Raritan 
 canal, 25 miles N. N. E. from Trenton, con- 
 tains 4 or 5 stores, and some 50 or 60 houses. 
 
 Millstone, a post-office of Oglethorpe co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Millstone River, in the central part of 
 New Jersey, rises in Monmouth co., separates 
 Mercer from Middlesex county, then flowing 
 northward through part of Somerset, enters 
 the Raritan, 2 or 3 miles S. E. from Somer- 
 ville. 
 
 Mills Village, a small village in Frank- 
 fort township, Waldo co., Maine, about 20 
 miles N. E. by N. from Belfast. It contains 
 6 stores, and 1 church. 
 
 Milltown, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Milltown, a post-village of Putnam co., 
 New York, about 100 miles S. from Albany. 
 It has 2 churches. 
 
 Milltown, a little village of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, about 11 miles W. S. W, 
 from Flemington. 
 
 Milltown, a village of Bradford co., Pa. 
 
 Milltown, a post-village of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, 4 miles E. from Westchester. 
 
 Milltown, a manufacturing village of 
 Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on Tacony 
 creek, about 8 miles N. by E. from Phila- 
 delphia. Shovels and spades aj-e made here. 
 
 Milltown, a post-officeof Chambers CO. Ala. 
 
 Milltown, a post-village in Crawford co., 
 Ind., 110 miles S. by W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Millview, a post-office of Sullivan co., Pa. 
 
 Millview, a post- village in Fauquier CO., Va. 
 
 Mill Village, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 MiLLviLLE, a post-village in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 MiLLviLLE, a post- village of Orleans co., 
 N. Y., about 40 miles W. from Rochester. 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 MiLLYiLLE, a post-townsliip of Cumberland 
 CO., New Jersey, on Maurice river, about 33 
 miles E. S. E. from Salem. Pop., 2332. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-village in the above 
 township, at the head of navigation, on 
 Maurice river, about 29 miles E. S. E. from 
 Salem, has two extensive glass manufac- 
 tories, and about 1600 inhabitants. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, otherwise called HEADLEY'sand 
 Tattletown, a village of Ocean county. New 
 Jersey, on the road leading from Barnegat 
 to Mount Holly. The charcoal business is 
 extensively carried on here. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-village of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania, 84 miles N. N. E. from Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-village of King George 
 CO., Virginia, about 70 miles N. N. E. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-village in Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-ofifice of Cherokee co., Ga. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post- village in Butler co., 
 Ala., 65 miles S. S. AV. from Montgomery. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a small village of Marion co. Ala. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post- village of Rush co., Tex- 
 as, about 10 miles N. E. from Henderson. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-office of Lafayette co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-village of Lincoln co., 
 Tennessee, 97 miles S. by E. from Nashville. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-village of Butler co., 
 Ohio, on Indian creek, 22 miles N. N. W. from 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., 
 Hlinois, 21 miles E. from Galena. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a flourishing post-village of 
 Ray CO., Missouri, on the road from Rich- 
 mond to Chilicothe, about 150 miles N. W. 
 from Jefferson City. Population, about 500. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-village of Clayton co., 
 Iowa, on Turkey river, a few miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 MiLLViLLE, a post-village of Grant co.. Wis. 
 
 Millwee's, a post-office of Anderson dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Millwood, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Millwood, a post-village of Clarke co., 
 Virginia, 140 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 It has 1 or 2 churches, and several flouring 
 mills. 
 
 Millwood, a post-office of Dooly co., Ga. 
 
 Millwood, a post-office of Jackson co., Fla. 
 
 Millwood, a steamboat landing of Ala- 
 bama, on the Black Warrior river below 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Millwood, a post-office of Collins co., Tex. 
 
 Millwood, a township in Guernsey co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1624. 
 
 Millwood, a post- village of Knox co., 
 Ohio, near Vernon river, 55 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. Population in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Millwood, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 Mo., 78 miles E. N. E. from Jeff'erson City. 
 
 MiLNER, a small post- village of Pike co.. 
 
 Georgia, on the Macon and Western railroad, 
 40 miles N. W. from Macon. 
 
 MiLNERsviLLE, a post-office of Guernsey 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 MiLO, a post-township of Piscataquis c6., 
 Maine, on the Piscataquis river, about 33 
 miles N. by W. from Bangor. Pop., 932. 
 
 MiLO, a post-township of Yates co.. New 
 York, borders on Seneca and Crooked lakes, 
 and contains Penn Yan, the county seat. 
 Population, 4791. 
 
 MiLo, a post-office of Bradley co., Ark. 
 
 MiLO, a post-office of Brown co., Indiana. 
 
 MiLO, a post-office of Bureau co., Illinois. 
 
 MiLO Centre, a post- village of Yates co., 
 New York, on the Canandaigua and Elmira 
 railroad, 4 miles S. from Penn Yan. 
 
 MiLEOT, a small post-village of Mifflin co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 MiLROY, a post- village of Rush co., In- 
 diana, on Little Fiat Rock creek, 8 miles S. 
 from Rushville. 
 
 Milton, a township of Oxford co., Maine. 
 Population, 166. 
 
 Milton, a post-township of Strafford co., 
 N. H., on the Salmon Falls river, 30 miles E. 
 N. E. from Concord. The village is the pre- 
 sent terminus of the Great Falls and Conway 
 railroad. Population, 1629. 
 
 Milton, a post-township of Chittenden co., 
 Vermont, on the Lamoille river, and on the 
 Vermont Central railroad, about 44 miles N. 
 W. from Montpelier. Population, 2451. 
 
 Milton, a post-township of Norfolk county, 
 Mass., 8 miles S. from Boston. Pop., 2241. 
 
 Milton, a post-village of Litchfield co., Ct. 
 
 Milton, a township of Saratoga co., New 
 York, immediately N. of Ballston Spa. Po- 
 pulation, 4220. 
 
 Milton, a post-village of Ulster co.. New 
 York, near the Hudson river, about 80 miles 
 below Albany. It has 3 churches. 
 
 Milton, a post-village of Morris co., N. J. 
 
 Milton, a village of Cumberland co.. Pa. 
 
 Milton, a post-borough of Turbot township, 
 Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 left bank of the West branch of Susquehanna, 
 70 miles N. from Harrisburg. It is the most 
 populous town in the county. Large quanti- 
 ties of grain are exported from this place by 
 the AVest Branch canal. A bridge crosses the 
 river here. Milton is on the Sunbury and Erie 
 railroad, at the W. terminus of the Catawissa 
 railroad, not yet finished. It has 4 or 5 
 churches, 1 academy, 1 newspaper office, and 
 2 steam mills. Population in 1850, 1649; in 
 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Milton, a thriving post-village of Sussex 
 CO., Delaware, 8 miles S. E. from Milford. 
 
 Milton, a flourishing post-village of Cas- 
 well county. North Carolina, on the Dan 
 river, 75 miles N. W. from Raleigh, and very 
 near the N. boundary of the state. County 
 Line creek, which joins the Dan river here, af- 
 fords water-power. jNIilton contains a large 
 flouring mill, a cotton factorv, and 4 tobacco 
 
 707 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 factories. It has also several seminaries, 8 
 stores, 1 newspaper oiEce and 1 bank. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 MiLTOx, a post-village in Laurens district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Milton, a post-office ofWilkinson co., Ga. 
 
 i\liLTON, a small post-village, capital of 
 Santa Rosa county, Florida, on the Black- 
 water river, near its entrance into Pensacola 
 bay, about 20 miles N. E. from Pensacola. 
 
 Milton, a post-village of Autauga co., 
 Alabama, about 40 miles W. N. W. from 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Milton, a post-village of Lafayette co., 
 Mississippi, on the Tallahatchie river, at the 
 mouth of Tippah creek, and at the head of 
 steam navigation, 13 miles N.E. from Oxford. 
 
 Milton, a post-village of Rutherford co., 
 Tennessee, 15 miles N. E. from Murfrees- 
 borough. 
 
 Milton, a small post- village of Trimble co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, neai'ly opposite 
 Madison, Indiana. 
 
 Milton, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Ashland co., Ohio. PopuLation, 1432. 
 
 Milton, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop., 1472. 
 
 Milton, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Mahoning co., Ohio. Pop., 1123. 
 
 Milton, or West Milton, a thriving post- 
 village of Miami co., Ohio, on Stillwater 
 creek, 78 miles W. from Columbus, has 2 
 churches and several mills. Pop., about 600. 
 
 Milton, a village of Stark co., Ohio, about 
 100 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Milton, a township in the N. part of 
 Wayne co., Ohio; intersected by Chippewa 
 river. Population, 1360. 
 
 Milton, a township in the W. part of 
 AVood CO., Ohio. Population, 244. 
 
 Milton, a township in Cass co., Michigan. 
 Population, 611. 
 
 Milton, a township in JeflFerson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1544. 
 
 Milton, a post-township in Wayne co., In- 
 diana. Population, 765. 
 
 Milton, a flourishing post- village of Wayne 
 CO., Indiana, on the Whitewater Valley canal, 
 54 miles E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Milton, a small village of Brown co., Illi- 
 nois, on McKee's creek, about 60 miles W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Milton, a township in Du Page co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 2148. 
 
 Milton, a post-office of Pike co., Illinois. 
 
 Milton, a small post-village of Randolph 
 CO., Missouri, 12 miles E. from Huntsville. 
 
 Milton, a post-office of Van Buren co., lo. 
 
 Milton, a thriving post-village in Milton 
 township. Rock co.. Wis., 60 miles W. S. W. of 
 Milwaukee. It has 2 churches and an aca- 
 demy. Pop., 400; of the township, 1032. 
 
 Milton, a thriving town of Washington co., 
 Oregon, on the W. side of the Columbia river, 
 30 miles N. N. W. from Portland. Pop., 800. 
 
 Milton Mills, post-office, Strafford CO. ,N. 11. 
 .7.08 
 
 Miltonsbtjrg, a thriving post-village of 
 Monroe co., Ohio, 114 miles E. by S. from 
 Columbus. Population, about 300. 
 
 Miltonville, a village of Wayne co., Mis- 
 sissippi, 115 miles E. S. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Miltonville, a village of Butler co., Ohio, 
 30 miles N. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Miltonville, a post- village of Wood co., 
 Ohio, on the right bank of the Maumee 
 river, 55 miles W. from Sandusky city. 
 
 MiLViLLE, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas. 
 
 Milwaukee, a river of Wisconsin, which 
 rises in Fond du Lac county, and after a 
 course of perhaps 100 miles, enters Lake 
 Michigan, at the city of Milwaukee. Its 
 general direction is S. S. E. The lower part 
 of its course for about 30 miles is nearly 
 parallel with the lake, from which it is only 
 4 or 5 miles distant. It furnishes extensive 
 water-power. 
 
 Milwaukee, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Wisconsin, bordering on Lake Michigan, con- 
 tains 240 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Milwaukee, Menomonee, and Root rivers. The 
 surface is gently undulating. The soil is calca- 
 reous, and highly productive. The staples are 
 wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and butter. 
 In 1850 the county produced 61,147 bushels 
 of wheat; 125,584 of oats; 11,246 tons of 
 hay, and 158,521 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 32 churches, 17 newspaper offices, 
 4857 pupils attending public schools, and 
 1506 attending academies and other schools. 
 The streams furnish water-power for nume- 
 rous mills and factories. Milwaukee county 
 is traversed by 6 plank-roads, and by the 
 Milwaukee and Mississippi railroad. Settled 
 in 1834 or '35. Though the smallest in ex- 
 tent, it is the most populous county in the 
 state, and the most important, as containing 
 the citj' of Milwaukee, the commercial capi- 
 tal of Wisconsin. Population, 31,077. 
 
 l\liLWAUKEE, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Milwaukee county, Wisconsin. Popula- 
 tion, 1351. 
 
 Milwaukee, a city, port of entry, capital 
 of Milwaukee county, and the most populous 
 town of Wisconsin, is situated on the west 
 shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of 
 Milwaukee river, 90 miles N. from Chicago, 
 and 75 miles E. from Madison. Lat. 43° 3' 
 45" N., Ion. 87° 57' W. It is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on the flats bordering the river, and on 
 the bluffs which rise abruptly from the mar- 
 gin of the lake to the height of about 100 
 feet. The river approaches from the N. in a 
 direction nearly parallel with the lake shore, 
 and is joined, about 1 mile from its mouth, 
 by the Menomonee river, which comes from 
 the AV. The largest boats of the lake can 
 ascend the river 2 miles from its mouth. The 
 general appearance of the city is peculiar and 
 striking from the color and superior quality 
 of the bricks manufactured here. They have 
 a delicate and enduring cream or straw color, 
 whicli is highly agreeable to the eye, and is 
 
MIL 
 
 MIN 
 
 not affected by tlie action of the elements. 
 Many of these bricks are exported to distant 
 parts of the Union. Milwaukee contains 
 about 30 churches, of which 26 are Protestant 
 and 4 Roman Catholic, 5 public schools, the 
 Milwaukee University Institute, a female 
 college, several academies, 3 orphan asylums, 
 and other benevolent institutions. The pub- 
 lic press consists of 7 daily newspapers, and 
 about the same number of weekly issues. 
 There are 3 or 4 banks, and several insurance 
 companies. The streets, stores, &c. are 
 lighted with gas. In 1853 the citizens voted 
 a loan of $50,000, to be expended in the im- 
 provement of the harbor, Congress having 
 previously appropriated $15,000 to that pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The Milwaukee and Mississippi railroad is 
 completed from this place to Janesville, 70 
 miles, and is to be extended next year to 
 Madison. Other railroads are in progressto 
 Chicago, Green Bay, Beloit, &c. Plank-roads 
 extend from the city in six directions, with an 
 aggregate length of about 200 miles. Mil- 
 waukee is the outlet of the productions of a 
 rich and rapidly improving country. The 
 following quantities of produce were shipped 
 here in 1852, viz. 394,386 bushels of wheat; 
 345,620 of barley; 428,800 of oats; 88,697 
 barrels of flour; 1,771,314 pounds of pork in 
 bulk; 19,603 barrels of pork; 321,121 
 pounds of wool; about 1,000,000 pounds of 
 lead, and 700,000 bricks. The number of 
 arrivals at this port in 1852 was about 1600. 
 The tonnage of vessels owned here, 8548. 
 The navigation is usually open about 8 
 months in the year, from March to November. 
 Milwaukee enjoys a healthy climate, the 
 great lakes having a sensible influence in 
 modifying the extremes of heat and cold. 
 The mean annual temperature in 3 years 
 was 47°. The extensive water-power of the 
 river constitutes an important element in the 
 prosperity of Milwaukee. At the head of the 
 navigable part of the river, a dam has been 
 built, which raises the water 12 feet, and a 
 canal conveys it to the city. Here are 
 5 large flouring mills, a woollen factory, 
 several machine shops, and other establish- 
 ments. The reported value of articles manu- 
 factured in 1852 was over $2,000,000. Mil- 
 waukee is remarkable for the rapidity of its 
 growth, which has not been surpassed, if 
 equalled, by any of the Western towns. It 
 maintains intimate relations with a region to 
 which a vast emigration is flowing — a region 
 which a few years ago was a solitary waste, 
 or a field of savage warfare, but is now ap- 
 propriated to the peaceful pursuits and 
 liberal institutions of civilized society. The 
 place was settled in 1835. The city was in- 
 corporated in January, 1846. Population in 
 1840, 1751 ; in 1850, 20,061 ; and in 1853, 
 about 30,000. 
 
 Milwaukee, a post-office of Clackamas 
 CO., Oregon. 
 
 ' MiNA, a post-toM'nship on the W. border of 
 Chautauque co.. New York. Pop., 996. 
 
 MiNAViLLE, a post-office of Montgomery co.. 
 New York. 
 
 MiNDEN, a post-township on the W. border 
 of Montgomery co., New York, on the Mohawk 
 river and Erie canal. Population, 4623. 
 
 MiNDEN, a beautiful post -village, and 
 former capital of Claiborne parish, Louisiana, 
 is situated about 2 miles E. from the Dauchite 
 river, and 400 miles N. N. W. from New 
 Orleans. Its landing place is frequently 
 visited by steamboats which ascend from 
 Red river, through Lake Bistineau. It is a 
 place of active business, and destined to rise 
 in importance. In respect to wealth and 
 population, it is second to no town in northern 
 Louisiana, except Shreeveport. It has 2 
 churches, 2 printing offices, 1 iron foundry, 
 12 stores, and shops in which various utensils 
 are made. Population in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 MixDEN, a township in the N. part of St. 
 Joseph CO., Michigan. Population, 862. 
 
 MixDENviLLE, a post-officc of Montgomery 
 CO., New York. 
 
 MiNDOKO, a post-office of La Crosse co.,Wis. 
 
 Mine Creek, a post-township in Hemp- 
 stead CO., Arkansas. Population, 1185. 
 
 Mineing, a post-office of Morgan co.. Mo. 
 
 Minekill Falls, a post-office of Schoharie 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mine La Motte, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Mineral Hill, a post-office of Sevier co. Ark. 
 
 Mineral Point, a post-township in the S. 
 part of Iowa co., Wisconsin. Pop., 2584. 
 
 Mineral Point, a thriving post-village in 
 the above township, and capital of Iowa 
 county, Wisconsin, 47 miles W. S. W. from 
 Madison. It stands on a point of land be- 
 tween two small streams, and is surrounded 
 by a rich mineral region, from which large 
 quantities of lead and copper are exported 
 by way of Galena. The village is a place of 
 active business, and is rapidlj' improving. It 
 has 5 churches, 4 smelting furnaces, 11 dry- 
 goods stores, and 1 bank. A company has been 
 formed here to construct a railroad which 
 shall intersect with the Illinois Central rail- 
 road, and connect this point with Chicago. 
 Laid out in 1827. Population in 1853, esti- 
 mated at 3000. 
 
 Mineral Ridge, a small village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mineral Springs, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., Florida. 
 
 Mine Ridge, in the S. E. part and extend- 
 ing along the E. border of Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania, derives its name from the 
 copper mines which it contains, but which 
 are no longer worked. 
 
 Miners, a village of Washington county, 
 Missouri, 110 miles S. E. by E. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 MiNERSviLLE, a Village of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, 2 miles E from Pittsburg. 
 
 709 
 
MIN 
 
 MiNERSViLLE, a thriving post-borougli 'of 
 Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, on the West 
 branch of Schuylkill river, 4 miles W. from 
 Pottsville. It is pleasantly situated in a val- 
 ley, surrounded by hills which contain rich 
 beds of coal. A branch railroad, 7 miles 
 long, connects it with Schuylkill Haven, on 
 the Reading railroad. It has a newspaper 
 office, 1 iron foundry, 1 car factory, and 1 
 flour mill. Incorporated in 1831. Pop. in 
 1840, 600 ; in 1850, 2951; in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 MiNERsviLLE, a post-village of McDowell 
 county, North Carolina. 
 
 MiNEKSViLLE, a village of Salisbury town- 
 ship, Meigs county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, 
 100 miles S. E. from Columbus. It joins the 
 upper part of Pomeroy. 
 
 Minerva, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Essex CO., New York. Population, 586. 
 
 Mixerva, a post-office of Houston co., Ga., 
 68 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Minerva, a post-village of Mason co., Ken- 
 tucky, 10 miles W. from Maysville. It has 
 2 or 8 churches. 
 
 Minerva, a post-village of Stark county, 
 Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver canal, 110 
 miles in a direct line N. E. from Columbus. 
 Grain is shipped here on the canal. 
 
 Minerva, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa. 
 
 Mine Shibboleth, a small village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Missouri. 
 
 MiNETTO, a post-office of Oswego co., N. Y. 
 
 Mingo Flat, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Minisink, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Orange co., N. Y., on the Erie railroad. 
 It has a small village of the same name. 
 
 Minneapolis, a small post-village, capital 
 of Hennepin county, Minnesota, on the right 
 bank of the Mississippi, a little above the 
 falls of St. Anthony. 
 
 Minnesota, a territory of the United States, 
 is bounded on the N. by British America, E. 
 by Lake Superior and the State of Wisconsin, 
 S. by Iowa and Missouri Territory, and W. by 
 Missouri Territory. The Lake of the Woods, 
 with a chain of small lakes and their outlets, 
 form a part of the northern boundary; the 
 St. Croix and Mississippi a part of the east- 
 ern, and the Missouri and White Earth rivers 
 the western boundary. It lies between 42° 
 30' and 49° N. lat., and between about 89° 
 80' and 103° 30' W. Ion., being about 650 
 miles in extreme length from E. to W., and 
 430 from N. to S., including an area of 
 nearly 166,000 square miles, or 106,240,000 
 acres. 
 
 Poptilaiion. — The commencement of the set- 
 tlement of this territory is quite recent, and 
 at the United States census of 1850 there 
 were only 6077 inhabitants, of whom 3695 
 wore white males, 2343 white females ; 21 
 ''ree colored males, and 18 free colored fe- 
 males. Governor Ramsay estimated the 
 Indian population in 1852 at 25,000. The 
 number of families in 1850 was 1016, occu- 
 710 
 
 MIN 
 
 pying 1002 dwellings. Of the population, 
 except Indians, 1337 were born in the Terri- 
 tory, 2673 in the different states of the Union, 
 84 in England, 271 in Ireland, 41 in Scotland 
 and Wales, 1417 in British America, 141 in 
 Germany, 29 in France, 65 in other countries, 
 and 22 whose places of birth were unknown, 
 giving about 33 per cent, of foreign birth. 
 In the year ending June 1st, 1853, there oc- 
 curred 30 deaths, or about 5 in every one 
 thousand persons. In the census returns, no 
 deaf, dumb, or blind, and but one idiot was 
 reported. 
 
 Counties. — Minnesota is divided into 19 
 counties, viz. Benton, Blue Earth, Cass, Chi- 
 sago, Dakotah, Fillmore, Goodhue, Hennepin, 
 Itasca, Le Sueur, Nicollet, Pierce, Pembina, 
 Ramsay, Rice, Scott, Sibley, Wabashaw, and 
 Washington. Mankatah and Wahnahta have 
 been obliterated since 1850. Capital, St. 
 Paul. The principal towns are St. Paul, 
 population in 1852, 3000, (estimated;) and 
 St. Anthony's, population, 1000. Stillwater, 
 St. Croix, and Wabasha are the other import- 
 ant places. 
 
 Face of the Country. — Though there are no 
 mountains in Minnesota, it is the most ele- 
 vated tract of land between the Gulf of 
 Mexico and Hudson's bay, and from its cen- 
 tral heights sends its waters to every point 
 of the compass, but mostly to the N. and S. 
 The position from Avhich the Red River of the 
 North and the St. Peter's take their opposite 
 courses is almost exactly in the centre of the 
 territory, and elevated about 2000 feet above 
 the Gulf of Mexico. A plateau, called the 
 " Coteau des Prairies," or "Prairie Heights," 
 about 200 miles in length, and from 1 5 to 40 in 
 breadth, runs through the middle of the south- 
 ern part of Minnesota. Its greatest elevation 
 is about 1916 feet above the level of the sea, 
 and its average height about 1450 feet. The 
 northern portion, which is the highest, is about 
 890 feet above Bigstone Lake, which lies in 
 its vicinity. Passing the St. Peter's or Min- 
 nesota river, we come upon another range of 
 heights, known as the Coteau du Grand Bois, 
 or the Wooded Heights, which extend for 
 more than 100 miles nearly parallel with the 
 Coteau des Prairies. This ridge is mostly co- 
 vered with an extensive forest of hard wood. 
 Through the middle of the triangle which 
 occupies the N. E. portion of the territory, 
 runs a third range of heights, called the 
 " Hauteurs de Terre," or " Highlands," 
 which extend W. by S. about 300 miles, and 
 form the dividing ridge, whence flow the 
 waters that seek Lake Superior and the Mis- 
 sissippi in one direction, and Hudson's bay 
 in the other. A range of less altitude than 
 the "Coteau des Prairies," but continuing 
 in the same direction, forms the watershed 
 of the streams flowing into the Missouri on 
 the AV., and tliose flowing into the Red river 
 on the E. The rest of the country generally 
 alternates between sandhills and swamps, 
 
MIN 
 
 MIN 
 
 and river bottoms and prairies. In the N., 
 on the Red river, are extensive savannas, 
 level as a floor, while the central region and 
 the portion between that and Lake Superior 
 is much of it occiipied with marshes, sepa- 
 rated bj' hills of drift. West of the Coteau 
 des Prairies and Red river, the county has 
 been but little explored; but that portion of 
 it between the Riviere a Jacques and the Mis- 
 souri is represented as composed of high 
 rolling prairies. 
 
 Geology. — Minnesota, east of the Red River 
 of the North, is mostly covered with drift, lying 
 on crystalline and metamorphic rocks, which 
 occasionally protrude to the surface in the 
 valleys of the rivers and on the shores of 
 lakes. In the S. E., the lower magnesian 
 limestone crops out in the valleys of the 
 Mississippi and St. Peter's rivers ; and on 
 the latter river the sandstone occasionally 
 obtrudes in a few places, with occasional in- 
 trusions of igneous rocks. On the shores of 
 Lake Superior are "alternations of meta- 
 morphic schists, slates, and sandstones, with 
 volcanic grits and other bedded traps and 
 porphyries, intersected by numerous basaltic 
 and greenstone dikes, with occasional depo- 
 sits of red clay, marls and drift." In the 
 N. E. angle of Minnesota is a tract of horn- 
 blcndic and argillaceous slates, with bedded 
 porphyries and intrusions of greenstone and 
 granite. On the Lake of the Woods, Rainy 
 lake, and their outlets, are metamorphic 
 schists, with gneiss and gneissoid rocks. 
 
 Minerals. — The indications from geological 
 surveys of Minnesota, do not favor the hopes 
 of great metallic wealth within its borders. 
 Copper has been found, but in most instances 
 it is not "in place," but appears to have 
 been carried thither by the drift and boulders, 
 '.the probiibility is that, of richer metallic ores 
 than iron, this territory will not afford (ex- 
 cept near Lake Superior) sufficient quantity 
 to repny the labors of the miner; for if tliey 
 exist at iill, they probably lie at great depths. 
 The iiidic.'itions nre equaily ur.fuvcvable to 
 tliere being any large depisits of coal. A 
 load vein, 4 inches in thickness, was dis- 
 covered on the Wariiju river, by the geo- 
 logical corps of Professor Owen. The most 
 remarkable mineral in this territory is the 
 red pipestoue, of which the Indians make 
 their pipes, and which is believed to be pe- 
 culiar to the region of the Coteau des Prai- 
 ries. A slab of this stone has been, or is to 
 be, sent to Washington, to be inserted in the 
 great national monument, erecting to the me- 
 mory of the father of his country. Salt is re- 
 ported to exist in vast quantities between 47° 
 and 49° N. lat., and 97° and 99° W. Ion. 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — Minnesota is perhaps 
 even more deserving than Michigan of the 
 appellation of the "Lake State," as it abounds 
 in lacustrine waters of every size, from lakes 
 of 40 miles in extent, to small ponds of less 
 than a mile in circuit. These beautiful sheets 
 
 of water give origin to rivers flowing N., S., 
 and E. ; some finding their way to the At- 
 lantic through the mighty Mississippi and 
 the Gulf of Mexico; others through the great 
 lakes, Niagara, and the St. Lawrence ; and 
 others, again, pass off to the N., and seek 
 the ocean through Hudson's bay and straits. 
 The largest of these lakes, with the excep- 
 tion of Lake Superior, are the Lake of the 
 Woods, Rainy lake. Red, Minni-Wakan or Devil 
 lake. Leech, and Mille Lac or Spiritlake. These 
 generally have clear, pebbly bottoms, and are 
 well stocked with fish, among which are the 
 white fish, pike, pickerel, maskelonge, sucker, 
 perch, and trout. Wild rice grows on the 
 borders of many of them, especially at the 
 North. Devil lake, which is on the 48th pa- 
 rallel of N. lat., in the N. W. of Minnesota, is 
 about 40 miles in length, by 15 in breadth, 
 and its waters, which are brackish, have no 
 visible outlet. Red lake, on the same pa- 
 rallel, E. of Red river, with which it commu- 
 nicates, is divided into two portions, united 
 by a strait of 2 miles in width, and covers 
 about the same area as Devil lake. Lake of 
 the Woods, and Rainy lake, (the former a 
 large sheet of water, perhaps 100 miles in 
 circuit,) are both on the N. E. boundary of 
 the territory. Lake Pepin, a beautiful sheet 
 of water, is a mere expansion of the Missis- 
 sippi in the S. E. of this territory. The rivers 
 and large streams of Minnesota are almost 
 as numerous as its lakes. The far-famed 
 Mississippi takes its humble origin from Itas- 
 ca lake, from whose pellucid waters it issues 
 a rivulet of but a few feet in width, and first 
 meandering in a N. E. direction through a 
 number of small lakes, to receive their tri- 
 bute, it turns to the S., and pursues its lordly 
 way to its far distant exit in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, laving in its course the shores of nine 
 states and one territory. AboutSOOmiles of its 
 length areincludedwithinMinnesota, of which 
 ■500 are navigable, 200 below the Falls of St. 
 Anthony, and 300 above. The Rum and St. 
 Croix, tributaries of the Mississippi, drain 
 the S. E. portion of the territory, and the 
 Red river the northern, passing off into Hud- 
 son's bay. It is the outlet of Traverse, Otter- 
 tail, Red, and several smaller lakes. It has 
 a course of about 500 miles within Minnesota, 
 though it does not flow directly north more 
 than 200 miles in that distance. The Lake 
 Superior slope is principally drained by the 
 St. Louis and its branches, and by the out- 
 lets of that series of small lakes that form 
 the N. E. boundary of Minnesota. The great 
 valley formed by the slopes of the Coteau 
 des Prairies and the Coteau du Bois is drain- 
 ed by the St. Peter's and its tributaries. 
 This river runs first in a S. E., and then in a 
 N. E. course, with a total length of from 400 
 to 500 miles, and is navigable for steamers, 
 during high water, 56 miles above its mouth 
 in the Mississippi, and 60 farther for keel- 
 boats. Its principal branch is the Blue Earth 
 
 711 
 
MIN 
 
 MIN 
 
 or Mankato river. The St. Peter's, with the 
 Crow Wing and Crow rivers, are the princi- 
 pal tributaries of the Mississippi from the 
 West. The Riviere a Jacques (ree>e-air' ah 
 zhak) and the Sioux are the principal aflB.uents 
 of the Missouri from this territory. They 
 both have an almost directly S. course, the 
 former being about 600, and the latter 350 
 miles long. Nearly the whole western bound- 
 ary is washed by the Missouri, which opens 
 the western part of the territory to the 
 commerce of the great Mississippi valley. 
 The rivers of Minnesota abound in small falls 
 and rapids, which, while they interrupt navi- 
 gation, furnish extensive water-power. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — If we except 
 cataracts of the first magnitude and high 
 mountains, Minnesota presents as great a 
 variety of natural objects of interest as any 
 portion of our widely extended domain. The 
 traveller enters her territory ascending the 
 Mississippi, amid beautiful islands, (one of 
 which. Mountain island, is 428 feet high,) 
 and between cliffs of sandstone and mag- 
 nesian limestone rising to an elevation of 
 from 300 to 500 feet. Soon he passes into 
 that beautiful expansion of the river named 
 Lake Pepin, on the E. bank of which he has 
 Maiden's rock, 400 feet high ; and near the 
 northern extremity of the lake, La Grange 
 mountain, a headland about 330 feet above 
 the lake, 180 of which, at the base, is sand- 
 stone, capped with magnesian limestone. As 
 he proceeds, continuing his ascending voyage, 
 the traveller arrives at the famed St. An- 
 thony's falls, less celebrated on account of 
 their perpendicular pitch (only 16 J- feet) 
 than for their accompaniments of wild scenery 
 and their geological interest. The falls are 
 divided by an island, as at Niagara, the 
 greater portion of the water passing on the 
 western side, which is 310 yards wide. The 
 entire descent, including the rapids, is 58 
 feet in 260 rods. St. Anthony's falls will no 
 doubt one day become a Western Lowell ; in- 
 deed its capabilities as a manufacturing site 
 far transcend those of the town named, when 
 the wants of the country shall call them into 
 requisition. Fountain cave, 2 or 3 miles 
 above St. Paul, is an excavation in the white 
 sandstone, which opens, by an arched entrance 
 25 feet wide and 20 high, into a chamber 150 
 feet long and 20 wide, along the centre of 
 which glides a rivulet, which may be heard 
 from its inner and hidden recesses dashing 
 down in small cascades. The passage be- 
 comes very narrow as you proceed up the 
 channel, occasionally opening into small 
 chambers. Mr. Seymour advanced nearly 
 1000 feet within the cave without reaching 
 its termination. Brown's falls are in a nar- 
 row stream, the outlet of several small lakes 
 on the W. side of the Mississippi. They 
 have a perpendicular descent of 50 feet ; 
 and including smaller falls and rapids, 
 100 feet. Pilot Knob, near the confluence 
 712 
 
 of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, is an 11 
 elevation of 262 feet, which commands a fine II 
 view of the surrounding country and the 
 two rivers near whose junction it stands. i 
 
 The St. Croix falls or rapids, about 30 miles ' 
 
 from its mouth, have a descent of nearly 
 50 feet in 300 yards ; but the most interest- 
 ing portion of the scene consists in the per- 
 pendicular walls of trap rock through which 
 the river has forced its way, about half a 
 mile below the rapids, and through which it 
 rushes with great velocity, forming eddies 
 and whirlpools. At this place, 40 or 50 feet 
 above the river, portholes 20 to 25 feet in 
 diameter, and 15 to 20 deep, have been worn 
 by the action of the water. This pass is 
 called the Dalles of the St. Croix. The Sioux 
 river " breaks through a remarkable forma- 
 tion of massive quartz, which crosses it per- 
 pendicularly," at the Great Bend, in about 
 43° 30' N. lat., and forms a series of falls and 
 rapids, one of which is 21 feet, another 18 and 
 a third 10 feet in perpendicular pitch. The 
 entire descent in 400 yards is 100 feet. Min- 
 nesota shares with Wisconsin in the falls and 
 rapids of the St. Louis river, another pic- 
 turesque and romantic display of nature's 
 works — for a description of which, see Wis- 
 consin. The rivers of Minnesota are filled 
 with picturesque rapids and small falls, and 
 often bordered with perpendicular bluffs of 
 lime and sandstone, or gently sloping hills 
 that gracefully recede from the water. This 
 region is the paradise of the hunter ; its prai- 
 ries and forests are the home of many wild 
 animals, and in its rivers and lakes swim great 
 varieties of fish. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of this territory is 
 severe, especially in the northern part. At 
 the Pembina settlement, under the 49th pa- 
 rallel of latitude, the cold is frequently so 
 great as to freeze quicksilver. According to 
 observations kept by the officers stationed 
 there in January, 1847, the mean tempera- 
 ture of the month, from three observations a 
 day, at 9 a. m., and 3 and 9 p. m., was 12J° 
 below zero ; and the greatest cold 48° below 
 the same point. The average of 66 days' 
 observations was 22^° below zero ; and the 
 highest point reached in the month of Janu- 
 ary, 30° above zero. The hottest day in the 
 month of July was 96°, showing a range of 
 144° between the greatest cold and greatest 
 heat. From the 17th of June to the 17th of 
 July, 1848, the mean temperature was 69°. 
 Even as late as in the latter weeks of March, 
 and as early as in November, the thermo- 
 meter often falls below zero. Observations 
 made at St. Paul's, in lat. 44° 56' N., in De- 
 cember, January, and February, of the win- 
 ter of 1850-51, gave the following result: 
 Clear days, 22 ; variable, 45 ; cloudy, 23 ; 
 rain, 5; snow, 24; and hail, 1. Greatest 
 height of the mercury, 47° ; lowest point, 32° 
 5' below zero ; average of the winter, 15° 23'. 
 Thirty-one days the mercury was at or above 
 
MIN 
 
 MIN 
 
 freezing, and 37 days below zero. The cold- 
 est day, (January 30,) it was 20° below ; and 
 the mildest, (February 25,) 36° 6' above zero. 
 Winds, N. N. W., 50 days ; S. E. to E. N. E., 
 20 days ; variable, 20 days. The amount of 
 rainy days this winter is stated as unusually 
 large, from which the dryness of the atmo- 
 sphere may be inferred. The earliest closing 
 of the navigation by ice, between 1844 and 
 1850, was November 8 ; the latest, December 
 8. The earliest opening, in the same period, 
 was March 31 ; the latest, April 19. The 
 climate of Minnesota, in some parts, is too 
 severe for Indian corn, but the dryness and 
 steadiness of the cold favor wheat and other 
 winter grains. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil of Minne- 
 sota varies greatly. In the valleys of the 
 rivers it is mostly excellent, especially in 
 those of the St. Peter's, and of the Missis- 
 sippi and its tributaries in the south-east of 
 the territory. Above the Falls of St. Anthony, 
 with the exception of the river alluvions and 
 some prairie land, the country is generally 
 covered with drift, interspersed with marshes, 
 too wet for cultivation ; but the elevated por- 
 tion is often much of it of tolerable fertility, 
 though inferior to the calcareous lands of the 
 river bottoms, and not unfrequently covered 
 with dwarf timber. Professor Owen remarks 
 that " the general agricultural character of 
 the Red river country is excellent. The prin- 
 cipal drawbacks are occasional protracted 
 droughts during the midsummer months, and 
 during the spring freshets, which from time 
 to time overflow large tracts of low prairie, 
 especially near the Great Bend." According 
 to Governor Ramsay, wherever the test has 
 been made, Minnesota produces corn, wheat, 
 oats, and potatoes equal in quality to that 
 produced in any state in the Union, and in 
 quantity such as to astonish those who have 
 been familiar even with the rich bottom lands 
 of Indiana and Illinois. The nutritious wild 
 rice, strawberries, cm-rants, plums, cranber- 
 ries, grapes, and crab-apples are indigenous. 
 According to the census of 1850, there were 
 5035 acres of land only under cultivation, 
 but as the population is now (1853) probably 
 more than treble what it was at that period, 
 this will be a very unfair representation of 
 the present agricultural condition of the ter- 
 ritory. In the year of the national census, 
 there were produced 1401 bushels of wheat; 
 125 of rye; 16,725 of Indian corn; 30,582 
 of oats; 10,002 of peas and beans; 21,145 
 of Irish potatoes ; 200 of sweet potatoes ; 
 1216 of barley ; 515 of buckwheat; 2019 tons 
 of hay; 85 pounds of wool; 2950 of maple 
 sugar ; 80 of beeswax and honey. Value of 
 live stock, $92,859 ; of market produce, $150; 
 and of slaughtered animals, $2840. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Parts of Minnesota are 
 densely timbered with pine forests, and the 
 ridges of the drift districts with small pine, 
 birch, aspen, maple, ash, elm, hemlock, firs, 
 
 poplar, and basswood. In the swamps be- 
 tween the ridges, the tamarack, cedar, and 
 cypress are found ; while the river bottoms 
 furnish a good growth of oak, aspen, soft ma- 
 ple, basswood, ash, birch, white walnut, lin- 
 den, and elm. Much of this timber on the 
 poorer ridges, and in some of the marshes, is 
 rather of a dwarf character. On the Rum, 
 St. Croix, and Pine rivers there are exten- 
 sive forests of pine, of good, but not of the 
 largest growth. According to ProfessorOwen, 
 "a belt of forest crosses Minnesota in lat. 
 44° 30', which is remarkable for its unusual 
 body of timber, in a country otherwise but 
 scantily timbered." Taken as a tvhole, there- 
 fore, Minnesota can scarcely be called a well- 
 wooded country. But here, as in other parts 
 of the West, when the prairies are protected 
 from fire, a growth of young timber soon 
 springs up. 
 
 Animals. — Minnesota has always been a 
 favorite hunting ground of the Indians, and 
 vast herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, and 
 other game still roam over the plains west of 
 the Coteau des Prairies and the Red river. 
 Deer, black bear, antelope, wolverine, otter, 
 muskrat, mink, martin, wolf, and raccoon 
 abound, and the moose and grizzly bear are 
 occasionally met with. The prairies are fre- 
 quented by grouse, pheasants, and partridges, 
 and the streams by wild ducks and geese. 
 The other birds are hawks, buzzards, har- 
 riers, owls, quails, plovers, larks, and a great 
 variety of small birds. Among the water 
 fowl are the pelican, tern, hooded sheldrake, 
 bustard, broadbill, ruffle-headed duck, wood 
 duck, teal, wild goose, and loon. Both the 
 golden and bald eagle are occasionally met 
 with. The rivers and lakes abound in fine 
 fish, among which are the bass, cap, sunfish, 
 pickerel, pike, catfish, whitefish, sucker, 
 maskelonge, and trout. 
 
 Manufactures. — There are great capabilities 
 in the innumerable rivers of Minnesota, with 
 their falls and rapids, for manufacturing 
 establishments. At present the conversion of 
 her pine forests into boards, scantling, &c. 
 constitutes the principal manufacture of this 
 new and flourishing territory. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — These, of course, 
 are as yet confined to opening common and 
 military roads. In the settlement of a new 
 country, the emigrants naturally first locate 
 on the great rivers, and a considerable time 
 elapses before they need any other highway 
 than these rivers themselves and short roads 
 leading to them. The best lands of Minne- 
 sota are on her two great navigable rivers, 
 the Mississippi and St. Peter's ; and the first 
 acts of internal improvement needed by this 
 territory will be the removal of some obstruc- 
 tions in these streams. It is among the proba- 
 bilities that the great Pacific railway may tra- 
 verse this region, as engineers are now ex- 
 amining the feasibilities of a nor-thern route. 
 
 Commerce. — Minnesota has the advantage 
 713 
 
MIN 
 
 MIN 
 
 of two outlets for her products ; one by way 
 of the Mississippi, to every portion of the 
 Mississippi valley ; and the other by way of 
 Lake Superior, with the Lake States and with 
 the East. The great export of this territory 
 is her lumber, and in the winter of 1850—51, 
 21,000,000 feet were cut on the St. Croix and 
 its tributaries ; the same region would send, 
 it was calculated, 60,000,000 feet to market 
 in 1863. In 1841, according to Mr. Prescott's 
 register at Fort Snelling, 40 steamboats 
 arrived from below ; 48 in 1845 ; 24 in 1846 ; 
 47 in 1847 ; 63 in 1848 ; 85 in 1849 ; and 102 
 in 1850. The Mississippi river was open for 
 navigation, or the first boat arrived, in the 
 years 1841, '5, '6, '8, '9, and '50, respectively, 
 on the 20th of March, 6th of April, 81st of 
 March, 7th of April, 9th of April, and 19th 
 of Ajpril ; and the river closed, in the same 
 years, on the 23d and 26th of November ; and 
 on the 4th, 7th, and 1st of December. Foreign 
 exports for 1851-2, amounted to $1207. 
 
 Education. — Minnesota has a public system 
 of free schools, which are under the general 
 direction of a superintendent of common 
 schools, and the local supervision of trustees. 
 Every township containing not less than five 
 families is considered a school district. 
 These school trustees are elected q^qvj year, 
 and a majority of the voters maj' levy a tax 
 not to exceed $600 a year. A county tax is 
 also levied for school purposes, of one-fourth 
 of one per cent, on the ad valorem amount of 
 assessment roll made by the county assess- 
 ors ; also 15 per cent, of all moneys raised 
 by licenses of spirituous liquors, and on all 
 fines for criminal acts. "An act to incorpo- 
 rate the University of Minnesota," was passed 
 February 25, 1851. This institution Is to 
 consist of five departments, namely, of science, 
 literature, and art ; of laws ; of medicine ; 
 of agriculture; and of elementary instruc- 
 tion. Twelve regents appointed by the legis- 
 lature manage its affairs. It is located at St. 
 Anthony. The proceeds of all lands granted 
 by the United States go to form a perpetual 
 fund for the support of the university. Con- 
 gress has granted two townships of land for 
 this purpose already. 
 
 Ptihlic Institutions. — A penitentiary, located 
 at Stillwater, is the only other institution, 
 beside the university, of a strictly territorial 
 character. 
 
 Government. — The governor is appointed 
 by the president of the United States for four 
 years : salary, $2500. The legislature con- 
 sists of a council, composed of nine members, 
 and a house of representatives, of 18 mem- 
 bers, both elected by the people, the former 
 for two years, and the latter annually. The 
 number of councilmen may be increased to 
 16, and of the representatives to 39. The 
 judiciary consists of a supreme, dis.trict. and 
 probate courts. The territory sends a dele- 
 gate to the national house of representatives, 
 who may speak, but not vote. 
 714 
 
 History. — Minnesota is said to have been 
 first visited by white men in the person of 
 two free traders in the year 1654; who, on 
 their return to Montreal two years after- 
 wards, gave such glowing descriptions of the 
 country as to induce, not only traders and 
 trappers, but Jesuit missionaries to visit the 
 country. To the latter are we indebted for 
 the first printed records of Minnesota. The 
 present territory of Minnesota formed part 
 of the original Louisiana Territoi-y, as pur- 
 chased from France in 1803. The eastern 
 portion formed a part of the French posses- 
 sions which were surrendered to the English 
 at the peace of 1763, and subsequently by 
 the latter to the Government of the United 
 States after the close of the Revolution. 
 During the administration of Mr. Jefferson, 
 (in 1805,) an exploring expedition, under 
 General Pike, traversed the country. The 
 first fortification of the United States within 
 the present limits of Minnesota was located 
 at Fort Snelling, which has been occupied by 
 an American garrison ever since 1819. With 
 the exception of the British settlement at 
 Pembina, which was not then known to be 
 within the limits of the United States, no set- 
 tlements were made in this territory till 
 about 1845. In 1849 it was organized into a 
 territorial government. It has successively 
 formed parts of the Missouri, North-west, 
 Wisconsin, and Iowa Territories. 
 
 Minnesota City, a post-village, capital of 
 Fillmore county, Minnesota, on the right 
 bank of the Mississippi river, at the mouth 
 of the Rollingstone, 120 miles below St. 
 Paul. It was settled in 1852, by the "West- 
 ern Farm and Village Association," who 
 number over 100 persons. The Rollingstone 
 furnishes water-power in the vicinity. 
 
 MiNNETONKA, or iMiNNiTANKA, a lake of Min- 
 nesota, included in Sibley and Hennepin coun- 
 ties, is 23 miles long. 
 
 MiNNi Wakan, or Devil Lake, in Minne- 
 sota Territory, intersected by the 48th pa- 
 rallel of N. lat., and the 99th meridian of W. 
 longitude. Length, about 40 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 12 miles. The water of this lake is 
 of a deeper tint than that of the neighboring 
 fresh-water lakes ; it is so brackish that it 
 cannot be used as drink bj^ man ; the buffnloes, 
 however, are said to be very fond of it, drink- 
 ing it as freely as they would any other wa- 
 ter. No outlet has yet been discovered. 
 
 MiNO, Pennsylvania. See Menno. 
 
 MiNOT, a post-township of Cumberland co., 
 Maine, on the Androscoggin river, about 28 
 miles S. W. from Augusta. Population, 1734. 
 
 Minot's Lodge, or Cohasset Rocks, Bos- 
 ton harbor, 8 miles S. E. from Boston light, 
 has a fixed light 06 feet high. 
 
 Minster, a post-village of Auglaize co., 
 Ohio, on the Miami canal, 122 miles N. from 
 Cincinnati. Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 MiNTONSviLLE, a post-villagc of Gates co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
MIN 
 
 MIS 
 
 MiNTONviLLE, a post-office of Casey co., Ky. 
 Mint Spking, a post-office of Augusta co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 MiRABiLE, a post-office of Caldwell co., Mo. 
 
 Miranda, a post-village of E,owan co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 MiKicKviLLE, a post-office of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 MiSHAWAKA, a flourishing post-village of 
 St. Joseph county, Indiana, is situated on 
 the St. Joseph's river, and on the railroad 
 from Chicago to Toledo, 89 miles E. by S. 
 from the former. It is surrounded by a rich 
 farming region, which contains abundance 
 of iron ore. The river is navigable by small 
 steamboats several miles higher than this 
 place, and also affords abundant water- 
 power. The village has 1 or 2 furnaces, 1 
 rolling mill, 1 woollen factory, a large flour- 
 ing mill, and several saw mills. Population 
 in 1850, 1412 ; in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 MisHTEGATOc rivcr, of Michigan, rises in 
 Genesee and Shiawassee counties, and flow- 
 ing nearly northward, enters the Flint river, 
 5 miles from its junction with the Shia- 
 wassee. 
 
 MisiSQUB, or Missisco River, rises in Or- 
 leans county, in the N. part of Vermont, and 
 flows in a northerly direction into Canada, 
 where, after running for several miles, it re- 
 turns into Vermont, and traversing Franklin 
 county, falls into Misisque or Missisco bay, 
 an arm of Lake Champlain. The whole 
 length of the river is about 75 miles, and it 
 is navigable for vessels of 50 tons about six 
 miles, to Swanton falls, where there is a very 
 valuable water-power. 
 
 MispiLLiON, a hundred in Kent co., Del. 
 
 MisPiLLioN Creek, of Delaware, forms the 
 boundary between Kent and Sussex coun- 
 ties, and enters Delaware bay. 
 
 Missaukee, a new and unorganized coun- 
 ty in the N. central part of Michigan, con- 
 tains 625 square miles. It is drained by an 
 affluent of Maskegon river. The county is 
 not named in the census of 1850, and has few 
 inhabitants, except Indians. 
 
 Mission River, a small stream of Texas, 
 which flows through Refugio county into 
 Aransas bay. 
 
 Missionary Station, a post-office of Floyd 
 CO., Georgia, on the Rome railroad, 185 miles 
 N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Mission Point, a post-office of La Salle 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Mission San Jose, a post-office of Conbia 
 Costa, California. 
 
 ■ Mississinewa river rises in Darke county, 
 in the W. part of Ohio, and flowing in a 
 general N. W. direction, falls into the Wabash 
 about three miles above Peru, in Indiana. 
 
 Mississinewa, a township of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, 23 miles S. E. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 771. 
 
 Mississinewa, a post-township in Darke 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 378. 
 
 Mississippi, (Mlssi Sipi, i. e. the " Great 
 Water,") the most important river in North 
 Amei'ica, and with the Missouri, its principal 
 affluent, the longest in the woi-ld, rises on 
 the Hauteurs de Terre, the dividing ridge of 
 the Red River of the North, 3160 miles from 
 the Gulf of Mexico, and 1680 feet above the 
 level of the ocean, lat. 47° N., Ion. 95° 54' W. 
 A small pool, fed by the neighboring hills, 
 discharges a little rivulet, in breadth scarce 
 measured by a span. Meandering over sand 
 and pebbles, and blending with it here and 
 there a kindred streamlet, it ripples on, form- 
 ing a number of basins, until it subsides at 
 last into Itasca lake. From this issues a 
 second stream, giving promise of the strength 
 of its maturity. First flowing northward 
 through several small lakes, and then in va- 
 rious directions, forming Cass lake, Lake Win- 
 nipec, and a number of other bodies of 
 water, it afterwards assumes a southerly 
 course, receives mighty rivers as tributaries, 
 and having rolled its vast volume through 
 more than eighteen degrees of latitude, en- 
 ters the Gulf of Mexico by several mouths, 
 lat. 29° N., Ion. 89° 25' W. Though not so 
 large as the Missouri, which flows into it 
 from the N. W., 1253 miles from the Gulf, yet 
 having been first explored, it received the 
 name Mississippi, which it has since retained 
 throughout its entire course. If we regard 
 the Missouri as a continuation of the Missis- 
 sippi above the junction, the entire length 
 will amount to about 4300 miles. Above the 
 confluence, the waters of the Mississippi 
 are remarkably clear, but after commin- 
 gling with those of the Missouri, (the name 
 of which signifies " 3Iud river") they become 
 exceedingly turbid, and contain about three- 
 tenths of sedimentary matter. The other 
 principal tributaries from the N. W. and W. 
 are -the St. Peter's or Minnesota, which flows 
 into the Mississippi 2192 miles from its 
 mouth ; the Des Moines, forming the bound- 
 ary between Iowa and Missouri ; the Arkan- 
 sas and the Red rivers. Those from the N. E. 
 and E. are the Wisconsin, entering it 1932 
 miles from its mouth ; the Illinois, flowing 
 into it 506 miles below; and the Ohio river, 
 which joins it 1216 miles from the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Besides these, it has a great many 
 other affluents, some of which are navigable 
 for hundreds of miles. The descent of the 
 Mississippi, from its source to its embou- 
 chure, averages a fraction over 6 inches to 
 the mile. The elevation of various points 
 are, at its extreme source, 1680 feet; Itasca 
 lake, 1575 feet; falls of St. Anthony, 856; 
 Prairie du Chien, 642 feet ; St. Louis, 382 
 feet ; mouth of the Ohio, 324 feet ; Natchez, 
 86 feet ; entrance of the Red river, 76 feet, 
 and opposite New Orleans, lOJ feet. The 
 only falls of any considerable note are those 
 of St. Anthony, 2200 miles from the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and the rapids of Pecagama, 685 
 miles farther up the stream. The river at 
 
 715 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 the latter place is compressed to a width of 
 80 feet, and precipitated over a rugged bed 
 of sandstone at an angle of about 40°. The 
 entire descent is 20 feet in about 300 yards. 
 At the former there is a perpendicular fall 
 of 17 feet, with rapids above and below, 
 making in all about 65 feet descent in three- 
 quarters of a mile. The scenery here is 
 grand and picturesque, especially at the 
 time of the spring floods. Below this the 
 river is navigable, a slight obstruction only 
 being offered, when the water is very low, by 
 the rapids, about 9 miles in extent, a short 
 distance above the entrance of the Des 
 Moines. The average depth of the Missis- 
 sippi, below the mouth of the Ohio, varies 
 from 90 to 120 feet, and the breadth from 
 600 to 1200 yards. Opposite the Mint at 
 New Orleans, it is stated by J. L. Riddell, 
 in a communication to Professor Lyell, to 
 be one-third of a mile wide, and 100 feet 
 deep. The mean velocity of the current at 
 this place is about two feet per second ; be- 
 tween the Gulf and the entrance of the Mis- 
 souri, from 60 to 70 miles per day ; above, 
 the current is less rapid. A peculiarity of 
 this river is its extremely winding course ; 
 sometimes a bend of 30 miles will occur 
 where the distance across the neck does not 
 exceed a mile. This circumstance no doubt 
 tends to check the current and facilitate na- 
 vigation. But the great distinctive feature 
 of the Mississippi is, that it flows from north 
 to south. A river that runs east or west has 
 no variety of climate or productions from its 
 source to its mouth. On the contrary, the 
 trapper and husbandman descending the 
 " Father of Waters" constantly meet with a 
 change of climate : they take with them 
 their furs and cereal grains, the products of 
 the North, to exchange for the sugar and 
 tropical fruits that are gathered on the banks 
 below. Again, the floods produced by win- 
 ter snows and spring rains cannot be simul- 
 taneously discharged. The course of the 
 stream being from north to south, spring ad- 
 vances in a reverse direction, and releases 
 in succession the waters of the lower valley, 
 then of the middle section, and finally, the 
 remote sources of the Mississippi and its tri- 
 butaries. It is a remarkable fact, that the 
 waters from this last-named region do not 
 reach the Delta until upwards of a month 
 after the inundation there has been abating. 
 The swell usually commences toward the end 
 of February, and continues to rise by une- 
 qual diurnal accretions till the 1st of June, 
 when they again begin to subside. No ex- 
 perience will enable a person to anticipate, 
 with any approach to certainty, the eleva- 
 tion of the flood in any given year. Some 
 seasons the waters do not rise above their 
 channels ; others, the entire lower valley of 
 ilie Mississippi is submerged. Embankments, 
 called levees, have been raised from 5 to 10 
 fee*, high on both sides of the stream, extend- 
 716 
 
 ing many miles above and below New Or- 
 leans. By this means the river is restrained 
 within its proper limits, except at the great- 
 est freshets, when the waters sometimes 
 break over, causing great destruction of pro- 
 perty, and even loss of life. The average 
 height of the flood, from the Delta to the 
 junction of the Missouri, is about 15 feet; 
 at the mouth of the latter river it is 25 feet ; 
 Ijelow the entrance of the Ohio the rise is 
 often 50 feet ; at Natchez it seldom exceeds 
 30 feet, and at New Orleans is about 12 feet. 
 This diminution is supposed to result from 
 the drainage through the Atchafalaya, 
 Bayou la Fourche, and other channels 
 breaking from the lower part of the river to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The flood often carries 
 away large masses of earth with trees, which 
 frequently become embedded in the mud at 
 one end, while the other floats near the sur- 
 face, forming snags and sawyers. Vessels 
 are usually from 8 to 10 days in ascending 
 the Mississippi from the Gulf to New Or- 
 leans, and 9 or 10 weeks not unfrequently 
 elapse in sailing to the mouth of the Illinois 
 river. By the aid of steam, however, the 
 passage from Cincinnati •to New Orleans 
 and back again is made in less than 20 days. 
 Flat-boats, a species of raft not designed to 
 return, are extensively used for transporta- 
 tion down the stream. Large ships seldom 
 ascend above Natchez. The first steamboat 
 for navigation on the Western waters was 
 built at Pittsburg, in 1811. In 1815, there 
 were about 14 in use; in 1829, 230; in 1843, 
 600, and in 1848, 1200. The number of 
 steamboats now plying on the Western rivers 
 and lakes is supposed to be about 1500, with 
 an aggregate burthen of more than twice the 
 entire steamboat tonnage of Great Britain, 
 and probably equal to that of all other parts 
 of the world. The total value of the steam- 
 boats annually afloat on the Western waters 
 is estimated at $6,000,000. The Mississippi 
 river and its tributaries drains an area of over 
 1,200,000 square miles. This vast region, 
 from its almost unexampled fertility, has 
 obtained the title of the " Garden of the 
 World:' 
 
 The Delia of the Mississippi consists of that 
 portion of territory at the mouth of the river, 
 composed entirely of alluvion. It is about 
 200 miles in length, with a mean width of 
 75 miles, constituting an area of about 
 15,000 square miles of delta formation. The 
 depth of the alluvion is estimated at one-fifth 
 of a mile. The debris carried along with 
 the flood is principally deposited near the 
 borders of the stream, the necessary result 
 being that these portions have been raised 
 to a much higher level than the adjoining 
 lands. In some places the slope is as much 
 as 18 feet in a distance of a few miles. The 
 interior consists of vasts swamps covered witli 
 trees, of which the tops only are visible dur- 
 ing the floods. The river, for almost 50 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 miles from its mouth, runs nearly parallel 
 with the Gulf of Mexico, from which it is 
 separated at particular places by an em- 
 bankment only half a mile across. The 
 passes through which the waters of the Mis- 
 sissippi are discharged into the Gulf are un- 
 dergoing incessant changes ; old channels 
 are filling up, and new ones forming. The 
 depth of water in these passes has never 
 been equal to the requisitions of commerce; 
 and it is only by the most enormous applica- 
 tion of steam-power and ploughing through 
 deep beds of sand, that ships of the largest 
 class are enabled to get safely over the bars. 
 
 Mississippi, one of the Southern States of 
 the American confederacy, is bounded N. by 
 Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by the Gulf of 
 Mexico and Louisiana, and W. by the Pearl 
 and Mississippi rivers, which separate it from 
 Louisiana and Arkansas. It lies between 30° 
 •20' and 35° N. lat., and between 88° 12' and 
 91° 40' W. Ion., being about 399 miles long 
 from N. to S., and 150 in average breadth, 
 including an area of about 47,156 square 
 miles, or 30,179,840 acres, of which only 
 3,444,358 are improved. 
 
 Population. — The number of inhabitants in 
 1800, was 8850; 40,352 in 1810; 75,448 in 
 1820; 136,621 in 1830; 376,651 in 1840, and 
 605,948 in 1850, of whom 156,287 were white 
 males, 139,431 white females ; 474 free co- 
 lored males, 456 free colored females, and 
 154,674 male, and 154,626 female slaves. 
 Representative population, 482,595. This 
 population was divided into 52,107 families, 
 occupying 51,681 dwellings. Of the free 
 population, 140,885 were born in the state, 
 150,229 in other states, 593 in England, 1928 
 in Ireland, 327 in Scotland and Wales, 79 in 
 British America, 1064 in Germany, 440 in 
 France, 527 in other countries, and 576 whose 
 places of birth were unknown ; making about 
 If per cent, of the free population of foreign 
 birth. In the year ending June 1st, 1850, 
 there occurred 8711 deaths, or about 14 to 
 every one thousand persons. In the same 
 period, 260 paupers, of whom 12 were fo- 
 reigners, received aid, at an expense of $70 
 for each individual. Of 108 deaf and dumb, 
 1 was free colored, and 26 slaves ; of 217 
 blind, 1 was free colored, and 86 slaves ; of 
 149 insane, 22 were slaves, and of 210 idiotic, 
 5 were free colored, and 64 were slaves. 
 
 CoM«<ie.s.— Mississippi is divided into 59 coun- 
 ties, viz. Adams, Amite, Attala, Bolivar, Car- 
 roll, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Clairboi-ne, Clarke, 
 Coahoma, Copiah, Covington, De Soto, Frank- 
 lin, Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Hinds, Holmes, 
 Issaquena, Itawamba, Jackson, Jasper, Jef- 
 ferson, Jones, Kemper, Lafayette, Lauder- 
 dale, La~wrence, Leake, Lowndes, Madison, 
 Marion, Marshall, Monroe, Neshoba, Newton, 
 Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Panola, Perry, Pike, 
 Pontotoc, Rankin, Scott, Simpson, Smith, 
 Sunflower, Tallahatchie, Tippah, Tishemingo, 
 Tunica, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wilkin- 
 
 son, Winston, Yallobusha, and Yazoo. Capi- 
 tal, Jackson. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — There are no large towns 
 in this state : Natchez, the largest, had, in 
 1850, a population of about 6000: the other 
 principal towns are Aberdeen, population, 
 4000; Vicksburg, 3678; Jackson, estimated at 
 3500; Columbus, 2614; Holly Springs, 2052 ; 
 Port Gibson, 1036 ; and Shieidsborough, 924. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The eastern and cen- 
 tral parts of the state are a kind of table- 
 land, descending towards the Mississippi by 
 steps formed by two ranges of bluffs of irre- 
 gular outline, sometimes approaching close 
 to the river's brink, and overhanging it by 
 precipices of, from 100 to 200 feet in height. 
 In other places, a wide expanse of swamj) 
 fills up the interval. One of these marshes 
 extends from 50 miles below the mouth of the 
 Yazoo river to Memphis, in Tennessee, with 
 a breadth varying from a few miles to 50, 
 and sometimes even 100 miles, occupying an 
 area of nearly 7000 square miles. This sec- 
 tion is liable to inundations at the period of 
 freshets, and sometimes is covered with wa- 
 ter to the depth of several feet. The rivers 
 generally run in a S. W. course, showing the 
 general slope of the country to be in that 
 direction ; a portion of the N. E., however, 
 is drained by the Tombigbee, and the central 
 and S. E. portions by the Pearl and Pasca- 
 goula rivers, which seek the Gulf of Mexico 
 on a S. and S. E. direction. The northern 
 and central parts of the state are undulating, 
 presenting a champaign appearance. The 
 N. E. is prairie land, extending for some 
 distance down the Alabama boundary, when 
 the country again becomes rolling and tim- 
 bered. The S. E. of the state is low but un- 
 dulating, and abounding in pine. Near the 
 coast, the country, which farther west is 
 swampy, becomes firm. The mineral re- 
 sources of the state, so far as developed, are 
 not extensive. Some gold has been found in 
 Marion county, but coal and marble are not 
 known to exist in any considerable quantity. 
 In 1850 about $100,000 were invested in iron 
 foundries, &c. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, ^c. — The western part of this 
 state is drained by the Mississippi and its 
 tributaries, the eastern by the tributaries of 
 the Tombigbee and Pascagoula, and the cen- 
 tral by the Pearl river. The Yazoo and the 
 Big Black are the largest branches of the 
 Mississippi from this state, and drain the 
 N. W. portion. The Tennessee river touches 
 the N. E. boundary of the state for about 
 15 miles. The Mississippi river renders this 
 state accessible to the largest steamboats for 
 the whole extent of its western boundary, 
 and smaller steamboats ascend the Yazoo for 
 300 miles, the Big Black for 50 miles, the 
 Pearl sometimes to Jackson, (though its na- 
 vigation is much impeded by sandbars and 
 shallows,) and the Pascagoula for a short 
 distance. There is a chain of lakes and bays, 
 
 717 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 so called, but more properly sounds, sepa- 
 rating some low islands from the coasts. The 
 principal of these bays, or lakes, are Lake 
 Borgne and Pascagoula bay. Biloxi and St. 
 Louis bays are arms of these. This state 
 borders on the Gulf for about 60 or 70 miles, 
 but has no good harbors. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Mississippi 
 has not many striking objects in her physical 
 conformation to arrest the mere tourist, but 
 must rely on her rich soil and utilitarian ad- 
 vantages principally to interest the states- 
 man and philosopher. Not far from Natchez, 
 at a village called Seltzertown, there is a 
 group of mounds, the most elevated of which 
 is about 35 feet high, with a flat area on the 
 summit, of some 2 or 3 acres, surrounded by 
 a rampart 2 or 3 feet high, and enclosing 
 6 other mounds, one of which is 30 feet in 
 elevation, or 65 feet above the base of the 
 large mound. Numerous relics, such as 
 pipes, weapons, vessels, &c., have been taken 
 from them. Another group, of smaller but 
 similar earth-works, lies still nearer Natchez. 
 There are several medicinal springs in this 
 state, of much resort ; among them are Coo- 
 per's Well, in Hinds county, 12 miles W. of 
 Jackson, (the waters of which are impreg- 
 nated with sulphur and iron, and regarded as 
 beneficial in diseases of the bowels and skin ;) 
 and Lauderdale Springs, in the county of the 
 same name, contain white sulphur and chaly- 
 beate waters. One spring has a body of 
 water sufficient to turn a mill. The bluffs 
 on the western side of the state, which some- 
 times rise perpendicularly from the water's 
 edge to the height of 150 or 200 feet, and 
 then recede many miles into the interior, be- 
 come very interesting objects to the voyager 
 on the Mississippi, from their contrast to the 
 monotonous scenery of that region. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — Mississippi 
 approaches within a few degrees of the torrid 
 zone, and its long summers partake of the 
 heat of that region ; but the winters, as well 
 as those of Louisiana, have a temperature a 
 few degrees lower than on the Atlantic in the 
 same latitude. In the southern part of the 
 state the season is long enough to mature the 
 fig and the orange, while in the north the 
 apple flourishes. The valleys of the north- 
 ern and central portions of Mississippi are 
 exceedingly fertile, but subject, in places, to 
 the wa;3hiag of sand from the less fertile up- 
 land regions during freshets. Cotton was 
 formerly the staple of this region, but since 
 the soil has been somewhat exhausted, lighter 
 crops have taken its place. The prairie re- 
 gion of the N. E. has a rich, black, adhesive 
 soil, impregnated with lime, and yielding- 
 luxuriant crops of Indian corn and cotton. 
 The soil in the S. E. part of the state is sandy, 
 mostly covered with pine, interspersed with 
 more fertile portions, producing Indian corn 
 and small grain abundantly, and cotton and 
 rice to some extent. Fruits flourish in this 
 718 
 
 district, which is also famous for its cattle, 
 being sometimes called the " cow country." 
 The southern country, back from the sea- 
 coast, is sandy, and covered with pine forests, 
 which are beginning to be turned to account 
 in the production of turpentine, &c. But the 
 richest and most inexhausible soil in Missis- 
 sippi is that section lying between the upland 
 bluffs and the Mississippi, called sometimes 
 the swamp lands. A writer in De Bow's 
 Resources of the South and 'West, asserts 
 "that the opinion that this region is un- 
 healthjr is fast giving way, and that popula- 
 tion of the very best character is now settling 
 there." ■ The great drawback, however, (its 
 liability to inundations,) still remains, though 
 even this will probably be removed as the 
 population becomes more dense, and further 
 and stronger embankments are made. The 
 great staple of the state is cotton, in the pro- 
 duction of which it ranks third (and if we 
 regard only popiilation, second) of the states 
 of the Union. The principal products are 
 Indian corn, peas, beans, Irish and sweet 
 potatoes, butter, beeswax, honej'', and live 
 stock ; considerable wheat, rice, tobacco, 
 wool, fruits, cheese, and some molasses, su- 
 gar, barley, bucktvheat, wine, hay, grass- 
 seeds, rye, hops, hemp, flax, and silk. In 
 1850 there were in Mississippi 23,960 farms, 
 containing 3,444,358 acres of cultivated land, 
 or about 146 acres to each farm, producing 
 137,990 bushels of wheat; 9606 of rye: 
 22,446,552 of Indian corn; 1,503,288 of 
 oats; 1,072,757 of peas and beans ; 261,482 
 of Irish potatoes; 4,741,795 of sweet pota- 
 toes; 2,719,856 pounds of rice; 49.960 of 
 tobacco; 193,717,200 of cotton; 559.619 of 
 wool; 4,346,234 of butter; 21,191 of cheese ; 
 12,505 tons of hay ; 388,000 pounds of sugar : 
 397,460 of beeswax and honey ; live stock 
 of the value of $19,403,602 ; slaughtered do. 
 $3,636,582; products of orchards, $50,405; 
 and market goods, $46,250. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The swamps abound in a 
 growth of black and white cypress, (the lat- 
 ter an excellent kind of timber,) and the 
 southern portions with pine, a ridge of which 
 crosses the state from .Jackson to Alabama. 
 The north is well wooded with oak and hick- 
 ory. The oaks include red, white, post, and 
 live oaks. The other timber is black walnut, 
 locust, a dwarf species of buckeye, beech, 
 dogwood, persimmon, and papaw. The fruits 
 are peaches, figs, oranges, plums, cherries, 
 grapes, and melons. 
 
 Internal improvements have made but lit- 
 tle progress in this state. In .January, 1853, 
 there were 100 miles of railway completed, 
 and 491 in course of construction. Brandon, 
 Jackson, and Raj-mond are connected with 
 Vicksburg, and Citronelle with IMobile, by 33 
 miles of the finished portion of the Ohio and 
 Mobile railroad. Plank-roads are beginning 
 to claim attention here as elsewhere. — See 
 Table of Railroads, Appendix. 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufactures in this 
 state are few. In 1850 there were 866 es- 
 tablishments, each producing $500 and up- 
 wards annually. Homemade manufactures 
 the same year were produced to the value of 
 $1,164,020. There were only 2 establish- 
 ments engaged in cotton manufactures, em- 
 ploying $88,000 capital, and 19 male and 17 
 female hands, consuming raw material of the 
 value of $21,500, and producing 171,000 
 povinds of yarn, worth $30,500 ; no woollen 
 establishments ; 8 iron foundries, &c., employ- 
 ing $100,000 capital, and 112 male hands, con- 
 suming raw material of the value of $50,370, 
 and producing 924 tons of castings, worth 
 $117,400. There were also 92 tanneries, 
 employing $145,615 capital, consuming raw 
 material worth $111,474, and producing 
 leather valued at $229,407. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of this state 
 being mostly carried on through New Or- 
 leans, no tables of its exports or imports can be 
 given ; but the great article of export is 
 cotton. The tonnage of Mississippi in 1852 
 was only 1452^^. No vessels are reported 
 as being built within the state. The pro- 
 ducts of the N. W. of the state find their 
 outlet principally at Memphis, Tennessee ; 
 of the N. E., through Tombigbee river, at 
 Mobile. A large portion of the E. and S. E. 
 also has the same market. The pine will pro- 
 bably soon contribute largely to the exports of 
 Mississippi, both in lumber and naval stores. 
 
 Education. — Laws have been recently 
 passed improving the school system of this 
 state, but they had not in 1852 gone into 
 efficient operation. There were in the same 
 year three colleges, with an aggregate of 204 
 students, and 8450 volumes in their libraries. 
 — See Table of Colleges, Appendix. In 1850 
 there were 762 public schools, and 189 aca- 
 demies and other schools in Mississippi. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of 910 churches 
 in the state in 1850, the Baptists owned 336 ; 
 Episcopalians, 13 ; Methodists, 406 ; Presby- 
 terians, 135, and Roman Catholics, 8. The 
 rest were owned by the Christians, Free 
 Church, and Union Church. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There is an excellent 
 penitentiary at Jackson, and an asylum for 
 the blind at the same place. It is in contem- 
 plation to erect a lunatic asylum. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — The governor is 
 elected by the people for two years, and re- 
 ceives $3000 salary. The senate is com- 
 posed of 32, and the house of representatives 
 of 92 members, both elected by the people, 
 the former for four and the latter for two 
 years. The sessions of the legislature are 
 biennial. The judiciary consists — 1. Of a 
 high court of errors and appeals, composed 
 of one chief and two associate judges ; 2. Of 
 a superior court of chancery, held at Jack- 
 son, and considered in law as always open ; 
 3. Of district chancery courts ; and 4. Of 
 seven circuit courts. The judges of the court 
 
 of appeals receive $3000, the chancellor 
 $2600, and the vice chancellors $2000 per 
 annum. The district judges are elected for 
 four years. The assessed value of property 
 in 1850 was $208,422,167 ; the public debt, 
 (in 1852,) $7,271,707; of which $5,000,000 
 was contingent debt ; public property, (not 
 at present productive,) $2,000,000, and ordi- 
 nary expenses, exclusive of debt and schools, 
 about $130,000 per annum. Mississippi re- 
 quires 12 months' residence to entitle a citi- 
 zen to the right of suffrage. This state sends 
 five members to the national congress, and 
 gives seven electoral votes for president of 
 the United States. In January, 1853, there 
 was in Mississippi $132,726.93 banking ca- 
 pital, with a circulation of $46,925, and 
 $19,211.06 in coin. 
 
 History. — Mississippi was first visited by 
 Europeans about the year 1540, when De 
 Soto, with 1000 followers, crossed the state 
 on an exploring expedition from Florida. 
 This party having suflFered severely by at- 
 tacks from the aborigines, no other attempt was 
 made to establish a permanent colony till 
 1682, when La Salle descended the Missis- 
 sippi and visited this region. He returned in 
 two years with a party which he intended to 
 settle in Mississippi, but meeting with misfor- 
 tunes, the colony never reached its destination. 
 The next attempt at settlement was made 
 by Iberville, but with no successful result. 
 The settlement at Fort Rosalie (now Natches) 
 in 1716, by some Frenchmen under Bienville, 
 was generally considered the first permanent 
 colony. A general massacre of the white in- 
 habitants by the savages took place in 1728, 
 but, as in every other contest between the 
 Indians and the whites, victory ultimately 
 rested with the latter. Other conflicts in 
 1736, '39, and '52, though carried on with 
 varying success, had the same result. At 
 the peace of Paris, in 1768, Mississippi be* 
 came a part of the English territory. Soon 
 after, a portion of the French, so inhumanly 
 driven by the English from Nova Scotia, set- 
 tled in Mississippi ; and in 1768 commenced 
 an emigration from the Eastern colonies, by 
 way of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In 
 1798, Mississippi, including Alabama, was 
 erected into a territory, and in 1817 was ad- 
 mitted into the Union as an independent 
 state. 
 
 Mississippi, a county forming the E. N. E. 
 extremity of Arkansas, and bordering on 
 Missouri and the Mississippi river, which 
 washes the entire E. border. The area is 
 about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by St. Francis river. The surface is flat, 
 and partly occupied by lakes and swamps, 
 formed by the overflow ot the " great river." 
 The soil of the drier portions is very fertile, 
 producing cotton and maize. In 1850 there 
 were raised 200,250 bushels of Indian corn, 
 455 bales of cotton, and 21,273 pounds of but- 
 ter were made. There were 55 pupils attend 
 
 719 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 ing public schools. Capital, Oscoola. Popula- 
 tion, 2368; of whom 1503 were free, and 
 865, slaves. 
 
 Mississippi, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on the river of its own 
 name, opposite the mouth of the Ohio, has an 
 area of 400 square miles. The Mississippi 
 river separates it from Kentucky and Illinois, 
 and forms its boundary on the N., E., and S. 
 The county is drained by James and Cypress 
 bayous. The surface is level; the soil is very 
 fertile, particularly adapted to Indian corn, 
 which is the staple production. In 1850 
 there were raised in the county 354,700 
 bushels of corn ; 3727 of wheat ; 95 tons of 
 hay, and 22,955 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 4 churches, and 190 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. A portion of the coun- 
 ty is occupied by cypress swamps. An 
 appropriation has been made by the state 
 for the purpose of reclaiming the lands in 
 this county which were submerged by the 
 earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. Organized in 
 1845. Capital, Charleston. Population, 8123, 
 of whom 2377 were free, and 746, slaves. 
 
 Mississippi City, a post-village, capital 
 of Harrison co., Mississippi, on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, about 70 miles W. by S. from Mobile. 
 
 Missouri, (i.e. the "Mudriver,") thelongest 
 tributary stream in the world, has its source 
 in the Rocky Mountains, lat. 45° N., Ion. 
 110° 30' W. The springs which give rise to 
 this river are not more than a mile from the 
 head waters of the Columbia, which flows W. 
 to the Pacific ocean. The first 500 miles of 
 its course to the Great Falls is nearly N. ; 
 then inflecting E. N. E., it reaches its ex- 
 treme northern bend at the junction of White 
 Earth river, lat. 48° 20' N. After this its 
 general course is S. E., till it joins the Mis- 
 sissippi in about 38° 50' N. lat., and 90° 10' 
 W. Ion. At a distance of 411 miles from the 
 source of the Missouri, are what are de- 
 nominated the Gates of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. The scenery at this place is remark- 
 able wild and impressive. For a distance of 
 nearly six miles, the rocks rise perpendicu- 
 larly from the water's edge to a height of 
 1200 feet. The river is compressed to a 
 width of 150 yards, and for the first three 
 miles there is only one spot, and that of but 
 a few yards in extent, on which a man could 
 stand between the water and the perpendicu- 
 lar walls. At a distance of 110 miles below 
 this, and 2575 miles above the mouth of the 
 Missouri, are the Great Falls, where the 
 river descends, by a succession of falls and 
 rapids, 357 feet in IGg miles. The perpen- 
 dicular falls commencing down the stream 
 are, first one of 87 feet, one of 19 feet, one 
 of 47 feet, and one of 26 feet. Between and 
 below these are continual rapids, from 3 to 
 18 feet descent. These falls, next to Nia- 
 gara, are the grandest in North America. 
 The bed of the Missouri commences at the 
 confluence of three small streams, about 
 720 
 
 equal in length, and running nearly parallel 
 to each other — Jeff'erson's, Madison's, and 
 Gallatin's. The Yellowstone, 800 yards wide 
 at its mouth, and probably the largest tri- 
 butary of the Missouri, enters it from the 
 S. VV., 1216 miles from its navigable source. 
 These two rivers, at their junction, are 
 about equal in size. Steamboats ascend to 
 this point, and might ascend farther both by 
 the main stream and its affluent. Chienne 
 river, 400 yards wide at its mouth, enters 
 the Missouri from the S. W., 1310 miles from 
 its mouth; White river, 300 yards wide, en- 
 ters it from the S. W., 1130 miles from its 
 mouth; Big Sioux river, 110 yards wide, en- 
 ters it from the N. E., 853 miles from its 
 mouth ; Platte river, 600 yards wide, enters 
 it from the S. W., 600 miles from its mouth ; 
 Kanzas river, 233 yards wide, enters it from 
 the S. W., 340 miles from its mouth; Grand 
 river, 190 yards wide, joins it from the 
 N., 240 miles from its mouth, and Osage 
 river, 897 yards wide, flows into it from the 
 S. W., 133 miles from its junction with the 
 main stream. The Missouri is stated to be 
 3096 miles long to its confluence with the 
 Mississippi : add to this 1253 miles, the dis- 
 tance its waters must flow to reach the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and we have an entire length of 
 4349 miles. There is, however, reason to 
 believe that the early statements respecting 
 the extent of this river and its tributaries 
 were somewhat exaggerated. Throughout 
 the greater part of its course, the Missouri 
 is a rapid, turbid stream. No serious ob- 
 stacle, however, is presented to navigation 
 from its mouth to the Great Falls, a distance 
 of 2575 miles, excepting perhaps its shallow- 
 ness during the season of the greatest 
 drought, when steamboats sometimes meet 
 with difficulty in ascending. The flood from 
 this river does not reach the Mississippi till 
 the rise in the Red, the Arkansas, and the 
 Ohio rivers has nearly subsided. Vast prai- 
 ries, with narrow strips of alluvion skirting 
 the streams, compose the Missouri basin, ex- 
 cepting the upper portion of the river, which 
 flows through an arid and sterile region. The 
 entire extent of area drained is estimated at 
 500,000 square miles. 
 
 Missouri, one of the largest of the United 
 States, and the first formed wholly W. of the 
 Mississippi river, is bounded on the N. by 
 Iowa, (from which it is separated for about 
 30 miles on the N. E. by the Des Moines 
 river,) on the E. by the Mississippi river, 
 which divides it from Illinois, Kentucky, and 
 Tennessee ; on the S. by the Arkansas, and 
 on the W. by Indian Territory, from which 
 it is partly separated by the Missouri 
 river. This state lies (with the exception of 
 a small projection between the St. Francis 
 and the Mississippi river, which extends to 
 36°) between 36° 30', and 40° 36' N. lat, 
 and 89° 10' and 96° W. Ion., being about 285 
 miles in its greatest length from E. to W., 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 and 280 in wMth from N. to S., including an 
 area of 67,380 square miles, or 43,123,200 
 acres, only 2,938,425 acres of ■which were 
 improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — Though originally settled by 
 the French, less than one-third of one per 
 cent, of the present inhabitants of Missouri 
 are of that extraction. The population 
 amounted to 66,586 in 1820; 140,145 in 
 1830; 383,702 in 1840, and 682,244 in 1850; 
 of whom 312,987 were white males, and 
 279,017 females; 1361 free colored males, 
 and 1257 females; 43,484 male slaves, and 
 43,938 female. There were in 1850, 100,890 
 families, occupying 96,849 dwellings. In the 
 year ending June, 1850, 12,211 deaths oc- 
 curred, or nearly 19 in every one thousand 
 persons ; in the same period 2977 paupers 
 received aid, of whom 1729 were foreigners, 
 at an expense of about .$18 to each pauper. 
 Of the free population, 277,604 were born in 
 the state ; 244,222 in other states ; 5379 in 
 England; 14,734 in Ireland; 2225 in Wales 
 and Scotland ; 1053 in British America ; 
 44,352 in Germany; 2138 in France; 3593 
 in other countries, and 1822 whose places 
 of birth were unknown ; making more than 
 one-eighth of the population of foreign birth. 
 There were in the state, according to the 
 census, 259 deaf and dumb, of whom 15 were 
 slaves; 211 blind, of whom 3 were free 
 colored, and 28 slaves ; 282 insane, of whom 
 2 were free colored, and 9 slaves ; and 333 
 idiots, of whom 29 were slaves. 
 
 Counties. — There are in Missouri 101 
 counties, viz. Adair, Andrew, Atchison, 
 Audrain, Barry, Bates, Benton, Boone, Bu- 
 chanan, Butler, Caldwell, Callaway, Cam- 
 den, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Cass, Cedar, 
 Chariton, Clarke, Clay, Clinton, Cole, Cooper, 
 Crawford, Dade, Dallas, Daviess, De Kalb, 
 Dodge, Dunklin, Franklin, Gasconade, Gentry, 
 Greene, Grundy, Harrison, Henry, Hickory, 
 Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, 
 Johnson, Knox, Laclede, Lafayette, Lawrence, 
 Lewis, Lincoln, Linn, Livingston, Macon, 
 McDonald, Madison, Marion, Mercer, Mil- 
 ler, Mississippi, Moniteau, Monroe, Morgan, 
 Montgomery, New Madrid, Newton, Nodaway, 
 Oregon, Osage, Ozark, Perry, Pettis, Pike, 
 Platte, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Ralls, Ran- 
 dolph, Ray, Reynolds, Ripley, Scotland, St. 
 Charles, St. Clair, St. Francis, St. Genevieve, 
 St. Louis, Salina, Schuyler, Scott, Seneca, 
 Shannon, Shelby, Stoddard, Sullivan, Taney, 
 Texas, Warren, Washington, Wayne, and 
 Wright. Capital, Jefferson City. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — St. Louis is the largest 
 city in Missouri, population, 77,860, (by a 
 local census in 1853, 88,000;) the other 
 principal towns are Hannibal, population in 
 1850, 2557; Lexington, 2459; Castor, 2084; 
 Weston, 1915; Palmyra, 1284; and St. Gene- 
 vieve, 958. 
 
 Face of the Country. — This great state is 
 mostly level or undulating N. of the Missouri 
 2v 
 
 river, while S. of this river (much the larger 
 portion of the state) exhibits a much greater 
 variety. In the S. E. part, near the Missis- 
 sippi river, and S. of Cape Girardeau, is an ex- 
 tensive marsh, reaching beyond the state into 
 Arkansas, and occupying an area of about 
 3000 square miles. The remainder of this 
 portion, between the Mississippi and the 
 Osage rivers, is rolling, gradually rising into 
 a hilly and mountainous district, forming the 
 outskirts of the Ozark mountains. Beyond 
 the Osage river, at some distance, commences 
 a vast expanse of prairie land, which stretches 
 away to the Rocky mountains. The ridges 
 forming the Ozark chain, which probably in 
 no place reach an elevation of 2000 feet, 
 extends in a N. E. and S. W. direction, sepa- 
 rating the waters that flow N. E. into the 
 Missouri river from those that flow S. E. into 
 the Mississippi river. The geological features 
 of this state are very interesting. One of the 
 richest coalfields perhaps in the world oc- 
 cupies the greater part of Missouri N. of the 
 Osage river, and extends nearly to the N. 
 boundary of Iowa. A carboniferous lime- 
 stone, which comes to the surface on the E. 
 and W. borders of the state, forms a rim 
 from 5 to 40 miles in breadth. The lower 
 magnesian limestone crops out on the Mis- 
 souri river, from 25 miles above Jefferson 
 City to within 35 miles of its mouth, with 
 occasional obtrusions of sandstone. School- 
 craft thus speaks of the Ozark mountains: 
 "The Ozark is a term applied to a broad, 
 elevated district of highlands, running from 
 N. to S. centrally through the states of Mis- 
 souri and Arkansas. It has on the E. the 
 striking and deep alluvial tract of the Missis- 
 sippi river, and on its W. the woodless plains 
 or deserts which stretch below the Rocky 
 mountains." 
 
 3Iinerals. — Missouri is particularly rich in 
 minerals, and a vast region in the neigh- 
 borhood of Iron mountain is, perhaps, un- 
 surpassed in the globe for productiveness in 
 iron of the best quality. Though existing 
 in the greatest abundance and purity in this 
 locality, this mineral is found scattered 
 throughout the state. In the eastern counties 
 S. of the Missouri river, large quantities of 
 lead, sometimes mixed with zinc, are found. 
 Copper exists throughout the mineral region, 
 (a tract of 17,000,000 or 18,000,000 acres, ) but 
 is most abundant near the La Motte mines. 
 It is found combined with nickel, manganese, 
 iron, cobalt, and lead, and these often yield 
 34 per cent, of the pure metal. Of the other 
 metals named, all except nickel are found in 
 considerable quantities. Silver exists in the 
 lead ore, 350 pounds of pure silver having 
 been obtained from 1,000,000 pounds of lead. 
 Tin has been found in small quantities. Of 
 the non-metallic minerals, limestone abounds 
 N. of the Missouri river, and forms a good 
 building stone. Marbles beautifully veined 
 and crystalline are found in parts of the 
 
 721 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 st.ate ; also gypsum, sandstones, red arid white, 
 porphyries, sienite, saltpetre, sulphate of 
 baryta, kaolin, and inferior clays. The red 
 sandstone is of too coarse and loose a texture 
 for architectural purposes, but the white, 
 found near St. Genevieve, makes superior 
 glass. Porphyries of a red ground inter- 
 spersed with crystals, admiting of a high 
 polish, are found S. of the Missouri river. 
 
 CoaZ.— Bituminous coal, much of it cannel 
 coal, exists in vast beds in the N. of the state, 
 and has also been found 40 miles up the 
 Osage river. The great cannel coalbed in 
 Callaway county consists, in one place, of a 
 solid stratum 24 feet, and in another 75 feet 
 in thickness, and is believed to be the largest 
 body of cannel coal known. 
 
 Rivers. — Missouri enjoys the navigation of 
 the two greatest rivers in the United States, 
 if not in the world. By means of the Mis- 
 sissippi river, which coasts her entire eastern 
 boundary, she can hold commercial inter- 
 course with the most northern territory of 
 the Union, with the whole of the vallej' of the 
 Ohio, with some of the Atlantic States, and 
 with the Gulf of Mexico. By means of the 
 Missouri, her other great river, she may 
 extend her internal commerce to the Rocky 
 mountains, besides receiving the products 
 that may be furnished in future times by its 
 multitude of tributaries. The Missouri river 
 coasts the N. W. of the state for about 200 
 miles, (following its windings,) and then 
 darts across the state in a direction a little 
 S. of E., dividing it into two portions, of 
 which about a third is N., and the remainder 
 S. of that river. The S. shore is bounded in 
 many places bybluifs of from 100 to 300 feet 
 in height, while the N. is often bottom lands 
 not generally liable to inundation. Both the 
 Mississippi and Missouri rivers are navigable 
 for large steamers far beyond the limits of 
 the state, though the navigation of the latter 
 is impeded by the swiftness of its current 
 (twice that of the Mississippi) and by the 
 shifting sands. The Missouri river receives 
 a number of tributaries within the limits of 
 the state, the principal of which are the 
 Chariton and Grand rivers from the N., and 
 the Osage and Gasconade from the S. The 
 principal tributaries of the Mississippi river 
 within the state are the Salt river, N., and 
 the Maramec river, S. of the Missouri river. 
 The St. Francis and White rivers, with their 
 branches, drain the S. E. part of the state, and 
 pass into Arkansas. The Osage is navigable 
 for boats of light draught 200 miles, and it is 
 proposed to improve its navigation, as well 
 as that of the Grand, Salt, and Maramec 
 rivers. Fine plank and timber are floated 
 down the Gasconade river. 
 
 Olijects of Interest to Tourists. — We shall 
 hardly be able to do justice to Missouri in 
 this respect, in the present state of our 
 knowledge of the interior, as there are doubt- 
 less, in her mountain recesses, gorges, water- 
 722 
 
 falls, and caves whose fame has not yet 
 reached us. To the geologist the state al- 
 ready possesses ample inducements for a 
 visit; while the lover of fine scenery will 
 find much to interest him in the wild bluflfs 
 both of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, 
 which rise to an elevation varying from 
 50 to 800 feet. In the S. E. part of the 
 state, the scene of the earthquakes of 1811 
 and 1812, maybe viewed many traces of that 
 startling event : among others are to be seen, 
 at the bottoms of lakes, submerged forests 
 and canebrakes. Pilot Knob, 444 feet high, 
 and Iron mountain, 1500 feet high, the former 
 of steel, as it is said, and the latter of nearly 
 pure iron, are well worth a visit from the 
 curious and scientific tourist. Big Spring, 
 at the head of the Maramec river, rising in 
 a very deep basin 100 feet across, and sur- 
 rounded by banks as many feet in perpendi- 
 cular height, gives rise to a stream 60 feet 
 wide and 3 feet deep, and w'ith sufficient 
 force to turn two mills at its source. The 
 water is extremely cold. Schoolcraft de- 
 scribes a cave near some of the head waters 
 of the White river thus : — " The opening ap- 
 peared to be 80 or 90 feet wide and 30 high. 
 A vast gloomy rotunda opened before us, 
 which very soon after entry increased to a 
 height of 60 or 70 feet, and in width to 150 
 or 200 feet. This hall extended into the 
 rock southerly, branching off into lateral 
 avenues. We explored the main gallery for 
 500 or 600 yards, when we met with ob- 
 structions." 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Missouri is very 
 variable : in the winter the thermometer 
 sinks below zero, and the rivers are frozen 
 so as to admit the passage of heavily laden 
 vehicles. The summers are excessively hot, 
 but the air dry and pure. In the autumns, 
 bilious and remittent fevers are common on 
 the river bottoms. Pulmonary complaints, 
 however, to such a degree as to terminate in 
 consumption, are infrequent. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil of Missouri, 
 speaking generally, is good, and of great 
 agricultural capabilities ; but the most fertile 
 portions are in the river bottoms, which are 
 a rich alluvion, (in some cases, however, 
 mixed with sand,) and in that portion N. of 
 the Missouri river, except in the E., where a 
 sandy soil prevails. South of the Missouri 
 there is a greater variety in the soil, but 
 much of it is fertile, and even in the moun- 
 tains and mineral districts there are rich 
 valleys, and about the sources of the White, 
 Eleven Points, Current, and Big Black rivers, 
 the soil, though unproductive, furnishes a va- 
 luable growth of yellow pine. The marshy dis- 
 trict of the S. E. part will, when the population 
 shall have become sufficiently dense to justify 
 the expense of drainage, be probably one of 
 the most fertile portions of the state. The 
 great staple of Missouri is Indian corn, and 
 more hemp is produced than in any state ex- 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 cept Kentucky : the other great products are 
 wheat, oats, tobacco, ■wool, peas, beans, Irish 
 and sweet potatoes, fruits, butter, cheese, 
 pork, hay, flax, honey and beeswax ; con- 
 siderable rye, buckwheat, market products, 
 grass-seeds, maple sugar ; and some rice, 
 barlejr, wine, hops, silk, and molasses. In 
 1850 there were in the state 54,458 farms, 
 occupying '2,924,991 acres of improved land, 
 (less than 60 acres to each farm,) and pro- 
 ducing 2,966,928 bushels of wheat; 44,112 
 of rye; 36,069,543 of Indian corn; 5,248,476 
 of oats ; 45,974 of peas and beans; 934,627 
 of Irish potatoes ; 332,120 of sweet potatoes ; 
 2-3,590 of buckwheat; 13,641 of flaxseed; 
 17,100,884 pounds of tobacco; 1,615,860 of 
 wool ; 7,792,499 of butter ; 202,122 of cheese ; 
 116,743 tons of hay; 22,558 of hemp; 520,008 
 pounds of flax; 178,750 of maple sugar; 
 1,357,822 of beeswax and honey; orchard 
 products valued at $512,527 ; market pro- 
 ducts, $99,454; live stock, $19,766,851 ; and 
 slaughtered animals, $3,349,517. 
 
 Forest and Fruit Trees. — "The river bottoms 
 are covered with a luxuriant growth of oak, 
 elm, ash, hickory, cottonwood, linn, and 
 white and black walnut. In the more bai-ren 
 districts are found white and pin oak, and 
 sometimes forests of yellow pine. The crab- 
 apple, papaw, and persimmon are abundant ; 
 as also the hazel and pecan." There are 
 three species of wild grape ; and apples, 
 pears, peaches, apricots, and nectarines yield 
 well. 
 
 Manufactures. — Missouri has not as yet 
 largely engaged in this branch of indifstrial 
 employments ; though in 1850 there were 
 3080 establishments each producing $500 and 
 upwards annually ; 2 of these were cotton 
 factories, employing $102,000 capital, 75 
 male and 80 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $86,446, and producing 
 13,260 bales of batting, valued at $142,000; 
 1 woollen factory, employing $20,000 capi- 
 tal, 15 male and 10 female hands, consuming 
 raw material worth $16,000, and producing 
 12,000 yards of cloth, and 6000 pairs of 
 blankets, worth a total value of $56,000 ; 13 
 iron forges, foundries, &c., employing $848,100 
 capital, and 722 male hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $254,996, and producing 
 25,413 tons of pig, cast, and wrought iron, 
 valued at $719,795; capital invested in the 
 manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, 
 $298,900, consuming 124,400 bushels of bar- 
 ley ; 309,200 of Indian corn ; 24,900 of rye, 
 and 31 tons of hops, producing 44,850 barrels 
 of ale, &c., and 939,400 gallons of wine, 
 whiskey, &c. ; and 148 tanneries, emplojdng 
 $228,095 capital, consuming raw material 
 worth $247,956, and producing leather va- 
 lued at $866,241. Homemade manufactures 
 were produced to the value of $1,674,705. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — -On the 1st of 
 January, 1853, Missouri had not a mile of 
 completed railroad ; but according to Mr. 
 
 Kennedy's Census Abstract, she had 515, or 
 according to Hunt's Magazine, 249 miles in 
 course of construction, intended to connect 
 Hannibal with St. Joseph's, and St. Louis 
 with Independence. According to more re- 
 cent newspaper intelligence, 50 miles of the 
 latter are already in operation. Plank-roads 
 are coming much into vogue in this state as 
 well as elsewhere. Three per cent, on the 
 sale of public lands in this state is devoted 
 to internal improvements. The state loans 
 $4,000,000, and gives 1,250,000 acres of land 
 towards the Pacific railroad, i. e. that por- 
 tion of it between St. Louis and Independence. 
 
 Commerce. — St. Louis is the great centre 
 of internal commerce of the Mississippi and 
 its tributaries, which must greatly increase 
 as the settlements on those great rivers ex- 
 tend themselves. The foreign imports of 
 Missouri (a very small part of its trade) 
 amounted in 1851-52 to $914,826; tonnage 
 of the state, 37,861||; number of vessels 
 built, 11, of which 6 were steamers ; tonnage, 
 2133-^-|. Of 1195 steamers owned in the 
 United States in 1858, 126 belonged to St. 
 Louis. The exports of this state consist 
 mainly of lead, pork, flour, wheat, tobacco, 
 and live stock. Missouri has long been the 
 principal seat of an active caravan trade 
 with Santa Fe : whether the new state of 
 things on the Pacific coast will interfere with 
 this trade, remains to be seen. For further 
 particulars, see Sr. Louis. 
 
 Education. — Missouri has a school fund 
 (in 1852) of $575,668, and another fund of 
 $100,000, called the seminary fund. The 
 interest of the former is distributed among 
 the counties in proportion to the number of 
 scholars in each. In 1850 there were 59,927 
 children in the state, of whom 39,983 were in 
 the schools. Annual expenditure for school 
 purposes, $88,124; number of volumes in 
 school libraries, 6200. Every sixteenth sec- 
 tion of public lands is devoted to common 
 schools. There are (1853) 6 colleges in the 
 state, with an aggregate of 378 students, 
 and 18,400 volumes in their libraries; and 
 2 medical schools, with 164 students. The 
 state university, located at Columbia, in 
 Boone county, is endowed with six townships 
 of land by the general government. Four 
 counties contended for the honor of having 
 it located within their limits, and it was ac- 
 corded to Boone because its citizens sub- 
 scribed most liberally to its funds. Howard 
 High School, at Fayette, in Howard count}', 
 is a flourishing and successful school. St. 
 Charles College, at the town of St. Charles, 
 was established by Mr. Collier, who bequeath- 
 ed the institution $10,000.— See Table of Col 
 leges. Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of 773 churches 
 in Missouri in 1850, the different sects of 
 Baptists owned 283; the Christian Church, 
 51 ; the Episcopalians, 10; the Free Church, 
 13 ; the Lutherans, 21 ; the Methodists, 200 ; 
 
 723 
 
MIS 
 
 MIS 
 
 the Presbyterians, 108; the Roman Catholics, 
 64, and the Union Church, 11. The rest be- 
 longed to the Boatmen's Church, the Church 
 of Christ, the Evangelists, the German Pro- 
 testants, the German Evangelical Church, the 
 Independents, the Jews, the Mennonites, the 
 Mormons, the Pv,epublicans, the Rationalists, 
 the Unitarians, and the Universalists — giving 
 one church to every 882 inhabitants. Value 
 of church property, $1,558,590. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The state penitentiary 
 at Jefiferson City had in December, 1852, 232 
 convicts confined within its walls, of whom 
 145 were from the county of St. Louis. This 
 institution is conducted by lessees, who pay 
 an annual rent of $5000 to the state. The 
 legislature, in 1853, made the following ap- 
 propriations: — $57,000 for the lunatic asylum 
 at Fulton, $37,000 for the deaf and dumb 
 asylum at the same place, and $20,000 for a 
 blind asylum. In 1850 there were 19 public 
 libraries in the state, with an aggregate of 
 37,506 volumes. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — The governor 
 and lieutenant-governor are elected by popu- 
 lar vote for four years, the former receiving 
 $2000 per annum, and the use of a furnished 
 house, and the latter $4.50 per diem during 
 the session of the senate, of which he is ex 
 officio. The senate consists of 18, and the 
 house of representatives of 49 members, the 
 former elected for 4 and the latter for 2 
 years, by the people. The sessions of the 
 legislature are biennial. Twelve months' 
 residence in the state is necessary before ex- 
 ercising the right of suffrage. Missouri is 
 entitled to seven members in the national 
 house of representatives, and to 9 electoral 
 votes for president. The judiciary consists 
 — 1. Of a supreme court, composed of three 
 judges ; 2. Of 14 circuit courts, and the 
 courts of St. Louis, (viz. common pleas, 
 criminal, and probate courts,) and the com- 
 mon pleas courts of Hannibal City; and 3. Of 
 county courts. The judges of the supreme 
 and circuit courts are elected for 6 years, by 
 popular vote, and the county judges for 4 
 years, in the same manner. The supreme 
 court holds two sessions annually, one at St. 
 Louis and one at Jefferson City. A circuit 
 court is held twice a year in each county, and 
 has exclusive jurisdiction in criminal matters, 
 and in all contracts and matters of tort over 
 $90. The county courts are limited to mat- 
 ters of probate and local county affairs. The 
 judges of the supreme court receive $1500 
 salary each; the circuit judges $1000 each, 
 and the judges of the St. Louis courts $3000. 
 There is a recorder's court at St. Louis, con- 
 fined to small offences. The assessed value 
 of property in the state in 1850 was 
 $98,595,463 ; public debt, (in 1852, ) $922,261 ; 
 school fund, $575,668 ; other productive pro- 
 perty, $382,034, and ordinary expenses, ex- 
 clusive of debts and schools, $110,000 per 
 annum. Missouri had in January, 1853, one 
 724 
 
 bank with five branches, with $1,210,622.69 
 capital,$l, 253,311. 96 in coin, and $2,427,720 
 circulation. 
 
 History. — Though the French were the 
 first settlers, and for a long time the princi- 
 pal inhabitants of Missouri, yet a very small 
 portion of her present population is of that 
 descent. A fort was built by that people as 
 early as 1719, near the site of the present 
 capital, called Fort Orleans, and its lead 
 mines worked to some extent the next year. 
 St. Genevieve, the oldest town in the state, 
 was settled in 1755, and St. Louis in 1764. 
 At the treaty of 1763, it was assigned, with 
 all the territory west of the Mississippi, to 
 Spain. " In 1780, St. Louis was besieged and 
 attacked by a body of British troops and In- 
 dians, 1540 strong." During the siege, 60 of 
 the French were killed. The siege was 
 raised by Colonel Clark, an American, who 
 came with 500 men to the relief of the place. 
 At the close of the American Revolution, the 
 territory west of the Mississippi remained 
 with Spain till it Was ceded to France in 
 1801. In 1803, at the purchase of Louisiana, 
 it came into the possession of the United 
 States, and formed part of the territory of 
 Louisiana till the formation of the state 
 of that name in 1812, when the remainder of 
 the territory was named Missouri, from which 
 (after a stormy debate in Congress as to the 
 admission of slavery) was separated the 
 present state of Missouri in 1821. In 1811 
 and 1812 occurred a series of earthquakes 
 which, in the neighborhood of New Madrid 
 in this state, caused the earth to open, and 
 entirely changed the face of the country, 
 swallowing up hills and forming new lakes, 
 while others at the same time were drained 
 of their water. The current of the Missis- 
 sippi was turned back till the accumulating 
 waters gained sufficient force to break 
 through the newly raised barrier. All this 
 region is now a widely extended marsh. 
 
 Missouri, or Nokth-west Tekritort, an 
 unorganized territory occupying the vast 
 region lying between the White Earth and 
 Missouri rivers on the E., and the Rocky 
 mountains on the W., and (with the excep- 
 tion of a small tract in the S. E., belonging 
 to the Indian Territory) between the Platte 
 river on the S., and British America on the 
 N. It lies between about 40° 30' and 49° 
 N. lat., and between about 97° 45' and 113° 
 W. Ion., covering an estimated area of about 
 587,564 square miles, or space enough for 
 five states larger than Illinois. This vast 
 tract would include the proposed territory 
 of Nebraska. 
 
 Population. — We have no census returns 
 from this wild region, which has been appro- 
 priated as the abode of different Indian 
 tribes, among which may be mentioned the 
 Crows, Blackfeet, (a very warlike and cruel 
 tribe,) Minnetarees, Riccarees, Puncahs, and 
 Pawnees. 
 
MIS 
 
 MOB 
 
 Face of the Country. — The greater part of 
 this territory, as far as is known, seems to 
 consist of a high prairie land. A chain of 
 highlands, called the Black Hills, runs from 
 near the Platte river in a N. E. direction to 
 the Missouri river, which they approach in 
 about 102° of W. Ion., dividing the waters 
 running into the Yellowstone from those flow- 
 ing into the Missouri below its great south- 
 eastern bend. On the W., the Hocky moun- 
 tains rear their lofty summits, in some in- 
 stances above the snow line, and send out 
 spurs into Missouri. Fremont's Peak, the 
 loftiest known in this chain in the United 
 States, is on the S. W. border of this territory. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — 1\i\'s, extensive tract is 
 traversed by the Missouri, one of the most 
 important rivers in the world, which rises 
 near its south-western border, runs for about 
 1000 miles in a N. E. direction, to 48° 20' N. 
 lat., receiving a large number of aiRuents 
 from the N., one of which, the Yellowstone, is 
 980 miles in length, and a multitude of sub- 
 tributaries from the S. From the latitude 
 named above, it flows ofiP to the S. E., forming 
 the eastern boundary for perhaps 1000 miles. 
 In about lat. 43° 30', the Missouri makes 
 a grand detour, called the Great Bend, 
 " where the river makes a circuit of 80 miles 
 in advancing 2000 yards in a direct course." 
 A number of important streams flow into the 
 Missouri, -within this territory, below the 
 bend alluded to, so that this region is well 
 watered, and gives promise of being more 
 suitable for settlement than the country be- 
 low the Platte river. There are some small 
 lakes in the S. W., and perhaps others yet to 
 be discovered and described. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The Great 
 Falls of the Missouri, and the gorge below, 
 enclosed with perpendicular rocks 1200 feet 
 high, may claim the first place among the 
 striking natural objects of this territory. 
 See Missouri River. For a description of 
 that extraordinary region, called Mauvaises 
 Terres, see Nebraska. 
 
 Animals. — This country is the paradise of 
 the hunter and trapper. Vast herds of buf- 
 falo roam over its prairies, though now ra- 
 pidly diminishing in numbers. Lewis and 
 Clark have stated that at times the Missouri 
 was backed up as by a dam, by the multitude 
 of these animals crossing. The grizzly bear, 
 Rocky mountain goat, sheep, and antelope in- 
 fest the slopes of the Rocky mountains ; and the 
 beaver in former times existed in great num- 
 bers, though the trappers are now fast thinning 
 them out. Panthers were met with by Lewis 
 and Clarke ; also black bears, elks, and wolves. 
 
 Commerce. — The fur and pelti-y trade con- 
 stitutes the commerce of this vast region. 
 Steamboats ascend the Missouri above the 
 mouth of the Yellowstone, and up the latter 
 river 300 miles. 
 
 Missouri, a township in Hempstead co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 513. 
 
 MissouRiTON, a post-village of St. Charles 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Mitchell, a new county in the N. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area 
 of 420 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Cedar river, which flows in a S. S. E. di- 
 rection. This county is not included in the 
 census of 1850, and has few, if any, civilized 
 inhabitants. Named in honor of Mitchell, 
 the Irish patriot. 
 
 Mitchell, a township in Poinsett co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 954. 
 
 Mitchell, a post-ofi&ce of Sheboygan co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Mitchells, a small village of Jasper co., 
 Iowa, 65 miles W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Mitchell's, a post- office of Walker co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Mitchell's Landing, a post-ofiice of Obion 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Mitchell's Mills, a post-ofiice of Indiana 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mitchell's Mills, a small village of Boyle 
 CO., Kentucky, 45 miles S. W. from Lexing- 
 ton. 
 
 Mitchell's Salt-works, a post-ofiSce of 
 Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 Mitchellsville, a small post-village of 
 Robertson county, Tennessee, on the turnpike 
 from Nashville to Louisville, 35 miles N. from 
 the former, and on the N. line of the state. 
 
 Mitchellsville, a post-office of Boone co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Mittineague, a post-office of Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 MixERviLLE, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 MixTOWN, a post-office of Tioga co.. Pa. 
 
 MixviLLE, a village of Alleghany co.. New 
 York, near the Genesee river, 14 miles N. 
 from Angelica. 
 
 Mobile river, of Alabama, is formed by 
 the confluence of the Alabama and Tombig- 
 bee, at the southern extremity of Clarke 
 county. After a course of about 6 miles, it 
 divides into two channels, of which the west- 
 ern and largest retains the name of Mobile, 
 and the eastern is called the Tensaw. The 
 Mobile flows southward, forming the bound- 
 ary between Mobile and Baldwin counties, 
 and enters Mobile bay at the city of its own 
 name, after a course of 50 miles. It is navi- 
 gable by large steamboats. 
 
 Mobile, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Alabama, bordering on Mississippi 
 and the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of 1400 
 square miles. The Mobile river and bay of 
 the same name form its boundary on the E., 
 and it is also drained by Escat9pna river. 
 The surface is nearly level, and extensively 
 covered with forests of pine ; the soil is 
 sandy and generally poor. Indian corn and 
 rice are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 34,500 bushels of corn; 44,720 of 
 potatoes, and 90,402 pounds of rice. There 
 were 12 saw mills, 2 flour and grist mills, 
 
 725 
 
MOB 
 
 MOH 
 
 and 2 iron foundries. It contained 19 
 churches, and 6 newspaper offices ; 1774 
 pupils attending public schools, and 718 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Steam- 
 boats navigate the Mobile river. The county 
 is intei'sected by the Mobile and Ohio rail- 
 r:>ad. Capital, Mobile. Population, 27,600; 
 of whom 18,244 were free, and 9356, slaves. 
 
 Mobile, a city and port of entry of Alabama, 
 and capital of Mobile county, is situated on 
 the W. bank of Mobile river, immediately 
 above its entrance into the bay of the same 
 name, 30 miles N. from the Gulf of Mexico, 
 330 miles by water S. W. from Montgomery, 
 165 miles E. by N. from New Orleans, and 
 1033 miles from Washington. Lat. 30° 41' 
 48" N., Ion. 87° 59' W. It is by far the most 
 considerable town of the state both in popu- 
 lation and commerce, and, next to New 
 Orleans, is the greatest cotton market in the 
 United States. Population in 1840, 12,672; 
 and in 1850, 20,515. The site is a level 
 sand}' plain, sufficiently elevated for the pur- 
 pose of convenient drainage, being about 15 
 feet higher than the bay. The streets are 
 wide, and mostly run N. and S. and E. and W. 
 Much attention has recently been paid to 
 planting shade-trees, and the city is supplied 
 with spring water brought from the distance 
 of several miles. It is not compactly built, 
 excepting the portion occupied by the com- 
 mercial houses. On the S. and W. side of the 
 town there are dry sandy pine-hills, which 
 aiford agreeable and healthy retreats during 
 the hot season. Mobile is the seat of Spring 
 Hill College, founded by the Catholics, hav- 
 ing a library of 7000 volumes. It also con- 
 tains an institution for the blind, a city 
 hospital, a United States marine hospital, 2 
 orphan asylums, a theatre, 2 or 3 banks, and 
 6 newspaper offices. There are churches of 
 six denominations, and several academies. 
 The health of the place has recently been 
 improved by draining and filling in the low 
 grounds on the N. side of the town. The 
 entrance of the bay is defended by Fort 
 Morgan, formerly Fort Brower, and a light- 
 house has been erected in the same vicinity. 
 Mobile has an advantageous position for 
 trade, being the natural outlet of the greatest 
 cotton region in the South. Steamboats ply re- 
 gularly, at all seasons, between this port and 
 Montgomery and Tuscaloosa. Another line 
 keeps up a daily communication with New 
 Orleans vid Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain. 
 A regular line of sailing vessels is established 
 from Mobile to New York. A railroad about 
 450 miles long is in course of construction 
 from Mobile to the mouth of the Ohio river, 
 connecting with the Central railroad of Illi- 
 nois. This road, when finished, will form part 
 of the direct route from the Gulf of Mexico 
 to the great lakes, and must materially pro- 
 mote the prosperity of Mobile. More than 
 30 miles of it are now in operation. Another 
 X'ailroad is in progress, which will connect 
 726 
 
 this city with Columbus, in Georgia. The ex- 
 ports of cotton for the year ending September 
 1st, 1852, amounted to 549,4,99 bales. In 
 1851, 6,816,054 feet of lumber were shipped 
 from Mobile. The tonnage of the port, June 
 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 7412|| tons registered, and 21,120-|| tons en- 
 rolled and licensed. Of the latter, 20,246|f 
 tons were employed in the coast trade, and 
 16,225-5j tons in steam navigation. The 
 foreign arrivals for the year were 150 — tons, 
 87,289, of which 61— tons, 21,630 were by 
 American vessels. The clearances for foreign 
 ports vyere 252, — tons, 163,135, of which 
 91,067 were in American bottoms. 
 
 Mobile Bat, situated in the S. W. part of 
 Alabama, extends southward from the mouth 
 of Mobile river, and communicates with the 
 Gulf of Mexico by two channels, separated 
 by Dauphin Island. The eastern, or main 
 channel, has about 18 feet of water. Length 
 from N. to S., 35 miles. The width increases 
 gradually in passing southward, until it 
 amounts to about 15 miles. 
 
 Mobile Point, the E. side of the entrance 
 to Mobile bay, Alabama. A revolving light, 55 
 feet high, is on its western extremity. Lat. 
 30° 15' 40" N., Ion. 87° 58' W. 
 
 Mobley's Pond, a post-office of Scriven 
 CO., Georgia, 40 miles in a direct line S. E. 
 from Augusta. 
 
 Moccasin Ceeek, of North Carolina, rises 
 near the E. border of Wake co., and flowing 
 S. E., unites with Contentny creek. 
 
 Mocksville, a small and neat post-village, 
 capital of Davie co.. North Carolina, 140 
 miles W. from Raleigh, and 10 miles from 
 the Yadkin river. 
 
 MoDENA, a post- village of Ulster co., New 
 York, about 80 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Modest Town, a small post-village of Acco- 
 mack CO., Virginia, 3 miles from the Atlantic, 
 and 10 miles E. from Accomack Court House, 
 contains 2 churches, and a few shops. 
 
 Moffattsville, a post-village of Anderson 
 district. South Carolina, 117 miles W.N. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Moffet's Store, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Moffitt's Mills, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 MoGADORE, a post- village of Ohio, on the 
 line between Summit and Portage counties, 
 15 miles S. W. from P^avenna. It has manu- 
 factories of stone-ware. 
 
 Mohawk, a river of New York which rises 
 near the border, between Lewis and Oneida 
 counties, about 20 miles N. of Rome. It 
 passes through Herkimer, Montgomery, and 
 Schenectady counties, and enters the Hudson 
 river, 3 miles above Troy. Its general di- 
 rection is E. hy S., and its whole length 
 about 150 miles. The Erie canal follows the 
 course of this river from Rome to its mouth. 
 The river has a direct fall of 70 feet at 
 Cahoes, about 2 miles from its mouth, and 
 
MOH 
 
 MON 
 
 affords abundant 'water-power at several 
 places. The chief towns on its banks are 
 Rome, Utica, Little Falls, and Schenectady. 
 
 Mohawk, a post-village of Herkimer countj''. 
 New York, on the Mohawk river, and on the 
 Erie canal, about 80 miles W. N. W. from 
 Albany. It contains a bank, a newspaper 
 office, and over 100 dwellings. 
 
 Mohawk, a township of Montgomery co., 
 New York, on the Mohawk river. It contains 
 Fonda, the county seat. Population, 3095. 
 
 Mohawk Valley, a post-office of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Mohiccan, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Ashland co., Ohio. Population, 1774. 
 
 Mohicc.an P1.1VEE, Ohio. See Walhonding. 
 
 MoHiccANViLLE, a post-village of Ashland 
 CO., Ohio, about 80 miles N. N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. The post-office is Mohiccan. 
 
 Mohrsville, a post-office of Berks co.. Pa. 
 
 Moingonan River, a name sometimes given 
 to the upper portion of the Des Moines river. 
 
 Moiea, a post-township and village of 
 Franklin co.. New York, on the Northern 
 railroad, 47 miles E. from Ogdensburg. Po- 
 pulation of the township,' 1340. 
 
 Moline, a thriving post-village of Rock 
 Island county, Illinois, on the Mississippi 
 river, about 3 miles above Rock Island City. 
 The rapids of the river at this place afford 
 abundant water-power, which is used in mills 
 and factories. 
 
 Molino, a post-office of Tippah co.. Miss. 
 
 Molino, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tenn. 
 
 Moling Del Ret, a post-office of Arkansas 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 MoLLinoBN, a post-office of Newberry dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 MoLLTOWN, a post-village of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 64 miles E. of Harrisbui-g. 
 
 Momence, a post-township in Will co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 573. 
 
 MoNAUNOCK Mountain, commonly called 
 Grand Mouadnock, is situated in Cheshire co.. 
 New Hampshire, 22 miles E. from Connec- 
 ticut river. It is about 5 miles in length, N. 
 E. and S. W., and 3 miles wide, with an ele- 
 vation of 3250 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Monaghan, a post-office of St. Clair co.. Mo. 
 
 MoNCHES, a post-office of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin, on the plank-road from Milwaukee 
 to Dodge county, about 28 miles N. W. from 
 the former. 
 
 Monclova, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio. 
 
 Monday Creek, of Ohio, flows into the 
 Hockhocking river a few miles above Athens. 
 
 Monday Creek, a township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Perry co., Ohio. Pop., 1124. 
 
 Moneek, a post-office of Winnishiek co., lo. 
 
 Money Creek, a post-office of McLean co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mongaup Valley, a post-office of Sullivan 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mongoquinong, a post-village in La Grange 
 CO., Ind., 155 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Monguagon, a township in the S. E. part 
 
 of Wayne co., Michigan, situated partly on 
 Grosse Island, in Detroit river, and partly on 
 the adjacent land. Population, 984. 
 
 MoNESTEE, or Monistique River, of Michi- 
 gan. See Manistee. 
 
 Moniteau, a county near the centre of 
 Missouri, has an area estimated at 400 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by 
 Missouri river, and intersected by Saline, 
 Moreau, and Moniteau creeks. The surface 
 is uneven. The soil in some parts is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 343,914 bushels of corn; 24,540 of wheat; 
 68,615 of oats, and 63,258 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 9 churches, and 780 pupils at- ' 
 tending public schools. Limestone underlies 
 part of the county. Stone coal of fine quality 
 is abundant. Capital, California. Popula- 
 tion, 6004 ; of whom 5438 were free, and 566, 
 slaves. 
 
 Moniteau, a small village of Moniteau co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Moniteau Creek, of Missouri, flows through 
 Moniteau county, and enters the Missouri 
 river at the N. extremity of Cole county. 
 
 Moniteau Creek, of Howard county, Mis- 
 souri, flows into the Missouri from the left 
 at Rocheport, and furnishes valuable water- 
 power. 
 
 MoNiTOOvroc. See Manitoowoc. 
 
 Monk's Corners, a post-office of Charles- 
 ton district. South Carolina. 
 
 Monk's Store, a post-office of Sampson 
 CO.,. North Carolina. 
 
 Monkton, a post-township of Addison co., 
 Vermont, about 30 miles W. by S. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1246. 
 
 Monkton Mills, a post-office of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Monmouth, a county in the E. central part 
 of New Jersey, has an area of about 810 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, and on the N. by Sandy 
 Hook bay and Raritan bay, and is drained 
 by Nevisink and Manasquan rivers, flowing 
 into the Atlantic, and by Crosswick's and 
 Doctor's creeks, which fajl into the Delaware. 
 These streams afi'ord valuable water-power. 
 The surface is generally level, except the 
 Nevisink hills, in the N. E. part. The whole 
 county is of alluvial formation, and consists 
 of clay mingled with sand, gravel, and, in 
 low places, vegetable mould. Indian corn, 
 wheat, potatoes, hay, butter, and various 
 kinds of fruit are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 841,072 bushels of corn ; 
 152,904 of wheat; 773,272 of potatoes; 
 29,120^- tons of hay, and 628,602 pounds of 
 butter. The quantity of potatoes was the 
 greatest produced by any county in thn 
 United States except Grafton county. New 
 Hampshire. There were 14 distilleries, 4 
 woollen mills, 2 foundries, 23 flour mills, 9 
 grist mills, and 23 saw mills. It contained 60 
 churches, and 6 newspaper offices, 6029 pu- 
 
 727 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 pils attending public schools, and 174 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Marl is 
 found, and much used as a manure. Raritan 
 bay. on the N. border, afifbrds an excellent har- 
 bor. Capital, Freehold. Pop., 30,313. 
 
 Monmouth, a post-township of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, on the Androscoggin and Kenne- 
 bec railroad, about 15 miles S. W. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1925. 
 
 Monmouth, a post-village of Adams cc, 
 Indiana, on the St. Mary's river, 114 miles 
 N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Monmouth, a post-village, capital of War- 
 ren county, Illinois, on the Peoria and Bur- 
 lington railroad, 120 miles N. W. of Spring- 
 field. It is situated in a rich and beautiful 
 prairie, under good cultivation. It became 
 the county seat in 1831. A newspaper is 
 published here. 
 
 MoNOCACY river, is formed by Rock, Marsh, 
 and Middle creeks, which rise in Adams 
 county, Pennsylvania, and unite in the N. 
 part of Frederick county, Maryland. Passing 
 by Fredericktown, it falls into the Potomac, 
 near the boundary between Frederick and 
 Montgomery counties, after a course of about 
 50 miles. The general direction is S. by W. 
 It furnishes fine water-power. 
 
 MoNOCACY Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Lehigh in Northampton county. 
 
 MoNOGHAN, a township of York co., Pa., 11 
 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. Pop., 880. 
 
 MoNON, a post-ofiice of White co., Indiana, 
 10 miles N. W. from Monticello. 
 
 Monona, a post-village of Clayton co., 
 Iowa, 118 miles N. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Monongahela river, a branch of the Ohio, 
 is formed by the West Fork and Tygart's 
 Valley rivers, which rise in Randolph and 
 Lewis counties of Virginia, and unite 1 mile 
 from Fairmont in Marion county. It pur- 
 sues a north-easterly course to the mouth 
 of Cheat river, its principal tributary, which 
 enters it near the boundary between Virginia 
 and Pennsylvania, after which its general 
 direction is northward until it unites with 
 the Alleghany at Pittsburg. Large steam- 
 boats ascend this river to Brownsville, Penn- 
 sylvania, and those of medium size to Fair- 
 mont, Virginia. The whole length, exclu- 
 sive of branches, is 150 miles. The Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad crosses the river just 
 below the junction of its branches by a wire 
 suspension bridge. It is about 400 yards 
 wide at Pittsburg, and 300 yards, on an ave- 
 rage, below the mouth of Cheat river. The 
 obstructions caused by rapids in the lower 
 part of its course have been obviated by 
 dams. Branches. — The West fork, also called 
 West Fork river, rises in Lewis county, Vir- 
 ginia, flows northward and north-eastward 
 through Harrison county, and meets the other 
 branch in Marion county, after a course of 
 more than 100 miles. Water-power is abun- 
 dant on this stream. Tygart's Valley river 
 yj'iY be described upder its own head. 
 728 
 
 Monongahela, a township on the E. border 
 of Greene county, Pennsylvania. Popula- 
 tion, 1153. 
 
 Monongahela City, formerly Williams- 
 port, a thriving post-borough of Washington 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of 
 the Monongahela river, about 20 miles S. 
 from Pittsburg. It is remarkable for its 
 active trade and flourishing manufactures of 
 glass and other articles. The railroad which 
 is in progress from Wheeling to Greensburg 
 passes through or very near the town. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, 1500. 
 
 Monongalia, a county in the N. W. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on Bennsylvania, has 
 an area of 630 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Monongahela and Cheat rivers. 
 The surface is hilly. Laurel Hill, the most 
 western ridge of the Alleghanies, passes 
 through the E. part of the county. Much 
 of the soil is fertile. Cattle, lumber, flour, 
 and iron are the chief exports. In 1850 this 
 county produced 184,379 bushels of corn; 
 52,370 of wheat; 111,252 of oats ; 6013 tons 
 of hay, and 145,178 pounds of butter. There 
 were 25 flour and grist mills, 13 saw mills, 1 
 nail factory, 1 iron forge, 2 iron foundries, 
 and 3 furnaces. It contained 31 churches, 
 548 pupils attending public schools, and 468 
 attending other schools. It is traversed by 
 the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Stone coal 
 is abundant. Formed in 1776. Capital, 
 Morgantown. Population, 12,387 ; of whom 
 12,211 were free, and 176, slaves. 
 
 MoNONOMY Point Light, on the extreme 
 southern point of the peninsula of Cape Cod, 
 Massachusetts. A narrow channel, of sufld- 
 cient depth to be navigated by small craft, 
 has been worn across the neck by the action 
 of the sea, separating it from the mainland. 
 The lantern has an elevation of 25 feet above 
 the level of the sea, and shows a fixed light. 
 Lat. 41° 33' 42" N., Ion. 70° W. 
 
 MoNOQUET, a post-office of Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad from Peru to Elk- 
 hart, 115 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the N. W. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 720 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake On- 
 tario, and drained by the Genesee river, 
 which intersects it, Allen's and Sandy creeks, 
 and other small streams. The surface is 
 uneven, but not hilly. The soil is very fer- 
 tile, and uncommonly well adapted to the 
 raising of wheat, which is the staple pro- 
 duction. In 1850 there were raised 1,441,053 
 bushels of wheat, the greatest quantity pro- 
 duced by any county in the United States ; 
 767,021 of corn ; 561,425 of potatoes, and 
 62,602} tons of hay. There were 46 flour 
 and grist mills, 41 saw mills, 3 paper mills, 
 1 cotton, and 7 woollen factories, 11 iron 
 foundries, and 11 machine shops. It con- 
 tained 97 churches, 17 newspaper offices, 
 22,260 pupils attending public schools, and 
 1303 attending academies or other schools. 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Iron ore, sandstone, and gypsum are found 
 here, and there are also sulphur and salt 
 springs. The Genesee river is navigable 7 
 miles from its mouth, and again above its 
 falls at Rochester, through the county. 
 The Erie canal traverses this county, which 
 is also partly intersected by the Genesee 
 canal, and by several railroads centering in 
 Rochester. — See Rochester. Organized in 
 1821, having been formed out of portions of 
 Ontario and Genesee counties, and named in 
 honor of James Monroe, the fifth president 
 of the United States. Capital, Rochester. 
 Population, 87,650. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the E. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, contains about 600 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Delaware river, 
 which separates it from New Jersey ; on the 
 N. W. by the Lehigh, and also drained by 
 the Tobyhanna and Broadhead's creek. The 
 surface in some parts is mountainous ; the 
 soil of the valleys is productive. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 101,829 bushels 
 of corn; 14,620 of wheat; 67,435 of oats; 
 10,253 tons of hay, and 174,204 pounds of 
 butter. There were 30 flour and grist mills, 
 20 saw mills, 11 tannei-ies, 1 iron forge, 
 3 foundries, and 1 cabinet-ware manufactory. 
 It contained 18 churches and 2 newspaper 
 oflBces, 3199 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 80 attending other schools. Limestone 
 and slate are found in the county. Capital, 
 Stroudsburg. Population, 13,270. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Virginia, contains 450 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Greenbrier and New 
 rivers, which unite on its N. W. border. The 
 surface is mountainous, being traversed by 
 the main branch of the Alleghanies. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 it produced 250,456 
 bushels of corn ; 51,436 of wheat ; 97,460 of 
 oats; 6073 tons of hay, and 175,254 pounds 
 of butter. There were 4 flour mills, 5 saw 
 mills, 1 woollen factory, and 5 tanneries. It 
 contained 27 churches, 498 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 75 attending an aca- 
 demy. This is considered one of the finest 
 grazing counties in the state. It abounds in 
 mineral springs, some of which are frequented 
 as watering places. Stone coal is found. 
 The Covington and Ohio railroad is located 
 through this county. Capital, Union. Po- 
 pulation, 10,204, of whom 9143 were free, 
 and 1061, slaves. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 440 square miles. 
 The Ocmulgee river forms its eastern boun- 
 dary. The Towaliga river flows through the 
 county into the Ocmulgee ; it is also drained 
 by the Tobesofka, Shoal, Rum, and Crooked 
 creeks. The surface is moderately diversi- 
 fied; the soil varies from fertile to barren. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 
 duced 15,012 bales of cotton; 724,670 bush- 
 els of corn; 108,766 of oats, and 166,584 of 
 sweet potatoes. The quantity of corn was 
 the greatest raised in any county of the 
 state. It contained 36 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office ; 750 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 215 attending academies or other schools. 
 Gold has been found in several localities ; 
 the county also contains iron, granite, and 
 plumbago. The Towaliga furnishes abun- 
 dant water-power. Monroe county is inter- 
 sected by the Central railroad. Organized 
 in 1821. Capital, Forsyth. Pop., 16,985, of 
 whom 6815 were free, and 10,170, slaves. 
 
 Monroe county, Florida, forms the S. ex- 
 tremity of the peninsula, terminating at 
 Cape Sable. The Gulf of Mexico washes it 
 on the S. W., and Lake Okechobee on the 
 N. E. Its limits comprise numerous islands 
 of coral formation, named the Florida Keys, 
 the most important of which is Key West, a 
 naval station of the United States. The sur- 
 face of the main land is flat, and mostly oc- 
 cupied by marshes and everglades, or shallow 
 lakes. The orange and cocoa-palm are in- 
 digenous in this county, and a few sweet po- 
 tatoes are cultivated. Salt of good quality 
 is made at Key West by solar evaporation. 
 The county contained, in 1850, 4 churches, 
 85 pupils attending public schools, and 73 
 attending other schools. Nearly the whole 
 population of the county is contained in the 
 city of Key West, which is the seat of justice, 
 and the largest town of Florida. Pop., 2645, 
 of whom 2214 were free, and 431, slaves. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 1070 square miles. 
 The Alabama river flows along its N. W. bor- 
 der. The surface is undulating or nearly 
 level ; the soil in some parts is moderately 
 fertile, producing Indian corn, cotton, and 
 rice. Pine lumber is procured from the 
 forests. In 1850 there were raised 6977 
 bales of cotton; 409,506 bushels of corn; 
 140,935 of sweet potatoes, and 100,031 
 pounds of rice. There were 7 grist and saw 
 mills, 1 turpentine manufactory, and 3 tan- 
 neries. It contained 26 churches, 232 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 25 attending 
 another school. Steamboats navigate the 
 Alabama through its whole course, and at 
 all seasons. Capital, Claiborne. Popula- 
 tion, 12,013, of whom 5688 were free, and 
 6325, slaves. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, has an 
 area of about 950 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Tombigbee river, and its affluents, 
 the Buttahatchee and Oktibbeha. The sur- 
 face is a level plain, or savanna, almost en- 
 tirely destitute of trees, and covered wit! 
 rank grass. The soil is a black, calcareous, 
 and highly productive loam. Cotton and 
 maize are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 17,814 bales of cotton; 901,136 
 bushels of corn, and 168,860 of sweet pota 
 
 729 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 toes. It contained 20 churches and 2 news- 
 paper oiSces. There were 600 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 309 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. The Tombigbee is 
 navigated by steamboats through this county, 
 which is intersected by the route of the Mo- 
 bile and Ohio railroad. Capital, Aberdeen. 
 Population, 21,172, of whom 9455 were free, 
 and 11,717, slaves. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the E. part of Arkan- 
 sas, contains 1040 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the White and Cache rivers. The 
 surface is mostly level, and is partly occu- 
 pied by cypress swamps and plantations of 
 cotton and maize. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 70,321 bushels of Indian corn; 587| 
 bales of cotton, and 15,561 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 2 churches. The navigation of 
 White river is always good through Monroe 
 county. Capital, Lawrenceville. Pop., 2049, 
 of whom 1654 were free, and 395, slaves. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina; area 
 estimated at 500 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Tellico river, an affluent of the Lit- 
 tle Tennessee; and the latter forms part of 
 its N. E. boundary. The Unaka, or Smoky 
 mountain, lies on the S. E. border of the 
 county. The soil in some parts is fertile. 
 Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 671,167 bushels 
 of corn; 177,519 of oats; 42,499 of wheat, 
 and 72,207 pounds of butter. It contained 
 16 churches, 1969 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 30 attending other schools. The 
 great railroad of East Tennessee passes 
 through the county. Capital, Madisonville. 
 Population, 11,874, of whom 10,686 were 
 free, and 1188, slaves. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the S. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee, has an area 
 estimated at 600 square miles. It is drained 
 by the head streams of Big Barren river, and 
 the S. E. part is traversed by Cumberland 
 river. The surface is diversified — level, un- 
 dulating, and hilly — and is adorned with 
 extensive forests. The soil is generally fer- 
 tile. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 384,705 bushels of corn; 12,443 of wheat; 
 77,151 of oats, and 392,762 pounds of to- 
 bacco. It contained 15 churches, and 899 
 pupils attending public schools. Limestone 
 suitable for building is abundant. Formed 
 in 1820. Capital, Tompkinsville. Pop., 7756, 
 of whom 6925 were free, and 831, slaves. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on the Ohio river, which se- 
 parates it from Virginia, has an area of 
 about 420 square miles. It is drained by 
 Little Muskingum river, and by Seneca and 
 Sunfish creeks, all of which rise within its 
 limits. The surface is hilly, and well tim- 
 bered ; the soil in some parts is fertile, 
 adapted to grazing. Indian coi'n, wheat, 
 oats, tobacco, hay, and live stock are the sta- 
 730 
 
 pies. In 1850 this county produced 617,667 
 bushels of corn; 148,351 of wheat; 224,800 
 of oats; 3,681,705 pounds of tobacco, and 
 6793 tons of hay. The quantity of tobacco 
 was the greatest produced by any county in 
 the state. It contains 72 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 5409 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 30 attending an academy. The 
 county contains large beds of stone coal, and 
 some iron. Organized in 1813. Capital, 
 Woodsfield. Population, 28,351. 
 
 Monroe, a county forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Michigan, bordering on Lake Erie, 
 contains 540 square miles. It is traversed 
 from W. to E. by the Raisin river, bounded 
 on the N. E. by Huron river, and also 
 drained by Macon river, and Stony, Saline, 
 and Swan creeks. The surface in the N. 
 is level and heavily timbered; the S. part 
 consists of rolling prairies, interspersed with 
 groves of oak and hickory. The soil is 
 fertile, producing good crops of wheat and 
 other grain. The valley of Raisin river is 
 noted for beauty and fertility. In 1850 
 this county produced 114,600 bushels of 
 wheat; 198,818 of corn; 78,248 of pota- 
 toes, and 18,191 tons of hay. It contained 
 5 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 3317 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 264 attending 
 academies or other schools. Limestone and 
 other good building stone are found. The 
 rivers furnish extensive water-power. The 
 Southern railroad passes through the county. 
 Organized in 1817. Capital, Monroe City. 
 Population, 14,698. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Indiana, contains 420 square miles. 
 It is drained by Salt creek and Beanblossom 
 creek. The surface in general is hilly, and 
 the soil productive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 pork, cattle, and horses are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 710,463 bushels 
 of corn; 61,146 of wheat; 92,385 of oats, 
 and 3073 tons of hay. It contained 24 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 2439 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 135 attending 
 academies or other schools. It is intersected 
 by the New Albany and Salem Extension rail- 
 road. Organized in 1818. Capital, Bl6om- 
 ington. Population, 11,286. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the S. W. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Missouri, has an area of 
 about 300 square miles. The Mississippi 
 river forms the boundary on the W. and S. W. ; 
 the county is also drained by Praii-ie and 
 Eagle creeks. The surface is hilly in the 
 west part, and nearly level in the east. The 
 soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, cattle, and pork are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 399,250 bushels of 
 corn; 89,856 of wheat, and 58,546 of oats. 
 It contained 16 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 759 pupils attending public schools. Ca- 
 pital, AVaterloo. Population, 7679. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of about 020 square 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 miles. It is intersected by Salt river, and 
 also drained by the Middle fork, South fork. 
 Elk fork, and Long branch, affluents of the 
 first-named river, and by Crooked, Otter, 
 and Indian creeks. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and consists partly of prairies ; the 
 soil is very productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, tobacco, hemp, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 793,145 bushels 
 of corn; 43,669 of wheat; 130,412 of oats, 
 and 629,412 pounds of tobacco. It contained 
 25 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 1954 
 pupils attending public schools. Stone coal 
 abounds in several places ; the rocks which 
 underlie the county are limestone and free- 
 stone. Many of the streams furnish motive- 
 power for mills. Organized in 1830. Capi- 
 tal, Paris. Population, 10,541, of whom 
 8493 were free, and 2048, slaves. 
 
 Monroe, a county in the S. part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 430 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Cedar creek, an aiHuent of the Des 
 Moines, which touches the N. E. extremity 
 of the county, and also drained by Miller's 
 and Avery's creeks. The surface is diversi- 
 fied by groves of timber, and fertile rolling 
 prairies. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 200,463 bushels of Indian corn ; 17,792 
 of wheat; 20,640 of oats, and 53,634 pounds 
 of butter. Limestone is one of the principal 
 rocks. The land was relinquished by the In- 
 dians in 1842. Capital, Albia. Pop., 2884. 
 
 Monroe, a post-township of Waldo co., 
 Maine, about 44 miles E. N. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1606. 
 
 Monroe, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, bordering on Vermont, about 
 52 miles N. N. W. from Springfield. Pop., 254. 
 
 Monroe, a post-township of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, on the Housatonic river and 
 railroad, about 17 miles W. by N. from 
 New Haven. Population, 1442. 
 
 Monroe, a flourishing pos.t-village of Orange 
 CO., New York, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 59 miles from New York city. 
 Settled in 1742. Pop., estimated at 900. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the S. part of Os- 
 wea;o co., N. Y., on Oneida lake. Pop., 1197. 
 
 Monroe, a township of Middlesex co., New 
 Jersey, on the Camden and Amboy railroad, 
 about 36 miles N. E. from Trenton. Popula- 
 tion, 3001. 
 
 Monroe, a little village of Morris co., New 
 Jersey, 3 miles N. E. from Morristown. 
 
 Monroe, a post-office of Sussex co., N. J. 
 
 Monroe, a township of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 775. 
 
 Monroe, a post-of&ce of Bedford co., Pa. 
 
 Monroe, a township of Bradford co.. Pa., 
 6 or 7 miles S. from Towanda. Pop., 1438. 
 
 Monroe, a post-village of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Delaware river. 
 
 Monroe, a township of Clarion co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 1295. 
 
 Monroe, a township of Cumberland co., 
 
 Pennsylvania, 5 miles S. E. from Carlisle. 
 Population, 1772. 
 
 Monroe, a small village of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 Monroe, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the national road, about 
 180 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. Laid 
 out in 1820. Population, about 400. 
 
 Monroe, a township on the S. border of 
 Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 602. 
 
 Monroe, a post-village, capital of Union 
 county. North Carolina, 150 miles S. W. from 
 Raleigh. It ^as selected for the county seat 
 in 1844, when the county was organized. It 
 contains, besides the county buildings, 6 
 stores, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Monroe, a post-village, capital of Walton 
 county, Georgia, 66 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville, and 10 miles from the Georgia 
 railroad. It presents a neat appearance, 
 and contains a brick court house, a jail, 2 
 churches, 2 hotels, and 2 high schools. 
 
 Monroe, a post-office of Morgan co., Ala. 
 
 Monroe, a post-office of Perry co., Miss. 
 
 Monroe, a post-village, capital of Washita 
 parish, Louisiana, on the E. side of the 
 Washita river, 250 miles by water N. N. W. 
 from Baton Eouge. Steamboats navigate the 
 river both above and below this point. The 
 route of the projected railroad from Vicks- 
 burg to Shreveport passes through Monroe. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Lafayette co., 
 Arkansas. Pop., 714. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Sevier co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 335. 
 
 Monroe, a post-village of Overton co., 
 Tennessee, 106 miles E. by N. from Nash- 
 ville, was formerly the capital of the county. 
 
 Monroe, a post-village in Hart co., Ken- 
 tucky, 90 miles S. W. by S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the S. part of 
 Adams co., Ohio, oa the N. side of the Ohio 
 river. Population, 1191. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the N. part of Al- 
 len CO., Ohio. Population, 924. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 1587. 
 
 Monroe, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 
 about 12 miles E. N. E. from Hamilton, has 
 about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the W. part of Car- 
 roll CO., Ohio. Population, 1117. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the S. part of Cler- 
 mont CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river. Pop., 1897- 
 
 Monroe, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio. Population, 760. 
 
 Monroe, a township forming the S. E. ex 
 tremity of Darke co., Ohio. Pop., 918. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the N. part of 
 Guernsey co., Ohio. Population, 1076. 
 
 Monroe, a township forming the N. W. ex 
 tremity of Harrison co., Ohio. Pop., 1154. 
 
 Monroe, a small village of Highland cc, 
 Ohio, 14 miles E. by N. from Hillsborough. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the S. part of 
 Holmes co., Ohio. Population, 966. 
 
 731 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Monroe, a township in the N. part of Elnox 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1324. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the W. part of 
 Licking co., Ohio. Population, 1029. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the S. part of Lo- 
 gan CO., Ohio. Population, 1435. 
 
 MoNROB, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Madison co., Ohio. Population, 403. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the S. part of Miami 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 2035. 
 
 jMonroe, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Muskingum co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 977. 
 
 Monroe, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Perry co., Ohio. Pop., 1429. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the W. part of 
 Pickaway co., Ohio. Population, 1637. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the N. part of 
 Preble co., Ohio. Population, 1343. 
 
 Monroe, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Richland co., Ohio. Population, 1719. 
 
 Monroe, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Monroe county, Michigan, is pleasantly 
 situated on both sides of the Raisin river, 2 
 miles from its entrance into Lake Erie, and 
 at the E. terminus of the Michigan Southern 
 railroad, 40 miles S. W. from Detroit. It is 
 , connected with the lake by a ship-canal, and 
 is the terminus of two plank-roads. The 
 court-house, which is built of hewn stone, 
 cost $35,000. The town contains 6 churches, 
 several of which are handsome buildings, a 
 female seminary, and 3 newspaper oflices. 
 The valley of Raisin river is said to be equal 
 in fertility to any part of the state. Monroe 
 is the principal market for the wheat pro- 
 duced in several adjoining counties. It con- 
 tains manufactories of wool, flour, lumber, 
 and leather. The reported value of imports 
 and exports in 1851 was $4,863,023. This 
 place was settled by the French, about 1776, 
 but the present town ha§ been mostly built 
 since 1835. Population in 1850, 2813; in 
 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Adams co., Indiana. 
 Population, 347. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Allen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 414. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Carroll co., Indiana. 
 Population, 588. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Clarke co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1561. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Delaware co., In- 
 diana. Population, 720. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Grant co., Indiana. 
 Population, 777. 
 
 Monroe, a township in JeflFerson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1090. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Madison co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1246. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Morgan co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1300. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Pike co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1285. 
 
 Monroe, a townshi-^m Pulaski co., Indiana. 
 Popuiauoii, 545 
 732 
 
 Monroe, a township in Putnam co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1255. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Randolph co., In- 
 diana. Population, 735. 
 
 Monroe, a post-oflBce of Tippecanoe co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Ogle co., Illinois. 
 Population, 413. 
 
 Monroe, a township in Saline co., Illinois. 
 Population, 756. 
 
 Monroe, a flourishing post - village in 
 Monroe township, capital of Green county, 
 Wisconsin, on the road from Milwaukee to 
 Galena, 40 miles S. S. W. from iMadison. It 
 is finely situated on a fertile rolling prairie, 
 and is a place of active trade. It has 1 
 newspaper oflice, 2 churches, 7 stores, 2 
 steam mills, and about 900 inhabitants. 
 
 Monroe Centre, a post-village of Waldo 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Monroe Centre, a post-office of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Monroe Mills, a post-ofiice of Knox co.,0. 
 
 MoNROETON, a small post-village of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania, on Towanda creek, 
 about 130 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 MoNROETON, a post-village in Piocking- 
 ham CO., North Carolina. 
 
 MoNROEviLLB, a post-ofiice of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MoNROEViLLB, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Alabama, about 10 miles E. from Claiborne, 
 was formerly the county seat. 
 
 MoNROEViLLB, a thriving post-village of 
 Ridgefield township, Huron co., Ohio, on the 
 Huron river, and on the Mansfield and San- 
 dusky railroad, 16 miles S. from Sandusky. 
 It is a place of active business, and of rapid 
 growth. Population estimated at 700. 
 
 MoNROEviLLE, a village of Jefferson co., 
 Ohio, about 24 miles N. W. from Steubenville. 
 
 MoNROEViLLE, a Small village of Summit 
 CO., Ohio, on the Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal, 130 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 MONROEVILLB, a township in Monroe co., 
 Michigan. Population, 837. 
 
 MoNROEViLLB, a Small town, capital of Co- 
 lusi CO., California. 
 
 Monroe Works, a post-village of Orange 
 CO., New York, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 62 miles from New York city. 
 Named from the iron-works in the vicinity. 
 
 Monrovia, a post-village in Frederick co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Monrovia, a post- village of Morgan co., 
 Indiana, 24 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 MoNSEY, a post-of&ce and station of Rock- 
 land CO., New York, on the Erie railroad, 37 
 miles from New York. 
 
 MoNSON, a post-township of Piscataquis 
 CO., Maine, on the Piscataquis river, about 
 73 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Pop., 654. 
 
 MoNsoN, a post-township of Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Chickopee river, about 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 20 miles E. from Springfield, contains a ma- 
 nufacturing village on the New London Wil- 
 limantic and Palmer railroad. Pop., 2831. 
 
 MoNsuM River, a small stream of York 
 CO., Maine, falls into Kennebunk harbor. 
 
 Montague, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 l\Iass., on the Connecticut river, and on the 
 Vermont and Massachusetts railroad, about 
 86 miles N. from Springfield. Pop., 1518. 
 
 ISIONTAGUE, a township on the W. border of 
 Lewis CO., New York. 
 
 Montague, a post-township of Sussex co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, about 85 
 miles N. from Trenton. Population, 1009. 
 
 Montague, a post-village of Essex co., Vir- 
 ginia, 54 miles E. N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 jMontagub Canal, a post-village in Frank- 
 lin CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Mont Alban, a small village of Warren co., 
 Mississippi, on the railroad from Vicksburg 
 to Jackson, 8 miles E. from the former. 
 
 Mont Alto, a post-office of Franklin co.,Pa. 
 
 Montauk, a post- village of Crawford co., 
 Missouri, 110 miles S. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Montauk Point, a high promontory at the 
 eastei-n extremity of Long Island. It con- 
 tains a fixed light 100 feet above the level of 
 the sea. Lat. 41° 4' 12" N., Ion. 71° 51' 54" W. 
 
 Montcalm, a new county in the S. W. cen- 
 tral part of Michigan, has an area of 580 
 square miles. It is principally drained by 
 Flat and Pine rivers, and Fish creek. The 
 soil is said to be fertile, especially along the 
 valleys of the streams. Indian corn, wheat, 
 potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 4570 bushels of corn ; 
 8681 of wheat; 3590 of potatoes, and 199 
 tons of hay. Capital, Montcalm. Named in 
 honor of General Montcalm, who fell in the 
 defence of Quebec, in 1755. Population, 891. 
 
 Montcalm, a post-township in Montcalm 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 135. 
 
 Montebello, apost-ofBceof Hancockco. 111. 
 
 MoNTEiTHViLLE, a post-of&ce of Stafford 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Montello, a post-village of Marquette co., 
 Wis., in a township of the same name. It has 
 a mill, 7 stores, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Monterey, a county in the western portion 
 of California, has an area of above 5000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the AV. by the Pa- 
 cific, on the E. by the coast range of moun- 
 tains, and partly on the N. by the Pajaro 
 river, and is drained by the Salinas (or San 
 Buenaventura) and Carmel rivers, and by the 
 Arroyos of San Bruito and Nacimiento, with 
 their tributaries. The county is naturally 
 divided into three valleys, known as San 
 Juan, Salinas, and Carmel. The first of 
 these has an extent of about 70 by 9 miles, 
 the second about 18 by 12, and the third 
 about 15 by 3. Much of the soil is rich and 
 productive ; stock-raising is extensively car- 
 ried on. Barley, potatoes, Indian corn, beans, 
 cattle, horses, and sheep are the staples. 
 In 1852 this county produced 15,181 bushels 
 
 of barley; 23,945 of potatoes; 6208 of corn, 
 and 11,578 of beans. There were 50,450 
 beef cattle ; 4370 cows ; 2503 horses, and 
 3355 sheep. The number of acres under 
 cultivation was 3117. Gold has been found 
 at San Antonio and in Carmel valley, and 
 silver has been discovered in small quan- 
 tities. In the upper portion of Salinas val- 
 ley are some sulphur spi-ings. Capital, 
 Monterey. Population, 2728. 
 
 Monterey, a post-township of Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, about 125 miles W. by S. 
 from Boston. Population, 761. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Dutchess co.,N.Y. 
 
 Monterey, a small village of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela river, 
 4 miles above Pittsburg. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. 
 
 Monterey, a post-village, capital of High- 
 land CO., Virginia, on the Staunton and Par- 
 kersburg turnpike, 180 miles W. N. W. from 
 Richmond. Population, over 100. 
 
 Monterey, a post-village of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Butler co., Ala. 
 
 Monterey, a small village of Itawamba 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Rankin co.. Miss. 
 
 Monterey, a small post-village of Cass co., 
 Texas, at the N. end of Soda lake, about 80 
 miles N. W. from Shreveport, in Louisiana. 
 It is a shipping point for cotton. 
 
 Monterey, a small post-village of McNairy 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Monterey, a thriving village of Owen co., 
 Kentucky, on the Kentucky river, at Lock 
 and Dam No. 3. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Clermont co., 0. 
 
 Monterey, a township in Putnam co., 
 Ohio. Population, 85. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Allegan co., Mich. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ind. 
 
 Monterey, a small post-village of Calhoun 
 CO., Illinois, on the Illinois river. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 Monterey, a village in Lee co., Iowa, on 
 the Mississippi river, 90 miles S. by E. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Monterey, a post-office of Waukesha co., 
 W^isconsin. 
 
 Monterey, a post-town, capital of Mon- 
 terey CO., Cal., is situated near Monterey bay, 
 and on the road from San Jose to Los An- 
 geles, 94 miles S. S. E. from San Francisco. 
 
 Monterey Landing, a post-office of Con- 
 cordia CO., Louisiana. 
 
 MoNTBVALLO, a post- village in Shelby co., 
 Alabama, 65 miles N. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Montevideo, a post-village in Elbert co., 
 Georgia, 90 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Montezuma, a post-village of Mentz town- 
 ship, Cayuga county. New York, on the Erie 
 canal and Seneca river, 35 miles W. from 
 Syracuse. Fine salt is prepared from spring.s 
 at this place. It has an active business in 
 forwarding produce 
 
 '83 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Montezuma, a small village of Macon co., 
 Georgia, on the South-Western railroad, 
 about 80 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Montezuma, a small, post-village, capital 
 of Covington co., Alabama, on the Conecuh 
 river, about 80 miles S. from Montgomery. 
 
 Montezuma, a post- village in McNairy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Montezuma, a post-village of Union co., Ky. 
 
 Montezuma, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 Ohio, 4 or 5 miles S. from Celina. 
 
 Montezuma, a flourishing post-village of 
 Parker co., Indiana, on the Wabash river 
 and canal, "where they are crossed by the 
 plank-road from Indianapolis to Springfield, 
 in Illinois, 68 miles from the former. It 
 contained, in 1851, 10 stores, and over 400 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Montezuma, a post-village of Pike co., Il- 
 linois, on the Illinois river, 58 miles W. by 
 S. from Springfield. It is a landing-place 
 for steamboats. 
 
 Montezuma, a small post-village, capital 
 of Poweshiek co., Iowa, about 60 miles W. by 
 a. from Iowa City. 
 
 Montezuma, apost-villageof Green co., Wis. 
 
 Montfort. — See Wingville. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the eastern part 
 of New York, has an area of about 400 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Mohawk 
 river, which is here joined bj' the Schoharie 
 river and other smaller streams, which turn 
 numerous grist and saw mills. The surface 
 is uneven and mountainous. The alluvial 
 lands along the Mohawk are abundantly fer- 
 tile, and on the adjacent uplands the soil, 
 though rather heavy, is very productive. 
 Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 219,648 bushels 
 of corn ; 938,097 of oats ; 50,063 tons of hay; 
 1,005,685 pounds of butter, and 1,668,700 of 
 cheese. There were 20 flour and grist mills, 
 25 saw mills, 7 iron foundries, 1 cotton and 
 5 woollen factories, 3 carding and fulling 
 mills, 16 tanneries, and 2 machine shops. 
 It contained 52 churches and 6 newspaper 
 jffices ; 7313 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 292 attending other schools. This county 
 •s intersected by the Erie canal, and by the 
 Utica and Schenectady railroad. Organized 
 in 1772, and named in honor of General 
 Richard Montgomery, who fell before the 
 walls of Quebec, in the year 1775. Capital, 
 Fonda. Population, 31,992. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the S. E. part 
 of Pennsylvania, contains 450 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. W. by the Schuylkill 
 river, and drained also by Perkiomen, Mana- 
 tawny, and Wissahickon creeks. The sur- 
 face is diversified with beautiful undulations. 
 The soil is productive and highly improved. 
 The exports consist of breadstufl's, beef, 
 pork, hay, lime, the products of the dairy, 
 fruits, and various provisions for the market 
 of Philadelphia. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 878,244 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 734 
 
 309,255 of wheat ; 699,824 of oats ; 238,924 
 of potatoes; 98,701 tons of hay, and 3,048,089 
 pounds of butter. The quantities of hay and 
 butter were each the greatest raised in any 
 one county of the state. There were 117 
 flour and grist mills, 37 limekilns, 21 iron 
 mines, 16 manufactories of cabinet ware, 9 
 of farming implements, 4 of edge tools, 16 
 brick yards, 11 cotton factories, 4 cotton and 
 woollen factories, 7 woollen factories, 4 iron 
 furnaces, 4 forges, 3 brass foundries, 3 paper 
 mills, 8 powder mills, 2 rolling mills, 16 lin- 
 seed-oil mills, and 19 tanneries. It contain- 
 ed 95 churches, 6 newspaper offices, 9998 
 pupils attending public schools, and 977 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Sand- 
 stone and shale underlie the greater part of 
 the county ; limestone is found in the S. E. 
 part, and extensive quarries of fine marble 
 are worked in the same vicinity, about 12 
 miles from Philadelphia. Iron, lead, and 
 copper are found in the W. part, near the 
 river. The Schuylkill has been made na- 
 vigable on the border of the county, by 
 means of dams. The other public works 
 are the Philadelphia and Norristown rail- 
 road, the Chester Valley railroad, the Nor- 
 ristown and Doylestown railroad, and the 
 Philadelphia, Easton, and Water Gap rail- 
 road, of which the last is unfinished. Formed 
 in 1784. Capital, Norristown. Pop., 58,291. 
 
 Montgomery, a county of Mai-yland, bor- 
 dering on the District of Columbia, and on 
 the Potomac river, which separates it from 
 Virginia, has an area of about 660 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by the 
 Patusent river, and drained by the east 
 branch of the Potomac, and by Seneca, Rock, 
 and Watts creeks. The surface is moderately 
 hilly; the soil in general is not naturally 
 very rich, excepting the margins of the 
 streams. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, to- 
 bacco, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 396,947 bushels of corn ; 
 164,108 of wheat; 168,240 of oats ; 8538 tons 
 of hay, and 426,995 pounds of tobacco. 
 There were 4 woollen factories, 1 cotton fac- 
 tory, 5 manufactories of farming implements, 
 25 grist mills, 6 flouring mills, and 1 paper 
 mill. It contained 37 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office; 750 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 160 attending other schools. The rocks 
 which underlie the county are gneiss, ser- 
 pentine, red sandstone, and limestone. A 
 gold mine was discovered, in 1848, near 
 Brookeville. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal 
 passes along the S. W. border. Capital, 
 Rockville. Pop., 15,860, of whom 10,746 
 were free, and 5114, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the S. S. W. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of about 300 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by New i-iver, 
 and drained by the head streams of the 
 Staunton, or Roanoke, and by Craig's creek. 
 The county is situated at the north-western 
 base of the Blue Ridge, and has a mountain- 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 ous surface. The soil is mostly rocky and 
 unproductive, excepting in the vicinity of the 
 river. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 266,616 
 bushels of corn; 51,827 of wheat ; 106,120 
 of oats, and 4453 tons of hay. There were 
 4 saw mills, and 5 tanneries. It contained 
 12 churches, 350 pupils attending public 
 Bchools, and 20 attending another school. The 
 county is intersected by the Virginia and 
 Tennessee railroad. Formed in 1776. Capi- 
 tal, Christiansbuvg. Population, 8359, of 
 whom 6888 were free, and 1471, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of North Carolina ; area estimated at 
 550 square miles. The Yadkin river forms the 
 W. boundary ; the Uharie and Little rivers, 
 afl3uents of the Yadkin, flow through the 
 county. The surface in the W. part is moun- 
 tainous ; the soil of the valleys is fertile. 
 Indian corn and cotton are cultivated. In 
 1850 this county produced 192,191 bushels 
 of corn, and 1456 bales of cotton. There 
 were 2 cotton factories, 3 saw mills, and two 
 tanneries. It contained 6 churches, 1022 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 68 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Gold is 
 found in several places near the Yadkin, 
 generally in the beds of small streams. One 
 steam-engine, for pounding the ore, was in 
 operation in 1851. The Uharie and Little 
 river furnish fine motive-power. Formed in 
 1779. Capital, Troy. Population, 6827, of 
 whom 5099 were free, and 1773, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Georgia, has an area of 750 square 
 miles. The Ocmulgee river forms its bound- 
 ary on the S., the Little Ocmulgee on the 
 S. W., and Pendleton's creek on the N. E. 
 The county is traversed by the Oconee, which 
 unites, on its southern border, with the Oc- 
 mulgee, forming the Altamaha. The surface 
 is level ; the soil is sandy, and generally in- 
 ferior. Cotton, sugar, Indian corn, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 292 bales of cotton ; 55,365 bushels 
 of corn, and 28,710 of sweet potatoes. It 
 contained 13 churches, and 200 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Mount Ver- 
 non. Population, 2154, of whom 1541 were 
 free, and 613, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Alabama, has an area of 1010 square 
 miles. The Tallapoosa and Alabama rivers 
 form the N. boundary of the county. It is 
 also drained by the Catama and Pintelala 
 creeks. The surface is uneven, or hilly ; the 
 soil is generally fertile. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 25,326 bales of cotton; 1,265,645 
 bushels of Indian corn ; 293,488 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 191,853 of oats. The quantities 
 of sweet potatoes and oats were the greatest 
 produced in any county of the state. There 
 were 2 saw and grist mills, 1 flour mill, and 
 2 iron foundries. It contained 20 churches, 
 
 and 10 newspaper offices ; 366 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 264 attending 
 academies or other schools. The Alabama 
 river is navigable by large steamboats 
 through its whole course. The county is 
 partly traversed by the Montgomery and 
 West Point railroad, and another railroad is 
 projected from Montgomery to Mobile bay. 
 Several plank-roads have lately been made in 
 the county. Montgomery is the county seat, 
 and the capital of Alabama. Population, 
 29,795, of whom 10,284 were free, and 
 19,511, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the E. central 
 part of Texas, contains 1200 square miles. 
 It is drained by the San Jacinto river and its 
 affluent creeks. The surface is an alluvial 
 plain ; the soil is fertile, and adapted to cot- 
 ton, Indian corn, and grass, which are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 1109- 
 bales of cotton; 80,441 bushels of corn, and 
 39,720 pounds of butter. It contained 3 
 churches, and 75 pupils attending academies 
 or other schools. The streams are usually 
 fringed with forests, in which the oak and 
 walnut are found. Capital, Montgomery. Po- 
 pulation, 2384, of whom 1439 were free, and 
 945, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the S. W. cen- 
 tral part of Arkansas. Area, 1100 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Washita river. 
 The surface is mostly mountainous, and 
 adapted to pasturage and the rearing of 
 sheep. In 18-50 it produced 85,280 bushels 
 of Indian corn; 5287 of wheat, and 41,550 
 pounds of butter. There were 4 flour, grist, 
 and saw mills, and 1 machine shop. It con- 
 tained 5 churches, and 100 pupils attending 
 public schools. This county is liberally sup- 
 plied with water-power, and contains forests 
 of good timber. An extensive quarry of the 
 finest slate has been opened. Capital, Mount 
 Ida. Population, 1958, of whom 1892 were 
 free, and 66, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the N. N. W. 
 part of Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, 
 has an area estimated at 550 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Cumberland river, navi- 
 gable by steamboats, and also drained by its 
 affluent, the Eed river. The surface is un- 
 dulating, and the soil fertile. Tobacco, In- 
 dian corn, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1 850 the county produced 1,077,304 bushels 
 of corn; 153,179 of oats; 43,807 of wheat; 
 3,454,745 pounds of tobacco, (more than any 
 other county of the state,) and 155,129 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 27 churches, 4 news- 
 paper offices, 90 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 253 attending other schools. 
 The county has a turnpike road leading to 
 Nashville. Capital, Clarksville. Pop., 21,945. 
 of whom 11,974 were free, and 9071, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part' of Kentucky, has an area estimated 
 at 400 square miles. It is intersected in the 
 S. part bv Ptcd river, an affluent of the Ken- 
 
 735 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 tucky, and also drained by Hinkston creek. 
 The S. E. part is mountainous, tiie other 
 parts generally rolling or hilly. The soil, 
 excepting the mountains, is very productive. 
 Cattle, horses, and swine are the chief arti- 
 cles of export. In 1850 the county produced 
 914,863 bushels of corn ; 97,974 of oats, and 
 106 tons of hemp. It contained 19 churches, 
 1 newspaper ofBce, and 558 pupils attending 
 public schools. First settled about 1790. 
 Capital, Mount Sterling. Population, 9903, 
 of whom 6830 were free, and 3073, slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the W. S. W. 
 part of Ohio, contains 440 square miles. It 
 is drained by Miami and Mad rivers, and by 
 Twin creek. The surface is pleasantly diver- 
 sified by small elevations. The soil is cal- 
 careous, i^roductive, and well cultivated. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork 
 are the chief productions. In 1850 there 
 were raised 315,769 bushels of wheat ; 
 1,273,932 of corn; 198,893 of oats, and 
 12,301 tons of hay. It contained 60 churches, 
 10 newspaper offices, and 13,828 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The rock which un- 
 derlies the county is the Trenton limestone, 
 an excellent material for building. The Mi- 
 ami and Mad river furnish extensive motive- 
 power, which is employed in numerous fac- 
 tories. The Miami canal passes through the 
 county, and six important railways terminate 
 at Dayton, a more particular account of 
 which will be found under the head of Day- 
 ton. Montgomery is among the most wealthy 
 and populous counties of the state. Capi- 
 tal, Dayton. Population, 38,219. 
 
 MoNTGOBiBBY, a county in the W. central 
 part of Indiana, contains about 500 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Sugar and Ra- 
 coon creeks, affluents of the Wabash river. 
 The surface varies from level to undulating, 
 and the soil is fertile. About two-thirds of 
 the county was covered by dense forests a 
 few years ago. Wheat, corn, grass, and 
 fruits are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 1,392,404 bushels of corn ; 121,988 
 of wheat ; 99,083 of oats, and 10,714 tons of 
 hay. It contained 48 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices, 1770 pupils attending public schools, 
 ana 110 attending academies or other schools. 
 This county is intersected by the New Albany 
 and Salem railroad, and the Lafayette and 
 Crawfordsville railroad. Organized in 1823. 
 Capital, Crawfordsville. Pop., 18,084. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Illinois, has an area of 690 square 
 miles. It is drained by the E. and W. forks 
 of Shoal creek, an affluent of the Kaskaskia 
 river. The surface is undulating, and partly 
 covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. A 
 large portion of the county is prairie. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 452,885 bushels 
 of corn ; 21,455 of wheat, and 98,412 of oats. 
 It contained twelve churches, and 1663 pupils 
 attending public schools. It is intersected 
 . 736 
 
 by the Alton and Terre Haute railroad. Ca- 
 pital Hillsborough. Population, 6276. 
 
 Montgomery, a county in the E. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 504 square miles. 
 The county is partly bounded on the S. by 
 Missouri river, intersected in the S. W. by 
 the Loutre or Otter river, and in the N. E. 
 part by the Piivifere au Cuivre, or Copper 
 river. A considerable range of bluffs extends 
 through the S. part, parallel with the Mis- 
 souri. A portion of the soil is fertile. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, cattle 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 344,721 bushels of corn; 
 21,170 of wheat; 74,953 of oats; 1009 tons 
 of hay, and- 353,865 pounds of tobacco. It 
 contained 9 churches ; 692 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 51 attending other schools. 
 Limestone underlies the county, and stone- 
 coal and iron ore are found in it. Capital, 
 Danville. Population, 5489, of whom 4452 
 were free, and 1037 slaves. 
 
 Montgomery, a new county in the S. W. 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 430 square 
 miles. It is traversed by the two branches 
 of Nishnabatoua river, an affluent of the Mis- 
 souri. The county is not yet organized, and 
 has but few inhabitants. County seat not 
 located. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-township of Franklin 
 CO., Vermont, about 45 miles N. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1001. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-township of Hampden 
 CO., Mass., on the Western railroad, about 14 
 miles N. W. from Springfield. Pop., 395. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Orange co., N. Y. Population, 3933. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Walkill creek, about 88 miles 
 W. by S. from Albany. It has an academy 
 and several mills or factories. Population, 
 estimated at 900. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., New Jersey, on Millstone river, and on 
 the Delaware and Raritan canal, about 16 
 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. Pop., 1763. 
 
 Montgomery, a township in the S. AV. part 
 of Franklin co.. Pa. Population, 3235. 
 
 Montgomery, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Indiana co.. Pa. Population, 751. 
 
 Montgomery, a township of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. from Philadel- 
 phia. Population, 971. 
 
 Montgomery, a flourishing city, capital of 
 the State of Alabama, and seat of justice of 
 Montgomery co., is situated on the left bank 
 of the Alabama river, 331 miles by water from 
 Mobile. It is 197 miles by the road N. E. 
 from Mobile, and 839 miles from Washington. 
 Lat. 32° 21' N. Ion., 86° 25' W. Montgome- 
 ry is the second city of the state in respect to 
 trade and population, and is one of the most 
 flourishing inland towns of the Southern 
 States. It possesses great facilities for com- 
 munication with the surrounding country. 
 The Alabama river is one of the best in the 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Union for steamboat navigation. As it is 
 never closed by ice, and very rarely affected 
 by drought, large steamers ascend from Mo- 
 bile to this place at all seasons of the year. 
 The Coosa river is navigable for large steam- 
 boats to Wetnmpka. The Montgomery and 
 West Point railroad, of which this city is the AV. 
 terminus, leads to Atlanta, in Georgia. Ano- 
 ther railroad has been commenced which will 
 connect the city with some point on Mobile 
 bay. Plank-roads are in course of construc- 
 tion to the Tennessee river and to Tuscaloosa. 
 The cotton shipped at this place annually 
 amounts to 75,000 bales. The city has 1 bank 
 and 6 newspaper offices. The public records 
 and offices were removed from Tuscaloosa to 
 Montgomery in November, 1847. The new 
 state-hovise was destroyed by fire in Decem- 
 ber, 1849 ; another was erected on the same 
 site and completed in 1851. Population in 
 1850, 4935; in 1853, estimated at 7000. 
 
 Montgomery, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Montgomery co., Texas, 50 miles N. 
 from Houston. It is situated in a level and 
 fertile tract of land, which is mostly occupied 
 by thrifty cotton planters. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-office of Sumner co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Montgomery, a township in the N. part of 
 Ashland co., Ohio. Population, 1848. 
 
 Montgomery, a township in the central 
 part of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop., 1331. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-village of Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio, 13 miles N. E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Montgomery, a township in the E. central 
 part of Marion co., Ohio. Population, 643. 
 
 Montgomery, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Wood CO., Ohio. Population, 922. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-township in Jennings 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1556. 
 
 Montgomery, a township in Owen co., In^ 
 diana. Population, 987. 
 
 Montgomery, a post-village of Kane co., Il- 
 linois, on the Aurora Extension railroad, 45 
 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Montgomery Centre, a post-village of 
 Franklin co., Vermont. 
 
 Montgomery Cross E,oads, a post-office of 
 Wood county, Ohio. 
 
 Montgomery's Ferry, a post-office of Per- 
 ry CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Montgomery's Point, a small village of De- 
 sha CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Montgomeryville, a small post-village of 
 Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, about 12 
 miles N. E. from Norristown. 
 
 Monthalia, a post-office of Panola co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 MoNTiCELLO, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Aroostook co., Maine, bordering on New 
 Brunswick. Population, 227. 
 
 Monticello, a post-village in Thompson 
 township, and capital of Sullivan co., N. Y., 
 110 miles S. S. W. from Albany. It contains 
 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, and several 
 churches. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1200. 
 2w 
 
 Monticello, a post-office of Guilford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Monticello, a post-village of Fairfield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, about 30 miles N. N. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Monticello, a village of Butts co., Ga. 
 
 Monticello, a post-village, capital of Jas- 
 per co., Georgia, 35 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. It contains a handsome court- 
 house, 3 churches, and an academy. 
 
 Monticello, a post-village, capital of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Florida, 29 miles E. N. E. from 
 Tallahassee. It contains a court-house, a few 
 stores, and 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Monticello, a small post- village of Pike co., 
 Ala., about 50 miles S. E. from Montgomery. 
 It was formerly the capital of the county. 
 
 Monticello, a post- village, capital of Law- 
 rence CO., Mississippi, on Pearl river, 85 
 miles S. from Jackson. It has a court house,, 
 a newspaper office, an academy, and several 
 stores. 
 
 Monticello, a post-office of Carroll co.. La. 
 
 Monticello, a small post-village, capital 
 of Drew co., Arkansas. 
 
 Monticello, a post-village, capital of Put- 
 nam CO., Tennessee, about 85 miles E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Monticello, a post-village, capital of Wayne 
 CO., Kentucky, 100 miles S. from Frankfort. It 
 contains a brick court house, 2 churches, and 
 2 tanneries. 
 
 Monticello, a small village of Fairfield 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio and Erie canal, 80 
 miles E. by S. from Columbus. 
 
 Monticello, a post- village, capital of White 
 CO., Indiana, on the Tippecanoe river, 82 miles 
 N. W. from Indianapolis. It is situated on 
 the border of Grand Prairie. One newspa- 
 per is published here. 
 
 Monticello, a small village of Madison 
 CO., Illinois, 4 or 5 miles N. from Alton. 
 
 Monticello, a small post-village, capital 
 of Piatt county, Illinois, near the N. fork of 
 Sangamon river, about 70 miles E. N. E. from 
 Springfield. Laid out in 1838. Population, 
 about 300. 
 
 Monticello, a small village of Chariton 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Monticello, a post-village of Lewis co., 
 Missouri, on the North Fabius river, 130 
 miles N. by E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Monticello, a post-office of Jones co., lo. 
 
 Monticello, a post- village of Green co.. 
 Wis., about 35 miles S. S. W. from Madison. 
 
 Monticello, a township in the S. part of 
 Lafayette co., Wisconsin. Population, 198. 
 
 Monticello, a post- village of Lewis eo., 
 Washington Territory, on the Columbia, at 
 the mouth of Cowelitz river. 
 
 Montmorency, an unorganized county of 
 Michigan, in the N. E. part of the lower pe- 
 ninsula, has an area of about 570 square 
 miles. It is drained by Thunder Bay river, 
 which flows into Lake Huron. The census 
 of 1850 furnishes no returns for this county. 
 
 78^7- 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 MoNTONGA, a post-office of Drew co., Ark. 
 
 Montour, a county in the E. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 230 
 square miles. It is intersected by the North 
 branch of the Susquehanna, and drained also 
 by Chillisquaque and Roaring creeks. The 
 surface is traversed by high barren ridges, 
 extending nearly E. and W., namely, Mon- 
 tour's Ridge, from which the name is derived, 
 Limestone Ridge, and Muncy Hills. The in- 
 tervening valleys are fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, hay, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 138,279 bushels 
 of corn; 126,217 of wheat; 10,429 tons of 
 hay, and 276,941 pounds of butter. There 
 were 11 flour and grist mills, 4 saw mills, 4 
 iron furnaces, 3 foundries, 3 forges, and 8 
 tanneries. It contained 35 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices; 8715 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 60 attending other schools. 
 Montour's Ridge abounds in excellent iron 
 ore, and limestone, which is used in fluxing 
 the metal. Large quantities of iron are pro- 
 cured from these mines. The county is tra- 
 versed by the North Branch canal. Montour 
 was formed quite recently out of the W. part 
 of Columbia. Capital, Danville. Popula- 
 tion, 13,239. 
 
 Montour, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Columbia co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 409. 
 
 Montour's Ridge, a mountain ridge form- 
 ing a part of the S. boundary of Montour 
 county. Its direction is nearly east and west. 
 Length, near 20 miles. 
 
 MoNTOURSviLLE, a post-village of Lyco- 
 ming CO., Pennsylvania, 3 miles E. from Wil- 
 liamsport. It has an active trade in lumber. 
 Population in 1851, near 800. 
 
 MoNTPELiER, the seat of justice of Wash- 
 ington county, Vermont, and capital of the 
 state, is situated on the Onion river, and on 
 the great railway thoroughfare connecting 
 the Atlantic with the St. Lawrence river, 200 
 miles N. W. from Boston, and 85 miles S. E. 
 from Montreal. Lat. 44° 17' N., Ion. 76° 36' 
 W. It occupies a central position in the state, 
 and is chiefly remarkable for its active trade 
 and general improved appearance. The state 
 house, fronting on State street, is a magnifi- 
 cent granite structure, which cost upwards 
 of $130,000. It is in the form of a cross, 
 150 feet in length, and 100 feet deep, in- 
 cluding the portico, which consists of six 
 columns, each 6 feet in diameter at the base, 
 and 36 feet high. The building is surmounted 
 by a dome, the apex of which is 100 feet 
 from the ground. The court house and rail- 
 road depots are also worthy of notice. Mont- 
 pelier contains 2 banks, 5 churches, 5 newspa- 
 per offices, and about 30 stores. It becaine the 
 capital of the state in 1805, and of the county 
 in 1811. Population in 1830, 1792; in 1840, 
 3726, and in 1850, 2310. November 9th, 1848, 
 East Montpelier, containing in 1850, 1447 
 inhabitants, was organized from the town- 
 ship of Montpelier. 
 738 
 
 Montpelier, a post-office of Hanover co., 
 Virginia, 24 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Montpelier, a post-village in Richmond 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Montpelier, a post- village in Monroe co., 
 Ga., 50 miles W. S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Montpelier, a post-village in Marengo. 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Montpelier, a post-office of Adair co., Ky. 
 
 Montpelier, a post-office of Williams co.,0. 
 
 Montpelier, a post-village of Blackford 
 CO., Indiana, on the Salamonie river, 40 miles 
 S. by W. from Fort Wayne, was first settled 
 in 1839. 
 
 Montra, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 Montreal River, forming part of the 
 boundary between Wisconsin and Michigan, 
 flows N. W. into Lake Superior. 
 
 Montrose, a post-borough of Bridgewater 
 township, capital of Susquehanna county, 
 Pennsylvania, 165 miles N. by W. from Phi- 
 ladelphia. It is pleasantly situated in a 
 hilly region, near the sources of Wyalusing 
 creek. The houses are mostly wood, and 
 painted white. Montrose contains a bank, 
 an academy, 6 churches, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Population iu 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Montrose, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Montrose, a post-village of.Jasperco., Miss. 
 
 Montrose, a post-office of Smith co., Tenn. 
 
 Montrose, a post-office of Summit co., 0. 
 
 Montrose, a township in Genesee co., 
 Michigan. Population, 52. 
 
 Montrose, a post-village of Lee county, 
 Iowa, on the Mississippi river, at the head 
 of the lower rapids, 12 miles above Keokuk. 
 The inhabitants are mostly employed in 
 "lightening" steamboats over the rapids, 
 which obstruct the navigation of the river. 
 It has a line of omnibuses to Keokuk. Po- 
 pulation, about 800. 
 
 Montrose, a township in the S. part of 
 Dane co., Wisconsin. Population, 372. 
 
 Montrose Depot, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MONTURESVILLE. See MONTOURSVILLK. 
 
 Montvale Springs, a post-office of Blount 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 MoNTViLLE, a post-township of Waldo co., 
 Maine, about 33 miles E. by N. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1881. 
 
 MoNTViLLE, a township of New London co., 
 Connecticut, on the right bank of Thames 
 river, about 38 miles S. E. from Hartford. It 
 is intersected by the New London, Willimantic, 
 and Palmer railroad. Population, 1848. 
 
 MoNTViLLE, a village of Cayuga co.. New 
 York, about 20 miles S. S. E. from Auburn. 
 
 MoNTViLLE, a small post-village of Morris 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Morris canal, 24 miles 
 N. W. from Jersey City. 
 
 MoNTviLLE, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop., 702. 
 
 MoNTViLLE, a* township in Medina co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1077. 
 
MON 
 
 MOO 
 
 Monument, a post-village of Barnstable co., 
 Massachusetts, on the E. side of Buzzard's 
 bay, 60 miles S. E. by S. from Boston. 
 
 Monument, a post-ofiice of Pike co., 111. 
 
 Monument Island, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., New York. 
 
 MooDus, a post-office of Middlesex co. Conn. 
 
 Moody's Mill, a post-office of Morgan co.,0. 
 
 MooERS, a township on the N. border of 
 Clinton co.. New York. Population, 3365. 
 
 MooEES, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Northern or Ogdensburg rail- 
 road, where it is crossed by the Plattsburg 
 and Montreal railroad, about 160 miles N. by 
 E. from Albany. 
 
 Moon, a post-township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Ohio I'iver, 12 miles be- 
 low Pittsburg. Population, 1588. 
 
 Moon, a township of Beaver co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Ohio river, opposite Beaver. 
 Population, 916. 
 
 MooNEY, a township in Phillips co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 325. 
 
 MooNEY, a post-office of Jackson co., Ind. 
 
 Moon's, a post-office of Fayette co., Ohio. 
 
 Moon's Point, a small village of Livingston 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Moon's Ranch, a post-office of Colusi co., 
 California. 
 
 Moore, a county in the central part of 
 North Carolina ; area estimated at 650 square 
 miles. It is drained by Deep, Little, and 
 Lumber rivers. The surface is diversified ; 
 the soil in some parts is fertile. Indian corn, 
 cotton, and tobacco are cultivated. In 1850 
 this county produced 223,476 bushels of corn ; 
 555 bales of cotton ; and 8500 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were 3 corn and flour mills, and 
 1 saw mill. It contained 21 churches; 1400 
 pupils attending public schools, and 84 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. The 
 county is intersected by a plank-road leading 
 to Fayetteville. Capital, Carthage. Formed 
 in 1784, and named in honor of Hon. Alfred 
 Moore, late associate justice of t|ie supreme 
 court of the United States. Population, 9842, 
 of whom 7366 were free, and 1976, slaves. 
 
 Moore, a township of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. W. from Easton. 
 Population, 2615. 
 
 MooREFiELD,apost-village, capital of Hardy 
 CO., Virginia, on the South branch of Potomac 
 river, 178 miles N. W. from Richmond. It 
 contains several stores and mills, and about 
 50 dwellings. 
 
 MooREFiELD, a post-village of Nicholas co., 
 Kentucky, 56 miles S. E. from Frankfort. 
 
 MooREFiELD, a townsMp of Clarke co. , Ohio. 
 Population, 1214. 
 
 SlooREFiELD, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Harrison co., Ohio. Population, 1021. 
 
 MooREFiELD, a post-village in the above 
 township, 105 miles E. by N. from Columbus. 
 Popxilation in 1853, about 400. 
 
 MooREFiELD, a post-village of Switzerland 
 CO., Indiana, 95 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Moore's, a post-office of Bowie co., Texas. 
 
 MooRESBOROUGH, a post-village of Cleve- 
 land CO., North Carolina. 
 
 MooRESBURG, a Small village of Hunting- 
 don CO., Pennsylvania, 86 miles W. N. W. from 
 Ilarrisburg. 
 
 MooRESBURG, a Small post-village of Mon- 
 tour CO., Pa., 5 miles W. N. W. from Danville. 
 
 MooRESBURG, a post-officc of Hawkins cc, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 MooRESBURG, a post-officc of Pulaski co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Moore's Creek, a post-office of New Ha- 
 nover CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Moore's Cross Roads, a post-office of Har- 
 deman CO., Tennessee, 194 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Moore's Fores, a post-office of Clinton co.. 
 New York. 
 
 MooRESHiLL, a post-village of Dearborn co., 
 Indiana, 13 miles N. W. from Lawrenceburg. 
 Population in 1850, 206. 
 
 Moore's Mills, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Moore's Ordinary, a post-office of Prince 
 Edward co., Virginia. 
 
 Moore's Prairie, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Moore's Rest, a post-office of Anderson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Moore's Salt-works, a post-office of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Ohio, 130 miles E. by N. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Moore's Store, a post-office of Shenandoah 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 MooRESTOWN, a post-village of Chester 
 township, Burlington co., New Jersey, on the 
 road from Camden to Mount Holly, 9 miles 
 from each. It contains 5 churches, 3 or 4 
 stores, and about 1000 inhabitants. 
 
 MooRESviLLE, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., N. Y., 48 miles S. W. by W. from Albany. 
 
 MooRESviLLE, a post-village of Orange co.. 
 North Carolina, 75 miles N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 MOORESVILLE, a post-viliage of Limestone 
 CO., Alabama, about 20 miles W. S. W. from 
 Huntsville. 
 
 MOORESVILLE, a Small post-village of Mar- 
 shall CO., Tennessee, 63 miles S. by W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 MOORESVILLE, a flourishing post-village of 
 Morgan co., Indiana, on White Lick creek, 
 16 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. It has a 
 plank-road leading to Franklin. Pop., 550. 
 
 Moore's Vineyard, a post-office of Bar- 
 tholomew CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mooseheadville, a post-office of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mooreland, apost-office of Wayne co.,Obio. 
 
 JIooRETOWN, a post-village of Montgomerv 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike between 
 Philadelphia and Easton, 1 1 miles N. from the 
 former. It contains 1 church and about 30 
 dwellings. 
 
 Mooreville, a small village of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan, on Saline river. 
 
 739 
 
MOO 
 
 MOR 
 
 MooRviLLE, a post-office of Itawamba cc, 
 Mississippi. 
 
 MoosEAPECK Light, on Sibley island, at 
 the entrance of Machias bay, Maine. It is 
 a fixed light, 65 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 44° 32' N., Ion. 67° 22' AV. 
 
 MoosEHEAD Lake, Maine, lying between 
 Somerset and Piscataquis counties, is very 
 irregular in its form. Length, about 35 
 miles; greatest breadth, including its prin- 
 cipal island, about 10 miles. The waters 
 are deep, and abound in trout and other 
 fish. There is a steamboat on the lake, 
 chiefly used for towing timber down the en- 
 trance to the Kennebec river. 
 
 Moose Hillock Mountain, in Grafton co., 
 N. H., rises 4636 feet above the sea. 
 
 Moose Meadov/, a post-office of Tolland 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Moose Rivee, in the N. W. part of Maine, 
 rises in the N. part of Franklin co., and 
 flowing through Somerset co., falls into 
 Moosehead lake. 
 
 Moose Eivee, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Moose Eivek, in the N. E. part of Vermont, 
 rises in Essex co., and falls into the Passump- 
 sick river in Caledonia county. 
 
 Moose River rises in Hamilton co., in the 
 N. E. central part of New York, and enters 
 Black river, in Lewis county. 
 
 Moosic Mountain, Pennsylvania, in Lu- 
 zerne county, extends from near Wilkesbarre, 
 N. E., along the left bank of the Susquehanna 
 and Lackawanna rivers above 30 miles. Its 
 average height is stated to be about 1000 
 feet. The Moosic mountain may properly 
 be regarded as a continuation of the Wyoming 
 mountain. 
 
 Moosop, a post-office of Windham co.. Conn. 
 
 Moquelumne, (commonly pronounced mo- 
 kal'-um-ne,) river of California, rises among 
 the hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, 
 and flows in a general westerly direction till 
 it receives the waters of Dry creek, when it 
 turns, and after running in a S. S. W. course 
 between San Joaquin and Sacramento counties 
 for some distance, falls into the San Joaquin 
 river, about 50 miles below Stockton. 
 
 Moquelumne Hill, the most important 
 town of Calaveras county, California, is situ- 
 ated in the western (or W. central) part of the 
 county, about IJ miles S. of Moquelumne 
 river. The inhabitants are largely engaged 
 in trade. 
 
 Moral, a township of Shelby co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1048. 
 
 Morales db Lavacca, a post-office of Jack- 
 son CO., Texas. 
 
 Moran, a small village of Mackinac co., 
 Michigan, on the strait of Mackinac. The 
 inhabitants procure a subsistence by fishing. 
 
 Moravia, a post-towuship in the S. part of 
 Cayuga co., New York. Population, 1876. 
 
 Moravia, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Owasco inlet, 18 miles S. S. E. 
 .740 
 
 from Auburn. It contains 2 or 8 churches, 
 the Moravian Institute, a cotton factory, and 
 many handsome dwellings. Population esti- 
 mated at 800. 
 
 Moravia, a post-office of Appanoose co., lo. 
 
 Mordansville, a post-village of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Morbau, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Saratoga co., New York, on Hudson 
 river. It contains a station on the Saratoga 
 and Washington railroad. Population, 1884. 
 
 MoREAU Creek, of Missouri, flows eastward 
 through Moniteau and Cole counties, and 
 enters the Missouri river, 5 miles below Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 MoREAu Station, a post-office of Saratoga 
 New York. 
 
 Moreauville, a post-office of Avoyelles 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 MoREFiELD, a post-office of Green co.. Wis. 
 
 Morehouse, a parish in the N. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on Arkansas. It con- 
 tains 770 square miles. The Washita river 
 bounds it on the W., and it is drained by 
 Bartholomew bayou, navigable by steamers. 
 The surface is undulating, and is naturally 
 covered by a heavy growth of timber. The 
 soil is generally fertile, producing cotton and 
 Indian corn. In 1850 there were raised 8303 
 bales of cotton ; 119,235 bushels of corn, and 
 25,952 of sweetpotatoes. There were 2 saw and 
 planing mills, and 1 manufactory of farming 
 implements. It contained 1 church, 103 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 97 attending 
 other schools. Morehouse was formed from 
 part of Washita parish. Capital, Bastrop. 
 Population, 3913; of whom 1907 were free, 
 and 2006, slaves. 
 
 Morehouse, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Hamilton co., N. Y. Pop., 242. 
 
 Morbhousea'ille, a post-village of Hamil- 
 ton CO., New York, about 115 miles N. W. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Moreland, a post-office of Chemung co., 
 New York. 
 
 Moreland, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Lycoming co.. Pa. Population, 714. 
 
 Moreland, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Montgomery co.. Pa. Pop., 2348. 
 
 Moreland, a township of Philadelphia co., 
 Pennsylvania, 11 miles N. E. from Philadel- 
 phia. Population, 492. 
 
 Moreland, a post-office of Fauquier co., Va. 
 
 Moreland, a small post- village of Bourbon 
 CO., Kentucky, about 11 miles N. E. from Lex- 
 ington. 
 
 Moreman's River, a post-office of Albe- 
 marle CO., Virginia, 104 miles W. by N. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Morenci, a post-village of Lenawee co., 
 Michigan, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 MoRESviLLE, a post-office of Delaware co., 
 New York. 
 
 MoRETOWN, a post-township of Washington 
 CO., Vermont, about 11 miles W. by S. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1335. 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 MoEEET Mill, a post-office of Ashe co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Morgan, a county forming the N. N. E. 
 extremity of Virginia, bordering on the Poto- 
 mac river, wliich separates it from Maryland, 
 has an area of about 330 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Cacapon river, and by Sleepy 
 creek. The surface is mountainous and 
 broken, the soil is generally thin and poor. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 46,247 bushels of corn; 40,584 of 
 vrheat, and 16,388 of oats. There were 5 
 flour and grist mills, 2 saw mills, and 2 tan- 
 neries: 11 churches, and 645 pupils attending 
 public schools. The county contains large 
 deposites of iron and stone coal. It is plen- 
 tifully supplied with water-power. The 
 Berkeley spring in this county is one of the 
 oldest watering places of the United States. 
 The Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio canal, follow the course 
 of the Potomac river along the border of the 
 county. Organized in 1820, and named in 
 honor of General Daniel Morgan, an ofBcer 
 in the war of the Revolution. Capital, Bath. 
 Population, 3557 ; of whom 3434 were free, 
 and 123, slaves. 
 
 Morgan, a county situated a little N. of 
 the centre of Georgia, contains 330 square 
 miles. It is drained by Little river, and the 
 affluents of the Appalachee river which forms 
 the N. E. boundary. The surface is undulat- 
 ing. Efforts are being made to restore the ex- 
 hausted land to its original fertility. Cotton, 
 maize, oats and barley are the staples. Ex- 
 cellent granite is abundant, and a little gold 
 has been found. The county is intersected 
 by the Georgia railroad. In 1850 it produced 
 11,541 bales of cotton; 411,857 bushels 
 of corn; 86,990 of oats, and 66,299 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 6 flour mills, 6 grist 
 mills, 6 saw mills, 1 cotton factory, and 3 
 tanneries : 19 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 517 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Madison. Population, 10,744; of 
 whom 3650 were free, and 7094, slaves. 
 
 Morgan, a county in theN. part of Alabama, 
 has an area of 750 square miles. The Ten- 
 nessee river forms its entire boundary on the 
 N., and the Flint river flows through the 
 county into the former. The surface is hilly 
 and mountainous ; the soil generally fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, nnd grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 4767 bales of 
 cotton; 464,440 bushels of corn, and 56,346 
 of oats. There were 2 tanneries, and 1 
 machine shop, besides other establishments. 
 It contained 17 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 172 pupils attending public schools, and 30 
 attending an academy. Steamboats navi- 
 gate the Tennessee river along the border. 
 A railroad extends from Decatur in this 
 county to Tuscumbia, connecting the two 
 points on the river, between which navigation 
 is obstructed by the Muscle shoals. Capital, 
 
 S^merville. Population, 10,125; of whom 
 6688 were free, and 3437, slaves. 
 
 Morgan, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Tennessee; area estimated at 1000 square 
 miles. It is drained by the head streams of 
 Emory's river, an affluent of the Clinch. 
 The surface is mostly occupied by the Cum- 
 berland mountains and intervening valleys, 
 and covered with extensive forests. Stone 
 coal is said to be abundant in this county. 
 Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 there were raised 103,522 bushels 
 of corn, and 18,874 of oats ; 31,184 pounds of 
 butter were made. It contained 1 church, 
 650 pupils attending public schools, and 30 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Capital, 
 Morgan Court House. Population, 3480 ; 
 of whom 3329 were free, and 101, slaves. 
 
 Morgan, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 800 
 square miles. Licking river flows through 
 the middle of the county, and Red river, an 
 affluent of the Kentucky, rises within its 
 limits. The surface is diversified by hills 
 and fertile valleys, and extensively covered 
 with forests. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, 
 beef, and pork are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 267,275 bushels of corn ; 
 28,705 of oats, and 16,988 pounds of wool. 
 It contained 14 churches, and 558 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Iron ore, stone coal, 
 alum, copperas, and oil springs are abun- 
 dant in the county. Sandstone is the princi- 
 pal rock. Organized in 1822. Capital, West 
 Liberty. Population, 7620 ; of whom 7433 
 were free, and 187, slaves. 
 
 Morgan, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Ohio, contains about 360 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Muskingum river, (naviga- 
 ble by steamboats,) and by Meigs creek. 
 The surface is diversified by hills of moderate 
 height. The soil is generally fertile. The 
 staples are wheat, Indian corn, oats, pork, 
 and tobacco. In 1850 this county produced 
 266,236 bushels of wheat; 570,846 of corn; 
 162,818 of oats, and 421,144 pounds of to- 
 bacco. It contained 72 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 5905 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 60 attending an academy. 
 Large quantities of salt are procured in this 
 county by boring into strata of sandstone, 
 which, in some cases, lie more than 800 feet 
 below the surface. Capital, McConnellsville. 
 Population, 28,585. 
 
 Morgan, a county situated near the centre 
 of Indiana, contains 450 square miles. It is 
 drained by the White river and its affluents. 
 The surface in the S. is hilly, and in other 
 parts nearly level. The soil is excellent. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and fruits 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1,213,153 bushels of corn; 93,850 of 
 wheat ; 92,831 of oats, and 2688|- tons of 
 hay. It contained 54 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, and 2090 pupils attending public 
 schools. The Martinsville railroad tei'mi- 
 
 741 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 nates in the county. Organized in 1822. 
 Capital, Martinsville. Population, 14,576. 
 
 Morgan, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Illinois, has an area of 530 square 
 miles. It is partly bounded on the W. bj^ 
 the Illinois river, and also drained by Apple, 
 Sandy, Mauvaiseterre, (usually called Mo- 
 vistar,) and Indian creeks. The slope of 
 the county is towards the W. ; the general 
 surface is level. It consists of open plains 
 or prairies, slightly undulating, and inter- 
 spersed with small groves of trees. This 
 county is among the most thickly settled and 
 higlily cultivated in the state. The soil is a 
 black loam, nearly 2 feet deep, free from 
 stones, and remarkable for fertility and 
 durability. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
 wool, cattle, swine, and potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 2,693,021 bushels of corn; 91,453 of wheat; 
 154,805 of oats ; 393,130 pounds of butter, 
 and 9723 tons of hay. The above quantity 
 of corn was the largest produced by any 
 county in the state excepting Sangamon, and 
 was exceeded by very few in the United 
 States. It contained 38 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 1500 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 404 attending academies and 
 other schools. Peaches, apples, and other 
 fruits flourish in this region. The deficiency 
 of wood is compensated by the abundance of 
 stone coal, and by the introduction of the 
 Osage orange for hedges, which stretch for 
 hundreds of miles across the boundless 
 prairies. The county is intersected by the 
 Sangamon and Morgan railroad. Capital, 
 Jacksonville. Population, 16, 064. 
 
 Morgan, a county in the W. central part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 690 square miles. 
 The Osage river washes its southern border. 
 It is drained by La Mine river, and by Haw 
 and Big Gravois creeks. The surface is di- 
 versified by hills and ridges of moderate 
 height, and partly covered with forests. The 
 soil is generally fertile, excepting the high- 
 lands in the S. part, which contain mines of 
 lead. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 234,015 bushels of corn; 11,933 of 
 wheat; 54,272 of oats, and 69,103 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 10 churches, and 
 280 pupils attending public schools. Stone 
 coal and good limestone are abundant. The 
 creeks furnish motive-power for mills, and 
 the Osage river is navigable by steamboats 
 along the border. Capital, Versailles. Po- 
 pulation, 4650 ; of whom 4197 were free, and 
 453, slaves. 
 
 Morgan, a post-township of Orleans co., 
 Vermont, about 56 miles N. N. E. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 486. 
 
 Morgan, a township of Greene co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 6 miles N. E. from Waynesburg. 
 Population, 1157. 
 
 Morgan, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 888. 
 742 
 
 Morgan, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Butler co., Ohio. Pop., 1706. 
 
 Morgan, a township in the N. E. part of , 
 Gallia co., Ohio. Population, 1128. 
 
 Morgan, a township in the S. part of 
 Knox CO., Ohio. Population, 823. 
 
 Margan, a township in the central part of 
 Morgan co., Ohio, and E. of the Muskingum 
 river. Population, 2308. 
 
 Morgan, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Scioto CO., Ohio. Population, 280. 
 
 Morgan, a township in Owen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 951. 
 
 Morgan, a township in Porter co., Indiana. 
 Population, 373. 
 
 Morgan, a township in Grundy co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 469. 
 
 Morgan Court House, capital of Morgan 
 CO., Tennessee, on Emory's river, 156 miles 
 E. from Nashville. 
 
 Morganfield, a post-village, capital of 
 Union co., Kentucky, 205 miles W. by S. 
 from Frankfort. It contains 2 or 3 churches 
 and 2 academies. Incorporated in 1812. 
 Population, about 400. 
 
 Morgan's Creek, a post-office of Benton 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Morgan's Fork, a post-office of Pike co., 0. 
 
 Morgan's Mills, a post-office of Union co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Morgan's Ridgb, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 MORGANSVILLE. See MORGANVILLB. 
 
 Morgantown, a post-village of Caernarvon 
 township, Berks co., Pennsylvania, 12 miles 
 S. from Reading. 
 
 Morgantown, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Monongalia county, Virginia, is fine- 
 ly situated on the Monongahela river, 295 
 miles N. W. from Richmond. It has facili- 
 ties for trade by the steamboat navigation 
 of the river. Morgantown contains a court 
 house, a bank, 3 newspaper offices, and seve- 
 ral mills. Population, about 1000. 
 
 Morgantown, a beautiful post-village, ca- 
 pital of Burke co.. North Carolina, on the 
 Catawba river, 200 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 It contains a court house, jail, bank, and 
 several churches. Pop. in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Morgantown, a post- village in Blount co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Morgantown, a post-village, capital of 
 Butler CO., Kentucky, on Green river, 141 
 miles S. W. from Frankfort. It has a court 
 house and a newspaper office. 
 
 Morgantown, a post-village of Morgan 
 CO., Ind., on Indian creek, about 35 miles S, 
 by W. from Indianapolis. The railroad from 
 Franklin to Martinsville passes through it. 
 
 MoRGANTiLLE, a post-officc of Hillsdalc CO., 
 Michigan. 
 
 MORGANVILLE, Or MoRGANSVILLE, a pOSt- 
 
 village of Morgan co., Ohio, 70 miles E. S. 
 E. from Columbus. 
 
 Mori All, a post-township of Essex co.. New 
 York, on Lake Champlain. Pop., 3065. 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 MoRiAH, a post-Tillage in the above town- 
 ship, about ]15 miles N. by E. from Albany. 
 It has 2 or 3 churches and an academy. 
 
 MoEicHES, a post-village of Suffolk co., 
 N. Y., about 15 miles S. W. from Riverhead. 
 
 MoEiNGA'iLLB, a post-ofBce of Westchester 
 CO., New York. 
 
 MoRiNGViLLE, a post-viUagc in Chatham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Morlan's Grove, a post-office of Wayne 
 50., Illinois. 
 
 MoRLEY, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., 
 New York. 
 
 Mormon Island, a post-office of Sacra- 
 mento, California. 
 
 Mormon's Hill, a post-office of Marshall 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Morning Sun, a post-office of Shelby co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Morning Sun, a post-village of Preble co., 
 Ohio, 111 miles W. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Morning Sun, a post-office of Louisa co., lo. 
 
 Moro, a small river of Arkansas, rises in 
 Dallas CO., and flowing southward, enters the 
 Washita at the S. W. extremity of Bradley co. 
 
 Moro, a post-office of Dallas co.. Ark. 
 
 Morocco, a small village of Jasper co., 
 Indiana, 118 miles N'. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Morris, a county towards the N. part of 
 New Jersey, has an area of about 760 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by the 
 Pequanoclf: river, on the E. and S. E. by the 
 Passaic, and partly on the N. W. by the Mus- 
 conetcong river, and is drained by the N. and 
 S. branches of the Raritan, and by Rocka- 
 way river. The surface is generally un- 
 even, and sometimes mountainous. Schooley's 
 mountain, in the W., Trowbridge mountain, 
 near the centre, and Long hill, in the S. 
 part, are the principal elevations. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 524,360 bushels of corn; 281,381 of oats; 
 135,271 of potatoes; 39,091 tons of hay, and 
 774,591 pounds of butter. There were 2 
 cotton factories, 7 woollen factories, 36 forges, 
 3 foundries, 2 machine shops, 16 flour mills, 
 7 grist mills, 5 paper mills, 33 saw mills, 6 
 iron mines, and 13 tanneries. It contained 
 42 churches, 3 newspaper offices ; 5589 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 283 attend- 
 ing academies or other schools. Copper, 
 iron, zinc, sandstone, and limestone are 
 abundant; and marble, plumbago, man- 
 ganese, and other valuable minerals are 
 found. The iron mines are very valuable, 
 and great numbers of the inhabitants are 
 engaged in manufacturing this metal. The 
 Morris canal traverses the county, which is 
 also partly intersected by the Morris and 
 Essex railroad. Organized in 1738, and 
 named from Lewis Morris, then governor of 
 the province. Capital, Morristown. Popu- 
 lation, 30,158. 
 
 Morris, a township of Otsego co.. New 
 York. Population, 2227. 
 
 Morris, a township of Morris co., New 
 Jersey, on the Passaic river, about 47 miles 
 N. N. E. from Trenton. Population, 4992. 
 
 Morris, a township on the E. border of 
 Clearfield co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 639. 
 
 Morris, a township on the N. border of 
 Greene co., Pennsylvania. Population, 1250, 
 
 Morris, a township of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Juniata river, 10 miles 
 N. W. from Huntingdon. Population, 787. 
 
 Morris, a post-township of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania, 133 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 278. 
 
 Morris, a township on the S. border of 
 Washington co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1688. 
 
 Morris, a small village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Morris, a township in the N. part of Knox 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1028. 
 
 Morris, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Grundy co., Illinois, is on the Illinois and 
 Michigan canal, 62 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 It is the principal shipping point for the 
 grain of Grundy county. The Chicago and 
 Rock Island railroad passes through the vil- 
 lage. About 400,000 dollars' worth of pro- 
 duce was received here in 1852. Laid out in 
 1841. Population in 1853, estimated at 800. 
 
 MoRRisiANA, a flourishing post-village of 
 Westchester co.. New York, on Harlem river, 
 10 miles N. from New York. It is a station 
 on the Harlem railroad, and contains many 
 fine residences. 
 
 Morris Church, a post-office of Campbell 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Morris Cross Roads, a post-office of Fay- 
 ette CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MoRRisDALE, a post-villagc of Clearfield 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Clearfield turnpike, 
 110 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Morris Hill, a post-office of Bath co., Va. 
 
 Morrison, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pa. 
 
 Morrison's, a small post-village of Monroe 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Morrison's Cross Roads, a small village 
 of Warren co., Tennessee. 
 
 Morrison's Tan Yard, a post-village of 
 Mecklenburg co.. North Carolina. 
 
 Morrison ville, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 New York. 
 
 Morris Plains, a little village of Morris 
 CO., New Jersey, 2 miles N. from Morristown. 
 
 Morristown, a post-township of Lamoille 
 county, Vermont, on the left bank of the La- 
 moille river, about 20 miles N. by W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1441. 
 
 Morristown, a post-township in the W.^ 
 part of St. Lawrence co., N. Y. Pop., 2274. 
 
 Morristown, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the St. Lawrence river, 11 miles 
 above Ogdensburg. It has several churches^ 
 and a steamboat landing. 
 
 Morristown, a post-village in Morris 
 township, and capital of Morris county. New 
 Jersey, on Whippany river, and on the Mor- 
 ris and Essex railroad, 50 miles N. N. E. from. 
 
 743 
 
MOR 
 
 MOS 
 
 Trenton, and 32 miles by railroad W. by N. 
 from New York. It is situated on a plain, 
 is regularly laid out, and presents an ap- 
 pearance of neatness and comfort, having a 
 fine public square in the centre. It contains 
 a handsome court house, 5 or 6 churches, 2 
 banks, 2 academies, and a large hotel, the 
 Morris County House ; 3 newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. It has manufactories of paper, 
 coaches, iron, &c. Pop. estimated at 33U0. 
 
 MoRRiSTOWN, a post-ofiBce of Granger co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 MoRRiSTOWN, a village of Jefferson co., 
 Tennessee, is pleasantly situated in a fertile 
 valley on the route of the E. Tennessee and 
 Virginia railroad. 
 
 MORRISTOWN, a thriving post-village of 
 Belmont co., Ohio, on the national road, and 
 21 miles W. from Wheeling, has 2 churches, 
 and 456 inhabitants. 
 
 MoRRiSTOWN, a village of Clarke co., In- 
 diana, on the railroad from Jeffersonville to 
 Columbus, 20 miles N. from the former. 
 
 MoRRiSTOWN, a village of Randolph co., 
 Indiana, on the Bellefontaine and Indiana- 
 polis railroad, about 65 miles E. N. E. from 
 Indianapolis. Laid out in 1851. 
 
 MoRRiSTOWN, a post-village of Shelby co., 
 Indiana, on the Blue river, and on the rail- 
 road from Shelbyville to Knightstown, about 
 20 miles E. S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 MoRRiSTOWN, a post-village of Henry co., 
 Illinois, about 15 miles E. from the town of 
 Rock Island. 
 
 MoRRiSTOWN, a post-office of Cass co.. Mo. 
 
 MoRRisviLLE, a post-village in Morristown 
 township, Lamoille county, Vermont. It con- 
 tains 1 church, 1 academy, 1 printing office, 
 and 1 grist and saw mill. Pop., about 300. 
 
 MoRRisviLLE, a post-village in Eaton town- 
 ship, and capital of Madison county. New 
 York, on the Cherry Valley turnpike, about 
 100 miles W. by N. from Albany. It con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, an acade- 
 my, several churches, and 1 or 2 newspaper 
 offices. 
 
 MORRISVILLE, a thriving post-borough of 
 Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware 
 river, opposite Trenton, 30 miles above Phi- 
 ladelphia. The railroad from Philadelphia 
 to New York passes through it ; and a bridge, 
 1100 feet long, connects it with the city of 
 Trenton. It was formerly the residence of 
 Robert Morris, the eminent financier. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 700. 
 
 MORRISVILLE, a small post-village of Fau- 
 quier CO., Virginia, 95 miles N. by W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 MoERisviLLE, a post-office of Wake co.,N.C. 
 
 MORRISVILLE, a small village of Clinton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 MORRISVILLE, a village and station of 
 Hendricks co., Indiana, on the railroad be- 
 tween Terre Haute and Indianapolis, 25 miles 
 W. by S. from the latter. 
 
 Morrow, a county in the N. central part 
 744 
 
 of Ohio, has an area of 370 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Vernon river, the East 
 branch of the Olentangy or Whetstone, and 
 by Walnut creek, all of which rise within its 
 limits. The surface is level or undulating; 
 the soil is highly productive. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 366,670 
 bushels of corn; 81,925 of wheat; 173,796 
 of oats, and 19,428 tons of hay. It contained 
 56 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 1208 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 40 attending an 
 academy. A large quarry of freestone has 
 been opened at the county seat. The East 
 branch of the Olentangy afi'ords water-power. 
 The county is intersected by the Cleveland 
 and Columbus railroad, and by the route of 
 the Springfield and Mount Vernon railroad. 
 Formed about 1848, by a division of 5 ad- 
 joining counties, and named in honor of Go- 
 vernor Morrow, of Ohio. Capital, Mount 
 Gilead. Population, 20,280. 
 
 Morrow, a thriving post-village of Warren 
 county, Ohio, on the Little Miami railroad, 
 at the terminus of the Zanesville and Wil- 
 mington railroad, 37 miles N. N. E. from Cin- 
 cinnati. It has been built since the construc- 
 tion of the railroad, (about 1844.) Pop., 800. 
 
 Morse Creek, a post-office of McNairy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Morseville, a post-office of Schoharie co., 
 New York. 
 
 Morsston, apost-office of Sullivan co., N. Y. 
 
 Mortimer, a village in Lake co., Illinois, 
 45 miles N. by W. from Chicago. 
 
 Morton, a post-office of Tazewell co.. 111. 
 
 Morton's Store, a post-office of Alamance 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 MoRTONSviLLE, a post-village of Woodford 
 CO., Kentucky, 18 miles W. by S. from Lex- 
 ington. It contains a church and a bagging 
 factory. Population, 400. 
 
 MoRTONviLLE, a post-officc of Orange co.j 
 New York. 
 
 MoRTONViLLE, a Small post-village of Ches- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MoRVEN, a post- village in Anson co.. North 
 Carolina, 115 miles S. W. by W. from Raleigh. 
 
 MoRVEN, a small village of Shelby co., In- 
 diana, on Flatrock creek, 40 miles S. E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 MoRviN, a post-office of Clarke co., Ala. 
 
 MosALEM, a post-village in Dubuque co., 
 Iowa, near the Mississippi river, 75 miles N. 
 E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Moscow, a township of Somerset county, 
 Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec river, 
 about 55 miles N. of Augusta. Pop., 577. 
 
 Moscow, a post-village of Livingston co.. 
 New York, near the Genesee Valley canal, 
 about 35 miles S. S. W. from Rochester. Po- 
 pulation estimated at 500. 
 
 Moscow, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pa. 
 
 Moscow, a post-office of Marion co., Ala. 
 
 Moscow, a post-village of Hickman co., 
 Ky., 6 miles S. from Clinton, has 2 stores. 
 
MOS 
 
 MOU 
 
 Moscow, a post-village of Fayette co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the Wolf river, and on the Mem- 
 phis and Charleston railroad, 40 miles E. 
 from Memphis. 
 
 Moscow, a post-village of Clermont co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, 29 miles above Cin- 
 cinnati, has several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Moscow, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Hillsdale co., Michigan. Population, 942. 
 
 Moscow, a post-village in the above 
 township, on a branch of Kalamazoo river, 
 about 60 miles S. from Lansing. It contains 
 3 stores and a furnace. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Moscow, a post- village of Rush co., Ind., 
 40 miles E. S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Moscow, a small village of Lincoln co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Moscow, a small village of Washington 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Moscow, a post- village in Muscatine co., 
 Iowa, 25 miles E. S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Moscow Mills, a post-office of Morgan 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 MosELBM, a post-office of Berks co.. Pa. 
 
 Moselle, a post- village of Jo Daviess co., 
 Illinois, near the Missouri river, 10 miles S. 
 from Galena. 
 
 MosELY Hall, a post-office of Lenoir co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Mosely Grove, a post-office of Dallas co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Mosely's, a post-office of Madison co., Fla. 
 
 Mosely's Store, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 MosiERTOWN, a small village of Crawford 
 CO., Pa., 9 miles N. W. from Meadville. 
 
 Mosquito Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Ocmulgee river in Pulaski county. 
 
 Mosquito Creek, of Ohio, falls into the 
 Mahoning river, about 6 miles from Warren, 
 in Trumbull county. 
 
 Mosquito Creek, of Indiana, enters the 
 Ohio in Harrison county. 
 
 Moss, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mo. 
 
 Mosser's Valley, a small village of Union 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Moss Side, a post-office of Alleghany co.Pa. 
 
 Mossy Creek, a post-office of Augusta 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mossy Creek, a thriving post-village of 
 Jefferson county, Tennessee, on the line of 
 the E. Tennessee and Virginia railroad, about 
 212 miles E. from Nashville. It is liberally 
 supplied with water-power by a creek of its 
 own name, on which there are 2 cotton fac- 
 tories. 
 
 Motherkill Creek, of Kent county, Dela- 
 ware, enters Delaware bay. 
 
 Motier, a post-office of Pendleton co., Ky. 
 
 Motley, a post-office of Allen co., Ky. 
 
 MoTT Haven, a post-office of Westchester 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mott's Corners, a post-village of Tomp- 
 kins CO., New York, about 165 miles W. by 
 S. from Albany. It has several mills. 
 
 MoTTViLLE, or MoTTSViLLE, a post-villagc 
 
 of Onondaga co.. New York, on the outlet of 
 Skaneateles lake, about 150 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. It has an iron foundry with a 
 machine shop. 
 
 Mottville, a post-village of Mottville 
 township, St. Joseph co., Michigan, on the 
 St. Joseph's river, about 95 miles S. by W. 
 from Lansing, and 2 miles N. from the South- 
 ern railroad. Population of the township, 
 611 ; of the village, about 400. 
 
 MouLTON, a post-village, capital of Law- 
 rence CO., Alabama, about 110 miles N. by 
 E. from Tuscaloosa. It has a court house, 
 several stores, and a newspaper office. 
 
 MouLTON, a township in the N. part of 
 Auglaize co., Ohio. Population, 450. 
 
 MouLTONBOROUGH, a post-township of Car- 
 roll CO., New Hampshire, bordering on the 
 N. W. shore of Winnipiseogee lake, 40 miles 
 N. from Concord. Population, 1748. 
 
 MouLTONviLLE, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Moultrie, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Illinois, has an area of 320 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Kaskaskia river. 
 The county consists • partlj' of jDrairie and 
 partly of timbered land ; the soil is fertile, 
 adapted to Indian corn, grass, &c. In 1850 
 the county produced 373,630 bushels of In- 
 dian corn; 6148 of wheat; 60,040 of oats, 
 and 15,368 pounds of wool. It contained 7 
 churches, and 380 pupils attending public 
 schools. The Alton and Terre Haute rail- 
 road passes along the southern border. Ca- 
 pital, Auburn. Population, 3234. 
 
 Moultrie, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 disti-ict. South Carolina. 
 
 Moultrie, a post-office of Columbiana co.,0. 
 
 Mound Bayou, a post-office of Tensas co. La. 
 
 Mound City, a post-office of Crittenden 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 MouNDSviLLE, Virginia. See Grave Creek. 
 
 MouNDviLLE, a post-office of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Mount Abraham, Franklin co., Maine, 
 about 60 miles N. N. W. from Augusta. 
 
 Mount Adams, a peak of the White moun- 
 tain in Coos county, New Hampshire. It is 
 the second N. of Mount Washington, and next 
 to it in height, having an elevation of 5963 feet. 
 
 Mount Adams, or Wachuset Mountain, 
 Worcester co., Mass. Height, 2018 feet. 
 
 Mountain, a township in Washington co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 909. 
 
 Mountain Cove, a post-village of Fayette 
 CO., Va., on the Kanawha river, 200 miles W. 
 from Richmond. One paper is issued here. 
 
 Mountain Creek, of Culpepper co.. Vir- 
 ginia, flows in an E. S. E. direction, and falls 
 into the Rappahannock or North river. 
 
 Mountain Creek, a post-office of Catawba 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Mountain Creek, a post-office of Ander- 
 son district, South Carolina. 
 
 Mountain Falls, a post-office of Frede- 
 rick CO., Virginia. 
 
 745 
 
MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 Mountain Glen, a small village of Scott 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Mountain Grove, a post-oiSce of Bath co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Mountain Home, a post-village of McDowell 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Mountain Home, a post-office of Laurens 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mountain Ridge, New York, the name 
 given to a low ridge extending nearly pa- 
 rallel to the S. shore of Lake Ontario, of 
 which lake it is supposed to have once form- 
 ed the beach. 
 
 Mountain Shoals, a post-office of Spar- 
 tanburg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Mountain Spring, a post-office of Martin 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mountainstand, a post-office of Marshall 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mountaintop, a post-office of Augusta co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 MouNTAiNTOWN Creek, of Gilmer co., 
 Georgia, flows S. into the Coosawattee. 
 
 Mountainview, a post-village of Abbe- 
 ville district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Airy, a little village of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, 16 miles N. N. W. from Tren- 
 ton, has 1 church. 
 
 Mount Airy, a post-village of Berks co.. Pa. 
 
 Mount Airy, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Md., on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 
 
 Mount Airy, a post-village of Pittsylvania 
 CO., Virginia, 145 miles S. W. from Rich- 
 mond. It has several churches and mills. 
 
 Mount Airy, a post-village in Surry co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Mount Airy, a post-office of Bledsoe co., 
 Tennessee, 113 miles S. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Mount Airy, apost-office of Hamilton co., 0. 
 
 Mount Airy, a small village of Saline co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mount Airy, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Mount Andrew, a post-office of Barbour 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mount Aubry, a village of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Le- 
 high river, 1 mile above AUentown. The 
 new AUentown iron-works are established 
 here. Population, 200. 
 
 Mount Auburn, a beautiful cemetery, situ- 
 ated about a mile W. from Harvard Univer- 
 sity, Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was laid 
 out in 1831, and comprises an area of about 
 100 acres. The surface is beautifully diversi- 
 fied with hill and dale, portions of it rising 
 to an elevation of about 125 feet above the 
 level of Charles river. A natural growth of 
 forest trees cover a large portion of the 
 grounds, adding a simple, majestic, and most 
 appropriate ornament to this hallowed spot, 
 over which are scattered tombs and monu- 
 ments of the most various and exquisite work- 
 manship, surrounded and adorned with every 
 variety of shrub and flower. A granite tower, 
 62| feet high, is now (1853) being constructed, 
 746 
 
 at a cost of $20,000. Within it is to be a 
 winding staircase of 93 steps leading to the 
 summit, which will be furnished with seats 
 for the accommodation of visitors. Near the 
 entrance of the cemetery, which is by a mas- 
 sive gateway in the Egyptian style, stands 
 the chapel, a handsome granite edifice, in 
 which are performed the funeral services. 
 The first interment at Mount Auburn was 
 that of Mrs. Hannah Adams, one of the earli- 
 est female writers of New England. 
 
 Mount Auburn, a post- village of Shelby co., 
 Indiana, about 12 miles S. W. from Shelbyville. 
 
 Mount Auburn, a post-office of Christian 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Mount Baker, a peak of the Cascade 
 range, on the northern border of Oregon, 
 about 90 miles E. from the mouth of Frazer's 
 river. 
 
 Mount Bethel, a little village of Somerset 
 CO., N. J., 7 miles N. E. from Somerville. 
 
 Mount Bethel, a post-village of Northamp- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, 120 miles E. N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Mount Bethel, a post-office of Newberry 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Bigelow, on the boundary line be- 
 tween Somerset and Franklin counties. 
 Me., about 70 miles N. N. W. from Augusta. 
 
 Mount Blanchard, a post-village of Han- 
 cock CO., Ohio, on Blanchard river, 85 miles 
 N. N. W. from Columbus. Pop., about 250. 
 
 Mount Briggs, a village in Potawatomie 
 CO., Iowa, 12 miles E. by N. from Council 
 Blufi^s. 
 
 Mount Calvary, a post-office of Davis co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Mount Cambria, a post-office of Niagara 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mount Carbon, a post-office of Hampshire 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-office of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-office of Halifax 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a small village of Abbe- 
 ville district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-office of Henry co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-village in Coving- 
 ton CO., Miss., 55 miles S. S. E. from Jackson- 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-office of Wilson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-village of Fleming 
 CO., Kentucky, 81 miles E. N. E. from Frank- 
 fort. It has 1 church and 2 stores. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-office of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio, 12 miles E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Ind., 75 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Mount Carmel, a post-village, capital of 
 Wabash county, Illinois, on the Wabash 
 river, opposite the mouth of White river, 
 160 miles S. E. of Springfield. It has a 
 beautiful situation and advantages for ma- 
 nufacturing, with a dam across the river. 
 
MOU 
 
 MOU 
 
 a mile above the village, producing inex- 
 haustible water-power. The place is re- 
 markably healthy, having entirely escaped 
 the cholera when it prevailed in the vicinity. 
 A newspaper is published here. Population 
 in 1853, 1500. 
 
 Mount Cakmel, a post-office of Cooper co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Mount Cakroll, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Carroll co., Illinois, on Carroll 
 creek, 210 miles N. from Springfield. It has 
 a large flouring mill, for which the creek fur- 
 nishes motive power. A newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. Laid out in 1843. Pop., 600. 
 
 Mount Clemens, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Macomb co., Michigan, is plea- 
 santly situated on the left bank of Clinton 
 river, 6 miles from its entrance into Lake St. 
 Clair, and at the head of steam navigation, 
 20 miles N. N. E. from Detroit. A plank-road 
 connects it with Detroit, and another extends 
 20 miles N. W. to Romeo. A number of the 
 inhabitants are employed in ship building. 
 Steamboats ply daily between this and De- 
 troit. It contains 1 bank, a manufactory of 
 window glass, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, and 
 several mills. Population in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Mount Clifton, a post-office of Shenan- 
 doah CO., Va. 
 
 Mount Clinton, a little village of Bergen 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Hudson river, about 
 15 miles N. by E. from Jersey City. 
 
 Mount Clio, a small village of Sumpter 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Comfort, a post-office of Fayette 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Mount Comfort, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mount Crawford, a post-village in Eock- 
 ingham co., Virginia. 
 
 Mount Croghan, a post-office of Chester- 
 field district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Defiance, a high eminence in Es- 
 sex CO., New York, overlooking the site of 
 Fort Ticonderoga. 
 
 ' Mount Desert, a post-township of Han- 
 cock CO., Maine, on an island of its own 
 name, about 46 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 777. 
 
 Mount Desert Rock, 20 miles S. from 
 Mount Desert Island, Maine. On it is a fixed 
 light 50 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 
 43° 58' 30" N., Ion. 68° 8MV. 
 
 Mount Desert Rock, a new township of 
 Hancock co., Maine. Population, 5. 
 
 Mount Eaton, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 Ohio, 18 miles S. E. from Wooster. Population 
 in 1853, 500. 
 
 Mount Eden, a post-office of Spencer co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Mount Eden Furnace, a small village of 
 Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Elba, a post-office of Bradley co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Mount Elon, a post-office of Darlington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Eminence, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mount Emmons, a peak in Hamilton co., 
 N. Y. Height about 4600 feet above the sea. 
 
 Mount Enon, a village of Richmond co., 
 Georgia, 15 miles S. from Augusta. 
 
 Mount Enterprise, a post-office of Rusk 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Mount Eolia, a post-office of Union co., Ga. 
 
 Mount Ephraim, a small village of Guern- 
 sey CO., Ohio. 
 
 Mount Ephraim, a small post-village of 
 Noble CO., Ohio. 
 
 Mount Etna, a post-village of Huntingdon 
 CO., Indiana, on theSalamonie river, 90 miles 
 N. E. from Indianapolis. Pop., about 200. 
 
 Mount Etna, a small village of Rush co., 
 Indiana, 6 miles N. from Rushville. 
 
 Mount Freedom, a post-office of Pendleton 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mount Freedom, a post-village of Jessa- 
 mine CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Mount Gallagher, a post-village of Lau- 
 rens district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Gilead, a post-village of Loudon 
 CO., Virginia, 155 miles N. from Richmond. 
 It stands on an eminence commanding a beau- 
 tiful view of the Blue Ridge. 
 
 Mount Gilead, a post-office of Montgome- 
 ry CO., N. C, 123 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Mount Gilead, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Mount Gilead, a small post-village of Ma- 
 son CO., Ky., 12 miles S. E. from Maysville. 
 
 Mount Gilead, a small village of Pulaski 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Mount Gilead, a flourishing post-village 
 of Gilead township, capital of Morrow co., 
 Ohio, on theE. branch of Olentangy river, 42 
 miles N. by E. from Columbus. The railroad 
 which connects Cleveland and Columbus 
 passes If miles west from this place. It is 
 the principal town in the county, and has 
 four good mills, which are moved by water- 
 power. Two newspapers are published here. 
 Population in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Mount Grove, a small village of Davis co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Mount Hawkins, a small post-village of 
 Perry co., Illinois, about 10 miles E. from 
 Pinckneyville. 
 
 Mount Hawley, a post-office of Peoria co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mount Healthy, a post- village of Hamilton 
 CO., 0., 110 miles S. W. by W. from Columbus. 
 
 Mount Healthy, a post-office of Bartho- 
 lomew CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mount Hebron, a post-office of Green co , 
 Alabama. 
 
 Mount Heron, a post-office of Darke co., 0. 
 
 Mount Hickory, a post-office of Chattooga 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Mount Hickory, a post-office of Chambers 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mount Hill, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
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 Mot7NTHii.i,apost-ofBceof Marganco.jAla. 
 
 MoitntHilliard, post-office of Pike CO., Ala. 
 
 Mount Hill Ieon-wouks, a small Tillage of 
 Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Holly, a post-township of Rutland 
 CO., Vt., on the Rutland and Burlington rail- 
 road, about 66 miles S. by W. from Montpe- 
 lier. Population, 1534. 
 
 Mount Holly, a post-village in Northamp- 
 ton township, and capital of Burlington county. 
 New Jersej', on the north branch of Rancocus 
 creek, 19 miles S. from Trenton. It is plea- 
 santly situated amidst a fertile and populous 
 country, and contains, besides the county 
 buildings, 7 churches, a bank, a boarding- 
 school, 2 newspaper offices, a woollen factory, 
 and several mills. A branch railroad con- 
 nects it with Burlington, from which it is 7 
 miles distant. The name is derived from an 
 eminence which rises about 200 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Population in 1853, 
 estimated at 2000. 
 
 Mount Holly, post-village of Knox county, 
 Ohio, on the Walhonding river, about 60 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus. It contains 1 woollen 
 factory, a flouring mill, an iron foundry, and 
 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Mount Holly, apost-office of Warren co.,0. 
 
 Mount Holly, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mount Holyoke, in Hadley township, 
 Hampden co., Massachusetts, 3 miles E. from 
 Northampton. The summit is elevated 830 
 feet above the level of Connecticut river, af- 
 fording a magnificent view of the Connecti- 
 cut valley. 
 
 Mount Holyoke, a post-office of Hemy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mount Hood, Oregon, one of the summits 
 of the Cascade range, about 70 miles E. from 
 Oregon City. Height, about 14,000 feet. 
 
 Mount Hope, a beautiful eminence of Bris- 
 tol CO., Rhode Island, on the W. shore of 
 Mount Hope bay, celebrated as having been 
 the residence of the famous King Philip. 
 
 Mount Hope, a post-township and village 
 of Orange co.. New York, on the Erie railroad, 
 12 miles W. from Goshen. Population of the 
 township, 1512. 
 
 Mount Hope, a village of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 11 miles S. E. from Chambers- 
 burg. It contains a mill and 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Mount Hope, a small post-village of Lan- 
 caster CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Hope, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Mount Hope, apost-office of Tyler co., Tex. 
 
 Mount Hope, a post-office of Henry co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mount Hope, a post-office of Holmes co.,0. 
 
 Mount Hope, a post-office of De Kalb co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Mount Hope, a post-office of McLean co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mount Hope, a post-office of Lafayette co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 748 • 
 
 Mount Hope, a post-office of Delaware co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Mount Hope Bay, the north-eastern arm 
 of Nai'raganset bay, extending through Bris- 
 tol county, Rhode Island, into Bristol county, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Mount Horeb, a post-office of Nelson cc, 
 Virginia, 111 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Mount Ida, a small post-village, capital of 
 Montgomery co., Arkansas, on Brushy fork of 
 Washita river, about 90 miles W. by S. from 
 Little Rock. It is situated in a hilly region, 
 which abounds in valuable minerals. 
 
 Mount Ida, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Mount Independence, in Rutland co., Ver- 
 mont, about 2 miles S. E. from Fort Ticon- 
 deroga. It is chiefly distinguished as having 
 contained important military fortifications in 
 the early Tiistory of the country. 
 
 Mount Isabel, a post-office of De Soto co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Mount Israel, a post-office of Albemarle co. , 
 Virginia, 100 miles W. by E. from Richmond. 
 
 Mount Jackson, a post-village of Lawrence 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Hickory creek, 60 miles 
 N. N. W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Mount Jackson, a post-village of Shenan- 
 doah CO., Virginia, on the Valley turnpike 
 from Staunton to Winchester, 13 miles S. W. 
 from Woodstock. Mill creek affords water- 
 power, which has been somewhat improved. 
 
 Mount Jefferson, a peak of the White 
 mountains, in Coos county. New Hampshire, 
 situated immediately N . of Mount Washington, 
 between it and Mount Adams. Height 5859 
 feet above the level of the ocean. 
 
 Mount Jefferson, a village of Shelby co., 
 Ohio, on the state road from Piqua to Fort 
 Wayne, contains about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Mount Jefferson, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mount Jordan, a post-office of Jasper co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Mount Joy, a township of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 6 miles S. E. from Gettysburg. Po- 
 pulation, 1098. 
 
 Mount Joy, a post-township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 20 miles E. S. E. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 2626. 
 
 Mount Joy, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Philadelphia and Harrisburg rail- 
 road, 12 miles N. W. from Lancaster. It is 
 situated in a rich and populous district, and 
 contains 2 churches and 1 seminary. 
 
 Mount Kingston, a small post-village of 
 Montgomery <ip., Illinois, 72 miles S. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Mount Ivisko, a post-office of Westchester 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mount Lafayette. See New Hampshire, 
 page 778. 
 
 Mount Langum, post-office, Iroquois co.,ni. 
 
 Mount Laurel, a post-office of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Mount Laurel, post-office, Halifax cc, Va. 
 
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 Mount Lebanon, a small village of Spar- 
 tanburg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Lebanon, a post- village of Claiborne 
 parish, Louisiana, about 200 miles N. N. W. 
 from Baton Rouge. 
 
 Mount Level, a post-village of Dinwiddle 
 CO.. Virginia. 
 
 Mount Liberty, a post-village of Knox co., 
 Ohio, 40 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Mount Liberty, a post-office of Marion co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mount Linn, a peak of the Coast range, in 
 California, in about 40° N. lat., and 123° 
 W. Ion. 
 
 Mount McIntire, New York, a summit of 
 the Adirondack group, situated N. E. from 
 Mount Marcy. Height, about 5180 feet. 
 
 Mount Madison, apeak of the White moun- 
 tains, in Coos CO., New Hampshire. It is im- 
 mediately S. of Mount Washington, and ele- 
 vated 5617 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Mount Marcy, or Tahawus, New York, the 
 highest summit of the Adirondack group, situ- 
 ated in the W. central part of Essex county, 
 has an elevation of 5467 feet above the sea. 
 
 Mount Meigs, a post-village in Mont- 
 gomery CO., Alabama, 15 miles E. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 Mount Meridian, a small post-village of 
 Augusta CO., Virginia, 118 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Mount Meridian, a small post-village of 
 Putnam co., Indiana, on the national road, 8 
 miles S. E. from Greencastle, and 40 miles 
 W. S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Mount Misery, a little village of Burling- 
 ton CO., New Jersey, 17 miles E. S. E. from 
 Mount Holly. 
 
 Mount Mitchel, formerly Black Moun- 
 tain, on the borders of Yancey and McDowell 
 counties, North Carolina, is the highest moun- 
 tain summit in the United States east of the 
 Rocky mountains. Height, 6470 feet. The 
 mountain has two peaks, the lower of which 
 is called Potato Top; the other has been 
 named Mount Mitchel, in honor of Professor 
 Mitchel, of the University of North Carolina, 
 who was the first to ascertain its real eleva- 
 tion. The former name, "Black Mountain," 
 is said to have been derived from its being 
 covered from the base to the summit, with a 
 dense growth of pine, which gave it a dark 
 appearance in the distance. 
 
 Mount Moriah, in Coos co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, one of the peaks of the White moun- 
 tains, is situated in Shelburne township. 
 
 Mount Moriah, a small village of McDowell 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Mount Moriah, a post-village of Wilcox 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mount Moriah, a post-office of Hempstead 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Mount Moriah, a post-office of Brown co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Mount MoRNE, a post-office of Pike co., Ga. 
 
 Mount Morris, a post-township of Livings- 
 
 ton CO., New York, on the Genesee river. Po- 
 pulation, 4531. 
 
 Mount Morris, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Genesee Valley canal, 36 
 miles S. by W. from Rochester. It contains 
 4 or 5 churches, an academy, a newspaper 
 office, and several mills and factories, moved 
 by water-power. Population in 1853, esti- 
 mated at 1600. 
 
 Mount Morris, a post- village of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Dunkard's creek, 18 miles 
 S. E. from Waynesburg. 
 
 Mount Morris, a post-township in Ogle co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1092. 
 
 Mount Morris, a post-village in the above 
 township, 177 miles N. from Springfield, and 
 about 6 miles W. from Rock river. It contains 
 a flourishing seminary and a newspaper office. 
 
 Mount Mourne, a post-office of Iredell co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Mount Nebo, an eminence in Middlebury 
 township, Addison county, Vermont, com- 
 manding a fine view of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Mount Nebo, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Nebo, a small village of Lebanon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the state road from 
 Harrisburg to Pottsville. It contains about 
 a dozen houses. 
 
 Mount Nebo, a post-office of Yadkin co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Mount Niles, a post-office of St. Clair co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Mount Olive, a post-office of St. Mary's 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Mount Olive, apost-office of Coosa co., Ala. 
 
 Mount Olive, a small post-village, capital 
 of Izard co., Arkansas, on White river, about 
 100 miles N. from Little Rock. 
 
 Mount Olive, a post-office of Clermont co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Mount Olive, a post-office of Elkhart co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Mount Olive, a post-office of Macoupin 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Mount Oliver, a village of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, is on a high hill, about 2 miles 
 S. from Pittsburg. Population, about 150. 
 
 Mount Olivet, a post-office of Bracken co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Mount Palatine, a post-village of Putnam 
 CO., Illinois, 12 miles S. E. from Hennepin. 
 Judson College, at this place, was founded 
 by the Baptists. 
 
 Mount Parthenon, a post-office of Newton 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Mount Pblia, or Middleburg, a small 
 post-village of Weakly co., Tennessee, 135 
 miles W. from Nashville. 
 
 Mount Perry, a post-office of Perry co., 0. 
 
 Mount Petrba, a post-office of De Witt co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Mount Pinson, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mount Pinson, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
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 Mount PiNSON, a post-office of Madison co., 
 Tennessee, 12 miles S. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Mount Pisgah, a post-ofiSce of Alexander 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Mount Pisgah, a small post-village of Cler- 
 mont CO., 0., about 20 miles E. of Cincinnati. 
 
 Mount Pisgah, a post-office of La Grange 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mount Pisgah, a small village of Dallas 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a township of West- 
 chester CO., New York, on the Hudson river, 
 20 miles above New York. Pop., 3323. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Alex- 
 andria township, in the western part of Hun- 
 terdon CO., New Jersey, about 11 miles W. N. 
 W. from Flemington. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small village of Mon- 
 mouth CO., N. J., 10 miles N. from Freehold. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small village of Morris 
 CO., N. J., 13 miles N. N. W. from Morristown. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a township of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, 6 miles E. from Gettysburg. 
 Population, 1614. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a township of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles N. from 
 Bloomsburg. Population, 708. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small village of Colum- 
 bia CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small village of Lan- 
 caster CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-township in the 
 N. AV. part of Washington CO., Pa. Pop., 1254. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-village in the 
 above township, about 20 miles S. W. from 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a township of Wayne co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1551. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-township on the 
 S. border of Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a flourishing post-bo- 
 rough in the above township, about 40 miles 
 S. E. from Pittsburg. It is one of the largest 
 towns of the county, and has considerable 
 trade. It contains several churches. Incor- 
 porated in 1828. Population, 534. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-village in Frede- 
 rick CO., Maryland. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Spott- 
 sylvania co., Virginia, 5 miles N. by W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Cabar- 
 ras CO., North Carolina, on or near the North 
 Carolina railroad, 136 miles W. from Pialeigh. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small post-village of 
 Monroe co., Alabama. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-office of Caldwell 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small post-village, 
 capital of Titus co., Texas, on the road from 
 Clarksville to Jefferson, 320 miles N. E. from 
 Austin city. Laid out in 1846. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 750 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a thriving post-village 
 of Maury co., Tennessee, on the turnpike 
 leading from Nashville, 52 miles S. S. W. from 
 that city. Population, about 400. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small village of Sullivan 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small post-village, 
 capital of Harlan co., Kentucky, is situated 
 on the Cumberland river, near its source, 170 
 miles S. E. from Frankfort. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Hamil- 
 ton CO., Ohio, on the turnpike 10 miles N. 
 from Cincinnati. It has several hundi*ed 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-township forming 
 the S. W. extremity of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1847. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a flourishing post-village 
 in the above township, about 130 miles E. from 
 Columbus. It has an active trade, and contains 
 several mills and manufactories. The yeai-ly 
 meeting of the Society of Friends is held at 
 this place. Thevillage has 1 bank, 4 churches, 
 and a boarding school. Pop., about 1000. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post- village in Oakland 
 CO., Michigan, 41 miles from Detroit. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a township in Delaware 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 924. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a thriving post-village 
 of Martin co., Indiana, on the E. fork of 
 White river, 35 miles E. from Vincennes, was 
 the capital of the county for several years 
 previous to 1846. It is a shipping point for 
 produce. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-office of Union co.,, 
 Illinois, 160 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-township in Law- 
 rence CO., Missouri. Population, 473. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a township in Scotland 
 CO., Missouri. Population, 801. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Henry co., Iowa, 55 miles S. of Iowa 
 City. It contains an academj'', and numerous 
 stores. Two or three newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a post-township in the 
 S. E. part of Racine co.. Wis. Pop., 1086. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a small post-village of 
 Racine co., Wisconsin, on a plank-road 4 
 miles W. from Racine. 
 
 Mount Pleasant Mills, a post-office of 
 Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Polk, a post-office of Benton co., Ala. 
 
 Mount Pkospect, a post-office of Obion co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mount Prospect, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mount Prospect, a post-office of White- 
 sides CO., Illinois. 
 
 Mount Pulaski, a post;-village, capital of 
 Logan CO., Illinois, is situated 25 miles E. N. 
 E. from Springfield. 
 
 Mount Rainieb, a peak of the Cascade 
 range, in the N. W. part of Oregon, in lat. 
 about46°50'N.,lon. 121°30'VV. Height, about 
 12,000 feet. 
 
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 Mount Republic, a post-village of Wayne 
 CO., Pa., 170 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Mount Rock, a small post-village of Cum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount RosE,a post-oiEce of Mercer co.,N. J. 
 
 Mount Rose, a post-office of Summit co., 0. 
 
 Mount St. Helen's. See St. Helen's. 
 
 Mount Salem, a post-ofiice of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Mount Salem, a post-office of Kanawlia 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mount Savage, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Mount Savage, a post-office of Carter co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Mount Scott, a village in Cass co., Iowa, 
 20'0 miles W. N. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Mount Serene, a post-office of Barbour 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mount Sewakd, Franklin county, New 
 York, about 130 miles N. by W. from Albany. 
 It is a branch of the Adirondack range, 
 having an elevation of 4800 feet above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 Mount Sidney, a post-village of Augusta 
 CO., Virginia, on the stage-road from Win- 
 chester to Staunton, 10 miles N. E. from the 
 latter. It contains 1 church and 1 academy. 
 Population estimated at 300. 
 
 Mount Sidney, a small village of Jackson 
 CO., Indiana, on the Muscakituck river, 80 
 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Mount SiNAi,apost-office of Suffolk CO., N.Y. 
 
 Mount Solon, a post-village of Augusta 
 county, Virginia, about 110 miles W. N. W. 
 from Richmond. It has a fine water-power, 
 and contains a paper mill, a flour mill, an 
 iron furnace, and rolling mill. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a post-village in Choctaw 
 CO., Ala., 125 miles W. by S. from Montgomery. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a small village of Monroe 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a post-village, capital 
 of Montgomery co., Kentucky, on Hinkston 
 creek, near its source, 60 miles E. by S. from 
 Frankfort. It contains a large brick court 
 house, 8 or 4 churches, a newspaper office, an 
 academy, 1 bank, and the Highland Institute; 
 also about 25 stores, and numerous mecha- 
 nics' shops. Pop. in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a thriving post-village 
 of Madison county, Ohio, on the turnpike 
 from Columbus to Washington, about 22 miles 
 S. W. from the former. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a small village of Mus- 
 kingum CO., Ohio, on the National road, 46 
 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a small post-village of 
 Switzerland co., Indiana, 4 miles from Vevay. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a small post-village, ca- 
 pital of Brown co., Illinois, 77 miles W. by 
 N. from Springfield. It is pleasantly situated 
 on the border of a prairie. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a post-office of Gasconade 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Mount Sterling, a post- village of Crawford 
 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 25 miles N. by E. from 
 Prairie du Chien. 
 
 Mount Sumner, a post-village in Jo Daviess 
 CO., 111., 155 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Mount Surprise, a post-office of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mountsville, a post-village of Loudon 
 CO., Va., 150 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Mount Sylvan, a post-office of Lafayette 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Mount Sylvania, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Oregon. 
 
 Mount Tabor, a township of Rutland co., 
 Vermont, about 73 miles S. by W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 308. 
 
 Mount Tabor, a post-village of Union dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Tabor, a post-village of Monroe 
 CO., Indiana, on Beanblossom creek, 11 miles 
 N. W. from Bloomington. 
 
 Mount Tikzah, a post-office of Person co., 
 North Carolina, 44 miles N.N.W.from Raleigh. 
 
 Mount Tom, on the right bank of the Con- 
 necticut river, Hampden co., Massachusetts, 
 has an elevation of 1214 feet above the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 Mount Ullah, a post-office of Rowan co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Mount Union, a post-village of Hunting- 
 don CO., Pennsylvania, on the Juniata river, 
 and on the Central railroad, 80 miles W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Mount Union, a small post-village of Stark 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania rail- 
 road, 184 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Mount Upton, a post-village of Guilford 
 township, Chenango county. New York, on 
 Unadilla river, about 100 miles W. by S. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-township of Kenne- 
 bec CO., Maine, about 15 miles N. N. W. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1479. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-township of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire, about 22 miles 
 S. by W. from Concord, contains a village of 
 its own name, which has an academy and a 
 number of stores. Population, 722. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-office of Providence 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-office of Westches- 
 ter CO., New York. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-village of Chester 
 CO., Pa., 72 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-office of Rowan 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Mount Vernon, Virginia, the former resi- 
 dence of General Washington, on the W. side 
 of the Potomac, 6 miles below Alexandria. 
 It contains the mansion and tomb of the 
 Father of his country. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Montgomery co., Georgia, 1 mile from 
 the Oconee river, and 100 miles W. ft-om Savan- 
 nah, is surrounded by sandy pine barrens. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-village in Mobile 
 CO., Ala., 150 miles S. W. from Montgomery. 
 
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 Mount Vernon, a post-Tillage of Titus co., 
 Texas, about 300 miles N. E. from Austin, 
 is situated on the border of a prairie, and 
 has a boarding school for girls. Pop., 200. 
 
 MotJNT Veknon, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of St. Francis county, Arkansas, 115 miles 
 E. N. E. from Little Rock, and 4 miles W. 
 from St. Francis river. 
 
 Mount Veknon, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-village, capital of 
 Rockcastle co., Kentucky, about 70 miles S. 
 S. E. from Frankfort. It has 4 churches, 
 several stores, and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Mount Veknon, a flourishing post-village 
 of Clinton township, Knox county, Ohio, is 
 beautifully situated on the N. bank of Ver- 
 non river, 45 miles N. E. from Columbus. It 
 is compactly built on ground gently ascend- 
 ing from the river, and contains a number 
 ofj elegant dwellings. It is surrounded by a 
 fertile and well-improved country, and has 
 an extensive trade. Main street, the princi- 
 pal business street, is about one mile long. 
 The river affords ample and permanent wa- 
 ter-power. The railroad from Sandusky to 
 Newark here intersects the Springfield, Mount 
 Vernon, and Pittsburg railroad. It contains 
 1 Catholic and 8 Protestant churches, 1 bank, 
 40 stores, 2 iron foundries, 1 large woollen 
 factory, and 3 flouring mills ; 3 newspapers 
 are published here. Laid out in 1805. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 3711 ; in 1853, about 4500. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-village in Macomb 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Posey county, Indiana, on the Ohio 
 river, 200 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. It 
 carries on an active trade, which has lately 
 been increased by the construction of a 
 plank-road to New Harmony. Mount Ver- 
 non has 8 or 4 churches, an academy, and a 
 newspaper office. Pop. in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Mount Veknon, a post-village, capital of 
 JeflFerson county, Illinois, 135 miles S. S. E. 
 from Springfield. It contains a court house, 
 three or more churches, and several stores. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-township in Law- 
 rence CO., Missouri. Population, 1579. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-village, capital of 
 Lawrence co., Missouri, 190 miles S. W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-office of Linn co., lo. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a thriving village of Ma- 
 haska CO., Iowa. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a thriving post-village of 
 Dane co.. Wis., 17 miles S. AV. of Madison. It 
 has a fine water-power, and good materials 
 for brick. 
 
 Mount Vernon, a post-office of Wabashaw 
 CO., Minnesota. 
 
 Mount View, a small post-village of Ben- 
 ton CO., Missouri, 80 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Mountville, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 752 
 
 Mountville, a post- village in Loudon CO. Va. 
 
 Mountville, a post-village in Laurens 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mountville, a post-village of Troup co., 
 Georgia, 9 miles E. from La Grange. 
 
 Mount Vinco, a post-office of Buckingham 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mount Vision, a post- village of Otsego co., 
 New York, 78 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Mount Washington, the highest peak of 
 the White mountains, and the most elevated 
 land in New England, is situated in Coos co.. 
 New Hampshire, about 85 miles N. by E. 
 from Concord. It is 5850 feet above the Con- 
 necticut river at Lancaster, and 6428 feet 
 above the level of the ocean. Its summit 
 much of the time is concealed from view 
 among the clouds. The sides are remark- 
 ably steep, and for about three-fourths of the 
 distance to the top covered with a thick 
 growth of trees. The pinnacle is in the form 
 of a cone, and consists of a mass of broken 
 rocks. Within a few years Mount Washing- 
 ton has become a popular place of fashion- 
 able resort. It is ascended from the W. by 
 a winding pathway for horses, and during 
 the warm season, j^arties of 50 or 60 gentle- 
 men and ladies visit the summit daily. 
 
 Mount AVashington, a post-township of 
 Berkshire co., Massachusetts, forms the S. 
 W. extremity of Massachusetts. Pop., 351. 
 
 Mount Washington, a post-office of Steu- 
 ben CO., New York. 
 
 Mount Washington, a village of Alle- 
 ghany county, Pennsylvania, on a high hill 
 in the rear of South Pittsburg. Here are a 
 number of country seats, overlooking the 
 city of Pittsburg. 
 
 Mount AVashington, formerly Vernon, a 
 beautiful post-village of Bullitt county, Ken- 
 tucky, near Salt river, 21 miles S. S. E. from 
 Louisville. It is the largest place in the 
 county, and contains 3 churches and 6 stores. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Mount Washington, a small post-village of 
 Hamilton co., 0., is a suburb of Cincinnati. 
 
 Mount Washington, a post-office of Mor- 
 gan CO., Indiana. 
 
 Mount Willing, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Mount AVilling, a post-village in Edge- 
 field district. South Carolina. 
 
 Mount Willing, a post-village in Lowndes 
 CO., Ala., 40 miles S. AV. from Montgomery. 
 
 Mount Willing, a post-office of East 
 Feliciana parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Mount Wolf, a post-office of York co.. Pa. 
 
 Mount Yonah, a post-village of Haber- 
 sham CO., Georgia, 15 miles AV. from Clarkes- 
 ville, has 1 church, 3 stores, and near 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Mount Zion, a post-office of Lebanon co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Zion, a post-office of Campbell co 
 Virginia. 
 
 Mount Zion, a thriving post-village of 
 
MOU 
 
 MUL 
 
 Hancock co., Georgia, 30 miles N. N. E. from 
 Milledgeville, has a flourishing seminary, and 
 3 churches. Population, about 400. 
 
 Mount Zion, a post-o£&ce of Tallapoosa 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 MouRYTOWN, orMouRTSTOWN, a post- village 
 of Highland co., Ohio, 14 miles S. W. from 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Mouth of Hiwassee, a post-office of Meigs 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Mouth of Indian, a post-oflice of Monroe 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mouth of Little River, a post-office of 
 Blount CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Mouth of Pocah, a post-office of Putnam 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mouth of Sandy, a post-office of Henry 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Mouth of Seneca, a post-office of Pendle- 
 ton CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mouth of Wilson, a post-office of Grayson 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Mouth of Yellow Creek, a post-office of 
 Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 MoYAMENSiNG, a district of Philadelphia co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, imme- 
 diately south of the city, of which it is a suburb. 
 Population, 26,979. — See Philadelphia. 
 
 MucHiNiPPE, a post-office of Logan co., 0. 
 
 MucKALEE Creek, Georgia, flows through 
 Sumter and Lee counties, and enters Kincha- 
 foona creek from the N., about 1 mile from 
 Flint river, at Albany. 
 
 Mud Bridge, a post-ofiice of Cabell co., Va. 
 
 Mud Creek, Texas. See Angelina River. 
 
 Mud Creek, of Fulton co., Indiana, flows 
 into the Tippecanoe. 
 
 Mud Creek, a post-office of Henderson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Mud Creek, a post-office of McNairy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mud Creek, a post-office of Eaton co., Mich. 
 
 Mud Creek, a post-office of St. Clair co.,Ill. 
 
 Muddy, a township in Coles co., Illinois. 
 Population, 772. 
 
 Muddy Creek, of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 flows into the Susquehanna. 
 
 Muddy Creek, of Kentucky, rises in Lo- 
 gan CO., and flowing northward, forms the 
 boundary between Butler and Muhlenburg 
 counties, until it joins Green river. 
 
 Muddy Creek, of Ohio, flows into San- 
 dusky bay of Lake Erie. 
 
 Muddy or Big Muddy Creek, in the south- 
 ern part of Illinois, falls into the Mississippi 
 river in Union county. 
 
 Muddy Creek, of Missouri, flows into 
 Crooked Fork of Grand river, in Grundy co., 
 a few miles S. from Trenton. 
 
 Muddy Creek, of Missouri, flows through 
 Pettis county, and enters Lamine river near 
 the W. border of Cooper county. 
 
 Muddy Creek, a township on the W. bor- 
 der of Butler co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1142. 
 
 Muddy Creek, a small village of Butler 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 2x 
 
 Muddy Creek, a post-office of Preston co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Muddy Creek, a post-office of Forsyth co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Muddy Creek Forks, a post-office of York 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Muddy Fork, a creek of Ohio, which rises 
 in the N. part of the state, and enters the 
 Walhonding river in Holmes county. 
 
 Muddy Fork, a post-ofiice of Cleveland 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Muddy Lane, a post-village of McDonough 
 CO., Illinois, 80 miles W. by S. from Peoria. 
 
 Mud Lick, a post-office of Chatham co., N.C. 
 
 Mud Spring, a post-office of Denton co. Tex. 
 
 Mud Spring, a post-office of El Dorado co., 
 California. 
 
 Muhlenburg, a county in the W. central 
 part of Kentucky ; area estimated at 500 
 square miles. The Green river flows along 
 its northern and eastern borders. The sur- 
 face in the south is broken, in the north un- 
 dulating, and the soil is mostly fertile. Corn, 
 tobacco, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 49-5,328 bushels of corn ; 
 74,020 of oats,and 685,050 pounds of tobacco; 
 It contained 37 churches, and 117 pupils at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Coa.1 is 
 abundant in nearly all parts of the county, 
 and there are rich iron mines near the Green 
 river. The latter has been rendered naviga- 
 ble by dams and locks. Capital, Greenville. 
 Population, 9809, of whom 8287 were free, and 
 1522, slaves. 
 
 Muhlenburg, a post-office af Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Muhlenburg, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Pickaway county, Ohio. Population, 585. 
 
 MuKER, a post-office of Washington coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin. 
 
 MuKWA, a small post-village, capital of 
 Waupaca co., Wisconsin, on Wolf river, an 
 affluent of the Neenah, or Fox river. 
 
 Mukwanago, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Waukesha co., Wis. Population, 1094. 
 
 Mulberry, a post-office of Wilkes county, 
 N. C, 193 miles W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Mulberry, a post-office of Jackson county, 
 Georgia, 12 miles S. W. from Jefferson. 
 
 Mulberry River, of Alabama, one of the 
 head forks of the Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Mulberry, a post-office of Autauga co.,Ala. 
 
 Mulberry, a township in Franklin county, 
 Arkansas. Population, 522. 
 
 Mulberry, a township in Johnson county, 
 Arkansas, Population, 339. 
 
 Mulberry, a post-office of Lincoln county, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Mulberry, a post-office of Clermout co., 0. 
 
 Mulberry Corners, a post-office of 
 Geauga county, Ohio. 
 
 Mulberry Creek, of North Carolina, en- 
 ters the Catawba from the N., in Burke co., 
 near Morgantown. 
 
 Mulberry Creek, of Georgia, flows into 
 Chattahoochee river, near the S. W. coraei 
 
 753 
 
MUL 
 
 MUR 
 
 of Harris co. It furnishes fine water-power 
 at Troy. The Indian name is Cataula. 
 
 Mdlberrt Creek, of Alabama, forms the 
 line between Autauga and Dallas counties, 
 and enters Alabama river 14 miles above 
 Selma. Little Mulberry Creek, of Autauga 
 county, enters the river just above. 
 
 jMulberuy Gap, a small post-village of 
 Hancock co., Tennessee, near a pass through 
 Powell's mountain, about 280 miles E. by N. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Mulberry Grove, a post-office of Lincoln 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Mulberry Grove, a post-office of Harris 
 CO., Georgia, 16 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Mulberry Grove, a post-office of Hopkins 
 county, Kentucky. 
 
 Mulberry Grove, a post-office of Bond co., 
 Illinois, 11 or 12 miles W. from Vandalia. 
 
 Mulberry River, of Alabama, one of the 
 head forks of the Tuscaloosa. 
 
 MuLLETT River, a small stream of Sheboy- 
 gan county, Wisconsin, flows into Sheboygan 
 river, 7 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Mullett's Creek, of Michigan, enters Hu- 
 ron river 3 miles from Ann Arbor. 
 
 MuLLicA, a township of Atlantic co.. New 
 Jersey, on Little Egg Harbor river, about 36 
 miles S. E. from Camden. Population, 918. 
 
 MuLLicA Hill, a village in Greenwich 
 township, Gloucester county, New Jersey, 
 17 miles S. by W. from Camden, contains 2 or 
 3 churches, and some 60 or 70 houses. 
 
 MuLLicus River. — See Little Egg Harbor. 
 
 MuLLiNGAR, a post-office of Warren coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mulloy's, a post-office of Robertson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 MuLTONA Springs, a village and watering 
 place of Attala county, Mississippi. 
 
 MuMFORD, a post-office of Monroe co., N. Y. 
 
 Mummasburg, a post-village of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Little Marsh creek, 5 miles 
 N. W. from Gettysburg. 
 
 Muncie, or MuNCiETOWN, a thriving post- 
 village, capital of Delaware county, Indiana, 
 on the White river, and on the Indianapolis 
 and Bellefontaine railroad, 54 miles E. N. E. 
 from Indianapolis. It is pleasantly situated 
 in a fertile country, and contains, besides the 
 county buildings, a few churches and 2 news- 
 paper offices. Population, in 1853, estimated 
 at 1200. Here was formerly a town of the 
 Muncie Indians. The projected Fort Wayne 
 and Southern railroad crosses the above- 
 named railroad at this point. 
 
 Muncie Centre, a township in Delaware 
 county, Indiana. Population, 666. 
 
 Muncie Creek, of Indiana, enters the 
 White river in Delaware county. 
 
 Muncy, a post-township of Lycoming co.. 
 Pa., on the W. branch of the Susquehanna, 
 12 miles below Williamsport. Pop., 978. 
 
 Muncy, formerly Pennsborough, a post- 
 borough of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, 
 is situated in a pleasant valley, called' Muncy 
 764 
 
 manor, 1 mile E. from the W. branch of the 
 Susquehanna river and canal, and 14 miles 
 E. from Williamsport. Muncy creek aifords 
 a fine water-power, which is employed in 
 mills of various kinds ; and the lumber busi- 
 ness is carried on extensively here. Muncy 
 has communication by canal with the princi- 
 pal markets, and is a place of active busi- 
 ness. Incorporated in 1826. It contains 5 
 places of worship, 11 stores, 1 seminary for 
 girls, 1 newspaper office and 1 iron foundry. 
 Population in 1850, 901. 
 
 Muncy Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 W. branch of the Susquehanna, in Lycoming 
 county. 
 
 Muncy Creek, a township of Lycoming 
 county, Pennsylvania, contains the borough 
 of Muncy. Total population, 2151. 
 
 Mundy, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Genesee co., Michigan. Population, 786. 
 
 MuNFORDSviLLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Hart county, Kentucky, on the right bank 
 of Green river, 100 miles S. W. from Frank- 
 fort. The river is navigable for small steam- 
 boats during part of the year. Near this 
 village a circular orifice extends, in the form 
 of a funnel, towards the centre of the earth, 
 to an unknown depth. — See Kentucky, page 
 561. Population, about 500. 
 
 Munger's Mills, a post-office of Shannon 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Munnsville, a post-office of Madison co.. 
 New York. 
 
 MuNNTOWN, a small post-village af Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 MuNNViLLE, a post-office of Coshocton CO., 0. 
 
 MuNSON, a township in the N. part of 
 Geauga CO., Ohio. Population, 1193. 
 
 MuNsoNviLLE, a post-offico of Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 MuNSTER, a small village of Cambria co., 
 Pennsylvania, 4 miles E. from Ebensburg. 
 
 MuRAT, a post-office of Paulding co., Ohio. 
 
 Murder Creek, Alabama, flows southward 
 through Conecuh county into Conecuh river. 
 
 MuRDERKiLL, a hundred in Kent co., De- 
 laware. Population, 5717. 
 
 MuRDOCKsviLLE, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pa., 230 miles W. from Harrisburg 
 
 Murfee's Depot, a post-office of Southamp- 
 ton CO., Virginia. 
 
 MuRFREESBOROUGH, a post-villagc in Hert- 
 ford CO., North Carolina, on Meherrin river, 
 110 miles N. E. by E. from Raleigh, at the 
 head of sloop navigation. It has an active 
 trade in cotton, lumber, tar, &c. 
 
 MuRFREESBOROUGH, a post-village, capital 
 of Pike county, Arkansas, about 125 miles 
 W. S. W. from Little Rock. It is situated in 
 a mountainous region, which contains iron, 
 lead, zinc, silver, stone coal, &c. 
 
 MURFREESBOROUGH, a handsome post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Rutherford count}', Ten- 
 nessee, on the railroad from Nashville to 
 Charleston, in South Carolina, 30 miles S. E. 
 from the former. It is situated in a beauti- 
 
MUR 
 
 MUS 
 
 ful plain, surrounded by a healthy and fer- 
 tile country. The Union University at this 
 place is a flourishing institution, founded by 
 the Baptists in 1841. There is also a female 
 institute under the direction of the Baptists, 
 1 bank, and 5 churches. Two newspapers 
 are published here. Murfreesborough was 
 the capital of Tennessee from 1817 to 1827, 
 when the state house was consumed by fire. 
 
 Murphrbe's Valley, a post-office of Blount 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Murphy, a post-village, capital of Chero- 
 kee county. North Carolina, at the junction 
 of the Hiawassee and Valley rivers, and on the 
 Western turnpike, 373 miles W. by S. from 
 Raleigh. It contains a court house, 1 news- 
 paper office, and several stores. 
 
 MuRPHYSBORouGH, a post-villagc, capital 
 of Jackson co., Illinois, on Big Muddy river, 
 about 15 miles E. from the Mississippi river, 
 and 178 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Murphy's Camp, a post-township of Cala- 
 veras county, California, in the western part 
 of the county, about 13 miles N. of the Sta- 
 nislaus river. It was built up, and is now 
 principally sustained, by miners, who are 
 numerous in the vicinity. 
 
 MuRPHYSviLLE, a Small post-village of Ma- 
 son CO., Ky., 9 miles S. from Maysville. 
 
 Murray, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on Tennessee, has an 
 area of 600 square miles. The Coosawattee 
 river forms part of the southern boundary, 
 the Connasauga traverses the county from N. 
 to S., and unites with the other on the bor- 
 dei', to form the Oostenaula ; it is also drain- 
 ed by Holly, Sumach, Rocky, and Mill creeks. 
 The surface is elevated, and in some parts 
 mountainous : the Cohuttah and Chattoogata 
 mountains are remarkable for their grand 
 and picturesque scenery. The soil is generally 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, 
 and cotton are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 518,745 bushels of corn; 
 56,588 of oats ; 67,391 of sweet potatoes, and 
 159 bales of cotton. There were 10 saw mills, 
 and 9 tanneries. It contained 27 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, and 400 pupils attending 
 public schools. Gold, silver, lead, zinc, and 
 hydraulic limestone are found in the county. 
 Since the Western and Atlantic railroad was 
 opened the population has increased rapidly. 
 Organized in 1832, and named in honor of 
 Thomas W. Murray, a former member £>f the 
 Georgia legislature, and speaker of the house. 
 Capital, Spring Place. Population, 14,433, of 
 whom 12,503 were free, and 1930, slaves. 
 
 JIurray, a post- township of Orleans co., 
 N. Y., 7 miles E. from Albion. Pop., 2520. 
 
 Mup.ray, a post-village, capital of Calla- 
 way CO., Kentucky, is situated near Clark's 
 river, 250 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 Murray, a post-village in Wills co., Ind. 
 
 Murray's Ferry, a post-office of Wil- 
 liamsburgh district, South Carolina 
 
 Mueraysyille, a small post-village of 
 Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, 21 miles E. 
 from Pittsburg. 
 
 MuRRAYSviLLE, a post-officc of Jackson 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 MuRRAYSviLLE, a village in Hall co., Ga., 
 100 miles N. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Murrell's Shop, a post-office of Nelson 
 CO., Virginia, 110 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 MuRRiNsviLLE, a Small post-village of But- 
 ler CO., Pa., about 21 miles N. from Bvitler. 
 
 MuscATATAC, or MusKAKiTUCK river, of 
 Indiana, rises in Ripley county, and flowing 
 south-westerly, enters the Driftwood fork of 
 White river, near the S. boundary of Jackson 
 county. The Indian name is Mesh-ca-que- 
 tuck, i. e. " Pond river." 
 
 Muscatine, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Iowa, bordering on Illinois, has an area 
 of 450 square miles. The Mississippi river, 
 which makes a great bend opposite the 
 county, forms its south-eastern boundary for 
 a distance of about 40 miles, and it is inter- 
 sected by Red Cedar river. The surface is 
 generally rolling, and diversified with groves 
 of trees and extensive prairies ; the soil is 
 exceedingly fertile, and much improved. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 341,465 bushels 
 of Indian corn ; 68,246 of wheat, and 5433 
 tons of hay. It contained 9 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, and 1590 pupils attending 
 public schools. Extensive beds of stone coal 
 and quarries of freestone and limestone are 
 found. A railroad is projected through this 
 county from Rock island to the Missouri river. 
 Capital, Muscatine. Population, 5731. 
 
 Muscatine, formerly Bloomingtox, a flou- 
 rishing city and river-port of Iowa, and capi- 
 tal of Muscatine county, is situated on the 
 right bank of the Mississippi, 100 miles above 
 Keokuk, and 32 miles S. E. from Iowa City. 
 Commencing at the head of the upper rapids 
 of the river, that stream may be traced in a 
 direction almost due west for more than 40 
 miles, until it strikes a series of bold rocky 
 bluffs, by which its course is suddenly turned 
 towards the S. At the apex of this bend, on 
 the summit of these bluffs, is situated the 
 city of Muscatine. The place was first settled 
 by the whites in 1836, previous to which time 
 it had been an Indian trading post, known 
 by the name of Manatheka. It is one of 
 the most populous and commercial towns of 
 the state, and is the shipping point for an 
 extensive and fertile territory. In conse- 
 quence of the bend in the river, Muscatine 
 is nearer the centre of the state than the 
 other ports on the Mississippi, and it natu- 
 rally commands the trade of two great fluvial 
 divisions of Iowa, namely, the valleys of the 
 Red Cedar and Iowa rivers. The projected 
 railroad from Rock island, Illinois, to Fort 
 Des Moines, is expected to pass tlirough 
 this place. Muscatine has a good landing for 
 steamboats, which ply fi-equently between 
 
 755 
 
MUS 
 
 MUS 
 
 this and other towns on the river. It con- 
 tained, in 1850, 2 printing offices and several 
 churches. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 5000. 
 
 Muscle Shoals, a term applied to an ex- 
 tensive series of rapids in the Tennessee river, 
 between Lauderdale and Lawrence counties, 
 Alabama. The river has a descent of about 
 100 feet in the course of 20 miles, and no 
 boats can pass over the shoals except in the 
 highest stages of water. The channel, at this 
 place, varies from 1 to 2 miles in width, but 
 at the lower termination of the shoals it is 
 contracted to half a mile. The bluffs on 
 each side are composed of an upper stratum 
 of flint, and a lower stratum of fine lime- 
 stone. About the year 1840, a canal, 12 
 miles long, was constructed around the 
 shoals on the north side of the river ; but, 
 unfortunately, the locks were made too short 
 to admit even the smallest steamboats that 
 navigate the river. It was soon abandoned, 
 and the channel has been tilling up for the 
 last 10 years. Thousands of wild geese and 
 ducks resort to this locality to feed on the 
 species of shell-fish, from which the name of 
 Muscle Shoals is derived. 
 
 MrscoDA, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 
 MuscoDA, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the left bank of Wisconsin river, 
 30 miles N. N. E. from Lancaster. It has 3 
 stores and about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Musco''gee, a county in the W. pai't of 
 Georgia, contains about 400 square miles. 
 The Chattahoochee river forms its W. bound- 
 ary, and separates it from Alabama, and it is 
 also drained by Upatoi, Randall's, and No- 
 cheefaloochee creeks. The soil varies from 
 the richest mould to the poorest sand. Cot- 
 ton, maize, wheat, oats, and potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 8508 
 bales of cotton; 399,113 bushels of corn; 
 34,731 of oats, and 83,425 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 4 cotton factories, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, 1 manufactory of farming implements, 
 2 foundries, 7 flour and grist mills, 1 paper 
 mill, and 10 saw mills. It contained 6 
 churches, 4 newspaper offices, and 255 pupils 
 attending public schools. The county con- 
 tains granite, hornblende, iron, agate, jasper, 
 chalcedony, and other rare minerals. The 
 Chattahoochee affords abundant water-power, 
 and is navigable for steamboats from this 
 county to the Gulf of Mexico. The vertical 
 rise and fall of this river is not less than 60 
 feet. This cpunty is the most populous in 
 the state except Chatham. It is intersected 
 by the Muscogee railroad, which terminates 
 .It Columbus, the county seat. Organized in 
 1826, and named from a tribe of the Creek 
 Indians. Population, 18,578 ; of whom 10,422 
 were free, and 815G, slaves. 
 
 MuscoNET(,:ONG, a river in the N. W. part 
 
 of New Jersey, issues from Hopatcong pond, 
 
 between Morris and Sussex counties, flows 
 
 south-westward, forming the boundary be- 
 
 766 
 
 tween Warren county on the right, and Mor- 
 ris and Hunterdon on the left, and empties 
 itself into the Delaware about 10 miles below 
 Easton. The length is near 50 miles. It 
 drains a narrow valley, bounded by parallel 
 ridges, and affords extensive water-power. 
 
 MusHANNON Ceeek, of Pennsylvania, rises 
 in the central part of the state, and enters 
 the West branch of the Susquehanna river. 
 
 Mush Creek, a post-ofiice of Greenville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 MusHKEE RivEK, of Wisconsin. See Mau- 
 
 VAISE RiVEK. 
 
 MusHULAViLLE, a post-villagc of Noxubee 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 MusKEEGO, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Maukesha co.. Wis. Pop., 1111. 
 
 MusKEEGO Centre, a post-village of Wau- 
 kesha county, Wisconsin, on Muskeego lake, 
 15 miles S. W. from Milwaukee, with which 
 it is connected by a plank-road. The lake 
 is nearly 4 miles long. 
 
 MusKEEGOO, a post-office of Milwaukee co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 MusKEEGON, a post-office of Ottawa co., 
 Michigan, 133 miles W. by N. from Detroit. 
 
 Musket, a post-office of Navarro co., Tex. 
 
 Muskingum river, of Ohio, is one of the 
 largest affluents which the Ohio river receives 
 from that state. Its main branches, the Tus- 
 carawas and Walhonding rivers, rise in the 
 N. part of the state and unite at Coshocton. 
 From that point the course of the river is 
 nearly S. E., and it flows through a beauti- 
 ful, fertile, and populous region, (in many 
 parts of which stone coal is abundant,) until 
 it enters the Ohio, at Marietta. The main 
 stream is about 110 miles long, and 225 
 yards wide, near its mouth. Steamboats 
 ascend as high as Dresden, a distance of 
 about 95 miles. The navigation has been 
 improved by the construction of dams, and a 
 sidecut has been opened from Dresden to 
 the Ohio canal. 
 
 Muskingum, a county in the E. central 
 part of Ohio, has an area of 610 square miles. 
 It is traversed from N. to S. by the Muskin- 
 gum river, dividing it into nearly equal parts, 
 and also drained by Licking river, and by 
 Wills, Tomoka, and Jonathan creeks. The 
 surface is agreeably diversified bj' hills and 
 gentle undulations. The soil contains a 
 large portion of clay, and is well watered 
 and 'very productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, butter, and live stock are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,144,855 bushels of corn; 415,847 of wheat; 
 281,748 of oats; 20,997 tons of hay, and 
 772,502 pounds of butter. It contained 101 
 churches, 9 newspaper offices, 15,800 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 589 attending 
 academies or other schools. Bituminous coal 
 and iron ore abound in this division of the 
 state. Salt is procured by boring into strata 
 of sandstone to the depth of several hundred 
 feet. The county is liberally supplied with 
 
MUS 
 
 NAN 
 
 water-power. Steamboats navigate the 
 Muskingum river through the county, which 
 is intersected by the Ohio canal and by the 
 Central railroad, and in part by 2 other rail- 
 roads extending to Cleveland and Cincinnati. 
 In respect to population, this is the third 
 county in the state. Capital, Zanesville. 
 Population, 45,049. 
 
 Muskingum, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Muskingum co., Ohio. Population, 1498. 
 
 Mustang, a post-office of Lavacca co., Tex. 
 
 Mustang Bayou of Brazoria co., Texas, 
 flows through Chocolate bay into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mustang Creek, Texas, flows into the 
 Navidad from the N. E., a few miles above 
 Texana. 
 
 Mutual, a post-office of Champain co., 0. 
 
 Mtatte, a post-office of Fulton co.. Ark. 
 
 Myersburg, a post-office of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Myersville, a post-office of Frederick co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Myer's Mill, a village in Potawatomie 
 CO., Iowa, 40 miles N. E. by E. from Council 
 Bluff's. 
 
 Myeb's Mills, a post-office of Vermilion 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Myerstown, a post-village of Lebanon co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Lebanon 
 to Reading, 31 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 It is surrounded by rich, well-cultivated 
 farms. A newspaper is published here. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Myrtle Bayou, of St. Mary's parish, Lou- 
 isiana, flows into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Myrtle Springs, a post-office of Bowie co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Mystic river, of New London co., Connec- 
 ticut, unites with the sea 5 miles W. from 
 Stoningtou. It is navigable for vessels of 
 400 tons to Mystic Bridge. 
 
 Mystic, a new post-township of New Lon- 
 don CO., Connecticut. Population, 89. 
 
 Mystic, a post-village in Stonington town- 
 ship. New London county, Connecticut, on 
 the E. side of Mystic river, about 10 miles 
 E. of New London. The inhabitants are 
 principally engaged in commerce. 
 
 Mystic Bridge, a post-village of New Lon- 
 don CO., Connecticut, on the west side of Mys- 
 tic river, opposite Mystic. 
 
 Mystic River, a post-village of New London 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 N 
 
 Naaman's Creek, a post-village and rail- 
 road station of New Castle co., Delaware, on 
 the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore 
 railroad. 
 
 Naausay, a post-township in Kendall co., 
 Illinois. Population, 569. 
 
 Nacogdoches, a county in the E. part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 930 square miles. 
 
 The Angelina river forms its boundary on the 
 S. W., and the Attoyac on the east. These 
 rivers unite at the S. E. extremity of the 
 county. The surface is undulating ; the soil 
 is productive, and well timbered. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, sweet potatoes, grass, and cat- 
 tle are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 139,110 bushels of corn ; 8849 of oats ; 
 38,260 of sweet potatoes ; 835 bales of cot- 
 ton ; 1109 pounds of tobacco; 43,845 of but- 
 ter, and 2544 of wool. It contained 16 
 churches, 240 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 29 attending academies and other 
 schools. Capital, Nacogdoches. Popula- 
 tion, 5193 ; of whom 3789 were free, and 
 1404, slaves. 
 
 Nacogdoches, a post-village, capital of 
 Nacogdoches co., Texas, 250 miles N. E. 
 from Austin. It is the seat of a college 
 founded in 1845, and contains several 
 churches and stores. 
 
 Nacoochee, a post-village of Habersham 
 CO., Georgia, 145 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 It is situated in a narrow, fertile, and beau- 
 tiful valley of its own name. More than 
 .'^1,200,000 worth of gold has been found in 
 this valley. The village has 1 church and 
 3 stores. 
 
 Naglesville, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Nagowicka Lake, Wisconsin, in Waukesha 
 CO. Length, 2 miles and a quarter; breadth, 
 three-quarters of a mile. 
 
 Nahant, a post-village and noted watering 
 place of Essex county, Massachusetts, 10 
 miles N. E. from Boston. It consists of a 
 narrow peninsula, about SJ miles in length, 
 projecting from the mainland of Lynn into 
 Massachusetts bay. Near its eastern extre- 
 mity is an extensive hotel, and in other por- 
 tions are numerous cottages, chiefly occu- 
 pied by the citizens of Boston as summer 
 residences. Nahant is one of the oldest 
 watering places in New England, and thou- 
 sands resort to it during the sultry months 
 to enjoy the sea-breeze and ocean scenery. 
 At this season steamboats ply constantly be- 
 tween Boston and the peninsula, and between 
 this place and Salem, Lynn, &c., 
 
 Nahunta, a post-office of Wayne co.. North 
 Carolina, 61 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Nail Factory, a post-office of Gaston co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Nails Creek, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Nairn, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio. 
 
 Namahkin, a post-office of Marquette co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Namekagon, a small river of La Pointe 
 CO., Wisconsin, flows into St. Croix river. 
 
 Namozine, a post-office of Amelia co., Va. 
 
 Namozine Creek, in the S. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, flows N. E. along the boundary be- 
 tween Amelia and Dinwiddle counties until 
 it enters the Appomattox river. 
 
 Nanafalia a post-village of Marengo co., 
 757 
 
NAN 
 
 NAN 
 
 Alabama, on the Tombigbee river, 100 miles 
 S. from Tuscaloosa. Here is a steamboat 
 landing. 
 
 Nanaupy, a post-ofSce of Fond du Lac co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Nan.jemoy, a post-village in Charles co., 
 Maryland, 55 miles S. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Nankin, a post-village of Ashland co., Ohio, 
 88 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Nankin, a post- township in the central part 
 of Waj'ne co., Michigan. Population, 1109. 
 
 Nansemond river, Virginia, in Nansemond 
 county, enters Hampton Roads. It is navi- 
 gable for small vessels 20 miles to Suffolk. 
 
 Nansemond, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on North Carolina and 
 the Dismal Swamp ; the area is 400 square 
 miles. Hampton Roads are situated on the 
 N. border of the county, and it is partly tra- 
 versed by Nansemond river, from which it de- 
 rives its name. The surface is level ; the soil 
 is sandy, and partly covered with forests of 
 cypress, juniper, and pine. Lumber, tar, and 
 turpentine are the chief articles of export. 
 In 1860 this county produced 252,842 bushels 
 of Indian corn; 186,324 of sweet potatoes, 
 (the greatest quantity of that article "raised 
 in any one county of the state, except South- 
 ampton,) and 3338 tons of hay. There 
 were 7 saw mills, 4 grist mills, 8 shingle 
 manufactories, 1 cotton mill; 19 churches, 1 
 newspaper office ; 298 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 174 attending academies or 
 other schools. The Portsmouth and Roanoke 
 railroad passes through the county. The 
 county existed as early as 1640, under the 
 name of Upper Norfolk ; the present name 
 was given in 1645. Capital, Suffolk. Popu- 
 lation, 12,283, of whom 7568 were free, and 
 4715, slaves, 
 
 Nantasket, a narrow peninsula of Ply- 
 mouth CO., Massachusetts, extending about 5 
 miles in a N. N. W. direction into Massachu- 
 setts bay. At its N. E. extremity is Point 
 Alderton, and N. W. the ancient town of Hull, 
 12 miles S. E. from Boston. Nantasket beach 
 is much resorted to by the citizens of Boston 
 for sea air and bathing. 
 
 Nantasket Road, Massachusetts, one of 
 the main entrances to Boston harbor. 
 
 Nanticoke river, of Delaware and Mary- 
 land, rises in Sussex county, of the former 
 state, flows south-westward into Maryland, 
 and after forming the boundary between Dor- 
 chester and Somerset counties, enters Fish- 
 ing bay, an arm of the Chesapeake. The val- 
 ley of this river is about 50 miles long. 
 
 Nanticoke, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Broome co., New York. Population, 576. 
 
 Nanticoke, a thriving post-village of Lu- 
 zerne CO., Pennsylvania, about 1 mile S. from 
 the Susquehanna river, 104 miles N. E. from 
 Ilarrisburg, and 6 miles S. W. from "VVilkes- 
 barre. It is situated in the fertile valley of 
 WyomiDg, and in the vicinity of rich coal 
 mines. 
 
 758 
 
 Nanticoke, a hundred in Sussex co., Dela- 
 ware. Population, 1586. 
 
 Nanticoke Mountain, Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, the name of the S. W. portion of a 
 ridge extending for 25 or 30 miles along the 
 N. W. bank of the Susquehanna. The N. E. 
 part of this ridge is called Shawnee moun- 
 tain. The average height is about 800 feet. 
 
 Nanticoke Springs, a post-village of 
 Broome co.. New York, about 140 miles W. S. 
 W. from Albany. 
 
 Nantucket, the most S. E. county of Mas- 
 sachusetts, has an area of about 60 square 
 miles. It consists of Nantucket island, Tu- 
 canuck island, Muskejet island, and the 
 Gravel islands, lying in the Atlantic ocean, 
 about 30 miles S. of Barnstable county. The 
 surface of Nantucket, the principal island, is 
 level in the S. part, and hilly in the N. The 
 soil is generally sandy, but affords some pas- 
 ture. The inhabitants are principally en- 
 gaged in navigation and the fisheries, espe- 
 cially the whale fishery. Indian corn, pota- 
 toes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 3206 bushels of corn ; 5997 
 of potatoes; 1439 tons of hay, and 21,271 
 pounds of butter. There were 7 whale-oil 
 establishments, 2 boat-yards, 2 chandleries, 
 6 cooper shops, 1 cordage manufactory, 2 
 nail-works, and 2 sail manufactories. It con- 
 tained 9 churches and 2 newspaper offices ; 
 1230 pupils attending public schools, and 856 
 attending academies and other schools. Or- 
 ganized in 1659. Capital, Nantucket. Popu- 
 lation, 8452. South-east of this island are 
 situated the Nantucket shoals, on which many 
 vessels and lives have been lost. They cover 
 an area of about 45 by 50 miles. 
 
 Nantucket, a post-town, port of entry, 
 and seat of justice of Nantucket county, Mas- 
 sachusetts, is situated at the entrance of a 
 deep bay on the N. side of Nantucket island, 
 about 105 miles S. E. by S. from Boston, and 
 50 miles S. E. from New Bedford ; lat. 41° 16' 
 56" N., Ion. 70° 6' 12" W. The harbor is ex- 
 cellent, being capacious, deep, and nearly 
 landlocked by two projecting points of beach, 
 the extremities of which are only about three- 
 fourths of a mile apart. The village is com- 
 pactly built, mostly of wood, with narrow 
 streets. It contains 8 or 9 churches, a bank 
 with a capital of $200,000, an Athenteum, a 
 handsome building, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 Besides a library of about 2500 volumes, the 
 Athenaeum has a valuable collection of curi- 
 osities. The inhabitants of Nantucket have 
 been long and successfully engaged in the 
 whale fishery. The shipping of the port, 
 June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 23,779|| tons registered, and 3451|^ tons 
 enrolled and licensed. Of the registered ton- 
 nage, 18,015|| tons were employed in the 
 whale fishery; and of the enrolled and 
 licensed, 3048^4 tons were employed in the 
 coast trade, 403J|? tons in the cod and 
 mackerel fisheries, and 479|| tons in steam 
 
NAN 
 
 NAP 
 
 navigation. The receipts for tlie year 184^9 
 were 17,887 barrels of sperm oil; 6461 bar- 
 rels of whale oil, and 68,200 pounds of 
 whalebone. The whale fishery usually em- 
 ploys about 2000 hands, and from $2,500,000 
 to $3,000,000 capital in vessels and outfits. 
 July 13th, 1846, Nantucket was visited by a 
 fearful conflagration, which destroj^ed not 
 less than 350 buildings, including two banks, 
 a church, the Athenceum, and 7 oil and can- 
 dle manufactories. The loss was estimated 
 $1,000,000. A steamboat plies between Nan- 
 tucket and New Bedford. Population of the 
 township, 8452. 
 
 Nantucket Harbor Lighthouse is on the S. 
 side of tlie harbor, and contains a fixed light. 
 Nantuxet village, New Jersey. See New- 
 port. 
 
 Nannet, a post-office of Rockland co., N.Y. 
 Napa river, of Napa co., California, rises 
 in the N. part of Napa vallej', and running in 
 a general southerly course, falls into San 
 Pablo bay. It is navigable for vessels of 5 
 feet draft 12 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Napa, a county towards the N. W. part of 
 California, has an area estimated at above 
 800 square miles. It is drained by Napa 
 river, whicii flows near the western boundary, 
 and Las Putas river, which, after flowing in 
 an E.-direction through the beautiful Berry- 
 essa valley, loses itself in the Tule marshes. 
 The surface is uneven, and in the N. part 
 mountainous. Mount St. Helen, situated at 
 the head of the valley of Napa, serves as a 
 landmark to travellers. The soil is generally 
 fertile, and, except in the N. part, well 
 adapted to cultivation. Barley, wheat, pota- 
 toes, cattle and other live stock are the sta- 
 ples. In 1852 this county produced 210,312 
 bushels of barley; 37,735 of wheat, and 
 31,247 of potatoes. There were 2643 cows; 
 2572 beef cattle; 1739 horses, and 3120 
 sheep. The capital employed in mining was 
 $176,400. Number of acres under cultiva- 
 tion, 10,584. Gold has been found in this 
 county, but not in sufficient quantity to 
 justify mining. A mine of quicksilver, situ- 
 ated about 14 miles above the town of Napa, 
 is supposed to be very rich. This county con- 
 tains several mineral springs. The warm 
 spi'ings, 25 miles above Napa, are found to 
 possess high medicinal qualities, having been 
 tested by invalids. The hot sulphur springs 
 (or geysers) about 70 miles above Napa City, 
 are one of the greatest curiosities of the 
 country. For a description of them, see Cali- 
 fornia, page 175. Capital, Napa City. Po- 
 pulation, 2116. 
 
 Napa (or Nappa) City,- of Napa co., Califor- 
 nia, about 20 miles N. W. from Benicia, is 
 situated on the W. bank of Napa river, about 
 12 miles from its mouth. Population, 300. 
 Napanock. — See Naponock. 
 Napasha, a post-office of Dodge co.. Wis. 
 Napier, a township on the W. border of 
 Bedford co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 2051. 
 
 Napierville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Du Page CO., Illinois, on Du Page river, 
 about 30 miles W. S. W. from Chicago, IG 
 miles from the Illinois canal. It contains a 
 court house and a number of churches, 1 
 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and several mills 
 moved by water-power. Population in 1853, 
 estimated at 2500. 
 
 Naples, a post-township in Cumberland co., 
 Maine, 55 miles S. W. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 1025. 
 
 Naples, a post-township forming the S. ex- 
 tremity of Ontario co.. New York. Popula- 
 tion, 2376. 
 
 Naples, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the inlet of Canandaigua lake, about 
 40 miles S. by E. from Rochester. It con- 
 tains several churches, and manufactories of 
 wool, iron, flour, &c. 
 
 Naples, a thriving post-village of Scott co., 
 Illinois, on the left bank of the Illinois river, 
 55 miles W. from Springfield. It is the west- 
 ern terminus of the Sangamon and Morgan 
 railroad, which connects it with Springfield. 
 Large quantities of grain, pork, &c. are re- 
 ceived here, and shipped by steamboats. The 
 trade of Naples in 1852 was estimated at 
 $4,000,000 in the late message of Governor 
 Matteson. A newspaper is published here. 
 
 Napoleon, capital of Desha co., Arkansas, 
 on the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Ar- 
 kansas, about 125 miles by laud S. E. from 
 Little Rock. The buildings are chiefly 
 of wood. It is a place of active business. 
 Steamboats run three times a week from this 
 place to Little Piock. The United States go- . 
 vernment has built here a fine marine hos- 
 pital. Population, about 1000. 
 
 Napoleon, a small post-village of Gallatin 
 CO., Kentucky, 56 miles N. from Frankfort, 
 contains one church and a store. 
 
 Napoleon, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Henry co., Ohio. Population, 615. 
 
 Napoleon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, and capital of Henry co., Ohio, on the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, and on the left bank 
 of the Maumee river, 40 miles above Toledo, 
 and 154 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Napoleon, a post-township of Jackson co., 
 Michigan. Population, 1098. 
 
 Napoleon, a small post-village of .Jackson 
 CO., Michigan, about 50 miles S. S. E. from 
 Lansing. 
 
 Napoleon, a thriving post-village of Ripley 
 CO., Indiana, on the plank-road from Madison 
 to Greensburg, 60 miles S. E. from Indiana- 
 polis. Population in 1853, estimated at 500. 
 
 Napoleonville, a post-village of Assump- 
 tion par.. La., on Bayou la Fourche, 72 miles 
 S. from Baton Rouge, has one newspaper office. 
 
 Napoli, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Cattaraugus co., N. Y. Pop., 1233. 
 
 Naponock, a post- village of Ulster co.. New 
 York, on Rondout creek, near the Delaware' 
 and Hudson canal, about 80 miles S. S. W.. 
 from Albany. 
 
 759 
 
NAR 
 
 NAS 
 
 Narkeeta, apost-officeof Kemperco.,Miss. 
 
 Narraganset Bay, of Rhode Island, ex- 
 tends N. from the Atlantic, between Point 
 Judith on the W., and Seconnetrocks on the E. 
 Length, 28 miles ; breadth, from 3 to 12 miles. 
 
 Narragansett, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 Narraguagus river, a small stream in the 
 S. E. part of Maine, rises in Hancock co., 
 and falls into Narraguagus bay, in Washing- 
 ton CO. 
 
 Narraguagus, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., Maine. 
 
 Narrows, of New York, a strait separating 
 Long island from Staten island, and connect- 
 ing New York bay with New York harbor. 
 It is about 1|^ mile wide in the narrowest part. 
 
 Narrows, a post-office of Jefferson co., N.Y. 
 
 Narrows, a post-office of Pike co., Pa. 
 
 Narrows, a post-office of Noddaway co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Narrowsburg, formerly Big Eddy, a plea- 
 •sant post-village of Sullivan co., New York, 
 on the New York and Erie railroad, 132 miles 
 from New York city. It takes its name from 
 a contraction in the Delaware river, between 
 two points of rock at this place. 
 
 Narrow Valley, a post-office of Benton 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Nash, a county in the N. E. central part of 
 North Carolina ; area estimated at 600 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Tar river and 
 Sandy creek, and bounded on the S. W. by 
 Contentned creek. The surface is uneven, 
 and the soil is generally poor. In 1850 this 
 county produced 324,146 bushels of corn; 
 113,449 of sweet potatoes, and 345 bales of 
 cotton. There were 4 corn and flour mills, 
 3 saw mills, and 8 turpentine distilleries. It 
 contained 17 churches, 726 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 260 attending academies 
 and other schools. Capital, Nashville. Form- 
 ed in 1777, and named in honor of General 
 Francis Nash, who fell at the battle of Ger- 
 mantown. Population, 10,657, of whom 6601 
 were free, and 4056 slaves. 
 
 Nasahwn, or Nashawan Island, one of the 
 Elizabeth islands, Massachusetts, is 8 miles 
 long, and near 2 miles wide. 
 
 Nash Island, in Pleasant river Bay, about 
 20 miles W. by S. from Machias bay, Maine. 
 It contains a fixed light of deep red color, 47 
 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 44° 25' N. 
 Ion. 67° 37' W. 
 
 Nashoba, a county in the E. central part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Pearl river. 
 A large part of the land is uncultivated. Cot- 
 ton and Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 153,235 bushels of corn ; 
 9197 of oats; 55,696 of sweet potatoes, and 
 1422 bales of cotton. It contained 6 churches, 
 1 newspaper office ; 109 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 73 attending other schools. 
 Capital, Philadelphia. Pop., 4728, of whom 
 3393 were free, and 1335, slaves. 
 760 
 
 Nashport, a post-village of Muskingum 
 CO., on the Ohio canal and Licking river, 54 
 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Nash's Ford, a post-office of Russell co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Nash's Stream, of Coos co., New Hamp- 
 shire, flows into the Upper Amonoosuck. 
 
 Nashua, formerly Dunstable, an important 
 manufacturing post-town of Hillsborough 
 county. New Hampshire, 40 miles N. N. E. 
 from Boston, is situated at the confluence of 
 the Nashua river with the Merrimack, and at 
 the terminus of the Lowell, the Worcester, 
 the Wilton, and the Concord railroads, by 
 which it has communication with the princi- 
 pal cities and towns of New England. The 
 Nashua river has a fall at this place of 65 
 feet in about 2 miles, affording a vast hy- 
 draulic power, which has been greatly im- 
 proved for manufacturing purposes. Its vo- 
 lume is 180 cubic feet per second in the dryest 
 season. A canal, with locks of solid stone, 
 82 feet long, and 24 feet high, connects the 
 waters of this stream above the falls with 
 those of the Merrimack. Nashua has long 
 been distinguished for its manufactures, 
 which are very extensive, and embrace arti- 
 cles of almost every description Among the 
 numerous corporations maybe mentioned the 
 Nashua Manufacturing Company, chartered 
 in 1823, with a capital of $300,000, which 
 has since been increased to $1,000,000. This 
 company has at present four extensive mills, 
 which give employment to about 1000 opera- 
 tives, having charge of 37,450 spindles, 1089 
 looms, consuming annually 10,000 bales of 
 cotton, and producing 13,000,000 yards of 
 prints, shirtings, &c. The company also 
 have a large machine shop, in which several 
 hundred hands are employed. The sales of 
 the Nashua Iron Company amount to $175,000 
 per annum. The entire quantity of cot- 
 ton fabrics annually produced is about 
 $18,000,000 yards, and the total capital em- 
 ployed $1,480,000. The total capital invested 
 in the various manufactures is upwards of 
 $2,000,000, and the number of operatives en- 
 gaged about 1000 males and 1300 females. 
 The receipts of the post-office amount to 
 about $3000 a year. There are in Nashua, 
 7 churches, 3 newspaper offices, and a bank. 
 In 1842 the township was divided, and the 
 part lying chiefly on the N. side of Nashua 
 river, received the name of Nashville. A bridge 
 conn*cts the two places. Nashville also has 
 1 bank. Population of the township, 5820. 
 
 Nashua, a post-township in Ogle co.. 111. 
 
 Nashua River rises near the centre of 
 Massachusetts, in AVorcester co., and flowing 
 in a north-easterly direction, falls into the 
 Merrimack in New Hampshire. 
 
 Nashville, apost-office of Franklinco., Me. 
 
 Nashville, N. H. See Nashua. 
 
 Nashville, apost-office of Chautauque co., 
 New York. 
 
 Nashville, a post-village, capital of Nash 
 
NAS 
 
 NAS 
 
 CO,, North Carolina, on an affluent of the Tar 
 river, 45 miles E. N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Nashville, a village in Lowndes co., Mis- 
 sissippi, on Tombigbee river, 140 miles N. E. 
 by E. from Jackson. 
 
 Nashville, a post- village of Milam co., 
 Texas, on the Brazos river, 75 miles N. E. 
 from Austin. It was formerly the county seat. 
 
 Nashville, a handsome and flourishing 
 city, capital of the State of Tennessee, and 
 of Davidson county, is situated on the left 
 bank of Cumberland river, 200 miles from its 
 mouth, 230 miles E. N. E. from Memphis, 206 
 miles S. W. from Lexington, in Kentucky, and 
 684 miles from Washington. Lat. 36°9'N., Ion. 
 86° 49' W. ; elevation above the sea, 460 feet. 
 It is the most wealthy and populous city of 
 Tennessee, and is distinguished for its enter- 
 prising spirit, literary taste, and polished 
 society. Many of the private residences are 
 built on a scale of palatial magnitude and 
 splendor, and the public buildings exhibit a 
 corresponding character. The new capitol, 
 which stands on a commanding eminence, 176 
 feet above the river, is one of the most noble, 
 magnificent, and costly structures in America. 
 The material is of a fine limestone, which 
 was quarried on the spot, and nearly resem- 
 bles marble. The dimensions are 240 feet by 
 135, and the estimated cost $1,000,000. It is 
 built, as it is stated, entirely of stone and iron, 
 without any wood about it, except the plank 
 on which the copper roofing is fastened: the 
 floor and inner walls are of dressed stone. The 
 foundation of the capital was laid in 1845. A 
 lunatic asylum, on a large scale, has recently 
 been erected in the vicinity. The state peni- 
 tentiary at this place is 310 feet by 50, con- 
 taining 200 cells. The university of Nashville 
 was founded in 1806. The medical college 
 connected with the university was opened 
 in 1851 : it occupies a capacious build- 
 ing, and has about 100 students. There are 
 also a number of female seminaries, the 
 largest of which is attended by above 300 pu- 
 pils. About 12 newspapers are published 
 here, 5 or 6 of which are dailies. Nashville 
 contains 3 banks, with a total capital of 
 $5,181,500, and about 14 churches. The 
 mineral cabinet of the late Dr. Troost con- 
 tains the largest private collection in the 
 United States. The Cumberland river is 
 crossed by a magnificent wire suspension 
 bridge, recently built at a cost of $100,000. 
 The city is lighted with gas, and supplied 
 with water raised from the Cumberland river. 
 Nashville has expended large sums in the 
 construction of macadamized turnpikes, 8 of 
 which radiate in different directions. The 
 river is navigated during high water by large 
 steamboats from its mouth to this point, 
 and a number of splendid packets are owned 
 here. The shipping of the port, June 30th, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of $4,082|^ 
 tons, enrolled and licensed, all of which were 
 employed in steam navigation. During the 
 
 year, 5 steamboats, with an aggregate burthen 
 of 479Htons, were admeasured. This city is 
 the centre of an active trade, and the seat of 
 manufactories of various kinds. Nashville is 
 the terminus of the Nashville and Chattanooga 
 railroad, 150 miles long, which was finished 
 in 1852, at an expense of about $3,000,000. 
 The road is built in a very substantial manner, 
 and completes the connection with Charleston 
 and Savannah. The construction of this rail- 
 road has greatly enhanced the value of pro- 
 perty, and has given a vigorous impulse to 
 the prosperity and improvement of the place. 
 Other railroads have been commenced, which 
 will connectthis city with Louisville, Memphis, 
 New Orleans, &c. Pop., in 1845, 12,000; in 
 1853, about 20,000. 
 
 Nashville, a post-village of Holmes co.. 
 Ohio, 82 miles N. E. from Columbus, has 3 
 churches, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Nashville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Brown co., Indiana, 40 miles S. from In- 
 dianapolis. Settled in 1837. 
 
 Nashville, a small village of Hancock co., 
 Indiana, on Sugar creek, 38 miles N. E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Nashville, a post-village, capital of Wash- 
 ington CO., Illinois, 118 miles S. by E. from 
 Springfield. It is situated on a rich prairie. 
 
 Nashville, a post-village of Boone co., 
 Missouri, on the Missouri river, 26 miles 
 above Jefferson City. It has a landing for 
 steamboats, and a few warehouses, 
 
 Nashville, a village of Lee co., Iowa, on 
 the Mississippi river, 10 miles above Keokuk. 
 
 Nashville, apost-office of El Dorado co.Cal. 
 
 Nasonvillb, a post-village in Burrillville 
 township. Providence co., Rhode Island, 
 about 25 miles N. W. from Providence. It 
 contains 1 hoe and axe factory. 
 
 Nassau, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Rensselaer co.. New York. Population, 3261 . 
 
 Nassau, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, about 14 miles S. E. from Albany. It 
 contains several churches, and an academy. 
 
 Nassau, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Florida, bordering on the Atlantic, 
 has an area of 970 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. and W. by the St. Mary's 
 river, which separates it from Georgia, and 
 on the S. by the Nassau river. The surface 
 is level, the soil sandy. Sugar, rice, and 
 Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 44 hogsheads of sugar ; 
 404,305 pounds of rice, and 29,812 bushels 
 of corn. The quantity of rice was the 
 greatest produced by any county in the 
 state. It contained 1 saw mill, 1 ship build- 
 ing establishment, 1 turpentine manufactory, 
 and 1 tannery. Capital, Nassau Court 
 House. Population, 2164; of whom 1087 
 were free, and 1077, slaves. 
 
 Nassau, a village in Lee co., Iowa, on the 
 Des Moines river, 100 miles S. by E. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Nassau River, Florida, forms the S. border 
 761 
 
NAT 
 
 NAU 
 
 of Nassau co., and falls into the Atlantic, 
 near the S. end of Amelia Island. 
 
 Natchaug river, the largest branch of the 
 Shetucket river, falls into it in V/indham co., 
 in the N. E. part of Connecticut. 
 
 Natchez, the most po^Dulous and com- 
 mercial city of Mississippi, and capital of 
 Adams county, on the E. bank of the Missis- 
 sippi river, 279 miles above New Orleans, and 
 1(J0 miles S. W. from Jackson. Lat. 31° 34' 
 N., Ion. 91° 25' W. It is pleasantly situated 
 on a bluff which rises about 200 feet above 
 the river, affording an extensive view of the 
 immense cypress swamps of Louisiana. The 
 surface of the ground in the city and in the 
 adjacent country is undulating, and presents 
 a striking contrast with the flat surface of 
 the opposite side of the river. The streets 
 of Natchez are wide and rectangular, and 
 some of the public buildings are handsome. 
 The private residences are mostly built of 
 wood, and many of them have flower gardens 
 and orange groves adjoining. Among the 
 public buildings are the court house, 5 or 6 
 churches, a hospital, orphan asylum, and 
 Masonic hall. Three or four newspapers are 
 published liere. Within a few years Natchez 
 has increased considerably, in consequence 
 of its numerous flourishing seminaries, and 
 its public school, which is supported by a 
 general taxation of the citizens. The latter 
 averages about 500 pupils annually. Natchez 
 is the centre of an extensive trade, of which 
 cotton is the principal article. Steamboats 
 are constantly arriving at and departing from 
 its wharves. The heavy shipping business 
 is transacted in the lower part of the town, 
 called Natchez-under-the-PIill. Population, 
 about 6000. 
 
 Natchez, a village of Monroe co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio river, opposite New Martinville, 23 
 miles below Wheeling. It has a good landing 
 for steamboats. Laid out in 1850. 
 
 Natchez, a village of Martin co., Indiana, 
 on the turnpike from ■ New Albany to Vin- 
 cennes, 56 miles W. N. AV. from the former. 
 
 Natchitoches, natch-e-totch-ez, (often pro- 
 nounced nak-e-tush',) a parish in tlae N. W. 
 part of Louisiana, has an area of 2260 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Pted river, and con- 
 tains numerous small lakes connected with 
 that stream. The land in the vicinity of the 
 river is fertile, producing cotton and Indian 
 corn. In 1850 there were raised 15,574 bales 
 of cotton and 394,011 bushels of corn. There 
 were 4 saw and planing mills, and 1 tannery. 
 It contained 11 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 634 pupils attending public schools. 
 Steamboats navigate Red river through this 
 parish, from New Orleans to Shreveport. Ca- 
 pital, Natchitoches. Population, 14,228; of 
 whom 6347 were free, and 7881, slaves. 
 
 Natchitoches, a post-village, capital of 
 
 Natchitoches parish, Louisiana, on Red river, 
 
 about 500 miles by water W. N. AV. from 
 
 New Orleans. Several steam-packets make 
 
 762 
 
 regular passages between this place and 
 New Orleans in all stages of water. The 
 village is pleasantly situated between the 
 shore and the pine-clad bluffs, which ap- 
 proach very near the river. It is a place of 
 active trade, containing a United States 
 land-ofBce, a newspaper office, and several 
 churches. 
 
 Nathan's Ckeek, a post-ofBce of Ashe co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Nathansville, a post-village in Conecuh 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Natick, a post-township in Middlesex co., 
 Mass., on the Boston and Worcester railroad, 
 17 miles W. S. W. from Boston. Pop., 2744. 
 Natick, a post-village in Kent co., Rhode 
 Island, on Pawtuset river, 10 miles S. W. 
 from Providence. 
 
 Nation Ford, a post-office of York dis.,S. C. 
 Natural Bridge, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., New York, 25 miles E. by N. from Water- 
 town. Here is a natural bridge over Indian 
 river. 
 
 Natural Bridge, a post-office of Rock- 
 bridge CO., Virginia. 
 
 Natural Canal, of St. Lawrence co.. New 
 York, connects the Oswegatchie with the 
 Grass river. Lengtli about 6 miles. 
 
 Natural Dam, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Natural Grove, a post-office of Williams- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 Naugatuck river, a fine mill stream of Con- 
 necticut, I'ises in Litchfield county, and flow- 
 ing southerly, falls into the Housatonic river 
 in New Haven county. Its whole length is 
 about 50 miles. 
 
 Naugatuck, a manufacturing post-village 
 of New Haven co., Connecticut, on the above 
 river, and on the Naugatuck railroad, 27 miles 
 N. N. E. from Bridgeport. 
 
 Nausett Beach, E. side of Cape Cod, Mas- 
 sachusetts. On it are three light-houses, 150 
 feet apart, Lat. 41° 51' 35" N., Ion. 69° 57' 
 18" W. 
 Nautrille, a post-office of Bremer co., lo.' 
 Nauvoo, a post-office of Tioga co.. Pa. 
 Nauvoo Citt, of Hancock co., Illinois, on 
 the Mississippi river, near the head of the 
 lower rapids, 52 miles above Quincy, and 
 220 miles above St. Louis. It was founded 
 by the Mormons in 1840, and once contained 
 from 15,000 to 18,000 inhabitants. The si- 
 tuation is one of the most beautiful on the 
 river. The ground rises gradually from the 
 water's edge to an unusual height, present- 
 ing • a smooth and regular surface, with a 
 broad plain at the summit. Nauvoo was laid 
 out on an extensive plan, with broad rectan- 
 gular streets. The dwellings were mostly 
 log cabins, or small frame houses. The Mor- 
 mon Temple, built of compact polished lime- 
 stone, was 130 feet long by 88 feet wide, and 
 was one of the most costly edifices in the 
 West. In the basement there was a bap- 
 tistry, a large stone basin, supported by 12 
 
NAV 
 
 NEB 
 
 colossal oxen. In October, 1848, tins temple 
 was fired by an incendiary, and reduced to 
 ruins. About tljat time the Mormon popula- 
 tion were expelled from the state by force of 
 arms, and emigrated to Utah, leaving the 
 greater part of their houses unoccupied. A 
 company of French socialists, under M. Ca- 
 bet, have recently established themselves 
 here, haA'ing purchased the site of the temple 
 and other property. Their number is stated 
 to be about 400. Nauvoo has a good steam- 
 boat landing. Population in 1853, estimated 
 at 2000. 
 
 Navakino, a post-office of Onondaga co., 
 New York. 
 
 Navarre, a post-office of Stark co., Ohio. 
 
 Navarre, a village in Des Moines co., 
 Iowa, 55 miles S. E. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Navarro County, Texas, situated in the 
 N. E. central part of the state ; area about 
 1400 square miles. The Trinity river washes 
 its N. E. border, and it is drained by the 
 Pecan creek. The county is partly occupied 
 by fertile prairies, and is liberally supplied 
 with fine timber, including the oak and hick- 
 ory. The staples are cotton, corn, grass, 
 and cattle. In 1850 it produced 63,040 
 bushels of corn ; 2 bales of cotton, and 49,101 
 pounds of butter. There were 211 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Trinity river is 
 navigable for keel-boats to the upper part 
 of the county. Organized in 1846, or since 
 that time. Named in honor of Jos6 Antonio 
 Navarro, a distinguished Mexican patriot. 
 Capital, Corsicana. Pop., 3843; of whom 
 3455 were free, and 388, slaves. 
 
 Navarro, a post-office of Leon co., Texas. 
 
 Navaso'to, a small river of Texas, which 
 rises in Limestone county, and flowing south- 
 ward, enters the Brazos at Washington, after 
 forming the boundary between Robertson 
 and Brazos county on the W., and Leon and 
 Grimes on the E. 
 
 Navidad, a small river of Texas, rises in 
 Fayette co., and flows southward, until it falls 
 into the Lavacca, a few miles S. from Texana. 
 
 Natlor's Store, a small post-village of 
 St. Charles co., Missouri, 38 miles AV. N. W. 
 from St. Louis. 
 
 Nazareth, a pleasant post-village of 
 Northampton county, Pennsylvania, 59 miles 
 N. from Philadelphia, and about 9 miles N. 
 W. from Easton. It contains a large church, 
 and a flourishing academy for boys, conducted 
 by the Moravians. This village was first 
 begun by the celebrated George White- 
 field, in 1739. He commenced a building, 
 yet standing, which he intended as a school 
 for African children ; but before it was 
 finished, he disposed of it to Count Zinzen- 
 dorf, a Moravian, who completed the edifice. 
 Population, in 1850, 408. 
 
 Neabsco Mills, a post-office of Prince 
 William co., Virginia. 
 
 Neal Dow, a post-office of Cobb co., Ga. 
 
 Neatsville, a post-village of Adair co., 
 
 Kentucky, on Green river. It has 4 stores, 
 1 grist mill, and a carding machine. 
 
 Neaves, a township in the S. part of Darke 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 645. 
 
 Nebo, a post-office of Hopkins co., Ky. 
 
 Nebo, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ohio. 
 
 Nebraska, a post-office of Crawford co., lo. 
 
 Nebraska, a small village of Potawatomie 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Nebraska Territory. This territory, the 
 name of which is the Indian appellation for 
 the Platte river, though spoken of daily in 
 conversation, and mentioned constantly in 
 the public prints, has in reality no legal 
 existence ; it has never been organized by 
 Congress, and is therefore without any de- 
 finite position or bounds. In a popular ac- 
 ceptation, it may be considered to include 
 the region lying between the States of Iowa 
 and Missouri on the east, and the Rocky 
 mountains on the west. Since the year 1818, 
 many treaties advantageous to the United 
 States have been, from time to time, con- 
 cluded with the various tribes indigenous to 
 the soil of the region in question, as well as 
 with those formerly resident E. of the Mis- 
 sissippi, by which suitable portions of the 
 proposed territory have been assigned to 
 them for ever, and the whole is now in their 
 occupancy. Two attempts were made in 
 Congress to organize a territory, by the fore- 
 going title, viz. in June, 1845, and again in 
 March, 1853, but in neither case with suc- 
 cess. The territory proposed by the first 
 bill was to extend from the Missouri river 
 westward to the Rocky mountains, and from 
 the 41st to the 43d parallel of N. latitude. 
 That contemplated by the bill of 1853 was 
 to extend from the western boundary of the 
 State of Missouri to the Rocky mountains, 
 and from the parallel of 41° to that of 36° 30' 
 N. It provided that the rights of such In- 
 dian tribes as reside within the proposed 
 bounds, having treaty stipulations with the 
 United States, shall not be infringed without 
 the consent of such tribes, and only after 
 ample compensation shall be accepted there- 
 for. It will be seen by the above that the 
 proposed territories were to occupy positions 
 altogether independent of each other. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Near 42° 
 N. lat. and 103° W. Ion., on the head waters 
 of White Earth river, and between Fort 
 Laramie and the Missouri, is a remarkable 
 tract or valley, about 80 miles wide, and 
 perhaps 80 or 90 long, called Mauvaises 
 Terres, or " bad lands," from its thin, sterile 
 soil, which is covered with only a very scanty 
 growth of grass. The appearance of this 
 region presents a most striking contrast to 
 that of the adjacent country. "From the 
 uniform, monotonous, and open prairies, the 
 traveller suddenly descends 100 or 200 feet 
 into a valley that looks as if it had sunk 
 away from the surrounding world, leaving 
 standing all over it thousands of abrupt ir- 
 
 7G3 
 
NEC 
 
 NEL 
 
 regular prismatic and columnar masses, fre- 
 quently capped with irregular pyramids, and 
 stretching up to a height of from 100 to 200 
 feet or more. So thickly are these natural 
 towers studded over the surface of this ex- 
 traordinary region, that the traveller threads 
 his way through deep, confined, labyrinthine 
 passages, not unlike the narrow irregular 
 streets and lanes of some quaint old town of 
 the European continent. One might almost 
 imagine oneself approaching some magniii- 
 cent city of the dead, where the labor and 
 genius of forgotten nations had left behind 
 them the monuments of their art and skill." 
 In one sense, this region is truly a great 
 " city of the dead," as it contains, in the 
 most extraordinary profusion, the fossil 
 skeletons of various tribes of animals now 
 extinct, particularly of the Pachydermata. 
 Among others, there was found a nearly en- 
 tire skeleton of the Palceotherium, eighteen 
 feet in length. Unhappilj^ its substance was 
 too fragile to admit of removal. — See Owen's 
 Geological Survey, p. 196. 
 
 Necada River, a small river of Adams co., 
 Wisconsin, enters the Yellow river. 
 
 Neches, netch'es, a small river of Texas, 
 which rises in Van Zandt county, and empties 
 itself into Sabine lake, near the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of the state. Its general direction 
 is S. S. E. During high water boats can as- 
 cend it more than 100 miles. 
 
 Necosta, a new county in the W. central 
 part of Michigan, has an area of 840 square 
 miles. It is intersected in the N. W. by the 
 Maskego river, by whose tributaries, together 
 with the head waters of Chippewa river, it is 
 principally drained. This county is not in- 
 cluded in the census of 1850. County seat 
 not yet located. 
 
 Necot, a post-oflBce of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 Ned's Point, the E. side of Mattapoise 
 harbor, Buzzard's bay, Massachusetts. It 
 contains a fixed light, 40 feet above the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 Needham, a post-township in Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, 14 miles W. S. W. from Bos- 
 ton, intersected by the Boston and Worcester 
 railroad. Population, 1944. 
 
 Neelet's Landing, a small village of Cape 
 Girardeau co., Missouri. 
 
 Neel's Ceeek, a post-ofiice of Jefferson 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Neelysville, a post-ofiice of Morgan co., 0. 
 
 Neenah, a flourishing post-village of Win- 
 nebago CO., Wisconsin, on the Neenah river, 
 at the foot of Lake Winnebago, 36 miles S. W. 
 from Green bay. The river affords good wa- 
 ter-power. The village contains 3 flouring 
 mills, and 1 sash and blind factory. 
 
 Neenah River, Wisconsin. See Fox River. 
 
 Neersville, a post-office of Loudon co., Va. 
 
 Neffsville, a post-village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 4^ miles N. from Lancaster. 
 
 Negro Foot, a post-office of Hanover co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 764 
 
 Neill's Creek, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Nekimi, or Nekama, a pc^t-township in 
 Winnebago co., Wisconsin. Population, 910. 
 
 Nekimi, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, 15 miles S. S. W. from Oshkosh. It 
 contains 3 churches, several stores, and about 
 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Nelson, a county a little S. E. from the 
 centre of Virginia, has an area of 840 square 
 miles. The James river washes the S. E. 
 border, and it is drained by Rockfish river. 
 The Blue Ridge forms the entire boundary 
 on the N. W., and the surface is generally 
 occupied by hills and valleys. The soil is 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco are 
 the staples. In 1850 there were raised 
 353,432 bushels of corn ; 122,230 of wheat, 
 and 1,433,730 pounds of tobacco. There 
 were 37 flour and grist mills, 12 saw mills, 
 6 tanneries, 4 wool-carding mills, and 4 dis- 
 tilleries, 21 churches, 347 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 30 attending an academy 
 The canal, which extends along James river, 
 connects the county with Richmond. Formed 
 in 1807, and named in honor of Thomas Nel- 
 son, governor of Virginia in 1781. County 
 town, Lovingston. Population, 12,758; of 
 whom 6616 were free, and 6142, slaves. 
 
 Nelson, a county near the middle of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 300 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Rolling fork and 
 Beech fork of Salt river, and by Pottinger's 
 creek. The surface is undulating ; the soil 
 in general is excellent. Grain, grass, and 
 fruits are cultivated. The exports consist 
 chiefly of horses, mules, cattle, swine, Indian 
 corn, hemp, and apples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 1,070,066 bushels of corn; 227,188 
 of oats, and 87,328 pounds of wool. It con- 
 tained 13 churches, and 2 newspaper offices; 
 118 pupils attending public schools, and 357 
 attending academies or other schools. Blue 
 limestone underlies a portion of the surface, 
 affording a good material for building. The 
 county is intersected by the Louisville and 
 Nashville turnpike, and by the Louisville and 
 Chattanooga railroad, now in progi-ess of 
 construction. Formed in 1781. Capital, 
 Bardstown. Population, 14,789, of whom 
 9659 were free, and 5130, slaves. 
 
 Nelson, a post-township in Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, 40 miles S. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 750. 
 
 Nelson, a post-township in the S. W. 
 central part of Madison co., New York. Po- 
 pulation, 1965. 
 
 Nelson, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 25 miles S. E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Nelson, a post-office of Tioga co., Pa. 
 
 Nelson, a post-township forming the N. 
 extremity of Portage co., Ohio. Pop., 1398. 
 
 Nelsonport, a post-office of Potter co.,Pa. 
 
 Nelson's Landing, a small post-village of 
 Chippewa co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Nelsonville, a thriving post-village of 
 
NEO 
 
 NEV 
 
 Atbens co., Ohio, on the Hockhocking river, 
 about 60 miles S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Neosho river, of Indian Territory, joins 
 the Arkansas on the right, just above Fort 
 Gibson! 
 
 Neosho, a post-village, capital of Newton 
 CO., Missouri, 200 miles S. W. from Jefferson 
 City. It has considerable trade with the In- 
 dians. Extensive lead mines have been 
 opened about 6 miles from this place. 
 
 Neosho, a post-village of Dodge co., Wis- 
 consin, about 40 miles N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Nepawan, a post-office of Waupaca co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Neperan, a post-office of Westchester co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Nepenski, a post-township in Winnebago 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 403. 
 
 Nepenski, a small post-village of Winne- 
 bago CO., Wisconsin, 90 miles N. by E. fi'om 
 Madison, has 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Nbphi City, a village of Fremont co., Utah, 
 about 65 miles N. from Fillmore City. 
 
 Neponset river, a fine mill stream of Nor- 
 folk CO., in the E. part of Massachusetts, falls 
 into Boston harbor. 
 
 Neponset Village, a post-village in Nor- 
 folk CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Neptune, a small village of Auglaize co., 0. 
 
 Neptune, a post- village of Mercer co., Ohio, 
 115 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Nero, a post-office of Henderson co., Tenn. 
 
 Nesaquake, a village of Suffolk co.. New 
 York, on Nesaquake creek. 
 
 Nescopeck, a post-village of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, at 
 the mouth of Nescopeck creek, about 90 
 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. Abridge across 
 the river connects it with Berwick. 
 
 Nescopeck, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Luzerne co.. Pa. Population, 920. 
 
 Nescopeck Creek, of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into the N. branch of the 
 Susquehanna river. 
 
 Nescopeck or Buck Mountain, Pennsylva- 
 nia, in Luzerne county, on the N. side of the 
 Nescopeck creek, extends parallel to the 
 Wyoming mountain in a regular and almost 
 unbroken ridge from the Susquehanna near- 
 ly to the Lehigh, a distance of above 20 miles. 
 Height, about 1000 feet. 
 
 Neshamint Creek, of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, enters the Delaware below Bristol. 
 
 Neshannock Creek, in the W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, enters the Shenango river at 
 Newcastle. 
 
 Neshannock, a township of Lawrence co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 3045. 
 
 Neshkoro, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Marquette co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Neshkoro, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 70 miles N. from Madison. 
 It contains 4 stores, 2 mills, and about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Neshoba. — See Nashoba. 
 
 NESH0N0C,a post-office of La Crosse co.,Wis. 
 
 Neshoto, a post-village of Manitoowoc co., 
 Wisconsin, on the West Twin river, 100 miles 
 N. from Milwaukee. It has several saw mills 
 moved by water-power. 
 
 Nesochaque River, of New Jersey, a 
 branch of Little Egg Harbor river, rises in 
 Camden county, flows in an E. S. E. course, 
 and unites with the other branches near 
 Pleasant Mills. 
 
 Nesquallt, or Nisquallt, a river of Wash- 
 ington Territory, flows between Pierce and 
 Thurston counties into the S. E. extremity 
 of Puget sound. The valley of this stream 
 is very rich, hut so heavily timbered as to be 
 an obstacle to settlement. 
 
 Nesquallt, or Nisqually, a settlement in 
 Pierce co., Washington Territory, on Puget 
 Sound. 
 
 Nesquehoning, a post-office of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Nestoeville, a post-office of Barbour co., 
 Virginia, 
 
 Netherland, a post-office of Overton co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Nether Providence, a township of Dela- 
 ware CO., Pennsylvania, 15 miles W. by S. 
 from Philadelphia. Population, 1494. 
 
 Nettlecarrier, a post-office of Overton 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Nettle Creek, a township in Randolph 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 596. 
 
 Nettle Lake, apost-office of Williams co.,0. 
 
 Nbuse, a river of North Carolina, which 
 rises in Person county, in the N. part of the 
 state. Next to Cape Fear river, it is the 
 largest stream which rises and terminates in 
 North Carolina. The whole length is about 
 300 miles, and the general direction is south- 
 eastward. After passing by Waynesborough, 
 Goldsborough, and Newbern, it empties itself 
 into the W. extremity of Pamlico sound, 
 through an estuary which is several miles 
 wide and more than 25 miles long. It is 
 navigable by steamboats for eight months of 
 the year from its mouth to Waynesborough. 
 over 100 miles ; smaller boats have ascended 
 about 200 miles. After it passes the middle 
 part of its course, the river flows through 
 sandy plains, which are occupied by exten- 
 sive forests of pitch pine. 
 
 Nevada, ni-vi'-da, a county towards the N. 
 part of California, contains about 900 square 
 miles. Drained by the Middle and South Yuba 
 which afford valuable water-power. The 
 surface in the E. part is mountainous, being 
 traversed by the Sierra Nevada or Snowy 
 range of California. The inhabitants are 
 principally engaged in mining, and compara- 
 tively but little attention has yet been paid 
 to agriculture. Barley, potatoes, cattle, 
 horses, and hogs are the principal productions 
 In 1852 there were raised 14,310 bushels of 
 barley, and 9950 of potatoes. There were 3838 
 workingoxen; 2268 beef cattle; 1738 cows ; 
 1304 horses, and 4279 hogs. Number of acres 
 under cultivation, 1537. Gold is abundant in 
 
 765 
 
NEV 
 
 NEW 
 
 this county, both in quartz veins and in 
 placers. There were 33 quartz mills, with a 
 capital of $3,385,425 ; and nearly $900,000 
 are employed in placer mining. Capital, Ne- 
 •vada City. Population, 21,365. 
 
 Nevada, a post-village of Green co., "Wis- 
 consin, 9 miles E. by N. from Monroe. 
 
 Nevada City, a post-town, capital of Ne- 
 vada CO., Cal., 180 miles, N. E. of San Fran- 
 cisco. Pop. in 1853, about 5000. 
 
 Nevans, a township in Vigo co., Indiana. 
 Population, 826. 
 
 Nevkrsink, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Sullivan co., N. Y. Pop., 2281, 
 
 Neversink Hills, or Highlands, New 
 Jersey, in Monmouth county, near the sea, 
 important only as a landmark for sailors. 
 
 Neversink River rises in Ulster county, in 
 the S. E. part of New York, and, running 
 through Sullivan county, falls into the Dela- 
 ware near Port Jervis. 
 
 Neville, a post-village of Clermont county, 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, 33 miles above Cin- 
 cinnati, contains a few stores, and about 300 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Nevin, a post-of&ce of Highland co., Ohio. 
 
 Nevisink PuIveb, of Monmouth co.. New 
 Jersey, iiows north-eastward, and empties 
 itself into the southern part of Sandy Hook 
 bay, at the base of Neversink Hills. Above 
 tide water it is called Swimming river. 
 
 Newago, a post-ofQce of Newago co., Mich. 
 
 New Albany, a post-village of Bradford 
 county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Albany, a thriving post-village of 
 Pontotoc county, Mississippi, on the Talla- 
 hatchie river, near its source, about 21 miles 
 N. by E. from Pontotoc. Cotton is shipped 
 here by means of small boats. 
 
 New Albany, a village of Franklin count}'', 
 Ohio, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 New Albany, a small post-village of Ma- 
 honing county, Ohio, 158 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 New Albany, a post-township in Floyd 
 county, Indiana. Population, 1714. 
 
 New Albany, a flourishing city, capital of 
 Floyd county, Indiana, on the right bank of 
 the Ohio river, 2 miles below the Falls, 3 
 miles below Louisville, and 136 miles below 
 Cincinnati. Lat. 38° 18' N., Ion. 85° 51' W. 
 It is the southern terminus of the New Albany 
 and Salem railroad, which extends to Michi- 
 gan City, 287 miles, and is nearly completed. 
 It is remarkable for its rapid growth and ac- 
 tive trade ; in fact, it may be considered the 
 most commercial town in the state excepting 
 Madison, which contains a nearly equal po- 
 pulation. Steamboats arrive and depart 
 daily to all points on the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi. The streets are wide and straight, 
 and furnished with pleasant sidewalks. The 
 town contains about 12 churches, a collegiate 
 institute, a Presbyterian theological semina- 
 ry, 2 banks, and 2 printing offices. Two 
 newspapers are published. Steamboat build- 
 766 
 
 ing is carried on more extensively here than 
 at any other place on the Ohio, scarcely ex- 
 cepting Cincinnati ; there are also manufac- 
 tories of iron, brass, bagging, &c. A plank- 
 road, 20 miles long, extends from New Al- 
 bany to Corydon. Laid out in 1813. About 
 1640 buildings have been erected in the city 
 within last the year. Pop. in 1840, 4226; in 
 1850, 8181 ; in 1853, about 14,000. 
 
 New Albion, a post-township of Cattaraugus 
 CO., N. Y., on the Erie railroad. Pop., 1633. 
 
 New Alexander, a post-village of Colum- 
 biana county, Ohio. 
 
 New Alexandria, a thriving post-borough 
 of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, on 
 the Lo.yalhanna creek, and on the turnpike 
 from Elairsville to Pittsburg, 36 miles E. 
 from the latter. It is one of the principal 
 places in the county, and has an active trade. 
 
 New Alexandria, a post-ofQce of Jefferson 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 NeviT Alsace, a thriving post-village of 
 Dearborn co., Indiana, 80 miles S. E. from 
 Indianapolis, is surrounded by a rich farm- 
 ing district. Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 New Alstead, a post-village in Cheshire 
 county. New Hampshire. 
 
 New Amsterdam, a post- village in Harri- 
 son county, Indiana, on the Ohio river, 125 
 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Antioch, a post-office of Clinton co.,0. 
 
 Newark, a post-township in Caledonia co., 
 Vermont, 44 miles N. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 434. 
 
 Newark, a township in the E. part of 
 Tioga county. New York. Population, 1983. 
 
 Newark, a flourishing post-village in Ar- 
 cadia township, Wayne county. New York, 
 on the Erie canal, about 36 miles E. by S. 
 from Rochester. It contains 4 or 5 churches, 
 a bank, a large Union school house, which 
 cost $9000, and several large warehouses. 
 The new Presbyterian church cost from 
 $10,000 to $12,000. Population in 1853, 
 estimated at 1400. 
 
 Newark, a city, port of entry, and seat of 
 justice of Essex county. New Jersey, is situ- 
 ated on the right bank of the Passaic, about 
 4 miles from its entrance into Newark bay, 
 and on the railroad connecting New York 
 with Philadelphia, 9 miles W. from the former, 
 and 78 miles N. E. from the latter; lat. 40° 
 45' N., Ion. 74° 10' W. This city, the largest 
 in the state, and one of the most flourishing 
 E. of the Alleghany mountains, is built chiefly 
 on a plain, terminated on the W. by an ele- 
 vation, or ridge of land, extending from the 
 northern to the southern extremity of the 
 town. It is regularly laid out, for the most 
 part, with wide, straight streets, intersecting 
 each other at right angles. Broad street, 
 the principal thoroughfare and seat of busi- 
 ness, is one of the finest avenues anywhere to 
 be met with. It is upwards of 80 feet in 
 breadth, and extends throughout the entire 
 length of the city, dividing it into two nearly 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 equal parts. Near its centre it is intersected 
 by Market street, which is also an important 
 thoroughfare, communicating with the prin- 
 cipal railroad depot. North of this, and bor- 
 dering on Broad street, are two beautiful 
 public squares, called the Upper and Lower 
 parks, each adorned with majestic elms. In 
 the vicinity of these parks are some of the 
 finest residences in Newark. Among the pub- 
 lic buildings deserving of notice, may be men- 
 tioned the Court House, a large brown stone 
 edifice, in the Egyptian style, at the inter- 
 section of Market with High street, and the 
 Market-street railroad depot. The latter is 
 a very imposing structure, adorned with a 
 colonnade on each side. The Library Building, 
 in Market street, is one of the finest edifices 
 in the city, and contains, besides the apart- 
 ment for the library, a large hall for pub- 
 lic lectures, concerts, &c., and in the third 
 story an Art-Union gallery. The literary in- 
 stitutions of Newark comprise the Library 
 Association, occupying the library building 
 above referred to: it maintains an annual 
 course of lectures on scientific subjects ; the 
 New Jersey Historical Society, founded in 
 1845 : its meetings are held alternately at 
 Newark and Trenton ; it has a library of 
 1200 volumes : the New Jersey Literary As- 
 sociation, founded in 1842, with provision for 
 monthly lectures ; the Association of Teachers 
 and Friends of Education, founded in March, 
 1853. The Wesleyan Institute has a fine brick 
 building, situated on the most elevated part of 
 High street. From the grounds is obtained a 
 beautiful view of the city and Passaic valley 
 for many miles. The institute, althoilgh organ- 
 ized buta few years since, now numbers up- 
 wards of 300 pupils, and is in a most prosper- 
 ous condition. Many of the churches are 
 splendid edifices. The Catholic church in 
 Washington street, the Methodist church in 
 Market street below Broad, and the new Pres- 
 byterian churches, one near the Lower park, 
 and the other in High street, all of which have 
 recently been erected, are scarcely surpassed 
 by any similar buildings in the country. The 
 three first are especially remarkable for their 
 lofty and graceful spires. Several large 
 church edifices are now in course of construc- 
 tion, among which may be mentioned the Me- 
 thodist Episcopal church in Broad street be- 
 low Market street; estimated cost, when com- 
 pleted, $80,000. There are, in all, about 40 
 churches of the various denominations. About 
 $17,000 are annually expended on the public 
 schools of Newark. There are 7 fine brick 
 school houses, one in each ward of the city ; 
 each of these contains 2 schools, one for either 
 sex. Number of pupils attending public 
 schools, about 2,500. A substantial edifice is 
 now in course of construction for the purpose 
 of organizing a high-school. Four or five 
 newspapers are published in the city, three 
 of which are dailies. There are also 4 banks, 
 with a capital of about $1,800,000, and seve- 
 
 ral insurance companies. Gas is used to light 
 the streets. 
 
 The rapid growth of Newark is chiefly 
 owing to its manufactures, for which it has 
 long been distinguished. This department 
 of industry is not generally controlled by 
 mammoth corporations, as in some of the 
 towns of New England, but includes a great 
 number of enterprising persons, who, with a 
 moderate capital, employ a few hands and do 
 a profitable business. There are, however, 
 several very extensive establishments, among 
 which may be mentioned those for the pro- 
 duction of India-riibber goods, 3 or 4 of car- 
 riages, 1 of omnibuses, and several of ma- 
 chinery and castings. Leather, boots, shoes, 
 saddles, harness, and clothing, have always 
 constituted an important part of the Newark 
 manufactures, the various branches of which 
 comprise nearly every article in use. The 
 commerce of the port is limited chiefly to thi. 
 coast trade. June 30, 1852, its shipping 
 amounted to an aggregate of 257|i tons re- 
 gistered, and 4848|| tons enrolled and li- 
 censed. Of the latter, all was employed in 
 the coast trade, and 1188|| tons in steam 
 navigation. The foreign arrivals for the 
 year were 21, (tons, 2304,) and the clearances 
 13, (tons, 1393.) During the period above 
 specified', 3 schooners and 1 steamer, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 296gij tons were ad- 
 measured. Railroad cars leave for New 
 York nearly every hour during the day. 
 Newark also has communication with the 
 metropolis by steamboats plying on the river, 
 and by a plank-road comi^leted in 1852. It 
 is likewise the eastern terminus of the Mor- 
 ris and Essex railroad, and of the Morris 
 canal. At the entrance of the latter into the 
 western suburb is a very steep inclined 
 plane, over which loaded boats are passed 
 and repassed by the application of water- 
 power furnished by the canal. Newark was 
 settled in 1666, by a company from New Ha- 
 ven and other towns in Connecticut. Popu- 
 lation in 1830, 10,950; in 1840, 17,290; in 
 1850, 38,983, and in 1853, about 45,500. 
 
 Newark, a post- village of Newcastle co., 
 Delaware, on the Wilmington and Baltimore 
 railroad, 12 miles W. S. W. from Wilmington. 
 It has 3 churches, an academy, and several 
 hotels, and is the seat of Delaware College, 
 which was founded in 1833. 
 
 Newark, a thriving post-village of Worces- 
 ter CO., Maryland, about 100 miles S. E. from 
 Annapolis. It has 4 stores and 2 hotels. 
 
 Newark, a post-office of Wirt co., Va. 
 
 Newark, a small post-village of White co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Newark, a handsome and flourishing town 
 in Newark township, and capital of Licking 
 CO., Ohio, is situated at the confluence of the 
 three forks of Licking river, and on the Ohio 
 canal, 37 miles E. from Columbus, and 24 
 miles W. by N. from Zanesville. A railroad, 
 117 miles long, connects the town with San- 
 
 767 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 dusky city. The site of Newark is level, the 
 streets are wide, and the houses are well 
 built. It is surrounded by a fertile and po- 
 pulous country, and has an active trade. 
 Newark contains 10 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices, 2 academies, 2 banks, and several 
 factories, and flour mills. This place at 
 present is the southern terminus of the San- 
 dusky, Mansfield, and Newark railroad, which 
 is to be extended to Portsmouth, on the 
 Ohio river. The Central Ohio railroad, when 
 finished, will connect it with Columbus on one 
 hand, and Wheeling on the other. Quarries 
 of sandstone are found in the vicinity, and 
 there is a large mine of cannel coal 8 miles 
 S. E. from the town. Laid out in 1801. 
 Pop., in 1850, 3654 ; in 1853, about 5000. 
 
 Newark, a township in Allegan county, 
 Michigan. Population, 121. 
 
 Newark, a small post-village of Warrick 
 CO., Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie canal, 
 about 14 miles N. E. from Evansville. 
 
 Newark, a thriving post-village of Kendall 
 CO., Illinois, about 60 miles W. S. W. from 
 Chicago, and 2 miles E. from Fox river. It 
 is situated on a fertile prairie. It is incor- 
 porated. Population in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Newark, a small village of Andrew cc. Mo. 
 
 Newark, a small post-village of Knox co., 
 Missouri, near the South Fabius I'iver, about 
 100 miles N. of Jefferson City. It has 1 
 church and 2 stores. 
 
 Newark, a village in Linn co., Iowa, on 
 Cedar river, 25 miles N. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Newark, a post-township in Rock county, 
 Wisconsin. Population, 855. 
 
 Newark, a small post-village in the above 
 township, 78 miles W. S. W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Newark, a thriving post-village of West 
 Bend township, Washington county, Wiscon- 
 sin, on Milwaukee river, about 38 miles 
 N. N. W. from Milwaukee city. The river 
 furnishes water-power near the village. It 
 has 4 stores, and 40 dwellings. The post- 
 office is called Barton. 
 
 Newark Valley, a post-village of Newark 
 township, Tioga co.. New York, on Owego 
 creek, about 10 miles N. E. from Owego. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
 New Ashford, a post-township in Berk- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 125 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston. Population, 186. 
 
 New Athens, a post-office of Clarion co.. Pa. 
 
 New Athens, a thriving post-village of 
 Harrison county, Ohio, 115 miles E. from Co- 
 lumbus. It is the seat of Franklin College, 
 which was established in 1825. Population 
 in 1850, 331. 
 
 Newaygo, a new county in the W. part of 
 Michigan, contains about 550 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Maskego river, and 
 also drained by the head-waters of Notipes- 
 kago and White rivers, and several smaller 
 streams. The soil is said to be of excellent 
 quality. Indian corn, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 768 
 
 duced 7200 bushels of corn ; 2230 of pota- 
 toes, and 122 tons of hay. County seat not 
 yet located. Population, 510. 
 
 New Babylon, a post-office of Paulding 
 county, Georgia. 
 
 New Baltimore, a post-township, forming 
 the N. E. extremity of Greene county, New 
 York. Population, 2381. 
 
 New Baltimore, a post- village in the above 
 township, on the W. bank of Hudson river, 
 16 miles below Albany. 
 
 New Baltimore, a post-village of Fauquier 
 county, Virginia, 105 miles N. by W. from 
 Richmond, has 1 church and 1 academy. 
 
 New Baltimore, a small village of Hamil- 
 ton county, Ohio. 
 
 New Baltimore, a post-village of Stark 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 New Barbadoes, a township of Bergen co.. 
 New Jersey, on the right bank of the Hack- 
 ensack river, about 17 miles N. from Jersey 
 City. Population, 2258. 
 
 New Bargan, or New Bargantown, a little 
 village of Monmouth county, New Jersey, 
 10 miles S. E. from Freehold. 
 
 New Bavaria, a post-office of Henry co., 0. 
 
 New Beacon, otherwise called Grand 
 Sachem, the highest summit of the High- 
 lands, is situated in Dutchess county, New 
 York, and has an elevation of 1685 feet. It 
 commands a very extensive view of the adja- 
 cent mountains and of the Hudson river. 
 The name is due to the circumstance that, 
 during the Revolutionary war, beacons were 
 erected on its top, as well as on those of the 
 neighboring hills. 
 
 New Bedford, a city, port of entry, and 
 semi-capital of Bristol county, Massachu- 
 setts, is situated on a small estuary formed 
 by Buzzard's Bay, 55 miles S. from Boston, 
 lat. 41° 38' 7" N., Ion. 70° 55' 49" W. The 
 city is regularly laid out, on an acclivity 
 commanding a beautiful prospect. It is built 
 largely of wood, though of late a more dura- 
 ble material has been much used. The 
 streets are generally adorned with shade- 
 trees, which, with the ornamental grounds 
 that enclose many of the dwellings, consti- 
 tute a very attractive feature. The upper 
 portion of the city is remarkable for its neat- 
 ness and elegance. Among the public edifices 
 the town hall may be mentioned as one of the 
 handsomest buildings devoted to civil pur- 
 poses in Massachusetts. It is a magnificent 
 granite structure, 100 feet in length, 60 feet 
 wide, and 3 stories high, costing $60,000, in- 
 cluding the ground. The custom house is a 
 fine granite edifice, containing the post-office. 
 There are in the city about 20 churches, of the 
 various denominations. Liberal means have 
 been provided for the support of education. 
 The Friends' Academy is a flourishing institu- 
 tion for young ladies, pleasantly situated, and 
 surrounded with beautiful groves. The pub- 
 lic schools comprise a high-school and about 
 35 others. Five or six newspapers are pub- 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 lished in New Bedford, 2 of which are dailies. 
 The Social Library, owned by a corporation, 
 contains about 5000 volumes. Next to Bos- 
 ton, New Bedford, in proportion to its popu- 
 lation, is perhaps the wealthiest city in New 
 England. It has a greater amount of ton- 
 nage employed in the whale fishery than any 
 other port of the United States. This busi- 
 ness was commenced here as early as 1764, 
 and successfully prosecuted till interrupted 
 by the war of the Revolution. Since that 
 event, with but few exceptions, it has been 
 constantly increasing. By the discovery of 
 the California gold mines, however, several 
 vessels were diverted from the whale fishery, 
 and fitted oiit for the port of San Francisco. 
 The shipping of the district, (New Bedford,) 
 June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 139,062|9 tons registered, and 10,145|| tons 
 enrolled and licensed. Of the former, 
 125,530;* I tons were employed in the whale 
 fishery, and of the latter, 9089 2 1 tons in the 
 coast trade. The foreign arrivals for the 
 year were 118, (tons, 27,940,) the clearances 
 for foreign ports 192, (tons, 58,340,) of which 
 174, (tons, 55,347,) were by American vessels. 
 The whole number of American vessels ar- 
 rived at New Bedford during the year ending 
 December 31, 1852, was 99, of which 59 
 were employed in the whale fisheries. The 
 value of sperm oil entered at the custom 
 house during the same period was $1,927,511, 
 of whale oil $1,040,829, and of whalebone 
 $444,318; total, $3,412,658. The amount of 
 duties collected on imported merchandise 
 was $24,979.95. The manufactures of New 
 Bedford are extensive and peculiar, being 
 mainly dependent upon the whale fishery. 
 There are in the town upwards of 20 esta- 
 blishments, employing a vast amount of capi- 
 tal, in the production of oil of the various 
 kinds, and candles, besides several planing 
 mills and manufactories of cordage, Prussian 
 blue, copper bolts, iron, &c. Coopering and 
 ship building are also extensively carried on. 
 During the year ending June 30, 1852, 
 14 ships, 1 schooner, and 8 brigs, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 5626^3^ tons were ad- 
 measured. The financial institutions are 4 
 banks, with an aggregate capital of about 
 $2,000,000. New Bedford is connected by 
 railroad with Fall River, Providence, and 
 Boston. It also has steamboat communica- 
 tions with Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. 
 Population in 1830, 7592; in 1840, 12,087; 
 in 1850, 16,448; and in 1853, about 17,500. 
 
 New Bedfokd, a post-village of Lawrence 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 240 miles W. N. W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 New Bedford, a post-village of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio, 99 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Newberg, a post-township in E. part of 
 Cass CO., Michigan. Pop., 175. 
 
 New Berlin, a post-township on the E. 
 border of Chenango co., N. Y. Pop., 2562. 
 
 New Berlin, a post-village in the above 
 2t 
 
 township, on the Uuadilla river, about 95 
 miles W. by S. from Albany. It contains 4 
 or 5 churches, and has manufactories of cot- 
 ton, iron, &c. 
 
 New Berlin, a post-borough, capital of 
 Union county, Pennsylvania, on Penn's creek, 
 an affluent of the Susquehanna river, 60 miles 
 N. from Harrisburg. It is pleasantly situated 
 in a fertile valley. It contains a brick court- 
 house, 4 churches, and several stores. Six 
 newspapers are published here. Laid out 
 about the year 1800, and formerly called 
 Longstown. Population in 1850, 741 ; in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 New Berlin, a small post-village of Stark 
 CO., Ohio, 124 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 New Berlin, a post-village of Milwaukee 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 New Berlin, a township in Waukesha 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 1298. 
 
 New Berlin Centre, a post-office of Che- 
 nango CO., New York. 
 
 New Berlin Iron-works, a small village 
 of Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Newbern, a post-village, capital of Pulaski 
 county, Virginia, on the Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee railroad, and the stage-route from 
 Baltimore to Nashville, 222 miles W. S. W. 
 from Richmond. The^ situation is elevated 
 and pleasant. The town has an active trade, 
 and contains 2 churches. Population, from 
 300 to 400. The New river, near Newbern, 
 passes along a vertical wall of rock, about 
 500 feet high and several miles in length, 
 called the " Glass Windows." 
 
 Newbern, a port of entry of North Caro- 
 lina, and capital of Craven county, is situated 
 at the confluence of the Neuse and Trent 
 rivers, about 120 miles S. E. from Raleigh, 
 and 50 miles above Pamlico sound. Lat. 
 35° 20^ N., Ion. 77° 5' W. It was for many 
 years the capital of the state. The Neuse 
 river, which is more than a mile wide at this 
 place, is navigated by steamboats about 8 
 months of the year. The entrance from the 
 sea is through Ocracoke inlet. Newbern 
 has a considerable trade. The chief articles 
 of export are grain, lumber, turpentine, tar, 
 and naval stores. The shipping of the port 
 June 80th, 1852: l,179|f tons, registered, 
 and 4,055f f tons, enrolled and licensed ; of 
 the latter, 3,814i| tons were employed in the- 
 coast trade, and 230|^ in steamboat naviga- 
 tion. The foreign arrivals for the year were 
 22, tons 2822. The clearances for foreign 
 ports were 24, tons 3151 ; all of which, were 
 in American bottoms. Dui-ing the year 3 
 vessels, with an aggregate burthen of 252||/ 
 tons, were admeasured. Newbern contains, be- 
 sides the county buildings, several churches, 
 2 banks, and a theatre. Two or three news- 
 papers are published here. Population in 
 1853, estimated at 4500. 
 
 Newbern, a post-village in Greene co., 
 Ala., 80 miles W. by N. from Montgomery. 
 
 Newbern, a post-office of Dyer co., Tena. 
 769 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Neweekn, a post-village of Bartholomew 
 CO., Indiana, on Clifty creek, 9 miles E. N. E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Newbekn, a post-officie of .Jersey cc, 111. 
 
 Newbeekt, a district in the N. W. central 
 part of South Carolina, has an area of 616 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Broad river, on the S. by the Saluda, and 
 drained by Ennoree and Little rivers. The 
 surface is diversified by hill and dale ; the 
 soil is fertile, and ■well watered. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, and grass, 
 are the staples. In 1850 this district pro- 
 duced 19,894 bales of cotton; 664,058 bush- 
 els of corn; 79,575 of wheat; 99,798 of 
 oats, and 79,132 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 10 grist mills, 5 saw and planing mills, 
 and 1 tannery. It contains 39 churches, 1 
 newspaper establishment, and 1181 pupils 
 attending public schools. It is intersected 
 by the Greenville and Columbia railroad. 
 Capital, Newberry. Population, 20,143, of 
 whom 7452 were free, and 12,688, slaves. 
 
 Neweerky, a post-village of Lycoming co., 
 Pa., 3 miles AV. from Williamsport. It has 
 several stores, and near 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Newberry, a township of York co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 10 miles 
 below Harrisburg. Population, 1936. 
 
 Newberry, a post-village, capital of New- 
 berry district. South Carolina, on the Green- 
 ville and Columbia railroad, 45 miles W. N. 
 W. from Columbia. Granite, of a beautiful 
 gray color, is abundant in the vicinity. It 
 contains a court house, a bank, a newspaper 
 office, and a number of stores. 
 
 Newberry, a post- village of Wayne co., 
 Kentucky, 120 miles S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Newberry, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Miami co., Ohio. Pop., 1690. 
 
 Newberry, a thriving post-village of 
 Greene co., Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie 
 canal, 10 miles S. from Bloomfield. 
 
 Newberrytown, a post-village of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles S. S. E. from Harris- 
 burg, has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 New Bethel, a post-office of Benton co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 New Bethel, a, post-village of Marion co., 
 Indiana, on the Michigan road, 9 miles S. E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Bethlehem, a small post-village of 
 Clarion co., Pennsylvania, on Red Bank 
 ci-«ek, about 60 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 New Bloo.mfield, a post-office of Perry 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Bloomfield, a post-village of Calla- 
 Avay CO., Missouri, 15 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Jefferfion city. 
 
 Newborn, a post- village in Newton co., 
 Creorgia, 50 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 New Boss'ok, a post-township in Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire, 20 miles S. by 
 W. from Concord. Population, 1477. 
 
 New Boston, a post-village in Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 770 
 
 New Boston, a post-village of Windham 
 CO., Connecticut, on the Quinebaug river. 
 
 New Boston, a post-office of Lewis co., N.Y. 
 
 New Boston, a post-office of Henry co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 New Boston, a village of Highland co., 
 Ohio, 64 miles E. by N. from Cincinnati. 
 
 New Boston, a post-office of Spencer co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 New Boston, a thriving post-village of 
 Mercer county, Illinois, is situated on the 
 Mississippi river, 156 miles N. W. from Spring- 
 field. It is a place of much activity in busi- 
 ness, at which a large quantity of produce is 
 bought and shipped. The adjacent country 
 is fertile, and rapidly improving. Popula- 
 tion, in 1853, about 600. 
 
 New Boston, a post- village in Lee co., 
 Iowa, 90 miles S. from Iowa City. 
 
 New Braintree, a township in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 60 miles W. from Boston. 
 Population, 852. 
 
 New Braunfels, a post-village, capital of 
 Comal CO., Texas, on Guadalupe river, about 
 32 miles N. E. from San Antonio. 
 
 New Bremen, a post-township of Lewis co., 
 New York, 10 miles N. E. from Martinsburg. 
 Population, 1510. 
 
 New Bremen, a post-village of Auglaize 
 CO., Ohio, on the Miami canal, about 100 
 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. Pop., 500. 
 
 New Bremen, a post-office of Cook co., 111. 
 
 New Bridge, a little village of Bergen co., 
 New Jersey, about 14 miles N. by W. from 
 Jersey City. 
 
 New Bridge, a post-village in Lumpkin 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 New Bridgeville, a post-office of York co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Brighton, a post-village of Richmond 
 county, New York, on New York bay, and 
 on the N. E. shore of Staten island, 6 miles 
 S. W. from New York. It is beautifully situ- 
 ated, and contains many fine country seats. 
 
 New Brighton, a thriving post-borough 
 of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, on the left 
 bank of Beaver river, about 3 miles from its 
 entrance into the Ohio, 28 miles N. W. from 
 Pittsburg. It is connected with Pittsburg by 
 the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad, and 
 with Lake Erie by canal, and is a place of 
 active business. The river furnishes abun- 
 dant water-power. Abridge connects the town 
 with Fallston on the opposite bank. New 
 Brighton contains several churches, and mills 
 and factories of various kinds. Population 
 in 1850, 1443 ; in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 New Brighton, a post-office of Fauquier 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 New Britain, a flourishing post-borough 
 of Hartford county, Connecticut, on the 
 Hartford, Providence, and Fishkjll railroad, 
 11 miles S. W. from Hartford, and 2 miles 
 W. from the station on the Hartford and New 
 Haven railroad. This beautiful borough, 
 built up within the last few years, owes its 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 prosperity almost entirely to its manufactures, 
 ■which comprise various articles of brass, tin, 
 and plated ware, hooks and eyes, &c. It is 
 handsomely laid out with an ornamental 
 square in the centre, on which front many 
 fine residences, a hotel, and several of the 
 churches. The hotel, called the Humphrey 
 House, opened January, 1851, cost, with its 
 furniture, upwards of .?3o,000. New Britain 
 is the seat of the state normal school, organ- 
 ized in 1849. The building, erected at a 
 cost of about $17,000, also contains the town 
 hall. Pop. of the township in 1850, 3029; 
 and of the boi'ough in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 New Britain, a post-office of Columbia cc, 
 New York. 
 
 New Britain, a township of Bucks co., 
 Pennsj'lvania, 5 miles W. from Doylestown. 
 Population, 1313. 
 
 New Brunswick, a city, capital of Middle- 
 sex county. New .Jersey, on the right, or S. 
 W. bank of the Karitan river, and on the 
 New Jersey railroad, 26 miles N. N. E. from 
 Trenton, and 30 miles S. W. from New York. 
 Lat. 40° 30' N., Ion. 74° 30' W. The ground 
 is low in the immediate vicinity of the river 
 but rises rapidlj^ as it recedes. The upper 
 part of the town is laid out with wide streets, 
 and contains many handsome buildings. 
 Rutger's College, of this place, was founded 
 in 1770. The building is of dark red free- 
 stone, situated on an eminence. The city 
 contains a theological seminary of the Dutch 
 Reformed Church, about 10 churches, of 
 which one is Roman Catholic, 2 banks, and 
 several seminaries for girls. Three news- 
 papers are published here. The New .Jersey 
 railroad crosses the Raritan by a bridge at 
 this place, connecting it with New York and 
 Philadelphia. New Brunswick is at the head 
 of navigation on the river, and the eastern 
 terminus of the Delaware and Raritan canal, 
 extending to Bordentown, 42 miles. This 
 canal is 75 feet wide and 7 dee}), and is na- 
 vigated by steamboats and sloops of 100 or 
 150 tons. The trade of this city is said to 
 be flourishing. New Brunswick is comprised 
 in the townships of North Brunswick and 
 Franklin, which together contained, in 1850, 
 18,070 inhabitants. 
 
 New Brunswick, a small village of Boone 
 CO., Indiana, on the State road from Lebanon 
 to Danville, 8 miles S. from the former. 
 
 New Brunswick, a village of Clay co., Ind., 
 on Eel river, 75 miles S. W. from Indiana.polis. 
 
 New Buda, a post-village of Decatur co., 
 Iowa, was settled by a company of Hunga- 
 rians under General Ujhazy. Population, 
 about 500. 
 
 New Buffalo, a post- village of Perry co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. bank of the Susque- 
 hanna river, 19 miles above Harrisburg, Po- 
 pulation, about 250. 
 
 New Buffalo, a post-township forming 
 the S. W. extremity of Berrien co., Michi- 
 gan. Population, 123. 
 
 New Buffalo, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth 
 of Galien river, and at the point where the 
 Central railroad first touches the lake, 63 
 miles E. from Chicago. It is a depot of lum- 
 ber and fruit for the Chicago market. 
 
 New Buffalo, a township in Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 224. 
 
 Newbueg, a post-township of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, about 48 miles N. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1399. 
 
 Newbueg, a post-town, semi-capital of 
 Orange co.. New York, on the AV. bank of 
 Hudson rivei-, 84 miles S. from Albany, and 
 61 miles N. from New York. La?t. 41° 31' N., 
 Ion. 74° 1' W. The ground on which it is 
 built rises, as it recedes from the river, to the 
 height of about 300 feet, commanding a fine 
 view of the Highlands, and of the river, which 
 is here one mile wide. The appearance of 
 the town, as seen from the water, is highly 
 interesting. A steam ferry connects it with 
 Fishkill, on the opposite bank, and a branch 
 railroad extends from this town to the New 
 York and Erie railroad, at Chester. Newburg 
 is well built, and contuins about 10 churches, 
 5 bankswith an aggrcg.ite capital of .$7S0,('0(', 
 an academy, a theological seminary of the 
 Associate Reformed Church, and niauy fine 
 residences. Three or foui' newspapers are 
 published here. It has large manufactories 
 of cotton, wool, machinery, and flour, with 
 plaster mills, foundries, tanneries, &e. Large 
 quantities of grain, flour, and dairy products 
 are bought here and shipped in steamboats 
 and sloops. The adjacent country is noted 
 for its extensive dairies, and the superior 
 quality of the butter produced in them. Pop. 
 of the township, 11,415. 
 
 JNewburg, a post-village of Cnmh(?rlan''. 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles S. W. from 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Newburg, a village of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 90 miles W. from Har- 
 risburg, and near the base of Broadtop 
 mountain. 
 
 Newburg, a post- village of Franklin co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Newbueg, a small post-village, capital ef 
 Lewis CO., Tennessee, 72 miles S. S. W. fropi 
 Nashville. It was laid out in 1850 or 1851, 
 at the organization of the county. 
 
 Newburg, a post- township in the N... E. 
 central part of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1342. 
 
 Newburg. a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the railroad, 6 miles S. E. from 
 Cleveland, has 2 churches. 
 
 Newbueg, a village in Jeiferson co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio river, 9 or 10 miles above Stea- 
 benville. 
 
 Newburg, a township in Miami co., Ohio 
 Population, 1302. 
 
 Newbueg, a township in the E. part of 
 Cass CO., Michigan. Population, 388. 
 
 Newburg, a small village of Shiawaseee 
 771 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 CO., Michigan, on the Shiawassee river, 7 
 miles S. E. from Corunna. 
 
 Newbcrg, a village of Fountain co., In- 
 diana, on Coal creek, 8 miles E. S. E. from 
 Covington. 
 
 Newbuer, a township in La Grange co., 
 Indiana. Population, 503. 
 
 Newbueg, a thriving post-village of War- 
 rick CO., Indiana, on the Ohio river, 13 miles 
 above Evansville. It is the largest place 
 in the county. One paper is issued here. 
 
 Newburg, a village in Boone co., Illinois, 
 near Kishwaukee river, 85 miles N. W. by 
 W. from Chicago. 
 
 Newbueg, a post-village in Pike co., Illi- 
 nois, 70 miles W. S. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Newbueg, a small post-village of Macon 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Newbueg, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee river, 30 
 miles N. from Milwaukee. It has 2 mills, 
 and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 New Burlington, a post-village of Clinton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Burlington, a post-ofBce of Delaware 
 CO., Indiana. See Burlington. 
 
 Newbury, a post-township in Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, 25 miles W. by N. from 
 Concord. Population, 738. 
 
 Newbury, a post-township in Orange co., 
 Vt., on the W. side of the Connecticut river, 
 25 miles S. W. from Montpelier. Pop., 2984. 
 
 Newbury, a post-township of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the S. side of the Merrimack 
 river, oi miles N. by E. from Boston. It is 
 intersected by the Eastern railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 4426. 
 
 Newbury, a post-office of York co.. Pa. 
 
 Newbury, a post-township in the S. W. 
 central part of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop., 1209. 
 
 Newbury, a township in the W. part of La 
 Grange co., Indiana. Population, 145. 
 
 Newburyport, a city, port of entry, and 
 one of the capitals of Essex county, Massa- 
 chusetts, 34 miles N. by E. from Boston, is 
 situated on the right bank of the Merrimack 
 river, and at the union of the Newburyport 
 with the Eastern railroad. Lat. 42° 48' 32" 
 N., Ion. 70° 52' 47" W. It stands on a gentle 
 acclivity, commanding a beautiful prospect, 
 and is laid out with great regularity, in the 
 form of a parallelogram. Near its centre, at 
 an elevation of GO feet above the surface of 
 the river, is a small pond, comprising an area 
 of about 6 acres. This has been surrounded 
 with a wall and terraced promenade, render- 
 ing it one of the most attractive features of 
 the place. The harbor of Newburyport is 
 spacious and safe, but obstructed at its en- 
 trance by a shifting sandbar. The town is 
 considered one of the pleasantest in New 
 England. The principal public buildings are 
 the custom hovise, a large granite structure 
 v.'ith an elegant Grecian portico ; the court 
 house ; the new city hall, a beautiful edifice, 
 cost ^35,000 ; and the churches, of which 
 
 there are 16 of the various denominations. 
 Besides 18 primary and 10 grammar schools, 
 there are 2 liberally endowed free schools. 
 The Putnam free school, dedicated April 12th, 
 1848, has a permanent fund of $50,000, the 
 income of which is appropriated to the bene- 
 fit of pupils, without regard to residence. The 
 newspaper press consists of 2 daily, a semi- 
 weekly, and a weekly issue. The citj con- 
 tains a Lyceum provided with lectures, and an 
 excellent library, just established. Gas light 
 has recently been introduced. 
 
 Newburyport formerly suffered severe com- 
 mercial reverses, but for many years past its 
 trade, both foreign and coastwise, has been 
 steadily increasing. The shipping of the 
 port June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 20,308if tons registered, and 9121|§ 
 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 
 1547 U tons were employed in the coast trade. 
 and7574|4 tons in the cod and mackerel fishe- 
 ries. The foreign arrivals for the year were 
 110 (tons, 9231,) of which 95 (tons, 5839) were 
 by foreign vessels. The clearances for foreign 
 ports were 116 — tons, 10,140, of which 6995 
 tons were in foreign bottoms. During the 
 year, 15 vessels, (8 of them ships,) with an 
 aggregate burthen of G137fi| tons were ad- 
 measured. 
 
 There are in the city 5 manufacturing cor- 
 porations, employing an aggregate capital of 
 $1,180,000, and from 1500 to 1600 hands. 
 The principal articles are cotton goods, of 
 which about 12,000,000 yards are annually 
 produced. There are also manufactures of 
 iron, machinery, leather, boots, shoes, &c. 
 Incorporated as a town in 1764; and in 1851 
 chartered as a city, including in its limits two 
 adjoining villages. There are 3 banks, with an 
 aggregate capital of $650,000, and a savings 
 institution, with deposites amounting to about 
 $600,000. The celebrated George Whitefield 
 died in Newburyport, September 30th, 1770. 
 Pop., in 1850, 11,318; in 1853, about 13,000. 
 
 Newburyport Lights, on the N. end of 
 Plumb island, Newburyport harbor, Massa- 
 chusetts. They are fixed, two in number, and 
 so constructed as to be easily moved, a circum- 
 stance rendered necessary by frequent shift- 
 ings of the bar at the mouth of the harbor. 
 Lat. 42° 48' N., Ion. 70° 49' 30" W. 
 
 Newby's Bridge, a post-office of Perqui- 
 mans CO., North Carolina. 
 
 New California, a post-office of Jackson 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 New California, a post-office of Union co. 0. 
 
 New California, a small post-village of 
 Grant co.. Wis., 12 miles E. from Lancaster. 
 
 New Canaan, a post-township of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut, about 35 miles S. W. by W. 
 from New Haven. Population, 2600. 
 
 New Canandaigua, a post-office of Oakland 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 New Canton, a post-village of Buckingham 
 CO., Virginia, on James river, at the mouth 
 of Slate rivei-, 63 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 New Canton, a post-village of Hawkins 
 CO., Tennessee, 275 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 New Carlisle, a flourishing post-village 
 of Bethel township, Clarke co., Ohio, is situ- 
 ated in a beautiful and fertile country, 55 
 miles W. from Columbus. The village has 4 
 or 5 churches. Population in 1850, 634; in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 New Carlisle, a post-village in St. Joseph 
 CO., Ind., 145milesN. by W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Carthage, a small post-village of 
 Madison parish, Louisiana, on Mississippi 
 river, 240 miles above Baton Rouge. 
 
 New Castine, a post-village of Darke co., 
 Ohio, 12 miles S. from Greenville. 
 
 New Castle, the northernmost county of 
 Delaware, bordering on Pennsylvania and 
 Maryland, contains about 520 square miles. 
 The Delaware river and bay form its eastern 
 boundary, separating it from New Jersey. It 
 is drained by Brandywine, Christiana, Red- 
 clay, Whiteclay, Appoquinnimink, Black- 
 bird, and Duck creeks. The surface is di- 
 versified with hill and dale ; the soil is pro- 
 ductive, and well cultivated. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, butter, and fruits 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1,066,377 bushels of corn; 319,012 of 
 wheat; 483,987 of oats; 121,846 of potatoes ; 
 24,417 tons of hay, and 766,803 pounds of 
 butter. The quantities of wheat, oats, po- 
 tatoes, hay, and butter were the greatest 
 produced by any county in the state. There 
 were 12 cotton factories, 4 woollen factories, 
 4 iron foundries, 2 iron forges, 7 machine 
 shops, 24 flour and grist mills, 3 paper, 8 
 powder, and 9 saw mills, 5 ship-yards, 5 tan- 
 neries, and 6 coach factories. It contained 
 73 churches, 8 newspaper offices, 4253 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 760 attending 
 academies or other schools. The county is 
 intersected by the Philadelphia, Wilmington, 
 and Baltimore railroad, the Frenchtown and 
 New Castle railroad, and by the Chesapeake 
 and Delaware canal. New Castle is the most 
 populous county in the state. Capital, New 
 Castle. Population, 42,780 ; of whom 42,386 
 were free, and 394, slaves. 
 
 New Castle, a post-township in Lincoln 
 CO., Maine, on the W. side of theDamariscotta 
 river, 25 miles S. E. from Augusta. Pop. 2012. 
 
 New Castle, a post-township of Rocking- 
 ingham co., New Hampshire, 44 miles S. E. 
 from Concord. It occupies an island com- 
 prising 458 acres, situated in Portsmouth 
 harbor, and connected with Portsmouth by a 
 bridge. Population, 891. 
 
 New Castle, a post-township and village 
 of West Chester co., New York, on the Har- 
 lem railroad, 40 miles N. N. E. from New 
 York. Population of the township, 1800. 
 
 New Castle, a post-borough, capital of 
 Lawrence county, Pennsylvania, on the She- 
 nango river, at the mouth of Neshannock 
 creek, and on the Beaver and Erie canal, 44 
 miles N. N. W. from Pittsburcr. The She- 
 
 nango river unites, about 2 miles below, with 
 the iNIahoning, and forms the Beaver river. 
 The Pittsburg and Erie railroad, now in 
 course of construction, passes through this 
 place, and the Cleveland and Mahoning rail- 
 road, when finished, will connect it with 
 Cleveland. It is a place of considerable 
 trade, and contains several iron foundries, 
 nail factories, glass works, flouring mills, and 
 2 extensive rolling mills. Two newspapers are 
 published here. 4 Incorporated in 1825. Po- 
 pulation, in 1850, 1614; in 1853-, about 1800. 
 
 New Castle, a post-township of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles N. N. Vf. from 
 Potts ville. Population, 1930. 
 
 New Castle, a post-borough in the above 
 township, 5 miles N. W. from Pottsville, with 
 which it is connected by a railroad. Popu- 
 lation, about 300. 
 
 New Castle, a post-borough, capital of 
 New Castle county, Delaware, on Delaware 
 river, 5 miles S. from Wilmington, and 42 
 miles N. from Dover. It is the eastern ter- 
 minus of the New Castle and Frenchtown 
 railroad. It contains a court house, town 
 hall, a bank, a public library, and churches 
 for the IMethodists, Presbyterians, Episco- 
 palians, and Roman Catholics. The railroad 
 company have a large manufactory of loco- 
 motives and other machinery. Population 
 in 1850, 1202; in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 New Castle, a post-village, capital of 
 Craig CO., Virginia, at the fork of Craig's 
 creek, 193 miles W. from Richmond, contains 
 1 or 2 churches, and an academy. 
 
 New Castle, a post-village of Wilkes co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 New Castle, a post-village of Hardeman 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 New Castle, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Henry county, Kentucky, is situated 
 near Drennon's creek, 26 miles N. W. from 
 Frankfort, and 4 miles from the Louisville 
 and Frankfort railroad. It is surrounded by 
 a rich farming community. Here is a semi- 
 nary for young ladies, having about 100 pu- 
 pils ; also a flourishing male academy, and 4 
 or 5 churches. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 New Castle, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop., 1712. 
 
 New Castle, a post-village of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio, 71 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 New CASTLE,asmallvillage of Morgan CO. ,0. 
 
 New Castle, a village of Richland co., 0. 
 
 New Castle, a township in Fulton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 657. 
 
 Newcastle, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Henry co., Indiana, on the Blue river, 
 42 miles E. by N. from Indianapolis. It 
 is the terminus of the Newcastle and Rich- 
 mond railroad, which is to be extended to- 
 wards Chicago. The Blue river affords an 
 excellent water-power. One or two newspa- 
 pers are published here. Population in 1850, 
 666; in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 New Castle, a post-office of Logan co.. 111. 
 773 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 New Castle, a post-office of Gentry co.,Mo. 
 
 New Centre, a post-office of York dis.,S.C. 
 
 New Centreville, a post-office of Oswego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 New Centretille, a post-office of Jennings 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 New Chambersburg, a post-office of Co- 
 lumbiana CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Chester, a post-village of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, 30 miles S. S. W. from Harris- 
 burg, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 New Church, a post-office of Accomack 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 New City, a village in Clarkstown town- 
 ship, and capital of Rockland co., New York, 
 3-5 miles N. from New York city. 
 
 New Columbia, a post-village of Union co., 
 I'ennsylvania, on the West branch of Susque- 
 hanna river, 16 miles above Sunbury. 
 
 New Columbus, a post-office of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Columbus, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Newcomb, a township in the W. part of 
 Essex CO., New York. Population, 277. 
 
 Newgomerstown, a thriving post-village 
 of Oxford township, Tuscarawas co., Ohio, 
 on the Tuscarawas river, and on the Ohio 
 canal, So miles N. E. from Columbus. Popu- 
 lation, 476. 
 
 Nem' Concord, a post-village of Callaway 
 CO., Ky., about 10 miles S. E. from Murray. 
 
 New Concord, a post-village of Muskingum 
 CO., Ohio, 15 miles E. N. E. from Zanesville. 
 I'opulation, 334. 
 
 New Corner, a post-office of Delaware co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 NewCorwin, a post-office of Highland CO., 0. 
 
 New Corydon, a post-village of Jay co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river, 105 miles E. 
 N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Creek, a post-office of Hampshire co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 New Creek Depot, a post-office of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Virginia. 
 
 New Cumberland, a thriving post- village 
 of Cumberland co., Pa., on the Susquehanna 
 river, about 4 miles below Harrisburg. It 
 has a nail factory and several flouring mills. 
 
 New Cumberland, a post-village of Han- 
 cock CO., Virginia, near the Ohio river. The 
 manufacture of firebricks is carried on exten- 
 sively in the vicinity. 
 
 New Cumberland, a post-village of Tusca- 
 rawas CO., Ohio, 110 miles E. N. E. fi-om Co- 
 lumbus. Population, about 250. 
 
 New Cumberland, a village of Grant co., 
 Indiana, on the Mississinewa river, 16 miles 
 S. E. from Marion, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 New Danville, a post-office of Rusk co. , Tex. 
 
 New Derby, a post-village of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pa., 45 miles E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 New Diggings, a post-township in Lafay- 
 ette co., Wisconsin. Population, 174L'. 
 
 New Diggings, a thriving post-village in 
 the above township, near Fevie river, 8 miles 
 774 
 
 N. N. E. from Galena, in Illinois. It is situ- 
 ated in the lead region, and many miners 
 are employed in the vicinity. It contains 3 
 churches, 7 dry-goods stores, nnd 1 smelting 
 furnace. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 800. 
 
 New Dungeness, a settlement of Jefferson 
 county, Washington territory, on the S. side 
 of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. It is prin- 
 cipally inhabited by coopers and persons en- 
 gaged in salmon fishing. 
 
 New Durham, a post-township in Strafford 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Coeheco railroad, 
 30 miles N. E. from Concord. Pop., 1049. 
 
 New Durham, a thriving post-village of 
 Hudson CO., New Jersey, 9 miles N. E. from 
 Newark, has 2 or 3 churches and about 600 
 inhabitants. 
 
 New Durham, a small village of Middlesex 
 CO., N. J., 34 miles N. E. from Trenton. 
 
 New Durham, a post-township of Laporte 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 794. 
 
 New Durham, a post-village of Laporte 
 CO., Indiana, 12 miles S. from Michigan City. 
 
 New Echota, a small village of Gordon 
 CO., Georgia, at the confluence of Coosewat- 
 tee and Connasauga rivers, about 80 miles 
 N. W. from Atlanta. It was formerly the 
 capital of the Cherokee nation. 
 
 New Egypt, a post-village of Ocean co., 
 New Jersey, 19 miles S. E. from Trenton, 
 has 2 or 3 stores and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Newell, a post-office of Anderson dis., S. C. 
 
 New England. See United States. 
 
 New England, a small village of Cumber- 
 land CO., New Jersej', on Cohansey creek, 20 
 miles S. E. from Salem. 
 
 New England, a small village of Blount co., 
 Tennessee, S. from Knoxville. It has water- 
 poM'er and a woollen factory. 
 
 New England Village, a post-village in 
 Worcester co., Massachusetts, 40 miles W. by 
 S. from Boston. 
 
 New Erin, a post-village in Stephenson 
 CO., Illinois, 135 W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 New Fairfield, a post-township in Fair- 
 field CO., Connecticut, 64 miles S. W. from 
 Hartford. Population, 927. 
 
 Newfane, a township in Windham co., 
 Vermont, 100 miles S. from Montpelier. Po- 
 pulation, 1304. 
 
 Newfane, a post-township of Niagara co., 
 N. Y., bordering on Lake Ontario. Pop. ,3271. 
 
 Newfane, a post-office of Fond du Lac 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 New Farmington, a post-office of Jackson 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Newfield, a post-township in York co., 
 Maine, 77 miles S. W. by W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1418. 
 
 Newfield, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Tompkins co., N. Y. Population, 
 3816. It contains a village of the same name. 
 
 New Florence, a small village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, on the Central 
 railroad and Pennsylvania canal, about G4 
 miles E. from Pittsburc;. 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Newfoundland, a post-office of Morris co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Nrw Franken, a post-office of Brown co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 New Frankfort, a post-village in Scott 
 CO., Ind., 85 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Franklin, a village of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 4 miles S. E. from Chambers- 
 burg. Population in 1853, about 200. 
 
 Nkw Franklin, a post-village of Stark co., 
 Ohio, 60 miles S. S. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 New Franklin, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 New Freedom, a post-office of York co.. Pa. 
 
 New Garden, a post-township in the S. 
 part of Chester co.. Pa. Pop., 1391. 
 
 New Garden, a post-office of Russell co., Va. 
 
 New Garden, a post-village of Guilford 
 CO., N. C, 98 miles AV. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 New Garden, a post-village of Columbiana 
 CO., Ohio, 145 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 New Garden, a post-township in Wayne 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1609. 
 
 New Garden, a post-village in Wayne co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Neav Garden, a post-office in Ray co., Mo. 
 
 New Gascony, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 New Geneva, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela river, 195 
 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. It has a 
 manufactory of glass, and several stores. 
 
 New Germantown, a post-village in Tewks- 
 bury township, Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 
 35 miles N. from Trenton, contains 2 churches, 
 several stores, and about 70 houses. 
 
 New Germantown, a post-village of Perry 
 CO., Pa., about 45 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 New Germantown, a village of Boone co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad from Indianapolis 
 to Lafayette, 19 miles N. W. from the former. 
 
 New Gilead, a post- village in Moore co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 New Glarus, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Green co., Wisconsin. Pop., 321. 
 
 Neav Glarus, a post-village in the above 
 township, 15 miles N. from Monroe. It has 
 1 church, and about 25 dwellings. 
 
 New Glasgow, a small post- village of Am- 
 herst CO., Va., 119 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 New Gloucester, a post-township in Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine, on the Atlantic and St. 
 Lawrence railroad, 38 miles S. W. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1848. 
 
 Neav Goshen, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind. 
 
 New Gosiienhoppen, a small villnge of 
 Montgomery co.. Pa., on Perkiomen creek, 
 about 21 miles N. N. W. from Norristo^vn. 
 
 New GoTTiNGEN, post-office, Guernsey co.,0. 
 
 New GRiEFENBERG, a post-office of Her- 
 kimer Co., New York. 
 
 New Granada, a post-village of Fulton co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Sideling Hill creek, about 
 72 miles W. from Harrisburg. It has a fine 
 water-power. 
 
 New Gretna, a post-office of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 New Guilford, a village of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 143 miles W. from Philadel- 
 phia. It has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 New Guilford, a post-village of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Hackensack, a post-office of Dutchess 
 CO., New York. 
 
 New Hagerstown, Ohio. See Hagerstown. 
 
 New Hamburg, a post-village of Dutchess 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson River railroad, 
 near the mouth of Wappinger's creek, 66 
 miles N. from New York. 
 
 New Hampshire, one of the New-England 
 States, and one of the original members of 
 the American confederacy, is bounded on the 
 N. by Canada East; E. by Maine and the 
 Atlantic ; S. by Massachusetts, and W. by 
 Vermont, from which it is separated by the 
 Connecticut river. It lies between 42° 40' and 
 45° 25' N. lat., and 70° 40' and 72° 35' W. Ion., 
 being nearly triangular in shape, having its 
 base on the S., where it is about 90 miles in 
 breadth, from whence it gradually tapers to 
 the N., with an average breadth of about 45 
 miles ; its extreme length from N. to S. is 
 near 185 miles, and its area 9280 square 
 miles, _or 5,939,200 acres, of which 2,251,488 
 only we're improved in 1850. 
 
 Population.- — The original population of 
 New Hampshire was almost exclusively of 
 English descent, and the rural districts still 
 remain without much intermixture ; but in 
 the large towns foreigners are creeping in to 
 some extent. This state had 141,899 inha- 
 bitants in 1790; 183,762 in 1800; 214,360 in 
 1810; 244,161 in 1820; 269,328 in 1830; 
 284,574 in 1840, and 317,964 in 1850, of 
 whom 155,902 were white males; 161,487 
 females ; 243 colored males, and 232 females. 
 There were, in 1850, 62,287 families, occupy- 
 ing 57,339 dwellings. Of the entire popula- 
 tion, 261,591 were born in the state; 42,636 
 in other states; 1469 in England; 8811 in 
 Ireland ; 478 in Scotland and Wales ; 2501 
 in British America ; 147 in Germany ; 69 in 
 France ; 96 in other countries, and 178 whose 
 places of birth were unknown — giving about 
 4|- per cent, of foreign birth. In the year 
 ending June 1, 1850, there occurred 4268 
 deaths, or about 13 in every 1000 persons. 
 In the same period, 3600 paupers received 
 aid, of whom 747 were foreigners, at an ex- 
 pense of nearly $44 to the individual. Of 
 deaf and dumb there were 163, all white ; of 
 blind, 136, two of whom were colored per- 
 sons ; 385 insane, all white, and 352 idiotic, 
 4 of whom were colored. 
 
 Counties. — This state is divided into 10 
 counties, viz. Belknap, Carroll, Cheshire, 
 Coos, Grafton, Hillsborough, Merrimack, 
 Ptockingham, Strafford, and Sullivan. Ca- 
 pital, Concord. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The principal towns are 
 Manchester, population in 1850, 13,932 ; 
 
 775 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Portsmouth, 9738 ; Concord, 8576 ; Dover, 
 8196; Nashua, 5820; and Exeter, Nashville, 
 Keene, Winchester, and Rochester, each con- 
 taining more than 3000 inhabitants. (The 
 population mostly includes the township in 
 which each town or village is situated.) 
 
 Face of the Country. — New Hampshire, with 
 one exception, contains the most elevated 
 land E. of the Mississippi ; Mount Washing- 
 ton, the highest peak of the White moun- 
 tains, rises 6226 feet above the level of the 
 sea. The White mountains proper extend 
 only from 14 to 20 miles, but isolated and 
 detached groups of the chain extend from 
 the N. of New Hampshire even into Con- 
 necticut. Tlie White mountains, which, on 
 account of their sublimity and grandeur, 
 have given to this region the cognomen of the 
 " Switzerland of America," lie in Coos county, 
 N. E. from the centre of the state. There are 
 several peaks in this group, viz. Mount Jef- 
 ferson, 5657 feet ; Mount Adams, 5759, and 
 Mount Madison, 5415 feet — N. E. from Mount 
 Washington ; and Mount Monroe, 5349 feet ; 
 Mount Franklin, 4850 feet ; and Mount Plea- 
 sant, 4712 ; besides several neighboring peaks 
 little inferior in altitude. In another group 
 20 miles S. W. of Mount Washington, is Mount 
 Lafayette, about 5500 feet high, the second 
 in point of interest in the White mountain 
 range. The whole state may be said to be 
 mountainous, hilly and broken, with the ex- 
 ception of a small portion in the S. E., which 
 extends from 20 to 30 miles from' the sea, 
 and is either level or gently undulating. 
 Of the mountains outlying from the great 
 central nucleus, there are the Blue Hills, in 
 the S. E., 1151 feet above the sea; Chocorua, 
 in Carroll county, 3358 feet ; Carrs, in Graf- 
 ton county, 1381 feet; Kearsarge, in Hills- 
 borough countj^ 3067 feet ; Monadnock, in 
 Cheshire county, 3718 feet; Andover, in Mer- 
 rimack county, 2000 feet; Pequaquet, 3367 
 feet, and Moosehillock, 4636 feet. 
 
 Geology. — The mountainous portions of 
 New Hampshire are mostly composed of gra- 
 nite and mica slate rocks. Granite predomi- 
 nates in the White mountains proper, and 
 mica slate in the southern mountains, parti- 
 cularly in the Great Monadnock and the 
 neighboring summits. According to Good- 
 rich, " Porphyritic granite occurs also in 
 boulder, and in rolled masses E. of the 
 southern ridge. A beautiful tine-grained 
 granite is found in many places, as at Con- 
 cord, Boscawen, and Hopkinton, and aflfords 
 admirable building stone. East of this great 
 ridge, mica slate, gneiss, and greenstone oc- 
 cur. In passing from Concord easterly to 
 Portsmouth, the following succession of rocks 
 may be observed : granite, 4 miles ; gneiss, 
 11 miles; mica slate, 14 miles; granite, 15 
 miles ; then gneiss, and lastly greenstone. 
 The direction of the strata is nearly N. E. and 
 iS. W. There is a remarkable alluvion forma- 
 tion through which the Merrimack passes, 
 776 
 
 and which embraces all the sandy plains, 
 which are covered with pine and black tim- 
 ber, in the neighborhood of the river. This 
 formation extends through Chelmsford to 
 Cambridge and Boston on the one hand, and 
 on the other it follows the course of the river 
 quite to the ocean, embracing large tracts of 
 land on either side. Rocks in some places 
 break through this alluvial deposite, but they 
 form no very high hills." 
 
 31inerals. — Of tse metallic ores, iron abounds, 
 especially at Lisbon ; the other ores are cop- 
 per, lead, zinc, and graphite or plumbago. 
 The non-metallic minerals are a fine build- 
 ing granite, gneiss, crystallized quartz, talc, 
 steatite, tourmalins, ochres, limestone, dif- 
 ferent kinds of spar, terra sienna, sulphur, 
 magnesia, beryls, garnets, jasper, manga- 
 nese, asbestus, and amethysts. There are 
 mineral springs of some note in several parts 
 of the state. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — The great river of New 
 Hampshire, as of all New England, is the 
 Connecticut, which rises in the extreme N., 
 and forms nearly the whole western boundary 
 of the state. The Merrimack rises in the 
 White mountains, and runs S. through the 
 middle of New Hampshire into Massachu- 
 setts, furnishing an abundant supply of wa- 
 ter-power to Manchester and other manufac- 
 turing towns on its banks. The Salmon Falls 
 and the Piscataqua (which is a mere widen- 
 ing of the former river near its mouth) form 
 part of the boundary between Maine and 
 New Hampshire, and empty into the Atlantic 
 ocean. The Androscoggin has a small part 
 of its course in the N. E. of this state, and 
 the Saco also has its source among the White 
 mountains, and runs S. E. into Maine. The 
 passage of the Saco near its head waters, 
 through the mountains, forms the celebrated 
 Notch. The Upper and Lower Amonoosuc 
 in the N., and the Ashuelot in the S., are the 
 principal tributaries of the Connecticut from 
 this state. The Margalloway, a feeder of 
 Lake Umbagog, has part of its course in the 
 N. E. of New Hampshire. The Contoocook, 
 Souhegan, and Nashua are tributaries of the 
 Merrimack from the W. The last two have 
 their origin in Massachusetts. The Winue- 
 piseogee (the outlet of the lake of that name) 
 and the Pemigewasset are the chief sources 
 of the Merrimack. The Cocheco is a branch 
 of the Salmon Falls. The Lamprey and 
 Exeter discharge their waters into the Pis- 
 cataqua proper. The Merrimack and its 
 branches and the Salmon Falls abound in 
 cataracts that furnish great water-power, 
 which has been extensively applied to manu- 
 facturing purposes at Manchester, Dover, 
 Nashua, and other towns on their banks. 
 
 Prominent among the lakes of New Hamp- 
 shire is Lake Winnipiseogee, the largest and 
 most picturesque in the state. It is very ir- 
 regular in its shape, being indented with nu- 
 merous bays. It is about 25 miles long by 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 from 1 to 10 in width. It lies E. of the 
 middle of the state, is very deep, has very 
 pure and clear water, and is thought by 
 some to rival Loch Lomond in picturesque 
 beauty. Umbagog lake, about 18 miles long 
 by 10 wide, the source of the Androscoggin, 
 on the boundary between New Hampshire 
 and Maine ; Connecticut, the source of the 
 river of that name, in the N. ; Squam lake, 
 a tributary of the Merrimack, in the middle; 
 Sunapee, an afi&uent of the Connecticut, in 
 the S. W. of the state, and Ossipee, discharg- 
 ing itself into the Saco, are the other princi- 
 pal lakes in New Hampshire. 
 
 The widening of the Piscataqua, and a 
 sheet of water connected with it, are the 
 only bays of importance. 
 
 Islands. — A group of small islands in the 
 Atlantic, about 18 miles from the shore, 
 called the Isles of Shoals, belong to New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — New Hamp- 
 shire stands pre-eminent in this respect 
 among the states E. of the Mississippi river. 
 The White mountains, already referred to, 
 attract more tourists than any other natural 
 object in the United States, excepting only 
 Niagara Falls. The traveller may journey 
 for weeks through its wild scenery, with a 
 constant succession of grand objects to in- 
 terest his mind. The fashionable route is to 
 enter New Hampshire by the Boston and 
 Montreal railways, (which coasts the pictu- 
 resque shores of the Merrimack, with rugged 
 hills in the foreground, and mountains in the 
 distance,) and proceed to Weir's, on Lake 
 Winnipiseogee ; then take the steamboat, 
 and, ha-\ang made the circuit of the lake, 
 enter the stage for Conwaj', on the E. side 
 of the White mountains, and from thence, by 
 another stage, through the celebrated Notch, 
 to the Notch House, which stands in the very 
 jaws of the pass. The return is by the 
 Franconia Notch, (about 26 miles S. VV. of 
 the White Mountain Notch,) and S. down the 
 valley of the Pemigewasset, to Plymouth, or 
 back to Lake Winnipiseogee, according as the 
 tourist wishes to direct his steps thereafter. 
 This journey may be reversed, with about an 
 equal amount of pleasure, though the route 
 indicated above is the one more commonly 
 taken. The White Mountain Notch is a pass 
 of great celebrity. Coming from the N. or 
 W., you enter it by an opening only 23 feet 
 in width, between two perpendicular rocks, 
 one 20 and the other 12 feet high. The in- 
 fant Saco trickles its way through this narrow 
 opening, gradually expanding as it proce'eds 
 down the pass, and receiving other tributaries 
 from the mountain-sides, which form the walls 
 of the gorge, and which tower to the height 
 of about 2000 feet above the bed of the Saco. 
 In this pass occui-red, in 1826, the landslide 
 which destroyed the Willey family. The more 
 wild and abrupt parts of the Notch extend 
 for 2 or 3 miles from its entrance at the 
 
 Notch House. Mount Washington is ascended 
 on horseback from the Notch House, by a 
 bridle path, first climbing Mount Clinton 
 — in immediate proximity to the hotel — for 
 2J miles, and then coasting the E. side of the 
 peaks of Mount Pleasant, Mount Franklin, 
 and Mount Monroe, for 4 miles farther, occa- 
 sionally ascending a rough, steep ridge, and 
 again descending, now riding on the verge of 
 a vast ravine of several hundred feet in 
 depth, and now on the crest of a ridge com- 
 manding a view of both sides of the chain^ 
 we arrive at the foot of Mount Washington, 
 1500 feet Xn perpendicular, and about one mile 
 in inclined ascent, above the base of the cone 
 or peak, and 6226 feet above the sea. This 
 is the most difficult, though scarcely dan- 
 gerous part of the ascent, as it is little else 
 than riding on horseback over a pile of rocks 
 of every variety of size, cast together as if 
 hurled there by the Titans, in war or at plaj'. 
 From the summit, if the day be clear, is 
 afforded a view unequalled, perhaps, on the 
 eastern side of the North American continent. 
 Around you, in every direction, are confused 
 masses of mountains, bearing the appearance 
 of a sea of molten lava suddenly cooled whilst 
 its ponderous waves were yet in commotion. 
 On the S. E. horizon gleams a rim of silver 
 light — it is the Atlantic ocean, 65 miles dis- 
 tant — laving the shores of Maine. "Lakes 
 — of all sizes, from Lake Winnipiseogee to 
 mere mountain ponds — and mountains be- 
 neath you gleam misty and wide." Far off 
 to the N. E. is Mount Katahdin. In the 
 western horizon are the Green Mountains of 
 Vermont, and to the S. and S. W. are Mount 
 Monadnock and Kearsarge or Kiarsage, while 
 the space between is filled up with every 
 variety of landscape, mountain and hill, plain 
 and valley, lake and river. 
 
 Those to whom it is an object to reach 
 Mount Washington with as little stage-riding 
 as possible, may be landed at Gorham by the 
 Portland and Montreal railway cars, within 
 5 miles of the base of the mountain. The 
 Franconia Notch is deemed by many quite as 
 interesting as the White Mountain Notch. 
 Near it are many agreeable accessories not 
 to be found in the latter ; among which are 
 Echo lake, just at the northern entrance of 
 the gorge, and the " Old Man of the Moun- 
 tain," a well-defined profile of a human face, 
 1000 feet above the level of the pass. The 
 Basin, (with a rock worn into an exact re- 
 semblance of the lower joint of the tliigh^ 
 bone,) 4 miles S. of the Notch, is a pool of 
 beautifully transparent water. One mile be- 
 low this, again, in the vicinity of the Flume 
 House, is the celebrated Flume, a narrow 
 gorge or opening in the rocks, only a few feet 
 in width, and from 70 to 120 in height, 
 through which flows a small tributary of the 
 Pemigewasset ; below this is a cascade of 616 
 feet in length, which in the spring and fall 
 freshets is an object of great interest. In 
 
 777 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 the same neighborhood is the Pool, (a basin 
 formed by a small fall in the Pemigewasset,) 
 ■which is about 60 feet in diameter, and 40 
 feet deep, surrounded by mural precipices 
 150 feet in height. The clear water, render- 
 ing the gravelly bottom perfectly visible, and 
 the surrounding accompaniments of scenery, 
 make this a delightful place of resort to those 
 staying at the Flume House, the largest and 
 one of the best-appointed houses among the 
 mountains. The Flume, the Basin, and the 
 Pool, are all -within an agreeable walking 
 distance from this hotel. Mount Lafayette — 
 only 700 feet inferior in altitude to Mount 
 Washington — is also ascended from the same 
 house, which has the further advantage of 
 being within a five-mile ride of the Franconia 
 Notch, and of a view of more than 30 miles 
 in extent down the valley of the Pemigewas- 
 set, which is hemmed in on each side by 
 lofty hills and mountains. The other de- 
 tached mountains scattered over New Hamp- 
 shire, would in any other state, not oversha- 
 dowed by Mount Washington and his court, 
 merit conspicuous notice. Dixville Notch, 
 about 46 miles N. of Lancaster, is said to be 
 but little inferior to the two great passes 
 already described. New Hampshire shares 
 with Vermont the beautiful river Connecti- 
 cut, whose shores are often grand, and sel- 
 dom tame. Bellows Falls, in this river, on 
 the S. W. border of the state, are formed by 
 the contraction of the river bed to about 20 
 feet on the W. side at low water, through 
 which the stream rushes with great violence. 
 At high water it flows in the eastern as well 
 as western channel. These beds are sepa- 
 rated by a huge rock. The entire descent in 
 half a mile is 42 feet. At Amoskeag, the 
 Merimack descends 50 feet in three successive 
 pitches. In the White Mountain Notch is a 
 cascade which winds down the face of the 
 mountain, through a fall of 800 feet, giving, 
 after copious rains, an additional interest to 
 the scene as it glides or leaps over the dif- 
 ferent stages of its descent. There are two 
 interesting falls in the Amonoosuc, within a 
 pleasant drive from the Notch House. 
 
 Climate.- — The climate of New Hampshire 
 is severe, and the winters long, but less sub- 
 ject to frequent changes than in other 
 Northern States of a lower latitude. The 
 snow lies late among the mountains, and 
 exercises some effect on the temperature of 
 other parts of the state. In the higher gorges 
 it may be found in patches of half an acre's 
 extent in July. The snow begins to fall and 
 the rivers to freeze in November. The snow 
 lies into April in the S., and often till May 
 in the N. The springs are damp and foggy, 
 but the state enjoys a bracing and healthy 
 air, and is remarkably free from epidemics. 
 
 Soil and Produciions. — The soil of this state 
 
 generally is not of a liighly fertile character, 
 
 though New-England industi-y and economj' 
 
 have wrung from its stony bosom valuable 
 
 778 
 
 products. The best lands are in the valleys 
 of the rivers, which are occasionally over- 
 flowed, especially in the valley of the Con- 
 necticut. The northern portion is but little 
 cultivated. The hills afford valuable pas- 
 turage for cattle and sheep. Wheat, rye, 
 oats, Indian corn, barley, buckwheat, Irish 
 potatoes, peas, beans, fruits, butter, cheese, 
 hay, hops, wool, maple sugar, beeswax, and 
 honey are produced in considerable quanti- 
 ties, and some tobacco, wine, grass-seeds, 
 flax, silk, and molasses. In 1850 there were 
 in New Hampshire 29,229 farms, containing 
 251,488 acres of improved land, (or about 
 75 acres to each farm,) yielding 185,658 
 bushels of wheat ; 183,117 of rye ; 1,573,670 
 of Indian corn; 70,856 of peas and beans; 
 4,304,919 of Irish potatoes, (the greatest 
 yield, in proportion to population, in the 
 Union, except Vermont;)' 70,256 of barley; 
 65,265 of buckwheat; 1,108,476 pounds of 
 wool; 6,977,056 of butter; 3,196,563 of 
 cheese; 257,174 of hops; 1,294,863 of maple 
 sugar; 117,140 of beeswax and honey ; value 
 of market products, $56,810; orchard pro- 
 ducts, $248,563; live stock, $8,871,901 ; and 
 slaughtered animals, $1,522,873. 
 
 Forest Trees. — There is a dense growth of 
 forest-trees on the lower slopes of the moun- 
 tains, consisting of oak, white pine, fir, hem- 
 lock, beech, maple, walnut, &c. ; while on 
 the lowlands grow elm, birch, poplar, ash, 
 cherry, locust, hornbeam, &c. The rock 
 maple yields abundance of sugar, and the 
 pine, of which there are several varieties, 
 furnishes an ample supply of lumber. The 
 latter tree often attains the height of 200 feet. 
 
 Manufactures. — New Hampshire is largely 
 engaged in manufactures, great water-power 
 being furnished by the Merrimack, Cocheco, 
 and other rivers, on whose banks ,are the flou- 
 rishing manufacturing towns of Manchester, 
 Dover, Nashua, Nashville, and others. By 
 the census of 1850, there were 3301 manu- 
 factories, each producing $500 and upwards 
 annually, of which 44 were engaged in cotton 
 manufactures, employing 2911 male, and 9211 
 female hands, and $10,950,000 capital, con- 
 suming raw material worth $4,839,429, and 
 producing 113,106,247 yards of stuffs, and 
 140,700 pounds of yarn, valued at $8,830,619 ; 
 61 woollen factories, employing 926 male, and 
 1201 female hands, $2,437,700 capital, con- 
 suming raw material worth $1,267,329, and 
 producing $9,712,840 yards of stuffs, and 
 165,200 pounds of yarn, valued at $2,127,745; 
 29 iron foundries, furnaces, &c., employing 
 390 male hands, $238,700 capital, consuming 
 raw material worth $187,560, and producing 
 6074 tons of pig, cast, and wrought iron, va- 
 lued at $388,100, and 163 tanneries, employ- 
 ing $441,975 capital, consuming raw material 
 worth $543,779, and producing leather valued 
 at $900,421. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — New Hampshire is 
 crossed by railroads in all directions, by lines 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 uniting Boston with Monti'eal and Porllnncl, 
 and Portland again with Montreal. Some 
 connect with railroads to New York city and 
 Albany, giving the citizens of New Hampshire 
 access to all the intermediate towns of im- 
 portance in Vermont, Massachusetts, and 
 Connecticut, while others interlock with iron 
 roads leading to most of the important places 
 in New England. In January, 1853, there 
 were in this state 624J miles of railroad com- 
 pleted, and 41 in course of construction. — See 
 Table of Railroads and Canals, Appendix. 
 
 Commerce. — Though New Hampshire has 
 one of the best harbors in the United States, 
 she has but little foreign commerce — less in- 
 deed than in former years. Nor has she any 
 river favoring internal navigation in vessels 
 larger than keel-boats for any considerable 
 distance. The Connecticut and Merrimack, 
 by aid of locks, may be ascended, the former 
 for 270 miles from Long Island sound, and 
 the latter for 40 miles within the state. The 
 foreign exports from New Hampshire in 1852, 
 amounted only to $69,458, and imports to 
 $83,319. Of course this only includes the 
 imports and exports of her own ports, but a 
 much larger amount doubtless passes through 
 the ports' of neighboring states. This state, 
 however, possesses a considerable amount of 
 shipping, and builds and sends forth a large 
 number of vessels that are owned elsewhere. 
 The tonnage owned in the state in the year 
 above named was 24,891f-|, of which 2283^^ 
 were engaged in the cod and mackerel fish- 
 eries. The number of vessels built was 14, 
 having an aggregate capacity of 9515§| tons. 
 The principal articles of export are lumber, 
 live stock, wool, fish, beef, pork, pot and pearl 
 ashes, and granite. 
 
 Education. — Popular education is under 
 the direction of county school commissioners, 
 who form a state board of education. In 1852, 
 71,232 pupils attended the winter schools, and 
 58,805 the summer schools. In the same year 
 there was raised by taxation for the support 
 of common schools, $150,527.76, and from 
 other sources, $39,398.03. A building is 
 now being erected at Concord by the ,state 
 for a manual labor school, capable of accom- 
 modating 300 boys. There were in 1852, 1 
 college in New Hampshire, with 237 students 
 and 25,000 volumes in its library ; 3 theolo- 
 gical schools, with an aggregate of 99 stu- 
 dents and 8300 volumes, and 1 medical 
 school with 45 students. — See Table of Col- 
 leges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of 602 churches in 
 New Hampshire in 1850, the Baptists of differ- 
 ent sects owned 180; Christians, 23; Congre- 
 gationalists, 172 ; Episcopalians, 11; Friends, 
 15; Methodists, 99; Presbyterians, 13; Union 
 Church, 32 ; Unitarians, 13 ; Universalists, 
 86; Free Church, 2 ; Roman Catholic, 2; Se- 
 cond Advent, 4 ; giving 1 church to every 528 
 persons. Value of church property, §1,401,586. 
 — See Table of Religions, Appendix. 
 
 Public Tnsilhitions. — New Hampshire Asy- 
 lum for the Insane at Concord has been 
 (1853) in existence about ten years, during 
 which it has received 923 patients, of whom 
 118 now remain in the asylum, 107 were ad- 
 mitted during the year, and 106 dismissed, 
 66 of whom were cured. The state peniten- 
 tiary at Concord had 111 inmates in May, 
 1852, three only of whom were females. 
 There is a library for the use of the prison- 
 ers of GOO volumes. The receipts of 1852 
 exceeded the expenditures by §1484.51. For 
 manual labor school, see Education. This 
 state contributed $550 for educating the 
 blind, and $2162 for the deaf and dumb, in 
 institutions of other states. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^'c. — The governor is 
 elected by the people annually', and receives 
 a salary of $1000 per annum. The senate 
 consists of 12, and the house of representa- 
 tives of 286 members, also chosen annually 
 by the people. 
 
 The judiciary consists — 1. Of a supreme 
 court, composed of one chief and four asso- 
 ciate judges, which holds its sessions twice a 
 year at Concord. 2. Of courts of common 
 pleas, and courts of probate. The cliief 
 justice of the supreme court receives $1400 ; 
 and each of the others, and the circuit justices 
 of the common pleas, $1200 per annum. The 
 judges of the common pleas receive $3 per 
 day during the session of the courts, and ten 
 cents per mile for travel. The superior court 
 has chancery powers, and determines ques- 
 tions of law, and receives petitions for di- 
 vorce. Two judges of this court, or one 
 superior and one circuit judge, must be pre- 
 sent at the trial of capital cases. The assessed 
 value of property in 1850 was $92,177,959 ; 
 public debt in 1852, $75,732 ; ordinary ex- 
 penses, exclusive of debt and schools, $80,000. 
 In January, 1853, New Hampshire had 31 
 banking institutions, with an aggregate capi- 
 tal of $3,076,000 ; a circulation of $2,625,707, 
 and $175,156 in coin. The aggregate capital 
 of tlie savings' institutions was $2,132,218. 
 
 History. — New Hampshire was first settled 
 near Portsmoutli in 1623, and was several 
 times connected with Massachusetts up to 
 1679, when it became a royal province, but 
 renewed its connection with Massachusetts in 
 1689, and was for a short time attached to 
 New York; but finally, in 1741, became an 
 entirely separate province, and so remained 
 till the Revolution. New Hampshire was 
 much harassed by the Indians, and in 1689 a 
 party of them attacked Dover, (in revenge 
 for some executions of part of their number 
 13 years before,) killed many of the whites, 
 and burnt the town. No importaYit action 
 took place on the soil of this state, either in 
 the war of the Revolution or that of 1812. 
 
 New Hampton, a post-township of Belknap 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the left side of the 
 Merrimack river, 33 miles S. by W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1612. 
 
 779 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 New Hampton, a post-village of Orange co., 
 New York, on. the W. bank of the Walkill 
 river, where it is crossed by the New York 
 and Erie railroad, 74 miles from N. Y. city. 
 
 New PIajiptox, a small post-village of Hun- 
 terdon CO., New Jersey, on the New Jersey 
 Central railroad, about 16 miles N. N. W. from 
 Flemington. 
 
 New Hanover, a county in the S.E. part 
 of North Carolina, bordering on the Atlantic 
 at the mouth of Cape Fear river ; area esti- 
 mated at 1000 square miles. The Cape Fear 
 and South rivers form the S. W. boundary, 
 and the North branch of the former flows 
 through the county. The surface is level ; 
 the soil is sandy and rather poor, excepting 
 the margins of the rivers. The staples are 
 Indian corn, rice, turpentine, resin, and tar. 
 In 1850 this county produced 215,488 bushels 
 of corn; 163,002 of sweet potatoes, and 
 1,413,525 pounds of rice. There were 6 saw 
 mills, 4 saw and planing mills, 14 turpentine 
 distilleries, 25 tar and turpentine manufac- 
 tories, and 2 ship-yards. Ii contained 19 
 churches, 6 newspaper offices; 1170 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 323 attending 
 academies or other schools. The county 
 contains large forests of pitch pine. It is in- 
 tersected by the Weldon and Wilmington rail- 
 road. Capital, Wilmington. Formed in 1728. 
 Population, 17,668, of whom 9087 were free, 
 and 8581, slaves. 
 
 New Hanover, a new township of Burling- 
 ton CO., New Jersey. Population, 2245. 
 
 New Hanovee, a post-townsliip of iNIont- 
 gomeryco., Pa., 64 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 1635. 
 
 Newhard's, a post-office of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Harmony, a post-office of Brown co., 0. 
 
 New Harmony, a thriving post-village of 
 Posey CO., Indiana, on the Wabash river, 15 
 miles N. from Mount Vernon. It was first 
 settled in 1814 by Frederick Rapp and a co- 
 lony of Germans from Pennsylvania. They 
 purchased a large tract of rich land, planted 
 orchards and vineyards, erected mills and ma- 
 nufactories, and built about 200 dwellings. 
 In 1825, Robert Owen, purchased the town for 
 the purpose of making an experiment in so- 
 cialism. As might have been expected, it 
 was entirely unsuccessful. A plank-road ex- 
 tends to Mount Vernon. Population in 1853, 
 about 400. 
 
 New Harrisburg, a small post-village of 
 Carroll co., 0., 6 miles N. W. from Carrollton. 
 
 New Harrison, a post-office of Darke co., 0. 
 
 New Hartford, a post-township of Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut, about 20 miles N. W. 
 by W. from New Haven. Population, 2643. 
 
 New Hartford, a thriving post-village in 
 above township, on an affluent of the Fai'ming- 
 ton river, about 20 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Hartford. It contains 2 churches and 8 stores. 
 
 New Hartford, a post-township in the S. 
 E. part of Dneida co., New York. Pop., 4847. 
 780 
 
 New Hartford, a post-village in the above 
 township, near the Chenango canal, 4 miles 
 W. by S. from Utica. It contains several 
 churches and cotton factories. Population, 
 estimated at 1000. 
 
 New Hartford, a post- village in Pike co., 
 Illinois, about 80 miles W. S. W. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 New Hartford Centre, a post-village of 
 Litchfield co., Connecticut, contains 1 or 2 
 churches. 
 
 New Haven, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Connecticut, has an area of about 620 
 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by 
 Long Island sound, and on the S. W. by the 
 Housatonic river, and is drained by the Nau- 
 gatuck and Quinepiack rivers, and other 
 smaller streams, which turn numerous grist 
 and saw mills. This county has some excel- 
 lent hai'bors, affording great advantages for 
 navigation and the fisheries. Some attention 
 is also paid to manufactures. The surface is 
 uneven, and in some parts hilly. The soil is 
 various, but generally good. Indian corn, 
 potatoes, rye, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 225,881 bushels 
 of corn; 445,125 of potatoes ; 112,727 of rye ; 
 67,176 tons of hay, and 943,915 pounds of 
 butter. There were 12 foundries, 32 hard- 
 ware establishments, 6 India-rubber and 37 
 boot and shoe manufactories, 4 cutlerj', 3 edge- 
 tool, and 3 pin manufactories, 3 cotton and 7 
 woollen factories, 6 brass foundries, 3 cop- 
 per and 12 iron foundries, 11 grist, 6 paper, 
 15 saw and planing mills, and 12 tanneries. 
 It contained in that year 103 churches, 15 
 newspaper offices, and 9613 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 1832 attending academies 
 and other schools. • The Housatonic river is 
 navigable for steamboats 12 miles to Derby. 
 The county is traversed by the New Haven, 
 Hartford and Springfield, the New Haven and 
 Northampton, and the Naugatuck railroads, 
 and partly intersected by connecting lines of 
 the New York and New Haven, and New 
 Haven and New London railroads. Capital, 
 New Haven. Population, 62,126. 
 
 New Haven, a post-township of Addison 
 CO., Vermont, on the N. side of Otter creek, 
 about 32 miles S. W. by W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1663. 
 
 New Haven, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Rutland and Burlington 
 railroad, about 30 miles S. W\ by W. from 
 Montpelier. 
 
 New Haven, a city, port of entry, seat of 
 justice of a county of its own name, and semi- 
 capital of Connecticut, is situated in a beauti- 
 ful plain, at the head of New Haven bay, 4 
 miles from its entrance into Long Island 
 sound. It is 100 miles S. W. from Boston, 
 and 76 miles N. E. from New York, being iu 
 a direct line between the two cities. Lat. 41° 
 18' 23" N., Ion. 72° 56' 30" W. The plain 
 on which New Haven stands inclines gently 
 towards the water, and is environed on all 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 sides, except in the direction of the harbor, 
 by an amphitheatre of hills, two of ■\vhich, 
 presenting rugged and perpendicular preci- 
 pices from 300 to 400 feet in height, are called 
 East and West rocks. These eminences con- 
 sist principally of greenstone trap, and are 
 conspicuous objects in the landscape. Three 
 small streams, the Quinepiack on the E., with 
 Siill river flowing into it about half a mile 
 from its mouth, and the West river on the 
 right, intersect this plain, discharging their 
 waters into the bay. Of the two former, the 
 first forms the eastern limit of the town, and 
 the other of the city. Several bridges have 
 been thrown across these streams, one of 
 which, at the mouth of the Quinepiac, is a 
 covered drawbridge, leading from the steam- 
 boat landing to East Haven. The chartered 
 limits of the city extend 3 miles from E. to 
 W., and 2 miles back from the harbor. This 
 area is regularly laid out with streets, usually 
 4 rods broad, intersecting each other at 
 right angles. Chapel street, the fashionable 
 promenade, extends from Mill river in a 
 W. N. W direction, throughout the entire 
 length of the city, and, with State street, 
 is the seat of the principal business. New 
 Haven is one of the handsomest cities in the 
 United States. Nearly every portion exhib- 
 its a uniform neatness and elegance. The 
 private residences are mostly detached, stand- 
 ing in court-yards, beautifully adorned with 
 fruit-trees, gardens, and shrubbery. In Hill- 
 house avenjje, a delightful suburb on the N., 
 the dwellings are nearly concealed from view, 
 amid the profusion of foliage and flowers. 
 Probably in no other city are to be found so 
 many and such lofty elms. Temple street and 
 several others are so thickly shaded as al- 
 most entirely to shut out the sun. From the 
 great abundance of these trees. New Haven 
 has been familiarly denominated the "city 
 of elms." Another scarcely less prominent 
 or attractive feature are the public squares, 
 the principal of which, commonly called the 
 " Green," and lying about 1 J miles N. W. from 
 the steamboat landing, is, with its ornaments, 
 one of the finest in New England. It in- 
 cludes an area of about 16 acres, bordered on 
 all sides with majestic elms. Wooster square 
 is a beautiful enclosure in the eastern part of 
 the city, comprising 5 acres of ground, hand- 
 somely laid out and ornamented. Besides 
 these, there are York square, and others of 
 less prominence. The city burial-ground 
 lies opposite the northern angle of the old 
 town plot, and contains about 18 acres, di- 
 vided by avenues and alleys into family lots, 
 32 feet long and 18 broad. It is beautifully 
 adorned with various kinds of trees and 
 shrubs, and in the summer season flowers are 
 cultivated along the borders of the walks, and 
 on many of the graves. The entire grounds 
 are securely enclosed on three sides by a high 
 wall of stone masonry, and in front by a mas- 
 sive iron fence. There are also three or four 
 
 other cemeteries in different sections of the 
 city. 
 
 Among the principal public edifices may be 
 mentioned the state hoiise, standing in the 
 western section of the green. It is a large 
 stuccoed building, modelled after the Parthe- 
 non, and contains, besides the legislative 
 halls, apartments for the supreme, superior, 
 and county courts. The new railroad depot, 
 recently erected in Chapel street, near State 
 street, is a magnificent brick structure, with 
 towers. It is the terminus of all the rail- 
 roads conducting to the city. The state hos- 
 pital, erected in 1832, is a handsome stone 
 edifice, well vsituated on high ground, about 
 half a mile S. W. from the central square. 
 Many of the churches, of which the city con- 
 tains about 22, are justly admired for their 
 neatness and elegance. Trinity church and 
 St. Paul's chapel, beautiful stone edifices, 
 have their walls and roofs thickly covered 
 with creepers. The Central church, North 
 church. Court and College street churches, 
 (Congregational,) and the Methodist church, 
 are all fine brick buildings, with lofty spires. 
 The three last have been erected within a few 
 years. 
 
 New Haven has long been celebrated for its 
 literary advantages, and for the intellectual 
 and moral character of its citizens. At the 
 college and the various female schools, there 
 are probably not less than a thousand pupils 
 from abroad, in regular attendance. Yale 
 College, which at the present time, and for 
 many years past, has imparted instruction to 
 a greater number of academical students than 
 any other institution of the kind in the United 
 States, was originally founded at Killingworth 
 in the year 1700, and named in honor of its 
 principal foreign donor, Elihu Yale, governor 
 of the East India Company. It was chartered 
 in 1701 ; removed to Saybrook in 1707, and 
 to New Haven in 1716. It has always sus- 
 tained a high reputation, and at present em- 
 braces five departments, viz. an academical, 
 a theological, a medical college, a law school, 
 and a school for the cultivation of philosophy 
 and the arts, each having its own faculty. 
 The latter department has 4 professors and 
 46 students, who also receive instruction 
 from members of the other faculties. The 
 buildings of the institution occupy almost 
 an entire square, which lies immediately W. 
 of the public green, and is separated from 
 it by College street. Fronting E. S. E. 
 stands a row of eight brick edifices, five of 
 them four stories high, containing study 
 and sleeping rooms for the students. Of 
 the remaining three, each of which is adorned 
 with a tower or spire, one is the chapel, 
 another the observatory, and the third, called 
 the Lyceum, is used for recitations. In the 
 rear of these is a second range, consisting of 
 the chemical laboratory, Trumbull gallery, 
 one apartment of which is occupied by the 
 historical and other paintings of Colonel John 
 
 781 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Trumbull, the other chiefly by the portraits 
 of the officers and benefactors of the college ; 
 and a large building, containing on the first 
 flioor the philosophical apparatus, and on the 
 second the cabinet of minerals, one of the 
 largest and choicest collections in America. 
 Still farther in the rear, near the W. side of the 
 square, stands the library building, a costly 
 Gothic structure, (fire-proof,) 150 feet in 
 length, devoted to college and societies' libra- 
 ries. A little N. of this is another spacious 
 stone edifice, nearly completed, called Alumni 
 hall, in which are apartments for the Lino- 
 nian and Brothers' societies, and a large hall 
 for the general purposes of the institution. 
 The analytical laboratory of the philosophical 
 department is at present in a wooden build- 
 ing near the north college. The medical 
 college, a handsome granite structure, con- 
 taining the anatomical museum, library, lec- 
 ture rooms, &c., is situated at the head of 
 College street, about ^ of a mile N. N. E. from 
 the college proper. There are also several 
 literary associations formed for the benefit of 
 the citizens, one of which, called the Young 
 Men's Institute, has a valuable library, and 
 maintains an able course of lectures. Libe- 
 ral means are likewise provided for the sup- 
 port of popular education. The Lancasterian 
 school, under the management of John E. 
 Level, has long been considered one of the 
 best institutions of the kind in New England. 
 There are 4 newspaper offices in the city, 3 of 
 which issue daily, seaii-weekly and weekly edi- 
 tions. The other publications are the Ameri- 
 can Journal of Science and Art, continued here 
 since 1819, and edited by Professors Silliman 
 and Dana ; the New-Englander, a literary and 
 religious quarterly of elevated character, and 
 the Yale Literary Magazine, conducted by the 
 students of the college. The American Jour- 
 nal of Science and Arts, issued six times per 
 annum, is a work of high reputation, both at 
 home and abroad. New Haven has extensive 
 railroad communication with the interior 
 and cities along the seaboard. A daily line 
 of steamboats also connects it with New York. 
 The facilities of the port for marine commerce, 
 however, are somewhat limited, its harbor, 
 though sufficiently capacious and well pro- 
 tected, being too shallow to admit vessels of 
 a large class. To obviate as far as practica- 
 ble this difficulty, a wharf, the longest in the 
 United States, has been extended into it 3943 
 feet ; yet from the filling up that is continu- 
 ally going on, there is said to be less depth 
 of water now at its termination than when its 
 length was only 20 rods. Further to facili- 
 tate the navigation of the harbor, the United 
 States government are at the present time 
 making considerable expenditures in remov- 
 ing the obstructions at its entrance. A light- 
 house, exhibiting a fixed light 3-5 feet above 
 the level of the sea, has also been erected 
 on Fivemile Point, about 4 miles S. from the 
 wharf. The foreign commerce of New Ila- 
 7«" 
 
 ven is chiefly carried on with the West India 
 Islands, to which were formerly shipped great 
 numbers of cattle, horses, and mules. Of 
 late, however, this branch of trade has very 
 much declined, no cattle, and but few horses, 
 having been sent out for the last 15 years, 
 though mules still constitute an important 
 part of the foreign exports. The shipping 
 of the port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 6692|| tons registered, and 
 18,425|f tons enrolled and licensed. Of 
 the latter, 13,070|| tons were employed in 
 the coast trade, and 11610-| tons in steam 
 navigation. The foreign arrivals for the 
 year were 110, (tons, 21,356,) of which 77, 
 (tons, 14,395,) were by American vessels. The 
 clearances for foreign ports were 108, (tons 
 20,580,) of which 13,874 were in American 
 bottoms. During the year 3 ships, 4 schoon- 
 ers, and 2 sloops, with an aggregate burthen 
 of l]95|f tons, were admeasured. The ma- 
 nufactures of New Haven are extensive, and 
 furnish employment to about one-fourth 'of 
 the entire population. The principal articles 
 produced are carriages and clocks, India- 
 rubber goods, iron ware, boots, shoes, &c. 
 There are 5 banks in the city, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of upwards of $2,000,000, and 
 a savings' institution having $835,112 on de- 
 posite. Gas is employed to light the streets. 
 It is also contemplated to supply the city 
 with water, to be brought by means of. an 
 aqueduct, either from Mill river at Whitney- 
 ville, or some other available source. New 
 Haven was settled as an independent colony 
 in April, 1638, by a company from London, 
 of whom Theophilus Eaton and the Rev. John 
 Davenport were the leaders. In 1784 it was 
 incorporated as a city. Population of the 
 town in 1830, 10,678; in 1840, 14,390; in 
 1850, 22,529 ; of whom 20,341 resided in the 
 city. Population of the city, September, 
 1853, about 23,000. 
 
 New Haven, a post-township of Oswego 
 CO., New York, on Lake Ontario ; has a small 
 village of the same name. Population, 2015. 
 
 New Haven, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Yough- 
 iogheny river, about 44 miles S. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Glass and paper are manufactured 
 here. 
 
 New Haven, a post-village of Nelson co., 
 Kentucky, on the Rolling fork of Salt river, 
 54 miles S. W. from Frankfort, has 2 
 churches, several stores, and about 300 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 New Haven, a village of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, about 17 miles N. W. from Cincinnati. 
 
 New Haven, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Huron co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Mansfield and Sandusky railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1398. 
 
 New Haven, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Mansfield and Sandusky 
 railroad, 83 miles N. by E. from Columbus. 
 Population, about 600. 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 New Haven, a post-office of Macomb co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 New Haven, a township in the N. part of 
 Shiawassee co., Michigan. Population, 150. 
 
 New Haven, a post-office of Allen co., Ind. 
 
 New Haven, a post-township of Gallatin 
 CO., Hlinois. Population, 126. 
 
 New Haven, a post-village of Gallatin co., 
 Illinois, on the Little Wabash river, about 5 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 NewHaven, a post-office of Portage CO., Wis. 
 
 New Haven Mills, a post-village of Addi- 
 son CO., Vermont, about 40 miles S. W. by W. 
 from Montpelier. 
 
 New Hebron, a small post-village of Craw- 
 ford CO., Hlinois. 
 
 New Hill, a post-office of Wake co., N. C. 
 
 New Holland, a post- village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 49 miles E. by S. from 
 Hatrisburg. It contains two or 3 churches, 
 and several stores. 
 
 New Holland, a post-office of Pickaway 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Holland, a post-office of Wabash co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 New Holstein, a post-office of Calumet 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 New Hope, a pleasant post-borough of 
 Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delavvare 
 river, 44 miles above Philadelphia, and 15 
 miles above Trenton. It is the E. terminus 
 of a projected railroad to Norristown, and is 
 situated in a rich and populous farming dis- 
 trict. A fine bridge connects the town with 
 Lambertville on the opposite bank of the 
 river, and with the Belvidere and Delaware 
 railroad. New Hope has 1 academy, a Lyce- 
 um, and several factories. Pop. in 1850, 1144. 
 
 NewHope, a post-office of Caroline co., Md. 
 
 New Hope, a small post-village of Augusta 
 CO., Virginia, 114 miles N. W. from Rich- 
 mond, has 1 church. 
 
 New Hope, a post-village in Iredell co., N. C. 
 
 New Hope, a post-village of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 New Hope, apost- village of Madison co. Ala. 
 
 New Hope, a post-office of Tishemingo co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 New Hope, a post-office of Nelson co., Ky. 
 
 New Hope, a post-village of Brown co., 
 Ohio, on White Oak Creek, about 7 miles N. 
 from Georgetown ; has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 New Hope, a post-office of Spencer co., Ind. 
 
 New Hope, a post-office of Wabash co., 111. 
 
 New Hope, a post- village of Lincoln co., 
 Missouri, 55 miles N. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 New Hope Rivek, of North Carolina, rises 
 ia Orange co., and falls into Cape Fear river, 
 about 10 miles S. E. from Pittsborough. 
 
 New House, a post- village of York dis. , S. C. 
 
 New Hudson, a post-township on the W. bor- 
 der of Alleghany CO., New York. Pop., 143-3. 
 
 New Hudson, a post-office of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 New Hurley, a post-village of Ulster co., 
 N. Y., about 10 miles N. W. from Newburg. 
 
 New Iberia, a post-village in St. Martin's 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Newington, a post-township of Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Piscataquis river, 
 40 miles E. by S. from Concord. Pop., 472. 
 
 Newington, a post-village station of Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, on the New Haven and 
 Hartford railroad, 10 miles S. from Hartford. 
 
 New Ipswich, a post- township of Hillsbo- 
 rough CO., N. H., about 40 miles S. W. by S-. 
 from Concord. The village contains a bank, 
 4 or 5 mills, and 1 academy. Pop., 1877. 
 
 New Institute, a post-office of Iredell co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 New Jasper, a post-office of Greene co., 0. 
 
 New Jefferson, a village of Harrison co., 
 Ohio, 11 miles N. N. E. from Cadiz. 
 
 New Jersey, one of the Middle States, and 
 one of the original thirteen, is bounded on 
 the N. by New York ; E. by New York, (from 
 which it is separated by the Hudson river,) 
 and the Atlantic ocean ; S. by Delaware bay ; 
 and W. by the Delaware river, which separates 
 it from the States of Delaware and Penns3'l- 
 vania. It lies between about 38° 58' and 
 41° 21' N. latitude, and between 74° and 
 75° 33' W. longitude ; being about 168 miles 
 in extreme length from N. to S., and from 37 
 to 70 miles in breadth, including an area of 
 8320 square miles, or 5,324,800 acres, of 
 which 1,767,991 only were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — New Jersey was originally 
 settled by Dutch in the N. E., English in the 
 central, and Swedes in the south-western 
 part ; but of these the English portion pre- 
 dominated, and gave tone to the rest. At 
 present, with the same predominancy, it par- 
 takes of the usual mixed character of the 
 population of the Union. In 1790, it num- 
 bered 184,139 inhabitants ; 211,949 in 1800; 
 245,555 in 1810; 277,575 in 1820; 320,823 
 in 1830; 373,306 in 1840, and 489,555 in 
 1850; of whom 233,442 were white males; 
 232,071 white females; 11,800 free colored 
 males; 12,017 free colored females; 103 male, 
 and 122 female slaves. This population was 
 distributed into 89,080 families, occupying 
 81,064 dwellings. Of the entire population. 
 385,429 were born in the state; 45,012 in 
 other states of the Union ; 11,377 in England ; 
 31,092 in Ireland ; 2429 in Scotland and 
 Wales; 581 in British America; 10,686 in 
 Germany; 942 in France; 1257 in other 
 countries, and 528 whose places of birth were 
 unknown. In the twelve months preceding 
 June 1st, 1850, 2392 paupers received aid, 
 of whom 576 were foreigners, at an expense of 
 near $40 for each person. There occurred in 
 the same period, 6467 deaths, or about 13 in 
 every 1000 persons. Of 203 deaf and dumb, 
 11 were colored persons ; of 213 blind, 27 were 
 colored; of 386 insane, 11 were colored, and 
 of 426 idiotic, 16 were colored. 
 
 Counties. — New Jersey is divided into 20 
 counties, viz. Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, 
 Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Essex. 
 
 783 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Gloucester, Hudson, Hunterdon, Mercer, 
 Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Ocean, Pas- 
 saic, Salem, Somerset, Sussex, and Warren. 
 Capital, Trenton. 
 
 Cilies and Toims. — Notwithstanding New 
 Jersey has on her borders, in the neighbor- 
 ing states of New York and Pennsylvania, 
 the two greatest cities in America, she is 
 studded over with populous and thriving 
 towns and villages. The largest of these is 
 Newai-k, population, in 1850, 38,893 ; besides 
 which there are Paterson, 1 1,338 ; New Bruns- 
 wick, 10,008 ; Camden, 9479 ; Jersey City, 
 6856;* Trenton, 6460, and Burlington, 
 4,536. The other most important places are 
 Hackensack, Hoboken,* Morristown, Glou- 
 cester, Elizabethtown, Rahway, Princeton, 
 Freehold, Mount Holly, Eordentown, and 
 Salem, with populations varying from 2000 
 to 4000. 
 
 Face of the Country. — The southern and 
 middle portions of New Jersey are mostly 
 flat and sandy, but in the north it becomes 
 hilly, and even rises into low mountains. 
 Some ridges of the Alleghany range cross 
 from Pennsylvania, in a N. E. direction, into 
 New York, bearing in New Jersey the local 
 names of Schooley's mountain, Trowbridge, 
 Bamapo, and Second mountains. The Blue 
 mountains cross the extreme N. W. portion 
 of the state. Below Raritan bay is a group 
 of hills of from 300 to 400 feet high, called 
 Nevisink hills, washed by an inlet from Ra- 
 ritan bay, commanding a wide sweep of 
 ocean, and furnishing a beacon to mariners, 
 to whom they are generally the first and last 
 seen of the shore of New Jersey, on their 
 vo3%iges in and out of the port of New York. 
 A range of trap rock, varying from 200 to 
 500 feet high, and known as the Palisades, 
 coast the Hudson for 20 miles on the N. E. of 
 the state. The shores of the Atlantic S. of 
 Sandy Hook are lined with a series of inlets 
 and islands, which are constantly changing. 
 The counti-y for some distance back of these 
 is generally marshy or sandy. 
 
 G eology--.— ^^ abstract from Goodrich's 
 Geogra^^'a portion of the following brief 
 sketch of the geology of New Jersey: — The 
 central and southern portions of the state 
 are composed of the new secondary or cre- 
 taceous group, covered with sand and gravel, 
 and containing valuable beds of green sand 
 or marl, so important to the agriculture of 
 this state, and which has worked such won- 
 ders in the improvement of the soil in latter 
 years, and so enhanced the value of the land. 
 In the central and western parts especially, 
 the marl is abundant, and lies near the sur- 
 face. In the secondary region are found oc- 
 casional tertiary beds, composed of clays con- 
 taining fossil shells. In one of these tertiary 
 beds, near Long Branch, was found a nearly 
 perfect skeleton of the mastodon. About 
 
 * Jersey City had (Tjy a local census) more than 18,000, 
 in 1853 ; and Hoboken, more than 5000. 
 
 784 
 
 the great bend in the Delaware, near Borden- 
 town, commences a hilly and broken region, 
 the prevailing rock of which is the red sand- 
 stone, containing shales, sandstones, and con- 
 glomerates in alternation, and covered by a 
 calcareous conglomerate which forms a good 
 building material, similar to the Potomac 
 breccia. The palisade range is composed of 
 gneiss, traversed by dikes of greenstone, 
 while the valleys of West Jersey consist of 
 alternating strata of slate, argillaceous sand- 
 stones, and limestone. The Blue mountains 
 are composed of red and gray sandstones, 
 and the valleys west of them of fossiliferous 
 limestones and calcareous sandstones. 
 
 Minerals. — The mineral resources of this 
 state consist in the extensive beds of marl 
 referred to above, in valuable iron deposites, 
 (bog in the S., and hematite «and magnetic 
 in the N.,) zinc and copper in the samft; re- 
 gion, besides a red sandstone, (much exported 
 for building,) marble, limestone, slate, a very 
 fine sand, (exported for making glass,) found 
 in the S. W., near Maurice river, extensive 
 beds of peat, copperas, and alum earth. The 
 zinc mines of Sussex county are among the 
 richest in the United States, and are now ex- 
 tensively worked : 950 tons were mined in 
 the 6 months preceding .June, 1853, and 4000 
 were expected to be taken out by the close 
 of the year. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, Islands, ^-c. — Washed by the 
 Delaware river and bay on the W. and S., and 
 by the Hudson river and the Atlantic ocean 
 on the E., New Jersey forms a sort of penin- 
 sula, so to speak. Were it not that its trade 
 is monopolized by New York and Philadelphia, 
 New Jersej' has great advantages in position 
 for a commercial state. The Delaware is 
 navigable 120 miles from the sea for ocean 
 craft of the smaller kind, and for ships for 
 96 miles; while on the Atlantic side, for 
 more than half its extent, there are nu- 
 merous inlets and lagoons admitting smaller 
 vessels; and on the N. E., Raritan and New- 
 ark bays, and Hudson river, accessible to 
 vessels of heavy tonnage; so t^hat there is 
 nothing but the circumstance mentioned 
 above to prevent New Jersey becoming a 
 great entrepot of foreign and coasting trade. 
 Besides the rivers mentioned as laving the 
 shores of the state, are a number of smaller 
 streams traversing the interior ; the most 
 important of which are the Passaic and 
 Hackensack, emptying into Newark bay, in 
 the N. E. ; Raritan river, draining the north- 
 ern and central portions, and pouring its wa- 
 ters into the bay of the same name ; Maurice 
 river, in the S. W., discharging itself into the 
 Delaware bay, and Great Egg Harbor river, 
 emptying directly into the Atlantic ocean. 
 These are severally navigable for coasters, 
 in the order named, 10, 15, 17, and the last 
 two 20 miles each. Raritan bay and Arthur- 
 kill sound cut off Staten Island from New 
 Jersey. This island, politically, belongs to 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 New York, but by position, to New Jersey. 
 There are a number of low sandy islands 
 along the Atlantic, cut off from the mainland 
 by lagoons. These are generally unfertile, 
 and of little value. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The Atlantic 
 shores of New Jersey are renowned for their 
 sea-bathing resorts. The most important of 
 these is Cape May, at its southern extremity, 
 which is probably more frequented than any 
 bathing place in America. Its beach slopes 
 gradually, and being covered with a fine, 
 hard, white sand, forms a delightful prome- 
 nade and drive when the tide is out. Here 
 are about ten or twelve hotels, capable of 
 receiving from 200 to 2000 guests ; besides 
 smaller hotels and boarding houses without 
 number. Long Branch, a few miles below 
 Sandy Hook, ranks next in the number of its 
 visitors ; but Deal, Squam Beach, and Tuck- 
 erton are also much frequented. A railroad 
 is now in course of construction to Absecom, 
 Beach, 40 miles N. E. of Cape May, which will 
 probably become a great bathing resort. 
 Schooley's Mountain, in Morris county, 1100 
 feet high, with a mineral spring on its sum- 
 mit, and commanding some very fine pros- 
 pects, has long been much visited in the 
 summer season. Brown's Mills, 20 miles E. 
 of Burlington, situated among the pines, is 
 considered particularly beneficial to con- 
 sumptive patients. Among its natural ob- 
 jects, the Passaic falls, in the river of the 
 same name, deserves particular mention. 
 They are situated near the village of Pater- 
 son, which owes its importance as a manu- 
 facturing town entirely to these falls, which 
 are 70 feet in perpendicular height, and form 
 (when the river is full) an imposing scene. 
 In the ordinary season of visiting, the water 
 does not run over the falls to any great ex- 
 tent, being drained off by the mills. It has, 
 however, at all times, a wild and romantic 
 aspect. New -Jersey shares with Pennsylva- 
 nia another still more interesting object, in 
 the passage of the Delaware through the 
 Blue mountains — generally called the Dela- 
 ware Water Gap. — See Pennsylvania. In 
 Warren county, 15 miles N. from Belvidere, 
 there is a small mountain lake, perhaps 2 
 miles in circumference, at an elevation, it is 
 said, of near 1400 feet above the level of the 
 Delaware river. It is known to be very deep, 
 and abounds with sunfish, perch, and other 
 fish. The lake seems to lie almost on the 
 summit of the mountain, and from its imme- 
 diate vicinity is obtained a magnificent view 
 of the river below, and of the surrounding 
 country for a distance of many miles. The 
 Neversink, or Nevesink hills, already noticed, 
 near Sandy Hook, command extensive views 
 both seaward and landward, and are crowned 
 with a light-house. Weehawken Heights, 
 near Hoboken, (the commencement of the ce- 
 lebrated Palisadoes,) are the termination of 
 such a promenade as is seldom offered in the 
 2z 
 
 vicinity of any great capital. They command 
 a near view of New York city and Harlem, 
 and a more remote one of Staten Island and 
 the Narrows, through which may be caught 
 a faint glimpse of the ocean. 
 
 Climate. — The severity of the climate is 
 somewhat mitigated in the southern portion 
 by its proximity to the sea ; while in the 
 N. it partakes of the characteristics of the S. 
 of New York and the N. of Pennsylvania. 
 According to meteorological tables kept at 
 Lambertville, by L. H. Parsons, in the year 
 ending June 30, 1852, the mean height of 
 the mercury at 2 p. m. for July, was 82°.43 ; 
 August, 78°.40; September, 7.5°.ll ; October, 
 64°.83 ; November, 46°.15 ; December, 33°.29 ; 
 January, 30°. 74; February, 34°.23 ; March, 
 44°.88; April, 51°.76; May, 72°.04 ; and 
 June, 79°. 97. Average for the year, 57°.82; 
 maximum, (June 16,) 97°; minimum, 16-J° 
 below zero, (December 27.) There were 37 
 clear days ; cloudy, 40 ; and rain or snow on 
 114 days. Water fell 38.179 inches. The 
 peach blossomed on the 6th of May ; apple 
 on the 9th, and cherry on the 6th. The pre- 
 sent year, (1853,) between New York and 
 Philadelphia, the peach was in bloom by the 
 middle of April. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil of New Jer- 
 sey in the central and southern portions has 
 much of it been underrated: though natu- 
 rally light and sandy, and in many places 
 poor, it is very easily improved, easily work- 
 ed, and by the aid of the marl which it em- 
 bowels in large quantities, may be made to 
 produce good crops of wheat, Indian corn, 
 and potatoes. Where the white sand pre- 
 vails, as it does in some parts of the centre 
 and S., and near the sea-coast, the soil is 
 worth but little. The shore on Long Branch 
 and Deal beaches is said to be the only fer- 
 tile territory immediately on the coast from 
 Maine to Georgia. The northern portion is 
 well adapted both to tillage and pasturage, 
 and is of moderate fertility. Some of the 
 productions of this state are of particular 
 importance to the great cities on her borders, 
 as they furnish them with the greater por- 
 tions of their musk and water melons, and a 
 great quantity of sweet potatoes and market 
 vegetables. The staple productions are 
 wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, Irish potatoes, 
 and butter, besides large quantities of sweet 
 potatoes, peas, beans, wool, buckwheat, 
 orchard and market products, cheese, butter, 
 hay, beeswax, honey, grass-seeds, and flax; 
 and some tobacco, barley, wine, hops, silk, 
 and maple sugar. In 1850 there were in 
 New Jersey 23,905 farms, occupying 1,767,991 
 acres of improved land, (about 75 acres to 
 each farm,) and producing 1,601,190 bushels 
 of wheat; 1,255,578 of rye ; 8,759,704 of In- 
 dian corn; 3,378,063 of oats; 14,174 of peae 
 and beans; 3,207,236 of Irish potatoes; 
 508,015 of sweet potatoes; 878,934 of buck- 
 wheat ; 91,331 of grass-seeds ; 375,396 pounds 
 
 785 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 of wool; 9,487,210 of butter ; 365,756 of 
 cheese; 182,965 of flax ; 156,694 of beeswax 
 and honey ; 435,950 tons of hay ; value of 
 live stock, $10,679,291; orchard products, 
 $607,268; market products, $475,242, (the 
 last two the largest relatively in the Union ;) 
 slaughtered animals, $2,638,552. 
 
 Fore^l Trees. — There are extensive forests 
 of pine in the southern and central parts of 
 the state, much of which is converted into 
 charcoal, and sold in the Philadelphia market. 
 In the S. are some valuable cedar swamps. 
 The other forest trees are those peculiar to 
 the latitude, as various species of oak, 
 hickory, sycamore, sassafras, dogwood, &c. 
 New Jersey has long been celebrated for its 
 peach, and the vicinity of Newark and Eliza- 
 bethtown for its apple orchards. Plums, 
 apricots, cherries, &c. are the other fruits. 
 
 Manufactures. — New Jersey is extensively 
 engaged in manufactures, for which it enjoys 
 great facilities in its abundance of water- 
 power and fuel, and in its neai'ness to great 
 markets. In 1850 there were in the state 
 4374 manufacturing establishments, each 
 producing $500 and upwards annually ; of 
 these, 21 were cotton factories, employing 
 $1,483,500 capital, 616 male and 1096 fe- 
 male hands, consuming raw material worth 
 ^666,645, and producing 8,122,580 yards of 
 stuifs, and 2,000,000 pounds of yarn, valued 
 at $1,109,524; 41 woollen factories, employ- 
 ing $494,274 capital, 411 male and 487 fe- 
 male hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $548,637, and producing 771,100 yards of 
 stuffs, and 350,000 pounds of yarn, valued at 
 $1,164,446; 108 furnaces, forges, &c., em- 
 ploying $2,577,093, and 1996 male hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $954,705, and 
 producing 42,452 tons of castings, wrought 
 iron, &c., valued at $1,876,247; 133 tan- 
 neries, employing $572,857 capital, con- 
 suming raw material worth $423,537, and 
 producing leather valued at $724,466 ; and 
 $409,655 invested in the manufacture of malt 
 and spirituous liquors, consuming 103,700 
 bushels of barley; 254,000 of Indian coi'n ; 
 58,400 of rye; 409,700 of apples, and 42 
 tons of hops, producing 84,750 barrels of ale, 
 &c., and 1,250,530 gallons of whiskey and 
 wine. Homemade manufactures were pro- 
 duced, valued at $112,781. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Lying in the direct 
 line of communication between the two 
 greatest cities of America, as well as in the 
 regular route of travel between the North 
 and South, New Jersey was among the first 
 of the states to be traversed by a railway. 
 Three lines of railroad cross the entire state ; 
 one of which unites Jersey City, (a suburb of 
 New York,) through Trenton, with Philadel- 
 phia ; a second, Elizabethtown with Easton; 
 and a third, South Amboy witli Camden, op- 
 posite Philadelphia. Another from .Jersey City 
 also intersects the New York and Erie rail- 
 road just beyond the N. Ijoundary of the state ; 
 786 
 
 and 3'et another diverges from the same place 
 to Dover in Morris countj'. Railroads have 
 been projected connecting Absecom Beach and 
 Cape May with Philadelphia, the former of 
 which is already (September, 1853,) completed 
 to Haddonfield; another, connecting Trenton 
 with Belvidere, is in course of construction. 
 There are some short side-roads branching 
 from the main lines to different villages. In 
 January, 1853, there were in New Jersey 348 
 miles of railroad completed, and 89 in course 
 of construction. This state is also traversed 
 by important canals, one of which, connecting 
 New Brunswick with Bordentown, opens an 
 internal navigation between New York and 
 Philadelphia, and is the track of an immense 
 transit trade between the two great cities 
 and other towns further east and south. 
 Easton and Newark are also united by a 
 canal which is the channel of a great coal 
 trade. These two give to New Jersey 145 
 miles of canal. — See Table of Railroads and 
 Canals, Appendix. 
 
 Commerce. — The direct trade of New Jer- 
 sey, though surrounded by navigable waters 
 on all sides but one, is very small, being 
 almost wholly carried on thro.ugh the ports 
 of New York and Philadelphia, though this 
 state has several ports of entry. Her inter- 
 nal and transit trade, however, is very great, 
 being, as before remarked, the highway be- 
 tween the two greatest cities in the Union. 
 A large amount of coal, too, crosses the state 
 from the mines of Pennsylvania to the city 
 of New York and other places. The British 
 line of steamers has its entrepot at Jersey 
 City, in this state. The tonnage of New Jer- 
 sey in 1852 was 95,7165|, and the number 
 of vessels built, 38, with an aggregate ton- 
 nage of 3953g'^-j. Value of imports, $2491 ; 
 exports, $1489 ; tonnage entered, 2304 ; and 
 cleared, 1393. 
 
 Education. — There were in New Jersey in 
 1851, between the ages of 5 and 16, 145,629 
 children, of whom only 88,810 attended the 
 schools. In the same year the school fund 
 amounted to $385,153, and $40,000 were ap- 
 propriated by the legislature to school pur- 
 poses, and $119,869 expended. New Jersey 
 College, at Princeton, is one of the oldest 
 colleges, and one of the best in reputation in 
 the United States, having furnished some of 
 the leading men in the nation. There are 3 
 colleges in the state, with an aggregate of 
 434 students, and 28,700 volumes in their 
 libraries. — See Table of College.'^, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of 807 churches 
 in New Jersey in 1850, the different sects of 
 Baptists owned 107; the Dutch Reformed, 66; 
 the Episcopalians, 51; the Friends, 52; the 
 Methodists, 312; the Presbyterians, 146, and 
 the Roman Catholics, 21. The remaining 
 churches belonged to the Africans, the Bethel 
 Church, the Clii'istians, the Congregatioual- 
 ists, the Free Church, the Independents, Lu- 
 therans, Mormons, the Second Advent Church, 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 the Tunlfers, the Union Church, the Unita- 
 rians, and Universalists — giving one church 
 to every 606 persons. Value of churcli pro- 
 perty, $3,540,436.— See Table of Religions, 
 Appendix. 
 
 Public Instituiinns. — Nevr Jersey has a fine 
 state prison near Trenton, conducted on the 
 solitary system, in which there were in De- 
 cember, 1850, 332 prisoners, of whom 58 
 were colored, and 54 foreigners. The prison 
 yielded this year a revenue of nearly $7000 
 to the state. A house of refuge was com- 
 menced at Kingston, in Middlesex county, 
 but after an expenditure of $20,331, the work 
 was discontinued. The noblest institution in 
 New Jersej^ is her insane asylum, which was 
 opened in May, 1848, and is under excellent 
 management. January, 1851, there were 126 
 patients in this institution, but during the year 
 there had been under treatment 264 persons, 
 of whom 73 were paupers, 113 indigent, and 
 78 private patients : 37 were dismissed cured, 
 and 8 died. For the year above named, there 
 was an excess of expenditures over receipts 
 of more than $5000, provided for by legisla- 
 tive appropriation. 
 
 Governmenl, Finances, Banks, ^c. — The go- 
 vernor of New Jersey is elected for three 
 years, by popular vote, and receives $1800 
 salary and fees. The senate is composed of 
 1 member from each county, elected for three 
 years, and the house of representatives of 60 
 members, one from each district, elected an- 
 nually. The judiciary consists — 1. Of a court 
 of errors and appeals, composed of a chan- 
 cellor, the judges of the supreme court, and 
 six other judges appointed by the governor, 
 with the advice and consent of the senate, for 
 6 years, one judge retiring each year. The 
 pardoning power lies in this court in conjunc- 
 tion with the governor. 2. The court of 
 chancery and prerogative court, the chancel- 
 lor or judge of which is appointed by the go- 
 vernor for seven years; and, 3. Of the su- 
 preme court, composed of one chief and four 
 associate justices, who are nominated by the 
 governor, and appointed by him, with the 
 advice and consent of the senate. 4. Of cir- 
 cuit courts and courts of oyer and terminer, 
 held by the justices of the supreme court in 
 each county three times a year. 5. Of courts 
 of common pleas, composed of 5 judges ap- 
 pointed by the legislature, one each year, 
 who receive fees, but no salaries. The other 
 judges receive from $1400 to $1800 per an- 
 num. Any white male citizen, 21 years of 
 age, who has resided in the state one year, 
 and in the county five months next preceding 
 an election, is entitled to vote. 
 
 The assessed value of property in New 
 Jersey in 1850, was $190,000,000, (the per- 
 sonal estate estimated.) The public debt in 
 1852,was only $76,346; school fund,$373,983; 
 productive property, $279,540; unproductive 
 property, $764,670; and annual ordinary ex- 
 penses, exclusive of debt and schools, $90,000. 
 
 On the 1st of June, 1853, New Jersej' had 24 
 incorporated banks, with an aggregate capi- 
 tal of $3,917,410, a circulation of $3,126,607, 
 and $629,202.62 in coin. 
 
 History. — Settlements were made in New 
 Jersey, soon after their arrival in New York, 
 by the Dutch, at Bergen, between the years 
 1614 and 1624. A Swedish colony was 
 founded in the S. W. in 1627, near the shores 
 of the Delaware river. In 1664 this state 
 fell with New York into the hands of the 
 Duke of York, who assigned it to Lord Berke- 
 ley and Sir George Carteret. In compliment 
 to the latter, who was an inhabitant of the 
 Isle of Jersey, in the English channel, it re- 
 ceived its name. Penn and Carteret divided 
 the state into East and West Jersey, (more 
 properly, Nortli and South,) in 1676, Penn 
 taking West, and Carteret East Jersey. The 
 latter sold his share to twelve Friends in 1683. 
 The first general assembly was held in New 
 Jersey in 1681 ; East and West Jersey were 
 united eleven years after, and formed part 
 of New York till 1702, when they were re- 
 stored to the crown. This colony escaped 
 the bloody inroads of the savages, which so 
 afflicted most of the older settlements. It was, 
 however, the scene of several engagements 
 in the Pievolution, the most important of 
 which were the capture of 900 Hessians by 
 Washington, at Trenton, December 26th, 
 1776 ; the Battle of Princeton, a few days 
 after ; and the Battle of Monmouth, in .June, 
 1778, all of which resulted favorably to the 
 American cause, and in all of which Wash- 
 ington was present. The American army 
 wintered at Morristown in 1776-77. 
 
 New Jerusalem, a post-office of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Kent, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 190 square miles. 
 The Pamunkey river forms its boundary on 
 the N. E., and the Chickahominy on the S. 
 W. The surface is moderately hilly, and the 
 soil of middling quality. Indian corn, oats, 
 potatoes, cattle and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 178,813 bushels 
 of corn; 37,346 of oats; 13,650 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 38,031 pounds of butter. There 
 were 12 flour and grist mills, 10 churches, 
 and 300 pupils attending public schools. The 
 Pamunky or York river is navigable on the 
 border of the county. Formed in 1654. Ca- 
 pital, New Kent Court House. Population, 
 6064 ; of whom 2654 were free, and 3410, 
 sla.ves. 
 
 New Kent Court House, capital of New 
 Kent CO., Virginia, 30 miles E. from Rich 
 mond. It contains, besides the county build 
 ings, a few stores. 
 
 New Kingston, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Newkirk's Mills, a post-office of Fulton 
 CO., New York. 
 
 New Lancaster, a post-office of Tipton co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 787 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 New Lancaster, a post-village of Warren 
 CO., Illinois, on the road from Peoria to Bur- 
 lington, in Iowa. 
 
 New Lebanon, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Columbia co., New York. 
 Population, 2300. 
 
 Ne wLeb ANON, a post-office of Mercer co. ,Pa. 
 
 New Lebanon, a post-yillage of Camden co.. 
 North Carolina, near Pasquotank river, at the 
 S. terminus of Dismal Swamp canal, 155 miles 
 N. E. by E. from P.aleigh. 
 
 New Lebanon, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Lebanon, a post-village of Sullivan 
 CO., Ind., 110 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Lebanon, a post-village in De Kalb 
 CO., Illinois, 60 miles W.N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 New Lebanon Centre, a post-village of 
 Columbia co.. New York. 
 
 New Lebanon, Shaker village of Columbia 
 CO., New York, 2 miles S. from New Lebanon 
 Springs. It contains 10 or 12 large dwell- 
 ings, occupied by the society in common ; 
 also various smaller dwellings and shops. 
 The Shakers possess over 2000 acres of land 
 in the vicinity of the village. They manufac- 
 ture a number of small articles, which often 
 exhibit much ingenuity and skill. 
 
 New Lebanon Springs, a beautiful post- 
 village of Columbia county. New York, 25 
 miles S. E. from Albany. Here are mineral 
 springs and several hotels, much frequented 
 as a summer resort. The village contains a 
 bank, and a large manufactory of thermo- 
 meters. 
 
 New Lenox, a post-township in Will co., 
 Illinois. Population, 617. 
 
 New Lexington, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Lexington, a post-village in Tusca- 
 loosa CO., Alabama, 130 miles N. W. from 
 Montgomery. 
 
 New Lexington, a village of Highland co., 
 Ohio, 60 miles E. N. E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 New Lexington, a post-village of Perry 
 CO., Ohio, 50 miles E. S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 New Lexington, a village in Van Buren 
 CO., Iowa, on Des Moines river, 80 miles S. 
 by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 New Liberty, a post-village of Owen co., 
 Ky., 33 miles N. from Frankfort. Pop., 400. 
 
 New Liberty, a small post-village of Pope 
 CO., Illinois, on the Ohio river. 
 
 New Light, a post-village of Wake co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 New Limerick, a township of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine, 125 miles N. N. E. from Bangor. 
 Population, 160. 
 
 Newlin, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 8 miles W. S. W. from Westchester. 
 Population, 738. 
 
 New Lisbon, a post-township of Otsego 
 CO., New York, 15 miles S. W. from Coopers- 
 town. Population, 1773. 
 
 New Lisbon, a post-office of Burlington 
 CO , New Jersey. 
 788 
 
 New Lisbon, a thriving town, capital of 
 Columbiana county, Ohio, on the Little Beaver 
 river, and on the Sandy and Beaver canal, 
 155 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 56 miles 
 N. W. from Pittsburg. The town is neatly 
 and compactly built. The surrounding coun- 
 try is fertile, populous, and highly improved. 
 The extensive water-power of the river ij 
 partially employed in mills, &c. The Sandy 
 and Beaver canal extends from the Ohie 
 canal at Bolivar to the Ohio river. Thia 
 town is in the midst of the great wool-grow- 
 ing region of Ohio. It contains about 7 
 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 1 bank, and 
 several woollen factories, iron foundries, and 
 flouring mills. Laid out in 1802. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 New Lisbon, a post-village in Henry co. 
 Indiana, 50 miles E. by N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Lisbon, a small post-village of Ran- 
 dolph CO., Indiana, 89 miles E. N. E. from 
 Indianapolis, was laid out in 1850. 
 
 New London, a county forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Connecticut, has an area of 
 about 650 square miles. It is partly bounded 
 on the E. by the Pawcatuck, and on the W, 
 by the Connecticut river, and is principally 
 watered by the Thames river (which traverse&r 
 it nearly N. and S.) and its branches. It 
 borders on Long Island sound for about 25 
 miles, affording great facilities for naviga- 
 tion and the fisheries, the latter of which 
 are carried on to a considerable extent- 
 The surface is hilly, and in the S. W. part 
 mountainous. The soil is fertile, but mors 
 adapted to grazing than tillage. Wool, 
 Indian oorn, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 234,412 bushels of corn ; 354,360 of potatoes; 
 53,181 tons of hay, and 668,052 pounds of 
 butter. There were 17 cotton and 22 woollen 
 factories, 5 foundries, 1 forge, 8 cordage manu- 
 factories, 6 machine shops, 22 grist, 6 paper, 
 1 rolling, 22 saw and planing mills, 26 ship- 
 wright establishments, and 14 tanneries. It 
 contained 97 churches, 7 newspaper offices, 
 9393 pupils attending public schools, and 
 1215 attending academies and other schools. 
 The Connecticut river is navigable for steam- 
 boats along part of the western border of this 
 county, and the Thames river is navigable 
 for sloops to Norwich city. The county is 
 traversed by the New London, Willimantic, 
 and Palmer railroad, and partly intersected 
 by the Norwich and Worcester, and New Ha- 
 ven and New London railroads. Seats of jus- 
 tice, Norwich and New London. Pop., 51,821. 
 
 New London, a post-township of Merri- 
 mack CO., New Hampshire, 30 miles W. N. W 
 from Concord. Population, 945. 
 
 New London, a city, port of entry, and 
 semicapital of New London county, Connecti- 
 cut, is situated on the right bank of the 
 Thames river, 3 miles from the ocean, and 50 
 miles E. from New Haven ; lat. 41° 22' N., 
 Ion. 72° 9' W. It is built on a declivity facing 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 tlie S. and E. The site being considerably 
 encumbered with granite rocks, it was not 
 laid oGt with any great regard to regularity, 
 though within a few years much has been 
 done in the way of grading and other im- 
 provements to overcome the original inequali- 
 ties of the surface. The elevation back of the 
 city affords an extensive and varied prospect. 
 Among the public buildings may be men- 
 tioned the custom house, a fine granite edi- 
 fice, the court house, and the churches, of 
 which the Baptists have 3 ; the Congrega- 
 tionalists, 2 ; the Methodists, 2 ; the Episco- 
 palians, 1 ; the Catholics, 1, and the Univer- 
 salists, 1 ; in all, 10. The educational insti- 
 tutions are the New London Normal Institute 
 of Music, the New London Female Aca- 
 demy, the Bartlett High School, and 16 pub- 
 lic schools. Increased attention has of late 
 been paid to the subject of education, and the 
 schools generally are in a flourishing condi- 
 tion. Five newspapers are published, of which 
 2 are dailies. The harbor of New London is one 
 of the best in the United States. It is 3 miles 
 long, 5 fathoms deep, and seldom obstructed 
 with ice. It is environed by hills, and de- 
 fended by Fort Trumbull and Fort Griswold, 
 the former of which is garrisoned. The in- 
 habitants have long been extensively engaged 
 in the whale fishery, which employs 1505 men 
 and a large amount of capital. The coast 
 trade and the other fisheries are also very im- 
 portant. The shipping of the port, June 30th, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 23,281g3^ 
 tons registered, and 18,229ff tons enrolled 
 and licensed. Of the former, 15,960|| tons 
 were employed in the whale fishery ; of the 
 latter, 11,517|| tons were employed in the 
 coast trade, and 6276g\ tons in the cod and 
 mackerel fisheries ; 12 steamers are also 
 owned, with an aggregate burthen of 4253 
 tons. The receipts from the whale fishery 
 for the past year were $1,349,872. The value 
 of the foreign imports was $28,904, and of 
 the exports, $78,383. The vessels built the 
 present year were 2 ships, 6 schooners, 4 
 sloops, and 1 steamer. Several extensive 
 manufacturing establishments have recently 
 commenced operations, among which may be 
 mentioned the Alberton and Douglass ma- 
 chine company, with a capital of $60,000 ; 
 the New London foundry and machine works, 
 organized in 1852, with a capital of $45,000, 
 and the Nameaug manufacturing company, 
 organized in 1853, having a capital of $70,000. 
 The New London, Wiilimantic, and Palmer 
 railroad company was organized in 1848, with 
 a capital of $1,500,000, all owned in New Lon- 
 don. There are 4 banks, with an aggregate 
 capital of about $600,000, and a savings' in- 
 stitution with $706,144.67 on deposite. Gas 
 has been introduced during the past year. 
 The city has railroad communication with New 
 Haven and the principal towns of the interior. 
 New Loudon was settled in 1644, by John 
 Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop, of Mas- 
 
 sachusetts. Population in 1830, 4335; in 1840, 
 5519 ; in 1850, 8991, in 1853 about 10.000. 
 
 New London, a post-village of Oneida co., 
 New York, on the Erie canal, 7 or 8 miles W. 
 from Rome. It has several warehouses. 
 
 New London, a post-township on the S. 
 border of Chester co., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 2042. 
 
 New London, or New London Cross PiOads, 
 a post-village of Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 74 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 New London, a small village of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 New London, a post-village in Frederick 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 New London, a post-village of Campbell 
 CO., Virginia, 110 miles W. by S. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 New London, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Huron co., Ohio. Pop., 1218. 
 
 New London, or King's Coeneks, a thriving _ 
 post-village in the above township, on the 
 railroad from Cleveland to Columbus, 47 miles 
 S. W. from the former. It is siuated in a 
 beautiful and fertile country, and is a place 
 of rapid growth. 
 
 New London, a small post-village of How- 
 ard CO., Indiana, 8 or 9 miles S. W. from 
 Kokomo. 
 
 New London, a post-village, capital of Pv,alls 
 CO., Missouri, about 2 miles S. from Salt river, 
 and 98 miles N. N. E. from Jefferson City. It 
 contains a brick court house, 1 or 2 churches, 
 and several stores. 
 
 New London, a post-village of Henry co., 
 Iowa, 20 miles W. N. W. from Burlington. 
 
 New London Lighthouse, on the W. side 
 of the entrance to the Thames river, Con- 
 necticut. It exhibits a fixed light 80 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 18' 54" 
 N., Ion. 72° 5' 48" W. 
 
 Nbav Lyme, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 628. 
 
 New Ltme, a post-village of Ashtabula co., 
 Ohio, 195 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 New Madison, a thriving post-village of 
 Darke co., Ohio, about 100 miles W. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 New Madison, an improving village of 
 Madison CO., Indiana, on Pipe creek, 13 miles 
 N. from Anderson. 
 
 New Madrid, a county near the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Missouri, bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi river, which separates it from Ten- 
 nessee and Kentucky, has an area of 880 
 square miles. The Whitewater, an affluent 
 of the St. Francis, flows along the W. border. 
 The surface is an alluvial plain, which does 
 not contain a rock of any description. The 
 soil is highly productive, excepting the parts 
 which are overflowed. Indian corn is the 
 great staple. The county is well timbered 
 with the oak, hickory, and cypress. In 1850 
 the county produced 586,200 bushels of corn. 
 It contained 8 churches and 1 newspaper 
 ofBce; 332 pupils attending public schools, 
 
 789 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 and 160 attending other schools. This countj^ 
 was severely injured by the earthquakes of 
 1811 and 1812, by which about half of its 
 area was sunli several feet and covered with 
 water. The shocks were attended with loud 
 explosions ; and cliasms were opened in the 
 ground, from which volumes of water and steam 
 were discharged. Islands in the Mississippi 
 were sunk ; the current of the river was driven 
 back for several hours by the elevation of its 
 bed, and overflowed the adjacent land. One 
 of the lakes formed at this time is said to be 
 nearly 60 miles long, and several miles wide. 
 The legislature of Missouri, during the ses- 
 sion of 1850 and '51, made an appropriation 
 for the purpose of reclaiming the sunken 
 lands of this and the adjoining counties. 
 Capital, New Madrid. Population, 5541, of 
 whom 4060 were free, and 1481, slaves. 
 
 New Madrid, capital of New Madrid co., 
 Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 280 miles 
 S. E. from Jefierson City. It does a large 
 business in shipping corn, lumber, and cat- 
 tle for Southern markets. The houses are 
 mostly built of wood, on account of the fre- 
 quency of earthquakes, by which this town 
 and county were greatly injured in 1811. A 
 newspaper is published here. Settled in 1780. 
 
 New Mahoning, a post-office of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Newman's Mills. See Canoe Place. 
 
 Newman STOWN, a village of Lebanon co., 
 Pennsylvania, 37 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 233. 
 
 Newman sviLLE, post-office, Greene co.Tenn. 
 
 New Maeion, a post-village of Ripley co., 
 Indiana, on Graham's creek, and on the 
 Michigan road, 75 miles S. S. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. Population in 1851, near 300. 
 
 New Market, a post-township of Rocking- 
 ham CO., N. H., on the Boston and Maine, and 
 Portsmouth and Concord railroads, 25 miles 
 S. E. of Concord. Population, 1937. 
 
 New Market, or Snydertown, a little 
 village of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, 9 miles 
 S. by E. from Flemington. 
 
 New Market, a post-village of Middlesex 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 New Market, a village of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland, 80 miles N. from Baltimore. 
 
 New Market, a post-village of Frederick 
 CO., Maryland, near the Baltimore and Ohio 
 railroad, 10 miles E. by S. from Frederick. 
 
 New Market, a small post-village of Nel- 
 son county, Virginia, on James river, at the 
 mouth of Tye river, 108 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond, contains a tobacco warehouse and 2 
 mills. The post-office is named Tye River 
 Warehouse. 
 
 New Market, a post-village of Shenan- 
 doah county, Virginia, 1 50 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. It is delightfully situated in the 
 Great Valley, between the Massanutten and 
 North mountains. There are several forges 
 and factories in the vioinitj'-, which abounds 
 m iron ore. It contains 3 or 4 churches. 
 790 
 
 New Market, a post-village in Randolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 New Market, a post-village in AbUeville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 New Market, formerly Gullettsville, a 
 post-village of ilonroe co., Georgia, 35 miles 
 N. W. from Macon. 
 
 New Market, a post-village in Madison 
 CO., Alabama, about 200 miles N. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 New Market, a flourishing post-village of 
 Jeiferson county, Tennessee, is pleasantly 
 situated on the E. Tenne-ssee and Virginia 
 railroad, 26 miles E. N. E. from Knoxville. 
 It stands in a long and very productive val- 
 ley, and contains Holstein College, chartered 
 in 1832; also a female institute. A railroad 
 depot will be established here. 
 
 New Market, a post-village of Marion co., 
 Kentucky, on the Rolling fork of Salt river, 
 66 miles S. by W. from Frankfort. 
 
 New Market, a post-township forming the 
 south central part of Highland co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1302. 
 
 New Market, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, 68 miles S. S. W. from Co- 
 lumbus. Population, near 300. 
 
 New Market, a village of Harrison co., 
 Indiana, on the Ohio river, 35 miles below 
 Louisville. Population, about 300. 
 
 New Market, a post-village in Vigo co., 
 Indiana, 80 miles W. S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Market, a post-village of Platte co., 
 Missouri, 210 miles W. N. W. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 New Market, a post-village in Van Buren 
 CO., Iowa, near Des Moines river, 70 miles S. 
 W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 New Marlborough, a post-township of 
 Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 120 miles 
 W. by S. from Boston. Population, 1847. 
 
 New Martinsburg, a small village of Fay- 
 ette CO., Ohio, on Walnut creek, about 50 
 miles S. W. from Columbus. Laid out in 1839. 
 
 New Martinsville, a post-village, capital 
 of Wetzel CO., Virginia, on the Ohio river, at 
 the mouth of Fishing creek, 40 miles below 
 Wheeling. It contains a court house, a few 
 stores, and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 New Massillon, a small village of Wayne 
 CO., Illinois, on the Little Wabash river, is 
 situated near the border of a fine prairie. 
 
 New Matamora, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Maysville, a post-village of Putnam 
 CO., Indiana, 14 miles N. E. from Greencastle. 
 
 New Maysville, a post-office of Pike co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 New Mexico, a Territory of the Fnited 
 States, and a portion of the tract acquired 
 from Mexico by the treaty of peace con- 
 cluded in 1848, is bounded on the N. by Utah 
 !ind the Indian Territory, E. by the Indian 
 Territory and Texas, S. by Texas and Mex- 
 ico, and W. by California. It lies between 
 32° and 38° N. lat., and 103° and 117° W. 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Ion., being about 700 miles in extreme 
 length from E. to W., and 430 in breadth 
 from N. to S. ; but -with an average length 
 of near 600 miles, and a mean breadth of 
 350 miles, including an area of some 219,744 
 square miles, or ] 40,636,1 60 acres, of which 
 only 161,201 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Populaiion. — The population of New Mex- 
 ico is of a very mixed character, but com- 
 posed for the most part of domesticated and 
 nomad Indians, with an intermixture of 
 Mexicans and Americans. According to the 
 census of 1850, there were 61,547 inhabit- 
 ants, exclusive of Indians, of whom 31,728 
 were white males, and 29,802 females; 14 
 free colored males, and 3 females ; 28 were 
 deaf and dumb ; 98 blind; 11 insane, and 38 
 idiots. In the twelve months preceding June 
 1st, 1850, there occurred 1157 deaths, or 
 nearly 19 in every one thousand persons. 
 
 Counlies. — There are eight counties in New 
 Mexico, viz. Bernallillo, Rio Ariba, Santa 
 Anna, Santa Fe, San Miguel, Taos, and Va- 
 lencia, Socorro. Capital, Santa Fe. 
 
 Toivns. — The principal settlements (we use 
 this term, because the limits of the towns 
 are not defined with much accuracy) are 
 Santa Fe, population, 4846 ; La Cuesta, 
 2278; St. Miguel, 1926; Las Vegas, 1559; 
 ZuDi, or Tuiii, (an Indian pueblo or village,) 
 1312, and Tuckelata, 1311. 
 
 Face of the Country, Mountains, Minerals. ^'C. 
 — This extensive territory is for the most 
 part a high table-land, crossed by several 
 ranges of mountains, and generally destined 
 to hopeless sterility. The valleys of the Rio 
 Grande and its tributaries occupy the east- 
 ern part of New Mexico, and lie between and 
 among the diiFerent ranges of the Rocky 
 mountains, which cross the territory in a di- 
 rection nearly N. and S. The western limit 
 of the Rio Grande valley is the Sierra Neva- 
 da, and the eastern the Jumanes and Sierra 
 Bianco mountains. The larger portion of 
 this territory lies W. of the Sierra Madre 
 mountains, and partakes of the general cha- 
 racter of the Fremont Basin, (see Utah.) 
 The mountain ranges, commencing at the E., 
 are first, the Gaudalupe mountains, which 
 diverge from the main chain of the Rocky 
 mountains, and pass S. E. into Texas, form- 
 ing the eastern boundary of the valley of the 
 Pecos ; then the Sierra Hueca or Blanco, and 
 some other detached ranges E. of the Rio 
 Grande, with several ridges of the Sierra 
 Madre W. of it. A broken ridge of moun- 
 tains coasts the Gila river for a considerable 
 distance, rising, according to computations 
 of Major Emory, to 4347 feet and 5724 feet, 
 in two places, estimated by him. Mount 
 Taylor (in the Sierra Madre, a little S. W. of 
 Santa Fe) is estimated at 10,000 feet. The 
 valley of the Rio Grande itself is a high table 
 land of 6000 feet elevation in the N. part, 
 4800 at Albuquerque, and 300 at El Paso, 
 just beyond the limits of New Mexico. 
 
 Minerals. — It is highly probable that New 
 Mexico abounds in the precious metals, but 
 owing to the jealousy of the aborigines, and 
 the unskilfulness with which, even when 
 worked at all, they have been managed they 
 have not, so far as is known, hitherto pro- 
 duced abundantly ; yet gold and silver are 
 both known to exist, and mines of both metals 
 have been worked. Iron occurs in abun- 
 dance, and gypsum in large quantities has 
 been found near Algadones ; copper is plen- 
 tiful, some coal is found, and salt lakes, 
 about 100 miles S. S. E. from Santa Fe, have 
 been resorted to for that necessai-y culinary 
 article. Recent reports state that rich silver 
 mines have been discovered about 60 miles 
 N. E. of Doua Ana. Lead is also found at 
 the same place in abundance. 
 
 Rivers. — The Piio Grande, or Rio Bravo del 
 Norte, as it was formerly called, which 
 crosses the entire territory from N. to S., is 
 the largest river of New Mexico, and drains 
 the great valley which lies between the Sierra 
 Madre mountains on the W., and the Ju- 
 manes and the Sierra Hueca mountains on 
 the E. The Pecos river drains the eastern 
 slope of the same mountains, and passes off 
 into Texas. The Puerco, a river of more 
 than 100 miles in length, is the principal tri- 
 butary of the Rio Grande from the W. ; but 
 in the hot season it is often completely eva- 
 porated in the lower part of its course, ren- 
 dering no tribute whatever to the parent 
 stream. The Canadian river has its sources 
 in the N. E. of New Mexico, from which it 
 runs in a S. E. direction, to join the Arkansas. 
 A large portion of the S. boundary is formed 
 by the Gila river, which rises on the western 
 slope of the Sierra Madre, and runs almost 
 directly W. to its mouth in the Colorado. 
 The Salt, its principal tributary, drains the 
 central regions of the territory. The Colorado 
 enters New Mexico from Utah, and running S. 
 W. for about 150 miles, receives the Virgen, 
 turns to the S., and forms the W. boundary 
 from 35° N. lat. to the mouth of the Gila. 
 These rivers are of very little importance tc 
 navigation, seldom being deep enough for 
 an}- craft beyond a canoe or flat-boat. In- 
 deed, for a great part of the year the tribu- 
 tary rivers have either dry channels or are 
 a succession of pools. Major Emory found 
 the Rio Grande itself but 25 yards wide, and 
 hub-deep at Albuquerque, 300 miles from its 
 source. He also states that it seldom rises 
 more than two feet. Lieutenant Simpson 
 found it 200 yards wide and four feet deep 
 150 miles farther S., in September, 1849. 
 He afterwards mentions crossing in a ferry 
 at Albuquerque. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Crossed as 
 New Mexico is by lofty chains of mountains, 
 it cannot fail to possess many o ejects of 
 striking interest in its scenery; but ihey 
 have been hitherto imperfectly explored. 
 West of the Rio Grande, and among and be- 
 
 791 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 yond the Sierra Macire tnountains, are vast 
 canons, (kan-yons,) i. e. deep channels in the 
 earth, mostly forming the beds of streams, 
 often two or three hundred feet in depth, and 
 almost shut out from the light of day. In the 
 same region are found steep bluffs of red and 
 white sandstone rock, worn by the action of 
 the elements into very striking resemblances 
 of fortresses, castles, &c. Lieutenant Simp- 
 son has given some sketches of the most re- 
 markable, in his recent work on New Mexico. 
 One curiosity of the country is the deserted 
 pueblos, or Indian villages, which, from the 
 quantity of broken pottery around them, 
 give evidence of having been the abode of a 
 much more dense poptdation than subsists 
 there at present, probably supported by a 
 system of irrigation. These pueblos are par- 
 ticularly numerous near the banks of the 
 Gila. They generally consist of one building, 
 forming three sides of a square, often several 
 hundred feet in circuit, (sometimes as many 
 as 800 feet,) two, three, and even four stories 
 on the outer side, with a blank wall, while 
 the inside receded (ascending) by steps or 
 terraces, so that the fourth story has but one 
 breadth of chambers, the second two, the 
 third three, and the basement four. The 
 wall of the latter was also blank on the in- 
 side, the entrance being by ladders, which 
 were probably drawn up at night to prevent 
 an attack. The present Indian pueblos are 
 constructed on the same plan, but are not so 
 extensive or well built. 
 
 Climate. — The habitable part of the valley 
 of the Rio Grande lies in the latitude of the 
 northern and central portions of the Southern 
 States ; but its climate is very much modified 
 by its great elevation, giving it a temperate 
 but constant climate. The mercury some- 
 times rises to 100°, but the evenings are al- 
 ways cool. Some of the higher peaks of the 
 mountains are covered with perpetual snow. 
 Considerable rain falls between July and Oc- 
 tober, but New Mexico has essentially a dry 
 atmosphere, being most of the year parched 
 where there is no irrigation. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — We have already 
 characterized the soil as generally hopelessly 
 sterile, but this generalization is not without 
 considerable exceptions, as many parts of 
 the valley of the Rio Grande, and of other 
 streams, are highly productive, and yield 
 fine crops of Indian corn, wheat, and other 
 grains, besides apples, peaches, melons, 
 apricots, and grapes. But everywhere irri- 
 gation is necessary to successful agricultural 
 operations. During the dry season, however, 
 in some districts, even this resource fails, 
 from the total evaporation of the streams. On 
 the table-lands, which are utterly useless 
 for agriculture, there grows a peculiar 
 grass, which in the dry season cures and 
 preserves its nutritious qualities. On this, 
 cattle, sheep, horses, and mules feed all the 
 printer, and preserve themselves in good condi- 
 792 
 
 tion. The mutton of New Mexico is excel- 
 lent. The Indians on the Gila cultivate cot- 
 ton, wheat, Indian corn, beans, melons, and 
 other vegetables, by means of irrigation, and 
 a small quantity of buckwheat, wine, butter, 
 potatoes, and molasses. According to the 
 census of 1850, there were in New Mexico 
 166,201 acres of improved land, producing 
 196,515 bushels of wheat; 865,411 of Indian 
 corn; 15,688 of peas and beans; 84G7 pounds 
 of tobacco; 32,901 of wool, and 5848 of 
 cheese; live stock valued at $1,494,629; 
 market garden products, $6679 ; orchard, 
 $8231 ; and slaughtered animals, $82,125. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Only a small portion of the 
 surface is covered with forests, and the coun- 
 try is almost entirely destitute of the hard 
 woods. Some of the streams are fringed with 
 Cottonwood, and pine of an inferior quality 
 occurs on the mountains. Sycamore, ash, ce- 
 dar, walnut, evergreen, oak, and willow, are 
 found in small quantities. 
 
 Animals. — Deer, mountain-sheep, wild 
 hogs, turkeys, geese, brant, swans, ducks, 
 scorpions, and lizards are met with in this 
 territory, though animal does not appear to be 
 more prolific than vegetable life in this region. 
 Manufactures. — Twenty manufacturing es- 
 tablishments, each producing $500 and up- 
 wards annually, were reported by the census 
 of 1850; domestic manufactures were pro- 
 duced to the value of .'^6033. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — None ; all that re- 
 lates to facilitating travelling being in the 
 most primitive state. 
 
 Education. — On this head there is little to 
 be said at present, but to speak of its ab- 
 sence, and to urge its introduction. 
 
 Religious Detiominations. — In 1850 there 
 were 146 churches, all belonging to the Ro- 
 man Catholics. 
 
 Government. — New Mexico, in common with 
 all other territories of the United States, has 
 a governor appointed by the president and 
 senate of the general government, who is al- 
 so superintendent of Indian affairs, and re- 
 ceives a salary of $2500 per annum. It has 
 a senate, a council of 18 members elected 
 for two years, and a house of representatives 
 of 26 members, elected annually. The judi- 
 ciary, appointed by the president of the 
 United States, with the advice of the senate, 
 is composed of a chief and two associate 
 judges, receiving $2000 each per annum. As- 
 sessed value of property in 1850, $5,063,474. 
 Banks, none. 
 
 History .—Lymg in the interior, and pos- 
 sessing no very great inducements to tempt 
 emigration thither, New Mexico has not been 
 the theatre of many striking events in his- 
 tory. As elsewhere stated, traces exist in 
 the deserted and ruined pueblos of a much 
 more dense Indian or Aztec population in 
 former times than at present. It formed a 
 Mexican province or department, until the 
 conquest of Mexico by the Americans, when, 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 by tlie treaty of 1848, it became a part of 
 the United States, and in September, 1850, 
 was formed, with a portion of Upper Califor- 
 nia and Texas, into the present Territory of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 New Michigan, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 New Middleton, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 New Middletown, a post-village of Ma- 
 honing CO., Ohio, 12 miles E. S. E. from Can- 
 field. 
 
 New Milfort), a flourishing post- village of 
 Litchfield co., Connecticut, on the Housatonic 
 river and railroad, near the intersection of the 
 latter with the former, and -35 miles N. by W. 
 from Bridgeport. It is a beautiful village, with 
 broad streets, containing several churches 
 and a bank. Pop. of the township, 4508. 
 
 New Milfobd, a post-office of Orange co., 
 New York. 
 
 New Milfoed, a small village of Bergen 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Hackensack river, 18 
 miles N. from Jersey City. 
 
 New Milfoed, a post-township of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania, 8 miles E. from 
 Montrose. Population, 1433. 
 
 New Milfoed, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 11 miles N. E. from Mon- 
 trose. 
 
 New Milfoed, a post-township in Winne- 
 bago CO., Illinois. Population, 569. 
 
 New Milfoed, a small post- village in the 
 above township, on the Kishwaukee rivG>,r, 
 about seven miles S. from Piockford. It has 
 a flouring mill, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 New Milton, a post-office of Doddridge 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 New Milltown, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Moscow, a post-office of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Mount Pleasant, a post-office of 
 Monroe co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Mount Pleasant, a post-village in 
 Jay CO., Indiana, 80 miles N. E. by E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Newnan, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Coweta county, Georgia, on the railroad 
 from Atlanta to La Grange, 40 miles S. W. 
 from the former. It contains a brick court 
 house, 2 churches, 2 academies, and a news- 
 paper office. The railroad, which was open- 
 ed in 1852, connects at the city of Atlanta 
 with the principal railways of the state. 
 
 Newnansville, a post-village, capital of 
 Alachua co., Florida, 120 miles E. S. E. from 
 Tallahassee. 
 
 New Ohio, a post-office of Broome co.. 
 New York. 
 
 New Oeleans, a city, port of entry, and 
 seat of justice of Orleans parish, Louisiana, 
 is situated on the left bank of the Mississippi 
 river, about 100 miles from its mouth ; 1668 
 miles S. W. from New York ; 1438 S. W. from 
 Washington ; 879 S. W. by W. from Charles- 
 
 ton; 2025 S. S. W. from Pittsburg; 1628 S. 
 by W. from Chicago ; 1200 S. from St. Louis; 
 and about 2000 S. by E. from the Falls of St. 
 Anthony. Lat. 29°58'N., Ion. 90° 7' W. New 
 Orleans is built around a bend in the river, 
 from which circumstance it has been denomi- 
 nated the "Crescent City." The site inclines 
 gently from the margin of the Mississippi to- 
 wards the marshy ground in the rear, and is 
 from 2 to 5 feet below the level of the river 
 at the usual spring freshets. To prevent 
 inundations, an embankment or levee, about 
 15 feet wide and 6 feet high, has been raised, 
 extending 120 miles above the city, and to 
 Port Plaquemine, 43 miles below it. This 
 forms a delightful promenade. In conse- 
 quence of the change in the course of the 
 river opposite New Orleans, large quantities 
 of alluvion, swept from the north and held in 
 suspension by the current, are here deposited. 
 New formations from this cause in front of 
 that portion of the quay most used for the 
 purposes of commerce have been so rapid 
 that it has been necessary within a few years 
 to build piled wharves jutting out from 50 to 
 100 feet into the Mississippi. The levee here 
 has also been gradually widened, so that 
 an additional block of warehouses has been 
 erected between the city and the river during 
 the past year. The old city proper, originally 
 laid out by the French, is in the form of a 
 parallelogram, 1320 yards long and 700 yards 
 wide. Above this are what were formerly the 
 faubourgs of St. Mary, Anunciation, and La 
 Course ; below, Marigny, Dounois, and De- 
 clouet ; and in the rear, Treme and St. John's. 
 Lafayette, till recently under a separate go- 
 vernment, is immediately above the city. 
 In 1836, New Orleans was divided into three 
 municipalities by act of the assembly, each 
 with distinct municipal powers. Again in 
 April, 1852, these and Lafayette, with the 
 faubourgs and other dependencies, extending 
 from 6 to 7 miles along the river, and about 
 5 miles back to Lake Pontchartrain, were con- 
 solidated under one charter, the city assum- 
 ing the debts. The streets of New Orleans 
 are of convenient breadth, well paved, and 
 usually intersect each other at right angles. 
 Canal street is the broadest, being over 100 
 feet in width, with a grassplot in the centre 
 about 25 feet wide, extending throughout 
 its entire length. Most of the buildings are 
 constructed of brick, and are generally low, 
 except in the business portion, where they 
 are usually 5 or 6 stories high. The dwell- 
 ings in the suburbs, many of them, particu- 
 larly in Lafayette, are surrounded Avith spa- 
 cious yards, beautifully decorated with the 
 orange, lemon, magnolia, and other orna- 
 mental trees. A basement about 6 feet high 
 constitutes the only cellar, as none are sunl 
 below the surface on account of the marshy 
 character of the ground. In different sec- 
 tions of the city are several public squares, 
 among which may be mentioned Jackson 
 
 793 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Square, formerly Place d'Armes, occupying 
 the centre of tlie river front of the old town 
 plot, now the First District. It is ornamented 
 with shell walks, shrubbery, statuettes, &c. 
 and is much frequented for recreation. La- 
 fayette Square, in the Second District, is finely 
 laid out, and adorned with a profusion of 
 shade-trees. Congo Square, in the rear of the 
 city, is also a handsome enclosure. 
 
 PuhUc Buildings. — The United States cus- 
 tom house now in process of erection at New 
 Orleans, when completed will be the largest 
 building in the United States, with the ex- 
 ception of the Capitol atV/ashington, covering 
 an area of 87,333 superficial feet. Its di- 
 mensions are — Canal street front, 834 feet ; 
 Custom house street, 252 feet ; New Levee 
 street, 310 feet ; Old Levee street, 297 feet ; 
 height, 82 feet. The general business room is 
 116 feet by 90, and has 50 windows. The ma- 
 terial is from the Quincy quarries of Massa- 
 chusetts. The United States branch mint in 
 New Orleans is at the corner of Esplanade and 
 New Levee streets, near the river. It is a 
 massive structure, 282 feet long, 108 feet 
 deep, and 3 stories high, with 2 wings, each 
 81 feet by 29. The Municipal Hall, at the 
 corner of St. Charles and Hevia streets, oppo- 
 site Lafayette square, is a beautiful marble 
 edifice in the Grecian style of architecture. 
 It is principally occupied with public offices, 
 among which are several of the city govern- 
 ment. The Odd Fellows' Hall, erected in 
 1852, on Camp street, opposite Lafayette 
 square, and the Merchants' Exchange on Royal 
 street, neiir Canal, are both extensive build- 
 ings, chiefly devoted to public uses. The 
 latter contains the Cit}'' Post Office and Mer- 
 chants' Reading Room. 
 
 Many of the churches are large and costly 
 structures. The Church of St. Louis, opposite 
 .juckson square, is a splendid edifice, adorned 
 with a lofty tower on either side of the main 
 entrance. The building was erected in 1850, 
 on the site of the old church, which was 
 pulled down. On the right and left of this 
 edifice are two handsome buildings in the 
 Tuscan and Doric orders, devoted to vari- 
 ous purposes of the city government. The 
 Jewish syuAgogue, formerly the Canal-street 
 Episcopal church, is ornamented in front 
 with a handsome colonade. The Presby- 
 terian church, opposite Lafayette square, 
 the new Episcopal church, on Canal street, 
 and St. Patrick's church, on Camp street, 
 are elegant edifices, each adorned with a 
 graceful spire. The latter is a conspicuous 
 object to one approaching the city from the 
 river. The erection of another Methodist 
 church is also about to be commenced, at a 
 proposed cost of $1 50,000. Of the 38 churches 
 in the city in 1853, 12 are Roman Catholic, 
 7 Episcopal, 6 Presbyterian, 5 Methodist, 3 
 Lutheran, 2 Baptist, and 3 Jewish S3'na- 
 gogues. 
 
 The hotels of New Orleans are conducted 
 
 7y4 
 
 upon a scale of magnitude scarcelj' equalled 
 in any city of the Union. The St. Chaides 
 Hotel, situated on St. Charles street, was 
 completed in the autumn of 1852, at an entire 
 cost of upwards of $590,000. It occupies the 
 site of the former building, destroyed by fire. 
 The house has been leased for a term of seven 
 years, at the rate of $30,000 per annum, 
 till 1855, and $40,000 for each succeeding 
 year. The annual rent of the basement is 
 estimated at $16,000. The St. Louis Hotel, 
 on St. Louis street, and the Verandah Hotel, 
 on Common street, are also costly establish- 
 ments. The city contains 4 or 5 theatres, the 
 principal of which are the St. Charles, the 
 Orleans, or French theatre, and the Ameri- 
 can. The first of them, situated on St. 
 Charles street, is 132 feet long, by 170 deep, 
 and cost, at the time of its erection, about 
 $350,000. At the Orleans theatre the dra- 
 matic representations are in French. Among 
 the most remarkable bank edifices may be 
 mentioned the City Bank, on Toulouse street, 
 Canal Bank, on Magazine street, and the Bank 
 of Louisiana. Several of the market-houses 
 are deserving of notice. St. Mary's market, 
 in the Second District, is 480 feet long, and 
 42 feet wide. The meat market, on the 
 Levee, and Washington market, in the Third 
 District, are also extensive buildings. The 
 cotton presses of New Orleans, about 20 
 in number, are objects of much interest, 
 each of which usually occupies an entire 
 block. The centre building of the New Or- 
 leans cotton press is three stories high, and 
 surmounted by a dome, the summit of which 
 commands a fine view of the city. Not less 
 than 150,000 bales of cotton, on an average, 
 are annually pressed at this establishment. 
 
 Institutions. — The benevolent institutions 
 of New Orleans are among the most extensive 
 and best conducted in the United States. 
 The Charity Hospital, situate on Common 
 street, between St. Mary and Girond streets, 
 is a magnificent structure, 290 feet long, and 
 3 stories high. It is adorned with a cupola, 
 and enclosed by beautiful grounds. The ad- 
 missions to the hospital for the year, as re- 
 ported by the board of administrators, were 
 18,476, of which 15,989 were discharged, and 
 1884 died. Sixteen thousand medical cases 
 were treated ; there were also nearly 2500 
 surgical patients. The United States Naval 
 Hospital is a handsome edifice, devoted to 
 the purposes indicated by its title. It 
 has a delightful situation on the opposite 
 side of the river, a short distance above Al- 
 giers. Of the other medical establishments 
 may be mentioned Stone's Hospital, in the 
 rear of the city, on Canal street, and the 
 Franklin Infirmary, fronting on the Pontchar- 
 train railroad, each a fine building, afi'ording 
 excellent accommodations for the sick. The 
 literary and educational institutions, many 
 of which have been recently established, are 
 for the most part in a highly prosperous oca- 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 dition. The University of Louisiana, organ- 
 ized in 1849, has connected witli it a law 
 school and a flourishing medical college. The 
 buildings are situated on Common street, 
 between Baronne and St. Philip's streets, and 
 occupy the entire front of the block. The 
 medical college standing in the centre is 100 
 feet front and 104 feet deep. More than 1200 
 matriculants for the coming season, Septem- 
 ber, 1853, are already enrolled on its lists. 
 This department was founded in 1835, and 
 has been fostered by the liberal acts of suc- 
 cessive legislatures, among which may be 
 mentioned an appropriation of $25,000 for 
 the purchase of apparatus, paintings, draw- 
 ings, plates, &c., illustrative of the various 
 branches of medical science. Its museum 
 of anatomy is very extensive. The patholo- 
 gical department is enriched by large collec- 
 tions from England and France, representing 
 diseases of the eye and skin. The students 
 of the college enjoy every facility for practice 
 in the Charity Hospital, which is the largest 
 institution in America for the reception and 
 treatment of patients. 
 
 The number of school houses in the city, 
 (as appears from the mayor's message,) is 40, 
 attended by 16,885 pupils. The increase in 
 the number of pupils for the last 12 months 
 has been 2094, equal to 23.9 per cent. Num- 
 ber of teachers, 211. Of the 40 school houses, 
 17 belong to the city, and 23 are rented. The 
 amount appropriated for school purposes the 
 past year was $188,020. 
 
 New Orleans is distinguished for the ability 
 displayed in the management of its public j our- 
 nals. About 20 newspapers are published in 
 the city, 9 or 10 of which are dailies. Several 
 are printed in the French language. De 
 Bow's Review, a work of the highest charac- 
 ter, devoted chiefly to the interests of com- 
 merce, is issued monthly. 
 
 The following statement represents the 
 Eonditio-i of the 9 banks of New Orleans on 
 the 26th of June. 1853: Liabilities. — Aggre- 
 gate circulation, ot $7,933,533; deposites, 
 $11,153,818; due to other banks, $1,276,270; 
 other cash liabilities, $51, 236: total liabilities, 
 $21,214,859. Cash assets, specie,$7,478,438; 
 loans on deposite, $11,977,386; foreign and 
 domestic exchange, $5,630,633 ; other cash 
 assets,$l, 924,000: total assets, $27,010,373. 
 The assessed value of real and personal pro- 
 perty in New Orleans for 1852, amounted to 
 $70,194,930. Of this, $56,103,475 was real 
 estate, $10,494,755 capital, and $3,596,700 
 slave property. The revenue from the sale 
 of licenses amounted to $105,181. 
 
 The deposites at the mint for the year ending 
 December 31st, 1852, as given in Hunt's Ma- 
 gazine, were $7,656,909 of United States gold, 
 and$140,352 of other gold; total, $7,797,261, 
 against $3,585,032 the previous year. 
 
 Commerce. — New Orleans possesses unrival- 
 led natural advantages for internal trade. The 
 Mississippi river and its tributaries aiford not 
 
 less than 15,000 miles of navigable waters, 
 communicating with a vast extent of country, 
 illimitable in its resources, exhaustlcss in fer- 
 tility, and embracing nearly every variety 
 of climate. Every description of craft is em- 
 ployed in transporting the rich products of 
 the upper regions of the " Father of YV'aters" 
 to this great southern emporium. At one 
 portion of its levee may be seen hundreds of 
 flat-boats grounded on the "batture," and 
 filled, some with fat cattle, horses, mules, 
 hogs, and sheep ; others with hay, corn, po- 
 tatoes, butter, cheese, apples, and cider. The 
 quay here is piled with lumber, pork, flour, and 
 every variety of agricultural produce, as if 
 the Great Valley had emptied its treasures at 
 the door of New Orleans. Farther on is the 
 steamboat landing, a distinctive feature of 
 this metropolis. Here all is action ; the very 
 water is covered with life. Vessels of im- 
 mense size move upon its bosom, acknowledg- 
 ing none of the powers of air. One is round- 
 ing-to in the stream, seeking a mooring. She 
 is covered all over, a mountain of cotton — 
 3000 bales, worth $180,000. Twenty more, 
 freighted with the same national commodity, 
 are discharging their cargoes at the wharves, 
 while huge piles, bale upon bale and story 
 above storj^ cover the levee. New Orleans is 
 the greatest cotton market in the world. Im- 
 mediately above and below the flat-boat and 
 steamboat landings is the foreign and coast- 
 wise shipping, extending tvro and three tier 
 deep for nearly four miles. Here may be 
 seen vessels from all parts of the world, each 
 bearing at its masthead the ensign of the re- 
 spective nation to which it belongs. 
 
 The foreign and coastwise arrivals at the 
 port of New Orleans for the year ending Au- 
 gust 31st, 1853, were — ships, 782; barques, 
 447 ; brigs, 295 ; schooners, 596 ; steamships, 
 244, and steamboats, 3253; total, 5617; be- 
 ing an increase of 488 vessels over the pre- 
 vious year. In addition to the above, there 
 were 1044 arrivals of flat-boats, laden with 
 cattle, lumber, and other produce, 175 of 
 which were from Pennsylvania. The foreign 
 arrivals for the year ending June 30th, 1852, ac- 
 cording to the statistics furnished by the Trea- 
 sury department, were 972, (tons, 423,358,) 
 of which 573, (tons, 253,009,) were by Ameri- 
 can vessels. The clearances for foreign ports 
 were 1115, (tons, 544,482,) of which 718, (tons, 
 370,741,) were by American vessels. The 
 shipping of the district, at the above-named 
 date, amounted to an aggregate of 81,500|| 
 tons registered, and 184,512|f tons enrolled 
 and licensed ; total, 266,0135?^ tons. Of the 
 enrolled and licensed tonnage, 178,766|| 
 tons were employed in the coast trade, and 
 162,636||- tons in steam navigation. 
 
 The annexed table exhibits the principal 
 articles, with their estimated, averaged and 
 total value, received at New Orleans from the 
 interior, during the two years (inclusive) end- 
 ing August 31st, 1853 : — 
 
 795 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Apples, bbls 
 
 Racon, as'd.hhds.tfecks. 
 
 Bacon, as'd, bxs 
 
 Bacon hams, hh'Js.& tcs 
 
 Bacon in bulk, lbs 
 
 Bagging, pieces 
 
 Bale Rope, coils 
 
 Beans, bbls 
 
 Butter, kgs and f kns. . . 
 
 Butter, bbls 
 
 Beeswax, bbls 
 
 Beef, bbls 
 
 Beef, tierces 
 
 Beef, dried, lbs 
 
 Buffalo Robes, pks 
 
 Cotton, bales 
 
 Cornmeal, bbls 
 
 Corn in ear, bbls 
 
 Corn, shelled, sacks.... 
 
 Cheese, boxes 
 
 Caudles, boxes 
 
 Cider, bbls 
 
 Goal, Western, bbls 
 
 Dr'd Apples, Peaches, " 
 
 Feathers, bags... 
 
 Flaxseed, tierces 
 
 Flour, bbls 
 
 Furs, hhds. bdls, k bxs. 
 
 Hemp, bales 
 
 Hides 
 
 Hay, bales 
 
 Iron, pig, tons 
 
 Lard, bbls. and tos 
 
 Lard, kegs 
 
 Leather, bundles 
 
 Lime, TVestern, bbls... 
 
 Lead, pigs 
 
 Lead, bar, kgs, and bxs 
 
 13.1300 
 
 (HU4 
 
 121SS3 
 
 9491 
 
 2184 
 
 194 
 
 48566 
 
 30-226 
 
 18900 
 
 17 
 
 1GG4?64 
 
 17Sf 
 
 17B'2U 
 
 3 00 
 70 00 
 30 00 
 65 00 
 7 
 13 00 
 8 00 
 7 00 
 6 00 
 28 00 
 oO 00 
 13 00 
 18 50 
 
 75 00 
 
 !1 00 
 
 a 00 
 
 17648 ; 
 101460 
 175000 
 
 144SS4 
 
 3524290 
 
 120270 
 
 2786420 
 
 9401 
 
 833872 
 
 972424 
 
 66458 
 
 266664 
 
 61152 
 
 9700 
 
 631345 
 
 559181 
 
 1606 
 
 2775 
 
 68259424 
 
 5364 
 
 13215 
 
 1592540 
 
 157988 
 
 447174 
 
 108 
 
 350000 
 
 8948 
 
 81BS0 
 
 10232 
 
 3639024 
 
 300000 
 
 300016 
 
 202920 
 
 525000 
 
 4840 
 
 3074318 
 
 878106 
 
 189270 
 
 42297 
 
 841148 
 
 3925 
 
 20356 
 
 46734 
 
 3626 
 
 38488 
 
 281280 
 
 60044 
 
 90272 
 
 6598 
 
 44786 
 
 1778 
 
 171 
 
 41227 
 
 11 528 
 
 26100 
 
 1300 
 
 1429183 
 
 2514 
 
 163008 
 
 1397132 
 
 72441 
 
 53936 
 
 2065 
 
 519 
 
 927212 
 
 - 2136 
 
 17149 
 
 123687 
 
 63434 
 
 62 
 
 125496 
 
 157689 
 
 7572 
 
 42305 
 
 267564 
 
 1138 
 
 61068 
 
 3505050 
 
 126910 
 
 2694160 
 
 22502 
 
 780572 
 
 677040 
 
 65980 
 
 358288 
 
 53340 
 
 7695 
 
 494724 
 
 172S45 
 
 114105 
 
 1676558 
 
 254543 
 
 323616 
 
 900 
 
 425000 
 
 4020 
 
 72275 
 
 5190 
 
 8703848 
 
 1000000 
 
 257235 
 
 247374 
 
 160302 
 
 1860 
 
 3137400 
 
 788445 
 
 189300 
 
 52881 
 
 856204 
 
 22760 
 
 Lead, 'White 
 
 Molasses, Crop, gals 
 
 Oats, bbls. and sks 
 
 Onions, bbls 
 
 Oil, Linseed, bbls 
 
 Oil, Castor, bbls 
 
 Oil, Lard, bbls 
 
 Potatoes, bbls 
 
 Pork, tcs. and bbls 
 
 Pork, boxes 
 
 Pork, hhds 
 
 Pork in bulk, lbs 
 
 Porter and Ale, bbls . . . 
 Packing Yarn, reels... 
 '.ns. Deer, packs .... 
 
 Skins, Bear, packs 
 
 Shotjkegs 
 
 Soap, boxes 
 
 Staves, M.. 
 
 Sugar, est. crop, hhds. . 
 
 Spanish Moss, bales 
 
 Tallow, bbls 
 
 Tobacco, leaf, hhds 
 
 Tobacco, strips, hhds.. 
 Tobacco, stems, hbds. . 
 Do. chewing, kgs & bxs. 
 
 vine, bdls. and bxs... 
 
 Vinegar, bbls 
 
 ■n'hiskey 
 
 Window Glass, bxs 
 
 Wheat, bbls. and sks... 
 Other various articles, 
 
 estimated at 
 
 25700000 
 
 446956 
 
 17718 
 
 508 ; 
 
 4742 
 
 14685 
 
 204327 
 
 316592 
 
 2074 
 
 2547 
 
 12985810 
 
 1140 
 
 28U 
 
 425 
 
 29 
 
 2233 
 
 6911 
 
 6000 
 
 32193] 
 
 3702 
 
 4318 
 
 63260 
 
 10050 
 
 1700 
 
 10886 
 
 4544 
 
 142 
 
 138515 
 
 13408 
 
 47238 
 
 00 
 38 00 
 32 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 14 00 
 30 00 
 70 00 
 
 6h 
 10 00 
 7 00 
 30 00 
 
 15 00 
 30 00 
 
 3 00 
 40 00 
 48 00 
 10 00 
 24 00 
 SIOO. 
 
 130. 
 
 2900 
 
 5140000 
 
 4461156 
 
 35431 
 
 15240 
 
 180198 
 
 469920 
 
 40SH54 
 
 44322SS 
 
 62220 
 
 178290 
 
 844077 
 
 11400 
 
 1967' 
 
 12750 
 
 435 
 
 66990 
 
 20733 
 
 240000 
 
 15452688 
 
 37020 
 
 31632 
 
 6326000 
 
 1306500 
 
 34000 
 
 272150 
 
 36352 
 
 1452 
 
 110.S120 
 
 40224 
 
 82766 
 
 1368 
 
 18300000 
 
 463273 
 
 171S4 
 
 758 
 
 4291 
 
 14114 
 
 228095 
 
 276()0R 
 
 16 
 2704 
 5308 
 7319 
 236547 
 4372 
 1307 
 75816 
 11741 
 2118 
 4779 
 2331 
 92 
 146352 
 19251 
 64918 
 
 4104 
 
 4026000 
 
 347454 
 
 84368 
 
 19703 
 
 120148 
 
 395192 
 
 455190 
 
 44'26696 
 
 10605 
 
 198240 
 
 616000 
 
 4060 
 
 14651 
 
 24950 
 
 230 
 
 67600 
 
 15924 
 
 278122 
 
 11827350 
 
 34976 
 
 26140 
 
 5686200 
 
 1467625 
 
 42360 
 
 95580 
 
 18728 
 
 252 
 
 1097640 
 
 48127 
 
 129836 
 
 6000000 5500000 
 
 35 
 
 Total value SI 
 
 Total in 1851-2 108,051,708 
 
 Total in 1850-1 106.924,083 
 
 Total in 1849-50 96,897,873 
 
 These figures slio-w in cotton an increase 
 of 235,681 bales in quantity, and $19,667,202 
 in value ; in the crop of sugar an increase of 
 85,381 hogsheads in quantity, and $3,625,338 
 in value ; in the crop of molasses an in- 
 crease of 7,400,000 gallons in quantity, and 
 $1,114,000 in value; in leaf tobacco a de- 
 crease of 12,556 hogsheads in quantity, and 
 an increase of $639,800 in value ; in strips a 
 decrease of 1091 hogsheads in quantity, and 
 $161,125 in value; a decrease in flour of 
 118,540 barrels in quantity, and $69,824 in 
 value; in corn a decrease of 172,141 sacks 
 and 145,388 barrels in the ear in quantity, 
 and $184,908 in value ; in oats a decrease 
 of 16,317 sacks, &c. in quantity, and an in- 
 crease of $99,502 in value ; in pork an in- 
 crease of 39,986 barrels in quantity, and of 
 $6592 in value ; in bacon and bulk meat an 
 increase of 8376 packages and 4,038,830 
 pounds in quantity, and $319,836 in value; 
 in lard a decrease of 7253 barrels and tierces, 
 and an increase of 1983 kegs, in quantity, 
 and an increase of ,$26,669 in value ; in lard 
 oil an increase of 571 barrels in quantity, 
 and $74,728 in value; in candles an increase 
 of 14,860 boxes in quantity, and $123,558 in 
 value ; in whiskey a decrease of 7838 barrels 
 in qurtiitity, and $10,480 in value ; and in 
 bagging and balerope an increase of 4100 
 pieces and 31,281 coils in quantity, and 
 $349,684 in value. The aggregate value of 
 the products of the hog is $16, 826,864, against 
 $10,243,816, in 1851-2. The imports of coffee 
 from July, 1852, to July, 1853, direct from 
 Rio, were 344,515 bags; from Rio coastwise, 
 26,370 bt.gs; and direct from Cuba, 10,628 
 bags ; total, 381,513 bags — being an increase 
 790 
 
 of 27,897 bags over the previous year. The 
 first coffee brought from Rio de Janeiro to 
 this port was in 1835. In 1852 the quantity 
 of Rio coffee taken for consumption in the 
 whole United States was estimated at 845,000 
 bags, nearly half of which was furnished 
 through the New Orleans market. Tlie ag- 
 gregate sales for the year at this depot 
 amounted to upwards of $6,000,000. 
 
 The exports of cotton for the year ending 
 August 31, 1852, were 772,242 bales to Great 
 Britain; 196,254 to France; 75,950 to the 
 N. of Europe; 134,657 to the S. of Europe 
 and China; 128,629 to Boston; 101,938 to 
 New York; 15,594 to Philadelphia, and 15,041 
 to other places in the United States ; total, 
 1,435,815 bales, against 997,458 the previous 
 year. The other leading exports were flour, 
 544,711 barrels; bacon, 50,803 hogsheads; 
 lard, 792,543 kegs; corn, 874,774 sacks; to- 
 bacco, 93,715 hogsheads, (an increase of 
 39,214 hogsheads from the previous year,) 
 of which 76,516 hogsheads were for foreign 
 ports ; sugar, 50,793 hogsheads and 6534 
 barrels; molasses, (up the river excepted,) 
 583 hogslieads and 94,107 barrels ; pork, 
 172,748 barrels ; beef, 38,207 barrels ; lead, 
 256,939 pigs, of which 149,781 went to New 
 York; and whiskey, 81,156 barrels. The 
 total value of American produce exported 
 from New Orleans during the year, according 
 to the custom-house records, was $76,344,569, 
 of which amount, $48,076,197 was to foreign 
 countries, and $28,208,327 coastwise. The 
 value of foreign merchandise exported dui-ing 
 the same period was $44,780, making a sum 
 total of $76,389,349. The following results 
 have been obtained from an official statement 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 of the exports of the growth, produce, and 
 manufactui-es of the United States, and fo- 
 reign merchandise from the district of New 
 Orleans, for the year ending June 30, 1853 : 
 — Value of American produce exported to 
 foreign countries in American vessels, 
 $47,628,019 ; in foreign vessels, $20,140,607; 
 total, $67,768,626. Coastwise, $30,695,466: 
 exports of foreign produce to foreign coun- 
 tries in Araei-ican vessels, $459,304 ; in fo- 
 reign vessels, $64,630; total, $523,934: 
 sum total, $98,988,026, against $76,389,349 
 for 1852, and $81,216,925 for 1851. These 
 results, as compared with the previous year, 
 showan increase of $19, 692, 429 in the exports 
 to foreign countries, and $2,427,139 coastwise. 
 
 Notwithstanding these remarkable evi- 
 dences of prosperity, the merchants and 
 business-men of the South, for several years 
 past, have seriotisly complained that in com- 
 mercial importance New Orleans was conti- 
 nuallj"^ falling behind her sister cities at the 
 North and West, and that her former rank 
 could only be regained by the wisest and most 
 liberal management. Upon this subject one of 
 her citizens, in January, 1852, held the follow- 
 ing language : — "What, then, must be done 
 for New Orleans? She must, by a wise and 
 liberal stroke of policy, regain a part, if not 
 the whole of the trade she has supinely lost, 
 and open new sources of opulence and power, 
 which are abundant all around her. She 
 can do this by changing and modifying her 
 laws bearing unequally and hardly upon 
 capital and enterpi'ise— by cheapening her 
 system of government — by affording greater 
 facilities and presenting less restrictions to 
 commerce — by establishing manufactures, 
 opening steamship lines to Europe, and con- 
 ducting a foreign import trade ; and finally, 
 and what is of first importance, she should 
 precede every effort hy munificent appropria- 
 tions to railroads branching to the West and the 
 North and the East, from a terminus at her 
 centre, or from termini on such interior streams 
 and rivers as are necessarily tributary to her. 
 Now is the accepted time for action. To-mor- 
 row will be too late!" 
 
 Much that is here recommended has al- 
 ready been accomplished. Her laws have 
 been modified ; the public debt, which in 
 March, 1852, amounted to $7,702,329, 
 $2,000,000 of which was past due, had,through 
 the improved credit of the consolidated city, 
 April 1, 1853, been reduced to $3,182,516, 
 while $437,320 still remained in the hands 
 of the commissioners. To the latter sum has 
 since been added $327,043, making a sum- 
 total, September 1, of $764,363. In addi- 
 tion to the several railroads communicating 
 with various points in the state, are two ex- 
 tensive lines now in process of construction, 
 one called the New Orleans, Opelousas, and 
 Great Western railroad, extending through 
 Louisiana into Central Texas, and the other 
 the New Orleans, Jackson, and Great Northern 
 
 railroad, designed to connect with the railway 
 system of Tennessee and of the North-western 
 States. A charter has also been granted and 
 a company organized for constructing a road 
 to communicate with Mobile through the 
 Pontchartrain railroad. In all these New Or- 
 leans has a primary and paramount inte- 
 rest ; and although the increased facilities 
 of communication between the Western and 
 the Northern Atlantic cities will doubtless 
 divert a portion of the trade from its natural 
 channel, this will probably be more than 
 compensated by the growing wealth of the 
 states west of the Mississippi, which will be 
 constantly adding to the already inexhaustible 
 resources of the vast Mississippi valley. 
 
 Algiers, a flourishing village, or rather sub- 
 urb of New Orleans, is situated opposite to 
 the city, with which it is connected by a 
 ferry. It has several shipyards and manu- 
 facturing establishments. At New Orleans 
 and at these yards were built, during the 
 year ending June 30th, 1852, 1 brig, 11 
 schooners, and 4 steamers, with an aggre- 
 gate burthen of 1284|| tons. 
 
 Gas was first employed to light the city in 
 1834; and during the same year water was 
 introduced from the Mississippi. It is raised 
 from the river by steam to an elevated reser- 
 voir, whence 5 or 6 millions of gallons are 
 daily distributed to various parts of the city. 
 
 Any description of New Orleans would be 
 inpomplete without some notice of its ceme- 
 teries, many of which are unique in plan and 
 method of interment. "Each is inclosed 
 with a brick wall of arched cavities, (or ovens, 
 as they are here called,) made just large 
 enough to admit a single coffin, and raised 
 tier upon tier, to a height of about twelve 
 feet, with a thickness of ten. The whole in- 
 closure is divided into plats, with gravelled 
 paths intersecting each other at right angles, 
 and is densely covered with tombs built 
 wholly above ground, and from one to three 
 stories high. This method of sepulture is 
 adopted from necessity, and burial under 
 ground is never attempted, excepting in the 
 'Potter's Field,' where the stranger without 
 friends and the poor without money find an 
 uncertain rest ; the water with which the soil 
 is always saturated, often forcing the cofiBn 
 and its contents out of its narrow and shal- 
 low cell, to rot with no other covering than 
 the arch of heaven." 
 
 From its low situation and warm climate, 
 New Orleans is subject to annual visitations 
 of the yellow fever, which have had the effect 
 of greatly retarding the growth and pros- 
 perity of the place. Statistical tables show 
 that of those who are born and reared in the 
 city, as large a proportion live to old age as 
 of the inhabitants of other places that are 
 generally deemed healthy. But the yellow 
 fever is particularly fatal to the unacclimated, 
 and especially to those who have been from 
 infancy accustomed to a northern climate. 
 
 797 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 This circumstance operates as a formidable 
 cliecli on the influx of strangers, to -which 
 our great commercial cities owe so large a 
 proportion of their population and activity. 
 During the winter and spring, New Orleans 
 may be regarded as a healthful residence for 
 all, whether natives or strangers ; and hopes 
 were entertained that with the improvements 
 in the sanatary regulations, there would be 
 a gradual and steady advance in the health 
 of the city during the warm months ; bvit the 
 present year has disappointed those hopes, 
 the eiDidemic having appeared in a form more 
 malignant than was ever before known. Its 
 introduction, however, it is said, can be 
 traced to an infected vessel from South Ame- 
 rica, where a fever of an unusually fatal cha- 
 racter has prevailed. Itis estimated that not 
 less than 9500 persons have fallen victims 
 to this terrible scourge during the present 
 season. For several weeks the number of 
 deaths have averaged near 200 per day. But 
 at the present date, September 26th, 1853, 
 the deaths do not average over 20 daily. 
 
 New Orleans was settled by the French in 
 1717. In 1723 it contained about 100 cabins, 
 and a population not exceeding 200 souls. In 
 1727, the Jesuits and Ursuline nuns arrived ; 
 the former remained until the expulsion of 
 their order from France, Spain, and Naples, 
 in 1763, compelled them to leave Louisiana ; 
 their entire property was confiscated ; their 
 lands, which were then sold by the court for 
 about $186,000, are now probablj' worth not 
 less than $20,000,000. In 1769 occurred 
 the first visitation of the yellow fever, which 
 was introduced, it is said, by an English 
 vessel with a cargo of slaves from Africa. 
 The first regular commercial intercourse be- 
 tween Nevs* Orleans and the ports of the 
 United Stutes was commenced in 1777, by 
 Oliver Pollock, a citizen of Baltimore. March 
 21, 1778, the city was visited by a fierce 
 conflagration, which destroyed 900 houses 
 and a vast amount of other property. In 
 1785, NeAT Orleans had a population of 4700. 
 The city militia, to the number of 700, were 
 organized for drill in 1792. In 1794, the 
 first newspaper, called " La IMoniteur," was 
 published. In 1702, New Orleans was con- 
 veyed to the Spanish, reconveyed to the 
 French in 1800, and included in the purchase 
 of Louisiana by the United States in 1803. 
 At tliis time it contained a population of 
 8000. Its commerce extended to all the 
 APest, to the Eastern States, and to Europe. 
 The exports of 1802 were 50,000 barrels of 
 flour ; 3000 barrels of beef and pork ; 2000 
 hogsheads of tobacco ; 34,000 bales of cotton ; 
 4000 hogsheads of sugar, and 800 cnsks of 
 molasses. New Orleans is famous in his- 
 tory as the place designated to become the 
 seat of the monarchy intended to have been 
 established by the treason of Aaron Burr. 
 During the month of January, 1804, the citi- 
 7.enf were in a state of continual alarm : 
 798 
 
 volunteer companies and other troops con- 
 stantly patrolled the streets, ready to sup- 
 press the first attempt at insurrection. This 
 year it was made a port of entry, and the 
 next, (1805,) New Orleans was incorporated 
 as a city. In 1810, seven years after it was 
 received into the United States, its popula- 
 tion had increased to 17,242. January 8, 
 1815, General Pakenham, commanding the 
 English forces, made an attack on the city, 
 approaching it through Lakes Borgne and 
 Pontchartrain, and was signally defeated by 
 the Americans under General Jackson. The 
 loss of the English in killed and -wounded 
 was nearly 3000 ; the American loss was 
 only 7 men killed and 6 wounded. It was 
 not till after peace was established by the 
 Treaty of Ghent, that New Orleans began to 
 reap the full advantages of steam navigation 
 on the Mississippi, and to hold that proud 
 pre-eminence she now enjoys in wealth, com- 
 merce, and population. Named in honor of 
 the Duke of Orleans, regent of France during 
 the minority of Louis XV. Population ia 
 1820, 27,176; 1830, 46,310; 1840, 102,193; 
 1850, 126,375 ; and by a local census in 
 1853, 145,449, of which 29,174 were slaves 
 and free colored. During the business sea- 
 son the population is estimated at 175,000. 
 
 Ne-w Oxford, a post- village of Adams co. Pa. 
 
 New Palestine, a post-ofl5ce of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Paltz, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Ulster CO., New York. It contains a vil- 
 lage of the same name on the Walkill river, 
 and a bank. Pop. 2729. 
 
 Nsw Paltz Landing, a post-village of Ul- 
 ster CO., New York, on the Hudson river op- 
 posite Poughkeepsie. 
 
 New Paiiis, a flourishing post-village of 
 Jeiferson township, Preble co., Ohio, on the 
 E. fork of Whitewater river, 57 miles N. N. 
 W. from Cincinnati. It possesses fine water- 
 power, and contains a woollen factory, and 
 several flouring mills. Pop. estimated at 600. 
 
 New Pakis, a post-village of Elkhart co., 
 Indiana, about 7 miles S. from Goshen. Po- 
 pulation, 200. 
 
 New Patebson, a small village of Sussex 
 CO., New Jersey, on Swartwout's lake, 5 miles 
 W. frorh Newton. 
 
 New Pennington, a post-of5ce of Decatur 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 New Petersburg, a post-village of High- 
 land CO., Ohio, 70 miles E. by N. from Cin- 
 cinnati. Population, over 300. 
 
 New PiiiLADELniiA, a small village of 
 Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on the railroad 
 which leads from Pottsville towards Tama- 
 qua, about 5 miles E. N. E. from the former. 
 
 New Philadelphia, a handsome post-vil- 
 lage of Goshen township, and capital of Tus- 
 carawas county, Ohio, on the left bank of 
 the Tuscarawas river, 100 miles E. N. E. 
 from Columbus. It is situated on a beauti- 
 ful plain, in the midst of a fertile, highly 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 cultivated country. Within a few yenrs past 
 it has increased rapidly in population and 
 business. The Ohio canal passes within a 
 mile or two of the village. It has several 
 manufactories and mills. Coal and iron ore 
 are abundant here. It contains 8 or 4 
 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Settled 
 in 1804. Pop., in 1850, 1415 ; in 1853, about 
 2000. 
 
 New Philadelphia, -a post-village in 
 Washington cc, Indiana, 90 miles S. by E. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Philadelphia, a post-of&ce of Pike 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 New Pittseueg, a post-village in Wayne 
 CO., Ohio, about 90 miles N. E. from Colum- 
 bus. Population in 1853, 250. 
 
 New Plymouth, a small post-village of 
 Vinton co., Ohio. 
 
 New Point Comfort, Chesapeake bay, the 
 N. side of the entrance to Mobjack bay, 
 a.bout 18 miles N. from Old Point Comfort. 
 On it is a fixed light, 60 feet above the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 Newport, a county forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Rhode Island, has an area of about 
 125 square miles. It consists of several 
 small islands in Narraganset bay, with a 
 portion of the mainland on its eastern shore. 
 It enjoys great facilities for navigation 
 and the fisheries, and considerable attention 
 has recently been paid to manufactures. 
 The surface is moderately uneven, and the 
 soil generally fertile. Indian corn, oats, po- 
 tatoes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 156,698 bushels of 
 corn; 134,988 of oats; 78,688 c-f potatoes; 
 13,776 tons of hay, and 222,916 pounds of 
 butter. There were 9 cotton, and 5 woollen 
 factories, 1 saw and planing, and 8 flour 
 mills, 2 cordage manufactories, 1 calico print- 
 works, 3 cabinet-ware manufactories, and 1 
 coal mine. It contained 36 churches, 5 
 newspaper offices, 2951 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 58 attending other 
 schools. Large quantities of coal, and some 
 blacklead are found in this county. Capi- 
 tal, Newport. Population, 20,007. 
 
 Newport, a post-township of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, 55 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1210. 
 
 Newport, a post-village, and capital of 
 Sullivan co., New Hampshire, about 35 miles 
 N. W. by W. from Concord : it has 1 bank. 
 Pop. of the township, 2020. 
 
 Newport, a post-township of Orleans co.j 
 A^ermont, near Memphramagog lake, 55 miles 
 N. E. from Montpelier. Population, 748. 
 
 Newport, a post-town, port of entry, seat 
 of justice of Newport county, Ilhode Island, 
 and semi-capital of the state, is situated on 
 the W. shore of Khode Island, 5 miles from 
 the ocean by ship channel, and 28 miles 
 S. by E. from Providence. Lat. 41° 29' N., 
 Ion. 71° 19' 12" W. The harbor is one of 
 the best on the United States coast, being 
 
 capacious, safe, easy of access, and of su3i- 
 cient depth for the largest ships. It is de- 
 fended by Fort Wolcott, on Goat Island, and 
 Fort Adams, a fortification of great size and 
 strength, on Benton's Point, about IJ miles 
 S. AV. from the town. Newport has a beau- 
 tiful site on an acclivity facing the harbor. 
 Within a few years the town has been greatly 
 improved, both with regard to its streets and 
 buildings. Its fine sea air and varied scenery 
 have rendered it one of the most celebrated 
 watering places in New England. Several 
 splendid hotels have been built, and wealthy 
 persons from other cities have erected many 
 handsome edifices for summer residence. 
 The principal public buildings are the state 
 house, a commodious brick structure, adorned 
 with an octagonal cupola, and containing, 
 besides the legislative halls, apartments for 
 the several courts of the county, state, and 
 United States, a custom house, and a market 
 house. The Masonic hall, on School street, 
 and armory hall, on Clark street, are also 
 fine structures. The building of the Red- 
 wood Library and Athenasum is a handsome 
 edifice with a portico and wings. The apart- 
 ment devoted to the use of the library con- 
 tains about 4000 volumes, besides numerous 
 pictures and busts. There are about 15 
 churches in Newport of the various denomi- 
 nations. The Friends' meeting house was 
 erected in the year 1700, at which date, it is 
 said, that about one-half of tlie entire popu- 
 lation were Quakers. Among the hotels the 
 Ocean House, at the S. end of Bellevue street ; 
 the Atlantic House, at the head of Pelham 
 street, and the Bellevue House on Catharine 
 street, may be mentioned as the most exten- 
 sive. For a long period after the first set- 
 tlement of the colonies, Newport, in commer- 
 cial importance, was the rival of Boston and 
 New York, and, until the Revolution, it 
 ranked among the first commercial cities of 
 New England ; but by that event its com- 
 merce was entirely destroyed, and its popu- 
 lation reduced from about 10,000 to 5500. 
 Since then it has never been able to recover 
 its former rank. The shipping of this port, 
 .June 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 6301 i| tons registered, and 4699^ s. tons en- 
 rolled and licensed. Of the former, 1851 J '| 
 tons were employed in the whale fishery; and 
 of the latter, 3785|!| were emploj'cd in the 
 coast trade ; 560^f tons in the cod and 
 mackerel fisheries, and 255|-| tons in steam 
 navigation. The foreign arrivals for the 
 year were 28, (tons, 4833,) and the clearances, 
 20, (tons, 4337 ;) of which 4037 were in Ame- 
 rican bottoms. During the same period, I 
 ship and 1 schooner, with an aggregate bur- 
 then of 272|| tons, were admeasured. The 
 town contains 7 banks, with an aggregate 
 capital of $680,000 ; a savings' institution, 
 having $291,813.25 on deposite ; several ex- 
 tensive woollen and cotton manufactories, 
 and 5 newspaper ofSces. The assessed value 
 
 799 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 of taxable property is about $5,000,000. 
 Newport has steamboat communication with 
 Providence, Fall River, and JMew York. It 
 is also proposed to construct a railroad, con- 
 necting it with Bristol, Fall River, and Pro- 
 vidence.— ^For history, see Rhode Island. 
 Population of the township in 1830, 8010; 
 in 1840, 8333; in 1850, 9563; in 1853, about 
 10,000. 
 
 Newport, .i post-township of Herkimer 
 CO., New York, 12 miles N. E. from Utica. 
 Population, 2125. 
 
 Newpokt, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on West Canada creek, a.bout 85 miles 
 W. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Newport, or Nantuxet, a small post-vil- 
 lage of Cumberland co., New Jersey, 28 miles 
 S. E. from Salem. 
 
 Newport, a township of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 W. S. W. from Wilkesbarre. Po- 
 pulation, 868. 
 
 Newpop.t, a thriving post-village of Oliver 
 township, Perry county, Pennsylvania, on 
 the right bank of the Juniata river, and on 
 the Central railroad, 24 miles N. W. from 
 Harrisburg. It is a place of active business, 
 and is a general depot for grain, which is 
 exported by the Pennsylvania canal. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Newpop.t, a post-village of Newcastle co., 
 Delaware, on the Wilmington and Baltimore 
 railroad, 4 miles W. from Wilmington. 
 
 Newpop^t, a post- village in Charles co., 
 Md., 50 miles S. W. by S. from Annapolis. 
 
 Newport, a small village of Augusta co., 
 Virginia, 18 miles W. from Staunton, the 
 county seat, has 2 stores. 
 
 Newport, a post-office of Giles co., Va. 
 
 Newport, a post- village of Wakulla co., 
 Florida, on Appalachee bay, at the mouth 
 of St. Mark's river, about 6 miles S. from St. 
 Mark's. A plank-road is in progress from 
 this place to the boundary of Georgia. A 
 newspaper is published here. 
 
 Newport, a post-office of Franklin co., Ala. 
 
 Newport, a post-office of Greene co., Ark. 
 
 Newport, a post-village, capital of Cocke 
 CO., Tennessee, on the French Broad river, 
 47 miles E. from Knoxville, contains 2 or 3 
 churches and an academy. 
 
 Newport, a flourishing and beautiful city 
 of Campbell county, Kentucky, is situated 
 on the Ohio river, opposite Cincinnati, 80 
 miles N. N. E. from Frankfort, and just above 
 the mouth of Licking river, which sepa- 
 rates it from Covington. It owes its rapid 
 growth and importance chiefly to its prox- 
 imity to Cincinnati, and the beauty of its situ- 
 ation. Newport and the villages of James- 
 town and Brooklyn, occupying about 2000 
 acres, in a few years will be united as one 
 town, a great part of which will be composed 
 jf elegant mansions and cottages of wealthy 
 citizens, and persons who have retired from 
 business. It contains several extensive roll- 
 lug mills, iron foundries, and steam mills, 
 800 
 
 and a manufactory of silk goods ; also 1 bank, 
 and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Population in 
 1853, about 8500. 
 
 Newport, a village of Shelby co., Ohio, 
 on the Miami and Erie canal, 112 miles, by 
 canal, N. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Nevvport, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Washington co., Ohio. Pop., 1228. 
 
 Newport, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Ohio river, 14 miles above Ma- 
 rietta. It has an active business, and con- 
 tains about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Newport, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Michigan, on Lake Erie, 8 miles N. E. from 
 Monroe City. Oak timber and staves are 
 shipped here. 
 
 Newport, a post-village of St. Clair co., 
 Michigan, on the St. Clair river, at the 
 mouth of Belle river, 45 miles N. E. from 
 Detroit. It contains several stores and mills. 
 
 Newport, a post-village, capital of Vermi- 
 lion CO., Indiana, on Little Vermilion river, 
 1 mile from the Wabash river, and 75 miles 
 W. from Indianapolis. It has 2 churches, 
 and a flourishing seminary. Pop., 500. 
 
 Newport, a flourishing post-village of 
 Wayne co., Indiana, on the plank-road from 
 Richmond to Winchester, 10 miles N. N. W. 
 from the former. 
 
 Newport, a small village of Calhoun co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Newport, a small village of Greene co., 
 Illinois, on the left bank of the Illinois river, 
 14 miles W. N. Vf . from Carrollton. 
 
 Newport, a post-township in Lake co., 
 Illinois. Population, 964. 
 
 Newport, a small post-village of Franklin 
 CO., Missouri, on the Missouri river, 67 
 miles by land W. from St. Louis, was former- 
 ly the county seat. 
 
 Newport, apost-office of Columbia co.. Wis. 
 
 New Portage, a post-village of Summit co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio canal, 119 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Newport Centre, a post-office of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Portland, a township of Somerset co., 
 Maine, 45 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 
 
 New Portland, a post-office of Stewart co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 New Portland, a post-village of Ralls co., 
 ^Missouri, on Salt river, about 95 miles N. N. 
 E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Newport News, a post-office of Warwick 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Newport Rivers, North and South. Two 
 small streams of Liberty co., Georgia, flow- 
 ing into St. Catharine's sound. 
 
 Newportville, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pa., 116 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 New Potosi, a post-office of Macon co., Ala. 
 
 New Preston, a post-village of Washington 
 township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, about 
 40 miles N. W. by W. from New Haven. 
 
 New Princeton, a post-office of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 New Prospect, a post-village of Bergen 
 CO., New Jersey, 22 miles N. by W. from 
 Jersey City. 
 
 New Prospect, a post-village of Spartan- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 New Prospect, a village in Green co., Ala- 
 bama, 100 miles N. W. by W. from Montgomery. 
 
 New Prospect, a post-office of Winston co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 New Prospect, a post-office of Wayne co., 0. 
 
 New Prospect, a small village of Orange 
 CO., Indiana, on the New Albany and Vin- 
 cennes rurnpike, 8 miles W. from Paoli. 
 
 New Providence, a post-township of Essex 
 CO., New Jersey, on the right bank of the 
 Passaic river, about 13 miles W. from Newark. 
 Population, 1216. 
 
 New Providence, a small post-village in 
 the above township, 14 miles W. by S. from 
 Newark. 
 
 New Providence, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Providence, a post-office of Pike co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 New Providence, a post-village of Mont- 
 gomery county, Tennessee, on the Cumber- 
 land river, 47 miles by the road N. W. from 
 Nashville. It is a depot for tobacco and 
 other produce, which is forwarded by steam 
 boats down the river. Population, 600. 
 
 New Providence, a post-village of Clarke 
 CO., Indiana, on the New Albany and Salem 
 railroad, 19 miles N. N. W. from New Albany. 
 
 New Retreat, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 New Richland, a post-office of Logan co., 0. 
 
 New Richmond, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Richmond, a flourishing post-village 
 of Ohio township, Clermont county, Ohio, on 
 the Ohio river, 20 miles above Cincinnati. 
 It is the most populous village in the county, 
 and is a place of rapid growth. It has seve- 
 ral steam mills and carding machines. Popu- 
 lation in 18-53, estimated at 2500. 
 
 New PticHMOND, a small village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Indiana, 12 miles N. N. W. from 
 Crawfordsville. 
 
 New River, of Virginia. See Kanawha. 
 
 New River, of North Carolina, a small 
 stream which rises near the N. W. corner of 
 Onslow county, and flowing southward, enters 
 the Atlantic through New River inlet. 
 
 New River, of Beaufort district. South 
 Carolina, flows southward, and enters the 
 Atlantic at the S. W. extremity of the state. 
 
 New River, of Alabama. See Sipsbt. 
 
 New River, of Louisiana, flows into Lake 
 Maurepas from the W. 
 
 New River, a post-office of Columbia co., 
 Florida. 
 
 New FavER, a post-office of Ascension pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 New Pv.0AD,a post-office of Delaware co. N. Y. 
 
 New Rociielle, a post-township in the S. 
 part of Westchester co., N. Y. Pop., 2458. ' 
 
 New Rochelle, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Long Island sound, and on the 
 New York and New Haven railroad, 20 miles 
 N. E. from New York. It contains several 
 churches, boarding schools, and factories. 
 Population estimated at 1000. 
 
 New Rochester, a post-village of Wood 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Rockford. a village of Jackson co., 
 Indiana, on the E. fork of White river, and on 
 the railroad from Jeffersonville to Columbus, 
 60 miles S. from Indianapolis. Population 
 in 1853, 200. 
 
 New Roe, a post-office of Allen co., Ky. 
 
 New Ross, a post-village in Montgomery 
 CO., Indiana, 80 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 New Rumley, a post- village of Harrison 
 CO., Ohio, 128 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 New Russia, a post-office of Essex co. , N. Y. 
 
 Newrt, a post-township of Oxford co.. 
 Me., 50 miles N. W. from Augusta. Pop., 459. 
 
 Newry, a post-village of Blair co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 125 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Newry, a small village of Jackson co., In- 
 diana, on the Muscakituck river, 15 miies E. 
 from Brownstown. 
 
 News, a post-office of Calhoun co.,Ill. 
 
 New Salem, a post-township of Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts, 70 miles W. N. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 1253. 
 
 New Salem, a post-office of Albany co., N. Y. 
 
 New Salem, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 50 miles S. from Pitts- 
 burg, and 190 miles W. by S. from Harris- 
 burg, has about 50 houses. 
 
 New Salem, a post-borough of Salem town- 
 ship, Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Northern turnpike from Pittsburg to Harris- 
 burg, 28 miles E. from the former. The 
 post-office is called Salem Cross Roads. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 New Salem, a post-office of Harrison co. Va. 
 
 New Salem, a post- village in Randolph co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 New Salem, a post-village of Rusk co., 
 Texas, about 240 miles N. E. from Austin. 
 
 New Salem, a post-village of Fairfield co., 
 Ohio, 11 miles N. E. from Lancaster. 
 
 New Salem, a post-village of Rush co., 
 Indiana, 47 miles E. S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Salem, a small village of Edwards 
 CO., Illinois, 8 miles N. from Albion, the 
 county seat, is settled by Germans. 
 
 New Salem, a post-office of Pike co.. 111. 
 
 New Salisbury, a post-village in Harrison 
 CO., Indiana, 110 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Scotland, a post-township of Albany 
 CO., New York, 9 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 Population, 3459. 
 
 New Scottsville, a post-office of Beaver 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Sewickly, a township of Beaver co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 5 miles E. N. E. from 
 Beaver. Pop., 2131. 
 
 New Sharon, a post-township of Franklin 
 801 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 CO., Maine, 23 miles N. W. by N. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1732. 
 
 New Sharon, a post-office of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 New Sheffieid, a small post-village of 
 Beaver co., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles W. 
 N. W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 New Shokeham, a post-township of New- 
 port CO., Rhode Island. This town comprises 
 Block Island, which lies 30 miles S. S. W. 
 from Newport. Population, 1262. 
 
 New Smyrna, a post-office of Orange co., 
 Florida. 
 
 New Somerset, a post-village of JeflFerson 
 CO., Ohio, 143 miles E. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 Newsom's Depot, a post-office of Southamp- 
 ton CO., Virginia. 
 
 Newson, a post-office of Bibb co., La. 
 
 New Springfield, a post-village of Maho- 
 ning CO., Ohio, 12 miles S. E. from Canfield. 
 
 New Stand, a post-office of Clayton co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 New Stanton, a small post-village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, 173 miles W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Newstbad, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Erie co.. New York. Po- 
 pulation, 2899. 
 
 Newstead, a post-office of Christian co., Ky. 
 
 New Store, a post-office of Buckingham 
 CO., Virginia, 81 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 New Sweden, a small manufacturing post- 
 village of Clinton co., New York, on Au Sa- 
 ble river, about 130 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 New Texas, a small village of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, 5 miles from xiUentown. 
 
 Newton, a county in the N. central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 360 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. AV. by South river, 
 intersected by the Yellow and Alcovy rivers, 
 and also drained by Cornish, Beaverdam and 
 Haynes creeks. The surface is generally un- 
 dulating, and the eastern part level. The 
 most fertile lands are in the vicinity of the 
 rivers. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 6938 bales of cotton ; 463,180 bush- 
 els of corn; 60,815 of oats, and 104,202 of 
 sweet potatoes. There were 2 manufactories 
 of agricultural implements, 1 cotton and 1 
 woollen factory, 8 sawmills, 2 flour mills, and 
 5 grist mills. It contained 30 churches, 1 
 newspaper office, 478 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 101 attending other schools. 
 The county contains an abundance of fine 
 granite and iron ore. Gold is found in small 
 quantities. It is intersected by the Georgia 
 railroad. Named in honor of Sergeant John 
 Newton, an officer in the war of the Revolu- 
 tion. Capital, Covington. Population, 13,296, 
 of whom 8109 were free, and 5187 slaves. 
 
 Newton, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 580 square 
 miles. It is drained by a branch of Chicka- 
 sawha river. Indian corn, rice, cotton, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this 
 802 
 
 county produced 165,186 bushels of corn; 
 12,861 of oats; 58,047 of sweet potatoes; 
 1,474 bales of cotton, and 32,330pounds of rice. 
 It contained 1 church, and 180 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Decatur. Pop., 4465, 
 of whom 3433 were free, and 1032 slaves. 
 
 Newton, a county in the E. central part of 
 Texas, bordering on the Sabine river, which 
 separates it from Louisiana, has an area of 
 about 1200 square miles. It is drained by 
 Caney and Big Cow creeks. The bank of the 
 Sabine river is covered with timber. The soil 
 produces Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and 
 cotton. In 1850 this county yielded 34,135 
 bushels of corn ; 19,890 of sweet potatoes; 
 152 bales of cotton; 23,570 pounds of rice ; 
 10,218 of butter; 662 of wool, and 14 hogs- 
 heads of sugar. There were 84 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Capital, Burkeville. Po- 
 pulation, 1689, of whom 1263 were free, and 
 426, slaves. 
 
 Newton, a county in the N. N. W. part 
 of Arkansas, contains 800 square miles. It 
 is drained by the head streams of Buffalo 
 Fork of AVhite river. The surface is diversi- 
 fied with hills and valleys, which are ad.apted 
 to grain, fruit, to the pasturage of cattle, &c. 
 In 1850 this county produced 94,125 bushels 
 of Indian corn; 1345 of peas and beans, and 
 11,766 pounds of butter. It contained 3 
 churches, and 130 pupils attending public 
 schools. A large part of the county is co- 
 vered with forests. Capital, Jasper. Pop., 
 1758, of whom 1,711 were free, and 47, slaves. 
 
 Newton, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on the Indian territory, 
 has an area of 750 square miles. It is drained 
 by Shoal, Oliver, and Centre creeks, which 
 flow westward, and enter the Neosho river. 
 The soil is moderately fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, grass, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 196,210 bushels 
 of corn; 18,416 of wheat ; 31,318 of oats, and 
 43,011 pounds of butter. It contained 2 
 churches, and 278 pupils attending public 
 schools. Lead mines have recently been 
 opened 6 miles from Neosho, and are thought 
 to be rich. Shoal creek affords abundant 
 water-power. Capital, Neosho. Pop., 4268, 
 of whom 4027 were free, and 241, slaves. 
 
 Newton, a township of Rockingham co.. 
 New Hampshire. It is intersected by the 
 Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth railroad, 40 
 miles S. E. from Concord. Pop., 685. 
 
 Newton, a post-township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Boston and 
 Worcester railroad, 10 miles W. from Bos- 
 ton, contains 1 bank. Pop. 5258. 
 
 Newton, a township of Camden co., New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware river, 7 miles S. E. 
 from Camden. Population, 1576. 
 
 Newton, a post-township of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey, on the Paulinskill creek, about 
 65 miles N. from Trenton. Population, 3279. 
 
 Newton, a post-borough in Newton town- 
 ship, and capital of Sussex co., New Jersey, 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 68 miles N. from Trenton. It is pleasantly 
 situated, and contains a new court house, 4 
 churches, viz. 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 
 Methodist, and 1 Lutheran, 2 banks, 2 news- 
 paper offices, a public library, and several 
 academies. Population, estimated at 1200. 
 
 Newton, a township of Luzerne cc, Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 819. 
 
 Newton, a post-office of Kanawha cc, Va. 
 
 Newton, a thriving post- village, capital of 
 Catawba co.. North Carolina, 175 miles AV. 
 from Raleigh, is situated in a fertile and beau- 
 tiful country, and has an active trade. It 
 has a commodious court house, and many 
 handsome residences. The German Re- 
 formed church are about to establish a college 
 at this place. 
 
 Newton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Baker co., Ga., on the right bank of the Flint 
 river, 130 miles S. S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 It has 4 stores, and about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Newton, a small village of Bibb co., Ga. 
 
 Newton, a post-office of Marion co., Fla. 
 
 Newton, a post- village, capital of Dale co., 
 Alabama, about 85 miles S. S. E. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 Newton, a township in the E. central part 
 of Licking co. , Ohio, and intersected by the Co- 
 lumbus and Lake Erie railroad. Pop., 1247. 
 
 Newton, a township in the W. part of Mi- 
 ami county, Ohio. Population, 1242. 
 
 Newton, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Muskingum co., 0. Pop., 2568. 
 
 Newton, a township in Pike county, Ohio. 
 Population, 326. 
 
 Newton, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Trumbull CO., Ohio. Pop., 678. 
 
 Newton, a thriving village of Union co., 
 Ohio, 40 miles N. W. from Columbus. It has 
 1 or 2 churches and several stores. Pop., 400. 
 
 Newton, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Calhoun co., Michigan. Population, 235. 
 
 Newton, a post-township in Jasper county, 
 Indiana. Population, 435. 
 
 Newton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Jasper co., Illinois, on the Embarras river, 
 130 miles E. S. E. from Springfield. It con- 
 tains 1 or 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 Newton, a small village of Greene co.. 111. 
 
 Newton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Jasper co., Iowa, on a branch of Skunk river, 
 90 miles W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Newton, a township in Manitoowoo county, 
 Wisconsin. Population, 545. 
 
 Newton Cbntbe, a post-village in Newton 
 township, Middlesex co., Mass., 10 miles W. 
 from Boston. It is the seat of the Newton 
 Theological Seminary, founded in 1825. 
 
 Newton Coeneks, a post-office of Jefferson 
 county, AVisconsin. 
 
 Newton Depot, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham county, New Hampshire. 
 
 Newton Factokt, a post-office of Newton 
 CO., Georgia, about 50 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Newton Falls, a post-village of Newton 
 
 township, Trumbiill co., Ohio, on the Mahon- 
 ing river, and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal, 50 miles S. E. from Cleveland. It has 
 several mills and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Newton Gkove, a post-office of Sampson 
 county. North Carolina. 
 
 Newton Hamilton, or Hamiltonville, a 
 post-borough of Mifflin co., Pa., on the left 
 bank of the Juniata river, 90 miles, by rail- 
 road, W. N. W. from Harrisburg. It is con- 
 nected, by canal and railroad, with Pittsburg 
 and Philadelphia. Population in 1850, 353. 
 
 Newton Lower Falls, a manufacturing 
 post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., on the 
 Charles river, 11 miles W. from Boston. It 
 is connected, by a branch railroad, with the 
 Boston and Worcester railroad. 
 
 Newton Stewart, a small village of Orange 
 CO., Indiana, 112 miles S. by W. from Indiana- 
 polis. 
 
 Nbwtonsville, a post-office of Attala co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Newtonsville, a post-office of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Newton Upper Falls, a post-village of 
 Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on Charles 
 river, 9 miles W. from Boston. It is the ter- 
 minus of the Charles River railroad. 
 
 Newtonville, a post-office of Albany co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Newtown, a small village of Duke's co., 
 Mass., about 75 miles S. E. by S. from Bos- 
 ton. It contains a flourishing academy. 
 
 Newtown, a post-borough of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, on the Housatonic railroad, 24 
 miles W. N. W. from New Haven. It consists 
 of one long street, and has 4 churches and 
 about 80 dwellings. Population of the town- 
 ship, 3338. 
 
 Newtown, a post-township of Queen's co., 
 N. Y., on the East river. Population, 7208. 
 
 Newtown, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 150 miles S. from Albany. It has 
 several churches, and perhaps 100 dwellings. 
 
 Newtown, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Bucks CO., Penn. Population, 841. 
 
 Newtown, a pleasant post-borough in the 
 above township, is situated near Neshaminy 
 creek, 20 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. 
 Newtown was the county seat for/ several 
 years previous to 1812. It has 2 or 8 places 
 of worship, 1 academy, and several stores. 
 Population, 580. 
 
 Newtown, a township in the W. part of 
 Cumberland co.. Pa. Population, 1666. 
 
 Newtown, a township of Delaware county, 
 Pennsylvania, 14 miles W. from Philadelphia. 
 Population, 823. 
 
 Newtown, a post-village of Greene county. 
 Pennsylvania, on Whitely creek, about 10 
 miles S. E. from Waynesburg. 
 
 Newtown, a small village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Newtown, a flourishing post-village of 
 Worcester co., Maryland, on the E. side of 
 the Pocomoke river, 15 miles S. W. from Snow 
 
 803 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Hill. It is a place of active trade, contain- 
 ing 4 churches, 6 stores, 2 steam mills, and 
 2 hotels. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 800. 
 
 Newtown, or Stephensburg, a neat and 
 thriving post-village of Frederick county, 
 Virginia, on the turnpike leading from Win- 
 chester to Staunton, 8 miles S. by E. from 
 the former. It is especially noted for the 
 manufacture of wagons. The place was set- 
 tled in 1758. It contains 2 churches, a mar- 
 ket house, and over 100 dwellings. 
 
 Newtown, a small post-village of King and 
 Queen county, Virginia, 38 miles N. E. from 
 Richmond, contains 1 church. 
 
 NwETOWN, a post-village in Hinds county, 
 Mississippi, on Pearl river, 15 miles S. by W. 
 from Jackson. 
 
 Newtown, a post-village of Scott county, 
 Kentucky, 22 miles E. from Frankfort, has 
 2 or 3 churches and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Newtown, a post-village of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, 10 miles E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Newtown, a pleasant post-village of Foun- 
 tain CO., Indiana, 14 miles E. N. E. from Co- 
 vington, stands on the border of the large 
 and rich Shawanee prairie. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Newtown Academy, a post-office of Mon- 
 roe county, Alabama. 
 
 Newtown Creek, of Long island, flows 
 into the East river opposite New York. 
 
 Newtown Squarh, a post- village of Dela- 
 ware county, Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Trenton, a small village of Jefferson 
 county, Ohio. 
 
 New Trenton, a small post-village of 
 Franklin county, Indiana, 30 miles N. W. 
 from Cincinnati. 
 
 New Trier, a post-office of Cook co.. 111. 
 
 New Tripoli, a small post-village of Le- 
 high CO., Pa., 85 miles E. N. E. from Ilar- 
 risburg. 
 
 New Upton, a post-office of Gloucester co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 New Utrecht, a post-township of King's 
 CO., N. Y., forms the W. extremity of Long 
 Island. Population, 2129. 
 
 New Vernon, a post-office of Orange co.. 
 New York. 
 
 New Vernon, a small post-village of Mor- 
 ris CO., N. J., 5 miles S. from Morristown. 
 
 New Vernon, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 New Vienna, a post-village of Clinton co., 
 Ohio, 11 miles S. E. from Wilmington. 
 
 New Village, a post- village of Suffolk co.. 
 New York. 
 
 New Village, a post-village of Warren cc. 
 New Jersey, 52 miles N. N. W. from Trenton. 
 
 Newville, a post-village of Herkimer co., 
 N. Y., about 65 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Newville, a post-borough of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, near the Cumberland 
 Valley railroad, 12 miles S. W. from Carlisle. 
 It contains 2 churches, and several stores. 
 Population in 1850, 715; in 1853. about 900. 
 
 Newville, a post-office of Sussex co., Va. 
 804 
 
 Newville, a thriving post-village of Rich- 
 land CO., Ohio, is pleasantly situated on the 
 Clear fork of Mohiccan river, 12 miles S. E. 
 from Mansfield. 
 
 Newville, a post-township in De Kalb co., 
 Indiana. Population, 396. 
 
 Newville, a post-village in De Kalb co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Newville, a small village of Wells county, 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river, about 100 
 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 New Vine, a post-office of Dubuque co., lo. 
 
 New Vineyard, a post-township of Frank- 
 lin CO., Maine, about 48 miles N. W. from 
 Augusta. Population, 635. 
 
 New Waeefield, a small post-village of 
 Washington co., Alabama, 164 miles S. by W 
 from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 New Washington, a post-village of Clear- 
 field CO., Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of 
 the Susquehanna river, about 135 miles AV. 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 New Washington, a small post-village of 
 Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 New Washington, a pleasant post-village 
 of Clarke co., Indiana, 18 miles S. W. from 
 Madison. It has a flourishing academy, and 
 about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 New Wat, a post-office of Licking co., Ohio. 
 
 New Westville, a post-office of Preble co.,, 
 Ohio. 
 
 New Wilmington, a post-township of Law- 
 rence CO., Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. from New 
 Castle. Population, 1478. 
 
 New Wilmington, a village of Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the line between Mercer and Law- 
 rence counties, 8 miles S. W. from Mercer. 
 
 New Winchester, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 New Winchester, a small post-village of 
 Hendricks co., Indiana, 27 miles W. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 New Windsor, a post-township of Orange 
 CO., New York, on the Newburg Branch rail- 
 road. Population, 2457. 
 
 New Windsor, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Hudson river, about 85 
 miles below Albany. It is said to be the 
 birthplace of De Witt Clinton. 
 
 New Windsor, a post- village of Carroll co., 
 Md., about 30 miles N. W. from Baltimore. 
 
 New Windsor, a small village of Carroll 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 New Wine, a village in Dubuque co., Iowa, 
 25 miles W. by N. from Dubuque. 
 
 New Woodstock, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., New York, 24 miles S. E. from Syracuse. 
 
 New York, one of the Middle States of the 
 United States, and the most populous of the 
 confederacy, is bounded on the N. by Lake 
 Ontario, the St. Lawrence, and Canada East: 
 on the E. by Vermont, Massachusetts, and 
 Connecticut ; on the S. by the Atlantic, (if 
 we include Long Island,) by New Jersey and 
 Pennsylvania; and W. by Pennsylvania, Lake 
 Erie, and the Niagara river. This state is 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 separated on the W. and N. W. from Canada 
 West, by Lakes Erie and Ontario, and by the 
 Niagara and St. Lawrence rivers ; and partly 
 from Vermont by Lake Champlain. It lies 
 between 40° 30' and 45° N. lat., and between 
 (if we include Long Island, a dependency of 
 the state) 72° and 79° 55' W. Ion. Its ex- 
 treme length from E. to W., exclusive of Long 
 Island, is about 335 miles, and its greatest 
 breadth from N. to S. about 308 miles, in- 
 cluding an area of about 46,000 square miles, 
 or 29,440,000 acres, of which 12,408,968 only 
 were improved in 1850, showing a great capa- 
 city for increase of population, even in the 
 older and more densely inhabited states of 
 North America. 
 
 Population. — Though originally settled by 
 the Dutch, and having some of its oldest and 
 most respectable families of that descent, the 
 greater infusion of New-England population 
 since the Revolution, has given to the inha- 
 bitants of New York more of the characteristics 
 of New England than of Holland. According 
 to the census of 1790, this state had 340,120 
 inhabitants; 586,756 in 1800; 959,049 in 
 1810; 1,372,812 in 1820; 1,918,608 in 1830; 
 2,428,921 in 1840, and 3,097,394 in 1850; 
 of whom 1,544,489 were white males; 
 1,503,836 white females ; 23,462 free colored 
 males, and 25,617 females. This population 
 was distributed in 566,869 families, occupy- 
 ing 473,936 dwellings. Of the entire popu- 
 lation, 2,151,196 were born in the state, 
 288,100 in other states of the Union, 84,820 
 in England, 343,111 in Ireland, 23,418 in 
 Scotland, 7582 in Wales, 118,398 in Germany, 
 12,515 in France, 14,757 in other countries, 
 and 6261 whose places of birth were unknown ; 
 giving about 21 per cent, of foreign birth. In 
 the twelve months preceding June 1st, 1850, 
 there occurred 44,339 deaths, or nearly 14 
 persons in every one thousand. In the same 
 year, aid was received by 59,855 paupers, of 
 whom 40,580 were foreigners, at an expense 
 of nearly $14 for each individual. The deaf 
 and dumb numbered 1307, of whom 10 were 
 colored persons ; the blind 1272, of whom 51 
 were colored ; the insane 2580, of whom 36 
 were colored; and the idiotic 1739, of whom 
 18 were colored. 
 
 Counties. — New York is divided into 59 
 counties, viz. Albany, Alleghany, Broome, 
 Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauque, Chemung, 
 Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Dela- 
 ware, Dutchess, Erie, Essex, Franklin, Ful- 
 ton, Genesee, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, 
 Jefferson, Kings, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, 
 Monroe, Montgomery, New York, Niagara, 
 Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, 
 Oswego, Otsego, Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, 
 Richmond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, 
 Schoharie, Seneca, St. Lawrence, Steuben, 
 Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, 
 Warren, Washington, V/ayne, Westchester, 
 Wyoming, and Yates. Albany is the capital. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — New York is filled with 
 
 populous and thriving towns, and her inland 
 cities and villages exhibit, in their great ware- 
 houses and elegant private residences, such 
 indications of wealth and taste as are only 
 looked for in seaport towns or great capi- 
 tals, in other countries. New York, her me- 
 tropolis, and the most populous city of the 
 AVestern continent, is the great centre of 
 commercial operations, not only of the United 
 States, but of all America. Though the popu- 
 lation of New York city proper numbered 
 in 1850 but 515,507, yet, added to its 
 different suburbs — Brooklyn, (pop., 96,838,) 
 Williamsburg, (30,780,) and Jersey City 
 and Hoboken (though in another state) — it 
 summed up a total of 653,000 inhabitants. 
 The other most important towns are Albany, 
 population, 50,763; Buffalo, 42,261; Roches- 
 ter, 36,403 ; Troy, 28,785, (and in conjunction 
 with West Troy, about 36,000;) Syracuse, 
 22,271; Utica, 17,565; Poughkeepsie, 13,944; 
 Lockport, 12,323; Oswego, 12,205; Newburg, 
 11,415; Kingston, 10,232; Auburn, 9548; 
 Fishkill, 9240 ; Schenectady, 8921 ; Rome, 
 7918; Ogdensburg, 7756; Owego, 7159; 
 Ithica, 6909 ; Hudson, 6280 ; Canandaigua, 
 6143; Plattsburg, 5618; Catskill, 5454; 
 Binghampton, Elmira, Dunkirk, Waterford, 
 Batavia, Waterloo, Seneca Falls, Herkimer, 
 Saratoga, Sackett's Harbor, and various 
 other towns, numbering from 2000 to 5000 
 inhabitants each. 
 
 Face of the Country. — New York presents 
 every variety of surface, from the rich plains 
 of the western part of the state to the rugged 
 mountains of the E. and N. E. The Appala- 
 chian or Alleghanian chain of mountains 
 enters the S. E. of New York (in two separate 
 ridges) from New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 
 That from the former state crosses the Hud- 
 son river at and around West Point, about 
 50 miles from its mouth, and forms the far- 
 famed Highlands of the Hudson, which have 
 given this river a celebrity only second to 
 the Rhine. After passing the Hudson river, 
 this range pursues a northerly course, under 
 the name of the Taconic or Tagkhannuc 
 mountains, to join the Green mountains in 
 Connecticut and Massachusetts. Where the 
 Highlands are cut through by the Hudson 
 river they are perhaps 20 miles in breadth, 
 but seldom reach an altitude of 1500 feet; 
 though in one instance, on the E. bank of the 
 river, near Fishkill, they attain an elevation 
 of nearly 1700 feet. N. W. of the Highlands, 
 and running nearly parallel, are the Shawan- 
 gunk mountains, which are followed in turn 
 by the far-famed Catskill mountains, which 
 approach the Hudson river from the S. W., 
 run nearly parallel with it for perhaps 20 
 miles, then trend off to the N. W. toward the 
 Mohawk river. In the latter part of their 
 course they are known as the Helderberg 
 hills. The highest summit of the chain is 
 Roundtop, in Greene county, 3804 feet in 
 altitude. Delaware county is traversed by a 
 
 805 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 ridge called the Oquago braBch. But by far 
 the grandest chain of mountains (or rather 
 assemblage of groups and ranges) lie N. of 
 the Mohawk river, and between Lake Ontario 
 on the W. and Lakes Champlain and George 
 on the E. These traverse, under various 
 local names, and in different directions, (but 
 mostly N. and N. E.,) the counties of Her- 
 kimer, Fulton, Montgomery, Saratoga, War- 
 ren, Essex, Clinton, Franklin, Hamilton, and 
 St. Lawrence. The most important group, 
 chiefly lying in Essex county, is the Adiron- 
 dack, the highest peak of which. Mount 
 Marcy, or Tahawus, has an elevation of 5467 
 feet, and is the loftiest summit in the state. 
 The Catskill or Helderberg mountains seem 
 to resume their course beyond the Mohawk 
 river, in Herkimer county, and to extend 
 beyond the St. Lawrence into Canada, under 
 the name of the Chateauguay range. There 
 are other ranges of highlands in Oneida 
 and Lewis counties. Speaking of the western 
 portion of the state, (i. e. W. of Lake Cayuga,) 
 Professor Hall remarks — " This district, bor- 
 dering Lake Ontario on the N., is a low pla- 
 teau, gradually rising to the S., for a distance 
 varying from 4 to 8 or 9 miles, where we ab- 
 ruptly ascend a terrace, which at its western 
 extremity attains a height of 200 feet, but 
 which slope gently down almost to the gene- 
 ral level farther E. From the top of this 
 terrace, we pass over a broad plateau of 
 nearly level country, slightly depressed 
 towards the centre, but rising gently again 
 to the S., till we come to the base of a second 
 terrace, having a general height of 60 feet or 
 more above the country on the N. Beyond 
 the terrace last mentioned, the country is 
 level, and generally even for several miles, 
 when we commence a gradual ascent to 
 higher ground. Although the counti-y to the 
 S. of this is hilly, and in some parts rising 
 to an elevation of 2500 feet above the ocean, 
 and from 600 to 1000 feet above the deepest 
 valleys, yet it must be remembered that there 
 are no ranges of mountains. We must fancy 
 this whole southern border of the state as 
 having once been a high and broad plateau, 
 and that from denudation, the breaking up 
 of the strata in some places, together with 
 the action of waves and currents, has re- 
 sulted this irregular and uneven surface." 
 The first ridge, near Lake Ontario, forms the 
 falls of the Genesee at Rochester, and the 
 second ridge those in Alleghany county. 
 
 Geology. — Though New York has under- 
 gone the most complete geological survey of 
 any state in the Union, by a corps of compe- 
 tent geologists and naturalists, who have 
 ably reported their proceedings in a number 
 of ponderous volumes, the character of 
 our work does not admit of giving more than 
 a brief outline of the geology of the state. 
 Commencing in the N. E., the greater portion 
 of the district N. of the Mohawk and E. of 
 Lake Ontario is primary in formation, with, 
 806 
 
 however, a belt of Potsdam sandstone on the 
 N., which is in turn separated from the St. 
 Lawrence by a second belt of calciferous (lime- 
 producing) sandrock. Between Lake On- 
 tario and the primary tract named above, in 
 the order named, proceeding S. to Oswego, 
 are groups of Potsdam sandstone, calciferous 
 sandrock; Black river, Birdseye, and Tren- 
 ton limestone ; Utica slate, Helderberg lime- 
 stone, (including grits and sandstones,) and 
 gray sandstone. S. of Lake Ontario, narrow 
 belts succeed each other in the following or- 
 der: — 1. Of the Medina sandstone, (usually 
 a red sandstone, sometimes variegated, and 
 giving origin to salt springs ;) 2. Of the Clin- 
 ton group, (a variable composition of sand- 
 stones, shales, impure limestones, iron ores, 
 &c. ;) 3. Of the Niagara group, (a limestone 
 resting upon shale, and forming the cele- 
 brated cataract of that name ;) 4. Of the 
 Onondaga salt group, (limestone and slate, 
 with salt springs ;) 5. Of Helderberg lime- 
 stone ; and 6. Of the Hamilton group, (com- 
 posed of calcareous, sandy, or fossiliferoua 
 shales.) A wide zone of the Portage and 
 Chemung groups (composed mainly, the for- 
 mer of flagstones and shales, and the latter 
 of highly fossiliferous shales and thin bedded 
 sandstones) occupy the S. W. portion of the 
 state, extending into Pennsylvania, and send- 
 ing off a narrow arm to near Catskill, on the 
 Hudson, where it bends to the S. W., sur- 
 rounding on the N. and S. E. a large tract of 
 red sandstone lying between itself and the 
 Susquehanna river. E. of the narrow arm 
 just described, and between it and the Hud- 
 son, are narrow belts ofthe Hamilton group, 
 Helderberg limestone, Medina sandstone, 
 and gray sandstone. Washington, Rensse- 
 laer, Columbia, Schenectady, parts of Sara- 
 toga, Albany, Montgomery, Putnam, Orange, 
 Ulster, and Dutchess counties, are occupied 
 by the Hudson river group, (composed mostly 
 of shales and shaly sandstone, with thin 
 courses of limestone.) Westchester, most 
 of Putnam, and parts of Dutchess and Orange 
 counties, are primitive. Long Island is dilu- 
 vial on the N., and alluvial on the S. side. 
 
 Minerals. — New York, though deficient in 
 coal, (the geological formation being too old 
 for its production,) abounds in that most use- 
 ful of all minerals, iron, especially in the N. 
 E. and S. E. counties, and in AVayne county. 
 The magnetic ore is most plentiful in the N. 
 E., and the hematitic in the S. E. counties. 
 Bog ore is extensively diffused. Lead exists 
 in great quantities in St. Lawrence county ; 
 and mines have been recently opened in Ul- 
 ster. It is also found in Sullivan, Columbia, 
 and Westchester counties. Zinc, copper, and 
 titanium, exist in several counties. Molyb- 
 denum, manganese, arsenic, cerium, silver, 
 and bismuth are occasionally found. The 
 central and some of the western counties 
 contain abundance of gypsum, which is 
 largely used as a manure, and extensively 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 exported. Our geological article shows there 
 is no scarcity of lime, especially in the cen- 
 tral and western counties. Marble of fine 
 quality is exported from Sing-Sing. Sul- 
 phuret of iron is found in St. Lawrence, and 
 carburet in Essex, Clinton, and Dutchess 
 counties. Gneiss, sandstone, and limestone, 
 suitable for building, are abundant. New 
 York is especially celebrated for its mineral 
 springs, particularly its medicinal springs, 
 the most noted of which are those of Sara- 
 toga, Ballston, New Lebanon, Sharon, and 
 Avon springs. Onondaga yields large quan- 
 tities of table salt: about 4,000,000 bushels 
 were produced in this county alone in 1850. 
 There are also salt springs in Erie, Genesee, 
 and Orleans counties. Natural issues of car- 
 bureted hydrogen exist in several counties. 
 The village of Fredonia, in Chautauque 
 county, is lighted from one of these, as is the 
 lighthouse of Barcelona, in the same county. 
 Rivers, Lakes, ^c. — New York possesses a 
 greater amount of navigable waters than any 
 other state of the Union. On the E. is the 
 Hudson, traversing the state for about 350 
 miles, 150 of which are navigable for large 
 steamers and schooners, and 120 for ships; on 
 the N. E., Lake Champlain, navigable for 120 
 miles ; and on the W. andN.W., Lakes Erie and 
 Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence, all navi- 
 gable for large steamers, and Ontario and 
 Erie for ships of heavy tonnage. In the S. 
 E. of the state rises the Delaware, and in 
 the interior, the Susquehanna, which pass S. 
 into Pennsylvania, and float down, in the 
 high waters of spring and autumn, lumber 
 and other products of New York, to the mar- 
 kets of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Mary- 
 land. The W. of the state is crossed by the 
 Genesee, which furnishes, by its numerous 
 cataracts, immense water-power, though it 
 is only navigable for small steam or keel 
 boats, and for those only by stages between 
 the falls. The Oswego is the outlet of the 
 central lakes, and affords valuable water- 
 power. The two rivers last mentioned and 
 the Black river flow into Lake Ontario. The 
 Oswegatchee, Grass, Racket, and St. Eigis 
 rivers, each of about 150 miles in length, 
 join the St. Lawrence ; and the Saranac and 
 Au Sable empty themselves into Lake Cham- 
 plain. All these rivers are in the N. E. of 
 the state. The Mohawk, an affluent of the 
 Hudson, about 200 miles in length, drains 
 the central counties of Eastern New York. 
 New York abounds in small and picturesque 
 lakes. In the E. is Lake George, so cele- 
 brated for the grandeur of its scenery; in 
 the centre are Lakes Oneida, Skeneateles, 
 Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, and Ca- 
 nandaigua ; in the S. W., Chautauque ; and 
 in the N. E., Black, Saranac, and Long lakes; 
 besides many other small but beautiful sheets 
 of water. The larger of these lakes vary in 
 length from 10 to 36 miles. The principal 
 bays are New York bay, opening into the 
 
 Atlantic, and Sackett's harbor, at the E. end 
 of Lake Ontario. Long Island sound, 120 
 miles long, separates Long Island from Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Islands. — There are several important 
 islands belonging to this state, chief among 
 which is Long Island, about 115 miles in 
 length, between Long Island sound and the 
 Atlantic ocean ; Staten Island, (embracing 
 Richmond county,) between New York bay 
 on the E., and Raritan bay and Arthurkill 
 sound on the S. and W.; and Grand Island, in 
 the Niagara river, belonging to the State of 
 New York. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Under this 
 heading New York may justly claim a large 
 space. On her western border, in a river or 
 strait of 34 miles in length, running from 
 Lake Erie to Ontario, and pouring the waters 
 of the Great Lakes over a precipice of 165 
 feet in perpendicular height, thunders the far- 
 famed and unrivalled cataract of Niagara, in 
 whose presence all stand dumb, with no power 
 to describe, but only to wonder and adore. 
 The falls are about 20 miles below the en- 
 trance to the strait, at the N. E. extremity 
 of Lake Erie, and 14 miles above its junction 
 with Lake Ontario. About 3 miles below its 
 commencement, the river divides into two 
 arms, which embrace an island, called Grand 
 Island, 12 miles long, and from 2 to 7 miles 
 wide. The banks of the upper portion of 
 Niagara river are low, not usually exceeding 
 20 or 30 feet, and the current is compara- 
 tively moderate. Near 3 miles below Grand 
 island the rapids (scarcely less interesting 
 than the falls themselves) commence, and 
 after a course of rather more than a half- 
 mile, terminate in the great cataract. Goat 
 island, a quarter of a mile wide, and half a 
 mile long from N. to S., extends to the very 
 brow of the precipice, and divides the falls 
 into two portions, the higher of which is 
 on the American side, but the greater body 
 of water on the Canadian. The American 
 fall is again subdivided, very unequally, by 
 Iris island, with the greater of these subdi- 
 visions nearest the New York shore. Below 
 the falls, the river runs between perpendicular 
 clifis for three or four miles, in a channel of 
 from 300 to 800 feet wide, with great force 
 and impetuosity, now ruffled by rapids, and 
 now eddying in whirlpools, till it is released 
 from its narrow and rocky bed, below the 
 Queenstown Heights, from whence it flows 
 tranquilly into Lake Ontario. Between the 
 falls and Queenstown (where navigation 
 commences) occur two rapids, caused partly 
 by the narrowing of the bed of the river, and 
 partly by the rocks at the bottom. At the 
 head of the first rapids, two miles below the 
 falls, the river is spanned by a suspension 
 bridge 800 feet in length, and 230 feet above 
 the water. At the southern extremity of the 
 first rapids, an angle in the river causes a 
 reflex in the current, which forms a pumber 
 
 807 ' 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 of eddies, commonly called "The Whirlpool," 
 more remarkable for the heaping up of the 
 •waters in the middle of the river, by the im- 
 petus of the current, than for any peculiar 
 violence of the whirlpools themselves. Below 
 this pool is another rapid of about half a mile 
 in extent. Little has hitherto been said of the 
 beauty of Niagara. When one has gazed till 
 his senses are confused, at the more stupen- 
 dous parts of the scene, there is a delightful 
 relief in roaming about the larger and smaller 
 islands, and viewing the numberless small 
 cascades and rapids, which are accessible by 
 means of the bridges from the American 
 shore to Iris, Goat, and one of the smaller 
 islands. 
 
 In any other state not possessing such an 
 overwhelming object of natural grandeur as 
 Niagara, the other falls of New York would 
 rank as prime objects of interest. The Co- 
 hoes falls, in the Mohawk, about three miles 
 from its mouth, have a perpendicular descent 
 of 70 feet, and when the river is full, in the 
 spring and autumn, form a grand cataract. 
 Little falls, about 12 miles below Utica, are 
 formed by the passage of the Mohawk through 
 •the mountains. The river descends 42 feet 
 in one mile, tossing and foaming among the 
 rocks, while it is frowned on from above by 
 the rugged and picturesque walls of this 
 mountain gorge. Fifteen miles N. of Utica, 
 in West Canada creek, (a tributary of the 
 Mohawk,) is a series of cascades and rapids, 
 (known as Trenton falls,) that extend over a 
 space of two miles, in a channel which the 
 river has cut from the solid limestone rock to 
 a depth varying from 100 to 150 feet, forming 
 a clean limestone trough, the middle of which 
 only (in summer) is occupied by a narrow 
 stream of water, almost as black as ink. 
 Proceeding up this narrow gorge, with per- 
 pendicular sides of solid rock, a series of 
 rapids and falls are passed at considerable 
 intervals, presenting a great variety of 
 cascades, of from 8 or 10 to 100 feet in 
 height. The great charm in these falls is 
 not in the body of water, which (except in 
 freshets) is not great, but in the variety and 
 wildness of the views. Hemmed in from all 
 the world in this recess, where the sun can 
 penetrate but for a very few hours in the day 
 — scrambling along the edge, where there is 
 often barely room for a pathway, (and at one 
 point not even for a full foothold,) the tourist 
 is led on, if it be his first visit, from one 
 agreeable surprise to another ; and some hesi- 
 tate not to give them the preference over 
 Niagara in the amount of pleasure they pro- 
 duce. The Genesee river has a series of 
 cataracts, surpassing in altitude those of the 
 Rhine, the boast'of Europe. The flourishing 
 city of Rochester owes its importance to one 
 of these, within the city limits, which has a 
 perpendicular descent of 97 feet, and which 
 gives motion to the machinery of its cele- 
 orated flour mills and factories. There are 
 
 other falls within the vicinity of Rochester, 
 making a total descent of 226 feet. But these 
 are far inferior in wildness and picturesque- 
 ness to those nearer the sources of the river, 
 in Alleghany county, where the Genesee de- 
 scends by three falls of 60, 90, and 110 feet, 
 within the space of two miles, through a 
 gorge worn in the solid rock to the depth of 
 400 feet. In the neighborhood of Ithaca are 
 a number of cascades, set off by highly pic- 
 turesque accompaniments, one of which has 
 a perpendicular pitch of 110 feet. Baker's, 
 Hadley's, Jessup's, and Glen's falls, (the 
 latter made classic in Cooper's "Last of the 
 Mohicans,") all near the sources of the Hud- 
 son river, are well worthy of a visit. There 
 are also two interesting falls in the strait 
 leading from Lake George into Lake Cham- 
 plain, also one near Hudson, and another 
 near West Point. Lake George stands pro- 
 minent among the lakes of the United States 
 for the boldness of its shores, and the trans- 
 parency of its waters. It is studded with 
 beautiful islands, and shut in bj' precipitous 
 highlands, reaching in one instance an ele- 
 vation of 2000 feet. A steamer performs 
 daily trips on this lake, going and returning 
 the same day. A visit to the classic ground 
 of Fort Ticonderoga, at the outlet of Lake 
 George into Lake Champlain, may form a 
 part of the same day's excursion. 
 
 We now come to the places of fashionable 
 resort, first among which, on the continent of 
 America, stands Saratoga, visited annually, 
 during the summer months, by its thousands in 
 pursuit of health, and by its tens of thousands 
 seeking pleasure and excitement. Saratoga 
 springs are in Saratoga county, in the E. of 
 the state. Its waters are of great variety, 
 and of very active properties. Sharon Sul- 
 phur springs, in Schoharie county, are much 
 visited by invalids, and have the advantage 
 over Saratoga in the picturesqueness of the 
 surrounding scenery. New Lebanon, cele- 
 brated for its warm springs, is situated in 
 Rensselaer county, near the boundary of 
 Massachusetts. Avon springs, 20 miles S. 
 of Rochester, are much resorted to. Balls- 
 ton Spa, 7 miles from Saratoga, is less cele- 
 brated than formerly, partly from its waters 
 having lost a portion of their virtues, but 
 more probably from the greater attractions 
 of Saratoga. (For full descriptions, see sepa- 
 rate articles.) The scenery on the Hudson 
 river has long constituted one of the great 
 attractions of tourists to New York. Easily 
 and pleasantly accessible, it is probably better 
 known than any American scenery, except 
 Niagara falls, and ranks second to no river 
 in romantic interest in the known world. 
 Directly after leaving New York, you come 
 upon the Palisades, on the New Jersey shore, 
 composed of perpendicular walls of trap rock, 
 of from 200 to 500 feet in height. These lose 
 themselves (about 35 miles up the river) in 
 the Highlands proper, which have a base 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 of about 20 miles. Here the Hudson has 
 burst its way at some distant period through 
 the mountains, leaving on each side a ram- 
 part of almost perpendicular hills, of from 
 600 to 1700 feet in elevation above the level 
 of the river. About 100 miles above New 
 York, we come abreast of the Catskill moun- 
 tains, which present a very abrupt front to 
 the river, and run nearly parallel to it for 
 about 20 miles. These mountains are not of 
 great elevation, but their grandeur consists 
 in the extended and unbroken views alForded 
 from the piazza of the Pine-orchard Moun- 
 tain House, (2276 feet above the sea,) up and 
 down the valley of the Hudson for 70 miles 
 in each direction, and across to the Green 
 mountains in Massachusetts. At Kauterskill 
 falls, three miles S. W. from the hotel, a 
 small stream is precipitated 180 feet, into a 
 circular amphitheatre of great wildness, from 
 -whence it takes a second leap into another 
 chasm. The great charm of this fall is the 
 wild scenery formed by the gorge, (the bed 
 of the stream,) which winds round the moun- 
 tains, and shuts out every view but that be- 
 neath your feet and over your head. The 
 Adirondac mountains, the highest in the 
 state, and only second to the White mountains 
 of New Hampshire and Black mountain in 
 North Carolina, have as yet been but little 
 visited by fashionable tourists. Probably the 
 best account of them is to be had in Headley's 
 "Adirondac Mountains." Mount Tahawus, 
 or Marcy, the highest peak, commands an 
 extensive panorama of mountains, among 
 which repose 30 visible lakes and ponds. The 
 completion of the New York and Erie railway 
 through the southern part of the state has 
 laid open some fine scenery but little known 
 to the public heretofore. The passage of the 
 road along the shores of the Delaware river, 
 and through Orange, Rockland, and Sullivan 
 counties, offers the boldest scenery. In 
 Manlius, Onondago county, are the "Green 
 Lakes," supposed to be of volcanic produc- 
 tion, one of which is on the top of a hill, 
 with banks 200 feet high, and with beauti- 
 fully green water to the depth of 400 feet. 
 This lake was once known to rise suddenly 
 and overflow its banks, but the water soon 
 receded to its ordinary level. 
 
 Climate. — New York presents considerable 
 diversities of climate. In the N. the winters 
 are long and severe, somewhat mitigated in 
 the western part by the proximity of the 
 great lakes and the prevalence of S. W. winds, 
 and varied again in the S. E., below the Cats- 
 kill mountains, by the effect of the sea air, 
 which tempers the heats of summer and chills 
 the air of spring. At Buffalo there is great 
 irregularity in the time of the ice leaving the 
 harbor. "Some 12 or 15 . years since," 
 writes a correspondent, "their harbor was 
 completely blocked up by ice till May, no 
 steamboat having left the harbor till the 15th 
 of that month; but this is very unusual." 
 
 According to observations kept hy Leander 
 Wetherell, Esq., at Rochester, during 10 
 years the average mean temperature was 
 47°. 36 ; highest point of the mercury, 102° ; 
 lowest, 9° below zero ; average fall of rain 
 and melted snow, 33.30 inches. 
 
 Soil and Produciious. — The soil of this great 
 state is very various. The western parts, 
 known as the Genesee flats, and the valleys 
 of the Hudson and Mohawk, have excellent 
 soils, while much of the N. E. of the state is 
 poor and cold. No general description would 
 give a correct idea of the soils, as in the 
 same county may be found parts that are 
 hilly or mountainous, and comparatively 
 sterile, while the soil of the valleys is a rich 
 alluvion. New York, however, on the whole, 
 may be safely called a fertile state. The ex- 
 ceptions are mostly in the mountainous por- 
 tions. The descriptions of the counties in 
 this as well as in other states, will best give 
 the qualities of the soil in particular locali- 
 ties. Long Island is easily improved in the 
 western part, though it is not naturally very 
 fertile. It is very important for its market 
 products. The eastern portion is poor and 
 sandy. Great attention is paid in this state 
 to scientific agriculture, and endeavors made 
 to introduce a better mode of culture ; to 
 promote which end, agricultural societies 
 have been formed, and journals established 
 devoted to this subject. New York is first of 
 the states of the confederacy in the amount 
 of live stock, oats, Irish potatoes, barlej", 
 buckwheat, grass-seeds, orchard products, 
 products of market gardens, butter, cheese, 
 hay, hops, maple sugar, beeswax, honey, and 
 slaughtered animals produced ; second in the 
 amount of wool and rye, and third in that of 
 wheat raised. Besides these, large quantities 
 of Indian corn, beans, peas, flax, and maple 
 molasses, with some sweet potatoes, tobacco, 
 wine, hemp, and silk were produced. The 
 fruits are apples, pears, cherries, plums, and 
 peaches, with various kinds of berries In 
 1850 there were 170,698 farms, containing 
 12,408,968 acres of improved land, producing 
 13,121,498 bushels of wheat; 4,148,182 of 
 rye; 17,858,400 of Indian corn; 26,552,814 
 of oats; 741,636of peas and beans; 15,398,862 
 of Irish potatoes; 3,585,059 of barley; 
 3,183,955 of buckwheat; 184,715 of grass- 
 seeds; 10,071,301 pounds of wool; 79,766,094 
 of butter ; 49,741,413 of cheese ; 2,536,299 
 of hops; 940,557 of flax; 10,357,484 of 
 maple sugar; 1,756,190 of beeswax and ho- 
 ney, and 3,728,797 tons of hay ; live stock 
 valued at $73,570,499 ; market products, 
 $912,047; orchard fruits, $1,761,950, and 
 slaughtered animals, $13,573,983. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The forest-trees are several 
 varieties of oak and pine, and spruce, tama- 
 rack, larch, hemlock, fir, walnut, and sugai'- 
 maple, chestnut, ash, elm, beech, butternut, 
 sycamore, alder, cedar, locust, laurel, mul- 
 berry, sassafras, birch, tilia, poplar, cherry, 
 
 809 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 hornbeam, sumach, cucumber-tree, crabapple, 
 and thorn. The forests about the sources 
 of the Susquehanna and Delaware furnish 
 large quantities of pine for the Philadelphia 
 and Baltimore markets. 
 
 Animals. — The forests of New York were for- 
 merly ranged by the moose, stag, and rein- 
 deer ; but these are now seldom if ever met 
 with. Among the existing animals are the 
 American deer, black bear, panther, wildcat, 
 wolf, (gi'ay and black,) wolverines, otters, 
 minks, beavers, muskrats, ermine weasels, ra- 
 coons, skunks, marmots, rabbits, hares, squir- 
 rels, and a number of the smaller quadru- 
 peds. Among the birds are the golden and 
 bald eagle, various species and varieties of 
 hawks, owls, and buzzards, wild turkeys and 
 pigeons, quail, grouse, woodcock, willet, snipe, 
 coot, grebes, dipper, petrel, cormorant, peli- 
 can, gannet, skimmer, tern, gull, sheldrake, 
 canvas-back and other wild ducks, teal 
 widgeon, wild goose, swan, and brant, with 
 an endless variety of the order Fasseres, or 
 small birds. 
 
 Mamtfactures. — New York, though exten- 
 sively engaged in manufactures, does not 
 maintain the relative pre-eminence in this 
 respect that she holds in commerce and agri- 
 culture ; falling behind Pennsylvania and 
 Massachusetts in absolute, and behind New 
 Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island 
 in relative amount. In 1850, there were in 
 the state 23,823 manufacturing establish- 
 ments, each producing $500 and upward an- 
 nually ; of these, 86 were engaged in cotton 
 manufactures, employing $4,176,920 capital, 
 and 2632 male, and 8688 female hands ; con- 
 suming raw material worth $1,985,978, and 
 producing 44,901,475 yards of stuff, and 
 2,180,600 pounds of yarn, valued at 
 $3,591,989; 249 woollen establishments, 
 employing $4,459,370 capital, and 4262 
 male, and 2412 female hands; consuming 
 raw material worth $3,838,292, and pro- 
 ducing 7,924,252 yards of stuff, and 261,700 
 pounds of yarn, valued at $7,030,624; and 
 401 furnaces, forges, &c., employing 
 $6,358,782 capital, and 7467 male hands; 
 consuming raw material worth $3,553,109, 
 and producing 141,246 tons of pig, cast, and 
 wrought iron, valued at $7,948,868 ; the 
 manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors 
 employed $2,585,900 capital ; consuming 
 2,062,250 bushels of barley; 1,647,266 of 
 Indian corn ; 909,067 of rye ; 6707 of oats ; 
 60,940 of apples ; 24,500 hogsheads of mo- 
 lasses, and 581 tons of hops; employing 1880 
 hands, and producing 644,700 barrels of ale, 
 &c. ; 9,231,700 gallons of whiskey and wine, 
 and 2,488,800 gallons of rum ; 942 tanneries, 
 employing $5,025,143 ; consuming raw mate- 
 rial worth $6,065,221, and producing manu- 
 factured leather valued at $9,804,000. Home- 
 made manufactures valued at $1,280,333 were 
 produced. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — New York, headed 
 810 
 
 by her great statesman, De Witt Clinton, has 
 the honor of taking the lead in internal im- 
 provements, from which enterprise she is 
 now reaping an ample reward in her com- 
 mercial pre-eminence and wealth. In 1817 
 was commenced the great work of connecting 
 the waters of the Atlantic with the great 
 lakes, by breaking the soil for the Erie and 
 Hudson canal, which is 364 miles long, and 
 (originally) forty feet wide. It was com- 
 pleted in 1825, at a cost of about $7,000,000. 
 In 1852, this and the branch canals de- 
 livered at tidewater property valued at 
 $67,288,876, of which the Champlain and 
 Erie canals alone left at Albany, (independ- 
 ent of other depots,) products valued at 
 $27,439,188, while the clearances from the 
 same place were $31,476,375. Besides the 
 Champlain canal, there were various branches 
 connecting with the Erie and Hudson canal, 
 viz. one from Utica to Binghampton ; one from 
 Syracuse to Oswego; one from Geneva to 
 Montezuma, and one from Rochester to Dan- 
 ville. The other canals are the Delaware 
 and Hudson, connecting the Hudson river 
 with the coal mines in the N. E. of Pennsyl- 
 vania ; the Chemung, connecting Seneca lake 
 with Elmira, and the Crooked Lake, uniting 
 Pen Yan with Dresden. Besides these are 
 the Black River and Genesee Valley canals, 
 not yet completed. New York has, therefore, 
 a total of nearly 700 miles of canal completed, 
 and nearly 200 in course of construction, at 
 an aggregate probable cost of not much less 
 than $17,000,000, exclusive of the enlarge- 
 ments of the Erie and other canals, for which 
 a debt of nearly $9,000,000 has already been 
 contracted, although the work is not yet 
 completed. The canal debt, September 30, 
 1852, was $17,001,109.16; receipts for canal 
 tolls, the fiscal year ending the same date, 
 $3,116,321.23, which is the interest of 
 $52,985,763, at 6 per cent. The canalling 
 of New York has been done by the state ; 
 but private enterprise has added a much 
 greater amount of railway at an abundantly 
 greater cost. In January, 1858, there were 
 2129 miles of railway completed in New 
 York, and 925 in course of construction. 
 Those already completed connect New York 
 with Dunkirk and Buffalo vid Albany, 
 and also by a cross railroad from Elmira to 
 Canandaigua. Besides these are various 
 branch railroads, uniting Rome with Cape 
 Vincent at the outlet of Lake Ontario ; Syra- 
 cuse with Oswego ; Rousse's Point (at the 
 head of Lake Champlain) with Ogdensburg; 
 Whitehall with Albany and Troy ; Hudson 
 with the Massachusetts line ; New York with 
 Chatham Five Corners, (on the Boston and 
 Albany railroad;) Albany with Rutland, 
 Vermont; Corning with Blossburg, Pennsyl- 
 vania, (coal mines;) Hornelsville with the 
 Attica and Buffalo railroad ; Rochester with 
 Niagara falls, and Buffalo with Erie, Penn- 
 sylvania. Several branches from New York 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 eity connect with lines through Connecticut, 
 Massachusetts, and Rhode Island to Boston. 
 In short, the great commercial metropolis of 
 the state enjoys a connected intercourse, by 
 railway, with almost every important town in 
 this or in the neighboring states. — See Table 
 of Canals and Railroads, Appendix. There 
 were in New York, in October, 1852, 19plank- 
 roaks, with an aggregate of 2106 miles, cost- 
 ing $3,860,298. 
 
 Commerce. — New York enjoys great facili- 
 ties for both foreign and domestic commerce, 
 and surpasses every other state in the United 
 States in the absolute amount of tonnage 
 owned by her citizens, though that of Massa- 
 chusetts is relatively greater. The tonnage of 
 New York in 1852 was 1,134,831.02 ; of which 
 111,144.62 was steam tonnage, more than 
 one-fifth of that of all the United States. 
 The number of vessels built in the same 
 period was 179, 45 of which were steamers; 
 total tonnage, 72,072||. Great as is the 
 tonnage of New York, it does not fairly re- 
 present her proportion of commerce, since 
 many vessels built and owned in other 
 states, are employed in the carrying trade 
 of her commercial metropolis. The share 
 of New York alone, in the trade of the 
 lakes amounted in 1851 to more than 
 $132,000,000; consisting mainly of flour, 
 wheat, corn, and other grains, lumber, staves, 
 pork, lard, cheese, tallow, butter, and to- 
 bacco. An immense transit trade is done 
 over her canals and railroads : 3,162,375 
 barrels of flour ; 6,062,312 bushels of wheat ; 
 5,176,419 of corn; 2,004,186 of barley; 
 5,382,992 of other grains; 5,821,076 pounds 
 of butter; 9,736,593 of lard; 15,080,306 of 
 cheese; 7,575,232 of wool; 9,985,615 of 
 bacon; 64,311 barrels of beef; 69,423 of 
 pork, and 35,975 of ashes were received at 
 tidewater between the opening and closing of 
 navigation, in 1852. While Buifalo received 
 from the East by canal, imports to the amount 
 of $41,810,398, the property arriving at 
 Dunkirk and Tonawanda amounted to more 
 than $5,000,000. In 1850 there arrived by 
 canal at tidewater on the Hudson river, pro- 
 perty valued at $55,474,637 ; $53,927,500 
 in 1851, and $57,288,766 in 1852. At Buf- 
 falo, among the leading articles landed were 
 5,549,778 bushels of wheat; 5,136,231 of 
 corn; 2,596,281 of oats; 1,299,513 barrels of 
 flour; 95,194,590 feet of lumber; 13,954,552 
 staves; 9,796,590 pounds, and 74,092 bar- 
 rels of pork; 7,028,700 pounds of lard; 
 9,796,590 of butter; 6,190,950 of cheese; 
 10,239,586 of tobacco, besides large quanti- 
 ties of beef, seed, wool, hides, lead, rye, 
 ashes, whiskey, leather, and some fish, iron, 
 and coal. The table of produce arriving at 
 tidewater during 153 days of 1853, show a 
 considerable increase in wheat, (but a dimi- 
 nution in most other grains,) a large one in 
 wool, bacon, and butter, over 1852, but a great 
 decrease in flour, Indian corn, and in other 
 
 grains, and in cheese and ashes. The foreign 
 imports of the state for 1852, amounted to 
 $132,329,306, and the exports to $87,484,456. 
 Tonnage entered, 2,900,002; cleared, 
 2,477,720.— See New Yokk City. 
 
 Education. — This great state has taken an 
 active interest in providing for the education 
 of all classes in the elementary branches of 
 learning; but her eff'orts have, latterly, been 
 somewhat interfered with by religious jea- 
 lousies. According to the governor's mes- 
 sage, January, 1853, there was a school fund 
 of $6,641,930.92; made up of the common 
 school fund, $2,354,530.09; United States 
 deposite fund, $4,014,520.70, and the literary 
 fund, $272,880.12. According to the same 
 report, there were in 1851, attending the 
 public schools, 862,507 children ; attending 
 private schools, 31,767 ; number of volumes 
 in the school libraries 1,570,131 ; amount 
 paid to teachers, $1,681,316 ; for district 
 libraries, $90,579.50, and for building and 
 repairing school houses, &c., $477,918.51 ; 
 making a total expenditure for school pur- 
 poses of $2,249,814.02. There is a nor- 
 mal school for instruction in the art of 
 teaching, at Albany, which is in a very flou- 
 rishing condition, and had, in 1852, 274 
 pupils, from all parts of the state, of whom 
 9 were Indians. The free academy, or high- 
 school, in New York city, is also educating a 
 large number of youth in the higher branches. 
 Other free academies are being formed in 
 different parts of the state ; one at Lockport 
 had 400 pupils during the year 1852, and 
 another is in process of organization at Utica. 
 Geneva College has become a free college, un- 
 der the name of the Hobart Free College. Co- 
 lumbia College receives a certain number of 
 pupils from the free schools in New York city 
 every year, and it is proposed to make other 
 colleges and academies partially free by state 
 appropriations. Among the educational in- 
 stitutions in New York, is the New York Con- 
 ference Academy, in Charlotteville, Scho- 
 harie county, which gives a collegiate educa- 
 tion at very moderate expense, and under 
 such regulations as to be highly advantageous 
 to youth of moderate means. There were in 
 1852, in New York state, 8 colleges, with an 
 aggregate of about 896 students, and 75,400 
 volumes ; six theological schools, with 248, 
 and 3 medical schools with 700 students.-^ 
 See Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 4084 
 churches in New York, in 1850, belonging to 
 34 difi"erent sects, the Baptists owned 776 ; 
 the Christians, 62 ; Congregational, 214 ; 
 Dutch Reformed, 232 ; Episcopalians, 275 ; 
 Friends, 132 ; Lutherans, 80 ; Methodists. 
 1215; Presbyterians, 662 ; Roman Catholics, 
 174; Union, 74; Unitarians, 22, and Univer- 
 salists, 110. The other churches were divid- 
 ed among Africans, Covenanters, Free Church, 
 Jews, Mennonites, Moravians, Seceders, 
 Shakers, and some others, giving 1 church 
 
 811 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 to every 758 persons. Value of cliurch pro- 
 perty, $21,132,707.— See Table of Religions, 
 Appendix. 
 
 Public InstiiuUons. — New York has three 
 penitentiaries on the silent system, one at 
 Sing Sing, on the Hudson, one at Auburn, 
 and one in Clinton county ; in the latter the 
 convicts are employed in digging, separating, 
 and preparing iron ore for the neighboring 
 furnaces. According to the governor's re- 
 port, .January, 1853, there had been, in the 
 preceding year, 869 convicts at Sing Sing, 759 
 at Auburn, and 155 in Clinton county. The 
 expenses at Auburn exceeded the income by 
 $14,000, at Sing Sing by $7000, and at Clin- 
 ton by $27,000. There is a house of refuge 
 for juvenile offenders in New York city, and 
 one at Rochester. There is a state lunatic 
 asylum at Utica, which treated 825 patients 
 during the year 1852, of whom 156 have been 
 discharged cured, 53 improved, 152 unim- 
 proved, and 39 have died.* There is a deaf 
 and dumb, and a blind asylum, in New York 
 city, the former of which had 259 pupils in 
 January, 1853, of whom 189 were supported 
 by the state, and the latter had 153, of which 
 number 42 are employed in workshops. A 
 state asylum for idiots has been recently 
 established near Albany, and had, in 1853, 
 forty-two pupils under treatment, and so far 
 the results have been encouraging. There 
 are a great number of benevolent and other 
 local institutions, which will be described in 
 their respective localities. 
 
 Government, Finaiices, ^'c. — New York, al- 
 most an empire in resources and population 
 within itself, is ruled by a governor and lieu- 
 tenant-governor, each elected by the people 
 for two years, and by a senate of 32, and a 
 house of representatives of 128 members, the 
 former elected for two years, and the latter 
 annually, by the people. The governor re- 
 ceives a salary of $4000 per annum, and the 
 lieutenant-governor $6 per diem during the 
 sessions of the senate, of which he is ex of- 
 ficio president. The members of the legisla- 
 ture receive $3 per diem, and $1 for every 
 ten miles travel. The judiciary consists — 
 1. Of a court for the trial of impeachments, 
 composed of the president of the senate, (who 
 is also president of the court,) and the whole 
 or a majority of the senate, and the whole or 
 a majority of the court of appeals. If the 
 governor is impeached, the lieutenant-go- 
 vernor cannot act as a member of the court. 
 Two-thirds of the members present must con- 
 cur for a conviction, and their judgment only 
 extends to removal from office. 2. Of a court 
 of appeals, which is composed of eight judges, 
 of whom four are elected by the people, for 
 8 years, and four selected each year from the 
 judges of the supreme court having the 
 shortest time to serve. Of the judges elected 
 by popular vote, one is chosen every second 
 
 * There is a'.so a lunatic asylum on Blackwell's Island, 
 which will be described under New Yobs City. 
 812 
 
 year, and the one having the shortest time to 
 serve is chief judge. This court has power 
 to reverse the decisions of the supreme court, 
 or the old supreme court, and court of 
 chancery. 3. Supreme and circuit courts, 
 composed of 32 judges, for the election of 
 whom the state is divided into 8 judicial dis- 
 tricts, each one of which elects 4 judges for 
 8 years : one judge goes out of otfice every 
 second year. Four terms of the supreme court, 
 at least, are held in each district every year, 
 and one special term and two circuit courts. 
 The supreme court has jurisdiction in law 
 and equity, and power to review judgments 
 of the county courts, but the circuit courts 
 are only for the trial of issues of fact. 
 
 4. County, or surrogates' courts, which have 
 the usual jurisdiction of courts of probate. 
 
 5. Criminal courts, composed (except in the 
 city and county of New York) of one of the 
 judges of the supreme court, the county 
 judge, and two justices of the peace, chosen 
 members of the court of sessions. In New 
 York city and county, to a judge of the 
 supreme court, this court adds any two 
 of the following officers, viz. judges of the 
 court of common pleas, mayor, recorder, 
 and aldermen. Courts of sessions are com- 
 posed of one county judge and two justices 
 of the peace. 6. Courts of New York city 
 and county, viz. a superior court, a court 
 of common pleas, and a marine court. The 
 judges of the court of appeals and the su- 
 preme court have salaries of $2500 each ; of 
 the superior court of New Yoi'k city, $3500 ; 
 of the common pleas, $3000, and of the ma- 
 rine court, $2000. The judges of all these 
 courts are elective. Every male citizen of the 
 age of 21 years, who shall have been a citi- 
 zen ten days, (i. e. all foreigners whose citi- 
 zenship or probation of five years shall have 
 been matured ten days,) and an inhabitant 
 of the state one year, of the county four 
 months, and of the election district 30 days, 
 shall be entitled to a vote. But no man of 
 color may vote, till he has been three years 
 a citizen, and possessed of a frehold estate 
 of the value of $250. 
 
 The assessed value of property in New 
 York, in 1850, was $715,369,028, which, as 
 in all the states, is much below the real va- 
 lue. The public debt in January, 1853, was 
 $24,323,838.64, of which $15,501,109.16 was 
 canal debt, and $1,500,000 canal revenue 
 certificates. School fund, $6,612,851 ; pro- 
 ductive public property, $35,115,237, and 
 ordinary expenses, exclusive of schools and 
 debt, $750,000. In September, 1852, New 
 York had 277 banks, with an aggregate capital 
 of $62,207,216, a circulation "of $29,934,657, 
 and $9,993,815 in coin. 
 
 History. — Henry Hudson, an Englishman 
 in the employ of the Dutch East India Com- 
 pany, first ascended the Hudson river in 
 1609, but no permanent settlement was made 
 till 1614, when the Dutch founded Fort 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Orange, now Albany, and New Amsterdam, 
 now New York city. The English claimed 
 the right of prior discovery, which led to fre- 
 quent conflicts. In 1664 the colony surren- 
 dered to the Duke of York, was retaken by 
 the Dutch in 1673, but surrendered finally to 
 the English in 1674. The first legislative 
 assembly was convoked in 1683. New York 
 suffered considerably from Indian depreda- 
 tions in the wars waged between France and 
 England in 1690, 1702, and 1744. In 1690 
 Schenectady was taken and burnt by the 
 savages, and many of the inhabitants massa- 
 cred. The shores of Lake George and Cham- 
 plain have been made classic by the strug- 
 gles they witnessed between the French and 
 English previous to the American Revolution. 
 This state took an active part in the war of 
 independence, was the theatre of many mili- 
 tary engagements, and gave Jay and Hamil- 
 ton to the councils of the nation in that pe- 
 riod of trial and doubt. The defeat of Wash- 
 ington on Long Island and at White Plains 
 in the autumn of 1776, the surrender of Bur- 
 goyne in October, 1777, and the taking of 
 Stony Point by Wayne in July, 1779, are the 
 most important actions that took place on the 
 soil of this state during the Revolutionary 
 contest. The sanguinary naval battle on 
 Lake Champlain, in the war of 1812, in 
 which McDonough defeated the British after 
 a hard fought action, and several other minor 
 engagements, took place within the limits of 
 New York in the last struggle with Great 
 Britain. 
 
 New Yokk, the metropolis of the above 
 state, the most populous city, and the great- 
 est emporium in the New World, and (with 
 its nuburbs, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Jersey 
 City, and Hoboken) the third in point of 
 wealth and population of the cities of Christ- 
 endom, is situated on the southern extremity 
 of Manhattan island, at the junction of the 
 Hudson and East rivers, about 18 miles from 
 the Atlantic ocean ; 87 N. E. of Philadelphia ; 
 187 N. E. of Baltimore; 225 N. E. of Wash- 
 ington ; 1428 N. E. of New Orleans ; 1046 E. 
 of St. Louis ; 722 E. of Cincinnati ; 340 S. of 
 Montreal; 145 S. of Albany, and 207 S. W. 
 of Boston. The city and county have the 
 same limits, composing the whole of Manhat- 
 tan island, 13J miles in length, and about 2 
 in its greatest breadth. The densely in- 
 habited parts of the city occupy about S^ or 
 4 miles of the southern portion of the island. 
 The City Hall is in lat. 40° 42' 40" N., and 74° 
 1' 8" W. Ion. Though the site of New York 
 is nearly level, there is sufficient descent in 
 the ground from Broadway towards each 
 river to furnish good drainage. 
 
 Population. — Perhaps no city in the world 
 numbers so great a varity of foreigners 
 among its resident population as New York, in- 
 cluding among them active and enterprising 
 men of all Christian nations, and of every 
 portion of the United States. A large ma- 
 
 jority of the foreign residents are from Ire- 
 land, Germany, England, France, and Scotland, 
 who fill every station, from the laborer to the 
 merchant and professional man. The popu- 
 lation numbered 4302 in 1697 ; 8628 in 1731 ; 
 10,381 in 1756; 21,876 in 1771; 33,131 in 
 1790; 60,489 in 1800; 96,373 in 1810; 123,706 
 in 1820, (at which period it became the largest 
 city in the Union;) 202,589 in 1830; 312,710 
 in 1840, and 515,507 in 1850. If, however, 
 we include the suburbs named above, it will 
 make a grand total of 652,649 inhabitants, 
 showing an increase (unexampled except in 
 our AVestern towns) of nearly 1500 per cent, 
 in the last 60 years. The same ratio of in- 
 crease as that between 1840 and '50 (and it 
 has undoubtedly been greater) would give, 
 in July, 1853, a population of about 850,000 
 to New York and its suburbs. 
 
 General Aspect. — In the old or southern 
 quarter of the city, the streets are for the 
 most part narrow and irregular, but crowded 
 with immense hotels, warehouses, stores, and 
 the public buildings necessary in a great mart 
 of trade. Many of these are costly struc- 
 tures of marble, granite, or sandstone, and 
 from three to eight stories in height ; or, if 
 public buildings, displaying various orders 
 of architectural style, adorned with columns, 
 porticos, &c. The northern or newer part of 
 the city is regularly laid out with wide and 
 spacious streets and avenues, which in the 
 fashionable quarter, west of Broadway, are 
 lined with palatial-like residences and sump- 
 tuous churches of brick, sandstone, and mar- 
 ble, giving a display of wealth nowhere to be 
 found but in the imperial cities of Europe, 
 and unequalled even there, except in the 
 abodes of royalty and nobility. Broadway, 
 the principal street, and one of the finest to 
 be seen in any city, is 80 feet wide, and 
 about 3 miles long. Commencing at the Bat- 
 tery, (an open space planted with trees at the 
 southern extremity of the island,) it extends 
 N. N. E. for about 2-^ miles to Grace church, 
 where it bends slightly to the N. W., and, 
 with a short interruption, (from Union park,) 
 continues on in this direction beyond the 
 densely built portions of the city. Broadway 
 may be compared to a great river ; the streets 
 which terminate in it, and those which it in- 
 tersects, being tributaries that supply a con- 
 stantly increasing throng of people and vehi- 
 cles of every description, as we approach its 
 southern extremity. Perhaps the most im- 
 portant of these aflSuents is Chatham street, 
 which forms the outlet of the Bowery, East 
 Broadway, and several other considerable 
 streets, and terminates at the lower end of 
 the Park. From the cupola of the City Hall, 
 three-fourths of a mile from the Battery, a 
 bird's-eye view may be had of New York, its 
 harbor and environs. Looking to the S., we 
 have beneath us the warehouses, banking esta- 
 blishments, insurance offices, custom house, 
 exchange, and other buildings, wherein arc 
 
 813 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 transacted the commercial operations of this 
 great centre of trade. Terminating this 
 scene on the S. is the Battery, and beyond it 
 stretches out New York bay for six miles, till 
 the view is shut in by the picturesque heights 
 of Staten Island on the S. W., while on the 
 S. the Narrows open a vista to the Atlantic 
 ocean. Turning to the S. E. and E., we look 
 over a strait of from one-third to three-fourths 
 of a mile in breadth, literally crowded (on 
 the New York shore) with a dense forest of 
 masts, bearing aloft the flags of every civilized 
 maritime nation on the earth. Beyond this 
 strait (commonly called the East river, and 
 connecting New York bay with Long Island 
 sound) is Brooklyn, itself a large city, pre- 
 senting in one part a bold bluff crowned with 
 stately dwellings, and overlooking the city of 
 New York, its harbor and bay, and Staten 
 Island — taking in a panorama unrivalled in 
 the world, except at Naples, (if indeed we 
 must make that exception,) and, perhaps, Rio 
 Janeiro. Farther N., on the same shore with 
 Brooklyn, we have Williamsburg, a suburb 
 larger than New York at the Revolution, and 
 between them the United States navy-yard 
 and the United States naval asylum. On the 
 W. is the noble Hudson, expanding itself to 
 1^ miles in width ere it is lost in the bay, 
 and separating New York from the flourish- 
 ing suburbs of Jersey City and Hoboken. 
 At the wharves on this side we may see a 
 scarcely less crowded forest of masts than on 
 the E. shore ; and peering up amid this leaf- 
 less forest, may be observed the black pipes 
 of the greatest steamers on the globe, whether 
 we regard those that navigate the river and 
 sound, or those that traverse the ocean. 
 Turning to the N., we have a sea of houses, 
 churches, and public buildings of various 
 kinds, extending for full three miles, ter- 
 minated (1853) by the swelling dome of the 
 Crystal Palace, and, on the Jersey shore, 
 by the heights of Weehawken. This bird's- 
 eye view, while it shuts out many defects, 
 such, as filthy and irregular streets, mean 
 houses, and squalid poverty and wretched- 
 ness, (that alloy the pleasure in visiting every 
 great capital) conceals also many beauties, 
 such as the individual excellences of particu- 
 lar buildings and particular streets. De- 
 scending from our airy height, we will aim 
 to lay aside mere fanciful description, and to 
 deal, as becomes a work of this character, 
 with facts — and, in the case of New York, 
 they are sufficiently flattering to gratify any 
 reasonable amount of local pride. As has 
 been before intimated, the great seat of busi- 
 ness is south of the City Hall, and its centre 
 Broadway and the streets in its vicinity cross- 
 ing it, which are almost wholly occupied by 
 immense stores and warehouses of costly 
 structure and imposing architecture. Among 
 these cross streets, the most noted is a nar- 
 row one, named Wall street, running east 
 from Broadway, abou* ono-fourth of a mile 
 814 
 
 above the Battery. This is the Rialto and 
 Lombard street of New York — the grand 
 heart whence pulsate the financial movements 
 of North America. This street is lined with 
 banking houses, insurance and brokers' offices; 
 and here, too, are the exchange and custom 
 house — all commanding, and some magnificent 
 edifices. Broadway, above the City Hall, is 
 occupied for two miles with vast hotels, (such 
 as are seen nowhere but in America.) fashion- 
 able retail stores of every variety, (whose 
 shelves groan with the most costly fabrics,) 
 and with theatres, concert halls, lecture 
 rooms, and other places of amusement and 
 instruction. The newer or northern portion 
 is traversed in a north and south direction 
 by 19 spacious avenues of 100 feet in breadth, 
 10 of which (commencing at distances of from 
 2 to 2J miles from the Battery) extend the 
 whole length of the island. Four of the 
 shorter avenues, on the East river, are named 
 A, B, C, and D. The rest, except Lexington 
 avenue, are named numerically, commencing 
 at the east side, and numbering to 14th ave- 
 nue. These are crossed at right angles by 
 streets from 80 to 100 feet in width, and at 
 distances of about 200 feet from each other, 
 also named numerically up to 229th street, 
 though dense population does not (1853) 
 extend much above 40th street. Fifth ave- 
 nue, the very centre of fashion, is a street 
 of sumptuous and costly dwellings of large 
 size, a great portion of which are constructed 
 of brownstone, and some of white marble ; 
 exhibiting architectural varieties sufficient to 
 gratify the most diverse tastes. On this 
 street, too, is a number of costly churches, 
 with towering spires and turrets, and, with 
 one or two exceptions, constructed of stone. 
 There are striking contrasts, however, to this 
 display of wealth and magnificence, and the 
 most striking is to be found in the very heart 
 of the city, in sight of its city hall, its courts 
 of justice, and boards of education and bene- 
 volence. We allude, of course, to the Five 
 Points, (so called from the intersection of 
 several streets,) the abode of misery, crime, 
 filth, and wretchedness of the most disgust- 
 ing and degrading kind; though even here a 
 ray of light has recently broken in, and steps 
 have been taken to improve the dwellings, the 
 morals, and comfort of their inmates. The 
 S. E. and E. portions of New York are in- 
 habited by substantial and useful citizens, 
 many of whose residences are large and com- 
 modious, though they are generally moderate 
 in dimensions, plain in appearance, and often 
 absolutely mean. But the great defect of 
 New York, out of the fashionable quarter, is 
 a want of cleanliness in the streets, and more 
 particularly in the great thoroughfares of 
 business — the portion always seen by stran- 
 gers, and often the only portion. 
 
 Defence. — New York is strongly defended 
 both by nature and art. The entrance to the 
 tipper bay is through a strait called the Nar- 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 rows, about one mile in ■width, and is com- 
 manded on the Long island side by two forts, 
 one in the water, 200 yards from shore. On 
 the Staten island side are also two other forts, 
 one on the heights. Should these be passed, 
 there are other defences within less than a 
 mile of the city. These are by Fort Colum- 
 bus, on Governor's island, on the east side, 
 and by batteries on Bedloe and Ellis islands, 
 on the west. The public walk called the Bat- 
 tery, at the extremity of the city, has also a 
 fort. The entrance from Long Island sound 
 is protected by fortifications on Throg's Neck. 
 
 Public Squares, Fountains, ^'c. — New York 
 has a number of small parks or enclosed 
 grounds. The Battery, one of the most de- 
 lightful promenades offered by any city of 
 a hot summer's evening, occupies an area of 
 about 11 acres, at the extreme S. W. point of 
 the city, which is planted with trees, laid out 
 in walks, and furnished with plain seats. 
 The Battery has recently been greatly en- 
 larged. Castle Garden, an old fort, formerly 
 connected with it by a bridge, is now con- 
 tinuous with the mainland. The interior of 
 Castle Garden is now used as a place for pub- 
 lic exhibitions, fairs, concerts, &c., and is 
 capable of containing 10,000 persons. The 
 view from the Battery and Garden commands 
 the entire bay. Narrows, and Staten island. 
 Bowling Green in Broadway, near the Bat- 
 tery, is a small circular space, enclosed by a 
 railing and having a fountain. About three- 
 fourths of a mile from the Battery is the 
 Park, a triangular piece of ground, of about 
 11 acres, bounded by Broadway, Chatham, 
 and Chambers streets, and containing the City 
 Hall, Rotunda or HalL of Records, and New 
 City Hall, occupied by courts, city offices, 
 &c. Near the S. W. entrance is a basin with 
 several jets, the centre one of which can 
 throw a compact body of water a foot in 
 diameter to the height of 60 feet. St. John's 
 Park is a private square (belonging to the 
 property holders around it) between Hudson 
 and Varick, and Laight and Beach streets. 
 Washington Square, a parallelogram of 12 
 acres, Tompkins Square, Stuyvesant Square, 
 Union Park, an oval piece of ground with 
 fine jets d'eau, interrupting Broadway at 
 Fourteenth street; Gramercy Park, and Madi- 
 son Square, in the N. part of the city, are all 
 within the densely peopled portions of New 
 York. They are not large, but are less 
 needed in this long and comparatively narrow 
 city, surrounded by its harbor, and refreshed 
 by sea-breezes, than in most other towns of 
 its size. 
 
 Croton Aqueduct. — Of all her public works. 
 New York has most reason to be proud of, 
 and to be satisfied with the Croton Aqueduct, 
 whether we regard it as a proof of energy 
 merely, or in its utilitarian aspects. This 
 work is superior to any thing of the kind in 
 modern times, and is only surpassed by those 
 of ancient Rome. The water is brought to 
 
 the city from Croton river, 40J miles above 
 the distributing reservoir, and 43 J miles from 
 the City Hall. The dam on Croton river is 
 40 feet high, and 166 above tide. The water 
 is conveyed in a covered canal of brick and 
 stone, through 16 tunnels of an aggregate 
 length of 6841 feet to Harlem river, which 
 it crosses on a bridge 1450 feet long, elevated 
 114 feet above tide. About 5 miles above 
 the City Hall is the receiving reservoir, 
 covering 35 acres, and with a capacity for 
 150,000,000 gallons. Between 2 and 3 miles 
 below this, on Fifth avenue, between Forty 
 and Forty-second streets, is the distributing 
 reservoir, a solid piece of masonry, covering 
 420 feet square, including four acres, in two 
 divisions, with massive walls, 44J feet high 
 above the street, and 87 feet deep. Capacity, 
 20,000,000 gallons. In June, 1852, 220 miles 
 of pipe had been laid. Total original cost 
 of construction, $9,000,000. The aqueduct 
 can supply 60,000,000 gallons daily. 
 
 Cemeteries — About 3 miles S. E. from Fulton 
 ferry, Brooklyn, is Greenwood Cemetery, oc- 
 cupying an area of 400 acres, forming the 
 most extensive place of sepulture in modern 
 times. It is an hour's ride simply to make 
 the circuit of the grounds, without threading 
 its alleys or examining its great variety of 
 monuments and other testimonials to the 
 dead. The grounds are as varied as exten- 
 sive, composed of constant alternations of 
 hill and dale, and wood and water: indeed, 
 it would be difficiilt to conceive of any place 
 combining so many attractions. It is covered 
 with mounds that swell so gracefully as to 
 bear the appearance of being artificial. In 
 some parts the visitor is shut in by thick 
 woods, hills, and foliage that enclose a con- 
 tracted glen and embosom a secluded lake or 
 pond. In others, he is on eminences such as 
 Ocean hill, that command extensive views of 
 the sea and the Rockaway beach, while from 
 Battle hill he overlooks New York city and 
 bay, Brooklyn, Staten island, Jersey City, 
 and the Hudson river to the heights of Wee- 
 hawken. The cemetery is traversed by 
 winding paths and avenues, amid every 
 variety of memorial, from the simplest tomb- 
 stone to the gorgeous mausoleum. 
 
 Public Buildings. — New York is fast ap- 
 proaching the capitals of Europe in the 
 stateliness of its private mansions, and the 
 solidity and grandeur of its public buildings ; 
 though in many cases they fail in producing 
 their proper effect from the badness of their 
 location. Beginning at the Battery, and pro- 
 ceeding up Broadway, (omitting any mention 
 of the immense warehouses and stores which 
 line every step of the way, and extend for 
 some distance along the cross-streets, in the 
 vicinity of Broadway,) we come first to Wall 
 street, running E. from Broadway, turning 
 down which, a white marble building of the 
 Doric order, after the model of the Parthenon, 
 situated at the corner of Nassau and Broad 
 
 815 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 streets, first attracts the eye. This is the 
 Custom House, one of the most solid struc- 
 tures in the United States. It stands on 
 sloping gi'ound, fronting Broad street, and 
 occupies the site of the old Federal Hall, 
 from the balcony in front of which, Washing- 
 ton delivered his first inaugural address. It 
 is ascended from Wall street by eighteen mar- 
 ble steps, while the Pine street front has but 
 four. The length of the building is 200 feet 
 on Nassau street, width on Pine and Wall 
 streets 90 feet, and height 80 feet, with a 
 portico at each end supported by eight 
 massive columns. The best view of the 
 Custom House is to be had coming up Broad 
 street, which it faces. The great hall for 
 the transaction of business is circular, sur- 
 mounted by a dome (through which the hall 
 is lighted) supported by sixteen Corinthian 
 columns 30 feet high. Entire cost of the 
 building, including the grounds, $1,175,000. 
 From the steps of the Custom House, looking 
 E. in a slight bend on the opposite side of 
 Wall street, a few hundred feet distant, 
 stands the Merchants' Exchange, one of the 
 most imposing buildings in the country. It 
 occupies an entire block, 200 feet long by 144 
 to 177 feet wide, 77 feet high to the top of 
 the cornice, and 124 to the summit of the 
 dome, which is a prominent object in the 
 view coming up the bay. This structure is 
 of Quincy granite, no wood being used ex- 
 cept in the doors and windows. The front 
 has a recessed portico, with eighteen Ionic 
 columns, twelve in the first row, four in the 
 second, and two in the third; the latter 
 forming the approach to the principal en- 
 trance. Each column is composed of a solid 
 block of granite 38 feet high, 4 feet 4 inches 
 in diameter, and weighing upwards of 40 
 tons. The great hall "where merchants 
 most do congregate," is a rotunda 80 feet in 
 diameter, in the centre of the building, with 
 four recesses of 10 feet each. This chamber 
 is 80 feet high, surmounted by a dome, with 
 a skylight 25 feet in diameter, and supported 
 by eight Corinthian columns of Italian marble, 
 41 feet high. The rotunda is surrounded 
 by offices let out for various purposes. 
 Entire cost of building and grounds about 
 $1,800,000. This building occupies part 
 of the site of the old Exchange destroyed by 
 the great fire in 1835. Leaving Wall street, 
 with its compact mass of banking-houses, 
 insurance and brokers' offices, mostly of 
 marble, granite, or sandstone, we will return 
 to Broadway. As we do so, we have the 
 steeple of Trinity Church, the highest in the 
 United States, if not in America, immediately 
 in front of us, and obtaining the best view of the 
 church anywhere to be had, though even here 
 a part of the N. E. fa9ade is concealed from 
 view. This church, which is built of light 
 red sandstone to the top stone of the steeple, 
 is 189 feet long by 84 wide, and G4 high, and 
 believed to be the purest specimen of Gothic 
 816 
 
 architecture in this country. The tower, 
 (which is furnished with a fine chime of 
 bells and a clock,) including the spire, is 264 
 feet in height, and furnishes a splendid pano- 
 ramic view of the city, bay, harbor, suburbs, 
 and surrounding country. The cost of the 
 building is stated at $400,000 — it is presumed 
 independently of the grounds, which was pre- 
 viously owned by the church. Proceeding 
 up Broadway, on the right, in the centre of 
 the Park, stands the City Hall, an edifice 
 of mixed Corinthian and Ionic orders, 21f> 
 feet long by 105 wide, and 65 feet high, in- 
 cluding the attic. The S. front and the ends 
 are of white marble, but the N. front is of red 
 sandstone, (causing a want of harmony which 
 considerably impairs the effect of the build- 
 ing.) It covers an area of 22,896 square 
 feet, is two stories high above the basement, 
 with an attic story in the centre of the 
 building sui-mounted by a cupola, which con- 
 tains a clock, and is crowned by a statue of 
 .Justice. This cupola is occupied by a person 
 whose business it is to give alarm in case of 
 fires, which he does by sounding a bell in a 
 smaller cupola near by, which by the number 
 of strokes indicates the ward in which the 
 fire rages. There are 28 rooms in the City 
 Hall, the most important of which is the 
 governor's room, 52 feet by 20, which, as its 
 names implies, is set apart for the use of the 
 governor when he visits the city. It is also 
 occasionally used by distinguished func- 
 tionaries of the United States or State 
 Governments, and foreign guests, as a recep- 
 tion room. Its walls are decorated with the 
 portraits of men of eminence. The other 
 rooms in this building are occupied as council 
 chambers, mayor's office, superior and other 
 court rooms, and city and county offices. 
 Opposite the lower end of the Park is the 
 Astor House, (see Hotels,) the American and 
 Irving houses, and, at the N. end, Stewart's 
 store. Passing up Broadway, we have on the 
 left the City Hospital, Prescot House, St. 
 Nicholas and Lafarge houses, and New York 
 Hotel, on the right the Masonic Hall, Broad- 
 way Theatre, Society Library, Carlton House, 
 Church of the Divine Unity, the Metropolitan 
 Hotel, and Church of the Messiah. At the 
 angle made by the declination of Broadway 
 to the N. W., and 2^ miles from the Battery, 
 stands Grace Church, an imposing structure 
 of white marble, with a tower and spire sur- 
 mounted by a cross of the same material, 
 and producing a more marked effect than 
 Trinity itself, by its peculiar position, visi- 
 ble from almost every part of Broadway. 
 The Odd Fellows' Hall, a large building of 
 brownstone, corner of Clinton and Grand 
 streets, is an imposing structure, and the 
 principal edifice belonging to the order of 
 that name. The Bible House, occupying the 
 space bounded by Third and Fourth avenues, 
 and Eighth and Ninth streets, is more noted 
 for its vast extent and the purposes to which 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 it is devoted, than for any claims it lias to 
 architectural effect. This immense brick 
 pile extends 232 feet on Ninth street, and 77 
 on Third avenue, being 6 stories high, and 
 having a street frontage of 700 feet. In the 
 colossal rooms of this vast structure are con- 
 ducted all the operations of printing, stitch- 
 ing, gilding, binding, &c., necessary in book- 
 making. Scattered over the city in various 
 directions are different buildings of a public 
 nature, -n-hich will be alluded to under the 
 head of benevolent societies, churches, &c. 
 The New Armory, built of bluestone, in the 
 Gothic style, extending 131 feet on White, and 
 84 feet on Elm street, is intended for a re- 
 ceptacle of the artillery of the First Division 
 of New York State Militia. It is constructed 
 so as to be particularly available as a defence 
 against mobs. 
 
 Hotels. — A peculiar feature of New York is 
 its hotels, which, perhaps, surpass in number, 
 extent, and in the expensiveness of their 
 equipments, those of any city in the world. 
 In our utilitarian age and country, the moneys 
 expended on castles, fortresses, palaces, and 
 such freaks of royalty in other countries, and 
 in other ages, is expended on buildings more 
 suited to the wants of our times, and the cha- 
 racter of our people, such as hotels, great 
 stores, warehouses, banks, &c. Among its 
 threescore hotels of a high class, the most im- 
 portant are the Howard House, Astor House, 
 American, Irving House, Carlton House, 
 Taylor's Restaurant, Collamore House, St. 
 Nicholas, Prescott House, the Metropolitan, 
 Bond-street Hotel, New-York Hotel, Lafarge 
 House, Astor-Place Hotel, St. Denis, Union- 
 place Hotel, and Gramercy Hotel, all on 
 Broadway. The Metropolitan occupies a 
 new edifice of red sandstone, built in the 
 Roman style, 300 feet on Broadway, and 200 
 feet on Prince street, at a cost, including the 
 ground, of over $1,000,000. It has, besides 
 850 rooms, supplied with water, gas, &c., 
 more than 100 suites of family apartments, 
 with baths, water-closets, &c. attached. 
 Altogether there are accommodations for 
 more than 600 guests. The dining room is 
 150 feet by 40. There are 250 servants in 
 the hotel, and, it is said, 12 miles of water 
 and gas pipes. The St. Nicholas, when com- 
 pleted, (which it probably will be ere the 
 close of 1853,) will present a front on Broad- 
 way of 300 feet, (200 of which will be of fine 
 white marble, and 100 of red sandstone,) in 
 a good style of architecture, and 200 feet on 
 Spring street, containing 600 rooms supplied 
 with cold water and baths, and 150 suites of 
 family rooms, with baths, water-closets, &c. ; 
 total cost, according to contracts already 
 made, including ground, $1,030,000. The 
 Astor House, opposite the Park, is a massive 
 structure, of Quincey granite, whose solidity 
 will probably give it a duration beyond seve- 
 ral successions of its more flaring rivals. It 
 is 201 feet on Broadway, 185 and 186 on 
 3 B 
 
 Vezey and Barclay streets, is six stories high, 
 and has 326 chambers. The other hotels 
 named, though less imposing in appearance, 
 are many of th°em nearly equal in size, and 
 not inferior in real- comfort and accommoda- 
 tions. Besides these hotels in Broadway, 
 there are many other superior hotels scat- 
 tered along the cross streets, near it. 
 
 Stores and Warehouses. — It has not been 
 usual in a work of this kind to take any par- 
 ticular notice of such buildings, but in our 
 country, where the leading object of pursuit 
 is commerce and trade, money is expended 
 and taste displayed in such structures as in 
 other countries is devoted to the erection of 
 works of a different character. Great injus- 
 tice would therefore be done to the appear- 
 ance of our great cities to omit mention of 
 these temples dedicated to trade by the 
 wealthiest portion of our community, who 
 are no longer content to transact their busi- 
 ness in dark and narrow alleys and in mean 
 warehouses. Prominent among the class 
 of buildings referred to, is Stewart's store, a 
 white marble building, 5 stories (83 feet) 
 high, occupying an entire block, 152 feet on 
 Broadway, and 100 feet on Reade and Cham- 
 ber streets, (Park Place.) There is a great 
 hall, 100 feet by 40, and 80 feet high ; 2000 
 panes of plate glass are distributed over the 
 building ; those in the windows on each side 
 the principal entrance are 134 by 84 inches. 
 The store is lighted up by 400 gas-burners. 
 Putnam's Magazine states their sales at about 
 $7,000,000 annually, employing 300 salesmen 
 and clerks. Another large store, second onlj' 
 to Stewart's, is now being erected by Lord & 
 Taylor, in Grand street by Christie street, 
 with an iron front to the first basement, sur- 
 mounted by an immense story faced with red 
 sandstone, and with windows apparently 
 40 feet high, reaching from near the floor 
 almost to the cornice : judging by the eye, 
 it has a front of from 80 to 100 feet. Broad- 
 way is such a mass of commercial palaces 
 that it might seem invidious to particularize, 
 which, however, we must do to give some 
 definite idea of their vastness. Among the 
 most extensive are an immense sandstone 
 building, 50 feet on Broadway and 220 on 
 Rector street, 6 stories high ; and Trinity 
 Buildings, N. of the church of that name, on 
 the same street, built of Milwaukee yellow 
 brick, 44 feet on Broadway and 262 on 
 Thames street, has 365 windows, 350 doors, 
 IJ miles of gas-pipe, 2 miles of steam-pipe, 
 and cost $460,000 and upwards. Though 
 the largest at present, these are not the most 
 striking for architectural effect, as there are 
 scores of stores on Broadway and in the 
 streets adjacent to it, with fronts of white 
 marble, sandstone, and brick, that are infe- 
 rior in size, but many superior in appearance. 
 
 Churches. — According to the Metropolitan 
 Almanac of 1853, there were in New York 
 32 Baptist, 6 Congregational, 19 Dutch Re- 
 
 817 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 formed, 4 Friends', 13 Jews' synagogues, 
 6 Lutheran, 37 Methodist, 2 New Jerusalem, 
 37 Presbyterian, 4 Associate do., 2 Associate 
 Reformed do., 4 Reformed do., 4 Primitive 
 Christians, 44 Protestant Episcopal, 22 Ro- 
 man Catholic, 2 Second Advent, 2 Unitarian, 
 5 Uuiversalist, and 9 miscellaneous, making 
 a total of 254 churches. The most conspicu- 
 ous of these, for architectural effect, are 
 (besides Trinity and Grace churches, already 
 referred to) the Baptist, corner of Elizabeth 
 and Broome; Trinity chapel, between Broad- 
 way and 6th avenue, fronting on 25th street, 
 and extending through to 26th street, built 
 of light-colored freestone, in the old English 
 style. The following Episcopal churches are 
 mostly of stone, either marble or brown- 
 stone, viz. Ascension, in 5th avenue by 
 10th street, with two towers and parsonage ; 
 Calvary, 4th avenue and East 21st street, 
 with two towers and spires, and a parsonage 
 adjoining ; Holy Communion and parsonage, 
 6th avenue and West 20th street; Du Saint 
 Esprit, corner of Franklin and Church 
 streets, with a colonnade of white marble ; 
 St. George's, Rutherford place, near East 
 16th street, with two towers. The most 
 noted Presbyterian churches are, one on 5th 
 avenue and 12th street. University place and 
 10th street, and 5th avenue and 16th street; 
 Congregational, Church of the Puritans, 
 Union Square ; Dutch Reformed, 5th avenue 
 and West 29th street, 6th avenue and 21st 
 street, and Washington square. The finest 
 Roman Catholic church is St. Patrick's, cor- 
 ner of Mott and Prince streets ; Unitarian, 
 Church of Messiah, 728 Broadway ; Uuiver- 
 salist, Church of the Divine Unity, 548 Broad- 
 way, and a new church erecting corner of 
 3d street and 5th avenue. All these churches 
 are of decided architectural pretensions, all 
 but two of stone, mostly red or light sand- 
 stone, and, with one or two exceptions, with 
 towers or spires, and often with both. 
 
 Hospitals, Public Charities, Prisons, ^c. — 
 While there is much of wretchedness and de- 
 pravitjr in New York to depress the mind of 
 the philanthropist, its numerous and richly 
 endowed charitable institutions restore his 
 equanimity, and present the redeeming side 
 of human nature. First to be enumerated 
 in this list is the New York Hospital, oc- 
 cupying a lot on Broadway opposite Pearl 
 street, with an extensive yard in front. It is 
 of graystone, 124 feet long, 50 feet wide, 
 and 3 stories high, with accommodations for 
 200 patients, who receive here the most judi- 
 cious nursing and the most skilful medical 
 treatment. South of this is the Marine De- 
 partment, recently demolished to give place 
 for a new building now (1853) erecting, which 
 is to be of graystone, 126 feet long by 88 
 wide, and 5 stories high. In 1852, there 
 were a<Iraitted into New York Hospital 
 3877 patients, of whom 2862 were cured, 116 
 relieved, and 353 died, (110 from accidents 
 818 
 
 and street affrays,) leaving in the institution, 
 December 31st, 1852, 291 patients. Of the 
 entire number, 1127 were paupers, and 1285 
 seamen. The expenses for the year were 
 $51,997.73, and receipts, $42,459.63, of which 
 $12,500 were contributed by the state, 
 $19,104.14 by board of seamen, $10,467.97 
 by pay patients, $387.52 miscellaneous, and 
 the balance from the funds of the Blooming- 
 dale branch. Of those treated at this hospi- 
 tal, 2861 were foreigners, of whom 1875 were 
 Irish. Total admitted in 23 years, 54,204, of 
 whom 40,355 were cured, and 5228 died. 
 The Bloomingdale Lunatic Asylum, a branch 
 of the above, is located near the Hudson 
 river, on 118th street, about 7 miles N. W. of 
 the City Hall, on an area of 55 acres, laid out 
 into walks, pleasure-grounds, &c. The build- 
 ing is of hewn stone, composed of a centre 
 and two wings, 211 feet long. There are two 
 detached buildings of brick, one-third the 
 size of the main building. The situation is 
 healthful, and commanding a fine prospect, 
 calculated to cheer and soothe the mind so far 
 as scenery and air are concerned. This asy- 
 lum had 226 patients during the year 1852, 
 of whom 49 recovered, 25 improved, 15 un- 
 improved, 18 died, and 119 remained in the 
 institution, December 31st, 1852. Receipts, 
 $41,137.47, viz. from state annuity, $10,000; 
 board of patients, $30,942.67, and articles 
 sold, $194.80. Expenses, $31,633.97. St. 
 Luke's Hospital and St. Vincent's Hospital, 
 in East 18th street, between 102d and 104th 
 streets, are under the care of the Sisters of 
 Charity. New York Institution for the Blind 
 occupies the entire block between 8th and 9th 
 avenues, and between 33d and 34th streets. 
 The building is composed of a centre, 117 
 feet long by 60 wide, and two wings, each 130 
 feet long by 29 wide. The entire length is 
 175 feet, and height 3 stories. It is con- 
 structed of blue limestone, in the castellated 
 Gothic style, at a cost, including grounds, of 
 $88,832.29, of which the state contributed 
 $42,000. A workshop of brick, 88f feet long 
 and 60 feet deep, has recently been erected 
 on 8th avenue. At the close of 1852, there 
 were 103 pupils in the institution, 95 from 
 the State of New York, 4 from New Jersey, 
 and one each from Alabama, Connecticut, 
 Tennessee, and Michigan, of whom 86 were 
 supported by the state, and 9 by the com- 
 missioners of emigration. The expenses of 
 the year 1852 amounted to $51,186.30, of 
 which the state contributed by appropria- 
 tion, $10,000 ; the city of New York, $1000, 
 and the state of New Jersey, $897.53, and 
 $13,043.66 were received for fabrics made by 
 the pupils of the asylum. Besides the 103 pu- 
 pils, there are 42 blind operatives. The Deaf 
 and Dumb Asylum, located on 50th street, 
 near 4th avenue, is 210 feet long by 90, with 
 wings 90 feet deep, 5 stories high, surmounted 
 by an observatory, and surrounded by exten- 
 sive grounds. There were in the institution, 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 December 31st, 1852, 260 pupils, 117 of whom 
 were females, and 143 males; 182 were sup- 
 ported by the State of New York, 16 by the 
 city, 13 by the State of New Jersey, 32 by 
 their friends, 16 by the institution, and 1 by 
 the commissioners of emigration. The ex- 
 penses for 1852 were $47,552.65, and receipts, 
 42,309.75. New York abounds in institutions 
 for the relief of suifering poverty, decrepitude, 
 and misfortune of every kind: among them 
 may be mentioned the American Female Guar- 
 dian Society and Home for the Friendless, 
 wliftre females out of employment or a home 
 may find shelter, and have their children taken 
 care of, till suitable places can be found for 
 them. Since its opening in 1847, 2936 pei-- 
 sons have been received, of whom 1146 were 
 children ; cost of the building, $18,000. The 
 New York Orphan Asylum, at Bloomingdale, 
 is a fine building, 120 feet by 60, with eight 
 acres of ground. This institution received 
 184 children in 1852, and during the same 
 period legacies amounting to $15,199 were 
 received. The Leake and Watts Orphan 
 House stands on a lot of 26 acres, and has an 
 income sufficient to support 250 children. It 
 had 194 inmates in 1852. The Colored Or- 
 phan Asylum had 258 inmates, and the Pro- 
 testant Half Orphan Asylum 246 in 1852. 
 Where the surviving parents are able, they 
 pay 50 cents a week for each child. The Roman 
 Catholic Orphan Asylum, under the president- 
 ship of Archbishop Hughes, is in Prince street. 
 The Asylum for Friendless Boys provides a 
 home for the education and instruction in some 
 employment of street-boys. Of 127 boys re- 
 ceived the first year of its establishment, 
 (1851,) 100 were foreigners. This institution 
 is about being merged in a Juvenile Asylum, 
 to be located on the N. E. side of the island, 
 beyond the city. The Jews' Widows' and Or- 
 phans' Asylum, located in West 27th street; 
 the Lying-in Asylum, in Marion street ; 
 Montefiore Widows' and Orphans' Asylum, in 
 Beaver street; the Working Girls' Home, in 
 Broome street, are the other principal asy- 
 lums in New York. Closely allied to the asy- 
 lums are the dispensaries, of which there are 
 five, viz. the New York, with two branches, 
 (the Northern and Eastern;) the Demilt, 
 corner of 2d avenue and 23d street, and the 
 Homoeopathic Dispensary, in Broome street. 
 The first relieved 48,547 patients in 1852; 
 the Northern, 240,976 in the 26 years it has 
 existed, and 17,831 in 1852, of whom 11,914 
 were foreigners. The Demilt treated 2197 
 patients, of whom 1376 were foreigners, in 
 the year ending March 27th, 1853. The New 
 York Eye Infirmary administered to 3007 pa- 
 tients, of whom 2003 were foreigners. 275 
 of the patients were treated for diseases of 
 the ear. The New York Ophthalmic Hospital 
 treated 444 patients in 1852. The People's 
 Bathing and Washing Establishment, 141 
 Mott street, is furnished with all the mate- 
 rials for washing, drying, and ironing clothes, 
 
 which are let out at three cents an hour to 
 each individual. There are accommodations 
 for 68 persons to wash at one time. In the 
 first three months the bathing department 
 was open, 38,600 baths were taken, at an ex- 
 pense to the bathers of about five cents for 
 each bath. There are several institutions for 
 the relief of disabled seamen, for providing 
 comfortable and suitable boarding for them 
 while in port, and for the education of their 
 children ; among these are the " Sailor's 
 Home," which boarded 3027 mariners in 1852, 
 and 33,527 since its establishment in 1842. 
 "The Colored Sailor's Home" had 247 board- 
 ers in 1852. The Seaman's Savings' Bank has 
 over $3,000,000 on deposit, all under the care 
 of the American Seamen's Friend Society, 
 which also sends out missionaries, opens 
 reading rooms, and publishes the Sailor's 
 Magazine, with a monthly circulation of 6000 
 copies. The Marine Society, founded in 1770, 
 gave relief in 1853 to 56 widows, at an ex- 
 pense of from $40 to $60 each annually. The 
 Seaman's Retreat, on Staten island, near the 
 Quarantine Ground, gave relief in 1852 to 
 2956 patients, of whom 167 died. The trus- 
 tees may levy $1.50 upon every master, $1 
 upon every mate, 50 cents upon each sailor 
 arriving from a foreign port, and 25 cents 
 from each of the crew of coasting vessels. 
 " The Marine Hospital," also on Staten 
 island, is devoted to invalid passengers and 
 seamen from ships just arrived: it is sup- 
 ported by a fund arising from a tax of $2 on 
 every foreign cabin, and 50 cents on every 
 steerage passenger. "The Sailor's Snug 
 Harbor," on the N. side of Staten island, 
 founded in 1801, by a bequest of Robert 
 Richard Randall, of an open field (then) near 
 New York, now a valuable property yielding 
 a rental of $100,000. The building has a 
 front of white marble, and, including its 
 wings, a length of 225 feet. There belong 
 to the institution 160 acres of ground. In 
 1852 there were supported here 295 disabled 
 and aged seamen. "The Home for Sailors' 
 Children" is in the same neighborhood. The 
 Mariner's Family Industrial Society fur- 
 nishes work to the female relatives of sea- 
 men. The " Prison Association of New York," 
 has for its object the improvement of prison 
 discipline, and the encouragement of released 
 convicts, by enabling them to procure em- 
 ployment. Since its organization in 1845, it 
 has relieved 977 prisoners, of whom 225 are 
 doing well, 470 hopeful, 126 doubtful, 19 re- 
 turned to prison, and 137 whose condition is 
 unknown. The " Home," founded by the fe- 
 male members of the same society, provides 
 a temporary shelter for released female con- 
 victs from Blackwell's Island prison, till they 
 can be supplied with places : 166 were re- 
 ceived in 1852. The Magdalene Female Asy- 
 lum had 70 inmates during 1852. Pease's 
 Institution, at the Five Points, (the St. Giles 
 of New York, a sink of all iniquity,) employs 
 
 819 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 about 100 persons constantly in tailoring, 
 straw-binding, &c., and since its establish- 
 ment in 1848, has found places for 800 wo- 
 men in the country. Of the $15,000 ex- 
 pended iu 1852, $12,000 were defrayed by 
 the products of the women's labor. Altoge- 
 ther there are in New York, 22 asylums, 90 
 benevolent societies, 75 secret and beneficent 
 societies, 8 hospitals, and 7 dispensaries. 
 
 Almshouse, S;c. — The board of ten gover- 
 nors of the almshouse have under their 
 charge, to some extent, the following institu- 
 tions : — The Almshouse, Bellevue Hospital, 
 City Prison, Colored Home, Colored Orphan 
 Asylum, Nursery Hospital, the City Peniten- 
 tiary, Penitentiary Hospital, one branch of 
 Almshouse, Lunatic Asylum, and Workhouse, 
 all on Blackwell's island ; House of Refuge, 
 and Nursery, on Eandall's island ; office of 
 chief of police, out-door poor, prisons of 2d 
 and 3d districts. Small-pox Hospital, &c. 
 They reijort expended on all these institu- 
 tions, for the year 1852, $465,109.20, and re- 
 lief given to S0,3o7 persons; of which num- 
 ber 15,869 were relieved at the department 
 in the Park. The almshouse proper admitted 
 2624 persons in 1852, of whom only 618 were 
 natives; and of the foreign paupers, 1654 
 were Irish. Deaths, 181. The hospital de- 
 partment (at Bellevue, on the East river, foot 
 of 26th, 27th, and 28th streets) treated 
 5629 patients during the year, of whom 633 
 died ; 3686 were foreigners, of whom 3482 
 were Irish. The Hospital on Blackwell's 
 island (this island lies in the East river, about 
 S^- to 5 miles from the City Hall, having the 
 Penitentiary on the S. end, the Almshouse in 
 the middle, and the Asylum on the N. end,) 
 treated 3034 patients in 1852, of whom 1919 
 were foreigners, and 111 died. In the Small- 
 pox Hospital, 159 were treated, of whom 25 
 died. In the Colored Home, 902 persons 
 were under care, of whom 110 died. In the 
 Colored Orphan Asylum, 258 had been ad- 
 mitted during 1852; 201 remained at the 
 close of the year, and 15 died. There were 
 treated in the Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's 
 island, 1012 patients. Of 495 admitted in 
 1852, 393 were foreigners, and 130 died. The 
 Nursery Hospital on Randall's island admit- 
 ted 2184 children during the year, of whom 
 163 died, and 206 remained at its close. The 
 Nursery on the same island admitted during 
 the year, 1794 persons, which, added to those 
 remaining December 31, 1851, made 3213. 
 Of the admissions, 69 were men, 489 women, 
 733 boys, and 503 girls : 164 died. Average 
 attendance at schools, 690. The commit- 
 ments to the Penitentiary on Blackwell's island 
 amounted to 4444, of whom 1042 were from 
 the courts, and the rest police commitments. 
 The workhouse department, on the same 
 island, received during 1852, 515 persons. 
 There were committed to the three city 
 prisons in the same year, 25,365 offenders. 
 The most important of these, (the First Dis- 
 820 
 
 trict Prison, Hall of Justice, or Tombs, as it 
 is popularly called) occupies a low site near 
 the City Hall, but is a building of consi- 
 derable pretensions, being in the Egyptian 
 style, 253 feet by 200, and constructed of 
 light-colored granite. This prison only re- 
 ceived 19,064 of the commitments. A very 
 extensive building is now (1853) being erected 
 on Randall's island, as a House of Refuge. 
 The length of the boys' department is 590 
 feet, composed of a centre and two wings — 
 the centre 86, and the wings 63 feet high ; 
 and a girls' department, 250 feet long, of like 
 breadth and height. When completed, there 
 will be two centre wings to the boys' depart- 
 ment, besides end buildings to each wing, 56 
 by 50 feet, and a number of out-buildings, 
 such as shops and kitchens, &c. 1h.e present 
 House of Refuge is on First Avenue, between 
 23d and 24th streets. The Refuge had 345 
 boys and 76 girls, December 31st, 1852. Of 
 266 white children received, only 45 were 
 American. Places were found for 225 chil- 
 dren — 97 on farms, and* the rest at trades. 
 Expenses for 1852, $31,121.34 ; to which the 
 state contributed $8000, and the city $4000 ; 
 theatre licenses $4698, and boys' labor $9581 : 
 277 boys and 76 girls attended schools. 
 
 Education. — The free schools of New York 
 have consisted of two departments, one un- 
 der the direction of the Public School So- 
 ciety, having 111 schools under their care; 
 and 89 ward schools, under the direction of 
 the Board of Education. This year (1853) 
 the Public School Society was dissolved. 
 The number of pupils on register attending 
 the ward schools, January 1st, 1853, was 
 66,831, and average attendance 22,959; num- 
 ber on register in the schools of the Public 
 School Society, 56,151 ; average attendance, 
 19,314. Number of night schools, 23 ; num- 
 ber of pupils on register, 8074 ; average at- 
 tendance, 2736. Total number of pupils at- 
 tending the public schools, 131,056, or more 
 than one-fifth the population. The schools 
 named below, and connected with the fol- 
 lowing institutions, draw more or less of their 
 support from the public fund : — The New 
 York Orphan Asylum, the Roman Catholic 
 Orphan Asylum, the Roman Catholic Half- 
 Orphan Asylum, the Protestant Half-Orphan 
 Asylum, the Mechanics' Society, House of 
 Refuge, Leake and Watts' Orphan House, 
 Almshouse ; also, the Hamilton free school, Co- 
 lored Orphans', American Female Guardian, 
 and colored schools. Crowning the system of 
 public school education is, the Free Academy, 
 established in 1848, and combining the cha- 
 racteristics of academy, high-school. Poly- 
 technic school, and college ; and, in the 
 opinion of some, will give a more practical and 
 useful education than any college. This insti- 
 tution is situated on the corner of Lexington 
 avenue and 23d street. The ground was pur- 
 chased, the building erected, furnished with 
 the necessary apparatus, books, &c., at a cost 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 of about $90,000. The edifice, though of brick, 
 is large and imposing, being in the Gothic style, 
 with turrets, &c. In the four years the Free 
 Academy has been in operation, the entire 
 expenses have varied' between $10,782 and 
 $19,898, per annum — so far keeping within 
 the $20,000 allowed by law. On the 1st of 
 January, 1853, there were 11,164 volumes in 
 the library, and 571 students in the academy. 
 The full course requires 5 years, but it is at 
 the option of the student whether he will 
 pursue a full or partial course ; he may also 
 choose between the ancient and modern lan- 
 guages. The faculty consists of 13 profes- 
 sors, aided by 8 tutors. The president, who 
 is also one of the professors, receives $2500, 
 the other professors receive from $700 to 
 $1500 per annum, and the tutors from $500 
 to $700. There are in this city 2 colleges, 2 
 theological and 3 medical schools. Columbia 
 College, the oldest of these literary institu- 
 tions, occupies a pile of buildings, the main 
 one of which is 200 feet by 50, with extensive 
 wings, situated in beautiful open grounds, 
 shaded by venerable trees, between Barclay 
 and Church streets, and between Murray 
 street and West Broadway. This ancient 
 seat of learning was founded in 1754, and 
 was called King's College till the Revolution. 
 Alexander Hamilton was a graduate of this 
 college. Number of alumni up to 1852, 1450 ; 
 students in 1853, 157 ; and 6000 volumes in 
 its library. The faculty consists of a presi- 
 dent and 12 professors. 
 
 The University of the City of New York 
 occupies a beautiful white-marble structure, 
 on the E. side of Washington square, between 
 Washington and Waverley Places. It is 180 
 feet long by 100 in width, of the English- 
 College-Gothic style. It has a chapel, with 
 oak carvings, which is lighted by a stained- 
 glass window, 50 feet by 24. This college 
 was founded in 1831, and the building occu- 
 pied in 1836. The number of alumni in 
 1853 was 320 ; of professors and tutors, 11 ; 
 students, 151, and volumes in the library, 4000. 
 Connected with the university is a medical 
 school, located in 14th street, between Irving 
 place and Third avenue. This department 
 was founded in 1837, had 6 professors and 
 421 students in 1852, and had sent forth 597 
 graduates. It has a fine library and physio- 
 logical collection. The New York College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons was founded in 
 1807, and is located at No. 57 Crosby street. 
 It had 6 professors and 219 students in 1852, 
 and had conferred 852 degrees of M. D. It 
 has also a good library and anatomical mu- 
 seum. The New York Medical College, a 
 new and flourishing institution, was founded 
 in 1851, and is located on 13th street, be- 
 tween Third and Fourth avenues. It admits 
 5 students from the Free Academy gratui- 
 tously. The College of Pharmacy, for the 
 graduation of apothecaries, closes the list of 
 medical schools. The General Theological 
 
 Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 in the United States is situated on 20th 
 street, between Ninth and Tenth avenues, 
 and occupies two stone buildings, each 110 
 feet by 50. It was founded in 1817, had 5 
 professors, 64 students, and 11,000 volumes 
 in its library, in 1852 ; and had educated a 
 total of 417 students: number in 1853, 57. 
 The UnionTheological Seminary, No. 9 Uni- 
 versity Place, is under the direction of Pres- 
 byterians, though it receives students from 
 all evangelical denominations. It was founded 
 in 1836, and had 5 professors, 106 students, 
 and 18,000 volumes in 1852, and had edu- 
 cated 211 young men. The Rutgers Female 
 Institute occupies a fine building, with gra- 
 nite front, in Madison street, near Clinton. 
 This institution was incorporated in 1838, 
 and gives a thorough education to young la- 
 dies in history, general philosophy, astrono- 
 my, chemistry, mathematics, and belles- 
 lettres. It has generally about 500 pupils. 
 St. George's Parish School admits about 100 
 pupils of a lower grade than usually attend 
 the public schools. 
 
 Libraries. — New York has a number of ex- 
 tensive libraries. The largest collection of 
 books will be in the Astor Library, a new in- 
 stitution, founded by the late John Jacob 
 Astor, who left a fund of $400,000 for that 
 purpose. This library is about to be opened 
 (1853) in a fine building (65 feet by 120) 
 erected for the purpose, in the Moorish style, 
 in Lafayette place. The building cost about 
 $70,000, and will open with about 100,000 
 volumes, to be increased from time to time 
 from the interest of the fund remaining after 
 the library goes into operation. This library 
 is to be free to all persons resorting thereto. 
 The New York Society Library is one of the 
 oldest in the United States, has about 42,000 
 volumes, and occupies a fine building with a 
 sandstone front with Ionic columns, 50 feet 
 on Broadway, and 100 upon Leonard street. 
 It is, however, about to be removed, as the 
 building is sold. It was founded in 1700. 
 The New York Mercantile Library, founded 
 in 1820, one of the most vigorously conduct- 
 ed and flourishing libraries in the United 
 States, is at present located at Clinton Hall, 
 corner of Beekman and Nassau streets, but 
 it is soon to be removed to the Opera House, 
 Astor Place. January 1, 1853, it had 37,488 
 volumes on its shelves, and 21 daily, 42 
 weekly, 80 monthly, and 45 quarterly jour- 
 nals on its reading-room tables. The num- 
 ber of members at the same time was 4194. 
 This institution, though founded for mer- 
 chants and their clerks, is open to any citizen 
 complying with the terms of membership. 
 Its income is $10,000 per annum. The Ap- 
 prentices' Library, located at No. 32 Crosby 
 street, in Mechanics' Hall, has about 17,000 
 volumes. The New York Historical Society 
 has its rooms at present in the buildings of 
 the New York University ; but the society are 
 
 821 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 about erecting a fireproof building for them- 
 selves. This institution was founded in 1804, 
 "when a grant was made it by the state of 
 $12,000. The society has a valuable library 
 of 12,000 volumes, including some rare books, 
 pamiDhlets, maps, charts, and files of papers 
 from 1730 to the present time, and a collec- 
 tion of antiquities, coins, medals, &c. The 
 American Bible Society has recently erected 
 an immense pile of buildings. Mr. Peter 
 Cooper is about erecting a building for the 
 purpose of public lectures, reading, and ex- 
 hibition rooms, &c., which he intends to be 
 free, and for which he appropriates about 
 $300,000. The edifice is to be situated op- 
 posite the Bible House, to be 195 feet on 
 Third Avenue, 155 on Fourth Avenue, 143 on 
 Eighth and 86 on Seventh street, and five 
 stories high. The basement and two lower 
 stories are to be rented, the income of which 
 is to support the "People's Union," as the 
 establishment is to be called. The Lyceum 
 of Natural History, in a part of the building 
 occupied by the medical department of the 
 New York University, Fourteenth street, 
 near Fourth Avenue, has a valuable library 
 and an extensive cabinet of beasts, birds, 
 fishes, shells, minerals, and fossils. The 
 American Institute of the City of New York 
 was incorporated in 1829, for the encourage- 
 ment of commerce, agriculture, and manu- 
 factures, and hold annual fairs or exhibi- 
 tions in Castle Garden. It distributed $4000 
 in 1852, in the shape of medals and other re- 
 wards. The institute is located at 351 Broad- 
 way, where they have a meeting-room, li- 
 brary, repository for models, reading room, 
 &c. The Mechanics' Institute, in the base- 
 ment of the City Hall, has a fine library and 
 reading room, and a valuable collection of 
 philosophical and chemical apparatus, and a 
 male and female school attached. 
 
 Banks. — New York had in September, 1858, 
 53 banks,with $45, 117,900 capital, $9,566,723 
 circulation, and $11,860,235 in coin. The 
 most conspicuous banking houses are the 
 Bank of the Republic, corner of Broadway 
 and Wall street. Metropolitan, Chemical, and 
 Pacific, all in Broadway, and all of brown- 
 stone, and the Ocean Bank, in Greenwich 
 street, of the same material. The banking hall 
 of the latter is beautifully frescoed. There are 
 in Wall street a number of solid structures 
 of Quincy granite and marble, occupied by 
 the America, State af New York, Com- 
 mercial, Union, Merchants', Exchange, and 
 City Banks. There are 12 savings banks in 
 New York : among these are the Emigrant, 
 Industrial, and Seaman's Savings Banks. 
 In January, 1853, there were in New York 
 43 insurance and trust companies, with an 
 aggregate capital of $11,714,010. 
 
 Manufactures. — We have no regular sta- 
 tistics as yet of the particulars of the manu- 
 factures of New York ; but if the census 
 report is to be relied on, this city is not 
 822 
 
 only the commercial, but the manufacturing 
 centre of the United States. The census of 
 1850 gives to New York $34,232,822 capital, 
 and 53,703 male and 29,917 female hands 
 employed in manufactures, producing ma- 
 chinery,stufirs,&c. to the value of $105,218,308. 
 Among these, the iron foundries and machine 
 shops are conspicuous. From the Novelty and 
 other works are certainly turned out the finest 
 specimens of steam machinery for steam- 
 boats and steamships produced in the United 
 States, if not in the world. Sugar-refin- 
 ing is another extensive business. Accord- 
 ing to an article in the New York Tribune, 
 there are refined 1000 hogsheads of raw 
 sugar a day ; and one house alone consumed 
 40,000,000 pounds of raw sugar in 1852. In 
 the different refineries there are employed 
 1250 hands, and about $3,000,000 capital. 
 Ship-building is carried to a degree of per- 
 fection unsurpassed in the world, both for 
 beauty of model and speed, particularly in 
 the steamers, acknowledged to be the largest 
 and fleetest in the world, though the contest 
 is very close between the American and Bri- 
 tish vessels in this respect. 
 
 Commerce and Trade. — It is as the great 
 centre of commerce for half a continent that 
 New York derives its highest claim to pre- 
 eminence. Surrounded by one of the most 
 capacious harbors in the world, within two 
 hours sail of the Atlantic ocean, communi- 
 cating with the New England States by Long 
 Island sound, and with the interior of New 
 York State by the Hudson river, which is in 
 turn connected with the great lakes by the 
 Erie canal, it presents facilities for internal 
 and foreign navigation unrivalled by any 
 commercial emporium of this or any former 
 period. Nor have her merchants been satis- 
 fied to repose on her natural advantages, but 
 they have connected her, by iron arms, with 
 every great point, north, south, east, or 
 west, which deposite on her docks and in her 
 depots the cotton and rice of the South, the 
 grain, lead, tobacco, and pork of the West, 
 and the wool, wheat, lumber, and flour of 
 the North and East. New York is now only 
 surpassed by London and Liverpool as a seat 
 of trade, and in another century will proba- 
 bly be the commercial centre of the world. 
 Along its wharves, in every direction, may 
 be seen forests of masts, where countless 
 vessels of every description, and from every 
 quarter of the globe, pour their rich tribute 
 into the lap of this queen of commercial 
 cities. Steamers of such size, splendor, and 
 speed as the world has never before seen, 
 forming regular lines of packets to Liverpool, 
 Southampton, Havre, Glasgow, Bremen, San 
 Francisco, New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, 
 Charleston, and all other important points 
 along the coast, arrive at and depart from 
 its docks almost daily, freighted with mer- 
 chandise and crowded with passengers. But 
 we will let figures tell the facts of the case. 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 There arrived, in 1852, in New York, from 
 foreign ports, 3847 vessels, (aggregate ton- 
 nage, 1,709,988,) bearing merchandise to 
 the value of $127,441,394, (including some- 
 thing more than $2,000,000 in specie,) and 
 310,385 passengers. The exports to foreign 
 countries, during the same period, amounted 
 to $71,523,609, including $25,096,255 in 
 specie. The leading articles imported are 
 various species of dry goods, silk, woollen, 
 linen, and cotton ; earthen and hardware ; 
 iron in various stages of manufacture, figs, 
 raisins, brandies, wines,' &c. The imports 
 of dry goods alone, for the first quarter of 
 1853, amounted to $25,862,092, independent 
 of $1,500,000 warehoused. The imports for 
 the year 1852, included 601,170 bags and 
 packages of coflFee ; 1,443,949 hides ; 41,986 
 tons of bar, 70,061 of pig, and 656,657 
 bundles of sheet and rod iron; 514,514 bales 
 of cotton; 393,766 pigs of lead; 125,311 
 hogsheads, tierces, and barrels of molasses ; 
 177,732 hogsheads, 1655 tierces, 48,209 bar- 
 rels, 194,748 boxes, and 111,834 bags of 
 sugar; 2,058,396 bushels of salt; 1456 butts 
 and pipes, 21,282 hogsheads, 49,994 quarter 
 casks, 12,172 barrels, 73,033 boxes of wine; 
 16,618 hogsheads, and 38,098 quarter casks 
 and barrels of brandy; 6840 casks, 323,161 
 boxes, and 1098 drums of raisins ; 106,652 
 drums of figs ; 14,602 hogsheads, 48 bales 
 and ceroons of tobacco, besides large quan- 
 tities of cocoa, duck, queensware, hemp, 
 olive oil, pepper, pimento, rags, rice, salt- 
 petre, spelter, tin, wool, coal, and consider- 
 able cochineal, gin, and rum. Among the 
 articles exported from January 1 to De- 
 cember 20, 1852, were 1,365,597 barrels of 
 wheatflour; 44,819of Indian meal; 8,012,718 
 bushels of wheat; 753,928- of Indian corn; 
 381,574 bales of cotton; 511,926 barrels of 
 naval stores ; 791,829 barrels of sperm, and 
 58,185 of whale oil; 38,747 barrels of pork, 
 and 47,031 of beef; 1,497,599 pounds of cut 
 beef, besides large quantities of pot and 
 pearl ashes, beeswax, rye, candles, coal, but- 
 ter, cheese, lard, rice, tallow, tobacco, 
 whalebone, and some rye flour, oats, barley, 
 hay, hops, lard, linseed oil, and 54,692 pack- 
 ages of domestic cottons. The tonnage in 
 1852 was 571,905|^ registered, and 
 444,643|| enrolled and licensed ; total, 
 l,016,599i|, being about one-fourth the 
 whole tonnage of the United States. Losses 
 covered by marine insurance, paid in New 
 York, $8,250,161, in 1851. The export and 
 import trade of 1852 employed upwards of 
 106,000 seamen. There are 18 steamships, 
 rating from 1700 to 8000 tons, engaged in 
 the transatlantic trade ; of which 10 are 
 British, and 8 American. Of these, 13 run 
 to Liverpool, one to Glasgow, two to Havre, 
 and two to Bremen — the last four touching 
 also at Southampton. A new line of steam 
 propellers to Liverpool is also about being 
 established. The lines to San Francisco 
 
 employed recently 37 steamers, rating from 
 900 to 3000 tons, and about equally divided 
 in number on the Atlantic and Pacific waters. 
 These are crowded with passengers beyond 
 all precedent in the history of ocean travel, 
 and beyond all possibility of comfort for 
 voyagers. The West Indies and Southern 
 lines employ 17 steamers — making a total 
 steam marine of 72 vessels, with an aggre- 
 gate tonnage of 113,810. Of the steam ton- 
 nage of the United States, in 1852, (ocean, 
 lake, and river,) more than one-fourth, viz. 
 64,447, belonged to New York city. In 1852, 
 124 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 
 56,179, were either on the stocks or launched. 
 Of these, 16 were steamships, 64 steamboats, 
 and 44 sailing vessels. The cash duties 
 during the same period, amounted to 
 $31,332,787.81. 
 
 Miscellaneous Statislics. — In 1850 there 
 were in New York, 37,730 houses, with an ave- 
 rage of 18f persons to each dwelling. In the 
 same year, 212,996 foreign emigrants arrived; 
 289,601 in 1851, and 298,004 in 1852; of 
 whom 117,587 were Irish; 118,126, Germans; 
 31,275, English; 8778, French; 7640, Scotch, 
 and 6455, Swiss : total number of passengers 
 arriving from foreign ports, 310,335, and 
 from California, 12,153. It may readily be 
 seen what life and activity the landing of a 
 daily average of nearly 1000 persons must 
 give to New York, and what an amount of 
 money must be left by this floating mass of 
 population. The total number of deaths for 
 1852 was 21,558 ; of which number, 6712 
 were of foreign birth ; 2462, by consump- 
 tion; 1052, inflammation of the lungs ; 1400, 
 stillborn; 1676, by convulsions; 609, by 
 scarlet fever ; 659, by typhus fever ; 19 were 
 murdered ; 35 committed suicide, and 169 
 died from accidents. There was expended 
 on city prisons, almshouses, &c., exclusive 
 of a host of private charities, $492,564.26. 
 The commitments to prison were 25,365 ; of 
 whom 19,764 were foreigners. The police 
 department employs 900 men, at an annual 
 expense of $500,000. There are 15 principal 
 markets in different parts of the city, besides 
 numberless licensed stalls and green gro- 
 ceries. The entire number of periodical 
 publications issued in New York is between 
 140 and 150. Of these, about 20 are 
 dailies, with an aggregate circulation of 
 above 200,000, besides a great number of 
 weekly prints — almost every sect and clique 
 having its hebdomadal organ. There were in 
 1851, 6 theatres, besides the American Mu- 
 seum, where dramatic entertainments were 
 offered to the public : Castle Garden and 
 several halls are used for concerts and operas. 
 The East river is constntly crossed from New 
 York to Brooklyn and Williamsburg by the 
 finest ferry-boats perhaps in the world, with 
 comfortable seats, and in winter with well- 
 warmed cabins. The ferriage is one cent to 
 Brooklyn, and two and three cents to Wil- 
 
 823 
 
NEW 
 
 liamsburg. There are 6 ferries to Brooklyn, 
 and 3 to Williamsburg ; 3 ferries to Hoboken ; 
 one to Jersey City, (boats running every 10 
 minutes;) 3 ferries to different points on 
 Staten island, and to Greenwood Cemetery, 
 besides boats innumerable running to all 
 points on Long island, on the Hudson river, 
 and in New Jersey. From May, 1852, to 
 February, 1853, there were licenses issued 
 to 41 pawnbrokers ; 52 second-hand dealers ; 
 115 junk shops ; 26 .intelligence offices; 47 
 carts and boats of junk shops ; 673 omni- 
 buses ; 560 hackney coaches ; 5980 taverns, 
 (granted from January 1 to July 22, 1853,) 
 4550 public carts ; 295 public porters ; 4000 
 drivers of carts and trucks ; 80 charcoal ped- 
 lers ; 1500 dirt carts; 55 emigrant boarding 
 houses ; 67 runners, and 15 brokers. In 
 1852 there were 49 engine, 54 hose, (with 
 68,300 feet of hose,) and 13 hook and ladder 
 companies, with 51 ladders and 136 hooks. 
 Previous to January 1, 1853, there had been 
 laid 229 miles of waterpipes. There were 
 laid in the same year 229 miles of (main) 
 gaspipes, lighting 7539 street-lamps. There 
 are nearly 40 miles of sewers. 
 
 Government, Sfc. — New York is divided into 
 twenty wards, and is governed by a mayor 
 and common council. The mayor is elected 
 by popular vote, and holds office for two 
 years. The common council is composed of 
 two boards, one called the board of aldei'- 
 men, and the other the board of assistant 
 aldermen, one member for each board being 
 elected from every ward annually. Besides 
 the state and United States courts, there are 
 courts of oyer and terminer, of general ses- 
 sions, and special sessions, the two latter held 
 by the recorder, or city judge, and two al- 
 men. The city is divided into three police 
 districts, each with a police court. There 
 are also eight ward courts. There are twenty 
 patrol districts, each with a station house, a 
 captain, and two lieutenants, and with from 
 about thirty to sixty policemen. The whole 
 presided over by a chief of police. New York 
 is also divided into eight iire districts, and 
 in case of fire the number of strokes of the 
 bell indicate the ward in which the fire is. 
 Aboard of twelve firewardens receives com- 
 plaints of all violations of law relative to 
 fires, powder, construction, &c. The fire de- 
 partment in action is managed by a chief 
 engineer and ten assistants. Total expendi- 
 tures of the city government, including 
 interest on debt for 1852, $8,294,241.45; 
 for cleansing streets, $288,924.63; alms- 
 house, $390,000; fire department, $105,- 
 635.47; lamps and gas, $269,068.91; po- 
 lice, $614,906.10; street expenses, $264,- 
 966.43, street paving, $663,176.45; street 
 opening, $359,165.37; waterpipes, $150,- 
 651.25 ; salaries, $242,000 ; common schools 
 for the city, $468,293 ; for the state, $185,641. 
 The mayor, recorder, comptroller, county 
 clerk, register, and surrogate, each receive 
 824 
 
 NEW 
 
 $3000 per annum ; the street commissioner, 
 chief of police, assistant district attorney, 
 and clerk of the superior court, each $2500. 
 The clerk of the board of assistants, tax 
 commissioners, receiver of taxes, the com- 
 missioner of repairs, chief of the fire depart- 
 ment, assistant commissioner, engineer, and 
 assistant engineer of Croton aqueduct depart- 
 ment, and justices of police and ward courts, 
 each $2000; judges of the superior and com- 
 mon pleas courts, $4000; marine court, $2000. 
 
 History. — The first knowledge we have of 
 New York bay and Manhattan island, the 
 site of the present city of 'New York, is from 
 Henry Hudson, an English navigator in the 
 employ of the East India Company of Hol- 
 land, who visited them in 1609, and pro- 
 ceeded up the river which now bears his 
 name. No settlement was however made till 
 three years afterwards, when a fort was built 
 on the southern extremity of Manhattan 
 island by the Dutch, and thus commenced 
 the settlement of New Amsterdam, which, in 
 1656, contained 120 houses and about 1000 
 inhabitants. In 1664 it was surrendered to 
 the British, and came into the hands of the 
 Duke of York, taking the name of New York ; 
 but it was retaken by the Dutch nine years 
 afterwards, who however held it but a single 
 year. In 1677 there were 384 houses, and 
 in 1696 the city owned 40 ships, 62 sloops, 
 and 60 boats. In 1700 the population was 
 6000. In 1711 a slave market was esta- 
 blished in Wall street. The New York Ga- 
 zette, a weekly paper, appeared in 1725. 
 First stage-route to Philadelphia established 
 in 1732, and stages departed for Boston 
 monthly, taking a fortnight on the route. 
 Negro insurrections occurred in 1712 and 
 1741-2. In the former the negroes fired the 
 city, and killed a number of people, for which 
 119 of them were executed. The imports of 
 1769 amounted to $839,782. In 1783, after 
 a long possession, the British troops evacua- 
 ted New York. In 1807 the first steamboat 
 was built at this port to navigate the Hud- 
 son. The opening of the Erie canal in 1825 
 gave a great impetus to New York, and made 
 it the first city of the Union. 
 
 The years 1853-4 will be memorable in the 
 history of the city of New York, for the 
 exhibition denominated the World's Fair, held 
 in a spacious iron and glass building, called 
 the Crystal Palace, erected adjacent to the 
 Distributing Reservoir, between 40th and 
 42d streets. The edifice was in the form of 
 a Greek Cross. The length of each diameter 
 of which was 365yV feet. The dome was 
 100 feet in diameter and 123 feet high. The 
 interior space was greatly enlarged by filling 
 up the angles between the arms of the cross, 
 so as to give it the form of an octagon. In 
 the construction of the palace 1800 tons of 
 iron, 55,000 square feet of glass, and 750,000 
 square feet of lumber were used. The aggre- 
 gate flooring covered 5| acres. The pro- 
 
NEW 
 
 NIC 
 
 portions of this building are beautiful, and is 
 thought by many to surpass the London 
 Crystal Palace in architectural effect. The 
 exhibition was officially opened July 15th, 
 1853, in the presence of the President of the 
 United States, and other dignitaries of our 
 country, and of the commissioners from fo- 
 reign governments. The collection comprised 
 specimens of the industrial and fine arts from 
 almost every country of Europe, from the 
 British Colonies, West Indies, and Mexico. 
 
 Fires. — New York has several times been 
 visited by very destructive conflagrations; the 
 most remarkable occurred on the night of 
 December ICth, 1835, consuming 648 houses 
 in the most valuable part of the city, and 
 destroying property valued at $20,000,000; 
 another in July, 1845, raged chiefly between 
 Broadway and Broad street, involving a loss 
 of property to the amount of $7,000,000. 
 
 New York, a post-oflfice of Sumter co., Ala. 
 
 New York, a post-office of Chickasaw co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 New York, a small post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Tennessee, on the Cumberland 
 river, about 55 miles, by land, W. by N. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 New York, a post-village of Switzerland 
 CO., Indiana, on the Ohio river, 8 miles E. 
 from Veray. 
 
 New York, a small village of Brown co., 
 Illinois, on Crooked river, 10 miles N. E. 
 from Mount Sterling. 
 
 New York, a thriving settlement of Pierce 
 CO., Washington Territory, near Elliott bay, 
 on the E. side of Admiralty Iniet. 
 
 New York Mills, a post-village of Oneida 
 county, New York, on Sadaquada creek, 
 about 95 miles W. N. W. from Albany. It 
 has several churches, and a cotton factory, 
 said to be one of the largest in the state. 
 
 New Zion, a post-office of Sumter co., S. C. 
 
 Net, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio. 
 
 Net, a small post-village of De Kalb co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Nez Perc:S (usually pronounced nay per'- 
 cy) or Saptin Indians, a tribe dwelling in 
 the eastern part of Oregon, between Clark's 
 river, and on the N. branch of Saptin or 
 Lewis river. The name, net perce, signifies, 
 in French, "pierced nose." There does not, 
 however, appear to be any peculiarity in their 
 customs to justify this appellation. 
 
 Niagara, a river of North America, form- 
 ing the outlet of Lake Erie and a part of the 
 boundary between the United States and 
 Canada. It commences at Black Rock, 2 
 miles N. of Buffalo, and, flowing northward, 
 enters Lake Ontario after a course of about 
 34 miles. About 3 miles below its southern 
 extremity it divides into two arms, which 
 embrace an island, called Grand Island, 12 
 miles long, and from 2 to 7 miles wide. Two 
 or three miles below Grand Island, the entire 
 waters of the Niagara are precipitated over 
 a ledge of rocks about 160 feet in perpendicu- 
 
 lar height, forming the Niagara falls, the 
 most stupendous cataract on the globe. The 
 rapids above the falls have a desent of 57 
 feet in about half a mile. The river is navi- 
 gable 7 miles to Lewistown, and above the 
 falls for small boats from the old fort Schlos- 
 ser to Lake Erie, near 20 miles. Two miles 
 below the cataract the river is spanned by 
 a magnificent suspension bridge 800 feet in 
 length. See Suspension Bridge. 
 
 Niagara, a county in the W. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 490 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, W. 
 by Niagara river, and S. by Tonnewanda 
 creek, and is drained by Willinks and Tusca- 
 rora creeks. The surface is undulating in 
 some parts, in others nearly level. The soil 
 is generally fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 917,738^- bushels of wheat ; 
 345,257 of corn; 321,283 of oats; 35,724 tons 
 of hay, and 793,206 pounds of butter. There 
 were 13 flour and grist mills, 43 saw mills, 
 1 cotton and 2 woollen factories, 6 iron foun 
 dries, 1 glass manufactory, 1 paper mill, and 
 7 tanneries. It contained 60 churches, 5 news- 
 paper offices, 11,561 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 123 attending academies or other 
 schools. Extensive beds of gypsum, or plas- 
 ter, have been discovered in this county. 
 The county is traversed by the Erie canal 
 and by the Rochester Lockport and Niagara 
 falls, and the Buffalo and Niagara falls rail- 
 roads, and partly intersected by several 
 shorter lines. Organized in 1808, having 
 been formed out of part of Genesee county, 
 and named from Niagara river and falls, 
 which are situated on its western borders. 
 Capital, Lockport. Population, 42,276. 
 
 Niagara, Falls of. See New York, p. 807. 
 
 Niagara, a township of Niagara township, 
 New York, on the river of its own name, 
 16 miles N. N. E. from Buffalo. Pop., 1951. 
 
 Niagara Falls, a post-village of Niagara 
 county, New York, is situated in the imme- 
 diate vicinity of the great cataract, to which 
 circumstance it owes its origin and increase. 
 Distance from Buffalo by railroad, 22 miles ; 
 from Rochester, 76 miles. It contains 1 Ca- 
 tholic and 4 Protestant churches, 5 dry goods 
 stores and 9 hotels, of which 4 are styled 
 "first class ;" also a paper mill, iron foundry, 
 a flouring mill, and a large public school 
 house. Three or four railroads meet at this 
 point. Population in 1853, estimated at 
 2200. See Suspension Bridge. 
 
 Niangua, a river of Missouri, rises near 
 the S. E. corner of Dallas county, and, flow- 
 ing nearly northward, falls into the Osage at 
 Erie, Camden county. It receives the Little 
 Niangua from the left, a few miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 NiccoTTOO, a post-village of Arkansas co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Nicholas, a county in the W. central part 
 \ of Virginia, has an area of 600 square miles. 
 
 825 
 
NIC 
 
 NIL 
 
 The Kanawha river washes its S. W. border ; 
 it is traversed from E. to W. by the Gauley 
 river, and also drained by Meadow river and 
 Buffalo creek. The surface is hilly and 
 mountainous, and covered with extensive 
 forests. A large part of the land is unpro- 
 ductive. Indian corn, oats, grass, and live 
 stock are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 83,273 bushels of corn; 31,377 of oats; 
 2001 tons of hay, and 41,976 pounds of but- 
 ter. It contained 9 churches, and 189 pupils 
 attending public schools. A railroad is pro- 
 jected, which, when finished, will connect the 
 county with the Ohio river. Formed in 1818. 
 Capital, Summerville. Population, 3963, of 
 whom 3890 were free, and 73, slaves. 
 
 Nicholas, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 300 
 square miles. It is intersected by Licking 
 river proper, and bounded on the S. W. by 
 the South Licking. The surface is diversified ; 
 the S. part of the county is gently undulating, 
 and very productive ; the other parts are 
 more broken. Indian corn, hemp, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 733,750 bushels of corn ; 69,834 of 
 oats, and 161 tons of hemp. It contained 
 13 churches, 1068 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 160 attending an academy. The 
 surface rock is limestone of good quality. 
 The county is intersected by the Maysville 
 and Lexington turnpike, and by the railroad 
 lately commenced between the cities just 
 named. On the bank of Licking river, in 
 this county, is the Blue Lick spring, a water- 
 ing place of much celebrity. Formed in 
 1799, and named in honor of Colonel George 
 Nicholas, an officer in the War of the Revolu- 
 tion. Capital, Carlisle. Population, 10,361, 
 of whom 8848 were free, and 1513, slaves. 
 
 Nicholas, a small town of Placer county, 
 California, situated on the left bank of Fea- 
 ther river, below the mouth of Bear river, 
 and 35 miles in a straight line nearly N. of 
 Sacramento city. 
 
 Nicholas Couet House. See Summerville. 
 
 NiCHOLASviLLE, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of .Jessamine county, Kentucky, on a 
 small afiluent of Kentucky river, and on the 
 railroad and turnpike from Lexington to 
 Danville, 12 miles S. from the former. The 
 surrounding country is fertile and well culti- 
 vated. It contains a fine court house, 4 
 churches, 2 academies, and several bagging 
 factories. Population, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Nichols, a post-township in the S. border 
 of Tioga CO., New York. Population, 1905. 
 
 Nichols, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Susquehanna river, about 8 miles S. 
 W. from Owego. It has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Nicholson, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. Population, 
 1353. 
 
 Nicholson, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Wyoming co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Population, 927. 
 826 
 
 Nicholson's Stoke, a post-office of Choc- 
 taw CO., Alabama. 
 
 Nicholsonville, a post-office of Putnam 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 NiCHOLSviLLE, a post-village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, on the E. branch of St. 
 Regis river, about 31 miles E. by N. from 
 Canton. 
 
 NiCHOLSViLLE, a post-viUage of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio, on the road from Batavia to the 
 Ohio river, about 24 miles E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 NiCKELSviLLE, a post-office of Scott CO., Va. 
 
 Nickell's Mills, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 NicojACK Cave. See Georgia, p. 422. 
 
 NicoLAUs, a post-office of Sutter co., Cal. 
 
 Nicollet, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Minnesota, has an area of 1240 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the North fork of 
 Crow river, on the S. by the Minnesota river, 
 and intersected by the South fork of Crow 
 river, and by the Wita Kantu. The county 
 contains several small lakes. The surface is 
 undulating or level ; the soil in some parts is 
 productive. This county is not included in the 
 census of 1850. Capital, Traverse des Sioux. 
 
 Nicollet Lake, a small lake in the E. 
 part of Fremont county, Utah, about 125 
 miles S. W. from Salt Lake city. Length, 
 26 miles ; greatest breadth, 12 miles. It re- 
 ceives the waters of Nicollet river, but has no 
 outlet. 
 
 NicoNZA, a post-office of Miami co., Ind. 
 
 NiDEiAS, a village near the left bank of the 
 Rio del Norte, in the interior of the Territory 
 of New Mexico. 
 
 Night's Praieie, a post-office of Hamilton 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Nile, a post-office of Alleghany co., N. Y. 
 
 Nile, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 1004. 
 
 NiLES, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Cayuga co.. New York, bordering on Owasco 
 lake. Population, 2053. 
 
 NiLES, a post- village of Trumbull co.,Ohio, 
 on the Mahoning river, and on the Pennsyl- 
 vania and Ohio canal, 5 miles S. E. from 
 Warren, contains a furnace, a rolling mill, and 
 a nail factory. Pop., in 1853, about 600. 
 
 NiLES, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Berrien co., Michigan. 
 
 NiLES, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the right bank of the St. Joseph's 
 river, where it is crossed by the Michigan 
 Central railroad, 191 miles W. by S. from 
 Detroit, and 90 miles E. from Chicago. It is 
 the largest town of the county, and the prin- 
 cipal market in Western Michigan. The 
 river is navigable for small steamboats, and 
 affords abundant water-power. Niles con- 
 tains a branch of the state university, and 
 several churches. Four newspapers are 
 published here. Settled in 1831. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 NiLES, a post-township in Delaware Co., 
 Indiana. Population, 924. 
 
NIL 
 
 NOB 
 
 NiLES, a post-township in Cook co., Illinois. 
 Population, 403. 
 
 Nimmon's Ckoss Koads, a post-office of 
 Morrow co., Oliio. 
 
 NiMiSHiLLEN creek, of Stark co., Ohio, flows 
 into the Tuscarawas river. 
 
 NiMisHiLLEN, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Stark co., Ohio. Population, 1927. 
 
 NiMisiLA, a post-village of Summit co., 0. 
 
 NiMEOD, a post-office of Copiah co., Miss. 
 
 Nine E.^gles, a post- village in Decatur co., 
 Iowa, 145 miles S. W. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 NiNEMiLE, apost-office of Bledsoe CO., Tenn. 
 
 NiNEMiLE Pkairie, a post-office of Perry 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 NiNETYsix, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Nineveh, a post-village of Broome co., 
 New York, on the Susquehanna river, 16 
 miles E. N. E. from Binghamton. 
 
 Nineveh, a post-office of Warren co., Va. 
 
 Nineveh, a township in Bartholomew co., 
 Indiana. Population, 720. 
 
 Nineveh, a post-township in Johnson co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1649. 
 
 Nineveh, a post- village in Johnson co., 
 Indiana, 30 miles S. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Nineveh, a post-office of Adair co., Mo. 
 
 NiPPENOSE, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Lycoming co.. Pa. Pop., 351. 
 
 NiPPENOSE, the name of a remarkable val- 
 ley in the S. W. part of Lycoming county. 
 It is of a regular oval shape, being about 10 
 miles long and 4 broad, forming a basin sur- 
 rounded by a rim of high and steep moun- 
 tains. The only easy access to it is by a 
 deep gap in the Bald Eagle mountain, oppo- 
 site Jersey Shore. The bed of this valley 
 is composed of limestone, containing fissures 
 and caverns beneath the soil, into which the 
 streams that descend from the mountain 
 sink and disappear ; but uniting their waters 
 in those subterranean passages, the whole 
 body gushes forth in one enormous spring 
 near the gap in the mountain, producing a 
 powerful stream, which passes through the gap, 
 and falls into the river above Jersey Shore. 
 
 NisHNABATONA rivcr, rises in the S. W. cen- 
 tral part of Iowa ; flowing south-westerly, it 
 enters Missouri near its N. W. extremity, 
 and then assuming a south-easterly direction, 
 it falls into the Missouri river in Atchison 
 county. 
 
 NisKAYUNA, a post-township forming the 
 E. extremity of Schenectady co., New York. 
 Population, 783. 
 
 NiTTANY, a post-office of Centre co.. Pa. 
 
 NiTTANY Mountain, Pennsylvania, a ridge 
 extending through the E. part of Centre co. 
 into Union county. 
 
 NivERviLLE, a post-office of Columbia co., 
 New York. 
 
 NixBURG, a post-village of Coosa co., Ala- 
 bama, 37 miles N. by E. from Montgomei'y. 
 
 NoAH, a post-office of Shelby co., Indiana. 
 
 NoANK, a post-office of New London co.Conn. 
 
 Noble, a new county in the S. E. part of 
 Ohio, has an area of about 440 square miles. 
 It is drained by Wills, Seneca, and Duck 
 creeks. The surface is undulating and well 
 timbered; the soil, being of limestone forma- 
 tion, is durable and highly productive. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. The county con- 
 tains quarries of building stone and large 
 beds of stone coal. The Central Ohio rail- 
 road is in course of construction along the 
 northern border. Noble county was formed 
 in 1851 by a division of Monroe, Morgan, 
 and Guernsey counties. Capital, Sarahsville. 
 
 Noble, a county in the N. E. part of Indi- 
 ana, contains 430 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Elkhart river. The surface is diver- 
 sified with slight inequalities. The soil is a 
 fertile, sandy loam. Wheat, com, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 yielded 206,295 bushels of corn ; 09,802 of 
 wheat ; 56,715 of oats, and 2487 tons of hay. 
 It contained 5 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 1844 pupils attending public schools. Iron 
 ore is found in large quantities. Organized in 
 1836. Capital, Albion. Pop., 7946. 
 
 Noble, a township in Defiance co., Ohio. 
 Population, 389. 
 
 Noble, a township in Morgan co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1308. 
 
 Noble, a township in Shelby co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1394. 
 
 Noble, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Branch co., Mich. Pop., 451. 
 
 Noble, a township in Cass co., Indiana. 
 Population, 743. 
 
 Noble, a township in Jay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 745. 
 
 Noble, a township in Laporte co., Indiana. 
 Population, 944. 
 
 Noble, a post-township in Noble co., In- 
 diana. Population, 595. 
 
 Noble, a post-township in Rush co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1386. 
 
 Noble, a township in Wabash co., Indiana. 
 Population, 3489. 
 
 Noblebobough, a post-township of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine, on the E. side of the Damariscotta 
 river, 24 miles S. E. from Augusta. Popula- 
 tion, 1408. 
 
 Noble Centre, a post-office of Branch co., 
 Michigan, 105 miles S. W. from Lansing. 
 
 Noble Iron-works, a post-office of Noble 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 NoBLESTOWN, a post-villagc of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 13 miles S. W. from Pitts- 
 burg, has about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 NoBLESviLLE, a township in Hamilton co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1644. 
 
 NoBLESviLLE, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Hamilton co., Indiana, on White 
 river, and on the Peru and Indianapolis rail- 
 road, 20 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 It is situated on an extensive and fertile 
 plain, and is a place of active business, which 
 has lately been increased by the opening of 
 
 827 
 
NOB 
 
 NOR 
 
 the railroad. The village has 8 or 4 churches, 
 a county seminary, a newspaper ofBce, and 
 several hotels. Settled in 1824. Population, 
 in 1850, 664; in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 NoBLEViLLE, a post-officc of Noble cc, 0. 
 
 NoBOSQUE Point, at the entrance of Buz- 
 zard's Bay, on the S. E. coast of Massachu- 
 setts. It contains a fixed light, 80 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 31' 5" N. ; 
 Ion. 70° 39' 53" W. 
 
 NocHWAT, a post-ofiice of Randolph co., Ga. 
 
 NocKAMixoN, a township in the N. part of 
 Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, on Delaware river. 
 Population, 2445. 
 
 Nodaway, a small river of Iowa and Mis- 
 souri. Rising in the S. W. part of Iowa, it 
 flows southward into Missouri, and forms the 
 boundary between Atchison and Holt coun- 
 ties on the right, and Nodaway and Andrew 
 on the left, until it enters Missouri river, 
 about 20 miles above St. Joseph. 
 
 Nodaway, a new county in the N. N. W. 
 part of Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an 
 area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the Nodaway river, from which 
 the name is derived, and also drained by the 
 head streams of the Little Platte and the One 
 Hundred and Two river. All of these streams 
 flow from north to south. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 167,113 bushels of corn; 
 10,208 of wheat ; 16,485 of oats ; and 64 tons 
 of hay. Capital, Maryville. Pop., 2118, 
 of whom 2048 were free, and 70, slaves. 
 
 Nodaway, a post-office of Andrew co.. Mo. 
 
 Nodaway, a post-office of Page co., Iowa. 
 
 Nolachucky, or Nolichtjcky river, rises 
 near the N. W. base of the Blue Ridge, in 
 Yancey co., in the W. part of North Carolina. 
 Flowing into Tennessee, it enters the French 
 Broad river at the W. extremity of Greene 
 county. Its general direction is westward, 
 and its whole length is estimated at 150 miles. 
 This river affords immense water-power, and 
 flows among mountain ridges which abound 
 in iron ore. 
 
 Noland's Fekey, a post-office of Loudon 
 CO., Virginia, 161 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Noland's Fork, of Indiana, rises in Ran- 
 dolph CO., flows through Wayne co., and en- 
 ters the W. fork of Whitewater river a few 
 miles above Connersville. 
 
 Noland's River, Texas, a small stream 
 which rises near the S. line of Tarrant co., 
 and flows southward into Brazos river. 
 
 Nolinsville, or Nolensville, a post-vil- 
 lage of Williamson co., Tennessee, 20 miles 
 S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 NoLiN, a post-office of Hardin co., Ky. 
 
 NoLiN Creek, in the W. central part of Ken- 
 tucky, rises in Hardin co., flows S. W., and 
 enters Green river at Brownsville, in Edmond- 
 Eon county. 
 
 NoMiNY Grove, a post-office of Westmore- 
 land CO., Virginia. 
 
 NoN0ONNBR,a post-office of Fayette co. Tenn. 
 828 
 
 Nonpareil, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 Norfolk, a county in the E. part of Massa- 
 chusetts, has an area of about 520 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by Massa- 
 chusetts bay and Boston harbor, and is 
 watered by the Charles, Newport, and other 
 smaller rivers, which furnish valuable water- 
 power. The surface is uneven, and in the 
 N. E. mountainous. The soil is fertile, and 
 in the eastern portions in a high state of cul- 
 tivation, furnishing the principal sources for 
 the supply of fruit and vegetables to the 
 Boston markets. Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 112,132 bushels of corn; 258,158 
 of potatoes; 41,588 tons of hay, and 347,089 
 pounds of butter. There were 37 cotton and 
 3 woollen factories, 2 nail-works, 5 iron 
 foundries, 2 iron forges, 2 manufactories of 
 fire engines, 2 of white lead, 6 of carpets, 8 
 of edge tools, 2 of chemicals, 257 of boots and 
 shoes, 1 of India rubber, 16 machine shops, 
 3 flour, 9 grist, 12 paper, and 12 saw and 
 planing mills, 19 manufactories of saddles 
 and harness, 5 of starch, 13 of straw braid 
 and bonnets, 43 of cabinet ware, and 4 of 
 farming implements, 16 stone quarries, 1 
 sugar refinery, 12 tanneries, and 70 carpenter- 
 ing and building establishments. It contained 
 106 churches, 5 newspaper offices, 14,086 
 pupils attending public schools, and 1350 
 attending academies and other schools. A 
 fine granite is found at Quincy, and from the 
 quarry a railroad (the first laid in the United 
 States) extends to Neponset river. This 
 county is traversed by railr(mds connecting 
 Boston with Plymouth, with Providence, and 
 with Worcester, and partly intersected by 
 two or three other railroads. Organized 
 in 1798, (having previously formed part of 
 Suffolk,) and named from Norfolk, a county 
 in England. Capital, Dedham. Pop., 78,892. 
 
 Norfolk, a county in the S. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on North Carolina, has an 
 area of 480 square miles. It is situated on 
 the western shore of Chesapeake bay, on 
 the estuary of James river, which is called 
 Hampton Roads. The county is drained by 
 Deep creek and Elizabeth and North rivers. 
 The surface is level, and the soil generally 
 sandy or swampy. A large portion of the 
 Dismal swamp is comprised within this 
 county. Indian corn, oats, and sweet po- 
 tatoes are cultivated ; and cypress lumber is 
 one of the principal exports. In 1850 this 
 county produced 307,245 bushels of corn, and 
 21,303 of sweet potatoes. There were 3 
 ship-j'ards, 1 cordage and 3 saw manufacto- 
 ries, 2 iron foundries, and 1 machine shop. 
 It contained 36 churches, 13 newspaper 
 offices, 1924 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 363 attending academies or other schools. 
 The county is intersected by the Dismal 
 Swamp canal, which connects the Chesapeake 
 with Albemarle sound, and by the Portsmouth 
 and Roanoke railroad. Capital, Portsmouth. 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 Population, 83,035; of whom 22,636 were 
 free, and 10,400, slaves. 
 
 Norfolk, a post-township of Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, about 35 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Hartford. Population, 3953. 
 
 Norfolk, a post-township in the N. part 
 of St. Lawrence co., New York. Population, 
 1753. 
 
 Norfolk, a city, and port of entry of 
 Norfolk county, Virginia, is situated on the 
 right or N. bank of Elizabeth river, 8 miles 
 from Hampton Roads, 32 miles from the sea, 
 160 miles by water or 106 miles by land S. E. 
 from Richmond. Lat. 36° 51' N. Ion., 76° 
 19' W. The river, which is seven-eighths of 
 a mile wide, separates it from Portsmouth. 
 Next to Richmond, Norfolk is the most popu- 
 lous city of 'Virginia. It has more foreign 
 commerce than any other place in the state, 
 and together with Portsmouth is the most 
 important naval station in the Union. The 
 harbor is large, safe, and easily accessible, 
 admitting vessels of the largest class to come 
 to the wharves. The tonnage of this port in 
 1851 was 23,661. The site of the city is 
 almost a dead level; the plan is somewhat 
 irregular ; the streets are wide, mostly well 
 built with brick or stone houses, and lighted 
 with gas. The most conspicuous public 
 buildings are the City Hall, which has a 
 granite front, a cupola 110 feet high, and a 
 portico of six Tuscan colums ; its dimensions 
 are 80 feet by 60: the Norfolk Military 
 Academy, a Doric structure 91 feet by 47, 
 with a portico of six columns at each end: 
 the Mechanics' Hall, a Gothic building 90 
 feet by 60 : Ashland Hall, and a Baptist 
 church, with a steeple 200 feet high. It 
 also contains 14 churches, 1 of which is Ro- 
 man Catholic, 9 seminaries, a hospital, an 
 orphan asylum, 3 banks, and 2 reading rooms. 
 Five newspapers are published here. The 
 trade of Norfolk is facilitated by the Dismal 
 Swamp canal, which opens a communication 
 between Chesapeake bay and Albemarle 
 sound, and by the Seaboard and Roanoke 
 railroad, which connects it with the towns of 
 North and South Carolina. The canal, con- 
 structed with great labor through the Dismal 
 Swamp is navigable by schooners, and brings 
 to this place a very extensive trade in corn 
 and lumber. Within a few years past many 
 substantial warehouses and handsome dwell- 
 ings have been erected, giving evidence of 
 its increased prosperity, consequent on these 
 internal improvements. Norfolk communi- 
 cates with New York and Philadelphia by 
 regular lines of ocean steamers. A railroad 
 is projected from this city to Petersburg. 
 The entrance of the harbor is defended by 
 Forts Calhoun and Monroe. The capital in- 
 vested in manufactures is about $570,000, 
 and the value of the annual productions is 
 estimated at $1,140,000. The reported va- 
 lue of real estate is $5,000,000. The ship- 
 ping of the port, June 30, 3852, amounted to 
 
 an aggregate of 7716 || tons registered, and 
 14,447|f tons enrolled and licensed. Of the 
 latter, 13,083|| tons were employed in the 
 coast trade, and 936|f tons in steam naviga- 
 tion. The foreign arrivals for the year were 
 85, (tons, 20,778,) of which 59 (tons, 13,580) 
 were by American vessels. The clearances 
 for foreign ports were 129, (tons, 24,447,) of 
 which 94 (tons, 17,886) were by American 
 vessels. During the year, 6 vessels, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 408|| tons, were ad- 
 measured. Norfolk was laid out in 1705, in- 
 corporated as a borough in 1736, and as a 
 city in 1845. In 1776 it was burnt by the 
 British. Population in 1850, 14,326 ; in 1853, 
 about 16,000. 
 
 Normal College, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Normandy, a post- village of Tipton co., 
 Indiana, about 40 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Norman's Hill, a post-office of Albany co., 
 New York. 
 
 Norman's Kill River, Albany co., New 
 York, enters the Hudson river, about 15 
 miles S. of Troy. 
 
 Norridgewock, a post-village, capital of 
 Somerset co., Maine, on the S. side of Kenne- 
 bec river, about 28 miles N. of Augusta. It 
 contains a church and an academy. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 1848. 
 
 NoRRis Creek, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 NoRRis Falls, a small manufacturing vil- 
 lage of Cuyahoga co., Ohio, on a branch of 
 Rocky river. 
 
 NoRRis Fork, a post-office of Henry co.. Mo. 
 
 NoRRiSTOWN, a handsome town, capital of 
 Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 left bank of the Schuylkill river, 91 miles E. 
 from Harrisburg, and 17 miles N. W. from 
 Philadelphia, with which it is connected by 
 railroad. The situation is elevated and 
 beautiful ; the town is regularly planned, 
 and built in a neat and substantial manner. 
 Brick and stone are the materials employed 
 almost exclusively. The new court house, 
 which was commenced in 1851, will be ono 
 of the most splendid and costly buildings of 
 its class in the United States. The material 
 is a native marble, of a light gray color, and 
 the cost is estimated at $150,000. It contains 
 a handsome county prison, a bank, a public 
 library, 9 or 10 churches, and 3 or 4 flourish- 
 ing boarding schools, 2 of which have largo 
 and elegant buildings situated on high ground 
 in the S. E. part of the town; 4 newspapers 
 are published here. The Schuylkill river is 
 crossed by two substantial covered bridges, 
 about 800 feet in length, one of which leads 
 to the borough of Bridgeport, on the opposite 
 bank. Gaslight has been introduced, dur- 
 ing the present year, 1853. Norristown is 
 the E. terminus of the Chester Valley rail- 
 road, 22 miles in length, which intersects the 
 Columbia railroad at Downingtown. The im- 
 proved navigation of the river affords facilitief) 
 
 829 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 for the trade of this town, which is active 
 and increasing. The Reading railroad which 
 passes along the opposite bank of the river, 
 opens a ready communication to the coal 
 mines of Schuylkill county. The abundant 
 water-power of the river is used in two large 
 cotton factories, which employ several hun- 
 dred operatives, and in several rolling mills 
 and nail factories. Pop. in 1850, 6024. 
 
 NoKRisTOWN, a post-village in Pope co., 
 Arkansas, on Arkansas river, 65 miles N. W. 
 by Vf. from Little Rock. 
 
 NoRRisTOWN, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Ohio, 130 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 NoRRisviLLE, a village in Wilcox co., Ala., 
 65 miles S. W. by W. from Montgomery. 
 
 NoRRiTON, a township of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river. It 
 contains Norristown. Entire pop., 7618. 
 
 NoRRiTONViLLE, a Small post-village of 
 Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles 
 N. from Norristown. 
 
 North, a township in the N. part of Har- 
 rison CO., Ohio. Population, 1123. 
 
 North, a township in Lake co., Indiana. 
 Population, 97. 
 
 North, a township in Cook co., Illinois. 
 Population, 589. 
 
 North Abington, a village of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Old Colony rail- 
 road, 18 miles S. S. E. from Boston. 
 
 North Acton, a post-ofEce of York co., Me. 
 
 North Adams, a post-village of Adams 
 township, Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on 
 the Hoosick river, at the northern terminus 
 of the Pitsfield and North Adams railroad, 
 20 miles N. by E. from Pitsfield, and by rail- 
 road 171 miles W. by N. from Boston. It is 
 one of the largest manufacturing villages in 
 the county. There are in the place a num- 
 ber of churches, a bank, several printing 
 offices, nnd numerous mills and factories. 
 Population, about 3000. 
 
 North Adams, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Adams, a post-office of Hillsdale 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 North Adrian, a post-office of Lenawee 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 North Albany, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Almond, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Amenia, a village of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 North America Mine, a post-office of 
 Houghton CO., Michigan. 
 
 North Amherst, a post-village of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Northampton, a county in the E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on New Jersey, has 
 an area of 370 square miles. The Delaware 
 r!ver forms the entire E. boundary; the Le- 
 high flows through the S. part of the county, 
 and it is drained also by Martin's, Monocacy, 
 S..iiicon, and Bushkill creeks. The Eittatinny 
 830 
 
 or Blue mountain forms its boundary on the 
 N. W., and the South mountain on the S. E. 
 The greater part of the county consists of 
 the valley between these mountains. The 
 surface of the valley is nearly level ; the soil 
 is highly productive and mostly well culti- 
 vated. Wheat, rye, Indian corn, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 105,147 
 bushels of wheat ; 136,668 bushels of corn; 
 7126 tons of hay, and 205,100 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were 84 flour and grist mills, 2 
 iron furnaces, 7 foundries, 1 forge, 26 manu- 
 factories of saddles and harness, and 3 of 
 guns, 15 saw mills, 1 rolling mill, 1 cotton 
 factory, 21 distilleries, and 24 tanneries. It 
 contained 46 churches, 8 newspaper offices ; 
 7243 pupils attending public schools, and 374 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 valley is occupied by beds of limestone of 
 good quality; the county contains valuable 
 quarries of slate, and several mines of iron 
 are worked. It is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. The Delaware canal and that 
 of the Lehigh meet at Easton, and contribute 
 greatly to the wealth and prosperity of the 
 county. The central railroad of New Jersey 
 extends from Easton to New York city, and 
 another is in progress from Easton to Phila- 
 delphia. Organized in 1752, and named 
 from Northampton county, England. Capi- 
 tal, Easton. Population, 40,235. 
 
 Northampton, a county in the S. E. part 
 of Virginia, is situated on the eastern shore 
 of Chesapeake bay, and forms the S. extre- 
 mity of the peninsula which extends between 
 that bay and the sea. The length is 36 miles, 
 and the area 320 square miles. It is in- 
 dented by numerous inlets on each side. The 
 surface is level ; the soil light and sandy. 
 Indian corn and oats are the staples ; fish 
 and oysters are abundant. In 1850 there 
 were raised 364,967 bushels of corn; 184,087 
 of oats, and 44,189 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 3 castor-oil mills, and 3 coach manufac- 
 tories; 10 churches, and 622 pupils attending 
 public schools. Northampton was one of the 
 8 original shires formed in 1634. Capital, 
 Eastville. Population, 7498, of whom 3850 
 were free, and 8648, slaves. 
 
 Northampton, a county in the N. N. E. 
 part of North Carolina, bordering on Virginia, 
 has an area estimated at 350 square miles. 
 The Meherrin river washes the N. E. border, 
 and the Roanoke forms the boundary on the 
 S. W. for a distance of above 50 miles. The 
 surface is diversified ; the soil is generally 
 fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and tobacco 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 1378 bales of cotton; 657,951 bushels 
 of corn, and 27,100 pounds of tobacco. There 
 were 6 stave manufactories and 1 shingle 
 mill. It contained 8 churches ; 343 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 173 attending 
 academies and other schools. ' Roanoke river 
 is navigated by steamboats on the border. 
 The county is intersected by the Seaboard 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 and Roanoke railroad, and by the Greenville 
 and Roanoke railroad. Capital, Jackson. 
 Formed in 1741. Population, 13,335, of whom 
 6824 were free, and 6511, slaves. 
 
 Northampton, a beautiful post-village and 
 seat of justice of Hampshire county, Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Connecticut River railroad, 
 17 miles N. from Springfield. It is delight- 
 fully situated on rising ground, about a mile 
 W. from Connecticut river, and contains, be- 
 sides the county buildings, 4 or 5 churches, 2 
 banks, with an aggregate capital of $400,000, 
 2 newspaper offices, and a number of fine 
 schools. West of the village the ground rises 
 into a considerable elevation, called Round 
 Hill, which is the site of several splendid 
 residences, and has on its summit an exten- 
 sive water-cure establishment. Northampton 
 is celebrated for its healthy atmosphere and 
 magnificent scenery — Mount Tom and Mount 
 Holyoke being in full view. For several 
 years past the rearing of the silkworm has 
 been successfully prosecuted, and large quan- 
 tities of sewing silk annually made. Population 
 of the township in 1840, 3750; in 1850, 5278. 
 
 Northampton, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Fulton co., New York. 
 Population, 170l. 
 
 Northampton, a township of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, about 18 miles S. S. E. from 
 Trenton. Population, 3031. 
 
 Northampton, Pa. See Allentown. 
 
 Northampton, a township of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles S. E. from Doyles- 
 town. Population, 1848. 
 
 Nop.thampton, a township of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 332. 
 
 Northampton, a township in the central 
 part of Summit co., Ohio. Population, 1147. 
 
 Northampton, a post-township in the S. 
 part of Saginaw co., Michigan. Pop., 122. 
 
 Northampton, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Peoria co., Illinois. Pop., 316. 
 
 North Andover, a post-village of Essex 
 county, Massachusetts, 23 miles N. from Bos- 
 ton. Near the northern part of the village 
 is Great Pond, covering about 450 acres. 
 The outlet of this into the Merrimack affords 
 good water-power, which is employed in ma- 
 nufacturing. 
 
 North Anna, a small river in the eastern 
 part of Virginia, rises in Louisa and Orange 
 counties, flows south-eastward, forming the 
 boundary between Louisa and Hanover on 
 the right, and Spottsylvania and Caroline on 
 the left, and unites with South Anna river, 
 near the southern extremity of the latter 
 counties, a few miles above Hanover Court 
 House. The river formed by this confluence 
 is the Pamunkey. The North Anna affords a 
 copious supply of water-power in the lower 
 part of its course. 
 
 North Anson, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, on the W. side of Kennebec river, 
 about 40 miles N. by W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1168. 
 
 North Anville, a township in the W. part 
 of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1321. 
 
 North Appleton, a post-office of Waldo 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Argyle, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., N. Y., 50 miles N. N. E. from Albany. 
 
 North Ashpord, a post-village in Windham 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Attleborotigh, a manufacturing 
 post-village of Attleborough township, Bris- 
 tol CO., Massachusetts, 30 miles S. by W. 
 from Boston. 
 
 North Auburn, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 North Augusta, a village in Des Moines 
 CO., Iowa, near Des Moines river, 70 miles S. 
 by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 North Bangor, a post-village in Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Bangor, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Barnstead, a post-office of Belknap 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Barrington, a post-office of Straf- 
 ford CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Barton, a post-office of Tioga co.N. Y. 
 
 North Bat, a post-office of Oneida co., N.Y. 
 
 North Beaver, a township of Lawrence co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Beaver river. Pop., 2404. 
 
 North Becket, a post-village in Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Western railroad, 
 about 70 miles from Boston. 
 
 North Belgrade, a post-office of Kenne- 
 bec CO., Maine. 
 
 North Bellingham, a post-office of Nor- 
 folk CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Belleville, a village of Hendricks 
 CO., Indiana, on the Terre Haute and India- 
 napolis railroad, 19 miles W. by S. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 North Belmont, a post-off.ce of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 NoRTHBEND,apost-office of DeKalb co.,Ala. 
 
 North Bend, a post-township in Stark co., 
 Indiana. Population, 141. 
 
 North Bend, of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the 
 Ohio river, 16 miles below Cincinnati. It is 
 a beautiful spot, which derives its interest 
 from having been the residence of General 
 W. H. Harrison, late president of the United 
 States. The house now occupied by his widow 
 is of wood, and painted white. The tomb of 
 Harrison is a few rods from the bank of the 
 river. 
 
 North Bend, a small village of Champaign 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 North Bend, a township in Washington 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 672. 
 
 North Bend Mills, a post-office of Tyler 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 North Bennington, a post-village of Ben- 
 nington township, Bennington county, Ver- 
 mont, about 4 miles N. W. from Bennington 
 Centre, on Paran creek, a branch of the 
 Wallomscoik. It contains 5 or 6 stores, a 
 number of cotton and woollen mills, and 2 or 
 
 831 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 8 establishments for the manufacture of car- 
 penters' steel squares. The first manufac- 
 tory of the kind in the United States was es- 
 tablished here in 1820. These squares are 
 said to be superior to any imported, and to 
 supersede the foreign article in the market. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 North Benton, a post-oflBce of Mahoning 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Bentonsport, a village in Van Bu- 
 ren co., Iowa, on Des Moines river, 75 miles 
 S. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 North Bergen, a post-village of Genesee 
 CO., N. Y., 240 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 North Bergen, a township of Hudson co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Hudson river, and on the 
 Ramapo and Paterson railroad, nearly oppo- 
 site New York city. Population, 3576. 
 
 North Bernardston, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Berwick, a post-township in York 
 CO., Maine, on the Portland, Saco, and Ports- 
 mouth railroad, 90 miles S. AV. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1593. 
 
 North Bethel, post-office, Oxford co., Me. 
 
 North Billerica, or Billerica Mills, a 
 thriving manufacturing post-village of Mid- 
 dlesex county, Massachusetts, on the Concord 
 river, and on the Boston and Lowell railroad, 
 21 miles N. by W. from Boston. 
 
 North Blackstone, a post-office of Wor- 
 cester CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Blanford, a post-office of Hamp- 
 den CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Blenheim, a post-village of Scho- 
 harie CO., New York, on Schoharie river, 
 about 40 miles W. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 North Bloomfield, a post-village of On- 
 tario CO., New York, on Honeoye creek, about 
 210 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 North Bloomfield, a township forming 
 the N. E. extremity of Morrow co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1443. 
 
 North. Bloomfield, a post-office of Trum- 
 bull CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Blue Hill, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Boothbay, a post-village in Lincoln 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Northborough, a township in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 35 miles W. of Boston. 
 Population, 1535. 
 
 North Bosqiie Creek, Texas, enters the 
 Brazos river from the N. W. in McLennan 
 county. 
 
 North Boston, apost-office of Erie CO. , N.Y. 
 
 North Branch, a post-office of Hillsbo- 
 rough CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Branch, a post-office of Sullivan 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Branch, or Bailie's, a small post- 
 village and railway station of Bridgewater 
 township, Somerset co.. New Jersey, about 
 5 miles N. W. from Somerville. Pop., 130. 
 
 North Branch, a post-office of Baltimore 
 CO Maryland. 
 832 
 
 North Branch, a post-office of Calaveras 
 CO., California. 
 
 North Branford, a post-township of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, 8 miles E. by N. 
 from New Haven. Population, 998. 
 
 Northbridge, a post-township in Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts, intersected bv the 
 Blackstone river and canal, and by the Provi- 
 dence and Worcester railroad. Pop., 2230. 
 
 Northbridge Centre, a post-village in the 
 above township, 38 miles S.W. by W. of Boston. 
 
 North Bridgeton, a post-ofSce of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 North Bridgewater, a flourishing post- 
 village of Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on 
 the Fall River railroad, 21 miles S. from 
 Boston. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and a 
 newspaper office. Population of the town- 
 ship, 3940. 
 
 North Bridgewater, a post-office of Onei- 
 da CO., New York. 
 
 North Brighton, a post-office of Living- 
 ston CO., Michigan. 
 
 North Broadalbin, a post-office of Fulton 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Brookfield, a post-township in 
 Worcester co., Massachusetts, 55 miles W. by 
 S. from Boston. Population, 1939. 
 
 North Brookfield, a post-office of Madi- 
 son CO., New York. 
 
 North Brown, a township in Vinton co., 
 Ohio. Population, 439. 
 
 North Brownsville, a post-office of Pis- 
 cataquis CO., Maine. 
 
 North Brunswick, a township of Middle- 
 sex CO., New Jersey, on the Raritan river, 
 contains the city of New Brunswick. Popu- 
 lation, 10,008. 
 
 North Buckspoet, a post-village in Han- 
 cock CO., Maine. 
 
 North Buffalo, a township in the W. part 
 of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 916. 
 
 North Butler, a township of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, contains Butler, the county 
 seat. Total population, 2581. 
 
 North Cambridge, a post-office of Lamoille 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Cajibridge, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., New York. 
 
 North Camden, a post-office of Lorain co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 North Cameron, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Cameron, a post-office of Kent co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 North Canton, a post-village of Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Cantonville, a post-office of Ump- 
 qua CO., Oregon. 
 
 North Carolina, one of the original states 
 of the American confederacy, is bounded on 
 the N. by Virginia, E. and S. E. by the At- 
 lantic, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, 
 and N. W. by Tennessee, from which it is 
 separated by the Iron and other mountains 
 of the Appalachian chain. It lies between 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 about 33° 53' and 36° 33' N. lat., and between 
 75° 25' and 84° 30' W. Ion., being about 450 
 miles in length, and 180 in its greatest 
 breadth, including an area of 45,000 square 
 miles, or about 28,800,000 acres, of which 
 only 5,453,977 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — At the first ijational census, 
 in 1790, North Carolina had 393,751 inha- 
 bitants; 478,103 in 1800; 555,500 in 1810; 
 638,829 in 1820; 737,987 in 1830; 753,419 
 in 1840, and 868,903 in 1850, of whom 
 272,839 were white males, 280,189 white 
 females, 13,298 free colored males, 14,165 
 free colored females, 144,679 male, and 
 143,733 female slaves, and 831 Indians. This 
 population was divided among 106,023 fami- 
 lies, occupj'ing 105,542 dwellings. Of the 
 free population, 394 were born in England, 
 567 in Ireland, 1019 in Scotland and Wales, 
 344 in Germany, 48 in France, 137 in other 
 countries, and 217 whose places of birth were 
 unknown. In the twelve months ending 
 June 1st, 1850, there occurred 10,207 deaths, 
 or nearly 12 in every 1000 persons. In the 
 same period 1931 paupers received aid, of 
 whom 18 were foreigners, at an expense of 
 about $31 for each individual. Of 407 deaf 
 and dumb, 4 were free colored, and 52 slaves ; 
 of 532 blind, 28 were free colored, and 117 
 slaves ; of 491 insane, 5 were free colored, 
 and 24 slaves ; and of 774 idiotic, 32 were 
 free colored, and 138 slaves. 
 
 Counties. — North Carolina is divided into 
 82 counties, viz. Alamance, Alexander, An- 
 son, Ashe, Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Bruns- 
 wick, Buncombe, Burke, Cabarrus, Caldwell, 
 Camden, Carteret, Caswell, Catawba, Chat- 
 ham, Cherokee, Chowan, Cleveland, Colum- 
 bus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, David- 
 son, Davie, Duplin, Edgecombe, Forsythe, 
 Franklin, Gaston, Gates, Granville, Greene, 
 Guilford, Halifax, Haywood, Henderson, 
 Hertford, Hyde, Iredell, Jackson, Johnston, 
 Jones, Lenoir, Lincoln, McDowell, Macon, 
 Madison, Martin, Mecklenburg, Montgomery, 
 Moore, Nash, New Hanover, Northampton, 
 Onslow, Orange, Pasquotank, Perquimans, 
 Person, Pitt, Randolph, Richmond, Robeson, 
 Rockingham, Rowan, Rutherford, Sampson, 
 Stanley, Stokes, Surry, Tyrrel, Union, Wake, 
 Warren, Yv'^^ashington, Watauga, Wayne, 
 Wilkes, Yadkin, Yancey. Capital, Raleigh. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Wilmington is the largest 
 and most commercial town in the state ; po- 
 pulation, in 1850, 7264. The other princi- 
 pal towns are Fayetteville, population, 4648 ; 
 and Raleigh, population, 4518. The other 
 important places are Beaufort, Newbern, 
 Edenton, Warrentown, Washington, Tarbo- 
 rough, and Plymouth. 
 
 Face of the Country, and Mountains. — The 
 R. E. and E. portion of North Carolina is 
 level and sandy, and often marshy, inter- 
 spersed with shallow lakes, especially be- 
 tween Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. A 
 chain of low islands, or sandbanks, lines the 
 3c 
 
 whole coast, cutting off a series of shallow 
 sounds, or lagoons, of difficult navigation. 
 The Great Dismal Swamp, partly in the N. E. 
 of this state, and partly in Virginia, is a 
 spongy mass, that is said to be higher than 
 the surrounding country, and to hold the 
 water by capillary attraction. The Little 
 Dismal Swamp lies between the two great 
 sounds. The level region extends about 
 60 miles from the coast, and is succeeded by 
 the hill country in the centre, which is fol- 
 lowed, in turn, by the mountainous region 
 of the west, formed by the passage of several 
 ridges of the great Alleghany range in a 
 S. W. direction through the state. These 
 mountains vary from 800 to above 6000 feet 
 in elevation. Mount Mitchell, or Black 
 mountain, is in the N. W. part of the state, 
 and is the highest summit E. of the Missis- 
 sippi river. — See Mount Mitchell. The 
 other considerable peaks are Roan raount.ain, 
 0038 feet, Grandfather mountain, 5566 feet, 
 and Grandmother mountain, 2500 feet high. 
 That part of the Alleghany range which sepa- 
 rates Tennessee from North Carolina goes 
 under various local names, such as Iron, 
 Stone, Smoky, Bald, and Uuaka mountains. 
 Between these and the Blue ridge is a table- 
 land elevated from 2000 to 2500 feet above 
 the sea. 
 
 Minerals. — North Carolina is rich in mine- 
 ral treasures, especially in gold, copper, iron, 
 and coal. The McCullock gold and copper 
 mine, near Greensborough, has for some time 
 attracted much attention. A recent report 
 of the president of the company working the 
 mines claims for it "that nothing on this 
 continent, in the shape of mining enterprise, 
 can compare with that of the McCullock 
 Copper and Gold Companj', in position and 
 resources." This is, no doubt, highly co- 
 lored, but has, probably, considerable found- 
 ation in fact. The report also states that 
 the gold refuse will yield, by aid of crushers, 
 ,$2.75 per bushel on the average, and fresh 
 gold ore $12, and that 3 negroes can take out 
 10 tons of copper ore in a day. Professor 
 Jackson (a more impartial authority) con- 
 siders the copper region of North Carolina 
 unparalleled in richness. Between 1843 and 
 1851, at Gold hill, in the gold region W. of 
 the Yadkin river, $801,665 were mined. 
 Coal, both bituminous and anthracite, exists 
 in large quantities, the former of the best 
 quality. The greatest known coalfields in 
 North Carolina are the Deep River, extend- 
 ing from Granville county S. W. into South 
 Carolina, and the Dan River in Rockingham 
 and Stoke counties. This coal, it is said, 
 can be brought to tidewater at an expense 
 of $1 per ton, whence it can be easily and 
 cheaply transhipped to the different ports on 
 the Atlantic coast. The coal, however, is 
 most abundant on the Deep river, and ex- 
 tends at least for 30 miles, is near naviga- 
 ble water, and Could be carried easily to anv 
 
 833 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 market on the coast. Professor Emmons 
 Bays of the Deep River coal "its qualities 
 are such as to give it the highest place in the 
 market, being adapted to all purposes for 
 which the bituminous coals are specially em- 
 ployed." The same authority remarks, "iron 
 occupies an important place in North Caro- 
 lina, and its advantages for making bar iron 
 of the best quality are very great." Marl is 
 also abundant, being found in the coast coun- 
 ties from Virginia to South Carolina, as far 
 from the coast as Nash county. Large supplies 
 of limestone, (from Danbury, in Stokes county, 
 to King's mountain, South Carolina,) and 
 freestone, (soft, and easy to work, but which 
 hardens on exposure,) are furnished in inex- 
 haustible quantities on the Dan and Deep 
 rivers ; grindstones of the best quality, and 
 millstones, (as good as the French burr,) on 
 Deep river. Magnetic iron ore, some silver, 
 lead, manganese, gypsum, and salt have also 
 been found. 
 
 Rivers, Lakes, and Sounds. — There are two 
 shallow sounds — Albemarle in the N. E., and 
 Pamlico in the E. of the state — which are cut 
 off from the ocean by long and narrow sand- 
 banks or islands, through which there are 
 inlets to the sea ; but these are constantly 
 changing — the old filling up with tlie shifting 
 sands, and new ones being opened by the beat- 
 ing of the surges. The principal at the pre- 
 sent time are Ocracoke and Roanoke inlets. 
 Albemarle sound extends about 60 miles 
 westward, with a varying breadth of from 5 
 to 15 miles. It has several arms or bays, 
 and communicates with PamlicO sound, which 
 extends 86 miles in a S. W. direction, pai'allel 
 with the coast, having a somewhat greater 
 breadth than Albemarle sound, and 20 feet 
 depth of water. The Hatteras banks, which 
 cut it off from the ocean, extend far out to 
 sea in the well known and dangerous point of 
 Cape Hatteras. Further down the coast are the 
 prominent points of Cape Lookout and Cape 
 Fear. In the low marshy grounds between 
 these sounds are several small lakes. A chain 
 of low islands, or sandbanks, extends to the 
 mouth of Cape Fear river, cutting off several 
 small sounds and lagoons. North Carolina is 
 traversed by several extensive rivers, all — 
 with the exception of a few small tributaries 
 of the Tennessee — running in a S. E. direc- 
 tion through the state and discharging them- 
 selves into the Atlantic, after courses of from 
 about 200 to 400 miles. Commencing on the 
 N. E., the Chowan and Roanoke rise in Vir- 
 ginia, and empty into Albemarle sound. The 
 Tar and the Neuse rise in the N. of North 
 Carolina, and empty into Pamlico sound. The 
 Cape Fear, the largest river that has its whole 
 course in the state, rises in the N., and emp- 
 ties into the Atlantic at the S. extremity of 
 the state. The Yadkin and Catawba rise in 
 the N. W. and pass into South Carolina, where 
 the former takes the name of the Great Pedee, 
 and the latter of the Wateree. The Waca- 
 834 
 
 maw, also an eastern tributary of the Great 
 Pedee, rises in the S. part of this state. Be- 
 sides these, there are a number of tributaries 
 of the Tennessee, Congaree, and other rivers, 
 already named. The rivers of North Caro- 
 lina are so obstructed by sandbanks at their 
 mouths, and by rapids and falls farther up, 
 as not to be navigable for vessels of a large 
 class. The Cape Fear is navigable 40 miles 
 to Wilmington for vessels drawing 10 or 12 
 feet water, and to Fayetteville for steam- 
 boats. Small craft ascend the Neuse to New- 
 born, and steamboats 120 miles to Waynes- 
 borough. The Tar is navigable for steam- 
 boats 100 miles to Tarborough ; the Roanoke 
 for small seacraft 30 miles, and for steam- 
 boats 120 miles to Halifax ; and the Chowan 
 for steamboats 75 miles. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — We cannot 
 pretend to do any justice to North Carolina 
 in this respect, as the facilities for travelling 
 in that state are very poor in the region of 
 her finest scenery. Of Black mountain or 
 Mitchell's Peak, the highest point E. of the 
 Mississippi, we have but little to state, ex 
 cept its situation between Yancey and Mc 
 Dowell counties, 20 miles N. E. from Ashe- 
 ville, and its height, 6476 ft. It commands a 
 magnificent view of Swannanoa Gap, a pass 
 in the mountains between Morgantown and 
 Asheville. Near it are the picturesque Cataw - 
 ba falls. Pilot mountain, in Surrey county. 
 I'ises in the midst of a nearly level country, 
 in a cylindrical form. It received its name 
 from having served as a beacon to guide the 
 path of the Indians. In Buncombe county, 
 on the French Broad river, in the midst of 
 wild and romantic mountain scenery, are the 
 Warm Springs. The principal hotel at this 
 place is 280 feet in length. Painted Rock, a 
 lofty precipice, from 200 to 300 feet high, and 
 a rock called the Chimneys, .are in the same 
 vicinity. The Gingercake Rock, in Burke 
 county, on the top of a mountain of the same 
 name, is a curious pile of stone in the form 
 of an inverted pyramid, 29 feet high, which 
 supports a natural slab of stone 32 feet long 
 and 2 feet thick, projecting about half its 
 length beyond the edge of the inverted pyra- 
 mid, and resting with the most perfect sta- 
 bility, though apparently just ready to fall. 
 The view from this point is very fine, looking 
 down a ravine of from 800 to 1200 feet in 
 depth, with a river at its bottom, dashing over 
 its rocky bed, and a cliff, called the Hawk's 
 Bill, projecting over it, at an elevation of 1500 
 feet. About 5 miles from the same point may 
 be seen Table Rock, a conical eminence of 
 2500 feet, rearing itself from the valley of 
 the Catawba river. 
 
 Climate. — The climate in the low counties 
 is hot and unhealthy in summer, bilious nnd 
 intermittent fevers prevailing ; but the mid- 
 dle and western sections are temperate and 
 healthy. Wheat is harvested in .Tune, and 
 Indian corn in September. According to me- 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 teorological obsei'vations made at Chapel Hill, 
 hy Professor Phillips, in 1851-2, the monthly 
 mean for June was 72°. 82; for July, 79°.46; 
 August, 70°.05; September, 68°.07 ; October, 
 59°.18 ; November, 46°.92 ; December, 39°.45; 
 January, 36°.02; February, 45°.58 ; March, 
 53°. 72 ; April, 56°. 50 ; May, 68°. 84. Mean for 
 the year, 58°.46. First frost, October 24th. 
 Frogs singing, 11th February. Hottest day, 
 July 27th — 102° at 3 p. m. ; coldest day, January 
 20th— 22° at 3 p. m. It rained on 102 days ; 
 there were some clouds on 326 ; and perfectly 
 clear 40 days. The apricot bloomed the 29th 
 of February, and the apple the 12th of March. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil possesses 
 every variety, from the sands and marshes of 
 the coast to the rich alluvions of the river 
 bottoms. Some of the smaller marshes that 
 have been drained have proved highly pro- 
 ductive in rice, cotton, tobacco, and Indian 
 corn. Much of the low sandy section, ex- 
 tending 60 miles from the coast, is covered 
 with extensive forests of pitch pine, that fur- 
 nish large quantities of lumber, tar, turpen- 
 tine, and resin, which are exported to the 
 Northern cities. In parts of this region, 
 cotton, rice, and indigo grow well; but the 
 higher grounds are better adapted to wheat, 
 Indian corn, hemp, tobacco, rye, and oats. 
 The staples are Indian corn, tobacco, and 
 sweet potatoes. In the latter article North 
 Carolina is only exceeded by three states ; in 
 tobacco, by five; while it exceeds every other 
 state in peas and beans. Large quantities 
 of wheat, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, cotton, 
 wool, rice, fruits, butter, cheese, garden vege- 
 tables, hay, flax, grass-seeds, beeswax, honey, 
 and some barley, buckwheat, wine, hops, 
 hemp, silk, and maple sugar are produced. 
 According to the census of 1850, there were 
 in the state 56, 91 6 farms, containing 5,453,977 
 acres of improved land, (or about 90 acres to 
 each farm,) producing 2,130,102 bushels of 
 wheat; 229,563 of rye; 27,941,051 of Indian 
 corn ; 4,052,078 of oats ; 1,584,252 of peas and 
 beans; 620,318 of Irish potatoes; 5,095,709 of 
 sweet potatoes; 38,196 of flaxseed ; 5,465,868 
 pounds of rice; 11,984,786 of tobacco; 
 29,539,600 of cotton; 970,738 of wool; 
 4,146,290 of butter; 95,921 of cheese; 145,662 
 tons of hay; 593,796 pounds of flax; 27,932 
 of maple sugar ; 512,289 of beeswax and 
 honey. Live stock valued at $17,717,647; 
 orchard products at $34,848 ; market pro- 
 ducts at $39,462 ; and slaughtered animals 
 at $5,767,866. 
 
 Forest Trees. — In the upland country are 
 oaks of several species, hickory, maple, ash, 
 walnut, and lime ; in the low country, pine ; 
 and in the swamps also pine, cedar, cypress, 
 with some maple, white oak, poplar, and an 
 undergrowth of vines, briers, &c., so dense 
 as to be impassable. In the drier parts, 
 white and red oaks flourish. Among the 
 fruits are apples, pears, peaches, cherries, 
 grapes, and strawberries. 
 
 Manufactures. — Professor Emmons, in his 
 geological report of 1852, remarks — "The 
 water-power is immense, and the improve- 
 ments on Cape Fear and Deep rivers will fur- 
 nish water for several Lowells." North Caro- 
 lina, however, has not yet applied much of 
 her great and extended supply of water- 
 power to manufacturing purposes. By the 
 census of 1850, she had 2523 manufacturing 
 establishments, each producing $500 and up- 
 ward annually : 28 of these were cotton fac- 
 tories, employing 1,058,800 capital, and 442 
 male, and 1177 female hands ; consuming raw 
 material worth $531,903, and producing 
 2,470,110yardsofstuff, and 2,267,000 pounds 
 of yarn, valued at $831,342 ; one woollen 
 factory, employing $18,000 capital, and 15 
 male, and 15 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $13,950, and producing 34,000 
 yards of stuif, valued at $23,750; 26 fur- 
 naces, forges, &c., employing $189,500 capi- 
 tal, and 214 male hands, consuming raw ma- 
 terial worth $64,355, and producing 1422 tons 
 of wrought, cast, and pig iron, valued at 
 $92,347 ; $21,930 were invested in the ma- 
 nufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, 
 consuming 64,650 bushels of corn, and 4700 
 of rye, employing 75 hands, and producing 
 153,030 gallons of wine and whiskey ; and 
 151 tanneries, employing $251,055 capital, 
 consuming raw material worth $191,237, and 
 producing manufactured leather valued at 
 $352,535. Homemade manufactures to the 
 value of $2,086,522 were produced in 1850. 
 — See Table of Manufactures, Appendix. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — The great Southern 
 railroad crosses the entire State of North 
 Carolina, having its terminus at Wilmington. 
 There is also a railroad from Gaston to Ra- 
 leigh, and one from Weldon to Portsmouth, 
 Virginia. The Gaston and Raleigh road has 
 been purchased by the state, to save its own 
 mortgage on it. A road is in progress from 
 the Wilmington and Raleigh railroad in 
 Wayne county, to Charlotte, to which the 
 state is to subscribe $2,000,000 when indi- 
 viduals shall have contributed $1,000,000. 
 In January, 1853, North Carolina had 249 
 miles of railroad completed, and 223 in course 
 of construction, since which time a road has 
 been opened from Wilmington through Man- 
 chester, South Carolina, to Camden Branch 
 railroad, and from Charlotte, North Carolina, 
 to Columbia, South Carolina. — See Appen- 
 dix. The Dismal Swamp canal unites the 
 Pasquotank with the Elizabeth river, in Vir- 
 ginia. Companies have been formed for the 
 improvement of the navigation of the Cape 
 Fear, Roanoke, and Neuse rivers, to all of 
 which the state is a subscriber. The Club- 
 foot and Harlow creek canal, in which the 
 state holds 30 shares, was projected in 182ti 
 and connects the Neuse with Beaufort harbor. 
 A board of internal improvement, consisting 
 of two members, was established in 1825. 
 
 Commerce. — As has been elsewhere stated, 
 835 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 the rivers of North Carolina are obstructed 
 at their mouths by shifting sands, which 
 prevent the entrance of large vessels ; and 
 hence the commerce of this state is limited 
 to the export of her products to the ports of 
 the neighboring states in coasting vessels. 
 North Carolina exports large quantities of 
 lumber, pitch, tar, resin, and turpentine, 
 •with some rice, cotton, and other products. 
 The export of naval stores (pitch, tar, resin, 
 and turpentine) exceeds that of any other, 
 if not all the states in the Union combined. 
 About 800,000 barrels of turpentine are 
 annually exported, and (in 1851-52) 16,242 
 bales of cotton. The tonnage of North Caro- 
 lina in 1851-52 was 50,621§| of which 
 more than three-fifths was in the coasting 
 trade ; tonnage entered, 32,295 ; tonnage 
 cleared, 53,099 ; number of vessels built, 32, 
 with a tonnage of 2,228||. The foreign 
 imports amounted to $735,858, and the ex- 
 ports to $576,399. 
 
 Education. — Common school education is 
 at a low ebb in this state. According to 
 Wheeler, her own historian, 1 out of every 
 7 white persons over 20 j-^ears of age can 
 neither read nor write ; and by the United 
 States census of 1850, there were 71,150 white 
 persons over 21 years of age in that state of 
 ignorance. Yet their statesmen have not 
 been indifferent to this subject. The state 
 appropriates $100,000 a year from the lite- 
 rary fund for the payment of common-school 
 teachers ; and in 1850 there were 72,232 
 children in North Carolina, for whose educa- 
 tion $124,300 was raised by taxation. There 
 were in 1852, 3 colleges, with an aggregate 
 of 335 students, and 23,000 volumes in their 
 libraries. North Carolina University, at 
 Chapel Hill, is the most important of these. 
 There is one law school with 10, and one me- 
 dical school with 158 students — See Table of 
 Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 1678 
 churches iu North Carolina in 1850, the Bap- 
 tists owned 573 ; the Christians, 29 ; the 
 Episcopalians, 47 ; the Free Church, 51 ; the 
 Friends, 80 ; the German Reformed, 15 ; the 
 Lutherans, 47 ; the Methodists, 727 ; the 
 Presbyterians, 143 ; and the Roman Catho- 
 lics, 4. The rest belonged to the Moravians, 
 Tunkers, and Unionists — giving 1 church to 
 every 517 persons. Value of church pro- 
 perty, $889,398.— See Table of Religions, Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — A state insane asylum 
 is now in course of erection near Raleigh. 
 A special tax has been levied for four years 
 for this purpose, which is expected to yield 
 $80,000. A deaf and dumb asylum is also 
 being erected at the same place, towards 
 which the state has contributed $30,000. 
 In 1850 there were 8 public libraries, with 
 24,247 volumes. 
 
 Government, Finances, Sfc. — In addition to 
 the usual division of the governmental power, 
 836 
 
 there is iu North Carolina a council of state, 
 consisting of 7 persons, receiving $3 per day 
 while in service, and a like sum for every 80 
 miles' travelling. The executive power is 
 vested in a governor, elected by the people 
 for two years, and receiving an annual sa- 
 lary of $2000, with fees. The senate is 
 composed of fifty members, elected for two 
 years, by freeholders possessing fifty acres 
 of land; and a house of representatives, 
 of 120 members, elected for 2 years also. 
 Every white man over 21 years of age, who 
 has resided in the state a twelvemonth, is 
 a voter. The judiciary consists — 1. Of a 
 supreme court, composed of a chief-justice 
 and two associate judges, receiving salaries 
 of $2500 per annum ; 2. Of superior or cir- 
 cuit courts, whose judges receive $1950 per 
 annum. The judges of both courts are elect- 
 ed by the two houses of the legislature on 
 joint ballot, and hold office during good be- 
 haviour. There are 7 circuits of 10 counties 
 each. North Carolina is entitled to 8 mem- 
 bers in the national house of representatives, 
 and to 10 electoral votes for president. The 
 state is undergoing a geological and bota- 
 nical survey by direction of the government. 
 The state liabilities, mostly arising from en- 
 dorsements of internal improvement bonds, 
 was in 1852, $977,000. The expenses of the 
 state for 1850 were $228,173.24, of which 
 $30,000 were for the judiciary ; $45,000 for 
 the legislature ; $10,000 for the executive, 
 and $70,000 for interest on internal improve- 
 ment bonds endorsed by the state. Ordinary 
 expenses, $75,000. Partial returns give the 
 banking capital of North Carolina, in January, 
 1853, $3,050,000; circulation, $4,276,978.50, 
 and coin, $1,388,545.73. Full returns in 
 March, 1851, gave the capital as $3,650,000, 
 and in January, 1852, $4,305,000. Assessed 
 value of property in 1850, $212,071,418. 
 
 History. — Attempts were made, under the 
 auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh, to settle 
 North Carolina as early as between 1585 and 
 1589 ; but in one year after no trace of the 
 colony could be found. The first permanent 
 settlement was made on the banks of the 
 Roanoke and Chowan by some emigrants 
 from Virginia in 1658. John Culpepper re- 
 belled against the arbitrary government of 
 Miller in 1678, and held the government for 
 two years. In 1693, North and South Caro- 
 lina were separated. In 1711 the Tusca- 
 roras, Corees, and other savages attacked 
 and massacred 112 settlers, principally of 
 the Roanoke and Chowan settlements ; but 
 the following year the united forces of the 
 two Carolinas completely routed them, kill- 
 ing 300 savages. The same year the yellow 
 fever raged. In 1729 the proprietors sold 
 their rights to the crown. A party of mal- 
 contents in 1771 rose against the royal go- 
 vernor, but after two hours' contest, fled 
 with considerable loss. A severe conflict 
 with the North-west Indians occurred in 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 1774 on the Kanawha river, which resulted 
 in the abandonment of the ground by the 
 savages. North Carolina took an early and 
 active part in the events of the Revolution, 
 and within her borders took place sanguinary 
 conflicts at Guilford Court House, Brier 
 creek. Cedar spring. Fishing creek, and other 
 places. The Mecklenburg Declaration of In- 
 dependence was made May 20, 1775 : so North 
 Carolina has the honor to have first proposed 
 a separation from Great Britain. 
 
 North Caevek, a post-office of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Castine, a post-village of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Castle, a post-township of West- 
 chester CO., New York, 35 miles N. N. E. 
 from New York. Population, 1800. 
 
 North Centre Hall, a thriving village of 
 Centre co., Pennsylvania, on the Bellefonte 
 and Kishicoquillas turnpike, 78 miles N. W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 North Charleston, a post-village, in 
 Sullivan co.. New Hampshire, on the Sul- 
 livan railroad, 50 miles W. by N. from Con- 
 cord. 
 
 North Chatham, a post-village in Barn- 
 stable CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Chatham, a post-village of Colum- 
 bia CO., N. Y., 15 miles S. E. from Albany. 
 
 North Chatham, a post-office of Clinton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Chelmsford, a post-office of Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Chelsea, a post-township of Suffolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Eastern railroad, 
 5 miles N. E. from Boston. Pop., 935. 
 
 North Chemung, a post-office of Chemung 
 CO., New York. 
 
 NorthChester, post-office, Windsor co.,Vt. 
 
 North Chester, a post-office of Hampden 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Chesterville, a post-office of 
 Eranklin co., Maine. 
 
 North Chichester, a post-village in Mer- 
 rimack CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Chili, a post-office of Monroe co.N. Y. 
 
 North Clarence, a post-office of Erie co.. 
 New York. 
 
 North Clarendon, a post-office of Rut- 
 land CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Clarkson, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Clayton, a post-office of Miami co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 North Codorus, a township of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. W. from York. Po- 
 pulation, 2126. 
 
 North Cohassett, a post-office of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Cohocton, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Colebrook, a post-office of Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Conway, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 North Copakb, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Cornwbll, a post-office of Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Cove, a post-village of McDowell 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 North Cove Creek, of North Carolina, 
 enters the Catawba from the N., in Burke 
 county. 
 
 North Coventry, a township forming the 
 N. extremity of Chester co.. Pa. Pop., 985. 
 
 North Creek, a post-office of Laurens 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 North Creek, a post-office of Beaufort 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 North Creek, a post-office of Phillips co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 North Creek, a township in Grundy co., 
 Illinois. Population, 318. 
 
 North Cross Qreek, a small village of 
 Stewart co., Tennessee. 
 
 North Cutler, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Dansville, a township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Livingston co.. New York, 
 contains the village of Dansville. Pop., 4377. 
 
 North Danters, a post-village in Essex 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Essex railroad, 
 18 miles N. E. by E. of Boston, has 1 bank. 
 
 North Danville, a post-office of Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Dartmouth, a post-village in Bris- 
 tol CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Dighton, a post-office of Bristol 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Dixmont, a post-village in Dixmont 
 township, Penobscot co., Maine, about 44 
 miles N. E. from Augusta. It contains 2 
 stores. 
 
 North Dorset, a post-office of Bennington 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Dover, a post-office of Cuyahoga 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Duanesburg, a post-office of Sche- 
 nectady CO., New York. 
 
 North Dunbarton, a post-village in Mer- 
 rimack CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North-East, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Dutchess co., New York. 
 Population, 1555. 
 
 North-East, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Lake Erie. Population, 2766. 
 
 North-East, a flourishing post-borough in 
 the above township, on the Erie and North 
 East railroad, 16 miles N. E. from Erie. It 
 is surrounded by a rich farming country. 
 Population in 1850, 387. 
 
 North-East, a post-village of Cecil co., 
 Mai'yland, on the river of its own name, and 
 on the railroad between Philadelphia and 
 Baltimore, 46 miles N. E. from the latter. 
 
 North-East, a township in Orange co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1206. 
 
 North-East, a township in Adams CO., 
 Illinois. Population, 499. 
 
 837 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 North-East Centee, a post-office of 
 Dutchess CO., New York. 
 
 North Eastham, a post-office of Barn- 
 stable CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Easton, a post-office of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 North Easton, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., New York. 
 
 North-East Pass, or Balizb, a village of 
 Plaquemine parish, Louisiana, is situated on 
 the E. side of the pass of its own name. It is 
 chiefly inhabited by pilots and their famlies. 
 
 North-East River, a small stream of Ce- 
 cil CO., Maryland, flows into the head of 
 Chesapeake bay. 
 
 North-East Station, a post-office of 
 Dutchess CO., New York. 
 
 North Eaton, a post-office of Lorain co., 0. 
 
 North Edgecombe, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Egremont, a post-village in Berk- 
 shire CO., JMassachusetts. 
 
 North Elba, a township of Essex co., 
 New York. Population, 210. 
 
 North Ellsworth, a post-village of Han- 
 cock CO., Maine. 
 
 North End, a post-office of Matthews co. Va. 
 
 North Eneield, a post-office of Grafton 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North English, a post-office of Iowa co., lo. 
 
 Northern Liberties, a district of Phila- 
 delphia county, situated on the Delaware 
 river, immediately N. of the city proper. 
 Population, 47,223. — See Philadelphia. 
 
 North Evans, a post-office of Erie co., N.Y. 
 
 North Fairfax, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Fairfield, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Fairfield, a post-office of Huron 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Fairhaven, a post-village in Bris- 
 tol CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Falmouth, a post-village in Barn- 
 stable CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Farmington, a post-office of Oakland 
 CO., Michigan, 21 miles N. AV. from Detroit. 
 
 North Fayette, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Fayette, a township in the W. 
 part of Alleghany co., Pa. Pop., 1430. 
 
 North Ferrisburg, a post-office of Addi- 
 Son CO., Vermont. 
 
 NoRTHFiELD, a township in Merrimack co.. 
 New Hampshire, on the Merrimack river, and 
 intersected by the Boston Concord and Mon- 
 treal railroad, 153 miles N. from Concord. 
 Population, 1332. 
 
 NoBTHFiELD, a post-township in Washing- 
 ton CO., Vermont, 11 miles S. S. W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 2922. 
 
 Northfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Vermont Central railroad, 
 about 10 miles S. by W. from Montpelier. It 
 »;ontains 2 woollen factories, also a number of 
 machine shops attached to the railroad, giv- 
 
 ing employment to a large number of men ; 
 3 churches, 10 stores, and 1 academy. 
 
 Northfield, a post-township in Franklin 
 CO., Mass., on the Connecticut river, and on 
 Brattleborough Branch railroad, 80 miles N. 
 W. by W. from Boston. Population, 1772. 
 
 Northfield, or Norfield, a small village 
 of Fairfield co., Connecticut, 28 miles AV. S. W. 
 from New Haven. 
 
 Northfield, a small post-village of Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut, 27 miles W. by S. from 
 Hartford, has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Northfield, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Richmond co.. New York, on Staten island. 
 Population, 4020. 
 
 Northfield, a little village of Essex co., 
 New Jersey, 8 miles W. from Newark, has 1 
 church. 
 
 Northfield, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Summit co., Ohio. Population, 1031. 
 
 Northfield, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Washtenaw CO., Michigan. 
 
 Northfield, a small post-village of Boone 
 CO., Indiana, on the Michigan road, 19 miles 
 N. by W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Northfield, a post-township in Cook co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1013. 
 
 Northfield, a small post-village in the 
 above township, about 20 miles N. N. W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Northfield Farms, a post-village in Frank- 
 lin CO., Massachusetts, on the Brattleborough 
 branch of the Vermont and Massachusetts 
 railroad, 82 miles W. N. W. from Boston. 
 
 North Flat, a post-office of Wyoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 NoRTHFORD, a post-village of North Bran- 
 ford township, New Haven co., Connecticut, 
 12 miles N. E. from New Haven. 
 
 North Fork, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 North Fork, a post-office of Ashe co.. North 
 Carolina, 214 miles W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 North Fork, a post-township of Izard co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 313. 
 
 North Fork, a post-office of Mason co., Ky. 
 
 North Fork, a township in Gallatin co., 
 Illinois. Population, 504. 
 
 North Fork, a post-office of Vermilion co., 
 Illinois, 125 miles E. by N. from Springfield. 
 
 North Frankfort, a post-office of Waldo 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Franklin, a post-office of New 
 London co., Connecticut. 
 
 North Franklin, a post-village of Dela- 
 ware CO., New Yoi^k. 
 
 North Fryeburg, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Gage, a post-office of Oneida co. ,N. Y. 
 
 North Galway, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Garden, a post-office of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 North Georgetown, 0. See Georgetov^n. 
 
 North Goshen, a post-village in Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 North Granbt, a post-yillage in Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Granville, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., New York, about 65 miles N. N. E. 
 from Albany, has 2 banks. 
 
 North Greece, a post-office of Monroe co.. 
 New York. 
 
 North Greenfield, a post-office of Sara- 
 toga CO., New York. 
 
 North Greenwich, a post-office of Fair- 
 field CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Greenwich, a post-office of AVash- 
 ington CO., New York. 
 
 North Groton, a post-office of Grafton co.. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 North Grove, a small village of Ogle co.,Ill. 
 
 North Guilford, a post-village of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, 12 miles E. by N. from 
 New Haven. 
 
 North Guilford, a post- village of Che- 
 nango CO., New York. 
 
 North Hadlet, a post-village in Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Hamburg, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 North Hamdbn, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Hampton, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Hampton, a post-township in Rock- 
 ingham CO., New Hampshire, 45 miles S. E. 
 by E. from Concord, intersected by the East- 
 ern railroad. Population, 822. 
 
 North Hampton, a post-village of Clarke 
 CO., Ohio, 53 miles W. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, about 200. 
 
 North Hampton, a post-village of Peoria 
 CO., Illinois, 18 miles N. from Peoria. 
 
 North Hancock, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Harpersfield, a post-village of 
 Delaware co.. New York, about 20 miles N. 
 N. E. from Delhi. 
 
 North Hartland, a post-office of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Haven, a post-office of Hancock co., 
 Maine. 
 
 North Haven, a post-village of New Haven 
 county, Connecticut, on Quinepiack river, and. 
 on the Hartford and New Haven railroad, 5 
 miles N. from New Haven. It contains 3 or 
 4 churches, an academy, and several stores. 
 Population of the township, 1325. 
 
 North Haverhill, a post- village in Graf- 
 ton CO., New Hampshire, on the Boston, Con- 
 cord, and Montreal railroad, 45 miles W. by 
 N. from Concord. 
 
 North Haverstraw, a post-office of Eock- 
 land CO., New York. 
 
 North Hebron, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., New York, about 60 miles N. N. E. 
 from Albany. 
 
 North Hector, a post-village of Tompkins 
 CO., New York, near Seneca lake, about 22 
 miles W. N. W. from Ithaca. 
 
 North Heidelberg, a township of Berks 
 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 10 miles W. N. W. from 
 Reading. Population, 844. 
 
 North Hempstead, a post-township of 
 Queen's co.. New York, on Long Island sound. 
 Population, 4291. 
 
 North Hempstead, a post-village in the 
 above township, and capital of Queen's co., 
 near the Long Island railroad, and about 20 
 miles E. from New York. 
 
 North Henderson, a post-office of Mercer 
 CO., Illinois, 135 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 North Herman, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Hero, a post-township in Grand 
 Isle CO., Vermont, 60 miles N. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. It consists of an island in Lake 
 Champlain. Population, 730. 
 
 North Hogan, a post-office of Ripley co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 North Hollis, a post-office of York co.. Me. 
 
 North Hoosick, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Hope, a small post-village of Butler 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Hudson, a post-office of Essex co., 
 New York. 
 
 North Huntingdon, a township of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, 10 miles W. from 
 Greensburg. Population, 2570. 
 
 North Htdepark, a post-village in Hyde- 
 park township, Lamoille co., Vermont, about 
 30 miles N. of Montpelier. 
 
 North Industry, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Industry, a post-village of Stark 
 CO., Ohio, on the Nimishillen creek, 4 miles S. 
 from Canton. 
 
 Northington, a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., N. C, 50 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 
 North Jackson, a post-office of Mahoning 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Janesville, a post-office of Rock 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 North Java, a post-office of Wyoming co.. 
 New York. 
 
 North Jay, a post-office of Franklin co.. Me. 
 
 North Kennebunk Port, a post-office of 
 York CO., Maine. 
 
 North Killingly, a post-village in Wind- 
 ham CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Kingston, a post-township in Wash- 
 ington CO., Rhode Island, on Narraganset bay, 
 intersected by the Stonington railroad, 18 
 miles S. from Providence. Pop., 2971. 
 
 North Kingston, a post-office of De Kalb 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 North Kortright, a post-office of Dela- 
 ware CO., New York. 
 
 North Lansing, a post-village of Tomp- 
 kins CO., New York, about 14 miles N. from 
 Ithaca. 
 
 North Lawrence, a posi-'^ifice of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 North Lebanon, a thriving village of 
 Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, on the Union 
 canal, 25 miles E. by N. from Harrisburg, 
 
 839 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 and contiguous to the borough of Lebanon. 
 The extensive furnace at this place is capa- 
 ble of producing near 200 tons of pig iron 
 per week. Population estimated at 500. 
 
 North Leeds, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 NoETH Leominster, a post-office of Wor- 
 cester CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Leverett, a post-village in Frank- 
 lin CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Lewisburg, a post-office of Cham- 
 paign CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Liberty, a post-office of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Liberty, a thriving post-village of 
 Adams co., Ohio, on the plank-road from 
 Pdpley to Locust Grove, 84 miles S. S. W. from 
 Columbus. Laid out in 1847. 
 
 North Liberty, a post-village in the N. 
 part of Knox co., Ohio. It contains 1 church 
 and 4 stores. 
 
 North Liberty, a post-office of St. Joseph 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 North Lima, a post-village of Mahoning 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Limington, a post-office of York co., 
 Maine. 
 
 North Lincoln, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Linklaen, a post-office of Chenango 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Littleton, a post-office of Grafton 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Livermoee, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Londonderry, a post-office of Rock- 
 land CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Lovell, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 North Lyman, a post-office of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 North Lyme, a post-village in New Lon- 
 don CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Madison, a post-village of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, 17 miles E. by N. 
 from New Haven. 
 
 North Madison, a new and thriving post- 
 village of Jefferson county, Indiana, on the 
 railroad two miles N. from Madison city, and 
 84 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis. The up- 
 per depot of the railroad is at this place. 
 Population in 1850, 676; in 1853, about 800. 
 
 North Mahoning, a township on the N. 
 border of Indiana co., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 840. 
 
 North Manchester, a post-village of Wa- 
 bash CO., Indiana, on Eel river, about 105 
 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 North Manheim, a township of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles S. from Potts- 
 ville. Population, 3006. 
 
 North Manlius, a post-office of Onondaga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Marshall, a post-office of Calhoun 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 North Marshfield, a post-village of Ply- 
 840 
 
 mouth CO., Massachusetts, on North river, 21 
 miles S. E. from Boston, contains several 
 churches. 
 
 North Mendon, a village of Monroe co., 
 New York, 10 miles S. by E. from Rochester. 
 
 North Middleborough, a post-village in 
 Plymouth co., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Middlesex, a post-office of Yates 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Middleton, a township of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, lies immediately N. 
 from Carlisle. Population, 2235. 
 
 North Middleton, a post-village of Bour- 
 bon CO., Kentucky, 10 miles E. from Paris. 
 It contains 1 academy and 2 churches. 
 
 North Monmouth, a post-office of Kenne- 
 bec CO., Maine. 
 
 North Montpelier, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Moreland, a township in the S. E. 
 part of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 756. 
 
 North Mountain, Pennsylvania, is situ- 
 ated at the N. extremity of Columbia county, 
 being partly in this and partly in Lycoming 
 county. North mountain is also the name 
 sometimes applied to the northernmost ridge 
 of the Alleghanies, in Pennsylvania, as con- 
 tradistinguished from the South mountain. 
 
 North Mountain, a post-office of Berkeley 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 North Mount Pleasant, a thriving post- 
 village of Marshall county, Mississippi, on 
 the stage-road from Memphis, Tennessee, to 
 Holly Springs, 15 miles N.W. from the latter. 
 
 North Newburg, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Newbury, a post-office of Geauga 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Newport, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North New Portland, a post-office of 
 Somerset co., Maine. 
 
 North New Salem, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Norway, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 North Norwich, a post-township in the 
 N. E. part of Chenango co.. New York, has a 
 village of the same name on the Chenango 
 canal, 45 miles S. S. W. from Utica. Popu- 
 lation, 1172. 
 
 NorthNorwich, apost-officeof Huron CO. O. 
 
 North Orange, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Orwell, a small post-village of 
 Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Oxford, a post-village in Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Palermo, a post-office of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 North Paris, a post-village of Oxford co., 
 Maine, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence 
 railroad, 55 miles N. by W. from Portland. 
 
 North Parma, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 New York. 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 North Parsonfield, a post-office of York 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 NoETH Pembroke, a post-office of Genesee 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Penn, a township of Philadelphia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 3 or 4 miles N. from the 
 city. Population, 2687. 
 
 North Perry, a post-office of Lake co., 0. 
 
 North Pine Grove, a post-office of Clarion 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Pitcher, a post-office of Chenango 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Pittson, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Plains, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Ionia co., Mich. Pop., 292. 
 
 North Pltmpton, a post-office of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Point, on the N. side of the en- 
 trance to the Patapsco river, Maryland. On 
 it are two lighthouses. 
 
 North Point, a post-office of Pulaski co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Northport, a post-township in Waldo co., 
 Maine, on the W. side of Penobscot bay, 44 
 miles E. from Augusta. Population, 1260. 
 
 Northport, a post-village of Suffolk co., 
 New York, on the N. side of Long island, 
 about 40 miles E. by N. from New York. 
 
 Northport, a post-village in Tuscaloosa 
 CO., Alabama, on Blackwarrior river, 105 
 miles N. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Northport, a post-village of Noble co., 
 Indiana, on the North fork of the Elkhart 
 river, 9 miles N. E. from Albion. 
 
 North Porter, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 North Pottsdam, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 North Pownal, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 North Pownal, a post-office of Benning- 
 ton CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Prairie, a post- village of Knox co., 
 Illinois, 56 miles N. W. by W. from Peoria. 
 
 North Prairie Station, a post-office of 
 Waukesha co., Wisconsin. 
 
 North Prescott, a post-office of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Prospect, a post-office of Waldo 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Providence, a township of Provi- 
 dence county, Rhode Island, bordering on 
 Massachusetts, 4 miles N. from Providence, 
 intersected by the Boston and Providence 
 railroad. It comprises the greater part of 
 the town of Pawtucket. Pop. 7680. 
 
 North Raisinville, a post-office of Mon- 
 roe CO., Michigan. 
 
 North Raymond, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 North Reading, a post-village of Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts, on Ipswich river, 14 
 miles N. from Boston, has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 North Reading, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Rehoboth, a post-office of Bristol 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Ridge, a post-office of Niagara co., 
 New York. 
 
 North Ridgetille, a post-office of Lorain 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Ridgeway, a post-office of Orleans 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North River, a small stream formed by 
 the junction of its E. and W. branches, 
 which rise in Windham co., Vermont, falls 
 into Deerfield river, in Franklin co., Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 North River, a small stream of Plymouth 
 county, in the E. part of Massachusetts, 
 unites its waters with the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 North River, New York. See Hudson 
 
 PaVER. 
 
 North Pi-ivee, in the central part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Augusta county, among the Al- 
 leghany mountains, flows southward through 
 Rockbridge county, passes by Lexington, and 
 enters the James river immediately above 
 its passage through the Blue Ridge, near the 
 northern extremity of Bedford county. This 
 stream, in its upper part, is called the Calf- 
 pasture river. The whole length is about 
 100 miles. 
 
 North Rivee, in the N. E. part of Virgi- 
 nia. This name is frequently applied to the 
 Rappahannock, above the mouth of the Ra- 
 pidan. It is formed by Hedgman's and 
 Thornton's rivers, which unite on the bound- 
 ary between Culpepper and Fauquier coun- 
 ties. See Rappahannock. 
 
 North River, of Hampshire county, Vir- 
 ginia, is an affluent of the Great Cacapon 
 river. 
 
 North Rivee, of Rockingham county, Vir- 
 ginia, one of the head streams of the She- 
 nandoah proper, flows south-eastward and 
 unites with the Middle and South rivers, near 
 Port Republic, in the county just named. It 
 furnishes excellent water-power. 
 
 NoETH River, a small stream of Alabama, 
 flows into Blackwarrior river, a few miles 
 above Tuscaloosa. 
 
 North River, Iowa, sometimes called Upper 
 Three, rises in the W. central part of the 
 state, and enters Des Moines river in Polk 
 county. 
 
 North Rivee, a post-office of Tuscaloosa 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 North River Meeting House, a post-office 
 of Hampshire co., Virginia. 
 
 North River Mills, a post-office of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Virginia, 178 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 North Rochester, a post-village in Ply- 
 mouth CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Rome, a small post-village of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Royalton, a post-office of Cuya- 
 hoga CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Russell, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 841 
 
NOR 
 
 NOE 
 
 North Rtttlakd, a post-office of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Salem, a post-office of Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Salem, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Westchester county, New 
 York. Population, 1335. 
 
 North Salem, a post-village in the above 
 township, ab«ut 110 miles S. by E. from Al- 
 bany. It has 3 churches and several mills. 
 
 North Salem, a post-village of Hendricks 
 CO., Ind., 30 miles W. N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 North Saluda, a post-office of Greenville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 North Sanbornton, a post-office of Belk- 
 nap CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Sandwich, a post-village in Carroll 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Sandwich, a post-village in Barn- 
 stable CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Scituate, a post- village in Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North- Scituate, a post-village in Provi- 
 dence CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 North Searsmont, a post-village in Waldo 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Seaesport, a post-office of Waldo 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Sedgwick, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Sewicklet, a post-township in the 
 N. part of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, on 
 Beaver river. Population, 1018. 
 
 North Shapleigh, a post-office of York 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Sheffield, a post-office of Ashta- 
 bula CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Sheldon, a post-office of Wyoming 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Shenango, a township on the W. 
 border of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 82-5. 
 
 North Sherburne, a post-office of Rutland 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Shore, a post-office of Richmond 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Slippery Rock, a township forming 
 the N. E. extremity of Lawrence co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 2254. 
 
 North Smithfield, a small post-village of 
 Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Somers, a post-office of Tolland 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Sparta, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Spencer, a post-village in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Spring, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 North Springfield, a post-office of Wind- 
 sor CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Springfield, a post-office of Sum- 
 mit CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Stamford, a post-village in Fair- 
 field CO., Connecticut, 40 miles S. E. by E. 
 from New Haven. 
 842 
 
 North Star, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Star, a post-office of Darke co., 0. 
 
 North Starket, a post-office of Yates 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Stephenson, a post-office of Rens- 
 selaer CO., New York. 
 
 North- Sterling, a post-office of Cayuga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Stockholm, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 North Stonington, a post-township of New 
 London co., Connecticut, 17 miles N. E. from 
 New London. Population, 1936. 
 
 North Stra^bane, a township of Washing- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania,' 6 miles N. E. from 
 Washington. Population, 1210. 
 
 North Strafford, a post-office of Strafford 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Sudbury, a post-village in Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Swansea, a post-village in Bristol 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Tewksbury, a post-office of Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Thetford, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 North Towanda, a post-office of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Troy, a post-office of Orleans co.,Vt. 
 
 North Truro, a post-village in Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Turner, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Turner Bridge, a post-office of Ox- 
 ford CO., Maine. 
 
 North Two River, of Missouri, a small 
 stream rising in the N. E. part of the state, 
 and flowing through Marion county into the 
 Mississippi, 3 miles above Marion City. The 
 South Two river enters the Mississippi, half 
 a mile farther down. 
 
 Northumberland, a county in the E. cen- 
 tral part of Pennsylvania, has an area of 500 
 square miles. The West branch of Susque- 
 hanna river washes its W. border, and the 
 North branch of that river flows through the 
 middle ; these two, uniting at Northumber- 
 land, form the Susquehanna proper. It is 
 also drained by Shamokin, Mahanoy, and Ma- 
 hantango creeks. The southern part of the 
 county is traversed by barren mountain ridges, 
 named Shamokin Hill, Mahanoy and Line 
 mountains. Some of the valleys are highly 
 productive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 289,522 bushels of wheat ; 
 282,087 of corn ; 194,676 of oats ; 20,310 tons 
 of hay; and 501,619 pounds of butter. There 
 were 26 flour and grist mills, 16 limekilns, 1 
 manufactory of fire-engines, 4 iron foundries, 
 2 furnaces, 1 forge, and 15 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 52 churches, 4 newspaper offices ; 3900 
 pupils attending public schools, and 927 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Ex- 
 tensive beds of anthracite coal are worked 
 
NOR 
 
 NOI 
 
 near Shamokin, in the S. E. part. Iron ore 
 and limestone are abundant. The North 
 Branch canal passes through the county, and 
 connects near the county seat with the West 
 Branch canal. A railroad extends from the 
 coal mines of Shamokin to Sunbury ; and a 
 railroad is now in progress of construction 
 from Sunbury to Erie on one hand, and to 
 Philadelphia on the other. Organized in 1772, 
 and named from Northumberland, a county in 
 England. Capital, Sunbury. Pop., 23,272. 
 
 NoRTHUMBERiiAND, a county in the E. part 
 of Virginiai, bordering on Chesapeake bay and 
 on the estuary of the Potomac river, has an 
 area of 150 square miles. Its eastern outline 
 is indented by several inlets, two of which 
 are called the Coan and Wicomico rivers. The 
 surface is somewhat undulating, and the soil 
 of medium quality. Indian corn, wheat, pota- 
 toes, cattle, and swine are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 221,587 bushels 
 of corn; 53,902 of wheat; 15,093 of sweet 
 potatoes; and 29,773 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 3 tanneries, 11 churches, and 279 
 pupils attending academies and other schools. 
 Formed in 1648. Capital, Heathsville. Po- 
 pulation, 7346 ; of whom 3591 were free, and 
 3766, slaves. 
 
 NoRTHUMBERLANB, a post-village and sta- 
 tion of Coos CO., New Hampshire, on the E. 
 side of Connecticut river, and on the Atlantic 
 and St. Lawrence railroad, about 110 miles 
 N. from Concord. Population, 429. 
 
 Northumberland, a post-township on the 
 E. border of Saratoga co.. New York, on Hud- 
 son river, intersected by the Saratoga and 
 Washington railroad. Population, 1775. 
 
 Northumberland, a post-borough of Point 
 township, Northumberland county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, is built on the point of land formed by 
 the confluence of the two branches of the 
 Susquehanna river, one mile above Sunbury. 
 This town occupies one of the most beautiful 
 situations in the state, combining the charms 
 of river and mountain scenery in a high de- 
 gree. It contains a town hall, 5 churches, 1 
 bank, and an academy. A handsome bridge 
 crosses the river here. Railroads have been 
 commenced which will connect the town with 
 the principal markets of the state. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 1041; in 1853, 1100. 
 
 NorthUnion, a post-office of Lincoln CO. Me. 
 
 North Union, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Uniontown, a post-office of High- 
 land CO., Ohio. 
 
 North Urbana, a post-office of Steuben co., 
 New York. 
 
 North Uxeridge, a post-village of Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Vassalborough, a post-office of 
 Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 North Vernon, a post-office of Shiawassee 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Northville, a post-village in Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, on the Housatonic river. 
 
 Northville, a thriving post-village of 
 Cayuga co,, New York, 2 miles E. from Cayuga 
 lake, and 20 miles S. by W. from Auburn. 
 The name of the post-office is King's Ferry. 
 
 Northville, a post-village of Fulton co.. 
 New York, on Sacondaga river, 55 miles N. 
 W. from Albany. 
 
 Northville, a post-village of Erie co.. Pa. 
 
 Northville, a post-village of Plymouth 
 township, Wayne co., Michigan, on the W. 
 branch of Rouge river, 27 miles W. N. W. from 
 Detroit. The extensive water-power of the 
 river gives motion to mills and factories 
 of various kinds. The village has several 
 churches. 
 
 Northville, a post-township of La Salle 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 951. 
 
 Northville, a post-village in La Salle co., 
 Illinois, near Fox river, 65 miles S. S. W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 North Wakefield, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 North Waldoborough, a post-office of Lin- 
 coln CO., Maine. 
 
 North Wardsborough, a post-office of 
 Windham co., Vermont. 
 
 North Washington, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Washington, a small village of But- 
 ler CO., Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. E. by E. 
 from Butler. 
 
 North Washington, a post-village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, 25 miles E. by N. 
 from Pittsburg. 
 
 North Waterfoed, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Wayne, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Weare, a post-office of Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Nortii-West, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Williams co., Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 343. 
 
 North-West, a township in Orange co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1245. 
 
 North- West Bridgbwater, a post-office of 
 Plymouth co., Massachusetts. 
 
 North-Western, a post-office of Oneida co.. 
 New York. 
 
 North Westfield, a post-office of Wyoming 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North-West Mine, apost-office of Houghton 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 North-West River Bridge, a post-office of 
 Norfolk CO., Virginia. 
 
 North Weymouth, a post-village in Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the South Shore rail- 
 road, 18 miles S. by W. from Boston. 
 
 North Wharton, apost-office of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 North White Creek, a post- village of Wash- 
 ington CO., New York, about 36 miles N. E. 
 from Albany. It contains several churches. 
 
 North Whitefield, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Whitehall, a post-township of Le- 
 843 
 
NOR 
 
 NOR 
 
 liigh CO., Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. W. from 
 AUentown. Population, 2955. 
 
 North Wilna, a post-village of Wilna town- 
 ship, Jefferson co.. New York, about 20 miles 
 E. N. E. from Watertown. 
 
 North Wilton, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Wilton, a post-office of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 North Windham, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 North Windham, a post-village in Wind- 
 ham CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Winfield, a post-office of Herkimer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 North Woburn, a post-office of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Wolfbobough, a post-office of Car- 
 roll CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Northwood, a township in Eockingham co.. 
 New Hampshire, 20 miles E. from Concord. 
 Population, 1308. 
 
 Northwood, a village of Logan co., Ohio, 
 G4 miles N. W. from Columbus, contains a col- 
 lege and female seminary. 
 
 North Woodberry, a township forming the 
 S. extremity of Blair co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 1836. 
 
 North Woodstock., a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 North Woodstock, a post-village in Wind- 
 ham CO., Connecticut. 
 
 North Whetham, a post-office of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 North Yarmouth, a post-township in Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine, on the Casco bay, 44 miles 
 S. by W. from Augusta, intersected by the St. 
 Lawrence and Atlantic railroad. Pop., 1121. 
 
 Norton, a new township, Essex co., Vt., 
 on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence railroad. 
 
 Norton, a post- village of Bristol co., Mass. 
 on the Taunton Branch railroad, 27 miles S. 
 W. of Boston. Pop. of the township, 1966. 
 
 Norton, a post-village of Delaware co., 
 Ohio, on the Whetstone river, 34 miles N. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Norton, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Summit co., Ohio. Pop., 1479. 
 
 Norton, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Ottawa CO., Michigan. 
 
 Norton Centre, a post-office of Summit 
 CO., Ohio, 120 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Norton Hill, a post-office of Greene co. , N. Y. 
 
 Norton's Mills, a post-office of Ontario 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Nortonsville, a post-office of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Nortonville, a post-office of Ottawa co., 
 Mich., about 96 miles N. W. from Lansing. 
 
 NoRVELL, a post-office of Jackson co., Mich. 
 
 NoRWALK river, Connecticut, falls into Long 
 Island sound, a few miles below Norwalk. 
 
 NoRWALK, a post-borough of Fairfield coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, on both sides of Norwalk 
 river, at the junction of the Danbury and 
 Norwalk railroad with the New York and 
 844 
 
 New Haven railroad, 32 miles W. S. W. from 
 New Haven. Vessels drawing 6 ft. water come 
 up to the borough. It has 3 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, a bank, and a Union school 
 numbering some 600 pupils ; the edifice is 
 one of the finest in the state. Manufacturing 
 of various kinds is carried on in the township, 
 which in 1850 had a population of 4651. 
 
 Norwalk, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Huron co., Ohio. Population, 2613. 
 
 Norwalk, a handsome post-village of Nor- 
 walk township, capital of Huron county, 
 Ohio, on the Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo 
 railroad, 100 miles N. by E. from Colum- 
 bus. It extends along a sandy ridge, and is 
 built principally on a single street, which is 
 shaded with a double row of maple trees. 
 Much taste is displayed in the construction 
 of churches and private residences. The 
 village is also noted for its educational ad- 
 vantages : the Norwalk Institute and the 
 Norwalk Female Seminary are well-conducted 
 and flourishing institutions. It contains 2 
 banks, 2 newspaper offices, and the machine 
 shops of the railroad company. Population 
 in 1850, 1440; in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 Norwalk Light, at the entrance of Nor- 
 walk harbor, Connecticut. Lat. 41° 2' 50" 
 N., Ion. 73° 25' 35" W. 
 
 Norway, a post-village in Oxford co., Maine, 
 45 miles W. by S. from Augusta. Two papers 
 are issued here. Pop. of the township, 1963. 
 
 Norway, a post-township of Herkimer co., 
 N. Y., 20 miles N. E. from Utica. Pop., 1052. 
 
 Norway, a small village of White co., In- 
 diana, on Tippecanoe river, 85 miles N. W. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Norway, a post-office of La Salle co., LI. 
 
 Norway, a post-office of Miller co,. Mo. 
 
 Norway, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Racine co., Wisconsin. Population, 751. 
 
 Norway, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 80 miles E. S. E. from Madison. 
 The plank-road from Milwaukee to Rochester 
 passes near the village. 
 
 Norwegian, a township of Schuylkill co., 
 Pennsylvania, lies immediately W. from 
 Pottsville. Population, 2642. 
 
 Norwich, a post-village and station in 
 Windsor co., Vermont, on the W. side of the 
 Connecticut river, 43 miles S. S. E. from 
 Montpelier. The Connecticut and Passump- 
 sic River railroad passes through this place. 
 It is the seat of Norwich University, founded 
 in 1834. Population of the township, 1978. 
 
 Norwich, a post-township in Hampshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, 103 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 756. 
 
 Norwich, a city and semi-capital of New 
 London county, Connecticut, at the head of 
 navigation on the Thames river, where it 
 receives the Yantic, 13 miles N. from New Lon- 
 don. Lat. 41° 33' N., Ion. 72° 7' W. This is 
 a beautiful city, built on a steep acclivity 
 facing the S., the edifices rising in terraces 
 street above street, making a delightful ap- 
 
NOR 
 
 NOX 
 
 pearance as approached by the river. In 
 wealth and population it ranks first in the 
 county. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, a town hall, and 8 or 9 churches. 
 Two newspapers are published. The financial 
 institutions are 6 banks, a saving institu- 
 tion having on deposite $1,115,169, and 3 in- 
 surance companies. The confluent streams 
 which here form the Thames, afford excellent 
 water-power, which is extensively used in 
 manufacturing. The principal articles pro- 
 duced are paper, cotton and woollen goods, 
 pottery, ropes, leather, &c. The city has 
 communication with the seaboard and inte- 
 rior by two lines of railway — the Norwich 
 and Worcester, and the New London, Wil- 
 limantic, and Palmer railroads. A line of 
 steamers also ply daily between Allyn's 
 Point, 7 miles below, and New York. Popu- 
 lation of the township in 1830, 5179; 1840, 
 7239; 1850, 10,265, in 1853 about 11,500. 
 
 Norwich, a post-village, capital of Che- 
 nango county, New York, is situated in Nor- 
 wich township, on the Chenango river and 
 canal, 50 miles S. S. W. from TJtica. It con- 
 tains churches of 4 or 5 denominations, a 
 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and several mills 
 and factories. Population of the township, 
 3615 ; of the village, estimated at 2000. 
 
 NoKWiCH, a township in the E. part of 
 McKean county, Pennsylvania. Pop., 265. 
 
 NoKWiCH, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 190 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Norwich, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Franklin co., Ohio. Population, 731. 
 
 Norwich, a township in Huron co., Ohio. 
 Population, 676. 
 
 Norwich, a thriving post-village of Union 
 township, Muskingum co., Ohio, on the Na- 
 tional road, 66 miles E. from Columbus. It 
 has 2 churches and several stores. Popula- 
 tion, near 400. 
 
 NoRwicHTOWN, a pleasant post-village of 
 New London county, Connecticut, on the 
 New London, Willimantic, and Palmer rail- 
 road, 2 miles N. W. from Norwich. In the 
 centre is a large triangular public green, 
 fronting which are the principal church, 
 stores, and houses. The village contains 
 several manufactories. 
 
 Norwood, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. 
 
 Norwood, a post-village in Stanley co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 NoTAsuLGA, a post- village of Macon co., 
 Alabama, on the railroad which leads from 
 Montgomery to West Point, 47 miles E. N. E. 
 from the former. 
 
 Notre Dame, a post-office of St. Joseph co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 NoTTAWAT, a post-township in the N. E. 
 central part of St. Joseph county, Michigan. 
 Population, 1226, 
 
 NOTTAWAT or NOTTAWA CrEEK, of St. Jo- 
 
 seph CO., Michigan, flows into the St. Joseph 
 river. 
 
 Nottingham, a post-township in Rocking- 
 
 ham county, New Hampshire, 23 miles E. S. 
 E. from Concord. Population, 1268. 
 
 Nottingham, a township of Mercer co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware river, and the 
 Delaware and Earitan canal, about 3 miles 
 S. from Trenton. Population, 4495. 
 
 Nottingham, a township of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 15 miles S. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1008. 
 
 Nottingham, a post-village of Prince 
 George co., Maryland, near the Patuxent 
 river, 25 miles S. E. from Washington. 
 
 Nottingham, a post-township in the S. W. 
 central part of Harrison co., Ohio. 
 
 Nottingham, a post-township in Wells co., 
 Indiana. Population, 523. 
 
 Nottingham, a post-office of Davis co., To. 
 
 Nottingham Square, a village of Mercer 
 CO., New Jersey, 6 miles E. from Trenton. 
 
 Nottingham Turnpike, a post-office of 
 Rockland co., New York. 
 
 Nottla, a post-office of Cherokee co., N.C. 
 
 Nottoway, or Nottawat river, in the S. E. 
 part of Virginia, rises in Nottaway county, 
 and flowing in a winding course along the bor- 
 der of Dinwiddle, and through Sussex and 
 Southampton counties, unites with the Me- 
 herrin, to form the Chawan river in Gates 
 county, North Carolina, after a course of up- 
 wards of 110 miles. 
 
 Nottowat, a county in the S. S, E. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 330 square miles. 
 The Nottoway river forms its boundary on 
 the S. The surface is uneven ; the soil is 
 moderately fertile. Tobacco and Indian corn 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 2,109,314 pounds of tobacco, and 
 216,991 bushels of corn. There were 18 grist 
 mills, and 3 tanneries. It contained 13 
 churches ; 260 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 16 attending an academy. The Richmond 
 and Danville railroad passes through the 
 county. Formed in 1788, and named from 
 the Nottoway Indians. Capital, Nottoway 
 Court House. Population, 8437, of whom 
 2387 were free, and 6050, slaves. 
 
 Nottoway Court House, capital of Notto- 
 way county, Virginia, on the Southside rail- 
 road, 8 miles from its junction with the Rich- 
 mond and Danville railroad, 60 miles S. W. 
 from Richmond. Population, about 200. 
 
 NoTTSViiLE, a small village of Daviess co., 
 Kentucky, 13 miles E. from Owensborough. 
 
 Nova, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 
 Nova- Scotia, a village of Ingham co., 
 Michigan, on Grand river, about 20 miles S. 
 of Lansing. 
 
 Novi, a post-township in the S. W. part of 
 Oakland CO., Michigan. Population, 1351. 
 
 Novi, a post-village in the above township, 
 on the W. branch of Rouge river, 25 miles 
 N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 NoxAPATTO, a post-office of Winston co.JVIiss. 
 
 Noxubee river, or Runaway Creek, of Mis- 
 sissippi and Alabama, rises in Choctaw co., 
 of the former, and passing into Alabama en- 
 
 845 
 
NOX 
 
 OAK 
 
 ters the Tombigbee in Sumter county, near 
 Gainesville. It is navigable by small steam- 
 boats about 50 miles. 
 
 Noxubee, a county in the E. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, bordering on Alabama, has an area 
 of about 720 square miles. It is intersected 
 byNoxubee river, (called alsoRunaway creek, ) 
 from -wliicli it derives its name. The surface 
 is nearly level ; the soil is a dark-colored, 
 heavy, and adhesive loam, possessing great 
 strength and fertility. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 12,555 bales of cotton, 895,718 
 bushels of corn, and 8699 pounds of beeswax 
 and honey. It contained 23 churches, 894 
 pupils attending public shools, and 594 at- 
 tending academies, or other schools. The 
 Noxubee river is navigable by small steamers. 
 The Mobile and Ohio railroad, now in progress, 
 will probably pass through the county. Ca- 
 pital, jMacon. Population, 16,299, of whom 
 4976 were free, and 11,323 slaves. 
 
 Notes' Turn, a railroad station in Steuben 
 CO., New York, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 295 miles from New York city. 
 
 NoYEsviLLE, a post-office of Cook co., 111. 
 
 NoTESvxLLE, a post-officB of Dodge co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Nubbin K-idge, a post-office of Hardeman 
 CO., Tenn., 179 miles S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Nueces, noo-4^ces, a river of Texas, Avhich 
 rises in Bexar county, in the W. part of the 
 state, and flows into a bay of its own name, 
 near 27° 30' N. lat., and 98° W. Ion. Its course 
 is very circuitous, and the whole length is es- 
 timated at 350 miles. It is stated that boats 
 can ascend it 100 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Nueces, a county in the S. part of Texas, 
 bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area 
 of 6160 square miles. The Nueces river, 
 from which the name is derived, forms its N. 
 boundary ; the Laguna del Madre washes its 
 eastern border, and is separated from the 
 Gulf of Mexico by a long narrow island. 
 The surface is nearly level ; the soil sandy 
 and poor, excepting in the vicinity of the 
 river. In 1850 this county produced 7150 
 bushels of corn. Capital, San Patricio. Pop., 
 698, of whom 651 were free, and 47 slaves. 
 
 NuLHEGAN river, a small stream of Essex 
 CO., Vermont, falls into the Connecticut. 
 
 Null's Mills, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 NuMA, a small post- village of Parke co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie canal, 11 
 miles N. from Terre Haute. 
 
 Number One, a post-office of Wayne co., 0. 
 
 Number Two, a post-office of Marion co., 
 Florida. 
 
 Number Three, a post-office of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 NuMiDiA, a village of Montour co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 17 miles S. E. from Danville. 
 
 •NuNDA, a post-township on the S. border 
 of Livingston co.. New York. Pop., 3128. 
 
 NuNDA, a beautiful post-village in the 
 846 
 
 above township, on the Buffalo and New 
 York City railroad, 67 miles E. S. E. from 
 Buffalo. It contains 5 or 6 churches, an 
 academy, a newspaper office, a machine shop, 
 and a woollen factory. Population, in 1853, 
 estimated at 2000. 
 
 NuQuiN, a river of Utah Territory, falls into 
 Nicollet river. 
 
 NuTBUSH, a post-office of Warren co., N. C. 
 
 Ntack, a post-village of Rockland county. 
 New York, on the W. bank of Hudson river, 
 here called the Tappan sea, 29 miles N. from 
 New York city. It contains 3 or 4 churche,?, 
 and about 100 dwellings. Two newspapers 
 are published here. 
 
 Nyack Turnpike, a post-office of Rockland 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Ntatt Point Light, on the W. side of 
 Narragansett bay, 9 miles S. from Provi- 
 dence, Rhode Island. Lat. 41° 43' 30" N., 
 Ion., 71° 20/ 48" W. 
 
 
 
 Oak, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio. 
 
 Oakachickama, a post-village of Yallo- 
 busha CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Oakalimetah, a post-office of Tippah co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Oak Bluff, a small post-village of Greene 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Oak Bowery, a post-office of Chambers 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Oak Creek, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Milwaukee co., V/is. Pop., 1259. 
 
 OAKDALE,apost-office of Worcester CO. Mass. 
 
 Oakdale, a post-office of Delaware co.. Pa. 
 
 Oakdale, a small post-village of Shelby 
 CO., Missouri, about 100 miles N. from Jef- 
 ferson city. 
 
 Oakdam, a post-office of Vanderburg co.Ind. 
 
 Oakfield, a post-village of Genesee co., 
 New York, about 250 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. Population of the township, 1457. 
 
 Oakfield, a post-township in Perry co., 
 Ohio. Population, 130. 
 
 Oakfield, a post-township in Kent co., 
 Michigan. Population, 645. 
 
 Oakfield, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Missouri, 35 miles W. by S. from St. Louis. 
 
 Oakfield, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Fond du Lac co.. Wis. Pop., 769. 
 
 Oak Flat, a post-office of Pendleton co.,Va. 
 
 Oak Forest, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Oak Forest, a post-office of Iredell co.,N.C. 
 
 Oak Forest, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Oakfuskee creek, of Alabama, flows into 
 Tallapoosa river, near the S. W. extremity 
 of Tallapoosa county. 
 
 Oakfuskee, or Oakfusky, a post-office of 
 Randolph co., Alabama. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
OAK 
 
 OAK 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-office of Union co., N. C. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-office of Titus co., Tex. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-office of Hempstead co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-village of Christian co., 
 Ky., about 210 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-office of Livingston co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-village of Jackson co., 
 Missouri, 21 miles S. E. from Independence. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 Oak Grove, a post-township in the central 
 part of Dodge co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1143. 
 
 Oak Grove, a small post-village in the 
 above township, about 40 miles N. E. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Oakham, a post- township in "Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, 55 miles W. from Boston. 
 Population, 1137. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Cumberland co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Oak Hill, a station on the Hudson River 
 railroad, in Columbia co., New York, 6 miles 
 S. S. W. from Hudson. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Greene co., N. Y. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia, 122 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Granville co., 
 North Carolina, 71 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Oak Hill, a small post-village of Newton 
 CO., Georgia, 142 miles W. from Augusta. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Franklin co., Ala. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Overton co., Tenn. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Hardin co., Ky. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-village of Jackson co., 
 Ohio, on the Scioto and Hocking railroad, 87 
 miles S. S. W. from Columbus, has about 100 
 inhabitnnts. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of De Kalb co., Ind. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-village in Lake co., Illi- 
 nois, near the W. shore of Lake Michigan, 32 
 miles N. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Oak Hill, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Oakland, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Michigan, contains 900 square miles. It is 
 drained by the sources of Clinton, Shiawassee, 
 Flint, and Rouge (or Red) rivers, and by 
 Woodruff creek. The county is sprinkled 
 over by multitudes of small lakes of pure 
 water, the largest of which are 1 or 2 miles 
 in extent. The number of these is not less 
 than 50. The surface in the N. is hilly ; the 
 south part is rolling and heavily timbered. 
 The soil is generally fertile, and well culti- 
 vated. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, 
 wool, and pork are the staples. Vv''ater-power 
 is abundant on the streams, and is used to a 
 considerable extent. Oakland is the most 
 populous county in the state excepting 
 
 Wayne. By the census of 1850 it produced 
 more wheat, corn, oats, hay, and wool than 
 any other county of Michigan. There were 
 raised in that year 586,846 bushelsof wheat ; 
 488,818 of corn; 278,382 of oats ; 207,527 of 
 potatoes; 53,206 of hay, and 293,981 pounds 
 of wool. It contained 33 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 10,451 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 50 attending an academy. A 
 railroad extends from Detroit to Pontiac the 
 county seat. Population, 31,270. 
 
 Oakland, a small village of Providence co., 
 Rhode Island, about 25 miles N. W. of Pro- 
 vidence. It contains 1 woollen mill, employ- 
 ing 110 hands. 
 
 Oakland, a post-village of Livingston co.. 
 New York, about 250 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Armstrong co.. Pa. 
 
 Oakland, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Venango co., Pennsylvania. Population, 837. 
 
 Oakland, a station on the Philadelphia 
 and Columbia railroad, 30 miles W. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Morgan co., Va. 
 
 Oakland, a post-village of Chatham co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Edgefield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Lauderdale co.Ala. 
 
 Oakland, a small post-village of Yallobusha 
 CO., Mississippi, 139 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Lavacca co., Tex 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of St. Francis co. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Oakland, a post-village in Fayette co. 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Christian co., Ky, 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Clinton co., Ohio 
 
 Oakland, a post-village of Fairfield co., 
 Ohio, 12 miles S.'W. from Lancaster. The 
 post-office is Clear Creek. It has about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Oakland, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Oakland co., Michigan. Population, 978. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Spencer co., Ind. 
 
 Oakland, a small post-village of Coles co., 
 Illinois, 95 miles E. by S. from Springfield. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of La Clede co.. Mo. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Dubuque co., lo. 
 
 Oakland, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Population, 806. 
 It contains a small village of the same name. 
 
 Oakland, a township of Contra Costa co., 
 California. 
 
 Oakland, a post-office of Umpqua co., Ogn. 
 
 Oakland College, a post-village of Clai- 
 borne CO., Mississippi, about 70 miles S. W. 
 from Jackson, is the seat of Oakland College, 
 founded in 1831. 
 
 Oakland Geove, a post-office of Prairie 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Oakland Mills, a post-office of Juniata 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Oak Lawn, a post-office of Nelson co., Va. 
 
 Oak Lawn, a post-office of Cabarrus co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 847 
 
OAK 
 
 OBI 
 
 Oak Lawn, a post-oiBce of Baker co., Ga. 
 
 Oak Level, a post-office of Henry co,, Va. 
 
 Oak Level, a post-office of Benton co., Ala. 
 
 Oakley, a post-office of Mecklenburg co.Va. 
 
 Oaklet, a post-office of Macon co.. 111. 
 
 Oaklet, a post-office of Lewis co., Mo. 
 
 Oakley, a post-office of Franklin co.. La. 
 
 Oakmulgee River. See Ocmulgee. 
 
 Oakbiulgee, a post-office of Bedford co.,Va. 
 
 Oakmulgee Creek, of Ala., flows into Ca- 
 hawba river, about 12 miles N. from Cahawba. 
 
 Oakohat, a post-office of Covington co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Oak Orchard, a post-village of Orleans 
 CO., N. Y., on the creek of the same name, 
 about 40 miles W. by N. from Rochester. 
 
 Oak Orchard, a post-office of Frederick 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Oak Orchard Creek, in the W. part of 
 New York, rises in Genesee county, flows 
 through Orleans county, and falls into Lake 
 Ontario about 10 miles N. of Albion. 
 
 Oak Plains, a post-office of Livingston co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Oak Point, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Oak Point, a post-office of Van Buren co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Oak Point, a post-office of Lewis co., Ogn. 
 
 Ojvk Piidge, a post-office of Guilford co., 
 N. C, 104 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Oak Ridge, a post-office of Meriwether 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Oak PaDGE, a small village of Newton co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Oak Ridge, a small post-village of Greene 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Oak PaDGE, a post-village of Graves co.,Ky. 
 
 Oak Ridge, a post-office of Hancock co., 0. 
 
 Oaks, a small village of Limestone co., Ala. 
 
 Oak's Corners, a post-office of Ontario 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Oak Shade, a post-office of Culpepper co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Oak Spring, a post-office of Ballard co.,Ky. 
 
 Oak Spring, a village in Davis co., Iowa, 
 85 miles S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Oak's Shop, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Oak's Springs, a post-office of Tuolumne 
 CO., California. 
 
 Oaksville, a post-office of Otsego co., N. Y. 
 
 Oaktibeeha. See Oktibbeha. 
 Oakton, a small post-village of Massac 
 CO., 111., 20 miles W. by. S. from Golconda. 
 
 Oaktdppa Creek, Alabama, flows through 
 Washington co., and enters Tombigbee river 
 from the right. 
 
 Oakville, a post- village of Otsego co., 
 I^ew York, about 70 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Oakville, a post-office of Cumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 OAKViLLE,apost-officeof St. Mary's CO., Md. 
 Oakville, a small post-village of Appo- 
 mattox CO., Virginia, 103 miles W. from 
 Richmond. 
 848 
 
 Oakville, a post-village of Union co., 
 N. C, 180 miles W. S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Oakville, a post-village in Lexington dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Oakville, a post-village of Lawrence co.. 
 Alabama, about 110 miles N. by E. from 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Oakville, a small post-village of Madison 
 CO., Tennessee, 14 miles N. W. from Jackson. 
 
 Oakville, a post- village in Monroe co., 
 Michigan, 35 miles S. W. by W. from Detroit. 
 
 Oakville, a village in St. Louis co., Mis- 
 souri, near the Mississippi river, 15 miles S. 
 S. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Oakwood, a post-office of Weakly co.,Tenn. 
 
 Oakwoods, a post-office of Fleming co., Ky. 
 
 Oakwoods, a post-office of Grant co., Ind. 
 
 Oasis, a post-township of Waushara co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Oasis, a small post-village in the above 
 township, 30 miles N. W. from Sacramento. 
 
 Oatland, a post- village of Loudon co., Vir- 
 ginia, on Goose creek, 150 miles N. from 
 Richmond. It has several mills. 
 
 Oberlin, a flourishing post-village of Lo- 
 rain county, Ohio, on the Cleveland and To- 
 ledo railroad, 36 miles S. W. from Cleveland, 
 and 8 miles from Elyria. It is remarkable 
 for its collegiate institute, named in honor 
 of John Frederick Oberlin, pastor of Wal- 
 bach, Switzerland. This institution, founded 
 in 1834, is under the direction of the Evangeli- 
 cal Congregationalists. It occupies 7 com- 
 modious buildings, has 12 instructors, with a 
 library of 5000 volumes. It was attended in 
 1852 by 1200 students of both sexes. Its 
 object is to afford an economical education 
 by combining manual labor with study. ' No 
 person is excluded from this institution on 
 account of color. The Presbyterian church 
 at this place is a large brick building, capable 
 of holding 3000 persons. The Oberlin Evange- 
 list and Quarterly Review are published here. 
 
 Obies River, sometimes written Obed's, 
 or Obet's, of the N. part of Tennessee, rises 
 in Fentress county, among the Cumberland 
 mountains, and flowing north-westward, en- 
 ters Cumberland river near the N. W. extre- 
 mity of Overton county. It is navigable by 
 steamboats 60 miles from its mouth, and its 
 whole length is probably above 100 miles. 
 In the upper part of its course it passes 
 through a deep cut in the mountain, and is 
 remarkable for beautiful scenery. 
 
 Obion, a river in the N. W. part of Ten- 
 nessee, is formed by three branches, the 
 North, South, and Rutherford forks, which 
 unite in Obion county, a few miles S. E. from 
 Troy. It flows thence south-westward 
 through Dyer county into the Mississippi. 
 Its whole length, including one of the 
 branches, is estimated at 150 miles. 
 
 Obion, a county forming the N. W. extre- 
 mity of Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky 
 and Missouri ; area estimated at 650 square 
 miles. The Mis.sissippi forms its entire W. 
 
OBI 
 
 OCO 
 
 boundary, and Obion river, from whicb the 
 name is derived, flows through the county. 
 The surface is nearly level. The soil pro- 
 duces Indian corn, and tobacco. In 1850 
 there "were raised 445,420 bushels of corn ; 
 0413 of oats ; 139,305 pounds of tobacco, 
 and 54,379 of butter. It tontained 6 
 churches, 50 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 129 attending academies or other schools. 
 Capital, Troy. Population, 7633 ; of whom 
 6576 were free, and 1057, slaves. 
 
 Obion, a post-ofSce of Hickman co., Ky. 
 
 Obispo, a post-office of San Luis Obispo 
 CO., California. 
 
 Oblong, a post-village of Dutchess co.,N.Y. 
 
 Oblokg, a post-office of Crawford co., 111. 
 
 Obnobbt, a township in Fulton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 394. 
 
 O'Brien, a new county in the N. W. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of about 580 square 
 miles. It is drained by one of the branches 
 and some of the affluents of the Little Sioux 
 river, and also by Floyd's river, a tributary 
 of the Missouri. This county is not included 
 in the census of 1850. County seat not 
 located. Named in honor of Smith O'Brien, 
 the Irish patriot. 
 
 OccoQUAN river, in the N. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, is formed by Broad run and Cedar 
 run, which unite near Brentsville, in Prince 
 William county. It flows first eastward to 
 the boundary between that county and Fair- 
 fax, then runs south-eastward along the 
 boundary until it enters the Potomac river, 
 25 miles below Washington. It has a fall of 
 72 feet in a distance of IJ miles, affording 
 fine sites for manufactories. 
 
 OccoQUAN, a post-village of Prince V/illiam 
 county, Virginia, on the Occoquan river, 99 
 miles N. from Richmond. It has extensive 
 water-power, with several mills and a cotton 
 factory. Population, from 300 to 400. 
 
 OccuPACiA, a post-office of Essex co., Va. 
 
 Ocean, a county in the E. part of New 
 Jersey, has an area of about 1150 square 
 miles. It is drained by Metetecunk and 
 Tom's rivers, and Cedar creek ; its E. border 
 is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, from 
 whence it derives its name. The seacoast 
 consists of a sandbeach from half a mile to 
 a mile wide, through which the tide passes 
 by Barnegat inlet, and forms two lagoons, or 
 salt-water lakes, called Barnegat bay and 
 Little Egg Harbor bay. The surface is ge- 
 nerally level, and a large portion covered 
 with pine forests. The soil is of alluvial form- 
 ation, and consists of clay mingled with sand 
 and gravel. Indian corn, rye, potatoes, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1860 it pro- 
 duced 108,447 bushels of corn; 22,083 of 
 rye; 38,219 of potatoes ; 6679 tons of hay, 
 and 78,059 pounds of butter. It contained 
 1 foundry, 1 forge, 3 flour mills, 2 grist mills, 
 16 saw mills, and 19 charcoal works; 22 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 2189 pupils 
 iittending public schools. Marl is abundant 
 8d 
 
 in various parts of the county, and iron is 
 found in the northern part, where large quan- 
 tities of the metal are manufactured. Organ- 
 ized in 1850, having been formed from the 
 southern portion of Monmouth county. Ca- 
 pital, Tom's River. Population, 10,032. 
 
 Ocean, a new township of Monmouth coun- 
 ty. New Jersey, bordering on the Atlantic, 
 about 40 miles E. by N. from Trenton. It 
 includes Sandy Hook. Population, 3767. 
 
 Oceana, a county in the W. part of Michi- 
 gan, has an area of about 750 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by Lake Michigan, 
 and intersected by White river, and also 
 drained by Maskego river, (which flows 
 through the S. E. corner,) with several small- 
 er streams falling into Lake Michigan. It 
 is said to contain excellent land. Pop., 300. 
 
 OcEANPOKT, a post-office of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 OcEANViLLE, a Small village of Galloway 
 township, Atlantic co., New Jersey, about 16 
 miles E. from May's landing, has 1 church. 
 
 OciLLA, a small river which rises in the S. 
 part of Georgia, passes into Florida, and 
 forms the boundary between Jefferson and 
 Madison counties, until it enters the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 OcKLOCKONNEE, or OcKLOCKONT rivcr, of 
 Georgia and Florida, rises in Irwin county of 
 theformer, and passing through Florida, flows 
 into Appalachee bay between Leon and Gads- 
 den counties. 
 
 OcKLOCKNEY, a post-officc of Thomas co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 OcLAU Creek, of Georgia, enters the Oc- 
 mulgee in Pulaski co. 
 
 OcMULGEE river, of the State of Georgia, a 
 branch of the Altamaha, formed by three 
 small branches, the South, Yellow, and Ulco- 
 fawhachee, which rise in the N. central part 
 and unite near the S. extremity of Newton 
 county. Its general direction is S. S. E. It 
 flows through a hilly, granitic region to the 
 city of Macon, where there is a considerable 
 fall, affording extensive water-power. Below 
 this point it traverses a level and sandy coun- 
 try, in which extensive forests of pine are 
 found. The length of this river probably ex- 
 ceed 300 miles. It is navigable by small steam- 
 boats to Macon. The little Ocmulgee enters 
 the main stream from the N. W., about 10 
 miles above its junction with the Oconee. 
 OcMULGEEViLLE,post-village,Telfairco.,Ga. 
 
 OcoA, a post-office of Polk co., Tennessee. 
 OcoLA, a post-village of Marion co., Fla., 
 180 miles S. E. from Tallahassee, has 2 news- 
 paper offices. 
 
 OconaLufty, post-office, Haywood co.,N.C. 
 
 Oconee, a river of Georgia, which rises in 
 the auriferous highlands of Hall county, in 
 the N. E. part of the state, and flowing in a 
 general S. S. E. direction, passes by Athens 
 and MiUedgeville, and unites with the Ogee- 
 chee to form the Altamaha, at the W. extre- 
 mity of TatnaU county. Small steamers once 
 
 849 
 
oco 
 
 OGL 
 
 navigated the river to Milledgeville, -which is 
 about 300 miles from the sea ; but the use of 
 these is now superseded by railways. 
 
 Oconee, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Georgia, on the Central railroad, 150 miles 
 N. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Oconee Station, a post-village of Pickens 
 CO., South Carolina. 
 
 OcoNOMEwoc creek, of Wisconsin, rises 
 among the small lakes of Waukesha co., and 
 enters Rock river in Jefferson co., about 8 
 miles above Watertown. 
 
 OcoNOMEWOC, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Waukesha co., Wisconsin. 
 Population, 1216. 
 
 Oconomewoc, a post-village in the above 
 township, on a creek and small lake of its own 
 name, 35 miles W. by N. from Milwaukee, 
 with which it is connected by a plank-road. 
 It has 2 churches, 10 stores, 3 mills, and 
 about 50 dwellings. 
 
 Oconto, a small river of Oconto co., Wis- 
 consin, rises in the N. E. part of the state, 
 and flowing first southward and then east- 
 ward, enters Green bay. 
 
 Oconto, a county in the N. E. part of Wis- 
 consin, bordering on Michigan and Green 
 bay, contains about 4000 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. E. by the Menomonee 
 river, on the W. by the Wolf river, and 
 drained by the Oconto and Pishtego rivers. 
 The surface is occupied by forests of pine. 
 Oconto was separated from Brown county in 
 1850, and named from Oconto river. Capi- 
 tal, Jones' Mill. 
 
 Oconto, a post-office of Oconto co.. Wis. 
 OcopiLCO Creek of Lowndes co., Georgia, 
 flows S. E. into the Withlacoochee river. 
 
 OcBAKOKB, a post-village and port of entry 
 of Hyde county. North Carolina, on an island 
 of the same name, 35 miles W. S. W. from 
 Cape Hatteras. The shipping of the port, 
 June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 1540g'j tons, enrolled and licensed, all of 
 which was employed in the coast trade. 
 
 OcKACOKE Inlet, North Carolina, an en- 
 trance into Pamlico sound. 
 
 Ockacoke Lighthouse, on the W. end of 
 ■Ocracoke island. The light is elevated 75 
 feet above the level of the sea, and revolves 
 once in two minutes. Lat. 35° 5' 30" N., 
 Ion. 75° 59' W. 
 
 OcTOKARA creek, rises in the S. E. part 
 of Pennsylvania, drains Chester and Lancas- 
 ter counties, and enters the Susquehanna 
 near Port Deposit. 
 
 OcTOKARA, a small post-village of Lancas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Oddvillb, a post-office of Harrison co., Ky. 
 Oden, a township in Chicot co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 1173. 
 
 Odessa, a township in Ionia co., Michigan. 
 Population, 121. 
 
 Odum Creek, a post-office of Macon co.,Ala. 
 Ogallt, a small post- village of Chippewa 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 850 
 
 Ogden, a post-township of Monroe co.. 
 New York, 12 miles W. from Rochester, in- 
 tersected by the Erie canal. Pop., 2598. 
 
 Ogden, a township iu the S. E. part of 
 Lenawee co., Michigan. Population, 579. 
 
 Ogden, a post-village in Henry co., In- 
 diana, on the Indiana Central railroad, 42 
 miles E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Ogden, a small village of Cumberland co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Ogden, a small post-village of New Ma- 
 drid CO., Missouri, about 140 miles S. S. E. 
 from St. Louis. 
 
 Ogden City, a village of Weber co., Utah, 
 185 miles N. from Fillmore City. 
 
 Ogdensburg, a post-village and port of 
 entry of Oswegatchie township, St. Lawrence 
 county. New York, on the river St. Lawrence, 
 at the mouth of the Oswegatchie, and op- 
 posite Prescott, in Canada, about 200 miles 
 N. N. W. from Albany. The Northern rail- 
 road, of which this is the Western terminus, 
 extends to Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain, 
 and connects it with Boston and New York. 
 It is situated on a plain immediately N. of 
 the Oswegatchie river, is regularly laid out, 
 and handsomely built. The Presbyterians, 
 Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, and Ro- 
 man Catholics, have each one or more 
 churches in the place. It contains three 
 banks, an academy, several iron foundries, 
 with machine shops, and other manufac- 
 tories. Four weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The commerce of this port is 
 flourishing and extensive. Steamboats ply 
 regularly to the various ports on Lake On- 
 tario. The shipping of the district, June 
 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 1985|f tons enrolled and licensed, all of 
 which are propelled by steam, and employed 
 in the coast trade. The foreign arrivals for 
 the year were 830, (tons, 347,698,) of which 
 295 (tons, 213,343) were by American vessels. 
 The clearances for foreign ports were 798. 
 (tons, 341,188,) of which 212,654 were in 
 American bottoms. The river afi'ords abun- 
 dant water-power. Population in 1853, 
 about 6500. 
 
 Ogdensburg, a small village of Sussex 
 CO., New Jersey, about 22 miles N. N. W. 
 from Morristown. 
 
 Ogeechee river, of Georgia, rises in Talia- 
 ferro, or Greene county, flows south-east- 
 ward, and enters the Atlantic through Ossa- 
 baw sound, about 20 miles S. from Savan- 
 nah. The whole length is estimated at 250 
 miles. It is navigable by sloops for 30 or 
 40 miles. 
 
 Ogeechee, a post-office of Scriven co., Ga. 
 Ogemaw, a new county in the E. N. E. part 
 of Michigan, contains 576 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Rifle river. The county 
 is not named in the census of 1850, and has 
 few, if any, civilized inhabitants. 
 
 Ogle, a county in the N. part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 760 square miles. It is inter- 
 
OGE 
 
 OGL 
 
 sected by Rock river, dividing it into nearly 
 equal parts ; and is also drained by Leaf 
 river, and Elkhorn and Pine creeks. The 
 surface is undulating, and the soil very fer- 
 tile. The county contains extensive rolling 
 prairies, with a fair proportion of timber. 
 Indian corn, v^heat, oats, and hay are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 480,758 bushels of Indian corn; 289,323 of 
 ■wheat; 198,833 of oats; 13,019 tons of hay, 
 and 199,368 pounds of butter. It contained 
 6 churches, 1 newspaper office, 2065 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 70 attending 
 other schools. It is intersected by the Ga- 
 lena brfinch of the Central railroad, (not yet 
 finished.) Named in honor of some member 
 of the Ogle family which was distinguished 
 among the early settlers of Illinois. Capital, 
 Oregon City. Population, 10,020. 
 
 Ogle, a post-office of Butler co., Pa. 
 
 Ogle, a post-village of Ogle co., Illinois, 
 about 178 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Oglethorpe, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 480 square miles. 
 The Broad river forms part of the northern 
 boundary ; the Oconee washes its south- 
 western border, and it is drained by the S. 
 fork of Broad river, and by Beaverdam, 
 Cloud's, Millstone, and Long creeks. The 
 surface is hilly ; the soil in some parts is 
 fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 12,249 bales of cotton; 
 445,575 bushels of corn; 99,771 of oats, and 
 76,407 of sweet potatoes. There were 6 saw 
 mills, 1 flour mill, and 2 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 23 churches, 350 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 212 attending other 
 schools. Iron, jasper, agate, and abundance 
 of fine granite are found. On the farm of 
 Governor Gilmer there is an immense mass 
 of granite, so nicely balanced on another 
 rock of the same kind, that a child can move 
 it. Gold has been found on Long creek. 
 ( While's Staiisiics.) The creeks above named 
 furnish immense water-power. It is inter- 
 sected by the Athens branch of the Georgia 
 railroad. Organized in 1793, and named in 
 honor of General James Oglethorpe, who 
 founded the colony of Georgia in 1733. Ca- 
 pital, Lexington. Population, 12,259, of 
 whom 4385 were free, and 7874, slaves. 
 
 Oglethorpe, a flourishing city of Macon 
 county, Georgia, on the Flint river, at the 
 terminus of the South-western railroad, 50 
 miles S. W. from Macon. The railroad con- 
 nects at Macon with two of the principal 
 railways of Georgia, and it is proposed to 
 extend it southward to Fort Gaines. Ogle- 
 thorpe was commenced in 1850, and its 
 growth has been very rapid. It is a place 
 of active trade, and an important depot for 
 cotton. Population in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Ogunquit, a post-office of York co., Maine. 
 
 Ohio, one of the most important rivers in 
 the United States, is formed by the con- 
 
 fluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
 at Pittsburg, in the western part of Penn- 
 sylvania, and flowing in a south-westerly 
 direction, dividing Ohio, Indiana, and Illi- 
 nois on the right from Virginia and Ken- 
 tucky on the left, enters the Mississippi 1216 
 miles from its mouth. Lat. 37° N., Ion. 89° 
 10' W. The French called this stream La 
 Belle liiviire, "the beautiful river;" which, 
 signification corresponds, it is said, to that 
 of the Indian appellation " Ohio." The en- 
 tire length of the Ohio is upwards of 95Gk 
 miles, and of the valley, not following the 
 windings of the stream, about 614 miles. 
 Its jDrincipal tributaries are the Muskingum, 
 Great Kanawha, Big Sandy, Scioto, Miami, 
 Green, Kentucky, Wabash, Cumberland, and 
 Tennessee. Of these, the most important are 
 the three last, of which the Tennessee is the 
 largest. Immediately below the junction of 
 the Alleghany and Monongahela, the Ohio is 
 a placid and beautiful stream, 600 yards 
 wide, which may be considered as near its 
 medium breadth. At Pittsburg its elevation 
 above the level of the sea is 680 feet ; at the 
 entrance of the Muskingum, 541 feet ; at the 
 mouth of the Scioto, 464 feet ; opposite Cin- 
 cinnati, 414 feet ; and at its confluence with 
 the Mississippi, 324 feet ; making the ave- 
 rage descent less than 5 inches to the mile. 
 The current is very gentle, being about o 
 miles per hour ; at high water its velocity is 
 greater, but during the dry season a floating 
 substance would not move more than 2 miles 
 an hour. The only falls of much note are 
 those at Louisville, Kentucky. The obstruc- 
 tion to navigation here has been partially 
 overcome by a canal admitting the passage 
 of small steamboats. The descent is 22^ 
 feet in two miles, producing a very rapid 
 current, which, however, is sometimes as- 
 cended by steamboats at high water. The 
 Ohio contains as many as 100 considerable 
 islands, besides a great number of tow-heads, 
 or low, sandy islands, covered with willows, 
 and incapable of cultivation. The navigation 
 of the river is usually more or less obstructed 
 above Louisville during the dry season, by 
 the numerous sandbars either extending 
 across the stream or projecting into it. 
 Steamboats becoming grounded on these, 
 not unfrequently are obliged to remain until 
 relieved by the periodical rise of the waters. 
 Another obstacle is the floating ice, which 
 usually continues 5 or 6 weeks during the 
 winter season. Like other Western rivers, 
 the Ohio is subject to great elevations and 
 depressions. The average range between 
 high and low water is generally about 50 
 feet; but in a few instances, as in 1832, the 
 rise has been over 60 feet. When at its lowest 
 stage, it may be forded in several places be- 
 tween Cincinnati and Pittsburg. The navi- 
 gable waters of the Ohio and its tributary 
 streaihs are estimated at not less than 5000 
 miles ; and the extent of area drained, at 
 
 851 
 
OHI 
 
 OHl 
 
 200,000 square miles. Descending the river 
 from Pittsburg, the scenery is highly pic- 
 turesque and beautiful. The hills, two and 
 three hundred feet high, and covered with 
 the verdure of an almost unbroken forest, 
 approach the stream, and confine it on either 
 side. But these fine features imperceptibly 
 fade away, and long before reaching the 
 Mississippi, entirely disappear. 
 
 Ohio, one of the Western States, is bounded 
 on the N. by Michigan and Lake Erie, E. by 
 Pennsylvania and Virginia, S. by Virginia 
 and Kentucky, and W. by Indiana. The 
 Ohio river forms the entire boundary between 
 Kentucky and Virginia. It lies between 38° 
 32' and 42° N. lat., and between 80° 35' and 
 84° 40' W. Ion., being about 200 miles in its 
 greatest length from N. to S., and about 195 
 in extreme width, covering an area of about 
 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 acres, of 
 which 9,851,493 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — This state, now the third in 
 point of population and wealth of the mem- 
 bers of the American confederacy, had no 
 white settlements till five years after the 
 close of the American Revolution. In 1800 
 it numbered only 45,365 inhabitants; 230,760 
 in 1810; 581,434 in 1820; 937,903 in 1830; 
 1,519,467 in 1840, and 1,980,427 in 1850, of 
 whom 1,004,095 were white males; 951,013 
 white females, 12,715 colored males, 12,604 
 colored females — forming altogether 348,523 
 families, occupying 336,098 dwellings. Of 
 the residents of Ohio, 1,219,432 were born in 
 the state, 538,124 in other states of the con- 
 federacy, 25,660 in England, 51,562 in Ire- 
 land, 11,081 in Scotland and Wales, 5889 in 
 British America, 111,257 in Germany, 7375 
 in France, and 5697 in other countries, and 
 4393 whose places of birth were unknown, 
 making about 11 per cent, of foreign birth. 
 In the year ending June, 1850, 28,949 
 deaths occurred, or about 15 in every one 
 thousand persons. During the same period 
 2513 paupers received aid, of whom 609 were 
 foreigners, at an expense of about $38 for 
 each pauper. Of the entire population, 947 
 ■were deaf and dumb, of whom 8 were colored 
 persons; 665 blind, of whom 12 were colored 
 persons; 1 352 insane, of whom 17 were colored, 
 and 1399 idiotic, of whom 19 were colored 
 persons. 
 
 Counties. — There are in Ohio 88 counties, 
 viz. Adams, Allen, Ashland, Ashtabula, Athens, 
 Auglaize, Belmont, Brown, Butler, Carroll, 
 Champaign, Clark, Clermont, Clinton, Colum- 
 biana, Coshocton, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Darke, 
 Defiance, Delaware, Erie, Fairfield, Fayette, 
 Franklin, Fulton, Gallia, Geauga, Greene, 
 Guernsey, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Har- 
 rison, Henry, Highland, Hocking, Holmes, 
 Huron, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lake, Law- 
 rence, Licking, Logan, Lorain, Lucas, Madi- 
 son, Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Meigs, Mer- 
 cer, Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, 
 Morrow, Muskingum, Noble, ttawa, Paulding, 
 852 
 
 Perry, Pickaway, Pike, Portage, Preble, Put- 
 nam, Richland, Ross, Sandusky, Scioto, Se- 
 neca, Shelby, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Tus- 
 carawas, Union, Van Wert, Vinton, Warren, 
 Washington, Wayne, Williams, Wood, and 
 Wyandott. 
 
 Cities and Towns. -^Qihio surpasses all the 
 states of the Mississippi valley in the number 
 and populousness of its towns. Cincinnati, 
 called the Queen of the West, is, with the 
 exception of New Orleans, the largest town 
 W. of the Alleghany mountains ; and if we 
 include its suburbs in Kentucky, we proba- 
 bly need not make that exception. Its po- 
 pulation in 1850 was 115,436. A local cen- 
 sus in 1853 gave a population of 160,186. 
 The other most important towns are Cleve- 
 land, population, 17,304, (including Ohio City, 
 its suburb, 20,000,) more than 30,000 in 1853 ; 
 Columbus, population, 17, 883; Dayton, 10,977; 
 Zanesville, 7929; Chilicothe, 7100; Steuben- 
 ville, 6139; Springfield, 5108; Sandusky 
 City, 5087, and Portsmouth, 4011; Toledo, 
 I\Iount Vernon, Newark, Mansfield, Xenia, 
 Circleville, Piqua, Akron, Tiffin, Wooster, 
 iMarietta, Delaware, Lancaster, Youngstown, 
 Urbana, Gallipolis, and Lebanon, had each, 
 in 1850, populations varying from 2000 to 
 4000. 
 
 Face of the Country. — Though Ohio has no 
 mountains, the centre of the state is ele- 
 vated about 1000 feet above the level of 
 the sea, and there are other portions from 
 600 to 800 feet. A ridge of highlands, 
 north of the middle of the state, separates 
 the rivers flowing N. into Lake Erie from 
 those running S. into the Ohio river. The 
 tributaries of the Ohio have a much longer 
 course and much greater volume of water 
 than those flowing into Lake Erie. The Ohio 
 slope is interrupted by a second ridge, about 
 the middle of the state, south of which the 
 surface is diversified by hills and valleys. 
 The summits of the abrupt hills, several hun- 
 dred feet high, which border the Ohio, (and 
 the rivers of the Mississippi valley generally,) 
 are nearly on a level with the surrounding 
 country, through which the rivers have ex- 
 cavated their channels in the lapse of ages. 
 The middle portion of the state is generally 
 an elevated plain, with occasional marshes, 
 which become more frequent and extensive 
 farther north ; but it is remarkable that 
 these are on the high grounds, while the 
 banks of the rivers are comparatively firm 
 land. In the N. W. is an extensive tract of 
 great fertility, called the Black Swamp, much 
 of which is yet covered with forest. In the 
 centre and N. W. are some prairies, though 
 the state was originally well timbered. The 
 plains of Ohio, as well as those of other 
 Western States, are covered with large stones 
 (almost rocks) called boulders, which appear 
 to have been carried by the icebergs of an 
 early sea, and dropped at random as the ice 
 melted. The great coalfield of Pe nnsylvania, 
 
OHI 
 
 OHI 
 
 Virginia, and Kentucky entei'S the S. E. of 
 the state, and occupies an extensive district 
 E. of the Scioto river. 
 
 Geologrj. — The great bituminous coalfield 
 from Pennsylvania enters this state, occupy- 
 ing the eastern and S. E. portions of Ohio, 
 from the N. angle of Trumbull county to near 
 Portsmouth, on the Ohio river. The N. W. 
 boundary of this great coal deposite runs near 
 the villages of Wooster, Newark, and Lan- 
 caster, forming a slight curve. This is suc- 
 ceeded by a very narrow belt of the underly- 
 ing coal conglomerate, which forms a rim 
 round the coaibed. The great Chemung and 
 Portage groups (the former composed of thin 
 bedded sandstones or flagstones, with inter- 
 vening shales, and frequently beds of lime- 
 stone rendered impure by organic remains ; 
 and the latter of shale, and flagstones, 
 and towards the upper part some thick bed- 
 ded sandstone) enter the state from New 
 York and Pennsylvania, and fill up the whole 
 breadth between the coaibed (and the rim 
 of conglomerate spoken of above) and Lake 
 Erie to the mouth of the Huron river, where 
 they turn almost directly S. and strike the 
 Ohio river in the S. E. of Adams county. 
 This is followed by a very narrow belt of the 
 Hamilton group, (composed of dull olive or 
 bluish-gray calcareous shales, sometimes 
 changed by the atmosphere to an ashen, and 
 at others to a brown tint,) which passes 
 under Lake Erie from south of Bufi'alo, New 
 York, and reissues in Ohio, W. of Huron 
 river. All the state W. of this is occupied 
 by the Helderberg limestone group, (which 
 includes some grits and sandstones,) except 
 in the S. W., in Warren, Butler, Hamilton, 
 Clermont, and parts of Brown, Highland, 
 Clinton, Greene, Montgomery, and Preble 
 counties, which are covered with a bed of 
 Black-river, Bird's-eye, and Trenton lime- 
 stone, surrounded by a rim of the conglome- 
 rate coal formation. 
 
 ilinerals. — The variety of minerals in Ohio 
 is not great, but she possesses in great abun- 
 dance those most important ones, coal and 
 iron. There were sent to market in 1850-51, 
 6,489,299 tons of bituminous coal; but 
 this is very imperfect evidence of the abun- 
 dance of this mineral, in a state where wood 
 as a fuel is still so cheap. This valuable mine- 
 ral is found in 20 counties, and is at present 
 mostly mined in Meigs, Athens, and Summit 
 counties. The coal region commences at the 
 Ohio river, and extends in a belt between the 
 Scioto and Muskingum rivers, inclining a 
 little E. of N. to near Lake Erie. Professor 
 Mather computes the quantity embowelled 
 beneath the soil in Tuscarawas county alone, 
 at 80,000,000,000 bushels. The iron, which 
 is found running through Lawrence, Gallia, 
 Jackson, Meigs, Vinton, Athens, and Hocking 
 counties, in a bed 100 miles long by 12 wide, 
 is said to be superior to any other in the 
 United States for the finer castings. In 
 
 1850 there' were shipped by canal 16,179,227 
 pounds of iron from different points in the 
 state. The coal underlies the same region 
 as the iron, as well as in other localities. 
 Salt springs are frequent, and marble and 
 lime abound. 
 
 Rivers, Lakes, ^c. — As has been already 
 stated, the Ohio river coasts the entire 
 southern and S. E. border of the state, open- 
 ing to it, by its connection with the Mississippi 
 river, the commerce of the great Mississippi 
 valley. The Ohio comes abreast of the state 
 to which it gives its name about 50 miles 
 below Pittsburg, where the Alleghany and 
 Monongahela rivers pour together their 
 united tribute to form that beautiful and 
 majestic stream; to whose volume the State 
 of Ohio adds the waters of the Muskingum, 
 Scioto, and Miami, besides several smaller 
 streams. Each of these rivers has a course 
 of from 150 to 200 miles. The Ohio river is 
 navigable during half the year by steam- 
 boats of the first class, to its head, at Pitts- 
 burg, and at all seasons, with short excep- 
 tions, for boats of lighter draught. The 
 Muskingum river is navigable, by means of 
 dams and locks, to Zanesville, 80 miles from 
 its mouth, and at times of highwater, 30 miles 
 farther to Coshocton. The Scioto river is 
 navigable for boats 130 miles, and the great 
 Miami river, 75 miles. The three rivers 
 last mentioned enter the Ohio in the order 
 named, (descending from Pittsburg,) and 
 drain the centre and S. W. of the state. The 
 chief rivers of the northern slope, beginning 
 at the N. W., are the Maumee, the Sandusky, 
 Huron, and Cuyahoga, all emptying into Lake 
 Erie, and all (with the exception of the 
 Maumee river, which rises in Indiana) hav- 
 ing their entire course within the state. The 
 Maumee river is navigable 18 miles for lake 
 steamers, and still farther for small boats. 
 The other rivers have rapid courses, and are 
 chiefly valuable for mill sites. Lake Erie 
 coasts the state for about 150 miles on the N. 
 E. and N., affording several harbors. At the 
 W. end of the lake are Maumee and San- 
 dusky bays, the principal on the Ohio shore. 
 Sandusky bay extends about 20 miles inland. 
 There are several small islands in the W. end 
 of the lake, belonging to Ohio. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Though 
 not lacking in picturesque beauty, Ohio has no 
 striking natural phenomena within its limits, 
 and is rather interesting for its economical 
 resources than for its physical wonders. 
 The shores of the Ohio river have been much 
 admired by travellers for their gracefully 
 rounded and lofty hills, and the interior 
 streams have some pleasant cascades, which 
 will be noticed in describing their respective 
 localities. There are, however, some earth- 
 works in the neighborhood of Circleville, (to 
 which they give name,) which have claimed 
 the attention of antiquarians for half a cen- 
 tury or more. Works of a similar character, 
 
 853 
 
OHI 
 
 OKI 
 
 of greater or less extent, are scattered over 
 the state. Among the most remarkable is a 
 mound near Marietta, 30 feet high, enclosed 
 by an elliptical wall 230 by 215 feet; Fort 
 Ancient, in AVarren county, has nearly 4 miles 
 of embankment from 18 to 20 feet high ; 
 Clark's Works, in Eoss county, in form of a 
 parallelogram 2800 feet by 1800 feet, en- 
 closing several smaller woi-ks and mounds, 
 ■which altogether make 3,000,000 cubic feet 
 of embankment, &c.; and many others which 
 the nature of this work will not allow us to 
 describe. 
 
 Climate, Soil and Productions. — It is under 
 this heading that Ohio will exhibit the sources 
 to which she owes a rise, (unexampled in the 
 history of the world except in the United 
 States,) in a little more than half a century, 
 from a mere wilderness to rank among the first 
 of the states of the American confederacy, 
 and to equal some of the kingdoms of Europe 
 in wealth and populousness. Ohio is pos- 
 sessed of that happy medium of soil and cli- 
 mate, which, while not so luxui'ious as to 
 tempt to indolence and inertness, is yet suf- 
 ficient to call forth and richly reward energy 
 and industry. The climate in the S. part of the 
 state is mild, and snow seldom lies long enough 
 to make good sleighing, but in the N. the 
 temperature is as rigorous as in the same 
 latitude near the Atlantic. Ohio has some- 
 times sufi'ered from great droughts, but per- 
 haps not to a greater degree on the whole 
 than the neighboring states. 
 
 There is very little of this state that is not 
 available for agricultural purposes ; so that 
 it stands among the first in the products of 
 the soil ; the very first in wool and Indian 
 corn; only second in wheat, barley, cheese, 
 and live stock ; and third in oats, Irish pota- 
 toes, buckwheat, orchard products, butter, 
 hay, maple sugar, and grass-seeds. The 
 soil may be generally characterized as fer- 
 tile, and much of it highly so, especially on 
 the river bottoms. Besides the products 
 named, tobacco and oats are staple articles ; 
 barley, rye, peas, beans, buckwheat, fruits, 
 grass-seeds, hops, molasses, beeswax, and 
 honey are produced in large quantities, and 
 sweet potatoes, wine, hemp, and silk to some 
 extent. In 1850 there were in Ohio 143,887 
 farms, comprising 9,851,493 acres of culti- 
 vated land, producing 14,487,351 bushels of 
 wheat; 59,078,095 of Indian corn; 13,472,743 
 of oats; 6,057,769 of Irish potatoes; 638,064 
 of buckwheat; 10,454,449 pounds of tobacco ; 
 10,196,371 of wool; 446,932 of flax; 4,588,209 
 of maple sugar; 804,275 of beeswax and 
 honey; 84,449,379 of butter; 20,819,542 of 
 cheese, and 1,443,142 tons of hay. Value of 
 live stock, $44,121,741 ; orchard products, 
 $695,921; market products, $214,004; 
 slaughtered animals, $7,439,243. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The forest trees of Ohio are 
 several varieties of oak, hickory, sugar afid 
 other maples, beech, poplar, ash, sycamore, 
 854 
 
 pawpaw, buckeye, (which gives its soubri- 
 quet to the state,) dogwood, cherry, elm, 
 hornbeam, and some cypress, though ever- 
 greens generally do not flourish in the state. 
 Ginseng, (latterly an article of export to 
 China, as a substitute for opium,) valerian, 
 columbo, snake, and blood roots are medicinal 
 plants indigenous to the state. 
 
 Manufactures. — Ohio has now attained 
 that degree of advancement that enables a 
 state to cultivate other than its agricultural 
 resources. Though her manufactures are 
 necessarily in their infancy, yet in 1850 
 there were 10,550 establishments in the 
 state, producing each $500 and upwards an- 
 nually ; 8 of these were engaged in the ma- 
 nufacture of cotton, employing a capital of 
 $297,000, and 2191 male and 2534 female 
 hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $237,060, and producing 280,000 yards of 
 stuff, and 433,000 pounds of yarn, valued at 
 $394,700 ; 130 in the manufacture of wool, 
 employing a capital of $870,220, and 903 
 male, and 298 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $578,423, and producing 
 1,374,087 yards of stuffs, and 65,000 pounds 
 of yarn, valued at $1,111,027 ; 229 in the 
 manufacture of iron, employing a capital of 
 $4,187,450, and 5881 male hands, consuming 
 raw material worth $2,434,320, and pro- 
 ducing 104,473 tons of wrought, cast, and 
 pig iron valued at $5,401,392. There was 
 at the same time $1,262,974 invested in the 
 manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, 
 consuming 330,950 bushels of barley; 
 3,588,140 of Indian corn; 281,750 of rye; 
 19,510 of oats, and 178 tons of hops, em- 
 ploying 1033 hands, and producing 96,943 
 bai'rels of ale, &c., and 11,865,150 gallons 
 of whiskey, wines, &c. ; there were 706 tan- 
 neries, employing $1,340,380 capital, con- 
 suming raw material worth $1,118,080, and 
 producing manufactured leather valued at 
 $1,964,591. Homemade manufactures valued 
 at $1,712,196 were produced in 1850. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — In respect to open- 
 ing ways of internal communication, Ohio 
 has shown a spirit of enterprise worthy her 
 New England origin. In January, 1853, 
 there were in the state 1385 miles of rail- 
 way completed, and 1755 in course of con- 
 struction, being the greatest amount of any 
 state in the Union, except New York. A 
 complete line of canal connects the Ohio 
 river at Portsmouth with Cleveland, on Lake 
 Erie, following the Scioto river nearly to Co- 
 lumbus, then crossing to the Muskingum, 
 which it coasts (including the Tuscarawas, 
 one of its sources) for perhaps 50 miles, 
 when it crosses to the Cuyahoga, which it 
 follows to Cleveland ; thus opening an inland 
 water communication between the commercial 
 metropolis of the Union and the principal 
 city of Ohio. About 100 miles of the canal 
 connecting Toledo with Tei're Haute, in In- 
 diana, runs near the Maumee in the N. W. 
 
OHI 
 
 OHI 
 
 of this state. Another canal connects Cin- 
 cinnati, through Dayton with the Wabash and 
 Erie canal. Altogether there are 596 miles 
 of canal in this youthful state. Continuous 
 lines of railway connect Cincinnati, viti 
 Cleveland, Erie, and Dunkirk, with New York 
 city, and with Philadelphia via the Crestline 
 and Pittsburg railway; and perhaps ere these 
 sheets leave the press Cincinnati will be di- 
 rectly connected with Pittsburg and with 
 Baltimore via Wheeling; and in a short time 
 via Parkersburg, still lower on the Ohio. 
 Cleveland also communicates entirely by 
 railway with Chicago, through Toledo, S. 
 Michigan, and N. Indiana. Cincinnati is in- 
 directly united to Terre Haute, on the wes- 
 tern border of Indiana, by lines of railway, 
 intersecting with each other. So rapid is the 
 course of improvement in this state, that any 
 table of its railways one year would be ante- 
 dated by that of the next. Besides the rail- 
 ways mentioned, one crosses the state from 
 Cincinnati to Sandusky city, and various 
 inter-connecting lines unite the more im- 
 portant towns of the state. For full particu- 
 lars, see Table of Railways and Canals, Ap- 
 pendix. In 1850 there were shipped by the 
 Ohio canals 34,563,156 pounds of merchan- 
 dise. 
 
 Commerce. — The lake and river trade of 
 Ohio is immense. According to Mr. Andrew's 
 estimates, Ohio exported of domestic pro- 
 duce in 1851, wheat and flour equivalent to 
 3,000,000 barrels; corn, 5,000,000 bushels; 
 small grains, 300,000; wool, 7,000,000pounds; 
 pork, 300,000 barrels ; lard and lard oil, 
 130,000 barrels; beef, 60,000 barrels; 
 10,000,000 pounds of cheese, 8,000,000 of 
 butter, 1,500,000 of candles, 300,000 of soap; 
 whiskey, 300,000 barrels ; to which if we add 
 smaller articles and manufactures, we make 
 a total amount of about $40,000,000. The 
 aggregate trade of all the ports of Ohio he 
 computes at $120,000,000. This is probably 
 much too low for 1853, as the trade of the 
 Sandusky district alone for 1853 has been 
 given at $65,099,487, an amount nearly treble 
 that of 1851. The foreign exports of 1852 
 amounted to $353,514 ; imports to $914,826 ; 
 tonnage entered, 37,703 ; cleared, 26,066 ; 
 owned, 60,838^| ; and 77 vessels (52 of which 
 were steamers) with an aggregate tonnage 
 of 18,329||. For details see Cincinnati, 
 Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, &c. 
 
 Education. — A very active and healthy 
 feeling pervaded Ohio till recently on the 
 great question of public education ; but sec- 
 tarian jealousies have crept in, which, it is 
 feared, may at least for a time retard the 
 advancement of this cause, so necessary to 
 the preservation of our republican institu- 
 tions. Ohio has a school fund of $1,754,322, 
 made up of certain trust funds, the interest 
 of the sale of the salt-land, the balance of 
 the surplus revenue fund, the interest of the 
 same paid to counties, taxes on pedlers' and 
 
 auction licenses, taxes on lawyers, physicians, 
 banks, &c. The annual amount distributed 
 by the state is about $300,000. The number 
 of common schools in January, 1853, was 
 9916, attended by 437,412 children only, out 
 of the 838,669 in the state. Volumes belong- 
 ing to the school libraries in 1850, only 1595 ; 
 paid to teachers in 1853, $771,145. There 
 were 11 colleges in the state in 1852, with an 
 aggregate of 677 students, and 09,450 volumes 
 in their libraries ; 7 theological schools, with 
 104, 1 law school with 25, and 4 medical 
 schools with 518 students. — See Table of Col- 
 leges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 3890 
 places of worship in Ohio in 1850, the regular 
 Baptists owned 384 ; Free-will Baptists, 22 ; 
 Disciples, (Baptists,) 130; Church of God, 
 (Baptists,) 9; the Methodists, 1520 ; Presby- 
 terians, 659 ; Lutherans, 259 ; Moravians, 
 158 ; Roman Catholics, 130 ; Congregation- 
 alists, 100; Friends, 94; Christians, 90; 
 Episcopalians, 79 ; German Reformed, 71 ; 
 Universalists, 53, and Unionists, 48. The 
 other churches were divided among the Afri- 
 can, Associate, Bethel, Bible Christians, 
 Comeouters, Dutch Reformed, Evangelical, 
 Evangelists, Emanuel, Free, German United 
 Protestant, German Evangelist, German Pro- 
 testant, Independent, "Israel George, of 
 Brotherly Love," Jewish, Mennonite, Mor- 
 mon, Meinese, Mission, New Light, Reformed 
 Protestant, River Brethren, Second Advent, 
 Shakers, Swedenborgian, "Separatists of 
 Zoar," Tunker, Unitarian, and Zion sects — 
 giving 1 church to every 509 inhabitants. 
 Value of ch\ii-ch property, $5,765,149. 
 
 Public Institutions. — Ohio has a state lu- 
 natic asylum, at Columbus, which had 318 
 inmates, (170 males, and 148 females,) in 
 November, 1850 — discharged during thie 
 year, 300, of whom 163 were cured, and 46 
 improved — actual expenses of the year, 
 $31,721.82; a deaf and dumb asylum, at 
 Columbus, which has received 499 pupils in 
 the 22 years of its existence ; an institution 
 for the blind, also at Columbus, which had 
 69 pupils in 1851, educated at an expense of 
 $11,202; and a penitentiary, also at the 
 state capital, which had 469 inmates, No- 
 vember 30, 1851 — the receipts exceeded 
 the expenditures by $3856.54. There is a 
 library of 8000 volumes for the use of the 
 convicts. In 1850 there were 48 public libra- 
 ries in the state, with an aggregate of 
 104,634 volumes. 
 
 Government, Finances, Banks, ^c. — The go- 
 vernor and lieutenant-governor of Ohio are 
 elected by the people for two years, the for- 
 mer receiving $1800 per annum, and the 
 latter, who is ex officio president of the senate, 
 $5 per diem during the session of the legis- 
 lature. The senate consists of 35, and the 
 house of representatives of 100 members, 
 elected for two years by the people. A 
 board of public works, consisting of three 
 
 855 
 
OHI 
 
 OHI 
 
 members, is elected for three years, in such 
 a manner tliat one new member comes in 
 annually. The state cannot contract any 
 debt for internal improvement, nor even for 
 deficits in the revenue, or any other pur- 
 poses, beyond $750,000 ; except to repel in- 
 vasion, or to redeem the present outstanding 
 debt. The secretary of state is also super- 
 intendent of public schools. The judiciary 
 consists — 1. Of a supreme court, composed 
 of 5 judges, elected by the people for 5 years, 
 one judge being elected each year. The 
 judges receive $1700 per annum. 2. Of 
 courts of common pleas, divided into nine dis- 
 tricts, each of which is subdivided into three, 
 presided over by one judge, elected by the 
 inhabitants of his particular division for 5 
 years. 3. Of district courts, composed of 
 the judges of the court of common pleas of 
 the respective districts, and of the judges of 
 the supreme court ; any three of whom may 
 hold a court in each county at least once a 
 year. 4. Of a probate court in each county, 
 held by one judge, chosen by the people for 
 three years. Every white male citizen of the 
 United States, 21 years of age, resident in 
 the state one year next preceding an elec- 
 tion, and in the county town or ward in 
 which he lives such time as the law may 
 prescribe, may be a voter. The assessed 
 value of property in the state in 1850, 
 was $433,872,632, and estimated value, 
 $504,726,120, or $255 to each person. The 
 public debt in 1852 was $17,339,216.88; the 
 school fund, $1,754,322; productive pro- 
 perty, $18,000,000 ; ordinary expenses, ex- 
 clusive of debt and schools, $200,000, and in- 
 come of state canals for 1851, $856,929.56. 
 There were also, in January, 1852, 61 bank- 
 ing establishments, with an aggregate capital 
 of $7,866,376; a circulation of $11,635,000, 
 and $2,800,000 in coin. Ohio sends 21 mem- 
 bers to the national house of representatives, 
 and casts 23 electoral votes for president. 
 
 History. — Ohio fully bears out the adage, 
 that prosperous communities have but few 
 materials of history. The settlement of this 
 state commencing subsequently to the Revo- 
 lution, she had little to do but to subdue the 
 forest, and develop her resources. In 1788, 
 five years after the close of the Revolution, 
 a company of New-Englanders made the first 
 white settlement in Ohio, at Marietta, April 
 7th, 1788. A territorial government had 
 been established in 1781 over this region, 
 called the territory north-west of the Ohio 
 river ; from which, in 1802, the present sove- 
 reign State of Ohio was separated. The in- 
 habitants were much annoyed by incursions 
 of the Indians, who had successively defeat- 
 ed General Harmar and General St. Clair, 
 (the latter with great slaughter of his troops, 
 leaving scarcely one-fourth,) in 1791 and 
 1792, but were themselves in turn utterly 
 routed by General Wayne, in August, 1794. 
 Fort Sandusky in this state, in the war of 
 
 1812, was successfully defended by Major 
 Croghan, a youth of 21 years, with 160 
 men, against an attack of General Proctor 
 at the head of 500 regulars and as many 
 Indians. 
 
 Ohio, a county in the N. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on Pennsylvania, and on the 
 Ohio river, contains about 140 square miles. 
 The Ohio river separates it from the State of 
 Ohio, and it is drained by Wheeling creek. 
 The surface is hilly; the soil fertile, well 
 watered, and adapted to pasturage. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and wool are 
 the staples. The hills contain rich mines 
 of bituminous coal, which is extensively 
 used in manufactories. In 1850 the county 
 produced 214,020 bushels of corn ; 57,709 
 of wheat; 76,767 of oats ; 4111 tons of hay; 
 104,722 pounds of butter, and 98,590 of wool. 
 There were 2 cotton factories, 8 nail facto- 
 ries, 5 glass factories, 1 woollen factory, 2 
 wire manufactories, 4 iron foundries, 3 iron 
 forges, 17 coUeries, 9 flour, 3 paper, and 2 
 planing mills. It contained 15 churches, 
 3529 pupils attending public schools, and 
 400 attending academies or other schools. 
 Capital, W^heeling. Population, 18,006 ; of 
 whom 17,842 were free, and 164, slaves. 
 
 Ohio, a county in the W. central part of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 625 
 square miles. The Green river bounds it on 
 the S. and W., and Rough creek flows through 
 it. The surface is undulating, and partly 
 covered with dense forests. The soil is mo- 
 derately fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, oats, 
 and potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 521,128 bushels of corn ; 
 10,607 of wheat; 18,780 of oats, and 
 1,543,692 pounds of tobacco. It contained 
 23 churches, and 899 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. Iron ore and stone coal are 
 abundant. Green river is navigable by 
 steamboats along the border. Organized 
 in 1798. Capital, Hartford. Population, 
 9749; of whom 8617 were free, and 1132, 
 slaves. 
 
 Ohio, a county in the S. E. part of Indi- 
 ana, bordering on the Ohio river, is the 
 smallest in the state, containing about 90 
 square miles. It is drained by Laughery 
 creek. The surface is diversified by hills of 
 considerable height, but mostly capable of 
 cultivation, and the soil is good both on the 
 hills and bottoms. The chief articles of ex- 
 port are flour, hay, pork, cattle, and horses. 
 In 1850 this county produced 269,085 bushels 
 of corn; 45,479 of wheat; 9718 of oats, and 
 2023 tons of hay. It contained 15 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices ; 2022 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 100 attending academies 
 or other schools. The blue limestone is 
 abundant. Organized in 1844. Capital, Ris- 
 ing Sun. Population, 5308. 
 
 Ohio, a post-township of Herkimer co.. 
 New York, 18 miles N. E. from Utica. Po- 
 pulation, 1051. 
 
OHI 
 
 OLD 
 
 Ohio, a township of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Ohio river, 10 miles below 
 Pittsburg. Population, 2329. 
 
 Ohio, a township on the W. border of 
 Beaver co., Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river. 
 Population, 1660. 
 
 Ohio, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Clermont co., Ohio. Population, 4479. 
 
 Ohio, a township forming the S. E. extre- 
 mity of Gallia co., Ohio. Population, 504. 
 
 Ohio, a township in the S. E. part of ^Ion- 
 roe CO., Ohio. Population, 1444. 
 
 Ohio, a township in Bartholomew co., In- 
 diana. Population, 292. 
 
 Ohio, a township in Warwick county, In- 
 diana. Population, 924. 
 
 Ohio City, a post-village of Cuyahoga co., 
 Ohio, on Lake Erie, separated by the Cuya- 
 hoga river from Cleveland, which see. 
 
 Ohio City, a thriving post-village of Mis- 
 sissippi CO., Missouri, on the Mississippi 
 river opposite the mouth of the Ohio, about 
 170 miles below St. Louis. 
 
 Ohio Farm, a post-village of Kendall co., 
 Illinois, 50 miles S. ^Y. from Chicago. 
 
 Ohio Grove, a post- village in De Kalb co., 
 Illinois, 55 miles W. by N. from Chicago. 
 
 Ohiopyle Falls, on the Youghiogheny 
 river, in Fayette co., Pennsylvania. These 
 falls form the limit of navigation, and are 
 about 60 miles from the mouth of the river. 
 
 Ohioville, a small post-village of Beaver 
 CO., Pa., about 11 miles W. S. W. from Beaver. 
 
 Ohl's Town, a post-office of Trumbull co., 0. 
 
 Ohoopee, a river of Georgia, which rises 
 in Washington county, and flowing S. E., 
 enters the Altamaha about 15 miles S. from 
 Reidsville. The Little Ohoopee falls into it 
 in Emanuel county. 
 
 Oil Creek rises in the N .W. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, and enters the Alleghany river in 
 Venango county. A substance called Seneca 
 oil is collected in considerable quantities on 
 the surface of this creek. 
 
 Oil Creek, of Perry co., Indiana, flows 
 into the Ohio, 10 miles above Rome. 
 
 Oil Creek, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Crawford CO., Pa. Pop., 811. 
 
 Oil Mills, a post-office of Clark co., Ky. 
 
 Oil Mill Village, a post-office of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Oil Trough, a small post-village of Inde- 
 pendence CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Okau, or Okaw, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., 111., 14 miles W. N. W. of Nashville. 
 
 Okauchee, a post- village of Waukesha co., 
 Wisconsin, on the outlet of Okauchee lake. 
 
 Okeechee Creek, of Alabama, flows east- 
 (vard through Sumter co. into the Tombigbee. 
 
 Okefonokee Swamp. See Georgia, p. 421. 
 
 Okewalkee Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Oconee from the right in Montgomery county. 
 
 Okolona, a post-village of Chickasaw co., 
 Mississippi, about 170 miles N. N. E. from 
 Jackson, is on the route of the Mobile and 
 Ohio railroad. It contains a newspaper office. 
 
 Oktibbeha, a small river of Mississippi, 
 enters the Chickasawha from the N. in 
 'Clarke county. 
 
 Oktibbeha, a river in the N. E. part of 
 Mississippi, rises in Pontotoc co., and flow- 
 ing south-easterly, enters the Tombigbee in 
 Lowndes co., a few miles above Columbus. 
 
 Oktibbeha, a county in the E. part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about 620 square 
 miles. It is watered by the Noxubee river, 
 and the Oktibbeha, from which it derives its 
 name, flows along its N. E. border. The soil 
 is productive. Cotton and Indian corn are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 389,796 bushels of corn; 24,124 of oats; 
 66,490 of sweet potatoes, and 5479 bales 
 of cotton. It contained 19 churches, and 
 511 pupils attending public schools. Capi- 
 tal, Starksville. Population, 9171, of whom 
 4327 were free, and 4844, slaves. 
 
 Olamon, a post-office of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, on the left bank of the Penobscot 
 river, 90 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 
 Olcott, a post-village in Newfane town- 
 ship, Niagara co., New York, on Lake On- 
 tario, at the mouth of Eighteen Mile creek, 
 about 14 miles N. from Lockport. It has a 
 harbor and several warehouses. 
 
 Old Alexandria, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Old Bridge, a little village of Bergen co.. 
 New Jersey, on the Hackensack river. 
 
 Old Bridge, a small post-village of Middle- 
 sex CO., New Jersey, on South river, 6 miles 
 S. E. from New Brunswick. 
 
 Old Church, a post-office of Hanover co., 
 Virginia, 15 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Old Court House, a post-office of Bryan 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Oldenburg, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Indiana, 12 miles S. W. from Brookville. 
 
 Old Farm, a post-office of Lawrence co.. 111. 
 
 Oldfield Fork of Elk, a post-office of 
 Pocahontas co., Virginia. 
 
 Oldfield Point Lighthouse, Long Island, 
 opposite Stratford, Connecticut, shows a 
 fixed light 67 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lat. 40° 58' 30" N., Ion. 73° 7' 30" W. 
 
 Old Forge, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pa. 
 
 Old Fort, a small post-village of Centre 
 CO., Pa., 77 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Old Fort, a post- village of McDowell co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Old Franklin, a post-office of Howard 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Old Furnace, a post-office of Gaston co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Oldham, a county in the N. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Indiana, has an area 
 estimated at 220 square miles. The Ohio 
 river forms its N. W. boundary. The surface 
 near the river is hilly; the remainder mostly 
 undulating. The soil is based on limestone, 
 and produces good crops of wheat, Indian 
 corn, hemp, and tobacco. Cattle and hoga 
 are also, exported. In 1850 this county pro 
 
 857 
 
OLD 
 
 OLI 
 
 duced 510,960 bushels of corn; 45,067 of 
 wheat, and 36,620 pounds of tobacco. It 
 contained 18 churches, 380 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 25 attending an academy. 
 The county is intersected by the Louisville 
 and Frankfort railroad. Formed in 1823, 
 and named in honor of Colonel William Old- 
 ham, who was killed at St. Clair's defeat by 
 the Indians. Capital, La Grange. Pop., 7629, 
 of whom 5205 were free, and 2424, slaves. 
 
 Oldham's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Westmoreland co., Virginia. 
 
 Old Hickory, a small post" village of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Old Hickory, a post-office of Botetourt 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Old Hickory, a post-office of Simpson co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Old Hickory, a post-office of Weakly co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Old Hickory, a post-office of Wayne co., 0. 
 
 Old Jefferson, a village in Saline co.. Mo., 
 75 miles N. W. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Oldman's, a village of Suffolk co.. New 
 York, on the harbor of its own name. 
 
 Oldman's Creek, of New Jersey, forms 
 the greater part of the boundary between 
 Gloucester and Salem counties. 
 
 Oldman's Creek, Iowa, flows into Iowa river, 
 in Johnson CO., about 12 miles below the capital. 
 
 Old Mines, a post-village in Washington 
 CO., Missouri, about 100 miles S. E. by E. 
 from Jefferson City. 
 
 Old Mission, a post-office of Winneshiek 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Old Point Comfort, a post-village and 
 watering place of Elizabeth City county, Vir- 
 ginia, 12 miles N. from Norfolk, situated at 
 the entrance of Hampton roads, on the James 
 river. The entrance is defended by Fort Mon- 
 roe. The beach in the vicinity affords excel- 
 lent bathing ground. Here is a fixed light, 50 
 feet above the sea. Lat. 37°N., lon.76° 22^ W. 
 
 Old Ripley, a post-office of Bond co., 111. 
 
 Old River, a township in Arkansas co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 514. 
 
 Old River, a township in Chicot co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 867. 
 
 Old Saybrook, a township of Middlesex co.. 
 Conn. Incorporated in 1852. See Saybrook. 
 
 Old Town, a thriving post- village of Penob- 
 scot county, Maine, on the right bank of the 
 Penobscot river, at the northern terminus of 
 the Bangor and Piscataquis railroad, 70 miles 
 N. E. from Augusta. The village contains a 
 bank, and is the seat of an extensive lumber 
 trade. Population of the township, 3087. 
 
 Old Town Island, in Penobscot river, about 
 a mile N. of the village of Old Town, Penob- 
 scot county, Maine. On it is an Indian set- 
 tlement, containing a number of frame houses 
 and a Catholic chapel. 
 
 Old Town, a post-village of Alleghany co., 
 Maryland, on the left bank of the Potomac 
 river, 14 miles S. E. from Cumberland. 
 
 Old Town, apost-village in Forsyth co.,N.C. 
 858 
 
 Old Town, a small post-village of Claiborne 
 CO., Tennessee, 40 miles in a direct line N. 
 from Knoxville. 
 
 Old Town, a post-office of Greenup co., Ky. 
 
 Old Town Creek, of Mississippi, enters 
 Tombigbee river from the N. W. near Cotton 
 Gin Port, in Monroe county. 
 
 Old Town Creek, a post-office of Pontotoc 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Old Washington, a small post-village, 
 capital of Washington co., Alabama. The 
 county seat was located here recently. 
 
 Olean, a post-village of Olean township, 
 Cattaraugus co.. New York, on the Alleghany 
 river, at the southern terminus of the Ge- 
 nesee canal, and on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 404 miles from New York city. An 
 extensive trade is carried on at this place 
 with the surrounding country. Great quan- 
 tities of lumber are sent annually, both over 
 the New York and Erie railroad, and down 
 the Alleghany to the Ohio river. Two un- 
 finished railroads terminate at Olean, viz. the 
 Corning and Olean, and the Alleghany Valley 
 railroads. The earliest settlement made in 
 this region was at Olean. Pop. of the town- 
 ship, 899, nearly all of which is in the village. 
 
 Olean, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 Oleander, a small post-village of Marshall 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Olena, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio. 
 
 Olena, a small post-village of Henderson 
 CO., Illinois, 120 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Olentangy, or Whetstone River, of Ohio, 
 rises in the N. central part of the state, and 
 flowing southward, enters the Scioto river at 
 Columbus. 
 
 Oleona, a Norwegian colony, recently 
 founded by Ole Bull, the celebrated violinist. 
 It is situated in the S. E. corner of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, and comprises a tract of about 
 14 miles from north to south, and 12 from east 
 to west, or 120,000 acres. Oleona and New 
 Bergen are small villages belonging to the 
 settlement on Kettle creek, an affluent of the 
 West branch of Susquehanna river. 
 
 Oley, a post-township of Berks co.. Pa., 
 10 miles E. from Reading. Pop., 1799. 
 
 Olinda, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. 
 
 Olio, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ind. 
 
 Olio, a post-office of Stoddard co.. Mo. 
 
 Olive, a post-township of Ulster co.. New 
 York, 12 miles W. from Kingston. Pop., 2710. 
 
 Olive, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Meigs CO., Ohio. Population, 924. 
 
 Olive, a post-township in Morgan co., 
 Ohio. Population, 2013. 
 
 Olive, a small village of Noble co., Ohio, 
 about six miles S. from Sarahsville. 
 
 Olive, a township in Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 Population, 337. 
 
 Olive, a post-office of Marion co., Indiana. 
 
 Olive Branch, a post-office of De Soto co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Olive Branch, a post-office of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
OLI 
 
 ONE 
 
 Olive Beanch, a post-office of Holt co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Olive Bridge, a post-office of Ulster co.N.Y. 
 
 OliveGkove, a post-office of Decatur CO., Ga. 
 
 Olive Hill, a post-office of Person co., N.C. 
 
 Olive Hill, a post-office of Carter co., Ky. 
 
 Oliveu, a township of Mifflin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Juniata river. The Central 
 railroad passes through it. Pop., 1668. 
 
 Oliver, a township of Perry co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, intersected by the Juniata river and 
 Central railroad. Population, 870. 
 
 Oliverian River, a small stream of Graf- 
 ton CO., near the centre of New Hampshire, 
 falls into the Connecticut river. 
 
 Oliver's, apost-office of Anderson co.Tenn. 
 
 Oliver's Prairie, a small post-village of 
 Newton co., Missouri, 12 miles E. by N. from 
 Neosho. 
 
 Olivesburg, a small post-village of Rich- 
 land CO., 0., 76 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Olivet, a post-office of Armstrong co.. Pa. 
 
 Olivet, a post-office of Russell co., Ala. 
 
 Olivet, a post-office of Eaton co., Mich. 
 
 Olmsteau, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Cuyahoga co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati rail- 
 road. Population, 1216. 
 
 Olney, a post-village of Philadelphia co., 
 Pa., about 7 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Olney, a post-office of Montgomery co., Md. 
 
 Olney, a post-office of Pickens co., Ala. 
 
 Olney, a neat post-village, capital of PJch- 
 land CO., Hlinois, on the railroad from St. 
 Louis to Vincennes, 130 miles S. E. of Spring- 
 field. It was settled about 1845, by people 
 from the Eastern states. Pop., about 400. 
 
 Olneyville, a post-office of Providence 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 Olustee, a post-office of Columbia co., Fla. 
 
 Olustee Creek, a post-office of Pike co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Olympia, a thriving town, seat of justice 
 of Thurston county, and capital of Washing- 
 ton Territory, is situated on the E. side of 
 Tenalquets, or Shute's river, at its entrance 
 into the head of Budd's inlet, at the S. ex- 
 tremity of Puget sound. The surrounding 
 country is regarded as one of the best parts 
 of the whole territory. The town is rapidly 
 rising in importance, and is probably des- 
 tined, at no distant period, to be the com- 
 mercial centre of an extensive region. Olym- 
 pia is a port of entry. 
 
 Olympian Springs, a post-office of Bath 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Olympus, a post-office of Overton co., Tenn. 
 
 Omar, a post-village of Jefferson co.. New 
 York, about 160 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 It has several churches and mills. 
 
 Omeena, a new and unorganized county in 
 the N. W. part of Michigan. Area estimated 
 at 500 square miles. Its northern border is 
 washed by Grand Traverse bay of Lake Michi- 
 gan. The census of 1850 furnishes no re- 
 turns for this county. 
 
 OaiEGA, a post-office of Pike co., Ohio. 
 
 Ompompanoosuck River, a fine mill stream 
 of Orange co., in the E. part of Vermont, falls 
 into the Connecticut river in Windsor co. 
 
 Omri, or Ojiro, a post-village of Winne- 
 bago county, Wisconsin, on the Neenah or 
 Fox river, 11 miles W. from Oshkosh. Pine 
 lumber is manufactured here in large quan- 
 tities. Omri has 5 stores and 3 mills. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Onalaska, a small village of La Crosse co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Onancock, a post-village in Accomac co., 
 Virginia, 100 miles E. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 O'Neal's Mills, a post-village of Troup 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Oneciio, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Tennessee, 30 miles N. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Oneco, a post-township in the N, part of 
 Stephenson co., Illinois. Population, 882. 
 
 Oneco, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 222 miles N. from Springfield. 
 
 One Horse Town, a small mining settle- 
 ment of Shasta co., California. 
 
 Oneida, a lake in the N. central part of New 
 York. Its length is about 20 miles ; great- 
 est breadth, 6 or 7 miles. The outlet of this 
 lake, called Oneida river, 16 miles long, flows 
 westerly, and joins the Seneca, to form the 
 Oswego river. Oneida lake abounds with 
 fish, such as salmon, Oswego bass, trout, sal- 
 mon-trout, pike, &c. The shores of the lake 
 are generally low, and the surrounding lands 
 level and fertile. 
 
 Oneida, a county in the N. E. central part of 
 New York, has an area of about 1200 square 
 miles. Oneida lake lies on part of its western 
 border. It is drained by the Mohawk and 
 Black rivers, and Oneida and Oriskany creeks, 
 with several smaller streams, which furnish 
 abundant water-power. The inhabitants of 
 this county are largely engaged in manu- 
 factures, and the agricultural interests are 
 also in a flourishing condition. The Long 
 Level on the Erie canal of 69J miles passes 
 through it. The surface is generally undu- 
 lating, in some parts more hilly, and in 
 others almost level. The soil is of various 
 qualities, but everywhere rich. Indian corn, 
 oats, potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 645,359 bushels 
 of corn; 834,728 of oats; 539,985 of po- 
 tatoes; 167,047 tons of hay; 3,963,892 
 pounds of butter, and 5,218,734 of cheese. 
 The quantities of hay and butter were each 
 the greatest produced by any county in the 
 United States, and the quantity of cheese the 
 greatest produced by any county in the United 
 States except Herkimer county. New York. 
 There were 39 flour and grist mills, 253 saw 
 mills, 15 cotton, and 19 woollen factories, 18 
 iron foundries, 14 machine shops, and 46 
 tanneries. It contained 150 churches, and 
 20 newspaper offices, 23,453 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 1346 attending academies 
 or other schools. This county contains iron 
 
 859 
 
ONE 
 
 ONS 
 
 ore, potter's clay, gypsum, water-limestone, 
 and marl. It is traversed by the Erie canal, 
 and the Central New York railroad, and partly 
 intersected by the Black Kiver and Chenango 
 canals, and by the Watertown and Rome, and 
 the Utica and Black River railroads. Organ- 
 ized in 1786, having previously formed part 
 of Herkimer county. Seats of justice, Rome 
 and Whitesborough. Population, 99,566. 
 
 Oneida, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Eaton CO., Michigan. Population, 492. 
 
 Oneida, a small post-village of Brown co., 
 Wisconsin, on Duck creek. 
 
 Oneida Castle, a post-village of Oneida 
 CO., New York, on Oneida creek, 20 miles W. 
 from Utica. It has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Oneida Creek, of Central New York, flows 
 north-westward, and forms the boundary be- 
 tween Madison and Oneida counties, until it 
 enters the Oneida lake. It is navigable a 
 few miles. 
 
 Oneida Depot, a post-village and station 
 of Madison co., New York, on the Syracuse 
 and Utica railroad, and on Oneida creek, 26 
 miles E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Oneida Lake, a post-ofSce of Madison co., 
 New York. 
 
 Oneida Mills, a post-office of Carroll co., 0. 
 
 Oneida River. See Oneida Lake. 
 
 Oneida Valley, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., New York. 
 
 O'Neilston, a small village of Barnwell dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 One Mule Town, a small mining settlement 
 of Shasta co., California. 
 
 Oneonta, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Otsego CO., New York. Population, 1902. 
 
 Oneonta, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Susquehanna river, about 75 
 miles W. S. W. from Albany. It contains se- 
 veral churches and factories. Population 
 estimated at 500. 
 
 Onion Rivee, or Winooski, in the north- 
 ern part of Vermont, rises in Caledonia coun- 
 ty, and running first in a north-westerly, 
 then in a westerly course, after passing 
 Montpelier, the capital, falls into Lake 
 Champlain, about five miles N. W. of Bur- 
 lington. It has several falls, in the most 
 remarkable of which the water descends 
 about 500 feet in thirty rods. That part of 
 the Northern railroad between the capital 
 and Burlington passes along the banks of 
 this stream for nearly the whole distance. 
 
 Onion River, of Wisconsin, rises in She- 
 boygan CO., and falls into Sheboygan river, 6 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Onion River, a post-office of Sheboygan 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Ono, a small village of Edgar co., Illinois, 
 120 miles E. from Springfield. 
 
 Onondaga* (on-on-dau'gaj lake, called also 
 Salt Lake, in the N. W. central part of 
 
 * This 19 a purely Indian word, signifying a swamp at 
 the foot of a hill. 
 860 
 
 New York, and in the centre of the county to 
 which it gives its name. It is a small col- 
 lection of impure water, 5 or 6 miles long, 
 and perhaps 1 J miles wide. Near the N. E. 
 border are the celebrated Saline Springs. — 
 See Salina. 
 
 Onondaga, a county near the centre of 
 New York, has an area of about 800 square 
 miles. It is partly bounded on the N. by the 
 Oneida lake and river, and is drained by 
 Seneca river, Chittenango, Onondaga, and 
 Oneida creeks, and other smaller streams. 
 It contains Cross, Onondaga and Otisco lakes, 
 and includes a part of Skaneateles lake. The 
 Long level, on the Erie canal, of 69J miles, 
 has its western extremity near Syracuse, in 
 this county. The surface is generally un- 
 even, and in some parts hilly. The soil is 
 principally a fertile calcareous loam. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 782,220 bushels 
 of corn, (the greatest quantity raised in any 
 county of the state except Dutchess county ;) 
 427,535 of wheat; 891,331 of oats; 82,004 
 tons of hay, and 2,147,518 pounds of butter. 
 There were 46 flour and grist mills. 111 saw 
 mills, 192 salt works, 2 paper mills, 31 tan- 
 neries, 2 steam engine factories, 10 woollen 
 factories, and 6 stove and furnace factories. 
 It contained 103 churches, 21 newspaper 
 offices, 20,847 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 1488 attending academies and other 
 schools. Gypsum, water cement, and lime- 
 stone are found ; and near Onondaga lake 
 are numerous salt springs, from which great 
 quantities of salt are manufactured. — See 
 Syracuse. It is intersected by the Erie canal, 
 and by several railroads, the names of which 
 may be found under the head of Syracuse, 
 the capital. Population, 85,890. 
 
 Onondaga, a post-township in the central 
 part of Onondaga co.. New York. Pop., 5694. 
 
 Onondaga, a post-village in the above 
 township, is pleasantly situated on a hill, 132 
 miles W. byN. from Albany. It was formerly 
 the county seat. It has 1 bank. 
 
 Onondaga, a post-office of Ingham co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Onondaga, a post-office of Marshall co.,Ind. 
 
 Onondaga Castle, a post-office of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York. 
 
 Onondaga Creek, of Onondaga co.. New 
 York, flows northward, and enters the lake 
 of the same name. 
 
 Onondaga Valley, a post-village of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York, on Onondaga creek, 4 
 or 5 miles S. from Syracuse. It contains an 
 academy, several churches, and mills. Po- 
 pulation estimated at 900. 
 
 Onoville, a post-office of Cattaraugus co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Onslow, a county in the S. E. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Onslow baj' : area es- 
 timated at 600 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by New ri^er. The surface is level, 
 and extensively covered by marshes and 
 
ONS 
 
 OPE 
 
 pine forests. The soil is sandy. Indian corn, 
 cotton, pine lumber, and turpentine are the 
 chief staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 233,283 bushels of corn; 126,750 of sweet 
 potatoes, and 53 bales of cotton. There 
 were 24 tar and turpentine manufactories, 
 and 6 turpentine distilleries. It contained 22 
 churches, 505 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 45 attending another school. Capital, 
 Onslow Court House. Formed in 1734, and 
 named in honor of Arthur Onslow, speaker of 
 the British House of Commons. Pop., 8683 ; 
 of whom 5175 were free, and 3508, slaves. 
 
 Onslow Bat, on the coast of North Caro- 
 lina, between Cape Fear and Cape Lookout. 
 
 Onslow Court House, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Onslow CO., North Carolina, on New 
 river, 145 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Ontaeio, lake, the smallest and most east- 
 erly of the five great lakes which commu- 
 nicate with the River St. Lawrence, is situ- 
 ated between 43° 10' and 44° 10' N. lat., and 
 76° and 80° W. Ion. It divides the State of 
 New York from Canada on the N., the line 
 of its greatest extent running nearly due E. 
 and W. Length, about 190 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, 55 miles. The entire area is esti- 
 mated at 5400 square miles. The surface is 
 334 feet below that of Erie, and about 230 
 above the tide-water in the St. Lawrence and 
 Hudson. Its greatest depth is upwards of 
 600 feet, and it is navigable in every part for 
 vessels of the largest class. It is never en- 
 tirely closed with ice, and rarely freezes even 
 in the severest weather, except in shallow 
 places along the shore. Lake Ontario contains 
 a great variety of fine fish, among which may 
 be named the salmon and the Oswego bass. 
 
 Ontario, a county in the \V. central part 
 of New York, has an area of about 670 square 
 miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by 
 Seneca lake, and is drained by Canandaigua 
 outlet. Mud, and Flint creeks, and other 
 smaller streams, which supply motive-power 
 to numerous mills. It contains Canandaigua 
 and Honeoye lakes. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and in the S. part somewhat hilly. 
 The soil is generally a rich sandy. loam, well 
 adapted to the production of fruit. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, wool, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 929,342 bushels 
 of wheat ; 520,917 of corn ; 62,478 tons of 
 hay ; 1,047,782 pounds of butter, and 462,955 
 of wool, (the greatest quantity produced by 
 any county in the state.) There were 33 
 flour and grist mills, 29 saw mills, 7 woollen 
 factories, 9 iron foundries, 2 breweries, and 
 28 boot and shoe factories. It contained 76 
 churches, and 5 newspaper offices ; 13,086 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 809 attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. Water lime- 
 stone, gypsum, and some iron are found. The 
 Rochester and Syracuse railroad traverses 
 this county ; the Canandaigua and Elmira 
 railroad and the Canandaigua and Niagara 
 Falls railroad meet at the county seat, and the 
 
 Erie canal touches its northern border. The 
 limits of this county originally comprised the 
 territory of several of the now adjacent coun- 
 ties, and extended to Lake Ontario, whence 
 its name. Capital, Canandaigua. Popula- 
 tion, 43,929. 
 
 Ontario, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Wayne co.. New York, on 
 Lake Ontario. Population, 2246. 
 
 Ontario, a small post-village of Richland 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Ontario, a post-office of La Grange co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Ontario, a post-village of Knox co., Il- 
 linois, 13 miles N. from Knoxville. 
 
 Ontwa, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Cass CO., Michigan. Population, 781. 
 
 Ontonagon Rivee, or Tenangon, of Michi- 
 gan, the largest affluent of Lake Superior 
 from the S., rises in Ontonagon county in 
 the Upper Peninsula, and flowing nearly N., 
 enters the lake in lat. 46° 52'. 
 
 Ontonagon, an unorganized county of 
 Michigan, forms the western extremity of the 
 Upper Peninsula, bordering on Lake Supe- 
 rior : area estimated at 2300 square miles. 
 The Montreal river forms its S. W. boundary, 
 and separates it from Wisconsin ; and it is 
 drained by the Ontonagon river, from which 
 the name is derived. The surface is hilly or 
 mountainous. The Porcupine mountains, in 
 the N. part, rise about 1200 feet above the 
 lake. The county contains an abundance of 
 pure copper. Capital, Ontonagon. 
 
 Ontonagon, a post-village, capital of On- 
 tonagon, CO., Michigan, on Lake Superior, at 
 the mouth of Ontonagon river. 
 
 Onward, a post-office of Stewart co., Tenn. 
 
 Onward, a post-office of Cass co., Ind. 
 
 OosooLA, a post-office of Somerset co.. Me. 
 
 Oostenaula, a river in the N. part of 
 Georgia, rises in Gilmer county, flows nearly 
 south-westward, and unites with the Etowah 
 at Rome to form the Coosa. 
 
 Opaliica, a post-office of Walker co., Ga. 
 
 Opelika, a post- village of Russell co., Ala- 
 bama, on the railroad between Montgomery 
 and West Point, 67 miles N. E. from the for 
 mer. Another railroad extends to Columbus, 
 
 Opelousas, a post-village, capital of St. 
 Landry parish, Louisiana, on the New Or- 
 leans, Opelousas, and Great Western rail- 
 road, 50 miles in a direct line W. from Baton 
 Rouge, and 7 miles from the head of naviga- 
 tion on the Courtableau. It is situated in 
 one of the most fertile and picturesque por- 
 tions of Louisiana. It is the seat of Frank- 
 lin College, founded in 1839, and contains a 
 court house, a United States land-office, and 
 two newspaper offices. 
 
 Open Pond, a post-office of Alabama. See 
 Woodvillb. 
 
 Opequan Creek, in the N. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Frederick county, flows north- 
 eastward, forming the boundary of Clarke 
 and Jefferson counties on the right, and Frede- 
 
 861 
 
OPH 
 
 ORA 
 
 rick and Berkeley on the left, until it falls 
 into the Potomac. 
 
 Ophir, a post-office of La Salle co., 111. 
 
 Ophie, a post-office of Mariposa co., Cal. 
 
 Ophirville, a post-office of Placer co., Cal. 
 
 Oporto, a post-office of St. Joseph co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Opossum Creek, an affluent of Conewago 
 creek, in Adams co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Oppenheim, a post-township forming the 
 W. extremity of Fulton co.. New York. Po- 
 pulation, 2315. 
 
 Oquago River, New York. See Coquago. 
 
 Oquaka, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Henderson county, Illinois, on the E. bank 
 of the Mississippi river, 132 miles N. W. from 
 Springfield. A railroad has been commenced 
 from Peoria to this place. Oquaka has an 
 active business in shipping produce : 3 
 newspapers are issued here. Population in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Oramel, a post-office of Alleghany co.,N.Y. 
 
 Oban, a post-village of Onondaga co., New 
 York, about 120 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Oran, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Ind. 
 
 Orange, a county in the E. part of Ver- 
 mont, has an area of about 640 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Connecticut 
 river, and is watered by the First, Second, 
 and Third branches of White river, and other 
 smaller streams, which furnish motive-power 
 to numerous mills. The surface is uneven 
 and mountainous in the N. part. The soil is 
 fertile, but more adapted to grazing than till- 
 age. Indian corn, potatoes, wool, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 176,586 bushels of corn; 599,925 of 
 potatoes; 70,549 tons of hay; 869,042 
 pounds of butter, and 248,715 of wool. 
 There were 2 woollen factories, 2 foundries, 
 4 flour mills, 2 paper mills, 13 saw mills, 
 1 manuf;ictory of chemicals, 3 of farming im- 
 plements, and 7 of boots and shoes. It con- 
 tained 57 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 9212 
 pupils attending public schools, and 1356 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. This 
 county abounds in irou ore, slate, and granite, 
 and some lead ore has been found. The Con- 
 necticut river, (navigable by means of canals 
 round the falls,) and the Connecticut and Pas- 
 sumpsic Rivers railroad run along its border, 
 and the Vermont Central railroad crosses its 
 western extremity. Organized in 1781. Ca- 
 pital, Chelsea. Population, 27,296. 
 
 Orange, a county in the S. E. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 770 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Hudson river, 
 and on the S. by the State of New Jersey, 
 and is drained by Walkill and Shawangunk 
 rivers, f.nd other smaller streams, which af- 
 ford valuable water-power. The surface in 
 the S. E. parts is mountainous, and the Sha- 
 wangunk range passes through the western 
 portion. The other parts of the county are 
 usually, but moderately uneven. The soil 
 is generally fertile, and well adapted to 
 862 
 
 grazing, and the "Orange county butter" is 
 highly esteemed in the New York markets. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 491,074 bushels of corn; 390,834 of oats; 
 146,331 of potatoes; 96,593 tons of hay, and 
 3,769,034 pounds of butter. There were 49 
 flour mills, 36 saw mills, 8 cotton, and 8 wool- 
 len factories, 3 iron furnaces, 3 paper mills, 18 
 tanneries, and 4 oilcloth factories. It con- 
 tained 67 churches, 9 newspaper offices, 9492 
 pupils attending public schools, and 912 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Iron ore, 
 marble, limestone, and sandstone are abun- 
 dant. The Hudson river is navigable for 
 ships along the entire eastern border. The 
 Delaware and Hudson canal, and the New 
 York and Erie railroad traverse this county, 
 which is also partly intersected by the New- 
 burg Branch railroad. Seats of justice, 
 Goshen and Newburg. Population, 57,145. 
 
 Orange, a county in the E. part of Virgi- 
 nia, has an area of 230 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. by the Rapidan, and 
 drained by the head streams of North Anna 
 river. The surface is hilly and the soil fer- 
 tile and well watered. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, tobacco, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 267,140 bushels 
 of corn; 121,825 of wheat; 30,750 of oats; 
 1881 tons of hay; 174,700 pounds of tobacco, 
 and 54,814 of butter. There were 23 flour, 
 grist, saw, and plaster mills, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, and 5 tanneries : 9 churches, and 253 
 pupils attending public schools. The county 
 contains limestone, iron ore, and small quan- 
 tities of gold are found. It is intersected 
 by the Orange and Alexandria railroad. The 
 name of the county was derived from the 
 color of the soil in the highlands, which were 
 included in its original boundaries. Capital, 
 Orange Court House. Population, 10,067, of 
 whom 4146 were free, and 5921, slaves. 
 
 Orange, a county in the N. central part of 
 North Carolina, has an area estimated at 
 650 square miles. The Neuse river flows 
 through the N. E. part. It is also drained by 
 the Eno and Newhope rivers. The surface is 
 undulating; the soil fertile. Wheat, maize, 
 oats, tobacco, and cotton are the staples. In 
 1850 this country produced 93,338 bushels of 
 wheat; 459,088 of corn; 106,340 of oats; 
 194,275 pounds of tobacco, and 2o05|- bales 
 of cotton. There were 5 corn and flour 
 mills, 1 saw mill, and 4 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 29 churches and 2 newspaper offices ; 
 4220 pupils attending public schools, and 360 
 attending academies and other schools. Sand- 
 stone underlies a part of the surface. The 
 Central railroad of North Carolina is to pass 
 through the county seat. Formed in 1751, 
 and named in honor of William, Prince of 
 Orange and king of England. Capital, Hills- 
 borough. Population, 17,055, of whom 11,811 
 were free, and 5244, slaves. 
 
 Orange, a county in the E. part of Florida. 
 
ORA 
 
 ORA 
 
 bordering on the Atlantic, has an area esti- 
 mated at 3000 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the St. John's river. The surface is level, 
 and is covered with extensive pine forests, 
 interspersed with numerous ponds, cypress 
 swamps, and savannas or grassy plains. 
 Many small eminences called "hummocks" 
 occur, which produce the live-oak and other 
 trees. The soil is generally sandy. The 
 orange and lemon flourish, and the sugar-cane 
 and Indian corn are cultivated. In 1850 this 
 county produced 279 hogsheads of sugar, and 
 4865 bushels of corn. There were 33 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Mellon- 
 ville. Population, 466, of whom 240 were 
 free, and 226, slaves. 
 
 Orange, a new county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 300 square 
 miles. The Sabine river forms its boundary 
 on the E., the Neches on the W. and S. W., 
 and Sabine lake on the S. The surface is 
 nearly level and consists mostly of prairie. 
 Orange county was formed since 1850, by a 
 division of Jeiferson county, which it resem- 
 bles in soil and productions. 
 
 Orange, a county in the S. part of Indiana, 
 has an area of 400 square miles. It is 
 drained by Patoka and Lost rivers, and by 
 Salt creek. The surface is hilly in the S. , and 
 undulating in the N. part. The soil is mostly 
 fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 484,165 bushels of corn; 46,941 of 
 wheat; 96,849 of oats, and 2298 tons of hay. 
 It contained 25 churches, 2 newspaper offices; 
 1300 pupils attending public schools, and 40 
 attending other schools. The carboniferous 
 limestone underlies the county, in which 
 several caverns are found. It is plentifully 
 supplied with springs, and the greater part 
 of it is well timbered. The New Albany and 
 Salem railroad passes through the N. E. part. 
 Organized in 1816. Capital, Paoli. Popula- 
 tion, 10,809. 
 
 Orange, a township in Grafton co.. New 
 Hampshire, 38 miles N. W. from Concord, 
 intersected by the Northern railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 451. 
 
 Orange, a post-township in Orange co., Ver- 
 mont, 11 miles S. E from Montpelier. Popu- 
 lation, 1007. 
 
 Orange, a post-village in Franklin co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Vermont and Massachusetts 
 railroad, 70 miles N. W. from Boston. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 1701. 
 
 Orange, a post-township of New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, intersected by the Wope- 
 wang river, 6 miles W. from New Haven. 
 Population, 1476. 
 
 Orange, a post-township on the E. border 
 of Steuben co.. New York. Pop., 2055. 
 
 Orange, a post-township of Essex co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Morris and Essex railroad, 
 about 12 miles W. N. W. from Jersey City. 
 Population, 4385. 
 
 Orange, a post-village in the above town- 
 
 ship, on the Morris and Essex railroad, con- 
 tains 4 churches, about a dozen stores, one 
 bank, and near 900 inhabitants. 
 
 Orange, a township near the centre of Co- 
 lumbia CO., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1077. 
 
 Orange, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pa. 
 
 Orange, a post-village in Cherokee co., 
 Georgia, 110 miles N. W. by N. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Orange, a township m tne N. part of Ash- 
 land CO., Ohio. Population, 1472. 
 
 Orange, a village of Ashland co., Ohio, 
 about 90 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, about 300. 
 
 Orange, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Carroll co., Ohio. Pop., 1577. 
 
 Orange, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Population, 1063. 
 
 Orange, a township in the S. part of De- 
 laware CO., Ohio. Population, 1150. 
 
 Orange, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop., 704. 
 
 Orange, a post-office of Mahoning co., 0. 
 
 Orange, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Meigs CO., Ohio. Population, 948. 
 
 Orange, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Shelby co., Ohio. Population, 922. 
 
 Orange, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Ionia CO., Michigan. Population, 378. 
 
 Orange, a post- township in Fayette co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1129. 
 
 Orange, a township in Noble co., Indiana. 
 Population, 607. 
 
 Orange, a township in Rush co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1672, 
 
 Orange, a small village of Benton co., Mo. 
 
 Orangeburg, a district in the S. W. cen- 
 tral part of South Carolina, has an area of 
 1438 square miles. It is bounded on the N. 
 E. by the Congaree and Santee rivers, on the 
 S. W. by the South Edisto, and intersected 
 by the North Edisto. The surface is some- 
 what diversified ; the soil is moderately fer- 
 tile. Cotton, rice, Indian corn, oats, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 10,024 bales of cotton; 1,299,379 
 pounds of rice; 614,418 bushels of corn; 
 7299 of oats, and 189,915 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 37 saw and planing mills, 1 edge- 
 tool, and 2 coach manufactories, and 1 tur- 
 pentine distillery. It contained 66 churches, 
 628 pupils attending public schools, and 92 
 attending academies or other schools. Lum- 
 ber and turpentine are procured from the 
 pine forests of the district. It is intersected 
 by the South Carolina railroad, and in part 
 by the Columbia Branch railroad. Capital, 
 Orangeburg Court House. Pop., 23,582; of 
 whom 8198 were free, and 15,384, slaves. 
 
 Orangeburg, a post-village of Marion co., 
 Mississippi, 80 miles S. by E. from Jackson. 
 Orangeburg, a small post- village of Mason 
 CO., Kentucky, 8 miles S. E. from Maysville. 
 Orangeburg Court House, capital of 
 Orangeburg district, South Carolina, on the 
 left bank of North Edisto river, 44 miles S. 
 
 863 
 
ORA 
 
 ORE 
 
 by E. from Columbia. It is connected by 
 railroad -veith Columbia and Charleston, and 
 has considerable business. 
 
 Orange Coukt House, capital of Orange 
 county, Virginia, 80 miles N. W. from Rich- 
 mond, and 92 miles from Washington, con- 
 tains 2 churches, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 Four miles from this place is Montpelier, the 
 former residence of James Madison. 
 
 Okange Hill, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Florida. 
 
 OKANGEPOET,apost-office of Niagara co.N.Y. 
 
 Oeange Springs, a post-village of Orange 
 CO., Va., 104 miles N. N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Orange Springs, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Florida. 
 
 Oeangetown, or Orange, a township of 
 Rockland co., New York, on the left bank of 
 the Hudson river, about 28 miles N. from 
 New York. It is intersected by the New York 
 and Erie railroad. Population, 4769. 
 
 Orangeville, a post-township of Wyoming 
 CO., New York, 7 miles W. from Warsaw. 
 Population, 1438. 
 
 Orangeville, a post-village of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Fishing creek, about 80 
 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Okangevillie, a post-office of Trumbull 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Orangeville, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Barry co., Michigan. Population, 364. 
 
 Orangeville, a post-village of Orange co., 
 Indiana, on Lost river, 8 miles N. W. from 
 Paoli. 
 
 Orbisonia, a small post-village of Hunt- 
 ingdon CO., Pennsylvania, 81 miles W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Orcut Creek, a small post-village of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ore Creek, of Michigan, enters the Shia- 
 wassee river in Genesee county. 
 
 Orefield, a post-office of Lehigh co.. Pa. 
 
 Oregon territory, the most western por- 
 tion of the domain of the United States, as 
 restricted by the recent act of Congress 
 creating the Territory of Washington, is 
 bounded on the N. hy Washington Territory, 
 (from which it is separated by the Columbia 
 river and the 46th parallel of N. lat. ;) E. by 
 the Rocky mountains, which divide it from 
 Missouri or North-west Territory ; S. by Utah 
 Territory and the State of California ; and 
 W. by the Pacific ocean. It lies between 42° 
 and 46° 20' N. lat., and between 109° 30' and 
 124° 30' W. Ion., being about 750 miles in ex- 
 treme length, and 278 miles in width, includ- 
 ing an area of about 188,000 square miles, 
 or 120,320,000 acres. 
 
 Population. — The population of Oregon, in- 
 cluding the present Territory of Washington, 
 was in 1850, 13,294, of whom 8142 were 
 white males; 4946, females; 119 colored 
 males, and 87 fem.alcs ; besides various tribes 
 of Indians not enumerated. Notwithstand- 
 ing the formation of Washington Territory 
 from Oregon, so great has been th" influx of 
 864 
 
 emigration, that the figures given above very 
 inadequately represent the population of the 
 territory, which, if recent statements may be 
 relied on, has nearly trebled since that time. 
 Of the population, 3175 were born in the ter- 
 ritory; 8817 in other states of the Union; 
 297 in England; 196 in Ireland: 115 in 
 Scotland and Wales; 293 in British Ame- 
 rica; 155 in Germany; 45 in France; 148 in 
 other countries ; and 143 whose places of 
 birth were unknown ; 4 were insane, and 4, 
 idiots. 
 
 Counties. — Oregon is divided into 10 coun- 
 ties, viz. Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, Lane, 
 Linn, Marion, Polk, Umpqua, Washington, and 
 Yamhill. Capital, Salem. 
 
 Towns. — The principal towns are Portland, 
 (population, 821,) Oregon City, Milton, (po- 
 pulation, 692,) Salem, and Marysville. 
 
 Face of the Cou7itry, Mountains, and Mine- 
 rah. — Oregon is usually divided into three 
 portions, viz. the Lower country, or portion 
 next the ocean; the Middle countrj', or that 
 part which lies between the Cascade range 
 and the Blue mountains ; and the Upper 
 country, or that portion which lies between 
 the Blue and Rocky mountains. On ap- 
 proaching Oregon from the sea, it presents 
 the same bold, ironbound coast as California, 
 but with this difference, that the coast 
 range, instead of running parallel with the 
 Pacific, is composed of a series of highlands, 
 nearly at right angles with the shore, through 
 whose valleys the streams of the Callapuya 
 or Callapooya mountains (the western limit 
 of the Willamette valley) descend to the 
 ocean. The first section is about from 75 to 
 120 miles in breadth, and includes the Wil- 
 lamette, Umpqua, and Rogue Pdver valleys, 
 the first running parallel with the sea, and 
 the others at right angles to it. The last are 
 S. of the Willamette valley. The large val- 
 leys vary in length from 40 to 150 miles, and 
 from 5 to 85 miles in width. One remarkable 
 feature of the Willamette valley is the buttes, 
 high, conical insulated hills, of about 1000 
 feet in height. The Middle section covers a 
 breadth of 160 miles, and is mostly an ele- 
 vated plateau. The Upper country occupies 
 the western slope of the Rocky mountains, 
 and is mostly a sterile and dreary region, 
 covered with lava, through which the rivers 
 cut their channels to a great depth ; in many 
 places their rocky beds are inaccessible to 
 man or beast. Oregon may be emphatically 
 called a mountainous country. Beginning at 
 the E., we have the lofty summits of the 
 Rocky mountains — reaching (in Fremont's 
 Peak) an elevation of 13,570 feet — separating 
 the Mississippi valley from the Pacific re- 
 gion, and sending off spurs in a westerly di- 
 rection. About halfway between the Rocky 
 mountains and the Pacific are the Blue 
 mountains, running nearly N. and S., but 
 still sending off ridges in different directions. 
 These mountains sometimes rise to the snow 
 
ORE 
 
 ORE 
 
 region, but are generally from 3000 to 4000 
 feet in height. Tlie Cascade range, having 
 the loftiest known peaks of any mountains in 
 the United States, extend from 60° N. lat. 
 (nearly parallel with the Pacific) to the 
 southern part of Old Califoi'nia, at distances 
 (in Oregon) varying from about 80 to 140 
 miles. Mount Bood, Mount Jefferson, Mount 
 Pitt, or Mc Laughlin are the principal peaks 
 in Oregon, of which the former, 14,000 
 feet in elevation above the sea level, is the 
 highest. Finally comes the coast range, 
 called in Oregon the Callapooya mountains : 
 these, as has been stated, send oiF spurs at 
 right angles with the ocean. The Three 
 Buttes and Three Tetons, about the bases of 
 the Rocky mountains, are conical elevations 
 of considerable magnitude. The Salmon 
 mountains cross the middle of the eastern 
 portion of Oregon in an E. and W. direction. 
 The mineral resources of Oregon have 
 scarcely begun to be developed ; but we 
 have reports of rich " gold diggings" at 
 Jacksonville and Rogue River valley, (where 
 lumps are said to have been taken out 
 worth from $300 to $400 each,) and at Port 
 Orford. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, and Lakes. — There is no very 
 considerable bay in Oregon. The Columbia, 
 the greatest river on the Pacific slope of the 
 continent, forms half the northern boundary, 
 from the point where it strikes the 46th pa- 
 rallel to its mouth in the Pacific ocean. Its 
 great branch, the Snake or Lewis river, and 
 its tributaries, the Salmon, Henry, Malheur, 
 and Owyhee, drain the great valley between 
 the Rocky and Blue mountains. The Lewis 
 rises in the S. E., and pursuing a N. W. 
 course about 800 miles, passes into Wash- 
 ington Tei'ritory, where it joins the Columbia 
 soon after. The Wallawalla, Umatilla, John 
 Day's, and Fall, E. of the Cascade moun- 
 tains, and the Willamette, W., are the other 
 principal affluents of the Columbia from this 
 territory. The Umpqua and Rogue's river, 
 (entirely in Oregon,) and the Klamath, which 
 passes into California, empty directly into 
 the Pacific from the S. W. of this territory. 
 There are several small lakes between the 
 Cascade and Blue mountains, and near the 
 base of the Rocky mountains. The principal 
 of the former are Klamath, Abert, Pitt's, 
 Salt, and Sylanilles; and of the latter, Godere 
 and Jackson's. The Columbia is navigable 
 to the Cascade range, about 130 miles from 
 the sea, for large vessels, and above the Cas- 
 cades for boats. The Willamette is navigable to 
 Portland, and sometimes even to the Falls, for 
 ocean craft. Above the Falls, small steamboats 
 may run for nearly 100 miles. The Umpqua 
 is navigable 25 miles for steamers, and vessels 
 drawing 12 feet may enter its mouth. The 
 Klamath is also navigable for a short distance. 
 There are few capes or harbors on the coast 
 of Oregon, which is remarkably free from 
 great sinuosities. The most important capes 
 3 £ 
 
 are Cape Blanco, or Orford, Cape Foul- 
 weather, and Point Adams. The harbors are 
 the Columbia river, much obstructed by sand- 
 bars and shoals, but admitting vessels of 16 
 feet draught, and the Umpqua river, which 
 may be ascended by vessels drawing 8 feet 
 water for a short distance. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — What we have 
 already said of the mountains is perhaps 
 sufficient, without this heading ; but Oregon 
 has other objects of interest independent of * 
 her sublime mountain scenery — -first among 
 which are the Dalles of the Columbia river, 
 a narrowing of the channel to 100 yards be- 
 tween basaltic rocks, for the distance of half 
 a mile, through which the river rushes with 
 great violence, descending 50 feet in two 
 miles. In freshets the water rises 60 feet, 
 and at such times it is safe to pass in boats, 
 but many serious accidents have occurred 
 from attempts to pass them at low water. 
 Forty miles below the Dalles, where the river 
 breaks through the Cascade range, the chan- 
 nel again narrows to 150 yards, where the 
 water descends 40 feet in two miles. The 
 falls of the Willamette, on the river of the 
 same name, are about 25 miles from its 
 mouth, and the same number of feet in 
 height. Here is a favorite salmon fishery, 
 where that fish is stopped on its course up 
 the Willamette in the spawning season. The 
 American fall, in the Lewis river, near its 
 head waters, is of considerable elevation. 
 From one point in the Willamette valley, near 
 the Rickreall river, seven peaks of the Cas- 
 cade range can be seen at one view, covered 
 with everlasting snow. According to Rev. G. 
 Hines, "Mount St. Helen's, in the month of 
 October, 1842, was discovered to be covered 
 with a dense cloud of smoke, which continued 
 to enlarge and move off, in dense masses, to 
 the eastward, and filling the heavens in that 
 direction, presented an appearance like that 
 occasioned by a tremendous conflagration, 
 viewed at a vast distance. When the first 
 volumes of smoke had passed away, it could 
 be distinctly seen from various parts of the 
 country, that an eruption had taken place on 
 the north side of St. Helen's, a little below 
 the summit ; and from the smoke that con- 
 tinued to issue from the chasm or crater, it 
 was pronounced to be a volcano in active 
 operation. When the explosion took place, 
 the wind was N. W., and on the same day, 
 and extending from 30 to 50 miles to the S. 
 E., there fell showers of ashes or dust, which 
 covered the ground in some places so as to 
 admit of its being collected in quantities. 
 This last phenomenon has been of frequent 
 occurrence, and has led many to suppose that 
 volcanic eruptions are not uncommon in this 
 country." 
 
 Climate. — In common with the western shore 
 of all continents, Oregon has a milder climate 
 than the eastern side of North America. The 
 Coast region is the mildest, and the Upper 
 
 865 
 
ORE 
 
 ORE 
 
 country the most rigorous in temperature. 
 In the first, the winters generally are short, 
 though some snow falls nearly every winter. 
 S. and S. W. winds prevail at this season, 
 mitigating the severity of the climate. From 
 April to November but little rain falls. At 
 Fort Vancouver, from June to September, the 
 mean temperature was 67°, maximum 98°, 
 minimum 51°. Of 106 days, 76 were fair, 19 
 cloudy, and 11 rainy. The winter of 1852-3 
 was very severe, and much snow fell, the 
 stock dying by thousands, as they are un- 
 housed, and no fodder is ever prepared. In 
 the Middle region, the summers are much 
 drier and the winters colder than E. of the 
 Cascade mountains, the extremes varying 
 from 18° to 108°. Daily range, 40°. No 
 dews fall here. The Upper country is varia- 
 ble, having often in each day all the changes 
 of the seasons, and is therefore unfitted for 
 agricultural operations. Indian corn is liable 
 to be caught by early frosts. The winter 
 winds are from the S. and E., occasionally 
 veering to S. W. The time of the setting in 
 of these is very irregular, varying from 
 October 1st to .January 1st. They always 
 bring with them copious rains, which last 
 two or three, and even four or five mouths, 
 from November to April, and constitute the 
 rainy season. These storms are more violent 
 on the coast, and more rain falls than in the 
 Willamette valley. A period of fine weather 
 often occurs in February, sometimes in 
 March, but is generally followed by three or 
 four weeks of cold, chilly rains from the S. W. 
 During the latter part of winter there are 
 light falls of snow. Though the winters are 
 chilly, the thermometer seldom sinks to the 
 freezing point. The mercury has sometimes 
 fallen to 5° below zero in the Willamette val- 
 ley, and to 15° at the Dalles, beyond the Cas- 
 cade mountains. From what has been said 
 it will be seen that there is great irregularity 
 in the winters of Oregon, but mildness is the 
 general characteristic. In the Middle region 
 the rains are lighter and less constant, and 
 continue for a shorter period. The country 
 between the Blue and Rocky mountains is 
 very dry, with a great difference between the 
 temperature of day and night. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — It will be inferred 
 from what has been said of the face of the 
 country, that much of Oregon is unfit for till- 
 age ; in the Upper country or eastern portion 
 it is almost wholly so, as far as known, both 
 from the aridity of the soil and the irregu- 
 larity of the climate. The central portion, 
 though not generally cultivable, affords in 
 many places excellent pasturage ; but even 
 the pastoral portion is but a small part of 
 the whole. The great resource of the Ore- 
 gonian farmers is the country W. of the Cas- 
 cade range, especially in the Willamette, 
 Umpqua, and Rogue's River valleys. The 
 ^'ormer is rarely surpassed in fertility. Wheat 
 :s here the staple ; the cool evenings and the 
 866 
 
 drought in the latter part of summer being 
 unfavorable to Indian corn. Besides wheat, 
 oats, barley, turnips, and most of the fruits 
 and vegetables of the Middle States flourish. 
 The indigenous fruits are the crabapple, a 
 large red plum, strawberries, raspberries, 
 and other berries. The bottoms of the Co- 
 lumbia are a very rich alluvion, but incapa- 
 ble of cultivation, from their liability to be 
 overflowed ; they may, however, form good 
 pasture-lands for stock. Those portions 
 which are beyond the reach of overflow (as 
 the district about Fort Vancouver) are ex- 
 ceedingly productive. On the triangle formed 
 by the Columbia on the N. and the Pacific on 
 the W. is a tract of land of great fertility, 
 extending back 25 miles to the mountains. 
 This is not suited to wheat, but very fruitful 
 in potatoes, oats, peas, turnips, and other 
 vegetables, and is excellent for pasturage. 
 According to the census of 1850, Oregon had 
 under cultivation 132,857 acres of land, pro- 
 ducing 211,943 bushels of wheat; 106 of rye; 
 2918 of Indian corn; 65,146 of oats; 6566 of 
 peas and beans; 91,326 of potatoes; 29,680 
 pounds of wool; 211,464 of butter; 36,980 
 of cheese; orchard products valued at $1271; 
 market do., $90,241; live stock, $1,876,189, 
 and slaughtered animals, $164,530. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Oregon is particularly cele- 
 brated for its forests of gigantic pine. A 
 species of fir, called Lambert's pine, grows 
 in the lower region to an enormous size, 
 sometimes attaining a height of nearly 300 
 feet, and a girth of 40 feet, often from 24 
 to 36 feet. This is the great timber of the 
 country, and is largely exported to the Sand- 
 wich Islands and to California. The other 
 timber is the hemlock, cedar, oak, ash, ma- 
 ple, laurel, pine, willow, balm of Gilead, 
 dogwood, Cottonwood, and alder. The oak, 
 next to the fir, is the most valuable wood, and 
 is found mostly in the Willamette and Ump- 
 qua valleys. In the Middle region timber is 
 scarce, and consists mostly of softwood ; pine 
 and fir grow on the Blue mountains. 
 
 Animals. — The wild animals are deer, 
 black and grizzly bears, elks, foxes, wolves, 
 antelopes, beavers, muskrats, and martens. 
 The beavers are fast diminishing. In spring 
 and fall, geese, ducks, and other waterfowl 
 are abundant. Large quantities of salmon 
 are caught in the Columbia river and its tri- 
 butaries, and are of excellent quality. 
 Among the other fish are sturgeon, cod, carp, 
 sole, flounders, ray, perch, herring, and 
 smelt, with crabs, clams, oysters,~and mus- 
 sels in abundance. 
 
 Manufactures. — In this department of in- 
 dustry it is hardly to be supposed that this 
 new region has made much progress, though 
 she has every facility for pursuing them 
 when the time comes for doing so. 
 
 Internal Improvements are limited, as yet, 
 to common and plank road making. 
 
 Commerce. — We have but few facts on this 
 
ORE 
 
 ORF 
 
 subject. Five steamers ply from Portland 
 to diflferent points on the Columbia, besides 
 a regular line of steamers to San Francisco : 
 tonnage, 1063|3. Oregon exports to Cali- 
 fornia, lumber, stock hogs, beef, butter, 
 eggs, chickens, pork, flour, &c. Large quan- 
 tities of cattle are driven S. to the mines of 
 California. Trade is carried on with Rio 
 Janeiro, Europe, and the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Education. — The census report for 1850 
 gives to Oregon 32 academies. Oregon In- 
 stitute, belonging to the Methodists, 6 miles 
 from Salem, is a flourishing establishment, 
 with about 100 students. The Presbyterians 
 have an academy on Tualatin plains, and 
 there are two female institutes at Oregon 
 City- 
 
 Government. — The government is similar 
 to that of all other territories. — See New 
 Mexico. 
 
 History. — Oregon seems to have been first 
 trodden by European feet about 1775, when 
 a Spanish navigator visited Juan de Fuca 
 straits. Cook coasted along its shores in 
 1778. The Columbia river is believed to 
 have been first made known to the civilized 
 world in 1791, by Captain Gray, of the ship 
 Columbia, of Boston, United States, who saw 
 the mouth of the river, but did not enter it 
 till May of the next year, when he gave 
 it the name of his ship. From this time 
 up to 1804, the coast of Oregon was occa- 
 sionally visited by British and American fur- 
 traders. In that year. President Jefferson 
 sent out an exploring party under Lewis 
 and Clarke, who passed the winter of 1805-6 
 at the mouth of the Columbia. After this 
 period, overland expeditious by fur-traders 
 became common, and these, with the British 
 Hudson Bay Company, held joint possession 
 of the country, (but not without jealous 
 rivalries and bloody contests,) till the treaty 
 of 1846, which gave all below 49° N. lat. to 
 the United States. Emigration from the 
 United States, for the purpose of settlement, 
 commenced in 1839. Its growth for the 
 time is probably retarded by the gold mines 
 of California attracting nearly all travellers 
 and settlers, but their ultimate prosperity 
 will most likely be mutual, the mining popu- 
 lation of the one furnishing a market for the 
 agricultural products of the other. There is 
 no doubt that in future times Oregon will 
 play an important part in the commerce of 
 the Pacific ocean, and particularly that of 
 the Polynesian groups. 
 
 Okegon, a new county in the S. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, has an 
 area of 1700 square miles. It is drained by 
 the sources of the Eleven Points and Spring 
 rivers, which flow south-eastward into the 
 Big Black river. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, and cattle are the stajjles. In 1850 the 
 county produced 69,201 bushels of corn; 
 2257 of wheat, and 5512 of oats. It con- 
 tained 4 churches, and 86 pupils attending 
 
 public schools. Capital, Thomasville. Po- 
 pulation, 1482; of whom 1414 were free, and 
 18, slaves. 
 
 Obegon, a post-office of Chautauque co., 
 New York. 
 
 Oregon, a small post-village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Oregon, a post-office of JefiFerson co., Ala. 
 
 Oregon, a small village of Yell co., Ark. 
 
 Oregon, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tenn. 
 
 Oregon, a thriving village of Mercer co., 
 Kentucky, on the Kentucky river, at the 
 head of slack-water navigation, about 20 
 miles S. W. from Lexington. Beef and pork 
 are packed here and shipped in steamboats. 
 
 Oregon, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Lucas CO., Ohio. Population, 436. 
 
 Oregon, a thriving post-village of Seneca 
 CO., Ohio, on the railroad from Cincinnati to 
 Sandusky city, 168 miles from the former. 
 Population, about 400. 
 
 Oregon, a post-office of Warren co., Ohio. 
 
 Oregon, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Lapeer co., Michigan. Population, 205. 
 
 Oregon, a post-office of Clarke co., Ind. 
 
 Oregon, a post-townshio in Ogle co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 540. 
 
 Oregon, a township in Schuyler co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 747. 
 
 Oregon, a post-village, capital of Holt co., 
 Mo., 210 N. W. by W. from Jefi'erson City. 
 
 Oregon, a small village of Lawrence co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Oregon, a post-village of Dane co., Wis- 
 consin, 12 miles S. from Madison. 
 
 Oregon City, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Ogle CO., Illinois, on the right bank of 
 Hock river, 176 miles N. by E. from Spring- 
 field. It is handsomely situated between the 
 shore and a blufi", which rises in the form of 
 an amphitheatre, at the distance of about a 
 mile, and meets the river a little below the 
 town. Population in 1850, 540. 
 
 Oregon City, a post-town, capital of 
 Clackamas county, Oregon, on the right 
 bank of the Willamette river, about 50 miles 
 below Salem. It is situated in a caSion, 
 (pronounced kau-yon^ — a narrow river-val- 
 ley shut in by high banks or walls,) and 
 has great manufacturing facilities, a fall in 
 the river at this place afl'ording immense 
 water-power. Oregon City was formerly the 
 capital of the territory. One or two news- 
 papers are published here. Population, 
 from 900 to 1000. 
 
 Oregonia, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Ore Hill, a post-office of Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Orel, a post-office of Irwin co., Georgia. 
 
 Orford, a post-township of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the left bank of the Con- 
 necticut river, 66 miles N. N. W. from Con 
 cord. Population, 1406. 
 
 Orfordville, a small post-village in the 
 above township, 60 miles N. W. from Concord 
 
 867 
 
ORG 
 
 ORL 
 
 Oegan Church, a post-office of Rowan cc, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Orient, a post-township of Aroostook co., 
 Maine, 100 miles N. N. E. from Bangor. 
 Population, 205. 
 
 Orient, a post- village of Suffolk co.. New 
 York, on Oyster Pond harbor, 100 miles 
 E. by N. from New York. 
 
 Orion, a small post-village of Pike co., 
 Alabama, near the Conecuh river. 
 
 Orion, a post-office of Ashley co., Ark. 
 
 Orion, a post-township in Oakland co., 
 Michigan. Population, 1119. 
 
 Orion, a post-office of Henry co., Illinois. 
 
 Orion, a small post-village in the S. part 
 of Richland co., AVisconsin. 
 
 Oriskany creek, in the central part of 
 New York, rises in Madison co., and enters 
 the Mohawk river at Oriskany 
 
 Oriskany, a post-village of Oneida co.. 
 New York, on the Erie canal, and the Syra- 
 cuse and Utica railroad, 7 miles N. W. from 
 TJtica. It has an extensive woollen factory. 
 
 Oriskany Falls, a post- village of Augusta 
 township, Oneida county. New York, on Oris- 
 kany creek, and on the Chenango canal, 18 
 miles S. "VV. from Utica. It has several fac- 
 tories moved by water-power. 
 
 Orizaba, a post-office of Tippah co., Miss. 
 
 Orland, a post-township of Hancock co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of Penobscot river, 
 55 miles N. E. by E. from Augusta, contains 
 a village of its own name. Pop., 1580. 
 
 Orland, a thriving post-village of Steuben 
 CO., Indiana, on Crooked creek, 10 miles N. 
 W. from Angola. 
 
 Orland, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 Orleans, a county in the N. part of Ver- 
 mont, has an area of about 700 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head waters of the La- 
 moille and Missisque rivers, and by the Black, 
 Barton, Clyde, and other smaller streams, 
 which afford invaluable water-power. It 
 contains numerous ponds, and a part of Lake 
 Memphremagog lies within its borders. The 
 surface is somewhat uneven, and the soil 
 fertile and easily cultivated, and although al- 
 most too cold for Indian corn, produces the 
 other grains, grasses, and fruits, in abundance. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 58,515 
 bushels of wheat ; 70,306 of corn; 407,132 of 
 potatoes; 45,288 tons of hay, and 645,160 
 pounds of butter. There were 4 woollen fac- 
 tories, 2 foundries, 15 saw mills, 9 starch fac- 
 tories, and 5 tanneries. It contained 24 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 4274 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 141 attending 
 other schools. Orleans county abounds in 
 iron ore, chromate of iron, and other valuable 
 minerals. Capital, Irasburg. Pop., 15,707. 
 Orleans, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of New York, has an area of 379 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake On- 
 tario, and is principally drained by Oak Or- 
 chard. Johnson's, and Sandy creeks, which 
 868 
 
 afford valuable water-power. The surface 
 in the N. part is gently undulating, more ele- 
 vated in the S., the Mountain ridge passing 
 through it. The soil is generally fertile, and 
 adapted to grass and grain. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 421,126 bushels of 
 corn; 854,676 bushels of wheat ; 141,157 of 
 potatoes ; 26,875 tons of hay, and 704,881 
 pounds of butter. There were 17 flour and 
 grist mills, 43 saw mills, 2 woollen factories, 
 5 iron foundries, 2 linseed-oil mills, and 12 
 tanneries. It contained 44 churches, 4 news- 
 paper offices, 7817 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 517 attending academies or 
 other schools. Bog iron ore, and some sul- 
 phur and salt springs are found. The Erie 
 canal and the railroad connecting Rochester 
 and Niagara falls traverse this county. Or- 
 ganized in 1824, having previously formed 
 part of Genesee county, and named from 
 Orleans, a town of France. Capital, Albion. 
 Population, 28,501. 
 
 Orleans, a parish in the S. E. part of Lou- 
 isiana, has an area of about 150 square miles. 
 The Mississippi river forms its boundary on 
 the S., Lake Pontchartrain on the N., and 
 Lake Borgne on the East. The surface is 
 level, the greater part consisting of a morass, 
 covered with coarse grass, and overflowed 
 daily by the tide. The river is bordered with 
 fertile, arable land, which produces sugar- 
 cane, Indian corn, and fruits for the New 
 Orleans market. In 1850 there were raised 
 in the parish, 52,505 gallons of molasses ; 
 1495 hogsheads of sugar, and 82,180 bushels 
 of corn. There were 3 ship-yards, 6 iron 
 foundries, 5 brass foundries, 4 brick manu- 
 factories, 7 saw and planing mills, 1 grist 
 mill, and 113 boot and shoe factories. It 
 contained 30 churches, 19 newspaper offices, 
 6246 pupils attending public schools, and 
 2883 attending academies and other schools. 
 Several railroads are in course of construc- 
 tion, a notice of which may be found in the 
 article New Orleans. Capital, New Orleans. 
 Population, 119,460; of whom 101,392 were 
 free, and 18,068, slaves. 
 
 Orleans, a post-township in Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts, 77 miles S. E. by E. from 
 Boston. Population, 1848. 
 
 Orleans, a township of Jefferson co., New 
 York, 14 miles N. from Watertown. Popu- 
 lation, 3265. 
 
 Orleans, a post-village of Ontario co., 
 New York, on Flint creek, 190 miles AV. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Orleans, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Orleans, a post-office of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia, 112 miles N. byAV. from Richmond. 
 
 Orleans, a township in Ionia co., Michi- 
 gan. Population, 491. 
 
 Orleans, a post-township in Elkhart co , 
 Indiana. Population, 1402. 
 
 Orleans, a pleasant post-village of Orange 
 
ORI< 
 
 osc 
 
 CO., Indiana, on the New Albany and Salem 
 railroad, 56 miles N. W. from New Albany. 
 
 Orleans, a post-office of Morgan co., 111. 
 
 Orleans, a small post-village of Polk co., 
 Missouri, on the E. fork of Sac river, about 
 120 miles S. W. from JeflFerson City. 
 
 Orleans Four Corners, a post-office of 
 Jefferson co., New York. 
 
 Okme's Store, a post-office of Bledsoe co., 
 Tennessee, 125 miles E. by S. from Nashville. 
 
 Orneville, a post-township of Piscataquis 
 CO., Maine, 70 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 424. 
 
 Orono, a post-township in Penobscot co., 
 Maine, on the W. side of the Penobscot river, 
 75 miles N. E. from Augusta, intersected by 
 the Bangor and Piscataquis railroad. Pop., 
 2785. 
 
 Oronoco, a post-office of Amherst co., Va. 
 
 Oronoko, a township in the S. central part 
 of Berrien co., Michigan, on the St. Joseph's 
 river. 
 
 Orphan's Island, at the entrance to Pe- 
 nobscot river, opposite the town of Bucksport, 
 Penobscot co., Maine. It is 4 miles long, and 
 contains about 5000 acres. 
 
 Orrin Glen, a post-office of Delaware co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Orrington, a post-township in Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, on the Penobscot river, 66 miles 
 N. E. by E. from Augusta. It contains a 
 village of the same name, which has consi- 
 derable manufactures. Pop., 1852. 
 
 Orrstown, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles from Chambersburg. 
 It is handsomely built, and contains about 
 350 inhabitants. 
 
 Orrsville, a post-village of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Orrsville, a village of Gwinnett co., 
 Georgia, on the Chattahoochee river, 105 
 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Orrville, a post-office of Mecklenburg co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Orrville, a post-office of Dallas co., Ala. 
 
 Orrville, a post-office of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 Ortonville, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 Orvan, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. 
 Popuation, 527. 
 
 Orwell, a post-township in Rutland co., 
 Vermont, near Lake Champlain, 46 miles S. 
 W. of Montpelier, has 1 bank. Pop. 1470. 
 
 Orwell, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Oswego CO., New York. Pop., 1106. 
 
 Orwell, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Bradford CO., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1241. 
 
 Orwell, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 825. 
 
 Orwigsburg, a post - borough of West 
 Brunswick township, Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the turnpike leading from Read- 
 ing to Pottsville, 8 miles S. E. from the latter. 
 It was formerly the county seat. It contains 
 3 churches, 1 academy, and a newspaper office. 
 Population in 1850, 909. 
 
 Osage, a large river, which rises in the E. 
 part of the Indian Territory, and entering 
 Missouri, near the N. W. corner of Bates co., 
 falls into the Missouri river 10 miles below 
 Jefferson City. Its general direction is nearly 
 eastward, and its whole length is estimated at 
 500 miles. It is the largest affluent which the 
 Missouri river receives in this state. Boats 
 of moderate size can ascend 200 miles or more, 
 when the water is high. The region drained 
 by this river is occupied by fertile prairies 
 interspersed with woodlands. 
 
 Osage, a county in the E. central part of 
 Missouri, contains about 850 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the Missouri river, 
 on the N. W. by the Osage river, and inter- 
 sected by the Gasconade and Marais rivers. 
 The surface is uneven. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and cattle are the staples. In 1 850 the 
 county produced 301,383 bushels of corn; 
 26,229 of wheat; 43,410 of oats, and 79,409 
 pounds of butter. It contained 3 churches, 
 and 208 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Linn. Population, 6704 ; of whom 
 6434 were free, and 270, slaves. 
 
 Osage, a township in Benton co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 1454. 
 
 Osage, a post- township in Carroll co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 719. 
 
 Osage, a post-village of Crawford co., Mis- 
 souri, 91 miles S. E. from JeflFerson City. 
 
 Osage, a post-office of Fremont co., Iowa. 
 
 OsAGB Fork, of Gasconade river, Missouri, 
 rises in Texas county, and unites with the 
 main stream in the N. E. part of LaClede co. 
 
 Osage Fork of Maramec river. See Ma- 
 rameo. 
 
 Osage Indians, a tribe in the E. part of 
 Indian Territory, S. of the Osage river. 
 
 Osage Mills, a post-village in Benton co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Osanippa, apost-officeof Chambers co., Ala. 
 
 Osborne, a small post-village of Ptock co., 
 Wisconsin, about 28 miles S. E. from Madison. 
 
 OsBORN Mill, a district in Harris co., Ga. 
 
 Osboen's Bridge, a post-office of Fulton 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Osborn's Ford, a post-office of Scott co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Osborn's Hollow, a post-village of Broome 
 CO., N. Y., 130 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 
 OscEO. See Osseo. 
 
 Osceola, a new and unorganized county in 
 the N. W. central part of Michigan, contains 
 576 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Maskegon river. It is not named in the 
 census of 1850. 
 
 Osceola, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Minnesota Territory, has 
 an area of about 535 square miles. It is 
 drained by the head waters of the Little 
 Sioux river which flows into the Missouri. 
 This county is not included in the census of 
 1850. County seat not located. Named in 
 honor of the celebrated Seminole chief 
 Osceola. 
 
osc 
 
 osw 
 
 Osceola, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Lewis co., N. Y. Pop., 412. 
 
 Osceola, a post-oiBce of Tioga co., Pa. 
 
 Osceola, a post-office of Cherokee county, 
 Alabama. 
 
 Osceola, a small post-Tillage, capital of 
 Mississippi co., Arkansas, on the Mississippi 
 river, 87 miles above Memphis. 
 
 Osceola, a post-village of Crawford co., 
 Ohio, 70 miles N. from Colnmbus. 
 
 Osceola, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Livingston co., Michigan. Population, 960. 
 
 Osceola, a post-office of Stark co., Illinois. 
 
 Osi.'EOLA, a post-village of St. Clair co., Mis- 
 souri, on the Osage river, 132 miles W. S. W 
 from Jeiferson City, has 1 newspaper office. 
 
 Osceola, a post-office of Clarke co., Iowa. 
 
 Osceola, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., 
 "Wisconsin. 
 
 Osceola Centre, a post-village of Living- 
 ston CO., Michigan, 50 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Detroit. 
 
 Osceola Mills, a small village of St. Croix 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Oscoda, a new and unorganized county in 
 the N. E. part of Michigan, contains 576 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Aux 
 Sable river, which flows from W. to E. The 
 census of 1850 gives no returns for this county. 
 
 Oshauktjta, or Hill's Cornbes, a small 
 post-village of Columbia co., Wisconsin, 80 
 miles N. from Madison. 
 
 OsHKOSH, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Winnebago county, Wisconsin, is situated 
 on the Neenah or Fox river, at its entrance 
 into Lake Winnebago, about 90 miles N. N. E. 
 from Madison. The lumber trade is carried 
 on here extensively, the river and lake being 
 navigable by steamboats. It contains 3 
 churches, an academy, a land-office, 3 news- 
 paper offices, 1 manufactory of pumps, 1 of 
 threshing machines, 1 foundry, 6 mills, 9 dry- 
 goods stores, and about 20 other stores. Plank- 
 roads are projected from Oshkosh to Waupun 
 and Neenah. Laid out about 1846. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, estimated at 2500. 
 
 OsHTEMO, a township in Kalamazoo co., 
 Michigan. Population, 587. 
 
 OsKALOOSA, a flourishing post- village, capi- 
 tal of Mahaska county, Iowa, 4 miles N. from 
 the Des Moines river, and 70 miles W. S. W. 
 from Iowa City. It has an elevated and 
 healthy situation in the midst of an undu- 
 lating and fertile country, in which prairies 
 and forests of fine timber are distributed. 
 Limestone and stonecoal abound in many 
 parts of the county, and the streams furnish 
 extensive water-power. It contained in 1851 
 several churches, a state normal school, 10 
 dry-goods stores, and 2 steam mills. A news- 
 paper is published here. A plank-road about 
 100 miles long is in progress from Oskaloosa to 
 Burlington. Four-horse coaches run daily 
 from this place in several directions. Laid 
 out in 1844. Population, June, 1851, 916; in 
 1853, about 1500. 
 870 
 
 OsNABUEG, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Stark co., Ohio. Population, 2225. 
 
 OsNABirEG, a small post-village in the above 
 township, 124 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 OsoLO, a township in Elkhart co., Indiana. 
 Population, 471. 
 
 OssABAW Island, of Bryan co., Georgia, at 
 the mouth of Ogeechee river, is about 10 
 miles long. Ossabaw sound is situated im- 
 mediately N. of the island. 
 
 OssAWA, a post-office of Clinton co., Mich. 
 
 OssEO, a village of Hillsdale co., Michigan, 
 on the Southern railroad, 5 miles E. from 
 Hillsdale, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 OssiAN, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Alleghany co., New York. It con- 
 tains a village of the same name. Pop., 1283. 
 
 OssiAN, a small village of Wells co., In- 
 diana, 11 miles N. from Bluffton. 
 
 OssiAN, a post-office of Winneshiek co., lo. 
 
 OssiN river, a small stream of Wisconsin, 
 flows into Rock river, in Dodge co., near the 
 S. end of Winnebago marsh. 
 
 OssiNiNG, a township of Westchester co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson river, 32 miles N. 
 from New York. It contains the village of 
 Sing Sing. Population, 4939. 
 
 OssiPEE, a post-village, capital of Carroll 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the W. side of Ossipee 
 lake, 45 miles N. N. E. from Concord. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2123. 
 
 OssiPEE Lake, in the E. part of New 
 Hampshire, in Carroll co. It is nearly cir- 
 cular, being about 6 miles in its greater, and 
 4 or 5 miles in its smaller diameter. 
 
 Ossipee Mountain, of Grafton co., New 
 Hampshire, a range lying immediately W. 
 of Ossipee lake. 
 
 Ossipee River forms the outlet of Ossipee 
 lake, in Strafi^ord co., New Hampshire, and 
 flowing easterly into Maine, after forming 
 part of the boundary between York and 
 Oxford counties, falls into the Saco river. 
 
 Ostend, a post-office of Washington co., 0. 
 
 OsTEND, a post-office of McHenry co., 111. 
 
 OswAYO creek rises in the N. part of Pa., 
 and joins the Alleghany river in New York. 
 
 OswxiYO, a post-township in the N. N. W. 
 part of Potter co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 244. 
 
 OswEGATCHiE river rises in Lewis co., New 
 York, and flowing through St. Lawrence coun- 
 ty, empties itself into the St. Lawrence river, 
 at Ogdensburg. Its whole length is about 120 
 miles. The outlet of Black lake enters it 
 about 4 miles from its mouth. 
 
 OswEGATCHiE, a towDship of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York, on the St. Lawrence river. 
 Population including Ogdensburg, 7756. 
 
 Oswego river. New York, a stream form- 
 ing the outlet of all the small lakes in 
 Western New York. The Seneca river, after 
 having received the Canandaigua, the Cayuga 
 and Owasco outlets, the Oneida river, and 
 many other smaller streams, all discharge 
 their waters into the Oswego, which flows in 
 nearly a straight course N. N. W. to Lake 
 
osw 
 
 OTI 
 
 Ontario. Length, 24 miles ; breadth, about 
 200 yards. It is a very powerful stream, and 
 falls, during its entire course, above 120 feet. 
 
 Oswego, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 960 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. W. by Lake 
 Ontario, and in part on the S. by Oneida 
 lake and river, and is drained by the Oswego 
 and Salmon rivers, and other smaller streams, 
 which furnish abundant water-power. The 
 surface in the southern portion is slightly 
 undulating ; in the N. E. more elevated and 
 adapted to grazing. The soil is generally 
 fertile. Indian corn, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 18-50 this county produced 
 890,605 bushels of corn; 320,166 of pota- 
 toes ; 60,930 tons of hay ; 2,031,574 pounds 
 of butter, and 1,840,545 of cheese. There 
 were 45 flour and grist mills, 1 cotton fac- 
 tory, 5 woollen factories, 259 saw mills, 6 
 iron foundries, and 27 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 64 churches, 8 newspaper offices, 
 14,710 pupils attending public schools, and 
 1078 attending academies or other schools. 
 This county contains iron ore and sandstone, 
 and some very valuable salt springs are si- 
 tuated in it. Its lake coast of upwards of 35 
 miles affords great facilities for navigation. 
 It is traversed by the Oswego canal, by the 
 Syracuse and Oswego railroad, and by the 
 Rome and Watertown railroad. Organized 
 in 1816. Seats of justice, Oswego and Pulaski. 
 Population, 62,198. 
 
 Oswego, a city, port of entry, and semi- 
 capital of Oswego county, New York, is si- 
 tuated on the S. E. shore of Lake Ontario, 
 and on both sides of Oswego river, 35 miles 
 N. N. W. from Syracuse, and 183 miles W. N. 
 W. from Albany. Lat. 48° 28' N., Ion. 76° 
 35' W. It is the most populous and flourish- 
 ing town (belonging to the United States) on 
 Lake Ontario, and is very advantageously 
 situated for trade. The harbor formed by 
 the mouth of the river is one of the best on 
 tbe lake, and has been improved by the 
 United States Goverment, with a substantial 
 pier about 1200 feet in length. It is defended 
 by Fort Oswego, on the eastern bank of the 
 river. The water within the pier is from 10 
 to 20 feet deep. The Oswego canal, and the 
 Oswego and Syracuse railroad, of which this 
 is the northern terminus, connect at Syracuse 
 with the Erie canal and the Central railroad. 
 A bridge about 700 feet long connects the 
 opposite banks of the river. The city is 
 handsomely built with streets about 100 feet 
 wide, intersecting each other at right an- 
 gles. Oswego contains 11 churches; the First 
 and Second Presbyterian, built of red sand- 
 stone, are large and beautiful edifices; a 
 court house, custom house, 2 banks, several 
 large hotels, an academy, and other semi- 
 naries. There are 4 or 5 newspapers pub- 
 lished here, 2 or 3 of which are dailies. The 
 falls of the river supply abundant water- 
 power to the manufactories of Oswego, among 
 
 which are 10 or 12 large flouring mills, and 
 a starch factory, which employs about 100 
 men. The building called Doolittle's Block 
 is very large and handsome, and contains 
 one of the most extensive halls in the 
 northern part of the state. The shipping of 
 the port, June 30, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 26,107|| tons enrolled and 
 licensed, all of which was employed in the 
 coast trade, and 35932| tons in steam navi- 
 gation. The foreign arrivals for the year 
 were 1784, (tons, 240,253,) of which 1140 
 (tons, 89,822) were by foreign vessels. The 
 clearances for foreign ports were 1781, (tons, 
 234,625,) of which 667 (tons, 142,897) were 
 by American vessels. During the year 10 
 vessels were built, with an aggregate burthen 
 of 765-|-|. The reported value of exports and 
 imports in 1846 was $9,502,980. In 1851, the 
 imports coastwise amounted to $6,083,036 ; 
 from Canada, $1,784,412; total, $7,867,448. 
 The exports coastwise were $11,471,071 ; 
 of domestic goods to Canada, $2,291,911; 
 foreign goods tq Canada, $915,900; total, 
 $14,678,882. Entire trade of the port in 
 1851, $22,546,830. The Canadian trade 
 of Oswego is nearly one-half of the entire 
 commerce of the United States with Canada. 
 Population in 1840, 4665; in 1850, 12,205 ; in 
 1853, about 25,000. 
 
 Oswego, a post- village of Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana, at tlie outlet of Tippecanoe lake, 
 118 miles N. from Indianapolis. Population, 
 in 1853, about 250. 
 
 Oswego, a post-township in Kendall co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1599. 
 
 Oswego, a handsome and flourishing post- 
 village of Oswego township, capital of Ken- 
 dall county, Illinois, is finely situated on the 
 left bank of Fox river, 45 miles W. S. W. 
 from Chicago. Fox river is a beautiful and 
 rapid stream, affording almost unlimited hy- 
 draulic power. Two plank-roads have been 
 commenced, which will connect Oswego with 
 Chicago and Joliet; and the Chicago and 
 Aurora railroad passes near this village. 
 Oswego contains a handsome stone court 
 house, 2 or 3 churches, a large stone edifice 
 for schools, 8 or 10 stores, a mechanics' hall, 
 and several mills. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Oswego Falls, a post-township of Oswego 
 CO., New York, on Lake Ontario, near the 
 mouth of Oswego river. Population, 2445. 
 
 Oswego Village, a post-office of Dutchess 
 CO., New York. 
 
 OswiCHEE, a post-office of Russell co., Ala. 
 
 Otego creek, of Otsego co.. New York, flows 
 southward into the Susquehanna river. 
 
 Otego, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Otsego CO., New York. Population, 1792. 
 
 Otego, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 25 miles S. S. W. from Coopers- 
 town. It has 3 churches. 
 
 Otis, a post-township in Hancocn co., Me., 
 70 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. Pop., 124. 
 
 Otis, a post- township in Berkshire co., 
 871 
 
OTI 
 
 OTT 
 
 Massachusetts, 115 miles W. by S. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 1224. 
 
 Otisco, a small lalje in Onondaga co., New 
 York, about 4 miles E. from Skaneateles 
 lake. Length, near 4 miles. 
 
 Otisco, a post-township of Onondaga co., 
 New York, 15 miles S. W. from Syracuse. 
 Population, 1804. 
 
 Otisco, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Ionia co., Mich. Pop., 1018. 
 
 Otisfield, a post-township in Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, 25 miles S. S. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1171. 
 
 Otisville, a post- village of Orange county, 
 New York, on the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, 85 miles from New York city. Named 
 in honor of Isaac Otis, its first settler. The 
 milk trains for New York start from this place. 
 
 Otsdawa, a post-village of Otsego co., 
 N. Y., about 85 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 
 Otsego Lake, in the E. central part of 
 New York, and in the N. part of Otsego co., 
 is about 9 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles 
 broad. It is the source of Susquehanna river. 
 
 Otsego, a county in the 'eastern part of 
 New York, has an area of about 950 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Una- 
 dilla river, and drained by the E. branch of the 
 Susquehanna, and by Butternuts, Shenevas, 
 and Otego creeks, which supply motive-power 
 to numerous mills. Canaderaga and Otsego 
 lakes are comprised within its limits. The 
 surface is broken and hilly. The soil is va- 
 rious ; generally fertile, but rather better 
 adapted to grass than grain. Oats, pota- 
 toes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 921,989 bushels of oats; 
 500,372 of potatoes; 113,209 tons of hay; 
 2,497,871 pounds of butter, and 2,049,673 of 
 cheese. There were 8 cotton and 6 woollen 
 factories, 12 iron foundries, 24 flour and grist 
 mills, 1 paper mill, and 84 saw mills. It 
 contained 113 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 
 14,515 pupils attending public schools, and 
 406 attending academies or other schools. 
 Iron ore, sandstone, limestone, and marble 
 are its principal mineral productions. Capi- 
 tal, Cooperstown. Population, 48,638. 
 
 Otsego, originally called Okkuddo, an un- 
 organized county in the N. part of Michigan; 
 area estimated at 576 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Sheboygan river, which flows 
 northward into Lake Huron. The census of 
 1850 furnishes no returns for this county. 
 
 Otsego, a township in the N. part of Ot- 
 sego CO., New York, on the W. side of Otsego 
 lake. Population, 3901. 
 
 Otsego, a post-village of Muskingum co., 
 Ohio, 73 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Otsego, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Allegan co., Michigan, intersected by the 
 Kalamazoo river. Population, 818. 
 
 Otsego, a township in Steuben co., In- 
 diana. Population, 541. 
 
 Otsego, a post-village of Lake co., Illinois, 
 42 miles N. N. W. from Chicago. 
 872 
 
 Otsego, a post-ofiice of Ray co., Missouri. 
 
 Otsego, a post-township of Columbia co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 420. 
 
 Otsego, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 15 miles S. E. from Portage. 
 
 Otselic river rises in Madison co., near 
 the centre of New York, and flowing nearly 
 south-westward, falls into Tioughnioga river, 
 in Broome county. 
 
 Otselic, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Chenango co., New York. Pop., 1800. 
 
 Otsqiiago. a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 New York. 
 
 Ottawa river, of Ohio, rises near the N. 
 line of Lucas co., and enters Maumee bay 
 at the W. end of Lake Erie. 
 
 Ottawa, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie, has an area 
 of 256 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Portage river and Toussaint creek. Sandus- 
 ky bay washes its S. E. border. The sur- 
 face is nearly level ; the soil fertile. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and swine are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 55,584 bushels of corn; 23,288 of wheat; 
 12,968 of oats, and 4445 tons of hay. It 
 contained 5 churches, and 1294 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. It is intersected by 
 the railroad from Cleveland to Toledo. Ca- 
 pital, Port Clinton. Population, 3308. 
 
 Ottawa, a county in the W. part of Michi- 
 gan, bordering on Lake Michigan, contains 
 about 800 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Grand and Maskego rivers, and also 
 drained by Black river and Crockery creek. 
 The surface is mostly undulating or rolling, 
 and is covered with forests of pine and other 
 timber. The soil is a rich sandy loam. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, and 
 wool are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 3814 bushels of wheat; 23,995 of 
 corn; 25,152 of potatoes, and 1502 tons of 
 hay. Lumber is one of the chief articles of 
 export. Iron ore is found in the county. 
 Steamboats navigate the Grand river. Ca- 
 pital, Grand Haven. Population, 5587. 
 
 Ottawa, a post-office of Ottawa co., Ohio. 
 
 Ottawa, a township in the N. N. AV. part of 
 Ottawa county, Michigan. Population, 430. 
 
 Ottawa, a flourishing town, capital of La 
 Salle county, Illinois, is situated on both 
 sides of the Illinois river, just below the 
 mouth of Fox river, and on the Chicago and 
 Rock Island railroad, 88 miles W. S. W. from 
 Chicago. The Illinois and Michigan canal 
 connects it with Chicago. Improvements 
 are being made in the rapids of the Illinois 
 river, a few miles below the town, which will 
 render it navigable for steamboats at all 
 stages of water. The value of the grain, &c. 
 shipped at this port in 1852 was estimated 
 at $650,000. The Fox river at this place 
 has a fall of about 29 feet, producing a wa- 
 ter-power which is said to be unsurpassed 
 by any in the state. Ottawa contains seve- 
 ral churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices,. 
 
OTT 
 
 OVI 
 
 and a number of large flouring mills and fac- 
 tories. Rich beds of coal are found in the vi- 
 cinity. The supreme court for the north di- 
 vision of the state is holden here. Population 
 in 1850, 2783 ; in 1853, estimated at 3500. 
 
 Ottawa, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Waukesha co., Wisconsin. Pop., 793. 
 
 Ottawa, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, oO miles W. by S. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Ottawa City, a post-of&ce of Ottawa co., 0. 
 
 Ottawa Creek, Ohio, flows into the Au- 
 glaize river, near Kalida, in Putnam county. 
 
 Ottawa Lake, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Otter Bridge, a post-office of Bedford co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Otteeburne, a small village of Lafayette 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Otter Creek rises in Bennington county, 
 in the W. N. W. part of Vermont, and flowing 
 in a N. N. W. course through Rutland county, 
 falls into Lake Champlain in Addison county. 
 At several of the towns on its banks there 
 are excellent mill seats. Its whole length is 
 about 90 miles, and it is navigable for large 
 vessels from the lake to Vergennes, about 8 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Otter Creek, Texas, flows into Trinity 
 river from the N. in Anderson county. 
 
 Otter Creek, of Indiana, flows into the 
 Wabash about 10 miles N. from Terre Haute. 
 
 Otter Creek, of Monroe co., Missouri, 
 flows eastward into the N. fork of Salt river 
 a few miles above Florida. 
 
 Otter Creek, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Otter Creek, a township in Vigo co., In- 
 diana. Population, 789. 
 
 Otter Creek, a post-village of Jersey co., 
 Illinois, 38 miles N. N. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Otter Creek, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Otter Peaks, Va. See Peaks of Otter. 
 
 Otter River, a small stream, in the S. 
 part of Virginia, rises in Bedford co., at the 
 fcase of the celebrated Peaks of Otter, and 
 flowing south-eastward, falls into Staunton 
 river in Campbell county. 
 
 Otter River, of Missouri. See Loutre. 
 
 Ottee Village, a small post-village of 
 Ripley co., Indiana, about 50 miles W. from 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Otterville, a post-office of Orange co. N. Y. 
 
 Otterville, a post-village of Cooper co., 
 Mo., 50 miles W. N. AV. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Otto, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Cattaraugus co., New York. Pop., 2267. 
 
 Otto, a post-village of Fulton co., Illinois, 
 67 miles S. by E. from Knoxville. 
 
 Ottobine, a post-office of Rockingham co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Ottokee, a post-office of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 Ottsville, a small post-village of Bucks 
 CO., Pa., 112 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Ottumwa, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Wapello county, Iowa, on the left bank 
 
 of the Des Moines river, 75 miles N. W. from 
 Keokuk. Improvements have been com- 
 menced on the river, which, when finished, 
 will render it navigable for steamboats. The 
 village is surrounded by a rich farming coun- 
 try. One or two newspapers are published 
 here. 
 
 Ouachita (pronounced, and sometimes 
 written Washitaw) City, a post-village of 
 Union parish, Louisiana, on the AVashita river, 
 about 200 miles N. N. W. from Baton Rouge. 
 A newspaper is published here. 
 
 Ouleout, a post-office of Delaware co., N.Y. 
 
 Oury's, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ohio. 
 
 Odsley's Bar, a small town of Yuba co., 
 California, is situated on Yuba river, 14 
 miles above its junction with Feather river, 
 and about 110 miles N. N. E. of Benicia. 
 Population, 390. 
 
 Outagamie, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Wisconsin, contains 675 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Neenah and Wolf rivers. 
 The surface is nearly level, and mostly 
 covered with forests of pine and other tim- 
 ber, from which large quantities of lumber 
 are procured. The soil is moderately pro- 
 ductive. Lumber, grass, potatoes, Indian 
 corn, and oats are the staples. The Neenah 
 river furnishes abundant water-power. Outa- 
 gamie was separated from Brown county in 
 1850. Capital, Appleton. 
 
 Outlet, a post-office of Lake co., Indiana. 
 
 Overalls, a post-ofiice of Warren co., Va. 
 
 OvERFiELD, a post-office of Barbour co.,Va. 
 
 Overman's Ferry, a post-office of Musca- 
 tine CO., Iowa. 
 
 OvERSHOLZviLLE, a Small village of Lan- 
 caster CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Overslaugh, New York, in the Hudson 
 river, 3 miles below Albany. The channel 
 of the river here is obstructed by sandbars 
 which render the navigation difficult at low 
 tide. 
 
 Overton, a county in the N. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Kentucky ; area esti- 
 mated at 700 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Obie's, or Obed's river, an affluent of 
 Cumberland river, which flows along the N. 
 W. border. The surface is mountainous, es- 
 pecially in the E. part. The soil is mostly 
 fertile. Indian corn, oats, and tobacco are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 622,485 bushels of corn; 63,824 of oats; 
 104,885 pounds of butter, and 63,752 of to- 
 bacco. It contained 23 churches, and 1723 
 pupils attending public schools. Iron ore 
 and stone coal are abundant. It is well tim- 
 bered, and is amply supplied with water- 
 power. Obed's river is navigable by steam- 
 boats 60 miles in this county. Capital, 
 Livingston. Population, 11,211 ; of whom 
 10,146 were free, and 1065, slaves. 
 
 Overton, a small village of Claiborne pa • 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Ovid, a post-township in the S. part of Se- 
 neca CO., New York. Population, 2248. 
 
 873 
 
OVI 
 
 OWE 
 
 Ovid, a post-village, semi-capital of Seneca 
 county, New York, is pleasantly situated in 
 the above township, on the dividing ridge be- 
 tween Cayuga and Seneca lakes, 8^ miles 
 from each, and about 190 miles W. from Al- 
 bany. It has a beautiful view of Seneca lake, 
 and contains a court house, an academy, 3 
 meeting houses, a newspaper office, and 8 
 stores. Population, about 700. 
 
 Ovid, a post-office of Franklin co., Ohio. 
 
 Ovid, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Branch co., Michigan. Population, 710. 
 
 Ovid, a post-village in Madison co., Ind. 
 
 Ovid, a post-office of Lee co., Illinois. 
 
 OwAsco (o-wos'ko) lake, in the S. E. cen- 
 tral part of Cayuga county. New York, is 
 about 11 miles long, and from one-third to 
 three-quarters of a mile wide. 
 
 OwASCO, a post-township of Cayuga co., 
 New York, on the E. shore of Owasco lake. 
 Population, 1254. It contains a village of 
 the same name. 
 
 Owasco Creek, of Cayuga county. New 
 York, is the outlet of Owasco lake, flowing 
 into Seneca river. 
 
 Owasco Lake, a post-office of Cayuga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 OwAsso, a post-township in the N. W. cen- 
 tral part of Shiawassee co., Mich. Pop., 892. 
 
 OwAsso, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Shiawassee river, 27 miles N. E. 
 from Lansing. The village has 3 stores and 
 several mills. Population, about 300. 
 
 OwEGO creek, of New York, is formed by 
 the East and West branches, which unite in 
 Tioga county. It flows nearly southward, 
 and enters the E. brancli of the Susquehanna 
 river at Owego. 
 
 OwEGO, a handsome post-village in Owego 
 township, and capital of Tioga county. New 
 York, at the junction of the Owego creek with 
 the Susquehanna river, where the former is 
 crossed by the New York and Erie railroad, 
 247 miles from New York city. The lumber 
 trade is extensively carried on. There are 
 several, flour, plaster, and woollen mills in 
 this place, a bank, a first-class hotel, and a 
 number of stores. A wooden bridge unites 
 the village with the opposite bank of the river. 
 Owego is connected with Ithaca, 30 miles dis- 
 tant, by the Cayuga and Susquehanna rail- 
 road. Three newspapers are published here. 
 Settled in 1791, and incorporated in 1827. 
 Population of the township, 7159; of the vil- 
 lage in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 Owen, a county in the N. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 360 square 
 miles. The Kentucky river bounds it on 
 the W., and the Eagle creek washes part 
 of its eastern, and all of its north-western 
 border. The surface is undulating, and the 
 soil is fertile. Tobacco, corn, oats, and wheat 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 632,870 bushels of corn; 22,794 of wheat; 
 46,680 of oats, and 746,871 pounds of tobacco. 
 It contained 20 churches, 585 pupils attend- 
 874 
 
 ing public schools, and 390 attending acade- 
 mies and other schools. The subjacent rock 
 is the blue limestone. The navigation of the 
 Kentucky river has been improved by locks 
 and dams on the border. Formed in 1819, 
 and named in honor of Colonel Abram Owen, 
 who fell at the battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, 
 Owenton. Population, 10,444, of whom 8930 
 were free, and 1514, slaves. 
 
 Owen, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Indiana, contains about 400 square miles. 
 It is drained by the West Fork of White river. 
 The surface is mostly undulating, excepting 
 the river bottoms, which are large and fer- 
 tile. The soil of the uplands is also good, 
 and adapted to wheat, corn, oats, and grass. 
 In 1850 this county produced 764,029 bushels 
 of corn ; 60,3;27 of wheat ; 58,789 of oats, and 
 2176 tons of hay. There were 20 churches, 
 and 2656 pupils attending public schools. The 
 county contains extensive beds of coal and 
 iron ore, which yields about 40 per cent, of 
 metal. The river is navigated by small steam- 
 ers through this county, during high water. 
 Organized in 1819. Capital, Spencer. Popu- 
 lation, 12,106. 
 
 Owen, a township in Dallas co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 366. 
 
 Owen, a township in Clarke co., Indiana. 
 Population, 680. 
 
 Owen, a township in Clinton co., Indiana. 
 Population, 634. 
 
 Owen, a township in Jackson co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1257. 
 
 Owen, a township in Vanderbur.g co., In- 
 diana. Population, 728. 
 
 OwENBOBOuGH, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Daviess county, Kentucky, is situated 
 on the Ohio river, 155 miles below Louisville. 
 The navigation is seldom obstructed either 
 by ice or by low water below this place. 
 Owenborough is the principal shipping port 
 of the county, and is a place of active busi- 
 ness. It contains a court house, 3 churches, 
 an academy, and a branch bank. One new^ 
 paper is published here. Pop. in 1853, 1600? 
 
 OwENSBUKG, a post-office of Greene co., Ind. 
 
 Owen's Lake, near the centre of California, 
 is situated in about 36° 35' N. lat., and 117° 
 50' W. Ion. It is said to be about 1 6 miles 
 long by 6 wide. It receives the waters of 
 Owen's river. 
 
 Owen's Rivee, a small stream of Mariposa 
 and Tulare counties, in the central part of 
 California, flows into Owen's lake. 
 
 OwENSviLLB, a village of Westchester co., 
 New York, on Croton river, about 112 miles 
 S. from Albany. 
 
 OwENsviLLE, a post-village in Sampson co., 
 North Carolina, 84 miles S. S.E. from Raleigli. 
 
 OwENSviLi.E,a post-village in Saline co. Ark. 
 
 OwENSviLiiE, apost-office of Clermont CO., 0. 
 
 OwENSviLLE, a post- village of Gibson co., 
 Indiana, 9 miles S. W. from Princeton. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 400. 
 
 OwENSviLLE, a small village of Clay co.,Mo, 
 
OWE 
 
 OXF 
 
 OwENTON, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Owen county, Kentucky, 28 miles N. from 
 Frankfort. It is connected by turnpike with 
 Warsaw, on the Ohio river : it contains 3 
 churches. Settled in 1828. 
 
 Owing's Landing, a small village of War- 
 ren CO., Missouri. 
 
 Owing's Mills, a post- village of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland, on the Westminster Branch 
 railroad, 17 miles N. W. from Baltimore. 
 
 OwiNGSviLLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Bath CO., Kentucky, about 45 miles E. by N. 
 from Lexington, has a fine court house and 2 
 or 3 churches. 
 
 Owl Creek, Ohio. See Vernon River. 
 
 Owl Prairie Town, a small post-village of 
 Daviess co., Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie 
 canal, 16 miles N. from Washington, the 
 county seat. 
 
 Owl's Head, a headland on the W. side of 
 the entrance of Penobscot bay, Maine. On 
 it is a fixed light, elevated 147 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 44° N., Ion. 68° 58' W. 
 
 Owslet, a county situated in the E. central 
 part of Kentucky, has an area estimated at 
 460 square miles. It is drained by the Ken- 
 tucky river and its three forks, which unite 
 near the centre. The surface is hilly or 
 mountainous, and mostly covered with forests ; 
 the soil is rather poor, excepting near the 
 streams. Coal and lumber are the chief ar- 
 ticles of export. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 164,021 bushels of corn ; 796 of wheat, 
 and 8843 of oats. It contained 6 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, and 200 pupils attending 
 academies or other schools. Extensive mines 
 of iron ore and stone coal have been found. 
 Formed in 1842, and named in honor of 
 William Owsley, late governor of the state. 
 Capital, Booneville. Population, 3774, of 
 whom 3638 were free, and 136, slaves. 
 
 OwTHEE River, in the E. central part of 
 Oregon, rises on the W. slope of the Blue 
 mountains, and falls into the South branch of 
 Lewis river. 
 
 Oxbow, a post-village of Jefferson co.. New 
 York, on Oswegatchie river, about 28 miles 
 N. N. E. from Watertown. 
 
 Oxbow, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pa. 
 
 Oxbow, a post-office of Putnam co., 111. 
 
 Oxford, a county in the W. part of Maine, 
 has an area of about 1700 square miles. It 
 is watered by the Androscoggin, Margalla- 
 way, Saco, and other smaller rivers. In the 
 N. part are several lakes connected with Um- 
 bagog lake, one of the principal sources of 
 the Androscoggin river. Some parts, espe- 
 cially in the N. and N. W., are rough and 
 mountainous, but a large portion is fertile, 
 and well adapted to cultivation, particularly 
 along the banks of its many lakes and rivers. 
 Indian corn, potatoes, wool, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 227,439 bushels of corn; 488,168 of pota- 
 toes; 69,309 tons of hay; 837,475 pounds of 
 butter, and 156,353 of wool. There were 4 
 
 woollen and 2 flannel factories, 1 cotton fac- 
 tory, 4 foundries, 19 grist mills, 1 powder 
 mill, 45 saw and planing mills, 24 manufac- 
 tories of shingles, 2 of wooden ware, and 11 
 tanneries. It contained 54 churches, 4 news- 
 paper offices, 13,584 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 908 attending other schools. 
 The Atlantic and St. Lawrence railroad 
 passes through this county. Capital, Paris. 
 Population, 39,763. 
 
 Oxford, a post-township in Oxford co., 
 Maine, 35 miles S. W. from Augusta, inter- 
 sected by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence rail- 
 road. Population, 1233. 
 
 Oxford, a thriving post-village of Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts, on the Norwich and 
 Worcester railroad, 11 miles S. by W. from 
 Worcester. The village is built chiefly on 
 one extended street, and contains a bank. 
 Population of the township, 2380. 
 
 Oxford, a post-township in New Haven co., 
 Connecticut, 15 miles N. W. from New Haven, 
 intersected by the Naugatuck railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 1564. 
 
 Oxford, a township in the S. central part 
 of Chenango co.. New York. Pop,, 3227. 
 
 Oxford, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on both sides of the Chenango river, 
 and on the canal of that name, about 110 
 miles W. by S. from Albany. It contains 5 
 or 6 churches, an academy, and several mills 
 and factories. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. 
 
 Oxford, a post-village of Orange co., New 
 York, on the New York and Erie railroad, 62 
 miles from New York city. 
 
 Oxford, a township of Warren co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware river, about 48 miles 
 N. N. W. from Trenton. Population, 1718. 
 It contains a small village of the same name. 
 
 Oxford, a township in the E. part of 
 Adams co., Pennsylvania. Population, 931. 
 
 Oxford a post- village of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the turnpike from York to Get- 
 tysburg, 10 miles N. E. from the latter. 
 
 Oxford, a post-borough of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, 69 miles S. E. from Harris- 
 burg. It is situated in a wealthy and popu- 
 lous neighbourhood, and contains about 60 
 dwellings. 
 
 Oxford, a township of Philadelphia co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 6 miles 
 N. E. from Philadelphia. Population, 1787. 
 
 Oxford, a post-village of Talbot co., Mary- 
 land, at the mouth of Treadhaven creek, a 
 navigable arm of Chesapeake bay, 12 miles 
 S. W. from Easton, has a flourishing military 
 academy. It is one of the oldest ports of 
 entry in the state. The shipping of Oxford, 
 June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 12,984|| tons enrolled and licensed, of 
 which 12,706^1 tons were employed in the 
 coast trade. During the year 17 schooners, 
 with an aggregate burthen of 914|| tons were 
 admeasured. 
 
 Oxford, a post-office of Ritchie co., Va. 
 875 
 
OXF 
 
 OZA 
 
 Oxford, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Granville county, Nortli Carolina, 45 miles 
 N. from Raleigh, and 12 miles W. from the 
 Gaston and Raleigh railroad. The situation 
 is beautiful and healthy. Oxford is a place 
 of some importance for its educational esta- 
 blishments, having in successful operation an 
 academy for each sex, and a Baptist female 
 college, which was opened in 1851. It also 
 contains 3 or 4 churches, and 1 newspaper 
 ofBce. Pop. in 1850, 1978; in 1853, 2500. 
 
 Oxford, a handsome post-village of New- 
 ton CO., Georgia, 2 miles N. from the Geor- 
 gia railroad, and 132 miles W. from Augusta. 
 It is the seat of Emory college, founded in 
 1837, by the Methodists. 
 
 Oxford, a thriving post-village of Benton 
 CO., Alabama, on the route of the railroad 
 now in progress from Selma to Gadsden, 110 
 miles N. by E. from Montgomery. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 300. 
 
 Oxford, a pleasant and thriving post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Lafayette county, Mississippi, 
 180 miles N. from Jackson. It is considered 
 one of the healthiest places in the state. The 
 state university, which is situated one mile 
 from the village, is well endowed and flou- 
 rishing, and the buildings are excellent. Ox- 
 ford has 4 or 5 churches, 2 seminaries for 
 boys, and 2 for girls ; 2 newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The Central railroad of Missis- 
 sippi is to pass through this village. 
 
 Oxford, a post-village of Scott co., Ken- 
 tucky, 22 miles E. by N. from Frankfort. 
 
 Oxford, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Butler co., Ohio. Pop., 3139. 
 
 Oxford, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Junction railroad, 105 miles W. 
 S. W. from Columbus. It is the seat of 
 Miami University, founded in 1809, which 
 has six professors, and a library of 8000 
 volumes. This institution is supported by 
 the income arising from a large grant of land 
 from the government. Oxford contains five 
 churches, and a theological seminary of the 
 Associate Reformed Church. Population, 
 about 2200. 
 
 Oxford, a township in the E. part of Co- 
 shocton CO., Ohio, and intersected by the Tus- 
 carawas river and Ohio canal. Pop., 1112. 
 
 Oxford, Delaware co., Ohio. See Ashley. 
 
 Oxford, a township in the N. part of Dela- 
 ware CO., Ohio, and intersected by the Cleve- 
 land, Columbus, and Cincinnati railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 828. 
 
 Oxford, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Erie co., Ohio, intersected by the Mansfield 
 and Sandusky City railroad. Pop., 984. 
 
 Oxford, a township in the N. E. part of 
 G lernsey CO., Ohio. Population, 2209. 
 
 Oxford, a village of Holmes co., Ohio, on 
 Killbuck creek, 82 milesN.E. from Columbus. 
 
 Oxford, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Tuscarawas co., Oliio, and inter- 
 sected by the Tuscarawas river and Ohio 
 canal. Population, 1436. 
 876 
 
 Oxford, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Oakland co., Michigan. Population, 1019. 
 
 Oxford, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Benton co., Indiana, 88 miles N. W. from In- 
 dianapolis, is surrounded by extensive prai- 
 ries. 
 
 Oxford, a post-village of Henry co., Il- 
 linois, about 20 miles S. W. from Cambridge. 
 
 Oxford Depot, a post-office of Orange co., 
 New York. 
 
 Oxford Furnace, a post-village in Oxford 
 township, Warren co., New Jersey, on the 
 Pequest river, has an iron furnace, and 8 or 
 10 dwellings. 
 
 Oxford Valley, a post-office of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Oyster Bay, of New York, extends from 
 Long Island sound into Queen's county. 
 
 Oyster Bay, a post-township of Queen's 
 county. New York, extends from Long Island 
 sound to Great South bay, and is intersected 
 by Long Island railroad. Population, 6900. 
 
 Oyster Bay, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the bay of that name, about 30 
 miles E. from New York. 
 
 O'^ster Creek, Texas, flows nearly parallel 
 with Brazos river, through Fort Bend and 
 Brazos counties, and enters the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Oyster Creek, a post-office of Brazoria co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Oyster Pond, New York. See Orient. 
 
 Oysterville, a post-village of Barnstable 
 township, Barnstable co., Massachusetts, on 
 the S. side of Cape Cod, 70 miles S. E. from 
 Boston. 
 
 OzAN, a township in Hempstead co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 1547. 
 
 Ozark, a new county in the S. part of Mis- 
 souri, bordering on Arkansas, contains about 
 1600 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 North fork and Bryant's fork of AVhite river, 
 which unite in the S. part of the county, and 
 also drained by the Little North fork of the 
 same river, and Beaver creek. The surface 
 is hilly or rather mountainous, and covered 
 by extensive forests of the yellow pine, which 
 attains a great size. The soil in the valleys 
 and along the streams is fertile. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, grass, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 115,670 
 bushels of corn; 5090 of wheat; 6280 of 
 oats, and 28,958 pounds of butter. The 
 streams furnish a copious supply of water- 
 power. Capital, Rockbridge. Population, 
 2294 ; of whom 2279 were free, and 15, slaves. 
 
 Ozark, a post-office of Itawamba co.. Miss. 
 
 Ozark, a small post-village, capital of 
 Franklin co., Arkansas, on the Arkansas 
 river, 121 miles W. N. W. from Little Rock. 
 It contains a court house and several stores. 
 
 Ozark, a thriving post-village of Greene 
 CO., Missouri, on Finley creek, 14 miles S. by 
 E. from Springfield. 
 
 Ozaukee, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Wisconsin, bordering on Lake Michigan, 
 
OZA 
 
 contains about 225 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Milwaukee river, and also 
 drained by Cedar creek. The surface is 
 rolling and heavily timbered ; the soil fertile. 
 The productions are similar to those of 
 Washington county, out of which it was 
 formed in 1853. Capital, Ozaukee, or Port 
 Washington. 
 
 Ozaukee, Wis. See Port Washington. 
 
 Paces, a post-office of Barren co., Ky. 
 
 Pachitla creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 lehawaynochaway river in Baker county. 
 
 Pachitta, a post-village of Early co., Ga. 
 
 Pacific, a county in the W. part of Wash- 
 ington Territory, has an area estimated at 
 above 800 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by the Pacific, from which it takes its 
 name, and on the S. by the Columbia river. 
 Cape Disappointment is situated on its W. 
 border. This county was formed since 1850, 
 and consequently is not included in the 
 census of that year. Capital, Pacific City. 
 
 Pacific, a post- village of Franklin co., N. C. 
 
 Pacific City, a post-town, capital of Pacific 
 CO., Washington Territory, on Baker's bay, 
 an expansion on the N. side of the Columbia 
 river, a mile and a half from the Pacific ocean. 
 
 Pack's Ferry, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Packstillb, a post-office of Sumter dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Packwaukee, a post-village of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the N. shore of Buffalo 
 lake, about 55 miles N. from Madison. It 
 contains 3 stores, 1 mill, and about 300 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Pacolet, a small river which rises in the 
 Blue Ridge, in the W. part of North Carolina, 
 and flowing through Spartanburg and Union 
 districts of South Carolina, enters the Broad 
 river at Pinckneyville. Its general course is E. 
 S. E., and its length perhaps 100 miles. The 
 South Pacolet is a small stream which enters 
 the former about 12 miles N. from Spartan- 
 burg Court House. 
 
 Pacolet Mills, a post-office of Union 
 district, S©uth Carolina. 
 
 Pactolus, a post-office of Pitt co., N. C. 
 
 Paddington, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Paddock's Grove, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Paddy Mills, a post-office of Shenandoah 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Paddy's Run, a post-office of Butler co., 0. 
 
 Paddytown, a small village of Hampshire 
 CO., Virginia, on the N. branch of Potomac 
 river, about 210 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Padittas, a village in the interior of the 
 Territory of New Mexico, on the right bank 
 of the Rio Del Norte. 
 
 Padua, a post-office of McLean co., 111. 
 
 PAI 
 
 Paducah, a thrinng post-village, capital 
 of McCracken county, Kentucky, on the Ohio 
 river, just below the mouth of the Tennessee 
 river, and 340 miles below Louisville. The 
 navigation of the river is seldom closed by ice 
 or obstructed by low water below this point. 
 Paducah is a place of active business, and the 
 shipping port for the exports of the county, 
 which consist of tobacco, pork, mules, horses, 
 &c. It has a fine range of warehouses front- 
 ing the river, and contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 
 banks, and 2 or 3 newspaper offices. The 
 name of Paducah was derived from an Indian 
 chief who once resided in this vicinity. Popu- 
 lation in 1850, 2428; in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Page, a county toward the N. E. part of 
 Virginia, contains about 300 square miles. 
 This county occupies the entire breadth of 
 the valley between the Massanutten mountain 
 and the Blue Ridge, the direction of which is 
 nearly N. and S. The Shenandoah river 
 flows through its entire length. The soil is 
 of limestone formation, and is highly produc- 
 tive. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 128,430 bushels of wheat ; 137,602 of 
 corn ; 2253 tons of hay, and 53,207 pounds 
 of butter. There were 16 flour mills, 3 saw 
 mills, 1 iron furnace, 2 iron forges, and 5 
 tanneries. It contained 11 churches, 463 
 pupils attending public schools, and 35 at- 
 tending other schools. Iron ore and fine 
 marble are abundant; copper and lead are 
 also found. Formed in 1831, and named in 
 honor of John Page, formerly governor of the 
 state. Capital, Luray. Population, 7600; 
 of whom 6648 were free, and 957, slaves. • 
 
 Page, a new county in the S. W. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an area of 
 about 550 square miles. The Nodaway river 
 flows through it from N. to S. The soil is 
 good, though not extensively cultivated. In- 
 dian corn and wool are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 28,270 bushels of corn; 
 1998 of wheat; 2190 bounds of wool, and 
 197 tons of hay. County seat not located. 
 Named in honor of Colonel Page, who was 
 mortally wounded at Palo Alto. Population, 
 551. 
 
 Page's Corners, a post-office of Herkimer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pagesville, a post-village of Newberry 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Pageville, a small village of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania, 26 miles S. W. from Erie. 
 
 Pageville, a post-office of Barren co., Ky. 
 
 Pahaquarrt, a township of Warren co., 
 New Jersey, on the left side of the Delaware 
 river, 66 miles N. by W. from Trenton. Po- 
 pulation, 460. 
 
 Pah Utah Indians, a tribe dwelling along 
 the S. border of the Great Basin. 
 
 Paincourt, apost- village, capitafof Assump- 
 tion parish, Louisiana, on Bayou La Fourche, 
 15 miles below its egress from the Mississippi 
 river, and 67 miles S. from Baton Rouge. 
 
 877 
 
PAI 
 
 PAL 
 
 ■ Patne's Hollow, a post-office of Herkimer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Paine's Point, a post-office of Ogle co., HI. 
 
 Painesville, a post-office of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 Painesville, a post-village of Amelia co., 
 Virginia, 46 miles W. S. W. from Kiclimond. 
 
 Painesville, a handsome post-village in 
 Painesville township, and capital of Lake 
 county, Ohio, on the railroad from Erie to 
 tleveland where it crosses Grand river, 170 
 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 3 miles from 
 Iiake Erie. It is beautifully situated on the 
 left bank, and at the lower rapids of the 
 river, which flows in a deep and picturesque 
 valley. Near the centre of the village is a 
 handsome public square. Painesville is a 
 place of active trade, and is rapidly increasing. 
 The railroad crosses the river on a bridge 800 
 feet long, resting on 5 stone piers 75 feet 
 high. A plank-road has been completed 
 from this place to Mercer county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and is to be extended to Pittsburg. It 
 has 5 churches, an academy, a bank, a news- 
 paper office, 2 flouring mills, 2 machine 
 shops, 1 iron foundry, and 20 stores. It is 
 also the seat of the Geauga Furnace Com- 
 pany's iron works. The first settlers of the 
 place were mostly from the Eastern States. 
 Population of the township, 3128. 
 
 Paint, a township of Clarion co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 38 miles N. E. from Butler. 
 Population, 610. 
 
 Paint, a township of Somerset co., Pa., 28 
 miles S. W. from Hollidaysburg. Pop., 878. 
 
 Paint, a township in the N. part of Fayette 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1253. 
 
 Paint, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Highland co., Ohio. Population, 2678. 
 
 Paint, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop., 1618. 
 
 Paint, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Ross CO., Ohio. Pop., 1123. 
 
 Paint, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Wayne co., Ohio. Pop., 1627. 
 
 Paint Creek, of Ohio, rises in the S. W. 
 central part of the state, and flows into the 
 Scioto river, 3 miles below Chilicothe, Its 
 principal afliuents are the Rocky fork. Rat- 
 tlesnake fork, and the North fork. 
 
 Paint Ckeek, of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 flows into the Clinton river at Rochester. 
 
 Paint Ceeek, a post-office of Kanawha co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Paint Creek, a post-office of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Painted Post, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Steuben co.. New York, contains the 
 village of Corning. Population, 4372. 
 
 Painted Post, a post-village in the above 
 tovfnship, on the Erie railroad, at the junc- 
 tion of the Tioga and Conhocton rivers, about 
 300 miles from New York, has 1 bank. 
 
 Painter Creek, a post-office of Darke co. 0. 
 
 Paintersville, a post-village of Greene 
 CO., Ohi;, 
 
 878 
 
 Paint Lick, a small post-village of Gar- 
 rard CO., Kentucky, has between 100 and 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Paint Rock, a post-office of Cocke co., Tenn. 
 
 Paint Rock, a post-office of AUomakee co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Paint Rock River, of Alabama, enters the 
 Tennessee river from the N. E., about 20 miles 
 S. from Huntsville. 
 
 Paintville, a post-village, capital of John- 
 son CO., Kentucky, on Paint creek, 140 miles 
 E. by S. from Frankfort. It has a brick court 
 house, 5 stores, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 Coal is abundant in the vicinity. 
 
 Pajarito (pah-ha-ree'to) village, on the 
 right bank of Rio del Norte, in the interior of 
 the Territory of New Mexico. 
 
 Pajaro (pah'ha-ro) river, of California, 
 rises on the slope of the Coast range, and 
 flowing westerly falls into Monterey bay. It 
 forms the boundary between Monterey and 
 Santa Cruz counties. 
 
 Pakwaukee, Wisconsin. SeePACKWAUKEE. 
 
 Palacios, a small village of Matagorda co., 
 Texas, on a point which projects between 
 Matagorda and Trespalacios bays, about 250 
 miles S. E. from Austin city. 
 
 Palatine, a post-township of Montgomery 
 CO., New York, on the Mohawk river and Erie 
 canal. Population, 2856. 
 
 Palatine, a thriving post-village of Marion 
 CO., Virginia, on the right bank of Mouon- 
 gahela river, opposite Fairmont. The Bal- 
 timore and Ohio railroad crosses the river at 
 this place on a fine suspension bridge. 
 
 Palatine, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 Palatine Bridge, a post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., New York, on the left or N. bank 
 of the Mohawk, and on the Utica and Sche- 
 nectady railroad, about 50 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. It has a bridge across the river. 
 
 Palenville, a post-office of Greene co.,N.Y. 
 
 Palermo, a post-township in Waldo co., 
 Maine, 10 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1659. 
 
 Palermo, a post-township of Oswego co.. 
 New York, 18 miles E. S. E. from Oswego. 
 Population, 2053. 
 
 Palestine, a post-village in Greenbrier co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Palestine, a post-office of Benton co., Ala 
 
 Palestine, a post-office of Adams co.. Miss. 
 
 Palestine, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Palestine, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Anderson co., Texas, 200 miles N. E. 
 from Austin city, and 10 miles E. from the 
 Trinity river. It is pleasantly situated in a 
 fertile and undulating region, and is a place 
 of active trade. The steamboats which navi- 
 gate the Trinity river have ascended as high 
 as Magnolia, the landing-place of Palestine. 
 An active emigration has been directed to 
 this vicinity since 1847. It contains 12 stores, 
 2 large seminaries, and 4 or 5 places of wor- 
 ship. A newspaper is published here. Pales- 
 
PAL 
 
 PAL 
 
 tine was commenced in 1846. Population in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Palestine, a post- village of Plickman co., 
 Tennessee, 68 miles from Nashville. 
 
 Palestine, a village of Clermont co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio river, 16 miles above Cincinnati, 
 has a brick-yard and a few stores. Popula- 
 tion, about 300. 
 
 Palestine, a small village of Columbiana 
 CO., Ohio, 165 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Palestine, a village of Darke co., Ohio, 
 100 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Palestine, a post- village of Pickaway co., 
 Ohio, 20 miles S. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Palestine, a post-village of Shelby co., 
 Ohio, 61 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Palestine, a post-village in Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana, 160 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Palestine, a small village of Monroe co., 
 Indiana, 10 miles S. W. from Bloomington. 
 
 Palestine, a township in Cookco., Illinois. 
 Population, 617, 
 
 Palestine, a post- village, capital of Craw- 
 ford CO., Illinois, 2 or 3 miles W. from the 
 Wabash river, and 155 miles E. S. E. from 
 Spi'ingfield. It is situated on the border of a 
 prairie, and contains a United States land- 
 office, several churches, and stores. 
 
 Palisades, of Bergen co., New Jersey, a 
 range of basaltic rocks, rising precipitously 
 along the western shore of the Hudson river, 
 to the height of 400 or 500 feet. They extend 
 from Piermont southward about 20 miles. 
 
 Pall Mall, a post-office of Fentress co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Palmer, a post- village in Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts, 16 miles E. N. E. from Spring- 
 field. Population of the township, 8974. 
 
 Palmer, Michigan. See St. Clair. 
 
 Palmer Depot, a flourishing village and 
 station of Hampden county, Massachusetts, 
 on the Western railroad, at its junction with 
 the New London Palmer and Willimantic rail- 
 road, 83 miles W. by S. from Boston. 
 
 Palmer's, a post-office of Polk co., Texas. 
 
 Palmer's Springs, a post-office of Meck- 
 lenberg co., Virginia. 
 
 Palmer's Store, a post-office of Weakley 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Palmer's Tavern, a post-office of Prince 
 George's co., Maryland. 
 
 Palmetto, a small river of Georgia, which 
 flows through Laurens county into the Oconee 
 from the right. 
 
 Palmetto, a village in Campbell co., Geor- 
 gia, on the Atlanta and La Grange railroad, 
 25 miles S. W. from Atlanta. Pop., 200. 
 
 Palmetto, a post-office of Coweta co., Ga. 
 
 Palmetto, a post-office of Pontotoc co.Miss. 
 
 Palmstown, a small village of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-township of Somerset co., 
 Maine, intersected by the Sebasticook river, 
 about 44 miles N. E. by N. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1625. 
 
 Palmyra, a handsome post-village in Pal- 
 
 myra township, Wayne county. New York, on 
 the Erie canal, and on Mud creek, half a mile 
 from the Rochester and Syracuse Direct rail- 
 road, and 22 miles E. by S. from Rochester. 
 It contains 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 
 Baptist, 1 Methodist church, and a Friends' 
 meeting house ; a Union school-house, which 
 cost $11,000; a bank, several manufactories, 
 and about 16 stores of different kinds. Two 
 weekly newspapers are published here. Po- 
 pulation of the township in 1850, 3893 ; of the 
 village in 1853, about 2800. 
 
 PALMYRA,apost-office of Burlington CO., N.J. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-township of Lebanon co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 286. 
 
 Palmyra, a post- village of Lebanon co. Pa., 
 on the turnpike from Harrisburg to Lebanon, 
 15 miles E. from the former. Population in 
 1853, 400! 
 
 Palmyra, a township of Pike co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 25 miles W. from Milford. Po- 
 pulation, 447. 
 
 Palmyra, a township of Wayne co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 2015. 
 
 Palmy'Ra, a post-village, capital of Flu- 
 vanna county, Virginia, on the Rivanna river, 
 60 miles W. by N. from Richmond. It has a 
 handsome bridge across the river, and con- 
 tains a brick court house, 1 church, and 2 or 
 3 mills. 
 
 Palmyra, a post- village of Halifax co., N. 
 C, about 85 miles E. N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-village in Lee co., Georgia, 
 125 miles S. W. by S. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-office of Warren co.. Miss. 
 
 Palmy'ra, a small post-village of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Tennessee, on the Cumberland 
 river, about 50 miles W. N. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-office of Simpson co., Ky. 
 
 Palmyra, a small village of Trimble co.,Ky. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Portage co., Ohio. Population, 1093. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-village of Deerfield town- 
 ship, Warren county, Ohio, on the turnpike 
 from Cincinnati to Columbus, 20 miles N. E. 
 from the former. It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Lenawee co., Michigan. Population, 1098. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Raisin river, and on the Erie and 
 Kalamazoo railroad, 60 miles S. W. from De- 
 troit. It contains a few stores and mills. 
 
 Palmyra, a small post-village of Harrison 
 CO., Ind., about 16 miles N. from Corydon. 
 
 Palmyra, a small village of Rush co., In- 
 diana, 10 miles S. from Rushville. 
 
 Palmyra, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Marion county, Missouri, 100 miles 
 N. E. from Jefferson City. The situation is 
 high and healthy; the water is excellent. 
 Marion City, the landing-place of Palmyra on 
 the Mississippi, is 6 miles distant. The rail- 
 road which is in course of construction be- 
 tween Hannibal and St. Joseph will pass 
 through Palmyra. The village contains 5 
 large brick churches, several respectable 
 
 879 
 
PAL 
 
 PAN 
 
 schools, a United States land-office, 1 or 2 
 newspaper offices, and 1 bank. Pop. in 1850, 
 1284; in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Palm YEA, a post-ofBce of Polk co., Iowa. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Jefferson cc, Wisconsin. 
 Population, 997. 
 
 Palmyra, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Milwaukee and Mississippi rail- 
 r road, about 40 miles W. S. AV. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Palmyra, a post-office of Utah co., Utah 
 territory. 
 
 Palo, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. 
 
 Palo, a post-village in Linn co., Iowa, 35 
 miles N. N. W. from Iowa city. 
 
 Palo Alto, a new county in the N. W. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 550 square miles. It 
 is intersected in the E. by the Des Moines 
 river, and in the W. by Lizard river, an 
 affluent of the first-mentioned stream, and 
 also drained by two small tributaries of the 
 Des Moines, one of which rises from a lake 
 in the western part of the county. It is not 
 included in the census of 1850. County seat 
 not located. 
 
 Palo Alto, a post-office of Highland co.,Va. 
 
 Palo Alto, a post-office of Onslow co., N. C. 
 
 Palo Alto, a post-village of Jasper co., 
 Ga., 44 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Palo Alto, a thriving post-village of Chick- 
 asaw CO., Miss., 22 miles S. E. from Houston. 
 
 Palo Alto, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Palo Alto, a post-office of Hamilton co.. 111. 
 
 Palo Alto, a post-village of Louisa co., 
 Iowa, on the Iowa river, 48 miles S. S. E. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 Palona, a post-office of Greenville district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Palos, a post-office of Miami co., Indiana. 
 
 Palos, a post-township of Cook co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 336. 
 
 Paloxy Creek, Texas, enters the Brazos 
 from the W. in the N. central part of the 
 state. 
 
 Pamah, a village in Jones co., Iowa, 35 
 miles N. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Pamelia, a township of Jefferson co.. New 
 York, on I51ack river, opposite Watertown. 
 Population, 2528. 
 
 Pamelia Four Corners, a post-office of 
 Jefferson co., New York. 
 
 Pamlico Lighthouse, on a point of land on 
 the S. side of the entrance to Pamlico river, 
 about 85 miles S. from Washington, North 
 Carolina. It contains a fixed light 30 feet 
 above the level of the sea. 
 
 Pamlico River, of North Carolina, in the 
 upper part of its course, is called Tar River. 
 It rises near the W. border of Granville coun- 
 ty, and flowing south-easterly, passes by Tar- 
 borough, Greenville, and Washington, and 
 enters the W. extremity of Pamlico sound, 
 through an estuary which is several miles 
 wide and nearly 40 miles long. It is naviga- 
 ble by small boats to Tarborough. 
 880 
 
 Pamlico Sound, situated on the E. coast of 
 North Carolina, is a shallow body of water 
 about 80 miles long, and from 10 to 25 miles 
 wide, separated from the ocean by low and 
 narrow islands. The general depth is about 
 20 feet, but numerous shoals occur in it. It 
 communicates with Albemarle sound on the 
 N., and receives the Neuse and Pamlico rivers 
 at its W. extremity. It is slightly affected by 
 the tide, which flows through Ocracoke Inlet. 
 
 Pampas, a township in De Kalb co., Illinois. 
 Population, 1038. 
 
 Pameepau, a small village of Bergen town- 
 ship, Bergen county, N. J. 
 
 Pamunkey river, in the S. E. part of Virgi- 
 nia, is formed by the union of North and 
 South Anna rivers, on the border of Caroline 
 and Hanover counties, and flowing in a gene- 
 ral S. E. direction, joins the Mattapony to 
 form the York river. Its whole length is 
 probably not less than 75 miles. This river 
 separates King William county from Hanover 
 and New Kent counties. 
 
 Panama, a post-office of Chautauque co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Panama, a post-office of Defiance co., Ohio. 
 
 Panama, pan-a-ma', a fortified seaport and 
 city of New Granada, on the S. (Pacific) coast 
 of the Isthmus of Panama. Lat. 8° 56' N., 
 Ion. 79° 27' W. It stands on a tongue of land, 
 across which the streets extend from sea to 
 sea. It has a beautiful cathedral, a Jesuits' 
 college, and several convents. It is the Pa- 
 cific terminus of the Panama railroad, in- 
 tended to connect this place with Aspinwall, 
 on the Atlantic side of the isthmus. The rail- 
 road is open (September, 1853) from Aspinwall 
 to Barbacoas, 20 miles. 
 
 Pancoastburg, a post-office of Fayette 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Pandora, a post-office of Johnson co., Tenn. 
 
 Panola, a county in the N. W. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, has an area of about 800 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Tallahatchie river, 
 and bounded on the W. by Coldwater creek. 
 The surface is partly level and partly rolling; 
 the soil is fertile, especially in what are called 
 the swamp lands. Cotton and Indian corn 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 8918 bales of cotton; 451,909 bushels of corn, 
 and 15,889 pounds of rice. It contained 20 
 churches and 1 newspaper office. Some parts 
 of the county are covered with open groves 
 of oak, hickory, &c. Small steamboats navi- 
 gate the river when the water is high. This 
 county forms part of the country ceded to 
 the state by the Chickasaw Indians : it was 
 organized in 1836. Capital, Panola. Popu- 
 lation, 11,444, of whom 5024 were free, and 
 6420, slaves. 
 
 Panola, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on Louisiana, has an area 
 of 840 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Sabine river, which flows south-eastward. 
 The surface consists partly of prairies and 
 partly of woodlands. Indian corn, cotton, 
 
PAN 
 
 •PAR 
 
 sweet potatoes, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 108,870 bushels 
 of corn ; 660 of oats ; 38,403 of potatoes ; 
 887 bales of cotton ; 24,319 pounds of butter, 
 and 1145 of wool. It contained 79 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Carthage. 
 Population, 1983, of whom 1933 were free, 
 and 50, slaves. 
 
 Panola, a post-village, capital of Panola 
 county, Mississippi, on the Tallahatchie river, 
 160 miles N. from Jackson. It is situated in 
 a fertile and well-watered region. It has a 
 newspaper ofBce and several churches. Po- 
 pulation, in 1853, estimated at 500. 
 
 Pantego, a post-office of Beaufort county. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Panther, a post-office of Polk co.. Ark. 
 
 Panther Creek, of Kentucky, rises near 
 the N. E. border of Ohio county, and flowing 
 in a north-westerly course through Daviess 
 county, enters Green river about 14 miles W. 
 S. W. from Owenborough. 
 
 Panther Creek, a post-village of Surrey 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Panther Creek, a small post-village of 
 Gass CO., Illinois, about 2 miles S. from San- 
 gamon river. 
 
 Panther Creek, a post-office of Clayton 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Panther Fork, a post-office of Greenville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Panther's Creek, Ohio, falls into the W. 
 branch of Miami river, in Miami county. 
 
 Panther's Gap, a post-office of Kockbridge 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Panther Springs, a thriving post-village 
 of Jefferson county, Tennessee, is finely si- 
 tuated in a fertile valley, and on the road 
 from Knoxville to Jonesborough, 220 miles 
 E. from Nashville. Part of the village is in 
 Granger coHnty. It contains an excellent 
 male and female academy. The East Ten- 
 nessee and Virginia railroad, now in pro- 
 gress, will pass through the village. 
 
 Panthersville, a district in De Kalb co., 
 Georgia, has a post-office of the same name. 
 Population, 1446. 
 
 ' Panton, a post-township of Addison co., 
 Vermont, between Lake Champlain and Otter 
 creek, about 38 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 559. 
 
 Paoli, a small post-village and railroad 
 station of Chester county, Pennsylvania, 19 
 miles W. by N. from Philadelphia. Near 
 this place General Wayne was surprised Sep- 
 tember, 1777, by a superior British force un- 
 der General Grey, on which occasion a num- 
 ber of the Americans were massacred after 
 they had laid down their arms. A monu- 
 ment has been erected on the spot to the 
 memory of those who fell. 
 
 Paoli, a post-township in Orange co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1562. 
 
 Paoli, a post-village, capital of Orange 
 county, Indiana, on the turnpike from Vin- 
 cennes to New Albanv, 40 miles N. W. from 
 3e 
 
 the latter, was first settled in 1816. It con- 
 tains good public buildings, 2 or 3 churches, 
 a county seminary, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Papana, a small village of AVhitley co., In- 
 diana, 10 miles N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Paper Mills, a post-office of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Papekmill Village, a post-village in 
 Cheshire co.. New Hampshire. 
 
 Papermill Village, a small village in 
 Bennington township, Bennington co., Ver- i 
 mont, about 115 miles S. AV. by S. from Mont- 
 pelier. It contains 2 paper mills. 
 
 Papertown, a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. from Carlisle. 
 
 Paperville, a post- village in Sullivan co., 
 Tenn., 290 miles E. by N. from Nashville. 
 
 Papinsville, a post-village, capital of Bates 
 CO., Missouri, on the Osage river, 120 miles 
 in a straight line W. S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Paraclifta, a post-township in Sevier co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 144. 
 
 Paraclifta, a small post-village, capital 
 of Sevier co., Arkansas, 165 miles S. W. from 
 Little Rock. 
 
 Paradise, a post-township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the Colum- 
 bia railroad, 12 miles E. by S. from Lancas- 
 ter. Population, 1828. 
 
 Paradise, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Philadelphia and Lancaster 
 turnpike, 10 miles E. from Lancaster. 
 
 Paradise, a township of Monroe co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 34 miles N. W. from Mauch 
 Chunk. Population, 428. 
 
 Paradise, a township of York co.. Pa., 10 
 miles W. by S. from York. Pop., 2354. 
 
 Paradise, a post-office of Rockingham co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Paradise, a small village of Macon co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Paradise, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Paradise, a small village of Ohio county, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Paradise, a post-village in Coles co., Illi- 
 nois, 80 miles E. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Paradise Furnace, a post-office of Hunt- 
 ingdon CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Paradise Grove, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Paradise Valley, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Paradox Lake, in the S. part of Essex co.. 
 New York. Length, 4 miles. 
 
 Paramus, a village of Bergen co., New Jer- 
 sey, about 7 miles N. W. from Hackensack, 
 contains a church and a mill. 
 
 Paran Citt, a village in Marion co,, Iowa, 
 100 miles W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Parchelaga Creek. See Patsaliga. 
 
 Parcher's Corners, a post-office of Fulton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Parcipant, a post-village of Morris co., 
 New Jersey, on the Parcipany river, about 7 
 miles N. from Morristown, contains 2 churches, 
 
 881 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 5 stores, and an academy. Population, esti- 
 mated at 300. 
 
 Parueeville, a post-village of Columbia 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the Neenah river, about 
 40 miles N. from Madison. Population, 81. 
 
 Parham's Landing, a post-office of Cata- 
 houla parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Parham's Store, a post-oflBtce of Sussex 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Parida, a village on the left bank of the 
 Rio del Norte, in the interior of the Terri- 
 tory of New Mexico. 
 
 Paris, a beautiful post-village and seat of 
 justice of Oxford county, Maine, about 40 
 miles W. from Augusta. It is situated on a 
 commanding elevation, in the midst of the 
 most varied and picturesque scenery. The 
 White Mountains, with their summits pierc- 
 ing the clouds, appear in full view. The vil- 
 lage contains a handsome court house, 2 or 3 
 churches, an academy, and 2 newspaper of- 
 fices. Pop. of the township, 2882. 
 
 Paris, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Oneida co.. New York. Population, 4283. 
 
 Paris, or Paris Hill, a post-village in the 
 above township, 8 miles S. from Utica. It 
 has several churches. 
 
 Paris, a post-office of Washington co.. Pa. 
 
 Paris, a post- village of Fauquier co., Vir- 
 ginia, is pleasantly situated at the S. E. foot 
 of the Blue ridge, 131 miles N. by W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Paris, a post-office of Coweta co., Ga. 
 
 Paris, a post-office of Lafayette co., Miss. 
 
 Paris, a post-village, capital of Lamar co., 
 Texas, is about 20 miles S. from Red river, 
 and 300 miles N. N. E. from Austin city. A 
 newspaper is published here. The village is 
 situated in an extensive prairie, the soil of 
 •which is extremely fertile and durable. 
 
 Paris, a post-village, capital of Henry co., 
 Tennessee, 110 miles W. from Nashville. It 
 is situated in a rich farming district, and 
 has an active trade. 
 
 Paris, a post-village, capital of Bourbon 
 county, Kentucky, on Stoner creek, and on 
 the Covington and Lexington railroad, about 
 40 miles E. from Frankfort.' It is one of the 
 principal stations on the railroad, and has 
 an active trade. It contains a fine court 
 house, a branch bank, 6 churches, an aca- 
 demy, a printing-office, and several mills. 
 The "Western Citizen," one of the oldest 
 newspapers of the state, is published here. 
 The Maysville and Lexington railroad di- 
 verges from this point, 20 miles N. E. from 
 Lexington. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2-500. 
 
 Paris, a township in the E. central part 
 of Portage co., Ohio. Population, 1018. 
 
 Paris, a post-township forming the E. S. 
 E. extremity of Stark co., Ohio. Pop., 2740. 
 
 Paris, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, 180 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 It has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Paris, a township in the S. part of Union 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 982. 
 882 
 
 Paris, a post-township in the W. central 
 part of Kent co., Michigan. Pop., 521. 
 
 Paris, a pleasant post-village of Jennings 
 CO., Indiana, 17 miles N. W. from Madison. 
 
 Paris, a small village of Posey co., Indiana, 
 about 20 miles N. from Mount Vernon. 
 
 Paris, a post-village, capital of Edgar 
 county, Illinois, on the Alton and Terra 
 Haute railroad, 114 miles E. from Springfield. 
 A newspaper is published here. The village 
 is situated on the border of a prairie, which 
 is extensively cultivated. 
 
 Paris, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Monroe co., Missouri, on the Middle fork of 
 Salt river, 70 miles N. by E. from Jefferson 
 City. It is situated in a rich farming district, 
 which abounds in stone coal. It contains a 
 court house and a newspaper office. 
 
 Paris, a village in Linn co., Iowa, near 
 AVapsipinicon river, 45 miles N. from Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Paris, a post-township of Kenosha co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 947. 
 
 Paris, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 10 miles N. W. from Kenosha. 
 
 Parisburg, a post-village, capital of Giles 
 CO., Virginia, on the left bank of New river, 
 240 miles W.^rom Richmond. It is sur- 
 rounded by picturesque mountain scenery. 
 
 Parish, a post-township near the centre 
 of Oswego CO., New York. It has a village 
 of the same name. Population, 1799. 
 
 Parish, a small village of Des Moines co., 
 Iowa, near Skunk river, 65 miles S. by E. of 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Paris Hill, a village of Scriven co., Ga. 
 
 Parishville, a post-village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, in Parishville township, 
 on St. Regis river, about 20 miles E. from 
 Canton. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and 
 several mills. Pop. of the township, 2132. 
 
 Parishville, a post-office of Portage co.,0. 
 
 Park, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of St. Joseph's CO., Michigan. Pop., 825. 
 
 Parke, a county in the W. part of Indiana, 
 contains 440 square miles. It is drained by 
 Sugar and Racoon creeks, affluents of the 
 Wabash, which forms the W. boundary. The 
 surface varies from level to undulating. The 
 soil is mostly a black loam, very fertile, and 
 easily cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 wool, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,195,056 bushels of 
 corn; 101,720 of wheat; 80,165 of oats; 
 60,743 pounds of wool, and 5548 J tons of 
 hay. It contained 14 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, 1650 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 45 attending academies or other schools. 
 The count}^ contains extensive beds of stone 
 coal. Watei--power is abundant. The Wa- 
 bash and Erie canal passes along its W. bor- 
 der. A plank-road has been made through 
 the county. Organized in 1821. Capital, 
 Rockville. Population, 14,968. 
 
 Parke, a township in Scott co., Arkansas 
 Population, 277. 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 Parker, a township of Butler cc, Penn- 
 sylvania, about 48 miles N. N. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 769. 
 
 Parker, a small village of Butler co., Pa. 
 Parkersburg, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Wood county, Virginia, on the Ohio 
 river, at the mouth of the Little Kanawha, 
 100 miles below AVheeling, and about 258 
 miles in a direct line W. N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. It is pleasantly situated, and neatly 
 built. Turnpike roads lead from this town 
 to Staunton and Winchester, and the North- 
 western railroad, a branch of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad, terminates here. Another 
 railroad is in course of construction from 
 Parkersburg to Cincinnati. It contains a 
 court house, churches of 4 or 5 denomina- 
 tions, a bank, a printing-oiEce, and several 
 steam mills. Pop. in 1853, about 3500. 
 Parkersburg, a post-office of Yell co.,Ark. 
 Parkersburg, a small post-village of 
 Montgomery co., Indiana, 12 miles S. from 
 Crawfordsville. 
 
 Parkersburg, a post-village in Richland 
 
 CO., Illinois, 135 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Parkersburg, a post-office of Jasper co.,Io. 
 
 Parker's Cross Roads, a small village of 
 
 Bedford co., Tennessee. 
 
 Parker's Head, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine, 
 
 Parker's Settlement, a post-office of 
 Posey CO., Indiana. 
 
 Parker's Store, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Georgia, 125 miles N. by E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Parkersville, a post-office of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Parkersville, a post-office of St. Tam- 
 many parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Parkersville, a post-office of Marion co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Parkesburg, a post- village of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Co- 
 lumbia railroad, 44 miles W. from Philadel- 
 phia. It is a depot for lumber and coal, and 
 contains a large hotel and machine shops be- 
 longing to the state. Population, in 1858, 
 about 400. 
 
 Parkeville, a post-office of Noxubee co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Parkeville, a small village of Parke co., 
 Ind., 9 or 10 miles E. N. E. from Rockville. 
 Park Hall, a post-office of St. Mary's co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Parkhead, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Parkhurst, a post- village in Scott co., 
 Iowa, on the Mississippi river, 65 miles E. 
 by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 I Parkison, a small village of Beaver co., Pa. 
 j Parkman, a post-township in Piscataquis 
 'CO., Maine, 60 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1243. 
 
 Parkman, a post-township forming the S. 
 
 E. extremity of Geauga co., Ohio. Pop., 1383. 
 
 Parkman, a thriving post-village in the 
 
 above township, on a branch of Grand river, 
 16 miles S. E. from Chardon. It contains 
 several mills moved by water-power. 
 
 Park's, a post-office of Edgefield dis., S. C. 
 
 Park's, a post-office of Scott co., Arkansas. 
 
 Park's Bar, a small mining settlement of 
 Yuba CO., California, has a post-office of its 
 own name. 
 
 Park's Bridge, a post-office of Morgan co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Park's Corners, a post-office of Boone co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Park's Mills, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Park's Store, a post-office of Cabarrus 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Park's Store, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Parksville, a post-village of Sullivan co., 
 New York. 
 
 Parkton, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. 
 
 Parkville, a post-village of Platte co., 
 Missouri, on the left bank of Missouri river, 
 30 miles below Weston. The surplus pro- 
 duce of the adjacent country is shipped here 
 in steamboats. Population, about 500. 
 
 Parma, a post-township of Monroe co., 
 New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop., 2947. 
 
 Parma, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Ridge road, about 10 miles W. 
 N. W. from Piochester. 
 
 Parma, a post-township in the central part 
 of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Population, 1329. 
 
 Parma, a township in the W. part of Jack- 
 son CO., Michigan. Population, 1081. 
 
 Parma, a thriving village in the above 
 township, about 90 miles W. from Detroit. 
 It contains several flouring mills. Popula- 
 tion, about 500. 
 
 Parma Centre, a post-office of Monroe co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Parnassus, a post-village of Augusta co., 
 Virginia, on the Warm Spring and Harrison- 
 burg turnpike, 132 miles N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Parnassus, a post-office of Wilcox co., Ala. 
 
 Parovan, a post-village of Iron co., Utah 
 Territory, about 110 miles S. S. W. from Fill- 
 more City. 
 
 Parrish, a post-office of Des Moines co., lo. 
 
 Parrotsville, a thriving post-village of 
 Cocke CO., Tennessee, on French Broad river, 
 50 miles E. from Knoxville. 
 
 Pabrysville, a post-village of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river, 7 miles 
 below Mauch Chunk. Large quantities of 
 coal are shipped here. 
 
 Parsonage, a post-office of Williamsburg 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Parsonfield, a post-township in York co., 
 Maine, intersected by the Ossipee river, 80 
 miles W. S. W. from Augusta. Pop., 2322. 
 
 Partlet, a small village of Union co.. Pa. 
 
 Partlow's, a post-office of Spottsylvania 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Partnership, a post-office of Charles CO. Md. 
 883 
 
PAR 
 
 PAS 
 
 Partkidge Island, a post-office of Dela- 
 ^ware co., New York. 
 
 Pascagoula, a river in the S. E. part of 
 Mississippi, is formed by the Chickasa-whay 
 and Leaf rivers which unite in Greene coun- 
 ty, and flowing southward, falls into Pasca- 
 goula bay, near the S. E. extremity of the 
 state. Small boats can ascend more than 
 100 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Pascagoula, a post-village in Jackson co., 
 Mississippi, on Pascagoula bay, at the mouth 
 of Pascagoula river, 175 miles S. E. by S. 
 from Jackson. 
 
 Pascagoula Bat, of the Gulf of Mexico, is 
 situated at the S. E. extremitj' of the Missis- 
 sippi, and at the mouth of Pascagoula river. 
 Low narrow islands separate it from the 
 Gulf. 
 
 Pasco, a post-office of Dallas co., Missouri. 
 
 Pasco AG, a post-village in Burrillville 
 township. Providence county, Rhode Island, 
 about 20 miles N. W. by W. from Providence. 
 It contains 8 woollen mills, employing 500 
 hands ; 6 stores, 5 shingle mills, 1 spindle 
 mill, 1 bank, 7 saw mills, and 5 grist mills. 
 The construction of a reservoir is contem- 
 plated, which will greatly increase its water- 
 power. Amount of goods manufactured per 
 annum, and sales of merchandise, $900,600. 
 Population, about 1500. 
 
 Pashawn, a post-office of La Grange co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Paskack. a post-village of Bergen co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Hackensack river. 
 
 Pasquotank river, of North Carolina, 
 rises in the Dismal Swamp, near the N. bor- 
 der of the state. Flowing south-eastward, it 
 forms the boundary between Camden and 
 Pasquotank counties, until it enters Albe- 
 marle sound. A canal extends from this 
 river to Elizabeth river in Virginia, by which 
 boats can pass from Albemarle sound to 
 Chesapeake bay. 
 
 Pasquotank, a county in the N. E. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on the N. side of 
 Albemarle sound : area estimated at 300 
 square miles. The Pasquotank river forms 
 the entire boundary on the N. E. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and in some parts 
 marshy. Indian corn is the staple. In 1850 
 this county produced 624,575 bushels of corn ; 
 19,436 of wheat, and 22,946 of oats. There 
 were 3 ship-yards, 1 grist mill, 1 agricultural 
 implement manufactory, and 1 saw mill. It 
 contained 14 churches, 3 newspaper offices ; 
 640 pupils attending jiublic schools, and 185 
 attending academies or other schools. Pas- 
 quotank river is navigable by small vessels to 
 Elizabeth, the county seat. Pasquotank was 
 originally a part or division, termed the pre- 
 cinct of Albemarle county. Formed in 1729. 
 Population, 8950 ; of whom 5845 were free, 
 and 3105, slaves. 
 
 Pasquotank Bridgk, a small village of 
 Pasquotank county, North Carolina. 
 
 Passauumkeag, a post-township in Penob- 
 884 
 
 scot CO., Maine, on the E. side of the Penob- 
 scot river, 90 miles N. E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 295. 
 
 Passaic river, of New Jersey, rises in 
 Morris county, flows first nearly southward 
 for a few miles, then pursues a general north- 
 easterly direction on the boundary of Morris 
 and Essex counties, and crosses Passaic coun- 
 ty. A short distance below Paterson, it 
 changes its course to the S., and foi-ms the 
 boundary between Passaic and Essex coun- 
 ties on the right, and Hudson county on the 
 left, until it enters Newark bay, 3 miles be- 
 low Newark. The whole length is near 100 
 miles. Near Paterson, it has a perpendicu- 
 lar fall of 50 feet, furnishing an immense 
 water-power. 
 
 Passaic, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 New Jersey, has an area of about 270 square 
 miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by the 
 Passaic, and on the S. W. by the Pequannock 
 river, and is intersected by the Ringwood, 
 Ramapo, and Passaic rivers, which afford 
 valuable water-power. The surface W. of 
 the Ramapo is broken and mountainous; 
 E. of that river the country is more level, 
 and better adapted to cultivation. The 
 soil in the more level portions is fertile, but in 
 the W. part is better adapted to grazing than 
 tillage. Indian corn, rye, potatoes, hay, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 140,213 bushels of corn ; 41,509 of 
 rye; 79,169 of potatoes; 11,025J tons of 
 hay, and 238,470 pounds of butter. There 
 were 10 cotton factories, 1 carpet factory, 1 
 card factory, 4 woollen factories, 7 forges, 
 2 foundries, 1 furnace, 2 locomotive manu- 
 factories, 11 flour mills, 3 paper mills, 2 cali- 
 co print works, 15 saw mills, 1 iron-rolling 
 mill, 2 sewing-silk manufactories, and 3 tan- 
 neries. It contained 27 churches, and 2 
 newspaper offices; 1157 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 960 attending academies 
 and other schools. Magnetic iron ore is found 
 among the hills in the W. part of the county, 
 and limestone is abundant in the valleys. 
 The Morris canal, and the Ramapo and 
 Paterson railroad intersect this county. Or- 
 ganized in 1837, having been formed from 
 portions of Bergen and Essex counties, and 
 named from the Passaic river. Capital, Pa- 
 terson. Population, 22,575. 
 
 Passaic Valley, a post-office of Morris co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Passamaquoddy Bay, at the S. E. extre- 
 mity of Maine, receives the St. Croix river. 
 The extent from N. to S. is about 13 miles. 
 
 Pass Christian, a post-village in Harrison 
 CO., Mississippi, 165 miles S. S. E. from Jack- 
 son. 
 
 Passumsic river, of Caledonia co., Ver- 
 mont, falls into the Connecticut. 
 
 Passumsic, a post-village of Barnet town- 
 ship, Caledonia co., Vermont, at the northern 
 terminus of the Connecticut and Passumsic 
 Rivers railroad, 30 miles E. from Montpelier. 
 
PAS 
 
 PAT 
 
 Passtunk, a township of Philadelphia cc, 
 Pennsylvania, joining the S. W. part of the 
 city of Philadelphia. Population, 1607. 
 
 Patapsco, a river of Maryland, rises in 
 Carroll county, in the northern part of the 
 state. It flows southward until it passes the 
 mouth of the Western branch, then pursues a 
 south-easterlj'^ course, forming the boundary 
 between Baltimore and Anne Arundel coun- 
 ties, and passing by the city of Baltimore, 
 opens into a bay several miles wide. Fourteen 
 miles below the city it enters Chesapeake 
 bay, after an entire course of near 80 miles. 
 This river passes through a hilly country, and 
 the rapidity of its current renders it of great 
 value for manufactories. The Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad is constructed along its bank 
 from Elkridge Landing to the mouth of the 
 Western branch, and then follows the valley 
 of the latter to its source. The Western 
 branch rises near Ridgeville, Carroll county, 
 flows eastward, and forms the boundary be- 
 tween Carroll and Anne Arundel counties 
 until it unites with the main stream. The 
 Patapsco is navigable for the largest mer- 
 chant vessels to Baltimore.. 
 
 Pataskala, a post-office of Licking co., 0. 
 
 Pat AULA creek, of Georgia, flows S. W. 
 through Randolph county into the Chatta- 
 hoochee, several miles above Fort Gaines. 
 
 Pataula, a village of Randolph co., Ga., 
 42 miles in a direct line S. from Columbus. 
 
 Patch Gkote, a post- village of Grant co., 
 Wis., about 25 miles N. by W. from Potosi. 
 
 Patchin, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Patchogub, a post-village of Suffolk co., 
 New York, near the S. shore of Long Island, 
 about 60 miles E. from New York. It con- 
 tains several churches and manufactories of 
 cotton, paper, &c. 
 
 Paterson, a city, capital of Passaic co.. New 
 Jersey, is situated on the right bank of the 
 Passaic river, immediately below the falls, 13 
 miles N. from Newark, and 17 N. W. from 
 New York. Lat. 40° 55' N., Ion. 74° 10' W. 
 It is the second city of the state in popula- 
 tion and manufactures. By means of the 
 Morris canal it communicates with the Atlan- 
 tic ports and with the Delaware river. The 
 Union railroad, formerly the Paterson and 
 Hudson railroad, connects it with New York 
 city on one hand, and with the Erie railroad 
 at Sufferus on the other. The Passaic has 
 here a perpendicular fall of 50 feet, and a 
 total descent of 72 feet, afibrding an immense 
 water-power, which has been improved by a 
 dam and canals. The scenery in the vicinity 
 of the falls is highly picturesque. The streets 
 of Paterson are generally straight, well paved, 
 and lighted with gas. It contains about 18 
 churches, belonging to the Reformed Dutch, 
 the Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Epis- 
 copalians, Independents, Primitive Metho- 
 dists, Catholics, &e.; also 1 bank, 2 newspa- 
 per offices, several large hotels, an academy, 
 a philosophical society, with a library, and a 
 
 society for the advancement of the mechanic 
 arts. The number of cotton factories in ope- 
 ration is over 20. It has 2 large manufacto- 
 ries of locomotives, and several of carriages, 
 guns, machinery, paper, and other articles. 
 Two bridges across the river connect this 
 town with the village of Manchester. Pater- 
 son was founded in 1791, by an incorporated 
 company, with a capital of one million dol- 
 lars, the object of which was to manufacture 
 cotton cloth. The movement, however, wag 
 found to be premature, and was abandoned 
 in 1796. Population in 1840, 7596; in 1850, 
 11,338, and in 1853, about 13,000. 
 
 Patmos, a post-office of Mahoning co., Ohio. 
 
 Patoka creek, of Indiana, i-ises in Orange 
 county, and flowing westward about 1 00 miles, 
 enters the Wabash a little below the mouth 
 of White river, and opposite Mount {'armel, in 
 Illinois. It is navigable for 60 miles during 
 a few months of the year. 
 
 Patoka, a township of Dubois co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1565. 
 
 Patoka, a small post-village of Gibson co., 
 Indiana, on the Evansville and Illinois rail- 
 road, 4 miles N. from Princeton. 
 
 Patoka, a township in Pike co., Indiana. 
 
 Paton, a small post-village in Cape Girar- 
 deau CO., Missouri. 
 
 Patrick, a county in the S. part of Virgi- 
 nia, bordering on North Carolina, has an area 
 of 500 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Dan, Smith's, North Mayo, and South Mayo 
 rivers, which all rise within its limits, on the 
 south-east declivity of the Blue Ridge. The 
 surface is mountainous, and remarkable for 
 romantic scenery. Several spurs of the Blue 
 Ridge project partly across the county, one 
 of which is called Bull mountain. Much of 
 the soil is productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, tobacco, cattle, and swine are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 there were raised 248,868 
 bushels of corn; 12,755 of wheat; 90,441 of 
 oats; 429,699 pounds of tobacco, and 66,957 
 of butter. There were 2 flour and grist mills, 
 18 tobacco factories, 2 tanneries, 1 iron fur- 
 nace, and 1 iron forge. It contained 13 
 churches, and 826 pupils attending public 
 schools. Iron ore abounds in it. Formed out 
 of part of Henry county in 1791, and named 
 in honor of the illustrious orator, Patrick 
 Henry. Capital, Taylorsville. Pop., 9609, 
 of whom 7285 were free, and 2324, slaves. 
 
 Patrick Court House, or Taylorsville, 
 a post-village, capital of Patrick county, Vir- 
 ginia, on the Mayo river,' 226 miles S. W. 
 from Richmond, and 8 miles from the Ten- 
 nessee line. It contains a few stores and 
 about 50 dwellings. 
 
 Patrickxown, a post-township in Lincoln 
 CO., Me., 13 miles E. from Augusta. Pop., 552 
 
 Patriot, a post-office of Perry co., Tenn. 
 
 Patriot, a small post- village of Gallia co.O. 
 
 Patriot, a post-village of Switzerland co., 
 Indiana, 48 miles below Cincinnati, contains 
 several churches, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 885 
 
PAT 
 
 PAU 
 
 Patsaliga, also called Paiichei,aga, a creek 
 of Georgia, flows into the Flint river from 
 the right, about 12 miles N. from Lanier. 
 
 Patsaliga, a small river of Alabama, rises 
 towards the S. E. part of the state, and enters 
 the Conecuh near Montezuma. 
 
 Patten, a post-township of Penobscot co., 
 Maine, about 95 miles N. N. E. from Bangor. 
 Population, 470. 
 
 Patten's Home, a post-office of Rutherford 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Patten's Mills, a post-office of Washing- 
 00., New York 
 
 Pattenville, a township in Grant co., Wis- 
 consin. Population, 2171. 
 
 Pattekson, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Putnam co., New York. 
 Population, 1371. 
 
 Patterson, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Harlem railroad, and on 
 Croton river, 63 miles N. N. E. from New York. 
 
 Patteeson, New Jersey. See Paterson. 
 
 Patterson, a township of Beaver co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right side of the Beaver 
 river, 28 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. Popu- 
 lation, 251. 
 
 Patterson, a thriving post-village of Ju- 
 niata county, Pennsylvania, on the .Juniata 
 river, and on the Central railroad, 49 miles 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. It was commenced 
 in 1850. It contains a depot and machine 
 shops of the railroad company. Population 
 in 1853, near 400. 
 
 Patterson, a thriving post-village of 
 Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, on the Schuyl- 
 kill river, 68 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 It is supported chiefly by the operations in 
 coal. Population, about 500. 
 
 Patterson, a township in Darke co.,'Ohio. 
 Population, 319. 
 
 Patterson, a post-village of Delaware co., 
 Ohio, on the Scioto river, about 32 miles N. 
 N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Patterson, a post-village of Hardin co., 
 Ohio, on the Mad River and Erie railroad, 68 
 miles S. W. from Sandusky. 
 
 Patterson, a village in St. Genevieve co., 
 Missouri, 60 miles S. from St. Louis. 
 
 Patterson, a post-office of Wayne co.. Mo. 
 
 Patterson's Bluff, a post-office of Ark. 
 
 Patterson's Creek, in the N. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Hardy county, flows north-east- 
 ward through Hampshire co., and enters the 
 North branch of the Potomac, about 8 miles 
 S. E. from Cumberland, in Maryland. It 
 furnishes extensive water-power. 
 
 Patterson's Depot, a post-office of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Virginia. 
 
 Patterson's Mills, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Patterson's Store, a post-office of Ala- 
 mance CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Pattersonville, a post-village of St. Ma- 
 ry's parish, Louisiana, on the River Teche, 
 15 miles below Franklin, has a steamboat 
 landing and several stores. Pop., about 600. 
 886 
 
 Pattillos, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Patton, a township of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 881. 
 
 Patton, a township of Centre co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 36 miles S. W. from Lockhaven. 
 Population, 453. 
 
 Pattonsbitrg, a thriving post-village of 
 Botetourt co., Virginia, on the James river, 
 181 miles W. from Richmond, is connected by 
 a handsome bridge with the village of Bu- 
 chanan. 
 
 Pattonsburg, a post-office of Daviess co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Pattonsville, a post-office of Scott co., Va. 
 
 Pattonsville, a post-office of Hocking co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pattonsville, a post-office of Bedford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Patuxent, a river of Maryland, rises about 
 18 miles E. from Fredericktown. Pursuing a 
 south south-easterly course, it forms the bound- 
 ary between Montgomery, Prince George's, 
 and St. Mary's counties on the right, and 
 Anne Arundel and Calvert counties on the 
 left, and flows through an estuary 2 or 3 miles 
 wide into Chesapeake bay. The valley of this 
 river is about 90 miles long, and remarkably 
 narrow. Small vessels ascend 40 or 50 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Patuxent, a post-office of Anne Arundel 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Paulding, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on Alabama, has an area 
 of 540 square miles. The Tallapoosa river 
 rises in the county, which is also drained by 
 the sources of the Euharlee, Cedar, Pumpkin- 
 vine, and Sweetwater creeks. The surface is 
 elevated, and is traversed from E. to W. by a 
 range of highland, called the Dug Down 
 mountains. The valleys of the creeks are 
 mostly fertile, and are separated by sterile and 
 pine-clad ridges. Indian corn, oats, sweet 
 potatoes, and cotton are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 256,019 bushels 
 of corn ; 24,062 of oats ; 44,378 of sweet pota- 
 toes ; and 1439 bales of cotton. There were 
 12 grist mills and 4 tanneries. It contained 
 15 churches, and 324 pupils attending public 
 schools. Limestone is abundant in the N.W., 
 and freestone in the S. E. part of the county ; 
 it also contains iron and other valuable mine- 
 rals. Organized in 1832, and named in honor 
 of John Paulding, one of the captors of Major 
 Andrf;. Capital, Van Wert. Pop., 7039; of 
 whom 5562 were free, and 1477, slaves. 
 
 Paulding, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Ohio, bordering on Indiana, contains 414 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Mau- 
 mee and Auglaize rivers, and also drained by 
 the branches of Little Auglaize, and by Blue 
 and Crooked creeks. The surface is level, 
 and mostly covered with dense forests. The 
 county forms part of the tract known as the 
 Black Swamp, which is more than 100 miles 
 in length. The soil is a black vegetable 
 
PAU 
 
 PAW 
 
 mould, remarkably fertile. In din n corn, 
 wheat, oats, potatoes, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 41,699 
 bushels of corn ; 10,704 of wheat ; 4509 of 
 oats ; 4214 of potatoes ; and 362 tons of hay. 
 It is intersected by the Wabash and Erie 
 canal, and by the Miami Extension canal. 
 Organized in 1820. Capital, Charloe. Popu- 
 lation, 1766. 
 
 Paulding, a small post-village, capital of 
 Jasper co., Mississippi, about 100 miles E. by 
 S. from Jackson. It contains a court house 
 and 1 newspaper office. 
 
 Paulding, a post-ofiSce of Paulding co., 0. 
 
 Paulina, a village of Delaware co.. New 
 York, on or near the Erie railroad, about 160 
 miles N. W. from New York. 
 
 Paulina, a post-office of Warren co., N. J. 
 
 Paulinskill, a small river in the N. W. 
 part of New Jersey, rises in Sussex county, 
 crosses Warren county in a S. W. direction, 
 and falls into the Delaware at Columbia. It 
 is a valuable mill stream. 
 
 Pauwaicdn, Pauwaygun, or Pewaugonee 
 lake, Wisconsin, in the W. part of Winnebago 
 eo., is an expansion of Wolf river. Entire 
 length, about 10 miles ; greatest breadth, 4 
 miles. 
 
 Pavilion, a post-township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Genesee co., New York, con- 
 tains a village of the same name. Pop., 1640. 
 
 Pavilion, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Population, 495. 
 
 Pavilion, a post-village of Kendall co., 
 Illinois, about 50 miles W. S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Pavilion Centre, a post-office of Genesee 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pa wcATDCK river, of Washington co., Rhode 
 Island, formed by the junction of Wood and 
 Charles rivers, falls into Long Island sound, 
 after constituting part of the boundary be- 
 tween Rhode Island and Connecticut. It is 
 navigable about 6 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Pawlet, a post-township in Rutland co., 
 Vermont, 77 miles S. W. by S. from Montpe- 
 lier. Population, 1843. 
 
 Pawlet, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Rutland and Washington rail- 
 road, contains an academy. 
 
 Pawlet Riveb, a fine mill stream, rises in 
 Bennington co., in the S. W. part of Vermont, 
 and running through Rutland county, unites 
 with Wood creek, in New York. 
 
 Pawlings, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Dutchess co.. New York. 
 Population, 1720. 
 
 Pawlings, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Harlem railroad, 67 miles N. N. E. 
 from New York. It contains a bank and seve- 
 ral stores. 
 
 Pawpaw, a small river of Michigan, rises 
 in Van Buren co., and flowing nearly S. W., 
 enters the St. Joseph's 1 mile from its mouth. 
 It is navigated by small boats for 75 miles. 
 
 Pawpaw, a post-office of Morgan co., Va. 
 
 Pawpaw, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 
 tal of Van Buren co., Michigan, is situated 
 at the junction of the East and West branches 
 of Pawpaw river, 70 miles W. S. W. from 
 Lansing. The surrounding region possesses 
 great resources for farming and the lumber 
 business, and is settling rapidly. Pawpaw 
 has abundant hydraulic power, and contains 
 
 2 flouring mills, 2 iron foundries, 1 woollen 
 factory and 2 distilleries. Two newspapers 
 are published here. Population in 1853, 
 about 1500. 
 
 Pawpaw, a post-office of Miami co., Ind. 
 
 Pawpaw, a township in De Kalb co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 653. 
 
 Pawpaw, a small village of De Kalb co.. III. 
 
 Pawpaw Grove, a post-office of Lee co., 
 Illinois, about 75 miles W. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 Pawtucket, a small river of New England, 
 forming part of the boundary between Mas- 
 sachusetts and Rhode Island, falls into Nar- 
 ragansett bay. At Pawtucket it has a fall of 
 50 feet. See Pawtucket. Above the falls it 
 is called Blackstone river ; below, it takes 
 the name of Seekonk. 
 
 Pawtucket, a township of Bristol co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the E. side of Blackstone river, 
 about 40 miles S. W. by S. from Boston. Po- 
 pulation, 3753. 
 
 Pawtucket, a flourishing post-town, situ- 
 ated 4 miles N. N. E. from Providence, partly 
 in Providence co., R. I., and partly in Bristol 
 CO., Mass., and on both sides of the Pawtucket 
 river, which here falls some 50 feet in a short 
 distance, affording an extensive hydraulic 
 power. The first cloth manufactory operated 
 by water-power ever established in this coun- 
 try was commenced at Pawtucket in 1790. 
 and for more than 40 years it held the first 
 rank among the manufacturing towns of New. 
 England. In 1823, the village and vicinity 
 contained, besides numerous other manufac- 
 tories, 10 cotton mills, 2 casting furnaces, 2 
 screw factories, 2 anchor establishments, and 
 6 machine shops. The manufactures at the 
 present time are very extensive, consisting 
 principally of cotton goods and machinery, 
 though boots, shoes, cabinet ware, and car- 
 riages are produced to some extent. Paw- 
 tucket also has an important commerce. 
 During the year 1852, 141 vessels arrived at 
 its wharves, laden with coal, luinber, &c. 
 to the amount of 12,798 tons. The village 
 is pleasantly situated, and contains 8 or 9. 
 churches. Among the public buildings the 
 Masonic temple and Manchester Hall may 
 be mentioned as good specimens of archi- 
 tectural beauty. Three newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. Pawtucket has communication 
 with Worcester by the Providence and Wor- 
 cester railroad, and with Boston by the Boston 
 and Providence railroad. The town contains 
 
 3 banks. Pop. in 1858, about 10,000. 
 Pawtuxet river rises in the N. part of 
 
 Rhode Island, and after forming part of the 
 boundary between Kent and Providence coun- 
 ties, unites its waters with Narraganset bay 
 
 887 
 
PAW 
 
 PEC 
 
 about 5 miles S. of Providence. It is a fine 
 mill stream. 
 
 Pawtuxet, a thriving post-village of Kent 
 county, Rhode Island, situated partly in War- 
 wick and partly in Cranston townships, on 
 both sides of Pawtuxet river, near its mouth, 5 
 miles S. from Providence. It has a fine har- 
 bor, and is the seat of extensive cotton and 
 woollen manufactories. Population in 1853, 
 about 1800. 
 
 Pawtuxet, apost-ofBce of Wakulla co.,Fla. 
 
 Paxon's, a post-ofSce of Northumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Paxton, a post-township in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts. Population, 820. 
 
 Paxton, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 50 miles W. from Boston. 
 
 Paxton, a small village of Columbia co.,Pa. 
 
 Paxton, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Ross CO., Ohio. Population, 930. 
 
 Paxville, a small village of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Pay Down, a post-oiEce of Osage co., Mo. 
 
 Payne's Depot, apost-ofiice of Scott co., Ky. 
 
 Payne's Point, a village in Ogle co., Illi- 
 nois, 95 miles W. by N. from Chicago. 
 
 Paynesville, a post-village in Sumter co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Paynesville, a post-village of Pike co., 
 Mo., 92 miles E. N. E. from Jefl"erson City. 
 
 Payson, a post-township in Adams co., Il- 
 linois. Population, 1494. 
 
 Payson, a post-village of Adams co., Illi- 
 nois, 92 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Payson, a post-office of Utah co., Utah 
 Territory. 
 
 Peacedale, a post-village in Washington 
 CO., Rhode Island, 30 miles S. by W. from 
 Providence. 
 
 Peacham, a post-township in Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont. Population, 1377. 
 
 Peacham, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 20 miles E. by N. from Montpelier, con- 
 tains an academy. 
 
 Peach Bottom, a post-township forming 
 the S. E. extremity of York co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the Susquehanna river. Pop., 1409. 
 
 Peach Bottom, a post-office of Grayson 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Peach Ckeek, of Texas, flows into Mont- 
 gomery CO., and enters the San Jacinto river 
 in Harris county. 
 
 Peach Creek, of Gonzales co., Texas, 
 flows south-westward into Guadalupe river. 
 
 Peach Creek, a post-office of Panola co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Peach Grove, a post-office of Fairfax co. Va. 
 
 Peach Orchard, a post-office of Lawrence 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Peachtree, a post-office of Cherokee co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Peachtree, a small village of Horry dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Peachtree Creek, of North Carolina, 
 flows into Tar river, near the S. E. border 
 of Nash county. 
 
 Peachtree Ckeek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Chattahoochee in De Kalb co., a few miles 
 N. W. from Atlanta. 
 
 Peachtree Grove, a post-office of Nash 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Peaks of Eagletail, in the eastern part 
 of Utah Territory, near the source of Eagle- 
 tail river, are in lat. about 38° 40' N., Ion. 
 106° 50' W. 
 
 Peaks of Otter, Virginia, between Bedford 
 and Botetourt counties, 30 miles W. by N. 
 from Lynchburg. Their summits are about 
 4260 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Peaksville, a post-office of Bedford co.,Va. 
 
 Pealer's, a post-office of Columbia co., Pa. 
 
 Peapack, or Pepack, a post-village of So- 
 merset CO., New .Jersey, about 11 miles N. N. 
 W. from Somerville. Population, 100. 
 
 Pea PaDGE, a post-village of Union dis., S.C. 
 
 Pea Ridge, a post-office of Benton co., Ark. 
 
 Pea Ridge, a small village of McNairy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Pea Ridge, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Tenn., 53 miles N. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Pea River, a small river of Alabama, rises 
 near the S. line of Macon co., and enters the 
 Choctawhatchee at the boundary between 
 Alabama and Florida. 
 
 Pea River, a post-office of Pike co., Ala. 
 
 Pearl Creek, a post-office of Wyoming 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pbarlington, a post-village of Hancock 
 CO., Mississippi, on Pearl river, about 200 
 miles S. by E. from Jackson. 
 
 Pearl River, of Mississippi, rises in Win- 
 ston county, in the N. E. central part of the 
 state, and flows south-westerly to the city of 
 Jackson. It then flows south-south-eastward 
 till it strikes the boundary between Missis- 
 sippi and Louisiana. From this point it pur- 
 sues a southerly course, and flows through 
 Lake Borgne into the Gulf of Mexico. Its 
 whole length exceeds 250 miles. The naviga- 
 tion is impeded by sandbars and driftwood, 
 but small boats sometimes ascend as high as 
 Jackson. 
 
 Pearl River, a post-office of Copiah co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Pearl River Island, a post-office of St. 
 Tammany parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Pearl Valley, a post-office of Neshoba 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Pease, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop., 3515. 
 
 Peatstone Shoals, a small village of New- 
 ton CO., Georgia. 
 
 Peavine, a post- village of Walker co., Ga. 
 
 Pecan Bayou, of Texas, a small stream 
 which enters the Colorado from the N. W. in 
 Travis county. 
 
 Pecan Creek, Texas, is formed by Cham- 
 bers and Waxahachi creeks, which unite in 
 Navarro county. It flows south-eastward, 
 and enters Trinity river in Freestone county. 
 
 Pecan Grove, a post-office of Carroll pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
PEC 
 
 PEM 
 
 Pecan Point, a post-office of Mississippi 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Peccan, a township in Mississippi co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 167. 
 
 Peckatonica. See Pekatonica. 
 
 Pecksburg, a post-office of Hendricks co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Peck's Run, a post-office of Barbour co.,Va. 
 
 Pecksville, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 Pecopsen, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Pop., 592. 
 
 Pecos, pi'koce, a large river of New 
 Mexico and Texas, rises in the Rocky moun- 
 tains, near 36° N. lat. and 105° 30' W. Ion. 
 Flowing at first southerly, and then south- 
 easterly, it falls into the Rio Grande, in about 
 29° 40' N. lat. and 102° W. Ion. The entire 
 length is estimated at 700 miles. 
 
 Pedee, a post-village in Cedar co., Iowa, 
 20 miles E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Pedee, Great, a river of South Carolina, 
 which rises in the N. W. part of North Ca- 
 rolina, where it is called the Yadkin, until it 
 approaches or crosses the boundary between 
 the two states. It enters South Carolina 
 several miles above Cheraw, in the N. E. part 
 of the state, which it traverses in a general 
 S. S. E. direction, and enters the Atlantic 
 near 33° 10' N. lat., through an estuary call- 
 ed Winyaw bay. It is navigable for sloops 
 about 130 miles. The Little Pedee rises in 
 Richmond county. North Carolina, and flow- 
 ing southward, falls into the main stream at 
 the S. extremity of Marion district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 Pedernales, p4-der-na'les, a small river 
 of Texas, which rises in Gillespie co., and 
 flowing easterly, enters the Colorado in Travis 
 county. 
 
 Peular's Creek, a small village of Iowa 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Pedlar's HiLt, a post-village of Chatham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Pedlar's Mills a post-office of Amherst 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pedricton, a post- village of Salem co.. 
 New Jersey, on Oldman's creek, contains 2 
 churches and 2 stores. Pop., about 240. 
 
 Peebles, a township of Alleghany co.. Pa., 
 about 5 miles E. of Pittsburg. Pop., 2168. 
 
 Pebdee, a post-office of Anson co., N. C. 
 
 Peekskill, a post-village of Cortland 
 township, Westchester county, New York, on 
 the E. bank of the Hudson river, and on the 
 railroad of that name, 100 miles S. from Al- 
 bany. It is situated a little below the High- 
 lands, and has considerable business. There 
 are Dutch Reformed, Episcopal, Methodist, 
 Presbyterian, and Friends' churches. It con- 
 tained a bank, a newspaper office, an aca- 
 demy, and several iron foundries. Popula- 
 tion in 1840, 2000 ; in 1853, estimated at 2500. 
 
 Peeled Oak, a post-office of Bath co., Ky. 
 
 Peelsville, a small village of McDowell 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Peeltree, a post-office of Harrison co., Va. 
 
 Pbepee, a township in the central part of 
 Pike CO., Ohio. Population, 1321. 
 
 Peery's Store, a post-office of Tazewell 
 CO., Virgiuia. 
 
 Peirceville, a post-office of Dane co.. Wis. 
 
 Pekatonica, a river of Wisconsin and Illi- 
 nois, is formed by two branches which unite 
 at Wiota, in Wisconsin. It flows south-east- 
 ward into Illinois, and afterwards turns to 
 the N. E. and enters Rock river at Rockton, 
 in Winnebago county. It passes through a 
 fertile valley which is bordered by high bluflfs, 
 and is navigable for small boats from its 
 mouth to Wiota. The E. and W. branches 
 rise in Iowa county in Wisconsin ; the former 
 is sometimes called Wassemon river. 
 
 Pekin, a post-office of Niagara co., N. Y. 
 
 Pekin, a post-office of Jackson co., Tenn. 
 
 Pekin, a post-office of Jessamine co., Ky. 
 
 Pekin, a post-village of Carroll co., Ohio, 
 on the Sandy and Beaver canal, 138 miles E. 
 N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Pekin, a post-office of Washington co., Ind. 
 
 Pekin, a thriving post-village of Tazewell 
 county, Illinois, on the left bank of Illinois 
 river, 12 miles below Peoria, and about 60 
 miles N. from Springfield. It is the largest 
 place in the county, and has an active busi- 
 ness. Large quantities of produce are 
 shipped here by steamboats. Pekin contains 
 a number of churches, an academy, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and several steam mills. The 
 value of the produce received here in 1852 
 was estimated at $1,500,000. Population, in 
 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Pelham, a post-township of Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire, 38 miles S. S. E. from 
 Concord, contains a village of its own name. 
 Population, 1071. 
 
 Pelham, a post- township in Hampshire co., 
 Mass., 77 miles W. from Boston. Pop., 983. 
 
 Pelham, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Westchester co.. New York, on Long Island 
 sound, and on the New York and New Haven 
 railroad. Population, 577. 
 
 Pelham, a post-village of Grundy co., Tenn. 
 
 Pella, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, 
 88 miles W. by S. from Iowa City. It was 
 settled mostly by the Dutch. Population, in 
 1853, about 500. 
 
 Pell's Landing, a small village of Hardin 
 CO., Illinois, on the Ohio river. 
 
 Peltonville, a post-village of Steuben co., 
 New York, about 18 miles N. by E. from Bath. 
 
 Pemberton, or New Mills, a post-village 
 of Burlington county. New Jersey, on the 
 Rancocas creek, 20 miles E. by S. from Tren- 
 ton. It contains 3 churches, several manu-> 
 factories, and stores. Population, about 700. 
 
 Pemberton, a post-office of Goochland co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Pem'bina, a lake in the N. part of Minne- 
 sota Territory, about 10 miles long. Ita 
 outlet flows into Red river. 
 
 Pembina, a very large county of Min- 
 889 
 
PEM 
 
 PEN 
 
 nesota, comprises nearly half of the territory- 
 extending from Itasca lake to the Missouri 
 river, and from lat. 45° 25' to lat. 49° N. 
 It is drained principally by the Red river of 
 the North, and by Riviere a Jacques. The sur- 
 face is elevated, and in some parts hilly. 
 The greater part of this region is possessed 
 by the Sioux and Chippewa Indians. The 
 population in 1850 was 1134. 
 
 Pembina, a settlement in Pembina co., 
 Minnesota Territory, on Red river of the North, 
 where it crosses the northern boundary of 
 the United States. It contains about 1000 
 inhabitants, who subsist chiefly on the pro- 
 duce of the chase. 
 
 Pembroice, a post-township of Washington 
 CO., Maine, about 155 miles E. N. E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1712. 
 
 Pembroke, a post-village of Merrimack co. 
 New Hampshire, on the Merrimack river, 
 near the Portsmouth and Concord railroad, 
 7 miles S. E. from Concord. It contains an 
 academy. Population of the township, 1733. 
 
 Pembroke, a post-township in Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, 27 miles S. E. from Bos- 
 ton. The village contains an academy. Po- 
 pulation, 1388. 
 
 Pembroke, a post-township of Genesee co.. 
 New York, about 250 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. Population, 2279. 
 
 Pembroke, a post-office of Giles co., Va. 
 
 Pembboicb, a post-village in Christian co., 
 Kentucky, 197 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Pemadumcook, a lake of very irregular 
 shape, in the E. part of Piscataquis co., 
 Maine, receives the waters of Chesuncook 
 lake. Its outlet joins the Penobscot river. 
 
 Pemigewasset river, near the centre of 
 New Hampshire, is formed by three principal 
 branches which rise and unite in Grafton 
 county. It joins Winnipiseogee river, on the 
 borders of Merrimack county, to form the 
 Merrimack river. 
 
 Pemiscot, a lake near the S. E. extremity 
 of Missouri, lies in the S. part of Pemiscot 
 county, scarcely two miles from the Missis- 
 sippi river, from which it probably receives 
 supplies during high water. It communi- 
 cates with Whitewater river by a short out- 
 let. Length about 18 miles, greatest breadth 
 5 or 6 miles. 
 
 Pemiscot, a county forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Missouri, bordering on Arkansas 
 and on the Mississippi river, which separates 
 it from Tennessee, has an area estimated at 
 300 square miles. The surface is level, and 
 mostly occupied by swamps and shallow 
 lakes, among which the largest is Lake Pe- 
 miscot, situated in the S. part. Formed 
 in 1851, out of the S. part of New Madrid 
 county. Capital, Gayoso. 
 
 Pemmaquid, a post-office of Lincoln co., Me. 
 
 Pemmaquid Point, on the W. side of the en- 
 trance to George's river, Lincoln co., Maine. 
 On its extremity is a fixed light, 75 feet 
 above the level of the sea, serving both for 
 890 
 
 Bristol and Waldoborough rivers. Lat. 43® 
 48' N., Ion. 69° 29' W. 
 
 Penataquit, apost-ofBce of Suffolk CO., N.Y. 
 
 Penchant, a small bayou of Louisiana, 
 commences in Terre Bonne parish, and flows 
 north-westward into Bayou Chene. 
 
 Pendarvis's Store, a post-village of Wayne 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Pendleton, a county in the N. central part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 620 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the South or principal 
 branch of Potomac river, and by two afBu- 
 ents of the same, called the North and South 
 forks. The surface is very mountainous, and 
 densely covered with timber. The main Al- 
 leghany mountain forms its boundary on the 
 N. W., the North mountain on tlie S. E., and 
 Jackson's mountain extends across the coun- 
 ty. The mean height of the land is esti- 
 mated at 20CO feet above the sea. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, and cattle are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 109,838 bushels of corn; 44,137 of wheat; 
 29,930 of oats; 7664 tons of hay, and 69,306 
 pounds of butter. There were 20 flour and 
 saw mills, 7 wool-carding mills, and 7 tan- 
 neries. It contained 12 churches, and 225 
 pupils attending academies and other schools. 
 Organized in 1788, and named in honor of 
 Edmund Pendleton, a distinguished statesman 
 of Virginia. Capital, Franklin. Pop., 5795; 
 of whom 5478 were free, and 322, slaves. 
 
 Pendleton, a former district of South 
 Carolina, forming the N. W. extremity of the 
 state, has been divided into two parts con- 
 stituting the present districts of Pickens and 
 Anderson. 
 
 Pendleton, a county in the N. part of 
 Kentucky, has an area of 300 square miles. 
 The Ohio river forms its N. E. boundary, sepa- 
 rating it from the State of Ohio: it is inter- 
 sected by the Licking river, navigable by 
 small steamboats, and also drained by the 
 South Licking river. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and extensively covered with forests 
 of oak, ash, &c. : the soil is fertile, both on the 
 bottoms and uplands. Indian corn, oats, 
 tobacco, grass, and live stock are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 429,855 bushels 
 of corn; 44,207 of oats, and 253,827 pounds 
 of tobacco. It contained 14 churches, 380 
 pupils attending public schools, and 70 at- 
 tending an academy. The surface rock of 
 this county is the blue limestone. It is in- 
 tersected by the Covington and Lexington 
 railroad. Formed in 1798. Capital, Fal- 
 mouth. Population, 6774; of whom 6265 
 were free, and 509, slaves. 
 
 Pendleton, a post-township of Niagara 
 CO., New York, on the Tonawanda creek, about 
 17 miles N. N. E. from Bufi'alo. Pop., 2166. 
 
 Pendleton, a post-village of Anderson dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on Eighteen Mile creek, 
 about 120 miles W. N. W. from Columbia. It 
 contains several churches, academies, and a 
 newspaper oflice. 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 Pendleton, a small village of Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio, is a suburb of Cincinnati. 
 
 Pendleton, a post-office of Putnam co., 0. 
 
 Pendleton, a thriving post-village of Ma- 
 dison CO., Indiana, on Fall creek, and on the 
 Belfontaine and Indiana railroad, 26 miles 
 E. N. E. from Indianapolis. The creek af- 
 fords excellent water-power. There are 
 quarries of fine limestone and marble in the 
 vicinity. Population, 386. 
 
 Pendleton Centre, a post-office of Nia- 
 gara CO., New York. 
 
 Pendleton Hill, a post-office of New Lon- 
 don CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Pendleton's River, of Georgia, a small 
 stream which flows S. E., and enters the 
 Ohoopee river in Tatnall co., near Reidsville. 
 
 Peneuach, a village in Dallas co., Iowa, 
 145 miles W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Penfield a post-township in the E. part 
 of Monroe co.. New York. Population, 3185. 
 
 Penfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Irondequoit creek, 7 miles E. 
 from Rochester. It contains several churches, 
 factories, and mills. Pop., about 800. 
 
 Penfield, a post-village of Greene co., 
 Georgia, 47 miles N. from Milledgeville, was 
 first settled in 1836. It is the seat of the 
 Mercer University, under the direction of the 
 Baptists. Population, near 400. 
 
 Penfield, a post-township forming the S. S. 
 E. extremity of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop., 672. 
 
 Penfield, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Calhoun co., Michigan. Population, 598. 
 
 Penfield, a post-office of Kane co.. 111. 
 
 Peninsula, a small post-village of Summit 
 CO., Ohio, 136 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 PENN,atownship of Berks CO., Pennsylvania, 
 12 miles N. W. from Reading. Pop., 1476. 
 
 Penn, a township of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 40 miles W. S. W. from Phila- 
 delphia. Population, 738. 
 
 Penn, a township of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by the Huntingdon and 
 Broadtop railroad route, 12 miles S. W. from 
 Huntingdon. Population, 839. 
 
 Penn, a post-township of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. by W. from 
 Lancaster. Population, 1909. 
 
 Penn, a township of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania about 22 miles E. by N. from Wil- 
 liamsport. Population, 578. 
 
 Penn, a township of Perry co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the right side of the Susquehanna 
 river, 40 miles S. S. W. from Sunbury. Po- 
 pulation, 1109. 
 
 Penn, a township in the S. W. part of Mor- 
 gan CO., Ohio. Population, 1370. 
 
 Penn, a township in the N. E. part of Cass 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 698. 
 
 Penn, a township in Jayco., Indiana. Po- 
 pulation, 810. 
 
 Penn, a township in St. Joseph co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1622. 
 
 Pennahatchee Creek, of Georgia, enters 
 Flint river near Drayton, in Dooly county. 
 
 Pennelville, a post-office of Oswego co., 
 New York. 
 
 Penney's a post-office of Randolph co.. Mo. 
 
 Pennfield, a post-office of Clearfield CO., Pa. 
 
 Pennfield, a post-office of Davidson co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Pennfield, a post-office of Calhoun co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Penn Forest, a township of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 33 miles N. N. W. from 
 AUentown. Population, 413. 
 
 Penn Hill, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pennington, a post-village of Mercer co., 
 New .Jersey, 8 miles N. from Trenton, contains 
 2 churches, and 2 seminaries. Pop., 500. 
 
 Pennington, a township in Bradley co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 1216. 
 
 Pennington, a township in Licking co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1145. 
 
 Penningtonville, a thriving post-village 
 of Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the railroad 
 between Philadelphia and Columbia, 48 miles 
 W. from the former. It is a depot for coal 
 and lumber, and contains several large stores. 
 
 Penn Line, a post-village of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. boundary of the 
 state, 24 miles W. from Meadville. 
 
 Penn Run, a post-otlce of Indiana co., Pa. 
 
 Pennsborough, a post-office of Pdtchie co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Pennsborough, a post-office of Irwin co. ,6a. 
 
 Pennsburg, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pennsbury, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Chester co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Brandywine creek. Population, 761. 
 
 Penn's Cove, a thriving village, or settle- 
 ment, capital of Island county, Washington 
 Territory, situated near the centre of Whid- 
 by's island. It has one of the finest harbors 
 in the world, completely sheltered from all 
 the winds that prevail in this quarter. 
 
 Penn's Creek rises in the centre part of 
 Pennsylvania, and flows into the Susquehan- 
 na a few miles below Sunbury. 
 
 Penn's Creek, a post-office of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Penn District, formerly Penn Township, 
 is situated N. of Philadelphia, and adjoining 
 the district of Spring Garden ; intersected by 
 the Reading railroad. The N. part of Penn 
 township has been cut off, forming now the 
 township of North Penn. 
 
 Pennsgrove, a thriving post-village of Up- 
 per Penn's Creek township, Salem county. 
 New Jersey, is situated on the Delaware 
 river, about 12 miles N. from Salem. It has 
 
 1 church, 3 stores, and a steam saw mill 
 with a ship-yard attached. There are also 
 
 2 hotels, which are much frequented in sum- 
 mer by citizens of Philadelphia. 
 
 Pennsgrove, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on Chester creek, 3 miles 
 S. W. from Media. 
 
 Penn's Neck. See Williamsburg. 
 891 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 Penn's Neck, a former township of Salem 
 county, New Jersey, now divided into Lower 
 Penn's Neck and Upper Penn's Neck. The 
 former is situated on the Delaware river, 
 about 5 miles N. W. from Salem. Popula- 
 tion, 1429. The latter is also bordering on 
 the Delaware, about 11 miles N. from Salem. 
 Population, 2422. 
 
 Penn's Square, a post-ofBce of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Penn's Stoke, a post-office of Patrick cc, 
 Virginia, 224 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Pennsville, a small village of Chester co., 
 Pa., about 8 miles S. from Westchester. 
 
 Pennsville, a small village of Penn town- 
 ship, Clearfield co., Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 Pennsville, a post-office of Fayette co.. Pa. 
 
 Pennsville, formerly Hicksville, a vil- 
 lage of Lycoming co., Pennsylvania, 3 miles 
 N. from Muncy. 
 
 Pennsville, a post-village of Morgan co., 
 Ohio, 34 miles S. by E. from Zanesville. 
 
 Pennsylvania, one of the Middle United 
 States, and the second in population of the 
 confederacy, is bounded N. by Lake Erie and 
 New York ; E. by New York and New Jer- 
 sey, from which it is separated by the Dela- 
 ware river ; S. by Delaware, Maryland, and 
 Virginia ; and W. by Virginia and Ohio. It 
 lies between 39° 43' and 42° 15' N. lat., and 
 between 74° 42' and 80° 36' W. Ion., being 
 about 310 miles in length, and 160 in width, 
 (except at the angle at Lake Erie, where it 
 is 175,) and containing an area of 46,000 
 square miles, or 29,440,000 acres, of which 
 only 8,628,619 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — Pennsylvania was originally 
 settled by English and Welsh Friends, or 
 Quakers, but the population afterwards re- 
 ceived large additions of Germans and Irish, 
 and some other foreigners. In some of the 
 middle and eastern counties, the Germans 
 still keep up their own language and cus- 
 toms, and have papers printed and schools 
 taught in their own tongue. By the census 
 of 1790, there were 434,373 inhabitants ; 
 602,365 in 1800 ; 810,091 in 1810 ; 1,049,458 
 in 1820; 1,348,233 in 1830; 1,724,033 in 
 1840; and 2,311,786 in 1850; of whom 
 1,142,863 were white males; 1,115,600 fe- 
 males ; 25,037 colored males, and 28,266 fe- 
 males. This population was divided into 
 408,497 families, inhabiting 386,216 dwell- 
 ings. Of the population, 1,844,672 were 
 born in the state ; 169,947 in other states of 
 the Union; 38,048 in England; 151,728 in 
 Ireland; 16,212 in Scotland and Wales; 
 2500 in British America; 78,592 in Ger- 
 many ; 4083 in France ; 7796 in other coun- 
 tries ; and 2296 whose places of birth were 
 unknown — giving nearly 13 per cent, of fo- 
 reign birth. — See Table of Nativities, Appen- 
 dix. In the twelve months preceding June 1, 
 1850, there occurred 28,318 deaths, or rather 
 ttt'^e than 12 in every 1000 persons. In the 
 same period, 11,551 paupers received aid, of 
 892 
 
 whom 5653 were foreigners, at an expense 
 of about $20 for each pauper. Of 1004 deaf 
 and dumb, 18 were colored ; of 829 blind, 31 
 were colored ; of 1891 insane, 49 were co- 
 lored ; and of 1448 idiotic, 62 were colored. 
 
 Counties.— This state is divided into 64 
 counties, viz. Adams, Alleghany, Armstrong, 
 Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Blair, Bradford, 
 Bucks, Butler, Cambria, Carbon, Centre, 
 Chester, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Colum- 
 bia, Crawford, Cumberland, Dauphin, Dela- 
 ware, Elk, Erie, Fayette, Forest, Franklin, 
 Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jeffer- 
 son, Juniata, Lancaster. Lawrence, Lebanon, 
 Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean, Mercer, 
 Mifflin, Monroe, Montgomery, Montour,North- 
 umberland, Northampton, Perry, Philadel- 
 phia, Potter, Pike, Schuylkill, Somerset, Sul- 
 livan, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, Venango, 
 Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westmoreland, 
 Wyoming, and York. Capital, Harrisburg. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The principal city, the 
 metropolis of the state, and only second in 
 the Union in importance, is Philadelphia, po- 
 pulation in 1850, 408,762; besides which, 
 there are Pittsburg, 46,601, (by a local 
 census in 1853, Pittsburg and its environs 
 numbered 110,000 inhabitants ;) Alleghany 
 City, 21,261 ; Reading, 15,743 ; Lancaster, 
 12,360; Harrisburg, 7834 ; Pottsville, 7515 ; 
 Easton, 7250 ; York, 6863 ; Norristown, 
 6000; Erie, 5858; Birmingham, Carlisle, Co- 
 lumbia, Chamber sburg, Gettysburg, West- 
 chester, Tamaqua, AUentown, Carbondale, 
 Beaver, and some others, between 3000 and 
 5000 ; and Hollidaysburg, Union, Bristol, 
 Phoenixville,Wilkesbarre, Bethlehem, Miners- 
 ville, Meadville, Brownsville, Marietta, Leba- 
 non, Lewiston, Port Carbon, Washington, 
 and Honesdale, between 2000 and 3000. 
 
 Face of the Country. — No state in the Union 
 presents a greater variety of surface thanPenn- 
 sylvania. Though they do not rise to any great 
 elevation, (seldom above 2000 feet,) its moun- 
 tains spread over about one-fourth of the state 
 in parallel ridges, in a direction generallj' from 
 N. E. to S.W., and occupy the southern central 
 and eastern counties. Though all forming 
 parts of the great Appalachian chain, they are 
 known by various local appellations. Com- 
 mencing below Easton, on the Delaware, we 
 have the South mountain ; then in order, 
 proceeding W. or N. W., the Blue or Kitta- 
 tinny mountains, (both entering the state 
 from New Jersey, and passing S. W. into 
 Maryland,) and the Broad mountain, which 
 lies south of the N. branch of the Susque- 
 hanna. We now cross the river just men- 
 tioned, but still have with us the Broad 
 mountain, under the name of the Tuscarora; 
 passing which, we come upon another ridge, 
 lying mostly S. of the Juniata river, known 
 as Sideling hill ; which is succeeded in turn 
 by the Alleghany mountains proper, the di- 
 viding ridge between the Atlantic slope and 
 the Mississippi valley. Descending the very 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 gradual Ohio slope, we cross two inferior 
 but well-defined chains, known as Laurel 
 and Chestnut ridges. As before stated, these 
 mountains do not rise to a great height : the 
 South mountain is within 1000, and the Blue 
 mountain within 1500 feet. Broad mountain 
 is said to rise higher aboye its immediate 
 base than the Alleghany range, but to be infe- 
 rior to them in elevation above the sea. These 
 different ridges are separated by valleys, now 
 contracted within narrow limits, and now 
 spreading out to a width of from 15 to 30 
 miles. The entire belt in Pennsylvania 
 spreads over a space of 200 miles — the 
 greatest breadth the Alleghany range attains 
 in its whole course from Maine to Alabama. 
 In the northern part of the state the moun- 
 tains become high and rugged hills ; the W. 
 is also hilly, and the S. E. and N. W. mode- 
 rately so, but occasionally level. The rivers 
 of the western part of the state, cutting their 
 way through the table-land, present some- 
 times precipitous shores of several hundred 
 feet in height, and many valleys bear evident 
 marks of their having been formed by run- 
 ning water. 
 
 Geology. — We condense from Trego's work 
 on Pennsylvania, a brief sketch of the geo- 
 logy of the state. The S. E. portion of Penn- 
 sylvania, including the southern parts of 
 Bucks and Montgomery, the whole of Phila- 
 delphia and Delaware, with the southern 
 parts of Chester, Lancaster, and York coun- 
 ties, is occupied by rocks belonging to the 
 stratified primary class : irregular veins of 
 uustratified rocks, such as granite, sienite, 
 &c., traverse jDarts of the primary range. 
 North of this triangular belt is the limestone 
 and marble of Chester and Montgomery 
 counties, and still more northward a consi- 
 derable extent of gneiss, with talc and mica 
 slate. Proceeding farther north, we come to 
 the red sandstone, which stretches across the 
 state from the Delaware river, above Trenton, 
 to the Maryland line, passing through Bucks, 
 Montgomery, Chester, Berks, Lancaster, Dau- 
 phin, York, and Adams counties. The red 
 sandstone is traversed by numerous dikes of 
 trap rock or greenstone. This rock is gene- 
 rally composed of feldspar and hornblende, 
 and is an igneous production. Just below 
 Easton commences another belt of primary 
 rock, which (like nearly all the other forma- 
 tions in the E. and middle of Pennsylvania) 
 stretches S. W. to the Maryland line, having 
 Allentown, Reading, and Gettysburg near its 
 north-western limit. This formation is ge- 
 nerally here called the South mountain. 
 Overlying the primary rocks is a belt of white 
 sandstone, and above this is another broad 
 belt of limestone, occasionally appearing in 
 Northumberland, Lehigh Berks, Lebanon, 
 Dauphin, Lancaster, York, Adams, Cumber- 
 land, and Franklin counties. The same lime- 
 stone appears in the counties of Centre, Mif- 
 flin, Huntingdon, and Bedford. The rock 
 
 next in order overlying the limestone is the 
 slate : this belt crosses Northampton, Lehigh, 
 Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Cumberland, and 
 Franklin counties. Next above the slate is 
 a formation composed of hard white and 
 gray, or sometimes reddish or greenish, sili- 
 cious sandstones, frequently containing large 
 pebbles. This rock constitutes the Kitta- 
 tinny or Blue Ridge ; is seen in the rugged 
 sandstone ridges of Juniata, MifHin, Centre, 
 Huntingdon, and Bedford counties, in the 
 Tuscarora mountains, and in Montour's 
 Ridge, from Bloomsburg to near Northum- 
 berland. Upon the sandstone just described 
 rests, generally near the base of the moun- 
 tains, a series of red and variegated shales. 
 This formation contains the fossiliferous iron 
 ore, extensively worked in Columbia county, 
 near the Juniata, and in other parts where 
 this formation exists. This group of rocks 
 extends from Danville into Union county. 
 Next in position we have an argillaceous blue 
 limestone, rather slaty, and of moderate 
 thickness, with thin bands of slaty shale. 
 Some bands contain abundance of fossil or- 
 ganic remains, and occasionally iron ore. 
 This rock is found as far N. E. as the neigh- 
 borhood of Berwick, and in Perry, Juniata, 
 Mifiiin, Union, Huntingdon, and Bedford coun- 
 ties. It is also found along the West branch of 
 the Susquehanna, from Muncy to Bald Eagle 
 creek. The formation next in the ascend- 
 ing order is a coarse-grained yellowish-white 
 sandstone, abounding in fossils. It will be 
 generally found accompanying the limestone 
 in Juniata, Mifiiin, Union, Huntingdon, and 
 Bedford counties — some iron is found in the 
 range. We now come to a group of alter- 
 nating strata of dark-gray, greenish, and 
 olive-colored slates, interstratified with green- 
 ish argillaceous sandstones, sometimes with 
 thin layers of limestone. Many of the strata 
 abound in fossil shells, encrinites, and trilo- 
 bites. This rock covers a large portion of 
 Monroe, Pike, and Wayne counties, extending 
 to the Susquehanna, between Kittatinnj'^ and 
 Second mountain. Above the formation last 
 described, we find a series of brown red 
 shales and sandstones, -interspersed with lay- 
 ers of gray and buff, and forming a good 
 building material. This formation extends 
 from the Susquehanna, above the Blue moun- 
 tain, through Monroe county, spreading out 
 in Pike, Wayne, Susquehanna, Luzerne, and 
 Bradford counties ; also appearing on the 
 Juniata and in Bedford county. Over the red 
 shales and sandstone rest massive beds of 
 coarse, hard gray sandstones, sometimes con- 
 taining pebbles, with occasional bands of dark 
 greenish slates intermixed. We are now ap • 
 proaching the coal-bearing rocks, and occa- 
 sionally find black carbonaceous slate, and 
 sometimes even scales of coal itself: still we 
 are several hundred feet below the true coal- 
 bearing series. This formation encloses all 
 the anthracite and bituminous coal region ; 
 
 893 
 
PEN 
 
 • PEN 
 
 but having on top and between it and the 
 coal a series of red shales and sandstones 
 — the strata more or less calcareous. Im- 
 mediately underneath the coal is a group 
 of massive strata, of coarse silicious conglo- 
 merates, with light-colored sandstones. All 
 search below this last formation for coal must 
 be fruitless. The seams of coal are separated 
 by soft, argillaceous, bluish clay, or light-gray 
 sandstone, or by dark-colored slates and 
 shales. 
 
 Minerals. — Pennsylvania stands first among 
 the United States in the abundance of her 
 coal and iron. Though not possessing a great 
 variety of rare minerals, and none of the 
 precious metals, she has those which have 
 made England the wealthiest and most pow- 
 erful nation on the globe, while Spain and 
 Portugal, with their gold, silver, and diamond 
 mines, have become poor in national wealth, 
 and have sunk to a low degree of political 
 influence. Owing no doubt to her homely 
 but useful minerals, Pennsylvania has ad- 
 vanced, between 1840 and 1850, in a greater 
 ratio in population than even theEmpire State, 
 (New York,) or that vigorous and youthful 
 giant of the West, Ohio. The vast anthra- 
 cite coalfields of Pennsylvania lie mostly be- 
 tween the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, 
 about the head waters of the Lehigh, Schuyl- 
 kill, and Lackawana. In 1852 this region 
 sent to market 5,018,346 tons of coal. In 
 1851 the Lehigh mines yielded 989,251; 
 the Schuylkill, 2,178,584; the Lackawana, 
 788,485, and the Susquehanna, about 400,000 
 tons. At Blossburg, in Tioga county, and in 
 Clinton county, are mines of bituminous coal, 
 said to be equal, if not superior, to the New- 
 castle coal, of England; while the region 
 around Pittsburg, the commencement of the 
 coalfield of the Mississippi valley, abounds 
 in coal of the same kind, but little inferior 
 in purity. Cannel coal of fine purity is 
 found in Beaver county. The best evidence 
 of the quantity and excellence of the iron of 
 Pennsylvania, is the fact, according to the 
 census report of 1850, that nearly half of the 
 pig, cast, and wrought iron manufactured in 
 the Union, was from her forges and furnaces. 
 Pennsylvania also abounds in lime, marble, 
 slate, and stones suitable for building. Mar- 
 ble is particularly abundant in Chester and 
 Montgomery counties, which supply the beau- 
 tiful material that shows so conspicuously in 
 the private and public buildings of Philadel- 
 phia. Copper exists extensively in Adams 
 county, and is found also in Chester, Mont- 
 gomery, and other counties on the Atlantic 
 slope. Zinc is mined in the vicinity of Beth- 
 lehem, plumbago in Bucks county, and lead 
 in Chester and Montgomery counties. A bed 
 of this mineral of great richness is reported 
 to have been discovered recently in Blair 
 county. Chrome exists in Lancaster county 
 in abundance, and to some extent in Chester 
 and York. Scattered over the state are 
 894 
 
 some of the following minerals: titanium, 
 plumbago, magnetic iron ore, iron pyrites, 
 magnesia, talc, asbestos, barytes, zircon, 
 tourmalin, marl, &c. Salt springs exist on 
 the Monongahela, Kiskiminitas, and Beaver 
 rivers, and in other parts of the state. Large 
 quantities of salt are manufactured here. 
 There are several medicinal springs, gene- 
 rally chalybeate, the most noted of which are 
 Bedford, in the county of the same name ; 
 York, in Adams county; Doubling Gap, in 
 Cumberland ; Yellow Springs, in Chester, 
 and Ephrata, in Lancaster county. 
 
 Rivers, Lakes, ^'c. — The only lake of im- 
 portance in this state is Lake Erie, which 
 forms its N. W. boundary for about 50 miles. 
 The Delaware, which rises in the S. E. part 
 of New York, and flows southerly, separates 
 New York and New Jersey from Pennsylvania 
 and Delaware, and empties into Delaware 
 bay. It is navigable for large ships to Phila- 
 delphia, about 96 miles from the sea, and 
 for sloops and steamboats to Trenton, 30 
 miles farther up. The Susquehanna, the 
 largest river in the state, enters Pennsjdvania 
 from New York, and flowing southerly for 500 
 miles, crosses the entire state, dividing it 
 into two unequal portions, having the larger 
 part on the W. This river is not navigable, 
 except at high water in the spring and au- 
 tumn, when large quantities of timber are 
 floated down it in rafts, and produce in rough 
 boats called arks. Owing to its rapid de- 
 scent to within a few miles of the Chesapeake 
 bay, into which it flows, it is but little afi'ect- 
 ed by the tides. Its principal tributaries are 
 the West Branch and Juniata from the W., 
 and the Swatara and Conestoga from the E. 
 Between the Susquehanna and the Delaware 
 are the Lehigh and Schuylkill, aflluents of 
 the Delaware, and each about 100 miles in 
 length. The Ohio, which is formed by the 
 union of the Alleghany from the N., and the 
 Monongahela from the S., drains the western 
 part of the state, having about 50 miles of 
 its course in Pennsylvania. It is navigable 
 for large steamers to its head at Pittsburg. 
 The Alleghany is about 300, and the Monon- 
 gahela 200 miles in length, and both, at high 
 water, are navigable, the former 200, and 
 the latter 60 miles, for small steamers. The 
 Youghiogheny, a branch of the Monongahela, 
 and the Beaver, a branch of the Ohio, are 
 small rivers. Canals coast most of these 
 rivers, except the Monongahela and Youghio- 
 gheny, to a greater or less extent. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Justice has 
 never been done to the picturesque beauty 
 and grandeur of the scenery of Pennsylvania, 
 because it has been hitherto difficult of ac- 
 cess to those who will not travel except in 
 luxurious cars or steamboats ; but now 
 that railroads are beginning to traverse her 
 interior, to make accessible the romantic 
 shores of the Juniata, Susquehanna, Schuj'l- 
 kill, and Lehigh rivers, we may expect to 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 hear others exclaim, as did an English tourist, 
 (Hon. C. A. Murray,) "To my shame be it 
 spoken, I never heard of the Juniata till this 
 day!" Though there is not in Pennsylvania 
 any grand object to overpower the senses as 
 at Niagara, the traveller has a succession of 
 fine views in traversing the state, which fill 
 the mind with tranquil delight. The pas- 
 sages of the Delaware, Lehigh, and Schuyl- 
 kill rivers through the Blue Ridge — the first 
 two called the Delaware and Lehigh Water 
 Gaps — are well worthy a visit from the lover 
 of fine scenery. The Delaware Water Gap, 
 situated to the N. of Easton, is the most re- 
 nowned of these. The river here breaks 
 through the mountains, in a gorge about 2 
 miles in length, walled in by precipices from 
 1200 to 1600 feet in height, scarcely leaving 
 space for a road between their base and the 
 water. The mountains on the shores of the 
 Juniata rise to about 1600 feet. The banks 
 of the Susquehanna are interesting in almost 
 every part of its course, and often grand. 
 The celebrated Wyoming valley, on the N. 
 branch, needs only to be named. The Penn- 
 sylvania canal passes through a tunnel of 
 1000 feet, near Blairsville ; the Union canal 
 through one of 729 feet ; the Danville and 
 Pottsville railroad through one of 700 feet ; 
 the Reading railroad through 4, severally of 
 960, 172, 1934, and 1300 feet long. The 
 Pennsylvania railroad will pass through the 
 summit of the Alleghany mountain by a tun- 
 nel 3570 feet long, at an elevation of about 
 2200 feet above the sea. The Portage rail- 
 road crosses the mountain by 10 inclined 
 planes. All the railroads named above pass 
 through successions of wild and picturesque 
 scenery. Bedford springs are imbedded in 
 picturesque scenery which interests the mind, 
 while the pure air of the mountains aid the 
 medicinal waters in their restorative quali- 
 ties. For the geologist and mineralogist the 
 coal and iron beds of Pennsylvania abound 
 in sources of entertainment and study. A 
 descent into one of the coal mines at Potts- 
 ville, or in its vicinity, will well repay one 
 who is not afraid of wet and mud. Falling 
 spring, in Luzerne county, above Pittston, 
 and Swatara falls, 9 miles from Pottsville, pre- 
 sent wild and romantic scenes, and are espe- 
 cially interesting when the streams are full. 
 The Sawkill falls, in Pike county, near Milford, 
 descends 80 feet by two leaps of 20 and 60 
 feet, into a narrow and rocky gorge as interest- 
 ing as the falls themselves. The Youghio- 
 gheny descends 60 feet in a mile in a wild 
 pass through the mountains in Fayette county. 
 The falls of the Wallenpaupack, in AVayne 
 county, descend 150 feet, 70 of which are 
 perpendicular, in a rocky channel. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Pennsylvania is 
 variable, and liable to sudden extremes, 
 having sometimes the heat of the Carolinas, 
 and at others the cold of Canada, but in pe- 
 riods generally of only three days, inter- 
 
 mingled in summer with sharp winds from 
 the N. W., and mitigated in winter by the 
 milder breezes from the S. W. Periods of 
 warm weather sometimes occur in January 
 and February, when the buds begin to swell. 
 The mountainous region has a greater de- 
 gree of cold, and the snows are deeper and 
 lie longer than in other portions. In the W. 
 the climate is milder and less variable than 
 in the E. According to observations kept at 
 Philadelphia in 1852, the greatest average 
 cold was in January — mean temperature, 
 31°. 9; the greatest average heat in July — 
 mean temperature, 77°. The hottest day 
 was June 16, 94° ; the most intense cold was 
 January 20, 2° below zero. The mean tem- 
 perature of the winter months during 26 
 years was 33° ; spring months, 51°. 8 ; sum- 
 mer, 73°.3, and autumn, 54°. 5. The average 
 amount of rain for 15 years, 44.6 inches. 
 The average for 14 years gives August the 
 greatest, (5.13 inches ;) February the least, 
 (2.92 inches.) The greatest amount in any 
 one month was 11.80 inches, in July, 1842; 
 and the least, 5 inches, in September, 1846. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — Pennsylvania, though 
 destitute of the luxuriant prairies of the 
 West, is eminently an agricultural state, 
 producing more wheat, rye, and grass-seeds 
 than any member of the confederacy, more 
 Indian corn than any Northern or Middle 
 State, and more buckwheat, orchard fruits, 
 butter, hay, oats, and slaughtered animals, 
 than any state except New York. She is 
 the third in the value of her live stock, and in 
 the amount of her wool and Irish potatoes. 
 The best soils are in the limestone and river 
 valleys, and in the depressions among the 
 mountains, which have a rich alluvion of 2 
 or 3 feet deep. There are large tracts of ex- 
 cellent land in the bituminous coal region of 
 Western Pennsylvania ; but the northern 
 counties are more bleak and rugged, and not 
 quite so productive. In many places even 
 the mountains are valuable for pasture. Per- 
 haps in no part of the United States is there 
 more skilful farming than in some of the 
 older counties of Pennsylvania. The staple 
 articles are wheet and Indian corn, but large 
 quantities of oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, 
 grass-seeds, live stock, orchard fruits, but- 
 ter, cheese, wool, peas, beans, Irish pota- 
 toes, market produce, tobacco, hay, flax, 
 beeswax, honey, maple sugar, with some 
 molasses, silk, hops, hemp, wine, and sweet 
 potatoes, are produced. According to the 
 census of 1850, there were in Pennsylvania 
 127,577 farms, containing 8,628,819 acres 
 of cultivated land, producing 15,367,691 
 bushels of wheat; 4,805,161 of rye ; 19,880,214 
 of Indian corn; 21,538,156 of oats; 55,231 
 of peas and beans ; 5,980,732 of Irish pota- 
 toes; 165,584 of barley; 2,193,692 of buck- 
 wheat; 125,030 of clover-seed; 53,953 of 
 other grass-seeds ; 41,728 of flax-seed; 
 912,651 pounds of tobacco; 4,481,570 of 
 
 895 
 
PEN- 
 
 PEN" 
 
 ■wool; 39,878,418 of butter; 2,505,034 of 
 cheese; 530,307 of flax; 2,326,425 of maple 
 Bugar; 839,509 of beeswax and honey; 
 1,842,970 tons of hay; value of live stock, 
 $41,500,053; orchard fruits, $703,339; 
 market products, $688,714; and slaughtered 
 animals, $8,219,848. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The for est- trees of Pennsyl- 
 vania consist of several varieties of oak, 
 .■walnut, hickory, maple, dogwood, magnolia, 
 cucumber, papaw, American poplar, gum, 
 sycamore, catalpa, crabapple, birch, locust, 
 sassafras, wild cherry, persimmon, aspen, 
 chestnut, chincapin, beech, hornbeam, mul- 
 berry, ash, willow, elm, linden, several spe- 
 cies of pine, spruce, hemlock, larch, cedar, &c. 
 
 Animals. — Among the mammalia are the 
 bear, wildcat, panther, wolf, otter, red and 
 gray fox, racoon, marten, mink, weasel, 
 skunk, opossum, beaver, (rare,) muskrat, 
 porcupine, ground-hog ; flying, red, and gray 
 squirrel; hare, rabbit, deer, and elk. Among 
 birds are the baldeagle, fish-hawk and other 
 varieties of hawk, owl, whippoorwill, night- 
 hawk, swallow, Indian hen, woodcock, wild 
 turkey, partridge, pheasant, wild goose and 
 duck, and a great variety of small birds. 
 
 Manv.factures. — Pennsylvania ranks among 
 the first of the states of the Union in the ex- 
 tent and variety of her manufactures, for the 
 fabrication of which she has great facilities 
 in the cheapness and proximity of her coal 
 and iron, as well as in the abundance of her 
 water-power. This state manufactured nearly 
 half the iron made in the United States 
 in 1850. According to the census of 1850, 
 there were in Pennsylvania 22,036 esta- 
 blishments, producing each $500 and up- 
 wards annually; of these, 208 were engaged 
 in the manufacture of cotton, employing 
 $4,528,925 capital, and 3564 male, and 4099 
 female hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $3,152,530, and producing 45,746,790 yards 
 of stufi's, and 5,308,561 pounds of yarn: total 
 value, $5,822,262 ; 380 in wool, employing 
 $3,005,064 capital, and 3490 male, and 2236 
 female hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $3,282,718, and producing 10,099,234 yards 
 of stufi's, and 1,941,621 pounds of yarn, worth 
 a total value of $5,321,866; and 631 forges 
 and furnaces, employing $19,613,415 capital, 
 20,831 male hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $11,593,285, and producing 285,702 
 tons of pig, 182,506 of wrought, and 57,810 
 of cast iron, worth a total value of $20, 329, 301. 
 There was also at the same census, $1,719,966 
 invested in the manufacture of malt and siji- 
 rituous liquors, employing 911 hands, con- 
 suming 2,575,540 bushels of grain, and pro- 
 ducing 188,581 barrels of ale, &c., and 
 6,555,310 gallons of whiskey, wine, &c. 
 Homemade manufactures valued at $755,104 
 were also fabricated. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Pennsylvania early 
 entered with spirit upon the work of improv- 
 ing her internal communications. The first 
 896 
 
 great road made in the United States was 
 the tui'npike connecting Philadelphia and 
 Pittsburg, and (till the opening of the Hud- 
 son and Erie canal in 1825) the great con- 
 necting link between the East and the West, 
 on which might be seen at anj' time long lines 
 of Conestoga wagons, heavily laden with 
 merchandise find produce, wending their tardy 
 way over hill and valley, and occupying a 
 much greater length of time in the transit 
 than is now necessary for a voyage to Europe. 
 But the days when the Conestoga wagons 
 were the pride of Pennsylvania are gone for 
 ever, and with them are passing away much 
 of that patient pains-taking industry which 
 led her so safe, if not so brilliant, a course. 
 May her people, in adopting the active spirit 
 of the age, still hold on to the homely integ- 
 rity of the days of the Conestoga wagon ! 
 Pennsylvaiiia commenced in 1825 her exten- 
 sive system of canals, (but too extensive, un- 
 fortunately,) as it led to locating them in 
 places uncalled for by the demands of the 
 time, which clogged the state with a heavy 
 debt, under which she still labors, while, by 
 the unproductiveness of some of them, she is 
 deprived of the income from whence to liqui- 
 date the debt, or even pay its interest, un- 
 aided by taxation. But part of this unpro- 
 ductiveness is no doubt caused by the then 
 unforeseen, but now general introduction of 
 railways. Pennsylvania is saddled with a 
 debt of $40,000,000, incurred mainly for 
 purposes of internal improvement, on which 
 an annual interest of over $2,000,000 accrues, 
 while the revenue of the public works in 1852 
 was but $1,896,811.42, part of which is re- 
 quired to repair damages from freshets, &c. 
 Some of her works that have long lain unfi- 
 nished, will soon be completed, when it is 
 expected they will add to the resources of the 
 state, instead of, as heretofore, requiring con- 
 stant outlay, or at best producing no return 
 in the way of revenue for the capital ex- 
 pended on them. Pennsylvania has now a 
 line of canal connecting Pittsburg and Har- 
 risburg ; one, nearly completed, along the 
 whole course of the Susquehanna within the 
 state, and also on the West branch ; one from 
 Beaver to Erie, one along the Delaware from 
 Bristol to Easton, and thence up the Lehigh 
 to the mines ; one up the Schuylkill to Potts- 
 ville ; one along the Lackawana to the Dela- 
 ware and Hudson canal, and one uniting the 
 Schuylkill with the Pennsylvania canal, at 
 Middletown — making in all about 1030 miles 
 of canal completed, or nearly so, within the 
 state. On the 1st of January, 1853, Penn- 
 sylvania had 1244 miles of railway in opera- 
 tion, and 903 in course of construction. Only 
 82 miles of this, however, belong to the state. 
 It has been the fashion to decry the tardiness 
 of Pennsylvania in constructing public works. 
 Let the$40,000,000 expended for them,and the 
 2200 miles of completed railways and canals, 
 with nearly as much more projected, vindicate 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 her. Her commercial metropolis is connected 
 by railway ■with New York, with Baltimore, 
 with Pittsburg, with Pottsville, with Colum- 
 bia, York, Chambersburg, and Hagerstown in 
 Maryland. Her western metropolis is united 
 to Cleveland, to Cincinnati, and to other points 
 in Indiana and Ohio ; and in a short time it 
 may be possible for a passenger to come from 
 St.Louis to Philadelphia without changing cars 
 for the entire distance. The railroads now 
 constructing, or in contemplation, will con- 
 nect Wheeling with the Pennsylvania road, 
 Philadelphia with Easton and Belvidere, Pitts- 
 burg with Cumberland, Maryland, Westches- 
 ter (a second road) with Philadelphia, Pitts- 
 burg with Erie and Steubenville, and Phila- 
 delphia with Erie and intermediate places. 
 — See Table of Canals and Raihvays, Appen- 
 dix. The receipts from the public works in 
 1852, were $1,896,811.42; the expenditures, 
 $1,029,341.23, and net revenue, $867,470.19. 
 Pennsylvania holds stocks in internal im- 
 provements to the amount of $32,770,061.21, 
 of which $81,137,064.49 are in state railroads 
 and canals, and the rest in turnpikes, navi- 
 gation stocks, &c. 
 
 Commerce. — Though Pennsylvania has lost 
 her comparative importance as a commercial 
 state, yet her increase in the last 30 years, 
 in foreign commerce, has been steady ; while 
 in her coasting, lake, and Ohio river trade, 
 her advances have been immense. The com- 
 pletion of the Pennsylvania railway, the most 
 direct and shortest route from the Eastern 
 and Middle States to the great Mississippi 
 valley, has greatly increased the transit trade 
 across her territory. In the first five months 
 of 1853, the receipts of toll on this road 
 amounted to $1,292,588. A reference to the 
 article on the commerce of Philadelphia, 
 will show the great increase of her coast- 
 ing trade. In 1852, Pennsylvania owned 
 301,722ff tons of shipping, of which 83,763 
 was steam tonnage. The same year 188 ves- 
 sels were built, with an aggegate tonnage of 
 31,220f f. The imports were, for the fiscal 
 year, terminating June 30, $14,785,917; the 
 exports, consisting mostly of flour, wheat, 
 Indian corn, provisions, tobacco, querci- 
 tron bark, lard, butter, &c., amounted to 
 $5,828,571. Tonnage entered, 178,364; 
 cleared, 139,932.^See Philadelphia. Large 
 quantities of lumber are floated down the 
 Susquehanna and Delaware rivers in the 
 spring and fall. The amount on the former 
 river alone for 1852, brought down by canal 
 and rafts, has been estimated at 250,000,000 
 feet. A large amount is also sent down the 
 Alleghany. 
 
 Education. — The first general free-school 
 system in Pennsylvania was adopted in 1834, 
 whichhas since beenremodelled and improved; 
 but still much room is left for amendment 
 before it can fully meet the requirements 
 of the age — though comparatively the sys- 
 tem is probably equal to any out of Kew 
 3a 
 
 England, and in Philadelphia equal, if not 
 superior, to axxy in the United States. The 
 number of school districts in 1851 was 9462, 
 (exclusive of Philadelphia city and county,) 
 open on an average 5 months in the year, 
 and attended by 460,086 pupils— 12,090 of 
 whom were learning German. In the same 
 year, $930,221.84 was raised by taxation, 
 and $161,697.50 appropriated by the state, 
 for educational purposes. The city and 
 county of Philadelphia are under a separate 
 management, and have one high-school, one 
 normal, 53 grammar, 34 secondary, 142 pri- 
 mary, and 39 unclassified schools, with an 
 aggregate of 48,056 pupils. This district re- 
 ceived in 1851, a state appropriation of 
 $31,307.30. The medical schools of Penn- 
 sylvania are first in reputation of any on 
 the Western continent, and are attended 
 yearly by about 1400 students. This state 
 had in 1852, nine colleges, with an aggregate 
 of 952 students, and 58,100 volumes in their 
 libraries; 7 theological, with 213; 1 law, 
 with 9 ; and 5 medical schools with 1163 
 students.. — See Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 Another college has just gone into operation 
 at Lancaster, called the Franklin and Mar- 
 shall, of which the Hon. James Buchanan is 
 president. 
 
 Religions. — Pennsylvania seems to have used 
 to the full extent the privilege so strenuously 
 contended for by her illustrious founder — 
 that of each one worshipping according to his 
 inclination; as there are no less than 47 dif- 
 ferent sects, occupying 3523 places of wor- 
 ship, of which the Baptists own 252; Freewill, 
 9; Disciples, 28; and Seventh Day Baptist, 4; 
 Church of God, 27; Christians, 19; Cove- 
 nanters, 18 ; Episcopalians, 135 ; Free Church, 
 22 ; Friends, 142 ; German Reformed, 206 ; 
 Lutherans, 497 ; Mennonites, 86 ; Methodists, 
 882; Moravians, 84; Presbyterians, 751; 
 Roman Catholics, 139 ; Union, 80, and Uni- 
 versalists, 19. The rest are occupied by 
 Africans, Congregationalists, Dutch Preformed, 
 Independent, Jewish, Seceders, Tunkers, 
 Unitarians, United Brethren in Christ, and 
 many other smaller sects, for which, see Ta- 
 ble of Religions, Appendix. There is one 
 church for every 658 inhabitants. Value of 
 church property, $11,551,885. 
 
 Public Instituiions. — Pennsylvania has al- 
 ways been noted for her charitable institu- 
 tions, and even in her penal establishments 
 she looks rather to mercy and reformation 
 than to punishment. There are two great 
 penitentiaries in the state, one at Philadel- 
 phia, and another at Pittsburg, both on the 
 solitary system ; but only solitary so far as 
 communication with their fellow-prisoners is 
 concerned, as they are weekly visited by the 
 members of that self-sacrificing body, the 
 Prison Discipline Society, who endeavor to 
 cheer, encourage, and instruct them, both in 
 morals and religion, as well as in school 
 learning. During the year 1852, 126 convicts 
 
 897 
 
PEN" 
 
 PEN 
 
 were received in the Eastern Penitentiary, 
 and 153 discharged, leaving in confinement, 
 December 31, 1852, 283 convicts, of whom 52 
 "were colored : total number received since 
 the opening of the prison in 1829, 2689 ; re- 
 ceived into the Western Penitentiary in 1852, 
 187 convicts : total, in 26 years of its existence, 
 1648. The convicts of the Western Peniten- 
 tiary more than supported themselves by the 
 proceeds of their labor. Expenses, $36,341 ; 
 of which a portion was met by a state appro- 
 priation, $16,330 by the labor of the prison- 
 ers, and the rest by the counties. Montgo- 
 mery county has withdrawn its prisoners. 
 The two houses of refuge for juvenile delin- 
 quents, (white and colored,) the deaf and 
 dumb asylum, and blind asylum, all in Phi- 
 ladelphia, receive state appropriations. An 
 appropriation of $20,000 has been made by 
 the state for the establishment of an asylum 
 for idiots, on condition of a like sum being 
 subscribed by individuals. Incited by the 
 benevolent exertions of that most noble wo- 
 man, Dorothea Dix, the state has just com- 
 pleted, [1853,] at Harrisburg, a state lunatic 
 asylum, at a cost of $50,000, embracing in 
 the structure of the building, and in its dis- 
 cipline, most of the improvements of the age 
 in the treatment and accommodation of the 
 unfortunate class of beings for whom it is 
 intended. During the year 1852, 118 pa- 
 tients were received, and 48 discharged ; of 
 whom 13 were restored, 16 improved, 10 un- 
 improved, 2 eloped, and 7 died ; remaining 
 in the institution, January 1853, 106. Ex- 
 penditures for the year, $38,385 ; of which 
 more than $10,000 was defrayed by board 
 received from patients, and a considerable 
 portion of the remainder was expended for lia- 
 bilities of the preceding year, from furniture, 
 building, &c., that will not be required when 
 the hospital is fairly in operation. The ap- 
 propriations for charitable purposes in 1853, 
 amounted to nearly $77,000. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — The governor of 
 Pennsylvania is elected by the people for 3 
 years, but cannot be chosen more than 6 out 
 of any 9 consecutive years, and receives a 
 salary of $3000 per annum. The senate con- 
 sists of 33 members, elected for three years, 
 and a house of representatives of 100 mem- 
 bers, elected annually. One-third of the 
 senate must be chosen each year. The judi- 
 ciary consists — 1. Of a supreme court, com- 
 posed of five judges, elected by the people at 
 large for 15 years, but so that one judge shall 
 be elected every third j'ear, and the one 
 having the shortest term to serve shall be 
 chief justice. The jurisdiction of this court 
 extends over the state, and the judges, by 
 virtue of their offices, are judges of oyer and 
 terminer and general jail deliver^' for the 
 several counties. 2d. Of 24 courts of com- 
 mon picas, each presided over by one judge, 
 elected for 10 years, and one or more asso- 
 ciates to each county, elected for 5 years. 
 
 The judges of the common pleas of each 
 county are also justices of oyer and terminer 
 and general jail delivery. 3. Of a district 
 court for Philadelphia county, and one for 
 Alleghany county. The judges of the supreme 
 court and the county courts receive $1600 
 per annum, and those for Philadelphia and 
 Pittsburg from $2000 to $2500 per annum. 
 Every white freeman of the age of 21 years, 
 having resided in the state one year, and in 
 the election district where he offers to vote 
 ten days immediately preceding such election, 
 and within two years paid a state or county 
 tax, which shall have been assessed at least 
 ten days before the election, shall enjoy the 
 rights of an elector. The state debt of Penn- 
 sylvania was, in 1853, $40,263,633; annual in- 
 terest, over $2,000,000 ; productive property, 
 $31,639,321 ; unproductive, $321,032 ; and or- 
 dinary expenses, exclusive of debt and schools, 
 about $350,000 annually. Assessed value of 
 property for 1851, $492,898,829. Banking 
 institutions, 54, with an aggregate capital of 
 $18,966,351, and circulation of $12,000,000; 
 $6,200,000 in coin. Revenue from permanent 
 sources in 1852, $4,428,096.20. 
 
 History. — Pennsylvania is the only instance 
 of an American colony founded without blood- 
 shed. The benevolent Penn, when he settled 
 the state in ] 682, with his peaceful asso- 
 ciates, the Friends, conciliated the natives by 
 the purchase of their territory, and by the 
 kindness and good-will manifested towards 
 them secured their friendship during 70 years. 
 Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn 
 in liquidation of a debt due his father, Ad- 
 miral Penn, by the Government of Great Bri- 
 tain. In 1699, Delaware, which had before 
 been united to Pennsylvania, was allowed a 
 distinct legislature, but remained subject to 
 the same governor. Previous to the old 
 French and Indian war in 1765, the contests 
 waged between the English and French colo- 
 nies had not reached Pennsylvania ; but in 
 that year occurred the disastrous defeat of 
 Braddock, near Pittsburg, in which Washing- 
 ton, then a young man, distinguished himself. 
 Inl763 occurred the massacreof theConestoga 
 Indians, in Lancaster county, by the Paxton 
 boys. In 1767 was run the famous Mason and 
 Dixon's line, (39° 43'.) the southern boundary 
 of Pennsylvania, and which has become pro- 
 verbial as the dividing line between the North 
 and the South. Pennsylvania took an active 
 part in the Revolutionary contest, and on her 
 soil occurred the battles of Brandywine and 
 Germantown, September and October, 1777, 
 and the massacres of Wyoming and Paoli, and 
 the suffering winter encampment at Valley 
 Forge in 1777 and '8. In her metropolis, too, 
 met the first congresses of the Revolution, 
 and here was the seat, for nearly ten years, 
 of the newl.y-organized government of 1789. 
 Within her limits, in 1794, occurred the blood- 
 less resistance to the General Government, 
 in Washington's administration, called the 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 Whiskey Insurrection ; but notwithstanding 
 this defection of a small part of her citizens, 
 no state in the confederacy has been more 
 loyal to the constitution of the federal govern- 
 ment in all times of trial than Pennsylvania. 
 Pennsylvania gave Franklin, Rush, Thomp- 
 son, and Robert Morris to the councils of the 
 nation in the Revolution, and the former two, 
 besides Rittenhouse, Fulton, Say, and Morton, 
 to science. Pennsylvania formed a constitu- 
 tion in 1776 suited to her changed character 
 of an independent republican state. A new 
 constitution was formed in 1790, and again in 
 1838 ; several alterations have since been 
 made, as a provision in the constitution en- 
 ables amendments to be made by the enact- 
 ments of two legislatures, with the sanction 
 of the people. Benjamin Franklin was pre- 
 sident of the executive council, i. e. governor, 
 from 1785 to 1788. 
 
 Pennstlvaniaburg, a village of Ripley co., 
 Indiana, 16 miles N. E. from Versailles, has 
 near 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Penn Township, see Penn District. 
 
 Pennville, a post-office of Jay co., Ind. 
 
 Penn Yan, a thriving post-village of Milo 
 township, capital of Yates county, New York, 
 on the outlet of Crooked lake, and on the Ca- 
 nandaigua and Elmira railroad, 192 miles W. 
 from Albany, and 43 miles N. by W. from 
 Elmira. The Crooked Lake canal, connecting 
 the Crooked with Seneca lake, passes through 
 the village, and furnishes abundant water- 
 power, having 27 locks in the distance of 7 
 miles. Penn Yan contains, besides the county 
 buildings, 7 churches, 2 banks, several aca- 
 demies and union schools, 2 newspaper offices, 
 70 stores. 1 iron furnace, 1 plough factory, and 
 several flouring and saw mills. Population 
 in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Penntpack Creek, in the S. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, flows through Philadelphia 
 county, and enters the Delaware river near 
 Holmesburg. 
 
 Penny's Ferry, a post-office of Henry co.IU. 
 
 Penobscot river, the largest river in JIaine, 
 is formed by two branches, the East and the 
 West, which unite in Penobscot county, near 
 the centre of the state, and flowing in a ge- 
 neral S. S. W. course, it meets the tide- water 
 at Bangor, about 60 miles from its mouth. It 
 is navigable for large vessels to Bangor, where 
 the tide rises 20 feet, which extraordinary 
 rise is probably produced in part at least by 
 the wedge-shaped form of the bay, and the 
 current from the Gulf stream. About 12 
 miles above Bangor there are several islands, 
 owned by the Penobscot tribe of Indians, the 
 principal of which is Oldtown. This river, par- 
 ticularly in its upper portions, afi'ords very va- 
 luable water-power. Its length from the junc- 
 tion of its two branches is about 135 miles, or 
 measuring from the source of the West and 
 largest branch, (which is regarded by some 
 geographers as the true Penobscot,) it amounts 
 to 275 miles. Branches. — The West branch 
 
 rises near the W. boundary between Maine 
 and Canada, in Somerset county, and flow- 
 ing through Chesuncook and Pemadumcook 
 lakes, in Piscataquis county, unites with the 
 East branch, in Penobscot county, near the 
 centre of the state. The East branch, also 
 called the Seboois river, forms the outlet to 
 the Seboois lakes, in Penobscot county, and 
 flowing southerly, joins the West branch. 
 
 Penobscot, a county extending from the 
 centre of Maine to its northern border, has 
 an area of about 3200 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the St. John's river : 
 the central and southern parts are drained 
 by the Penobscot and its numerous tributa- 
 ries, which afford valuable water-power. It 
 is intersected in its northern part by the 
 Aroostook river. The greater portion of this 
 county is still unsettled, though much timber 
 is cut in it and rafted down the Penobscot 
 and its branches. The surface is uneven, 
 with some mountains in the northern part. 
 The soil is fertile, and adapted to cultivation. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 119,584 bushels of corn; 310,184 of oats; 
 221,248 of potatoes; 51,758 tons of hay, and 
 784,155 pounds of butter. There were 4 
 flannel and 2 woollen factories, 2 foundries, 
 7 grist mills, 2 paper mills, 130 saw and 
 planing mills, 1 ship-yard, and 12 tanneries. 
 It contained 65 churches, 6 newspaper offices ; 
 22,919 pupils attending public schools, and 
 775 attending academies and other schools. 
 The Penobscot river is navigable for large 
 vessels 50 miles, to Bangor, and for boats 
 some distance farther. The railroad con- 
 necting Bangor (the head of ship navigation) 
 with Oldtown is included within this county. 
 Organized in 1816. Capital, Bangor. Popu- 
 lation, 63,089. 
 
 Penobscot, a post-township in Hancock 
 CO., Maine, on the E. side of the Penobscot 
 bay, and 57 miles E. by N. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1556. 
 
 Penola, a post-office of Sumter co., Ala. 
 
 Penora, a post-office of Guthrie co., Iowa. 
 
 Pensacola, a port of entry and capital of 
 Escambia county, Florida, is situated on the 
 W. shore of Pensacola bay, about 10 miles 
 from the Gulf of Mexico, 64 miles E. from 
 Mobile, and 180 miles in a direct line W. from 
 Tallahassee. The harbor has 21 feet water 
 on the bar at low tide and it is one of the 
 safest in the Gulf. The shore, which is low 
 and sandy, rises gently to the height of about 
 40 feet. The plan of the town is regular, and 
 the streets are wide. It contains several 
 churches, a market house, custom house, and 
 3 newspaper offices. The United States Go- 
 vernment has established a naval s<.itioii 
 here. The shipping of the port, June 30th, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 1465ff 
 tons eUTolled and licensed, of which 1331|| 
 tons were employed in the coast trade. The 
 foreign arrivals for the year were 20, (tons, 
 
 899 
 
PEN 
 
 PEQ 
 
 3885,) of which 19 were by American Tessels. 
 The clearances for foreign ports were 19, 
 tons 3996, of which 3459 were in American 
 bottoms. Population, in 1850, 2164. 
 
 Pensacola, a post-village of Leake CO., Miss. 
 
 Pensacola Bay, in the N. V/. part of Flo- 
 rida, at the mouth of the Escambia river. 
 Length, 27 miles; greatest breadth, 12 miles. 
 
 Pensacola Lighthouse, on an eminence 
 about 40 feet high, at the E. side of the en- 
 trance of Pensacola harbor, Florida, about 2 
 miles N. from Fort McCrea. The light is 80 
 feet above the level of the sea, and revolves 
 once in 70 seconds. Lat. 80° 19' N., Ion. 87° 
 16' 54" W. 
 
 Pensaukee, a small river of Oconto coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, enters Green bay, about C miles 
 S. from Oconto river. 
 
 Pensaukin Creek, in the S. W. part of New 
 Jersey, forms part of the boundary between 
 Burlington and Camden counties, and enters 
 the Delaware 5 miles above Camden. 
 
 PENTRESS,apost-ofifice of Monongalia co.Va. 
 
 Peola MiLLS,apost-office of Madison CO. Va. 
 
 Peoli, a post-oflice of Tuscarawas co., 0. 
 
 Peolia, a small village of Washington co. Ky. 
 
 Peoplesville, a post-ofSce of Carter co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Peokia, a county in the N. W. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 650 square miles. 
 The Illinois river and Peoria lake form the 
 S. E. boundary. It is drained by Spoon river, 
 and by Kickapoo, Elbow, and Copperas creeks. 
 These streams are bordered with tracts of 
 timber, which are separated from each other 
 by beautiful undulating prairies. The soil is 
 uniformly and highly productive. Indian 
 corn, _ wheat, oats, hay, pork, potatoes, 
 and wool are the staples. In 1850 there 
 were raised 1,013,289 bushels of corn; 
 185,157 of wheat; 138,718 of oats; 12,553 
 tons of hay, and 40,225 pounds of wool. It 
 contained 19 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 
 and 3260 pupils attending public schools. 
 Valuable mines of stone coal have been 
 opened. The Illinois river is navigable by 
 steamboats along the border. The county is 
 intersected by the Peoria and Oquawka rail- 
 road. Organized in 1 825, and named from the 
 tribe of Indians who possessed the soil. Ca- 
 pital, Peoria. Population, 17,547. 
 
 Peoria, a post-office of Wyoming co., N. Y. 
 
 Peoria, a. post-office of Franklin co., Ind. 
 
 Peoria, a handsome and flourishing city, 
 capital of Peoria county, Illinois, on the 
 right or W. bank of Illinois river, at the out- 
 let of Peoria lake, 70 miles N. from Spring- 
 field, and 151 S. W. from Chicago. It is the 
 most populous town on the river, and one of 
 the most important and commercial in the 
 state. The river is navigable by steamboats 
 in all stages of water, and is the channel of 
 an immense trade in grain, lumber, pork, &c. 
 A number of steamboats make regular pas- 
 sages between St. Louis and Peoria, which 
 also communicates with Chicago, by means 
 900 
 
 of the Illinois and Michigan canal. The Peoria 
 and Oquawk railroad connects this place with 
 Burlington, Iowa, and will be extended east- 
 wardly to Middleport. The town is regularly 
 laid out, and well built. It has, besides 
 the county buildings, about 10 churches, se- 
 veral seminaries, a telegraph office, a bank, 
 and 5 newspaper offices. We quote the fol- 
 lowing description from the letter of a recent 
 traveller : — " Peoria is the most beautiful 
 town on the river. Situated on rising ground, 
 a broad plateau extending back from the bluff, 
 it has escaped the almost universal inunda- 
 tion. Indeed the river here expands into a 
 broad, deep lake, that embosoms the rising 
 flood. This lake is a most beautiful feature 
 in the natural scenery of the town, and as 
 useful as beautiful, supplying the inhabitants 
 with ample stores of fish, and in winter with 
 abundance of the purest ice. It is often 
 frozen to such a thickness that heavy teams 
 can pass securely over it. A substantial 
 drawbridge connects the town with the oppo- 
 site shore of the river. The city is laid out 
 in rectangular blocks, the streets being wide 
 and well graded. The schools and churches 
 are prosperous, and the society good. A 
 public square has been reserved near the 
 centre. Back of the town extends one of the 
 finest rolling prairies in the state, which 
 already furnishes to Peoria its supplies and 
 much of its business." The number of steam- 
 boat arrivals in 1850 was 1286. La Salle, 
 the Frenchman, established a post at this 
 place in 1680. The rise of the present town 
 dates from April, 1819. It was incorporated 
 as a city in 1844. Population on January 1, 
 1851, 6212, in 1853 about 8000, 
 
 Peoria Lake, Illinois, an expansion of the 
 Illinois river, on the E. border of Peoria 
 county. Length, 22 miles ; greatest breadth, 
 about 8 miles. 
 
 Peoriaville, a post-office of Peoria co., 111. 
 
 Pepack, New Jersey. See Pbapack. 
 
 PEPACT0N,a post-office of Delaware CO., N.Y 
 
 Pepacton River. See Popacton River 
 
 Pepokating, a post-office of Sussex co., N.J. 
 
 Peppbrell, a post-township in Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, on Nashua river, on the 
 Worcester and Nashua railroad. Pop., 1754. 
 
 Pepperell, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the railroad, 37 miles N. W. from 
 Boston, contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Pepper's Ferry, a post-office of Pulaski 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Peqitannock river, is a small stream of 
 Fairfield co.. Conn., falls into Bridgeport 
 harbor. The Housatonic railroad follows its 
 course for nearly its whole length. 
 
 Pequannock. See Poquannock. 
 
 Pequannock, a township of Morris co.. 
 New Jersey, about 57 miles N. N. E. from 
 Trenton. Population, 4116. 
 
 Pequannock Creek, in the N. part of New 
 Jersey, rises in Sussex co., flows south-east- 
 ward alongthe boundary between Passaic and 
 
PEQ 
 
 PEK 
 
 Morris counties, and unites with the Ring- 
 wood and Ramapo, near Pompton, to form 
 Pompton river. 
 
 PEQUEA,or Pecquea Creek, of Lancaster co. 
 Pennsylvania, flows into the Susquehanna. 
 
 Pequest Ckeek, in the N. W. part of New 
 Jersey, rises in Sussex county, flows south- 
 westward through Warren county, and falls 
 into the Delaware at Belvidere. It is a ra- 
 pid stream, draining a limestone valley, and 
 affording ahundant water-power. 
 
 Pequot, a village in New London co., 
 Connecticut, 8 miles N. E. by E. from New 
 London. 
 
 Pequot, a post- village of Calumet co., Wis- 
 consin, on the E. shore of Winnebago lake, 
 about 100 miles N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Peralto, a village of Valencia co.. New 
 Mexico, on the left bank of the Rio Del Norte, 
 about 70 miles S. S. W. from Santa Fe. 
 
 Perch River, of Jefferson co., New York, 
 flows south-westward, and enters Black river 
 near its mouth. 
 
 Perch River, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., New York, about 175 miles N. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Percy's Creek, a post-office of Wilkinson 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Perpido, a small river of Alabama and 
 Florida, rises near the N. W. extremity of 
 Florida, and forms the boundary between 
 Alabama and West Florida, until it empties 
 itself into Perdido bay. 
 
 Perin's Mills, a post-office of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Perkins, a post-township in the N. AV. part 
 of Erie co., Ohio. Population, 1207. 
 
 Perkin's Grove, a post-village of Bureau 
 CO., Illinois, 68 miles N. N. E. from Peoria. 
 
 Perkinsville, a post-village of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, on Black river, has an acade- 
 my, and a number of manufactories. 
 
 Perkinsville, a post-office of Goochland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 PERKiNSAaLLE, a post-villagc in Burke co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Perkinsville, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., Indiana, on White river, 10 miles W. N. 
 W. from Anderson, has several mills, and 
 about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Perkiomen creek, of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, flows into the Schuylkill river, 
 about 7 miles above Norristown. 
 
 Perkiomen, a township of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 27 miles S. from AUen- 
 fcown. Population, 1622. 
 
 Perkiomen Bridge, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Perot, a small bayou in the S. E. part of 
 Louisiana, is connected on the N. with Lake 
 Washa, and on the S. with Little lake. 
 
 Perote, a small village of Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Perote, a post-office of Pike co., Ala. 
 
 Perote, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 
 Perquimans, a river which rises near the 
 
 N. border of North Carolina, in the vicinity 
 of the Dismal Swamp, and flows south-east- 
 ward through the middle of Perquimans 
 county, into Albemarle sound. Length, about 
 60 miles. The largest vessels that navigate 
 the sound can ascend the river about 45 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Perquimans, a county in the N. E. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on the N. side of 
 Albemarle sound : area estimated at 250 
 square miles. Perquimans river flows through 
 the middle of the county into the sound. The 
 surface is nearly level ; the soil from the 
 sound to the middle is fertile, adapted to wheat, 
 Indian corn, and grass : the other portion is 
 more sandy, and is covered with forests of pine. 
 In 1850 this county produced 418,355 bushels 
 of corn ; 45,943 of wheat, and 1565 tons of 
 hay. There were 3 saw mills, 2 grist mills, 
 and 1 tannery. It contained 12 churches, 
 375 pupils attending public schools, and 105 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 Scupernong grape is said to succeed well 
 here. The Perquimans river is navigable 
 by vessels of medium size for a distance of 
 about 45 miles. There are profitable shad 
 and herring fisheries on this river. The ear- 
 liest permanent settlement of the state was 
 made in this county in 1662. The name was 
 derived from the tribe of aborigines who pos- 
 sessed this portion of the province. Capital, 
 Hertford. Population, 7332 ; of whom 4080 
 were free, and 3252, slaves. 
 
 Perrin, a township of Union co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 2736. 
 
 Perrine, a small post-village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pekrineville, a post-village of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Perrinton, or Perrington, a post-town- 
 ship of Monroe co., New York, on the Erie 
 canal, 12 miles E. S. E. from Rochester. Po- 
 pulation, 2891. 
 
 Perrt, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, has an area of 540 square 
 miles. The Susquehanna river forms its en- 
 tire E. boundary ; the N. part of the county 
 is intersected by the Juniata river, and the 
 S. part by Sherman's creek. The surface is 
 mountainous ; the Blue mountain extending 
 along the southern border, and Tuscarora 
 mountain along the north-western. The soil 
 of the arable land is excellent. Grain, cat- 
 tle, iron, and leather are the chief articles 
 of export. In 1850 this county produced 
 190,697 bushels of wheat; 155,271 of Indian 
 corn; 144,142 of oats; 16,690 tons of hay, 
 and 302,139 pounds of butter. There were 
 43 flour and grist mills, 45 saw mills, 1 roll- 
 ing mill, 10 cabinet- ware shops, 5 woollen 
 factories, 1 nail factory, 4 iron foundries, and 
 25 tanneries. It contained 49 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, 6373 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 25 attending an academy. 
 Limestone and slate ai'e the principal rocks ; 
 the hills contain an abundance of iron ore. The 
 
 901 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 county is intersected by tliePennsylvania canal 
 and Central railroad : another canal extends 
 along the E. border. Organized in 1820, and 
 named in honor of Commodore Oliver H. 
 Perry, of the United States navy. Capital, 
 Bloomfield. Population, 20,088. 
 
 Pekhy, a county in the W. central part of 
 Alabama, has an area of 950 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Cahawba river, an 
 affluent of the Alabama. The surface is hilly 
 and undulating ; the soil is highly produc- 
 tive. Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. 
 In 1850 there were raised 24,524 bales of 
 cotton; 934,116 bushels of corn, and 184,616 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 6 grist and 
 saw mills, 3 tanneries, 1 iron foundry, and 1 
 castor-oil mill. It contained 20 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, 714 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 548 attending other schools. 
 The Cahawba river is navigable by steam- 
 boats in this county. Capital, Marion. Po- 
 pulation, 22,285 ; of whom 8368 were free, 
 and 13,917, slaves. 
 
 Pekry, a county in the S. E. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, has an area of about 1040 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Leaf river, a 
 branch of the Pascagoula. The surface is 
 uneven ; the soil is rather light, and pro- 
 duces pine timber, Indian corn, and pasture 
 for cattle. In 1850 this county yielded 
 58,360 bushels of corn; 44,980 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 88,000 pounds of rice. Capital, 
 Augusta. Population, 2438 ; of whom 1689 
 were free, and 749, slaves. 
 
 Pebry, a county in the W. central part of 
 Arkansas ; area, 580 square miles. The Ar- 
 kansas river bounds it on the N. E., and it is 
 drained by the Fourche La Fave. The sur- 
 face is diversified by hills, which contain 
 marble and other valuable materials for 
 building. The soil near the streams is fer- 
 tile, adapted to grass and corn, which are 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 31,770 bushels of corn, and 6778 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 2 saw mills, and 45 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. White oak, 
 hickory, pine, cedar, and ash abound in the 
 county. Capital, Perryville. Population, 
 978; of whom 963 were free, and 15, slaves. 
 
 Perry, a county in the W. central part of 
 Tennessee, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. The Tennessee forms its entire W. 
 boundary, and it is intersected by Buffalo 
 river. The surface is moderately uneven, 
 and partly covered by forests. Indian corn, 
 oats, and grass are cultivated. Pork is also 
 exported. In 1850 the county produced 
 395,535 bushels of corn; 23,484 of oats, and 
 41,686 pounds of butter. There were 685 
 pupils attending public schools. Tennessee 
 river is navigable by steamboats on the bor- 
 der, and flat-boats descend ButFalo river in 
 high water. The county has a turnpike 
 leading to Nashville. Capital, Linden. Po- 
 pulation, 6822 ; of whom 5508 were free, and 
 814, slaves. 
 902 
 
 Perry, a county in the S. E. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 700 square 
 miles. It is drained by the North and Middle 
 forks of Kentucky river. The surface is di- 
 versified by valleys and mountains ; the land 
 is mostly too rugged for cultivation, but 
 adapted to wool-growing. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 124,296 bushels of corn, and 
 4758 of oats. It contained 1 church. Horses, 
 cattle, pork, and salt are exported. Coal ia 
 abundant in the county. The forks above 
 named are navigable for descending boats in 
 high water. Capital, Hazard. Population, 
 3092, of whom 2975 were free, and 117, slaves. 
 
 Perrtt, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Ohio, contains about 400 square miles. It 
 is drained by Rush and Jonathan creeks. 
 The surface is undulating or hilly; the soil 
 is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
 wool, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 428,903 bushels of corn ; 
 160,043 of wheat; 101,591 of oats; 9887 tons 
 of hay, and 261,806 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 61 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and 100 pupils attending an academy. The 
 Zanesville, Wilmington, and Cincinnati rail- 
 road passes through the county. Capital, 
 Somerset. Population, 20,775. 
 
 Perry, a county in the S. part of Indiana, 
 contains about 400 square miles. The Ohio 
 river bounds it on the S. and S. E. The sur- 
 face is very hilly, excepting the river bot- 
 toms. Indian corn, oats, wool, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 232,835 bushels of corn; 33,475 of oats; 
 999 tons of hay, and 10,581 pounds of wool. 
 It contained 8 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 476 pupils attending public schools. The 
 hills produce valuable timber, and contain 
 large beds of coal, both of which are exten- 
 sively used in the steamboats on the Ohio. 
 The county also contains quarries of fine 
 sandstone, which afford a good material for 
 building. Capital, Rome. Pop., 7268. 
 
 Perry, a county in the S. part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 420 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Beaucoup creek, which flows south- 
 ward into the Big Muddy river. The county 
 consists partly of prairies and partly of tim- 
 bered land ; the soil is represented to be 
 fertile. Indian corn, oats, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 363,300 bushels of corn ; 66,363' of 
 oats, and 119,079 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 5 churches, and 340 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Pinckueyville. Po- 
 pulation, 5278. 
 
 Perry, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 480 square miles. 
 The Mississippi river, which separates it 
 from Illinois, forms the boundary on the E. 
 and N. E. ; it is also dr.ained by Apple, Sa- 
 line, and Cape Cinque Homme creeks. The 
 surface is somewhat divei-sified ; the soil is 
 generally fertile, especially on the river bot- 
 tom, which is about 3 miles wide. Indian 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 corn, wheat, oats, butter, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 349,280 bushels of corn; 65,395 of 
 wheat; 42,916 of oats, and 73,845 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 14 churches, 360 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 95 attending 
 other schools. Lead and iron abound in the 
 county ; marble also is found in it, and blue 
 limestone is the principal rock. The streams 
 are said to furnish ample water-power. Ca- 
 pital, Perryville. Population, 7215, of whom 
 6421 were free, and 794, slaves. 
 
 Perry, a post-township in Washington 
 CO., Maine, 154 miles E. by N. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1324. 
 
 Perry, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Wyoming co.. New York. Pop., 2832. 
 
 Perry, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, at the outlet of a beautiful pond called 
 Perry lake, near 2 miles in length, about 50 
 miles E. by S. from Buffalo. It contains 4 
 churches, 1 furnace, 2 flour mills, and 1 
 hotel. A newspaper is published here. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, estimated at 1500. 
 
 Perry, a township of Armstrong co., Pa., 
 on the right side of the Alleghany river, 
 about 50 miles N. N. E. from Pittsburg. Po- 
 pulation, 799. 
 
 Perry, a township of Berks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1320. 
 
 Perry, a township of Clarion co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 55 miles N. N. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1394. 
 
 Perry, a township of Fayette co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. It is intersected by the Youghiogheny 
 river, 30 miles N. E. from Waynesburg. Po- 
 pulation, 1272. 
 
 Perry, a township of Greene co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 12 miles S. S. E. from Waynes- 
 burg. Population, 1090. 
 
 Perry, a township in Jefferson co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 15 miles S. from Brookville. 
 
 Perry, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Lawrence co.. Pa. Pop., 528. 
 
 Perry, a township of Union co., Pa., 40 
 miles S. from Williamsport. Pop., 1341. 
 
 Perry, a small village of Union co.. Pa. 
 
 Perry, a post-ofiice of Venango co.. Pa. 
 
 Perry, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Houston CO., Georgia, on Indian creek, an 
 affluent of the Ocmulgee, about 33 miles S. 
 by W. from Macon. It is surrounded by rich 
 plantations of cotton, and has an active busi- 
 ness. Perry contains 3 neat churches, 2 large 
 schools, 5 dry-goods stores, 5 other stores, and 
 2 carriage shops. Pop. in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Perry, a township in Johnson co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 603. 
 
 Perry, a township in the S. E. part of Al- 
 len CO., Ohio. Population, 923. 
 
 Perry, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Ashland co., Ohio. Population, 1788. 
 
 Perry, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Brown co., Ohio. Pop., 2464. 
 
 Perry, a township in the S. part of Carroll 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1277. j 
 
 Perry, a township in the N. part of Co- 
 lumbiana CO., Ohio. Population, 2731. 
 
 Perry, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio. Population, 1340. 
 
 Perry, a township in Fayette co., Ohio. 
 Population, 955. 
 
 Perry, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Franklin co., Ohio. Population, 1169. 
 
 Perry, a township in the central part of 
 Gallia co., Ohio. Population, 1208. 
 
 Perry, a township in the W. part of Hock- 
 ing CO., Ohio. Population, 1066. 
 
 Perry, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Lake co., Ohio. Population, 1131. 
 
 Perry, a township in the S. part of Law- 
 rence CO., Ohio. Population, 924. 
 
 Perry, a township in the E. part of Lick- 
 ing CO., Ohio. Population, 1371. 
 
 Perry, a township in the E. central part 
 of Logan co., Ohio. Population, 1230. 
 
 Perry, a township in the S. part of Mon- 
 roe CO., Ohio. Population, 1459. 
 
 Perry, a township in the W. central part 
 of Montgomei'y CO., Ohio. Population, 1906. 
 
 Perry, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Morrow co., Ohio. Population, 846. 
 
 Perry, a township in Muskingum co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1016. 
 
 Perry, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Pickaway co., Ohio. Pop., 1120. 
 
 Perry, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Pike CO., Ohio. Population, 519. 
 
 Perry, a township in the W. part of Put- 
 nam CO., Ohio. Population, 262. 
 
 Perry, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Richland co., Ohio. Pop., 924. 
 
 Perry, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Shelby co., Ohio. Population, 899. 
 
 Perry, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Stark CO., Ohio. Population, 4667. 
 
 Perry, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Pop., 1396. 
 
 Perry, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Wood CO., Ohio. Population, 888. 
 
 Perry, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Shiawassee co., Michigan. Pop., 313. 
 
 Perry, a post-township in Allen co., In- 
 diana. Population, 842. 
 
 Perry, a township in Clay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 691. 
 
 Perry, a township in Delaware co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1091. 
 
 Perry, a township in Lawrence co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1457. 
 
 Perry, a township in Marion co., Indiana 
 Population, 1803. 
 
 Perry, a township in Martin co., Indiana, 
 Population, 1517. 
 
 Perry, a township in Miami co., Indiana, 
 Population, 1176. 
 
 Perry, a township in Monroe co., Indiana 
 Population, 1004. 
 
 Perry, a township in Noble co., Indiana 
 Population, 1104. 
 
 Perry, a township in Tippecanoe co., In^ 
 diana. Population, 1036. 
 
 903 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 Peket, a township in Vanderburg co., In- 
 diana. Population, 693. 
 
 Perky, a township in Wayne co., Indiana. 
 Population, 710. 
 
 Perry, a neat and thriving post-village of 
 Pike CO., Illinois, 62 miles W. from Springfield. 
 It is situated in a fertile prairie. Population 
 in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Perry, a township in Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 Population, 121. 
 
 Pebry Centre, a post-village of Wyoming 
 CO., New York, about 50 miles E. by S. from 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Perry Court House, a post- village in Perrj- 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Perrymansville, a post-village in Harford 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Perry Mine, a post-village of St. Francis 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Perryopolis, a post- village of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogheny river, 
 about 35 miles S. from Pittsburg. It has a 
 glass factory, and 1 newspaper office. 
 
 Perryopolis, a small village of Noble co.,0. 
 
 Perry's Bridge, a post-village of Ver- 
 milion parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Perrysburg, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Cattaraugus co.. New York, 
 on the Erie railroad. Population, 1861. 
 
 Perrysburg, a small village of Ashland co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Perrysburg, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Wood CO., Ohio, on the right bank of 
 the Maumee river, opposite Maumee City, 140 
 miles N. N. AV. from Columbus. The situation 
 is elevated and beautiful. During a large 
 part of the year, steamboats ascend the 
 river to this point. It is on the Dayton and 
 Michigan railroad, and is the terminus of 
 several plank-roads. A hydraulic canal has 
 recently been made here, by whicli a fall of 
 18 or 20 feet is obtained in the space of 2 
 miles. The sickness which formerly pre- 
 vailed in the Maumee valley has disappeared 
 since the land has been cleared and culti- 
 vated. Perrysburg has a bridge across the 
 river, and contains 3 or 4 churches and 2 
 newspaper offices. Population in 1850, 1199, 
 in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 Perrysburg, a small post-village of Miami 
 CO., Indiana, 78 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Perry's Corner, a post-office of Dutchess 
 CO., New York. •, ■■ 
 
 Perry's Cross Roads, a post-office of Edge- 
 field district. South Carolina. 
 
 Perry's Mills, a small post- village of Clin- 
 ton CO., New York, about 170 miles N. by E. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Perry's Mills, a post-office of Tatnall co., 
 Georgia, 85 miles W. by S. from Savannah. 
 
 Perrysville, a post-village in Washington 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 Perrysville, a post-village of Madison co.. 
 New York, 20 miles E. by S. from Syracuse. 
 
 Perrysville, New Jersey. See Perry- 
 
 VILLE. 
 
 904 
 
 Perrysville, or Perryville, a post- village 
 of Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. by 
 W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Perrysville, a village of Jefferson co., 
 Pennsylvania, 18 miles S. from Brookville. 
 Population in 1853, 300. 
 
 Perrysville, a small village of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Perrysville, a village of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 30 miles E. by N. 
 from Pittsburg. 
 
 Perrysville, a village of Ashland co., Ohio, 
 about 72 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Perryton, a post- village of Licking co., 
 Ohio, 50 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Perryton, a post-office of Mercer co., Illi- 
 nois, about 6G miles N. E. from Nauvoo. 
 
 Perryville, or Perrysville, a small post- 
 village of Hunterdon co.. New Jersey, about 
 33 miles N. N. W. from Trenton. 
 
 Perryville, a thriving post-village of Ju- 
 niata CO., J'ennsylvania, on the right bank of 
 the Juniata river, and on the Central rail- 
 road, 2 miles below Mifflintown. The river 
 is crossed here by a handsome bridge. 
 
 Perryville, or Perrysville, a thriving 
 village of Mifflin co., Pennsylvania, about 12 
 miles N. from Lewistown. 
 
 Perryville, a small post- village of Cecil co. , 
 Maryland, on the Philadelphia and Baltimore 
 railroad, 40 miles E. N. E. from Baltimore. 
 
 Perryville, a post-village of Perry co., 
 Alabama, about 10 miles E. from Marion. 
 
 Perryville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Perry co., Arkansas, on the Fourche La 
 Fave river, 30 miles from its entrance into 
 the Arkansas river, and 40 miles W. N. W. 
 from Little Rock. 
 
 Perryville, a post-village of Decatur co., 
 Tennessee, on the W. bank of Tennessee river, 
 100 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. About 
 3000 bales of cotton are annually shipped 
 here. Population, about 250. 
 
 Perryville, or Perrysville, a post-village 
 of Boyle co. Kentucky, 42 miles S. from Frank- 
 fort. It has 2 churches and a woollen factory. 
 
 Perryville, or Perrysville, a thriving 
 post-village of Vermilion co., Indiana, on the 
 right bank of the Wabash river, and on the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, 89 miles W. N. W. 
 from Indianapolis. It is favorably situated 
 for business, and is the largest village in the 
 county. A plank-road is in progress from 
 this place to Georgetown, in Illinois. A news- 
 paper is published here. Pop., about 1000. 
 
 Perryville, a post- village, capital of Perry 
 CO., Missouri, about 10 miles W. from the 
 Mississippi river, and 75 miles S. S. E. from 
 St. Louis. It contains a court house, jail, and 
 a few stores. 
 
 Persia, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Cattaraugus co.. New York, on the Erie 
 railroad. Population, 1955. 
 
 Persifer, a post-office of Knox co., 111. 
 Persimmon Creek, a post-office of Chero- 
 kee CO., North Carolina. 
 
PER 
 
 PET 
 
 Person, a county in the N. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Virginia ; area esti- 
 mated at 370 square miles. It is intersec- 
 ted by the Hycootee, an affluent of Dan river, 
 and the Neuse river rises within its limits. 
 The surface is diversified by hills of mode- 
 rate size; the soil is generally fertile. To- 
 bacco and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 the countjf produced 259,072 bushels of 
 corn ; 49,802 of wheat, and 1,562,119 pounds 
 of tobacco. There were 3 grist mills, 3 corn 
 and flour mills, and 4 tobacco manufactories. 
 It contained 18 churches. Formed in 1791, 
 and named from General Thomas Person, 
 of Granville county, North Carolina. Capi- 
 tal, Eoxborough. Population, 10,781 ; of 
 ■whom 5888 were free, and 4893, slaves. 
 
 Perth, a post-township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Fulton co., N. Y. Pop., 1140. 
 
 Perth Amboy, a post-village and port of 
 entry of Middlesex county. New Jersey, at 
 the head of Raritan bay, and at the mouth 
 of Raritan river, 36 miles N. E. from Trenton, 
 and 25 miles from New York. It is situated 
 in Perth Amboy township, on the left or N. 
 bank of the Raritan river, and at the southern 
 end of Staten Island sound. The harbor is 
 good and easily accessible. The village con- 
 tains 4 churches, an academy, a lock factory, 
 and a stoneware pottery. The shipping of 
 the port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to an ag- 
 gregate of 21,651 II tons enrolled and licensed, 
 of which 20,852|| tons were employed in the 
 coast trade, and 4758|| tons in steam navi- 
 gation. During the year, 8 vessels, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 1273^9- tons, were ad- 
 measured. Incorporated in 1784. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 1865. 
 
 Peru, a post-township in Oxford co., Maine, 
 33 miles W. by N. from Augusta. Pop., 1109. 
 
 Peru, a post-township in Bennington co., 
 Vermont, 80 miles S. by W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 567. 
 
 Peru, a post-township in Berkshire co., 
 Mass., 112 miles W. from Boston. Pop., 519. 
 
 Peru, a post-village of Peru township, 
 Clinton county. New York, on the Au Sable 
 river, 4 miles W. from Lake Champlain, and 
 about 10 miles S. S. W. from Plattsburg. It 
 contains several churches and mills. Pop. of 
 the township, 3640; of the village, about 900. 
 
 Peru, a township of Clearfield co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 528. 
 
 Peru, a village of Juniata co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 20 miles S. W. from Mifilintown. It 
 was commenced in 1848, and has near 150 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Peru, a post-office of Haywood co., N. C. 
 
 Peru, a post-township in the N. W. part of 
 Huron co., Ohio. Population, 1632. 
 
 Peru, a post-village in the above township, 
 on a branch of Huron river, 94 miles N. by 
 E. from Columbus. It has several stores 
 and mills. Population, near 400. 
 
 Peru, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Morrow co., Ohio. Pop., 876. 
 
 Peru, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Miami county, Indiana, is situated on the 
 right bank of the Wabash river, and on the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, 68 miles N. from In- 
 dianapolis. It is the terminus of the Peru 
 and Indianapolis railroad, which is expected 
 to be completed in 1854, is on the Lake Erie, 
 Wabash, and St. Louis railroad, not yet 
 finished. Another railroad is projected from 
 Peru northward, to connect with the North 
 Indiana railroad at Elkhart. Miami county 
 formed part of the Miami reserve, which 
 passed from aboriginal hands a few years 
 ago. Since that event the population has 
 increased rapidly by immigration. Peru 
 contains 1 Catholic, and 5 Protestant churches, 
 and 1 newspaper office. Laid out in 1825. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1266; in 1858, about 1700. 
 
 Peru, a flourishing post-village of La Salle 
 county, Illinois, is situated on the Illinois 
 river, 68 miles above Peoria, and 100 miles S. 
 W. from Chicago. This village, which is near 
 the terminus of the Illinois and Michigan 
 canal, and at the head of natural navigation 
 on the river, has an active trade, and is 
 rapidly increasing. The river afibrds ex- 
 tensive water-power, and is navigable by 
 steamboats in all stages of water. Stone coal 
 is abundant in the vicinity. The Chicago 
 and Rock Island railroad intersects the 
 Central railroad at this point. The trade 
 of Peru in 1852 was estimated by Governor 
 Matteson, in his late message, at $1,100,000. 
 It contains 2 banks. Two newspapers are 
 published weekly. Pop. in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Peru, a small village of Lawrence co.. 111. 
 
 Peru, a village in Dubuque co., Iowa, on 
 the W. bank of Mississippi river, 7 miles N. 
 from Dubuque. 
 
 Peru Bluff, a small village of Jefferson 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Peru Mills, a post-office of Juniata co.. Pa. 
 
 Peruville, a post-village of Tompkins co., 
 New York, about 14 miles N. E. from Ithaca. 
 
 Peshaw or Clear Creek, of Missouri, 
 flows N. E. through Bates co., and enters 
 Osage river in St. Clair county. 
 
 Peshteqo river, of Wisconsin, rises in 
 Oconto CO., and flowing south-eastward, enters 
 Green bay, about 6 miles below the mouth of 
 the Menomonee river. 
 
 Petaluma creek, a small stream in the N. 
 N. W. part of California, forms part of the 
 boundary between Marin and Sonna counties, 
 and falls into San Pablo bay. 
 
 Petaluma, a post-office of Sonoma co., Cal. 
 
 Petawla, a post-office of Randolph co., Ga. 
 
 Peterborough, or Petersborough, a post- 
 township in Hillsborough co.. New Hamp- 
 shire. 34 miles S. W. from Concord. Popula- 
 tion, 2222. 
 
 Peterborough, a post-village in Smith- 
 field township, Madison co., New York, about 
 110 miles W. N. W. from Albany. It has 
 several churches and stores. 
 
 Peters, a township of Franklin co., Penn- 
 905 
 
PET 
 
 PET 
 
 sylvania, about 48 miles W. S. W. from Car- 
 lisle. Population, 2310. 
 
 Peters, a township of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 15 miles S. S. W. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 924. 
 
 Petees, a small village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Peteesburg, a post- township in the E. 
 part of Rensselaer co., N. Y. Pop., 1908. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-office of Cape May co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Petersburg, a new township of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 356. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-village of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, on a turnpike 13 miles S. from 
 Carlisle. It contains a church, academy, 
 and several stores. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-borough of West town- 
 ship, Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Juniata river, and Central railroad, 97 miles W. 
 N. AV. from Harrisburg. Pop. in 1850, 264. 
 
 Petersburg, a village of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, 4 or 5 miles N. N. W. from 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Petersburg, a township of Perry co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 680. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-borough of Penn town- 
 ship, and the largest town of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the W. bank of the Susquehanna 
 river, 1 mile below the mouth of the Juniata, 
 and 15 miles above Harrisburg. It is a 
 place of active trade, which is facilitated 
 by the Pennsylvania canal, and Central rail- 
 road. The Duncannon iron-works at this 
 place, consisting of a nail factory and rolling 
 mill, are capable of giving employment to 
 500 men. Population m 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-village of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the National road, 154 miles 
 W. by S. from Harrisburg. The name of the 
 post-ofBce is Addison. 
 
 Petersburg, a handsome and flourishing 
 post-town and port of entry of Dinwiddle 
 county, Virginia, on the right or S. bank of 
 the Appomattox river, at the crossing of the 
 Great Southern railroad, 22 miles S. from 
 Richmond, and 10 miles from the James 
 river, at City Point. Lat. 37° 14' N. Ion., 
 77° 20' W. It is the third town of Virginia 
 in respect to population, and possesses ex- 
 tensive facilities for business. Vessels of 
 100 tons ascend the river to the town, and 
 those of larger size to Waltham's landing, 6 
 miles below. The South Side railroad has 
 its eastern terminus at this place, and the 
 Appomattox railroad connects it with City 
 Point, at the mouth of the river. The larger 
 vessels engaged in the trade of Petersburg 
 discharge their cargoes at City Point. Large 
 quantities of flour and tobacco are exported 
 from this place. Petersburg is well built, 
 and contains 2 churches of the Presbyterians, 
 2 of the Methodists, 2 of the Episcopalians, 
 1 of the Baptists, 1 of the Catholics, besides 
 several places of worship for colored people. 
 It has also 3 banks, several cotton factories, 
 906 
 
 1 woollen factory, 2 rope-walks, 1 iron fur- 
 nace, G forges, and numerous mills of various 
 kinds. Three newspapers are published 
 here. The falls of the river, which arrest 
 the ascent of the tide immediately above 
 Petersburg, furnish extensive water-power. 
 Around these falls a canal has been con- 
 structed, by which means small boats ascend 
 the river for the distance of about 100 miles. 
 The limits of the borough include the de- 
 cayed village of Blandford, in Prince George 
 county, which was once superior to Peters- 
 burg in some respects. The remains of its 
 church are among the most interesting and 
 picturesque ruins of Virginia. In 1815 a 
 great fire occurred here, by which near 400 
 houses were consumed. The shipping of 
 this port, June 30, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 484^^ tons registered, and 
 2109^1 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the 
 latter, 2030|g tons were employed in the 
 coast trade, and 322|| tons in steam naviga- 
 tion. The foreign arrivals for the year were 
 16, (tons, 10,147;) of which 5 (tons, 2773) 
 were by American vessels. The clearances 
 for foreign ports were 10, (tons, 5102;) of 
 which 3906 were in foreign bottoms. Pop. 
 in 1850, 14,010; in 1853, about 15,000. 
 
 Petersburg, a decayed post-town of El- 
 bert county, Georgia, on the Savannah river, 
 at the mouth of Broad river, about 62 miles 
 N. W. from Augusta, was once an important 
 place. It has now only 3 families. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-village of Lavacca co., 
 Texas, on the left bank of the Lavacca river, 
 100 miles S. E. from Austin City. It was 
 once the county seat. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-village in Lincoln co., 
 Tennessee, 72 miles S. by E. from Nashville. 
 
 Petersburg, a thriving post-town of Boone 
 county, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 25 
 miles below Cincinnati, has a good landing, 
 an active trade, and contains 2 churches, and 
 a flouring mill. Incorporated in 1820. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Petersburg, a small village of Ashland 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-village of Mahoning 
 CO., Ohio, 16 miles S. E. from Canfield, and 
 close to the E. line of the state. 
 
 Petersburg, a small village or railroad 
 station of Monroe co., Mich., on the Southern 
 railroad, 20 miles W. from Monroe City. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-village, capital of 
 Pike county, Indiana, is finely situated on 
 an elevated plain, 1 mile S. from White river, 
 and 110 miles S. S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 The Wabash and Erie canal passes through 
 it. Population, 500. 
 
 Petersburg, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Menard co., Illinois, on the Sangamon 
 river, 22 miles N. W. from Springfield. The 
 river is navigable for small boats to this 
 place. 
 
 Petersburg, a post-village of Boone co., 
 Missouri, 50 miles N. from Jefferson City. 
 
PET 
 
 PHI 
 
 Petersburg Four Corners, a post-office 
 of Rensselaer co., New York. 
 
 Peters' Creek, a post-office of Stokes co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Peters' Creek, a post-office of Barren co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Petersham, a post-township in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 67 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston. Population, 1527. 
 
 Peters' Mountain, Virginia, is situated 
 on the boundary between Monroe and Giles 
 county. 
 
 Peterstown, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Virginia, on Rich creek, 247 miles W. from 
 Piichmond, has a water-power and several 
 mills. 
 
 Petersville, a small village of Washing- 
 ton township, Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, con- 
 tains about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Petersville, a small post-village of North- 
 ampton CO., Pennsylvania, 15 miles in a direct 
 line W. by N. from Easton. 
 
 Petersville, a post-village of Frederick 
 CO., Md., 57 miles N. by W. from Washington. 
 
 Petit Caillou Bayou, a small stream of 
 Terre Bonne parish, Louisiana, flows south- 
 ward, into the Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered 
 by rich plantations of sugar. 
 
 Petit Jean river, of Arkansas, rises in 
 the W. part of the state, and flowing east- 
 ward enters the Arkansas near the N. extre- 
 mity of Perry county. 
 
 Petit Jean, a small post-village of Yell 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Petit Menan, a small island in the S. part 
 of Washington co., Maine. On the S. end 
 is a fixed light, 53 feet above the level of the 
 sea. Lat. 44° 22' N., Ion. 67° 52' W. 
 
 Petra, a post-village of Saline co., Mis- 
 souri, 75 miles N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Pettis, a county in the W. central part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 650 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head streams of La Mine 
 river, namely. Flat creek. Muddy creek, and 
 Heath's fork, which unite near the N. E. 
 border. Black river, an affluent of La Mine, 
 flows through the N. W. part. The general 
 surface is rolling, and presents extensive 
 prairies, with groves of timber distributed 
 along the large streams. The soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, cattle, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 519,439 bushels of corn; 20,000 
 of wheat; 89,915 of oats; 1244 tons of hay, 
 and 61,398 pounds of butter. It contained 
 15 churches, and 700 pupils attending public 
 schools. Extensive beds of stone coal are 
 found in it. Named in honor of Spencer 
 Pettis, secretary of the State of Missouri, 
 killed in a duel by Major Biddle. Capital, 
 Georgetown Population, 5150 ; of whom 
 4266 were free, and 884, slaves. 
 
 Pettis, a. township in Platte co., Missouri. 
 Population, 2954. 
 
 Pettis Stand, a small village of Polk co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Petty, a post-office of Lawrence co.. 111. 
 
 Pewaugonee River, of Wisconsin. See 
 Wolf River. 
 
 Pewaukee, a post-township in Waukesha 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 1106. 
 
 Pewaukee, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the plank-road from Milwaukee 
 to Watertown, 6 miles N. W. from Waukesha. 
 It has 2 churches, 2 stores, and 2 mills. 
 Population, 120. 
 
 Pewaukee Lake, Wisconsin, in Waukesha 
 county, is 4J miles long, and about a mile 
 wide. It is called by the Indians Peewau- 
 kee wee-ning, or " lake of shells," from the 
 great number of small shells found in the 
 sand along its shores. 
 
 Peytona, a post-office of Boone co., Va. 
 
 Peytona, a small village of Stewart co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Peyton's, a small village of Barnwell dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Peytonsburg, a post-village of Pittsyl- 
 vania CO., Virginia, 145 miles S. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Peyton's Creek, a post-office of Smith co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Peytonsville, a post-village in William- 
 son CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Pezeeko River. See Piseoo. 
 
 Phalia, a small bayou of Tammany pa- 
 rish, Louisiana, flows into the Chefonte river. 
 
 Pharishang, a post-village of Union co., 0. 
 
 Phabr's Mills, a post-office of Moore co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Pharsalia, a post-township of Chenango 
 CO., New York, 12 miles W. N. W. from Nor- 
 wich. Population, 1185. 
 
 Pharsalia, a village in Panola co., Mis- 
 sissippi, about 150 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Pheasant Branch, a post-office of Dane 
 CO., AYisconsin. 
 
 Phelps, a post-township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Ontario co.. New York, inter- 
 sected by the Auburn and Rochester railroad. 
 The post-office is in the village of Vienna. 
 Population, 5542. 
 
 Phelps, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 
 Phelpstown, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Ingham co., Michigan. Pop., 398. 
 
 Phenix, a post-office of Kent co., R. I. 
 
 Philadelphia, a county in the extreme S. 
 E. part of Pennsylvania, contains 120 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. E. by the 
 Delaware river, and intersected by the 
 Schuylkill, and by the Pennypack, Tacony, 
 and Wissahiccon creeks. Darby creek flows 
 along the W. border. The surface is level 
 near the Delaware, and hilly in the other 
 parts. In 1850 the county produced 294,891 
 bushels of Indian corn; 121,204 of wheat; 
 117,024 of oats, and 385,347 of potatoes. It 
 contained 245 churches, and 65 newspaper 
 offices. The manufactories and railroads 
 of this county will be noticed in the article 
 Philadelphia City. 
 
 907 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 Philadelphia, a post-village of Philadel- 
 phia township, JeiFerson co., New York, on 
 Indian river, and the Potsdam and Water- 
 town railroad, about 20 miles N. E. from 
 Watertown. Pop. of the township, 1915. 
 
 Philadelphia, a port of entry, the second 
 city in the United States, and the metropolis 
 of Pennsylvania, is situated between the De- 
 laware and Schuylkill rivers, about 6 miles 
 above their junction, and (following the river 
 and bay) 96 miles from the ocean. It is in 
 39° 57' N. lat., and 75° 11' W. Ion., being 
 about 130 miles N. E. of Washington City, 
 and 87 S. W. of New York. 
 
 Population. — If we except Paris, Philadel- 
 phia nearly equals the largest capitals on the 
 continent of Europe in population, and, at its 
 present rate of increase, will soon surpass 
 them. In 1684 it had 2500 inhabitants ; 
 ^1,767 (exclusive of the army and strangers) 
 at a census taken by order of Lord Cornwallis 
 in 1777 or '8 ; 42,520 in 1790 ; 70,287 in 1800 ; 
 96,287 in 1810; 119,825 in 1820, (up to which 
 period it was the largest city in the United 
 States;) 167,325 in 1830; 258,037 in 1840, 
 and 408,762 in 1850, showing an increase of 
 58J per cent, in the ten years preceding the 
 census of 1850, and 953J per cent, in the 60 
 years since the first national census. In the 
 same ratio of increase, its population in July, 
 1853, would be about 480,000; but as the 3 
 years since the census has been a period of 
 great prosperity, and of an unexampled in- 
 crease in the number of dwellings erected, 
 the population was undoubtedly, in 1853, 
 considerably over 500,000. These popula- 
 tions include the county. The peculiar divi- 
 sions of Philadelphia are such that its sub- 
 urbs have a greater population than the 
 city proper, (i. e. the portion between Vine 
 and Cedar streets, and extending from the 
 Delaware river to the Schuylkill,) which had 
 in 1850, 121,377 inhabitants, while the dis- 
 tricts of Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, 
 Kensington, Southwark, and Moyamensing, 
 had respectively, in the order named, 58,894, 
 47,223, 46,774, 38,799, and 20,879 inhabit- 
 ants. Besides these, there are several other 
 suburbs only separated by a street, or a small 
 open space, or in one instance by the narrow 
 Schuylkill river. In speaking of Philadel- 
 phia, unless the distinction is made, we refer 
 to the city and suburbs united. Opposite to 
 Philadelphia, in New .Jersey, are Camden and 
 Gloucester, which bear about the same rela- 
 tion to it that Jersey City and Hoboken do 
 to New York, and add, in 1853, from 15,000 
 to 20,000 to its population. 
 
 General Aspect. — The approach to Phila- 
 delphia on the Delaware side is not apt to 
 inspire much enthusiasm, as the site of the 
 city is level, and there are not so many stee- 
 ples and towers looming over it as is usual 
 in cities of its size. The view that is most 
 likely to impress a stranger is that which 
 meets him on approaching from the N. W., 
 908 
 
 particularly from the summit of the inclined 
 plane on the old Columbia railroad. The 
 roof of Girard College, or the basin at Fair- 
 mount, gives a good bird's-eye glance at the 
 city and its environs. The ground imme- 
 diately N. of the city begins to rise, and fur- 
 nishes beautiful drives, and fine sites for 
 villas and cottages, particularly on the banks 
 of the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, whose 
 beauties have been sung by Tom Moore and 
 Fanny Kemble. The suburbs of West Phila- 
 delphia, Hamilton and Mantua villages, W. 
 of the Schuylkill, and the vicinity of Ger- 
 mantown, N. of the city, are thronged with 
 cottages and villas, surrounded by beautiful 
 grounds, pleasantly shaded, and inhabited by 
 persons doing business in the city, who retire 
 thither from the heat and din of the town after 
 the cares of the day are over. Philadelphia 
 occupies the narrowest part of the peninsula 
 (where it is only two miles wide) between 
 the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, but wi- 
 dening, somewhat in the form of a druggist's 
 mortar, N. and S. of High, its central street. 
 The plan of this city as laid out by Penn, 
 is exceedingly regular, (Dickens said, dis- 
 tractingly so, though it met the unqualified 
 approbation of his scientific and talented 
 countryman. Sir Charles Lyell,) consisting, 
 according to the original plan of its founder, 
 of ten streets, running from river to river, 
 and crossed by twenty-five others, at right 
 angles to them. High or Market, and Broad 
 street, the former running E. and W., and 
 the latter (on the highest ground between 
 the rivers) N. and S., divides the plot into 
 four nearly equal portions, (the longest and 
 most populous, however, E. of Broad street.) 
 About the centre of each of these divisions, 
 the wisdom of Penn reserved an open space 
 for parks or public squares, as well as one at 
 the intersection of Broad and High streets, 
 which is subdivided by that intersection into 
 four smaller squares. Broad street is 113 feet 
 wide, Market street 100, and the other prin- 
 cipal streets from 50 to 66 feet in width. A 
 number of new streets have been opened of 
 various lengths, between the original streets, 
 mostly short and often narrow. The cross 
 streets number from the Delaware to Schuyl- 
 kill and are named Front, 2nd, 3d, 4th, 
 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, &c. The plan of the city 
 is continued into the districts, both north and 
 south,butwith considerable variations, caused 
 in part by the widening of the space between 
 the rivers, and partly by caprice having 
 marked out the highways before the city had 
 extended itself beyond the original limits. 
 There are, however, in the suburbs some very 
 spacious avenues and streets, particularly in 
 the northern districts. The densely inhabited 
 portion of Philadelphia extends about 4 miles 
 on the Delaware, from Southwark N. to Rich- 
 mond, (formerly Port Richmond,) and 2 miles 
 on the Schuylkill, with an area of about 
 8 square miles. Some portions W. of Broad 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 street are not yet entirely built upon, but 
 other portions beyond the limits named make 
 up the deficiency. The great bulk of the 
 business is transacted between Vine and 
 Spruce streets, on the Delaware front, E. of 
 Sixth street, but the focus of this business is 
 in Market and Chestnut, E. of Fifth street, 
 and here, or in their immediate neighborhood, 
 are the Exchange, Custom House, the most 
 important banks, insurance offices, ware- 
 houses, stores, &c. Third street now rivals 
 Market street both in the extent of business 
 done, and in its noble stores, ofiices, and 
 warehouses. This street, between Market and 
 Walnut, is the brokers' and money dealers' 
 quarter. Here, too, are issued most of the 
 periodicals published in Philadelphia. The 
 fashionable quarter, "par excellence," is 
 south of Market street and west of Seventh 
 street ; but Walnut street is the " ton" street 
 of the quarter. This region is thronged with 
 spacious and elegant residences, built of sand- 
 stone, granite, marble, and line-pressed or 
 stuccoed brick, giving abundant evidence of 
 afHuence, taste, and luxurious ease, and com- 
 fort. Arch street, north of Market, is one 
 of the widest streets in the city, and is not 
 inferior to any in point of arcliitecture and 
 the respectability of its residences. 
 
 Public Squares. — There is but one park 
 (Independence square, in the rear of the 
 State House) or public square in the dense 
 part of the city (besides the five enumerated 
 in the general plan) of much importance. 
 In the immediate vicinity of Fairmount wa- 
 ter-works (themselves forming a fine prome- 
 nade, with an extensive view from the basin) 
 is Lemon Hill, formerly Pratt's Garden, and 
 once the residence of Robert Morris, of Revo- 
 lutionary fame. These grounds are very ex- 
 tensive, covered with fine old trees, possess 
 great variety of surface, and descend on the 
 W. and S. W. by steep banks to the Schuylkill 
 river. The squares within the city cover each 
 an extent of from 5 to 7 acres, are enclosed 
 by tasteful iron railings, are beautifully laid 
 out, and planted with a great variety of trees. 
 Squirrels, peafowls, and deer are domestic- 
 ated in them. Five of these squares are 
 named Washington, Rittenhouse, Penn, Lo- 
 gan, and Franklin. The latter has a fine 
 fountain and basin, with 40 jets of water. 
 
 Public and other Buildings remarkable for 
 their Architecture. — Philadelphia possesses in 
 Girard College, situated about 2 miles N. W. 
 from the State House, the finest specimen of 
 Grecian architecture in the United States, if 
 not of modern times. It is in the Corinthian 
 style, the cella or main body of the building 
 being IH',) feet in length by 111 in width, 
 surrounded by a magnificent colonnade of 34 
 columns 55 feet high and 6 feet in diameter. 
 This colonnade extends the building to a length 
 of 218 feet and a breadth of 160 feet. The 
 height is 97 feet. This edifice is entirely 
 fireproof, the outer walls, staircases, floors, 
 
 and roof being constructed of marble, and 
 the inner of brick. There are two additional 
 buildings on each side of the main structure, 
 all of marble, and each 125 feet long by 52 
 wide, and two stories high. A sixth build- 
 ing has recently been erected for water pur- 
 poses, baking, washing, drying, and as a 
 laboratory. The whole is surrounded by an 
 ugly stone wall 10 feet high, and enclosing 
 41 acres of land, half of which is laid out in 
 gardens, &c., and the rest in grass-plots, 
 play-ground, and gravel-walks. The entire 
 cost of buildings, wall, and embellishments 
 of the grounds was $1,933,821.78, or $06,000 
 less than was donated by Stephen Girard for 
 the erection and endowment of the institu- 
 tion. Mr. Girard, who made this magnifi- 
 cent bequest, was a native of France who 
 came poor and friendless to Philadelphia in 
 boyhood, and by industry and good manage- 
 ment accumulated a fortune of several mil- 
 lions, the greater portion of which he left to 
 the city for the erection and endowment of 
 the Girard College for Orphans, and for im- 
 proving the city in various ways. The next 
 most prominent public building is the Custom 
 House, (formerly the United States Bank,) a 
 noble Doric structure, extending from Chest- 
 nut to Library streets, and situated mid- 
 way between 4th, and 5th, streets. The 
 Custom House is built on a raised platform, 
 (ascended by 20 steps,) is 161 feet long by 
 87 wide, and ornamented on both the Chest- 
 nut and Library street fronts by a noble co- 
 lonnade of 8 fluted Doric columns 27 feet high 
 and 4J in diameter. This edifice cost about 
 $500,000. The great hall is 81 feet long by 
 48 wide, ornamented by Ionic columns sup- 
 porting a semi-cylindrical dome or ceiling. 
 The Custom House, by the aid of " the pale 
 moonlight," presents a most chaste and classic 
 appearance. There are a number of other 
 buildings connected with the collection of the 
 customs, warehousing, &c.,on Second, Dock, 
 and Granite streets. The United States Mint 
 occupies a plot of ground lying adjoining to, 
 and W. of Juniper street, and extending from 
 Chestnut street to Olive street. It fronts 120 
 feet on Chestnut street, the centre of which 
 is occupied by a portico 62 feet long, sup- 
 ported by six beautiful Ionic columns. There 
 is a similar portico on Olive street. The en- 
 tire depth to Olive street is about 220 feet, 
 the whole enclosing a square or oblong 
 court. The building was erected at a cost 
 of $200,000. There were coined in this es- 
 tablishment — 
 
 Silver. Gold. 
 
 In 1850 $409,600. ..$27,757,000 
 
 " 1851 446,800 52,143,000 
 
 "1852 846,400 51,506,000 
 
 For 8 mos. of 1853. ...3,592,366 32,916,706 
 
 The Merchants' Exchange, at the intersec- 
 tion of Walnut, Third, and Dock streets, is 
 a beautiful building, constructed of white 
 marble, and is about 114 feet long on Walnut 
 
 909 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 fetreet, and 95 feet on Third street. The 
 Third street front has a recessed portico with 
 4 Corinthian columns resting on the base- 
 ment story. Towards Dock street is a semi- 
 circular colonnade of 8 noble pillars in the 
 same style, presenting a magnificent aspect 
 to one approaching from the east. In the 
 basement story are the post-office and several 
 insurance offices. The semi-rotunda, with 
 a part of the main building, constitutes the 
 great hall of the Exchange, which is also a 
 reading-room, "where merchants most do 
 congregate." The remainder of the building 
 is let out for offices, &c. The State House, 
 a plain brick edifice of small architectural 
 pretensions, but of venerable aspect, situated 
 on the Chestnut-street front of Independence 
 Square, between Fifth and Sixth streets, is 
 among the first places sought out by intelli- 
 gent visitors to Philadelphia. It was erected 
 between the years 1729 and 1734. In the E. 
 IS-oom of this structure sat the Congress that 
 issued, July 4, 1776, that great American 
 Magna Charta, the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence, which has made this hall historical — a 
 cherished object with Philadelphians, and a 
 national political shrine. Though plain in 
 its exterior, its heavily wainscoted walls and 
 quaint carvings, give it an interest in our 
 country, where every thing is so new, inde- 
 pendent of its historical interest. It is sur- 
 mounted by a steeple, in which are a clock, 
 and a bell, rung on the occurrence of fires and 
 remarkable events. This building is occu- 
 pied by courts, except Independence Hall, 
 and has two wings in which are the county 
 offices. In the same square, on Sixth and 
 Chestnut streets, is a brick building, (in 
 which Congress met upon the adoption of the 
 present constitution,) now occupied as court 
 rooms. At the other extremity of the square, 
 in Fifth and Chestnut streets, is an exactly 
 similar building, in which are the mayor's 
 and other city offices. The Museum, a very 
 large but plain stuccoed building, at the 
 corner of Ninth and George streets, was for- 
 merly occupied by the Philadelphia and Chi- 
 nese Museums, but is now devoted to public 
 meetings, concerts, lectures, fairs, &c. The 
 Musical Fund Hall is a capacious building in 
 Locust street, said to be the best adapted to 
 concerts of any room in the country. It will 
 seat about 2500 persons. Concert Hall, in 
 Chestnut street, west of Twelfth, devoted to 
 similar purposes, has a fine front of sand- 
 stone Sansom-street Hall, a very large 
 structure with a brownstone front, the As- 
 sembly Buildings, and Franklin Hall, all 
 have spacious rooms let out for concerts, 
 fairs, and public meetings. Each particular 
 district has its commissioners' hall, with its 
 police-office, lock-up house, &c. The Com- 
 missioners' Hall, Spring Garden, the finest 
 building of the kind in Philadelphia, is con- 
 structed of brick stuccoed, and has a fine 
 portico of 6 Corinthian columns, surmounted 
 910 
 
 by a steeple ornately carved, and containing 
 a fire-bell and clock. On the Delaware river, 
 about Ih miles S. E. of the State House, is 
 the United States Navy Yard, occupying an 
 area of 12 acres. In this yard are two large 
 ship houses, respectively 210 and 270 feet 
 long, in which have been built some of the 
 finest vessels in the navy ; among others, the 
 Pennsylvania, (the largest man-of-war in 
 the world.) There is a Sectional Floating 
 Dock at this yard, which cost $813,742. 
 Nearly opposite to the Navy Yard, on the 
 Schuylkill river, is the United States Marine 
 Hospital, or Naval Asylum, a fine structure 
 of white marble, composed of a centre and 
 two wings, the whole presenting a front of 
 380 feet. The centre building, which is 175 
 by 142 feet, is ornamented bj' an Ionic colon- 
 nade of 8 columns. The whole is surrounded 
 hj beautifully laid out grounds, occupying 
 an area of 25 acres. In 1852 there were in 
 this institution 146 pensioners. Near the 
 Naval Asylum is an extensive pile of brick 
 buildings, formerly used as a United States 
 arsenal. 
 
 Theatres. — There are in Philadelphia four 
 regular theatres, the oldest of which, on 
 Chestnut street, is the only one with any 
 architectural pretensions. It has a front of 
 marble, with 6 arcades for entrances, sur- 
 mounted by a colonnade fronting the second 
 story. It is capable of holding 2000 specta- 
 tors. The Walnut-street theatre, though it 
 has a plain exterior, is at present the most 
 fashionable in Philadelphia. The Arch-street 
 theatre, the most recently erected, has a good 
 front, with marble columns to the entrance 
 portico. The National theatre, in Chestnut 
 street, below Ninth, is a plain but large build- 
 ing, sometimes used as a circus. 
 
 Banking Houses. — Philadelphia has long 
 been celebrated for its elegant banking 
 houses, prominent among" which is the Penn- 
 sylvania bank, in Second street, near Walnut, 
 a beautiful edifice of white marble, in the 
 Grecian style, with a Doric colonnade of six 
 columns on each front. On the west front 
 are beautifully laid out grounds, surrounded 
 with a semicircular iron railing. Near this, 
 on Third street, at the head of Dock street, 
 stands a large building, with a white marble 
 front, and a Corinthian portico of six columns. 
 This was the banking house of ih^ first United 
 States bank, afterwards Stephen Girard's, 
 and at present occupied by the Girard bank. 
 This building is city property. The Phila- 
 delphia and Western banks are in the upper 
 part of a fine marble structure on Chestnut 
 street, immediately east of the Custom House. 
 This edifice has a Corinthian colonnade of six 
 columns resting on the basement story, which 
 is occupied by insurance offices and stores. 
 The Bank of North America, the first esta- 
 blished in the United States, (through the 
 exertions of Robert iMorris, the financier of 
 the Revolution,) occupies a chaste building of 
 
PHI 
 
 Pfll 
 
 brownstone, in Chestnut street, above Third. 
 In its neighborhood is the bcanking house of 
 the Commercial Bank of Pennsylvania, with 
 a front of Quincy granite. The Mechanics' 
 bank and the old Savings' bank have each 
 tasteful fronts of white marble. The Bank 
 of Commerce occupies a neat brownstone 
 building, and a fine edifice for the Farmers 
 and Mechanics' bank is now erecting in Chest- 
 nut street, below Fifth. 
 
 Stores, Warehouses, ^~c. — To omit all notice 
 of the structures devoted in this commercial 
 country to purposes of trade, would be to do 
 great injustice to some of its finest architec- 
 tural ornaments. Philadelphia and New York 
 abound in edifices of this character, such as 
 astonish foreigners accustomed to the gloomy 
 and dingy warehouses of Europe, often in 
 narrow and dark lanes and alleys. As the 
 stranger approaches Philadelphia on the 
 Delaware side, one of the first objects that 
 strikes his attention is the tower (133 feet 
 high) of Jayne's eight-story Quincy granite 
 building, with a front of mixed Moorish and 
 Spanish orders, in Chestnut street, below 
 Third. Immediately adjoining it are four 
 six-story stores of the same material, belong- 
 ing to the same proprietor. Within a little 
 more than a square of these are Vandyke's 
 buildings, the city Girard stores, the North 
 American Insurance office, the Farquhar 
 buildings and Thomas' auction store, all of 
 brown or light sandstone. The Girard stores 
 have their Chestnut-street front finely orna- 
 mented in the Byzantine, and their Third- 
 street front in the Italian style. We are now 
 in Chestnut street by Third, the commence- 
 ment of the fashionable promenade in this 
 street of fashionable stores. We will proceed 
 west, passing in our way a succession of 
 plate-glass windows in stores with fa9ades of 
 every degree of taste, from the sombre gra- 
 nite and the light sandstone down to the 
 flaring, fragile stucco, so ill-adapted to our 
 climate of alternate freezings and thawings. 
 The windows of these shops are crowded with 
 jewelry and every article of fashionable or 
 costly fabric to tempt the fancy of the pur- 
 chaser. Proceeding in our promenade, we 
 will name some of the more prominent build- 
 ings. We at once pass the bank of North Ame- 
 rica, Commercial and Philadelphia banks, and 
 the Custom House, already named, the latter 
 having opposite to it the United States hotel 
 and an elegant building for the Farmers and 
 Mechanics' bank, now erecting. On the left 
 of the next square is the State House, and on 
 the right the American hotel. In the next 
 block are the Chestnut-street Theatre, with 
 its marble front, the Arcade, with a front of 
 the same material, Jones's and the Columbia 
 hotels, Fisher's elegant stores of red sand- 
 stone, and Swaim's buildings of Quincy gra- 
 nite. In the next square, we have Jules 
 Hauel's perfumery, with a beautiful sand- 
 stone fa9ade, the Washington hotel, the Ma- 
 
 sonic Hall, (now erecting of red sandstone in 
 a fine style of Gothic,) and another group of 
 beautiful granite stores. Going up the street, 
 we pass in succession the Girard hotel, with 
 its imposing sandstone front of six stories ; 
 the Art Union ; the National theatre ; the 
 Markoe house ; another group of granite 
 stores ; the Assembly buildings ; Parkinson's 
 ice-cream saloons and gardens ; the Academy 
 of Fine Arts ; the Sunday-school Union's new 
 building, with its ornamental front of Quincy 
 granite; Simes' tasteful structure of Pictou 
 stone ; Concert Hall, and the United States 
 Mint — which brings us to Broad street, (pro- 
 bably in another generation the finest pro- 
 menade in this or any American city,) which 
 terminates our fashionable lounge. We now 
 pass from the fashionable to the business 
 street, and retrace our steps toward the 
 Delaware on Market street, in the lower part 
 of which, in the throng of business, we find 
 a great number of substantial and tasteful 
 stores of every size, varying from three to 
 eight stories, and from -50 to 300 feet in depth. 
 The most noted among these are Hoskins & 
 Hieskell's immense store, with perhaps the 
 finest front of iron in the country ; Caleb 
 Cope & Co.'s and Morris L. Hallowell & Co.'s 
 silk stores, the former of granite in the Italian 
 style, and the latter of light sandstone of 
 mixed Grecian orders, in our opinion the most 
 tasteful store-front in this city, if not in Ame- 
 rica. The interior accommodations of these 
 stores are not inferior to their external beauty. 
 But our limits will not permit us further to par- 
 ticularize. We will merely say that granite, 
 sandstone, iron, marble, and stuccoed front? 
 of commanding appearance abound in all the 
 great business streets of Philadelphia. 
 
 Hotels. — Philadelphia has always been cele- 
 brated for the comfort, neatness, and excel- 
 lence of the fare of her hotels ; though till 
 recently more attention has been paid to in- 
 ternal comforts than to external display. The 
 Girard house ranks among the first hotels in 
 the Union, and extends about 200 feet on 
 Chestnut street. The Washington house, 
 Jones's hotel, the Columbia, the American, the 
 United States, Franklin, and Markoe houses, 
 all in Chestnut street, the Union and Ashland 
 in Arch, La Pierre (a new and splendid edi- 
 fice) in Broad street, the Merchants' in Fourth, 
 may all be termed first-class hotels. Besides 
 which, there are about twenty second-clasS 
 hotels. 
 
 Churches and Religious Institutions. — Phila- 
 delphia city and county abound in places of 
 worship, and in 1852 they contained about 230 
 edifices devoted to religious services, of which 
 the Baptists owned 22 ; the Covenanters, 2 
 the Dutch Reformed, 2 ; Episcopalians, 30 
 Friends, 15 ; German Reformed, 5 ; Jews, 3 
 Lutherans, 11 ; Methodists, 53 ; Moravians 
 1 ; Presbyterians, 53 ; Roman Catholics, 23 
 Universalists, 4; Unitarians, 1, and Mariners, 
 1 ; besides a number belonging to minor 
 
 yii ' 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 sects. Deriving her character, to a .consider- 
 able extent, from that of her founders, the 
 Friends, Philadelphia long preserved great 
 simplicity in her church architecture ; but 
 of late a gradual change has taken place in the 
 style of the religious as well as of the private 
 edifices of the city. Recently a number of 
 costly and highly ornamented churches have 
 been and are now being erected. The largest 
 and most costly of these will be the Catholic 
 church of St. Peter and St. Paul, on Logan 
 Square, which is of the Roman style, in the 
 form of a cross, and constructed of red sand- 
 Stone ; the front on 18th street has 4 Corin- 
 thian columns, 60 feet high and 6 feet in di- 
 ameter, with a tower at each angle of 110 
 feet ; tbe whole to be crowned with a dome, 
 swelling up to the height of 210 feet from the 
 ground, and surrounded by a colonnade 80 
 feet high. Next to this in point of archi- 
 tectural beauty, is perhaps the church of St. 
 Mark's, (Episcopal,) in Locust street, near 
 Sixteenth street constructed of a light-red 
 sandstone, with a tower and steeple of ex- 
 quisite proportions, and of the same material; 
 this church is 150 feet long by 91 wide, in- 
 cluding the tower, and is without paint or 
 plaster, the little woodwork being of solid 
 oak ; connected with this is a parochial 
 school, in the same style. Christ church, 
 with a lofty steeple and chime of 8 bells, is 
 very interesting to Philadelphians, from its 
 antique and quaint style ; though of brick, 
 its architecture is quite elaborate, and pe- 
 culiar to the period of its erection. The Pres- 
 bytei'ians have recently built a magnificent 
 Gothic church in Locust street, near Fifteenth 
 street of sandstone ; two towers adorn the 
 Locust-street front. Among the most remark- 
 able of the remaining churches is the Taber- 
 nacle, a new Baptist church, in Chestnut street, 
 which has a settiicircular front of red sand- 
 stone, with a colonnade, and a graceful steeple 
 which towers to the height of 210 feet. The 
 Episcopal church of St. Stephen's has a gra- 
 nite front, and 2 towers 86 feet in height. St. 
 Jude's Episcopal church, in Franklin street, is 
 of sandstone. The Catholic Church of the 
 Assumption, in Spring Garden street, has 2 
 towers, each crowned with a graceful spire, 
 and a front of sandstone, in the Gothic style. 
 There are many other churches, capacious 
 and elegant within, but whose exterior has 
 nothing particular to arrest attention. The 
 Presbyterians and Baptists are each erecting 
 churches on Arch street, one on and the 
 other W. of Broad street ; the former to be 
 stuccoed, and have a dome and cupola 144 
 feet high, and 2 bell-towers 46 feet each 
 above the roof; and the latter to be built of 
 brownstone, with a high tower and spire. 
 The Presbyterian Board of Publication oc- 
 cupy an elegant store, of light sandstone, at 
 No. 265 Chestnut street. This building con- 
 tains also the offices of the Board of Domestic 
 Missions, the Board of Education, store 
 912 
 
 rooms, workshops, &c. The American Bap- 
 tist Publication Society, in Arch street, occu- 
 pies a store of brown sandstone ; the re- 
 ceipts for 1851 were $40,597.71 from the sale 
 of books and periodicals. The American 
 Sunday-school Union, the Pennsylvania Bible 
 Society, the Philadelphia Bible Society, the 
 Female Bible Society, the Friends' Bible So- 
 ciety, and a number of similar societies in 
 the districts, are the principal religious in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 Cemeteries. — The environs of Philadelphia 
 abound in places of sepulture, foremost 
 among which, for beauty of position, are the 
 two cemeteries of North and South Laurel 
 Hill, situated on the Schuylkill river, 4 miles 
 N. W. from the State House. The shores of 
 the river are here highly picturesque, com- 
 manding extensive and beautiful views. The 
 slopes and precipices on the Schuylkill are 
 thickly wooded, while trees are more or less 
 densely scattered over the plain. The oldest 
 of the two. North Laurel Hill, occupies about 
 25 acres, and is crowded with splendid mau- 
 soleums. It is entered by an imposing gate- 
 way, in the Doric style, immediately in front 
 of which, on a rising ground, in an alcove, 
 is Thom's group, representing Old Mortality, 
 his pony, and Sir Walter Scott. South Laurel 
 Hill is very similar in the character of its 
 grounds; it contains about thirty acres. It 
 is separated by an intervening country seat 
 from North Laurel Hill. Woodland Cemetery 
 is located on the W. side of the Schuylkill, 
 between Market street and Gray's Ferry 
 bridges, and occupies an area of about 80 
 acres, adorned most pleasantly with alter- 
 nate hill and vale, and with a variety of 
 trees of venerable growth and umbrageous 
 extent. Besides these are the Odd Fellows' 
 Cemetery, of 32 acres, with an imposing 
 Egyptian gateway, 2 miles N. of the city; 
 Glenwood, adjoining it, of 21 acres ; the 
 Monument Cemetery, on Broad street, within 
 a mile of the city, and a number of smaller 
 cemeteries beyond the bounds of the dense 
 population. 
 
 Water Works. — Fairmount Water Works, 
 situated in the district of Spring Garden, on 
 the Schuylkill river, about 2 miles N. W. of 
 the State House, were, previous to the erec- 
 tion of the Croton works in New York, the 
 envy of the other cities of the Union — Phila- 
 delphia having been for a long time the only 
 city in the United States supplied with water 
 in this way — and are still justly the pride 
 and boast of Philadelphia, not more for their 
 utility than for the picturesque attractions 
 of the place. It would perhaps be diflBcult 
 to point out anywhere a spot concentrating 
 in the same space so many elements of the 
 beautiful and picturesque. The ruggedness 
 of the native rock ; the view of the adjacent 
 river and falls ; Fairmount with its four reser- 
 voirs resembling so many silver lakes ; the 
 flowers and rich verdure of the level plat 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 and of the hillsides, added to the sparkling 1 
 play of numerous fountains with which the 
 grounds are adorned, all combine to form a 
 landscape of exquisite and almost unequalled 
 beauty. The present works were commenced 
 in 1819, by the erection of a dam across the 
 Schuylkill, 1248 feet in length, and in some 
 places 30 feet deep below high water. This 
 water is turned into a forebay 419 feet long 
 and 90 feet wide, from whence it falls upon 
 and turns 8 wheels, from 16 to 18 feet in di- 
 ameter, (and 1 turbine wheel,) each having 
 its separate pump, with power sufficient to 
 raise 1,500,000 gallons in 24 hours. The 
 water is elevated 92 feet, into 4 reservoirs, 
 on the top of a partly natural elevation (but 
 in some parts raised 40 feet above the original 
 hill) immediately at the works, and which 
 gives them their name. These reservoirs con- 
 tain in the aggregate 20,031,976 gallons, and 
 when full have 12J feet depth of water, and 
 have supplied as much as 8,850,000 gallons 
 in one day. The city proper and districts 
 south of it (in which are laid \11^ miles of 
 pipe) are supplied from these works. The 
 total cost, including laying pipes, &c., up 
 to 1851, was $1,615,169.82 ; and yielding 
 $138,874.42 in water rents. Spring Garden 
 and Northern Liberties (N. of the city proper) 
 are supplied from steam works, located about 
 a mile above Fairmount. The reservoir, 
 which is adjacent to the N. W. angle of the 
 grounds of Girard College, is capable of con- 
 taining 9,800,000 gallons of water, and has 
 supplied more than 4,000,000 gallons in 24 
 hours. These works were erected in 1845, 
 at a cost of $159,074.65. Kensington, another 
 northern suburb, has similar works on the 
 Delaware river. A large additional reservoir 
 near Girard college, connected with the Fair- 
 mount works, has just been completed. 
 
 Oas Works. — The gas works are only sur- 
 passed by the water works in the increased 
 comfort they bestow on the city. The city 
 gas works, located on the Schuylkill river, 
 at the termination of Market or High street, 
 were commenced in 1835, and occupy an area 
 of about 7^ acres. There are 8 gas-holders 
 of 50, two of 80, and one of 140 feet diame- 
 ter, with an aggregate capacity for about 
 1,500,000 cubic feet of gas, which is dis- 
 tributed through the city and southern dis- 
 tricts by 113 miles of pipe. The greatest 
 amount consumed in 24 hours in 1852 was 
 1,123,000 cubic feet. The city is erecting 
 new additional gas works below Gray's Ferry, 
 the gasometer of which (the largest in the 
 world) is 160 feet in diameter and 90 feet 
 high, and will contain 1,900,000 cubic feet 
 of gas. The northern districts each have 
 their own separate gas works. In 1852 there 
 were in the streets, squares, and market 
 houses of the city proper alone, 1718 lamps. 
 The same proportion to the districts would 
 give upwards of 6000 public lamps. 
 
 Prisons and Penal Institutions. — The East- 
 3h 
 
 ern State Penitentiary is situated on Coates' 
 street, about If miles N. W. of the State 
 House, and occupies an area of about 11 
 acres, enclosed by a wall 80 feet high ; the 
 front of which is in castellated style, built of 
 dressed stone, and contains the apartments 
 of the officers of the prison. An octagonal 
 building occupies the centre of the grounds, 
 from which radiate wings, with a row of 
 cells on each side, and a passage-way which 
 traverses the whole length of each wing. For 
 statistics of the penitentiaries, see Public In- 
 stitutions of Pennsylvania. The Philadelphia ^ 
 County Prison is situated in the district of 
 Moyamensing, about 1-} miles S. W. of the 
 State House, and has a massive front of 
 Quincy granite, in the Tudor style of English 
 gothic. Adjoining is the female department, 
 with a front of sandstone, in the Egpytian 
 style. The male department has 408 se- 
 parate cells, and the female 100, besides an 
 infirmary, and apartments for the keepers. 
 This prison is used for the purposes of a 
 penitentiary as well as a county jail and 
 workhouse. Of 11,172 commitments in 1852, 
 971 were for vagrancy, 1662 for drunken- 
 ness, and 4215 for disorderly conduct. There 
 are two houses of refuge in Philadelphia for 
 the reformation of juvenile delinquents, one 
 for white, and the other for colored children. 
 New and separate edifices, embracing most 
 of the improvements desirable in such struc- 
 tures, have recently been erected near Girard 
 College ; the white refuge, with accommoda- 
 tions for 500 youths, and the colored, for 250. 
 In 1852, 164 white boys and 60 girls were 
 admitted into the white department; and 169 
 boys and 58 girls discharged, 142 of whom 
 were indentured. During the same period, 
 36 boys and 44 girls were admitted into the 
 colored department ; and 43 boys and 37 
 girls discharged, 45 of whom were inden- 
 tured : leaving 322 in both institutions, Ja- 
 nuary 1st, 1853. Total number received into 
 the white department since its establishment 
 in 1828, 8238 ; and into tlie colored depart- 
 ment, (founded in 1850,) 329. Expenses for 
 1852, for both departmeiats, $25,045; re- 
 ceipts from boys' labors $6654. 
 
 Almshouses. — The almshouse for the city 
 and county of Philadelphia is situated S. of 
 Market-street bridge, on the W. side of the 
 Schuylkill river, to which its grounds ex- 
 tend. This immense pile of buildings is of 
 stone, roughcast, constructed in a rectan- 
 gular form, with a front of 500 feet on the 
 Schuylkill, and occupying and enclosing about 
 10 acres of ground. The Schuylkill front has 
 a centre building, ornamented by a Tuscan 
 portico of six columns, 80 feet high and 5 in 
 diameter. The average number of inmates 
 for 1852 was 1961 ; greatest number in any 
 one month, (in February,) 2323; smallest, 
 (in September,) 1805. The expenses for 
 1851 were $97,925.55. The manufactory, 
 house labor, and the farm yielded more than 
 
 918 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 $36,000. The children's asylum, attached to 
 this institution, had, in 1851, 1860 children; 
 the insane department, 390 ; and the hospital 
 ■wards, 349 patients. The entire cost of sup- 
 porting the poor in the city and districts for 
 1851 was $228,977.11. The Moyamensing 
 almshouse, under the control of the district 
 in which it is situated, is for the support of 
 the poor of Moyamensing only, whose in- 
 habitants in consequence pay no county poor 
 tax. The Friends' almshouse is supported 
 by the society whose name it bears, for the 
 use of its own poor ; it has, however, few in- 
 mates. 
 
 Benevolent and Charitable Institutions. — 
 Among the benevolent institutions, the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital claims a prominent place. 
 It was founded in 1751, and occupies a square 
 of ground between Pine and Spruce street, 
 and between Eighth and Ninth. The build- 
 ings are of brick, plain but tasteful, con- 
 sisting of a centre, connected with two wings 
 by long wards. The entire length of the 
 main building is 282 feet, besides which there 
 are various out-buildings, and much open 
 space, shaded by lofty sycamores and planted 
 with flowers. In the centre of the grounds, 
 in the south front, is a bronze statue of Wil- 
 liam Penn. In 1841, the insane patients 
 were removed to a newly erected hospital, 
 two miles W. of the Schuylkill river, since 
 which time the city hospital has been wholly 
 devoted to those afflicted with bodily ail- 
 ments. Of such, 1862 were treated in 1852, 
 1093 of which were surgical cases. Of 1707 
 patients admitted in 1852, 1089 were foreign- 
 ers. Admitted since the establishment of 
 the hospital, 54,469. Expenses for the year 
 1852-3 were $31,777, and receipts, $32,105, 
 of which $7241 was from pay patients, and 
 the rest from interest of loans, donations, 
 contributionSj &c. Clinical lectures are re- 
 gularly delivered here to a class of more 
 than 300 students. The hospital is open for 
 the reception of persons who have been in- 
 jured by accidents, if brought to the house 
 within 24 hours, provided they have occurred 
 within the State of Pennsylvania. Ten physi- 
 cians are in daily attendance, four of whom 
 are surgeons, and three reside in the house. 
 Not among the least of the advantages of 
 this institution are the clinical lectures, 
 which are delivered twice a week, and to 
 which students may have access, on paying 
 a fee of $10, which goes to increase the li- 
 brary of the hospital, already numbering 
 about 10,000 volumes. About 300 students 
 annually avail themselves of this invaluable 
 means for acquiring surgical skill. The in- 
 sane department, before referred to, is lo- 
 cated on a fine farm of 111 acres, and com- 
 prises a centre building and two wings, con- 
 structed of stone, rough cast, and presenting 
 a front of 436 feet. Besides this, in different 
 parts of the grounds, which are ornamented 
 and furnished with arbors, circular railroads, 
 914 
 
 ten-pin alleys, &c., are lodges for the more 
 noisy and violent patients. Since its separate 
 establishment in 1841, this department has 
 received 2266 patients. The number received 
 in 1852-3 was 223 ; expenses for the same 
 year, $54,131 ; receipts, $56,994, of which 
 $48,605 accrued from the board and care 
 of patients. Wills Hospital, for diseases of the 
 eye and limbs, is finely located, opposite Logan 
 square, (park,) and has extended relief to 2000 
 persons since going into operation in 1834, be- 
 sides relieving a much larger number at their 
 homes. The Preston Retreat was built from a 
 fund left by Jonas Preston, M.D., in 1836, to 
 found a Lying-in Hospital, but the funds not 
 being at present available, it is occupied as a 
 Foster Home, where 74 poor children are 
 clothed, fed, and instructed; this hospital 
 is located near Fairmount, and has a white 
 marble front ornamented with a portico. 
 The Lying-in Charity, in 1851, extended 
 medical aid and nursing to 69 obstetric 
 cases. The Society for the Employment and 
 Instruction of the Poor furnished, in 1851, 
 temporary boarding and lodging to 622 per- 
 sons. This society occupies a building 
 called the Moyamensing House of Industry, 
 in which 3450 free baths were furnished dur- 
 ing the year, and the Soup Society, from the 
 same house distributed 12,200 gallons of 
 soup to a daily average of 2970 persons ; and 
 from its dispensary medical relief was given 
 to 1392 invalids. Connected with the insti- 
 tution are temporary lodgings, a ragged 
 school, work-rooms, and a store for the sale 
 of provisions at cost prices. There are 4 
 dispensaries in Philadelphia and the dis- 
 tricts, viz. the Philadelphia Dispensary, 
 (which had 7362 patients under care in 
 1852 ;) the Northern Dispensary in Spring 
 Garden, (with which is connected a lying-in 
 department;) the Moyamensing Dispensary, 
 and the obstetric department of the City 
 Dispensary. The Pennsylvania Institution 
 for the Instruction of the Blind, in Fiace 
 street, near the Schuylkill, occupies plain 
 but commodious buildings, erected with 
 special reference to their present uses ; the 
 number of pupils in 1852 was 93, 45 of whom 
 were supported by the State of Pennsylvania, 
 6 by New Jersey, 5 by Maryland, 1 by Dela- 
 ware, 15 by the institution, 15 by their own 
 industry, and 6 by their friends. The 
 Orphans' Asylum in Cherrj' street was 
 erected in 1818, at an expense of $26,675; 
 this building was destroyed by fire in 1822, 
 when 23 of the little inmates perished. The 
 present structure, 110 feet long by 53 wide, 
 is fire proof. About 100 orphans are care- 
 fully instructed. Adjoining the Orphans' is 
 the Widows' Asylum, which has about 60 
 inmates. This institution depends upon con- 
 tributions mainly. It has recently received 
 $14,000, from a bequest of the late Nathan 
 Dunn. The Home Missionary Society, in 
 1850, extended aid to 1567 families. The 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 Pennsylvania Deaf and Dumb Asylum is 
 located in a commodious stone edifice, at the 
 corner of Broad and Pine streets It is 
 ornamented witli a Doric portico of 4 columns. 
 There were in the institution on the 31st of 
 December, 1852, 148 pupils, of whom 78 
 ■were boys, and 65 girls ; 97 were supported 
 by the State of Pennsylvania, 14 by Mary- 
 land, 10 by New Jersey, 4 by Delaware, and 
 18 by their friends or by the institution. 
 The Temporary Home in Zane street, since 
 its commencement in 1850, has boarded, 
 lodged, and found places for 768 women and 
 children. An intelligence ofiSce connected 
 with it has procured employment for 2392 
 persons. A similar office attached to the 
 E-osine Asylum found employment for 1687 
 women. The City Hospital at Bush Hill, 
 near Pairmount water works, was established 
 in 1818, by act of assembly, as a Pest 
 Hospital. It is always in order, and ready 
 to receive persons afilicted with infectious 
 diseases. The St, Joseph's Hospital, (Catho- 
 lic,) near Girard College, has capacity for 60 
 patients. The Hospital of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, in Kensington, receives 
 patients irrespective of sect. Friends' Asy- 
 lum for the Insane, near Frankford, is sup- 
 ported by contributions from members of the 
 society. Christ Church Hosj^ital in Cherry 
 street is for the relief of indigent females of 
 the Episcopalian church. The St. John's 
 Orphan Asylum, (Catholic,) 2 J miles N. W. 
 of Market-street bridge, consists of a centre 
 building and wings, forming together a front 
 of 220 feet. This asylum is in the Tudor 
 style of Gothic, and has accommodations for 
 250 orphans. The St. John's Female Orphan 
 Asylum, (also Catholic,) corner of Spruce 
 and Seventh streets, accommodates about 
 100 orphans. There are three Magdalen 
 Asylums in Philadelphia and districts. First, 
 the Magdalen Asylum, in Twenty First St. 
 above Race street, founded in 1800, and 
 which has received about 1000 magdalens, 
 of whom 500 have been reclaimed. 2. The 
 House of the Good Shepherd, (Catholic) ; and 
 3. The Rosine Asylum, atNo. 204 North Eighth 
 street, established in 1849. Since its open- 
 ing, 280 women have been inmates of the 
 house, of whom many have been restored to 
 their friends, others furnished with places, 
 and some married respectably. The Colored 
 Orphan Asylum, in Thirteenth street, main- 
 tains and educates about 70 colored orphans. 
 The Union Benevolent Association divides 
 itself into committees, which search out the 
 abodes of wretchedness, and administer relief, 
 so far as they can, according to the merit 
 of the applicants. Besides those mentioned, 
 are the Provident Society, the Northern As- 
 sociation for the Relief and Employment of 
 Poor Women, the Soup Societies and City 
 Trusts, various Beneficial Associations, the 
 Humane Society for the Recovery of Drowned 
 persons, the Prison Society, the Colonization 
 
 Society, various Abolition Societies, Odd 
 Fellows' and Free Masons' Associations, St. 
 George's, St. Andrew's, St. Patrick's, St. 
 David's, and other foreign benevolent asso- 
 ciations, St. Ann's Widows' Asylum, (Catho- 
 lic,) Roman Catholic Benevolent Society, (an 
 association of ladies,) and various Temper- 
 ance societies. 
 
 Libraries, Colleges, Schools, and Literary In- 
 stitutes. — Philadelphia had long the honor of i 
 possessing the largest library in the United il 
 States. But now the Philadelphia Librai-y, 
 to which we allude, is surpassed in this re- 
 spect by the library of Harvard College, and 
 the Astor Library in New York. It occupies 
 a plain brick edifice in Fifth street below 
 Chestnut, and was founded through the influ- 
 ence of Dr. Franklin, (whose statue adorns 
 a niche in front,) in 1731. The Philadelphia 
 and Loganian libraries are in the same 
 building, and owned" by and loaned to the 
 same stockholders. They have, united, about 
 70,000 volumes. The income of the library 
 is $6300. Strangers are allowed the use of 
 books while in the building, but they are not 
 to be taken out except by stockholders, or 
 on deposit of their value. Opposite to the 
 Philadelphia Library, in a building on Inde- 
 pendence Square, are the rooms of the 
 American Philosophical Society, which also 
 owed its origin to Dr. Franklin. It has 
 enrolled among its members the names of 
 some of the most distinguished men in the 
 United States, and has had Franklin and 
 .Jefferson for presidents. It has a library of 
 20,000 volumes, and an extensive cabinet of 
 medals, coins, &c., and a large collection of 
 maps, charts, and engravings. The Histori- 
 cal Society of Pennsylvania holds its meet- 
 ings in the third story of the Athen^um 
 building. It has a library of near 2000 
 volumes, and a collection of coins, &c. The 
 Athena3um library and reading room occu- 
 pies a beautiful building of light sandstone, 
 in the Italian style, on Sixth street, opposite 
 Washington Square. It has about 12,000 
 volumes on its shelves, and is extensively 
 supplied with maps, charts, and periodicals. 
 The Mercantile Library, situated in Fifth 
 street, opposite Independence Square, was 
 established in 1821, for the benefit of mer- 
 chants' clerks and other young men. It oc- 
 cupies a chaste building with a marble 
 basement and upper stories of brick finely 
 stuccoed. The Fifth street front has a colon- 
 nade of 6 Corinthian columns. The library 
 occupies the second floor, which is most ap- 
 propriately fitted up, and furnished with nume- 
 rous periodicals, both European and American, 
 and with maps, engravings, &c. There are 
 neai'ly 12,000 volumes on the shelves, which 
 are loaned to stockholders and subscribers. 
 In 1852 nearly 36,000 volumes were loaned. 
 The Apprentices' Library has over 14,000 
 volumes ; loaned in 1852 to 937 boys and 
 670 girls. Books loaned during the same 
 
 9i5 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 year, 43,005. The Friends have an extensive 
 library in Arch street above Third, and one 
 in Race below Fifth. There are a number 
 of associations, with considerable libraries, 
 in diiFerent parts of the city. The Academy 
 of Natural Sciences, located on Broad 
 street, near Chestnut, has the largest mu- 
 seum of natural history in America. There 
 are 25,000 specimens in ornithology alone, 
 and 30.000 in botany. The mineralogical and 
 geological cabinets are also full. The insti- 
 tution possesses Dr. JMorton's celebrated col- 
 lection of crania. The library (chiefly works 
 of science) numbers over 26,000 volumes, be- 
 sides charts, maps, serials, &c. Many of 
 these volumes are full of plates, scarce and 
 expensive. Professor Agassiz pronounced 
 this institution the best out of Europe in its 
 collections of subjects of natural history. 
 The Franklin Institute, for the promotion of 
 manufactures and the useful arts, occupies a 
 large building, with a marble front, in Seventh 
 street, above Chestnut. It holds an annual 
 exhibition of American manufactures, and 
 has a library of 6000 volumes, chiefly on 
 scientific subjects. Lectures are delivered at 
 cheap rates every winter, on chemistry, me- 
 chanical philosophy, &c. A monthly journal, 
 issued by the Institute, is the oldest in the 
 country of a similar character. The Institute 
 has a valuable cabinet of models and mine- 
 rals. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine 
 Arts, located in Chestnut street, is the oldest 
 [. institution of the kind in the United States, 
 » and was established in 1807. The Academy 
 holds annual exhibitions in May and June, 
 though it is open at other times. The Art 
 Union, an association for the promotion of 
 art, has rooms open to the public, where are 
 exhibited annualij' about 1000 paintings. In 
 medical science, Philadelphia stands first of 
 the cities of America, and her medical schools 
 are attended by students from not only every 
 portion of the Union, but even from Canada, 
 Mexico, and South America. The medical 
 department of the Pennsylvania University, 
 in Ninth street above Chestnut, is the oldest 
 medical college in the United States, having 
 been established in 1765, and has numbered 
 among its professors some of the most dis- 
 tinguished names in medical science. The 
 faculty consists of 7 professors, and the class 
 for the course of 1852-3 numbered 431 stu- 
 dents. There is an anatomical museum con- 
 nected with this institution, rich in illustra- 
 tive aids for the student. Total number of 
 graduates up to 1852, 5316. The collegiate 
 department of this university was established 
 in 1755, and has 4 professors of the faculty 
 of arts, and 6 not of the faculty. Its alumni 
 numbered 5142 in 1852, and the students that 
 year, 88. The library has 5000 volumes. 
 Connected with this university is also a law 
 department, with 3 professors, and 52 stu- 
 dents in the class of 1853. The academical 
 department had, in 1853, 74 pupils, and the 
 916 
 
 charity school connected with the foundation 
 of the university, 160 scholars. The medical 
 branch of Jefferson College, which has the 
 largest class of any medical school in Ame- 
 rica, is located in Tenth street, above Wal- 
 nut, in a commodious building, ornamented 
 by a portico of six Composite pillars. It was 
 established in 1825. In the clinic connected 
 with and for the sole benefit of this institu- 
 tion, were treated, in the clinic j'ear termi- 
 nating April, 1851, 2029 cases, 1108 of which 
 were surgical. The faculty consists of 7 pro- 
 fessors, and the class of 1852-3 numbered 
 556 students ; the whole number of gi-aduates, 
 2592. The Pennsylvania College, located in 
 an imposing building in Ninth above Spruce 
 street, is a flourishing medical institution. 
 Its faculty is composed of 7 professors, and 
 the class of 1852-3 numbered 150 students. 
 The Philadelphia College of Medicine, incor- 
 porated in 1847, has its lecture rooms in 
 Fifth street below Walnut. This college gives 
 two courses a year, one called the winter and 
 the other the spring course. The faculty 
 consists of 5 professors, and the total number 
 of students, up to 1852, was 799. The Ho- 
 moeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania 
 was instituted in 1846. Its faculty consists of 
 7 professors, and the class of 1852-3 had 103 
 students. Total' number of graduates, 142. 
 There is a Homoeopathic hospital, at which the 
 students attend clinical lectures. The Female 
 Medical College of Pennsylvania, founded in 
 1849, has had a very prosperous commence- 
 ment ; 52 students attended the class of 
 1851-2. The Eclectic Medical College of 
 Pennsylvania was chartered in 1850. The 
 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy has its 
 rooms in Zane street. This institution has 3 
 professors, and was established for the in- 
 struction of druggists and apothecaries, and 
 its diploma is considered necessary for a re- 
 putable pursuit of the business of druggist in 
 Philadelphia. Total number of students at- 
 tending the diS"erent medical colleges, nearly 
 1400. 
 
 Public Schools. — The public schools of Phi- 
 ladelphia city and county form a separate 
 district, with a distinct organization, which 
 is under the direction of a board of control- 
 lers, elected by the several local govern- 
 ments. This district is subdivided into 11 
 sections, each of which is subject to directors 
 appointed by their respective governments, 
 viz. the councils in the city, and the com- 
 missioners in the districts. On the SOth 
 of June, 1852, there were 54 grammar, 40 
 unclassified, 34 secondary, 149 primary, 1 
 high, and 1 normal school. Total in the first 
 district, 279 schools, attended by 49,635 pu- 
 pils, and taught by 83 male, and 741 female 
 teachers. There were on register 3946 chil- 
 dren who could not be admitted for want of 
 accommodations. The number of buildings 
 occupied for schools — many of which are fine 
 structures, and built with especial reference 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 to complete adaptation for places of instruc- 
 tion — is 180, of which 73 belong to the con- 
 trollers, and 107 are rented. In 1849, night 
 schools, for minors over 14 years of age and 
 for adults, were first opened ; and were at- 
 tended in the winter of 1851-2 by 7961 pu- 
 pils, (4063 of whoni were of foreign birth.) 
 These schools were open for about 4|- months. 
 The total expenditure for all purposes in 
 the first school district, for 1851-2, was 
 $446,199.59, of which sum $199,230.69 was 
 paid to teachers, who received salaries vary- 
 ing from $160 to $1000, the latter sum being 
 generally the salary of the principal male 
 teachers of the grammar schools, while the 
 female principals received $500 to $600. At 
 each extreme of this system of schools, so to 
 speak, is the normal school, for the prepara- 
 tion of teachers, and the high-school, to com- 
 plete the education of the most gifted of the 
 pupils sent up from the grammar schools. 
 The normal school, at present located in 
 Chester street, above Race, is under the 
 direction of a male principal, who receives 
 $1200 salary, and 5 assistant female teachers, 
 with salaries of from $225 to $300, besides 
 drawing and music teachers. In the same 
 building is a grammar school of practice, 
 with 2S0 girls, and a secondary boys' school, 
 •with 150 pupils. The high-school, the crown 
 of the system, has been in operation since 
 1838, and has sent forth to the world nearly 
 3000 young men, some with high qualifica- 
 tions for contributing to the advancement of 
 society. This institution is in fact a college, 
 but giving a more practical training than col- 
 leges usually do. The high-school is at pre- 
 sent located opposite Penn square, south of 
 Market street, but a large building in Broad 
 street, near Green, better suited to the in- 
 creased number of candidates seeking its ad- 
 vantages, is now (1853) being erected. An 
 observatory, furnished with a powerful tele- 
 scope, transit Instrument, &e., is connected 
 •with the high-school, which has also 10 pro- 
 fessors and 3 assistants. The professors re- 
 ceive from $1200 to $1500 salary, and the 
 principal $2000. The class of 1851-2 had 
 514 students. 
 
 Philadelphia abounds in private schools 
 of a high character, of which we have no 
 statistics. There are a few educational in- 
 stitutions of a semi-public character. Among 
 •which we may mention, the Academy of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, established in 
 1785, and which now occupies an elegant 
 building in the Elizabethan style, in Locust 
 street near Broad street, constructed of sand- 
 stone. The Theological Seminary of St. 
 Charles Borromeo, corner of Schuylkill Fifth 
 and Ptace streets, is a Catholic institution. 
 The Philadelphia Academy of the Visitation, 
 corner of Broad and Poplar streets, is also a 
 Catholic institution for the education of 
 girls. Each division of Friends has a cen- 
 tral school in Cherry street. The Presbyte- 
 
 rians have a union school in Market street. 
 We place last the Girard College, as peculiar 
 in its nature, partaking of the character of 
 an asylum for orphans, and partly of a 
 school and college. Orphans are admitted 
 between the ages of 6 and 10, and remain 
 (according to merit) in college until between 
 the ages of 14 and 18, when they are to be 
 bound out to some useful occui3ation. In 
 the principal department the pupils are 
 taught the usual branches of an English 
 education, the French and Spanish lan- 
 guages, and, as they are prepared for them, 
 higher branches are introduced. The pri- 
 mary classes, numbers 1 and 2, receive in- 
 struction in the usual elementary branches. 
 The principal department had 88 pupils in 
 1852, and the primaries 213. Of these, 246 
 were born in the City of Philadelphia, and 
 55 in other parts of the state. Total expenses 
 for the year 1852, $60,512.37; of which 
 $11,140.38 was for instruction. The college 
 officers are a president, 5 male, and 6 female 
 instructors, and a matron. The alFairs of the 
 college are managed by a board of directors 
 appointed by the city councils. 
 
 Banks, Insurance Offices, ^-c. — There were 
 in Philadelphia city and county, November, 
 1852, 16 banks, with an aggregate capital of 
 $10,758,000, a circulation of $4,979,790, and 
 $5,459,335 in specie. In the spring of 1853 
 there were 30 insurance companies, of which 
 8 were life insurance. The paid-in capital 
 of these institutions amounted, in 1853, to 
 $3,200,000; of which $1,200,000 was life 
 insurance : the chartered capital, however, 
 is much greater. Besides these, there are 
 several new companies chartered and about 
 going into operation. There are three sav- 
 ings' institutions, one of which is an old and 
 long-tried institution, which has done a vast 
 amount of good in the encouragement it has 
 given to thrift among the poor. 
 
 Jfanufaetures. — According to the report of 
 the marshal of the district, at the taking 
 of the census in 1850, Philadelphia had 
 $33,737,911 capital, and 43,296 male, and 
 15,803 female hands employed in manufac- 
 tures, yielding products valued at $64,114,112 
 — but no particular statistics are given. 
 Philadelphia is celebrated for the speed 
 and excellence of her locomotives, and two 
 establishments turned out 134 in 1852, and 
 expect, during the present year, (1853,) to 
 make 200. They have sent 260 to Europe 
 since 1833; one house alone has built 723 
 locomotives in the same period. The Messrs. 
 Horstman employ 300 hands in the manu- 
 facture of military and ladies' dress trim- 
 mings, and Cornelius, Baker & Co. nearly 
 1000 in the fabrication of chandeliers and 
 gas fixtures. Both these establishments, we 
 believe, are unequalled, in their several 
 branches of manufacture, in the United 
 States, and occupy immense buildings in 
 Cherry street, in a good style of ornamental 
 
 917 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 brickwork. Forges, foundries, and almost 
 every species of iron manufacture, abound 
 in the suburbs of Philadelphia, producing 
 immense numbers of steam engines, water 
 and gas pipes, &c. Sugar-refining is a very 
 extensive business in Philadelphia. The 
 suburb of Manayunk is almost wholly en- 
 gaged in manufactures, principally of cot- 
 ton and woollen goods, and carpets. In 
 every part of the suburbs is heard the sound 
 of the loom ; and in the same quarters, in 
 private families, are manufactured more 
 shoes for the S. and W. than in any other 
 town or city in the United States. This fact 
 makes the census reports an unfaithful repre- 
 sentation of the manufactures of Philadel- 
 phia, as that only professes to give reports 
 of establishments producing each $500 and 
 upwards. Great quantities of umbrellas and 
 parasols are made, one house alone claiming 
 to turn out 1000, and another 700 a day. 
 Carts, wheelbarrows, and other vehicles, and 
 cabinet furniture are made and exported ex- 
 tensively to the South, to the West Indies, 
 and California. Ship-building, to a large 
 extent for other ports, is carried on here, 
 especially in steam propellers. In 1852, 20 
 vessels were launched, whose aggregate ton- 
 nage was 5246, and 27 were on the stocks, 
 with a tonnage of 11,416. An immense num- 
 ber of hands are employed in book-binding, 
 printing, &c., and the upper stories of ware- 
 houses, and buildings back from the streets 
 are thronged with industrious artisans that 
 the stranger wists not of, while the em- 
 ployees of commerce are mostly visible to the 
 traveller. 
 
 Commerce. — Though Philadelphia ranks at 
 present but fourth among the commercial 
 cities of the United States in foreign trade, 
 she is steadily on the increase even in this 
 respect, while her coasting trade is extend- 
 ing beyond all parallel. The least number 
 of foreign arrivals in the last 22 years was 
 372, (in 1843,) and the greatest, 679, (in 1852.) 
 In the coasting trade the arrivals have grown 
 from 2573 (in 1833) to 30,175, (in 1852;) and 
 if we include the coal trade of Port Rich- 
 mond, (a suburb,) it is 38,505. The imports 
 for the fiscal year ending .June, 1 852, amounted 
 to $14,785,917, and the exports to $5,828,571; 
 but the imports for the ordinary year amount- 
 ed to $16,455,708, and exports to $5,994,564 ; 
 duties collected the same year, $4,033,909-; 
 tonnage entered, 178,364 ; cleared, 139,932. 
 Of the exports to foreign countries for the 
 fiscal year 1852, there were — 
 
 Wheat flour, 341,453 bbls. 
 Rye " (3,2S5 " 
 
 Indian meal, 68,182 " 
 Wheat, 494,1153 bu3. 
 
 Indian corn, 11.3,993 " 
 
 Greatest in 22 y'rs. 
 420,684 in 1847, 
 36,471 " 1840, 
 300,531 " 1847, 
 .523,538 " " 
 
 1,102,210 " " 
 
 Least in 22 7^6. 
 33,6.80 in 1837, 
 
 6,285 " 1853, 
 42,798 " 1S3G, 
 
 2,258 " 1&34, 
 17,087 " 1838. 
 
 Among the leading articles of imports were 
 cotton, woollen, and silk goods, raw cotton, 
 hides, manufactured iron, molasses, sugar, 
 naval stores, salt, tobacco, rice, oranges, 
 918 
 
 and lemons. There were exported in the 
 year ending September 30th, 1852, wheat 
 flour, 868,386 baiTels; rye flour, 6536; In- 
 dian meal, 72,440; bread, 22,211; pork, 7595; 
 beef, 5617 ; bread, 8856 kegs ; naval stores, 
 19,255 barrels; wheat, 495,424 bushels; In- 
 dian corn, 130,979; domestic goods, 5424 
 packages; cotton, 6375 bales; coal, 16,316 
 tons; manufactured iron worth $336,939; 
 tallow candles, 1,038,656 pounds; tallow, 
 835,026; hams, 624,029; lard, 2,789,353; 
 butter, 436,307; cheese, 165,487; soap, 
 1,082,922; sperm candles, 34,727 ; manufac- 
 tured tobacco, 269,612; nails, 409,050; bark, 
 2704 hogsheads ; tobacco, 876 ; rice, 3661 
 tierces; sperm lard and whale oil, 66,761 gal- 
 lons; besides some fish, (pickled and dried,) 
 potatoes, beer, ale, cider, vinegar, gunpowder, 
 lard oil, turpentine, gold, and silver, (to the 
 amount of $324,584,) apples, peas, onions, 
 and grass-seeds. In 1852 there were in- 
 spected 4344 hogsheads of tobacco. The 
 coal trade of Philadelphia has become an im- 
 mense item of its coasting trade. At Rich- 
 mond, or (Port Richmond) the depot of the 
 Reading railroad, 78SO vessels arrived to 
 load with coal in 1852. The total amount 
 sent down by the Schuylkill and Lehigh cai- 
 nals, and Reading railroad, amounted to 
 3,577,109 tons in the same year; of which, 
 probably more than 3,000,000 tons were 
 either reshipped at Philadelphia, or con- 
 sumed in it, and the money transactions of 
 nearly the whole, it is presumed, were nego- 
 tiated in the offices at Philadelphia. The 
 import of hides from foreign countries (chief- 
 ly South America) amounted to 120,154, and 
 coastwise to 37,154. A revival in the com- 
 merce of this city has recently taken place, 
 and regular lines of steamships have beea 
 established to Liverpool, Savannah, Charles- 
 ton, Richmond, New York, and Boston. A 
 brisk trade with California has sprung up, 
 and fine clipper ships, which Philadelphia 
 capitalists had formerly run from New York, 
 now trade directly from their own port. 
 The opening of the Pennsylvania railroad to 
 Pittsburg has also given Philadelphia the 
 most direct communication with the Missis- 
 sippi valley, and greatly increased her trade 
 with the West. The number of passengers 
 arriving from foreign ports in 1852 amounted 
 to 18,081, all of whom, with the exception 
 of a very small fraction, were foreigners. 
 Philadelphia is either directly or indirectly 
 connected by railway with the most import- 
 ant places in the United Slates, N. and E. 
 of Alabama. Immediately terminating at 
 this city are railways connecting her with 
 New York city, Wilmington, Baltimore, Lan- 
 caster, Harrisburg, York, Carlisle, Pottsville, 
 Pittsburg, and Cincinnati. Others are in 
 course of construction to unite her with Eas- 
 ton, Erie, and other interior towns. In 1853, 
 $57,110.76 were paid in for auction duties. 
 3Iiscellaneous Statistics. — ^Philadelphia has 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 13 markets, mostly located in the middle of 
 the wider streets, and extending from a 
 fourth to two-thirds of a mile. New market 
 houses, however, have been, and others are 
 about to be erected on a different plan, in 
 place of those in Market street, which the 
 demands of commerce, it is thought, will soon 
 require to be removed. The markets of Phi- 
 ladelphia are the admiration of foreigners 
 for the extent, variety, freshness, and excel- 
 lence of their supplies. There arrived from 
 the West in 1852, (exclusive of those brought 
 by butchers.) 71,200 beeves; 14,420 cows; 
 49,200 swine, and 81,200 sheep. 
 
 The Philadelphia Fire Department is at 
 present composed of 27 volunteer engine, 
 the same number of hose, and 4 hook and 
 ladder companies. In consequence of the 
 contentions between these companies, lead- 
 ing to riots and breaches of the order of the 
 city, their dissolution has been for some time 
 agitated, and the substitution of a paid de- 
 partment proposed. — During the year 1852 
 there occurred in Philadelphia city and 
 county, 10,245 deaths, of which 1204 were 
 by consumption ; 558 by dysentery ; 499 by 
 convulsions ; 444 by inflammation of the 
 lungs ; 433 by scarlet fever ; 420 by small- 
 pox ; 854 by marasmus ; 345 by debility ; 
 329 by cholera infantum ; 258 by inflamma- 
 tion of the brain ; 248 by dropsy of the 
 brain ; 208 by inflammation of the bronchiae ; 
 and 208 by croup. Of these, nearly half 
 were under 5 years of age. — Ferry-boats run 
 every five minutes to Camden ; every half- 
 hour to Gloucester and Red Bank ; every 
 hour to Taeony, Richmond, and Bridesburg ; 
 several times a day to Wilmington, Bristol, 
 Burlington, Bordentown, and other points on 
 the river ; and once a day or three times a 
 week to places near the Delaware bay. 
 There are 3 fine bridges crossing the Schuyl- 
 kill at Philadelphia. There are in the city 
 and districts 310 licensed omnibuses ; about 
 8416 cars, drays, &c. ; 380 hacks and cabs ; 
 430 wheel and hand barrows ; 22 pawn- 
 brokers ; and 7657 licensed stores. 
 
 Philadelphia has (1853) 12 daily papers, 
 82 weekly, (14 of a religious character,) and 
 4 Sunday newspapers ; 12 scientific and lite- 
 rary monthly magazines, besides a number of 
 Bcientific and other periodicals. 
 
 The value of real estate in Philadelphia 
 city and county was assessed in 1853, at 
 $128,218,658; the real value maybe stated 
 at above $170,000,000. 
 
 Government. — Philadelphia, as has been 
 before stated, (following the divisions of Lon- 
 don, from which city and its vicinity its early 
 settlers came,) has been divided into a num- 
 ber of distinct governments, composed first 
 of the city proper as laid out by Penn, and 
 then of the districts of Northern Liber- 
 ties, Kensington, Richmond, Spring Garden, 
 Penn district, &c. on the N. ; Southwark, 
 Moyamensing, and Passyunk on the S. ; 
 
 and West Philadelphia, separated by the 
 Schuylkill river from of the city proper. The 
 latter is governed by a mayor and council. 
 The council is divided into select and com- 
 mon, the former consisting of 12 members, 
 elected for 3, and the latter of 20, for 1 
 year, by popular vote. According to "Phi- 
 ladelphia as it is," the mayor, who is the 
 head of the police department, is elected an- 
 nually, and has to aid him a clerk of police, 
 4 special, and 4 high constables, 34 day- 
 policemen, 4 captains, 4 lieutenants, 200 
 watchmen, and 57 lamplighters. There are 
 4 police districts, each having a station 
 house. Over the whole police of the city and 
 districts is a marshal, elected by the people 
 for 3 years, and has powers, as far as con- 
 cerns the police, the same as the mayor of 
 the city and sheriff of the county. The mar- 
 shal has 12 lieutenants and 168 policemen. 
 The board of health, consisting of 18 mem- 
 bers, is appointed by the councils and the 
 commissioners of the adjoining districts. 
 The quarantine ground is about 10 miles be- 
 low the city, and is called the Lazaretto. 
 The city is defended by Fort Mifflin, 6 miles 
 below the city. A new fortress, called Fort 
 Delaware, is now in course of construction 
 on Peapatch Island, opposite Delaware City. 
 History. — Philadelphia was planned and 
 settled by William Penn and a colony of 
 English Friends or Quakers in 1682, after a 
 regular purchase from the Indians, ratified 
 by treaty in due form, under an elm-tree in 
 the present district of Kensington. The 
 name of Philadelphia (brotherly love) was 
 given by Penn, both in reference to the an- 
 cient city of that name in Asia Minor, and 
 from its embodying principles he had so 
 much at heart. Though there was consider- 
 able contention between Penn and his colony, 
 no very striking events occurred even down 
 to the Revolution. The first Congress pre- 
 paratory to that event met in Carpenter's 
 Hall, (a building still standing,) in a court 
 back of Chestnut street, between Third and 
 Fourth streets, September 4, 1774. How 
 great the change, from that meeting in doubt 
 and uncertainty, of our patriotic and anxious 
 fathers, in a provincial town of less than 
 30,000 inhabitants, to the metropolitan city 
 of half a million, (equal, perhaps, to the Paris 
 of that day in population,) inhabited by a 
 wealthy, proud, and confident people, fearless 
 of any power on earth ! Here met also most 
 of the Congresses of the Revolution, and from 
 hence went forth in doubt and forebodings on 
 the part of many, and confident reliance on the 
 part of others, that world-renowned instru- 
 ment, the Declaration of Independence, which 
 was read from a stand in the State-house 
 yard, by Captain John Hopkins, July 8, 
 1776. The convention that formed the pre- 
 sent constitution of the United States met in 
 Philadelphia, May, 1787. Here resided the 
 President of the United States, (in a building 
 
 919 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 in Market street, one door E. of Sixth street, 
 S. side;) and here Congress assembled for 
 nearly 10 years after the adoi:)tion of the 
 present constitution. In consequence of the 
 disastrous battles of Brandywine and Ger- 
 mantown, the British army had possession 
 of this city from September, 1777, to June, 
 1778. In the autumn of 1793, the yellow 
 fever visited Philadelphia, and carried off 
 more than 4000 persons out of a population 
 of a little over 40,000, of whom half, it was 
 thought, had fled the city. This pestilence 
 again visited Philadelphia in 1798, but 
 though it numbered many victims, was not 
 so fatal as in 1793. The Asiatic cholera ra- 
 vaged the city in .the summer of 1832, and 
 swept off about 2000 victims. In 1849 it re- 
 newed its ravages ; but as in the case of the 
 yellow fever, was much less fatal on its se- 
 cond occurrence. In 1838 the Pennsylvania 
 Hall, belonging to the Abolitionists, was at- 
 tacked hy a mob and burned, the Shelter 
 for Colored Orphans fired, and the negro 
 quarters attacked. In 1844 the city was 
 disquieted for several days by riots in the 
 northern suburbs, caused by jealousies be- 
 tween the Protestants and Catholics, in 
 which several Catholic churches were burn- 
 ed. The mobs were renewed in July of the 
 same year in the southern suburbs. On both 
 occasions the military were called out, and 
 several lives were lost. 
 
 Philadelphia, a post-oifice of Darlington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Philadelphia, a post-village, capital of 
 Neshoba co., Mississippi, about 80 miles E. 
 N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Philadelphia, a post-village of Monroe 
 CO., Tenn., 160 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 Philadelphia, a post-village in Hancock 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Philadelphia, a post-village of Marion co., 
 
 Mo., about 95 miles N. N. E. of Jefferson City. 
 
 Philadelphia, a small post-village of Van 
 
 Buren co., Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 
 
 about 8 miles N. from Keosauque. 
 
 Philadelphus, a post-village in Robeson 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Philantheopt, apost-ofiice of Butler co.,0. 
 Philippi, a post-village, capital of Bar- 
 bour CO., Virginia, on Tygart's Valley river, 
 about 210 miles N. W. from Richmond. The 
 surrounding country contains coal and iron. 
 Philips, a county in the E. part of Arkan- 
 sas, bordering on the Mississippi river, which 
 separates it from Mississippi ; area 725 
 square miles. It is drained by St. Francis 
 river. The surface is level, and the soil fer- 
 tile. The southern part is liable to inunda- 
 tion, and is partly occupied by swamps, but 
 there is a prospect that these will be re- 
 claimed, as Congress has made a grant of 
 land for that object. Corn and cotton are 
 the chief products. In 1850 there were 
 raised 281,889 bushels of corn; 20,895 of 
 sweet potatoes ; 5165i bales of cotton, and 
 920 
 
 20,340 pounds of butter. There were 5 saw 
 mills, and 1 tannery. It contained 4 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices, and 95 pupils 
 attending academies or other schools. Ca- 
 pital, Helena. Population, 6935 ; of whom 
 4344 were free, and 2591, slaves. 
 
 Philipsbukg, a village of Warren county, 
 New Jersey, on the left bank of the Delaware 
 river, opposite Easton in Pennsylvania. The 
 Morris canal terminates here, and a substan- 
 tial stone bridge crosses the Delaware. 
 
 Philipsbukg, a post-village of Centre ec, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Erie turnpike, 28 miles 
 W. from Bellefonte. Population, about 300. 
 
 Philipsbtjrg, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river, 75 miles N. E. 
 by N. from Marietta. 
 
 Philipseurg, a small village of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Ohio. 
 
 Philip's Rivek, of Coos co., in the N. part 
 of New Hampshire, a small branch of Upper 
 Amonoosuck river. 
 
 Philipsville, a post-village of Amity 
 township, Alleghany county. New York, on 
 the Genesee river, where it is crossed by the 
 New York and Erie railroad, 375 miles from 
 New York city. The inhabitants are exten- 
 sively engaged in the lumber trade. Philips- 
 ville derives its name from the Hon. Philip 
 Church. Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Philipsville, a small village of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 
 
 Phillips, a post-township in Franklin co., 
 Maine, on the N. side of Sandy river, about 
 55 miles N. W. from Augusta. Pop., 1673. 
 
 Phillipsbukg, a post-village of Orange 
 CO., New York, 110 miles S. S. W. of Albany. 
 
 Phillipsbueg, a post-borough of Beaver 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Ohio 
 river, opposite the mouth of Beaver river, 28 
 miles below Pittsburg. Steamboat building 
 is carried on here. Population in 1850, 473. 
 
 Phillip's Creek, a post-ofiice of Alleghany 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Phillipsport, a post-village of Sullivan 
 CO., New York, on the Delaware and Hudson 
 canal, about 90 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Phillipston, a post-township in Worcester 
 CO., Mass., intersected by Miller's river, 60 
 miles N. W. by W. from Boston. Pop., 809. 
 
 Phillipstown, a township of Putnam co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson river, 90 miles S. 
 from Albany. The Hudson River railroad 
 passes through it. Population, 5063. 
 
 Phillipstown, a post-village in White co., 
 Illinois, 165 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Phillipsville, a village in the S. W. part 
 of Oswego CO., New York, on Oswego river. 
 
 Phillipsville, a post-office of Erie co.. Pa, 
 
 Philo, a post-office of Muskingum co., 0. 
 
 Philomath, a post-ofiice of Oglethorpe co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Philomath, a post-ofiice of Union co., Ind. 
 
 Philomont, a post-village of Loudon co., 
 Virginia, 12 miles S. from Leesburg, is situ- 
 ated in a rich farming district. 
 
PHI 
 
 PIC 
 
 Phii-opolis, a post-office of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Phipi'sbueg, a post-township in Lincoln 
 CO., Maine, at the mouth of the Kennebec 
 river, on the W. side, 40 miles S. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1805. 
 
 Piupps' Mills, a post-office of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Phosnicia, a post-office of Ulster co., N. Y. 
 
 Phoenix, a post-village of Oswego co., New 
 York, on the Oswego river and canal, about 
 150 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Phcenix, apost-office of Armstrong co., Pa. 
 
 Phcenix, a post-office of Edgefield district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Phcenixville, a post-office of Windham 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Phcenixville, a flourishing post-borough 
 of Schuylkill township, Chester county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the Schuylkill 
 river, at the mouth of French creek, and on 
 the railroad between Philadelphia and Read- 
 ing, 27 miles from the former, and 31 miles 
 from the latter. The canal of the Schuylkill 
 Navigation Company passes through the 
 place. It is one of the most populous towns 
 in the county, and is the seat of extensive 
 manufactures of iron and cotton. The roll- 
 ing mill of Peeves, Buck, & Co. is supposed 
 to be the largest in the Union. A large 
 quantity of nails and railroad iron is made 
 here annually, the material for which is ob- 
 tained in the vicinity, and is of superior 
 quality. Valuable mines of copper and lead 
 have also been opened in the township. 
 Near this town the railroad passes through a 
 tunnel of solid rock about 2000 feet in 
 length. Phosnixville contains several hand- 
 some churches, a lyceum, and a printing- 
 office. Population in 1850, 2670; in 1853, 
 above 3000. 
 
 PiASA, a post-office of Macoupin co., 111. 
 
 Piatt, a county in the E. central part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 270 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the North fork of Sangamon 
 river, which flows in a S. W. direction. The 
 surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. 
 The county consists partly of prairie and 
 partly of timbered land, the former being 
 the more extensive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and pork are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 430, 655 bushels of corn; 5769 
 of wheat; 29,115 of oats, and 37,950 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 2 churches, and 300 
 pupils attending public schools. Named 
 probably in honor of Colonel Piatt, a Western 
 pioneer. Capital, Monticello. Pop., 1606. 
 
 Picayune, a post-office of Henderson co., 
 Illinois, 45 miles N. E. from Nauvoo. 
 
 Pickaway, a county in the S. central part 
 of Ohio, has an area of 510 square miles. It 
 is traversed from N. to S. by Scioto river, 
 and also drained by Darby, Deer, and Wal- 
 nut creeks. The surface is level, diversified 
 by forests and prairies. The celebrated 
 Pickaway plains, 3^ miles S. from Circleville, 
 
 are said to be the richest in Ohio. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, cattle, and swine 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 2,672,303 Ijushels of corn; 144,377 of 
 wheat; 55,494 of oats, and 131,261 of pota- 
 toes. It contained 47 churches, 4 newspaper 
 offices, and 8625 pupils attending public 
 schools. This county is intersected by the 
 Ohio canal, a,nd by the Zanesville, Wilming- 
 ton, and Cincinnati railroad, not yet finished. 
 Pickaway is a corruption or misspelling of 
 Fiqua, the name of an Indian tribe. Ca- 
 pital, Circleville. Population, 21,008. 
 
 Pickaway, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Pickaway co., Ohio. Population, 1425. 
 
 Pickaway Plains, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pickens, a district forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of South Carolina, bordering on 
 North Carolina and Georgia, has an area of 
 1060 square miles. The Chattooga river 
 forms its boundary on the N. W., the Tuga- 
 loo, a branch of Savannah river, on the S. 
 W., and the Saluda on the N. E. ; it is 
 drained by the sources of the Kiowee river, 
 and by numerous creeks. The surface is 
 elevated, and in some parts mountainous, 
 the district occupying the south-eastern de- 
 clivity of the Blue Ridge. Table Rock moun- 
 tain, in the N. part of the district, rises 4000 
 feet above the sea, and is a place of great 
 resort. A large portion of the soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, sweet pota- 
 toes, and cotton are the staples. In 1850 
 the district produced 634,011 bushels of 
 corn; 42,052 of wheat; 125,405 of oats; 
 102,886 of sweet potatoes, and 1357 bales of 
 cotton. There were 2 grist, and 2 saw and 
 planing mills, 12 distilleries, and 4 tanneries. 
 It contained 54 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 355 pupils attending public schools, and 15 
 attending an academy. Limestone is among 
 the most valuable and abundant minerals of 
 the district. The streams furnish extensive 
 water-power. Named in honor of General 
 Andrew Pickens, an officer in the War of the 
 Revolution. Capital, Pickens Court House. 
 Population, 17,004; of whom 13,325 were 
 free, and 3679, slaves. 
 
 Pickens, a county in the W. part of Ala- 
 bama, bordering on Mississippi, has an area 
 of 1020 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the Tombigbee and Sipsey rivers, which unite 
 on the S. border. It is also drained by Lub- 
 bub creek. The surface is hilly or undu- 
 lating ; the soil generally fertile. Cotton and 
 Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 12,305 bales of cotton; 
 868,705 bushels of corn; and 157,537 of 
 sweet potatoes. There were 8 saw mills, 3 
 grist and saw mills, and 3 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 44 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 718 
 pupils attending public schools, and 336 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 Tombigbee is navigable by steamboats through 
 this county. Capital, Pickens Court House. 
 
 921 
 
PIC 
 
 PIG 
 
 Population, 21,512; of whom 10,978 were 
 free, and 10,534 slaves. 
 
 Pickens Court House, capital of Pickens 
 district. South Carolina, 144 miles W. N. W. 
 from Columbia. It is situated near Kiowee 
 river, a branch of the Savannah, in a hilly 
 district, which abounds in valuable minerals. 
 The village contains a court house, jail, an 
 academy, and a newspaper office. 
 
 PicKENSViLLE, a post-villagc of Pickens 
 district, South Carolina, 120 miles ^Y. N. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 PiCKENSviLLB, a thriving post-village of 
 Pickens co., Alabama, on the Tombigbee 
 river, about 180 miles W. N. W. from Mont- 
 gomery. Cotton is shipped here in steam- 
 boats. The village contains 2 flourishing 
 seminaries, named the Pickensville Female 
 Institute, and Pickensville High School. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 276. 
 
 PiCKEEELTOWN, a post-office of Logau co.,0. 
 
 PiCKEEiNG, a post-oflice of Chester co.,Pa. 
 
 PiCKEEiNG 'Creek, of Chester co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, iiows into the Schuylkill river about 1 
 mile below Phcenixville. 
 
 Pickerington, a post-village of Fairfield 
 CO., Ohio, abovit 15 miles S. E. from Colum- 
 bus. Population, near 200. 
 
 Picket's Corners, a post-office of Cass co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 PicotATA, a post-office of St. John's co.,Fla. 
 
 Piedmont, a village of Hampshire co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the North branch of the Potomac 
 river, and on the Baltimore and Ohio rail- 
 road, 215 miles N. W. from Eichmond. It con- 
 tains machine shops of the railroad company. 
 
 Piedmont, a post- village in Harris co., 
 Georgia, 115 miles W. S. W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Piedmont Station, a post-village of Fau- 
 quier CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pieece, a new county in the W. part of 
 Wisconsin, contains about 570 square m.iles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by the St. Croix river, 
 on the E. by Red Cedar river, on the S. AV. 
 by the Mississippi, and drained by the Rush 
 and Menomonie rivers. The surface is diver- 
 sified by prairies and forests. It was formed 
 in 1851, by a division of St. Croix county. 
 Capital, Prescott. 
 
 Pierce, a county in the S. E. central part of 
 Minnesota, contains about 2900 square miles. 
 The Minnesota or St. Peter's river forms its 
 boundary on the S. W., and the North fork 
 of Crow river on the N. E., and it is drained 
 by the Manya Wakan, and the South fork of 
 Crow river. The surface is elevated and roll- 
 ing ; the soil is generally fertile. A range 
 of wooded highlands, called Coteau Grand du 
 Bois, extends across the county. This county 
 was formed since 1851. 
 
 Pierce, a new county in the N. W. part of 
 Washington Territory, on the E. side of Puget 
 sound, named in honor of the present chief 
 magistrate of the United States. The census 
 of 1850 gives us no information respecting 
 922 
 
 this county, it having been formed since that 
 time. Capital not yet established. 
 
 Pierceyille, a small village of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Pierceyille, a post-village of Dane co., 
 Wisconsin, 13 miles E. N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Pieemont, a post-township in Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, 60 miles N. N. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 948. 
 
 Pieemont, a post-village of Orangetown 
 township, Rockland co.. New Yoi-k, on the 
 Hudson river, at the terminus of the Erie rail- 
 road, 24 miles above New York. It is plea- 
 santly situated at the N. extremity of the 
 Palisades, with high hills in the rear, and has 
 a pier 1 mile long extending into the river. 
 Here is an extensive depot and machine shops 
 of the railroad company. The adjacent hills 
 are dotted with cottages or cou;itry seats. 
 Population, estimated at 1200. 
 
 PiEEPONT, a post-township in the central 
 part of St. Lawrence co., New York. Popu- 
 lation, 1459. 
 
 PiERPONT, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 999. 
 
 PiEEPONT, a post-village of Ashtabula co., 
 Ohio, 218 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 PiERPONT Place, apost-office of De Witt co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Pierre Bayou, a small stream of Missis- 
 sippi, rises in Copiah co., and flows into the 
 iMississippi near the S. W. extremity of Clai- 
 borne county. 
 
 PiEREEPONT Manor, a post-village of Jef- 
 ferson CO., New York. It is the S. terminus 
 of the Sackett's Harbor and Ellisburg rail- 
 road. 
 
 PiERSON, a township in Vigo co., Indiana. 
 Population, 642. 
 
 PiFFARD, apost-office of Livingston co.,N.Y. 
 
 Pigeon, a township in Vanderburgh co., In- 
 diana. Population, 201. 
 
 Pigeon, a township in Warrick co., Indiana. 
 Population, 715. 
 
 Pigeon Creek, of Indiana, rises in Gibson 
 CO., and enters the Ohio at Evansville. 
 
 Pigeon Ceeek, a post- village of Ralls co., 
 Missouri, 80 miles N. E. by N. from Jefi'erson 
 City. 
 
 Pigeon Forge, a post-office of Sevier, co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Pigeon Grove, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Pigeon Riyer, of Alabama, rises in Butler 
 CO., and enters Sepulga river near Brooklyn. 
 
 Pigeon Riyer, of Indiana and Michigan, 
 rises in Steuben county of the former, and 
 enters the St. Joseph's river in the south-east 
 corner of Cass county, Michigan. Its direc- 
 tion is W. N. W. It furnishes valuable water- 
 power. 
 
 Pigeon Riyer, a post-office of Haywood co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Pigeon Roost, a post-office of Choctaw co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Pigeon Run, apost-office of Campbell co.Va. 
 
PIK 
 
 PIK 
 
 Pike, a county in the E. N. E. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on New Jersey, has an 
 area of 600 square miles. The Delaware 
 river forms its entire boundary on the N. E. 
 and on the S. E. ; it is drained also by the 
 Laokawaxen and Shohola creeks. Bushkill 
 creek forms part of the S. boundary. The sur- 
 face is uneven and hilly ; the soil is generally 
 thin and stony. A large part of the county 
 is a wilderness of scrubbj' oaks. The river 
 bottoms, however, produce a larger growth 
 of pine and hemlock. Indian corn, oats, po- 
 tatoes, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 38,608 bushels of corn ; 
 16,374 of oats ; 52,059 of potatoes, and 99,517 
 pounds of butter. There were 4 flour and 
 grist mills, 28 saw mills, 1 farming imple- 
 ment manufactory, and 5 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 5 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 955 pupils attending public schools. Sand- 
 stone and slate are the principal rocks. The 
 Delaware and Hudson canal traverses the 
 northern part, and the New York and Erie 
 railroad passes along the N. E. border. Or- 
 ganized in 1814, and named in honor of Gene- 
 ral Zebulon Pike. Capital, Milford. Popu- 
 lation, 5881. 
 
 Pike, a county in the W. central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 390 square miles. It 
 is traversed in the N. W. part by the Flint 
 river, which afterwards forms its western 
 boundary ; and also drained by the Big Po- 
 tato, Elkin's, Flat, Rose, and South Towaliga 
 creeks. The southern part of the county is 
 hilly ; the soil is moderately fertile. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 8002 bales of cotton ; 418,990 bushels of corn ; 
 46,442 of oats, and 85,558 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 3 flour mills, 5 saw mills, and 4 
 tanneries. It contained 28 churches, 2 news- 
 paper oflBces ; 354 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 184 attending academies or other 
 schools. The rocks which underlie the sur- 
 face are primary, containing iron ore. It is 
 intersected by the Macon and Western rail- 
 road. Organized in 1822. Capital, Zebulon. 
 Population, 14,306 ; of whom 8748 were free, 
 and 5558, slaves. 
 
 Pike, a county in the S. E. part of Alabama, 
 has an area of 1380 square miles. Conecuh 
 river rises in the county, and the Pea river 
 flows through it. The surface is undulating 
 or nearly level, and extensively covered by 
 forests of pine. The soil is moderately fer- 
 tile. Cotton, Indian corn, swine, and cattle 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 8679 bales of cotton; 531,192 bushels 
 of corn; and 151,657 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 3 tanneries, and 2 grist and saw 
 mills. It contained 18 churches ; 498 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 177 attending 
 other schools. Capital, Troy. Pop., 15,920; 
 of whom 12,126 were free, and 3794, slaves. 
 
 Pike, a county in the S. part of Missis- 
 sippi, bordering ou Louisiana, has an area 
 
 of about 780 square miles. Bayou Chitto 
 flows nearly through the middle of the county. 
 The soil is sandy and not very rich. Indian 
 corn, oats, sweet potatoes, and cotton are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county yielded 245,751 
 bushels of corn; 27,366 of oats; 64,040 of 
 sweet potatoes; 4128 bales of cotton, and 
 290,550 pounds of rice. It contained 15 
 churches, 1 newspaper ofiice, and 458 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Holmes- 
 ville. Population, 73G0, of whom 4258 were 
 free, and 3102, slaves. 
 
 Pike, a county in the S. W. part of Arkan- 
 sas ; area, about 660 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Little Missouri river. The 
 surface is partly occupied by mountains and 
 hills, in which silver, iron, lead, zinc, cobalt, 
 stone coal, and alabaster are found. These 
 highlands are well adapted to the pasturage 
 of sheep, and the lowlands to the growth of 
 grain. In 1850 this county produced 58,826 
 bushels of Indian corn ; 4878 of sweet pota- 
 toes, and 301 bales of cotton. It contained 1 
 flour and grist mill, 1 saw mill, 5 churches, 
 and 214 pupils attending public schools. The 
 streams of the county furnish extensive water- 
 power. Capital, Murfreesborough. Popula- 
 tion, 1861, of whom 1751 were free, and 110, 
 slaves. 
 
 Pike, a county forming the E. extremity 
 of Kentucky, bordering on Virginia, contains 
 an area estimated at 400 square miles. It is 
 drained by the forks of the Big Sandy river. 
 The surface is hilly and broken, having the 
 Cumberland mountain near the E. border. 
 Indian corn, wheat, rye, and oats are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 198,764 bushels of corn; 2454 of wheat; 
 18,501 of oats, and 4401 pounds of tobacco. 
 It contained 180 pupils attending public 
 schools. Extensive beds of bituminous coal, 
 from 5 to 8 feet thick, have been opened, 
 and some iron is found. The Big Sandy 
 river is navigable for boats as high as Pike- 
 ville. Formed in 1821. Capital, Pikeville. 
 Population, 5365, of whom 5267 were free, 
 and 98, slaves. 
 
 Pike, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has 
 an area of about 445 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by the Scioto river and by the Ohio 
 canal, and also drained by Beaver and Sun- 
 fish creeks. The surface is generally hilly, 
 and the soil fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 grass, cattle, and swine are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 797,655 bushels 
 of corn ; 16,725 of wheat, and 121,597 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 47 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, and 1478 pupils attending public 
 schools. The Cincinnati and Parkersburg 
 railroad is in course of construction through 
 this county. Capital, Piketon. Pop., 10,953. 
 
 Pike, a county in the S. W. part of In- 
 diana, contains about 300 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Patoka creek, and bounded 
 on the N. by White river. The surface is 
 nearly level, and the greater part of the soil 
 
 923 
 
PIK 
 
 PIK 
 
 is fertile. The exports consist of Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, pork, and beef. In 18&0 
 this county produced 407,231 bushels of 
 corn; 15,128 of wheat; 27,394 of oats, and 
 733 tons of hay. It contained 14 churches, 
 and 375 pupils attending public schools. 
 Coal of good quality is abundant. The coun- 
 ty is intersected by the Wabash and Erie 
 canal. Organized in 1817. Capital, Peters- 
 burgh. Population, 7720. 
 
 Pike, a county in the W. part of Illinois, 
 bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 
 750 square miles. It extends from the Illi- 
 nois river on the E. to the Mississippi, which 
 forms its south-western boundary. It is tra- 
 versed by a side-channel of the Mississippi, 
 called Snycartee slough, and also drained by 
 McKee's, Bay, and Little Muddy creeks. 
 The surface is rolling, and consists of prairies 
 and forests, the proportions of which are 
 nearly equal. The soil is extremely fertile, 
 and extensively cultivated. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, potatoes, pork, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 it produced 1,875,045 
 bushels of corn; 194,051 of wheat; 130,267 
 of oats, and 119,741 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 16 churches, 2 newspaper of&ces, 
 3241 pupils attending public schools, and 30 
 attending an academy. Stone coal is abun- 
 dant. The rivers afford great facilities for 
 exporting produce to the Northern or Southern 
 markets. Pike county is among the most 
 populous in the state. Capital, Pittsfield. 
 Population, 18,819. 
 
 Pike, a county in the E. part of Missouri, 
 bordering on the Mississippi river, which 
 separates it from Illinois, contains about 600 
 square miles. It is intersected by Salt river, 
 and also drained by Cuivre river, and by 
 Spencer's, Ramsey's, and Buffalo creeks. 
 The county consists partly of prairies. The 
 forests originally covered about two-thirds 
 of the surface. The soil is generally good. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, butter, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 748,540 bushels of corn; 106,241 of 
 wheat; 85,060 of oats, and 848,830 pounds 
 of tobacco. It contained 15 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, 2730 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 110 attending other 
 schools. Limestone and sandstone underlie 
 the surface. Capital, Bowling Green. Po- 
 pulation, 13,609, of whom 10,334 were free, 
 and 3275, slaves. 
 
 Pike, a post-office of Washington co., Me. 
 
 Pike, a post-village in Pike township, Wyo- 
 ming county, New York, about 45 miles E. 
 S. E. of Buffalo. It contains several mills, a 
 water-cure establishment, 3 churches, and 3 
 taverns. Population of the township, 2003. 
 
 Pike, a township of Berks co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, about 12 miles E. N. E. from Reading. 
 Population, 883. 
 
 Pike, a post-township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 20 miles W. from Mon- 
 trose. Population, 1747. 
 924 
 
 Pike, a township of Clearfield co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 44 miles N. W. from Holli- 
 daysburg. Population, 1249. 
 
 Pike, a township of Potter co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, 55 miles N. W. from Williamsport. " Po- 
 pulation, 200. 
 
 Pike, a township in the W. part of Brown 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1022. 
 
 Pike, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Clark co., Ohio. Pop., 1316. 
 
 Pike, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Coshocton co., Ohio. Pop., 1081. 
 
 Pike, a township in the E. central part of 
 Fulton CO., Ohio. Population, 485. 
 
 Pike, a township in the N. part of Knox 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1720. 
 
 Pike, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Madison co., Ohio. Pop., 423. 
 
 Pike, a post-township in the central part 
 of Perry co., Ohio. Population, 2147. 
 
 Pike, a township in the S. part of Stark 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1447. 
 
 Pike, a township in Jay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 786. 
 
 Pike, a township in Marion co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1928. 
 
 Pike, a township in Warren co., Indiana. 
 Population, 555. 
 
 Pike, a township in Stoddard co., Missouri. 
 Population, 1053. 
 
 Pike, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa. 
 
 Pike, a township in Kenosha co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Population, 680. 
 
 Pike Creek, a post-office of Ripley co.. Mo. 
 
 Pike Mills, a post-office of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 25 miles E. from Cou- 
 dersport. 
 
 Pike Pond, a post-office of Sullivan co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Pike Run, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pike's Peak, one of the highest summits 
 of the Rocky Mountains, near 38° 25' N. lat., 
 and 105° W. Ion. Height, 12,000 feet. 
 
 Pikesville, Maryland. See Pikeville. 
 
 PiKETON, Kentucky. See Pikeville. 
 
 PiKETON, a post-village, capital of Pike 
 CO., Ohio, on the E. bank of Scioto river, 25 
 miles from its mouth, 65 miles S. from Colum- 
 bus, and 2 miles E. from the Ohio canal. The 
 Cincinnati and Parkersburg railroad, now in 
 progress, is designed to pass through Pike- 
 ton. It contains 3 churches, 1 academy, 1 
 newspaper office, and a number of stores. Laid 
 out in 1814. Population in 1850, 690. 
 
 PiKETON, a post-village in Marion co., In- 
 diana, 10 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 PiKETON, a post-office of Stoddard co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Pike Township, a post-office of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pike Valley, a post-office of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pikeville, or Pikesville, a post-village 
 of Baltimore co., Maryland, 10 miles N. W. 
 from Baltimore. 
 
PIK 
 
 PIN 
 
 PiKEviLLB, a post- village, capital of Marion 
 CO., Alabama, 8 miles E. from the Butta- 
 hatcliee river, 68 miles N. N. W. from Tus- 
 caloosa. 
 
 PiKEViLLE, a post-village of Chickasaw co., 
 Mississippi, on the road from Houston to 
 Aberdeen, 14 miles from each. 
 
 PiicEviLLB, a post-village, capital of Bled- 
 soe CO., Tennessee, 112 miles E. S. E. from 
 Nashville. It is situated on high ground, 
 and has abundance of stone coal in the 
 vicinity. Population, about 400. 
 
 PiEEViLLE, or PiKETON, a post-viUagc, 
 capital of Pike co., Kentucky, on the W. fork 
 of Big Sandy river, 160 miles E. S. E. from 
 Frankfort. The river is navigable for boats 
 from this point downward. The village con- 
 tains numerous stores. Population, esti- 
 mated at 500. 
 
 PiLAiiATCHiE, a post-office of Rankin co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 PiLATKA, a post-village, capital of Putnam 
 CO., Florida, on the left bank of St. John's 
 river, about 200 miles E. S. E. from Talla- 
 hassee. Cotton and sugar are shipped here 
 in steamboats which run to Savannah and 
 Charleston. 
 
 PiLCHEK, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 PiLBSGROVE, a township of Salem co.. New 
 Jersey. It is intersected by Salem creek. 
 Population, 2962. 
 
 Pillar Point, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pillow, a post-office of Dauphin co.. Pa. 
 PiLLOwviLLE, a post-office of Weakley co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 PiLLSBOROUGH, a Small village of Pitt co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Pilot, a post- village of Vermilion co., 
 Illinois, about 42 miles N. by W. from Paris. 
 Pilot Grove, a post-office of Grayson co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Pilot Grove, a post-office of Hancock co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Pilot Grove, a post- village of Cooper co., 
 Missouri, about 52 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Pilot Grove, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa. 
 Pilot Hill, a post-office of Fulton co.. Ark. 
 Pilot Hill, a post-office of Mason co., 111. 
 Pilot Knob. See Missouri. 
 Pilot Knob, a post-office of Todd co., Ky. 
 Pilot Knob, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Pilot Mountain, called also Ararat, a 
 mountain of Surry co.. North Carolina, be- 
 tween the Ararat and Dan rivers. It is of a 
 pyramidal form, and J of a mile in height. 
 PiNCKNEY, a post-township forming the 
 W. extremity of Lewis co., New York. Po- 
 pulation, 1208. 
 
 PiNCKNET, a small village of Rutherford 
 CO., North Carolina, about 200 miles W. by S. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 PiNCKNEY, a post-village in Williamson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 PiNCKNEY, a post-village of Putnam town- 
 ship, Livingston co., Michigan, on a branch 
 of Huron river, 45 miles S. E. from Lansing. 
 It has some water-power, a flouring mill, and 
 a few stores. Pop. in 1853, about 500. 
 
 PiNCKNEY, a post- village in Vv'arren co., 
 Missouri, on Missouri river, 55 miles E. by 
 N. from Jefferson City. 
 
 PiNCKNEYviLLE, a post-village in Union 
 district, South Carolina, on Broad river, 70 
 miles N. N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 PiNCKNEYViLLE, a post-viUage in Gwinnett 
 CO., Georgia, near Chattahoochee river, 90 
 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 PiNCKNEYViLLS, a Small post-village of 
 Tallapoosa co., Alabama. 
 
 PiNCKNEYviLLE, a post-villago in Wilkinson 
 CO., Mississippi, 135 miles S. W. from Jackson. 
 
 PiNCKNEYViLLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Perry co., Illinois, on Big Beaucoup creek, 
 134 miles S. from Springfield. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, several stores. 
 
 PiNDERTOWN, a village in Lee co., Georgia, 
 on Flint river, 110 miles S. W. by S. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 Pine, a township of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 14 miles N. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, 2109. 
 
 Pine, a township of Armstrong co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 25 miles S. from Clarion. 
 Population, 2288. 
 
 Pine, a township of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 52 miles S. S. W. from Erie. 
 Population, 702. 
 
 Pine, a township of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1367. 
 
 Pine, a township in Warren co., Indiana. 
 Population, 942. 
 
 Pineapple, a post-office of Wilcox co., Ala. 
 
 Pine Barren Creek, Alabama, flows north- 
 westward, and enters Alabama river on the 
 boundary of Wilcox and Dallas counties. 
 
 Pine Bluff, a post-office of Copiah co., Miss. 
 
 Pine Bluff, a small post-village of Red 
 River county, Texas, on Red river, about 
 360 miles N. E. from Austin city. It has 2 
 or 3 stores, and a steamboat landing. 
 
 Pine Bluff, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Jefferson county, Arkansas, on the right 
 bank of Arkansas river, 48 miles S. E. from 
 Little Rock. It is situated in a rich cotton- 
 planting region, and contains a newspaper 
 office and several stores. About 20,000 bales 
 of cotton are shipped here annually in steam- 
 boats. Population, about 500. 
 
 Pine Bluff, a post-village of Callaway co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Pine Bluff, a post-village of Pulaski co., 
 Missouri, on Big Piney fork of Gasconade 
 river, 53 miles S. by E from Jefferson City. 
 Pine Bluff, a post-office of Dane co.. Wis. 
 
 PiNEBOROUGH, a ppst-officc of Mariou co., 
 Florida. 
 
 PiNEBROOK, a post- village of Morris co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pine Creek rises in the N. part of Penn 
 925 
 
PIN 
 
 PIN 
 
 sylvania, and enters the West Branch of the 
 Susquehanna, near Jersey Shore. 
 
 Pine Crbek, of Crawford co., Arkansas, 
 enters Arkansas river from the N. 
 
 Pine Creek, of Berrien co., Michigan, en- 
 ters St. Joseph's river, 2 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Pine Creek, of Indiana, rises in Benton 
 CO., and flows into the Wabash, opposite At- 
 tica. Stone coal and pine timber are abun- 
 dant on its banks. 
 
 Pine Creek, a township of Clinton co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the left side of the Susque- 
 hanna river, about 22 miles W. from Wil- 
 liamsport. Population, 774. 
 
 Pine Creek, a township of Jefferson co., 
 Pennsylvania, 22 miles S. by E. from Clarion. 
 
 Pine Creek, a post-ofl&ce of Tioga co., Pa. 
 
 Pine Creek, a post-of&ce of Gilmer co.,Va. 
 
 Pine Creek, a post-office of Calhoun co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Pine Creek, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Ogle co., Illinois. Population, 924. 
 
 Pine Flat, a post-office of Bossier par., La. 
 
 Pine Grove, a post-office of Steuben co., 
 New York. 
 
 Pine Grove, a small village of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 15 miles S. W. from 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Pine Grove, a village of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 miles E. S. E. from Mercer. 
 
 Pine Grove, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. 
 Total population, 2611. 
 
 Pine Grove, a post-borough in the above 
 township, on Swatara creek, at the head of 
 navigation of the Union canal, 40 miles N.E. 
 from Harrisburg. It is the principal ship- 
 ping point for the coal which is obtained 
 from the extensive mines of the Swatara 
 coalfield. The strata vary in depth from 5 
 to 30 feet. A railroad has been constructed 
 from the town to the mines. Population in 
 1850, 646 ; in 185.S, about 700. 
 
 Pine Grove, a township of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, 60 miles S. S. E. from Erie. 
 Population, 690. 
 
 Pine Grove, a township of Warren co., 
 Pennsylvania, 8 miles N. from Warren. Po- 
 pulation, 1531. 
 
 Pine Grove, a post-office of Wetzel co., Va. 
 
 Pine Grove, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Pine Grove, a post-office of St. Tammany 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Pine Grove, a post-office of Clarke co., Ky. 
 
 Pine Grove, a post-office of Gallia co., 0. 
 
 Pine Grove, a town of Sierra co., Califor- 
 nia. Population, 504. 
 
 Pine Grove Mills, a post-village of Centre 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 90 miles N. AV. from Har- 
 risburg. It contains three stores. 
 
 Pine Hill, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Pine Hill, a village in Elba township, 
 fienesee co.. New York It contains three 
 churches, and several stores. 
 926 
 
 Pine Hill, a post-office of Ulster co., N.Y. 
 
 Pine Hill, a post-office of York co.. Pa. 
 
 Pine Hill, a small village of Jefferson co., 
 Georgia, 4 miles from Louisville. 
 
 Pine Hill, a post-village of Talbot co., 
 Ga., about 25 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Pine Hill, a post-office of Wilcox co.,Ala. 
 
 Pine Hill, a post-office of Washita parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Pine Hill, a post-office of Rusk co., Texas. 
 
 Pine Lake, Wisconsin, in Waukesha co. 
 Length, two miles and a quarter; breadth, 
 three quarters of a mile. 
 
 Pine Lake, a post-office of Oakland co., 
 Michigan, 28 miles N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 PiNELAND, a post-office of Meigs co.,Tenn. 
 
 Pine Level, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Pine Lick, a post-office of Clark co., Ind. 
 
 Pine Log, a post-office of Cass co., Ga. 
 
 Pine Meadow, a post-office of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Pine Plain, a post-township in Allegau 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 34. 
 
 Pine Plains, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Dutchess co.. New York. Pop., 1416. 
 
 Pine Plains, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 50 miles S. by E. from Al- 
 bany. It contains a bank, and has several 
 hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Pine Plains, a post-office of Ocean co., N. J. 
 
 Pine Ridge, a post-office of Decatur co., Ga. 
 
 Pine River, a small stream of Carroll co., 
 in the E. part of New Hampshire, falls into 
 the Ossipee lake. 
 
 Pine River, of Michigan, rises near the 
 border of Gratiot co., and flowing north-east- 
 ward, enters theTittibawassee, in Midland co. 
 
 Pine River, a small stream of Richland 
 CO., Wisconsin, flows into Wisconsin river. 
 
 Pine River, a post-township of Waushara 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Piner's Cross Roads, a post-office of Ken- 
 ton CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Pine Run, a post-office of Genesee co.,Mich. 
 
 Pine's Bridge, a post-office of Westchester 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pine Street, a post-office of Elk co.. Pa. 
 
 PiNETOWN, a post-office of Cherokee CO., Tex. 
 
 PiNETEEE, a post-office of Upshur co., Tex. 
 
 Pine Valley, a post-office of Chemung co., 
 New York. 
 
 Pine VALLEY,apost-office of Warren co.,Pa. 
 
 Pine Valley, a post-office of Yallabusha 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Pine Valley, a township of La Crosse co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 PiNEViEW, a post-office of Fauquier co., Va. 
 
 PiNEViLLE, a post-office of Gloucester co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 PiNEViLLE, a post-village of Bucks co.. Pa. 
 
 PiNEVTLLE, a post-office of Mecklenburg 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 PiNEViLLE, a post-village in Charleston 
 district. South Carolina, 75 miles S. E. from 
 Columbia. 
 
PIN 
 
 PIS 
 
 PiNEVitLE, a small post-village of Marion 
 CO., Ga., about 30 miles S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 PiNEViLLE, a post- village in Marengo co. Ala. 
 
 PiNEViLLE, a post-office of Bossier par., La. 
 
 PiNEViLLE, a post-office of Hocking co., 0. 
 
 PiNEViLLE, a post- village of McDonald co., 
 Missouri, on Elk river, which is navigable 
 for small boats. 
 
 PiNEWOODS, a post-office of Madison co. ,N. Y. 
 
 PiNEY, a post-township of Clarion co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 910. 
 
 PiNET, a post-township in Johnson co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 290. 
 
 PiNEY Creek, of Arkansas, rises near the 
 N. extremity of Pope county, and flows into 
 the Arkansas river from the left, on the W. 
 border of the same county. Little Piney 
 creek unites with it about 10 miles S. E. from 
 Clarksville. 
 
 Piney Creek, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Piney Fork, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 488. 
 
 Piney Green, a small post- village of Onslow 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Piney Grove, a post-office of Sampson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Piney Grove, a post-office of Hardeman 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Piney Head, a post-office of Appling co., Ga. 
 
 Piney Point, at the E. side of the Potomac 
 river, about 14 miles from its mouth. On it 
 is a fixed light, 25 feet high. 
 
 Piney River, a small stream in the W. 
 central part of Tennessee, flows into Duck 
 river, from the right, in Hickman county. 
 
 Piney River, or Big Piney, of Jlissouri. 
 See Gasconade. 
 
 PiNGREE Grove, a post-office of Kane co., HI. 
 
 PiNHOOK, a small village of Wayne co.,Tenn. 
 
 PiNHOOK, a post-office of Fleming co., Ky. 
 
 PiNHOOK, a post-offic,e of Lawrence co., Ind. 
 
 PinkHill, a post- village of Lenoir co., N. C. 
 
 Pink Hill, a post-office of Marshall co. Miss. 
 
 Pin Island Bayou, Texas, flows into the 
 Neches river from the W., a few miles N. from 
 Beaumont. 
 
 PiNKNEY, see PiNCKNEY. 
 
 PiNNELLViLLE, a post-office of Jones CO. Miss. 
 
 PiNOAK, a post-village in Dubuque co., 
 Iowa, 80 miles N. E. by N. from Iowa City. 
 
 PiNTLALA, or PiNTELALA, Creek of Alabama, 
 flows into Alabama river, from the S. E., 16 
 miles below Montgomery. 
 
 PiNTLALA, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Pintleb's Corners, a post-office of Ottawa 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 PiNTOCKY, a post-office of Hancock co.Miss. 
 
 Piny. See Piney. 
 
 Pioneer, a post-office of Williams co., Ohio. 
 
 Pioneer, a post-office of Greene co.,Ill. 
 
 Pioneer Grove, a post-village in Cedar 
 CO., Iowa, 2-5 miles N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Pioneer Mills, a post-office of Cabarras 
 CO., North Carolina, 155 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Pipe Greek, in the N. part of Maryland, 
 rises in Carroll county, flows westward and 
 south-westward, and enters the Monocacy 
 river, in the N. central part of Frederick 
 county. Little Pipe creek enters the stream 
 just described, a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Pipe Creek, of Erie co., Ohio, flows into 
 Sandusky bay, near Sandusky. 
 
 Pipe Creek, of Indiana, a good stream for 
 mills, flows from the S. into the Wabash 
 river, 7 miles above Logansport. 
 
 Pipe Creek, of Indiana, an affluent of 
 White river in Madison county. 
 
 Pipe Creek, a post-township in Madison 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1502. 
 
 Pipe Creek, a township in Miami co., In- 
 diana. Population, 504. 
 
 Piper's Gap, a post-office of Carroll co., Va. 
 
 PiPERSviLLE, a post-office of Bucks co., Pa. 
 
 Pipestone, a post-office of Berrien co., Mich. 
 
 PiQUA, a flourishing post-town of Washing- 
 ton township, Miami county, Ohio, is beau- 
 tifully situated on the right (W.) bank of the 
 Great Miami river, 76 miles W. from Colum- 
 bus, and 78 miles N. from Cincinnati. It is 
 laid out with broad streets and uniform 
 blocks. The Miami river describes a cui-ve 
 at this place leaving a level plateau between 
 its margin and the town, while the opposite 
 bank presents a somewhat abrupt acclivity. 
 The town contains about 10 churches, a bank, 
 and a town hall. Three newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The Miami canal connects it 
 with Cincinnati and Toledo ; and the river 
 afl"ords abundant water-power. A large 
 amount of produce is shipped at this place. 
 There are numerous mills and factories of 
 various kinds in operation here, in some of 
 which steam-power is used. The Dayton 
 and Michigan railroad intersects the Colum- 
 bus Piqua and Indiana railroad, at this 
 place. Two bridges across the river connect 
 Piqua with Rossville and Huntersville. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 3277; in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 PiQUEA, a post- village of Lancaster co.. Pa. 
 
 PiscAssiCK river, a small stream of Rock- 
 ingham and Strafford counties, in the S. E. 
 part of New Hampshire, falls into Lamprey 
 river. 
 
 PiscATAQUA river is formed by the waters 
 of the Salmon falls, the Cocheco, and several 
 other streams in Strafford county. New Hamp- 
 shire, and running a S. S. E. course, falls into 
 the Atlantic ocean, about 3 miles below Ports- 
 mouth. Through its whole length it forms 
 the boundary between Maine and New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Piscataquis River, a good mill stream of 
 Maine, rises in Somerset county, and flowing 
 easterly through Piscataquis county, falls 
 into the Penobscot river, in Penobscot coun- 
 ty, near the centre of the state. Its length 
 is about 65 miles. 
 
 Piscataquis, a county forming the N. ex- 
 tremity of Maine, has an area of about 5500 
 square miles. It contains numerous lakes, 
 
 927 
 
PIS 
 
 PIT 
 
 the principal of wliich are Moosehead lake, 
 the source of the Kennebec river, and Che- 
 suncook lake. It is drained by the head 
 "waters of the St. John's and Piscataquis 
 rivers, and traversed by the Penobscot. 
 Most of the northern part of the county is 
 still a densely wooded wilderness. The sur- 
 face is generally undulating, with some moun- 
 tains, of which the principal is Mount Katah- 
 din. The soil is fertile, especially along the 
 Piscataquis river. Lumber, Indian corn, pota- 
 toes, oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 48,925 bushels of corn ; 
 147,034 of potatoes ; 171,220 of oats; 21,746 
 tons of hay, and 349,576 pounds of butter. 
 There were 2 flannel factories, 1 woollen 
 factory, 1 iron foundry, 3 grist mills, 14 saw 
 and planing mills, and 2 slate quarries. It 
 contained 19 churches, 6055 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 803 attending academies 
 or other schools. Organized in 1838. Capi- 
 tal, Dover. Population, 14,735. 
 
 PiscATAQUOG river, of Hillsborough co., 
 in the S. part of New Hampshire, falls into 
 the Merrimack river. 
 
 PiscATAWAY, a township of Middlesex co., 
 New Jersey, distant from New Brunswick 
 about 5 iniles. Population, 2875. 
 
 PiscATAWAT, a village in the above township, 
 formerly the county seat for Somerset and Mid- 
 dlesex counties, contains 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 PiscATAWAT, a post-village of Prince 
 George's co., Maryland, on the Piscataway 
 river, 16 miles S. from Washington. 
 
 PiscoiA, a post-office of Lowndes co., Ga. 
 
 PiSECO, or PizECO, a small village of Ha- 
 milton CO., New York, at the N. E. end of the 
 lake of its own name, 73 miles N. N. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 PisEGO, PizEco, or Pezeeco Lake, New 
 York, in the S. part of Hamilton county, is 6 
 miles long, and from IJ to 2 miles wide : it is 
 the source of Sacondaga river. 
 
 PiSGAH, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 PisGAH, a post-office of Cole co., Mo. 
 
 PisGAH, a village in Union co., Iowa, 150 
 miles S. W. by AV. from Iowa City. 
 
 Pishon's Ferry, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 PisHTAKA. See Fox River. 
 
 PiTCAiEN, a post-township of St. Lavn"ence 
 CO., New York, 31 miles S. S. W. from Canton. 
 Population, -503. 
 
 Pitcher, a post-township on the W. border 
 of Chenango co.. New York. Pop., 1403. 
 
 Pitcher, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Otselic river, 16 miles W. N. W. from 
 Norwich. 
 
 Pitcher Springs, a post-village of Che- 
 nango CO., New York, about 125 miles W. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Pitch Landing, a post-village in Hertford 
 
 CO., N. C, 110 miles N. E. by E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Pitman, a post-office of Schuylkill co.. Pa. 
 
 Put, a county in the E. central part of 
 North Carolina: area estimated at 650 square 
 928 
 
 miles. It is intersected by Tar river and 
 Contentney creek. The surface is nearly 
 level ; the soil is generally sandy. Indian 
 corn, potatoes, and pork are the staples. 
 Tar, turpentine, and other products of the 
 pine are exported. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 458,478 bushels of corn, and 165,352 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 12 corn and 
 flour mills, 23 tar and turpentine manufacto- 
 ries, and 1 turpentine distillery. It contained 
 13 churches ; 1035 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 56 attending other schools. The 
 Tar river is navigable for small boats. Capi- 
 tal, Greenville. The county was formed from 
 Beaufort as early as 1 760, and named in honor 
 ofthe celebrated William Pitt, afterwards Earl 
 of Chatham. Population, 13,397, of whom 
 6764 were free, and 6633, slaves. 
 
 Pittmansville, a small village of Taylor 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Pitt's Lake, in the S. part of Oregon, near 
 118° W. Ion., and 42° 10' N. lat. Length, 
 about 40 miles ; greatest breadth, ] miles. 
 
 Pitt River rises in Shasta county, in the 
 N. part of California, near the foot of the 
 Sierra Nevada, and running in a general S. 
 W. course, falls into Sacramento river, about 
 10 miles N. of Shasta city. 
 
 PiTTSBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of 
 Chatham county. North Carolina, 34 miles W. 
 from Raleigh, and a few miles W. from Haw 
 river. It contains a court house recently 
 built, 2 or 3 churches, an academy, and se- 
 veral stores. 
 
 PiTTSBOROUGH, a Small post-village of Hen- 
 dricks CO., Indiana, on Whitelick creek, 19 
 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Pittsburg, a post-township in Coos co., 
 New Hampshire, 135 miles N. by E. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 425. 
 
 Pittsburg, a city, port of entry, and seat 
 of justice of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, 
 is situated at the confluence of the Alleghany 
 and Monongahela rivers, which here form the 
 Ohio, 357 miles W. from Philadelphia ; 477 
 N. E. by E. from Cincinnati; 1174 E. N. E. 
 from St. Louis, and 2025 miles N. E. from New 
 Orleans. Lat. 40° 32' N., Ion. 80° 2' W. The 
 site comprises the triangular plain enclosed 
 by the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, 
 Grant's Hill, and several other elevations, 
 which terminate the plain on the E. The 
 general outline and many other features of 
 this city bear a striking resemblance to the 
 lower part of New York. Along the Monon- 
 gahela the streets were laid out at right an- 
 gles to each other, and extend either parallel 
 or perpendicular to the river. The same plan 
 was also adopted on the Alleghany side, by 
 which arrangement the cross streets meet 
 obliquely a few squares S. from the latter 
 stream. The space included within these 
 limits was found insufficient to meet the re- 
 quirements of the rapidly increasing popula- 
 tion, which soon extended itself to the oppo- 
 site shores. Here have sprung up several 
 
PIT 
 
 IPIT 
 
 large and flourishing towns, the most import- 
 ant of which are Alleghany City and Man- 
 chester, situated directly opposite the junc- 
 tion of the Alleghany river with the Ohio, and 
 Birmingham, on the left bank of the Monon- 
 gahela. In commercial and social interests, 
 all these are identical witli the city proper, 
 and we should do Pittsburg injustice not to 
 consider them as a part of the same com- 
 munity. The site of the city is a natural 
 amphitheatre, being environed on all sides by 
 beautiful hills, rising from 400 to 500 feet 
 above the level of the Ohio, and filled with 
 coal, iron, and limestone, the working of 
 which into articles of utility constitutes the 
 chief occupation of the inhabitants. These 
 hills are not, except in a few instances, pre- 
 cipitous, and from their slopes and peaks 
 afford a series of rich and varied landscapes. 
 The scenery is in a most interesting manner 
 strengthened in color by the fertility of the 
 soil, which continues to the very summits. 
 There is nothing of barrenness visible ; vegeta- 
 tion in the forests, meadows, fields, orchards, 
 and gardens, exhibits one panorama of abun- 
 dance and beauty. 
 
 Pittsburg is handsomely built, principally 
 of brick, and in the eastern section contains 
 many beautiful residences. Indeed, no more 
 delightful place of residence could be found 
 than this, were it not for the disagreeable in- 
 conveniences arising from the use of bitu- 
 minous coal. From innumerable chimneys 
 are belched forth dense volumes of smoke, 
 which fills the air for miles around, soiling 
 the garments of persons in the streets, and 
 discoloring the buildings, giving them a dark 
 and sooty appearance. 
 
 Many of the public edifices of this city 
 are splendid specimens of architecture. Of 
 these, however, our limits will permit us 
 to mention only a few. The court house, 
 occupying the summit of Grant's Hill, is a 
 massive stone structure of the Grecian Doric 
 order, 165 feet long and 100 feet deep, 
 adorned in front with a portico. The dome, 
 which is 37 feet in diameter at the base, and 
 148 feet from the ground, affords a view in 
 the highest degree varied and picturesque. 
 The entire cost of the building was about 
 $200,000. The new custom house, at the 
 corner of Smithfield and Fifth streets, is a 
 very large and costly building of freestone. 
 It is now nearly completed, and contains an 
 apartment for the city post-office, in addition to 
 those appropriated to the business of the Unit- 
 ed States customs. Pittsburg has one of the 
 finest hotels — the Monongahela House — in the 
 United States, or perhaps in the world. It is 
 a costly brick edifice, square, six stories high, 
 and extends from Smithfield street to Water 
 street, fronting the Monongahela river. Two 
 fine market houses are now nearly completed, 
 one of which is to contain a hall for public 
 use, from 200 to 250 feet long, and about 100 
 feet wide. There are numerous other build- 
 3i 
 
 ings deserving of notice, among which is the 
 Pittsburg Theatre, a large edifice, with a very 
 handsome front. The Western Penitentiary 
 of Pennsylvania is located in Alleghany City, 
 fronting on Ohio street. It is an immense 
 stone building, in the ancient Norman style, 
 and cost, at the time of its erection in 1827, 
 $183,000. In front is a fine lawn. The 
 Uited States Arsenal at Lawrenceville, on the 
 left bank of the Alleghany river, about 2J 
 miles above Pittsburg, is an elegant edifice 
 of stone, enclosed by spacious and beautifully 
 ornamented grounds. 
 
 Pittsburg and its suburbs contain about 90 
 churches, of which upwards of 50 are in the 
 city proper. Many of these are choice spe- 
 cimens of architectural beauty. The Catho- 
 lic cathedral, at tlie corner of Grant and 
 Fifth streets, near the court house, is a magni- 
 ficent bi'ick edifice, adorned with a lofty spire. 
 St. Peter's church, (Episcopal,) also situated 
 on Grant street, opposite the court house, is 
 a fine Gothic structure, similar to St. Mark's 
 church. Locust street, Philadelphia. Occupy- 
 ing the summit of Grant's Hill, these churches 
 and the court house are imposing objects to 
 one approaching the city from the Ohio. The 
 First Presbyterian church, now being erected 
 of freestone, on Wood street, when completed, 
 will be one of the finest church edifices, it is 
 said, in the United States. 
 
 The principal benevolent institutions are 
 the Mercy Hospital, on Locust street; the 
 Western Pennsylvania Hospital, a fine brick 
 edifice, between Fisk and Ferguson streets, 
 near Smith street, in the eastern part of Alle- 
 ghany City, and two orphan asylums. 
 
 Among the literary and educational insti- 
 tutions may be mentioned the Theological 
 Seminary of the Associate Reformed Church, 
 founded at Pittsburg in 1828, and the Western 
 Theological Seminary, in Alleghany City, both 
 of which are in a highly prosperous condition. 
 The latter, also established in 1828, under 
 the direction of the Presbyterians, is situ- 
 ated on a prominent elevation commanding a 
 view of the river and surrounding scenery. 
 The edifice is 140 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 
 4 stories high, with wings three stories high. 
 There are also several literary associations, 
 of less prominence, most of which have fine 
 libraries. The Western University of Penn- 
 sylvania, formerly located here, was de- 
 stroyed by the great fire of 1845, since which 
 it has ceased to exist. Within a few years 
 past, an increased interest has been manifested 
 in the subject of popular education. There 
 are now upwards of 50 schools in the city, 
 and nearly an equal number in the suburbs 
 annually attended by about 12,000 pupils. 
 The periodical press of Pittsburg is remark- 
 able, especially for a city of such recent ori- 
 gin. There are now about 25 offices issuing 
 newspapers and other publications, 11 of 
 which are dailies. Three or four newspa- 
 pers are also published in Alleghany City. 
 
 929 
 
PIT 
 
 PIT 
 
 The commerce of the port is very exten- 
 sive, and deserving of particular attention. 
 The principal harbor is furnished by the Mo- 
 nongahela river, which has a greater depth 
 of water than the Alleghany. The Ohio is 
 navigable to the confluence of these streams 
 for boats of light draught, except at short 
 periods of very dry seasons, and a few days 
 of the severest winters. It is not navigable, 
 however, for boats of the largest class during 
 any considerable portion of the year. The 
 steamboats, therefore, constructed at Pitts- 
 burg, are adapted to the lowest possible 
 draught of water, in order that they may 
 transact business most of the entire year. 
 Communicating with the Ohio and Mississippi 
 valleys by means of the navigable waters of 
 the Ohio river, and connected by railways 
 and canals with the great lakes on the one 
 hand, and with Philadelphia and the Atlan- 
 tic on the other, Pittsburg is not only the 
 great entrepot of the entire trade of Penn- 
 sylvania with the West, but merchandise 
 to a large amount from New York, destined 
 for the cities along the Ohio and Mississippi, 
 annually passes through this emporium. Be- 
 sides its other great advantages, Pittsburg is 
 about to derive important benefits from nu- 
 merous railways which will soon go into ope- 
 ration in various portions of Western Penn- 
 sylvania. One of the most important of these 
 is the Pittsburg and Olean railroad, which 
 will communicate with some of the best agri- 
 cultural counties in the state. To connect 
 with this route, another road is about to be 
 constructed from BuflFalo to Olean, thereby 
 connecting the western termini of the Penn- 
 sylvania canals with the western termini of 
 the New Yoi'k canals, and the head of Ohio 
 navigation with the great port at the east- 
 ern terminus of navigation on Lake Erie. 
 
 The enrolled and licensed tonnage of the 
 district, June 30, 1852, according to the 
 custom-house returns, amounted to an ag- 
 gregate of 64,156f I tons, of which 57,782|| 
 were employed in steam navigation. In steam 
 tonnage, therefore, Pittsburg is the third city 
 in the Union, being surpassed only by New 
 Orleans and New York. 
 
 The following comparative statement ex- 
 hibits a few of the leading articles imported 
 into Pittsburg by canal during the three 
 years named, each ending December 31 : — 
 
 Abticles. 
 
 1852. 
 
 1847. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Produce not specified, lbs... 
 
 358,231 
 43,087 
 
 237,616 
 17,102,061 
 36.117,244 
 17,8a5,702 
 17,457,75:) 
 •i0,2'25,558 
 
 814, .300 
 U,2.32,6;« 
 15,292,015 
 
 158,500 
 32,644 
 
 1,257,620 
 
 21,360 
 
 312,239 
 
 9,927,605 
 
 23,201,074 
 
 7,K)3,925 
 
 14,501,693 
 
 21,97^,353 
 
 124,6(52 
 
 14,942,390 
 
 4,3.97 
 
 15,8»!.611 
 
 871.500 
 
 i9,oe.o 
 
 
 
 10,290,993 
 12,651,818 
 6,923,856 
 10,522,463 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13,890,707 
 
 2,833,879 
 
 575,402 
 
 19,600 
 
 " bars and sheet, lbs.... 
 Nails and spikes, lbs 
 
 
 
 93C 
 
 A comparative statement exhibiting a few 
 of the leading articles exported from Pitts- 
 burg by canal during the three years named : — 
 
 Cotton, lbs 
 
 Hemp, lbs 
 
 Toba.cco, unmanufactured, lbs 
 
 Groceries, lbs 
 
 Hardware, cutlery, lbs.... 
 Iron, pig, lbs 
 
 " castings, lbs 
 
 " blooms, lbs 
 
 Cast steel, lbs 
 
 Lead, lbs 
 
 Nails and spikes, lbs 
 
 Bacon, lbs 
 
 Beef and pork, bbls 
 
 Butter, lbs 
 
 Flour, bbls 
 
 Lard and lard oil, lbs 
 
 Tallow, lbs 
 
 1,670,922 
 
 1,165,0.57 
 
 20,490,918 
 
 1,724,070 
 
 433,669 
 
 16.557,572 
 
 607,995 
 
 411,620 
 
 7,364,4.36 
 
 5,000 
 
 3,033,036 
 
 39,586,694 
 
 10,367 
 
 434,495 
 
 1,056,138 
 
 3,311.618 
 
 14.777,059 
 
 1,978.822 
 
 246,897 
 
 65,537 
 
 250,910 
 
 13,8.36 
 
 549,416 
 
 188.078 
 
 51,760 
 
 12,713,427 
 
 41,225 
 
 747,645 
 
 297,940 
 
 5,319,378 
 
 62,946 
 
 1,000.971 
 
 I,2.'!7,886 
 
 24,696,742 
 
 1,57J,889 
 
 239,353 
 
 i 2,675,341 
 
 333,702 
 
 319.736 
 
 325,085 
 
 82,732 
 
 21,661,236 
 
 19,620 
 
 800,265 
 
 156.412 
 
 2,929,286 
 
 291,313 
 
 On the average, these figures indicate a 
 very gratifying increase in the canal com- 
 merce of the city, but especially in the iron 
 trade for 1852. In this fact, and in the 
 greatly increased importations of dry goods 
 and groceries, may be seen the evidence of 
 the stimulation which the advanced prices 
 have already imparted to the iron manu- 
 factures. 
 
 The receipts at Pittsburg by the Pennsyl- 
 vania railroad, for the year 1851. amounted 
 to 15,259,619 tons, and for 1852, '36,378,281 
 tons, of which 19,947,103 were dry goods, 
 against 8,578,985 tons of similar commodi- 
 ties the previous year. 
 
 The extent of the steamboat commerce car- 
 ried on through the Ohio, or the entire value 
 of the exports and imports of Pittsburg, we 
 are unable to determine, not having been 
 able to procure statistics upon these subjects. 
 We are assured, however, by intelligent 
 gentlemen of that city, that the trade of 1853 
 will show an increase of at least 33^ per 
 cent, over that of any previous year. Should 
 this seem exaggerated, some idea of the 
 rapid growth in the river trade may be gained 
 from the fact that during the year 1852 there 
 were constructed at the various yards of 
 Pittsburg no less than 69 steamers, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 15,000 tons, all of 
 which found sufficient and lucrative employ- 
 ment. Statistics also show that as many as 
 one boat a .week on the average has been 
 completed at these yards for several years 
 past. Owing to the increased facilities of 
 communication, the trade with the lakes has 
 doubled itself every year since 1844. 
 
 The manufactures of Pittsburg are im- 
 mense, and capable of being extended almost 
 indefinitely. Indeed there isnoknownlimits to 
 the elements necessary to their augmentation. 
 Wood, coal, ores, and agricultural resources, 
 all abound in the utmost profusion and at 
 the greatest possible convenience. Accord- 
 ing to a memorial presented to Congress on 
 behalf of the ironmasters of Pennsylvania, 
 there were in the city and vicinity, in 1850, 
 16 establishments for the manufacture of 
 
PIT 
 
 PIT 
 
 iron, comprising 129 puddling furnaces, 85 
 heating furnaces, 59 trains for rolling iron, 
 and 246 nail machines. Number of hands 
 employed, 2161. Material annually consum- 
 ed, 4,152,300 bushels of bituminous coal; 
 900 cords of wood; 50,366 tons of pig iron; 
 10,780 tons of bloom, and 4750 tons of scrap 
 iron. Annual produce, 62,982 tons, consist- 
 ing of bar, rod, hoop, boiler, and sheet iron, 
 sheet steel, bar steel, nails, spikes, rods, 
 shafts, anchors, and axles. All these works are 
 operated by steam-power. Among tbe above, 
 the rolling-mill of G. & J. H. Shoenberger 
 may be mentioned as one of the most exten- 
 sive. It comprised 14 puddling furnaces, 12 
 heating furnaces, 5 trains for rolling, 50 nail 
 machines, and consumed annually 410,000 
 bushels bituminous coal, 5000 tons pig iron, 
 and bloom and scrap 1000 tons each — pro- 
 ducing 5500 tons of manufactured iron. Gaff, 
 Lindsay & Co., Lyon, Shorb & Co., and Bai- 
 ley, Brown & Co., also have large establish- 
 ments, each producing from 4000 to 5000 tons 
 of manufactured iron annually. 
 
 There were also in Pittsburg, in 1850, 
 30 large foundries and several smaller 
 ones, with a capital of $2,000,000, yielding 
 goods to the value of $2,000,000 annually ; 
 33 manufactories of glassware, 8 of which 
 produced flint glass annually amounting to 
 $400,000; 5 white-lead factories, turning out 
 150,000 kegs, worth $200,000 ; 5 large cotton 
 factories, and a number of smaller ones — 
 capital, $1,500,000, yielding goods to the 
 value of about $1,600,000 yearly; 1 copper- 
 rolling mill and 1 copper-smelting establish- 
 ment, annually producing $400,000 worth of 
 various kinds of copper. Besides these, there 
 were 7 vial furnaces, 2 extensive manufactories 
 of locks, coffee-mills, scales, &c., and several 
 for the production of various articles of steel 
 manufacture, such as springs, saws, axes, an- 
 vils, and vices ; and others for making gun- 
 barrels and agricultural utensils. About 
 12,000,000 bushels of coal were annually con- 
 sumed, and an equal quantity exported to 
 neighboring markets, furnishing employment 
 to 4000 persons. By the census of 1850, there 
 were 819 manufactories in Pittsburg, and 120 
 in Alleghany city, employing 10, 253 hands, and 
 producing goods to the value of $11,883,427. 
 There is, however, but little room to doubt 
 that this is greatly understated. All statistics 
 since compiled show very different results ; 
 and it is not improbable that the manufac- 
 tures of 1853 will exceed $25,000,000. In 
 1840 there were in operation in Pittsburg 
 and Alleghany city 32 furnaces and forges, 
 Avith a capital of $1,437,000 ; the total capi- 
 tal then employed in manufactures was stated 
 at $2,784,594. 
 
 There are 4 banks in Pittsburg, the condi- 
 tion of which, in November, 1852, was as 
 follows: — Bills discounted, $3,670,248; spe- 
 cie and treasury notes, $495,433 ; due by 
 other banks, $743,726 ; notes and checks of 
 
 other banks, $122,309 ; real estate and per- 
 sonal property, $114,669; bonds and mort- 
 gnges, and other securities, $78,727 ; stocks, 
 $500 ; total resources, $6,010,769. 
 
 Pittsburg communicates with Alleghany 
 city by means of three substantial bridges on 
 piers and one wire suspension-bridge, and by 
 a suspension-bridge and steam-ferry with 
 Birmingham. Water of the purest quality is in- 
 troduced from the Alleghany river. The re- 
 servoir, occupying an eminence N. E. of the 
 court house, has a greater elevation probably 
 than that of any similar reservoir in America, 
 being 396 feet above the level of the Ohio. It 
 is of great capacity, and supplied by steam- 
 power. Gas, manufactured from bituminous 
 coal, is furnished at a comparatively trifling 
 cost, for lighting the city. The Alleghany 
 cemetery, on the Alleghany river, 2 miles 
 above Pittsburg, is one of the most beautiful 
 places of the kind in the world. It comprises 
 110 acres, tastefully adorned, and enclosed 
 by a wall of stone masonry. 
 
 Pittsburg is divided into 9 wards, and Al- 
 leghany City into 4, each town being go- 
 verned by a mayor and common council. 
 
 History. — Fort Du Quesne, a French 
 trading post, erected in 1754, formerly oc- 
 cupied the site where Pittsburg now stands. 
 In 1758 an English expedition marched 
 against this post, which was then regarded 
 by the youthful Washington as the key of the 
 West. An advanced detachment under Cap- 
 tain Grant having encamped on what is still 
 known as Grant's Hill, was attacked and 
 defeated by a party of French and Indians. 
 But on the approach of General Forbes, with 
 a force of 6200 men, the disheartened gar- 
 rison set fire to the fort and descended the 
 Ohio. The victorious troops, on entei'ing, 
 November 25th, by general acclamation 
 called the place Pittsburg, in honor of Pitt, 
 then prime minister. Pittsburg was founded 
 in 1765. It became a county town in 1791, 
 was incorporated a borough in 1804, and 
 chartered as a city in 1816. April 10th, 1845, 
 a great fire consumed a large part of the 
 town, causing a destruction of property to 
 the amount of $9,000,000. Notwithstanding 
 this terrible calamity, the city has continued 
 to increase in wealth and population almost 
 beyond parallel. Population in 1810, 4768; 
 1820, 7248; 1830, 12,542; 1840, 21,115— 
 Alleghany City, 10,089 — Birmingham, 1554; 
 city proper, in 1850, 46,601 — Alleghany 
 City, 21,261 — Birmingham, 3742. By a local 
 census, in January, 1853, Pittsburg and its 
 suburbs contained a population of 110,241. 
 
 PiTTSBUEG, a post- village in Johnson co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Pittsburg, a flourishing village of CarroP 
 county, Indiana, on the Wabash river, oppo- 
 site Delphi. It has great water-power, pre 
 duced by a dam across the river, and contains 
 a foundry, woollen factory, and several mills. 
 Population, 330. 
 
 931 
 
PIT 
 
 PIT 
 
 PiTTSBUEG, a post-village of Hickory co., 
 Mo., about 85 miles S. W. from Jefferson city. 
 
 Pittsburg, a small post-village of Van Bu- 
 ren co., Iowa, on the right bank of Des 
 Moines river, 78 miles S. S. W. of Iowa City. 
 
 PiTTSFiELD, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, about 35 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1166. 
 
 PiTTSFiELD, a post-village in Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, 12 miles N. E. from Con- 
 cord, has 1 bank. Pop. of township, 1828. 
 
 PiTTSFiELD, a post-township in Rutland 
 CO., Vermont, 40 miles S. S. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 512. 
 
 PiTTSFiELD, a flourishing post-town of 
 Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on the 
 Western railroad, at the northern terminus 
 of the Housatonic railroad, and southern ter- 
 minus of the Pittsfield and North Adams 
 railroad, 151 miles W. from Boston, and 49 
 miles E. S. E. from Albany. Lat. 42° 26' 55" 
 N., Ion. 73° 15' 36" W. It is delightfully 
 situated at an elevation of upwards of a 
 thousand feet above the level of the sea, and 
 is handsomely laid out with streets intersect- 
 ing each other at right angles. In the centre 
 is a fine public square, on which front the 
 principal hotels, the Berkshire Medical School, 
 a flourishing institution founded in 1823, 
 and the First Congregational church, com- 
 pleted in 1853. The latter is an elegant 
 stone edifice, in the Gothic style. The South- 
 street Congregational church is also a fine 
 building. Pittsfield contains 8 churches, 
 viz. 3 Congregational, 2 Methodist, 1 Bap- 
 tist, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Roman Catholic ; a 
 bank, 3 newspaper offices, 3 railroad depots, 
 and about 60 stores. The Young Ladies' In- 
 stitute, a very flourishing institution, occu- 
 pies 3 handsome edifices, situate in the midst 
 of spacious and beautifully ornamented 
 grounds. The manufactures of Pittsfield are 
 extensive, employing a large amount of ca- 
 pital. The leading articles are cotton and 
 woollen goods, machinery, rnilroad cars, fire- 
 arms, &c. Incorporated in 1761, and named 
 in honor of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. 
 Population of the township in 1840, 3747; 
 in 1850, 5872; and in 1853, about 6500. 
 
 Pittsfield, a post-township of Otsego co.. 
 New York, on the left bank of the Unadilla 
 river, 86 miles W. from Albany. Pop., 1591. 
 
 Pittsfield, a post-township of Warren co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 40 miles S. E. by E. from 
 Erie. Population, 756. 
 
 Pittsfield,' a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Big Brokenstraw 
 creek, 220 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. It 
 has been built since 1840. 
 
 Pittsfield, a small village of Henry co., 
 Ga., 75 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Pittsfield, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Lorain co., Ohio; intersected by the 
 West branch of Black river. Pop., 1088. 
 
 Pittsfield, a post-township in Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 1232. 
 932 
 
 Pittsfield, a post- village of Washtenaw co., 
 Mich., about 40 miles W. by S. from Detroit. 
 
 Pittsfield, a neat and thriving post- village, 
 capital of Pike county, Illinois, is situated on 
 a prairie, 70 miles W. lay S. from Springfield. 
 It is surrounded by a rich farming country, 
 diversified by prairies and timbered lands. 
 It contains a court house, several churches, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. Population in 1853, 
 about 800. 
 
 Pittsfield, a township in Brown co., Wis- 
 consin. Population, 198. 
 
 PiTTSFORD, a post-viUage of Rutland co., 
 Vermont, 45 miles S. W. from Montpelier, on 
 the Rutland and Burlington railroad, contains 
 several churches. Pop. of the township, 2026. 
 
 PiTTSFORD, a post-village in Pittsford town- 
 ship, Monroe county, New York, on the Erie 
 canal and the Rochester and Syracuse rail- 
 road, 10 miles S. E. from Rochester. It con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches, and several warehouses. 
 Population of the township, 2061. 
 
 PiTTSFORD, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Hillsdale co., Michigan. Population, 1223. 
 
 PiTTSGEOTE, a post-township of Salem co.. 
 New Jersey, about 55 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Trenton. Population, 1151. 
 
 Pitt's Point, a post-office of Bullitt co., Ky. 
 
 PiTTSTON, a post-township in Kennebec co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec river, 
 about 15 miles S. by E. from Augusta. It ia 
 noted for its shipbuilding. Pop. 2823. 
 
 PiTTSTON, a post-township of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. E. from 
 Wilkesbarre. Population, 4049. 
 
 PiTTSTON, a flourishing post-village in the 
 above township, on the North branch of the 
 Susquehanna, just below the mouth of the 
 Lackawanna river, 9 or 10 miles above Wilkes- 
 barre. It is situated in the Valley of Wyo- 
 ming, and in the vicinity of rich mines of 
 anthracite coal. The village owes its rapid 
 growth chiefly to the mining operations of the 
 Pennsylvania Coal Company. Many of the 
 inhabitants are employed in the iron busi- 
 ness. Coal and produce are shipped at this 
 place on the West Branch canal. A newspa- 
 per is published here. A new plank-road con- 
 nects Pittston with Wilkesbarre, Scran ton, &c. 
 Population in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 PiTTSTON Feert, a post-office of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PiTTSTOWN, a post-township of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York, 22 miles N. E. from Albany. 
 Population, 3732. 
 
 PiTTSTOWN, a post-village of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, about 8 miles N. W. from 
 Flemington. 
 
 PiTTSTOWN, a village of Bullitt co., Ken- 
 tucky, at the junction of Salt river with its 
 Rolling fork, 60 miles W. S. AV. of Frankfort. 
 
 Pittsylvania, a county in the S. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, has 
 an area of about 1000 square miles. The 
 Staunton river forms its N. boundary ; the 
 Banister river flows through the middle, and 
 
PIT 
 
 PLA 
 
 the S» border is crossed several times by the 
 meanderiiigs of the Dau. The surface is diver- 
 sified by valleys and hills, and the soil is excel- 
 lent. Tobacco, Indian corn, and wheat are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 4,700,757 pounds of tobacco; 653,816 bushels 
 of corn, and 123,934 of wheat. There were 
 25 flour, grist, and saw mills, 43 tobacco fac- 
 tories, 7 tanneries, and 3 distilleries. It con- 
 tained 50 churches, 1 newspaper ofBce ; 697 
 pupils attending public schools, and 112 at- 
 tending other schools. A mine of iron ore 
 has lately been opened here, and is said to 
 be very rich. Limestone is abundant. The 
 rivers furnish extensive motive-power. A 
 railroad has been partly constructed from 
 Richmond to Danville, the chief town of the 
 county. Organized in 1767. Capital, Com- 
 petition. Population 28,796, of whom 15,998 
 were free, and 12,798, slaves. 
 
 Pittsylvania Couet House. See Compe- 
 tition. 
 
 PiZECo Village, New York. See Piseco. 
 
 Placer, pla-sair', a county toward the 
 N. part of California, bordering on Utah, has 
 an area of about 1200 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S. by the Middle fork of 
 American river, and on the N. by Bear river, 
 which afford valuable water-power. The 
 surface in the E. part is uneven, being tra- 
 versed by the Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range. 
 But little attention has yet been paid to agri- 
 culture. Bafley, oats, horses, and pork are 
 the principal productions. In 1852 there 
 were raised 14,290 bushels of barley and 610 
 of oats. There were 648 horses, and 1261 
 hogs. The number of acres under cultiva- 
 tion was 679. Gold is abundant in this 
 county, and capital amounting to upward of 
 $1,400,000 is invested in mining, principally 
 for this precious metal. Capital, Vernon. 
 Population, 10,784. 
 
 Placek Mountain, in the interior of the 
 Territory of New Mexico, about 20 miles 
 S. W. from Santa Fe. Its latitude is about 
 35° 25' N., and its Ion. 106° 20' W. 
 
 Placekes, a village in the interior of the 
 Territory of New Mexico, on the left bank of 
 the Rio del Norte. 
 
 Placerville, a post-village of Eldorado 
 CO., California, about 90 miles E. N. E. from 
 Vallejo, It is chiefly a mining settlement. 
 Population of the village and vicinity, in 
 1850, 5623. 
 
 Plain, a post-ofnce of Greenville dis., S. C. 
 
 Plain, a township forming the N. extre- 
 mity of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop., 1393. 
 
 Plain, a township in the central part of 
 Stark CO., Ohio. Population, 2211. 
 
 Plain, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Wayne co., Ohio. Population, 2375. 
 
 Plain, a township in the W. central part 
 of Wood CO., Ohio. Population, 492. 
 
 Plain, a township in Kosciusko co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 868. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-township in Sullivan 
 
 CO., New Hampshire, 50 miles N. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 1392. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-township in Washing- 
 ton CO., Vermont, 8 miles E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 808. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, near Onion river, contains several 
 churches. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-township in Hampshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, 110 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston. Population, 814. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-village in Windham co., 
 Connecticut, on the Norwich and V/orcester 
 railroad, 45 miles E. from Hartford, contains 
 an academy. Pop. of the township, 2732. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-township of Otsego co., 
 New York, 15 miles N. W. from Cooperstown. 
 Population, 1450. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-village in Westfield 
 township, Essex co., New Jersey, on Green 
 brook and on the Central railroad, 20 miles 
 W. S. W. from Newark, and UN. from New 
 Brunswick. It is pleasantly situated, and 
 surrounded by a rich farming country. It 
 contains 7 or 8 churches, belonging to the 
 Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Friends, 
 and Seventh-day Baptists ; 2 boarding- 
 schools, a mutual insurance company, and 
 several hat factories. Two newspapers are 
 published here. Laid out in 1735. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, estimated at 2000. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Plainfield, a township of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N. by W. 
 from Easton. Population, 1753. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-oflice of Washington 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-village of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio, on Wills creek, 80 miles E. N. E. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Plainfield, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Allegan co., Michigan. Pop., 659. 
 
 Plainfield, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Kent CO., Michigan, intersected by the 
 Grand river. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-of&ce of Livingston co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-village of Hendricks 
 CO., Indiana, on the Terre Haute and India- 
 napolis railroad, where it crosses White Lick 
 creek, 14 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 Population, 251. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-township in Will eo., 
 Illinois. Population, 1093. 
 
 Plainfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, 155 miles N. E. by N. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Plain Grove, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Plainsborough, a small village of Middle- 
 sex CO., New Jersey, 14 miles N. E. from 
 Trenton, contains a grist mill and 10 or 12 
 dwellings. 
 
 Plains of Dura, a post-office of Sumter co., 
 Georgia, 110 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 933 
 
PLA 
 
 PLA 
 
 Plainsville, a post-yillage of LazerBe co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 
 about 6 miles above Wilkesbarre. 
 
 Plainview, a post-office of King and Queen 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Plainview, a post-office of Macoupin co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Plainville, a village of Providence co., 
 Rhode Island, 20 miles N. W. from Provi- 
 dence. It contains 1 cotton mill, with 2232 
 spindles and 52 looms. Pop., about 100. 
 
 Plainville, a post-village of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut, on Farmington river, and at the 
 intersection of the Providence, Hartford, and 
 Fishkill railroad vrith the New Haven and 
 Northampton railroad, about 15 miles S. W. 
 from Hartford. It contains 2 churches, 2 
 stores, and a lumber-yard. 
 
 Plainville, a post-village of Onondaga 
 CO., New York, about 18 miles W. N. W. from 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Plainvillb, a village of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey, 20 miles N. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Plainville, a post-village and railway 
 station of Hamilton co., Ohio, on the Little 
 Miami railroad, 10 miles E. by N. from Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 PLAiNWELL,apost-office of Allegan co.,Mich. 
 
 Plaistow, a post- village in Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Boston and 
 Maine railroad, 35 miles S. E. from Concord. 
 Population of the township, 748 
 
 Plank Ridge, a small village of Camden 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Plank-Road, a post-office of Onondaga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Plank-Road, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Plano, a post-office of Collin co., Texas. 
 
 Planters, a post- village of Attala co., Miss. 
 
 Planters, a township in Chicot co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 497. 
 
 Planters, a post-township in Phillips co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 68 7. 
 
 Planter's Hali, a post-office of Brecken- 
 ridge co., Kentucky, about 125 miles W. S. 
 W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Planter's Hill, a post-office of Jennings 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Planter's Stand, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Plantersville, a post-village of Perry 
 CO., Alabama, 77 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Planterville, a small village of George- 
 town district, South Carolina, near Great 
 Pedee river, about 20 miles N. by E. from 
 Georgetown. It is a place of summer re- 
 sort. 
 
 Plantsville, a railroad station in Bran- 
 ford township, New Haven county, Connecti- 
 cut, on the New Haven and New London 
 railroad, 7 miles E. by S. from New Haven. 
 
 Plaquemine, plak^meen', a parish forming 
 
 the S. E. extremity of Louisiana, bordering 
 
 on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the 
 
 Mississippi, by which it is intersected. Area 
 
 934 
 
 about 900 square miles. The surface is 
 level, and elevated only a few feet above the 
 gulf. A large part of the parish, near the 
 Balize, is occupied by extensive marshes, 
 which produce nothing but tall reeds. The 
 soil of the higher portions is fertile. Sugar, 
 rice, and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 this parish produced 16,835 hogsheads 
 of sugar; 589,130 gallons of molasses; 
 149,090 bushels of corn, and 1,536,740 pounds 
 of rice, being the greatest quantity of that 
 article raised in any parish of the state. 
 It contained 2 churches, 280 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 83 attending academies or 
 other schools. Population, 7390, of whom 
 2611 were free, and 4779 slaves. 
 
 Plaquemine, a post-village and former 
 capital of Iberville parish, Louisiana, on the 
 right bank of Mississippi river, at the egress 
 of Plaquemine bayou, 112 miles above New 
 Orleans. It has a steamboat landing and an 
 active business in shipping cotton. 
 
 Plaquemine Bayou, Louisiana, an outlet 
 of Mississippi river, commences at Plaque- 
 mine, on the right bank, and flowing S. W., 
 unites with Atchafalaya bayou. The Missis- 
 sippi flows into this bayou only in the highest 
 stages. Its whole length is perhaps 10 or 12 
 miles. 
 
 Plaquemine Brulee, a bayou of Louisi- 
 ana, commences near Opelousas, and flowing 
 S. W., unites with the Mermenteau. 
 
 Plaquemine Brulee, a post-office of St. 
 Landry co., Louisiana. 
 
 Platea, Pennsylvania. See Lockport. 
 
 Plato, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., 
 N. Y., about 40 miles S. by E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Plato, a post-office of Lorain co., Ohio. 
 
 Plato, a post-village of Iroquois co., Il- 
 linois, on the Iroquois river, about 75 miles 
 S. by W. from Chicago. 
 
 Plato, a township in Kane co., Illinois. 
 Population, 813. 
 
 Platte river, of Michigan, rises in the 
 N. W. part of the peninsula, and flows into 
 Lake Michigan in lat. 45° N. 
 
 Platte river, of Iowa and Missouri, rises 
 in the S. part of the former state, and enters 
 Missouri near the N. W. corner of Gentry 
 county. Below this point its general course 
 is southward ; it falls into Missouri river 
 in Platte county, 12 miles above the mouth 
 of Kansas river. It is sometimes called Lit- 
 tle Platte. Bra7iches.— ^Smith's fork enters 
 the Platte from the left, in Platte county, 
 several miles N. E. from Platte City. Third 
 fork enters the main stream on its left bank, 
 in Buchanan county. 
 
 Platte, a small river of Wisconsin, flows 
 through Grant county, and enters the Missis- 
 sippi about 9 miles above Dubuque. Rich 
 mines of lead are opened along its banks. 
 
 Platte, or Nebraska, the longest of the 
 affluents of the Missouri, rises in the Rocky 
 mountains, by two branches, termed the North 
 and South forks, which unite about 800 miles 
 
PLA 
 
 PLE 
 
 from the source of the former, or principal 
 branch. It flows in a general easterly course, 
 and empties itself into the Missouri in about 
 40° 50' N. lat., and 96° W. Ion. The whole 
 length, including that of the North fork, is 
 about 1200 miles. As its name Platte (i. e. 
 "shallow") signifies, it has little depth of 
 water, and except in floods, can be forded in 
 almost every part. During the dry season, 
 the channel of this river is said to exhibit 
 nothing but a succession of shallow pools. 
 It is full of islands, some of which are many 
 miles in length, and in some places it is three 
 miles wide. 
 
 Platte, a county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 416 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. W. by the Missouri 
 river, and traversed from N. to S. by Little 
 Platte river, from which it derives its name. 
 The surface is diversified by forests and un- 
 dulating prairies ; the soil is very productive, 
 and extensively cultivated. Hemp, tobacco, 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, butter, and pork 
 are the sta2)les. By the census of 1850 
 Platte county produced more hemp than any 
 other county in the Union, more wheat and 
 butter than any other in Missouri, and more 
 corn than any other in the state excepting 
 Buchanan. The produce of that year was 
 1,814,287 bushels of corn; 129,067 of wheat; 
 127,392 of oats ; 4355 tons of hemp ; 3551 of 
 hay, and 959,811 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 15 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 1784 
 pupils attending public schools, and 200 at- 
 tending other schools. Platte county is the 
 most populous in the state excepting St. 
 Louis. The inhabitants carry on a profitable 
 trade with the Indian tribes. Capital, Platte 
 City. Population, 14,845; of whom 14,047 
 were free, and 2798, slaves. 
 
 Platte, a township in Andrew co., Missouri. 
 Population, 2290. 
 
 Platte, a township in Buchanan co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 881. 
 
 Platte City, a post-village, capital of 
 Platte county, Missouri, is situated on the 
 river of the same name, 200 miles W. N. W. 
 of Jefferson City, and 7 miles E. of the Mis- 
 souri river. Population, in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Plattekill, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Ulster county, New York, contains a 
 village of the same name. Population, 1998. 
 
 Platte River, a post-office of Buchanan 
 county, Missouri. 
 
 Platteville, a thriving post-village of 
 Grant county, Wisconsin, on a small affluent 
 of Platte river, about 22 miles N. from Ga- 
 lena, and 78 miles W. S. W. from Madison. 
 It is surrounded by extensive lead mines, 
 and is one of the principal places in the 
 county. The land in the vicinity is excellent, 
 and much improved. Platteville was incor- 
 porated in 1841. It has an academy, several 
 churches, and two smelting furnaces. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Plattsbubg, a post-village in Plattsburg 
 
 township, and capital of Clinton county. New 
 York, is situated on both sides of the Saranac 
 river, at its entrance into Cumberland bay 
 of Lake Champlain, about 160 miles N. by E. 
 from Albany. The Plattsburg and Montreal 
 railroad connects it with Montreal, and 
 steamboats ply to the several ports on Lake 
 Champlain. The village contains churches 
 of four or five denominations, 2 banks, an 
 academy, and two or three newspaper offices. 
 The shipping of the port, June 30, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of G258|} tons 
 enrolled and licensed, of which llQl^g tons 
 were employed in steam navigation. It 
 is a place of active trade, and has manu- 
 factories of cotton, wool, machinery, &c. 
 The river furnishes extensive water-power. 
 A battle was fought on the bay in Septem- 
 ber, 1814, which resulted in the capture of 
 the British fleet. Population of the town- 
 ship, 5618. 
 
 Plattsbttrg, a post-village, capital of Clin- 
 ton CO., Missouri, on Smith's fork of Platte 
 river, about 175 miles W. N. W. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 Plattville, a post-office of Kendall co.. III. 
 
 Plaza Arriba, a village on the left bank 
 of the Rio del Norte, in the interior of the 
 Territory of New Mexico. 
 
 Pleasant, a township of Warren co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 63 miles S. E. by E. from Erie. Po- 
 pulation, 240. 
 
 Pleasant, a post-office of Claiborne co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in the S. part of 
 Brown co., Ohio. Population, 1456. 
 
 Pleasant, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Clark co., Ohio. Pop., 1349. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in the N. part of 
 Fairfield co., Ohio. Population, 2011. 
 
 Pleasant, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Franklin co., Ohio. Pop., 962. 
 
 Pleasant, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop., 522. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in the central part 
 of Hardin co., Ohio. Population, 1059. 
 
 Pleasant, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Henry co., Ohio. Pop., 338. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in the S. part of 
 Knox CO., Ohio. Population, 909. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in Logan co., Ohio. 
 Population, 806. 
 
 Pleasant, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Madison co., Ohio. Pop., 1184. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Marion co., Ohio. Population, 1198. 
 
 Pleasant, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Putnam co., Ohio. Population, 714 
 
 Pleasant, a township in the N. part of 
 Seneca co., Ohio; intersected by the San- 
 dusky river. Population, 1592. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in the central part 
 of Van Wert co., Ohio. Population, 619. 
 
 Pleasant, a post-office of Kent co., Mich. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in Allen co., Indiana, 
 Population, 658. 
 
 935 
 
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 Pleasant, a township in Grant co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1082. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in Johnson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1270. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in La Porte co., In- 
 diana. Population, 632. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in Porter co., In- 
 diana. Population, 311. 
 
 Pleasant, a post-township in Switzerland 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 2211. 
 
 Pleasant, a township in Wabash co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1312. 
 
 Pleasant Brook, a post-office of Otsego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pleasant Creek, a post-office of Taylor 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pleasant Dale, a post-office of Hampshire 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pleasant Exchange, a small post-village 
 of Henderson co., Tennesse, 110 miles W. S. 
 W. from Nashville. 
 
 Pleasant Flat, a post-office of Mason co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Pleasant Gap, a post-office of Centre co., Pa. 
 
 Pleasant Gap, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pleasant Gap, a post-office of Cherokee 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Pleasant Gap, a post-village of Bates co., 
 Mo., 65 miles S. S. W. from Independence. 
 
 Pleasant Garden, a small village of 
 McDowell CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Green, a small village of Daviess 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Pleasant Green, a post-village of Cooper 
 CO., Missouri, about 90 miles E. by S. from 
 Independence. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a small post-village of 
 Morris co.. New Jersey, 21 miles W. from 
 Morristown, contains a church. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Lunen- 
 burg CO., Va., 89 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Alamance 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Greenville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Effingham 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Pickens 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a small village of Macon 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of De Soto 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Maury 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Ohio co., 
 Ky., about 155 miles S. AV. from Frankfort. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Clermont 
 co.j Ohio. 
 
 936 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Jasper 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Macoupin 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-village in Keokuk 
 CO., Iowa, near Skunk river, 40 miles S. W. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Kenosha 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Pleasant Grove, a post-office of Utah co., 
 Utah Territory. 
 
 Pleasant Grove Mills, a post-office of 
 Fleming co., Kentucky. 
 
 Pleasant Hall, a village of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 45 miles W. S. W. from Harris- 
 burg. It has about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of New Castle 
 CO., Delaware. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Fayette 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Northamp- 
 ton CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-village of Lancaster 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Talbot co., 
 Georgia, 44 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Dallas co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of De Soto co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of De Soto 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Hopkins 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a small post-village of 
 Franklin co., Arkansas. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Miami co.,0. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a finely situated post- 
 village of Montgomery co., Indiana, 58 miles 
 W. N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-village of Pike co., 
 111., about 80 miles W. S. W. from Springfield, 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-village of Cass co.. 
 Mo., about 36 miles S. W. from Lexington. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Van Buren 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, a post-office of Lane co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Pleasant Hope, a post-office of Polk co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Pleasant Lake, New York. See Lake 
 Pleasant. 
 
 Pleasant Lake, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Pleasant Lane, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Level, a post-office of Lee co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Pleasant Mills, a village of Atlantic co., 
 New Jersey, on the Little Egg Harbor river, 
 15 miles nearly N. from May's Landing, has 
 a small Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Pleasant Mills, a post-township in Adams 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 71. 
 
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 Pleasant Mount, a post-oflBce of Wayne 
 CO., Peunsylvania. 
 
 Pleasant Mount, a post-oiSce of Panola 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Pleasant Mount, a post-office of Miller 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Pleasant Oaks, a post-office of Brunswick 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pleasant Oaks, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Pleasonton, a post-village of Itawamba 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Pleasonton, a post-office of Athens co., 0. 
 
 Pleasant Park, a small post-village of 
 Carroll co., Missouri. 
 
 Pleasant Plain, a post-office of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Pleasant Plain, a post-village of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Iowa, 45 miles S.S.W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Pleasant Plains, a post- village of Dutchess 
 CO., New York, 66 miles S. from Albany, 
 
 Pleasant Plains, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Plains, a small post-village of 
 Independence co., Arkansas, about 15 miles 
 S. from Batesville. 
 
 Pleasant Plains, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Pleasant Plains, a post-office of San- 
 gamon CO., Illinois. 
 
 Pleasant Plains, a post-village of Scott 
 CO., Missouri, about 80 miles W. from the 
 mouth of the Ol^io river. 
 
 Pleasant Prairie, a post-village of Greene 
 CO., Mo., 22 miles E. N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Pleasant Prairie, a post-township of 
 Kenosha co., Wisconsin. Population, 959. 
 
 Pleasant Prairie, a post-village in the 
 above township, 7 miles S. W. from Kenosha. 
 
 Pleasant Retreat, a post-office of Lump- 
 kin CO., Georgia. 
 
 Pleasant Retreat, a post-office of Scot- 
 land CO., Missouri. 
 
 Pleasant Ridge, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Pleasant Ridge, a post-office of Tippah 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Pleasant Pi,idge, a post-office of Bracken 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Pleasant Ridge, a post-office of Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Pleasant Ridge, a post-office of Greene 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Pleasant Ridge, a small post-village of 
 Rock Island co., Illinois. 
 
 Pleasant Ridge, a small village of Lee co., 
 Iowa, about 28 miles N. from Keokuk. 
 
 Pleasant Run, a creek of Texas, flows into 
 the Trinity river from the W. in Dallas co. 
 
 Pleasant Run, a post-office of Dallas CO. Tex. 
 
 Pleasant Run, a small village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Pleasant Run, a post-office of Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Pleasant Run, a township in Lawrence 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1342. 
 
 Pleasants, a new county in the N. W. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on the Ohio river, 
 which separates it from the State of Ohio. 
 The surface is hilly, the soil generally fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and cattle are 
 the staples. This countj' is not named in the 
 census of 1850, having been formed since 
 that year out of parts of Wood, Tyler, and 
 Ritchie counties. Capital, St. Mary's. 
 
 Pleasant Shade, a post-office of Smith 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Pleasant Shade, a post-office of Perry 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Pleasant Site, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Pleasant Spring, a post-of&ce of Kemper 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Pleasant Spring, a post-office of Howard 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Pleasant Spring, a township in Dane co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 732. 
 
 Pleasant Springs, a post-office of Lexing- 
 ton district. South Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Unity, a post-village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, 38 miles E. S. 
 E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Pleasant Vale, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Pleasant Vale, a post-village in Pike co., 
 111., 90 miles W. by S. from Springfield. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Chitten- 
 den CO., Vermont. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-village in Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post- village of Plea- 
 sant Valley township, Dutchess co.. New 
 York, on Wappinger's creek, 7 miles N. E. 
 from Poughkeepsie. It has several churches 
 and mills. Population of the township, 
 2226. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Sussex 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-village of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a township of Potter 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Population, 73. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Fairfax 
 CO., Va., 30 miles W. from Washington. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, ;i post-village of Lancas- 
 ter district. South Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., Alabama. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Yell co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Wayne 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a village of Madison 
 CO., Ohio, has 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Morgan 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Jo Da- 
 viess CO., Illinois. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a post-office of Wright 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Pleasant Valley, a small post-village of 
 Scott CO., Iowa. 
 
 937 
 
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 Pleasant Valley, a post- township in Mar- 
 quette CO., Wisconsin. Population, 766. 
 
 Pleasant Valley Mills, a post-oiEce of 
 Kicholas co., Kentucl^y. 
 
 Pleasant View, a post-office of Juniata 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pleasant View, a post-office of Jackson 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Pleasant View, a post-office of Darlington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Pleasant View, a thriving post-village of 
 Shelby co., Indiana, on the Lawrenceburg 
 and Mississippi railroad, 15 miles S. E. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Pleasant View, a small post-village of 
 Schuyler co., Illinois, on the road between 
 Fiushville and the Illinois river. 
 
 Pleasantville, a post-village of West- 
 chester CO., N. Y., 122 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Pleasantville, a post-office of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pleasantville, a small village of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pleasantville, a post-office of Harford 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Pleasantville, a post-village in Rocking- 
 ham CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Pleasantville, a post-village in Hickman 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Pleasantville, a post-village of Fairfield 
 CO., Ohio, 30 miles S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Pleasantville, a small village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Illinois. 
 
 Pleasantville, a post-village of Fulton 
 CO., Illinois, near Spoon river, about 50 miles 
 N. W. from Springiield. 
 
 Pleasantville, a post-village in Marion 
 CO., Iowa, 100 miles W. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Pleasant Woods, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Pleasuresville, a post-village, of Henry 
 CO., Kentucky, on the railroad from Louisville 
 to Frankfort, 45 miles E. from the former. 
 
 Plemmon's Mill, a small village of Carroll 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Plenitude, a post-office of Anderson co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Plesis, a post-village of Jeiferson co., N.Y., 
 about 38 miles S. W. by S. from Ogdensburg. 
 
 Pliny, a post-office of Putnam co., Va. 
 
 Pliny, a post-office of Greenville dis., S. C. 
 
 Plover, a post-township in Portage co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 451. 
 
 Plover, a post-village, capital of Portage 
 county, Wisconsin, is situated on the Wis- 
 consin river, at the mouth of Plover river, 
 125 miles N. from Madison. The Wisconsin 
 river is bordered by large forests of pine, 
 and the lumber business is carried on here. 
 Settled about 1836. Plover contains 2 hotels 
 and 2 stores. Population in 1 853, 300. 
 
 Plowden's Mills, a post-village of Sumter 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Pluokemin, a post-village of Somerset co., 
 Kew Jersey, about 6 miles N. N. W. from So- 
 merville. Population, 200. 
 938 
 
 Plum, a township of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sjdvania, about 16 miles E. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, 1241. 
 
 Plum, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Venango county, Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 835. 
 
 Plum, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 Plumas, a small town of Sutter co., Cali- 
 fornia, is situated on the right bank of Fea- 
 ther river, nearly opposite the mouth of Bear 
 river, about 40 miles N. from Sacramento 
 City. 
 
 Plum Bayou, a post-township in Jefferson 
 CO., Arkansas. Population, 756. 
 
 Plum B.^you, a small post-village of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Plumb Brook, a post-office of Macomb 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Plumb Creek, Pennsylvania, flows into 
 Crooked creek, in Armstrong county. 
 
 Plumb Creek, a post-office of Caldwell co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Plumb Island, in Long Island sound, near 
 its eastern entrance. It contains a revolving 
 light 63 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 
 41° 10' 18" N., Ion. 72° 13' 12" W. 
 
 Plum Creek, of Texas, flows into San 
 Marcos river from the N., at the S. extremity 
 of Caldwell county. 
 
 Pluji Creek, a township of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 38 miles S. by E. from 
 Clarion. Population, 2220. 
 
 Plum Creek, a post-office of Clinton co., Mo. 
 
 Plumer, a post-office of Venango co., Pa. 
 
 Plum Grove, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Plum Hill, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Plummer's Mill, a post-office of Fleming 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Plum River, a post-village in Jo Daviess 
 CO., Illinois, 145 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Plumstead, a township of Ocean co., New 
 Jersey. Population, 1613. 
 
 Plumstead, a post-township of Bucks co.. 
 on the right side of the Delaware river, 10 
 miles N. from Doylestown. Pop., 2298. 
 
 Plumsteadville, a post-office of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Plumville, a village, of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 170 miles W. by N. from Harris- 
 burg. It has 2 stores. 
 
 Plunkett's Creek, a township of Lycoming 
 county, Pennsylvania, 19 miles N. W. from 
 Williamsport. Population, 189. 
 
 Plunkett's Creek, a township of Sullivan 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 45 miles N. E. by E. 
 from Lockhaven. Population, 199. 
 
 Plymouth, a county in the E. part of Mas- 
 sachusetts, has an area of about 720 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Atlan- 
 tic ocean and Cape Cod bay, and is drained 
 by the Taunton and North rivers and other 
 smaller streams, which furnish abundant wa- 
 ter-power. It has a seacoast of upwards of 
 30 miles, indented with numerous bays, which 
 
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 afford excellent harbors. The industry and 
 enterprise of the county are chietiy directed 
 to the coasting trade and the fisheries. The 
 soil is generally poorer than in the other 
 counties of the state. Indian corn, potatoes, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1860 this county 
 produced 105,243 bushels of corn; 208,402 
 of potatoes ; 28,532i tons of hay, and 374,816 
 pounds of butter. There were 6 cotton and 
 2 woollen factories, 10 nail manufactories, 12 
 tack establishments, 18 iron foundries, 5 iron 
 forges, 8 manufactories of edge tools, 116 of 
 boots and shoes, 5 of farming implements, 4 
 of straw braid and bonnets, 16 of wooden 
 ■ware, 6 tanneries, 8 tin and sheet-iron works, 
 20 grist mills, and 31 saw mills. It con- 
 tained 109 churches, 4 newspaper offices ; 
 10,667 pupils attending public schools, and 
 513 attending academies and other schools. 
 Plymouth county abounds in iron ore of ex- 
 cellent quality. It is intersected by different 
 railroads centering in Boston. Organized in 
 1835, and named from Plymouth, a town of 
 England. Capital, Plymouth. Population, 
 55.697. 
 
 Plymouth, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of about 930 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Sioux 
 river, and drained by Floyd's river, an afflu- 
 ent of the Missouri, with its tributaries. Ply- 
 mouth county is not included in the census of 
 1850. County seat not located. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-township in Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, 45 miles N. E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 925. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-village and semi-capital 
 of Grafton county. New Hampshire, near the 
 confluence of Pemigewasset and Baker's 
 rivers, and on the Boston Concord and Mon- 
 treal railroad, 51 miles N. by W. from Con- 
 cord. Population of the township, 1290. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-township in Windsor co., 
 Vt., 55 miles S. from Montpelier. Pop., 1226. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-town, port of entry, and 
 seat of justice of Plymouth county, Massa- 
 chusetts, is situated on Plymouth bay, at the 
 southern terminus of the eastern branch of 
 the Old Colony railroad, 37 miles S. by E. 
 from Boston. Lat. 41° 57' 26" jJ'., Ion. 70° 
 40' 19" W. It is well laid out, and for the 
 most part compactly built, principally of 
 wood. Although it is the oldest town in New 
 England, being the first settled by the Pil- 
 grims, yet it is entirely modern in the style 
 of its buildings : not a single antique dwelling 
 now remains. The most remarkable public 
 edifice is Pilgrim's Hall, erected by the Pil- 
 grim Society in 1824-5, and situate on Court 
 street, a little N. of Court square. It is con- 
 structed of granite, 70 feet by 40, with a 
 Doric portico in front. In the interior is a 
 large hall, containing the society's cabinet of 
 curiosities, and numerous historical paint- 
 ings. The Pilgrim Society was organized in 
 1820, the object of which was to commemo- 
 rate the landing of the pilgrim fathers. The 
 
 "Forefathers' Rock," or that on which the 
 101 persons, disembarking from the May- 
 flower, December 22, 1620, first set foot, lies 
 at the head of Hedges' wharf. The rock is now 
 only about 6^ feet across its broadest part, 
 with a thickness of 4 feet, so much of it hav- 
 ing been removed ; it is almost entirely bu- 
 ried in the ground, its surface only being visi- 
 ble. The town contains 6 or 7 churches, 2 
 banks, 2 newspaper offices, and several good 
 hotels. Among the churches deserving of 
 notice may be mentioned the Gothic edifice of 
 the First Society, and the Church of the Pil- 
 grimage, erected in 1840, near the site occu- 
 pied by the church first built by the pilgrims. 
 Plymouth is the seat of various manufactures, 
 principally cotton, and it is also extensively 
 engaged in the fisheries. The shipping of the 
 port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 3368|f tons registered, and 9365f | 
 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 
 2538|f tons were employed in the coast trade, 
 5169|| tons in the cod fishery, and 1494|| 
 tons in the mackerel fisheries. The foreign 
 arrivals for the year were 5 vessels ; clear- 
 ances the same. During the period above 
 specified, 2 ships and 4 schooners, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 1443 |i tons, were ad- 
 measured. Population of the township in 
 1830, 4758; 1840, 5281, and in 1850, 6024. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-township of Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut, intersected by the She- 
 pang river and Naugatuck railroad, 29 miles 
 N. by W. from New Haven. It contains a 
 flourishing village of its own name, and two 
 others in which are extensive manufactories 
 of brass clocks, cotton and woollen goods, 
 pocket cutlery, musical instruments, car- 
 riages, and various articles of hardware. 
 Population, 2568. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-township of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Population, 1473. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the right bank of the Susque- 
 hanna river, 3 or 4 miles below Wilkesbarre. 
 It is situated in a good farming district, in 
 the vicinity of rich coal mines. 
 
 Plymouth, a township of Montgomery co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 15 miles N. W. from Phi- 
 ladelphia. Population, 1453. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-village, port of entry, 
 and capital of Washington county. North 
 Carolina, 150 miles E. from Raleigh, and 
 about 8 miles S. from Roanoke river, where 
 it enters Albemarle sound. It is connected 
 with the sound by a small inlet, called Nag's 
 Head. It has an active trade and is rapidly 
 increasing. The shipping of the port, June 
 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 2726|f tons registered, and 1346|| tons en- 
 rolled and licensed. All of the latter was 
 employed in the coast trade, and 86|i tons 
 in steam navigation. During the year, 4 
 schooners, with an aggregate burthen of 
 284|f tons, were admeasured. If the above 
 inlet should be opened by the government, 
 
 939 
 
PLY 
 
 POH 
 
 Plymouth will become an important place. 
 A newspaper is published here. Population 
 in 1850, 951. 
 
 Plymouth, a small post-village of Lowndes 
 CO., Mississippi, about 140 miles N. E. from 
 Jackson. 
 
 Plymouth, a township in the N. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 752. 
 
 Plymouth, a village of Faj^ette co., Ohio, 
 on a branch of Paint creek, 46 miles S. W. 
 from Columbus. Laid out in 1845. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Richland co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1663. 
 
 Plymouth, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the railroad from San- 
 dusky to Newark, 36 miles S. from the former. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 700. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Wayne co., Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 2431. 
 
 Plymouth, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the W. branch of the 
 Rouge river, 25 miles W. by N. from Detroit. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-village, capital of Mar- 
 shall county, Indiana, on the Yellow river, 
 and on the Michigan road, 112 miles N. from 
 Indianapolis. It is situated in a fine farming 
 district, and has an active business. A plank- 
 road connects it with Michigan City. It has 
 several churches and a bank. Settled in 
 1834. Population, estimated at 700. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-village in Hancock co., 
 111., 85 miles N. W. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Plymouth, a township in Rock co., Wiscon- 
 sin. Population, 581. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-township of Sheboygan 
 00., Wisconsin. 
 
 Plymouth, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the plank-road from Fond du Lac to 
 Lake Michigan, 16 miles W. from Sheboygan. 
 It has several mills. 
 
 Plymouth Hollow, a small post-village in 
 Litchfield county, Connecticut, on the Nau- 
 gatuck River railroad, about 25 miles S. W. 
 by W. from Hartford, contains several fac- 
 tories. 
 
 Plymouth Meeting, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Plympton, a post-village in Plymouth co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Old Colony railroad, 
 30 miles S. E. from Boston. Population of 
 the township, 927. 
 
 PoAST Town, a post-office of Butler co.,0. 
 
 Pocahontas, a county in the N. W. cen- 
 tral part of Virginia, has an area of about 
 600 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of the Elk, Gauley, and Greenbrier 
 rivers. The surface is mountainous, and one 
 of the most elevated parts of the state. The 
 Greenbrier mountain extends across the coun- 
 ty, while the main Alleghany forms its S. E. 
 boundary. A large portion of the land is 
 rocky and sterile, and covered with forests ; 
 but the southern part is more productive. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and live stock are 
 940 
 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 51,949 bushels of corn; 11,806 of wheat; 
 52,998 of oats; 5911 tons of hay, and 76,080 
 pounds of butter. It contained 1 flour mill, 1 
 wool-carding mill, and 1 tannery; 7 churches, 
 200 pupils attending public schools, and 40 
 attending another school. A cave has lately 
 been discovered in the Elk mountain, which, 
 in the number and magnitude of its apart- 
 ments, is said to be scarcely inferior to the 
 celebrated Weir's cave. It is called Skeen's 
 cave. Organized in 1821 , and named in honor 
 of the Indian princess Pocahontas. Capital, 
 Huntersville. Population, 3598, of whom 
 3331 were free, and 267, slaves. 
 
 Pocahontas, a new county towards the N. 
 W. part of Iowa, contains about 550 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Lizard's river, 
 and also drained by two other smaller afflu- 
 ents of the Des Moines. This county is not 
 included in the census of 1850. County seat 
 not located. 
 
 PocAHONTAS,apost-officeof Somerset CO. Pa. 
 
 Pocahontas, a small post-village, capital 
 of Randolph county, Arkansas, on the right 
 bank of Black river, about 145 miles N. E. 
 from Little Rock. The river is navigable by 
 steamers from this point to its junction with 
 White river, a distance of about 100 miles. 
 
 Pocahontas, a small post-village of Bond 
 CO., Illinois, near Shoal creek, 10 miles S. W. 
 from Greenville. It has an academy, a few 
 shops, and saw mills in the vicinity. 
 
 PocASSET, a post-village in Barnstable co., 
 Mass., about 60 miles S. S. E. from Boston. 
 
 Pochishatchee Creek, Alabama. See 
 
 SOCHAPATOY. 
 
 Pocket, a post-office of Moore co., N. C. 
 
 PocoMOKE, a river which rises near the 
 northern border of Worcester county, Mary- 
 land, and after traversing that county, flows 
 into Pocomoke bay, an arm of the Chesa- 
 peake. General course S. S. W. ; length, 
 about 60 miles. Sloops ascend with the tide 
 about 2 miles above Snow Hill. 
 
 PocoNO, a township of Monroe co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 28 miles N. W. by N. from 
 Easton. Population, 925. 
 
 PocoTALico, a river of Kanawha co., Vir- 
 ginia, falls into the Great Kanawha. It is 
 navigable for boats at high water. 
 
 PocoTALico, a post-office of Kanawha co., 
 Virginia, 318 miles W. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 PocoTALico, a post-village in Beaufort dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 100 miles S. by E. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 PoESTENKiLL, a Small river of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York, falls into the Hudson at Troy. 
 
 PoESTENKiLL, a post-townsliip of Rensse- 
 laer CO., New York, 11 miles E. from Albany. 
 Population, 2092. 
 
 PoGLAND, a post-office of Jeff"erson co., N. Y. 
 
 POHATCONG, or POHATCHUNK CREEK, of 
 
 Warren co.. New Jersey, flows south-west- 
 ward and enters the Delaware river 8 miles 
 below Easton. 
 
POI 
 
 POI 
 
 PoiNDEXTER, a post-office of Marion cc, 
 Georgia, about 45 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Poindexter's Store, a post-village of 
 Louisa CO., Virginia, 68 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Poinsett, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Arkansas, contains about 1300 square miles. 
 The St. Francis river, navigable by steam- 
 boats, washes the entire eastern border. 
 The surface is level, and the soil fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, and tobacco flourish. In 
 1850 this county produced 98,746 bushels of 
 Indian corn ; 270 bales of cotton, and 23,194 
 pounds of butter. It contained 5 churches, 
 and 220 pupils attending public schools. 
 A large part of the county is occupied by 
 swamps and forests, which contain the cy- 
 press, ash, walnut, and other good timber. 
 Capital, Bolivar. Population, 2308 ; of 
 whom 2029 were free, and 279, slaves. 
 
 Point, a township of Northumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the point formed by the two 
 branches of the Susquehanna, about 4 miles 
 N. from Sunbury. Population, 876. 
 
 Point, a township in Posey co., Indiana. 
 Population, 479. 
 
 Point, a township in Calhoun co., Illinois. 
 Population, 812. 
 
 Point Adams, Oregon. See Adams' Point. 
 
 Point a la Hache, a post-office of Plaque-, 
 mine parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Point au Per, on the E. side of the entrance 
 to Achafalaya bay, Louisiana. On it is a 
 fixed light, about 70 feet above the level of 
 the sea. Lat. 29° 19' N., Ion. 91° 22' W. A 
 floating light is also moored at the entrance 
 to the bay, about 12 miles E. by S. from 
 Point au Fer. 
 
 Point Batjsse, a small village of Portage 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Point Cedar, a post-office of Hot Spring 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Point Commerce, a thriving post-village 
 of Green county, Indiana, at the junction of 
 Eel river with the W. fork of White river, 
 about 80 miles "S. W." from Indianapolis. 
 The Wabash and Erie canal passes near it. 
 
 Point Crawford, a small village of Barn- 
 well district, South Carolina. 
 
 Point Douglas, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Minnesota, on the point formed 
 by the confluence of the St. Croix with the 
 Mississippi, 26 miles below St. Paul. It has 
 1 hotel, a steam mill, several stores, and a 
 good landing for steamboats. 
 
 PoiNTE CotrpfiE, a parish in Louisiana, situ- 
 ated on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, 
 in the S. E. central part of the state, contains 
 about 600 square miles. The Atchafalaya 
 bayou, an outlet of Red river, commences 
 near the N. extremity of the parish and 
 forms the entire W. boundary. The surface 
 is low and subject to be overflowed by the 
 river. The soil is fertile, especially along 
 the river banks. Sugar, molasses, maize, 
 and cattle are the staples. In 1850 the 
 
 county produced 8560 hogsheads of sugar; 
 821,546 gallons of molasses; 199,790- bushels 
 of Indian corn, and 43,643 of sweet potatoes. 
 It contained 2 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 160 pupils attending public schools. Ca- 
 pital, Pointe Coup6e. Population, 11,339; of 
 whom 3528 were free, and 7811, slaves. 
 
 Pointe Couple, a post-village, capital of 
 Point Couple parish, Louisiana, on the Mis- 
 sissippi river, 25 miles N. N. W. from Baton 
 Rouge. It contains 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Point Industry, a small village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Point Isabel, a post-village and port of 
 entry of Cameron county, Texas, on a point 
 of land projecting into the Laguna del Madre, 
 opposite an inlet called the Barra, or Brazos 
 Santiago, about 30 miles E. N. E. from 
 Brownsville. It has a custom house, and a 
 lighthouse. The shipping of the port, June 
 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 1065fi| tons enrolled and licensed, all of 
 which was employed in steam navigation. 
 
 Point Isabel, a small village of Pulaski 
 CO., Kentucky, on Cumberland river, at the 
 mouth of the S. fork, 97 miles S. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Point Isabel, a post-office of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Point Isabelle, a post-office of Wapello co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Point Jefferson, a post-office of More- 
 house parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Point Judith, the W. side of the entrance 
 to Narragansett bay, Rhode Island. It con- 
 tains a revolving light, 60 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 41° 21' 35" N., Ion. 
 71° 29' 18" W. 
 
 Point Lookout, on the N. side of the en- 
 trance to Potomac river, Chesapeake bay. 
 On it is a fixed light. 
 
 Point Magre, a post-office of Avoyelles 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Point Meers, a post-office of Johnson co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Point Monterey, a post-office of Cass co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Point of Rocks, a post-village in Frede- 
 rick CO., Maryland, on the Potomac and on 
 the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 65 miles N. 
 W. by W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Point Peninsula, a post-village and ship- 
 ping place in Sackett's Harbor district, Jef- 
 ferson CO., New York, on Lake Ontario. 
 
 Point Peter, a post-office of Oglethorpe 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Point Peter, a post-office of Searcy co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Point Pleasant, a post-office of Ocean co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Point Pleasant, a small post-village of 
 Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, about 120 miles E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Point Pleasant, a post-village, capital of 
 Mason co., Virginia, on the Ohio river just 
 above the mouth of the Kanawha river, 358 
 
 941 
 
POI 
 
 POL 
 
 miles "W. N. W. from Richmond. It contains 
 a court house, and several stores and mills. 
 
 Point Pleasant, a post-office of Upshur 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Point Pleasant, a post-village of Cler- 
 mont CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river, 25 miles 
 above Cincinnati. 
 
 Point Pleasant, a thriving post-village in 
 New Madrid co., Missouri, situated on the 
 Mississippi river, 8 miles S. of New Madrid. 
 
 Point Pleasant, a post-village in Mahas- 
 ka CO., Iowa, 65 miles S. W. from Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Point Prairie, a small post-village of 
 J'ranklin co., Arkansas. 
 
 Point Rejiove, a township of Conway co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 294. 
 
 Point Remove Creek, of Arkansas, flows 
 into Arkansas river from the N. a few miles 
 above Lewisburg, in Conway county. 
 
 Point Republic, a post-office of La Salle 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Point Worthington, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., Mississippi. 
 
 PoKAGON, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Cass CO., Michigan, intersected by the Michi- 
 gan Central railroad. Population, 994. 
 
 Poke Bayou, a small post-village of Inde- 
 pendence CO., Arkansas, about 16 miles N. 
 from Batesville. 
 
 Poke Run, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 Co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PoKONO Creek, of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, falls into Brodhead's creek. 
 
 PoKONO Mountain, Pennsylvania, situated 
 chiefly in the N. E. part of Carbon and the 
 N. W. central part of Monroe county. The 
 Pokono ridge may, however, be traced across 
 Monroe into Pike county, where it rises into 
 an elevation called High Knob. 
 
 Poland, a post-township in Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, on the W. side of the Androscog- 
 gin river, 36 miles S. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 2660. 
 
 Poland, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Chautauque co.. New York. Pop., 1174. 
 
 Poland, a post-village of Herkimer co., 
 New York, on West Canada creek, 15 miles 
 N. E. from Utica. Cotton goods and edge- 
 tools are manufactured here. 
 
 Poland, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Mahoning co., Ohio, intersected by the Ma- 
 honing river, and Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal. Population, 2126. 
 
 Poland, a neat post-village in the above 
 township, on Yellow creek, 174 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. The adjacent country is rich 
 and populous, and is amply supplied with 
 iron and coal. Poland contains 2 churches, 
 1 academy, 1 iron foundry, and mills of 
 various kinds. 
 
 Poland, a post-office of Clay co., Indiana. 
 Poland Centre, a post-office of Chautauque 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Poland Centre, a post-office of Mahoning 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 942 
 
 Polk, a new county in the N. W. part of 
 Georgia, formed since 1851. 
 
 Polk, a county situated towards the E. 
 part of Texas, has an area of about 1200 
 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Trinity river, navigable for steamboats. The 
 surface is nearly level. Much of the soil is 
 fertile, especially in the valley of Trinity 
 river. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 60,065 bushels of corn; 18,881 jf sweet 
 potatoes ; 582 bales of cotton, and 20 hogs- 
 heads of sugar. There were 60 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Livingston. 
 Population, 2349; of whom 1544 were free, 
 and 805, slaves. 
 
 Polk, a county of Arkansas, situated in 
 the W. part of the state, bordering on the 
 Indian Territory, contains about 1150 square 
 miles. It is drained by the sources of the 
 Washita river. The surface is mountainous, 
 and traversed by numerous streams which 
 furnish water-power. The soil and climate 
 are adapted to the growth of wheat, maize, 
 and grass. In 1850 this county produced 
 43,405 bushels of Indian corn; 1892 of 
 wheat ; 4084 of oats, and 5888 of sweet 
 potatoes. It is stated that the highlands of 
 Polk county are rich in minerals, among 
 which are iron, lead, silver, &c. It con- 
 tained 89 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 28 attending other schools. Capital, 
 Dallas. Population, 1263; of whom 1196 
 were free, and 67, slaves. 
 
 Polk, a county forming the S. E. extremity 
 of Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina 
 and Georgia : area estimated at 800 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the, Hiawassee 
 and Amoee rivers. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, and mostly covered with forests. 
 In 1850 this county produced 299,917 bushels 
 of corn; 51,572 of oats; 14,727 of wheat, 
 and 46,923 pounds of butter. It contained 
 19 churches, 700 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 65 attending academies and 
 other schools. It is stated that a copper 
 mine has been found in it. Capital, Benton. 
 Population, 6838 ; of whom 5938 were free, 
 and 400 slaves. 
 
 Polk, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 625 square miles. 
 It is traversed from S. to N. by Pomme de 
 Terre river, intersected in the S. W. part by 
 the East fork of Sac river, and also drained 
 by Lindley's creek. The gener.il surface is 
 undulating or level, and is diversified by 
 prairies and forests. The soil is fertile, and 
 abounds with springs of limestone water. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, butter, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 808,000 bushels of corn ; 14,360 
 of wheat; 104,925 of oats, and 60.212 
 pounds of butter. It contained 11 churches, 
 and 864 pupils attending public schools. 
 Iron and lead abound in it. The rivers and 
 creeks afl"ord extensive water-power. Capi- 
 
POL 
 
 POM 
 
 tal, Bolivar. Population, 6186 ; of ■whom 
 5817 were free, and 369, slaves. 
 
 Polk, a county in the central part of Iowa, 
 has an area of 720 square miles. The Des 
 Moines river flows through the middle in a 
 S. E. direction; the Skunk river traverses 
 the N. E. part ; and the S. part is drained by 
 Kacoon, North, South, and Middle rivers. 
 The soil is highly productive, and well 
 watered. Indian corn and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850, Polk county produced 
 211,677 bushels of Indian corn; 13,455 of 
 wheat, and 41,058 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 1 church, 2 newspaper ofiices, and 346 
 pupils attending public schools. Stone coal 
 is found in several parts of the county. It 
 is liberally supplied with water-power and 
 timber. Capital, Fort Des Moines. Popu- 
 lation, 4515. 
 
 Polk, a new county in the N. W. part of 
 Wisconsin, contains about 2500 square miles. 
 The St. Croix river forms its entire boundary 
 on the W., separating it from Minnesota Ter- 
 ritory, it is also drained by Shell river. The 
 surface is uneven, and extensively covered 
 with forests in which the pine is found. 
 Polk county was formed in 1853, out of the 
 N. part of St. Croix county. Capital, St. 
 Croix Falls. 
 
 Polk, a county in the W. part of Oregon, 
 has an area estimated at above 1000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Pacific 
 ocean, and on the E. by the Willamette river. 
 Yaquima bay is situated on the W. coast. 
 The soil in the E. part is fertile. Wheat, 
 oats, wool, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 16,373 bushels of 
 wheat; 1605 of oats; 1218 pounds of wool, 
 and 36,090 of butter. There were 134 pupils 
 attending academies and other schools. Po- 
 pulation, 1051. 
 
 Polk, a township of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 25 miles N. W. from Easton. 
 Population, 712. 
 
 Polk, a small post-village of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Polk, a post-oflBce of Union co., Georgia, 
 160 miles N. by W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Polk, a township in Arkansas co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 322. 
 
 Polk, a township in Dallas co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 429. 
 
 Polk, a township in Montgomery co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 208. 
 
 Polk, a township in Newton co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 137. 
 
 Polk, a post-office of Ashland co., Ohio. 
 
 Polk, a township in Crawford co.,Ohio. 
 Population, 1318. 
 
 Polk, a township in Monroe co., Indiana. 
 Population, 431. 
 
 Polk, a township in Green co., Missouri. 
 Population, 732. 
 
 Polk, a village in Lucas co., Iowa, near 
 Chariton river, 110 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Polk, a village in Mahaska co., Iowa, near 
 Des Moines river, 85 miles W. S. W. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Polk, a township in Washington co., Wis- 
 consin. Population, 1344. 
 
 Polk, a small post-village of Washington 
 CO., Wis., 36 miles N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Polk City, a small village of Polk co., Iowa, 
 17 miles N. from Fort Des Moines. 
 
 Polk Prairie, a small village of Columbia 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Polk Run, a post-office of Clark co., Ind. 
 
 PoLKSviLLE, a post-office of Hall co., Ga. 
 
 PoLKTON, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Ottawa CO., Michigan. Population, 268. 
 
 PoLKviLLE, a post-office of Warren CO., N.. J. 
 
 PoLKviLLE, a small post-village of Colum- 
 bia CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PoLKviLLE, a post-office of Cleveland co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 PoLKViLLE, a small village of Whitefield co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 PoLKViLLE, a post-village of Benton co., 
 Alabama, 5 miles E. from Coosa river, 15 
 miles S. W. from Jacksonville. Here is an 
 iron furnace and forge. 
 
 PoLKviLLE, a post-office of Smith co.. Miss. 
 
 PoLKViLLE, a small village of Bath co., Ky. 
 
 PoLKViLLE, a small village of Macon co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 PoLLACASTT Ckeek, of North Carolina, 
 flows into Meherrin river, a few miles above 
 Winton, in Hertford county. 
 
 Pollard's Mills, a post-office of Greenup 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Pollock's, a small post- village of Randolph 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 PoLLOCKSViLLE, a post-villagc in Joucs co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 PoLVADERA, a village in the interior of 
 New Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio 
 del Norte. 
 
 PoMARiA, a small village of Lexington dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 PoMAEiA, a post-office of Newberry district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 PoMEEOY, a post-village of Salisbury town- 
 ship, and capital of Meigs county, Ohio, on 
 the Ohio river, 100 miles S. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. It is built on a narrow strip of 
 land, which is enclosed between the river and 
 a range of rugged and precipitous hills. In- 
 cluding the adjoining villages of Coalport, 
 Minersville, Carltonville, and Middleport, 
 which may be regarded as portions of the 
 same town, it extends nearly three miles 
 along the river. Pomeroy owes its rapid 
 growth and prosperity chiefly to the abun- 
 dance and superior quality of the stone coal 
 found in the immediate vicinity. In 1861, 
 about five million bushels were mined and 
 exported from this place, and the trade is 
 increasing. During the summer of 1851, a 
 company was formed here for manufacturing 
 salt, with a capital of $25,000. Two wells 
 were sunk to the depth of 1000 feet, each of 
 
 £43 
 
POM 
 
 PON 
 
 ■wtich discharges 50 gallons of water per 
 minute, containing 9.5 per cent, of salt. The 
 quality of the article produced is said to be 
 very superior. Since the success of this at- 
 tempt, five or six other companies have been 
 formed, with a like capital, and it is confi- 
 dently expected that in a short time the 
 manufacture of salt will be carried on here 
 more extensively than at any other place in 
 the Western States. Pomeroy contains seve- 
 ral churches, 1 or 2 newspaper ofBces, a tele- 
 graph office, and 2 foundries. Laid out in 
 1841. In 1850 it contained 1638 inhabitants, 
 exclusive of the adjoining villages. Total 
 population in 1853, estimated at 4000. 
 
 PoMFRET, a post-township in Windsor co., 
 Vermont, 45 miles S. by E. from Montpelier, 
 intersected by the Vermont Central railroad. 
 Population, 1546. 
 
 PoMFEET, a post-village of Windham co., 
 Connecticut, with a station on the Norwich 
 and Worcester railroad, 33 miles N. by E. from 
 Norwich. The township is celebrated as con- 
 taining the cave in which Putnam killed the 
 wolf. Population, 1848. 
 
 PoMFRET, a township of Chautauque co.. 
 New York, on Lake Erie, contains Dunkirk, 
 and is intersected by the Lake Shore rail- 
 road. Total population, 4483. 
 
 PoMFRET Landing, a post-office of Wind- 
 ham CO., Connecticut. 
 
 PoMME DE Terre River, of Missouri, rises 
 in Green co., and falls into the Osage, in 
 Benton co., a few miles S. W. from Warsaw. 
 Its general course is N. by W. 
 
 Pomona, a post-office of St. Charles co.. Mo. 
 
 PoMONKET, a post-office of Charles co., Md. 
 
 PoMPANOosuc, a post-office of Windsor co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 PoMPEEUNG River, in the W. part of Con- 
 necticut, rises in Litchfield co., and falls into 
 the Housatonic river in New Haven co. 
 
 PoMPEY, a post-township in the E. S. E. 
 part of Onondaga co., N. Y. Pop., 4006. 
 
 PoMPET, or PoMPET HiLL, a post-villagc 
 of Onondaga county, New York, about 15 
 miles S. S. E. from Syracuse. 
 
 PoMPET Centre, a post-village in Pompey 
 township, Onondaga co.. New York, 146 miles 
 W. from Albany. It is finely situated, and 
 contains several churches. 
 
 PoMPTON, a small river in t-he N. E. part 
 of New Jersey, formed by the Pequannock 
 creek and Ringwood river, flows southward 
 on the boundary of Passaic and Morris coun- 
 ties, and enters the Passaic river. 
 
 PoMPTON, a post-township of Passaic co., 
 New Jersey. Population, 1720. 
 
 PoMPTON, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 70 miles N. E. from Trenton, con- 
 tains a church, and 15 or 18 dwellings. 
 
 PoMPTON Plains, a post-office of Morris 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Pond Creek, a post-office of Greene co.. Mo. 
 
 Pond Creek Mills, a post-office of Knox 
 00., Indiana. 
 944 
 
 Pond Eddy, a post-village of Sullivan co., 
 New York, on the Delaware river, about 109 
 miles from New York city. The river at this 
 place makes a sudden bend, forming one of 
 those basins called ponds by the people here. 
 Its depth is sufficient to float a man-of-war, 
 yet a few hundred yards above or below, the 
 river may readily be crossed by wading. 
 
 Pond Fork, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Pond Hill, a post-office of Gibson co., Tenn. 
 
 Pond Island, at the entrance of Kennebec 
 river, Maine. On it is a fixed light, 52 feet 
 above the level of tbe sea. Lat. 43° 42' N., 
 Ion. 69° 44' W. 
 
 Pond River, a small stream in the W. part 
 of Kentucky, flows northward, and forms the 
 boundary between Hopkins and Muhlenberg 
 counties, until it enters Green river. It is 
 navigable for flat-boats. Length, about 50 
 miles. 
 
 Pond River Mills, a post-office of Miller 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Pond Settlement, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pond Spring, a post-office of Walker co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Pond Town, a post-village of Sumter co., 
 Georgia, 48 miles S. E. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation, about 200. 
 
 Pontchaetkain Lake, Louisiana, situated 
 about 5 miles N. from New Orleans. It com- 
 municates with Lake Maurepas on the W., 
 with Lake Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico on 
 the E., (through the Rigolets,) and with the 
 Mississippi on the S. by St. John's bayou. 
 The length is 40 miles, the greatest width, 
 24 miles, and the greatest depth from 16 to 
 20 feet. It is navigated by small steam- 
 boats, and is accessible from New Orleans by 
 means of a canal. 
 
 Pontiac, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 PoNTiAC, a post-office of Huron co., Ohio. 
 
 Pontiac, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Oakland co., Michigan. Pop., 2820. 
 
 Pontiac, a flourishing post-village in the 
 above township, and capital of Oakland coun- 
 ty, Michigan, is situated on Clinton river, 25 
 miles N. N. W. from Detroit, at the terminus 
 of the Detroit and Pontiac railroad. It is a 
 place of active business, and one of the prin- 
 cipal wool markets in the state. The water 
 power of the river gives motion to a number 
 of mills. Pontiac contains 6 churches, a large 
 public school, 3 hotels, 14 dry-good stores, 
 20 other stores, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 It is the E. terminus of the Oakland and 
 Ottawa railroad, now in course of construc- 
 tion. Population in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Pontiac, a post-village, capital of Living- 
 ston CO., Illinois, on Vermilion river, and on 
 the Chicago and Mississippi railroad, 110 
 miles N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 PoNTico, a post-office of Cayuga co., N. Y. 
 
 Pontoosuck, a small manufacturing village 
 of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the West 
 
PON 
 
 POP 
 
 branch of the Housatonic river, about 115 
 miles W. by S. from Boston. 
 
 PoNTOOSDCK, a thriving post- village of Han- 
 cock county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 
 215 miles above St. Louis. The adjacent 
 country is very productive, and improving 
 rapidly. Pontoosuck has grown up since 1846. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
 Pontotoc, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about 950 square 
 miles. It is watered by the Tallahatchee 
 and Loosascoona rivers, and by Old Town 
 creek, which rise near the borders of the 
 county. The surface is gently undulating, 
 and is partly covered with forests or groves 
 of oak, hickory, &c., which are free from 
 underbrush. The soil is fertile ; cotton, In- 
 dian corn, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 9017 bales of cot- 
 ton ; 667,012 bushels of corn, and 116,371 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 47 churches 
 and 2 newspaper offices; 578 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 90 attending academies 
 or other schools. This county was once a 
 part of the Chickasaw territory, and was 
 settled by white people about 1836. Capital, 
 Pontotoc. Population, 17,112; of whom 
 12,144 were free, and 4968, slaves. 
 
 Pontotoc, a post-village, capital of Ponto- 
 toc county, Mississippi, 175 miles N. by E. 
 from Jackson. It has a United States land- 
 office, and several stores. Two newspapers 
 are published here. 
 
 Pontotoc, a post-office of Fulton co., Ky. 
 
 Poole Island, Chesapeake bay, 17J miles 
 E. by N. from Baltimore. On it is a light- 
 house, exhibiting a fixed light. 
 
 PooLESViLLE, a post-villagc of Montgomery 
 CO., Maryland, 65 miles W. N. W. from An- 
 napolis. 
 
 Pool's Mills, apost-office of Jones co., Miss. 
 
 PooLsviLLE, a post-village in Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 PooLsviLLE, a small village of Lincoln co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 PooLsviLLE, a post- village in Warren co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 PooLviLLE, a post-village of Madison co., 
 New York, about 95 miles W. N. W. from Al- 
 bany. It has several factories. 
 
 Poor Fork, a post-office of Harlan co., Ky. 
 
 Poor Hill, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Pop ACTON, or Pepacton river, a branch of 
 the Delaware, rises among the Catskill moun- 
 tains, in Delaware co.. New York, and flowing 
 in a W. S. W. direction for about 60 miles, 
 unites with the Coquago, the larger branch, 
 at the village of Hancock or Chehocton, on 
 the boundary between New York and Penn- 
 sylvania. It is a beautiful and rapid stream, 
 and furnishes valuable motive-power. The 
 New York and Erie railroad crosses this river 
 near its junction with the Coquago. 
 
 Pope, a county in the S. part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 370 square miles. The Ohio 
 3k 
 
 river, which separates it from Kentucky, 
 forms the S. E. boundary. The county is 
 also drained by Lusk and Big Bay creeks. 
 The surface is rolling ; the soil in some parts 
 is fertile. Indian corn, oats, grass, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 223,592 bushels of Indian corn; 10,958 
 of oats, and 13,922 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 29 churches, and 570 pupils attending 
 public schools. The county contains a num- 
 ber of mineral springs, and abundance of 
 iron and lead, but the mines have not yet 
 been worked. Valuable quarries of sand- 
 stone are found near the Ohio river. Named 
 in honor of Nathaniel Pope, a delegate to the 
 United States Congress when Illinois was ad- 
 mitted as a sovereign state. Capital, Gol- 
 conda. Population, 3975. 
 
 Pope Creek, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Pope's Corners, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pope's Mills, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pope's Mills, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Poplar, a post-village of Orangeburg dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Poplar, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 Poplar Bluff, a small post-village of But- 
 ler CO., Missouri.^ 
 
 Poplar Branch, a post-office of Currituck 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Poplar Corner, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Poplar Creek, of Tennessee, rises in An- 
 derson county, and enters Clinch river in 
 Roane county. 
 
 Poplar Creek, a post-office of Choctaw co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Poplar Flat, a small post- village of Lewis 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Poplar Grove, a post-village of Iredell cc, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Poplar Grove, a post-office of Gibson co., 
 Tennessee, 144 miles W. from Nashville. 
 
 Poplar Grove, a post-office of Owen co. ,Ky, 
 
 Poplar Grove, a post-office of Boone co.,Ill, 
 
 Poplar Hill, a post-office of Giles co.,Va. 
 
 Poplar Hill, a post-office of Anson co.,N.C. 
 
 Poplar Hill, a post-office of Casey co., Ky. 
 
 Poplar Hill, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind. 
 
 Poplar Mount, a post-office of Greenville 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Poplar Neck, apost-office of Nelson co.,Ky. 
 
 Poplar Plains, a post-village of Fleming 
 CO., Kentucky, 80 miles E. from Frankfort. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 Poplar Point, on the W. side of Narra- 
 ganset bay, about 7J miles N. W. from New- 
 port, Rhode Island. 
 
 Poplar Ridge, or Sjiitii's Corners, a post- 
 village of Cayuga co., New York, 15 miles S. 
 by W. from Auburn. 
 
 Poplar Ridge, a post-office of Maury co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 945 
 
POP 
 
 POR 
 
 PoPLAB, Ridge, a post-ofBce of Darke co.,0. 
 
 PopLAE Spring, a post-ofiBce of Marshall 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 PoPLAK Spring, a post-village of Fairfieid 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Poplar Springs, a post-ofBce of Howard 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Poplar Springs, a post-office of Hall co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Poplar Springs, a post-village of Pontotoc 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Poplartown, a thriving village of Worces- 
 ter CO., Maryland, about 12 miles N. E. from 
 Snow Hill. 
 
 Poplin, a post-township in Rockingham co.. 
 New Hampshire, 33 miles S. S. E. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 509. 
 
 POQUANOC (or POQUONNOC) BRIDGE, a pOSt- 
 
 office of New London co., Connecticut. 
 
 PoQUETANOc, a post-viUagc of New London 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 PoQUONNOo, or Pequannock, a post-village 
 of Hartford county, Connecticut, on the N. 
 side of Farmington river, about 12 miles N. 
 by E. from Hartford. It contains 2 cotton 
 mills ; also a paper mill, said to be the largest 
 in New England. 
 
 Porcupine River, of Missouri Territory, 
 falls into the Missouri river near 48° N. lat., 
 and 104° 50' W. Ion. 
 
 Porpoise Cape, Maine. . See Cape Por- 
 poise. 
 
 Portage, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Ohio, contains 480 square miles. It is drained 
 by Cuyahoga and Mahoning rivers. The sur- 
 face is nearly level. The soil is fertile and 
 well cultivated. The staples are wool, but- 
 ter, cheese, and cattle. In 1850 this county 
 produced 293,069 pounds of wool; 662,614 
 of butter; 137,147 bushels of wheat, and 
 46,189 tons of hay. It contained 60 churches, 
 4 newspaper offices ; 11,024 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 106 attending an academy. 
 The county is intersected by the Cleveland 
 and Pittsburg railroad and by the Pennsylva- 
 nia and Ohio canal. The rivers furnish large 
 motive-power. Portage county was settled 
 by natives of Massachusetts and Connecticut 
 about the year 1799. Capital, Ravenna. 
 Population, 24,419. 
 
 Portage, a county in the N. central part 
 of Wisconsin, contains 1600 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Wisconsin river, and also 
 drained by Plover river. These streams are 
 bordered by extensive pine forests, forming 
 part of the " Great Pinery" of North Wiscon- 
 sin, from which many million feet of lumber 
 are procured annually, and floated down the 
 river to Galena and St. Louis. A strip of 
 land 6 miles wide, along the Wisconsin, was 
 surveyed and settled in 1836; and the re- 
 mainder of the county passed from aboriginal 
 hands in 1848, since which the land has been 
 occupied by great numbers of "squatters." 
 Capital, Plover. Population, 12-50. 
 
 Portage, a township in the S. W. part of 
 946 
 
 Livingston co., New York, on the Genesee 
 river. Population, 2478. 
 
 Portage, a post-office of Cambria co.. Pa. 
 
 Portage, a township of Potter co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 50 miles N. W. from Lockhaven. 
 Population, 34. 
 
 Portage, a township in the N. part of Han- 
 cock CO., Ohio. Population, 614. 
 
 Portage, a township in Ottawa co., Ohio. 
 Population, 377. 
 
 Portage, a township in the S. part of Sum- 
 mit CO., Ohio. The Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal joins the Ohio canal at Akron, a village 
 in this township. Population, 1160. 
 
 Portage, a post-township in the central 
 part of Wood co., Ohio. Population, 403. 
 
 Portage, a thriving post- village in the above 
 township, 20 miles S. from Perrysburg. 
 
 Portage, a post-township in the central 
 part of Kalamazoo co., Michigan, intersected 
 by the Portage river. Population, 726. 
 
 Portage, a township in Porter co., Indiana. 
 Population, 266. 
 
 Portage, a township in St. Joseph co., 
 Indiana. Population, 2073. 
 
 Portage, a village in St. Joseph co., Indi- 
 ana, on St. Joseph's river, 150 miles N. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Portage City, capital of Columbia co. Wis. 
 on the La Crosse railroad (unfinished) and 
 on the ship canal connecting the Wisconsin 
 and Fox rivers, at the noted Winnebago 
 Portage, 40 miles N. from Madison. It is at 
 the head of navigation on the Wisconsin 
 river, and is a depot for large quantities of 
 pine lumber. Two steamboats ply constantly 
 during the summer between this place and 
 Galena. The improvement of Fox river, when 
 finished, will open steamboat navigation from 
 the lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Portage 
 City contains (in 1853) 15 stores, 7 hotels, 2 
 churches, 2 select schools, 1 iron foundry, 1 
 sash factory, and 1 chair factory. Pop. 2000. 
 Here is the site of the old Fort Winnebago, 
 
 Portage Creek, of Jackson co., Michigan, 
 enters Grand river, 4 miles below Jackson 
 Court House. 
 
 Portage des Sioux, a village in St. Charles 
 CO., Missouri, on Mississippi river, 115 miles 
 E. N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Portage Entry, a post-office of Houghton 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Portage Falls. See Genesee River and 
 Genesee Falls. 
 
 Portage Lake, of Keweenaw Point, Michi- 
 gan, is very irregular in its form, and extends 
 from Keweenaw bay across the point to within 
 2 or o miles of the shore of Lake Superior. 
 The route of this lake has long been used by 
 the traders and Indians as a portage, hence 
 the name. 
 
 Portage Lake, a post-office of Jackson 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Portage Prairie, a township in Columbia 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 603. 
 
 Portage River, a small stream of Ohio, 
 
POU 
 
 POR 
 
 rises in Hancock county, and flows into Lake 
 Erie at Port Clinton. 
 
 Portage River, of Michigan, a small 
 stream which flows through Livingston coun- 
 ty into Portage Lake and Huron river. 
 
 Portage River, of Michigan, a small 
 stream which enters St. Joseph's river at the 
 village of Three Rivers. 
 
 PoRTAGEviLLE, Ncw York. See Genesee 
 Falls. 
 
 Port Alleghany, a post- village of McKean 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 
 about 200 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Port Allen, a post-village of Louisa co., 
 Iowa, 28 miles S. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Port Baenett, a village of Jefferson co., 
 Pennsylvania, on a branch of the Redbank 
 creek, 168 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Port Blanchard, a post-office of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Port Byron, a post-village of Mentz town- 
 ship, Cayuga county. New York, on the Erie 
 canal, and on the Rochester and Syracuse 
 railroad, 28 miles W. from Syracuse. It 
 contains 3 qr 4 churches, and several ware- 
 houses and 'mills. Population in 1853, esti- 
 mated at 1400. 
 
 Port Byron, a post-village of Rock Island 
 CO., Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 18 miles 
 above Rock Island City. 
 
 Port Caddo, a post-oflice of Harrison co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Port Carbon, a thriving post-borough of 
 East Norwegian township, Schuylkill county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river, at the 
 mouth of Mill creek, 65 miles N. E. from Har- 
 risburg, and 3 miles N. E. from Pottsville. 
 It is surrounded by rich coal mines, and 
 carries on an active trade by means of the 
 Schuylkill Valley railroad, which extends to 
 the mines, and the Schuylkill Navigation, 
 which terminates here. In 1829 there was 
 only one house in the place. Population in 
 1850, 2142; in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Port Cavallo, a small post-village of Cal- 
 houn CO., Texas, is situated on a point of 
 land at the entrance of Matagorda bay, about 
 30 miles S. W. from Matagorda. 
 
 Port Chester, a post-village in Rye town- 
 ship, Westchester county, New York, on By- 
 ram river, and on the New York and New 
 Haven railroad, 29 miles N. E. from New 
 York. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and seve- 
 ral seminaries and factories. 
 
 Port Clatsop, a post-office of Clatsop co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Port Clinton, a post-borough of Schuyl- 
 kill county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill 
 river, at the mouth of the Tamaqua, 12 miles 
 by land S. E. from Pottsville. The Reading 
 railroad passes through it, and the Little 
 Schuylkill railroad terminates here. Popu- 
 lation in 1850, 374. 
 
 Port Clinton, a post-village, capital of 
 Ottawa CO., Ohio, is situated on a bay of Lake 
 Erie, at the mouth of Portage river, 120 miles 
 
 N. from Columbus. It has a good harbor and 
 a lighthouse. 
 
 Port Clinton, a post-office of Lake co.. 111. 
 
 Port Conway, a post- village of King George 
 CO., Virginia, on the left bank of the Rappa- 
 hannock, 60 miles N. by E. from Richmond. 
 
 Port Crane, a post-offi ce of Broome co. ,N. Y. 
 
 Poet Deposit, a thriving post-village of 
 Cecil county, Maryland, on the left or east 
 bank of Susquehanna river, at the lowest 
 falls, 5 miles from the head of Chesapeake 
 bay, and 37 miles N. E. from Baltimore. It 
 is one of the principal depots of the pine 
 lumber which is rafted down the river. It is 
 situated at the head of tide-water, and has 
 facilities for shipping to the southern mar- 
 kets. The quantity of lumber received at 
 this place annually is estimated at 50,000,000 
 feet. Large quari-ies of granite are worked 
 in the immediate vicinity. It contains a bank 
 and several churches. Laid out in 1800. 
 
 Port Elizabeth, a post-village of Cumber- 
 land CO., New Jersey, about 36 miles E. S. E. 
 from Salem, has an extensive glass manufac- 
 tory, 2 or 3 churches, and about 1000 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 PoETEE, a county in the N. W. part of In- 
 diana, bordei-ing on Lake Michigan, contains 
 about 400 square miles. The Kankakee river 
 bounds it on the S., and it is drained by the 
 Calumet river. The surface is undulating, 
 and diversified with prairies and forests; the 
 soil mostly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 205,655 bushels of corn; 70,252 of 
 wheat; 76,143 of oats, and 5896 tons of hay. 
 It contained 6 churches, 1 newspaper ofiice, 
 and 1418 pupils attending public schools. It 
 is traversed by the Michigan Central railroad, 
 the Northern Indiana railroad, and the Fort 
 Wayne and Chicago railroad, (unfinished.) 
 Organized in 1836. Capital, Valparaiso. 
 Population, 5234. 
 
 Porter, a post-township in Oxford co.. Me., 
 90 miles S. W. from Augusta. Pop., 1208. 
 
 PoETER, a township of Niagara co.. New 
 York, bordering on Lake Ontario, at the 
 mouth of the Niagara river. Pop., 2455. 
 
 Porter, a township of Clarion co., Penn- 
 svlvania, about 14 miles S. from Clarion. 
 Population, 1907. 
 
 Porter, a township of Clinton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 miles S. S. W. from Lock Haven. 
 Population, 968. 
 
 Porter, a township of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 5 miles N. W. from Hunt- 
 ingdon, is intersected by the Juniata river, 
 and by the Pennsylvania railroad. Pop., 1050. 
 
 Porter, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Jefferson co.. Pa. Pop., 728. - 
 
 Porter, a township of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 17 miles 
 W. from Williamsport. Population, 768. 
 
 Portee, a township of Schuylkill co.. Pa., 
 intersected hj the Bear Mount railroad route, 
 23 miles S. E. from Sunbury. Pop., 305. 
 
 947 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 PoRTEE, a post-township in the E. central 
 part of Delaware co., Ohio. Pop., 1037. 
 
 PoRTEE, a small village of Gallia co., Ohio, 
 10 miles N. W. from Gallipolis. 
 
 PoRTEK, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Scioto CO., Ohio. Pop. 1671. 
 
 Porter, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Cass CO., Michigan. Population, 1259. 
 
 Porter, a post-township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Van Buren co., Mich. Pop., 443. 
 
 Porter, a township in Porter co., Indiana. 
 Population, 768. 
 
 Porter, a township in Green co., Missouri. 
 Population, 497. 
 
 Porter, a township in Rock co., "Wisconsin. 
 Population, 882. 
 
 Porterfield, a small post-village of Ve- 
 nango CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Porter Ridge, a post-ofBce of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Porter's, a post-office of Carroll co., Md. 
 
 Porter's Corjjers, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Porter's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Porter co., Indiana, 11 miles S. W. from Val- 
 paraiso, the county seat. 
 
 Porter's Falls, a post-office of Wetzel co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Portersville, a post-borough of Butler 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 220 miles W. by N. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 240. 
 
 Portersville, a small post-village of Tip- 
 ton CO., Tenn., 25 miles N. E. from Memphis. 
 
 Portersville, a post-office of Perry co., 0. 
 
 Portersville, a small village of Dubois 
 CO., Indiana, on the E. fork of White river, 8 
 miles N. by W. from Jasper. 
 
 PoRTEEViLLE, a post-officc of Dc Kalb CO., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Port Gibson, a post-village of Ontario co.. 
 New York, on the Erie canal, 54 miles W. 
 from Syracuse, has 1 or 2 churches, and 
 several stores. 
 
 Port Gibson, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Claiborne county, Mississippi, on 
 Bayou Pierre, 28 miles from its mouth, and 
 about 65 miles S. W. from Jackson. It is 
 surrounded by a rich planting district, and 
 has considerable business. A newspaper is 
 published here. The cotton raised in the 
 vicinity is shipped here in keel-boats. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 1036. 
 
 Port Gibson, a post-office of Gibson co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Port Glasgow, a post-office of Wayne co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Port Henry, a post- village of Essex co.. 
 New York, on the W. shore of Lake Cham- 
 plain, about 110 miles N. by E. from Albany. 
 It has a steamboat landing. 
 
 Port Herman, a post-office of Cecil co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Port Homer, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Ohiv. 
 
 Port Hope, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Columbia co., Wisconsin. Pop., 413. 
 S^48 
 
 Port Hope, a small post-village in the 
 above township, at the head of steamboat 
 navigation on the Neenah or Fox river, which 
 affords good water-power. It has a hotel 
 and 2 churches. 
 
 Port Hudson, a post-village of East Feli- 
 ciana parish, Louisiana, on the left bank of 
 the Mississippi river, at the terminus of the 
 Clinton and Port Hudson railroad, 25 miles 
 above Baton Rouge. It is a place of active 
 business, about 30,000 bales of cotton, and 
 2000 hogsheads of sugar being shipped here 
 annually. Population, 252. 
 
 Port Huron, a post-township in St. Clair 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 1584. 
 
 Port Huron, formerly Desmond, a thriving 
 post-village in the above township, on St. 
 Clair at the mouth of the Black river, 2 miles 
 from the S. end of Lake Huron, and 57 miles 
 N. E. from Detroit. Port Huron is the termi- 
 nus of the proposed northern railroad to Lake 
 Michigan. It has an active trade in pine lum- 
 ber, and contains 8 churches, 6 warehouses, 5 
 hotels, 2 tanneries, 2 livery stables, 2 news- 
 paper offices, several steam mills, and near 50 
 stores. Population, in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Port Jackson, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Port Jefferson, a post-village of Suffolk 
 CO., New York, on the N. side of Long Island, 
 about 200 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Port Jefferson, a thriving village of 
 Shelby county, Ohio, on the Miami river, 70 
 miles W. by N. from Columbus. A feeder of 
 the Miami and Erie canal terminates here. 
 Population, about 400. 
 
 Port Jervis, a thriving post-village of 
 Orange county, New York, on the New York 
 and Erie railroad, 97 miles from New York 
 city. Named in honor of John B. Jervis, en- 
 gineer of the Hudson and Delaware canal, 
 which passes through this place. It contains 
 several churches, a bank, and large railroad 
 depots. 
 
 Port Kendall, a post- village of Essex co., 
 N. Y., on the W. shore of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Port Kennedy, a post-village of Upper 
 Merion township, Montgomery co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Schuylkill river, and on the 
 Reading railroad, 4 miles above Norristown. 
 Population in 1850, 449. 
 
 Port Kent, a post- village of Essex co., 
 New York, on Lake Champlain, about 150 
 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 Portland, a city, port of entry, and seat 
 of justice of Cumberland county, Maine, 60 
 miles S. S. W. from Augusta, and 105 miles 
 N. E. from Boston. Lat. 43° 4' 25" N. Ion., 
 70° 45' 50" W. It is pleasantly situated on 
 a narrow peninsula or tongue of land pro- 
 jecting from the W. shore of Casco bay. This 
 peninsula is about 3 miles in length from E. 
 to W., and rises at each extremity into con- 
 siderable elevations, giving the city a beauti- 
 ful appearance as it is approached from the 
 sea. Its breadth averages about three- 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 quarters of a mile, though it is tauch wider 
 than this at its eastern termination, and also 
 at its junction with the mainland. The 
 harbor is one of the best on the Atlantic 
 coast, the anchorage being protected on 
 every side by land, the communication with 
 the ocean easy and direct, and the depth 
 suflScient for the largest ships. Although in 
 a northern latitude, it is never closed by ice 
 except in the most extreme cold weather, and 
 then only for a few days. - The principal en- 
 trance lies between the mainland on the S. 
 W., and House island on the N. E., and is 
 defended by Fort Preble on the former, and 
 Fort Scammel on the latter. The city, with 
 but few exceptions, is regularly laid out, and 
 handsomely built, chiefly of brick. Several 
 of the streets are remarkable for their ele- 
 gance. Main street is the principal thorough- 
 fare, and extends from Munjoy's hill on the 
 E. to Bramhall's hill on the W., following 
 the ridge of the peninsula throughout its 
 entire length. In hardly any other city 
 are to be found so many beautiful shade- 
 trees. It is estimated that there are not less 
 than 3000 of these scattered throughout the 
 various parts of the town. 
 
 Among the public buildings of Portland, 
 the custom house, situate at the corner of 
 Exchange and Middle streets, is perhaps the 
 most prominent. It is constructed of'sienite, 
 136 feet in length, 72 feet in breadth, and 
 three stories high. The principal front on 
 Middle street is adorned with a colonnade, 
 consisting of eight beautifully fluted columns, 
 (each a single stone,) supporting an Ionic 
 entablature at the top. From the centre of 
 the edifice rises a copper-covered dome, the 
 base of which is 62 feet in diameter, and the 
 summit 75 feet above the pavement. There 
 are also the city hall, and the court house, 
 {formerly occupied as the state house,) both 
 large and imposing structures. The latter 
 is very pleasantly situated. The churches 
 are as follows, viz. 5 Trinitarian Congrega- 
 tionalists, 2 Unitarian Congregational ists, 4 
 Methodist Episcopal, 3 Calvinists, 2 Protest- 
 ant Episcopal, 1 Christian Society, 1 Freewill 
 Baptist, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Swedenborgian, 
 and several others — in all 26. Of the build- 
 ings, 1 is of granite, 9 of brick, and the re- 
 mainder of wood. 
 
 Portland contains several flourishing scien- 
 tific and literary institutions, among which 
 may be mentioned the Portland Society of 
 Natural History, having for its object to 
 create an interest and diffuse information in 
 regard to the natural sciences. It has a 
 valuable cabinet of natural history, consist- 
 ing of specimens of the ornithology of the 
 state ; shells of more than 4000 difi"erent 
 species ; mineralogical and geological speci- 
 mens, fishes, reptiles, &e. It numbers about 
 275 members. Organized in 1843. The 
 Portland Athenaeum, incorporated in 1826, 
 has about 140 proprietors, and a library of 
 
 8000 volumes. Besides the above, may be 
 named the Mercantile Association, with a 
 rapidly increasing library, and the Portland 
 Sacred Music Society. The number of public 
 schools in the city and its environs is 25 ; 
 teachers, 57 ; average number of pupils in 
 attendance, 8000; amount of money appro- 
 priated for school purposes for the year 
 1852-3, $20,510.72. The school houses are 
 generally substantial brick edifices, con- 
 structed upon the most approved plan. A 
 commodious building is now being erected 
 for the state reform school, and is calculated 
 to accommodate all the unfortunate boys in the 
 state who may need such a place of discipline. 
 There are 11 newspapers published in Port- 
 land, 2 of them daily, and 9 weekly. 
 
 Portland enjoys excellent facilities both for 
 ocean commerce and inland trade. In addi- 
 tion to its superior harbor advantages it has 
 railway communication with the seaboard for 
 many hundred miles, and with the various im- 
 portant sections of the interior. The Atlantic 
 and St. Lawrence railroad, now about to be 
 completed, will connect Portland with Mon- 
 treal in Canada, and thereby form a direct 
 channel for the introduction of the rich com- 
 merce of the river St. Lawrence, and of the 
 great lakes to this Atlantic city. There are 
 also several other railroads radiating from this 
 point now in process of construction. The ship- 
 ping of the port, June 30th, 1852, amounted to 
 an aggregate of 77,575|^ tons registered, and 
 28,403i| tons enrolled and licensed. Of the 
 latter, 19,688^^ tons were employed in the 
 coast trade, 8157^^ tons in the cod and 
 mackerel fisheries, and 1290^;^^ tons in steam 
 navigation. The foreign arrivals for the year 
 were 384, (tons, 57,610,) of which 186 (tons, 
 38,512,) were by American vessels. The clear- 
 ances for foreign ports were 443, (tons, 69,893,) 
 ofwhich 50, 742 tons were in American bottoms. 
 One of the chief articles of import is molasses, 
 of which there were landed upon the wharves 
 in 1852, upwards of 7,000,000 gallons. The re- 
 ceipts of this article for 1850 were 104 cargoes, 
 consisting of 35,788 hogsheads, 1660 tierces, 
 and 771 barrels ; and for the first four months 
 of 1853 the receipts of molasses was greater 
 than for the whole year 1850. The imports 
 of sugar for 1851 amounted to 2,057,638 
 pounds; of salt, 150,000 bushels; of railroad 
 iron, 9,856,496 pounds ; of flour, about 
 161,000 barrels, and of corn, 200,000 bushels. 
 The total value of the imports for 1852 
 amounted to about $1,000,000 ; and of the 
 exports, $800,000. 
 
 The manufactures of Portland are pe- 
 culiar to a commercial city. Ship-building 
 has been long and successfully carried on. 
 During the year ending June 30, 1852, 44 
 vessels, (30 of them ships,) with an aggre- 
 gate burthen of 16,293^''^ tons were admea- 
 sured. The most important establishments 
 are the Portland Company, for making loco- 
 motives, railroad cars, &c., chartered in 
 
 949 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 1846, with a capital of $250,000, and the 
 Portland Sugar House. The latter is owned 
 by a single indiyidual, Mr. J. B. Brown, and 
 conducted upon an extensive scale. The first 
 building was erected in 1845; since then, ad- 
 ditions have been made, so that the whole 
 now cover nearly H- acres of ground. Sugar 
 of every quality is manufactured, employing 
 about 200 hands, and consuming from 150 to 
 ISO hogsheads of molasses daily. The finan- 
 cial institutions are six banks, with an ag- 
 gregate cnpital of $1,500,000, and an in- 
 surance office. The city is lighted with gas, 
 and abundantly supplied with pure water. 
 It is considered as remarkably healthy, never 
 having been visited by the cholera, even when 
 that disease raged fearfully in other neigh- 
 boring cities. 
 
 Portland was settled from England in 1632. 
 Its Indian name was Machigonne. During 
 the wars in which the colonies were involved 
 with the Indians, the French, and the mother 
 country, this town suffered the severest dis- 
 asters : three times it was entirely destroyed. 
 Since the Pievolution, its increase in wealth 
 and population has been constant, and for the 
 most part uniform. The city charter was 
 granted in 1832. Population in 1830, 12,601 : 
 in 18-10, 15,218; in 1850, 20,879; in 1853, 
 about 22,500. 
 
 PoKTLAND, a thriving post-village of Mid- 
 dlesex county, Connecticut, on the left bank 
 of Connecticut river, nearly opposite Middle- 
 town, about 15 miles S. E. by S. from Hart- 
 ford. Near by, and bordering the river, are 
 the famous Portland quarries, from which 
 building material is annually exported to the 
 value of half a million of dollars. About 2000 
 men are here employed within an area not 
 exceeding 100 acres. The stone is of a beau- 
 tiful reddish color, and of a very superior 
 quality ; being soft, it is easily worked, and 
 yet is remarkable for its durability, as it in- 
 creases in hardness with time. Named from 
 the celebrated English quarries. Population 
 of the township, 2836. 
 
 Portland, a post-township of Chautanque 
 CO., New York, on Lake Erie, intersected by 
 the Lake Shore railroad. Population, 1905. 
 
 Portland, a post-village in Dallas co., 
 Alabama, on Alabama river, 60 miles W. S. 
 W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Portland, a post-village of Jefferson coun- 
 ty, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 3 miles be- 
 low Louisville, and at the foot of the rapids. 
 It is at the lower termination of the canal 
 made around the rapids, and has considera- 
 ble business. Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Portland, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Erie co., Ohio, intersected by the Lake Shore, 
 Mansfield and Sandusky, and the Mad Kiver 
 and Lake Erie railroads. Population in 1850, 
 including Sandusky city, 5088. 
 
 Portland, a small village of Jefferson co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Portland, a post-township in the S. E. 
 950 
 
 part of Ionia co., Michigan; intersected by 
 the Grand river. Population, 763. 
 
 Portland, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Grand river, 21 miles W. N. W. from 
 Lansing. 
 
 Portland, a post-village of Fountain co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river and canal, 7 
 miles above Covington. 
 
 Portland, a post-village, capital of Jay co., 
 Indiana, on the Salamonie river, and on the 
 plank-road from Winchester to Fort Wayne, 
 90 miles E. N. E. from Indianapolis. Laid 
 out in 1837. Population, estimated at 300. 
 
 Portland, a thi'iving village of Putnam 
 CO., Indiana, on Racoon creek, 15 miles N. W. 
 from Greencastle. Population, 300. 
 
 Portland, a post-village inWhitesides CO., 
 Illinois, on Eock river, 140 miles N. by W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Portland, a post-village of Callaway co., 
 Missouri, on the Missouri river, 30 miles be- 
 low Jefferson City. It has a good landing, 
 and several stores. 
 
 Portland, a small post-village of Van 
 Buren co., Iowa, on the River Des Moines, 
 about 72 miles S. S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Portland, a post-town of Oregon Terri- 
 tory, on the Willamette river, at the head 
 of ship navigation, 15 miles from its mouth. 
 It is the largest and most commercial town 
 in Oregon. It contains the territorial peni- 
 tentiary, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, estimated at 6000. 
 
 Portland Head, a small point of land or 
 the W. side of the entrance to Portland har- 
 bor. A lighthouse, 85 feet high, containing 
 a fixed light, stands near its extremity. Lat. 
 43° 36' N., Ion. 70° 12' W. 
 
 Portland Mills, a post-office of Parke co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Portlandville, a post-office of Otsego co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Port Lavacca, a post-village, capital of 
 Calhoun co., Texas, on the W. side of Lavacca 
 bay, about 160 miles S. S. E. from Austin. 
 
 Port Lawrence, a township in the N. E. 
 part of Lucas co., Ohio, on the left side of 
 the Maumee river, and on the Wabash and 
 Erie canal. Population, exclusive of Toledo, 
 134. 
 
 Port Leon, a port of entry of W^akuUa co., 
 Florida, on the E. side of the Wakulla river, 
 about 15 miles S. S.'E. from Tallahassee. The 
 shipping, June 30, 1852, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 118|4 tons enrolled and licensed, 
 all of which was employed in the coast trade. 
 Port Letden, a post-office of Lewis co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Port LoriSA, a post-village of Lonisa co., 
 Iowa, 40 miles S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Port Mercer, a post-office of Blereer co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Port Mitchell, a village of Noble co., In- 
 diana, on the South fork of the Elkhart river, 
 123 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis, was 
 formerly the seat of justice. 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 Port Noreis, a village of Cumberland co., 
 New Jersey, on the right side of Maurice 
 river, about 80 miles S. by W. from Trenton. 
 
 Port Oliver, a small village of Simpson 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Port Ontario, a post-village of Oswego 
 CO., New York, on Lake Ontario, at the mouth 
 of Salmon river, 170 miles W. N. W. from Al- 
 bany. It has an improved harbor. 
 
 Port Orford City, a village of Umpqua 
 CO., Oregon, about 200 miles S. S. W. from 
 Salem. 
 
 Port Penn, a village of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the West branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna river, 13 miles E. from Williams- 
 port. The West Branch canal passes through 
 it, and boat-building is carried on. 
 
 Port Penn, a post- village of Newcastle co., 
 Delaware, on Delaware bay, opposite Reedy 
 Island, about 30 miles N. from Dover. It 
 has 1 hotel and 4 or 5 stores. 
 
 Port Perry, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Port Perry, a small post-village of Perry 
 CO., Missouri, on the Mississippi river, about 
 60 miles S. S. E. from St. Louis. 
 
 Port Providence, a post-ofiice of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Port Republic, formerly Gravelly Land- 
 ing, a post- village of Atlantic co., New Jer- 
 sey, on Nacote creek, about 15 miles E. N. E. 
 from May's Landing. 
 
 Port Republic, a post-village in Calvert 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Port Republic, a post-village in Rocking- 
 ham CO., Virginia, on the Shenandoah, about 
 100 miles AV. N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Port Richmond, a post-village of Rich- 
 mond CO., New York, on the N. side of Staten 
 Island. 
 
 Port Richmond, Pa. See Richmond. 
 
 Port Royal, a post-village of Juniata co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Tuscarora creek, 3 miles 
 S. from Mifflintown. 
 
 Port Royal, a post-village of Caroline co., 
 Virginia, on the right bank of Rappahannock 
 river, 22 miles below Fredericksburg. Grain 
 and tobacco are shipped here in steamboats, 
 for which there is a good landing. Popula- 
 tion, about 600. 
 
 Port Royal, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Tennessee, on Red river, about 40 miles 
 N. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Port Royal, a post- village of Henry co., 
 Kentucky, about 50 miles E. N. E. from Louis- 
 ville, has 2 stores. 
 
 Port Royal, a small village of Morgan 
 CO., Indiana, on White river, 16 miles S. S. W. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Port Sheldon, a village in Ottawa co., 
 Michigan, on Lake Michigan, about 200 miles 
 W. N. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Portsmouth, a city, port of entry, and 
 semi-capital of Rockingham county. New 
 Hampshire, 54 miles N. by E. from Boston, 
 jfl situated on the right bank of the Pisca- 
 
 taqua river, about three miles from the 
 ocean, and at the terminus of the Eastern, 
 the Concord, and the Portland and Saco rail- 
 roads, by which it has communication with 
 nearly every section of New England. Lat. 
 43° 4' 35" N., Ion. 70° 45' 50" W. This city, 
 the commercial metropolis and only seaport 
 of the state, is built on a beautiful peninsula, 
 formed by the Piscataqua, and connected by 
 bridges with Kittcry in Maine, and with New- 
 castle on Grand Island. The harbor which 
 lies between the town and the mouth of the 
 river is capacious, deep, easy of access, and 
 much frequented by vessels in bad weather : 
 480 have been counted here at one time ; and 
 it is estimated that 2000 could easily find 
 convenient anchorage. Tire formation of 
 sandbars or ice is rendered impossible by 
 the rapid tides, which centuries since have 
 carried every earthy substance out to sea, 
 leaving a smooth rock bottom, with a depth 
 of water varying from 35 to 75 feet. The 
 principal entrance is between the mainland 
 and the E. side of Great island, and is de- 
 fended by Fort McClary on the former, and 
 Fort Constitution on the N. W. point of the 
 latter. The city stands on a gentle acclivity 
 overlooking the harbor, and is remarkable 
 for its healthy atmosphere and fine gardens. 
 Many of the streets are adorned with a pro- 
 fusion of shade-trees. The principal public 
 buildings are the State Lunatic Asylum, 
 the State Arsenal, the Athenaeum, and two 
 market houses. Besides these, there are 
 eleven churches, some of which are elegant 
 structures. The chief object of interest, 
 however, is the United States navy-yard, si- 
 tuated on an island near the E. side of the 
 river. Among other things, it contains three 
 immense ship-houses, and a floating balance- 
 dock, constructed at a cost of about $800,000. 
 It is 350 feet by 105, and has 24 pumps, 
 worked by two steam-engines. The North 
 America, the first ship of the line launched 
 in the western hemisphere, was built on 
 Badger's island in this harbor, during the 
 Revolution. The literary advantages of Ports- 
 mouth are highly respectable. Besides the 
 Athenaeum, which has a well-selected library 
 of about 10,000 volumes, and a cabinet of 
 curiosities, there are several libraries be- 
 longing to church societies. The schools are 
 numerous, and conducted upon the most ap- 
 proved system. The building erected in 
 1849 for the Haven School cost $12,000. 
 Nine newspapers are published, 2 or 3 of 
 which are issued daily. 
 
 Portsmouth has less commerce now than 
 formerly, though it is still the centre of an 
 important trade, both foreign and coastwise. 
 The shipping of the port, June 30th, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 16,654i^ tons 
 registered, and 8237-^f tons enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the latter, 5723a^ tons were 
 employed in the coast trade, and the remain- 
 der in the cod and mackerel fisheries. The 
 
 951 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 foreign arrivals for the year were 78, (tons, 
 8493,) of which 2823 were in American bot- 
 toms.. The clearances for foreign ports were 
 64, (tons, 7466.) The imports amounted to 
 .$99,605; the exports, to $66,927; and the 
 duties collected, to about $30,000. During 
 the same year, 14 vessels, (10 of them ships,) 
 with an aggregate burthen of 9ol5|f tons, 
 were admeasured. Some of the finest-built 
 ships, both for the mercantile and naval ser- 
 vice, have been supplied from the yards of 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 Manufacturing is extensively carried on. 
 Among the most important corporations may 
 be mentioned the Portsmouth Steam Factory, 
 giving employment to about 400 hands, who 
 produce 3,000,00*0 yards of the finest quality 
 of lawns annually, and the Sagamore Manu- 
 facturing Company. The leading articles of 
 manufacture are ropes, spool cotton, hosiery, 
 iron castings, shoes, &c. The city is supplied 
 by means of pipes with excellent water, from 
 a fountain in the suburb. It contains 3 banks, 
 with an aggregate capital of $491 ,000. Ports- 
 mouth has a large amount of capital invested 
 in railroads, navigation, manufactures, &c. in 
 other places ; and though it has suifered in 
 former years from disastrous fires, and has 
 been compelled to relinquish to the larger 
 cities some of its former extensive trade, still 
 it has steadily increased in wealth and popu- 
 lation. Population in 1850, 9739 ; in 1853, 
 about 11,000. 
 
 Portsmouth, a post-township in Newport 
 CO., Ehode Island, 6 miles N. N. E. from New- 
 port. Population, 1833. 
 
 Portsmouth, a post-township of Dauphin 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Population, 882. 
 
 Portsmouth, a seaport and important naval 
 depot of the United States, and capital of 
 Norfolk county, Virginia, on the left bank of 
 the Elizabeth river, opposite the city of Nor- 
 folk, 8 miles from Hampton Roads, and 160 
 miles by water S. E. from Pdchmond. Lat. 
 36° 50' N., Ion. 76° 19' W. The river, which 
 is about half a mile wide, forms a safe and 
 excellent harbor, accessible to vessels of the 
 largest size, in which several ships of war 
 are usually lying at anchor. The General 
 Government has at Gosport, a suburb of Ports- 
 mouth, a large and costly dry-dock, which is 
 capable of admitting the lai-gest ships. More 
 than 1000 hands are sometimes employed in 
 the construction of vessels at the navy-yard. 
 Besides the United States naval hospital in 
 the vicinity, a large and showy building of 
 stuccoed brick, Portsmouth contains a court 
 house, 6 churches, a branch of the Bank of 
 Virginia, and the Virginia Literary, Scientific, 
 and Military Academy. The town is situated 
 on level ground, immediately below the junc- 
 tion of the southern and eastern branches 
 of the river. The streets are straight and 
 rectangular. Portsmouth is the terminus of 
 the Seaboard and Roanoke railroad, which, 
 tyith connecting lines, opens a communication 
 952 
 
 with Charleston, South Carolina. Since the 
 reconstruction of this railroad the town has 
 increased considerably in population and busi- 
 ness. Ferry-boats ply constantly from Ports- 
 mouth to Norfolk, and a daily line" of steam- 
 boats communicates with Richmond. Five 
 newspapers are published here. Founded in- 
 1752. Population, 8626. 
 
 Ports-mouth, a post-village of Carteret co.. 
 North Carolina, on the S. side of Ocracoke 
 Inlet, about 65 miles E. from Newbern. 
 
 Portsmouth, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Scioto county, Ohio, is beautifully 
 situated on the Ohio river, just above the 
 mouth of the Scioto, and at the terminus of 
 the Ohio and Erie canal, 115 miles above Cin- 
 cinnati, and 90 miles S. from Columbus. 
 It stands on a plain of moderate extent, 
 partly enclosed by hills. Steamboats ply re- 
 gularly betwen this town and Cincinnati and 
 other river ports. Portsmouth is a place of 
 considerable activity in business, and is 
 steadily increasing in population and im- 
 portance. The Scioto and Hocking Valley 
 railroad terminates here. The village con- 
 tains a court house, 1 bank, 6 or 8 churches, 
 2 large and commodious school houses, with 
 13 teachers and about 700 pupils, 2 iron foun- 
 dries, 1 nail factory, and 1 forge : 4 news- 
 papers are published here. Iron ore, stone 
 coal, and fine building stone are abundant in 
 the vicinity. Population in 1850, 4011 ; in 
 1853, about 5000. 
 
 Portsmouth, a thriving village of Saginaw 
 CO., Michigan, on the right bank of Saginaw 
 river, 6 miles from its mouth, and 110 N. N. 
 W. from Detroit. Large quantities of pine 
 lumber are sawed here and exported. 
 
 Portsmouth, a small village of Carroll co., 
 Illinois, on the Mississippi river, about 180 
 miles N. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Port Tobacco, a post-village, capital of 
 Charles co., Maryland, is situated at the head 
 of a bay which sets up from the Potomac 
 river, about 30 miles S. from Washington. It 
 contains a court house, jail, and a newspaper 
 oflice. 
 
 Port Townsend, a thriving settlement, capi- 
 tal of Jefferson co., Washington Territory, 
 on Puget sound. From its position, it will 
 doubtless become a port of entry. The pre- 
 sent collector (Mr. Ely) has recommended the 
 custom house to be removed to this place. It 
 has a post-office of its own name. 
 
 Port Union, a post-oflSce of Butler co., 0. 
 
 PoRTViLLE, a post-township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Cattaraugus co., New York. 
 Population, 747. 
 
 Port Washington, a small village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Port Washincton, a thriving post-village 
 of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, on the Tuscarawas 
 river, and on the Ohio canal, 90 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. Pop. in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Port Washington, or Ozaukee, capital of 
 Ozaukee co., Wisconsin, on the W. shore oi 
 
POR 
 
 POT 
 
 Lake ■Michigan, 31 miles N. from Milwaukee, 
 and 90 miles E. N. E. from Madison. The name 
 of the post-office is Ozaukee. The produce 
 of the county is mostly shipped here in steam- 
 boats. The village contains 1 or 2 newspaper 
 offices, several churches, 3 mills, 4 wheel- 
 wright shops, 1 iron foundry, 2 breweries, and 
 about 10 stores. Population in 1846, 50; in 
 1850, 756 ; in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Pout William, a post-village of Clinton- cc, 
 Ohio, 9 miles N. from Wilmington. 
 
 Poet AVilliam, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Missouri, 45 miles AV. by S. from St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Posey, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Indiana, contains 390 square miles. 
 The Ohio river bounds it on the S., and the 
 Wabash on the W. The surface is mostly 
 undulating, excepting the broad and exten- 
 sive bottom lands, which are subject to an- 
 nual inundation and are extremely fertile. 
 The uplands also produce abundant crops of 
 corn and wheat. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 895,794 bushels of corn; 21,245 of 
 wheat ; 30,209 of oats ; and 846 tons of hay. 
 It contained 18 churches, 1 newspaper office; 
 1000 pupils attending public schools, and 50 
 attending other schools. Coal is abundant. 
 The timber lands occupy about three-fifths of 
 the surface. A plank-road, 16 miles long, 
 extends from New Harmony to Mount Ver- 
 non, the county seat. Organized in 1814, and 
 named in honor of General Thomas Posey, 
 governor of Indiana Territory. Pop., 12,549. 
 
 Posey, a post-office of Madison co., Ky. 
 
 Posey, a township in Clay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1218. 
 
 Posey, a township of Clinton co., Indiana. 
 Population, 893. 
 
 Posey, a township in Fayette co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1185. 
 
 Posey, a township of Franklin co., Indiana. 
 Population, 940. 
 
 Posey, a township in Rush co., Indiana. 
 Population, 870. 
 
 Posey, a township in Switzerland co., In- 
 diana. Population, 2395. 
 
 Posey, a township in Washington co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1817. 
 
 Poseytille, a thriving post-village of Po- 
 sey CO., Indiana, about 20 miles N. N. E. 
 from Mount Vernon. It has several stores. 
 
 Post Creek, a post-office of Chemung co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Post Mill Village, a post-village in Orange 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 Post Oak, a post-office of Iredell co., N. C. 
 
 Post Oak, a post-office of Yallobusha co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Post Oak, a post-township in Johnson co., 
 Missouri. Population, 908. 
 
 Post Oak, a small post-village of Johnson 
 CO., Missouri, about 55 miles S. E. from In- 
 dependence. 
 
 Post Oak Springs, a post-office of Roane 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Post of Arkansas. See Arkansas Post, 
 
 PosTviLLE, a post-village of Herkimer co., 
 New York, 20 miles N. N. E. from Utica. 
 
 PosTviLLE, a small post-village of Logan 
 CO., Illinois, about 30 miles N. E. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 PosTviLLE, a post-village in Allomakee co., 
 Iowa, 105 miles N. from Iowa City. 
 
 Potato Creek, of Upson co., Georgia, 
 flows S. AV. into Flint river. 
 
 Potato Creek, a post-office of Ashe co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Potawatamie, or Pottawattomie, a county 
 in the W. S. W. part of Iowa, bordering on 
 the Indian Territory, has an area of 700 
 square miles. The Missouri river, navigable 
 by steamboats, forms the boundary on the 
 W. ; the W. branch of Nishnabatona river 
 flows through the E. part, and Boyer river 
 through the N. W. part. The surface is di- 
 versified with fine scenery, and presents a 
 fair proportion of prairie and timber. The 
 soil is fertile, adapted to grain and grass. 
 Indian corn and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 there were raised 31,955 bushels of In- 
 dian corn; 9117 of wheat, and 8940 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 1 newspaper office. 
 This county is the most populous in the 
 western part of the state, and is settling ra- 
 pidly. Named from the Pottawattomie In- 
 dians, who were removed from the territory 
 about the year 1845. Capital, Kanesville. 
 Population, 7828. 
 
 Potawatamies, a tribe of Indians formerly 
 dwelling about Lake Huron and in Indiana. 
 They have been removed to the west of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 PoTEAtr River, Arkansas, rises in Scott 
 CO., and falls into the Arkansas river at Fort 
 Smith. 
 
 Potecasi, a post-office of Northampton cc, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Potomac, a large river of Virginia and 
 Maryland, is formed by the North and South 
 branches, which unite on the northern border 
 of Virginia, about 20 miles S. E. from Cum- 
 berland. It flows first north-eastward to 
 Hancock, passing through several ridges of 
 mountains. It pursues a south-easterly direc- 
 tion, and receives from the right its largest 
 affluent, the Shenandoah, just before its 
 passage through the Blue Ridge at Harper's 
 Ferry. The volume of the Shenandoah at 
 their confluence is but little inferior to that 
 of the main stream. Flowing thence south- 
 eastward nearly 100 miles to Georgetown, it 
 falls over the edge of the primitive forma- 
 tion, and changes its course to the south and 
 south-west for a distance of about 50 miles. 
 Again resuming its general direction, it ex- 
 pands in an estuary of 6 or 8 miles in width, 
 and flows into Chesapeake bay about 38° N. 
 lat., and 76° 10' W. Ion. The length, exclu- 
 sive of the branches, is estimated at 350 miles. 
 The tide ascends to Georgetown, in the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, 120 miles from its mouth. 
 
 953 
 
POT 
 
 POT 
 
 The principal towns on its banks are Cum- 
 berland, Georgetown, Washington, and Alex- 
 andria. It is navigable for the largest ves- 
 sels to Washington City. The Chesapeake 
 and Ohio canal extends along this river from 
 Cumberland to Georgetown. The Potomac, 
 through its whole course, forms the boundary 
 between Maryland and Virginia. For a de- 
 scription of the Potomac Falls, see page 668. 
 
 Potomac Ckeek, in the E. part of Virginia, 
 flows through Stafford co., into the Potomac 
 river. It is navigable by schooners for seve- 
 ral miles. 
 
 PoTOST, a post-village, capital of Washing- 
 ton county, I\Iissouri, about 70 miles S. S. W. 
 from St. Louis. It contains, besides the coun- 
 ty buildings, several churches, and an aca- 
 demy. Kich mines of lead (in the form of 
 sulphuret) and of iron are worked in the 
 vicinity. The lead ore yields 70 or 80 per 
 cent, of metal. 
 
 PoTosi, a small village of Crawford co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 PoTOSi, a flourishing town of Potosi town- 
 ship. Grant county, Wisconsin, on Grant 
 river, near its entrance into the Mississippi, 
 15 miles above Dubuque. It is situated 
 in a narrow, deep, and picturesque valley 
 or ravine, about 3 miles in length, through 
 which a stream of good water flows. The 
 town is divided into three portions or villages, 
 namely, Dublin, Lafayette, and Van Buren. 
 It is the largest and most commercial place 
 in the county, and is likely to become more 
 important as the principal depot of the mine- 
 ral region of Wisconsin. Large quantities 
 of lead are mined in the county, and shipped 
 at Potosi in steamboats. The principal 
 part of the town is about 2 miles from the 
 steamboat landing, which is at the mouth of 
 Grant river. A weekly newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. The town is incorporated. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, estimated at 2500. 
 
 Potsdam, a thriving post-village of Pots- 
 dam township, St. Lawrence county, New 
 York, on Racket river, and on the route of 
 the Potsdam and Watertown railroad, 11 
 miles E. N. E. from Canton. It contains 
 several churches, a large academy, a bank, 
 2 newspaper offices, and extensive ironworks, 
 machine shops, and mills. Population of 
 the village estimated at 1500. Potsdam 
 township is traversed by the Northern rail- 
 road. Population of the township, 5349. 
 
 PoTTEK, a county in the N. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on New York, has an 
 area of 1100 square miles. This county is 
 one of the most elevated in the state, form- 
 ing part of the dividing ridge between the 
 waters which flow into the Ohio on the S., 
 and the St. Lawrence on the N. The Gene- 
 see river rises in it and flows northward ; 
 the Alleghany rises near the middle and 
 flows westward ; it is also drained by Pine, 
 Oswayo, and Kettle creeks. The surface is 
 uneven, and mostly covered by thick forests. 
 954 
 
 The soil is well adapted to grazing. Oats, 
 hay, butter, maple sugar, and pine lumber 
 are the chief articles of export. In 1850 it 
 produced 80,314 bushels of oats ; 8717 tons 
 of hay ; 168,677 pounds of butter, and 134,887 
 of maple sugar. There were 50 saw mills, 3 
 flour and grist mills, and 2 pot and pearl 
 asheries. It contained 1 church, 2 newspaper 
 offices, 1020 pupils attending public schools, 
 and, 20 attending another school. Stone 
 coal and iron ore are found. Formed in 1 804, 
 and named in honor of General James Potter, 
 an officer in the war of the Revolution. Ca- 
 pital, Coudersport. Population, 6048. 
 
 Potter, a post-iownship in the N. part of 
 Yates CO., New York. Population, 2194. 
 
 PoTTEB, a township of Centre co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles S. S. E. from Belle- 
 fonte. Population, 2216. 
 
 Potter's Creek, a post-office of Ocean co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Potter's Hill, a post-ofBce of Washington 
 CO., Pihode Island. 
 
 Potter's Hill, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Potter's Hollow, a post-village in the 
 S. W. part of Albany co.. New York. 
 
 Potter's Mills, a post-village of Centre 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 73 miles N. W. from Har- 
 risburg, contains a woollen factory and a 
 grist mill. 
 
 Pottersville, a post-office of Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Pottersville, a post-village of Warren 
 CO., New York, on Schroon river, about 25 
 miles N. by W. from Caldwell. 
 
 Pottersville, a post-village of Hunterdon 
 CO., N. J., about 33 miles N. from Trenton. 
 
 Pottervxlle, a post-office of Mahoning 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Potterville, a post-office of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Potts' Creek, in the S. W. central part of 
 Virginia, rises in Monroe co., flows north- 
 eastward, and enters Jackson's river near 
 Covington, in Alleghany county. 
 
 Potts' Creek, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 POTTSGROVE, Pa. See Pottstown. 
 
 Pottsgrove, a township of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Schuylkill river, and intersected by the Read- 
 ing railroad. Population, 3353. 
 
 Pottsgrove, a small post-village of North- 
 umberland CO., Pennsylvania, 66 miles N. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Potts' Mills, a post-village of Jessamine 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Pottstown, or Pottsgrove, a thriving 
 post-borough of Pottsgrove township, Mont- 
 gomery county, Pennsylvania, on the left 
 bank of the Schuylkill river, at the mouth 
 of Manatawney creek, 37 miles W. N. W. 
 from Philadelphia. The Philadelphia and 
 Reading railroad passes through it, and the 
 Schuylkill canal runs on the other side of the 
 
POT 
 
 POW 
 
 river, which is crossed here by a bridge. 
 Pottstown contains several churches, an aca- 
 demy, a newspaper office, and many neat 
 dwellings of brick and stone. There are 
 several manufactories in the vicinity. In- 
 corporated in 1815. Pop. in 1850, 1664; in 
 1853, about 2000. 
 
 PoTTSviLLE, a handsome town of Norwe- 
 gian township, capital of Schuylkill county, 
 Pennsylvania, at the terminus of the Phila- 
 delphia and Reading railroad, 93 miles N. 
 W. from Philadelphia, and 35 miles from 
 Reading. It is situated on the Schuylkill 
 I'iver, just above its passage through Sharp 
 mountain, and at the mouth of Norwegian 
 creek. It is remarkable on account of the 
 rapidity of its growth, the picturesque 
 beauty of its situation, and the immense 
 trade in coal of which it is the centre. The 
 ground is uneven, and rises so abruptly in 
 some places that sites for building could only 
 be obtained by levelling the mountain or 
 walling the bank of the river. Above the 
 junction of the streams, the valley widens, 
 and affords space for several streets, some 
 of which are nearly level. The principal 
 business is transacted on Centre street, which 
 extends along the right bank of Norwegian 
 creek. The town is generally well built, and 
 contains a large proportion of brick houses. 
 The principal public buildings are the court 
 house, the town hall, the jail, a bank, and 
 about 15 churches. The jail is a new and 
 costly edifice, faced with sandstone. Potts- 
 ville has a large and respectable academy, 
 besides many private seminaries. Gas is 
 used to light the streets. Among the manu- 
 factories are 5 machine shops, 1 rolling mill, 
 1 woollen factory, and 1 carpet factory. 
 Five or six newspapers are published here. 
 The coal is conveyed to this place from nu- 
 merous mines in the vicinity by branch 
 railroads. The greater part of it is sent to 
 market by the Philadelphia and Reading 
 railroad, and the other part by the Schuyl- 
 kill navigation. The coal trade increases 
 rapidly from year to year. The produce of 
 the Schuylkill coalfield in 1851 was 2,184,240 
 tons; in 1852 it amounted to near 8,000,000 
 tons. The mountain ridges which surround 
 Pottsville are too rugged and sterile for cul- 
 tivation, but this region has become by means 
 of its mineral resources one of the most 
 populous parts of the state, and already pre- 
 sents a large number of thriving towns and 
 villages. Pottsville was commenced in 1825. 
 The seat of justice was established here in 
 1847. Population in 1840, 4345, and in 1850, 
 7515; in 1853, about 10,000. 
 
 Pottsville, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Iowa. 
 
 Pouch Creek, a post-office of Campbell 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 PouGHKEEPsiE, a handsome city, capital 
 of Dutchess co., New York, on the E. bank 
 of the Hudson river, and on the railroad of 
 
 that name, 75 miles N. from New York, and 
 70. miles S. from Albany. Lat. 40° 41' N., 
 Ion. 73° 55' W. It is situated on a plain, 
 and regularly laid out, the principal street 
 extending eastward from the river. It is the 
 largest town between New York and Albany. 
 It contains about 16 churches, belonging to 
 the Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, Baptists, 
 Presbyterians, Methodists, Friends, Univer- 
 salists, and Catholics ; a collegiate school, 
 the Dutchess academy, and several seminaries 
 for girls. Three or four newspapers are 
 published here weekly. The collegiate school 
 of this place is a large and costly building, 
 situated on College hill. A number of steam- 
 boats and sailing vessels are owned here. 
 Poughkeepsie has a variety of manufactories, 
 the most important productions of which are 
 cotton-goods, machinery, farming imple- 
 ments, carriages, iron ware, guns, carpets, 
 earthen ware, flour, leather, and beer. The city 
 contains 4 banks. Incorporated in 1801. Pop. 
 of Poughkeepsie township in 1850, 13,944; 
 of the city, in 1853, is estimated at 14,000. 
 
 PouGHEBEPSiE, a post- village in Allen cc, 
 Indiana. 
 
 PouGHQiTAG, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 PouLTNET, a village in Rutland co., Ver- 
 mont, 65 miles S. W. from Montpelier, con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches and an academy. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2329. 
 
 PouLTNET, a post-office of Delaware co.; 
 Iowa. 
 
 PouLTiJEY River, a fine mill-stream of 
 Rutland co., Vermont, falls into an arm of 
 Lake Champlain. 
 
 Pound, a post-office of Russell co., Va. 
 
 PouNDRiDGE, a post-township in the E. 
 part of Westchester co., N. Y. Pop., 1486. 
 
 Poverty Hill, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 PowAiCKUN, a post-office of Winnebago co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Powder River, in the E. central part of 
 Missouri Territory, rises among the Black 
 hills, and flowing in a general northerly di- 
 rection, falls into the Yellowstone river. 
 
 Powder River, a small stream of Oregon 
 Territory, falls into the S. branch of Snake 
 river. 
 
 Powder Spring Gap, a post-office of Grain- 
 ger CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Powder Springs, a post-village of Cobb 
 CO., Georgia, 12 miles S. W. from Marietta, 
 has 2 churches, and 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Powell, a township in Green co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 552. 
 
 Powell's Creek, of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Susquehanna river from 
 the left. 
 
 Powell's Cheek, of Ohio, enters the Au- 
 glaize river near its mouth, about 2 miles 
 from Defiance. 
 
 Powell's Mountain, a post-office of Lee 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 955 
 
POW 
 
 PRA 
 
 Powell's Point, a post-office of Currituck 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Powell's River rises among the Cumber- 
 land or Alleghany mountains, in Lee co., in 
 the S. W. part of Virginia, and flowing S. W. 
 into Tennessee, unites with Clinch river, in 
 Anderson county. 
 
 Powell's Tavern, a post-office of Gooch- 
 land CO., Virginia, 1^5 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Powellton, a post-office of Brunswick co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Powellton, a post-village in Richmond 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Powellton, a post-office of Harrison co., 
 Texas. 
 
 PowELTON, a small post- village of Hancock 
 CO., Ga, 38 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 PowERsviLLE, a post-village in Bracken 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 PowERviLLE, a post-village of Morris co., 
 N. J., 12 miles N. E. by N. from Morristown. 
 
 Poweshiek, a new county in the S. E. cen- 
 tral part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square 
 miles. It is drained by the head streams of 
 English river, and by Beaver and Prairie 
 creeks, affluents of Iowa river, which touches 
 its N. E. extremity. The North fork of 
 Skunk river flows through the S. W. part. 
 The soil is fertile. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 26,455 bushels of Indian corn; 3011 
 of wheat, and 1253 pounds of wool. Named 
 from an Indian chief. Capital, Montezuma. 
 Population, 615. 
 
 PowHATTAN county, situated in the S. E. 
 central part of Virginia, contains 280 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by the James 
 river, and on the S. by the Appomattox. The 
 surface is generally level. Some portions of 
 the soil have been exhausted by long cultiva- 
 tion. This can be bought at a mere nominal 
 rate. Other parts are fertile, especially near 
 the streams. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 tobacco are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 215,155 bushels of corn; 115,437 
 of wheat; 89,189 of oats; and 1,000,490 
 pounds of tobacco. It contained 19 churches, 
 and 305 pupils attending academies and other 
 schools. The James River canal passes along 
 the border. [Organized in 1777. Capital, 
 Scottsville. Population, 8178, of whom 2896 
 were free, and 5282 slaves. 
 
 PowHATTAN, a post-officc of Union co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 PowHATTAN, a Small post-village of Law- 
 rence CO., Arkansas, about 9 miles N. by E. 
 from Smithville. 
 
 PowHATTAN CoURT HoUSE, SCe SCOTTS- 
 VILLE. 
 
 PowHATTAN PoiNT, a post-officc of Bclmont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Powl's Valley, a post-office of Dauphin 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pownal, a post-township in Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, 34 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1074. 
 956 
 
 PowNAL, a post-township in Bennington co., 
 Vermont, 130 miles S. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1742. 
 
 Powow River, a fine mill-stream rising in 
 Rockingham co.. New Hampshire, and fall- 
 ing into the Merrimack a few miles above 
 Newburyport. 
 
 Poynette, a post-village of Columbia co., 
 Wisconsin, 21 miles N. from Madison. It has 
 good water-power, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 PoY Sippi, a post-office of Waupacca CO., Wis. 
 
 Prairie, a county in the E. central part 
 of Arkansas, contains about 1060 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by White 
 river, navigable by steamboats at all sea- 
 sons, and on the N. by Cypress and Des Arc 
 bayou. The surface is nearly level, and di- 
 versified by extensive prairies, and by forests 
 which contain the oak, ash, walnut, cypress, 
 and cedar. The soil is generally fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, grass, butter, and cattle 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 54,905 bushels of corn ; 6519 of sweet 
 potatoes ; 246 bales of cotton, and 18,887 
 pounds of butter. There were 100 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 20 attending 
 another school. Capital, Brownsville. Popu- 
 lation, 2097, of whom 1824 were free, and 273, 
 slaves. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Arkansas co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 338. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Carroll co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 1214. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Franklin co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 497. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Madison co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 836. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Marion cc, Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 397. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Newton co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 176. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Prairie co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 696. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Washington co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 1830. 
 
 Prairie, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Franklin co., Ohio, intersected by the Co- 
 lumbus and Xenia railroad. Pop., 1043. 
 
 PEAiRifi, a township in the N. part of 
 Holmes co., Ohio. Population, 1451. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Henry co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1340. 
 
 Prairie, a post-office of Henry co., 111. 
 
 Prairie, a post-office of Lewis co.. Mo. 
 
 Prairie, a township in Randolph co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1764. 
 
 Prairie Bird, a post-office of Shelby co.. 111. 
 
 Prairie Bluff, a post-office of Wilcox co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Praikie Creek, of Alabama, enters the 
 Tombigbee on the N. border of Marengo co. 
 
 Prairie Creek, of Indiana, flows through 
 Daviess co. into the W. fork of White river, 
 about 6 miles from Washington. 
 
 Prairie Creek, Iowa, rises in Benton co., 
 and flows into Red Cedar river in Linn co. 
 
PRA 
 
 PRE 
 
 Prairie Cheek:, a post-office of Dallas co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Prairie Creek, a small village of Yell co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Prairie Creek, a post-office of Vigo co.,Ind. 
 
 Prairie Creek, a post-office of Logan co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Prairie Depot, a post-office of Wood co., 0. 
 
 Prairie du Chien, a beautiful post-village, 
 capital of Crawford co., Wisconsin, is finely 
 situated on the Mississippi, 4 miles above the 
 mouth of Wisconsin river, and about 100 
 miles W. from Madison. It is one of the 
 oldest towns of the state. It is the W. 
 terminus of the Milwaukee and Mississippi 
 railroad, in course of construction. The 
 site is a level plain or prairie, 6 or 8 miles 
 long and 1 or 2 miles wide, enclosed on the 
 E. by rocky bluffs. The village contains a 
 Levvspaper office and several churches, one 
 of which is Catholic. 
 
 Prairie du Long, a post-office of St. Clair 
 CO.. Illinois, 12-5 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Prairie du Rocher, a post-village of Ran- 
 dolph CO., Illinois, 14 miles N. W. from Kas- 
 kaskia. The name is derived from a rocky 
 bluff which rises behind the village. 
 
 Prairie du Sac, a post-village of Sauk 
 county, Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin river, 25 
 miles N. W. from Madison. It is situated on 
 the border of the prairie. 
 
 Prairie Farm, a post-office of Macoupin 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Prairie Field, a post-office of Rock Island 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Prairie Fork, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Prairie Grove, a post-office of Clark co., lo. 
 
 Prairie Lea, a post-office of Caldwell co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Prairie Mer Rouge, a post-office of More- 
 house parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Prairiemount, a post-village' of Chickasaw 
 CO., Mississippi, 18 miles N. E. from Houston. 
 It is situated in a highly productive country. 
 
 Prairie Plains, a post-office of Grimes 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Prairie Point, a post-office of Noxubee 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Prairie Ridge, a post-office of White co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Prairie River, a post-office of Branch co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Prairie Ronde, a post-township forming 
 the S. W. extremity of Kalamazoo co., Michi- 
 gan. Population, 690. 
 
 Prairieton, a small post- village of Vigo 
 CO., Indiana, on the border of Honey Creek 
 prairie, 7 miles S. S. Vi. from Terre Haute. 
 
 Prairieton, a small village of Lawrence 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Prairieville, a post-village of Barry co., 
 Mich., about 58 miles W. S. W. from Lansing. 
 
 Prairieville, a post-village of Clinton co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad from Lafayette to 
 Indianapolis, 12 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Prairieville, a small post-village of Pike 
 CO., Mo., about 66 miles N. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Prairieville, a township in Milwaukee 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Prallsville, a post-village of Hunterdon ' 
 county, New Jersey, on the Delaware river, 
 about 5 miles above Lambertville, has 2 or 
 3 stores. There is a fine bridge across the 
 river at this place. 
 
 Pratt, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 Pr.attsbtjrg, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Steuben co.. New York. Pop., 2786. 
 
 Prattsburg, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 50 miles S. S. E. from Ro- 
 chester. 
 
 Prattsburg, a post-village in Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Prattsburg, a post-village of Talbot co., 
 Georgia, 45 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Prattsburg, a post-office of Ripley co.,Ind. 
 
 Pratt's Hollow, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pratt's Landing, a village of Perry co.Mo., 
 on the Mississippi, 60 miles S. by E. St. Louis. 
 
 Prattsville, a thriving post-village in 
 Prattsville township, Greene co., New York, 
 on Schoharie creek, about 50 miles W. S. W. 
 from Albany. It contains 3 churches, an 
 academy, a newspaper office, and factories 
 of various kinds, including several glove fac- 
 tories. It was formerly the seat of the most 
 extensive tannery in the United States, belong- 
 ing to Zadock Pratt, Esq. Population of the 
 township, 1989 ; of the village, about 1800. 
 
 Prattsville, a small village of Alleghany 
 CO., Md., 13 miles E. from Cumberland. 
 
 Prattsville, village, Monroe co., Ga., on 
 the Central railroad, 16 miles N. W. of Macon. 
 
 Prattsville, a handsome and thriving 
 post- village of Autauga co., Alabama, on a 
 small affluent of the Alabama river, 14 miles 
 N. W. from Montgomery. The village con- 
 tains 3 churches, 4 stores, 2 schools, 65 
 dwellings, 1 cotton mill, and 1 manufactory 
 of cotton gins. The cotton mill is 150 feet 
 long and 4 stories high. The other factory 
 produces annually 600 cotton gins, which are 
 regarded as superior articles. Population in 
 1853, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Prattsville, a post-office of Vinton co., 0. 
 
 Preble, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Indiana, has an area of 
 430 square miles. It is drained by Franklin, 
 St. Clair's, and Fourmile creeks, affluents of 
 the Great Miami. The surface is level or 
 undulating; the soil is of limestone forma- 
 tion, and very productive. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,175,391 bushels of corn ; 228,435 of wheat; 
 181,926 of oats, and 10,221 tons of hay. It 
 contained 51 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and 3120 pupils attending public schools. 
 The county has large quarries of good lime- 
 stone, and is liberally supplied with water- 
 power. It is intersected bv the Dayton and 
 
 957 
 
PRE 
 
 PRE 
 
 Richmond railroad, and the Hamilton, Eaton, 
 and Richmond railroad. Capital, Eaton. 
 Population, 21,736. 
 
 Preble, a post- village in Preble township, 
 Cortland co.. New York, about 130 miles W. 
 from Albany. Pop. of the township, 1312. 
 
 Preble, a small village of Choctaw co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Preble, a township in the N. part of Pike 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 914. 
 
 Preble, a township in Adams co., Indiana. 
 Population, 547. 
 
 Precinct, a small post-village of Boone 
 CO., Illinois, on the railroad from Beloit to 
 Chicago, 80 miles W. N. VV. from the latter. 
 
 Pre-emption, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 Illinois, 155 miles N. N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Prentiss Vale, a post-office of McKean 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Prescott, a post-township in Hampshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, 74 miles W. from Boston. 
 Population, 737. 
 
 Prescott, a post-village, capital of Pierce 
 county, Wisconsin, at the confluence of the 
 St. Croix with the Mississippi river, about 
 260 miles above Dubuque. It contains seve- 
 ral taverns and stores. 
 
 President Furnace, a post-office of Ve- 
 nango CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Presque Isle, presk^eel', an unorganized 
 county in the N. E. part of Michigan, bor- 
 dering on Lake Huron; area, estimated at 
 700 square miles. The surface has but little 
 elevation above the lake. The census of 1850 
 furnishes no return of this county, which has 
 but few inhabitants. 
 
 Presque Isle, a post-office of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Preston, a county in the N. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on Pennsylvania and Mary- 
 land, contains nearly 800 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Cheat river. The surface is 
 mostly occupied by a valley which is enclosed 
 by Chestnut ridge on the W., and the Alle- 
 ghany ridge on the E. The soil produces ex- 
 cellent pasture, and in some parts grain suc- 
 ceeds well. The principal exports are lum- 
 ber, Indian corn, oats, pork, and butter. In 
 1850 this county produced 144,276 bushels 
 of corn; 153,496 of oats; 36,769 of wheat; 
 179,836 pounds of butter, and 7765 tons of 
 hay. There were 4 tanneries, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory; 28 churches, 840 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 70 attending other schools. 
 Limestone, sandstone, and slate, alternate 
 ■with beds of coal ; iron ore is abundant. 
 The streams afford a vast amount of water- 
 power. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 
 which has recently been opened through this 
 section, has given an impulse to the improve- 
 ment of the county. Formed in 1818, and 
 named in honor of James B. Preston, at that 
 time governor of Virginia. Capital, King- 
 wood. Population, 11,708, of whom 11,621 
 were free, and 87, slaves. 
 
 Peeston, a post-township in New London 
 958 
 
 CO., Connecticut, 44 miles E. S. E. from Hart- 
 ford. Population, 1842. 
 
 Preston, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, contains several churches. 
 
 Preston, a post-township near the centre 
 of Chenango co.. New York, on Chenango 
 river. Population, 1082. 
 
 Preston, a post-township of AVayne co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N. by W. from 
 Honesdale. Population, 875. 
 
 Preston, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 Pa., about 200 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Preston, a post-office of Yallobusha co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Preston, a thriving post-village of Gray- 
 son CO., Texas, on Red river, about 18 miles 
 N. from Sherman, the county seat. It is at 
 the head of steamboat navigation, and is the 
 principal shipping point for the county. 
 
 Preston, a village of Wharton co., Texas, 
 41 miles N. from Matagorda. 
 
 Preston, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ark. 
 
 Preston, a village of Carroll co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Ohio river, just below the 
 mouth of the Kentucky river, which sepa- 
 rates it from Carrollton. 
 
 Preston, a post-office of Hamilton co., 0. 
 
 Preston, a township in Platte co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1270. 
 
 Preston, a township in Washington co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 504. 
 
 Prestonburg, a post-village, capital of 
 Floyd CO., Kentucky, on the W. fork of Big 
 Sandy river, about 120 miles E. S. E. from 
 Lexington. Population, about 200. 
 
 Preston Hollow, a post-village in the S. 
 W. part of Albany co.. New York, about 30 
 miles W. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Prestonville, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Pbewitt's Knob, a post-office of Barren 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Price, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Monroe co., Pa. Pop., 428. 
 
 Price, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Ind. 
 
 Pricebuhg, a post-office of Monroe co.. Pa. 
 
 Pricetown, a small post-village of Berks 
 CO., Pa., 10 miles N. E. from Reading. 
 
 Pricetown, a post-office of Highland co., 0. 
 
 Priceville, a post-office of Wayne co.. Pa. 
 
 Pride's Church, a post-office of Amelia 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Prill aman's, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Primrose, a post-village in Lee co., Iowa, 
 80 miles S. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Primrose, a post-township in Dane co., 
 Wisconsin. Population, 334. 
 
 Primrose, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 24 miles S. W. from Madi- 
 son. It has 2 churches, and about 250 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Prince Edward, a county in the S. S. E 
 part of Virginia, has an area of about 300 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by 
 Appomattox river, and drained by Harris, 
 
PRI 
 
 PRI 
 
 Briery, Bush, and Sandy creeks. The sur- 
 face is somewhat diversified ; the soil is na- 
 turally good, but impoverished in some de- 
 gree by a bad system of cultivation. Tobacco, 
 Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 2,571,850 
 pounds of tobacco; 214,350 bushels of corn; 
 75,762 of wheat, and 87,229 of oats. There 
 ■were '9 flour and grist mills, 6 tobacco fac- 
 tories, 3 tanneries, and 1 iron foundry. It 
 contained 24 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 377 pupils attending public schools, and 117 
 attending other schools. Copper, stone coal, 
 and marl are found. The county is inter- 
 sected by two lines of railway leading to 
 Richmond, Danville, and Lynchburg. Capi- 
 tal, Prince Edward Court House. Popula- 
 tion, 11,857, of whom 4665 were free, and 
 7192, slaves. 
 
 Pkince Edward, a post-office of Gilmer 
 CO., Ga., 160 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Prince Edward Court House, a small 
 post-village, capital of Prince Edward co., 
 Virginia, 75 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. 
 It contains, besides the county buildings, 1 
 or 2 churches and 2 academies. 
 
 Prince Fredericktown, a post-village, ca- 
 pital of Calvert co., Maryland, 85 miles S. by 
 W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Prince George, a county in the S. part of 
 Maryland, bordering on the District of Co- 
 lumbia, and on the Potomac river, which se- 
 parates it from Virginia, contains about 600 
 square miles. The Potomac washes its west- 
 ern border, the Patuxent forms its boundary 
 on the E. and N. E.; it is also drained by the 
 West branch of Patuxent river, and by Ana- 
 costa and Piscataway creeks. The surface 
 is moderately hilly; the soil is generally pro- 
 ductive. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, and butter are the staples. According 
 to the census of 1850, this county produced 
 more tobacco than any other in the Union, 
 and more Indian corn than any other in the 
 state. There were raised in that year 
 1,590,045 bushels of corn; 231,687 of wheat; 
 5557 tons of hay; 8,380,851 pounds of to- 
 bacco, and 100,947 pounds of butter. There 
 were 2 cotton factories, 1 woollen factory, 1 
 iron furnace, 1 machine shop, 2 manufacto- 
 ries of farming implements, and 4 flour and 
 grist mills. It contained 31 churches, 1 
 newspaper oQice ; 240 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 80 attending other schools. 
 The underlying strata are shell, marl, and 
 cemented sand resembling sandstone ; large 
 quantities of iron are found. The county 
 is intersected by the Baltimore and Washing- 
 ton railroad. Organized in 1695. Capital, 
 Upper Marlborough. Population, 21,549, of 
 •whom 10,039 were free, and 11,510, slaves. 
 
 Prince George, a county in the S. E. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of about 300 square 
 miles. James river forms its northern bound- 
 ary, the Appomattox flows along its north- 
 western border until it enters the former 
 
 stream, and it is also drained by the sources 
 of Blackwater river. The surface is mode- 
 rately hilly; the soil of middling quality. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 261,510 bushels of corn; 81,042 of wheat; 
 28,600 of oats, and 32,988 pounds of butter. 
 There were 19 manufactories of wooden ware, 
 besides other establishments ; 14 churches, 
 and 198 pupils attending public schools. The 
 Appomattox railroad passes along the border 
 of the county, and James river is navigable 
 by steamboats in this part of its course. 
 Capital, Prince George Court House. Popu- 
 lation, 7596, of whom 3188 were free, and 
 4408, slaves. 
 
 Prince George Court House, a post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Prince George co., Virginia, 
 24 miles S. S. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Princess Anne, a county forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Virginia, bordering on North 
 Carolina and the Atlantic. The area is about 
 420 square miles. The Chesapeake bay 
 washes its N. border ; Cape Henry forms the 
 N. E. extremity. The surface is level ; the 
 soil sandy. Large quantities of firewood 
 and lumber (pine and cypress) are procured 
 from the forests for the Norfolk market. In- 
 dian corn is the staple product of the farms. 
 In 1850 there were raised 347,141 bushels of 
 corn; 60,024 of oats, and 1593 tons of hay. 
 There were 4 grist and saw mills, and 2 farming 
 implement manufactories ; 17 churches, and 
 819 pupils attending public schools. Formed 
 from Norfolk in 1691. Capital, Princess Anne 
 Court House. Population, 7669, of whom 
 4539 were free, and 3130, slaves. 
 
 Princess Anne, a post-village, capital of 
 Somerset county, Mai-yland, on Manokin river, 
 near the head of tide-water and navigation, 
 18 miles from its mouth, and about 100 miles 
 S. E. from Annapolis. It contains a brick 
 court house, a jail, bank, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and several churches. 
 
 Princess Anne Court House, a post- village, 
 capital of Princess Anne county, Virginia, 137 
 miles S. E. from Richmond. It contains 2 
 churches. 
 
 Princeton, a post-township in Washington 
 CO., Maine, 140 miles N. E. by E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 280. 
 
 Princeton, a post-township in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 45 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston. Population, 1318. 
 
 Princeton, a post-township of Schenectady 
 CO., New York, 20 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 1031. 
 
 Princeton, a pleasant post-borough of 
 Princeton township, Mercer county, New Jer- 
 sey, 40 miles N. E. from Philadelphia, and 10 
 miles N. E. from Trenton. It is situated ou 
 an elevated ridge which rises by long and 
 gradual acclivity, and commands an extensive 
 prospect towards the E. The New Jersey 
 railroad and the Delaware and Raritan canal 
 pass about 1 mile S. E. from the town. It is 
 
 959 
 
PKj 
 
 PRO 
 
 the seat of the Princeton college, which ranks 
 among the first literary institutions of the 
 country, and was founded by the Presbyte- 
 rians at Elizabethtown in 1746, and removed 
 to Princeton in 1757. The college edifice, 
 called Nassau Hall, is 176 feet long, 50 feet 
 wide, and 4 stories high. Princeton contains 
 several churches, a bank, and a theological 
 seminary of the Presbyterian church, founded 
 about the year 1813. A weekly newspaper and 
 the Princeton Review, a literary and religious 
 periodical of high character, are published 
 here. A battle was fought here, January 3, 
 1777, between Washington and Col. Mawhood. 
 Pop. of township, 3021 ; of the borough, 2500. 
 Princeton, a post-ofEce of Lawrence co., Pa. 
 Peinceton, a post-village, capital of Mer- 
 cer CO., Virginia, 270 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond. It has 2 churches. 
 
 Princeton, a post-office of Jackson co. , Ala. 
 Princeton, a post-borough, capital of Wash- 
 ington CO., Mississippi, on Mississippi river, 
 90 miles N. W. from Jackson. 
 
 Princeton, a township in Dallas co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 1163. 
 
 Princeton, a post-village, capital of Dallas 
 CO., Arkansas, about 75 miles S. by W. from 
 Little Rock. 
 
 Princeton, a post-village, capital of Cald- 
 well county, Kentucky, about 230 miles W. 
 S. W. from Frankfort. It is surrounded by a 
 fertile region, and it has considerable trade. 
 It is the seat of Cumberland College, founded 
 in 1825, and contains 4 churches, an academy, 
 and a bank. Two newspapers are published 
 here. Population in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Princeton, a post-village of Butler co., 
 Ohio, 21 miles N. by E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Princeton, a small village of Mahoning 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Princeton, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Gibson county, Indiana, on the Evansville 
 and Vincennes railroad, 28 miles S. from Vin- 
 cennes. The situation is fine, and the sur- 
 rounding country is highly productive. Prince- 
 ton has 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 2 
 seminaries. Population in 1850, 806; in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Princeton, a post-village, capital of Bu- 
 reau county, Illinois, on the Military Tract 
 railroad, 65 miles N. from Peoria. It is situ- 
 ated on a fertile prairie, 1 or 2 miles E. from 
 Bureau cr. Two newspapers are issued here. 
 Princeton, a small village of Cass co., 
 Illinois, 30 miles W. by N. from Springfield. 
 Princeton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Mercer co., Missouri, near Weldon river, 
 about 160 miles N. N. W. from Jeff"erson City. 
 Princeton, a small post-village of Scott 
 CO., Iowa, on the Mississippi river, about 21 
 miles above Davenport. 
 
 Princeton, a post-village of Marquette 
 CO.. Wis., 38 miles W. by N. from Fond du Lac. 
 Princeville, a thriving post-village of Pe- 
 oria CO., Illinois, 20 miles N. W. from Peoria. 
 Population in 1853, about 500. 
 960 
 
 Prince William, a county in the N. E. 
 part of Virginia, contains about 325 square 
 miles. The Potomac river forms its boundary 
 on the S. E., the Occoquan on the N. E.; it is 
 also drained by Cedar Run, Broad Run, and 
 Quantico creek. The surface is hilly, espe- 
 cially near the Potomac ; the soil is sandy. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 it produced 161,248 
 bushels of corn; 57,728 of wheat; 57,717 of 
 oats ; 2309 tons of hay, and 79,079 pounds 
 of butter. There were 19 flour, grist, plaster, 
 and saw mills, 5 wool-carding mills, 1 cotton 
 factory, and 1 woollen factory. It contained 
 13 churches, and 316 pupils attending public 
 schools. The Occoquan river furnishes mo- 
 tive-power for mills. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Orange and Alexandria railroad, 
 and in part by the Manassa's Gap railroad. 
 Formed in 1730. Capital, Brentsville. Po- 
 pulation, 8129, of whom 5631 were free, and 
 2498, slaves. 
 
 Prince William, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Principio Furnace, a post-office of Cecil 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Pringle's Cross Roads, a small village of 
 Lauderdale co., Mississippi. 
 
 Privateer, a post-village of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Prize Hill, a small village of Johnson co. 
 Missouri. 
 
 Proctor, a post-office of Wetzel co., Va. 
 
 Proctor, a thriving post-village of Owsley 
 CO., Kentucky, on the Kentucky river, at the 
 mouth of the South fork, about 100 miles S. 
 E. from Frankford. Bituminous coal found in 
 the adjoining hills is exported by the river. 
 The village has also an active trade in lum- 
 ber. A newspaper is published here. 
 
 Proctor, a post-office of Allegan co., Mich. 
 
 Proctor's Creek, a post-office of Chester- 
 field CO., Virginia. 
 
 Proctorsville a post-village in Windsor 
 CO., Vt., on the Rutland and Burlington rail- 
 road, contains several churches, and 1 bank. 
 
 Proctorsville, a village of St. Bernard 
 parish. La., on Lake Borgne, at the E. termi- 
 nus of the Mexican Gulf railroad. 
 
 Proctorsville, a village in Crawford co., 
 Indiana, on Great Blue river, 110 miles S. 
 by W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Prompton, a post-borough of Wayne co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lackawaxen creek, 4 
 miles above Honesdale. Incorporated in 1 844. 
 Population in 1850, 306. 
 
 Propiietstown, a post- village of Whitesides 
 CO., Illinois, on Rock river, 15 miles from its 
 mouth. Its prosperity is derived from the 
 water-power of the river. 
 
 Prospect, a post-township in Waldo co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of the Penobscot river, 
 52 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Pop., 2427. 
 
 Prospect, a post-township in New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, 15 miles N. by W. from New 
 Haven. Population, 666. 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 Prospect, a post- village of Oneida co., New 
 York, ou West Canada creek, about 100 miles 
 W. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Peospect, a post-borough of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, 220 miles V/. by N. from Har- 
 risburg. Population, 254. 
 
 Pkospegt, a post-office of Prince Edvrard 
 CO., Virginia, 80 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Peospect, a post-office of Burleson co., Tex. 
 
 Peospect, a post-office of Giles co., Tenn. 
 
 Prospect, a post-township in Marion co., 
 Ohio. Population, 697. 
 
 Prospect Ferry, a post-office of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Prospect Grove, a post-office of Scotland 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Prospect Hall, a post-office of Bladen co.. 
 North Carolina, 82 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Peospect Harbor, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Peospect Hill, a post-office of Fairfax co., 
 Virginia, 9 miles W. from Washington. 
 
 Prospect Hill, a post-office of Caswell co.. 
 North Carolina, about 60 miles N. W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Peospect Hill, a small post-village of Ray 
 CO., Missouri, 26 miles N. N. E. from Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Peospect Hill, a post-village of Wau- 
 kesha CO., Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee and 
 Janesville plank-road, 70 miles S. E. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Peospect Lake, a post-office of Van Buren 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Peospeeity, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Peosperity, a post-office of Moore co.,N.C. 
 
 Peospeeity, a post-village of Newberry 
 district. South Carolina. See Frog Level. 
 
 Providence, a county forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Rhode Island, has an area of 
 about 380 square miles. It is bounded in 
 part on the E. by Blackstone river, and on 
 the S. by Pawtuxet river, and is principally 
 drained by these streams and their branches, 
 which afford extensive water-power. The 
 commercial facilities of this county are great, 
 and the inhabitants are largely engaged in 
 manufactures. The surface is rough and un- 
 even. The soil is generally fertile and well- 
 cultivated. Indian corn, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 157,070 bushels of corn; 308,379 of 
 potatoes; 33,205 tons of hay, and 476,348 
 pounds of butter. The quantity of corn, 
 potatoes, hay, and butter was each greater 
 than that produced by any other county in 
 the state. There were 98 cotton and 18 wool- 
 len factories, 8 calico-printing mills, 5 iron 
 and 2 brass foundries, 5 chandleries, 6 curry- 
 ing establishments, 36 manufactories of silver 
 ware and jewelry, 2 of hardware, 2 of India 
 rubber, 2 of steam-engines, 3 of screws and 
 nails, 4 of dyestuflfs, 12 of coaches, 11 of 
 clothing, 2 of chemicals, 8 of cabinet ware, 3 
 of farming implements, 26 machine shops, 
 3l 
 
 13 grist, 3 paper, and 38 saw and planing 
 mills. It contained 101 churches, 11 news- 
 paper offices; 13,370 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 1004 attending academies and 
 other schools. The Providence river is na- 
 vigable for ships along the border of this 
 county to Providence. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Stonington, and the Providence 
 and Worcester railroads, and by the Black- 
 stone canal. Capital, Providence. Popula- 
 tion, 87,526. 
 
 Providence, a city,port ot entry, and seat of 
 justice of Providence county, Rhode Island, 
 and semi-capital of the state, is situated at 
 the head of navigation on the north-western 
 arm of Narraganset bay, or Providence river, 
 as it is called, 35 miles from the ocean, 43 
 miles S. S. W. from Boston, and about 175 
 miles N. E. from New York. Lat. 41° 49' 22" 
 N., Ion. 71° 24' 48" W. The river divides 
 the city into two nearly equal parts, which 
 are connected by several substantial bridges, 
 one of which is 90 feet wide. The site is 
 very irregular, portions of it rising into pro- 
 minent elevations, the highest of which on 
 the W. is 78 feet, and on the E. 204 feet 
 above the level of the harbor. On account 
 of the inequalities of the surface, but little 
 regard was paid to regularity in laying out 
 the streets, though from time to time many 
 of them have been variously improved. 
 Near the centre of the business portion of 
 the city is a delightful sheet of water, of an 
 elliptic form, about a mile in circumference, 
 constituting the head waters of Naraganset 
 bay. Around this basin, which is enclosed 
 by a wall of stone masonry, the city au- 
 thorities have recently laid out a fine public 
 park or promenade, 80 feet in width, and 
 adorned it with a variety of shade-trees, 
 gravelled walks, &c. The private edifices 
 are built mostly of wood, though in the con- 
 struction of a few, brick, granite, and other 
 material, have been used. The latter are for 
 the most part spacious and elegant dwellings, 
 finely situated. 
 
 Many of the public buildings are extensive 
 and costly structures. The Arcade, a beau- 
 tiful granite edifice, situated on the W. side 
 of the river, cost at the time of its erection, 
 in 1828, $130,000. It is 226 feet long, 80 
 feet deep, and three stories high, extending 
 from Broad street to Westminster. Each 
 front is adorned with a Doric portico, con- 
 sisting of six massive granite pillars, each a 
 single block. The building is divided into 
 three stories, containing upwards of 80 shops, 
 the whole lighted by a glass roof. "What 
 Cheer" building, recently erected at the cor- 
 ner of North and South Mine streets, is a 
 fine freestone edifice, chiefly occupied with 
 public offices. The title ("What Cheer") is 
 derived from the first salutation which the 
 natives made to Roger Williams and his 
 party of settlers on landing at Slate rock. 
 Among the other public buildings may be 
 
 961 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 mentioned the State House, a brick structure, 
 the Museum and Howard Hall, two handsome 
 edifices on Westminster street, and the mar- 
 ket house, on Market square. The latter is 
 a plain brick building, containing in the 
 second story various ofiBces of the city govern- 
 ment, and in the third a hall owned and oc- 
 cupied by the Freemasons. The railroad de- 
 pots in Providence, both for passengers and 
 merchandise, are extensive and commodious 
 buildings, situateti in the business portion 
 of the city, near each other, and so arranged 
 that passengers or freight can pass from one 
 to the other without changing cars. The 
 most remarkable church edifices are the 
 First Congregational church, built of granite, 
 Grace church, a Gothic structure, St. John's, 
 a stone building, the Beneficent Congrega- 
 tional, the Westminster Congregational, and 
 St. Peter's and St. Patrick's churches. The 
 First Baptist society, the oldest religious or- 
 ganization in Providence, have a beautiful 
 wood edifice. The whole number of churches 
 of the various denominations in the city at 
 present is about 35, 5 or 6 of which belong 
 to colored congregations. 
 
 The benevolent and disciplinary institu- 
 tions of Providence are numerous, and con- 
 ducted upon the most approved systems. 
 The Butler Hospital for the Insane, incorpo- 
 rated in 1844, under the title of the Rhode 
 Island Hospital for the Insane, is situated on 
 the western bank of Seekonk river, which 
 here expands to near a mile in breadth, 
 affording a delightful prospect. Attached to 
 the institution are extensive grounds, com- 
 prising about 60 acres under cultivation and 
 55 of native woodland. The number of pa- 
 tients in the hospital at the commencement 
 of 1853 was 127. Admitted during the year, 
 68 ; discharged, 38 ; died, 16. The entire 
 sum contributed towards the erection and sup- 
 port of the hospital up to 1851, amounted to 
 near $150,000, of which $30,000 was be- 
 queathed by the late Nicholas Brown, of 
 Providence, and $40,000 by Cyrus Butler, 
 Esq., from whom the institution derives its 
 name. The building was first opened for the 
 reception of patients December 1, 1847. An- 
 nual expenses, from $20,000 to $25,000. 
 The Dexter Asylum, for the accommodation 
 of the poor, is located on an elevated range 
 of land E. of the river. It is a substantial 
 brick building, 170 feet long, including the 
 wings, and three stories high. The grounds, 
 comprising some 40 acres, are enclosed by a 
 stone wall 10 feet high and 3 feet thick at 
 the base, costing upwards of $20,000. The 
 Reform School, established in 1850, for the 
 discipline of juvenile offenders between the 
 agea of 8 and 18, occupies the building for- 
 merly known as the Sockwotton House, situ- 
 ated in the south-eastern section of the city. 
 It is under the direction of a board of trus- 
 tees, elected annually by the city council, 
 and provides accommodations for about 190 
 962 
 
 inmates. Admissions the first year, 52, of 
 whom 49 were boys. Providence is also the 
 seat of the state prison, which, in October, 
 1850, contained about 40 convicts. 
 
 Providence is highly distinguished for its 
 literary and educational institutions. Brown 
 University, (under the direction of the Bap- 
 tists,) originally founded at Warren, in 1764, 
 and removed to Providence in 1770, is situ- 
 ated on the highest ground E. of the river, 
 commanding an extensive, varied, and beau- 
 tiful prospect. It comprises 4 principal 
 buildings, viz. Manning Hall, appropriated 
 to the use of the library, Rhode Island Hall, 
 containing the cabinet, chemical and philoso- 
 phical apparatus, and lecture rooms, and 
 University Hall and Hope College, two large 
 edifices occupied by the students. Connected 
 with the university is a scientific school, es- 
 tablished for the benefit of such as do not 
 choose to pui-sue a classical course. This de- 
 partment is arranged for a residence either 
 of one or two years. For statistics, see Table 
 of Colleges, Appendix. The Athenaeum, incor- 
 porated in 1836, has a reading room, and a va- 
 luable library of about 12,000 volumes. The 
 building, an elegant stone structure, was erect- 
 ed in 1837, at the corner of College and Benefit 
 streets. The Yearly Meeting Boarding School 
 (belonging to the Friends) occupies a lot of 43 
 acres, lying in the eastern part of the city, 
 a short distance N. of the Dexter Asylum. 
 Belonging to it are two buildings, one con- 
 sisting of a centre 54 feet square and 3 sto- 
 ries high, with 2 wings each 84 feet by 42, 
 and another 50 feet by 40, and 2 stories high. 
 The institution is liberally endowed, and in a 
 prosperous condition. A legacy of $100,000 
 was bequeathed it by the late Obadiah Brown, 
 Esq. This city has the merit of being first 
 in the state to take the lead in favor of popular 
 education. The schools at present are about 
 50 in number, comprising four grades, viz. 
 the high-school, grammar, intermediate, and 
 primary schools. Number of pupils in at- 
 tendance, from 6000 to 6500. Amount an- 
 nually appropriated for school purposes, 
 about $45,000, of which nearly one-fourth is 
 received from the state. Eight or nine news- 
 papers are published in the city, 3 of which 
 are dailies. The inflammable material of 
 which most of the buildings are constructed 
 renders necessary a very strong and efficient 
 fire department. This organization is main- 
 tained at an annual expense of about $20,000, 
 and is probably not inferior to that of any 
 city in the Union. Numerous railroads also 
 communicate with the interior, besides which 
 are several others either in process of con- 
 struction or projected. 
 
 Providence is advantageously situated for 
 commerce. Its harbor is safe, and admits 
 vessels of 900 tons. Formerly the port car- 
 ried on an extensive trade with Canton and 
 the East Indies ; but since the introduction 
 of manufactures its foreign commerce has 
 
FRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 considerably derii'ijul. The foreign arrivals 
 for the year endijag June 30, 1852, were 57, 
 (tons, 7944,) of wh*-ch 30 (tons, 5150) were 
 by American Y.-rjools. The clearances for 
 foreign ports during the same period were 
 60, (tons, 9876,) of which 34 (tons, 7263) 
 were by American vessels. The coastwise 
 arrivals for the year 18-j2 were 4861 vessels. 
 The principal articles of foreign merchandise 
 now imported are molasses, sugar, coal, salt, 
 and iron, with an occasional cargo from 
 Africa, consisting of ivory, gum, tortoise 
 shell, cloves, dates, &c. The principal ar- 
 ticles received coastwise during the year 
 1852 were cotton, 100,378 bales, an increase 
 of 30,498 bales over any former year ; flour, 
 144,930 barrels, against 116,045 barrels the 
 previous year ; grain, 835,988 bushels ; hay, 
 587 tons, and coal, 134,191 tons, being an 
 increase of 26,677 tons over any former year. 
 The total value of foreign imports for the 
 year 1852 amounted to $175,220, and of do- 
 mestic produce exported to foreign countries, 
 $41,576. Amount of duties collected,$B8,489. 
 The shipping of the port, June 30, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 9095^| tons, 
 registered, and 7326|| tons enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the former, 864|| tons were 
 employed in the whale fishery ; and of the 
 latter, 1008|| tons in the coast trade, and 
 395f f tons in steam navigation. During the 
 year, 8 vessels, with an aggregate burthen of 
 1699|| tons, were admeasured. 
 
 The manufactures of Providence and its vi- 
 cinity are very extensive, and employ a capi- 
 tal of about $6,000,000. They consist chiefly 
 of cotton and woollen goods, machinery, 
 castings, various articles of hardware, power- 
 loom pickers, furniture, carriages, jewelry, 
 &c. There are several large establishments 
 for grinding grain, sawing and planing lum- 
 ber, and working in marble. In addition to 
 the water-power, which is extensively em- 
 ployed, upwards of 50 steam-engines are kept 
 in constant operation. 
 
 According to the returns made to the 
 General Assembly of Rhode Island, at the 
 October session, 1852, the city of Providence 
 at that date contained 26 banks, with a 
 capital stock actually paid in amounting to 
 $10,362,610; bills in circulation, $1,880,697; 
 specie actually in bank, $271,576.94. The 
 average semi-annual dividend was 3|l per 
 cent. The amount of deposites in the Provi- 
 dence Savings Institution, as reported to the 
 same session of the General Assembly, was 
 $1,127,007.67. Thompson's Bank-note De- 
 tector for October, 1853, gives 31 banks in 
 Providence. — The annual expenses of the 
 government amount to about $170,000. 
 
 The city is divided into 6 wards, and go- 
 verned by a mayor, board of aldermen, and 
 common council composed of 24 persons, 4 
 from each ward, elected annually. 
 
 Providence wassettledby Roger Williams in 
 1635. A local government was organized in 
 
 1640, and in 1649 the settlement was incorpo- 
 rated as a town. The first houses were erected 
 near St. John's church, on what is now 
 North Main street. A spring in that vi- 
 cinity still bears the name of the founder, 
 and it is supposed that his remains were in- 
 terred near by, though no stone marks their 
 last resting-place. Providence suffered se- 
 verely during King Philip's war. At one 
 time it was nearly destroyed by fire, and 
 almost entirely deserted of its inhabitants. 
 Since the Revolution, its prosperity, with 
 very slight exceptions, has been uninter- 
 rupted. In wealth and population it has long 
 been- the second city in New England. For 
 the last ten years its growth has been re- 
 markably rapid. Population in 1830,15,941 ; 
 1840, 23,170; 1850, 41,512; and in 1853, 
 about 47,500. 
 
 Providence, a post-township on the W. 
 border of Saratoga co., New York. Popula- 
 tion, 1458. 
 
 Providence, a post-township of Luzerne 
 CO., Pa., about 20 miles N. E. from Wilkes- 
 barre. Pop., exclusive of the borough, 466. 
 
 Providence, a thriving post-borough in the 
 above township, on the right bank of Lacka- 
 wanna river, 2J miles above Scranton, and 19 
 miles N. E. from Wilkesbarre. It is situated in 
 a rich farming district, and in the vicinity of 
 rich coal mines. The manufacture of axes 
 is carried on here extensively. It is con- 
 nected by a plank-road with Wilkesbarre and 
 Carbondale. Pop. in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Providence, a post-office of Halifax co.,Va. 
 
 Providence, a post-village in Mecklenburg 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Providence, a post-ofiice of Sumter dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Providence, a post-office of Sumter co., Ga. 
 
 Providence, a post-village in Pickens co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Providence, a post-ofiice of Carroll co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Providence, a small post-village, capital 
 of Carroll parish, Louisiana, on the Missis- 
 sippi, and on a small lake of its own name, 
 430 miles above New Orleans. 
 
 Providence, a post-village of Hopkins co., 
 Kentucky, about 216 miles W. S. W. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Providence, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop., 467. 
 
 Providence, a small post-village in the 
 above township, on the Maumee river, and on 
 the Wabash and Erie canal, 25 miles S. W. 
 from Toledo. 
 
 Providence, a post- village of Bureau co., 
 Illinois, 42 miles N. from Peoria. 
 
 Providence, a village of Boone co., Mis- 
 souri, on the Missouri river, 27 miles above 
 Jefferson City. It is the landing-place for 
 Columbia. 
 
 Providence Hill, a post-office of Tyler co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Providence Lake, of Carroll parish, Lou- 
 903 
 
PRO 
 
 PUL 
 
 isiana, lies about 1 mile W. from Mississippi 
 river, which perhaps once flowed through the 
 bed of the lake. Length, about 6 miles. 
 
 Provincetown, a post-township in Barn- 
 stable CO., Massachusetts. This is a noted 
 fishing place, on the extreme point of Cape 
 Cod, 50 miles E. S. E. from Boston. Popu- 
 lation, S157. 
 
 Peovincbtown, a post-village in the above 
 township, contains 3 or 4 churches. Inha- 
 bited chiefly by fishermen. 
 
 Pkoviso, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 Pboto City, a small village of Utah co., 
 Utah, about 60 miles S. S. E. from Salt Lake 
 City. 
 
 Prunty's, a post-office of Patrick co., Va. 
 
 Pruntytown, Va. See Williamspoet. 
 
 Pryor's Vale, a post-office of Amherst co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Public Square, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Ga., 50 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 PuBOTiNE, a small village of Clarke co., 111. 
 
 Puckawa Lake, Wisconsin, an expansion 
 of Neenah river, in the S. central part of Mar- 
 quette CO., is about 7 miles long and 2 miles 
 wide. 
 
 PucKETAS, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 PuEBLA, a post-office of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania canal, 28 
 miles N. from Greensburg. 
 
 PuEBLA, a post-office of Brown co., Ohio. 
 
 PuEBLA Peaks, in the northern interior of 
 the Territory of New Mexico, are in lat. about 
 36° 25' N., Ion. 105° 40' W. 
 
 PuEECO, pweE'ko, a river of New Mexico, 
 rising near 36° 20' N. lat., and 107° 15' W. 
 Ion. It flows southerly, and joins the Rio 
 Grande in about 34° 22' N. lat. Length, 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 PuGET Sound is the name of a bay of very 
 irregular shape, at the N. W. extremity of 
 Washington Territory,commumcating through 
 Admiralty Inlet with the straits of Juan de 
 Puca. 
 
 Pugh's, a post-office of Madison co.. La. 
 
 Pugh's Hill, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 PuGHTOWN, a small post-village of Chester 
 CO., Pa., 68 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Pugsley's Depot, a post-office of Tompkins 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pulaski, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Virginia, contains about 250 square miles. 
 It is intersected by New river, which also 
 flows along the eastern border ; Little river, 
 an affluent of the former, forms part of its 
 eastern boundary. The county occupies a 
 part of the great valley between Walker's 
 mountain on the N. W., and the Blue ridge 
 on the S. E. The soil is generally good, 
 adapted to grain and grass. Cattle are 
 raised for exportation. In 1850 this county 
 produced 175,510 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 35,284 of wheat; 63,367 of oats, and 2639 
 tons of hay. There were 4 grist mills, 5 saw 
 964 
 
 mills, 1 flour mill, 4 wool-carding mills, and 
 5 tanneries. It contained 9 churches, and 
 292 pupils attending academies and other 
 schools. The county contains abundance of 
 iron and stone coal. It is intersected by the 
 Virginia and Tennessee railroad. Organized 
 in 1889, and named in honor of the Polish 
 count, Pulaski. Capital, Newbern. Popula- 
 tion, 5118, of whom 3647 were free, and 
 1471, slaves. 
 
 Pulaski, a county in the S. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 540 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Ocmulgee river, and 
 also drained by Cedar, Cypress, and Reedy 
 creeks. The surface of the upper part is 
 rolling, and of the lower part level. The soil 
 is generally inferior. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 5501 bales of cotton ; 
 229,815 bushels of corn, and 60,976 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 2 saw mills, 13 
 churches, and 127 pupils attending public 
 schools. Soft limestone underlies the sur- 
 face. Pine timber is abundant. Organized 
 in 1808. Capital, Hawkinsville. Popula- 
 tion, 6627, of whom 3823 were free, and 
 2804, slaves. 
 
 Pulaski, a county in the central part of 
 Arkansas, contains about 1200 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Arkansas river, navi- 
 gable by steamboats, and also drained by 
 Big Mammelle creek, and by Fourche and 
 Meto bayous. The surface is level in the S., 
 and hilly in the northern and western part ; 
 the soil is moderately fertile. Indian corn, 
 grass, sweet potatoes, and cattle are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 191,085 bushels 
 of corn ; 12,127 of sweet potatoes ; 478 bales 
 of cotton, and 49,277 pounds of butter. 
 There were 3 manufactories of cabinet ware 
 and 3 saw mills. It contained 6 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, 247 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 195 attending academies or 
 other schools. A rich mine of lead and silver 
 has been opened 10 miles N. from Little 
 Rock. In the vicinity of this town are va- 
 luable quarries of slate, and of granite very 
 like the Quincy granite, but not so hard. A 
 company has been formed by a number of 
 gentlemen from Cincinnati to work the slate 
 quarry. Little Rock is the county seat and 
 capital of Arkansas. Population, 5658, of 
 whom 4539 were free, and 1119, slaves. 
 
 Pulaski, a county in the S. central part 
 of Kentucky, contains an area estimated at 
 650 square miles. The Cumbei-land river 
 bounds it on the S., and Rock Castle river 
 on the E. The surface is hilly or moun- 
 tainous, excepting the N. part, which is 
 gently undulating. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 558,864 bushels of corn; 13,385 of 
 wheat, and 125,002 of oats. It contained 85 
 churches, and 1220 pupils attending public 
 schools. Pulaski abounds in minerals, the 
 most valuable of which are iron, lead, and 
 stone coal. About 400,000 bushels of coal 
 
PUL 
 
 PUR 
 
 are annually exported by tlie Cumberland 
 river, which is navigable for small steam- 
 boats. Formed in 1798. Capital, Somerset. 
 Population, 14,195, of whom 12,388 were 
 free, and 1307, slaves. 
 
 Pulaski, a county in the N. W. part of In- 
 diana, contains about 430 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Tippecanoe river, an affluent 
 of the Wabash. The surface is mostly level, 
 with a few low sandy ridges. About one-half 
 of the county is prairie, and the other por- 
 tion produces a scattered growth of oak and 
 hickory, usually termed " oak openings." 
 The soil is productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 95,915 bushels 
 of corn; 27,593 of wheat; 15,050 of oats, 
 and 2276 tons of hay. It contained 1 church, 
 and 161 pupils attending public schools. A 
 railroad is projected through the county from 
 Chicago to Logansport. Organized in 1839. 
 Capital, Winnamac. Population, 2595. 
 
 Pulaski, a county in the S. part of Illinois, 
 contains about 180 square miles. The Ohio 
 river, which separates it from Kentucky, 
 forms its boundary on the S, E., and Cash 
 river on the N. W. The surface is partly 
 covered with forests ; the soil of the river 
 bottoms is fertile. Indian corn, oats, cattle, 
 and pork are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 87,145 bushels of corn ; 
 16,326 of oats, and 25,695 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 2 churches, and 149 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. It is intersected by 
 the Illinois Central railroad. Capital, Cale- 
 donia. Population, 2265. 
 
 Pulaski, a county in the S. central part of 
 Missouri, has an area of about 1000 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Gasconade river 
 flowing in a N. E. direction, and also drained in 
 the S. part by the Ptobidoux and Big Piney 
 fork, and Little Piney creek, which flow into 
 the Gasconade. The surface is hilly ; the 
 soil generally fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, grass, cattle, pork, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 246,430 
 bushels of corn; 11,352 of wheat; 32,838 
 of oats, and 54,827 pounds of butter. There 
 were 75 pupils attending public schools. 
 Limestone underlies a part of the land. The 
 county is copiously supplied with water- 
 power. Capital, Waynesville. Pop., 3998; 
 of whom 3885 were free, and 113, slaves. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-village, semi-capital of 
 Oswego county. New York, situated in Rich- 
 land township, on Salmon river, 4 miles from 
 Lake Ontario, and 150 miles W. N. W. from 
 Albany. It contains a court house, several 
 churches, 2 newspaper ofiices, and manufac- 
 tories of iron, wool, and other materials. 
 Population, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-township forming the W. 
 extremity of Lawrence co.. Pa. Pop., 1721. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Shenango river, and on Beaver and 
 Erie canal, 66 miles N. N. W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-office of Scott co.. Miss. 
 
 Pulaski, a small post-village of Panola 
 CO., Texas, on the Sabine river, a few miles 
 E. from Carthage. 
 
 Pulaski, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Giles CO., Tennessee, is situated on a branch 
 of Elk river, 75 miles S. from Nashville. It 
 is a place of active business, and contains a 
 cotton factory moved by steam, a bank, and 
 several flourishing schools. A newspaper is 
 published here. Pop. estimated at 1400. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-office of Williams co., 0. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Jackson co., Mich. Pop., 760. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ind. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-village in Hancock co., Il- 
 linois, 85 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-township in Iowa co., V/is- 
 consin. Population, 181. 
 
 Pulaski, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Wisconsin river, about 28 miles N. 
 N. W. from Mineral Point. 
 
 Pulaski Creek, of Pulaski co., Georgia, 
 flows into the Ocmulgee from the right. 
 
 Pulaskiville, a post-village of Morrow 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Pultnet, a township of Steuben co.. New 
 York, on the AY. side of Crooked lake. Po- 
 pulation, 1815. 
 
 PuLTNEY, a township in the E. part of 
 Belmont co., Ohio, on the W. side of the Ohio 
 river. Population, 1816. 
 
 PuLTNETviLLE, R post- village of Wayne co.. 
 New York, on Lake Ontario, 28 miles E. N. 
 E. from Rochester. It has a landing and 
 warehouses. 
 
 Pulver's Corners, a post-office of Dutchess 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Pumpkin, a post-office of Southampton co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 PuMPKiNPiLE, a post-office of Paulding 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 PuMPKiNTOWN, a post-village in Pickens 
 district. South Carolina, 125 miles W. N. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 PuMPKiNTOwN, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 PuMPKiNviNE, a post-office of Paulding 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 PuMPKiNviNB Creek, of Georgia, flows 
 into the Etowah, a few miles S. from Carters- 
 ville, in Cass county. 
 
 Puncheon, a post-office of Allen co., Ky. 
 
 PuNGO Creek, a post-office of Beaufort 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 PuNGO Ridge, a post-office of Princess 
 Anne co., Virginia. 
 
 Pungoteague, a post-village of Accomack 
 CO., Virginia, 12 miles S. W. from Accomack 
 Court House. It has 2 churches and a mill. 
 
 PuNxuTAWNEY, a post-villagc of Jefferson 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 130 miles W. N. W. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 PURCELLSVILLB, a pOSt-officB of LoudOD 
 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 965 
 
PUR 
 
 PUT 
 
 PuRDY, a post-village, capital of McNairy 
 CO., Tenn., 138 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 PuRDT Creek, a post-village of Steuben 
 CO., N. Y., about 22 miles W. S. W. from Bath. 
 
 Puhdy's Station, a post-village of West- 
 chester CO., New York, on the Harlem rail- 
 road, 50 miles N. N. E. from New York. 
 
 PuRGiTSViLLE, a post-officc of Hampshire 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Purvis, a post-office of Sullivan co., N. Y. 
 
 PusEYViLLE, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pushmataha, a post-office of Choctaw co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 PuTA, a small town of Yolo co., California. 
 
 PuTA River, California, rises ia Napa 
 county, runs in an E. direction through the 
 beautiful Berryessa valley, thence through 
 the mountains into the Sacramento valley, 
 forming part of the N. boundary of Solano 
 county, and at last wastes its waters in the 
 Tule marshes. 
 
 Putnam, a county in the S. E. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 230 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the State of Con- 
 necticut, and on the W. by the Hudson, and 
 is principally drained by Croton river and 
 Peekskill creek, which afford some water- 
 power. The surface is uneven and hilly, and 
 in the W. part mountainous, the elevated 
 ridge called the Highlands passing through 
 it. The soil is generally fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 132,376 bushels of corn; 79,535 of oats; 
 99,821 of potatoes; 25,140 tons of hay, and 
 785,330 pounds of butter. There were 15 
 iloTir mills, 1 steam-engine factory, 2 paper 
 mills, 16 boot and shoe factories, and 4 tan- 
 neries. It contained 29 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 3017 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 180 attending other schools. 
 Iron ore of excellent quality is abundant, 
 and large quantities are manufactured. The 
 West Point foundry is one of the most exten- 
 sive in the United States. Plumbago, sul- 
 phur, and iron pyrites are also found. The 
 Hudson river is navigable for ships along the 
 entire western border. The Harlem railroad 
 and the Hudson River railroad traverse the 
 county from N. to S. Organized in 1812, 
 and named in honor of General Israel Put- 
 nam, an officer in the Revolution. Capital, 
 Carmel. Population, 14,138. 
 
 Putnam, a county in the W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, touching the Ohio river, contains 350 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Great 
 Kanawha river, navigable by steamboats. 
 The surface is occupied by valleys and hills ; 
 the soil is generally fertile. Indian corn, 
 oats, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 249,040 bushels of corn; 
 50,079 of oats, and 59,862 pounds of butter. 
 There were 6 grist mills, 8 saw mills, and 11 
 cooper shops. It contained 13 churches, 
 65 pupils attending public schools, and 80 
 966 
 
 attending other schools. The hills con- 
 tain immense beds of iron ore and bitu- 
 minous coal. It is intersected by the Co- 
 vington and Ohio railroad, not yet finish- 
 ed. It was organized in 1848, including 
 parts of Mason and Kanawha counties. Ca- 
 pital, Winfield. Population, 5335, of whom 
 4703 were free, and 632, slaves. 
 
 Putnam, a county in the central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of about 360 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Oconee 
 river, intersected by Little river, and also 
 drained by Crooked, Indian, and other creeks. 
 The surface is somewhat diversified, and 
 partly covered with forests of oak, pine, and 
 other trees. The soil is of the description 
 called " mulatto," well adapted to cotton, but 
 impoverished by a bad system of cultivation. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 8621 bales of cotton; 392,821 
 bushels of corn; 45,205 of oats, and 63,689 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 1 cotton 
 factory, 6 flour mills, 2 grist mills, 6 saw 
 mills, 4 tanneries; 12 churches, 197 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 134 attending 
 other schools. Copper and iron have been 
 been found, and granite is abundant. A rail- 
 road has been opened from Eatonton to the 
 Central railroad at Gordon. Organized in 
 1807. Capital, Eatonton. Population, 10,794, 
 of whom 3326 were free, and 7468, slaves. 
 
 Putnam, a county in the N. E. part of Flo- 
 rida, bordering on the Atlantic, has an area 
 of 840 square miles. It is intersected by St. 
 John's river, and also drained by the Ock- 
 lawha. The surface is but little higher than 
 the sea, and consists mostly of marshes, 
 grassy plains, and pine forests. The soil is 
 sandy. Indian corn, sugar-cane, and cotton 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 4610 
 bushels of corn ; 32 bales of cotton ; 74 hogs- 
 heads of sugar, and 7030 gallons of molasses. 
 Capital, Pilatka. Population, 687, of whom 
 483 were free, and 204, slaves. 
 
 Putnam, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of Tennessee ; area, estimated at 500 square 
 miles. It is drained by small affluents of 
 Cumberland river. The surface is uneven, 
 and partly covered with forests. The county 
 was formed since 1850 out of parts of Jack- 
 son and White counties. . Capital, Monticello. 
 
 Putnam, a county in the N. W. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of about 480 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Auglaize river, and also 
 drained by Blanchard's fork and the Ottawa 
 river, affluents of the former. The surface 
 is level and extensively covered with good 
 timber. A large part of the county is occu- 
 pied by the Black Swamp ; the soil, when 
 drained, is very productive. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, grass, cattle, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 189,165 bushels of corn; 68,853 of wheat; 
 31,723 of oats, and 4478 tons of hay. It 
 contained 11 churches, 1 newspaper offi'ce, and 
 
PUT 
 
 QUA 
 
 3063 pupils attending public schools. It is 
 intersected by the Miami Extension canal 
 and by the route of the Dayton and Michigan 
 railroad. Capital, Kalida. Population, 7221. 
 
 Putnam, a county in the W. central part 
 of Indiana, contains 486 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Eel river, an affluent of White 
 river. The surface is partly level and partly 
 undulating. The soil is mostly a black loam, 
 and in some parts calcareous, and is well 
 adapted to grain or grass. Wheat, corn, 
 oats, pork, fruit, and cattle are the chief 
 productions. In 1850 this county yielded 
 1,313,209 bushels of corn; 82,965 of wheat; 
 81,423 of oats; 5015 tons of hay, and 85,837 
 pounds of wool. The quantity of wool was 
 the greatest produced by any county in the 
 state. It contained 62 chucrhes, 1 newspa- 
 per office, and 4311 pupils attending public 
 schools. Quarries of valuable limestone have 
 been opened. It is intersected by the Indiana 
 and Illinois canal, the Indianapolis and Terre 
 Haute and the New Albany and Salem rail- 
 roads. Capital, Greencastle. Population, 
 18,615. 
 
 Putnam, a county in the N. central part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 200 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Illinois river, navigable 
 by steamboats. The surface is nearly level 
 or undulating ; the soil is highly productive 
 and easily cultivated. The county contains 
 extensive prairies, and is liberally supplied 
 with timber. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 279,260 bushels of corn; 88,771 of wheat; 
 48,494 pounds of butter, and 3732 tons of 
 hay. It contained 8 churches, 880 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 110 attending 
 other schools. Stone coal is found in this 
 county. It is intersected by the Illinois Cen- 
 tral railroad. Organized in 1831. Capital, 
 Hennepin. Population, 3924. 
 
 Putnam, a new county in the N. part of 
 Missouri, borderiug on Iowa, has an area of 
 about 290 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by Chariton river, flowing from N. to 
 S., and intersected by Shoal creek. The 
 surface is diversified with prairies and wood- 
 lands. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, cat- 
 tle, and butter are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 49,940 bushels of corn; 680 
 of wheat ; 2020 of oats, and 9843 pounds of 
 butter. There were 200 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Putnamville. Po- 
 pulation, 1636, of whom 1617 were free, and 
 19, slaves. 
 
 Putnam, a post-township forming the N. 
 extremity of Washington co., New York, bor- 
 dering on Lakes George and Champlain. Po- 
 pulation, 753. 
 
 Putnam village, Ohio. See Zanesville. 
 
 Putnam, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Livingston co., Michigan. Population, 977. 
 
 Putnam Valley, a post-township of Put- 
 nam co,, New York, 50 miles N. by E. from 
 New York. Population, 1626. 
 
 Putnamville, a post-village of Putnam co., 
 Indiana, is pleasantly situated on the Na- 
 tional road, 40 miles W. S. W. from Indiana- 
 polis. The extension of the Albany and Sa- 
 lem railroad passes through this village. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 251. 
 
 Putnamville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Putnam co., Missouri, about 150 miles N. 
 N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Putney, a post-township in Windham co., 
 Vermont, on the N. side of the Connecticut 
 river, 105 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1425. 
 
 Putneyville, a small post-village of Arm- 
 strong CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Puttsville, a post-office of Esses co., N. Y. 
 
 Pylesville, a post-office of Harford co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Pymatuning, or Paymatooning, a township 
 of Mercer co., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles 
 N. W. from Mercer. Population, 2161. 
 
 Pyramid Lake is situated near the W. 
 border of Utah Territory, and lies partly in 
 Fremont and partly in Tooele counties. It 
 derives its name from a remarkable rock in 
 the shape of a pyramid, which forms an 
 island near its E. shore. 
 
 Pyrmont, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 QuAKAKE Creek, of Carbon county, Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into the Lehigh river. 
 
 Quaker Bottom, a post-office of Lawrence 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Quaker Hill, a post-village of Dutchess 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Quaker Springs, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Quaker Springs, a village in Columbia co., 
 Ga., 80 miles N. E. by E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Quaker Street, a post-office of Schenec- 
 tady, New York. 
 
 QuAKERTOWN, or Fairview, a post-village 
 of Hunterdon county, New Jersey, is situated 
 about 7 miles W. by N. from Flemington. It 
 has 2 churches, 7 stores, 1 iron foundry, and 
 a machine shop for making stoves, ploughs, 
 &c. Population, 850. 
 
 QuAKERTOWN, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 100 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 Population, 242. 
 
 Quallatown, a post-village in Haywood 
 CO., N. C, 300 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Quantico, a post-village in Somerset co., 
 Maryland, 93 miles S. E. from Annapolis. ■ 
 
 QuARLES, a post-village of Racine co., AVis- 
 consin, about 90 miles S. E. from Madison. 
 
 QuARRYViLLE, a post-office of Tolland co.,Ct. 
 
 QuARRYviLLE, a Small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 QuARTZBURG, a post-officc of Mai'iposa co., 
 California. 
 
 QuASQiiETON, a small tiost-village of Bu- 
 967 
 
QUA 
 
 QUI 
 
 chanan co., Iowa, on Wapsipinicon river, 55 
 miles N. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 Quay, a post-office of Claiborne co.. La. 
 
 QuECHEE, Otta Quechee, or Water Que- 
 CHEE river, of Windsor co., Vermont, falls 
 into the Connecticut river. 
 
 Quechee Village, a manufacturing post- 
 village in Windsor co., Vermont, 50 miles S. 
 by E. from Montpelier. 
 
 Queen Anne, a county in the B. part of 
 Maryland, bordering on Delaware, has an 
 area of about 400 square miles. It lies on 
 the eastern shore of Chesapeake bay, bounded 
 on the N. W. by Chester river, and on the S. 
 E. by Tuckahoe river, no part being more 
 than 12 miles from navigable water. The 
 surface is gently rolling, and free from rocks ; 
 the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 rye, and pork are the staples. The bay and 
 inlets abound in fish and oysters. In 1850 
 the county produced 697,159 bushels of corn; 
 173,003 of wheat; 59,885 of oats, and 97,183 
 pounds of butter. There were 8 grist mills, 
 3 saw mills, 5 wheelwright shops, and 2 coach 
 factories. It contained 23 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 729 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 75 attending academies and 
 other schools. Marl is abundant, and is used 
 to fertilize the land. The creeks furnish mo- 
 tive-power for mills. Formed in 1706. Ca- 
 pital, Centreville. Population, 14,484, of 
 whom 10,214 were free, and 4270, slaves. 
 
 Queen Anne, a post-village of Prince George 
 CO., Maryland, on the Patuxent river, 14 miles 
 W. S. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Queen's, a county in the S. E. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 420 square miles. 
 It is situated in the western part of Long 
 island, and is bounded on the N. by Long 
 Island sound, and on the S. by the Atlantic 
 ocean. Its shores are indented with nume- 
 rous bays and inlets, which afford some ex- 
 cellent harbors, and great facilities for navi- 
 gation and for fisheries. The surface is 
 slightljr uneven : Harbor hill, in North Hemp- 
 stead, is the greatest elevation. The soil, 
 when well cultivated, is very productive, and 
 supplies large quantities of fruit and vege- 
 tables to the New York markets. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 124,494J bushels of wheat ; 403,705 of corn ; 
 307,55rof potatoes; 48,027J tons of hay, 
 and 561,230 pounds of butter. There were 
 36 flour mills, 4 woollen factories, 5 paper 
 mills, 4 tin-ware manufactories, 5 coach fac- 
 tories, and 1 ship-yard. It contained 60 
 churches, 4 newspaper offices ; 5254 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 349 attending 
 academies or other schools. The Long Island 
 railroad traverses this county from E. to W. 
 Organized in 1083. Capital, North Hemp- 
 stead. Population, 36,833. 
 
 QuEENSBOEOuoH, a post-village in Ander- 
 son district. South Carolina, 110 miles W. N. 
 W. from Columbus. 
 968 
 
 QuEENSBURT, a post-township of Warren 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson river, 48 miles 
 N. from Albany. Population, 2597. 
 
 QuEENSDALE, a post-villagc in Robeson co., 
 N. C, 110 miles S. S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Queen's River, a small stream of Washing- 
 ton CO., Rhode Island, falls into Charles river. 
 
 Queen's Run, a small village of Clinton co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of Susque- 
 hanna river, 3 miles above Lock Haven. Coal 
 is mined here, and exported by canal. 
 
 QuEENSTOWN, a Small post-village of Queen 
 Anne co., Maryland, about 30 miles E. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 QuEENsviLLE, a Small village of Jennings 
 CO., Indiana., on the Madison and Indianapolis 
 railroad, 28 miles N. W. from Madison. 
 
 QuEMAHONiNG Creek, of Somerset co., Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into Stony creek. 
 
 QuEMAHONiNG, a towuship in the N. cen- 
 tral part of Somerset co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 QuEBEus Grove, a post-office of Switzer- 
 land CO., Indiana. 
 
 QuiBBT Creek, of Sumter co., Alabama, 
 flows into the Tombigbee river from the right. 
 
 Quick's Run, a small village of Lewis co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Quiet Dell, a post-office of Harrison co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 QuiLLiNsviLLE, a post-villagc in Scott co., 
 Virginia, 320 miles W. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 QuiNCT, a post-township of Norfolk county, 
 Massachusetts, bordering on Quincy bay, in 
 Boston harbor, and intersected by the Old 
 Colony railroad, 8 miles S. by E. from Bos- 
 ton. It is celebrated for its quarries of gra- 
 nite, commonly known as Quincy granite, 
 which is exported in great quantities to all 
 parts of the Union. About 1000 persons are 
 constantly employed in working it. Blocks 
 have often been quarried weighing as high as 
 300 tons. The first railroad ever constructed 
 in America was here put in operation in 1826, 
 for the purpose of transporting the granite 
 from its bed to tide-water, in Neponset river, 
 a distance of 3 miles. The village, which is 
 considered remarkably beautiful, is situated 
 on an elevated plain near the centre of the 
 township. In a stone church, completed in 
 1828, at a cost of $40,000, is a beautiful 
 marble monument, erected to the memory of 
 John Adams and his wife. The town house, 
 a fine granite edifice, 85 feet by 55, is deserv- 
 ing of notice. One newspaper is published 
 in the village, which also contains 2 banks. 
 Quincy is celebrated as the birthplace of se- 
 veral of the most eminent men who have 
 borne a part in the aflFairs of the nation. 
 Among these may be mentioned. John Han- 
 cock, Josiah Quincy, .Jr., and the two Adams'. 
 The estate of the Quincy family in this town 
 is one of the finest in New England. Incor- 
 porated in 1792. Population in 1830, 2201; 
 in 1840, 3486; in 1850, 5017. 
 
 Quincy, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Franklin co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 2836. 
 
QUI 
 
 RAB 
 
 QuiNCT, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 12 miles S. E. from Chambersburg. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, 400. 
 
 QuiNCY, a post-village, capital of Gadsden 
 county, Florida, is on the main road from 
 Pensacola to Tallahassee, 22 miles N. N. W. of 
 the latter. It has an active trade in tobacco. 
 Its flourishing condition is caused partly by 
 the excellence of its schools, by its healthy 
 situation, and the mildness of the climate, 
 which attracts invalids from the more North- 
 ern States. Within the last three years the 
 number of such visitors has greatly increased. 
 The distance from the Gulf (30 miles) is such 
 that the sea-breeze is tempered and agreeably 
 modified. It contains 3 churches, 1 academy, 
 1 select school, 2 hotels, 2 cabinet shops, 1 gin 
 shop, (to supply cotton gins.) Population in 
 1853, near 1000. 
 
 QuiNCT, a post- village of Monroe co., Mis- 
 sissippi, about 12 miles N. E. from Aberdeen. 
 
 QuiNCT, a post- village in Gibson co., Ten- 
 nessee, 145 miles W. S. W, from Nashville. 
 
 QuiNCT, a flourishing post-village of Logan 
 CO., Ohio, on the Bellefontaine and Indiana 
 railroad, 68 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. 
 The Miami river here furnishes fine water- 
 power. Population, 500. 
 
 QuiNCT, a post- township in the N. E. part 
 of Branch co., Michigan, intersected by the 
 Michigan Southern railroad. Pop., 1111. 
 
 QuiNCT, a handsome town, capital of 
 Adams county, Illinois, on the Mississippi 
 river, 170 miles above St. Louis, and 104 
 miles W. from Springfield. It is finely situ- 
 ated on a limestone blufl", 125 feet above the 
 river, of which it commands an extensive 
 view. It has a large public square, a good 
 court house, 18 churches, a United States 
 land-ofiice, and 3 banks. Seven newspapers 
 and periodicals are published here, two of 
 which are dailies. Quincy carries on an ac- 
 tive trade by steamboats on the Mississippi. 
 It is the terminus of the Military Tract rail- 
 road, now in course of construction, which 
 leads to Chicago. The country in the vicinity 
 is a rich and rolling prairie, and one of the 
 most highly cultivated parts of the state. 
 Quincy contains (in 1853) 5 lumber-yards, 2 
 large distilleries, 4 large foundries, 6 ma- 
 chine shops, 5 or 6 steam mills for grain, 2 
 steam saw mills, 2 planing machines, 3 door 
 sash and blind manufactories, 3 carriage fur- 
 niture manufactories, 1 cotton mill, besides 
 numerous other establishments. Coopering is 
 carried on very extensively. Pop. in 1840, 
 about 2000; in 1850, 6901 ; in 1853, 11,000. 
 
 QuiNCT, a small post- village of Hickory co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 QuiNCT Point, a beautiful post-village of 
 Norfolk county, Massachusetts, at the con- 
 fluence of Town and Weymouth rivers, 2 miles 
 E. from Quincy, and about 9 miles S. by E. 
 from Boston. It has an excellent harbor, 
 and is engaged in the fisheries and in ship- 
 building. 
 
 QuiNEEAUG river, of Connecticut, rises in 
 Tolland county, and flows N. into Massachu- 
 setts, when, after running some distance, it 
 re-enters Connecticut, and unites with the 
 Shetucket river, in New London county. 
 
 QuiNEBAUG, a manufacturing post-village 
 in Pomfret and Thompson townships, Wind- 
 ham county, Connecticut, on the Quinebaug 
 river, and on the Norwich and Worcester rail- 
 road, about 45 miles N. E. by E. from Hart- 
 ford. It contains 2 churches, and 12 stores. 
 Population, 1500. 
 
 QuiNEPiACK, or QuiNNiPiAC rivcr, of Con- 
 necticut, rises in Hartford county, and falls 
 into Long Island sound at New Haven, after 
 a course of about 30 miles. The railroad be- 
 tween New Haven and Hartford follows its 
 course for about 12 miles. 
 
 Quitman, a post-village, capital of Clarke 
 CO., Mississippi, 140 miles E. by S. fi'om Jack- 
 son. It contains a few stores. 
 
 Quitman, a post-village, capital of Wood 
 CO., Texas, about 275 miles N. E. from Austin. 
 
 Quitman, a small village of Van Buren co., 
 Ark., about 70 miles N. from Little Rock. 
 
 Quito, a post-office of Talbot co., Georgia, 
 about 36 miles N. E. from Columbus City. 
 
 Quito, a post-office of Polk co., Arkansas. 
 
 Quitquioc, a village in Plymouth township, 
 Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, on the Mullet river, 
 85 miles N. E. from Madison. It contains a 
 fine hotel, a saw mill, and several stores. 
 
 QuivEE, a post-office of Mason co.. 111. 
 
 QuoGUE, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. 
 
 Quonochontaug, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 E, 
 
 Rabbit River, of Allegan co., Michigan, 
 flows into the Kalamazoo river, 7 miles from 
 its mouth. 
 
 Rabbitsville, a small post-village of 
 Logan CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Rabbit Town, post-office of Benton co., Ala. 
 
 Rabun, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Georgia, bordering on North Caro- 
 lina, and separated from South Carolina by 
 the Chattooga river, which forms the S. E. 
 boundary : area, about 380 square miles. It 
 is drained by the sources of the Little Ten- 
 nessee and Tallulah rivers. The surface is 
 mountainous and mostly covered with forests. 
 The principal peaks of the Blue ridge in this 
 county are named the Pinnacle, Tallulah, 
 and Bald mountains. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, and potatoes are staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 64,699 bushels of corn ; 9771 of 
 oats, and 9868 of sweet potatoes. It con- 
 tained 13 churches, 644 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 65 attending an academy. 
 Iron is abundant, and gold has been found. 
 The Rabun Gap railroad is projected through 
 the county. Named in honor of William 
 E,abun, formerly governor of Georgia. Capi- 
 
 969 
 
RAC 
 
 RAH 
 
 till, Clayton. Population, 2448; of -whom 
 2338 were free, and 110, slaves. 
 
 Racine, ris-seen'', a county in the S. E. 
 part of Vt'isconsin, bordering on Lake Michi- 
 gan, contains about 360 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Root and Pishtaka rivers. 
 The surface is nearly level, and is mostly 
 occupied hj prairies, which are interspersed 
 with oak openings, or plains producing a 
 scattered growth of oak and hickory. The 
 soil is calcareous and fertile. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 218,149 bushels of 
 wheat; 78,847 of corn; 175,665 of oats, and 
 232,466 pounds of butter. It contained 18 
 churches, 5 newspaper offices, 3756 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 205 attending 
 academies and other schools. Limestone is 
 the principal rock. The Pishtaka river fur- 
 nishes motive-power for mills. Racine coun- 
 ty was separated from Milwaukee and organ- 
 ized in 1836. The name is derived from 
 Root river, which in French is Racine. It 
 is intersected by the Chicago and Milwaukee 
 railroad. Capital, Ftacine. Pop., 14,973. 
 
 Racine, a post-office of Meigs co., Ohio. 
 
 Racine, a township in the E. part of Racine 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the W. side of Lake Michi- 
 gan. Population, 777. 
 
 Racine, a city of Wisconsin, and capital 
 of Racine county, is situated on the W. shore 
 of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Root river, 
 25 miles S. by E. from Milwaukee, and 70 
 miles N. from Chicago. It is the second city 
 of the state in population and commerce, and 
 has one of the best harbors on the lake, 
 formed by the mouth of the river, which ad- 
 mits vessels drawing 12 feet of water. The 
 city is built on a plain elevated about 40 feet 
 above the surface of the lake. It is laid out 
 in regular blocks, with wide streets, and 
 contains a number of fine public buildings ; 
 among which is the Racine college, founded 
 by the Episcopal Church. Racine contains 
 12 Protestant, and 2 Catholic churches, a 
 central high-school, and a bank in success- 
 ful operation. Several newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The commercial advantages of 
 this port have attracted considerable capital, 
 and there are 10 warehouses and 126 mer- 
 cantile houses in various branches of busi- 
 ness. Over $60,000 have been expended by 
 the citizens of Racine in the construction of 
 a harbor. From 30 to 40 vessels are owned 
 here, with a tonnage of over 4000 tons. The 
 exports and imports for 1851 amounted to 
 $2,507,715. There are 3 ship-yards, and 
 several furnaces, machine shops, and flouring 
 mills. Three plank-roads extend from Ra- 
 cine into the interior, and railroads are in 
 course of construction to Chicago, Milwaukee, 
 and Janesville. First settled in 1835 ; incoi'- 
 porated as a city in 1848. Pop. in 1840, 337; 
 in 1850, 5111 ; in 1853, about 7500. 
 
 Racket Riveh, forms the outlet of Long 
 lake, in Hamilton county, New York, and 
 970 
 
 pursuing a winding course through Franklin 
 and St. Lawrence counties, falls into the St. 
 Lawrence river about 30 miles N. N. E. from 
 Potsdam. Its whole length is about 120 miles. 
 
 Racket Rivek, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 Racoon, a small village of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Racoon, a post-office of Preston co., Va. 
 
 Racoon, a township in the N. part of Gal- 
 lia CO., Ohio. Population, 1473. 
 
 Racoon, a post-office of Marion co., HI. 
 
 Racoon Creek, of Gloucester co.. New 
 Jersey, enters the Delaware river about 18 
 miles below Camden. Sloops ascend 8 miles 
 to Swedesborough. 
 
 Racoon Ckeek, rises in the S. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, and joins the Ohio river a little 
 below Beaver. 
 
 Racoon Creek, of Ohio, rises in Hocking 
 CO., and falls into the Ohio river about 8 miles 
 below Gallipolis. 
 
 Racoon Ceeek, of Indiana, rises in Boone 
 county, and falls into the Wabash, about 7 
 miles W. from Rockville, in Parke county, 
 after a course of nearly 70 miles. It flows 
 through a rich and beautiful farming region, 
 and furnishes extensive water-power. The 
 Little Racoon enters it from the N.E., 15 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Racoon Creek, of La Crosse co., Wiscon- 
 sin, flows into the Mississippi. 
 
 Racoon Ford, a post-village of Culpepper 
 county, Virginia, on the Rapidan river, 90 
 miles N. N. W. from Richmond, contains seve- 
 ral mills. 
 
 Racoon Fork of Licking river, Ohio, joins 
 the main stream at Newark. 
 
 Racoon Island, apost-office of Gallia co., 0. 
 
 Racoon River, Iowa, rises near the N. 
 border of Dallas co., and empties itself into 
 Des Moines river at Fort Des Moines. 
 
 Racoon Valley, a post-office of Knox co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Radfordsville, a post-office of Perry co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Radnor, a post-township of Delaware co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Philadel- 
 phia and Columbia railroad, 8 miles S. from 
 Norristown. Population, 1334. 
 
 Radnor, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Delaware co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1204. 
 
 Ragged Mountains, an elevated range on 
 the border between Grafton and Merrimack 
 counties. New Hampshire. Height, about 
 2000 feet. 
 
 Ragles ville, a post-office of Daviess co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Rahway, a small river in the N. E. part 
 of New Jersey, rises in Essex co., flows near- 
 ly southward to Rahway, and then forms 
 the boundary between Essex and Middlesex 
 counties until it enters Staten Island sound. 
 Vessels of 80 tons ascend it to Rahway. 
 
 Rauway, a post-township of Esse:;^ co., 
 
EAII 
 
 KAL 
 
 New Jersey, on the Morris and Essex rail- 
 road, 45 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. Po- 
 pulation, 3306. 
 
 Rahway, a post-village of Essex and Mid- 
 dlesex counties, New Jersey, is situated on 
 the Railway river, and on the New Jersey 
 railroad, 10 miles S. S. W. from Newark, and 
 38 miles N. E. from Trenton. It is divided 
 by the river into Upper and Lower Rahway, 
 the former of which is in Rahway township, 
 and the latter (formerly called Bridgeton) in 
 Woodbridge township, Middlesex county. 
 It contains 9 churches, belonging to the 
 Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, Friends, 
 and colored people ; also a bank, an insurance 
 office, and 2 newspaper offices. There is a 
 flourishing boarding school for girls, named 
 the Rahway Female Institute, and a classical 
 boarding school for boys. Rahway derives 
 its support chiefly from the manufacture of 
 cari'iages, hats, stoves, stone ware, and other 
 articles. It is said that 3000 carriages are 
 made here annually for the Southern market. 
 It has a large muslin-printing establishment, 
 an iron foundry, and a manufactory of felt 
 cloth. Schooners ascend the river to this 
 place. Settled about the year 1720. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 7000. 
 
 Raibokn's Creek, a post-office of Laurens 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 PiiAiLROADS. A general account of these will 
 be found under the head of the different 
 states in which they are situated. For fur- 
 ther particulars, see Table of Railroads, Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 Rainbow, a post-office of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Rainier, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Raine's Tavern, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Virginia. 
 
 Rainsboeough, a post-village of Highland 
 CO., Ohio, 69 miles E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Rainsbukg, a post- village of Bedford co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Cove creek, about 8 miles 
 S. from Bedford. 
 
 Rainsyille, a small post- village of Warren 
 CO., Indiana, on Pine creek, 87 miles N. W. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Raisin, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Lenawee co., Michigan, intersected by the 
 Michigan Southern railroad. Pop., 1267. 
 
 Raisin River, of Michigan, rises in Hills- 
 dale county. Its general direction is nearly 
 eastward, and its whole length is probably 
 140 miles. The water-jDOwer on this river is 
 very extensive. The current is rapid, the 
 banks are high, and the valley through which 
 it flows is noted for fertility. After passing 
 by Adrian and Monroe, it enters Lake Erie 
 2 miles from the latter place. 
 
 Raisinville, a township in the E. part of 
 Monroe co., Michigan, intersected by the 
 Raisin river, and by the Michigan Southern 
 railroad. Population, 967. 
 
 Raleigh, a new county in the W. S. W. part 
 
 of Virginia, contains about 380 square miles. 
 It is traversed in the E. part by New river, 
 and also drained by the head streams of 
 Coal river. The slope of the county is to- 
 ward the N. AY. The surface is mouutuinous, 
 and mostly overspread with forests. Indian 
 corn, oats, wheat, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 49,511 bushels of corn ; 19,253 of oats, and 
 31,289 pounds of butter. The route of the 
 projected Covington and Ohio railroad passes 
 along the N. E. border. It was formed out 
 of part of Fayette county, and named in 
 honor of the celebrated Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 who planted a colony on the Roanoke about 
 1585. Capital, Beckley. Population, 1765 ; 
 of whom 1742 were free, and 23, slaves. 
 
 Raleigh, a city, capital of North Carolina, 
 and seat of justice of Wake co., a few miles 
 W. from Neuse river, 148 miles N. by W. from 
 Wilmington, 60 miles N. N. E. from Fayette- 
 ville, and 286 miles from. Washington. Lat. 
 35° 47' N., Ion. 78° 48' W. The situation is 
 elevated and healthy. An open area of ten 
 acres, named Union Square, occupies the 
 centre of the city, from which four principal 
 streets, 99 feet wide, extend in difi'crent di- 
 rections. The state house, situated in Union 
 square, is among the largest and most splen- 
 did capitols in the United States. It is built 
 of granite, and surrounded with massive 
 columns of the same material, after the 
 model of the Parthenon, and surmounted by 
 a handsome dome. The dimensions are 168 
 feet long by 90 wide, and the cost above 
 $500,000. The former state house, which 
 contained a marble statue of Washington, by 
 Canova, was destroyed by fire in 1831. The 
 North Carolina Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb has recently been established at this 
 place. The foundation has also been laid 
 of the State Lunatic Asylum, on Dix's Hill, 
 in the W. part of the town. Raleigh also 
 contains a court house, a market house, two 
 banks, and churches of the Presbyterians, 
 Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists, and Ro- 
 man Catholics: 13 or 14 newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. It is the terminus of the Ra- 
 leigh and Gaston railroad, which, with other 
 lines, forms a direct communication with 
 Richmond and Norfolk, Virginia. The North 
 Carolina railroad, now in progress, passes 
 through this city, connecting it with those 
 of South Carolina on one hand, and with the 
 seaports of North Carolina on the other. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 4518. 
 
 Raleigh, a post-village, capital of Smith 
 CO., Mississippi, about 50 miles E. by S. from 
 Jackson. It is surrounded by pine barrens. 
 
 Raleigh, a post-village, capital of Shelby 
 county, Tennessee, on Wolf river, 200 miles 
 W. S. W. from Nashville, and 9 or 10 miles 
 N. E. from Memphis. It is situated in a fer- 
 tile cotton-growing district, on the railroad 
 route from Memphis to Nashville. Popula- 
 tion, about 300. 
 
 971 - 
 
RAL 
 
 RAN 
 
 Raleigh, a small post-village of Union co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 215 miles W. by 
 S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Raleigh, a post-village of R,ush co., In- 
 diana, 10 miles N. N. E. from Rushville. 
 
 Raleigh, a post-township in Saline co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1092. 
 
 Raleigh, a post-village, capital of Saline 
 CO., Illinois, on the Middle fork of Saline 
 creek, 175 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Raleigh Court House, Virginia. See 
 Beckley. 
 
 Ralls, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Missouri, contains about 430 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. E. by the Mississippi, 
 which separates it from Illinois, traversed 
 from W. to E. by Salt river, and also drained 
 by Spencer's and Lick creeks. The surface 
 is somewhat diversified, and the soil gene- 
 rally good. Originally, about three-fourths 
 of the surface was covered with forests of 
 hard wood. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 495,435 bushels of corn; 
 01,427 of wheat; 49,603 of oats; 2291 tons 
 of hay, and 78,274 pounds of butter. There 
 were 15 churches, and 1428 pupils attending 
 public schools. Limestone underlies the 
 greater part of the county. Stone coal and 
 iron ore are found in it. Capital, New Lon- 
 don. Population, 6151 ; of whom 4783 were 
 free, and 1368, slaves. 
 
 Rally Hill, a post-ofEce of Maury co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Ralston, a post-village of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Lycoming creek, and on 
 the railroad between Williamsport and El- 
 mira, 25 miles N. from the former. 
 
 Ramapo, a small river rising in Orange 
 county. New York. It flows southward 
 through Bergen and Passaic counties of New 
 Jersey, and enters Pompton river, about 8 
 miles N. W. from Paterson. It is a good 
 mill stream. 
 
 Ramapo, a township of Rockland co.. New 
 York. Population, 3197. 
 
 Ramapo Works, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Ramapo river, and on the Erie 
 railroad, 44 miles N. by W. from New York. 
 It has a rolling mill and a manufactory of 
 files and other articles. 
 
 Ramer, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Rameses, a post-oflBce of Darlington dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Ramsaysburg, a post-village of Warren 
 CO., New Jersey, 5 miles N. from Belvidere. 
 
 Ramsaytown, a post-office of Yancey co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Ramsey, a county in the E. part of Min- 
 nesota, has an area estimated at 2800 square 
 miles. The Mississippi river forms its bound- 
 ary on the N. and on the S. W., and it is 
 drained by the sources of Rum and Snake 
 rivers. Spirit lake is situated in the N. part. 
 The surface is elevated, and consists of prai- 
 972 
 
 ries and forests. The soil in some parts is 
 productive. Lumber, wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, grass, and beans are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 1615 bushels of 
 corn ; 390 of wheat ; 6260 of oats ; 9585 of 
 beans and peas, and 100 tons of hay. Steam- 
 boats navigate the Mississippi on the border 
 of the county. Capital, St. Paul's. Popula- 
 tion, 2227. 
 
 Ranaleburg, a post-village of Mecklen- 
 burg CO., North Carolina, 174 miles S. W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Rancocos, or Rancocas creek of New Jer- 
 sey, is formed by the North and South branch- 
 es, which unite about three miles W. from 
 Mount Holly. Flowing westward and north- 
 westward, it enters the Delaware, seven miles 
 below Burlington. Small vessels ascend from 
 its mouth to Mount Holly on the North branch, 
 and to Lumberton on the other. 
 
 Rancoous, a post-office of Burlington co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Randallstown, a village of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland, 15 miles W. N. W. from Baltimore. 
 
 Randallsville, a post-village in Robeson 
 CO., North Carolina, 85 miles S. S. W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Randolph, a county in the N. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on Maryland, is about 80 
 miles in length, and 35 miles wide : area, 
 about 2800 square miles. It is drained by 
 the head streams of the Buchanan, Cheat, 
 and Tygart's Valley rivers, branches of the 
 Monongahela ; it is traversed in the S. W. 
 part by Elk river. The surface is hilly and 
 mountainous, the county occupying the north- 
 western declivity of the Alleghany range. The 
 soil is generally fertile, adapted to pasturage 
 of cattle and sheep. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, butter, and wool are the staples, In 1850 
 this county produced 87,468 bushels of corn ; 
 11,740 of wheat; 44,789 of oats; 6480 tons of 
 hay, and 56,339 pounds of butter. It contained 
 10 churches, and 380 pupils attending public 
 schools. Stone coal, iron, limestone, sand- 
 stone, and slate are abundant. Salt is pro- 
 cured from some of its springs. Named in 
 honor of John Randolph, of Roanoke. Capi- 
 tal, Beverly. Population, 6243 ; of whom 
 5042 were free, and 201, slaves. 
 
 Randolph, a county in the central part of 
 North Carolina : area estimated at 880 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Deep and Uharie 
 rivers. The surface is diversified by hills and 
 valleys ; the soil is generally fertile. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, tobacco, and cattle are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 83,634 
 bushels of wheat; 440,086 of corn, and 1915 
 pounds of tobacco. There were 5 cotton 
 mills, 1 woollen factory, 17 corn and flour 
 mills, 3 grist mills, and 5 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 49 churches, 1 newspaper office; 1550 
 pupils attending public schools, and 48 at- 
 tending other schools. Extensive beds of 
 slate underlie a part of the sui'face. Deep 
 river furnishes valuable water-power. The 
 
RAN 
 
 RAN 
 
 county is intersected by tlie Fayetteville and 
 Salem plank-road. Formed in 1779. Capital, 
 Ashborough. Population, 15,832; of wiiom 
 14,192 were free, and 1640, slaves. 
 
 Randolph, a county in the W. S. W. part 
 of Georgia, bordering on the Chattahoochee, 
 ■which separates it from Alabama, contains 
 about 800 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Patawla creek, and also drained by the Hod- 
 chodkee and Pachitla creeks. The surface 
 is nearly level, and partly covered with pine 
 timber ; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, oats, sweet potatoes, and sugar-cane 
 flourish in this region. In 1850 this county 
 produced 10,533 bales of cotton; 454,533 
 bushels of corn; 56,959 of oats, and 151,132 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 8 grist mills, 
 12 saw mills, 1 woollen factory, and 2 tan- 
 neries ; 44 churches, and 715 pupils attending 
 academies and other schools. The county 
 contains several extensive caves. The Pataula 
 creek furnishes fine water-power at Lowell, 
 and the Chattahoochee is navigable by steam- 
 boats along the western border. Organized in 
 1828. Capital, Cuthbert. Population, 12,868; 
 of whom 7860 were free, and 5008, slaves. 
 
 Randolph, a county in the E. part of Ala- 
 bama, bordering on Georgia, has an area of 
 970 square miles. The Tallapoosa river, 
 flowing through the county, is joined by the 
 Little Tallapoosa, near the centre. The sur- 
 face is uneven ; the soil is generally fertile. 
 Indian corn, cotton, and cattle are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 1986 bales of 
 cotton; 319,183 bushels of corn, and 60,930 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 5 potteries 
 and 3 tanneries. It contained 40 churches, 
 and 1829 pupils attending public schools. A 
 gold mine is worked in the county. Capital, 
 McDonald. Population, 11,681, of whom 
 10,645 were free, and 936, slaves. 
 
 Randolph, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, contains 
 about 880 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Black river, and drained by the Eleven 
 Points and Current rivers, aflluents of the 
 former. The surface is undulating ; the soil 
 on the river bottoms is very fertile, pro- 
 ducing cotton, Indian corn, and tobacco. 
 Many cattle and horses are raised. In 1850 
 it yielded 176,669 bushels of corn; 17,596 
 of oats ; 36,530 pounds of butter, and 22,732 
 of tobacco. It contained 1 saw mill, 1 tan- 
 nery, 1 church, and 157 pupils attending 
 public schools. Steamboats can ascend, 
 during more than half the year, to Poca- 
 hontas, the county seat. Population, 3275, 
 of whom S032 were free, and 243, slaves. 
 
 Randolph, a county in the E. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Ohio, contains 440 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Whitewater, Mis- 
 sissinewa, and White rivers, of which the 
 first and second rise within it. The surface 
 is nearly level ; the soil is fertile, and adapt- 
 ed to grass and grain. There are a few wot 
 prairies in the county. Indian corn, wheat. 
 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 526,197 bushels of corn; 
 67,048 of wheat; 75,290 of oats, and 7361 J 
 tons of hay. It contained 32 churches, and 
 1 newspaper office. It is intersected by the 
 Bellefontaine and Indianapolis, the Cincinnati, 
 Union and Fort Wayne, and other railroads. 
 Capital, Winchester. Population, 14,725. 
 
 Randolph, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Illinois, bordering on Missouri, has an area 
 of 600 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 S. W. by the Mississippi, and intersected by 
 the Kaskaskia, which enters the first-named 
 stream on the southern border of the county. 
 The surface is undulating and hilly ; the soil 
 is fertile and well timbered. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 443,491 bushels 
 of corn; 60,914 of wheat; 125,130 of oats, 
 and 1296 tons of hay. It contained 24 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices, and 1414 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Fine marble 
 is found in it. Randolph is among the oldest 
 counties of the state. La Salle established a 
 post at Kaskaskia, in this county, in 1673. 
 Capital, Chester. Population, 11,079. 
 
 Randolph, a county in the N. central part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 430 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the East fork of Chariton 
 river, and also drained by the Elk fork of 
 Salt river, by the sources of Bonne Femme 
 river, and by Silver creek. The surface is 
 undulating, and diversified by prairies and 
 forests ; the soil is remarkably fertile. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, butter, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 668,195 bushels of corn ; 35,483 
 of wheat; 109,830 of oats; 2,262,796 pounds 
 of tobacco, and 138,768 of butter. It con- 
 tained 14 churches, 607 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 24 attending another 
 school. Limestone is abundant, and coal is 
 found. A plank-road extends from the Mis- 
 souri to Huntsville, the capital. Pop. 9439, 
 of whom 7283 were free, and 2156, slaves. 
 
 Randolph, a post-township in Coos co., 
 New Hampshire, 89 miles N. by E. from 
 Concord. Population, 113. 
 
 Randolph, a post-township in Orange co.. 
 Vt., 25 miles S. from Montpelier. Pop., 2666. 
 
 Randolph, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Vermont Central railroad, 
 contains 1 or 2 churches, and an academy. 
 
 Randolph, a post-township in Norfolk co., 
 Mass., on the Fall River railroad, 13 miles 
 S. from Boston, contains a bank. Pop., 4741- 
 
 Randolph, a post-township in the S. W, 
 part of Cattaraugus co., N. Y. Pop., 1606. 
 
 Randolph, a township of Morris co., 
 New Jersey, about 7 miles N. W. from Mor- 
 ristown. Population, 2632. 
 
 Randolph, a post-township of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles E. from 
 Meadville. Population, 1260. 
 
 Randolph, a post-office of Bibb co., Ala. 
 
 Randolph, a decayed post-village of Tip- 
 973 
 
RA]^ 
 
 RAP 
 
 ton CO., Tennessee, on the Mississippi riyer, 
 33 miles N. from Memphis. 
 
 Randolph, a post-office of Barren co., Ky. 
 
 Randolph, a township in the N. part of 
 Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop., 1883. 
 
 Randolph, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Portage co., Ohio. Popuhition, 1732. 
 
 PtANDOLPH, a Tillage in Randolph co., In- 
 diana, 85 miles E. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Randolph, a township in Tippecanoe co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1105. 
 
 Randolph, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Columbia co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Randolph, a post-village in the above 
 township, 44 miles N. W. from Madison. 
 
 Randolph Cbntee, a post-office of Broome 
 CO., New York. 
 
 PvAndolph Centre, a post-office of Colum- 
 bia CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Randolph Macon College, a post-office 
 of Mecklenburg co., Virginia. 
 
 Randolph's Grove, a post-office of McLean 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Randon Creek, of Monroe co., Alabama, 
 flows into the Alabama. 
 
 Raneysburg, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Illinois. 
 
 Range, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Madison co., Ohio. Population, 988. 
 
 Rankin, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 640 
 square miles. The Pearl river washes its 
 N. W. border for a distance of more than 50 
 miles. The surface is mostly covered with 
 pine forests. The soil is generally fertile, 
 producing cotton and Indian corn. In 1850 
 this county yielded 2676 bales of cotton ; 
 217,673 bushels of corn; and 68,206 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 1 newspaper office, 
 and 349 pupils attending academies and 
 other schools. A railroad extends from the 
 county seat to Vicksburg, and is to be con- 
 tinued eastward. Named in honor of Chris- 
 topher Rankin, member of Congress from 
 Mississippi. Capital, Brandon. Population, 
 7227, of whom 3951 were free, and 3276, 
 slaves. 
 
 Ransom, a post-township of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 797. 
 
 Ransom, a post-township in Hillsdale co., 
 Michigan. Population, 549. 
 
 Ransom's Bkidge, a post-office of Nash 
 CO., N. C, 56 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Ransomville, a post-village in Porter 
 township, Niagara co.. New York, about 25 
 miles N. N. W. from Buffalo. It contains 2 
 stores and 2 churches. Pop., about 200. 
 
 Rantoroles, a post-village of Colleton dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Rapiioe, a township of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. W. from 
 Lancaster. Population, 3160. 
 
 Rapidan river, of Virginia, rises on the 
 S. E. base of the Blue Ridge. Flowing south- 
 ward and then eastward, it forms the bound- 
 ary between Green and Orange counties on 
 974 
 
 the right, and Madison and Culpepper on the 
 left,' and unites with the Rappahannock about 
 10 miles above Fredericksburg. Its length 
 is estimated at 80 miles. 
 
 Rapid Ann, a post-village of Madison co., 
 Virginia, 102 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 It contains 3 churches and several stores. 
 
 Rapides, a parish in the W. part of Louisi- 
 ana, bordering on Texas, has an area of 
 about 2100 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. E. by Little river, and intersected by 
 Calcasieu and Red rivers. The surface is 
 nearly level ; the soil near the streams is 
 very productive, A large part of the parish 
 is covered with forests of pine. Cotton, sugar, 
 Indian corn, and cattle are the staples. In 
 1850 this parish produced 4222 bales of cot- 
 ton ; 4613 hogsheads of sugar; 438,170 gal- 
 lons of molasses, and 357,480 bushels of 
 corn. There were 4 saw and planing mills, 
 and 2 tanneries. It contained 10 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 590 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 70 attending academies 
 or other schools. Red river is navigable by 
 steamboats through the parish at all stages 
 of water. Capital, Alexandria. Population, 
 16,561, of whom 5221 were free, and 11,340, 
 
 Rapids, a post-office of Niagara co., N. Y. 
 
 Rapids, a post-office of Portage co., Ohio. 
 
 Rapids, a post-office of Whitesides co., 111. 
 
 Rapids, a post-office of Boone co., Iowa. 
 
 Rappahannock, a river in the E. part of 
 Virginia, is formed at the eastern extremity 
 of Culpepper county, by the confluence of 
 North and Rapidan rivers. Flowing in a 
 south-easterly course, it falls over the primi- 
 tive ledge, and meets the ocean tides at 
 Fredericksburg, where it affords extensive 
 water-power. It now becomes a navigable 
 stream, and after forming the boundary be- 
 tween several counties on each hand, enters 
 Chesapeake bay between Windmill and Stin- 
 gray points. Its general direction is south- 
 eastward, and its whole length about 125 
 miles. A canal, 45 miles long, has within a 
 few years been opened along the river, above 
 the falls, to the mouth of Carter's creek. 
 
 Rappahannock, a county in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part of Virginia, is situated on the S. 
 E. declivity of the Blue Ridge. The area is 
 about 240 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. E. by a branch of the Rappahannock, 
 (sometimes called North river,) from which 
 it derives its name ; and Hazel river flows 
 along the S. border. The soil is generally 
 fertile. Wheat and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 157,699 bushels of wheat; 281,216 of corn; 
 and 3273 tons of hay. There were 15 flour, 
 grist, and plaster mills, 3 distilleries, and 5 
 tanneries. It contained 11 churches, 437 
 pupils attending public schools, and 30 at- 
 tending other schools. The county is tra- 
 versed by several turnpike-roads. Formed 
 from Culpepper in 1831. Capital, Washing- 
 
RAP 
 
 EAY 
 
 ton. Population, 9782, of whom 5938 -were 
 free, and 3844 slaves. 
 
 Rappahannock Academy, a post-office of 
 Caroline co., Virginia. 
 
 Rapp's Barren, apost-office of Fulton co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Rarden, a post-office of Scioto co., Ohio. 
 
 Raritan, a river of New Jersey, is formed 
 by the North and South branches, which 
 unite in Somerset county, about 5 miles W. 
 from Somerville. It flows in a general east- 
 erly direction, passes by New Brunswick, 
 crosses Middlesex county, and empties itself 
 into Raritan bay at Amboy. The main 
 stream is about 33 miles long, and is navi- 
 gable by steamboats 15 miles to New Bruns- 
 wick. Branches. — The North branch rises in 
 Morris county, and flows southward. The 
 South branch also rises in Morris county, 
 and flows in a circuitous course through 
 Hunterdon county. It is rather longer than 
 the main stream. 
 
 Raritan, a township of Hunterdon co., 
 New Jersey, on the South branch of the 
 Raritan river, about 23 miles N. by W. from 
 Trenton. Population, 3066. 
 
 Raritan, a township of Monmouth co., 
 New Jersey. Population, 4165. 
 
 Raritan, a manufacturing post-village of 
 Somerset county. New Jersey, is situated 
 on the Raritan river and on the New Jersey 
 Central railroad, about 1 mile W. from So- 
 merville. This village has sprung up within 
 the last ten years, and has now (1853) 2 
 churches, 3 stores, 1 hame factory, 1 gutta- 
 percha factory, and 2 grist mills. Popula- 
 tion, 900. 
 
 Raritan Bay, at the mouth of Raritan 
 river, is situated between Staten Island, 
 New York, and Monmouth co.. New Jersey. 
 Length, near 15 miles. Greatest breadth, 
 about 10 miles. 
 
 Raritan Landing, a village of Middlesex 
 CO., New Jersey, on the Raritan river, 2\ 
 miles N. E. from Trenton. The Raritan is 
 crossed at this place by a wooden bridge. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 Ratcliffsburg, a post-office of Vinton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Ratheoneville, a post-village of Addison 
 township, Steuben county. New York, on the 
 New York and Erie railroad, 31 7 miles from 
 New York city. It is the depot of the dis- 
 trict lying south, and takes its name from 
 the principal proprietor. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Rathbun, a post-village in Mitchell town- 
 ship, Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, 86 miles 
 N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Raton Mountains, in the eastern interior 
 of the Territory of New Mexico, in latitude 
 about 37° N., Ion. 104° 30' W. 
 
 Rattlesnake, a post-office of White co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Pi-attlesnake Creek, of Owen co., Indi- 
 ana, flows into White river. 
 
 Pvattlesnake Fork, of Paint creek, Ohio, 
 
 joins the main stream on the S. W. border of 
 Ross county. 
 
 Raven Creek, a post-office of Harrison 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Ravenna, a post-township in the S. central 
 part of Portage co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 2240. 
 
 Ravenna, a handsome post-village of Pi,a- 
 venna township, capital of Portage county, 
 Ohio, on the railroad between Cleveland and 
 Pittsburg, 38 miles S. E. from the former. 
 The completion of the railroad has recently 
 contributed much to the prosperity of the 
 village, and business is very active. Large 
 quantities of butter, cheese, wool, and grain 
 are shipped here. The Pennsylvania and 
 Ohio canal connects Ravenna with Pittsburg 
 and Cleveland, and aifords water-power at this 
 place. The village contains a handsome stone 
 court house, 1 bank, 1 academy, and 3 news- 
 paper offices. The manufacture of carriages 
 is carried on extensively. Settled in 1799. 
 Population in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Ravenna, a post- township of Ottawa co., 
 Michigan. Population, 77. 
 
 Raven's Nest, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Ravenswood, a village of Queen's co., 
 New York, on East river, opposite Black- 
 well's island. 
 
 Ravenswood, a thriving post-village of 
 Jackson co., Virginia, on the Ohio river, at 
 the mouth of Sand creek, 15 miles N. W. 
 from Ripley. Population, 200. 
 
 Rawlingsbtjrg, a post-village in Rocking- 
 ham CO., North Carolina, 103 miles N. AV. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Rawlingsville, a post-village of De Kalb 
 CO., Alabama, 180 miles N. by E. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 Rawlinsville, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 R.\wsoN, a post-office of Cattaraugus co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Rawsonville, a village in the E. part of 
 Fulton CO., New York, in Broadalbin town- 
 ship. It contains several churches and fac- 
 tories. 
 
 Rawsonville, a post-office of Lorain co., 0. 
 
 Rawsonville, a post-village in Wayne co., 
 Michigan, 36 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 Ray, a county in the AV. N. W. part of 
 Missouri, contains about 560 square miles. 
 The Missouri river forms the entire southern 
 boundary, and it is traversed by Fishing and 
 Crooked creeks. The surface is undulating, 
 and consists partly of prairies and partly 
 of forests. The soil is fertile both on the 
 river bottoms and on the uplands. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, butter, tobacco, and hemp 
 are the staples. Many cattle, horses, and 
 swine, are reared. In 1850 it produced 
 655,020 bushels of corn ; 48,003 of wheat ; 
 138,641 of oats; 183,137 pounds of butter; 
 616,906 of tobacco, and 431 tons of hemp. 
 
 975 
 
RAY 
 
 EEA 
 
 It contained 8 churches, 500 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 123 attending other 
 schools. Limestone and bituminous coal are 
 
 abundant. Named in honor of Ray, a 
 
 member of the convention to form the state 
 constitution. Capital, Richmond. Popula- 
 tion, 10,373, of -whom 8859 were free, and 
 1514 slaves. 
 
 Rat, a post-tovraship in the N. part of 
 Macomb co., Michigan, intersected by the N. 
 branch of Clinton river. Population, 1282. 
 
 Ray, a township in Franklin co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1231. 
 
 Ray Centre, a post-office of Macomb co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 R.AYMEUTOWN, a post-officc of Renssclacr 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Raymond, a post-township in Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, 44 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1142. 
 
 Raymond, a post-township in Ptockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, contains a village situ- 
 ated on the Concord and Portsmouth railroad, 
 23 miles S. E. from Concord. Population, 
 1256. 
 
 Raymond, a post-village, capital of Hinds 
 county, Mississippi, 16 miles S. W. from 
 Jackson, and 8 miles S. from the Vicksburg 
 and Jackson railroad, with which it is con- 
 nected by a branch railroad. One or two 
 newspapers are published here. 
 
 Raymond, a post-office of Union co., Ohio. 
 
 Raymond, a post-township in the E. central 
 part of Racine co., Wisconsin. Pop., 820. 
 
 Raymond, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, about 90 miles S. E. from 
 Madison, and 10 miles W. from Lake Michi- 
 gan. It contains 2 churches, and about 150 
 dwellings. 
 
 Raymondville, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 Raynb, a township of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 42 miles N. W. by N. from 
 Greensburg. Population, 1184. 
 
 Raynham, a township in Bristol co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, intersected hy the Taunton rail- 
 road, 33 miles S. from Boston. Pop., 1541. 
 
 Raynortown, a village of Queen's co.. 
 New York, near Hempstead bay. 
 
 Piay's Fobk, a post-office of Scott co., Ky. 
 
 Ray's Hill, a small mountain ridge ex- 
 tending across the Marjdand line into the S. 
 part of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ray's Hill, a post-office of Bedford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Raystown Branch, Pennsylvania. See 
 Juniata River. 
 
 Raysville, a post-office of Columbia co., 
 Georgia, 35 miles AV. by N. from Augusta. 
 
 Raysville, a thriving post-village of Hen- 
 ry county, Indiana, on the Blue river, where 
 it is crossed by the Central railroad, 33 miles 
 PL trom Indianapolis. It has a fine and im- 
 proved water-power. 
 
 Raytown, a post-village of Taliaferro co., 
 Georgia, 52 miles N. N. Ij. frow Milledgeville. 
 976 
 
 Rayville, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Raywick, a post- village of Marion co., 
 Kentucky, on the Rolling fork of Salt river, 
 72 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Reaburn's Creee, of Laurens district, 
 South Carolina, flows into Reedy river from 
 the left, a few miles from its entrance into 
 Saluda river. 
 
 Readfield, a post-township of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, about 10 miles N. W. of Augusta, 
 intersected by the Androscoggin and Kenne- 
 bec railroad. Contains a village on the 
 above railroad. Population, 1895. 
 
 Readfield, or Redfield, a township in 
 the N. E. part of Oswego co.. New York. 
 Population, 752. 
 
 Readfield Depot, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Reading, a post-township in Windsor co., 
 Vermont, 54 miles S. from Montpelier. Po- 
 pulation, 1171. 
 
 Reading, a post-township in Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, 13 miles N. from Boston, in- 
 tersected by the Boston and Maine railroad. 
 It contains 2 thriving villages, one in the N. 
 and the other in the S. part. The inhabitants 
 are extensively engaged in the manufacture 
 of boots and shoes. Population, 3108. 
 
 Reading, a township in Fairfield co., Con- 
 necticut, intersected by the Saugatuck river, 
 25 miles W. New Haven. Population, 1754. 
 
 Reading, a village in the above township, 
 contains several churches. 
 
 Reading, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Steuben co.. New York, on Seneca lake. 
 Population, 1434. 
 
 Reading, a township of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 13 miles N. E. from Gettys- 
 burg. Population, 1252. 
 
 Reading, a handsome city of Pennsylvania, 
 and capital of Berks county, on the left, or 
 east bank of Schuylkill river, and on the Phi- 
 ladelphia, Reading, and Pottsville railroad, 
 52 miles E. from Harrisburg, and 52 miles 
 N. W. from Philadelphia. This flourishing 
 town, the third of the state in respect to 
 population and manufactures, is beautifully 
 situated on a plain, which rises gradually 
 from the river, and is enclosed on the E. by 
 an eminence named Penn's Mount. The city 
 is compactly built, and intersected by straight 
 and rectangular streets, which are remark- 
 ably clean and smooth. The most frequent- 
 ed of these are covered with a hard, white 
 gravel, derived from the sandstone of the ad- 
 jacent hill, forming a compact and durable 
 road. Among the conspicuous public build- 
 ings, are the court house, which occupies a 
 commanding situation, and has a handsome 
 portico of sandstone ; the German Lutheran 
 church is capable of containing about 1500 
 persons, and is remarkable for its steeple, 
 about 200 feet in height, and the German 
 Reformed church, a brick building, which 
 has a steeple 150 feet in height. In addition 
 
EEA 
 
 RED 
 
 to these, Reading has about 20 churches, 1 
 academy, 2 market houses, 2 banks, and 
 several public libraries. Nine or ten weekly 
 papers are published here, of which 3 are in 
 the German language. The streets and many 
 of the buildings are lighted with gas, and sup- 
 plied with spring water, conveyed through 
 iron pipes. The river is crossed here by 2 
 bridges, one of which is about 600 feet in 
 length. Reading is a place of active trade, 
 and is the market for a rich and populous 
 agricultural district. The Schuylkill canal 
 and the railroad above named open a ready 
 communication with Philadelphia, on the one 
 hand and with the coal region of Schuylkill 
 county on the other, and the Union canal ex- 
 tends westward to the Susquehanna river. 
 A railroad is also in progress from Reading 
 to Harrisburg. This town is largely engaged 
 in the manufacture of iron, hats, shoes, steam 
 engines, and various other articles. The 
 machine shops of the railroad company era- 
 ploy several hundred men. It has also 2 
 large rolling mills, 4 foundries, 1 anthracite 
 furnace, a nail factory, a first-class cotton 
 mill, and 2 flouring mills, in all of which 
 steam-power is used, Reading was laid out 
 by Thomas and Richard Penn, in 1748, and 
 named from the town of Reading, in Eng- 
 land. It was incorporated as a borough 
 in 1783, and as a city in 1847. Population 
 in 1840, 8410; in 1850,15,743; in 1853, 
 about 17,000. 
 
 Reading, a post- village of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, 10 miles N. E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Reading, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Perry co., Ohio. Population, 2744. 
 
 Reading, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Hillsdale co., Michigan. Pop., 956. 
 
 Reading, a small village of Lawrence co., 
 Indiana, 82 miles S. by W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Reading, a post-office of Livingston co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Reading Centre, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Readington, a post-township of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey. It is intersected by the 
 South branch of the Raritan river, 8 miles 
 N. E. from Flemington. Population, 2836. 
 
 Readingville, a small village of Washte- 
 naw CO., Michigan. 
 
 Readsborough, a post-township in Benning- 
 ton CO., Vermont, 120 miles S. by W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 857. 
 
 Read's Creek, of North Carolina, enters 
 the Neuse river at the N. extremity of Wake 
 county. 
 
 Read's Creek, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 567. 
 
 Readsville, a village of Albany co., New 
 York, 16 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Readyville, a post-village of Rutherford 
 CO., Tenn., 42 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 REAGANSAaLLE, a Small village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, 16 miles S. from 
 Greensburg. 
 
 Reamstown, a post-village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 42 miles E. by S. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Reaville, a post-office of Hunterdon co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Rebersburg, a small post-village of Cen- 
 tre CO., Pennsylvania, about 18 miles E. from 
 Bellefonte. 
 
 Recklesstown, a post-village of Burling- 
 ton CO., New Jersey, 5 miles S. E. from Bor- 
 dentown, contains 1 or 2 stores, and about 
 80 inhabitants. 
 
 Recovery, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Mercer co., Ohio. Population, 596. 
 
 Rectortown, a post-village of Fauquier 
 CO., Va., 130 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 Red Bank, a small village and steamboat 
 landing of Gloucester co., New Jersey, on the 
 E. bank of the Delaware river, 5 miles below 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Red Bank, a post-village of Monmouth 
 county. New Jersey, 45 miles E. from Tren- 
 ton, contains about 10 stores, several fac- 
 tories, 1 or 2 churches, and about 100 dwel- 
 lings. There is a great deal of coasting 
 trade done at this place. 
 
 Red Bank, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1980. 
 
 Red Bank, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Clarion co.. Pa. Pop., 1225. 
 
 Red Bank, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Red Bank Creek, in the W. central part 
 of Pennsylvania, flows nearly westward, 
 along the boundary between Clarion and 
 Armstrong counties, until it enters the Alle- 
 ghany river. 
 
 Red Bank Creek, of Mississippi, enters 
 Coldwater river, in De Soto county. 
 
 Red Bank Furnace, a post-office of Arm- 
 strong CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Red Banks, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Red I5arn, a small village of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Red Beach, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Red Bird, a post-office of Dallas co., Ark. 
 
 Red Bluff, a post-office of Wythe co., Va. 
 
 Red Bluff, a post-office of Marion district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Red Boiling Spring, a small post-village 
 of Macon co., Tennessee. 
 
 Red Bridge, a post-office of Ulster co., 
 New York. 
 
 Red Bud, a post-office of Gordon co., Ga. 
 
 Red Bud, a post-office of Randolph co.. 111. 
 
 Red Bud, a post-office of Ozark co.. Mo 
 
 Red Cedar, a village in Cedar co., Iowa, 
 20 miles E. from Iowa Cit^'. 
 
 Red Cedar River, of Michigan, rises m 
 Livingston co., and falls into the Grand river 
 at Lansing, where it is about 35 yards wide. 
 Small boats can ascend 25 miles. 
 
 Red Cedar River, of Minnesota and Iv>wa, 
 977 
 
RED 
 
 RED 
 
 rises in the S. part of the former, and flows 
 south-eastward into Mitchell co., Iowa. From 
 this point its general direction is S. S. E., 
 nearly parallel with the Wapsipinicon river, 
 which in several places is about 12 miles dis- 
 tant. It passes almost entirely across the 
 state, and approaches within 10 miles of the 
 Mississippi, when it turns to the S. W., and 
 falls into the Iowa river, about 15 miles 
 above Wapello. Its whole length is probably 
 above 300 miles. It furnishes considerable 
 water-power. 
 
 Red Cedar Riveb, of Wisconsin, rises near 
 the N. W. extremity of the state, and flowing 
 southward, forms the boundary between 
 Chippewa and St. Croix counties, and enters 
 the Chippewa river, (of which it is the largest 
 affluent,) 36 miles from its mouth. The 
 channel is said to be deep from the mouth to 
 the lower rapids, about 50 miles. 
 
 Red Clat, a post-village of Whitefield co., 
 Georgia, 245 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Redclat Creek, rises in Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, flows south-eastward, and unites 
 with Whiteclay creek, in New Castle co., Dela- 
 ware, to form the Christiana. 
 
 Red Creek, of Mississippi, flows into Black 
 creek, in Jackson county. 
 
 Red Creek, in the N. part of California, 
 after separating Shasta and Colusi counties 
 through its whole length, falls into the Sacra- 
 mento river, about 40 miles below Shasta City. 
 
 Red Creek, a flourishing post-village in 
 Wolcott township, Wayne county. New York, 
 on a creek of its own name, about 160 miles 
 N. W. by W. from Albany. It contains 3 
 churches, 1 incorporated academy, with 400 
 pupils, 3 stores, and several factories. Po- 
 pulation, about 500. 
 
 Redding, a post-office of Fairfield co.. Conn. 
 
 Redding, a township in Jackson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1325. 
 
 Redding Ridge, a post-office of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Reddington, a neat post- village of Jackson 
 CO., Indiana, near the E. fork of White river, 
 and 16 miles N. E. from Brownstown, contains 
 1 church, and 8 stores. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Red Falls, a post-office of Greene co., N. T. 
 
 Redfield, a post-township of Oswego co., 
 New York. 
 
 Redford, a post-village of Clinton co.. New 
 York, on the Saranac river, about 180 miles 
 N. from Albany. It has a glass factory and 
 several stores. 
 
 Redford, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Wayne co., Michigan. Population, 1645. 
 
 Redford, a post- village of Wayne co., 
 Michigan, on the N. branch of Rouge river, 
 13 miles N. W. from Detroit. It has several 
 mills and stores. 
 
 Red Fork, a post-office of Desha co., Ark. 
 
 Red Hill, a post-office of Kershaw district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Red Hill, a post-office of Murray co., 
 Georgia, 240 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 978 
 
 Red Hill, a small village of Clarke co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Red Hill, a post-office of Marshall co., Ala. 
 
 Red Hill, a post-office of Wayne co., Miss. 
 
 Red Hill, a post-office of Grainger co., 
 Tennessee, 230 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Red Hill, a post-office of Hardin co., Ky. 
 
 Red Hook, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Dutchess co., New York, 
 on the Hudson river. It contains the villages 
 of Lower and Upper Red Hook, about 50 
 miles S. from Albany. Population of the 
 township, 3264. 
 
 Red House, a post-office of Charlotte co., 
 Virginia, 112 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Red House Shoals, a post-office of Putnam 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Red Jacket, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Red Lake, in the N. part of Minnesota 
 Territory, is about 37 miles in length, and 16 
 miles in its greatest breadth. The 48th 
 parallel of N. latitude grazes its southern 
 edge ; and it is intersected by the 96th me- 
 ridian of W. longitude. It resembles two 
 lakes joined together by a narrow strait of 
 water. 
 
 Red Lake, a post-office of Minnesota co., 
 Minnesota Territory. 
 
 Redland, a post-office of Pontotoc co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Redland, a post-office of Bossier par.. La. 
 
 Redland, a township in Hempstead co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 516. 
 
 Red Lion, a small village of Burlington 
 CO., N. J., 9 miles S. W. from Mount Holly. 
 
 Red Lion, a hundred and post-village of 
 New Castle co., Delaware, on the New Castle 
 and Frenchtown railroad, 12 miles S. W. from 
 Wilmington. Population of the hundred, 1105. 
 
 Red Lion, a post-office of Warren co., 0. 
 
 Redman, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. 
 
 Red Mills, a post-office of Putnam co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Red Mound, a post-office of Henderson co., 
 Tennessee, 114 miles from Nashville. 
 
 Red Mountain, a post-office of Orange co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Red Oak, a post-office of Fayette co., Ga. 
 
 Red Oak, a post-office of Ellis co., Texas. 
 
 Red Oak Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Flint river, in Merriwether county. 
 
 Red Oak Creek, of Ellis co., Texas, flows 
 eastward into Trinity river. It is also called 
 Bois d'Arc creek. 
 
 Red Oak Grove, a post-office of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Red Oak Grove, a post-office of Charlotte 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Red Plains, a post-office of Yadkin co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Red River, one of the largest affluents of 
 the Mississippi, is formed by the Salt fork 
 and South fork, which unite near 34° N. lat. 
 and 100° W. Ion. It flows first eastward, 
 forming the boundary between Texas and the 
 Indian Territory, and enters the State of 
 
RED 
 
 RUD 
 
 Arkansas. Near the village of Fulton it 
 bends towards the S., and passes into Louisi- 
 ana, in the vicinity of the Great Raft. Below 
 this point, its general direction is south-east- 
 ward, and after traversing a region which is 
 intersected by numerous lakes and bayous 
 formed by the overflowings of its waters, 
 it enters the Mississippi in Louisiana, near 
 31° N. lat., about 200 miles above New Or- 
 leans. A new channel, called the "Red 
 River Cut-off" has been opened at this place, 
 by cutting a short trench through a neck of 
 land formed by a bend of the Mississippi. 
 The length of the main stream is estimated 
 at above 1200 miles. During eight months 
 of the year, steam-packets regularly navi- 
 gate it from its mouth to Shreveport, a 
 distance of about 500 miles, and the naviga- 
 tion is good in all stages of water to Alexan- 
 dria. The portion of this river above the 
 Raft is also navigable by small boats for 
 about 300 miles, except in low water. The 
 width of the river above the Raft is said to 
 vary from 200 to 400 yards. The Great Raft, 
 which is the most serious drawback to the 
 prosperity of the upper part of the Red River 
 valley, consists of an immense mass of drift- 
 wood and trees, which have been brought 
 down several hundred miles by the current 
 and lodged here, obstructing the channel 
 for a distance of 70 miles, and inundating 
 the adjacent country. In 1834-5, it was re- 
 moved by the General Government at an ex- 
 pense of $300,000, but another has since 
 been formed. The lower part of the Raft is 
 now about 30 miles above Shreveport. Dur- 
 ing high-water small boats pass round the 
 raft by means of the lateral channels or lakes 
 which are then formed. Branches. — The Salt 
 fork, which is the principal branch, rises 
 near the E. border of New Mexico, and flows 
 in an E. S. E. direction. Its whole length 
 probably exceeds 250 miles. The South fork 
 rises in the N. W. part of Texas, and flows 
 eastward till it unites with the former on the 
 N. boundary of the state. 
 
 Red River, in the N. part of Middle Ten- 
 nessee, rises near the E. border of Robert- 
 son CO., and flowing westward, enters the 
 Cumberland river at Clarksville. 
 
 Red River, of Kentucky, a small stream 
 which rises in Morgan county, and flowing 
 westward, forms the boundary between Clark 
 and Estill counties, until it enters the Ken- 
 tucky river. 
 
 Red River, of Michigan, rises in Oakland 
 CO., and flows into Clinton river, six miles 
 above Mount Clemens. 
 
 Red River of the North, rises in Elbow 
 lake, of Minnesota Territory, in about 47° 7' 
 N. lat., and 95° 25' W. Ion., and flowing in a 
 general southerly, then in a south-westerly, 
 and afterwards in a north-westerly direction, 
 at last runs nearly northward, and crossing 
 the northern boundary of the United States, 
 falls into Lake Winnipeg, in Canada. Entire 
 
 length, about 550 miles. In the first 100 
 miles of its course it forms the line of con- 
 nection between a multitude of small lakes, 
 which seem to be disposed along this stream 
 like beads upon a thread. 
 
 Red River, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on the Indian Territory, 
 contains 1100 square miles. The Red river 
 bounds it on the N., and the Sulphur fork 
 washes its S. border. The valley of the Red 
 river is occupied by extensive praii-ies, among 
 which tracts of fine timber are distributed : 
 the soil is scarcely surpassed in fertility and 
 durability. Cotton, Indian corn, and grass 
 are the staples. Many cattle and horses are 
 reared here for exportation. In 1850 the 
 county produced 95,510 bushels of corn ; 
 16,090 of oats; 579 bales of cotton, and 
 56,465 pounds of butter. It contained 2 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 257 pupils at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Red 
 river is navigable by steamboats along the 
 northern border. Capital, Clarksville. Po- 
 pulation, 3906 ; of whom 2500 were free, and 
 1406, slaves. 
 
 Red Riveb, a township in Lafayette co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 623. 
 
 Red River, a township in Van Buren co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 294. 
 
 Red River, a township in White co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 190. 
 
 Red River, a post-ofiice of Robertson co., 
 Tennessee, 36 miles from Nashville. 
 
 Red River Iron Works, a post-village of 
 Estill CO., Kentucky, about 40 miles S. E. 
 from Lexington. A large quantity of bar- 
 iron and nails is manufactured here. 
 
 Red River Landing, a post-office of Pointe 
 Couple CO., Louisiana. 
 
 Red Rock, a post-office of Upshur co., Tex. 
 
 Red Rock, a thriving post-villagfe of Marion 
 CO., Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 94 miles 
 W. S. W. from Iowa city. Population, 350. 
 
 Red Rock, a post-village of Ramsey coun- 
 ty, Minnesota, on the left bank of the Mis- 
 sissippi river, 6 miles below St. Paul. It de- 
 rives its name from a granite boulder, which 
 the Indians have painted red. The place was 
 settled in 1837. 
 
 Red Shoals, a post- office of Stokes co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Red Spring, a post-office of Polk co., Tenn. 
 
 Red Springs, a post-office of Robeson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 PiEDSTONB, a post-township of Fayette co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N. W. from 
 Uniontown. Population, 1287. 
 
 Redstone Creek, of Fayette co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, falls into the Monongahela river near 
 Brownsville. 
 
 Red Sulphur Springs, a post-village of 
 Monroe county, Virginia, on Indian creek, 
 240 miles W. from Richmond, and 38 miles 
 S. W. from White Sulphur Springs. It is si- 
 tuated in a small valley among the Alleghany 
 mountains, and is a place of fashionable re- 
 
 979 
 
RED 
 
 REH 
 
 sort, having been improved by the erection 
 of expensive buildings. The temperature of 
 the water is 54°. 
 
 Red Sulphur Springs, a post-office of Har- 
 din CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Red Sweet Springs, a post-office of Alle- 
 ghany CO., Virginia. 
 
 Red Wing, a post-village, capital of Good- 
 hue CO., Minnesota, on the right bank of the 
 Mississippi, at the upper extremity of Lake 
 Pepin, about 50 miles below St. Paul. 
 
 Redwood, a post- village of Jefferson co., 
 New York, about 24 miles N. N. E. from Wa- 
 tertown. 
 
 Red Wood, a post-office of Granger co., Ten. 
 
 Red Wood, a post-office of San Francisco 
 CO., California. 
 
 Ree Bluff, a post-office of De Soto parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Reed, a township of Dauphin co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 408. 
 
 Reed, a township in the E. part of Seneca 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1494. 
 
 Reed, a township in Will co., Illinois. Po- 
 pulation, 183. 
 
 Reed Creek, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Reed Island, a post-office of Pulaski co.,Va. 
 
 Reedsburg, a post-village in W^ayne co., 
 Ohio, on the State road from W^ooster to 
 Mansfield, 10 miles from the former. Popu- 
 lation, near 200. 
 
 Reedsburg, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Sauk CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Reedsburg, a post-village of Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin, 50 miles N. W. from Madison, has 
 4 stores, 4 mills, and about 60 dwellings. 
 
 Reed's Corners, a post-office of Ontario 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Reed's Creek, a small post-village of Law- 
 rence CO., Arkansas, several miles S. W. from 
 Smithfield. 
 
 Reed's Ferry, a post-office of Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Reed's Grove, a small post-village of Will 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Reed's Landing, a post-office of Wabashaw 
 CO., Minnesota Territory. 
 
 Reed's Mills, a post-office of Vinton co., 0. 
 
 Reed's Settlement, a post-office of Panola 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Reedsville, a thriving post-village of 
 Mifflin CO., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike 
 between Lewistown and Bellefonte, about 8 
 miles N. from the former. 
 
 Reedtown, a post-office of Seneca co., 0. 
 
 Reedy Branch, a post-office of Moore co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Rehdy Creek, a post-office of Marion dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Reedy Creek, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Georgia, 50 miles in a direct line N. E. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 Reedy Creek, a small village of Sullivan 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Reedy Fork, of Cape Fear river, North 
 980 
 
 Carolina, flows through Guilford co., and 
 unites with the main stream in Alamance co. 
 
 Reedy Island, at the head of Delaware 
 bay. At its extreme southern point is a fixed 
 light, elevated 55 feet above the sea. 
 
 Reedy Island River, in the S. S. W. part 
 of Virginia, rises in the Blue Ridge, flows 
 north-westward through Carroll county, and 
 enters the New river. Length, about 70 
 miles ; greatest width, 125 yards. It fur- 
 nishes immense water-power. 
 
 Reedy Ripple, a post-office of Wirt co.,Va. 
 
 Reedy River, a small stream of South Caro- 
 lina, rising a few miles from Greenville, near 
 the N. W. border of the state, flows nearly 
 S. by E., and enters the Saluda on the line 
 between Laurens and Abbeville districts. 
 
 Reedyville, a post-office of Wirt co., Va. 
 
 Rebdyville, a post-village of Cameron co., 
 Texas, on the Rio Grande, above Brownsville, 
 contains (in 1858) about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Reel Foot, a post-office of Obion co., Tenn. 
 
 Reblsville, apost-office of Putnam co.,Ind. 
 
 Reem's Creek, a post-office of Buncombe 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Rees' Corner, a post-office of Kent co.,Md. 
 
 Reese's Mill, a post-office of Boone co. ,Ind. 
 
 Rees' Station, a post-office of Cambria 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Reeve, a township in Daviess co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1000. 
 
 REFaRM, a post-office of Pickens co., Ala. 
 
 Refugio, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has 
 an area of about 1485 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by the Guadalupe river, 
 on the S. W. by the Arkansas, and intersected 
 by the San Antonio and Mission rivers. The 
 county contains a large proportion of prairie. 
 The soil produces Indian corn, which crop in 
 1 850 was 6290 bushels. It contained 1 church, 
 18 pupils attending public schools. The name 
 is derived from a Mexican missionary esta- 
 blishment. Capital, Refugio. Population, 
 288 ; of whom 269 were free, and 19, slaves. 
 
 Refugio, a small post-village, capital of 
 Refugio CO., Texas, on Mission river, about 
 40 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, contains 
 but few houses. 
 
 Regnier's Mills, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Ohio. 
 
 Rehoboth, a post-township in Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Warren 
 river, 41 miles S. by W. from Boston. Popu- 
 lation, 2104. 
 
 Rehoboth, or Rehoboth Village, a post- 
 village in the above township, 44 miles S. by 
 W. from Boston. 
 
 Rehoboth hundred, Del. See Lewes. 
 
 Rehoboth, a post-village in Lunenburg co., 
 Virginia, 85 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Rehoboth, a post- village in Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 80 miles W. from Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 Rehoboth, a post-village of Wilkes co., 
 Georgia, 75 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
REI 
 
 RET 
 
 Eehoboth, a post-office of Wilcox co., Ala. 
 
 Kehoboth, a post-village of Perry co., 0. 
 
 Rehoboth Bay, in the S. E. part of Dela- 
 ware, extends from the Atlantic into Sussex 
 county. 
 
 Rehobothville, a small village of Morgan 
 CO., Georgia, 67 miles N. by W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Rehrersburg, a small village of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 25 miles N. W. from 
 Reading. 
 
 Reiu, a township in the E. part of Seneca 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1494. 
 
 Reidsburg, a post- village of Clarion co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Piney creek, 4 or 5 miles S. 
 from Clarion. 
 
 Reidsville, a post-office of Albany co.,N.Y. 
 
 Reidsville, a post-village in Rockingham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Reidsville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Tatnall co., Georgia, is situated on a sandy 
 hill, 65 miles W. from Savannah. 
 
 Reigle's Mills, N. J. See Rieglestille. 
 
 Reiglbsville, a village of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware river, 8 miles below 
 Easton. It has a bridge over the river. 
 
 Reilt, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 Reindeer, a post-office of Nodaway co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Reinholdsville, a post-village of Lancas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania, 41 miles E. S. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Reinses creek, of Tennessee, rises in Wayne 
 county, and tlows through Hardin county into 
 the Tennessee river. 
 
 Reisterstown, a post-village of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland, 17 miles N. W. from Baltimore. 
 
 Relfe, a post-office of Puslaski co.. Mo. 
 
 Relf's Bluff, a post-office of Drew co., Ark. 
 
 Remington, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Remsen, a post-village in Remsen town- 
 ship, Oneida co.. New York, 18 miles N. by 
 E. from Utica. It contains several churches 
 and mills. Pop. of the township, 2407. 
 
 Renault, a small village of Monroe co., 
 Illinois, 128 miles S. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Renick Mills, a post-office of Lafayette 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Renrock, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 Rensselaer, a county in the E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 630 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Hud- 
 son, and is drained by the Hoosick and Kin- 
 derhook rivers, with several smaller streams, 
 which turn numerous grist .and saw mills. 
 The surface is generally hilly and broken, and 
 in the E. part mountainous, often thickly 
 covered with pine and other timber. In its 
 numerous valleys, which are sometimes very 
 extensive, the soil is generally of excellent 
 quality. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 469,877 bushels of corn; 762,734 
 of oats; 602,595 of potatoes, (the greatest 
 quantity raised in any county in the state ;) 
 
 84,642 tons of hay, and 1,336,281 pounds 
 of butter. There wei'e 30 flour and grist 
 mills, 5 breweries, 6 paper mills, 13 cotton 
 and 3 woollen factories, 2 nail factories, 8 
 iron foundries, 1 carpet factory, 6 stove and 
 furnace foundries, and 12 brush manufacto- 
 ries. It contained 63 churches and 8 news- 
 paper offices; 13,166 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 2529 attending academies or 
 other schools. Iron ore, roof slate, and Ep- 
 som salts are found, but they are not very 
 abundant. Public Works: Hudson I-liver 
 railroad, Albany Northern, Troy and Boston, 
 Troy and Greenbush, and Western railroads. 
 Organized in 1791, and named in honor of 
 the Van Rensselaer family. Capital, Troy. 
 Population, 73,363. 
 
 Rensselaer, a village of Sand Lake town- 
 ship, Rensselaer co.. New York, 12 miles E. 
 by S. from Albany. It has 3 churches. 
 
 Rensselaer, a post-village, capital of Jas- 
 per CO., Indiana, at the rapids of Iroquois 
 river, 100 miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 It is situated in the Sevenmile Prairie. The 
 river affords good water-power. 
 
 Rensselaer Falls, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 Rensselaerville, a post-township forming 
 the S. W. extremity of Albany co., New York. 
 Population, 3629. 
 
 Rensselaerville, a post-village in the 
 above township, on Fox's creek, 24 miles W. 
 S. W. from Albany. It has churches of 4 or 
 5 denominations, and several factories and 
 mills. 
 
 Republic, a post-office of Surry co., N. C. 
 
 Republic, a post-office of Walker co., Ala. 
 
 Republic, a thriving post-village of Scipio 
 township, Seneca co., Ohio, on the Mad River 
 and Lake Erie railroad, 29 miles S. W. from 
 Sandusky. It has an academy, a machine 
 shop, and is an important depot for produce. 
 Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Republican, a post-office of Columbia co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Republican, a post-office of Darke co., 0. 
 
 Republican, a township in Jefferson co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1405. 
 
 Republican, a post-office of Coles co.. 111. 
 
 Republican Grove, a post-office of Halifax 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Republican Mills, a post-office of Fairfax 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Resaca, a small village of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Bushkill creek, 132 miles 
 N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Resaca, a post-office of Murray co., Geo. 
 
 Reserve, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Ohio river, contains Al- 
 leghany city. 
 
 Reserve, a post-office of St. Joseph co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Reserve, a post-office of Miami co., Ind. 
 
 Retina, a post-office of Hopkins co., Tex. 
 
 Retreat, a post-office of Franklin co., Va. 
 
 Retreat, a post-office of Grimes co., Tex, 
 981 
 
KEY 
 
 RHO 
 
 Kevilee, a post-office of Scott co., Ark. 
 
 Rexfokd Flats, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Reynall's Basin, a post-office of Niagaya 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Reynolds, a new county in the S. E. part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 660 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head streams of Big 
 Black river. The surface is uneven, and 
 partly covered with forests of pine. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and butter and the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 76,925 
 bushels of corn; 2882 of wheat; 7551 of 
 oats, and 10,900 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 2 churches, and 465 pupils attending 
 public schools. Named in honor of Thomas 
 Reynolds, a former governor of Missouri. 
 Capital, Lesterville. Population, 1849; of 
 whom 1824 were free, and 25, slaves. 
 
 Rey'nolds, a post-office of Taylor co., Ga. 
 
 Reynolbsbttrg, a village of Humphreys 
 county, Tennessee, on the E. bank of the 
 Tennessee river, 75 miles W. from Nashville. 
 It was formerly the county seat. 
 
 Reynoldsburg, a thriving post-village of 
 Franklin county, Ohio, on the National road, 
 10 miles E. from Columbus. The Central 
 Ohio railroad passes through or very near it. 
 Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Rbtnoldsville, a village in Norfolk town- 
 ship, near Racket river, St. Lawrence, N. Y. 
 
 Reynoldsville, a post- village of Tompkins 
 CO., New York, about 16 miles W. by N. from 
 Ithaca. 
 
 REYrfOLDSViLLE, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Reynoldsville, a post-office of Harrison 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Reynoldsville, a post-office of Houston 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Reynoldsville, a small village of Pike 
 CO., Ohio, 8 miles E. from Piketon. 
 
 Reynosa, a post-office of Laurens dis., S. C. 
 
 Rhea, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Tennessee : area estimated at 500 square 
 miles. The Tennessee river, navigable by 
 steamboats, forms the S. E. boundary. The 
 county is traversed by a ridge of the Cum- 
 berland mountains. Indian corn, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 231,124 bushels of corn; 41,777 
 of oats, and 34,537 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 3 churches, 40 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 90 attending academies or other 
 schools. Extensive beds of stone coal are 
 found. Capital, Washington. Population, 
 4415; of whom 3979 were free, and 436, 
 slaves. 
 
 Rheatown, a post-village in Green county, 
 Tennessee, 240 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Rhett Lake is situated in the N. part of 
 California, in about 41° 50' N. lat., and 121° 
 30' W. Ion. It is perhaps 12 miles long by 8 
 wide. Its outlet unites with the Klamath river. 
 
 Rhine, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 982 
 
 Rttinebeck, a post-village in Rhinebeck 
 township, Dutchess county, New York, 55 
 miles S. from Albany, and 2 miles E. from 
 Hudson river. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 an academy, a newspaper c-ffice, several fac- 
 tories, and 1 bank. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 
 1300. Population of the township, 2816. 
 
 Rhinebeck Landikg, a village of Dutchess 
 county, New York, on the E. bank of the 
 Hudson river, 91 miles N. from New York. 
 
 Rhoads Point, a post-office of Macoupin 
 county, Illinois. 
 
 Rhode Island, one of the original states of 
 the American confederacy, and the smallest, 
 is bounded on the N. and E. by Massachu- 
 setts, on the S. by the Atlantic, and W. by 
 the State of Connecticut. It lies between 41° 
 18' and 42° N. lat., and between 71° 8' and 71° 
 52' W. Ion., being about 47 miles in extreme 
 length from north to south, and 37 in greatest 
 breadth from east to west, including an area 
 of 1806 miles, or 835,840 acres, 356,487 of 
 which were improved in 1850. One-tenth of 
 tlie state is occupied by Narraganset bay. 
 
 Population. — In 1790, there were 69,110 in- 
 habitants ; 69,122 in 1800; 77,031 in 1810; 
 83,059 in 1820; 97,199 in 1830; 108,830 in 
 1840; 147,544 in 1850; of whom 70,417 were 
 white males; 73,583 white females; 1600 
 colored males ; 1884 colored females. There 
 were in the same year, 28,216 families, occu- 
 pying 22,379 dwellings. Of the entire popu- 
 lation, 102,641 were born in the state, 21,658, 
 in other states, 4490 in England, 15,944 in 
 Ireland, 1000 in Scotland and Wales, 230 in 
 Germany, 80 in France, 343 in other coun- 
 tries, and 135 whose places of birth were 
 unknown — nearly 15 per cent, of foreign 
 birth. 64 were deaf and dumb, of whom 3 
 were colored ; 64 blind, of whom 3 were co- 
 lored ; 252 insane, of whom 4 were colored, 
 and 107 idiots, of whom 3 were colored. 
 There occurred in the twelve months preced- 
 ing June 1st, 1850, 2241 deaths, or about 15 
 in every one thousand persons ; in the same 
 time, 2560 paupers received aid, of whom 
 1445 were foreigners, at an expense of nearly 
 $18 for each pauper. 
 
 Counties. — Rhode Island is divided into 5 
 counties, viz. Bristol, Kent, Newport, Provi- 
 dence, and Washington. Block island, in the 
 Atlantic, and several small islands in Narra- 
 ganset bay, are included in Newport county. 
 Capitals, Providence and Newport alternately. 
 
 Cities and Totvns. — Providence, with a po- 
 pulation of 41,512, is the largest town in the 
 state, besides which there are Newport, 9563 ; 
 Bristol, 4616; Smithfield, P;iwtueket, East 
 Greenwich, Warren, Slatersville, and several 
 smaller places, whose populntions are so 
 blended with the towns (townships) in which 
 they are situated, as to make it difficult to 
 separate them. 
 
 Face of the Country. — Rhode Island is gene- 
 rally hilly and rough, but has no elevations 
 approaching to what is generally understood 
 
RHO 
 
 RHO 
 
 by mountains. Mount Hope, in the eastern 
 part of the state, Woonsocket Hills in the N., 
 and Hopkins' Hill, near the middle of the 
 state, are the most considerable elevations, 
 but even they are of no great height. Near 
 the Atlantic, and on the borders of Narragan- 
 set bay, is considerable level land. 
 
 Minerals. — Anthracite coal, to some extent, 
 has been found, but either because inferior 
 in quality or quantity, has not been exten- 
 sively mined. Iron too is found, and lime- 
 stone, marble, and serpentine, but this state 
 is not remarkable for mineral productions. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, and Islands. — There are no 
 large rivers in Rhode Island ; the principal 
 streams are the Pawtucket and Pautuxent, 
 the first entering the N. E. of the state from 
 Massachusetts, and both emptying into Nar- 
 raganset bay. The Pawcatuck and its 
 branches, flowing into the Atlantic, drain the 
 S. W. part of the state. Narraganset bay, 
 a noble sheet of water crowded with pictu- 
 resque islands, projects into the state for 30 
 miles in a northerly direction. Its width is 
 about 12 miles, including the islands. It has 
 several arms, mostly on the E. side, bearing 
 different names, as Bristol Say, Providence 
 bay, &c. It is navigable to Providence for 
 large vessels, and the harbor of Newport is 
 one of the deepest and best in the United 
 States. Though the rivers of this state are 
 small, their rapid descents furnish great wa- 
 ter-power, which has built up several manu- 
 facturing towns, such as Pawtucket, Slaters- 
 ville, &e., on their banks. 
 
 Islands. — Rhode Island has several islands, 
 the principal of which has an area of about 
 87 square miles, and gives its name to the 
 state. Block island, in the Atlantic, about 
 10 miles from the state, and Conanicut and 
 Prudence islands, both in Narraganset bay, 
 are the other most important islands. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — On the S. W. 
 shore of the island of Rhode Island, stands 
 Newport, the most fashionable bathing-place 
 on the Atlantic coast, though the number of 
 visitants is not so great as at Cape May. The 
 island affords fine rides and fine views, and 
 the bay excellent fishing. It is said 60 va- 
 rieties of fin and shell fish are caught here. 
 On Conanicut island are the ruins of a circular 
 fort, occupying an eminence at the entrance 
 of the bay. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The proxi- 
 mity of Pthode Island to the sea has the effect 
 to temper the severity of winter, as well as 
 to mitigate the heats of summer. Its climate 
 is very similar to Massachusetts and Connec- 
 ticut. The soil is moderately fertile, but 
 rough and difficult of cultivation in many 
 parts. The soil upon the islands is better 
 than on the mainland. The island of Rhode 
 Island is particularly noted for its cattle, 
 sheep, butter, and cheese. The farmer in 
 all parts of the state devotes his attention 
 more to grazing and the dairy than to tillage. 
 
 According to the census of 1850, there were 
 in the state 356,487 acres of improved land, 
 divided into 5385 farms, and producing 539,201 
 bushels of Indian corn; 215,232 of oats; 
 651,029 of Irish potatoes; 5036 of grass 
 seeds; 129,692 pounds of wool; 995,670 of 
 butter; 316,508 of cheese, and 74,818 tons 
 of hay; besides considerable quantities of 
 rye, peas, beans, barley, beeswax and honey, 
 and small quantities of wheat, buckwheat, 
 wine, hops, and flax. Value of orchai'd fruits, 
 $63,994, (Rhode Island is celebrated for its 
 apples;) market products, $98,298; live 
 stock, $1,532,637, and slaughtered animals, 
 $667,486. There are no extensive forests in 
 Rhode Island. The principal forest-trees are 
 oak, chestnut, and walnut, with some pine 
 and cedar — the latter rare. 
 
 Manufactures. — Rhode Island, from its 
 abundant supply of water-power, has become 
 extensively engaged in manufacturing, and 
 the first cotton mill in the United States was 
 erected within her limits. There were in 
 1850, 1144 manufacturing establishments in 
 the state producing $500 a year and upwards. 
 In proportion to her population, this state 
 ranks first in the product of her cotton, and 
 second in that of her woollen manufactures. 
 According to the census of 1850, she had 158 
 cotton factories, employing $6,675,000 of ca- 
 pital, and 4959 male and 5916 female hands, 
 consuming $3,484,579 worth of raw mate- 
 rial, and producing 96,725,612 yards of stuffs, 
 and 1,902,980 pounds of thread and yarn, va- 
 lued at $6,447,120; 45 woollen factories, em- 
 ploying $1,013,000 of capital, and 987 male 
 and 771 female hands, consuming $1,463,900 
 worth of raw material, and producing 
 8,612,400 yards of cloth, and 46,000 pounds 
 of yarn, valued at $2,381,825; 21 forges, 
 furnaces, &c., employing $636,000 of capi- 
 tal, and 1020 male hands, consuming $370,017 
 worth of raw material, and producing 11,208 
 tons of castings and wrought iron, &c., va- 
 lued at $951,105; $17,000 invested in the 
 manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, 
 consuming 12,500 bushels of barley, and 6 
 tons of hops, employing 6 hands, and pro- 
 ducing 3900 barrels of ale, &c. ; and 10 tan- 
 neries, employing $42,900 capital, consuming 
 raw material worth $40,615, and producing 
 manufactured leather valued at $75,040. 
 Homemade manufactures valued at $26,495 
 were also produced. 
 
 Commerce. — Rhode Island is actively en- 
 gaged in the coasting trade, and has besides 
 some foreign commerce. Her tonnage in 1852 
 was 41,049^3^ ; foreign imports, $201,680 ;, 
 exports, $179,175; tonnage entered, 20,350; 
 cleared, 16,929; and number of vessels built, 
 14, with a tonnage of 3204|f. Of the ton- 
 nage, 7470|| was engaged in the whale, 198|| 
 in the cod, and 361-|g in the mackerel fishery. 
 Her exports are principally manufactured 
 cottons and woollens, some butter, cheese, 
 and apples. 
 
 983 
 
KHO 
 
 EHO 
 
 Internal Improvements. — In January, 1853, 
 there were in Rhode Island 56 miles of rail- 
 way completed, and 32 in course of construc- 
 tion. Providence is connected with Boston 
 and Stonington by direct lines of railway, and 
 also with Worcester, in Massachusetts. The 
 Blackstone canal is now, we believe, the 
 track of the Worcester and Providence rail- 
 road. A road is projected and nearly finish- 
 ed which will unite Providence with Hart- 
 ford, and from thence directly with New 
 York, Fishkill, and various other places. 
 
 Edueaiion. — Great attention has been paid 
 to education in this state. Brown University, 
 at Providence, is a flourishing institution, 
 i and has made some important changes in the 
 system of instruction and mode of conferring 
 degrees, with the intent of allowing young 
 men to select their studies with reference to 
 future plans or tastes. — See Table of Colleges, 
 Appendix. The school fund of the state, in- 
 vested in bank stock, amounts to $56,314. 
 Annually, $35,000 is paid from the state 
 treasury for public instruction. In 1852 the 
 average attendance of scholars was 19,719, 
 and number registered, 26,712. Total amount 
 expended for schools, $109,767, of which 
 .$55,488 was raised by towns. Male teachers, 
 256 ; female teachers, 313. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of 221 churches 
 in Rhode Island in 1850, the Baptists owned 
 100 ; Christians, 7 ; Congregationalists, 21 ; 
 Episcopalians, 26; Friends, 18; Methodists, 
 23 ; Roman Catholics, 7 ; Union Church, 4 ; 
 Unitarians, 4 ; and Universalists, 4. The rest 
 were divided among the Free Church, Jews, 
 Mariners, Second Adventists, and Sweden- 
 borgian sects — giving 1 church to 667 inha- 
 bitants. Value of church property, $1,252,900. 
 — See Table of Religions, Appendix. 
 
 Public Insiilutions. — The state prison at 
 Providence had 47 inmates, all males, in 
 September, 1851. The expenses in 1851 were 
 $9851.27, and the receipts only $2761.41. 
 The convicts are mostly employed in shoe- 
 making. There are contributed annually by 
 the legislature $2500 for the benefit of the 
 blind, deaf, dumb, and idiotic, and $1000 
 for the benefit of the Butler Hospital at Pro- 
 vidence. But the most important of these 
 institutions (inasmuch as prevention and re- 
 form are better than punishment) is the 
 Providence Reform School for juvenile of- 
 fenders, opened November, 1850. There 
 were committed to this institution 59 boys 
 and 3 girls in the year 1851, of whom 45 re- 
 mained in November of that year. The in- 
 mates devote 7^ hours to labor, and 5 to 
 school exercises, of each 24 hours. 
 
 Government, Finances, S^c. — The executive 
 power is lodged in a governor and lieutenant- 
 governor, elected annually by the people, 
 and receiving, the former .$400, and the lat- 
 ter $200 per annum. The legislative power 
 consists of a senate of 31, and a house of re- 
 presentatives of 72 members, both elected 
 984 
 
 annually by the people. The secretary of 
 state, treasurer, and attorney-general are 
 all elected annually by popular vote. The 
 governor and lieutenant-governor are ex 
 officio members of the senate. The judiciary 
 consists of a supreme court, composed of 1 
 chief and 3 associate judges, one of whom 
 holds a court of common pleas in each 
 county. The judges hold othce until re- 
 moved by a joint resolution of both houses. 
 The chief justice receives $900 per annum, 
 and the associates $550 each. Rhode Island 
 has no state debt, except the portion of her 
 loan of the United States surplus fund, which 
 amounts to $382,335.23. Ordinary expenses, 
 $50,000, exclusive of debt and schools. 
 School fund, $56,314.37. Assessed value of 
 property in 1850, $77,758,974. Number of 
 banks in September, 1852, in the entire state, 
 71, with an aggregate capital of $14,037,441, 
 a circulation of $3,322,314, and $414,970 in 
 coin. 
 
 History. — Rhode Island was first settled at 
 Providence, in 1636, by the enlightened 
 Roger Williams, who had been banished from 
 the Massachusetts colony, for alleged reli- 
 gious and political heresies. To Lord Balti- 
 more, Penn, and Williams is generally accorded 
 the honor of being the first to establish go- 
 vernments admitting the principles of reli- 
 gious toleration. In 1638 William CoddingtoQ 
 and 17 others being persecuted in Massachu- 
 setts, on account of their religious tenets, 
 followed Roger Williams and settled at New- 
 port. A third settlement was formed at 
 Warwick in 1642, by a party under Samuel 
 Groton. Each of these companies purchased 
 their lands of the Narragansets, and con- 
 tinued an independent association until united 
 by a civil charter in 1643, under the title of 
 " Providence Plantations." In 1663, Charles 
 II. granted a new charter, which, with a few 
 changes, formed the basis of the government 
 until the adoption of the present constitution 
 in May, 1843. In the early part of 1842, the 
 " suffrage party," as it was termed, proceed- 
 ing illegally, framed a new constitution, and 
 adopted it as the basis of legislation. Having 
 elected a senate, house of representatives, and 
 Thomas W. Dorr a governor, they attempted 
 to maintain their authority by force of arms, 
 but were dispersed by the military of the 
 state. A convention, legally called, assem- 
 bled in the September following, and after 
 consultation agreed upon the present consti- 
 tution, which, being submitted to the people, 
 was adopted almost unanimously. Rhode 
 Island early took an active part in the cause 
 of American independence. The Stamp Act 
 was resisted by her with great firmness, and 
 when the importation of military stores was 
 prohibited by the English government, the 
 inhabitants seized the cannon in the public 
 batteries, and the general assembly passed 
 resolutions for arming the people. In De- 
 cember, 1776, Rhode Island was invaded by 
 
RHO 
 
 RIC 
 
 the British, under General Clinton, who oc- 
 cupied it till near the close of the war. Ge- 
 neral Sullivan, aided by the French war ships, 
 made several unsuccessful attempts to dislodge 
 the enemy, and in the autumn of 1778 laid 
 siege to Newport, but was finally obliged to 
 abandon the project. 
 
 Towards the close of 1779 the British troops 
 were withdrawn from Rhode Island, and in 
 1780 Rochambeau arrived with a force of 
 6000 French auxiliaries. The Providence 
 Plantations joined with the other colonies in 
 holding the old Continental Congress, and 
 was among the first to direct her delegates to 
 sign the Articles of Confederation, to which 
 she adhered with great pertinacity. But at 
 length, after all her associates had adopted 
 the Constitution of the United States, she 
 yielded, and was admitted as the thirteenth 
 state. May 29th, 1790. 
 
 Rhode River, a post-office of Anne Arun- 
 del CO., Maryland. 
 
 Riblet's, a post-office of Richland co., 0. 
 
 Rice, a county in the S. E. part of Min- 
 nesota, bordering on Iowa, contains about 
 3120 square miles. It is drained by the 
 sources of Root, Red Cedar, and Upper Iowa 
 rivers. The surface is undulating or level ; 
 the soil in some parts is fertile. This coun- 
 ty was formed in 1852 or '53, by a division of 
 Wabashaw county. County seat not yet lo- 
 cated. 
 
 Rice, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., N. Y. 
 
 Rice, a township in Sandusky co., Ohio. 
 Population, 483. 
 
 Riceborough, a post-village of Liberty 
 county, Georgia, on North Newport river, 32 
 miles S. S. W. from Savannah. It is the 
 principal shipping port of the county, and 
 contains 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 Rice City, a post- village in Kentco., Rhode 
 Island, 19 miles W. by S. from Providence. 
 
 Rice Creek, of South Carolina, flows east- 
 ward into the Wateree, a little above Camden. 
 
 Rice Creek, of Michigan, flows into the 
 Kalamazoo at Marshall, in Calhoun county. 
 
 Rice Creek, a post-office of Calhoun co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Rice Depot, a post-office of Prince Ed- 
 ward CO., Virginia. 
 
 Rice's Landing, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Rice's Store, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Riceville, a post-office of Monmouth co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Riceville, a post- village of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Oil creek, 20 miles N. E. 
 from Meadville. It is well supplied with wa- 
 ter-power. Population, near 150. 
 
 Riceville, a thriving post-village of Pitt- 
 sylvania county, Virginia, on Banister river, 
 about 150 miles S. W. from Richmond. It 
 has 2 stores. 
 
 Riceville, a small village of Hancock 
 county, Mississippi. 
 
 Richardson, a post-office of Vermilion co. 
 Illinois. 
 
 Richardson, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Richardson's Creek, of North Carolina, 
 flows through Anson county into Rocky river, 
 from the S. W. 
 
 Richardson's Creek, a post-office of Union 
 CO., North Carolina, 167 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Richardsonville, a post-village of Edge- 
 field district. South Carolina, 55 miles W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Richardsonville, a post-office of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Richardsville, a post-village of Culpepper 
 CO., Virginia, 95 miles N. N. W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Richborough, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 114 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 RiCHBURG, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 New York. 
 
 Rich Creek, a post-office of Logan co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Richelieu, or St. John's river, the outlet of 
 Lake Champlain, commences at the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of New York, and flowing N. falls into 
 the St. Lawrence. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Richelieu, a post-office of Logan co., Ky. 
 
 Richfield, a post-township forming the 
 N. extremity of Otsego co.. New York. Po- 
 pulation, 1502. 
 
 Richfield, a post-office of Juniata co., Pa. 
 
 Richfield, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Henry co., Ohio. Population, 136. 
 
 Richfield, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Lucas co., Ohio. Pop., 399. 
 
 Richfield, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Summit co., Ohio. Popula- 
 tion, 1268. 
 
 Richfield, a small post-village of Summit 
 CO., Ohio, 134 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Richfield, a post-township in Genesee co., 
 Michigan. Population, 482. 
 
 Richfield, a township in the W. part of 
 Lapeer co., Mich., intersected by Flint river. 
 
 Richfield, a post-township in Adams co., 
 Illinois. Population, 820. 
 
 Richfield, a small village of Clay co.. Mo. 
 
 Richfield, a township of Washington co., 
 Wisconsin, 23 miles N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 Population, 869. 
 
 Richfield Springs, a post-village of Otsego 
 CO., New York, about 75 miles W. from Al- 
 bany. It has a sulphur spring, and contains 
 2 churches. 
 
 Richford, a post-township in Franklin co., 
 Vermont, on the E. side of Missisque river, 60 
 miles N. by W. from Montpelier. Pop., 1074. 
 
 Richford, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Tioga co.. New York. Po- 
 pulation, 1208. 
 
 Richford, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on East Owego creek, about 140 miles 
 W. by S. from Albany. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Rich FoRK,a post-office of Davidson CO., N.C. 
 
 Rich Hill, a township forming the N. W, 
 985 
 
RIC 
 
 RIG 
 
 extremity of Greene co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 2135. 
 
 EiOH Hill, a post-ofSce of Maury co., Tenn. 
 
 Rich Hill, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Muskingum co., Ohio. Population, 
 1495. 
 
 Richland, a district in the central part of 
 South Carolina, has an area of 465 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Wateree, and on the S. W. by Broad and 
 Congaree rivers. The first and last of these 
 unite at the S. E. extremity of the district. 
 The surface is moderately hilly, and partly 
 covered with pine forests. The soil is mostly 
 excellent. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this 
 district produced 11,365 bales of cotton; 
 433,998 bushels of corn; 34,267 of oats, and 
 94,364 of sweet potatoes. There were 18 
 grist, and 14 saw and planing mills, 8 cotton- 
 gin factories, and 1 iron foundry. It con- 
 tained 22 churches, 8 newspaper offices ; 212 
 pupils attending public schools, and 691 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 Congaree and Wateree rivers are navigable 
 by steamboats on the borders of the district. 
 Three railway lines terminate at Columbia, 
 in this district, namely, the Columbia Branch, 
 the Greenville and Columbia, and the Char- 
 lotte and South Carolina railroad. Capital, 
 Columbia. Population, 20,343, of whom 7265 
 were free, and 12,978 slaves. 
 
 Richland, a county in the N. or N. central 
 part of Ohio, contains about 450 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Black and Clear forks of 
 the Walhonding river, which rise within its 
 limits. The surface is partly level and partly 
 undulating; the soil is generally excellent 
 and well timbered. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, hay, butter, wool, cattle, and swine are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 347,487 bushels of wheat; 495,253 of corn; 
 801,858 of oats; 2779 tons of hay; 587,705 
 pounds of butter, and 194,573 of wool. It 
 contained 71 churches, 5 newspaper offices, 
 and 15,397 pupils attending public schools. 
 The county is intersected by 3 railroads, viz. 
 the Cleveland and Cincinnati, the Sandusky 
 and Newark, and the Pennsylvania and Ohio. 
 Organized in 1813. Capital, Mansfield. Po- 
 pulation, 30,879. 
 
 Richland, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of about 310 square 
 miles. The Little Wabash river touches the 
 S. W. extremity, and Fox creek flows through 
 the county from N. to S.; it is also drained 
 by Bonpas creek. The surface is undulating ; 
 the soil is productive. The county contains 
 a large proportion of prairie. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, potatoes, and pork are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 it produced 113,205 bushels 
 of corn ; 5836 of wheat, and 25,848 of oats. 
 It contained 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 360 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, Olney Population, 4012. 
 
 Richland, a post-township of Oswego co., 
 986 
 
 New York, on Lake Ontario. It contains 
 Pulaski, the county seat. Population, 4079. 
 
 Richland, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Rome and Watertown railroad, 
 42 miles N. W. from Rome. 
 
 Richland, a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 14 miles E. S. E. from Allen- 
 town. Population, 1734. 
 
 Richland, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 1278. 
 
 PiiCHLAND, a township of Clarion co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles W. from Clarion. 
 Population, 1360. 
 
 Richland, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Venango co.. Pa. Pop., 1008. 
 
 Richland, a small village of Venango co. ,Pa. 
 
 Richland, a post-office of Tazewell co.,Va. 
 
 Richland, a post-village of Stewart co., 
 Ga., 150 miles S. W. from Mill edge ville. 
 
 RiCHLAND,a post-village of Holmes CO., Miss. 
 
 Richland, a post-township in Jefferson co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 1134. 
 
 Richland, a township in Madison co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 736. 
 
 Richland, a township in Newton co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 96. 
 
 Richland, a township in Phillips co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 851. 
 
 Richland, a township in Searcy co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 128. 
 
 Richland, a township of Washington co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 489. 
 
 Richland, a post-village in Giles co., Tenn. 
 
 Richland, a village in Henderson co., Ken- 
 tucky, near Green river, 165 miles W. by S. 
 from Frankfort. 
 
 Richland, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Allen co., Ohio. Pop., 989. 
 
 Richland, a township in the E. central 
 part of Belmont co., Ohio. Population, 8351. 
 
 Richland, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Clinton co., Ohio. Population, 1975. 
 
 Richland, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Darke co., Ohio. Population, 798. 
 
 Richland, a township in Defiance co., Ohio. 
 Population, 702. 
 
 Richland, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Fairfield co., Ohio. Population, 1776. 
 
 Richland, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Guernsey co., Ohio. Population, 1438. 
 
 Richland, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Holmes co., Ohio. Pop., 1439. 
 
 Richland, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Logan CO., Ohio. Population, 1169. 
 
 Richland, a flourishing village in the above 
 township, on the railroad from Cincinnati to 
 Sandusky, 126 miles from the former. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, 200. 
 
 Richland, a post-office of Richland co., 0. 
 
 Richland, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Vinton co., Ohio. Population, 1193. 
 
 Richland, a township in the W. part of 
 Wyandott co., Ohio. Population, 615. 
 
 Richland, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Kalamazoo co., Mich. Pop., 795. 
 
RIC 
 
 RIC 
 
 Richland, a township in Adams co., In- 
 diana. Population, 190. 
 
 Richland, a township in De Kalb co., In- 
 diana. Population, 653. 
 
 Richland, a township in Fountain co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1725. 
 
 Richland, a township in Fulton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 597. 
 
 Richland, a township in Grant co., Indiana. 
 Population, 878. 
 
 Richland, a township in Green co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1483. 
 
 FlIChland, a township in Jay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 339. 
 
 Richland, a township in Madison co., In- 
 diana. Population, 805. 
 
 Richland, a township in Miami co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1176. 
 
 Richland, a township in Monroe co., In- 
 diana. Population, 966. 
 
 Richland, a post-township in Rush co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1214. 
 
 Richland, a small post- village of Rush co., 
 Ind,, 9 or 10 miles S. S. E. from Rushville. 
 
 Richland, a township in Steuben co., In- 
 diana. Population, 393. 
 
 Richland, a post-village in Sangamon co., 
 111., 12 miles N, W. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Richland, a township in Gasconade co., 
 Missouri. Population, 238. 
 
 Richland, a small post-village of Greene co.. 
 Mo., about 10 miles N. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Richland, a thriving post-village of Keo- 
 kuk CO., Iowa, 50 miles S. S. W. from Iowa 
 City. It is situated in a fertile farming 
 district, which is improving rapidly, and it 
 has several stores. Population, about 600. 
 
 Richland, a post-village, capital of Rich- 
 land CO., Wisconsin, 128 miles W. N. W. from 
 Milwaukee. It is situated on Pine creek, 
 and on a prairie surrounded by beautiful 
 shade-trees. It has abundant water-power, 
 and several mills are being erected. 
 
 Richland Centre, a post-office of De Kalb 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Richland City, a post-village in Richland 
 CO., Wisconsin, at the mouth of Pine creek. 
 
 Richland Ckeee:, of Navarro co., Texas, 
 rising in the W. part of the county. It enters 
 i?ecan creek, near the eastern border. 
 
 Richland Creek, in the S. part of Ten- 
 nessee, flows southward, and enters Elk river, 
 in Giles county, at the village of Elkton. 
 
 Richland Crossings, a post-office of Na- 
 varro CO., Texas. 
 
 Richland Grove, a post-village of Mercer 
 CO., 111., 13 miles S. S. E. from Rock Island. 
 
 RiCHLANDS, a post-office of Onslow co., N.C. 
 
 Riohlandtown, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 105 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Richmond, the most southern county of 
 New York, has an area of about 60 square 
 miles. It comprises the whole of Staten 
 island, and is divided into four townships. It 
 is bounded N. by Newark bay and the Kills, 
 W. by Staten Island sound, S. by Raritan bay, 
 
 and E. by the Hudson river, all of which af- 
 fordg reat facilities for navigation and the 
 fisheries. The surface is uneven and hilly ; 
 Richmond hill is the greatest elevation. The 
 soil is generally good, and has a great ad- 
 vantage in being so near the New York mar- 
 ket. Wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 15,388 bushels of wheat; 46,195 
 of corn; 28,871 of potatoes ; 5642 tons of 
 hay, and 34,792 pounds of butter. There 
 were 2 flour mills, 1 silk-printing mill, 2 ship- 
 yards, 1 manufactory of whitelead, 2 of 
 cabinet ware, and 1 of animal carbon. It 
 contained 24 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 
 1407 pupils attending public schools, and 
 510 attending academies and other schools. 
 Iron ore and some other minerals have been 
 found. This county was named from Rich- 
 mond, a town of England. Capital, Richmond. 
 Population, 15,061. 
 
 Richmond, a county in the E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 140 square miles, and 
 a length of 30 miles. The Rappahannock 
 river forms its entire boundary on the S. W. 
 The surface is nearly level. The soil has 
 lately been improved by the use of guano. 
 Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, and cotton are 
 cultivated. Firewood is one of the chief 
 articles of export, and large numbers of the 
 inhabitants find lucrative employment in the 
 oyster business. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 185,800 bushels of corn; 42,404 of 
 wheat; 7178 of sweet potatoes; 26,390 
 pounds of butter, and 6458 of wool. There 
 were 2 coach manufactories, and 1 saw mill. 
 It contained 9 churches, and 220 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Organized in 1692. 
 Capital, Warsaw. Population, 6448 ; of 
 whom 4171 were free, and 2277, slaves. 
 
 Richmond, a county in the S. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on South Carolina : area 
 estimated at 900 square miles. Lumbei!' 
 river forms its boundary on the E., and the 
 Yadkin on the W., and Little river flows 
 through a part of the county. The surface 
 is undulating. The line which divides the 
 tertiary formation from the granitic and 
 hilly region of the state, passes through the 
 county. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 3810 
 bales of cotton ; 225,017 bushels of corn, and 
 56,804 of sweet potatoes. It contained 1 
 cotton factory, 17 churches, 903 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 25 attending an 
 academy. It is traversed by a number of 
 small streams which furnish fine motive- 
 power. Formed in 1779. Capital, Rocking- 
 ham. Population, 9818; of whom 5114 were 
 free, and 4704, slaves. 
 
 Richmond, a county in the E. part of Geor- 
 gia, bordering on the Savannah river, which 
 separates it from South Carolina, contains 
 about 340 square miles. It is drained by 
 Brier, Butler's, McBean's, and Spirit creeks. 
 The surface is uneven; the dividing line 
 
 987 
 
RIO 
 
 RIC 
 
 between the primary and tertiary formations 
 passes through the county, near Augusta. 
 Excepting in the vicinity of the river, the soil 
 is generally poor. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 1087 bales of cotton ; 
 297,780 bushels of corn; 27,458 of oats, and 
 51,045 of sweet potatoes. There were 2 
 woollen factories, 1 cotton mill, 2 foundries, 
 1 car factory, 3 saddle manufactories, 1 ma- 
 chine shop, 3 flour mills, and 19 saw mills. 
 It contained 14 churches, 10 newspaper offices ; 
 720 pupils attending public schools, and 415 
 attending academies or other schools. Granite, 
 sienite, novaculite, and burrstone are found. 
 The Savannah river affords extensive water- 
 power at Augusta, and is navigable by steam- 
 boats from that point to its mouth. The 
 county is intersected by the Georgia railroad. 
 This division of the state was formerly called 
 Augusta district: the present name was 
 given in 1777, in honor of the Dulse of Rich- 
 mond, a warm friend of American liberty. 
 Capital, . Augusta. Population, 16,246 ; of 
 ■whom 8434 were free, and 7812, slaves. 
 
 Richmond, a post-village in Lincoln co., 
 Maine, on the Kennebec and Portland rail- 
 road, 17 miles S. from Augusta. Population 
 of the township, 2056. 
 
 Richmond, a post-township in Cheshire co.. 
 New Hampshire, 53 miles S. AV. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1128. 
 
 Richmond, a post-village in Chittenden co., 
 Vermont, on the Vermont Central railroad, 
 and Onion river, 23 miles N. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population of the township, 1453. 
 
 Richmond, a post-village in Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western railroad, and 
 the Housatonic river, 159 miles W. from Bos- 
 ton. Population of the township, 907. 
 
 Richmond, a township in Washington co., 
 Rhode Island, on the Stonington and Provi- 
 dence railroad, 28 miles S. S. W. from Provi- 
 dence. Population, 1784. 
 
 Richmond, a township of Ontario co., New 
 York, 15 miles W. S. W. from Canandaigua. 
 'Population, 1852. 
 
 Richmond, a beautiful post-village, capital 
 of Richmond co., New York, is situated on 
 Staten island, about 160 miles S. by W. from 
 Albany. Sloops from the sound come within 
 three-quarters of a mile. 
 
 Richmond, a township of Berks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 13 miles N. E. from Reading. 
 Population, 2056. 
 
 Richmond, a township of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. E. from 
 Meadville. Population, 1189. 
 
 Richmond, a post-village of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 2 miles W. from the Dela- 
 ware river, and 12 miles N. from Easton. It 
 contains several stores. 
 
 Richmond, a township of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 43 miles N. by W. from Wil- 
 liamsport. Population, 1231. 
 
 Richmond, a small village of Tioga co., Pa. 
 
 Richmond, or Port Richmond, a suburb 
 of Philadelphia, on the Delaware river, 2 
 miles above the city proper. It is a depot 
 for the coal brought down the Reading rail- 
 road. In 1852 the number of vessels loaded 
 with coal at this port amounted to 9047, viz. 
 8 ships, 94 barks, 571 brigs, 5482 schooners, 
 334 sloops, and 2759 barges. Population, 
 in 1850, 5750. 
 
 Richmond, a city, port of entry, capital of 
 Virginia, and seat of justice of Henrico coun- 
 ty, is situated on the left or N. E. bank of 
 James river, at the lower falls, and at the 
 head of tide-water, about 100 miles in a 
 straight line S. by W. from Washington. 
 The distance by railroad is 130 miles from 
 Washington; 168 from Baltimore, and 22 
 N. from Petersburg. Lat. of the capitol, 37° 
 32' 17" N., Ion. 77° 27' 28" W. It is the 
 largest town in Virginia, and one of the most 
 beautiful in the Union. The situation of the 
 city and the scenery of the environs are much 
 admired, combining, in a high degree, the 
 elements of grandeur, beauty, and variety. 
 The river, winding among verdant hills which 
 rise with graceful swells and undulations, is 
 interrupted by numerous islands and granite 
 rocks, among which it tumbles and foams for 
 a distance of several miles. The city is built 
 on several hills, the most considerable of which 
 are Shockoe and Richmond hills, separated 
 from each other by Shockoe creek. It is 
 laid out with general regularity in rectangu- 
 lar blocks. About 12 parallel streets, nearly 
 3 miles in length, extend N. W. and S. E. and 
 were originally distinguished by the letters ' 
 of the alphabet, A street being next the river : 
 other names, however, are now generally used. 
 The principal thoroughfare of business and 
 fashion is Main, or E street. Those which in- 
 tersect it are named from the ordinal numbers. 
 First, Second, Third, &c. The capitol and 
 other public buildings are situated on Shockoe 
 hill; the top of which is an elevated plain in 
 the western part of the city. This is the 
 fashionable quarter, and is considered the 
 most desirable for private residences. The 
 capitol, from its size and elevated position, is 
 the most conspicuous object in Richmond. It 
 stands in the centre of a public square, of 
 about 8 acres, is adorned with a portico of 
 Ionic columns, and contains a marble statue 
 of Washington, by Houdon, taken from life, 
 and considered a perfect likeness. The City 
 Hall is an elegant and costly building in the 
 Doric style, at an angle of Capitol square. 
 A short distance from the capitol is the go- 
 vernor's residence. The penitentiary, which 
 stands near the river in the western suburbs 
 of the city, has a front 300 feet in length, 
 and is 110 feet deep. The number of prison- 
 ers in September, 1853. was 270. The city 
 contains also a court house, a jail, an ar- 
 mory 320 feet long by 280 wide, 2 market 
 houses, a theatre, an orphan asylum, and a 
 Masonic hall. 
 
ETC 
 
 RIC 
 
 There are 8 banks, with nn aggregate capital 
 of $2,114,000, and several insurance offices. 
 The public press consists of 16 or 17 papers and 
 periodicals, G or 7 of which are issued daily. 
 There are about 30 churches, belonging to 
 the Biiptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, Pres- 
 byterians, Friends, Lutherans, Campbellites, 
 Universalists, and Catholics ; also 2 Hebrew 
 synagogues. The Monumental church (Epis- 
 copal) occupies the site of the theatre which 
 was burned in 1811, on which occasion the 
 governor of Virginia and more than 60 others 
 perished. Among the institutions of this 
 city may be mentioned the Virginia Histori- 
 cal and Philosophical Society, Richmond Col- 
 lege, founded by the Baptists in 1832 ; St. 
 Vincent's College, under the direction of the 
 Catholics, and the Medical Department of 
 H ampden and Sydney College, established here 
 inl838 ; the edifice of the latter is a fine spe- 
 cimen of the Egyptian style of architecture. 
 The water of the river is raised by forcing 
 pumps into 3 reservoirs, containing 1,000,000 
 gallons each, and thence distributed over the 
 city. Three bridges across the river connect 
 the city with Manchester and Spring Hill. 
 
 . For some years past Fdchmond has rapidly 
 increased in population and business. The 
 James River and Kanawha canal, of which 
 this is the eastern terminus, is completed to 
 Buchanan, about 200 miles, and is progress- 
 ing to Covington, on Jackson's river. It was 
 commenced in 1834, and had cost, in 18-52, 
 $10,714,306. The Richmond and Petersburg 
 railroad connects here with the Richmond and 
 Fredericksburg railroad, forming part of the 
 great southern mail route. The Central rail- 
 road, after leaving Richmond, makes an ex- 
 tensive detour to the N. , and then turning west- 
 ward, penetrates the central part of the state. 
 It is completed to Staunton, about 125 miles, 
 and is to be extended to the Ohio river, at 
 Gayandotte ; and the Richmond and Danville 
 railroad, of which 73 miles were completed 
 in 1858, extends south-westward, connecting 
 with the railroad systems of Tennessee and 
 Georgia. The river is navigable to this port 
 for vessels drawing 10 feet of water, and 
 those drawing 15 feet come within 3 miles of 
 the town. Semi-weekly lines of ocean steam- 
 ers communicate with New York and Phila- 
 delphia, and steamboats ply daily to Balti- 
 more and Norfolk. 
 
 The following table exhibits the amount of 
 tonnage, estimated value thereof, and freight 
 paid on the same, imported into Richmond, 
 by canal and railroad, during the year 1852 : 
 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Estimated 
 value. 
 
 Freight 
 and toll. 
 
 James River canal 
 
 153,377 
 
 4,807 
 27,932 
 53,421 
 17,4.50 
 
 S7,145,837 
 
 285,000 
 1,262,248 
 
 967,32B 
 1,000,000 
 
 8220,947 
 
 19,252 
 24,752 
 37,919 
 .15 989 
 
 Richcfiond and Fredericksburg 
 
 Eichmond and Petersburg railroad 
 Richmond and Danrille railroad.. 
 
 
 
 
 256,987 
 
 $10,660,422 S358,861 
 
 The chief articles of export are tobacco, 
 
 wheat, and flour. The quantity of tobacco 
 inspected here in 1851 was 15,678 hogsheads, 
 and in 1852 it amounted to 24,1 19 hogsheads. 
 The exports of that year were 13,771 hogs- 
 heads, viz. to Great Britain, 5416 hogsheads; 
 France, 3558; Italy, 1910; Bremen, 1432; 
 Holland, 1025 ; Belgium, 430. The shipping 
 of the district, June 30, 1852, amounted to 
 an aggregate of 3077|f tons registered, and 
 6099|f tons enrolled and licensed. Of the 
 latter all were employed in the coast trade, 
 and 1119|-| tons in steam navigation. The fo- 
 reign arrivals for the year were 35, (tons, 7120,) 
 of which 14 (tons, 2606) were by American 
 vessels. The clearances for foreign ports 
 were 71, (tons, 22,808,) of which 86 (tons, 
 11,872) were by American vessels. During 
 the year 2 schooners, with an aggregate bur- 
 then of 514^1 tons were admeasured. 
 
 Richmond possesses an immense water- 
 power derived from the falls of James river, 
 which, from the commencement of the rapids, 
 a few miles above the city, descends about 
 100 feet to the tide level. Few places in the 
 state, or in the whole country, possess greater 
 natural advantages for productive industry, 
 which has recently attracted much attention. 
 The principal articles produced here are 
 flour, tobacco, cotton and woollen goods, 
 paper, machinery, and iron ware. The 
 brand of the City Flour Mills has acquired, 
 perhaps, more celebrity than any other iu 
 the country. The Gallego and Haxall Mills 
 are 5 or 6 stories high, 94 feet long, and 
 about 80 feet wide. Richmond contains 
 about 40 tobacco factories, some of which 
 are very extensive, and several rolling mills 
 and cotton factories. This city was founded 
 by an act of Assembly in May, 1742, and be- 
 came the capital of tlie state in 1779-80, at 
 which period it was an insignificant place, 
 having scarcely any thing to interest except 
 the grandeur of its scenery. In 1787 it con- 
 tained about 800 houses. Population in 1800, 
 5737 ; in 1810, 9785 ; in 1820, 12,067 ; in 
 1830, 16,060; in 1840, 20,153; in 1850, 
 27,570, of which 17,643 were free, and 9927, 
 slaves. 
 
 Richmond, a post-village of Dallas co., 
 Alabama, about 100 miles S. by E. from 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Richmond, a post-office of Itawamba co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Richmond, a post-village, capital of Madi- 
 son parish, Louisiana, on Roundaway bayou, 
 300 miles by water N. from Baton Rouge, 
 has a court house and a newspaper office. 
 
 Richmond, a post-village, capital of Fort 
 Bend co., Texas, on the right bank of th« 
 Brazos river, 170 miles S. E. from Austin 
 City. The river is navigable up to this point 
 in high water. 
 
 RiCHBiOND, a township in Desha co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 216. 
 
 Richmond, a township in Prairie co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 165. 
 
 989 
 
RIC 
 
 RIC 
 
 Richmond, a post- village of Bedford co., 
 Tennessee, 70 miles S. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 EicHMOND, a handsome post-village, capi- 
 tal of Madison county, Kentucky, 50 miles 
 S. S. E. from Frankfort. It is surrounded 
 by a beautiful and fertile country, and con- 
 tains a court house. 4 churches, an academy, 
 a public library, 1 newspaper of&ce, and a 
 branch bank. Settled in 1785. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 1500. 
 
 Richmond, a township in the E. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 706. 
 
 Richmond, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Huron co., Ohio. Pop., C09. 
 
 Richmond, a post-village of Salem town- 
 ship, Jefferson co., Ohio, 11 miles N. W. from 
 Steubenville. It contains 3 churches, 1 clas- 
 sical academy, and a newspaper office. 
 
 Richmond, a small village of Lake county, 
 Ohio, on Grand river, 1 mile from Lake Erie. 
 A. large village sprang up here suddenly, 
 about 1836, in opposition to the laws of trade, 
 and soon rapidly declined. Many of the 
 buildings have since been taken down or re- 
 moved to Painesville, 2 miles above. 
 
 Richmond, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. part of Macomb co., Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 1000. 
 
 Richmond, a village of Decatur co., Indi- 
 ana, 55 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Richmond, a flourishing post-village of 
 Wayne township, Wayne county, Indiana, is 
 pleasantly situated on the East fork of White- 
 water river, where it is crossed by the Na- 
 tional road and Central railroad, 68 miles 
 E. from Indianapolis, and 64 miles N. N. W. 
 from Cincinnati. It is the centre of an active 
 trade, and remarkable for its flourishing ma- 
 nufactures of cotton, wool, paper, flour, and 
 iron, for which the river affords abundant 
 motive-power. It is believed that no town 
 in the state employs more labor in this branch 
 of industry. The Central railroad extends 
 to Indianapolis on one hand, and connects on 
 the other with the railroads of Ohio. Here 
 also commences the Richmond and Newcastle 
 railroad, extending towards Chicago. Rich- 
 mond contains 1 bank, 1 public library, 10 
 churches, 2 printing oflSces, 2 fire companies 
 and engines, and 60 stores. The Indiana 
 yearly meeting of the Society of Friends is 
 held here. There are 2 large boarding 
 schools in the vicinity. The township con- 
 tained in 1851, 3 cotton factories, 4 woollen 
 factories, 1 paper mill, 13 flouring mills, 3 
 oil mills, 11 saw mills, and 2 iron foundries. 
 The manufacture of carriages, threshing ma- 
 chines, and farming implements is carried 
 on here extensively. The surrounding coun- 
 try is the most populous and highly cultivat- 
 ed part of the state. Population in 1853, 
 by a local census 3800. 
 
 Richmond, a small post-village of Brown 
 CO., Illinois, about 3 miles W. from Illinois 
 river, and 70 miles W. by N. from Springfield. 
 
 Richmond, a small village of Coles co., 111. 
 990 
 
 Richmond, a thriving post- village of 
 McHenry co., Illinois, on the Nippersink 
 creek, about 60 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 It contains several mills. Pop., about 400. 
 
 Richmond, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Ray CO., Missouri, 150 miles N. W. from 
 Jeff'erson City, and 7 miles N. from Missouri 
 river. It is surrounded by a very fertile re- 
 gion. Population, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Richmond, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Iowa. 
 
 Richmond, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Richland co., Wisconsin, and N. of the Wis^ 
 consin railroad. 
 
 Richmond, a township in the W. central 
 part of Walworth co., AVisconsin. Pop., 756. 
 
 Richmond, a , small post-village in the 
 above township, 49 miles W. S. W. from Mil- 
 waukee. 
 
 Richmond Centre, a post-office of Ashta- 
 bula CO., Ohio. 
 
 Richmond Corner, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Richmond DaIjE, a post- village of Ross co., 
 0., 13 miles S. E. from Chillicothe. Pop., 350. 
 
 RiCHBioND Factory, a post-office of Rich- 
 mond CO., Ga., 10 miles S. from Augusta. 
 
 Richmond Hill, a post-office of Surry co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Richmond Mills, a post-office of Ontario 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Richmond Valley, a post-office of Rich- 
 mond CO., New York. 
 
 RiCHMONDViLLE, a post-village in Rich- 
 mondville township. Schoharie co.. New 
 York, about 48 miles W. from Albany, 
 Population of the township, 1666. 
 
 Rich Patch, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Rich Square, a post-office of Northampton 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Rich Valley, a post-office of Wythe co.,Va, 
 
 Rich Valley, a post-office of Bedford co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Rioh View, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., Illinois, 8 miles N. E. from Nashville. 
 
 RiCHViLLE, a post-village of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York, near the Potsdam and AVater- 
 town railroad, 18 miles S. W. from Canton. 
 
 RiCHWooD, a post-township in Izard co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 332. 
 
 RjCHWOOD, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 343. 
 
 RiCHWooD, a post-village of Union co., 
 Ohio, 44 miles N. W. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 250. 
 
 RiCHWOOD, a township in the S. part of 
 Richland co.. Wis., N. of the Wisconsin river. 
 
 RicHwooDS, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 RiCHWooDS, a small post-village of Izard 
 CO., Arkansas, 120 miles N. from Little Rock. 
 
 RicHWOODS, a post-office of Delaware co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Rickoe's Bluff, a post-office of Gadsden 
 CO., Florida. 
 
RIC 
 
 RIG 
 
 RiCKREAL, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon. 
 
 Ridge, a post-office of LiviDgston co., N. Y. 
 
 Ridge, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Md. 
 
 Ridge, a post-office of Edgefield dist., S. C. 
 
 Ridge, a post-office of Coshocton co., Ohio. 
 
 Ridge, a township in the central part of 
 Van Wert co., Ohio. Population, 400. 
 
 Ridge, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Wyandott co., Ohio. Population, 601. 
 
 RiDGEBURT, a post-village in Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, 35 miles W. by N. from New 
 Haven. 
 
 RiDGEBURT, a post-village of Orange co., 
 N. Y., about 110 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 RiDGEBURT, a post-township of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles N. N. W. 
 from Towanda. Population, 1616. 
 
 Ridge Farm, a post-village of Vermilion 
 CO., Illinois, 16 miles S. from Danville. 
 
 Ridgefield, a post-village of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, about 35 miles W. of New Haven, 
 contains several churches, an academy, and 
 a number of manufactories. Population of 
 the township, 2287. 
 
 Ridgefield, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Huron co., Ohio, intersected by the Mans- 
 field and Sandusky railroad, and the Cleve- 
 land, Norwalk, and Toledo railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 1944. 
 
 Ridge Grove, a post-office of Macon co.,x\la. 
 
 Ridge Hall, a post-office of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Ridgeland, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio. 
 
 RiDGELET, a post-office of Macon co., Ala. 
 
 Ridgelt, a post-village of Madison co., 
 Illinois, 64 miles S. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Ridge Post, a post-office of Davidson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Ridge Prairie, a post-office of Saline co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Ridge Spring, a post- village of Pitt co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Md., on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 
 
 RiDGEviLLE, a post-office of Hampshire co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE, a post-village of Colleton dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on the South Carolina 
 railroad, 31 miles N. W. from Charleston. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE, a post- village of Butler co., 
 Alabama, 50 miles S. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE, a township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Henry co., Ohio. Pop., 148. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Lorain co., Ohio. Population, 1212. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE, a post-village of Warren co., 
 0., about 38 miles N. N. E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE, a post-township in Cook co., 
 Illinois. Population, 441. 
 
 RiDGEViLLE Corners, a post-office of Henry 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Piidgewat, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Orleans co.. New York, on the Erie canal. 
 Population, 4591. 
 
 Ridgewat, a small village of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ridgewat, a township of Delaware co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ridgewat, a post-village, capital of Elk co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Clarion river, and oh 
 the Sunbury and Erie railroad, 160 miles 
 N. W. from Harrisburg. It was laid out in 
 1843, and is rapidly improving. The chief 
 business of the place is the manufacture and 
 transportation of lumber. Population in 
 1853, 500. It contains 1 newspaper office. 
 
 Ridgewat, a post-office of Henry co., Va. 
 
 Ridgewat, a post-village of Fairfield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Ridgewat, a post-office of Muskingum co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ridgewat, a township in the E. central 
 part of Iowa co., Wisconsin. Pop., 704. 
 
 Ridgewat, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Lenawee co., Michigan. Population, 633. 
 
 Ridgewat, a post- village of Warren co., 
 North Carolina, on the Gaston and Raleigh 
 railroad, 58 miles N. N. E. from Raleigh. 
 The Roanoke Valley railroad terminates here. 
 
 Ridgewat, a post-village of Lenawee co., 
 Michigan, about 50 miles S. W. from Detroit. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 Ridgewat, a small post-village of Iowa co., 
 Wisconsin, 32 miles W. by S. from Madison, 
 has 2 churches. 
 
 RiDGEWooD, a post-office of Fairfield dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 RiDGEwoRTH, a Small village of Colleton 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 RiDGLET, a post-village of Platte co., Wis- 
 consin, 32 miles N. N. W. from Independence. 
 
 RiDLET, a township of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 18 miles S. from Norristown. 
 Population, 1389. 
 
 RiDLETsviLLE, a post-officc of Gadsdcn CO., 
 Florida. 
 
 Ridott's, a post-village in Stephenson co., 
 Illinois, 110 miles N. W. by W. from Chicago. 
 
 RiEGLESviLLE, or Riegle's Mills, a flou- 
 rishing village of Warren co., New Jersey, 
 nearly 40 miles N. N. W. from Trenton. 
 
 RiEGELSviLLE, a post-officc of Bucks CO., 
 Pennsylvania. See Heiglesville. 
 
 RiENZi, a post-village of Tishomingo co., 
 Mississippi, 240 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 It has 3 or 4 stores. 
 
 Rifle Point, a post-office of Concordia pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Riga, a township of Monroe co.. New York, 
 18 miles W. S. W. from Rochester, intersect- 
 ed by the Rochester and Buffalo railroad. 
 Population, 2159. 
 
 Riga, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio. 
 
 Riga, a post-township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Lenawee co., Michigan. Pop., 208. 
 
 Rigg's Cross Roads, a post-office of Wil- 
 liamson CO., Tennessee. 
 
 RiGOLETS BATOir, of JeflFersou parish, Lou- 
 isiana, flows between Lake Washa and Little 
 Lake. 
 
 991 
 
RIG 
 
 RIO 
 
 EiGOLETS Batott, of Rapidcs parish, Lou- 
 isiana, unites with Red river a little above 
 Alexandria. 
 
 RiGOLETs DE BoN DiEU, of Louisiana, is a 
 lateral channel of Red river, which leaves 
 the river about 8 miles N. from Natchitoches, 
 and after a south-eastward course of perhaps 
 50 miles, rejoins the main stream on the S. 
 E. border of Natchitoches parish. 
 
 Riley, a township in Oxford county, Maine, 
 G6 miles W. by N. from Augusta. 
 
 Riley, a township of Yell co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 199. 
 
 Riley, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Putnam co., Ohio. Population, 849. 
 
 Riley, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Sandusky co., Ohio. Population, 483. 
 
 Riley, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Clinton co., Michigan. Population, 191. 
 
 Riley, a township in St. Clair co., Michi- 
 gan. Population, 311. 
 
 Riley, a post-township in Vigo co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1004. 
 
 Riley, a post-township in McHenry cc, 
 Illinois. Population, 445. 
 
 Riley, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 65 miles N. W. by W. from Chicago. 
 
 Riley Centke, a post-office of Sandusky 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Rileyville, a post- village of Wayne co., 
 Pennsylvania, 191 miles N. E. from Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 RiLOUGHS, a district in Lumpkin co., 
 Georgia. Population, 288. 
 
 RiMEESBUKG, a post-officc of Clariou co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 RiNDGE, a post-township in Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, 45 miles S. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1274. 
 
 Ringgold, a new county in the S. S. W. 
 part of Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an 
 area of about 540 square miles. It is traversed 
 from N. to S. by the W. fork of Grand river. 
 The soil is stated to be fertile, but deficient 
 in timber. County seat is not yet located. 
 Population in 1850, 96. 
 
 Ringgold, a post-township of Jeiferson co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 665. 
 
 Ringgold, a small village of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Little Schuylkill 
 railroad. 
 
 Ringgold, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Ringgold, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Ringgold, apost-office of Cherokee co., Ala. 
 
 Ringgold, a post-office of Bienville parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Ringgold," a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Ringgold, a post-office of Morgan co., 0. 
 
 Ringgold, a post-office of La Grange co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Ringgold, a post-office of Cook co., Illi- 
 nois, 83 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 RiNGOOLD, a post-office of Platte co., Mo. 
 992 
 
 Ringgold, apost-office of El Dorado co.,CaI. 
 
 Ringgold, a. post-village of Walker co., 
 Georgia, on the Western and Atlantic rail- 
 road, 287 miles from Augusta. 
 
 RiNGOES, a post-village of Hunterdon co.. 
 New Jersey, 6 miles S. from Flemington, has 
 several stores. 
 
 Ring's Mills, a post-office of Belmont co.,0. 
 
 RiNGViLLE, a post-office of Hampshire co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 RiNGWOOD, a small river which rises in 
 Orange county, New York, flows southward 
 through Passaic county. New Jersey, and 
 unites with the Pequannoc near Pomton. 
 
 RiNGWOOD, a village of Passaic co., New 
 Jersey, on the Ringwood river, 24 miles from 
 Hackensack, contains a store and several 
 forges. 
 
 RiNGWOOD, a post-office of Halifax co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 RiNGWOOD, a post-office of McHenry co.. 111. 
 
 Rings A, a post-village of Iroquois co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Iroquois river, about 60 miles 
 S. S. E. from Chicago. 
 
 Rio, a post-office of Coweta co., Georgia, 
 126 miles W. by N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Rio, a post-office of Vermilion co., Illinois. 
 
 Rio, a post-office of Columbia co., Wis. 
 
 Rio Aeriba, ree'o ar-ree'ba, a large coun- 
 ty in the N. and N. W. part of New Mexico, bor- 
 dering on Utah and California. It is drained 
 by the Rio Colorado and the Rio del Norte, 
 with their numerous tributaries. The Sierra 
 Madre range of mountains traverses the E. 
 part of the county. The western and cen- 
 tral portion is inhabited only by savage 
 tribes of Indians. Indian corn, wheat, and 
 wool are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 56,483 bushels of corn; 31,163 of 
 wheat, and 15,070 pounds of wool, the great- 
 est quantity of that article produced by any 
 county of the state. It contained 14 churches. 
 Capital, Cuchillo. Population, 10,668. 
 
 Rio Colorado. See Colorado River. 
 
 Rio Colorado Chiquito, ree'o ko-lo-ra'do 
 che-kee'to, (i. e. the " Little Colorado,") of 
 New Mexico, rises in about 35°N. lat., and 
 108° W. Ion. Flowing westerly, it falls into 
 the Colorado in about 35° 15' N. lat., and 118° 
 20' W. Ion. Entire length, near 500' miles. 
 
 Rio del Norte, Texas. See Rio Grande. 
 
 Rio de los Martires, ree'o di loce mar'- 
 te-r^s, rises in the S. E. part of California, 
 near the border of New Mexico, and flowing 
 in a general S. W. course, falls into the Pacific 
 ocean near the N. boundary of San Diego 
 county, in about 33° 20' N. latitude. 
 
 Rio de San Juan, of New Mexico, rises in 
 New Mexico, near 37° N. lat. and 107° 80' W. 
 Ion. Flowing westwardly it joins Grande 
 river, the principal branch of the Colorado. 
 Entire length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Rio Fiuo, ree'o free'o, a river of Texas, 
 which flows S. E. through a part of Bexar 
 county, and enters Rio Nueces at the N. ex- 
 tremity of Nueces county. 
 
RIO 
 
 RIP 
 
 Rio Grande, or Rio Bravo del Noetjb, 
 (Spanish pronunciation, ree'o gran'di, ree'o 
 bri'vo del nor'ti,) an important river -which 
 forms the boundary between Texas and Mexi- 
 co, rises in the Rocky mountains near hit. 
 38° N., and Ion. 106° 30' W. Its general course 
 is at first S. E., then easterly and S. S. E., 
 and lastly nearly E. It falls into the Gulf 
 of Mexico near 25° N. lat. and 97° W. Ion. 
 The length is estimated at 1800 miles. 
 The Rio Grande is for the most part very 
 shallow, and navigation is impeded by rapids 
 and sandbars. Small steamers have ascend- 
 ed to Kingsbury's rapids, about 450 miles 
 from the sea. Near 900 miles from its mouth 
 is the " Grand Indian Crossing," where the 
 Apaches and Comanches ford the river (here 
 only 3 or 4 feet deep) in their predatory in- 
 cursions into Mexico. 
 
 Rio Grande, a post-office of Gallia co., 0. 
 
 Rio Grande City, a post-village, port of 
 entry, and capital of Starr county, Texas, on 
 the left bank of the Rio Grande, about 550 
 miles S. by W. from Austin City. Steamboats 
 run regularlj' between this place and the 
 mouth of the river. It has considerable trade, 
 and contains a custom house. Population in 
 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Rio Leona, a small stream of Texas, flows 
 S. E. and enters Rio Erio in the S. part of 
 Bexar county. 
 
 Rio Llano, a small river of Texas, rises 
 in Bexar co., and flows eastward through 
 Gillespie CO., into the Colorado. 
 
 Rio San Pedro, a small river of Texas, 
 flows southward into Rio Grande, at the N. 
 W. extremity of McKinley county. 
 
 Rio Virgen, ree'o veer'hin, of Utah and 
 New Mexico, rises at the southern base of the 
 Wahsatch mountains, flows southerly, and 
 falls into the Colorado near lat. 35° 30' N. 
 
 Ripley, a county in the S. E. part of In- 
 diana, contains about 450 square miles. It 
 is drained by Laughery creek, and Graham's 
 fork of White river. The surface is nearly 
 level, except some steep hills near the wa- 
 tercourses. A portion of the land is of 
 limestone formation, and is well adapted to 
 grain. Wheat, Indian corn, pork, sheep, 
 and cattle are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 464,904 bushels of corn ; 
 39,587 of wheat; 89,826 of oats, and 10,306 
 tons of hay. It contained 37 churches, 1 
 newspaper ofSce, 3519 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 40 attending another school. 
 Named in honor of General Ripley, an officer 
 in the war of 1812. Capital, Versailles. Po- 
 pulation, 14,820. 
 
 Ripley, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, has an 
 area of 990 square miles. It is traversed 
 from N. to S. by Current river, and also 
 drained by Little Black river, Fourche, 
 Dumas, and Davis's creek. The surface is 
 uneven and hilly ; the soil near the streams 
 is moderately fertile. Indian corn, oats, 
 3 N 
 
 butter, and pork are the staples. Lumber 
 is an article of export. In 1850 this county 
 produced 115,241 bushels of corn; 8603 of 
 oats, and 24,225 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 2 churches, 20 pupils attending a 
 public school, and 75 attending other schools. 
 The highlands produce yellow-pine timber. 
 Capital, Doniphan. Population, 2830 ; of 
 whom 2744 were free, and 86, slaves. 
 
 Ripley, a post-township in Somerset co., 
 Maine, about 55 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Augusta. Population, 641. 
 
 Ripley, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Chautauque co.. New York, on Lake Erie. 
 Population, 1732. 
 
 Ripley, a village, capital of .Jackson co., 
 Virginia, on Mill creek, 350 miles W.N. W. 
 from Richmond. Population, about 200. 
 
 Ripley, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Tippah county, Mississippi, 210 miles N. by 
 E. from Jackson. It is situated in a rich 
 farming district, near the Mobile and Ohio 
 railroad, not yet finished. It contains seve- 
 ral churches and seminaries, and a news- 
 paper office. 
 
 Ripley, a small post-village, capital of 
 Lauderdale CO., Tennessee, 195 miles W. from 
 Nashville. It contains a court house, jail, 
 academy, and a few stores. 
 
 Ripley, a flourishing post-village of Union 
 township. Brown county, Ohio, is beautifully 
 situated on the Ohio river, 56 miles above 
 Cincinnati. It is the largest town in the 
 county, and is the centre of an active trade. 
 It is built on a narrow strip of land which is 
 confined between the river and a steep de- 
 clivity. A plank-road has been laid from 
 this town to Locust Grove. Ripley contains 
 6 churches, 1 printing office, 1 female semi- 
 nary, and a high-school for both sexes, styled 
 Ripley College : also, 1 foundry a few mills 
 and 1 bank. Settled in 1812, and originally 
 called Staunton. Population in 1850, 1780. 
 
 Ripley, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Holmes co., Ohio. Population, 1330. 
 
 Ripley, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Huron co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleve- 
 land Columbus and Cincinnati railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 1230. 
 
 Ripley, a post-township in Montgomery 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1250. 
 
 Ripley, a township in Rush co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1908. 
 
 Ripley, a post-village of Brown co., Illinois, 
 about 8 miles N. E. from Mount Sterling. 
 
 Ripley's, a post-office of Tyler co., Va. 
 
 Ripleyville, a post-of&ce of Huron co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 RiPON, a post-village in Fond du Lac co., 
 Wisconsin, on the inlet of Green lake, 77 
 miles N. W. by W. from Milwaukee. Brock- 
 way College, a Presbyterian institution, is 
 located at this place. It contains sash, 
 chair, cabinet, and woollen factories. 
 
 RippoN, a post-office of Jefferson co., Va. 
 
 RiPTON, a post-township in Addison co., 
 993 
 
RIS 
 
 ROA 
 
 Vermont, about 28 miles S. W. by S. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 567. 
 
 RiSDON, a thriving post-village of AVash- 
 ington township, Hancock county, Ohio, 93 
 miles N. by W. from Columbus. It is situated 
 partly in the counties of Seneca and Wood. 
 Population, 500. 
 
 RisnoN, a post-village in St. Clair co., Illi- 
 nois, near Kaskaskia, 115 miles S. by W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Rising Fawn, a small post-village of Dade 
 CO., Ga., 352 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Rising Sun, a post-village of Philadelphia 
 CO., Pa., 3 miles N. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Rising Sun, a post-office of Cecil co., Md. 
 
 Rising Sun, a handsome post-village, capi- 
 tal of Ohio county, Indiana, is finely situated 
 on a high bank of the Ohio river, 86 miles 
 below Cincinnati. It contains good public 
 buildings, several churches, an academy, and 
 2 newspaper offices. It carries on an active 
 trade, and has 1 iron foundry, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, and 1 cotton factory which employs 
 about 100 operatives. Ponulation in 1850, 
 1672: in 1853, about 2000.^ 
 
 Rising Sun, a post-ofiice of Montgomery 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 RisLEY County, Iowa. See Webster. 
 
 Ritchie, a county in the N. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 480 square miles. It 
 is traversed by Hughes river, and its North 
 fork. The surface is hilly and broken, and 
 mostly covered with forests. Indian corn, 
 oats, hay, butter, and live stock are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 101,884 bush- 
 els of corn; 24,336 of oats; 2503 tons of 
 hay, and 41,978 pounds of butter. There 
 were 2 saw mills, 1 grist mill, 1 wool-carding 
 mill, and 1 tannery. It contained 5 churches, 
 and 376 pupils attending public schools. The 
 county is traversed by the north-western turn- 
 pike, and by the Parkersburg branch of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Formed in 
 1843, and named in honor of Thomas Ritchie, 
 Esq., editor of the Richmond Enquirer. Capi- 
 tal, Harri«ville. Population, 3902 ; of whom 
 3886 were free, and 16, slaves. 
 
 Ritchie Coukt House, Virginia. See 
 Haerisville. 
 
 Ritchieville, a post-village of Dinwiddle 
 CO., Virginia, 41 miles S. from Richmond. 
 
 RiTTENiiousE, a small village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania, about 4 miles N. 
 W. from Norristown. 
 
 RiTTENiiousETOWN, a Small village of Phi- 
 ladelphia CO., Pennsylvania, about 2 miles W. 
 fromGermantown, has a valuable stone quar- 
 ry. The celebrated astronomer, David Ritten- 
 house, was born hei-e in' 1732. 
 
 RiTTERSviLLE, a post-officc of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 RivANNA, a small river in the E. central 
 part of Virginia, rises at the foot of Blue 
 ridge, in Albemai-le county, flows south- 
 eastward through Fluvanna county, and 
 enters the James river at Columbia. By 
 994 
 
 means of dams and locks it is navigable to 
 the South-west mountain in Albemarle co., 
 a distance of above 30 miles. 
 
 River, a post-office of Clarion co. , Pa. 
 
 RivERHEAD, a post-village in Riverhead 
 township, and capital of Suffolk county, New 
 York, at the head of Peconic bay, and on 
 the Long Island railroad, 74 miles E. by N. 
 from New York. It contains several churches 
 and an academy. Population of the town- 
 ship, 2540 ; of the village, estimated at 500. 
 The post-office is called Suffolk Court House. 
 
 River Hill, a small village of White co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 RivERROAD Forks, a post-office of Living- 
 ston CO., New York. 
 
 Riverside, a post-office of Ulster co., N. Y. 
 
 Riverside, a post-office of Cumberland co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 River Styx, a post-office of Medina co., 0. 
 
 RiVERTOWN, a post-village in Campbell co., 
 Georgia, on Chattahoochee river, 105 miles N. 
 W. by W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Rives, a small post-village of Richland co., 
 Ohio, 79 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Rives, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Jackson co., Michigan. Pop., 518. 
 
 Rivesvili.e, a post-village of Marion co., 
 Virginia, 282 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 RiviiiRE A Jacques, ree^ve-air' k zhak, a 
 river of Minnesota, rises in Pembina county, 
 and flowing S. falls into the Missouri. En- 
 tire length, about 400 miles. 
 
 Riviere au Cuivre, or Copper River, of 
 Missouri, rises in Audrain county, and flow- 
 ing in an E. S. E. direction, enters the Missis- 
 sippi, between Lincoln and St. Charles county. 
 It is a good stream for mills. The E;igle 
 fork enters it from the right, on the bound- 
 ary between the counties above named. 
 
 RiviiiRE AU BcEUF, a small stream in the 
 E. part of Missouri, flows through Franklin 
 county, and enters the Missouri river from 
 the right hand, near Newport. It affords 
 motive-power for a few mills. 
 
 RiviiiBE DES AcADiENS, of Louisiana, flows 
 eastward through Ascension parish, into 
 Lake Maurepas. 
 
 Rix, a post-office of Ionia co., Michigan. 
 
 RixETViLLE, a small post-village of Cul- 
 pepper CO., Virginia, 100 miles N. N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Rix's Mills, a post-office of Muskingum 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Road Hall, a post-office of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Roadstown, a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., New Jersey, about 6 miles W. from 
 Bridgeton, contains 2 stores, a church, and 
 about 40 dwellings. 
 
 RoADViLLE, a post-village of Charleston 
 district, S. C, 110 miles S. E. from Columbia. 
 
 RoADViLLE, a post-office of Anderson co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Roane, a county in the E. central part of 
 Tennessee ; area estimated at 600 square 
 
ROA 
 
 ROA 
 
 miles. It is intersected by the Tennessee 
 river and its two branches, the Clinch and 
 Holston, which unite at Kingston. The 
 Cumberland mountain extends along or near 
 the W. border. The soil is fertile, adapted 
 to Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass. In 
 1850 this county produced 595,296 bushels 
 of corn; 137,440 of oats; 20,026 of wheat; 
 and 137,519 pounds of butter. It contained 
 37 churches, 4182 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 60 attending academies and 
 other schools. Extensive beds of stone 
 coal and iron ore are found. The rivers 
 above named are navigable by steamboats. 
 Capital, Kingston. Population, 12,185, of 
 "whom 10,641 were free, and 1544, slaves. 
 
 Roane, a township in Lafayette co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 989. 
 
 Roan Mountain, a post-office of Carter 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Roanoke, a river of Virginia and North 
 Carolina, is formed by two principal branches, 
 the Staunton and Dan, which rise in the 
 southern part of Virginia, and unite at 
 Clarksville, in Mecklenburg county, consti- 
 tuting the lower Roanoke. Flowing in an 
 E. S. E. direction, it enters North Carolina 
 and meets the tide water at Weldon, after 
 passing over a series of rapids. Below this 
 poiat its general course is south-east, and it 
 enters the western extremity of Albemarle 
 sound at the mouth of Chowan river. It is 
 a remarkably rapid stream, the fertile bot- 
 toms of which are subject to frequent inun- 
 dations. The length of the main stream is 
 estimated at 250 miles ; but if we include the 
 Staunton, which by some geographers is re- 
 garded as the Roanoke proper, it will pro- 
 bably exceed 450 miles. The lower falls of 
 this river at Weldon, which form the limit 
 of steamboat navigation, are about 150 miles 
 from its mouth. By means of a canal around 
 these falls, batteaux can ascend to Danville, 
 on the Dan river. 
 
 Roanoke, a county in the S. S. W. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 180 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Staunton 
 river. The county forms part of the great 
 valley of Virginia, situated between the Blue 
 Ridge on the S. E. and another ridge of the 
 Alleghanies on the N. W. The soil is highly 
 productive. Indian corn, wheat, hemp, and 
 tobacco are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 2-35,760 bushels of corn ; 104,134 of 
 •wheat; 103,643 of oats; and 362,682 pounds 
 of tobacco. There were 2 flour mills, 1 tin- 
 ware manufactory, and 1 tannery. It con- 
 tained 12 churches, 185 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 137 attending other 
 schools. The rock which underlies the sur- 
 face is a fine limestone. The Virginia and Ten- 
 nessee railroad (unfinished) passes through 
 the county, and a turnpike connects it with 
 the James River canal. Formed in 1838. 
 Capital, Salem. Population, 8477, of whom 
 5967 were free, and 2510, slaves. 
 
 Roanoke, a post-village of Genesee co., 
 New York, on Allen's creek, about 30 miles 
 W. S. W. fi'om Rochester. 
 
 Roanoke, a post-village in Randolph co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Roanoke, a post-office of Huntingdon co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Roais'oke, a post- village of Randolph co., 
 Missouri, 75 miles N. N. W. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Roanoke Bridge, a post-village of Char- 
 lotte CO., Virginia, 89 miles S. W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Roan's Creek, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 RoAEiNG Creek, of Pennsylvania, falls 
 into the North branch of the Susquehanna, 
 a few miles above Danville. 
 
 Roaring Creek, of North Carolina, enters 
 the Yadkin from the N., in Wilkes county. 
 
 Roaring Creek, a post-township of Mon- 
 tour CO., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles S. by 
 W. from Pottsville. Population, 1991. 
 
 Roaring Creek, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Roaring Spring, a post-office of Trigg co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Roark, a township in Gasconade co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1007. 
 
 RoBB, a township in Posey co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1376. 
 
 Robbin's Reee, New York bay, off the 
 upper end of Staten Island, contains a light- 
 house. 
 
 RoBBiNSTON, a post-township in Washing- 
 ton CO., Maine, 140 miles N. E. by E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 1028. 
 
 Roberson's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Bledsoe co., Tennessee. 
 
 Robert Bayou, of Louisiana, is connected 
 with Red river near Alexandria. 
 
 Roberts' Corners, a post-office of Jeffer- 
 son CO., New York. 
 
 Robertson, a county in the N. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky ; area es- 
 timated at 500 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Red river, and also drained by 
 Sycamore creek. The surface is uneven ; the 
 soil produces grain and tobacco. In 1850 
 there were raised 858,615 bushels of corn ; 
 115,304 of oats; 36,837 of wheat; and 
 1,445,670 pounds of tobacco. The streams 
 furnish motive-power for mills. The turn- 
 pike-road leading from Nashville to Louisville, 
 Kentucky, passes through the county. Capi- 
 tal, Springfield. Population, 16,145, of whom 
 11,529 were free, and 4616, slaves. 
 
 Robertson, a county in the E. central part 
 of Texas, contains about 840 square miles. 
 The Brazos river forms its boundary on the 
 S. W., and the Navasoto on the E. The sur- 
 face is undulating. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 sweet potatoes, grass, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 41,395 
 bushels of corn; 6865 of sweet potatoes, 
 429 bales of cotton; and 18,470 pounds of 
 
 995 
 
ROB 
 
 ROB 
 
 butter. It contained 4 churches, 45 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 40 attending 
 other schools. Named in honor of Sterling 
 C. Robertson, an empresario of Texas. Ca- 
 pital, Franklin. Population, 934, of whom 
 670 were free, and 264, slaves. 
 
 Robertson, a district in Lumpkin co., 
 Georgia. Population, 582. 
 
 Robertson's Stoke, a post-office of Pitt- 
 sylvania CO., Virginia. 
 
 RoBERTSViLLE, a Small village of Indiana 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 70 miles N. E. from 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 RoBERTSviLLE, a post-villagc in Beaufort 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 RoBERTSviLLE, a post-officc of Panola co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 ROBERTSVILLE, a post-villago of Anderson 
 CO., Tennessee, 166 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 RoBEKTSTiLLE, a village of Stark co., Ohio, 
 68 miles S. S. E. from Cleveland. 
 
 Robeson, a county in the S. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on South Carolina ; area 
 estimated at 900 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Lumber river and its affluents. 
 The surface is nearly level ; the soil is gene- 
 rally sandy. Indian corn and cotton are 
 cultivated. In 1850 this county produced 
 827,257 bushels of corn, and 2299 bales of 
 cotton. It contained 1 woollen factory, 2 
 saw mills, 7 tar and turpentine manufac- 
 tories, and 1 turpentine distillery. There 
 were 17 churches, 1415 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 70 attending other schools. 
 Lumber, turpentine, and other products of 
 the pine are exported in large quantities. A 
 plank-road has lately been laid through the 
 county, by which produce is exported to 
 Fayetteville. Formed in 1786, and named in 
 honor of Colonel Robeson, of North Carolina. 
 Capital, Lumberton. Population, 12,806, of 
 which 8461 were free, and 4365, slaves. 
 
 Robeson, a post-township of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles S. from Read- 
 ing. Population, 2404. 
 
 Robeson, a post-office of Brunswick co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 RoBiDEAux, a small village of Texas co.. Mo. 
 
 RoBiDoux Fork, Missouri, an affluent of 
 the Gasconade, iiows northward, and enters 
 that river in Pulaski co., near Waynesville. 
 
 RoBiNA, a post-office of Panola co.. Miss. 
 
 Robin's Nest, apost-office of Peoria co., 111. 
 
 Robinson, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 8 miles W. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1917. 
 
 Robinson, a township of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 20 miles S. S. W. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 843. 
 
 Robinson, a small village of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Robinson, a township in Posey co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1619. 
 
 Robinson, a post-village of Crawford co., 
 Illinois, about 140 miles S. E. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 996 
 
 Robinson, a township in Green co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1157. 
 
 Robinson Creek, a post-office of Pike co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Robinson's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Benton co., Arkansas. 
 
 Robinson's Mills, a post-office of Menard 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Robinson's River, a small stream in the 
 N. E. central part of Virginia, rises in Madi- 
 son CO., flows south-eastward, and enters 
 Rapidan river on the boundary between that 
 county and Orange. 
 
 Robinson's Spring, apost-office of Autauga 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Robinson's Store, a. post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Robinson's, a post-office of Darke eo., Ohio. 
 
 RoBisoNviLLE, a post-office of Bedford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Rob Rot, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Ark. 
 
 Rob Rot, a post-village of Fountain co., 
 Indiana, on Shawnee creek, 12 miles N. E. 
 from Covington. 
 
 Roche Perc:^e, a small river of Boone co., 
 Missouri, which flows into Missouri riveT 
 from the left near Providence. It is a va- 
 luable stream for mills. The name signifies 
 "pierced rock." 
 
 RocHEPORT, a post-village of Boone co., 
 Missouri, on the Missouri river, at the mouth 
 of Manitou creek, 40 miles N. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. It has a steamboat landing. 
 Stone coal is found in the bank of the river. 
 
 Rochester, a post- village and semi-capital 
 of Stratford county. New Hampshire, about 30 
 miles E. by N. from Concord. It contains a 
 bank, and is the seat of various manufactures. 
 The Cocheco railroad and the Great Falls and 
 Conway railroad, through which it communi- 
 cates with various sections of the state, add 
 much to its importance. Population of the 
 township in 1840, 2431 ; in 1850, 3006. 
 
 Rochester, a township in Windsor co., 
 Vermont, 32 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1493. 
 
 Rochester, a post-village of-Plyniouth co., 
 Massachusetts, near the head of Rochester 
 harbor, in Buzzard's bay, on the Cape Cod 
 Branch railroad, 50 miles S. by E. from Bos- 
 ton. It has considerable ship building, and 
 several vessels engaged in the whale iisheries. 
 Population of the township, 3808. 
 
 Rochester, a city, capital of Monroe 
 county. New York, is situated on both sides 
 of Genesee river, 7 miles from its entrance 
 into Lake Ontario, 230 miles by railroad W. 
 by N. from Albany, and 68 miles E. N. E. 
 from Buffalo. Lat. 43° 8^ N., Ion. 77° 51' 
 W. Rochester is the largest town on the 
 great thoroughfare above alluded to, except- 
 ing Albany and Bufialo, and is a place of rapid 
 growth, and remarkable for its extensive 
 manufactories of flour and other articles. 
 The site of this city is nearly level. The 
 streets vary from 60 to 80 feet in width, and 
 
ROC 
 
 ROC 
 
 are generally straight and well paved. The 
 principal street, extending E. and W. through 
 the centre of the town, and crossing the river 
 by a bridge, is called Main street on the E., 
 and Buffalo street on the W. side of the river. 
 The greater number of public buildings and 
 many of the residences are handsomely built 
 of brick or of limestone quarried in the im- 
 mediate vicinity. The streets are generally 
 bordered with shade-trees, and lighted with 
 gas, aad many of the dwellings have gardens 
 and ornamental grounds attached. The city 
 has several public squares, and the two di- 
 visions are connected by 4 or 5 bridges. The 
 corporate limits occupy an area of 7 square 
 miles, but it is not very compactly built. 
 
 The new court house and city hall on Buf- 
 falo street is a large and beautiful structure, 
 with a granite front — cost ^80,000. The Ar- 
 cade is a handsome building occupied partly 
 by the post-office department. The Western 
 House of Refuge for juvenile offenders is 
 a fine large brick building, finished in 1851 
 at a cost of $65,000 ; it is 382 feet long, 3 
 stories high, and contains 190 delinquents. 
 The main edifice of the Rochester University 
 is 100 feet by 60, and 4 stories high, with a 
 wing 75 feet by 50. Many of the churches 
 and hotels are lai-ge and handsome build- 
 ings. The university was organized in No- 
 vember, 1850, with an endowment of $150,000, 
 and is under the direction of the Baptists. 
 The Baptist Theological Seminary of this 
 place was founded in 1850, with an endow- 
 ment of $75,000. The Rochester Athenaeum 
 has 3000 members, with a library of 7100 
 volumes, and an annual course of lectures. 
 The Rochester Sunday School Union is com- 
 posed of 335 schools, with 4347 pupils, and 
 8000 volumes in the libraries. There are 2 
 orphan asylums. The public press consists 
 of 4 daily and tri-weekly and 7 weekly news- 
 papers, 1 monthly agricultural, and 1 month- 
 ly horticultural journal. Rochester contains 
 44 churches, among which there are 9 Pres- 
 byterian, 9 Methodist Episcopal, 4 Baptist, 
 3 Episcopal, 6 Catholic, and 13 others of va- 
 rious denominations. Among the principal 
 hotels are, the American, the Eagle, the 
 Waverly, the Clinton, Blossom's Hotel ; the 
 Mansion House, the Rochester, and Congress 
 Hall. The city contains 6 banks. The Ro- 
 chester Gas Light Company, with a capital 
 of $125,000, have 10 miles of '■ mains," 140 
 city lamps, and 1100 private consumers. The 
 Erie canal, passing through the central part 
 of the city, crosses the river by a beautiful 
 stone aqueduct about 800 feet long. The 
 trade of Rochester is facilitated by the fol- 
 lowing improvements, besides the canal above 
 named: — The Genesee Valley canal extends 
 southward to the Alleghany river ; four differ- 
 ent sections or branches of the Central rail- 
 road passing E. and W. meet here, and the 
 Rochester and Lake Ontario railroad joins 
 them at this point. Steamboats ascend the 
 
 river to Carthage, about 2 miles below the city, 
 and smaller boats navigate the same above 
 the falls. The shipping of the district, June 
 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 686,', 
 tons enrolled and licensed, all of which was 
 employed in the coast trade, and 429i| tons 
 in steam navigation. The foreign arrivals 
 for the year were 264, (tons, 38,903,) of which 
 200 (tons, 33,027) were by foreign vessels, and 
 clearances for foreign ports for the year were 
 the same. The above does not include the 
 canal tonnage which is doubtless muoh greater. 
 The unlimited water-power derived from 
 the Genesee river has been a principal cause 
 of the prosperity of Rochester, the flouring 
 mills of which are probably the most extensive 
 in the United States. The river within a 
 course of 3 miles has a total descent of 220 
 feet, with three perpendicular falls of 97, 20, 
 and 105 feet. The first of these is within the 
 limits of the city, a little N. of the centre, 
 and is considered one of the most beautiful 
 cataracts in the state. Below the upper 
 falls the broad river flows through a ravine 
 more than 100 feet deep. The total amount 
 of flour manufactured here annually is esti- 
 mated at 600,000 barrels, which, computing 
 5 bushels to each barrel, would require 
 3,000,000 bushels of wheat. The quantity 
 received by canals and railroads in 1852 was 
 1,640,454 bushels, leaving 1,359,546 to be 
 made up from receipts by wagons. The fol- 
 lowing table exhibits the quantity of flour 
 shipped for a series of 6 years : — 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1847 031,574 
 
 1848 584,42a 
 
 1849 570,757 
 
 Barrels. 
 
 1850 552.729 
 
 1851 500,330 
 
 1862 538,680 
 
 Various other manufactures are carried on, 
 the chief productions of which are machinery, 
 farming implements, stoves and other iroa 
 castings, cotton and woollen goods, paper, 
 lumber, leather, cabinet ware, and edge tools. 
 
 Rochester is remarkable for the extent and 
 character of its fruit nurseries. According 
 to the estimate of a gentleman residing in the 
 vicinity and thoroughly acquainted with the 
 subject, there are within 10 miles of the city 
 not less than 1000 acres devoted to this branch 
 of business. One firm alone, that of Elwan- 
 ger & Barry, have 200 acres closely and richly, 
 cultivated, employing from 80 to 150 hands. 
 
 Mount Hope Cemetery, near the E. bank 
 of the river, and 2 miles S. from the railroad 
 depot, is remarkable for the natural adapta- 
 tion of the grounds to the object for which 
 they have been selected, and for the pictu- 
 resque beautj'- of its situation. 
 
 Rochester was settled in 1812 by Nathaniel 
 Rochester and others, incorporated in 1817, 
 and chartered as a city in 1834. Population 
 in 1820, 1502 ; in 1830, 9269 : in 1840, 20, 191 ; 
 in 1850, 36,403, and in 1853, about 42,000. 
 
 Rochester, a township of Ulster co., N. Y. 
 16 miles S. W. from Kingston. Pop., 3174. 
 
 RocHESXEE, a poSt-township of Beaver co., 
 997 
 
ROC 
 
 ROC 
 
 Permsj'lvania, on the Ohio river, opposite the 
 borough of Beaver. Population, 1421. 
 
 RocHESTEH, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the left bank of Beaver river, at 
 its entrance into the Ohio, and on the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad, 25 miles N. W. from 
 Pittsburg. A good bridge across Beaver 
 river connects this village with Bridgewater. 
 Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Rochester, apost-ofiBceof Jackson par., La. 
 
 Rochester, a post-office of Butler co., Ky. 
 
 Rochester, a thriving village of Colum- 
 biana CO., Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver 
 canal, 140 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 PiOCHESTER, a township forming the S. W. 
 estremity of Lorain co., Ohio. Pop., 896. 
 
 Rochester, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the railroad between Cleveland and 
 Columbus, 95 miles N. N. E. from the latter. 
 
 Rochester, a small village of Noble co., 0. 
 
 Rochester, a thriving village of Stark co., 
 Ohio, on the Tuscarawas river and the Ohio 
 canal, about 110 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 The adjoining village of Navarre has a post- 
 office of its own name. 
 
 Rochester, a post-village of Warren co., 
 Ohio, on the railroad between Cincinnati and 
 Wilmington, about 30 miles N. E. from the 
 former. Population in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Rochester, a thriving post-village of Avon 
 township, Oakland county, Michigan, on 
 Paint creek, at its entrance into Clinton 
 river, 28 miles N. from Detroit. It contains 
 2 churches, 4 stores, 2 flour mills, 1 foundry, 
 and a large public school-house. 
 
 Rochester, a small village of Franklin co., 
 Indiana, on the Whitewater canal, 76 miles 
 E. S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Rochester, a post- township in Fulton co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1401. 
 
 Rochester, a post-village, capital of Ful- 
 ton county, Indiana, on the Michigan road, 
 and on Mill creek, 92 miles N. from Indiana- 
 polis. It has 2 churches and several stores. 
 
 Rochester, a thriving post- village of Noble 
 CO., Indiana, on the Elkhart river, about 130 
 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. It has an 
 excellent water-power, and a forge in which 
 bar iron is made. 
 
 Rochester, a post-village of Sangamon 
 CO., Illinois, on the Sangamon river, 6 miles 
 S. E. from Springfield. The river affords 
 water-power for mills. 
 
 Rochester, a post-township in Andrew co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1603. 
 
 Rochester, a small post-village of Andrew 
 CO., Missouri, on the Platte river, 62 miles N. 
 by W. from Independence. 
 
 Rochester, a thriving village of Cedar co., 
 Iowa, on the Cedar river, 20 miles E. from 
 Iowa City. It contains 5 stores and 200 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Rochester, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Racine co., Wisconsin. 
 Population, 1672. 
 
 Rochester, a thriving post-village in the 
 998 
 
 above township, is situated on the Pishtaka 
 or Fox river, at the mouth of the Muskego, 
 and on the plank-road between Racine City 
 and Elkhorn, 24 miles W. from the former. 
 It has a fine water-power, which is employed 
 in flouring mills. It contains also 2 manu- 
 factories of ploughs, 2 of harness, 1 of car- 
 riages, 5 stores, 3 hotels, an iron foundry, and 
 a fanning-mill factory. Population in 1853, 
 about 500. 
 
 Rochester Colony, a thriving village of 
 Clinton co., Michigan, on the Maple river, 
 about 28 miles N. by E. from Lansing. It 
 has 1 flouring mill and 1 saw mill, and 2 
 or 3 stores. 
 
 Rochester Depot, a post-office of Lorain 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Rochester Mills, a post-office of Wabash 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 PiOCK, a county in the S. part of Wisconsin, 
 bordering on Illinois, contains about 770 
 square miles. It is traversed from N. to S. 
 by Ptock river, into which several large streams 
 empty. The surface is undulating, and the 
 soil highly productive. Rock Prairie, the 
 largest in the state, occupies nearly half of 
 the county, extending from the river east- 
 ward. The staples are wheat, maize, oats, 
 wool, potatoes, pork, and butter. In 1850 th'; 
 county produced 784,278 bushels of wheat; 
 300,143 of Indian corn ; 487,880 of oats, and 
 410,881 pounds of butter. It contained 17 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices; 5186 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 194 attending 
 academies and other schools. The most 
 abundant rock of the county is the blue lime- 
 stone. Rock river is a fine stream flowing 
 through a valley remarkable for beauty and 
 fertility, and aiFording abundant water-power. 
 The public improvements are the Fond du 
 Lac and Rock River railroad, the Beloit and 
 Madison railroad, the Racine and Janesville 
 railroad, and the Milwaukee and Mississippi 
 railroad. Organized in 1839, and named 
 from its principal stream. The settlement 
 began in 1836, and has progressed with great 
 rapidity. Capital, Janesville. P&p., 20,750. 
 
 Rock, a post-office of Plymouth co., Mass. 
 
 Rock, a small post- village of ^ Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Rock, a township in the central part of 
 Rock CO., Wisconsin. Population, 553. 
 
 RocKAWAT, a post-village of Queen's co., 
 New York, on Rookaway bay, near the sea, 
 about 24 miles E. S. E. from New York. 
 
 RocKAWAT, an important post-town of 
 Rockaway township, near the centre of Mor- 
 ris county. New Jersey, is situated on the 
 Rockaway river and on the Morris canal, 
 about 7 miles N. of Morristown. This town 
 is situated in the richest iron region of the 
 state, and has extensive manufactories of 
 that useful metal. There are several forges, 
 rolling mills, foundries, and steel furnaces. 
 The Mount Hope mining property, near this 
 place, was sold a short time since for $80,000. 
 
ROC 
 
 ROC 
 
 The Morris and Essex railroad passes through 
 this town. 
 
 RocKAWAY Beach, of Queen's co., New Yorlc, 
 is a peninsula extending between Jamaica bay 
 and the ocean. Here is a fashionable water- 
 ing place, with hotels and boarding houses, 
 about 20 miles S. E. from New York. 
 
 RocKAWAY River, of New Jersey, rises in 
 Morris county, flows southward and eastward, 
 and enters the Passaic on the boundary be- 
 tween Essex and Morris counties, about 5 
 miles S. S. E. from Boonton. 
 
 Rock Bloff, a post-office of Clinch co., Ga. 
 
 Rock Bottom, a post-office of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Rockbridge, a county in the central part 
 of Virginia, has an area of about 780 square 
 miles. It is intersected by North river, which 
 flows into James river, near the S. extremity 
 of the county, at the foot of the Blue Ridge. 
 The county forms part of the great valley of 
 Virginia, which is bounded on the S. E. by 
 the Blue Ridge. The soil has a basis of fine 
 limestone, and is highly productive. Grain 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 there 
 ■were raised 372,705 bushels of Indian corn; 
 198,553 of wheat; 162,752 of oats, and 7626 
 tons of hay. There were 3 grist and saw 
 mills, 13 flouring mills, 4 iron furnaces, 3 
 iron forges, and 1 iron foundrj'; 18 churches; 
 239 pupils attending public schools, and 314 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 James River canal passes through the S. part 
 of the county. Formed in 1778, and named 
 from the natural bridge of rock, a description 
 of which will be found under the head of 
 Virginia. Population, 16,045, of whom 11,848 
 were free, and 4197, slaves. 
 
 Rockbridge, a post-village of Gwinnett co., 
 Georgia, 15 miles S. from Lawrenceville. 
 
 Rockbridge, a post-office of Greene co.. 111. 
 
 Rockbridge, a small post-village, capital 
 of Ozark county, Missouri, on Bryant's fork 
 of White river, 150 miles S. from Jefferson 
 City. It is situated in a hilly region, in which 
 pine timber is abundant. 
 
 Rockbridge, a township in the N. part of 
 Richland co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Rock Camp, a post-office of Braxton co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Rock Castle, a county in the S. E. cen- 
 tral part of Kentucky, contains an area of 
 about 300 square miles. It is drained by 
 Dick's and Rockcastle rivers, from the latter 
 of which the name is derived. The surface 
 is hilly, and the soil mostly poor. The sta- 
 ples are Indian corn, wheat, and oats. In 
 1850 this county produced 177,974 bushels 
 of corn; 3715 of wheat, and 28,853 of oats. It 
 contained 14 churches, and 425 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Coal is found in several 
 parts of the county, but not used to much 
 extent. Organized in 1810. Capital, Mount 
 Vernon. Population, 4697 ; of whom 4322 
 were free, and 375, slaves. 
 
 Rock Castle, a post-village in Patrick co., 
 
 Virginia, 190 miles S. W. by W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Rock Castle, a small post-village of Trigg 
 CO., Kentucky, on Cumberland river, about 
 240 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Rockcastle, a small river in the S. E. part 
 of Kentucky, forms the boundary between 
 Laurel county on the one hand, and Rock- 
 castle and Pulaski counties on the other, and 
 enters the Cumberland river. Its general 
 course is S. S. W. 
 
 Rock City, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 Rock City Mills, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Rock Creek, of Pennsylvania, rises in 
 Adams co., and flows into the Monocacy river. 
 
 Rock Creek rises in Montgomery co., 
 Maryland, flows southward, and falls into 
 the Potomac, at Georgetown, in the District 
 of Colombia. 
 
 Rock Creek, of Texas, flows through the 
 Upper Cross Timbers into the Brazos. 
 
 Rock Creek, of Indiana, enters the Wabash 
 on the left bank, 10 miles above Delphi. 
 
 Rock Creek, a post-office of Somerset co.. 
 Maryland. 
 
 Rock Creek, a post-office of Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Rock Creek, a small village of Murray co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Rock Creek, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Rock Creek, a post-office of Yell co.. Ark. 
 
 Rock Creek, a small village of Bedford 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Rock Creek, a post-village of Lewis co., 
 Kentucky, 125 miles E. N. E. from Frankford. 
 
 Rock Creek, a thriving village of Ashta- 
 bula CO., Ohio, on Rock creek, about 200 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus. It has 2 or 3 churches 
 and several mills. 
 
 Rock Creek, a post-township in Bartholo- 
 mew CO., Indiana. Population, 819. 
 
 Rock Creek, a township in Wells co., In- 
 diana. Population, 599. 
 
 Rock Creek, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Illinois, 45 miles S. E. from Galena. 
 
 Rock Creek, a post-office of Cedar co., lo. 
 
 Rockdale, a post-office of Chenango co., 
 New York. 
 
 Rockdale, a post-township of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 15 miles N. W. by 
 N. from Meadville. Population, 1086. 
 
 Rockdale, a small village of Newton co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Rockdale, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Rockdale, a post-office of Scott co., Kj. 
 
 RocKFisH, a village of Cumberland co., 
 North Carolina, on Rockfish creek, 7 miles 
 S. from Fayetteville. It contains a cotton 
 factory. 
 
 Rockfish Creek, of Cumberland co.. North 
 Carolina, enters Cape Fear river from the W., 
 about 10 miles below Fayetteville. 
 
 999 
 
ROC 
 
 ROC 
 
 RocKFOED, a post-Tillage, capital of Surry 
 CO., North Carolina, on the Yadkin river, 145 
 miles W. by N. from Raleigh. Pop., 639. 
 
 RocKFOKD, a small post-village, capital of 
 Coosa county, Alabama, 40 miles N. by E. 
 from Montgomery. The surrounding coun- 
 try is hilly, and amply supplied with water- 
 power, and contains valuable quarries of 
 granite, marble, &c. 
 
 RocKFOUD, a flourishing post-village of 
 Jackson county, Indiana, on the Driftwood 
 or E. fork of White river, and on the Jeffer- 
 sonville and Columbus railroad, 60 miles S. 
 from Indianapolis. The river affords valua- 
 ble water-power at this place. 
 
 RocKFORD, a village of Wells co., Indiana, 
 100 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 RocKFORD, a post-township in Winnebago 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 2093. 
 
 RocKFORD, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Winnebago county, Illinois, is finely 
 situated on the left (E.) bank of Rock river, 
 and on the Chicago and Galena railroad, 97 
 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. Rockford is 
 the centre of an active business, and has 
 abundant water-power. It has nearly all 
 been built since 1836. Its growth was con- 
 stant and moderate until 1850, when it began 
 to increase with great rapidity. This was 
 mainly caused by a prospect of the early 
 completion of the railroad from Chicago to 
 this point. Rockford has 5 churches, 1 bank, 
 and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Population in 
 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Rock Grove, post-office, Richmond co.,N.C. 
 
 Rock Grove, a post-township in Stephen- 
 son CO., Illinois. Population, 727. 
 
 Rock Grove, a small post-village in the 
 above township, about 55 miles E. by N. from 
 Galena. 
 
 Rock Hall, a post- village in Kent co., 
 Maryland, on the E. shore of Chesapeake 
 bay, 25 miles N. E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Rock Haven, a post-village of Meade co., 
 Kentucky, is situated at the Narrows on the 
 Ohio river. 
 
 RocKHiLL, a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 25 miles S. by W. from Eas- 
 ton. Population, 2448. 
 
 RooKHiLL, a small village of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 RocKHiLL, a post-office of York dis., S. C. 
 
 RocKHiLL, a post-village of St. Louis co., 
 Missouri, 10 miles W. by S. from St. Louis. 
 
 RocKHiLL, a post-village of Marquette co., 
 Wisconsin, 38 miles W. S. W. from Fond du 
 Lac. 
 
 RocKHOLDs, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 RocKHOLDS, a post-office of Whitley co.,Ky. 
 
 RocKHOusE, a post-office of Sumner co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 RocKHOusE, a post-office of Hocking co., 0. 
 
 RocKiiousE Prairie, a post-village of Bu- 
 chanan CO., Missouri, 44 miles N. N. W. from 
 Independence. 
 1000 
 
 Rockingham, a county forming the S. E, 
 extremity of New Hampshire, has an area of 
 about 750 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the ocean, being the only county 
 of New Hampshire which has any extent of 
 seacoast. It is watered by the Lamprey, 
 Beaver, and Exeter rivers, which afford mo- 
 tive-power to numerous grist and saw mills. 
 Great bay, connecting with Piscataqua river 
 and Massabesic lake, are the principal col- 
 lections of water ; besides which, however, 
 there are numerous small lakes or ponds. 
 The surface is uneven, and somewhat hilly 
 in the northern part. The soil is productive, 
 and under good cultivation. Indian corn, 
 oats, potatoes, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 201,359 bushels 
 of corn ; 62,407 of oats ; 668,395 of potatoes; 
 72,185 tons of hay, and 736,222 pounds of 
 butter. There were 480 boot and shoe manu- 
 factories, 6 cotton and 9 woollen factories, 3 
 foundries, 5 machine shops, 35 flour mills, 
 3 paper mills, 77 saw and planing mills, 20 
 tanneries, and 2 ship-yards. It contained 
 103 churches, 5 newspaper offices; 11,045 
 pupils attending public schools, and 1072 at- 
 tending other schools. This county is inter- 
 sected by the railroads connecting Boston 
 with Manchester, Portland, and Portsmouth, 
 and by that connecting Portsmouth and Con- 
 cord. County towns, Portsmouth and Exeter. 
 Population, 49,194. 
 
 Rockingham, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Virginia, has an area of 900 square 
 miles. It is intersected in the S. E. part by 
 the Shenandoah river proper, and also 
 drained by the North fork of that river, and 
 by Dry and North rivers, which rise within 
 its limits. The county occupies part of the 
 Great Valley, which is bounded on the S. E. 
 by the Blue Ridge, and on the N. W. by the 
 North mountain; the soil is generally very 
 fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, 
 cattle, and butter are the staples. Accord- 
 ing to the census of 1850 this county pro- 
 duced more wheat and more hay than any 
 other county in the state. In 1850 there 
 were raised 608,350 bushels of wheat; 
 448,585 of corn; 164,976 of oats; 16,067 
 tons of hay, and 254,834 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 41 flour mills, 22 saw mills, 1 
 iron furnace, 1 iron forge, 4 wool-carding 
 mills, and 16 tanneries; 30 churches, and 
 1970 pupils attending puplic schools. A 
 quarry of marble has been opened near the 
 county seat, and limestone is abundant. 
 The North river furnishes extensive water- 
 power. Organized in 1788. Capital, Har- 
 risonburg. Population, 20,294; of whom 
 17,963 were free, and 2331, slaves. 
 
 Rockingham, a county in the N. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on Virginia ; area 
 estimated at 350 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Dan river, and also drained by 
 the sources of Haw river, a brancli of the 
 Cape Fear. The surface is elevated and 
 
ROO 
 
 ROC 
 
 hilly ; the soil is generally productive. In- 
 dian corn, oats, and tobacco are the staples. 
 lu 1850 this county produced 377,604 bushels 
 of corn ; 101,804 of oats, and 908,729 pounds 
 of tobacco. There were 6 saw mills, 1 corn 
 and flour mill, 1 cotton factory, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, and 27 tobacco manufactories. It con- 
 tained 18 churches, 1015 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 45 attending academies 
 or other schools. Iron ore is found in the 
 county. Formed in 1785. Capital, Went- 
 "worth. Population, 14,495; of whom 9166 
 were free, and 5329, slaves. 
 
 Rockingham, a post-village of Windham 
 CO., Vermont, on Williams' river, and on the 
 Rutland and Burlington railroad, 82 miles S. 
 by E. from Montpelier. It contains a news- 
 paper office and a bank. Population of the 
 township, 2857. 
 
 Rockingham, a small post-village, capital 
 of Richmond co.. North Carolina, 5 miles E. 
 from the Yadkin river, and 105 miles S. W. 
 from Raleigh. It has good water-power in 
 the vicinity, which is employed in a cotton 
 factory and several mills. 
 
 Rockingham, a village in Scott co., Iowa, 
 on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, 55 
 miles E. S. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Rock Island, an island in the Mississippi 
 river, nearly opposite the city of Rock Island, 
 in Illinois. Fort Armstrong is situated on 
 the southern extremity. 
 
 Rock Island, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Illinois, bordering on the Mississippi, which 
 separates it from Iowa, has an area of about 
 350 square miles. It is situated on both sides 
 of Rock river, which forms part of the S. E. 
 boundary. It derives its name from an island 
 in the channel of the Mississippi. The greatest 
 length is about 70 miles, following the course 
 of the river ; the breadth varies from 3 to 15 
 miles. The surface is diversified : the soil is 
 good. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 215,255 bushels of corn; 83,076 of wheat; 
 31,041 of oats, and 7443 tons of hay. There 
 were 4 churches, 1 newspaper establish- 
 ment, and 180 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county contains abundance of 
 stone coal and limestone. Rock river affords 
 immense water-power near its mouth. The 
 Chicago and Rock Island railroad has its 
 western terminus in this county. Capital, 
 Rock Island City. Population, 6937. 
 
 Rock Island, a post-office of Austin co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Rock Island, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Rock Island City, capital of Rock Island 
 county, Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 2 
 miles above the mouth of Rock river, and 
 178 miles W. by S. from Chicago. It is 
 situated at the foot of the upper rapids, 
 which extend nearly 15 miles, and in low 
 stages of water obstruct the passage of 
 loaded vessels. The place derives its name 
 
 from an island 3 miles in length, the southern 
 extremity of which is nearly opposite the 
 town. The main and navigable channel is 
 on the W. side of the island, while that on the 
 E. has been dammed so as to produce an im- 
 mense water-power above, and a good har- 
 bor below. The island presents a perpen- 
 dicular front of limestone 20 or 30 feet high, 
 and is partly covered with woods, which 
 aft'ord an agreeable retreat in the heat of 
 summer. Rock Island is remarkable for its 
 flourishing manufactures, and seems destined 
 to become one of the most considerable towns 
 of Illinois in this respect. It is the western 
 terminus of Chicago and Rock Island rail- 
 road, now in progress of construction. It 
 contains a bank, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. 
 Population estimated at 4000. 
 
 Rock Island Rapids, of Illinois, extend up 
 the Mississippi river, from the city of Rock 
 Island, about 15 miles. See Rock Island City. 
 
 Rock Lake, Wisconsin, a small lake in the 
 township of Lake Mills, in .lefferson county. 
 Length, 2f miles; breadth, 1} miles. It de- 
 rives its name from a great number of rocks 
 along the shore, thrown up by the expansion 
 of the ice in winter into a ridge, which is in 
 many places several feet high. 
 
 Rockland, a county in the S. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 470 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Hud- 
 son river, and on the S. W. by New Jersey, 
 and is principally watered by the Hackensack 
 and Passaic rivers, which afford some water- 
 power. It contains several small ponds well 
 stocked with fish. The surface is uneven, and 
 in some parts mountainous, on account of 
 the elevated range called the Highlands, pass- 
 ing through the county. The soil of the 
 valleys is rich and productive, and on the 
 uplands often fertile and well adapted to 
 grazing. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 73,628 bushels of corn ; 39,844 of 
 oats; 46,570 of potatoes ; 11,712 tons of hay, 
 and 219,283 pounds of butter. There were 
 21 flour mills, 2 hardware manufactories, 3 
 iron forges, 2 cotton and 3 carpet factories, 
 1 calico-printing establishment, and 2 car 
 manufactories. It contained 35 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices ; 2742 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 207 attending academies and 
 other schools. Iron ore and sandstone are 
 abundant in the county. The Hudson river 
 ig navigable for ships along its entire bor- 
 der. The New York and Erie railroad passes 
 through the western part of the county. Or- 
 ganized in 1798, having previously formed 
 part of Orange county. Capital, Clarkstown. 
 Population, 16,962. 
 
 Rockland, (formerly East Thomaston,) a 
 flourishing post-village of Lincoln county, 
 Maine, 40 miles S. E. from Augusta. It has 
 an excellent harbor, and is noted for a supe- 
 rior quality of lime which is obtained in vast 
 quantities from quarries in the vicinity. 
 1001 
 
ROC 
 
 ROC 
 
 About half a million casks are exported an- 
 nually, chiefly in vessels owned in the place. 
 The Tillage contains 3 banks and 1 news- 
 paper office. Steamboats plying between 
 Boston and Bangor touch at its wharves. 
 Incorporated in 1848, and includes the pe- 
 ninsula of Owl's Head. Population of the 
 township, 5052. 
 
 Rockland, a post-township forming the N. 
 extremity of Sullivan co., New York. Po- 
 pulation, 1175. 
 
 RocKLAKD, a township of Berks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 14 miles E. by N. from Read- 
 ing. Population, 1.369. 
 
 Rockland, a post-township of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the left side of the Alleghany 
 river, 12 miles S. E. from Franklin. Popu- 
 lation, 1409. 
 
 Rockland Lake, of Rockland co., New 
 York, about 30 miles N. from New York. It 
 is 4 or 5 miles in circumference. Its waters 
 are very pure, and it furnishes large supplies 
 of the finest ice to New York city. 
 
 Rockland Lake, a post-office of Rockland 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Rockland Mills, a post-office of Augusta 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Rock Mills, a post-office of Rappahannock 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Rock Mills, a post-village of Anderson 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Rock Mills, a post-office of Hancock co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Rock Mills, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Rock Mountain. See Stone Mountain. 
 
 RocKPOiNT, a post-office of Independence 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 RocKPORT, a post-office of Waldo co., Me. 
 
 PvOCKpoet, a post-village of Essex county, 
 Massachusetts, 32 miles N. E. from Boston. 
 It contains several churches, and a bank with 
 a capital of $100,000. The fisheries are 
 carried on to some extent. The township, 
 which until 1839 was a part of Gloucester, 
 abounds with quarries of fine granite. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 3274. 
 
 RocKPOP.T, a post-office of Carbon co.. Pa. 
 
 Rockport, a small village of Attala co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Rockport, a post-village, capital of Hot 
 Spring county, Arkansas, on the Washita 
 river, about 50 miles W. S. W. from Little 
 Rock, and at the head of navigation. A 
 well-built lattice bridge, 300 feet long, has 
 been thrown across the river here, at a cost 
 of $20,000. 
 
 Rockport, a small village of Allen co., 
 Ohio, 10 miles N. N. E. from Lima. 
 
 Rockport, a post-township of Cuyahoga co., 
 Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie. Pop., 1441. 
 
 PiOCKPORT, a village and station in the 
 above township, on the Cleveland and Colum- 
 bus railroad, 7 miles S.W. from Cleveland. 
 
 PiOCKPORT, a post-village, capital of Spencer 
 county, Indiana, is situated on a high blufl" of 
 1002 
 
 the Ohio river, 50 miles above Evansville. 
 The name was derived from a hanging rock, 
 known as Lady Washington's rock. Rockport 
 has 1 or 2 churches, a county seminary, and 
 a newspaper office. Population in 1853, 
 estimated at 800. 
 
 Rockport, a post-village of Pike co., Illi- 
 nois, on Snycartee Slough, a side-channel of 
 the Mississippi river, 80 miles W. by S. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Rook Prairie, a post-office of Dade co.,Mo. 
 
 Rock Prairie, a small post-village of Rock 
 CO., Wis., about 8 miles E. from Janesville. 
 
 Rock Quarry, a post-office of Pope co., 
 Illinois, 25 miles S. W. from Shawneetown. 
 
 Rock Piift, a post-office of Delaware co., 
 New York. 
 
 Rock River, of Wisconsin and Illinois, rises 
 in Fond du Lac county, of the former state, 8 
 or 10 miles S. from Lake Winnebago, and 
 flowing first southward and afterwards south- 
 westward, it enters the State of Illinois at 
 Beloit, and falls into the Mississippi a little 
 below the town of Rock Island. Its whole 
 length is estimated at about 330 miles. The 
 current is obstructed by rapids in several 
 places, but it might be made navigable at a 
 moderate expense. Small steamboats have 
 ascended as far as Jefferson, Wisconsin, 225 
 miles. The river passes by the towns of 
 Janesville, Beloit, Rockford, and Dixon, and 
 flows through a valley, or, to speak more pro- 
 perly, an extensive plain, which is noted for 
 its fertility and beautiful scenery. The whole 
 descent of the current is ascertained to be 
 about 379 feet. 
 
 Rock River, a post-office of Fond du Lac 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 RocKROE, a township in Monroe co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 312. 
 
 Rock Run, a post-office of Harford co., Md. 
 
 Rock Run, a post-township in Stephenson 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 1037. 
 
 Rock Run, a small village of Will co.. 111. 
 
 RocKSBURG, a post-office of Warren co.,N.J. 
 
 Rocksford, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Rock Spring, a post-office of Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Rock Spring, a post-office of Walker co.,Ga. 
 
 Rock Springs, a post-office of Cecil co., Md. 
 
 Rock Stream, a post-village of Yates co.. 
 New York, on the Canandaigua and Elmira 
 railroad, 27 miles N. from Elmira. 
 
 RocKTON. See Little Falls. 
 
 Rockton, a post-township in Winnebago 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 1010. 
 
 Rockton, a flourishing post-village in the 
 above township, on Rock river, 16 miles N. 
 from Rockford. The water-power of Rock 
 river gives motion to a large flouring mill, 1 
 paper mill, and other machinery. Popula- 
 tion, about 600. 
 
 RocKTOWN, a small village of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, about 7 miles S. from. Fle- 
 mington. 
 
ROO 
 
 ROC 
 
 RocKVALE, a post-office of Grant co., Wis. 
 
 Rock Valley, a post-office of Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Rock Valley, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 RocKviLLB, a post-villnge in Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, 26 miles S. from Boston. 
 
 RocKViLLE, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a flourishing post-village in 
 Vernon township, Tolland co., Connecticut, on 
 Hockanum river, about 12 miles N. E. from 
 Hartford. It contains 4 churches, 7 stores, 
 and 2 excellent academies. Capital invested 
 in woollen and cotton manufactures, $500,000. 
 
 RocKVTLLE, a post-office of Alleghany co.. 
 New York. 
 
 SocKviLLE, a post-village of Chester co.. 
 Pa., 58 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a post-village, capital of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Maryland, 16 miles N. N. W. from 
 Washington City. It contains a court house, 
 jail, and several stores. A newspaper is 
 published here. 
 
 RocKViLLE, a post-office of Hanover co.,Va. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a post-village in Rowan co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a post-office of Lexington dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a post- village of Putnam co., 
 Georgia, 11 miles E. from Eatonton. It has 
 1 church and 2 stores. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a post- village of Monroe co., 
 Tennessee, 164 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 RocKViLLE, a post- village of Adams co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, about 90 miles above 
 Cincinnati. It has mills for sawing stone, 
 which is quarried in the vicinity. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Parke co., Indiana, is pleasantly situated 
 on the plank-road from Indianapolis to Spring- 
 field, Illinois, 60 miles W. from the former and 
 on the Indiana and Illinois Central railroad, 
 (unfinished.) It is surrounded by a rich farm- 
 ing district, which contains extensive beds of 
 coal. It has several churches, 2 seminaries, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, 1500. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a post-village of Will co.. 111., on 
 the Kankakee, 162 miles N. E. of Springfield. 
 
 RocKviLLE, a post-village in Delaware co., 
 Iowa, 60 miles N. N. E. from Iowa City. 
 
 RocKviLLE Centre, a post-office of Queen's 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Rockwell, a post-office of Pickens dis.,S.C. 
 
 Rockwell, a post-village of Bond co., 111., 
 on the W. branch of Shoal creek, 70 miles S. 
 from Springfield, has 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 RocKwooD, a post-office of Fulton co., N.Y. 
 
 Rocky Bayou, a post-township in Izard co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 587. 
 
 Rocky Bayou, a post-village of Izard co., 
 Arkansas, about 10 miles E. from Mount Olive. 
 
 Rocky Branch, a post-office of Greenup 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Rocky Comfort, a post-office of Sevier co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Rocky Comfort Creek, of Georgia, flows 
 into the Ogeechee river near Louisville. 
 
 Rocky Creek, of Chester district, South 
 Carolina, enters the Wateree river, on the 
 right, near Rocky Mount. 
 
 Rocky Creek, of Tatnall co., Georgia, flows 
 into Ohoopee river. 
 
 Rocky Creek, a post-office of Iredell co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Rocky Creek, a post-office of Pike co.,Miss. 
 
 Rocky Ford, a post-office of Pontotoc co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Rocky Fork, of Paint creek, Ohio, joins 
 that stream on the line between Highland and 
 Ross counties. 
 
 Rocky Gap, a post-office of Tazewell co., Va. 
 
 Rocky Hill, a post-township in Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut, on the W. side of the Con- 
 necticut river, 7 miles S. from Hartford. Po- 
 pulation, 1042. 
 
 Rocky Hill, a post-village of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey, on the Millstone river and the 
 Delaware and Raritan canal, 4 miles N. from 
 Princeton, contains 2 stores, 3 mills, and about 
 25 dwellings. 
 
 Rocky Hill, a post-office of Fayette co., Va. 
 
 Rocky Hill, a post-office of Lavacca co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Rocky Hill, a post-office of Barren co..Ky. 
 
 Rocky Hill, a post-office of Jackson co., 0. 
 
 Rocky Mount, a post-village, capital of 
 Franklin co., Virginia, about 180 miles W. by 
 S. from Richmond. It has several stores, and 
 an extensive iron furnace in the vicinity. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 Rocky Mount, a post-village in Edgecombe 
 CO., North Carolina, 56 miles E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Rocky Mount, a post-village of Fairfield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Rocky Mount, a post-village in Meriwether 
 CO., Georgia, 95 miles W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Rocky Mount, a post-office of Kemper co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Rocky Mount, a post-village of Miller co., 
 Missouri, 30 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Rocky Mountains, called also the Chippe- 
 WAYAN Mountains, a chain towards the west- 
 ern part of North America, commencing in 
 the N. part of Mexico, near 35° 30' N. lat., a 
 few miles S. E. of Santa Fe, and running 
 nearly N. N. W. through the northern portion 
 of the continent to the polar ocean. This 
 chain, although forming a part of the vast 
 mountain system which extends through the 
 whole length of America, is not, as was for- 
 merly supposed, entirely continuous with the 
 Cordilleras of Mexico. With a large part of 
 the Rocky Mountains we are but imperfectly 
 acquainted. The range varies from 10,000 to 
 14,000 feet in height; a few of the peaks 
 however attain a much greater elevation. 
 Mount Brown and Mount Hooper, near 58° 
 N. lat., and between 115° and 119° W. Ion., 
 are among the highest summits of this chain 
 that have been measured. The former is 
 about 16,000 feet, the latter 15,690 feet high. 
 1003 
 
ROC 
 
 ROG 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Parker, however, in his "Ex- 
 ploring Tour beyond the Rocky Mountains," 
 states that some of the highest mountain 
 peaks have been found, by measurement, to 
 be 18,000 feet above the level of the sea. Be- 
 tween 42° and 42° 40' N. lat., and near 110° 
 W. Ion., there is a break in this great chain, 
 called the South Pass, or Fremont's Pass, 
 through which there is an easy road, the 
 ascent and descent being so gradual that it is 
 scarcely perceived. 
 
 Of the geological structure of the Rocky 
 Mountains as yet very little' is known. The 
 highest parts visited by Fremont were com- 
 posed of rocks of granite and gneiss, shoot- 
 ing up into sharp and jagged peaks. Vol- 
 canic rocks are known to exist in several 
 places on the slopes or sides of these moun- 
 tains. According to the most recent reports 
 there is, between the head of Madison river 
 and the upper waters of the Yellowstone, 
 a volcanic region of perhaps 100 miles in ex- 
 tent, in which some of the volcanoes are said 
 to be now in a state of eruption. Hot springs 
 are found, not only in this region, but in 
 various other places on the eastern and west- 
 ern declivities of the Rocky mountain range. 
 Near 42° 37' N. lat., and 111° 45' W. Ion., 
 there are a number of fountains, the waters 
 of which effervesce with the carbonic acid 
 that they contain. From this circumstance 
 they have received the name of "Beer, or 
 Soda Springs." The most remarkable of 
 these throws up n.jet d'eau of about three feet 
 high, accompanied with a subterraneous 
 ■aoise, which, together with the rushing of 
 the water, resembles the sound of a steam- 
 boat in motion, whence it has been termed 
 the " Steamboat Spring." [Fremont.) 
 
 Rocky Narrows, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Rocky Plains, a post-office of Newton co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Rocky Point, a thriving village of Monroe 
 CO., Virginia, 240 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Rocky Point, a post-office of Scott co., Va. 
 
 Rocky Point, a post-office of Attala co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Rocky Point, a small post-village of Inde- 
 pendence CO., Arkansas, about 8 miles S. E. 
 from Batesville. 
 
 Rocky Point Mills, a post-office of Bote- 
 tourt CO., Virginia. 
 
 Rocky Ridge, a post-office of Anderson dis- 
 \rict. South Carolina. 
 
 Rocky River, of North Carolina, a small 
 stream which flows through Cabarrus coun- 
 ty, and then turning eastward, forms the 
 boundary between Stanley and Anson, until it 
 enters the Yadkin. 
 
 Rocky River, of Chatham co.. North Caro- 
 lina, enters Deep river from the north-west. 
 
 Rocky River, of South Carolina, a small 
 stream which rises in Anderson district, and 
 flowing southward, enters the Savannah. 
 
 Rocky River, a small stream in the E. 
 1004 
 
 central part of Tennessee, forms the bound- 
 ary between Warren and Van Buren counties, 
 and enters the Caney fork of Cumberland 
 river. 
 
 Rocky River, Ohio, a small stream which 
 rises in Medina co., and enters Lake Erie 
 about 10 miles W. from Cleveland. 
 
 Rocky River, of Michigan, a small stream 
 which falls into the St. Joseph's, in St. Joseph 
 county. 
 
 Rocky River, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Rocky Run, a post-office of Hancock co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Rocky Run, a post-office of Columbia co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Rocky Spring, a post-village of Jackson 
 CO., Ala., 188 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Rocky Spring, a post-village of Claiborne 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Rocky Spring, a post-office of Granger co., 
 Tennessee, 229 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Rocky Well, a post-office of Lexington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Rodman, a post-village in Rodman town- 
 ship, Jefferson county, New York, on Sandy 
 creek, about 10 miles S. from Watertown. It 
 has several churches and mills. Population 
 of the township, 1784. 
 
 Rodney, a post-village of Jefferson co., 
 Mississippi, on the Mississippi river, 40 miles 
 above Natchez. It has several stores and 
 warehouses, and a newspaper office. 
 
 Rodney, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 Roduster, a small village of Butler co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 RoESFiELD, a post-office of Catahoula pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Rogers' Bridge, a post-village of Spartan- 
 burg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Rogers' Farm, a post-village of McLane 
 CO., Illinois, 66 miles N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Rogers' Landing, a small village of Perry 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Rogers' Store, a post-office of Wake co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 RoGERsviLLE, apost-office of Greene co.,Pa. 
 
 RoGERSViLLE, a post-officc of Halifax co. , Va. 
 
 RoGERSviLLE, a post-village of Anderson 
 district, South Carolina, 131 miles W. N. W. 
 from Columbia. The name of the post-office 
 was recently changed to Evergreen. 
 
 RoGERSviLLE, a post-village of Lauderdale 
 c(5., Alabama, 24 miles E. from Florence. Po- 
 pulation, about 300. 
 
 ROGERSVILLE, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Hawkins county, Tennessee, is situated 
 near the Holston river, 255 miles E. from 
 Nashville. Steamboat navigation has lately 
 been opened on the Holston from Knoxville 
 to Kingsport, which is above Rogersville. 
 The village contains a bank, and a collegiate 
 institute under the control of the Odd Fel- 
 lows, having about 200 pupils. The building 
 is 200 feet long, and 3 stories high. A news- 
 paper is published here. 
 
ROG 
 
 ROM 
 
 ■ RoGEKSViLLE, a Small village in the S. E. 
 part of Madison cc, Kentucky. 
 
 RoGEBSViLLE, a Small village of Ohio cc, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 RoGERSviLLB, a post-village of Tuscarawas 
 CO., Ohio, about 90 miles E. N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 RoGEESviLLE, a post-ofEce of Henry co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 RoHKERSviLLE, a post-viUagc in Washing- 
 ton CO., Maryland, 80 miles W. N. W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 RoHRSBURG, a post-village of Columbia co.. 
 Pa., 88 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 RoKEBT, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 RoLESviLLE, a post-village in Wake co.. 
 North Carolina, 16 miles N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 RoLLERSviLiiE, a post-village of Sandusky 
 CO., Ohio, 42 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 RoLLiN, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Lenawee co., Michigan. Pop., 1080. 
 
 Rolling Fork, a small village of Casey co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Rolling Fork, a post-office of Nelson co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Rolling Prairie, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 RoLLiNGSFORD, a new township of StrafFord 
 county, New Hampshire, on the Salmon Falls 
 river, and on the Boston and Maine railroad, 
 71 miles N. E. from Boston, contains 1 bank. 
 The Great Falls branch railroad partly inter- 
 sect it. Population, 1862. 
 
 Rollin's Store, a post-village of Moore 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Roma, a post-village and port of entry of 
 Starr county, Texas, on the left bank of the 
 Rio Grande, about 550 miles S. by W. from 
 Austin City. It is the head of regular steam 
 navigation, and contains a custom house. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 Romance, a post-office of Bad Axe co., Wis. 
 
 RoMANSviLLE, a Small village of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles W. from 
 West Chester. 
 
 Rome, a post-township of Kennebec co., 
 Maine, 18 miles N. by W. from Augusta. 
 
 Rome, a post-borough in Rome township, 
 and semi-capital of Oneida county, New York, 
 on the Mohawk river, the Erie canal, and 
 the Utica and Syracuse railroad, 109 miles 
 W. N. W. from Albany, and 14 miles N. W. 
 from Utica. It is the southern terminus of 
 the Black River canal, and of a railroad 
 leading to Watertown and Sackett's harbor. 
 It contains, besides the county buildings, 
 churches of several denominations, 3 banks, an 
 United States' arsenal, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and manufactories of cotton, iron, and other 
 articles. Plank-roads extend from Rome to 
 Oswego, Taberg, Madison county, and Utica. 
 Population of the township, 7918 ; that of the 
 borough in 1853 is estimated at 4000. 
 
 Rome, a post-township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 9 miles N. N. E. from 
 Towanda. Population, 1308. 
 
 Rome, a small post-village in the above 
 township, about 12 miles N. E. from To- 
 wanda. 
 
 Rome, a township of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 25 miles S. E. by S. from Erie. 
 Population, 940. 
 
 Rome, a flourishing city, capital of Floyd 
 county, Georgia, at the confluence of the 
 Etowah and Oostenaula, which form the 
 Coosa river, 170 miles N. W. from Milledge- 
 ville. It is situated on several hills, which 
 command an extensive view of mountain 
 scenery. Steamboats of moderate size na- 
 vigate the Coosa river, and can ascend as far 
 as this place. A branch railroad, about 20 
 miles long, was opened from Rome to the 
 AVestern and Atlantic railroad, at Kingston, 
 in 1847, since which event the town has ra- 
 pidly increased. About 20,000 bales of cot- 
 ton are shipped here annually. Rome was 
 chosen as the county seat in 1834, and incor- 
 porated as a city in 1847. It contains 2 
 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Rome, a post-office of Clark co.. Ark. 
 
 Rome, a post-village of Smith co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the Cumberland river, 45 miles E. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 Rome, a post-village of Adams co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio river, 84 miles above Cincinnati, 
 has an active trade in lumber. Mines of iron 
 ore have been opened in the vicinity. 
 
 Rome, a post-township in the S. W. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio, intersected by the Grand 
 river. Population, 744. 
 
 Rome, a small post-village of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio, 190 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Rome, a township in the E. part of Athens 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1309. 
 
 Rome, a township in the S. E. part of Law- 
 rence CO., Ohio. Population, 1134. 
 
 Rome, a small village of Richland co., 
 Ohio, 12 miles N. from Mansfield. 
 
 Rome, a flourishing village of London 
 township, Seneca county, Ohio, 110 miles N. 
 from Columbus. A plank-road connects it 
 with the mouth of Sandusky river. Popula- 
 tion, about 550. 
 
 Rome, a post-township of Lenawee co., 
 Michigan. Population, 1525. 
 
 Rome, a pleasant post-village, capital of 
 Perry county, Indiana, on the Ohio river, 100 
 miles below Louisville, and 100 miles above 
 Evansville, has 1 bank. First settled in 1811. 
 Pop. in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Rome, a small post-village of Jefferson co., 
 Illinois, a few miles N. from Mount Vernon. 
 
 Rome, a village in Peoria co.. Illinois, on 
 the W. bank of Peoria Lake, 85 miles N. by 
 E. from Springfield. 
 
 Rome, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa. 
 on Skunk river, 36 miles W. N. W. from Bur- 
 lington. 
 
 Rome, a post- village of Jefferson co., AVis- 
 consin, on Duck creek, about 10 miles E. from 
 Jefferson. It has 2 mills, 2 stores, and about 
 30 dwellings. 
 
 1005 
 
ROM 
 
 ROS 
 
 Romeo, a post-Yillage in Green co., Tenn. 
 
 Romeo, a thriving post-village of Macomb 
 county, Michigan, 1 mile from the N. branch 
 of Clinton river, and 20 miles N. W. from 
 Mount Clemens, with which it is connected 
 by a plank-road. It has an academy, a 
 newspaper office, an iron foundry, and seve- 
 ral stores. Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Romeo, a post-office of McHenry co., 111. 
 
 Romine's Mills, a post-office of Harrison 
 ic, Virginia. 
 
 RoMNEY, a post-village, capital of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Virginia, on the S. branch of the 
 Potomac, 190 miles N. W. from Richmond, 
 contains 1 bank. 
 
 RoMNEY, a post-village of Tippecanoe co., 
 Jndiana, on the New Albany and Salem 
 railroad, 12 miles S. from Lafayette. 
 
 Romulus, a post-township in the central 
 part of Seneca co.. New York, extending from 
 Cayuga to Seneca lake. Population, 2050. 
 
 Romulus, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Romulus, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Wayne co., Michigan. Population, 621. 
 
 Romulus Centre, a post-office of Seneca 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Romulusvillb, a post- village of Seneca co.. 
 New York, 10 miles S. from Waterloo. It 
 has 2 meeting houses, 2 stores, and about 
 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Ronald, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Ionia co., Michigan. Population, 452. 
 
 Ronald Centre, a post-office of Ionia co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Rondo, a post-office of Lafayette co., Ark. 
 
 RoNDOUT, a post-village in Kingston town- 
 ship, Ulster county. New York, on Rondout 
 creek, 1 mile from its entrance into the Hud- 
 son river, 90 miles N. from New York. Large 
 quantities of coal are received here by the 
 Delaware and Hudson canal, which termi- 
 nates about a mile below. Rondout contains 
 several churches, two banks, and a news- 
 paper office. Boat building is carried on here. 
 Population estimated at 2000. 
 
 Rondout Creek, in the S. E. part of New 
 York, rises in Sullivan county, flows through 
 Ulster CO., and enters the Hudson river at 
 Eddyville. The Delaware and Hudson canal 
 follows the valley of this stream. 
 
 Ronkonkoma, a beautiful pond of Suffolk 
 CO., Long island, New York, near the Long 
 Island railroad. It is nearly circular, and 
 one mile and a quarter in diameter. 
 
 Rook's Creek, a small post-village of 
 Livingston co., Illinois. 
 
 PiOOT, a post-township of Montgomery co., 
 New York, on the Erie canal, 40 miles W. by 
 N. from Albany. Population, 2736. 
 
 Root, a township of Adams co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1099. 
 
 Root, a post-village in Allen co., Indiana, 
 on St. Mary's river, 110 miles N. E. by N. 
 from Indianapolis. 
 
 Root Creek, a post-office of Milwaukee 
 1006 
 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 11 miles S. W. from 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 Root River, of Wisconsin, rises a few 
 miles W. of Milwaukee, in Waukesha county, 
 and after a south-easterly course of about 35 
 miles, enters Lake Michigan at Racine City. 
 The rapids near this place afford a valuable 
 water-power. 
 
 Rootstown, a post-township in th.e S. W. 
 part of Portage county, Ohio, intersected by 
 the Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 1308. 
 
 Rosa Turnout, a railroad station in Pike 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 108 miles from New York city. 
 
 RosBOROUGH, a small village of Lawrence 
 CO., Tennessee, 83 miles S. S. W. from Nash- 
 ville, is the seat of a cotton factory. 
 
 RoscoE, a post-office of Todd co., Ky. 
 
 Roscoe, a flourishing post-village of Co- 
 shocton county, Ohio, on the Muskingum river, 
 opposite Coshocton, the county seat, and 75 
 miles N. E. from Columbus. Grain and other 
 articles are shipped on the Ohio canal at this 
 place. 
 
 Roscoe, a post-township in Winneb.igo co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1050. 
 
 Roscoe, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, on Rock river, 12 miles above Rock- 
 ford. It has water-power, and contains a 
 large woollen factory and several stores. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
 Roscoe, a small post- village of Henry co., 
 Mo., 130 miles W. by S. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Roscommon, an unorganized county in the 
 N. central part of Michigan, contains 576 
 square miles. It is drained by the sources of 
 Maskegon and Au Sable rivers. This county 
 is not named in the census of 1850. 
 
 Rose, a post-township of Wayne co., New 
 York, 8 miles N. E. from Lyons. Pop., 2264. 
 
 Rose, or Rose Village, a thriving village 
 in the above township, about 165 miles N. W. 
 by W. from Albany. It contains 3 churches, 
 2 stores, 1 steam saw mill, 2 hotels, 1 tan- 
 nery, and 2 stave factories. 
 
 Rose, a township of Jefferson co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 72 miles N. E. from Pittsburg, 
 contains Brookville, the county seat. 
 
 Rose, a post-town ship iu the W. central 
 part of Carroll co., Ohio. Population, 1537. 
 
 Rose, a post-township in the N. AV. part of 
 Oakland co., Michigan. Population, 886. 
 
 RosEBOoM, a post-office of Otsego co., N. Y. 
 
 RosEBURG, a post-village of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 38 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Rose Creek, a post-office of McNairy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Rosedale, a post-office of Kennebec co.,Me. 
 
 Rosedale, of Ohio. See Liverpool. 
 
 Rose Hill, a post-office of Seneca co., N. Y. 
 
 Rose Hill, a post-office of Lee co., Virgi- 
 nia, near 400 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Rose Hill, a post-office of Amite co.. Miss. 
 
 Rose Hill, a post-office of Harris co., Tex. 
 
 Rose Hill, a post-office of Laurel co., Ky. 
 
EOS 
 
 EOS 
 
 EosE HiLi, a small post-village of Jasper 
 CO., Illinois, on the Embarras river, 7 miles 
 N. by W. from Newton. 
 
 EosE Hill, a small village of Johnson co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 EosE Hill, a thriving post-village of Ma- 
 haska CO., Iowa, 10 miles E. N. E. from Oska- 
 loosa. 
 
 EosELAND, a post-office of Nelson co., Va. 
 
 EosELAND, a post-office of Collin co., Texas. 
 
 EoseMills, apost-office of Amherst CO., Va. 
 
 EosENDALE, a post-villagc in Eosendale 
 township, Ulster county. New York, on Eon- 
 dout creek, about 60 miles S. by W. from Al- 
 bany. It contains mills for preparing hy- 
 draulic cement, which is found in the vicinity. 
 Population of the township, 2418. 
 
 Eosendale, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin. Pop., 714. 
 
 Eosendale, a post-village in the above 
 township, 77 miles N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 It contains 3 stores, 2 hotels, and 5 manu- 
 factories. Population in 1853, about 200. 
 
 EosENEATH, a post-officc of Halifax co.. 
 North Carolina, 112 miles N. E. from Ealeigh. 
 
 EosE Point, a post-office of Lawrence 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 BosETKEE, a post-office of Delaware co.. Pa. 
 
 EosEViLLB, a post-office of Franklin co. , Ark. 
 
 EosEViLLE, a post-village of Muskingum 
 CO., Ohio, 65 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 EosEviLLE, a post-office of Macomb co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 EosEViLLE, a post-village of Parke co., In- 
 diana, on Eacoon creek, 70 miles W. from 
 Indianapolis, has a flouring mill. 
 
 EosEviLLE, a post-office of Warren co., 111. 
 
 EosicLAKE, a post-village of Hardin co., 
 Illinois, about 1 mile from the Ohio river, 
 and 22 miles S. AV. from Shawneetown. 
 
 EosLiN, a post-village in Marquette co., 
 Wisconsin, 97 miles N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 EosLYN, a post-office of Queen's co., N. Y. 
 
 PiOSLTN, a post-office of Montgomery co.Md. 
 
 Eoss, a county in the S. central part of 
 Ohio, contains 730 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Scioto river, and also drained 
 by Paint creek. The surface is finely diver- 
 sified by hills and valleys ; the soil is rich and 
 well cultivated. The valley of the Scioto in 
 particular is noted for its fertility and 
 beauty. The staples are wheat, Indian corn, 
 and oats. In 1850 this county produced 
 2,840,443 bushels of corn; 141,131 of wheat, 
 and 80,926 of oats. The quantity of corn 
 was the greatest produced by any county in 
 the United States excepting Sangamon coun- 
 ty, Illinois. Many cattle are also exported. 
 There were 7324 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 365 attending academies or other 
 schools. The Scioto and its affluents aiford 
 abundant motive-power. It is intersected by 
 the Marietta and Cincinnati railroad, and by 
 the Ohio canal. Eoss county was settled in 
 1796, by emigrants from Virginia and Ken- 
 tucky. Capital, Chilicothe. Pop., 32,074. 
 
 Ross, ia township of Alleghany co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 6 miles N. N. W. from Pittsburg. 
 Population, 1442. 
 
 Eoss, a township of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 18 miles W. N. AV. from 
 AVilkesbarre. Population, 709. 
 
 Eoss, a township forming the S. extremity 
 of Monroe co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1373. 
 
 Eoss, a post-office of Anderson co., Tenn. 
 
 Eoss, a post-township in the S. AV. part of 
 Butler CO., Ohio. Population, 1048. 
 
 Eoss, a township forming the N. E. extre- 
 mity of Greene co., Ohio, and intersected by the 
 Columbus and Xenia railroad. Pop., 1367. 
 
 Eoss, a township in the N. W. part of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Ohio. Population, 1144. 
 
 Eoss, a township in Clinton co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1075. 
 
 Eoss, a township in Lake co., Indiana. 
 Population, 747. 
 
 EossBTjEG, a small post-village of Decatur 
 CO., Ind., 55 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Eoss' Corner, a post-office of York co.. Me. 
 
 EossEAU, a post-office of Morgan co., Ohio. 
 
 Eoss' Ferry, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Eoss Geove, a post-village in De Kalb co., 
 Illinois, 70 miles AV. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 Eoss Hill, a small village of AValker 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 EossiE, a post-village in Eossie township, 
 St. Lawrence co.. New York, on Indian river, 
 25 miles S. S. AV. from Ogdensburg. It con- 
 tains establishments for smelting and forging 
 iron, and a machine shop. Mines of iron and 
 lead are worked here. Population of the 
 township, 1471. 
 
 EossLAND, a post-office of Monroe co., Pa. 
 
 EossTOWN, a post-office of Shelby co., Tenn. 
 
 EossviLLE, a post-village of Eichmond co.. 
 New York, on Staten Island sound, about 20 
 miles S. AV. from New York. 
 
 EossviLLE, a small post- village of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. W. from York. 
 
 EossviLLE, a post-village in Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 EossviLLE, a post-office of Chester dis., S.C. 
 
 EossviLLE, a post-village in AValker co., 
 Ga., about 200 miles N. AV. from Milledgeville. 
 
 EossviLLE, a thriving post-village of Butler 
 CO., Ohio, on the AV. bank of Miami river, and 
 on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton rail- 
 road, 20 miles N. from Cincinnati. A Vjridge 
 across the river connects it with Hamilton, 
 the capital of the county. It is situated in 
 a rich farming district, and has abundant 
 water-power, which is employed in machinery 
 for various purposes. A railroad has recently 
 been opened from this place to Eaton, and is 
 to be extended to Eichmond, in Indiana. A 
 newspaper is published here. Population in 
 1853, about 2500. 
 
 EossviLLE, a small village of Miami co., 
 Ohio, on the Miami river, opposite Piqua. 
 
 EossviLLE, a post-township in Clinton co., 
 Indiana. Population, 160. 
 
 1007 
 
ROgi' 
 
 ROW 
 
 RossviLLE, a thriving post-village of Clin- 
 ton CO., Indiana, on Middle fork of Wildcat 
 river, 53 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 RosTRAVER, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Westmoreland co., Pennsyl- 
 .vania. Population, 1689. 
 
 RoswELL, a post-village of Cobb co., 
 Georgia, on Vickery's creek, 13 miles N. E. 
 from Marietta. Here is a cotton factory 
 • which employs 150 operatives. 
 
 RoTHERWOOD, a post-officc of Wautauga 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 RoTHERWooD, a post-ofSce of Carroll co., 
 Georgia, about 130 miles W. by N. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 RoTHsviLLE, a small post-village of Lan- 
 caster CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Rothwick's Mills, a small village of Mif- 
 flin CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Rotterdam, a post-township of Schenec- 
 tady CO., New York, on the Mohawk river, 
 20 miles N. W. from Albany. Pop., 2446. 
 
 Rouge Batou, of Louisiana, traverses parts 
 of Avoyelles and St. Landry parishes, and 
 communicates with Atchafalaya bayou. 
 
 Rouge PvIver, of Michigan, is formed by 
 three branches, the N., W., and S., which 
 rise in Oakland and Washtenaw counties, 
 and unite about 10 miles W. from Detroit. 
 The river then flows into the Detroit river, 5 
 miles below the city just named. It is navi- 
 gable for small vessels to Dearbornville 
 about 10 miles. 
 
 Rough and Ready, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Rough and Ready, a post-oflice of Schuyl- 
 kill CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Rough and Ready, a post- village of Fayette 
 CO., Georgia, on the Macon and Western rail- 
 road, 11 miles S. from Atlanta. 
 
 Rough and Ready, a post-office of Cham- 
 bers CO., Alabama. 
 
 Rough and Ready, a post-office of Warren 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Rough and Ready, a small post-village of 
 Anderson co., Kentucky, on the turnpike from 
 Louisville to Crab Orchard. 
 
 Rough and Ready, a post-village of Han- 
 cock CO., 111., 33 miles N. N. E. from Quincy. 
 
 Rough and Ready, a post-town of Nevada 
 CO., California. Pop. in 1853 about 800. 
 
 Rough and Ready Mills, a post-office of 
 Henry co., Virginia. 
 
 Rough Creek, in the W. part of Kentucky, 
 rises near the boundary between Hardin and 
 Grayson counties, and flowing in a direction 
 W. by S., enters Green river on the boundary 
 between Ohio and Daviess counties. Length, 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 Rough Creek, a post-village of Charlotte 
 CO., Virginia, 105 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Rough Creek, a post-office of Grayson co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Roulette, a post-township of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 8 miles W. from Cou- 
 dersport. Population, 222. 
 1008 
 
 Roundaway Bayou, of Louisiana, traverses 
 Madison parish a few miles W. from the Mis- 
 sissippi, with which it communicates in high 
 water. It is connected towards the S. with 
 Bayou Vidal. 
 
 Round Bottom, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Round Grove, a small post-village of Car- 
 roll CO., Missouri. 
 
 Round Grove, a township in Marion co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1107. 
 
 Roundhead, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Hardin co., 0. Pop., 655. 
 
 Roundhead, a small post-village in the 
 above township, 14 miles S. W. from Kenton. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 Round Hill, a post- village in Fairfield co., 
 Ct., 50 miles S. W. by W. from New Haven. 
 
 Round Hill, a post-office of Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Round Hill, a post-office of Lumpkin co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Round Hill, a post-office of Tallapoosa 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Round Hill, a post-office of Cooper co.. Mo. 
 
 Round Lake, a small lake in Hamilton co.. 
 New York, has its outlet into Lake Pleasant. 
 
 Round Pond, a post-office of Lincoln co., Me. 
 
 Round Pond, a smaU village of Wayne co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Round Pond, a township in Independence 
 CO., Arkansas. Population, 846. 
 
 Round Prairie, a small village of Shelby 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Round Prairie, a small village of Andrew 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Round Prairie, a post-village of Dallas 
 CO., Mo., 82 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Round Prairie, a small village of Badaxe 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Round Top, a post-office of Fayette co., Tex. 
 
 Rouse's Point, a flourishing post-village 
 of Clinton co.. New York, at the head of Lake 
 Champlain, in the extreme north-eastern cor- 
 ner of the state. The Vermont Central, the 
 Northern, and the Champlain and St. Law- 
 rence railroads all meet at this point. The 
 cars of the former road here cross the lake 
 by a bridge upwards of 6000 feet long, the 
 centre of which, about 300 feet in length, 
 consists of a species of boat or floating bridge, 
 so arranged that the passing of the cars is 
 not aff"ected by any rise or fall in the water. 
 Except while the cars are crossing, it is kept 
 open or swung round, so as not to interrupt 
 navigation on the lake. The cost of the 
 bridge, independent of the floating portion, 
 vyas about $300,000. The depot in which 
 all these roads terminate is an immense 
 building, the upper part of which is occupied 
 as a hotel. It stands mostly over the lake. 
 
 Rousseau, a post-village of Morgan co., 
 Ohio, 35 miles S. from Zanesville. 
 
 Rover, a post-office of Bedford co., Tenn. 
 
 Rowan, a county in the W. central part of 
 North Carolina; area, estimated at 600 
 
ROW 
 
 ROX 
 
 square miles. The Yadkin river forms the 
 boundary on the E., and South Yadkin on 
 the N. The surface is hilly ; the soil is gene- 
 rally fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 86,613 bushels of wheat; 540,687 
 of corn, and 141,482 of oats. There were 28 
 corn and flour mills, 25 saw mills, 1 cotton 
 and 1 woollen factory, and 7 tanneries. It 
 contained 32 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 2362 pupils attending public schools, and 40 
 attending an academy. The Yadkin fui-nishes 
 extensive motive-power on the border of the 
 county. The Western turnpike, now in pro- 
 gress, extends from Salisbury westward to 
 Georgia, and the route of the Central rail- 
 road of North Carolina passes through the 
 county. The S. part of the county is com- 
 prised in the gold region. Formed in 175t3. 
 Capital, Salisbury. Population, 13,870, of 
 whom 10,016 were free, and 3854, slaves. 
 
 RowANTEE, a post-office of Dinwiddle co. , Va. 
 
 RowE, a post-village in Franklin co., Mass., 
 108 miles N. W. from Boston, contains 3 or 4 
 churches. Population of the township, 659. 
 
 RowENA, a post-office of Russell co., Ky. 
 
 RowEsriLLE, a post-village of Bedford co., 
 Tenn., 68 miles S. by E. from Nashville. 
 
 Rowland's Springs, a fashionable water- 
 ing-place of Cass county, Georgia, situated 
 56 miles N. W. from Atlanta, and 6 miles 
 from the Western and Atlantic railroad. 
 
 RowiANDSviLiE, a post-villagc in Cecil co., 
 Maryland, 73 miles N. E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Rowlandsville, a post-office of Stanley 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 RowLESBURG, a village and station of Pres- 
 ton county, Virginia, is finely situated on the 
 Cheat river, where it is crossed by the Balti- 
 more and Ohio railroad, 126 miles from 
 Wheeling. The river is navigable 40 miles 
 above this village, and it also affords abun- 
 dant water-power. 
 
 Rowley, a post- village in Essex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the Eastern railroad, 29 miles 
 N. N. E. from Boston, contains several 
 churches. Pop. of the township, 1075. 
 
 Row's or RowsBURG, a post-village of Ash- 
 land CO., Ohio, 94 miles N. N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus, contains about 50 houses. 
 
 RoxAN, a post-office of Woodford co.. 111. 
 
 Roxana, a post-office of Eaton co., Mich. 
 
 RoxBOROUGH township, of Philadelphia co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N. by W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 2660. 
 
 RoxBOROUGH, a post-village, capital of 
 Person co.. North Carolina, is near the source 
 of Neuse river, 60 miles N. N. W. from Ra- 
 leigh. It contains a court house, a jail, a few 
 stores, and about 350 inhabitants. 
 
 RoxBURT, a post-township in Oxford co., 
 Maine, 44 miles N. W. by W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 246. 
 
 RoxBURT, a post-township in Cheshire co.. 
 New Hampshire, 37 miles S. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 260. 
 3o 
 
 RoxBTJET, a post-village in Washington co., 
 Vermont, on the Vermont Central railroad, 
 17 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 967. 
 
 RoxBURY, a beautiful city of Norfolk coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 3 miles S. from Boston, 
 with which it is connected by what is termed 
 "Boston Neck." Leading over this neck are 
 three broad avenues, which are traversed by 
 numerous lines of stages plying between the 
 two cities. Much of the site now occupied 
 by Pioxbury was originally rocky and very 
 irregular, but of late has been greatly im- 
 proved. Portions of it are quite elevated, 
 affording fine views of Boston and the sur- 
 rounding scenery. It would perhaps be dif- 
 ficult to find concentrated in any city of 
 equal extent such a diversity of surface, or 
 so many elements of the picturesque. The 
 private edifices, all of which are neat, and 
 some very elegant, are, for the most part, 
 enclosed by spacious grounds adorned with 
 flower gardens and a profusion of shrubbery ; 
 indeed, few places have been more improved 
 by the horticulturist. For several years 
 past the city has been verj^ flourishing, owing 
 in part to its having become a favorite place 
 of residence to persons doing business in 
 Boston. Its wealth and interests are closely 
 connected with that city, and it might with 
 propriety, perhaps, be regarded as a suburb 
 of the metropolis. It has, however, con- 
 siderable trade of its own, and is also ex- 
 tensively engaged in manufacturing. The 
 most important articles produced are steam 
 engines, steam boilers, fire engines, iron cast- 
 ings, chemical preparations, carpetings, va- 
 rious kinds of fringe, tassels, cordage, lea- 
 ther, &c. It has 2 banks, with a circulation 
 of $160,000, and 20,000 of specie; a savings' 
 institution, and 2 insurance companies. 
 Three newspapers are published here. A 
 beautiful burial place, called the Forest Hillg 
 Cemetery, has recently been laid out on the 
 Dedham turnpike, a short distance back of the 
 city. It comprises an area of about 70 acres^ 
 diversified with nearly every variety of sur- 
 face, and variously adorned with winding path- 
 ways, plants, shrubbery, &c. The entrance 
 to the grounds is by a fine Egyptian gateway.^ 
 Boston and Roxbury were both incorporated 
 the same year, 1630. The latter was char- 
 tered as a city in 1846. Population in 1790, 
 2226; 1810, 3669; 1830, 5247; 1840, 9089; 
 1850, 18,273, and in 1853, about 22,000. 
 
 Roxbury, a post-village in Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, about 35 miles S. AV. by W. 
 from Hartford, contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 Population of the township, 1114. 
 
 Roxbury, a post-township forming the E. 
 extremity of Delaware co.. New York. Po- 
 pulation, 2853. 
 
 Roxbury, a post-township of Morris co., 
 New Jersey, 47 miles N. from Trenton. Po- 
 pulation, 2269. 
 
 Roxbury, a village of Warren co., New 
 1009 
 
ROX 
 
 EUR 
 
 Jersey, 4 miles S. from BelTidere, contains 3 
 mills and a foundry. 
 
 RoxBURY, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. from Chambers- 
 burg. Population, near 200. 
 
 RoxBURY, a tovFnship forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Washington co., Ohio. Pop., 1093. 
 
 RoxBURY, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Dane co., Wis. Pop., 274. 
 
 Roxo, a post-village in Marquette co., 
 Wisconsin, 79 miles N. W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 RoxoBEL, apost-ofBce of Bertie co., N. C. 
 
 Royal, a township in White co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 224. 
 
 Royal Centre, a post-village of Cass co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Royal Oak, a post-office of Talbot co., Md. 
 
 Royal Oak, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 and intersected by the Michigan Southern 
 railroad. Population, 1092. 
 
 Royal Oak, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the railroad from Detroit 
 to Pontiac, 12 miles N. W. from the former. 
 It has a steam saw mill, and several stores. 
 
 Royal Oaks, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Royalston, a post- village in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Vermont and Massa- 
 chusetts railroad, G5 miles W. N. W. from 
 Boston. Population of the township, 1546. 
 
 RoYALTON, a post-village in Windsor co., 
 Vermont, on White river, and on the Vermont 
 Central railroad, 34 miles S. from Montpe- 
 lier, contains 1 or 2 churches, and an acade- 
 my. Population of township, 1850. 
 
 RoYALTON, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Niagara co., New York, intersected 
 by the Erie canal. Population, 4024. 
 
 RoYALTON, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Population, 1253. 
 
 RoYALTON, a post-village of Fairfield co., 
 Ohio, about 24 miles S. E. from Columbus. 
 Population in 1853, about 400. 
 
 RoYALTON, a township in the N. part of 
 Fulton CO., Ohio. Population, 570. 
 
 RoYALTON, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Berrien co., Michigan. 
 
 RoYALTON, a post-village of Boone co., In- 
 diana, 14 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Roybr's Ford, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 RoYSTON, a small village of Randolph co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad from Bellefontaine to 
 Indianapolis, 70 miles N. E. from the latter. 
 Laid out in 1850. 
 
 RoYTON, a post-office of Delaware co., Ind. 
 
 RuARK, a small post-village of Lawrence 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Rubicon, a small river of Wisconsin, rises 
 in Washington co., and enters Rock river in 
 Dodge county. 
 
 Rubicon, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Dodge CO., Wisconsin. Population, 827. 
 
 Ruckkr's Repose, a post-olfice of Bath co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 1010 
 
 RucKERsviLLE, apost- village of Greene co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 RucKERsviLLE, a post- village of Elbert co., 
 Georgia, 97 miles N. byE. from Milledgeville. 
 
 RUCKERSVILLE, a post-villagc of Tippah 
 CO., Mississippi, 230 miles N. from Jackson, 
 contains 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 RucKERviLLE, a post-office of Clark co., Ky. 
 
 RucKMANViLLE, a post-office of Highland 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 RuDDELL, a township in Independence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 1174. 
 
 Ruddell's Mills, a post-village of Bour- 
 bon CO., Kentucky, on Hinkston creek, 42 
 miles E. from Frankfort. It contains 2 
 churches and several stores. 
 
 Rude's Mills, a post-office of Lewis co.,Va. 
 
 Ruggles, a post- township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Ashland co., Ohio. Pop., 1168. 
 
 RuMA, a post-village of Randolph co., Illi- 
 nois, 14 miles N. from Kaskaskia. 
 
 RuMFORD, a post-township in Oxford co., 
 Maine, 35 miles W. N. W. from Augusta, in- 
 tersected by Androscoggin river. Pop., 1375. 
 
 RuMFORD Centre, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 RuMFORD Point, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Rumley, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Harrison co., Ohio. Population, 1088. 
 
 RuMMERFiELD Creek, a post-officc of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 RuMNEY, a post-village in Grafton cc. 
 New Hampshire, on the Boston, Concord, 
 and Montreal railroad, 59 miles N. N. W. 
 from Concord. Pop. of the township, 1109. 
 
 RuMSEY, a post-village of Muhlenburg co., 
 Kentucky, on Green river, about 160 miles 
 in a direct line S. W. from Frankfort. It has 
 1 church, several stores, 2 saw mills, and 2 
 grist mills. Population, about 500. 
 
 Runaway Creek, of Mississippi and Ala- 
 bama. See Noxubee River. 
 
 PwUndell's, a post-office of Crawford co., Pa. 
 
 Running Water River, of Missouri Terri- 
 tory, rises in the Black Hills, and flowing at 
 first south-easterly and then easterly, falls 
 into the Missouri river in about 42° 40' N. 
 lat., and 98° 30' W. Ion. 
 
 Rupert, a post-village in Bennington co., • 
 Vermont, on the Rutland and Washington 
 railroad, 86 miles S. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population of the township, 1101. 
 
 Rural, a small post-village of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river. 
 
 Rural, a post-office of Jasper co.. Mo. 
 
 Rural Hall, *a post-office of Forsyth co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Rural Hill, a post-office of Jefferson co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Rural Hill, a post-office of Conecuh co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Rural Hill, a post-office of Wilson CO., Tenn. 
 
 Rural Retreat, a post-office of Wythe co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Rural vale, a post-office of Whitefield CO. ,Ga. 
 
EUR 
 
 RUS 
 
 RuRALVALE, a post-office of Lapeer co.,Mich. 
 
 Rural Valley, a post-office of Armstrong 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Rural Village, a post-village of Arm- 
 strong CO., Pennsylvania, 12 or 13 miles E. 
 from Kittaning. 
 
 RuscoMB Manor, a township of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N. E. from 
 Reading. Population, 1235. 
 
 Rush, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Indiana, contains 410 square miles. It 
 is drained by Blue river and Flat Rock 
 creek. The surface is level, or gently undu- 
 lating, and the soil is uniformly fertile. In 
 a state of nature the county was occupied by 
 dense forests. The staples are wheat, In- 
 dian corn, oats, and tobacco. In 1850 this 
 county produced 1,685,994 bushels of corn; 
 133,473 of wheat ; 64,203 of oats, and 6520| 
 tons of hay. The quantity of corn was the 
 greatest produced by any county in the 
 state except Tippecanoe. It contained in 
 that year 63 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 
 1376 pupils attending public schools, and 53 
 attending an academy. The streams afford 
 considerable motive-power. Three railroads 
 meet at Rushville in this county. Organized 
 in 1822, and named in honor of Dr. Benjamin 
 Rush, of Pennsylvania. Capital, Rushville. 
 Population, 16,445. 
 
 Rush, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Monroe co., New York, on Genesee river. 
 Population, 2015. 
 
 Rush, a post-village in the above township, 
 on Honeoye creek, 12 miles S. by W. from 
 Rochester. 
 
 Rush, a township forming the S. E. extre- 
 mity of Centre co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 371. 
 
 Rush, a township of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 20 miles N. E. from Ilarrisburg. 
 Population, 325. 
 
 Rush, a township of Northumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles E. by N. from 
 Sunbury. Population, 1178. 
 
 Rush, a township of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 39 miles N. from Reading. Popu- 
 lation, 670. 
 
 Rush, a post- township of Susquehanna co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 11 miles S. by W. from 
 Montrose. 
 
 Rush, a township forming the N. E. extre- 
 mity of Champaign co., Ohio. Pop., 893. 
 
 Rush, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Population, 1373. 
 
 Rush, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Mich. 
 
 Rush, a post-village in Jo Daviess co., Illi- 
 nois, 150 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 PiuSH, a township in Buchanan co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 557. 
 
 RusHAWAY, a post-office of Menard co.. 111. 
 
 RusHBOTTOM, a post-office of Holt CO., Mo. 
 
 Rush Creek, of Fairfield county, Ohio, 
 flows into the Hockhocking river, below Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 Rush Creek, Ohio, an affluent of Scioto 
 river, which it enters in Marion county. 
 
 Rush Creek, a township in the E. part of 
 Fairfield co., Ohio. Population, 1218. 
 
 Rush Creek, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Logan co., Ohio. Population, 1458. 
 
 Rush Creek, a post-office of Union co., 0. 
 
 RusHFORD, a post-village in Rushford town- 
 ship, Alleghany co.. New York, about 50 miles 
 S. E. from Buffalo. It contains several 
 churches and mills. Population of the town- 
 ship, 1816 ; of the village, estimated at 850. 
 
 Rushford, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Winnebago co., Wisconsin. Po- 
 pulation, 514. 
 
 Rush Lake, Wisconsin, near the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Winnebago county, in Rushford 
 township, is about 5 miles long and 2 wide. 
 
 Rush Lake, a post-office of Fond du Lae 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Rush River, of Wisconsin, a small stream 
 which rises in St. Croix co., and flows south- 
 ward into Lake Pepin. 
 
 Rush River, a post-township in the S. part 
 of St. Croix CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 RusHSYLVANiA, or RusHYLVANiA, a Small 
 post-village of Rush Creek township, Logan 
 CO., Ohio, 125 miles N. N. E. from Cincinnati, 
 is on the Bellefontaine and Indiana railroad. 
 
 Rush Tower, a small village of Jefferson 
 CO., Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 36 
 miles S. by W. from St. Louis. 
 
 RusHTOWN, a post-village of Northumber- 
 land CO., Pa., 65 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Rushville, a post- village of Yates co., 
 New York, on West river, 205 miles W. from 
 Albany. It is situated on the border between 
 Yates and Ontario counties, and contains 2 
 churches, 1 academy, 15 stores, and several 
 steam mills. Population in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Rushville, a post-village of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pa., 159 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Rushville, a post-village of Fairfield co., 
 Ohio, 150 miles E. N. E. from Cincinnati. The 
 Zanesville and Cincinnati railroad passes very 
 near it. 
 
 Rushville, a post-township in Rush co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1598. 
 
 Rushville, a thriving town in the above 
 township, capital of Rush co., Indiana, on 
 Flatrock creek, and at the terminus of the 
 Shelbyville and Rushville railroad, 40 miles 
 E. S. E. from Indianapolis. It has an active 
 trade, and is rapidly improving since the 
 completion of the above-named railroad. 
 Another railroad is in progress, which, when 
 finished, will connect this town with Cincin- 
 nati, 70 miles distant. Rushville is noted 
 for its fine public buildings, among which are 
 a court house and 3 or 4 churches. Two 
 newspapers are published here. Pop., l-'OO. 
 
 Rushville, a post-township in Schuyler 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 2609. 
 
 Rushville, a thriving post-villnge, capital 
 of Schuyler county, Illinois, is pleasantly 
 situated on the border of a prnirie, 60 miles 
 W. N. W. from Springfield, and 10 miles N. 
 W. from the Illinois river. It is the centre 
 1011 
 
KITS 
 
 KUS 
 
 of active trade. It contains 4 or 5 churches, 
 and 1 newspaper office. 
 
 RUSHTLVANIA. See RUSHSYLVANIA. 
 
 Rusk, a county in the E. part of Texas, has 
 an area of about 1000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the Sabine river, and 
 drained by the Angelina river. The surface 
 is diversified with prairies and woodlands; the 
 soil is productive. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet 
 potatoes, grass, cattle, and horses are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 270,353 
 bushels of corn, (more than any other county 
 in the state excepting Harrison;) 66,078 of 
 sweet potatoes ; 9260 of oats ; 2659 bales of 
 cotton; 1715 pounds of tobacco; 76,458 of 
 butter; 4632 of wool, and 101 hogsheads of 
 sugar. It contained 6 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices; 117 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 80 attending academies or other schools. 
 Rusk county is the most populous in the 
 state excepting Harrison. It was named in 
 honor of General Thomas J. Rusk, United 
 States senator from Texas. Capital, Hender- 
 son. Population, 8148, of whom 6012 were 
 free, and 2136, slaves. 
 
 Rusk, a post-office of Surrey co., N. C. 
 
 Rusk, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Cherokee county, Texas, 233 miles N. E. from 
 Austin. It is situated in a fertile farming 
 region, and is a place of active business, con- 
 taining a court house, several churches, and 
 1 newspaper office. 
 
 Rusk, a post-office of Haywood co., Tenn. 
 
 RussDALE Stand, a small village of Lau- 
 derdale CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Russell, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on Kentucky, has an area 
 of 1225 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Clinch river, and also drained by the sources 
 of the West fork of Sandy river. Guest's 
 river forms part of the S. W. boundary. The 
 Cumberland mountain forms its boundary on 
 the N. W., and Clinch mountain extends along 
 the S. E. border. A large portion of the 
 county is mountainous and sterile, but the 
 valleys contain some good land. Indian corn, 
 oats, and butter are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 378,919 bushels of corn; 
 154,305 of oats, and 162,478 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were 2 flour, grist, and saw mills, 
 5 tanneries, and 1 wool-carding mill. It con- 
 tained 14 churches, 517 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 80 attending other schools. 
 Iron ore, stone coal, and marble are found. 
 Large quantities of maple sugar are made in 
 in the county. Named in honor of General 
 William Russell, one of its principal citizens. 
 Capital, Lebanon. Population, 11,919, of 
 whom 10,937 were free, and 982, slaves. 
 
 Russell, a county in the E. part of Ala- 
 bama, bordering on Georgia, has an area of 
 about 900 square miles. The Chattahoochee 
 river forms the entire E. boundary: the coun- 
 ty is also drained by the Uchee, Wacoochee, 
 and Cowekee creeks. The surface is uneven, 
 and presents almost every variety of soil. 
 1012 
 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850, Russell county produced 21,088 bales 
 of cotton; 683,164 bushels of corn; 181,651 
 of sweet potatoes ; 97,450 of oats, and 
 119,150 pounds of rice, the greatest quan- 
 tity of that article produced in any county 
 of the state. There were 2 tanneries and 1 
 machine shop ; 26 churches ; 600 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 163 attending 
 academies or other schools. Steamboats 
 navigate the river on the border. The Mont- 
 gomery and West Point railroad traverses 
 the N. W. part, and another railroad has 
 been surveyed through the county from the 
 river to Mobile. Formed from part of the 
 Creek Indian territory, and organized in 1833. 
 Capital, Crawford. Population, 19,548, of 
 whom 8437 were free, and 11,111, slaves. 
 
 Russell, a county in the S. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 240 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Cumberland river, 
 navigable by keel-boats. The surface is hilly, 
 and the land mostly too rough for cultivation, 
 excepting the river bottoms, which are very 
 fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 316,165 bushels of corn; 51,416 of oats, and 
 40,757 pounds of tobacco. It contained 12 
 churches, and 863 pupils attending public 
 schools. The county is amply supplied with 
 water-power. Organized in 1825, and named 
 in honor of Colonel William Russell, a mem- 
 ber of the Kentucky legislature. Capital, 
 Jamestown. Population, 5349, of whom 4914 
 were free, and 435, slaves. 
 
 Russell, a post-village in Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western railroad, 116 
 miles W. by S. from Boston. Population of 
 the township, 521. 
 
 Russell, a post-townsHp in the central 
 part of St. Lawrence co., New York. Popu- 
 lation, 1818. 
 
 Russell, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Grass river, about 14 miles S. from 
 Canton. 
 
 Russell, a post-townsHp in the W. part 
 of Geauga co., Ohio. Population, 1083. 
 
 Russell, a township in Putnam co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1386. 
 
 RussELLBURO, a Small post-village of War- 
 ren CO., Pennsylvania, on the Conewango 
 creek, 7 or 8 miles N. from Warren. 
 
 Russell Hill, a post-office of Wyoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Russell Place, a post-office of Kershaw 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Russell's, a district in Muscogee co., 
 Georgia. Population, 1424. 
 
 Russell's Corners, a post-office of Sauk 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Russell's Mills, a post-office of Tyler co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Russell's Mills, a post-office of Parke 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Russell's Place, a post-office of Lawrence 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
RUS 
 
 RUT 
 
 RussELiTiLLE, a Small post-village of 
 Chester co., Pennsylvania, 65 miles E. S. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 RussELLViLLE, a post-village of Monroe 
 CO., Georgia, 24 miles W. from Macon. 
 
 RussBLLViLLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Franklin county, Alabama, on Cedar creek, 
 about 220 miles N. N. W. from Montgomery. 
 It contains a court house, a jail, and several 
 stores. 
 
 RussELLYiLLE, a village in Claiborne pa- 
 rish, Louisiana, 210 miles N. W. by N. from 
 Baton Rouge. 
 
 RussELLViLLE, a post-officc of Pope CO., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 RxJSSELLViLLE, a post-village of Jefferson 
 county, Tennessee, is situated in the New 
 Market Valley, on the route of the E. Ten- 
 nessee and Virginia railroad, 230 miles E. 
 from Nashville. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Logan CO., Kentucky, on the State road from 
 Louisville to Nashville, 180 miles S. W. from 
 Frankfort. It is surrounded by a beautiful 
 and fertile country, and contains 3 churches, 
 1 academy, above 2.5 stores, 1 newspaper 
 office, 1 oiL mill, and 1 bank. Laid out in 1810. 
 Population in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 RussELLViLLE, a post-villagc of Brown 
 county, Ohio, about 100 miles S. by W. from 
 Columbus, and 10 miles from the Ohio river. 
 It contains seven churches. 
 
 RussELLViLLE, a towQship in Clinton eo., 
 Indiana. Population, 77. 
 
 RusELLviLLE, a Small post-village of Put- 
 nam CO., Indiana, 17 miles N. W. from Green- 
 castle. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Lawrence 
 CO., Illinois, on the Wabash river. 
 
 RUSSELLVILLE, a post-village of Cole co., 
 Missouri, 15 miles W. S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 RussELSBURG, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Penasylvania. 
 
 Russia, a post-village in Russia township, 
 Herkimer co.. New York, about 14 miles N. 
 E. from Utica Pop. of the township, 2349. 
 
 Russia, a township in the W. central part 
 of Lorain co., Ohio. Population, 2061. 
 
 Russian River rises on the border between 
 Mendocino and Sonoma counties, California, 
 and flowing in a general southerly course, 
 after forming the boundary between the 
 above-mentioned counties for its whole 
 l«ngth, falls into the Pacific in about 38° 38' 
 N. lat. 
 
 RussiAViLLE, a post-village of Clinton 
 CO., Indiana, on Honey creek, 18 miles N. E. 
 from Frankfort. It contains 3 stores, 1 
 steam-saw mill, and 1 fiouring mill. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, 400. 
 
 RuTERsviLLE, a post-village of Fayette 
 CO., Texas, about 6 miles N. E. from the Co- 
 lorado river at La Grange. 
 
 Rutherford, a countj^ in the S. W. part 
 ©f North Carolina, bordering on South Caro- 
 lina: area estimated at 870 square miles. 
 
 It is drained by Broad river, a branch of the 
 Congaree. The surface is hilly or moun- 
 tainous, especially near the W. border, which 
 extends along the Blue Ridge ; a part of the 
 soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 472,335 bushels of corn ; 29,384 of 
 wheat, and 76,681 of oats. There were 7 
 corn and flour mills, 2 saw mills, and 6 tan- 
 neries. It contained 46 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office ; 4800 pupils attending public 
 public schools, and 75 attending academies 
 or other schools. Formed in 1779, and named 
 in honor of General Griffith Pi,utherford, of 
 North Carolina. Capital, Rutherfoidton. Po- 
 pulation, 13,550; of whom 10,645 were free, 
 and 2905, slaves. 
 
 Rutherford, a county in the central part 
 of Tennessee, has an area estimated at 600 
 square miles. It is intersected by Stone's 
 river, an affluent of the Cumberland. The 
 surface is agreeably diversified ; the soil is 
 highly productive, well watered, and exten- 
 sively cultivated. Indian corn, oats, tobacco, 
 and cotton are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 1,667,320 bushels of corn; 
 181,461 of oats; 83,123 of potatoes ; 14,070 
 bales of cotton, and 184,536 pounds of but- 
 ter. It contained 53 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices; 1673 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 509 attending academies and other 
 schools. The county is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. It has a turnpike-road leading 
 to Nashville, and is intersected by the Nash- 
 ville and Chattanooga railroad. Rutherford 
 is among the most populous and wealthy coun- 
 ties in the state. Capital, Murfreesborough. 
 Population, 29,122; of whom 17,144 were 
 free, and 11,978, slaves. 
 
 Rutherford, a township in Martin co., 
 Indiana. Population, 603. 
 
 Rutherford, a post-office of Switzerland 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Rutherfordton, a post-village, capital 
 of Rutherford co.. North Carolina, 216 miles 
 W. from Raleigh. It contains a court house, 
 an academy, a newspaper office, and several 
 stores. Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Rutheeglbnn, a post-office of Caroline co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Rutherville, a small village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, 15 miles N. of Canton. 
 
 Ruthsburg, a small village of Queen Anne 
 CO., Maryland, 42 miles E. from Annapolis. 
 It has 1 iron foundry. 
 
 Rutland, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Vermont, has an area of about 960 
 square miles. It is in part bounded on the 
 W. by Lake Champlain, and is drained prin- 
 cipally by Otter creek and its branches, which 
 supply water-power for numerous mills. It 
 contains several small lakes and ponds, 
 among which maybe mentioned Lake Austin 
 and Bombazine lake. The surface is ele- 
 vated, and in the E. part mountainous. The 
 soil is fertile, especially along the valley of 
 1013 
 
RUT 
 
 SAB 
 
 Otter creek. Potatoes, tvooI, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 416,000 bushels of potatoes ; 103,950 tons 
 of hay; 1,120,814 pounds of butter; 1,930,047 
 of cheese, and 623,199 of wool. The quan- 
 tity of wool was the greatest produced by 
 any county in the United States, except 
 "Washington county, Pennsylvania. There 
 were 2 cotton and 11 woollen factories, 5 
 foundries, 2 furnaces, 9 grist mills, 33 saw 
 mills, 4 marble quarries, 16 marble sawing 
 establishments, 1 iron-rolling mill, and 18 
 tanneries. It contained 60 churches, 4 news- 
 paper ofBces ; 9395 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 1020 attending other schools. 
 This county abounds in iron ore and ex- 
 cellent marble. Lake Champlain is navi- 
 gable along the W. border. The railroad 
 connecting Bellow's Falls and Burlington 
 traverses this county, which is also partly 
 intersected by those connecting Rutland with 
 Troy, Saratoga, and Bennington. Organized 
 in 1781. Capital, Rutland. Population, 
 33,059. 
 
 Rutland, a handsome post-village and 
 seat of justice of Rutland county, Vermont, 
 on the Otter creek, and on the line of three 
 important railroads, viz. the Rutland and 
 Burlington, the Rutland and Washington, 
 and the Western Vermont railroad, 67 miles 
 S. S. E. from Burlington, and about 55 miles 
 S. S. W. from Montpelier. It is pleasantly 
 situated, and contains, besides the county 
 buildings, several churches, a bank, 2 news- 
 paper offices, a flourishing academy, a splen- 
 did railroad depot, and the machine shops 
 and engine houses of the Western Vermont 
 railroad. It is also the centre of trade to 
 a large section of country. There are in the 
 township 5 churches, 23 stores, and 16 ma- 
 nufactories and mills, one of which, for the 
 sawing of marble, is very extensive, and pro- 
 pelled by steam. Three new villages have 
 sprung up in the township since 1846. Po- 
 pulation in 1840, 2708; 1850, 3715. 
 
 Rutland, a post-township in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, 50 miles W. by N. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 1223. 
 
 Rutland, a post-township of Jefferson co., 
 New York, 8 miles S. E. from Watertown. 
 Population, 2265. 
 
 Rutland, a post-township of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles E. N. E. from Wells- 
 borough. Population, 1006. 
 
 Rutland, a post-office of Harrison co., Ky. 
 
 Rutland, a post-township in the central 
 part of Meigs co., Ohio. Population, 1748. 
 
 Rutland, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Leading creek, about 95 miles S.E. 
 fi'om Columbus. 
 
 Rutland, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Barry co., Michigan. Population, 177. 
 
 Rutland, a township in Kane co., Illinois. 
 Population, 2359. 
 
 Rutland, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Dane co., Wisconsin. Population, 759. 
 1014 
 
 Rutledge, a village in the W. part of Cat- 
 taraugus CO., New York. 
 
 Rutledge, a post-village, capital of Gran- 
 ger CO., Tennessee, in Richland valley, near 
 the foot of Clinch mountain, 216 miles E. from 
 Nashville. It contains an academy. The 
 valley is fertile, and the mountain contains 
 abundance of iron and other ores. 
 
 Rutledge, a small post-village, capital of 
 McDonald co., Missouri, on Elk river, 225 
 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Ryan's Store, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Ryansville, a small village of Tioga co.. Pa. 
 
 Ryan's Well, a post-office of Itawamba co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Rye, a post-township in Rockingham co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Atlantic coast, 47 
 miles E. S. E. from Concord. Pop., 1295. 
 
 Rye, a post- village in Rye township, West- 
 chester CO., New York, on the New York and 
 New Haven railroad, 27 miles N. E. from New 
 York. It contains 3 churches. Population 
 of the township, 2584. 
 
 Rye, a township forming the S. E. extremity 
 of Perry co., Pennsylvania, on the right side 
 of the Susquehanna river, intersected by the 
 Pennsylvania railroad. Population, 696. 
 
 Rye Coye, a post-office of Scott co., Va. 
 
 Ryegate, a post-village in Caledonia co., 
 Vermont, on the Connecticut and Passumpsie 
 Rivers railroad, 23 miles E. by S. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population of the township, 1606. 
 
 Ryeeson's, a village of Passaic co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Pequannock river, about 9 
 miles N. W. from Paterson, contains 2 stores, 
 a furnace, 3 mills, a church, and an academy. 
 
 Ryerson's Station, a small village of Greene 
 CO., Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 Rye Valley, a post-office of Smyth co.,Va. 
 
 Ryland's Depot, a post-office of Greenville 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sabatus, a post-office of Lincoln co.. Me. 
 
 Sabbath Rest, a post-office of Blair co.,Pa. 
 
 Sabillisville, a post-village in Frederick 
 CO., Maryland, 95 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Sabina, a small post- village of Clinton co., 
 Ohio, 62 miles S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Sabina, a village in the interior of the Ter- 
 ritory of New Mexico, near the right bank 
 of the Rio del Norte. 
 
 Sabine (sa-been') river rises in Hunt co., 
 Texas, and flows in a E. S. E. direction, until it 
 strikes the E. boundary of the state. From 
 this point it passes a general southerly course, 
 forming the boundary between Texas and 
 Louisiann, and pursues through Sabine lake 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. The whole length 
 is estimated at 500 miles. It is said to be 
 very shallow at its mouth, but is navigable by 
 small boats in high water in some parts of its 
 course. 
 
SAB 
 
 SAC 
 
 Sabine, a parish in the W. part of Lou- 
 isiana, bordering on Texas, has an area of 
 about 1300 square miles. The Sabine river 
 forms the entire W. boundary. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and is mostly occupied 
 by prairies. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 1107 
 bales of cotton ; 89,514 busliels of corn, and 
 43,622 of sweet potatoes. It contained 1 saw 
 and planing mill, and 1 tannery ; 6 churches, 
 and 1051 pupils attending public schools. 
 Seat of justice, Manny. Population, 4515 ; 
 of whom 3847 were free, and 1168, slaves. 
 
 Sabine, a county in the E. part of Texas, 
 bordering on the Sabine river, which sepa- 
 rates it from Louisiana ; area, about 600 
 square miles. It is drained by Patroon and 
 Palo Gucho bayous. The soil is mostly very 
 fertile, producing cotton and Indian corn, 
 ■which are exported by steamboats on the Sa- 
 bine river during high water. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 752 bales of cotton; 61,619 bushels of 
 corn; 19,920 of sweet potatoes, and 13 hogs- 
 heads of sugar. It contained 4 churches, and 
 92 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Milan. Population, 2499; of whom 1556 
 were free, and 943, slaves. 
 
 Sabine, a township in Washtenaw co., Mi- 
 chigan. Population, 1631. 
 
 Sabine City, a small post-village of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Texas, at the outlet of Sabine lake, 
 about 75 miles E. N. E. from Galveston. 
 
 Sabine Lake is an expansion of Sabine 
 river, about 5 miles from its entrance into 
 the Gulf of Mexico, at the S. W. extremity of 
 Louisiana. Length, about 18 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, about 9 miles. 
 
 Sabinetown, a post-village of Sabine co., 
 Texas, on the river of the same name, 10 miles 
 E. from Milan. It is the principal shipping 
 point for the cotton raised in the county. 
 
 Sabino, a village on the left bank of the 
 Rio del Norte, in the interior of New Mexico. 
 
 Sabinstille, a post-ofl&ce of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sable River, of Mich. See Sandy River. 
 
 Sable River, of Mich., rises in the N. part 
 of the peninsula, and flowing in a direction 
 E. S. E., enters the lower part of Saginaw bay. 
 
 Sabougly, a small post-village of Yallo- 
 busha CO., Mississippi. 
 
 SABULA,a post- village of Jackson co., lo., on 
 the Mississippi, 32 miles below Galena. 
 
 Sac, a new county in the W. N. W. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of about 576 square miles. 
 It is drained by the sources of Soldier and 
 Boyer rivers, affluents of the Missouri. This 
 county is not included in the census of 1850. 
 The name is derived from one of the abori- 
 ginal tribes which possessed the soil. 
 
 Sacarappa, or Saccarappa, a post- village in 
 Cumberland eo., Maine, on the Presumpscot 
 river, and on the York and Cumberland rail- 
 road, about 50 miles S. W. by W. from Au- 
 gusta, contains numerous saw mills and manu- 
 factories. 
 
 Sachem's Head, a noted watering place of 
 New Haven co., Connecticut, 8 miles W. S. W. 
 from Guilford, and 13 miles E. by S. from 
 New Haven. In early times an Indian chief 
 was captured here, from which circumstance 
 the place derived its name. The New Haven 
 and New London railroad passes about half a 
 mile north of the hotel. 
 
 Sacket's, a post-ofBce of Macomb co.,Mich. 
 
 Sackett's Harbor, a post-village and port 
 of entry of Jefferson co.. New York, is situ- 
 ated in Houndsfield township, on the S. shore 
 of Black River bay, 10 or 12 miles E. from 
 Lake Ontario, and about 170 miles W. N. W. 
 from Albany. Lat. 43° 55' N., Ion. 75° 57' W. 
 It has an excellent harbor, one of the most 
 secure on the lake, and carries on an active 
 trade. The Sackett's Harbor and Ellisburg 
 railroad, of which it is the northern terminus, 
 connects it with the Central railroad. It con- 
 tains 1 bank, a newspaper office, and several 
 machine shops and mills propelled by water- 
 power. The enrolled and licensed tonnage 
 of this port in 1852 amounted to 7082|| tons, 
 all of which was employed in the coasting 
 trade. The number of arrivals from foreign 
 ports during that year was 206, (143,107 
 tons.) The value of imports in 1851 was 
 $553,927, and of exports, $325,238. Here 
 is a military post of the United States, named 
 Madison Barracks, not garrisoned at pre- 
 sent. Population, near 2000. 
 
 Saco (sau'ko) river, aa important river of 
 New England, rises among the White moun- 
 tains, in Coos county. New Hampshire, and 
 flowing through Oxford county, Maine, falls 
 into the Atlantic ocean in Cumberland county. 
 There are several falls on this river, the princi- 
 pal of which are the Great Falls, of 72 feet, and 
 Saco Falls, at the town of Saco, about 4 miles 
 from the ocean, where the water descends 42 
 feet, affording a valuable water-power. This 
 river is subject to freshets, the ordinary rise 
 in the spring being from 10 to 15 feet, and it 
 has been known to rise much higher, occa- 
 sioning great loss of life and property. 
 
 Saco, a thriving post-town and port of 
 entry of York county, Maine, on the E. or left 
 bank of the Saco river, about 6 miles from its 
 mouth, and on the Eastern railroad, 13 miles 
 S. W. from Portland. The industry of this 
 place and of Biddeford, a flourishing village 
 on the opposite side of the river, is chiefly 
 directed to the lumber trade and to cotton 
 manufactures, each of which employs a large 
 amount of capital. A fall of about 42 feet 
 in the Saco river, here furnishes excellent 
 water-power, which is extensively used for 
 sawing and driving machinery. There are 
 now 10 large cotton mills in operation at these 
 falls — 5 on the Saco and 5 on the Biddeford 
 side — containing about 55,000 spindles and 
 2800 looms. The York Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, incorporated in 1831,.have a capital of 
 $1,500,000, and produce annually $6,200,000 
 yards of cloth. The most extensive corpora- 
 1015 
 
SAC 
 
 SAC 
 
 tion, however, is the Saco Water-power Com- 
 pany, organized in 1839, with a capital of 
 $1,500,000, since increased to $2,000,000. 
 The operations of this company, till 1848, 
 were confined to the erection of factories. 
 That year they commenced the first of 4 mills, 
 to be erected with all possible despatch, for 
 their own use, each to be 240 feet long, 75 
 feet wide, and 5 stories high ; the largest, 
 probably, in the state. Their machine shop 
 is 271 feet long, 46 wide, and 5 stories high. 
 The Laconia Company have $1,500,000 capi- 
 tal, and employ near 2000 hands. There are 
 also various manufactories of woollen goods, 
 hardware, &c. One of the largest foundries 
 in the state is that of Jarvis Williams, Esq., 
 in which upwards of 1000 tons of pig iron are 
 annually consumed. About 5,000,000 feet 
 of boards, shingles, laths, heading, and other 
 kinds of lumber are annually turned out at 
 the various saw mills here in operation. The 
 shipping of the district, June 30th, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 379|| tons regis- 
 tered, and 1657 II tons enrolled and licensed. 
 Of the latter, 1458|-^ tons were employed in 
 the coast trade, and 188f| tons in the mack- 
 erel fishery. The foreign arrivals for the 
 year were 4 vessels ; clearances, the same. 
 During the period above specified, 1 ship and 
 1 schooner, with an aggregate burthen of 
 532|| tons, were admeasured. There are 
 here 3 banks — 2 in Saco, and 1 in Biddeford — 
 a savings' institution, an insurance company, 
 10 churches— 7 in Saco, and 3 in Biddeford — 
 3 literary associations, viz. the Mechanics' 
 Institute, (Saco,) organized December 9, 1841, 
 volumes in the library, 3500 ; the Saco Athe- 
 nasum, with a library of 1000 volumes, and 
 the York Library, also containing about 1000 
 volumes ; a liberally endowed academy, and 
 3 newspaper oflices — 2 in Saco, and 1 in Bidde- 
 ford. Since 1844 a new cemetery, called the 
 "Laurel Hill Cemetery," has been laid out 
 upon the Mount Auburn plan near the village 
 of Saco. Population of Saco township in 
 1840, 4408; in 1850, 5794: of Biddeford in 
 1840, 2574 ; in 1850, 6095 : of both villages 
 in 1853, about 11,500. 
 
 Saoomango river, rises in Warren co.. 
 New York, and winding through Hamilton 
 and Fulton counties, falls into the Hudson 
 river, about 15 miles S. W. of Lake George. 
 
 Sacramento river, one of the most im- 
 portant of California, rises in the N. part of 
 the state, on the slope of a mountain ridge 
 extending from the Coast Range north- 
 eastward to the Sierra Nevada. It flows at 
 first south-westerly and afterward southerly, 
 and joins the San Joaquin at the head of 
 Suisoon bay. Length, about 370 miles. It 
 is navigable to near 40° 15' N. lat., or above 
 200 miles. The waters of this river abound 
 in fine fish, the catching of which forms an 
 important item of- business, in which a great 
 number of hands and boats and an immense 
 aggregate capital are employed. The valley 
 lOHi 
 
 of the Sacramento is one of the most beau- 
 tiful and fertile portions of California. 
 
 Sackamekto, a county in the N. central 
 part of California, has an area of about 
 900 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by the Sacramento river, on the S. by 
 the San Joaquin and Moquelumne rivers 
 and Dry creek, and intersected by the Ameri- 
 can river. The soil of this county is gene- 
 rally fertile, and, in proportion to its size, 
 perhaps more extensively cultivated than 
 that of any other county in the state. Bai'- 
 ley, wheat, potatoes, hay, cattle, horses, 
 swine, and garden produce are the staples. 
 In 1852 there were raised 157,071 bushels 
 of barley ; 14,290 of wheat ; 28,204 of po- 
 tatoes ; 10,042 tons of hay; and $339,682 
 worth of garden products. There were 3945 
 cows, 3718 beef cattle, and 4617 hogs. The 
 amount invested in quartz mining was 
 $124,165; in placer mining, $89,808; the 
 value of stock was $1,835,698, and the 
 value of agricultural products, $737,648. 
 Gold is found, but not in great abundance. 
 Capital, Sacramento City. Pop., 12,589. 
 
 Sacramento, a post-village, capital of 
 AVaushara CO., Wisconsin, on Fox river, about 
 80 miles N. by E- from Madison. It is the 
 principal shipping point in the county. Laid 
 out in 1851. It contains 3 stores, 3 hotels, a 
 warehouse, and about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Sacramento City, a port of entry and im- 
 portant commercial town in California, situ- 
 ated on the left bank of Sacramento river, a 
 little below the mouth of the American river, 
 in the midst of a level and extremely fertile 
 country, 140 miles by water N. E. from San 
 Francisco. It is regularly laid out, the street 
 nearest the river being called Front street, 
 the next Second, and so on ; these are crossed 
 by others at right angles, distinguished by 
 the letters of the alphabet. J and K streets 
 are the principal business streets of the city. 
 Till within a year or two nearly all the 
 houses were of wood, but recently a more sub- 
 stantial mode of building is coming into use. 
 Since the inundations of 1849 and 1850, a 
 good strong levee has been constructed 
 around the town. In Sacramento and its 
 vicinity are perhaps the finest gardens in 
 California. As a centre of commerce, Sacra- 
 mento City possesses great advantages. It 
 is accessible for steamers and sailing ves- 
 sels of a large size, at all seasons of the 
 year; while not only the Sacramento river 
 itself, but its important affluent, the Feather 
 river, is navigable for small steamboats far 
 above, into the interior of the country. These 
 advantages have rendered this town the prin- 
 cipal entrepot for supplying with provisions 
 the great mining region of the north. Five or 
 six newspapers are issued here. Population 
 estimated at 20,000. The recent vote polled 
 in Sacramento was 5536 — an increase of 538 
 on that of Nov. 2d, 18.52, 10 months previous. 
 
 Sac River, of Missouri, rises in Lawrence 
 
SAC 
 
 SAG 
 
 county, and flowing northward, falls into the 
 Osage, near the middle of St. Clair county, a 
 little above Osceola. The East fork rises in 
 Green county, and enters the river from the 
 right in Cedar county. 
 
 Sacs (pronounced, and often written 
 SatjKs) and Foxes, kindred and associated 
 tribes of Indians, formerly dwelling in the S. 
 part of Iowa, now occupying lands in the 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 Sacton, a post-office of Clarke co., Illinois. 
 
 Sadaquaua, or Sauquoit Ckeek, of Oneida 
 CO., New York, enters the Mohawk river at 
 Whitesborough. 
 
 SAuntEBACK Mountain, Franklin county, 
 Maine. Height, about 4000 feet. 
 
 Saddle Mountain, Massachusetts, in Berk- 
 shire CO., the highest mountain in the state, 
 has an elevation of about 3500 feet. 
 
 Saddle River, of New Jersey, falls into 
 the Passaic in Hudson county. 
 
 Saddle River, a post-township of Bergen 
 CO., New Jersey, on the left side of the Pas- 
 saic river, about 70 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Trenton. Population, 816. 
 
 Saddle's Creek, a post-office of Anderson 
 CO., South Carolina. 
 
 Sadlersville, a small village of Queen 
 Anne co., Maryland. 
 
 Sadsbury, a post-township of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 19 miles W. from West 
 Chester. Population, 2767. 
 
 Sadsbury, a township of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles S. by V/. from Mead- 
 ville. It is intersected by the Beaver and 
 Erie canal. Population, 982. 
 
 Sadsbury, a township of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 18 miles S. S. E. from 
 Lancaster. It is intersected by the Columbia 
 railroad. Population, 1529. 
 
 Sadsburyville, a small post-village of 
 Chester co., Pennsylvania, on the Lancaster 
 turnpike, 39 miles W. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Saegerstown, a post-borough of Crawford 
 county, Pennsylvania, on French creek, 5 
 miles N. from Meadville. It is rapidly im- 
 proving, by means of the water-power and 
 navigation of French creek. The route of 
 the Pittsburg and Erie railroad passes 
 through the place. Pop. in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Saegersville, a post- village of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Jordan creek, 69 miles N. 
 N. W. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Safe Harbour, a post- village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna, 10 
 miles S. W. from Lancaster. Here ar^ ex- 
 tensive iron furnaces and rolling mills, pro- 
 ducing railroad iron. 
 
 Sage Hill, a post- village of Graves co., Ky. 
 
 Sageville, a post-office of Hamilton co. N.lf . 
 
 Sageville, a post-village of Lauderdale 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Sagg Village, a village of Suffolk co.. 
 New York, near the sea, about 100 miles E. 
 by N. from New York. 
 
 Sag Harbour, a post-village and port of , 
 
 entry of Suffolk county, New York, is situated 
 in Southampton township, and on a small 
 bay which communicates with Gardiner's and 
 Great Peconic bays, about 100 miles E. by 
 N. from New York. It contains 4 or 5 
 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and 2 
 windmills. Many of the inhabitants are en- 
 gaged in trade and in the whale fishei-y. 
 The shipping of this port, June 1852, amounted 
 to 9292|-L tons registered, and 3458|| en- 
 rolled and licensed— total, 18,041i|; of 
 which 6042|| were employed in the whale 
 fishery, and 34324-| in the coasting trade. 
 During that year 2 ships were built, carry- 
 ing 918 tons. Estimated population, 3600. 
 
 Saginaw river, of Michigan, is formed in 
 the county of the same name, in the E. cen- 
 tral part of the state, by the confluence of 
 the Flint and Shiawassee. It flows nearly N., 
 and empties itself into the head of Saginaw 
 bay. Its branches and tributaries, flowing 
 from all the cardinal points, drain a large 
 portion of the peninsula. The main stream 
 is about 30 miles long, and its depth varies 
 from 25 to 30 feet. Large steamers ascend 
 this river from the lake to Saginaw City, 24 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Saginaw, a county in the E. part of Michi- 
 gan, bordering on the bay of the same name, 
 contains about 1030 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed by the Saginaw and its branches, the 
 Flint and Shiawassee rivers. It is also drained 
 by the Cass, Tittibawassee, and Mishtegayoc 
 rivers, and by Beaverdam and other creeks. 
 The surface is level and undulating ; the soil 
 is a dark sandy loam, nearly 2 feet deep. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 4420 bushels of wheat; 13,935 of 
 coi-n ; 4225 of oats, and 1084 tons of hay. 
 It contained 2 churches and 1 newspaper 
 office. Nearly all of the surface a few years 
 ago was covered with dense forests of the 
 pine and other trees. Pine lumber and fish 
 are the principal exports. Water-power is 
 abundant, and the Saginaw river is navigable 
 for large steamboats. Capital, Saginaw City. 
 Population, 2609. 
 
 Saginaw, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Saginaw co., Michigan. Population, 917. 
 Saginaw Bay, of Lake Huron, the largest 
 body of water which indents the peninsula 
 of Michigan, is situated in the E. part of the 
 state. It is about 60 miles in length and 30 in 
 its greatest breadth, and affords good naviga- 
 tion and safe harbors for large vessels. 
 
 Saginaw City, of Michigan, capital of the 
 county of this name, is on the left bank \ 
 of Saginaw river, 22 miles from its mouth, 
 and 95 by the usual route N. N. W. of De- 
 troit. It is elevated about 30 feet above the 
 water, and commands a beautiful prospect 
 of the river. It possesses advantages for 
 commerce, as the river is large, and navi- 
 gable for vessels drawing 10 feet of water. 
 The four branches of this river, which unite 
 1017 
 
SAG 
 
 ST 
 
 4 miles above Saginaw, converge towards this 
 place from all the cardinal points, and afford 
 intercourse by boats with a large portion of 
 the state. A newspaper is published here. 
 Pounded about 1830. Pop., near 1200. 
 
 Sago, a post-office of Lewis co., Virginia. 
 
 Sagone, a post-office of Dupage co., 111. 
 
 Sail Ckeek, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Sailors' Rest, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 St. Alban's, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, about 50 miles N. E. of 4'^gusta. 
 Population, 1792. 
 
 St. Alban's, a flourishing post-village and 
 seat of justice of Franklin county, Vermont, 
 on the Vermont Central railroad, about 3 
 miles E. from Lake Champlain, and 24 N. by 
 E. from Burlington. The site is elevated, 
 and in the centre is a handsome public 
 square. Besides the county buildings, the 
 village contains 3 or 4 churches, a bank, and 
 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 St. Alban's, a township in the W. central 
 part of Licking co., Ohio. Pop., 1429. 
 
 St. Alban's, a post-village in Hancock co., 
 111., 100 miles N. W. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 St. Alban's Bay, a post-village of Frank- 
 lin CO., Vermont, on Lake Champlain, about 
 24 miles N. from Burlington. It has a good 
 wharf, and is a place of considerable trade. 
 I ST.ANDREw's,a post-office of Orange CO. N.Y. 
 
 St. Andrew's, a pleasant post-village of 
 Washington co., Florida, on the bay of the 
 same name, about 10 miles from the Gulf of 
 Mexico, into which the bay opens. The si- 
 tuation is very healthy and pleasant. The 
 bay, which is almost entirely landlocked, 
 forms a fine harbor, with 12 feet of water 
 over the bar. The place is frequented in 
 summer by planters, on account of its salu- 
 brity and the beauty of the bay. The post- 
 office is called St. Andrew's bay. 
 
 St. Andrew's Bay, a bay of very irregular 
 shape, situated in Washington co., on the S. 
 coast of Florida. Length, near 25 miles. 
 
 St. Anthony, a thriving post-town of 
 Ramsey county, Minnesota, is finely situated 
 on the left bank of the Mississippi river, at 
 the Falls of. St. Anthony, 8 miles by land 
 above St. Paul. Lat. 44° 48' 40" N., Ion. 93° 
 10' W. The Mississippi here has a perpendi- 
 cular fall of about 18 feet, the first which oc- 
 curs in ascending the river. The site of the 
 village is an elevated prairie, rising by a 
 gradual acclivity, and commanding a fine view 
 of the falls. Situated at the head of navigation 
 J on the Mississippi, and in the immediate vi- 
 cinity of an unlimited water-power, St. An- 
 thony can scarcely fail to become an import- 
 ant commercial and manufacturing city. The 
 university of Minnesota is established here. 
 The town contains several houses of worship, 
 from 8 to 10 stores, 2 newspaper offices, and 
 numerous saw mills, besides other mills and 
 manufacturing establishments. The post- 
 1018 
 
 office is called St. Anthony's Falls. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 750; in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 St. Armand, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Essex co., N.Y. Pop., 210. 
 
 St.Aubert, a post-office of Callaway CO., Mo. 
 
 St. Augustine, a city, port of entry, and 
 capital of St. John's co., Florida, 200 miles 
 E. by S. from Tallahassee, and 160 miles S. 
 from Savannah. Lat. 29° 48' aO" N., Ion. 81° 
 35' W, It is one of the largest places in the 
 state, and has the distinction of being the 
 oldest town in the United States. It is si- 
 tuated on the northern shore of Matanzas 
 sound, 2 miles from the sea, from which it is 
 separated by the island of Anastasia. The 
 site is a plain only a few feet higher than the 
 level of the ocean. The streets vary from 10 
 to 18 feet in width ; the houses have mostly 
 two stories, the upper projecting over the 
 street. It contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, 1 Roman Catholic and 3 Protestant 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1 United States 
 land-office, and about 500 dwellings, some of 
 which are in a dilapidated state. The har- 
 bor is safe and commodious, but the bar at 
 the entrance prevents the approach of large 
 ships, having only 9 or 10 feet of water at low 
 tide. The mildness of the climate, and the 
 refreshing breezes from the sea, render this 
 a favorite winter residence for invalids. The 
 orange, lemon, olive, and date-palm flourish 
 in this vicinity, and fish and game are |ibun- 
 dant. The town is defended by Fort Marion, 
 erected by the Spaniards more than 100 years 
 ago, and formerly called the Castle of St. 
 Mark. Steamboats ply frequently between 
 this place and Savannah. It was settled by 
 the Spaniards about 1565, Pop., nearly 2000. 
 
 St. Augustine, a small post-village of Ful- 
 ton CO., Illinois, 49 miles W. from Peoria. 
 
 St. Augustine Lighthouse, on the N. end 
 of St. Anastasia island, E. of St. John's co., 
 Florida. It is 70 feet high, exclusive of the 
 lantern, which is 7 feet, and shows a fixed 
 light. Lat. 29° 52' 10" N., Ion. 81° 25' W. 
 
 St. Bernard, a parish of Louisiana, situ- 
 ated in the S. E. part of the state, on the 
 Gulf of Mexico. The area is 620 square 
 miles. Lake Borgne washes the N. AV. bor- 
 der. The surface is level ; the soil of the 
 higher portions is fertile, producing sugar 
 and molasses. In 1850 there were made 
 4367 hogsheads of sugar, and 173,000 gallons 
 of molasses. It contained 1 church, and 150 
 pupils attending public schools. Pop., 3802, 
 of whom 1479 were free, and 2323, slaves. 
 
 St. Catharine's Island, oS" the coast of 
 Liberty CO., Georgia, separated from the main- 
 land by St. Catharine's sound. Length, near 
 11 miles; greatest breadth, about 5 miles. 
 
 St. Charles, a parish in the S. E. part of 
 Louisiana, about 10 miles W. from New Or- 
 leans, contains 340 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by Rlississippi river, and bounded on 
 several sides by Lakes Pontchartrain, Des 
 AUemands, and Washa. The surface is flat ; 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 the soil of the higher parts is productive. 
 Sugar, rice, and Indian corn are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 it produced 10,206 hogsheads 
 of sugar; 531,300 gallons of molasses; 
 
 619.000 pounds of rice, and 178,980 bushels 
 of corn. It contained 1 church, and 55 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Seat of justice, 
 St. Charles Court House. Population, 5120, 
 of whom 988 were free, and 4132, slaves. 
 
 St. Charles, a county in the E. part of 
 Missouri, occupies a neck of land formed by 
 the confluence of the Missouri with the Mis- 
 sissippi ri.ver; area, about 480 square miles. 
 The Mississippi river forms the boundary on 
 the N. E., and separates it from Illinois. It 
 is also drained by Cuivre river, and by Dar- 
 denne, Peruque, and Femme Osage creeks. 
 The surface is alternately hilly, rolling, and 
 level. A range of highlands terminates about 
 3 miles below St. Charles, in a beautiful and 
 romantic pile of naked bluffs, called the 
 " Mammelles." The soil is generally fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, butter, and tobacco 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 
 658.001 bushels of corn; 122,902 of wheat; 
 114,658 of oats; 122,390 pounds of butter, 
 and 210,712 of tobacco. It contained 24 
 churches, 1 newspaper of&ce ; 788 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 200 attending 
 academies and other schools. Limestone 
 generally underlies the county. Extensive 
 mines of stone coal are worked in several 
 places. Capital, St. Charles. Population, 
 11,454, of whom 9505 were free, and 1949, 
 slaves. 
 
 St. Charles, a post-village of Johnson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 St. Charles, a small post-village of Ar- 
 kansas CO., Arkansas. 
 
 St. Charles, a post-office of Butler co., 0. 
 
 St. Charles, a post-township in Kane co., 
 Illinois. Population, 2132. 
 
 St. Charles, a handsome and flourishing 
 post-village in the above township, on Fox 
 river, 42 miles W. from Chicago. It is plea- 
 santly situated on the inclined planes which 
 rise gently from each side of the river. The 
 latter is a beautiful and rapid stream, with a 
 prairie on the W. side, and woodlands on the 
 other. This is the largest village in the county, 
 and is a place of rapid growth. One or two 
 newspapers are published here. A branch 
 railroad connects this place with the Chicago 
 and Galena railroad. Since the completion of 
 this road, St. Charles commands the trade of 
 the country between the Fox and Rock rivers. 
 The route of the Air-line railroad from Chi- 
 cago to the Mississippi river passes through 
 St. Charles. The extensive water-power of 
 the river gives motion to numerous paper 
 mills, flouring mills, and other manufactories, 
 which line the banks for the space of about 
 half a mile. Laid out in 1836. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 3500. 
 
 St. Charles, a thriving post-town, capi- 
 tal of St. Charles county, Missouri, on the 
 
 left bank of Missouri river, 22 miles from its 
 mouth, 144 miles below Jefferson City, and 
 about 6 miles by land S. from the Missis- 
 sippi river. The situation is elevated and 
 beautiful. The rocky bluffs in this vicinity 
 present delightful views of the two great 
 rivers above named. Quarries of limestone 
 and sandstone and mines of stone coal have 
 been opened near the town. It contains 
 several churches, 1 newspaper office, and is 
 the seat of St. Charles College, under the di- 
 rection of the Methodists. Population- in 
 1853, estimated at 3000. 
 
 St. Claib, a county towards the N. E. part 
 of Alabama, has an area of 725 square miles. 
 The Coosa river forms its entire S. E. bound- 
 ary for a distance of about 50 miles. The 
 county is also traversed by Canoe creek. 
 The surface is mountainous, and mostly co- 
 vered with forests of oaks and other timber. 
 The soil is adapted to grain and grass. In 
 1850 this county produced 283,377 bushels 
 of corn ; 38,054 of sweet potatoes ; 22,913 of 
 oats, and 1434 bales of cotton. It contained 
 26 churches, and 120 pupils attending public 
 schools. Extensive beds of bituminous coal 
 are found, but they have not yet been worked 
 to much extent. Small steamboats navigate 
 the Coosa from this county upwards to Rome, 
 in Georgia. Capital, Asheville. Population, 
 6829, of whom 5508 were free, and 1321, 
 slaves. 
 
 St. Clair, a county in the E. part of Mi- 
 chigan, bordering on Lake Huron and St. 
 Clair rivers, which separate it from Canada 
 West : area, about 900 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Belle and Black rivers, washed 
 on the S. by Lake St. Clair, and also drained 
 by Mill creek. The surface is undulating, 
 and in part heavily timbered with pine and 
 other trees. The soil is fertile in the S., and 
 sandy in the N. and W. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and hay are the staples. Pine lumber 
 is exported. In 1850 it produced 42,742 
 bushels of corn ; 20,391 of wheat ; 61,833 of 
 oats, and 8068 tons of hay. It contained 7 
 churches and 2 newspaper offices. Organized 
 in 1821. Capital, St. Clair. Pop., 10,420. 
 
 St. Clair, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Illinois, bordering on Missouri, has an area 
 of 630 square miles. It is situated on the 
 Mississippi river, opposite St. Louis, and in- 
 tersected in the S. E. part by Kaskaskia 
 river, and in the N. W. part by Cahokia 
 creek : it is also drained by Silver and Rich- 
 land creeks. The surface is undulating, and 
 in some places level, consisting partly of 
 prairie and partly of timbered land. The 
 soil is excellent, and generally cultivated. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, 
 cattle, pork, and butter are the staples. 
 Large quantities of provisions are raised in 
 the county for the markets of St. Louis. In 
 1850 it produced 1,102,563 bushels of corn ; 
 224,049 of wheat; 263,197 of oats; 3596 tons 
 of hay, and 243,976 pounds of butter. It 
 1019 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 contained 15 churches, and 4 newspaper 
 ofiBces. The route of the Cincinnati and St. 
 Louis railroad passes through the county. 
 Coal mines are numerous, and are rich and 
 extensively worked, particularly along the 
 Mississippi river. A large part of the popu- 
 lation consists of Germans. Named in honor 
 of General Arthur St. Clair, governor of Ohio 
 when it was a territory. Capital, Belleville. 
 Population, 20,181. 
 
 St. Claie, a county in the W. S. W. part 
 of Missouri, has an area of about 650 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Osage river, 
 and also drained by Sac river, and by War- 
 blow, Peshaw, and Monaghan creeks. The 
 surface is somewhat diversified, and consists 
 partly of prairies, and partly of timbered 
 land : the soil produces Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and hay. In 1850 there were raised 
 126,615 bushels of corn; 13,208 of wheat; 
 56,282 of oats, and 638 tons of hay. It con- 
 tained 4 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 120 
 pupils attending public schools, and 80 at- 
 tending an academy. Capital, Osceola. Po- 
 pulation, 3556 ; of whom 3108 were free, and 
 448, slaves. 
 
 St. Clair, a township of Bedford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles N. by W. from Bed- 
 ford. Population, 1612. 
 
 St. Clair, a iiourishing post-borough of 
 Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, 62 miles N. 
 E. from Harrisburg, 98 miles N. W. from Phi- 
 ladelphia, and 4 miles N. from Pottsville. It 
 owes its existence and prosperity to the rich 
 wines of anthracite coal which surround it. 
 The origin of the town is quite recent, and 
 its growth has been very rapid. The popu- 
 lation in 1845 was 605; in 1850 it amounted 
 to 2016, and in 1853 about 8000. 
 
 St. Clair, a village in Burke co., Georgia, 
 65 miles E. by N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 St. Clair, a post-office of Hawkins co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 St. Clair, a post-township in the central 
 part of Butler co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton railroad. 
 Population, 1150. 
 
 St. Clair, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Columbiana co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Sandy and Beaver canal. Population, 1153. 
 
 St. Clair, a township in tlie S. E. part of 
 St. Clair co., Michigan, intersected by Pine 
 river. Population, 1729. 
 
 St. Clair, formerly Palmer, a post-village, 
 capital of St. Clair county, Michigan, on the 
 river of the same name, at the mouth of Pine 
 river, 50 miles N. E. from Detroit. It con- 
 tains a court house, a newspaper office, a 
 number of stores, and several flouring and saw 
 mills. 
 
 St. Clair City, a village of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania rail- 
 road, 44 miles E. from Pittsburg, and 12 miles 
 from Greensburg, the county seat. 
 
 St. Clair Lake, on the S. E. border of Mi- 
 chigan, receives the river of its own name from 
 1020 
 
 the N., and discharges its waters through De- 
 troit river. Extent from E. to W. 28 miles, 
 from N. to S. about 24 miles. 
 
 St. Clair Kiver, of Michigan, is the outlet 
 of Lake Huron, which gradually contracts 
 towards its southern extremity, until it as- 
 sumes the form of a river, with an average 
 width of half a mile. After a southerly 
 course of about 40 miles, forming part of the 
 boundary between Canada AVest and the 
 United States, it enters Lake St. Clair. It is 
 navigable by large vessels. 
 
 St. Clairsville, a post-office of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 St. Clairsville, a hE.ndsome post-village, 
 capital of Belmont county, Ohio, on the 
 National road, 11 miles W. from Wheeling, 
 and 116 miles E. from Columbus. It is situ- 
 ated on hilly ground, in the midst of a rich 
 farming country. The Central railroad, now 
 in course of construction, passes near or 
 through the place. It contains 6 places of 
 worship, 8 newspaper offices, and 1 seminary 
 for girls. Population in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 St. Clement's Bat, a post-office of St. 
 Mary's co., Maryland. 
 
 St. Cloud, a post-office of Heard co., Ga. 
 
 St. Croix, (sent-kroi',) also called Passa- 
 MAQUOBDY and ScHoonic River, rises from 
 Grand lake, on the border between Maine 
 and New Brunswick, and flowing in a general 
 S. S. E. direction, although in a very winding 
 course, falls into Passamaquoddy bay. It 
 forms the boundary for its whole course 
 between the United States and New Bruns- 
 wick. The whole length is about 75 miles. 
 
 St. Croix river rises in La Pointe county, 
 Wisconsin, near the W. end of Lake Superior, 
 and flows south-westward until it reaches the 
 E. line of Minnesota. From this point it pur- 
 sues a general southerly course, forming the 
 boundary between that territory and the State 
 of Wisconsin, and falls into the Mississippi 
 river 38 miles below St. Paul's. The whole 
 length is about 200 miles, and it is 100 yards 
 wide at its mouth. St. Croix lake, an expan- 
 sion of this river, is 36 miles long, and 3 or 4 
 miles wide; it is not more than 1 mile from 
 the mouth of the river. Several falls occur in 
 the St. Croix, about the middle of its course. 
 
 St. Croix, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Wisconsin, bordering on Minnesota, contains 
 an area of about 750 square miles. It is bound- 
 ed on the W. by St. Croix river and lake, which 
 separate it from Minnesota Territory, and 
 drained by Willow and Rush rivers. The sur- 
 face is mostly overspread with forests of pine. 
 The county is copiously supplied with water- 
 power. Indian corn, oats, and barley are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 700 bushels of oats; 1100 of corn; 750 of 
 barley, and 1350 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 1 newspaper office, and 19 pupils at- 
 tending a school. Capital, Hudson. Popu- 
 lation, 624. 
 
 St. Croix Falls, a post-village, capital of 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 Polk CO., Wisconsin, on St. Croix river, at the 
 head of steamboat navigation, about 240 miles 
 in a direct line N. W. from Madisoa. It is esti- 
 mated that 4,000,000 feet of pine lumber are 
 made here annually. 
 
 St. Dennis Bayou, of Louisiana, traverses 
 the parish of Jeifersou, and flows into Bara- 
 taria bay. 
 
 Saintfield, a post-office of Muskingum co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 St. Francis, a county in the E. part of Ar- 
 kansas, between the White and St. Francis 
 rivers, contains about 900 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Cache river. The surface 
 is nearly level, the soil fertile. The staple 
 products are Indian corn, cotton, cattle, and 
 pork. In 1850 there wei-e raised 181,442 
 bushels of corn; 54,493 of oats, and 1540 
 bales of cotton. It contained 5 churches, 
 305 pupils attending public schools, and 45 
 attending an academy. The White and 
 St. Francis rivers are navigable along the 
 borders. Capital, Mount Vernon. Popula- 
 tion, 4479 ; of whom 3772 were free, and 707 
 slaves. 
 
 St. Francis County, Missouri. See St. 
 Francois. 
 
 St. Francis, a township in Green co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 453. 
 
 St. Francis, a township in Phillips co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 1376. 
 
 St. Francis, a small post-village of St. 
 Francis co., Arkansas, on the river of its own 
 name, 115 miles E. N. E. from Little Rock. 
 
 St. Francis River, of Missouri and Ar- 
 kansas, rises in the county of its own name, 
 in Missouri, and flows southward to the N. E. 
 corner of Arkansas. Entering this state, it 
 falls into the Mississippi river, about 10 miles 
 above Helena. In the lower part of its course 
 it passes through extensive tracts, which are 
 subject to inundation, and partly occuiDied 
 by cypress swamps. The whole length is 
 estimated at more than 450 miles, for 150 of 
 which it is navigable in some seasons of the 
 year. Trout and other fish are abundant in 
 this river. 
 
 St. Francisville, capital of West Feli- 
 ciana parish, Louisiana, 30 miles N. from 
 Baton Rouge, and 1 mile E. from the Missis- 
 sippi river, with which it is connected by 
 Bayou Sarah. It has a newspaper office. A 
 railroad 26 miles long extends northward to 
 Woodville, in Mississippi. 
 
 St. Francisville, a post-village of Law- 
 rence CO., Illinois, on the Wabash river, about 
 170 miles S. E. from Springfield. 
 
 St. Francisville, a thriving post-village 
 of Clark co., Missouri, on the Des Moines 
 river, about 10 miles W. N. W. from Keokuk. 
 
 St. Francois, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Missouri, has an area of about 350 square 
 miles. It is traversed from S. to N. by Big 
 river, an affluent of the Maramec river, and 
 also drained by the sources of St. Francis 
 river, flowing southward. The surface is 
 
 hilly and broken, and partly covered by 
 forests of pine and other timber. The soil 
 is moderately fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 226,759 bushels 
 of corn; 14,741 of wheat, and 32,191 of 
 oats. It contained 7 churches, and 277 
 pupils attending public schools. The cele- 
 brated Iron mountain is partly included 
 within it. Extensive iron works are in ope- 
 ration near the mines, and a plank-road ex- 
 tends from them to the Mississippi river. 
 Capital, Farmington. Population, 4964 ; of 
 whom 4284 were free, and 680, slaves. 
 
 St. Francois River rises in Canada, and 
 flows S. until it meets the N. W. boundary of 
 Maine, when it turns and runs easterly, and 
 it unites with the Walloostook river to form 
 the St. John's. It constitutes the N. boundary 
 of the state for most of its length. 
 
 St. Genevieve, a county in the E. S. E. 
 part of Missouri, has an area estimated at 
 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N. E. 
 by the Mississippi river, which separates it 
 from Illinois, and drained byRivitire auxVases, 
 Isle au Bois, Saline, and Establishment creeks. 
 The surface is hilly and broken ; the soil of 
 the river bottoms and valleys is fertile. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, and grass are culti- 
 vated. Limestone, lead, and white sand are 
 extensively exported. In 1850 the county 
 produced 195,214 bushels of corn; 30,183 of 
 wheat, and 34,413 of oats. It contained 8 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 260 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 145 attending 
 academies or other schools. Extensive mines 
 of lead and copper, and quarries of marble 
 are worked. A plank-road about 40 miles 
 long extends from the county seat to the Iron 
 mountain. Capital, St. Genevieve. Pop., 
 5313, of whom 4697 were free, and 616, slaves. 
 
 St. Genevieve, a post-village, capital of 
 St. Genevieve county, Missouri, on the Mis- 
 sissippi river, 61 miles below St. Louis. Some 
 improvement has taken place recently since 
 it became the shipping point for the products 
 of the iron works at Iron mountain. A plank- 
 road, 42 miles long, has been commenced be- 
 tween these works and the town. St. Gene- 
 vieve exports large quantities of copper, lead, 
 limestone, and white sand, the last of which 
 is used in the glass works of Boston and 
 Pittsburg, and is a very superior article. 
 Two newspapers are published here. Settled 
 about 1755. Population, about 1500. 
 
 St. George, a post-township of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine, on the Atlantic, 45 miles S. E. 
 from Augusta. Population, 2217. 
 
 St. George, a post-township of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, 35 miles W. N. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 127. 
 
 St. George's, a post-village of Newcastle 
 county, Delaware, on the Delaware and Che- 
 sapeake canal, 16 miles S. S. W. from Wil- 
 mington. It has 3 churches and 2 hotels. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 300. 
 1021 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 St. George's, a post-ofi5ce of Colleton dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 St. Helen, a small post-village of Cedar co., 
 Mo., about 117 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 St. Helen, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 St. Helena, a parish of Louisiana, border- 
 ing on Mississippi, contains about 540 square 
 miles. It is drained by Tickfah river, and 
 bounded on the W. by the Amite. The sur- 
 face presents no great elevations ; the soil 
 along the streams is fertile. Cotton and In- 
 dian corn are the staple products. In 1850 
 there were raised 1284 bales of cotton; 
 109,751 bushels of corn, and 44,225 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 6 saw and planing 
 mills, 1 tannery, and 1 agricultural imple- 
 ment manufactory; 11 churches, and 355 
 pupils attending public schools. The parish 
 id traversed by the New Orleans & Northern 
 Railroad. Capital, Greensburg. Pop. 4561, of 
 whom 2365 were free, and 2196, slaves. 
 
 St. Helena, a post-village in St. Helena 
 parish, Louisiana, 35 miles N. E. by E. from 
 Baton Rouge. 
 
 St. Helen's Mountain, Oregon, a peak of 
 the Cascade range, N. by E. from Fort Van- 
 couver. Height, about 13,800 feet. It is a 
 volcano, and has recently been in a state of 
 eruption. 
 
 St. Henry's, a post-office of Mercer co., 0. 
 
 St. Ignace, a village of Mackinac co., Mi- 
 chigan, on the Straits of Mackinac, is inha- 
 bited mostly by fishermen. 
 . St. Illa, a post-office of Ware co., 6a. 
 
 St. Inigoes, a post-village in St. Mary co., 
 Maryland, 60 miles S. by E. from Annapolis. 
 
 St. Jacob, a post-office of Madison co.. 111. 
 
 St. James, a pai'ish in the S. E. part of 
 Louisiana, on both sides of the Mississippi, 
 contains 330 square miles. Lake Maurepas 
 touches the N. E. extremity of the parish. 
 The surface is flat ; the soil alluvial and 
 fertile, producing sugar, molasses, and Indian 
 corn. The plantations are chiefly confined to 
 the banks of the river. Sugar, molasses, and 
 Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 there 
 were raised 21,670 hogsheads of sugar; 
 926,438 gallons of molasses, and 334,480 
 bushels of corn. There were 2 saw and 
 planing mills ; 2 churches, 1 newspaper office; 
 238 pupils attending public schools, and 148 
 attending an academy. Capital, Bringiers. 
 Population, 11,098, of whom 3347 were free, 
 and 7751, slaves. 
 
 St. John, a post-office of Hertford co., N. C. 
 
 St. John, a village in Lake co., Illinois, on 
 the W. shore of Lake Michigan, 26 miles N. 
 by W. from Chicago. 
 
 St. John, a post-office of Dodge co., Mo. 
 
 St. John Baptiste, a parish in the S. E. 
 part of Louisiana, bordering on Lakes Mau- 
 repas and Pontchartrain, contains about 200 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Mis- 
 sissippi. The surface is flat; the arable 
 land is confined to the margins of the river. 
 1022 
 
 Sugar, rice, and Indian corn are the staples. 
 In 1850 this parish produced 11,935 hogs- 
 heads of sugar ; 638,230 gallons of molasses ; 
 314,200 pounds of rice, and 188,390 bushels 
 of corn. There were 2 saw and planing mills ; 
 1 church, and 452 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Bonnet Carre. Pop., 7317, 
 of whom 2777 were free, and 4540, slaves. 
 
 St. John's, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Florida, bordering on the Atlantic, contains 
 about 990 square miles. It is intersected by 
 the navigable river of the same name. The 
 surface is level and but little elevated above 
 the sea ; the soil sandy and poor. A large 
 part of the county is occupied by marshes 
 and pine barrens. The live oak, orange, 
 and lemon flourish in this region. The 
 sugar-cane and Indian corn are cultivated. 
 In 1850 it produced 14,390 bushels of corn; 
 290 hogsheads of sugar, and 6325 gallons of 
 molasses. It contained 1 saw mill, 1 turpen- 
 tine distillery, and 1 tobacco factory. There 
 were 4 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 50 pu- 
 pils attending a public school, and 160 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Capital 
 St. Augustine. Population, 2525, of whom 
 1532 were free, and 993, slaves. 
 
 St. John's, or St. Johnstown, a village ia 
 Sussex CO., Delaware, 28 miles S. from Dover. 
 
 St. John's, a post-village of Auglaize co., 
 0., aboiit 90 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 St. John's, a post-township in Lake co., 
 Indiana. Population, 469. 
 
 St. John's, a post- village of Lake co., Indi- 
 ana, 145 miles N. W. by N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 St. Johnsburt, a post-township of Caledo- 
 nia CO., Vermont, about 35 miles N. E. from 
 Montpelier. The village is the N. terminus 
 of the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers 
 railroad. It contains 1 bank, and an exten- 
 sive manfactory of weighing scales. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 2758. 
 
 St. Johnsburt Centre, a post-office of Ca- 
 ledonia CO., Vermont. 
 
 St. Johnsburt East, a post-office of Cale- 
 donia CO., Vermont. 
 
 St. John's Creek, of Franklin county, Mis- 
 souri, enters the Missouri river from the riglit, 
 1 or 2 miles above Washington. It is a good 
 mill stream. 
 
 St. John's Lighthouse, at the entrance of 
 St. John's river, Florida, exhibits a fixed light 
 65 feet high. Lat. 30° 21' N., Ion. 81° 33' W. 
 
 St. John's Lighthouse, Lake Pontchar- 
 train, at the entrance of the Bayou St. John, 
 5 miles N. from New Orleans. It shows a 
 fixed light 48 feet above the level of the lake. 
 
 St. John's River is formed by the junction 
 of the Walloostook and St. Frangois river, on 
 the limits between Maine and Canada, and 
 flowing in a general easterly direction, marks 
 the border between the United States and 
 Canada till its intersection with the E. bound- 
 ary of Maine, where it passes into New Bruns- 
 wick and falls into the Bay of Fundy, after a 
 course of about 350 miles. It is navigable 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 for boats 200 miles, and for sloops of 50 tons 
 burthen 80 miles. 
 
 St. John's River, Florida, has its sources 
 in a marshy tract, in the central part of the 
 peninsula. It pursues a north-westerly course 
 to the mouth of the Ocklawaha, after which 
 it flows nearly northward to Jacksonville. 
 Turning thence toward the E., it enters the 
 Atlantic in lat. 30° 20' N. Its whole length 
 is estimated at above 200 miles. Steamboats 
 regularly navigate this river from its mouth 
 to Pilatka. Vessels requiring 8 feet of water 
 can ascend to Lake George, a distance of 107 
 miles. The country through which it passes 
 consists chiefly of pine barrens and cypress 
 swamps. 
 
 St. Johnstown, Delaware. See St. John's. 
 
 St. Johnsyillb, a post-township forming 
 the N. W. extremity of Montgomery co.. New 
 York, on the Mohawk river and Erie canal. 
 Population, 1627. 
 
 St. Joseph, a county in the S. S. W. part 
 of Michigan, bordering on Indiana, contains 
 628 square miles. It is intersected by the St. 
 Joseph's river, (of Lake Michigan,) and also 
 drained by Portage, Prairie, Pigeon, and 
 Fawn rivers, which terminate in it. The sur- 
 face is gently undulating, and is diversified 
 by prairies and "oak openings," the soil of 
 which is extremely fertile. Grain, potatoes, 
 wool, pork, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 431,337 bushels of 
 corn; 265,011 of wheat; 99,404 of potatoes ; 
 and 12,678 tons of hay. It contained 14 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 4338 pupils 
 attending public schools. Timber is plenti- 
 ful in the W. part of the county. The St. 
 Joseph's river is navigable for keel-boats, and 
 some of the streams furnish extensive water- 
 power. The county is intersected by the 
 Michigan Southern railroad. Capital, Cen- 
 treville. Population, 12,725. 
 
 St. Joseph, a county in the N. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Michigan, contains 470 
 square miles. It is drained by the St. Jo- 
 seph's and Kankakee rivers. The surface is 
 nearly level, and is diversified by prairies, 
 oak openings, and forests. The soil is ex- 
 tremely fertile and easily cultivated. The 
 staple productions are wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, grass, and fruits. In 1850 this 
 county produced 346,841 bushels of corn; 
 161,956 of wheat; 109,516 of oats, and 5904 
 tons of hay. It contained 17 churches, 1 
 newspaper office ; 1413 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 60 attending academies or 
 other schools. The county contains marl, 
 and abundance of iron ore, and is liberally 
 supplied with water-power. It is intersected 
 by the Northern Indiana railroad. Organized 
 in 1830. Capital, South Bend. Pop., 10,954. 
 
 St. Joseph, a post- village, capital of Tensas 
 parish, Louisiana, on the right bank of the 
 Mississippi river. 
 
 St. .Joseph, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Williams co., Ohio, intersected 
 
 by St. Joseph's river of the Maumee. Popu- 
 lation, 589. 
 
 St. Joseph, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Berrien co., Michigan, and on the E. shore 
 of Lake Michigan. 
 
 St. Joseph, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of 
 St. Joseph's river, 194 miles W. of Detroit. It 
 carries on an active trade in lumber and fruit 
 to supply the boats of the lake and the Chi- 
 cago market. The bridge which crosses the 
 river at this place cost $15,000. Population, 
 in 1853, 800. 
 
 St. Joseph, a post-township in Allen co., 
 Indiana. Population, 748. 
 
 St. Joseph, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Buchanan co., Missouri, is situated on the left 
 (E.) bank of the Missouri river, 340 miles 
 above Jefferson City, and 496 miles by water 
 from St. Louis. It is the most commercial 
 and populous town of Western Missouri, and 
 one of the points of departure in the emigra- 
 tion to Oregon, California, &c. St. Joseph is 
 surrounded by an extremely fertile region, in 
 which wheat, tobacco, and hemp are culti- 
 vated. A company has been formed to con- 
 struct a railroad about 200 miles long from 
 this town to Hannibal, on the Mississippi. 
 The town was laid out in 1843, and became the 
 county seat in 1845. It contains 7 churches, 
 several steam flouring and saw mills, and 
 manufactories of bagging, &c. ; 2 or 3 news- 
 papers are published here. Population in 
 1853, about 5000. 
 
 St. Joseph's, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 St. Joseph's, a post-village, capital of Cal- 
 houn CO., Florida, on St. Joseph's bay, of the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 St. Joseph's, a post-office of Champaign 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 St. Joseph's Bat, an arm of the Gulf of 
 Mexico, is situated in Calhoun co., on the S. 
 coast of Florida. It is formed by a narrow, 
 crooked peninsula, extending from the main- 
 land to Cape St. Joseph, the S. extremity of 
 which forms Cape St. Bias. Length, near 25 
 miles ; greatest breadth, about 10 miles. 
 
 St. Joseph's Grove, a village in Dubuque 
 CO., Iowa, 10 miles S. W. from Dubuque. 
 
 St. Joseph's River, of Michigan and In- 
 diana, rises in Hillsdale county, Michigan, 
 and after making a circuit into Indiana, it 
 turns towards the N. W. and enters the for- 
 mer state, and flows through Berrien county 
 into Lake Michigan, at the village of St. .Jo- 
 seph. Its general direction is nearly west- 
 ward, and its course is very serpentine. The 
 length is estimated at 250 miles, which is 
 greater than that of any stream in the state 
 except Grand river. It has an equable cur- 
 rent, and is navigated by small steamboats 
 from its mouth to Constantine, about 120 
 miles. The chief towns on its banks are Con- 
 stantine, Elkhart, South Bend, and Niles. 
 The country through which it flows is undu- 
 1023 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 lating and extremely fertile. There is a good 
 harbor at its mouth, where the river is one- 
 fourth of a mile wide, and from 9 to 14 feet deep. 
 
 St. Joseph's Rivbe, of the Maumee, rises 
 in Hillsdale co., Michigan, and flowing in a 
 general S. W. course across the N. W. corner 
 of Ohio, unites with the St. Mary's river to 
 form the Maumee, at Fort Wayne, in Indiana. 
 
 St. Julian, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 St. Landry, a parish in the S. W. part of 
 Louisiana, contains 2200 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by Atchafalaya, and 
 drained by the Cortableau and Teche bayous. 
 The parish has a high, rolling, and pictu- 
 resque surface, and a very productive soil. 
 Sugar, cotton, and Indian corn are the sta- 
 ples. Many cattle are raised for exportation. 
 In 1850 this parish produced 5961 hogsheads 
 of sugar; 317,970 gallons of molasses ; 3920 
 bales of cotton; 372,180 bushels of corn, and 
 69,361 of sweet potatoes. There were 6 saw 
 and planing mills, 6 tanneries, and 3 coopers' 
 shops. It contained 6 churches, 2 newspaper 
 ofBces ; 900 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 204 attending academies or other schools. 
 The Atchafalaya and Cortableau are naviga- 
 ble by steamboats in high water. A railroad 
 is in course of construction from New Orleans 
 to Opelousfis, the capital of the parish. Po- 
 pulation, 22,253; of whom 11,382 were free, 
 and 10,871, slaves. 
 
 St. Lawrence, one of the largest rivers of 
 North America, which issues from Lake On- 
 tario, in about 44° 10' N. lat., and 76° 30' AV. 
 Ion., and flowing north-easterly, falls into the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence in about 49° 30' N. lat., 
 and 64° W. Ion. Viewing this river in con- 
 nection with the great Western lakes, of which 
 it forms the outlet, it may be said to rise at 
 the sources of the St. Louis, which flows into 
 Lake Superior. Receiving different names in 
 difi'erent parts of its course, between Lake 
 Superior and Huron it is called the St. Mary ; 
 between Lake Huron and Erie, the St. Clair 
 and Detroit ; between Lake Erie and Ontario, 
 the Niagara ; between Lake Ontario and the 
 sea it takes the name of St. Lawrence. Its 
 whole length, including the chain of lakes, is 
 estimated at 2200 miles. The distance from 
 Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence is 
 about 750 miles. Between the lake and Mont- 
 real, the navigation of the river is somewhat 
 impeded by rapids, the most important of 
 which are the Cedar and the Lachine rapids. 
 The latter are 9 miles above Montreal. Steam- 
 boats can descend, but they are obliged to be 
 towed up in a side-canal. The breadth of 
 the St. Lawrence is very unequal, varying 
 from less than a mile to 3 or 4 miles. To- 
 wards its mouth it gradually widens to an 
 estuary from 10 to 15 or 20 miles wide. This 
 river contains numerous islands ; near its 
 egress from Lake Ontario there is a multitu- 
 dinous group, called the " Thousand Islands," 
 presenting to the traveller an endless variety 
 of charming scenery. 
 1024 
 
 St. Lawrence, a county in the N. N. E. part 
 of New York, has an area of about 2900 
 square miles, being the largest county in the 
 state. It is bounded on the N. W. by the St. 
 Lawrence, and is drained by the Oswegatchie, 
 Grass, Racket, and St. Regis rivers, and other 
 smaller streams, which supply motive-power 
 to numerous mills. It has several small 
 lakes, the principal of which is Black lake. 
 A large part of this county is still but thinly 
 settled and heavily wooded. In the town of 
 Canton, a natural canal, about 6 miles in 
 length and navigable for boats, connects Os- 
 wegatchie and Grass rivers. The surface is 
 uneven, and in the S. W. part hilly. The 
 soil is generally fertile. Wheat, wool, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 289,956 bushels of wheat; 122,688 
 tons of hay; 2,876,918 pounds of butter; 
 1,596,450 of cheese; 287,900 of wool, and 
 1,236,504 of maple sugar, the greatest quan- 
 tity produced by any county in the United 
 States. There were 27 flour and grist mills, 
 125 saw mills, 4 furnaces, 6 woollen factories, 
 2 distilleries, 3 iron forges, and 9 iron foun- 
 dries. It contained 94 churches, 7 news- 
 paper offices ; 23,050 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 972 attending academies and 
 other schools. Iron ore, lead, and marble 
 are abundant. The St. Lawrence river, by 
 means of canals around the different falls and 
 rapids, is navigable along the border. The 
 county is traversed by the railroad connecting 
 Ogdensburg with Rouse's Point, and partly in- 
 tersected by the Watertown and Potsdam rail- 
 road. Capital, Canton. Pop., 68,617. 
 
 St. Lawrence, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 New York. 
 
 St. Lawrence, a post-village of Chatham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 St. Leger, a post-office of Ozark co., Mo. 
 
 St. Leon, a post-office of Dearborn co., Ind. 
 
 St. Leonard's, a post-village in Calvert CO., 
 Maryland, 45 miles S. from Annapolis. 
 
 St. Louis, a county in the E. part of Mis- 
 souri, occupies a point of land formed by the 
 confluence of the Missouri with the Missis- 
 sippi river, the latter of which separates it 
 from Illinois on the E. The Maramec river 
 traverses the southern part, and enters the 
 Mississippi on the boundary of this county. 
 It is also drained by River des Peres, and by 
 Gravois and Bonhomme creeks. The surface 
 is pleasantly diversified ; the soil has a sub- 
 stratum of good limestone, and is highly pro- 
 ductive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, but- 
 ter, and pork are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 668,210 bushels of corn ; 
 98,430 of wheat; 1.38,837 of oats; 14,169 
 tons of hay, and 203,482 pounds of butter. 
 The produce of hay was greater than that of 
 any other county in the state. It contained 
 53 churches, 31 newspaper offices; 2514 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 3992 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Ex- 
 tensive mines of stone coal and quarries of 
 
ST. 
 
 marble are worked, and iron is found in the 
 W. part. Several railways are in progress of 
 construction through the county. This is by 
 far the most populous and wealthy county in 
 the state. Capital, St. Louis. Pop., 99,978; 
 of whom 94,011 were free, and 59G7, slaves. 
 St. Louis, a small village of Bartholomew 
 CO., Indiana, 11 miles N. E. from Columbus, 
 the county town, has about 100 inhabitants. 
 St. Louis, a city, port of entry, and seat 
 of justice of St. Louis county, Missouri, is 
 situated on the right bank of the Mississippi 
 river, 20 miles below the entrance of the 
 Missouri, 174 above the mouth of the Ohio, 
 744 below the Falls of St. Anthony, 1194 
 above New Orleans, and 128 miles E. from 
 Jefferson City. Lat. 38° 37' 28" N., Ion. 90° 
 15' IG" W. The site rises from the river by 
 two plateaux of limestone formation, the first 
 20 and the other 60 feet above the floods of 
 the Mississippi. The ascent to the first pla- 
 teau, or bottom as it maybe termed, is some- 
 what abrupt ; the second rises more gradually, 
 and spreads out into an extensive plain, afford- 
 ing fine views of the city and river. St. Louis 
 extends in all nearly 7 miles by the curve of 
 the Mississippi, and about 3 miles back ; the 
 thickly settled portion, however, is only 2 or 
 2J miles in length, following the river, and 
 about IJ miles in breadth. The city is well 
 laid out, the streets being for the most part 
 60 feet wide, and, with but few exceptions, in- 
 tersect each other at right angles. Front 
 street, extending along the levee, is upwards 
 of 100 feet wide, and built up on the side facing 
 the river with a range of massive stone ware- 
 houses, which make an imposing appearance 
 as the city is approached by water. Front, 
 Main, and Second streets, parallel to each 
 other and to the river, are the seat of the 
 principal wholesale business. The latter is 
 occupied with heavy grocery, iron, receiving 
 and shipping houses. Fourth street, the 
 fashionable promenade, contains the finest re- 
 tail stores. The streets parallel to Front and 
 Main streets are designated Second street. 
 Third, Fourth, Fifth, and so on ; and those on 
 the right and left of Market street, extending 
 at right angles with the river, are mostly 
 named from various forest trees, similar to the 
 streets of Philadelphia. Large expenditures 
 have been made from time to time in grading 
 and otherwise improving the streets and 
 alleys of St. Louis ; and it is stated that at 
 the present time a greater amount of work of 
 this kind is under contract than has ever 
 been undertaken by the city in any former 
 year. As yet, but slight provision has been 
 made for public squares, but immediate at- 
 tention to this subject is earnestly recom- 
 mended by the mayor in his late message 
 of October, 1853. One handsome enclosure, 
 called Lafayette Square, is now being laid out 
 in the southern section of the city, about 2 
 miles S. W. from the court house. St. Louis is 
 handsomely built, especially the new portion 
 3p 
 
 ST. 
 
 of the city; the principal material is bricif, 
 though limestone is employed to some extent. 
 It may be doubted whether any city of the 
 Union has improved more rapidly than thin 
 in the style of its public buildings. But 
 twenty-four years ago a court house was 
 erected at a cost of $14,000; it was then 
 considered a handsome edifice, and suffi- 
 cient for all future purposes. Within a 
 few years, however, this building has given 
 place to a new structure, now nearly com- 
 pleted, the cost of which will scarcely fall 
 short of half a million of dollars. It is con- 
 structed of Genevieve limestone, and occu- 
 pies an entire square bounded by Market, 
 Chestnut, Fourth, and Fifth streets. The 
 style of architecture somewhat resembles 
 that of the capitol at Washington. The 
 fronts are adorned with porticos, and in the 
 interior is a rotunda, lighted from the dome. 
 The " Market and Town House," erected at a 
 cost of $20,000,has been pulled down, and the 
 "Centre Market Buildings,"ahandsome block, 
 now occupies their place. The old City Hall, at 
 the foot of Market street, is still standing. Its 
 speedy demolition, however, is regarded by the 
 citizens as already decreed, and at the present 
 time even, negotiations are pending for the 
 purchase of a site at the corner of Thirteenth 
 and Olive streets, upon which to erect a new 
 edifice, of a size and style corresponding to 
 the present prospects of the city. Of thi? 
 four churches — the Catholic, the Presby- 
 terian, the Episcopal, and the Baptist — 
 which were all the town contained in 1829, 
 not a vestige now remains ; bixt in their 
 stead had arisen in 1850, 49 others, viz. 
 12 Catholic, 12 Methodist, 8 Presbyterian, 5 
 Episcopal, 2 Unitarian, 2 Evangelical, and 1 
 Boatmen's, besides 2 Jewish synagogues. 
 At the present time the number of churches 
 in St. Louis is probably not less than 60, 
 several of which have cost above a hundred 
 thousand dollars. Of these, St. George's, 
 (Episcopal,) at the corner of Locust and Se- 
 venth streets, the Catholic cathedral, on Wal- 
 nut street, between Second and Third, and the 
 Church of the Messiah, a magnificent Gothic 
 edifice recently erected by the Unitarians, at 
 the corner of Olive and Ninth streets, are re- 
 garded as the finest. The Cathedral is 1 36 feet 
 long and 84 feet wide, with a front of polished 
 freestone 58 feet high, adorned with a Doric 
 portico. In the tower is a chime of bells, the 
 heaviest of which weighs 2600 pounds. The 
 United States arsenal, situated on Arsenal 
 street, in the extreme south-eastern section of 
 the city, is a large and imposing edifice en- 
 closed by handsomely ornamented grounds. 
 Jefferson barracks are located about 13 miles 
 below, on the bank of the Mississippi. 
 
 The principal hotels in St. Louis, are the 
 Planters' House, on Fourth street, between 
 Pine and Chesnut ; the United States Hotel, 
 at the corner of Market and Third streets ; 
 the Virginia Hotel, corner of Main and Greeo 
 1025 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 streets ; the Missouri Hotel, corner of Main 
 and Morgan streets, and the Monroe House, 
 at the corner of Second and Olive streets. 
 The Planters' House is one of the largest and 
 finest hotels in the West, and occupies the en- 
 tire front between Pine and Chestnut streets. 
 Another first-class hotel is also being erected. 
 
 InsiUutions. — Among the benevolent insti- 
 tutions may be mentioned the City Hospital, 
 the Marine Hospital, 3 miles below St. Louis, 
 the Sisters' Hospital, the Home for the Friend- 
 less, and the Orphan Asylums. The Home 
 for the Friendless, designed for the benefit 
 of aged indigent females, and opened October 
 4th, 18-53, is situated on the Carondelet road, 
 about 4 miles from the court house. The 
 edifice, formerly " Swiss College," consists 
 of a stone centre, 75 feet in length, and two 
 frame wings, each from 30 to 40 feet in 
 length — the whole two stories high. The 
 premises comprise about 8 acres of ground, 
 variously diversified with walks and shade- 
 trees. About $40,000 have been raised for 
 the support ;of the institution. The City Hos- 
 pital has long been distinguished for the excel- 
 lent accommodations which it affords to the 
 sick, but of late has been found inadequate to 
 the wants of the rapidly increasing population. 
 Its extension, therefore, as well as the erection 
 of new and suitable buildings for the quaran- 
 tine, is earnestly recommended in the mayor's 
 message. A new edifice, intended as a House 
 of Refuge, has been completed the present 
 month. The building formerly occupied as 
 the " Smallpox Hospital," situated on land in 
 the St. Louis Common, known as the Old Coun- 
 ty Farm, is now being fitted up for the recep- 
 tion of a juvenile reform school. The repairs 
 are to be completed, and the institution 
 opened about the 1st of December. 
 
 The literary and educational institutions 
 of St. Louis have, considering their recent 
 origin, attained a high degree of excellence. 
 The University of St. Louis, organized in 
 1832, under the direction of the Catholics, 
 is a well-ordered, well-sustained, and most 
 efiicient institution. The medical college 
 connected with it is also very flourishing. 
 During the term for 1852-3 it was attended 
 by 72 students ; and on the first of October, 
 1853, it is said that the number of matriculants 
 enrolled for the ensuing season, was four 
 times greater than that of any previous year. 
 Th« medical department of the Missouri Uni- 
 versity is also located here. It was founded 
 in 1840, and during the winter of 1852-3, 
 92 students attended its lectures. The mem- 
 bers of both these colleges enjoy excellent 
 advantages for practice in the City Hospital. 
 The Mercantile Library Association of St. 
 Louis was organized in 1846, and incorpo- 
 rated in 1851. The building, now about to be 
 completed, is of brick, in the Italian style, 105 
 feet by 127, and 4 stories high. The united 
 size of the library and reading room is 80 
 feet by 64. The lecture room, 80 feet by 44, 
 1026 
 
 is in the second story, and in the third is a 
 grand hall, the largest and finest probably in 
 the whole West, being 105 feet loiig and 80 
 feet wide. The entire cost of the building, 
 including the site, is estimated at $95,000. 
 The library contains upwards of 7000 
 volumes, besides 59 magazines and other 
 periodicals, apart from its newspapers. Two 
 thousand volumes were added to its shelves 
 during the past year. Any person of mercantile 
 pursuits is admitted as a member of the asso- 
 ciation — clerks paying $2 initiation fee and 
 75 cents quartei-ly, and proprietors $5 initia- 
 tion fee and $2.50 quarterly. Present num- 
 ber of members, about 800. The citizens of 
 St. Louis have given especial attention to the 
 cause of popular education. Their schools are 
 the pride of the city, and attended by upwards 
 of five thousand pupils ; the property is valued 
 at half a million of dollars, and the income 
 last year amounted to $43,250. A large 
 number of pupils are also educated in the 
 private seminaries of the city, and in the 
 convents. The buildings of the latter are 
 conspicuous and handsome edifices. 
 
 St. Louis has about 25 publication offices, 
 issuing newspapers and other periodicals. 
 Seven or eight newspapers are published 
 daily ; and several have weekly, and two — the 
 Times and the Republican — have tri-weekly 
 and weekly editions. Four or five are 
 printed in the German language. The press 
 is generally characterized by ability, and 
 several of its issues have a wide circulation. 
 
 Real Estate, Improvements, ^c. — The value 
 of real estate in St. Louis has advanced at an 
 astonishingly rapid rate. In 1822 the Trus- 
 tees of the First Presbyterian church pur- 
 chased a lot fronting 150 feet on Fourth 
 street, and 90 feet on Washington avenue 
 and St. Charles street, for $300. In April, 
 1853, the ground was leased for a term of 50 
 years, at the rate of $4000 per annum. 
 Since then seven splendid stores have been 
 erected on it, at a cost of $50,000. The lot 
 at the corner of Third and Chestnut streets, 
 extending 120 feet on the former, and 150 
 feet along the latter, was sold in 1826 for 
 $400. It is now valued at $30,000, exclusive 
 of the improvements. In 1831, Judge Lucas 
 conveyed to Samuel Wiggins a lot 90 feet 
 front and 135 deep, at the corner of Fifth 
 and Chestnut streets, upon which Christ 
 Church now stands, for the sum of $1600. 
 The value of the same ground is now esti- 
 mated at $22,000. In 1833, a block situate 
 between Fourth and Fifth streets, and Locust 
 and St. Charles streets, was sold for $6000. 
 It is now said to be worth $182,000. In 
 1835, the Trustees of the Unitarian church 
 purchased a lot at the corner of Fourth and 
 Pine streets, 127 feet deep, and 60 feet front on 
 Fourth street, for $2000, or $33.33 per front 
 foot. Two years ago it was sold for $24,000, 
 or $400 per front foot, and in 1853 it was sup- 
 posed to be worth $600 per front foot. In 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 1844, a meadow belonging to Judge Carrwas 
 laid off into lots, and sold at auction, on ten 
 years' credit, at prices varying from $8 to $18 
 per lot. What was then a meadow, now con- 
 tains a population of not less than 4000 souls, 
 and the lots are valued at four times their ori- 
 ginal cost. Real estate investments on Front 
 and Maine streets vary from $700 to $800 per 
 front foot; and, on Second street, lots which 
 five years ago could be bought for $100 or 
 $150 per front foot, now sell for $500. 
 
 There has also been a corresponding ad- 
 vance in real estate lying without the city. 
 Land which in 1842-3 sold at prices varying 
 from $75 to $150 per acre, now brings from 
 $1200 to $2000. In 1847-8, two estates in 
 the southern part of the city were disposed 
 of in lots ; th°e sales of which ranged from 
 $1.50 to $4 per front foot. Now the same 
 property sells as high as $40 per foot. And 
 finally, six years ago land that could be pur- 
 chased in the common, south of the city, for 
 about $75 per acre, now commands $1000, 
 and but little is to be obtained, even at that 
 price. St. Louis owns 600 acres of these 
 lands, and has claims upon as much more. 
 
 The revenue of the city twenty years ago, 
 as ascertained from the assessment list, was 
 $4765.98. Now the assessed valuation of pro- 
 perty, though falling far below its real value, is 
 $39,397,186, upon which a tax of $413,670 is 
 collected, independent of $46, 000 arising from 
 the sale of licenses. The assessed valueof mer- 
 chandise amounted to $8,744,786.64, an in- 
 crease of $2,299,606.57over 1852. The highest 
 tax paid by any individual in 1829 was $532 ; 
 now, one gentleman, J. H.Lucas, Esq. pays in his 
 own name a city tax of $14,000 ; nor does this 
 include the whole of his assessment, as much 
 of his property is held conjointly with others. 
 
 The water-works, which in 1829 were of 
 vei'y inconsiderable importance, now embrace 
 35^ miles of pipe. The main reservoir, built 
 four and a half years ago, is capable of con- 
 taining 5,000,000 gallons of water, being 250 
 feet square, and 15 feet deep. It occupies 
 the S. W. quarter of an enclosure, 660 feet 
 on a side, situated at the head of Olive 
 street, to which water is forced from the river 
 by stationary engines, a distance of If miles. 
 In addition to this, arrangements are about 
 being made for constructing a new reser- 
 voir on the E. half of the same square, to be 
 540 feet in length, 250 in breadth, and 25 feet 
 deep, having a capacity for 52,000,000 gal- 
 lons. The cost of the work is estimated at 
 $100,000, and the time required for its com- 
 pletion, two years. It is also contemplated 
 to erect a water-tower on the site of the old 
 reservoir on Broadway of sufficient capacity 
 to be a valuable adjunct in the event of large 
 fires. Gas works have been put in operation 
 within the past six years, and their magni- 
 tude may be inferred from the fact that 
 thirty-three miles of street pipe are now laid 
 throughout the city. 
 
 The Levee, which, twenty years ago, was 
 a mere mud bank, with transverse ways to 
 the water's edge, has since undergone very 
 important changes. Great expenditures have 
 been made in filling up and otherwise im- 
 proving it directly in front of the city ; and 
 at a session of the governmental authorities 
 last spring, an appropriation of $200,000 was 
 made, one half to be expended N. of Cherry, 
 and the other half S. of Plum street. Ex- 
 tensive improvements in the harbor are also 
 being made. The expenditures for this pur- 
 pose, from April 11 to October, 1853, amount- 
 ed to $50,256. A roadway, which, for some 
 time past, has been in process of construction 
 from the Illinois shore to and across Blood 
 Island, is now approaching its completion. 
 When finished, it will be three feet above high- 
 water mark. The cost of this work, thus far, 
 has amounted to $130,000. 
 
 Shipping, Commerce, ^c. — Each stream which 
 contributes to the commerce of St. Louis has 
 its regular packets, and for the most part a 
 separate place of landing. The Missouri, the 
 Illinois, and the Upper Mississippi have as fine 
 craft as float on the Western waters, while 
 the down-river, or New Orleans traders, are 
 scarcely excelled in size, equipment, speed, 
 and construction. The St. Louis boats also 
 visit the Ohio, the Wabash, the Tennessee, and 
 other streams. With such an immense inland 
 navigation, the commerce of the port requires 
 a large number of steamers, and its tonnage 
 in this respect exceeds that of every other 
 Western city. The following table exhibits 
 the monthly arrival of steamboats at St. 
 Louis from the various rivers and places 
 specified, for 1852: — 
 
 January.... 
 February ... 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September . 
 
 October 
 
 November.. 
 December... 
 
 Total .330 520 858 705 
 
 The aggregate arrivals of steamboats at St. 
 Louis during the year 1850, was 2907; 1851, 
 2625, and 1852, 3184. The shipping owned 
 in the district, June 30, 1852, according to 
 the custom-house returns, amounted to an 
 aggregate of 37,861|J tons enrolled and li- 
 censed, of which 32,646^1 were employed in 
 steam navigation. 
 
 A statement of the imports at St. Louis for 
 the year ending December 31, 1852, as com- 
 
 1027 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 pared with previous years, will show a large 
 falling off, particularly in regard to grain. 
 The cause of this is no doubt attributable in 
 a great measure to the almost unprecedented 
 low stage of the rivers ; from .June to Decem- 
 ber the Mississippi and its tributaries in that 
 section barely contained sufficient depth of 
 water for the smallest class of boats, and on 
 the Illinois barges had to be resorted to for 
 the usual transportation of produce. The 
 principal deficit will be found in hemp, lead. 
 Hour, wheat, corn, and oats ; and the following 
 comparative table, prepared by a committee 
 appointed by the Chamber of Commerce at St. 
 Louis, will exhibit a few of the leading arti- 
 cles of import for three consecutive seasons, 
 ending December 31st, 1852. 
 
 Pork, bbls. and tierces 
 
 Beef, 
 
 Lard, " 
 
 Laril, liega 
 
 Bacou, casks and lihds 
 
 Bacon, pieces 
 
 Flour, bbls 
 
 Wheat, bushels 
 
 Corn, " 
 
 Oats, " 
 
 HcmiJ, tons 
 
 Kope, coils 
 
 Tobacco, hhds 
 
 Lead, pigs 
 
 Sugar, hhds 
 
 Sugar, bbls. and boxes 
 
 Coffee, bags 
 
 Molasses, bbls 
 
 Salt, sacks 
 
 Salt, bbls 
 
 1852. 
 
 1851. 
 
 69.010 
 
 118.806 
 
 17,709 
 
 14,482 
 
 42,515 
 
 52,208 
 
 11,815 
 
 14.450 
 
 11,285, 
 
 16,791 
 
 18,809 
 
 6,629 
 
 135,333 
 
 193.892 
 
 1,591,886 
 
 1,700,708 
 
 689,«0 
 
 1,800,900 
 
 646,162 
 
 794.421 
 
 8.187 
 
 10.908 
 
 42,121 
 
 34,941 
 
 14.053 
 
 11,038 
 
 409,314 
 
 540,000 
 
 35.283 
 
 29.276 
 
 27,672 
 
 36.GS7 
 
 96,240 
 
 101,904 
 
 54,935 
 
 40,281 
 
 266,616 
 
 266,933 
 
 42,281 
 
 46,250 
 
 82,173 
 7,987 
 54.960 
 13,099 
 26,797 
 68,689 
 
 292,718 
 1,900,088 
 
 968,028 
 
 697,432 
 10,146 
 22,506 
 9,216 
 
 567.496 
 25,796 
 16,369 
 73,673 
 29,518 
 
 261,330 
 19,158 
 
 There were also received at St. Louis during 
 the year 1852, 97,148 hides; 46,446 barrels 
 of whiskey ; 47,264 sacks of barley and malt ; 
 3650 pieces of bagging; 42,201 kegs of nails, 
 and 16,810,575 feet of lumber. The quantity 
 of wood received by water from June 6 to Sep- 
 tember 24, 1853, amounted to 13,769 cords. 
 The other principal articles of domestic im- 
 port are butter, cheese, tallow, hay, furs, fruits, 
 beans, seeds, potatoes, onions, feathers, and 
 beeswax. St. Louis is one of the most import- 
 ant ports in the West for the shipment of cattle. 
 It is estimated that 300 head per week dur- 
 ing the past year have been sent to Southern 
 markets, making in all over 16,000. 
 
 The annexed table exhibits the kind and 
 value of the foreign merchandise entered 
 at the St. Louis custom house during the two 
 years ending December 31, 1852 : — 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Sugar and Molasses 
 
 Hardware, cutlery, &c 
 
 Railroad iron 
 
 Earthen and glass ware 
 
 Tin-plate, tin, iron, copper, &c, 
 
 Dry and fancy goods 
 
 Brandy, wine, gin, cordials, &c. 
 
 Burr stones 
 
 Drugs and medicines 
 
 Cigars 
 
 Total 
 
 Duties collected 
 
 $413,172 
 
 $289,753 
 
 118,276 
 
 133,401 
 
 132,894 
 
 100,211 
 
 80.729 
 
 98,786 
 
 69,826 
 
 31,482 
 
 110.814 
 
 24,287 
 
 32,985 
 
 24,712 
 
 420 
 
 2,257 
 
 756 
 
 2,618 
 
 5773 
 
 
 
 
 $954,946 
 
 $757,509 
 
 290,168 
 
 239,318 
 
 1028 
 
 Of the above, $431,343 value were from 
 England, $262,886 from Spain and dependen- 
 cies, $93,086 from Brazil, and $75,258 from 
 France. The importations of dry goods for 
 the year were estimated at $7,000,000, (an 
 increase of nearly one million over the pre- 
 vious year,) and the sales at ,$8,500,000. 
 This, however, only has reference to the 
 wholesale business. Including the retail 
 trade of the city, the entire imports were es- 
 timated at $10,500,000, and the sales at 
 $13,000,000. The business of the heaviest 
 wholesale houses amounts to from half a mil- 
 lion to eight hundred thousand dollars an- 
 nually. 
 
 The manufactures of St. Louis, although 
 in their infancy, are hardly less important 
 than her commerce. The flouring business 
 is carried on here more extensively than in 
 any city of the AVest. The product of the 
 various mills for 1852 amounted to 393,184 
 barrels, and their daily capacity is estimated 
 at 3000 barrels. At Belcher's sugar-refineiy. 
 which is one of the most extensive in the 
 Union, the yield for the same year amounted 
 to 16,563 boxes, 7658 hogsheads, 12,457 bar- 
 rels, and 29,848 bags of refined sugar, be- 
 sides 103,550 packages and 10,567 barrels 
 refined from molasses and cane syrup. 
 There are also several other sugar refiners. 
 The manufacture of different kinds of che- 
 micals and oils is extensively carried on. 
 The quantity of oil produced from lard in 
 1852 was estimated at between 4000 and 5000 
 barrels — an increase of 1000 barrels over the 
 previous year. There are in St. Louis 10 
 establishments for the manufacture of to- 
 bacco, several of which are on a large scale; 
 these yielded in 1852, 8000 packages, con- 
 suming 700 hogsheads of raw material. The 
 manufacture of hemp into bale-rope and 
 bagging, and the distilling of whiskey, also 
 employ a large amount of capital. But how- 
 ever important these several interests may 
 be in themselves, they can hardly be regard- 
 ed as the most important to St. Louis. In- 
 deed there can be no doubt that the develop- 
 ment of the vast mineral resources of the re- 
 gion tributary to her, is destined to exert a 
 controlling influence upon the future of this 
 metropolis. Her manufactures of iron al- 
 ready exceed those of any other city on the 
 Mississippi, if not in the West. Numerous 
 foundries annually turn out stoves and other 
 castings to a large amount. Bailing, ma- 
 chinery, and steam-engines are extensively 
 manufactured. A large establishment for 
 the production of locomotives hns gone into 
 operation the present season. Mining opera- 
 tions have already been commenced at Iron 
 Mountain : from this source, Messrs. Chou- 
 teau, Valli & Harrison obtain the materia! 
 for their extensive rolling mill. Coopering 
 and the packing of meat are likewise import- 
 ant branches of business: the latter, for 1852, 
 comprised 47,000 hogs, and about 3000 bar- 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 rels of beef. The above statements indicate 
 only a few of the leading manufactures of St. 
 Louis. According to the census returns of 
 1850, the number of establishments in opera- 
 tion in the city exceeded 13,000, comprising 
 about 100 different manufactures, which 
 amounted in value to upwards of $15,000,000. 
 Since then nearly every branch of this species 
 of industry has been greatly extended, so that 
 the business of 1853 will probably exceed 
 $24,000,000. 
 
 The Bank of the State of Missouri is the 
 only chartered banking institution in St. 
 Louis, or in Missouri. It has five branches, 
 viz. one at Fayette, one at Jackson, one at 
 Lexington, one at Palmyra, and one at 
 Springfield. The condition of the institution 
 at the commencement of 1852, was as fol- 
 lows: bank capital, $1,028,751 ; cii'culation, 
 $2,400,000; coin in bank, $1,500,000. The 
 whole number of bonds outstanding against 
 the city in October, 1853, amounted to 
 $2,735,290, and the interest on the same for 
 the year, to $165,103.75. The entire reve- 
 nue of the city, from April 11 to October 4, 
 1853, amounted to $414,252.32, and the ex- 
 penditui-es for the same period, to $412,914.22. 
 Of the latter sum, $44,938.92, was for im- 
 proving and cleaning the streets; $24,475.64, 
 for wharf improvements; $19,611.54, the cost 
 of the police department; $17,583.60, for 
 lighting the city; $11,879.99, for the City 
 Hospital, and $7302.30, the expenses of the 
 fire department. 
 
 The natural advantages which St. Louis 
 enjoys as a commercial emporium are pro- 
 bably not surpassed by those of any inland 
 port in the world. Situated midway between 
 two oceans, and near the geographical centre 
 of the finest agricultural region on the globe, 
 almost at the very focus towards which con- 
 verge the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Ohio, 
 and the Illinois rivers, there can be no doubt 
 that she is destined at no distant period to 
 become the great receiving and distributing 
 depot of most of the vast region drained by 
 these streams. Having already reached an 
 enviable position among her sister cities, she 
 is looking westward, with a system of rail- 
 ways intended not only to bring to her mar- 
 kets the agricultural and mineral treasures 
 of the Missouri basin, but eventually to ex- 
 tend beyond the E,ocky mountains to the 
 valley of the Great Salt Lake, and finally to 
 the golden shores of the Pacific ocean. Her 
 connection with the Atlantic cities, through 
 Cincinnati and Chicago, is already secured 
 beyond contingency. The construction of 
 railroads penetrating various sections of her 
 own state, designed ultimately to communi- 
 cate with New Orleans, are also about to be 
 undertaken. Of these, the Iron Mountain, 
 the North Missouri, and the Hannibal and 
 St. Joseph railroads are already chartered, 
 and soon to be commenced. The Pacific Com- 
 pany propose to take the St. Louis representa- 
 
 tives to Jefferson City at the next session of 
 the legislature, and the Ohio and Mississippi 
 road is to be completed as far as the Illinois 
 Central railroad by January next, and to 
 Vincennes in the July following. The open- 
 ing of these various railways, and others 
 proposed, will give St. Louis ready access to 
 immense deposites of iron, coal, lead, and 
 copper ores, within a circuit of 90 miles, 
 equal to the wants of the whole Mississippi 
 valley for centuries to come, and which have 
 not to this time been brought into use, simply 
 because of the difiiculty and expense of 
 reaching a market. Therefore, with all the 
 commercial facilities which this metropolis 
 now enjoys — facilities which have hitherto 
 been productive of prosperity almost beyond 
 example — what may she not become when 
 the vast system of railways here contem- 
 plated shall have gone into operation ! 
 
 History. — Among the many sites which the 
 vast domain of uninhabited territory in the 
 Mississippi valley presented for founding a 
 city, that on which St. Louis now stands was 
 selected by Laclede on the 15th of February, 
 1764, as one possessing peculiar advantages 
 for the fur trade and for defence against the 
 Indians. The confluence of the different 
 rivers in the immediate neighborhood was a 
 desideratum in the estimation of the trapper : 
 it has become of vast importance to the place 
 in establishing it as a centre for agricultu- 
 ral and manufacturing enterprises. The 
 statistics of these early times show that for 
 15 successive years ending in 1804, the an- 
 nual value of the furs collected at this port 
 amounted to $203,750. The number of deer 
 skins was 158,000 ; of beaver, 36,900; of ot- 
 ter, 8000; of bear, 5100, and of buffalo, 850. 
 The population at this period was between 
 1500 and 2000, one-half of whom were ab- 
 sent a great part of each year as trappers 
 and voyagers. It will readily be perceived 
 that the elements which gave the settlement 
 existence were not of a character adequate to 
 foster it beyond the limits of a frontier village ; 
 and accordingly, as late as 1820, we find the 
 accession of population had not swelled the 
 original very materially. Up to this date 
 the census only shows an advance to 4598. 
 Military expeditions and establishments, to- 
 gether with a sparse immigration, confined 
 to those peculiar temperaments which de- 
 light in the wild and adventurous, still kejft 
 up a progressive improvement, which cen- 
 tring here for personal security as well as for 
 trade, still fixed it as the seat of a commercial 
 and manufacturing metropolis, destined in a 
 few years to become an object of interest 
 throughout the world. On the 11th of Au- 
 gust, 1768, a Spanish ofiicer by the name of 
 Eious, with a company of Spanish troops, 
 took possession of St. Louis and Upper Lou- 
 isiana, as it was termed, in the name of his 
 Catholic majesty, under whose government it 
 remained until its final transfer to the United 
 1029 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 States, March 26, 1804. In 1813 the first 
 brick house was erected ; in 1817 the fii'st 
 steamboat arrived — both important events, 
 but neither of which became frequent until 
 several years after. In 1822, St. Louis was 
 chartered as a city, under the title given by 
 Laclede, in honor of Louis XV. of France. 
 From 1825 to 1830, the influx of population 
 from Illinois began to be of importance. 
 From this state the commerce of St. Louis 
 received its first great impulse, and from 
 this state it still derives a large portion of 
 its support. With 1829 the keel-boat en- 
 tirely disappeared. The steamer Yellow- 
 stone about this time ascended to the great 
 falls, and was succeeded by the Assinaboine 
 and others. Dry-goods houses were already 
 established, and these sent out retail branches 
 to Springfield and other places in Illinois. 
 Extensive warehouses began to be erected, 
 some of which are still standing, having sur- 
 vived the great fire. They rose from their 
 solid limestone foundations, built on a scale 
 which shows that the impressions of the pre- 
 sent were vividly portrayed to the minds of 
 the people of that day. 
 
 Tlie population of St. Louis in 1830 was 
 G694, showing an increase of only 2096 in 
 ten years. In 1840 it had much more than 
 doubled, having reached 16,469. Between 
 these periods, therefore, we are to look for the 
 commencement of that vast increase which 
 has so distinguished the growth of this city. 
 Population in 1850, 75,204 free, and 2650 
 slaves: total, 77,850. Of these, 23,774 
 were born in Germany; 11,257 in Ireland; 
 2933 in England, and 2450 in other foreign 
 countries — making an aggregate of 40,414 
 natives of foreign countries, and 37,436 na- 
 tives of the United States. By a local census 
 of 1852, St. Louis contained a population of 
 94,819, and if to this we add the population 
 of the suburbs, it would swell the number to 
 upwards of 100,000 souls, being an increase 
 of about 20,000 since 1850, and of nearly 
 84,000 since 1840. 
 
 St. Louis River rises in Itasca county, 
 Minnesota, and falls into the W. extremity of 
 Lake Superior. It forms part of the bound- 
 ary between Minnesota and Wisconsin. The 
 navigation is much impeded by cascades and 
 rapids. Length about 200 miles. 
 _ St. Louisville, a post-village of Licking 
 CO., Ohio, on the railroad between Sandusky 
 and Newark, 7 miles N. from the latter. 
 
 St. Lucie, a county of Florida, in the S. E. 
 part of the peninsula, bordering on the At- 
 lantic. It is intersected by Kissinee river, 
 and contains Lake Okechobee, which is about 
 30 miles in diameter. St. Lucie sound washes 
 the eastern border of the county. The sur- 
 face is flat, and but little higher than the sea. 
 The county contains extensive forests of pine. 
 The census of 1850 furnishes no statistics of 
 this county except the population, which 
 was 139. 
 
 1030 
 
 St. Luke, a post-office of Dallas cc. Mo. 
 
 St. Marie, a small post-village of Jasper 
 CO., Illinois, on the Embarras river, 120 miles 
 S. E. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 St. Mark, a post-office of Greene co.. Mo. 
 
 St. Mark's, a post- village, port of entry, 
 and capital of Wakulla county, Florida, on 
 St. Mark's river, near its junction with the 
 Wakulla, 6 miles from Appalachee bay, and 
 22 miles S. from Tallahassee, with which it is 
 connected by railroad. Vessels drawing 7 or 
 8 feet can ascend from the Gulf to this place, 
 whichistheport of Tallahassee. June, 1852, 
 118|| tons of shipping were owned in the dist. 
 
 St. Mark's Lighthouse, showing a fixed 
 light 73 feet high, is on the E. side of the en- 
 trance to St. Mark's harbor, Appalachee bay, 
 Florida. Lat. 30° 4' N., Ion. 84° 20' W. 
 
 St. Mark's River, a small stream of Flo- 
 rida, rises in Leon co., flows S. E., and enters 
 the Appalachee river, an arm of Appalachee 
 bay. It is navigable by small boats. 
 
 St. Martin's, a parish in the S. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on Grand (Chetimaches) 
 lake, contains 750 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. by Grand river, and intersected by 
 Atchafalaya and Teche bayous. The surface 
 is level ; the soil along the streams is very 
 productive. Sugar, cotton, and Indian corn 
 flourish here, and many cattle are exported. 
 In 1850 this parish produced 4188 hogsheads 
 of sugar; 237,160 gallons of molasses; 4078 
 bales of cotton, and 517,401 bushels of Indian 
 corn, being the greatest quantity of that ar- 
 ticle raised in any one parish of the state 
 except Assumption parish. It contained 4 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 350 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 28 attending 
 an academy. The bayous above named are 
 navigated by large steamers. The railroad 
 which has been commenced from New Orleans 
 to Opelousas is expected to pass through this 
 parish. Capital, St. Martinsville. Pop., 11,761, 
 of whom 5272 were free, and 6489, slaves. 
 
 St. Martin's, a post-village of Worcester 
 county, Mai-yland, on the river of its own 
 name, about 120 miles S. E. from Annapolis. 
 Grain and lumber are shipped here in sloops. 
 
 St. Martin's, a small village of Orange- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 St. Martin's PiIver, a small stream in the 
 S. E. part of Maryland, traverses part of 
 Worcester county, and flows into Sinepuxent 
 sound. It is navigable for sloops 12 miles. 
 
 St. Martinsville, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of St. Martin's parish, Louisiana, on 
 the right bank of the River Teche, 125 miles W. 
 S. W. from Baton Rouge. Large steamers as- 
 cend the river 200 miles. Pop. in 1853, 1400. 
 
 St. Mary, a thriving post-village of Mills 
 CO., Iowa, J mile E. of the left bank of the 
 Missouri, on a fine level prairie, 230 miles 
 nearly W. from Iowa City. Here is a steam 
 ferry to Belleview, the best crossing place 
 on the river above St. Joseph. A weekly 
 paper, the St. Mary Gazette, is published here. 
 
ST. 
 
 ST. 
 
 St. Mary's, a county in the S. part of Ma- 
 ryland, bordering on Chesapeake bay, at the 
 mouths of Potomac and Patuxent rivers, has 
 an area of about 250 square miles. It occu- 
 pies the southern extremity of the division 
 of the state called the Western Shore, and 
 consists of a neck of land between the Pa- 
 tuxent on the N. E., and the broad estuary 
 of the Potomac, which separates it from Vir- 
 ginia on the S. W. It is indented in every 
 direction by navigable creeks or inlets, so 
 that every part is within a few miles of 
 the tide-water. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil moderately fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 378,461 bushels of 
 corn; 156,369 of wheat, and 71,950 pounds 
 of butter. There were 9 grist mills and 1 
 cotton factory. It contained 21 churches, 1 
 newspaper office ; 494 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 115 attending academies or 
 other schools. Settled about the year 1634. 
 Capital, Leonardtown. Population, 13,698, 
 of whom 7856 were free, and 5842, slaves. 
 
 St. Mary's, a parish in the S. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 contains about 860 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by Lake Chetimaches, 
 and watered by the Atchafalaya and Teche 
 bayous. The surface is flat ; the soil is allu- 
 vial and fertile. Sugar, cotton, and beef are 
 the principal exports. In 1850 this parish 
 produced 24,765 hogsheads of sugar, (being 
 the greatest quantity made in any one county 
 of the United States;) 897,660 gallons of 
 molasses, and 305,290 bushels of Indian corn. 
 It contained 3 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 98 pupils attending public schools, and 15 
 attending another school. Teche bayou is 
 navigable by large steamboats for 200 miles 
 from the Gulf of Mexico. Capital, Franklin. 
 The New Orleans and Opelousas projected 
 railroad will pass through this parish. Po- 
 pulation, 13,697, of whom 3847 were free, 
 and 9850, slaves. 
 
 St. Mary's, a post-office of Chester co., Pa. 
 
 St. Mary's, a village of Elk co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 155 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 St. Mary's, a post-office of Wood co., Va. 
 
 St. Mary's, a post-village and port of en- 
 try of Camden county, Georgia, is beautifully 
 situated on St. Mary's river, 9 miles from the 
 sea. The harbor is accessible to the largest 
 vessels. The situation is healthy, and the 
 climate is favorable to persons of weak lungs. 
 It is the chief town of the county, and con- 
 tains a court house, an academy, 5 churches, 
 and 10 stores. The shipping of the port, 
 June 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 160|-| tons registered, and 502|| tons en- 
 rolled and licensed. Of the latter, 428f } 
 tons were employed in the coast trade. Po- 
 pulation about 800. 
 
 St. Mary's, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Auglaize co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Miami canal. Population, 694. 
 
 St. Mary's, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Miami canal, 105 
 miles W. N. W. from Columbus. St. Mary's 
 river flows through the place. It was for- 
 merly the capital of Mercer county. About 3 
 miles W. from the village is an artificial lake 
 or reservoir, 9 miles long and 3 or 4 broad, 
 formed in 1845, to supply the canal. It lies 
 on the summit level between the Ohio river 
 and Lake Erie. The roofs of deserted cabins 
 and the forests of dead trees which appear 
 above the water, present a very singular spec- 
 tacle. Certain citizens of the county, whose 
 property was thus invaded, a few years ago 
 assembled vi et armis and opened a passage 
 through the embankment. Population, 873. 
 St. Mary's, a township in Adams co., In- 
 diana. Population, 611. 
 
 St. Mary's, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind. 
 
 St. Mary's, a post-office of Hancock co.. 111. 
 
 St. Mary's, a post-village in Linn co,,Iowa, 
 
 about 20 miles N. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 St. MARY's,a post-office of Lafayette CO. Wis'. 
 
 St. Mary's Landing, a post-village of St. 
 
 Genevieve co., Missouri, on the Mississippi 
 
 river, 70 miles below St. Louis. 
 
 St. Mary's Lighthouse, on the N. point of 
 Amelia island, at the entrance to St. Mary's 
 river, Florida. It shows a revolving light 50 
 feet high. Lat. 30° 40' N., Ion. 81° 36' W. 
 
 St. Mary's River, of Georgia and Florida, 
 rises in the S. E. part of the former state, 
 and flows southward to the border of Florida. 
 During the whole of its subsequent course, it 
 forms the boundary between the two states 
 until it enters the Atlantic. Its whole length 
 is about 100 miles. Its mouth forms a good 
 harbor, with 13 feet of water over the bar at 
 low tide. 
 
 St. Mary's River rises in the W. part of 
 Ohio, and flowing into Indiana, unites with 
 the St. Joseph's river at Fort Wayne to form 
 the Maumee. 
 
 St. Mary's Strait separates Canada West 
 from the upper peninsula of Michigan, and 
 connects Lake Superior with Lake Huron. 
 It commences at the S. E. extremity of the 
 former lake, and after a general south-east- 
 erly course of about 60 miles, enters Lake 
 Huron by three channels. The rapids at 
 Saut Ste. Marie have a descent of 22 feet 
 within three-fourths of a mile. A ship-canal, 
 now constructing around these rapids, forms 
 the last link in the chain of communication 
 between the great lakes. 
 
 St. Matthews, a post-village of Orange- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 St. Matthews, a post-office of Jefi'erson 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 St. Maurice, a post-office of Winn parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 St. Michael's, a post-village of Talbot co., 
 Maryland, on St. Michael's river, a naviga- 
 ble inlet of Chesapeake bay,»57 miles S. E. 
 from Annapolis, and 12 miles W. fromEaston. 
 It is a place of active trade. Pop., 863. 
 1031 
 
ST. 
 
 SAL 
 
 St. Michael's Riyek, of Talbot county, 
 Maryland, flo-ws first S. S. W., and then curv- 
 ing, takes a northerly course, falling into 
 Chesapeake bay nearly opposite the S. end 
 of Kent island. 
 
 St. Omer, a post-township of Decatur co., 
 Indiana. Population, 336. 
 
 St. Omee, a pleasant post-village of Deca- 
 tur CO., Indiana, on the Michigan (plank) 
 road, 36 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. Po- 
 pulation, about 400. 
 
 St. Omee, a post-office of Coles co., 111. 
 
 St. Paris, a thriving post-village of Cham- 
 paign county, Ohio, on the railroad from 
 Urbana to Piqua, 52 miles W. from Columbus, 
 is situated in a rich farming district, and has 
 an active trade. Pop. in 1853, about 800. 
 
 St. Paul, a post-ofSce of Clarke co., Ala. 
 
 St. Paul, a post-office of Madison co.. Ark. 
 
 St. Paul, a post-office of Greene co., Mo. 
 
 St. Paul, a flourishing city, port of entry, 
 capital of Minnesota Territory, and seat of jus- 
 tice of Ramsey county, on the left bank of the 
 Mississippi, 2070 miles from its mouth, and 9 
 miles by land below the Falls of St. Anthony. 
 Lat. 44° 52' 46'' N., Ion. 93° 5' W. It is si- 
 tuated on a bluff 70 or 80 feet high, and pre- 
 sents a striking view from the river. The 
 hills or bluffs which partly encircle the town 
 abound in excellent springs. It is at the head 
 of steamboat navigation, and is a place of 
 active business. It was first settled about 
 1840, and in 1849 it contained 1 church, 2 
 printing offices, 3 hotels, 10 stores, 4 ware- 
 houses, 2 drug stores, and 1 school house. 
 A fine state house, 140 feet long and 53 feet 
 wide, surmounted by a handsome dome, has 
 just been erected. St. Paul now contains 5 
 or 6 churches, 4 hotels, 2 or 3 printing offices, 
 1 book store, 2 drug stores, numerous other 
 stores, and several saw mills. The Baldwin 
 school of this place is a well conducted and flou- 
 rishing institution. The population in 1850 
 was 1294; in 1853, it is estimated at 6000. 
 
 St. Paul's, a .post-office of Robeson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 St. Peter's, a post-office of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 St. Peter's, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 St. Peter's, or Minnesota River, a river 
 of Minnesota Territory, having its source in 
 a group of small lakes in about 45° 40' N. lat., 
 and 97° 15' W. Ion. It flows in a general E. 
 S. E. direction till it receives the waters of 
 lilue Earth river, in about 44° 12' N. lat., 
 and 94° 6' W. Ion., where it changes its 
 course to N. N. E., and afterwards to E. and 
 N. E., falling at last into the Mississippi 
 river at Fort Snelling. The entire length is 
 estimated at about 450 miles. It is navi- 
 gable in high water for steamboats, near 60 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 St. Regis River rises in Franklin county, 
 New York, and flowing through St. Lawrence 
 county, falls into the St. Lawrence river near 
 1032 
 
 its intersection with the boundary line be- 
 tween the United States and Canada. 
 
 St. Simond's Island, Atlantic ocean, S. 
 side of the entrance to the Altamaha. On 
 its S. point is a fixed light, having an eleva- 
 tion of 75 feet. Lat. 31° 8' N., Ion. 81° 36' W. 
 
 St. Stephen, a post-office of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 St. Stephen's, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., Alabama, on the Tombigbee river, 
 100 miles by water N. from Mobile. 
 
 St. Tammany, a parish in the S. E. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on the Mississippi and 
 Lake Pontchartrain, contains about 1200 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Pearl river, and drained by Chifunctee river 
 and Bogue Chitto. The surface is uneven, and 
 partly occupied by pine barrens. Sweet po- 
 tatoes, rice, and Indian corn are among the 
 staple products. In 1850 there were raised 
 22,352 bushels of sweet potatoes; 17,849 of 
 corn, and 97,793 pounds of rice. There were 
 21 saw and planing mills and 15 brick-yards. 
 It contained 13 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 500 pupils attending public schools, and 170 
 attending academies or other schools. Co- 
 vington is the seat of justice. Pop., 6364; 
 of whom 4001 were free, and 2363, slaves. 
 
 St. Tammany's, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg CO., Virginia. 
 
 St. Thomas, a post-township of Franklin 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles W. from 
 Chambersburg. Population, 1957. 
 
 St. Thomas, a post-village in the above 
 township, 52 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 Population in 1853, 500. 
 
 St. Wendell's, a post-office of Posey co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Salado, a post-office of Bell co., Texas. 
 
 Salado Creek, of Bexar co., Texas, en- 
 ters San Antonio river from the N., about 15 
 miles S. S. E. from the town of San Antonio. 
 
 Salamonia, a post-office of Jay co., Ind. 
 
 Salamonie river, of Indiana, rises in Jay 
 county, and flowing north-eastward, enters 
 the Wabash river opposite Lagro. In width 
 and volume of water it is nearly equal to the 
 Wabash at their confluence. It furnishes 
 excellent water-power. 
 
 Salem, a county in the S. W. part of New 
 Jersey, has an area of about 540 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Dela- 
 ware river, on the N. E. by Oldman's creek, 
 and on the E. and S. E. by Maurice river and 
 Stow creek, and is drained by Salem and Al- 
 loway's creeks, which afford valuable water- 
 power. The surface is level ; the soil in the 
 northern and western portions is clay or 
 loam, more or less sandy, and generally pro- 
 ductive. In the S. E. part the soil is sandy 
 or gravelly and less fertile ; it yields, how- 
 ever, much timber of oak and pine, which are 
 said to succeed each other alternately when 
 a clearing is made. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 potatoes, hay, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 825,622 bushels 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 of corn; 173,871 of wheat; 226,918 of oats; 
 190,745 of potatoes; 27,882 tons of hay, 
 and 399,097 pounds of butter. There were 
 15 flour mills, 16 saw mills, 2 chandleries, 1 
 cordage manufactory, 3 coach manufactories, 
 1 pottery, 2 ship-yards, and 5 tanneries. It 
 contained 41 churches, and 2 newspaper 
 offices^ 3263 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 125 attendingacademies or other schools. 
 Marl is abundant in various places, and is 
 used as a manure ; iron ore is also found, but 
 not in great quantities. A short canal of 3 
 or 4 miles connects Salem creek, navigable 
 for shallops, with the Delaware, saving a 
 distance to the craft which navigate the creek 
 of about 20 miles. Organized in 1710, when 
 it included the whole of the present county 
 of Cumberland, and named from Salem, the 
 seat of justice, which was founded by John 
 Fenwicke in 1675. Population, 19,467. 
 
 Salem, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Maine, about 50 miles N. W. by N. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 454. 
 
 Salem, a post- village in Rockingham co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Manchester and 
 Lawrence railroad, 35 miles S. E. by S. from 
 Concord. Population of the township, 1555. 
 
 Salem, a township in Orleans co., Vermont, 
 on the S. E. shore of Lake Memphremagog, 
 50 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Pop., 455. 
 
 Salem, a city, port of entry, and one of 
 the capitals of Essex county, Massachusetts, 
 is situated chiefly on a tongue of land formed 
 by two inlets of the sea, called North and 
 South rivers, 14 miles N. by E. from Boston. 
 Lat. 42° 31' 18" N., Ion. 70° 53' 53" W. It 
 extends nearly 2 miles in length, and three- 
 quarters of a mile in breadth, occupying the 
 peninsula from shore to shore. The streets 
 are generally irregular. Chestnut street is 
 considered the handsomest. It is finely 
 shaded with elms, and on either side are 
 rows of elegant mansions. In the eastern 
 section of the city is a beautiful public 
 ground, containing 8^ acres. Salem is for 
 the most part well built, largely of wood, but 
 partly also of brick and stone. The principal 
 public buildings are the city hall, erected in 
 1837 ; the court house, a new and handsome 
 edifice ; Marine Hall, Mechanic Hall, and the 
 churches, of which there are 19 or 20. Salem 
 is distinguished for the number and stand- 
 ing of its scientific and literary institutions ; 
 among Avhich may be mentioned the East 
 India Marine Society, formed in 1799 by those 
 who, acting either as captains or supercargoes, 
 had made one or more voyages around 
 the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn. The 
 museum comprises a highly interesting and 
 valuable cabinet of natural and artificial curi- 
 osities, collected from all parts of the world. 
 The Essex Institute, organized in 1848, by 
 the union of the Essex Historical and Essex 
 County Natural History societies, has a libra- 
 ry of about 8000 volumes, and a good cabinet 
 of natural history. The Salem Athenaeum, 
 
 formed in 1810, by the union of the Social 
 and Philosophical libraries, contains 12,500 
 volumes. The Essex Agricultural Society, 
 organized in 1818, has a library of agricultu- 
 ral works deposited in the city hall. By the 
 census of 1850, there were in Salem 10 public 
 libraries, with an aggregate of 23, 300 volumes ; 
 27 private libraries, of over 1000 volumes each, 
 with an aggregate of 55,650 volumes; public 
 school libraries, 3995 volumes, and Sabbath- 
 school libraries, 3700 volumes, making a to- 
 tal of 86,645 volumes. The benevolent in- 
 stitutions are a hospital and an almshouse. 
 Salem has excellent public schools. In 1852 
 there were in the city 1 Latin and 2 high 
 schools; 7 grammar, and 17 intermediate and 
 primary schools, attended by 3058 pupils. 
 The total amount of money expended for 
 school purposes during the year 1851-2 was 
 $32,741y6g9j. Six newspapers are published 
 in the city. 
 
 Salem has a convenient harbor, aflTording 
 good anchorage and extensive railroad com- 
 munication with the interior. In commer- 
 cial importance it has always held a high 
 rank among the cities of New England. In 
 1818 it had 53 vessels, with an aggregate 
 burthen of 14,272 tons, engaged in the East 
 India trade. This branch of industry has 
 of late years considerably declined — many 
 of the cargoes formerly received here being 
 discharged at the ports of Boston and New 
 York. December, 1852, there were owned 
 in Salem 22 ships, with an aggregate burthen 
 of 15,196 tons; 40 barques, 11,235 tons ; 33 
 brigs, 5416 tons ; 4 whalers, and several 
 other vessels, besides 17,500 tons employed 
 in the coast trade and the fisheries — making 
 a total of 50,455 tons. The foreign arrivals 
 for the year ending June 30th, 1852, were 448, 
 (toils, 40,721,) of which 367 (tons, 26,040) 
 were by foreign vessels. The clearances for 
 foreign ports were 437, (tons, 40,084,) of 
 which 26,206 were in foreign bottoms. 
 
 Manufacturing is carried on to a consider- 
 able extent. The Naumeag Steam Cotton 
 Company, incorporated in 1839, have a build- 
 ing 405 feet by 65, and 4 stories high, and 
 run 32,768 spindles. The Salem Laboratory 
 Company manufacture sulphuric acid and 
 other chemicals to the amount of about 
 $100,000 annually. Another establishment 
 yearly turns out 1,500,000 pounds of cleaned 
 copal. Besides the above, there are manu- 
 factories of machinery, black and white lead, 
 sperm oil, candles, cordage, twine, &c. The 
 annual receipts for tanning and currying is 
 about $650,000, and for boots and shoes up- 
 wards of $200,000. Salem has 7 banks with 
 an aggregate capital of $1,750,000, a savings 
 institution, and 6 or 7 insurance companies. 
 An aqueduct supplies the city vrith excellent 
 spring-water. Two bridges, one for ordina- 
 ry travel, 1481 feet in length, and the other for 
 the passage of railroad cars, span the North 
 river and communicate with Beverly 
 1033 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 Next to Plymouth, Salem is the oldest 
 town in New England, having been first set- 
 tled in lfi26. In 1629, eleven ships arrived 
 from England, bringing out 1500 persons, by 
 Avhom settlements were commenced at Charles- 
 town, Boston, and other places : 200 of these 
 settlers died the first winter. During this 
 year, (1629,) the first complete church organ- 
 ization ever efi"ected in North America was 
 founded at Salem, with the Rev. Francis Hig- 
 ginson as its pastor. About the year 1692 
 prevailed the famous "witchcraft" delusion, 
 through which 19 persons in this and the 
 neighboring towns were condemned and exe- 
 cuted. The house in which the accused had 
 their trials is still standing, and the place of 
 their execution, a beautiful eminence over- 
 looking the city, is now known as "Gallows 
 Hill." Salem was distinguished for its pa- 
 triotic zeal during the Revolutionary war. 
 It is said that 60 armed vessels, manned by 
 4000 men, were fitted out from this port 
 as privateers. Incorporated as a town in 
 1630, and as a city in 1836. The Indian name 
 was Naumeag. Population in 1840, 15,082; 
 in 1850, 20,263, and in 1853, about 22,500. 
 
 Salem, a post-township in New London co., 
 Connecticut, 33 miles S. E. from Hartford. 
 Population, 764. 
 
 Salem, a village of Chautauque co., New 
 York, near Lake Erie, about 50 miles W. S. 
 W. from Buffalo. 
 
 Salem, a post-village in Salem township 
 and semi-cajiital of Washington co.. New 
 York, on White creek, and on the Rutland 
 and Washington railroad, 48 miles N. N. E. 
 from Albany. It contains several churches, 
 an academy, and a newspaper office. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2904. 
 
 Salem, a thriving post-town, capital of 
 Salem co., New Jersey, is situated on a creek 
 of its own name, 3^ miles from its mouth, 
 about 05 miles S. W. from Trenton. It con- 
 tains several fine churches and public schools, 
 a bank, 2 newspaper oflBces, and many beau- 
 tiful private residences. The building for the 
 county offices is a handsome structure. This 
 town owes its prosperity chiefly to the agri- 
 cultural recources of the county, which are 
 very great and still increasing. It has a 
 daily communication by steamboat with Phila- 
 delphia, and a branch of the proposed railroad 
 between Camden and Cape May will probably 
 extend to Salem. Salem creek is navigable 
 for vessels of 50 tons burthen to this place. 
 Population, in 1853, near 4000. 
 
 Salem, a township of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the North branch of the Susque- 
 hanna, and on the North Branch canal, 20 
 miles W. S. W. from Wilkesbarre. Pop., 1130. 
 
 Salem, a post-township of Mercer co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by Shenango creek, 15 
 miles N. N. W. from Mercer. Pop., 2196. 
 
 Salem, a township of Wayne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 12 miles W. S. W. from Hones- 
 dale. Population, 1454. 
 1034 
 
 Salem, a township of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Pennsylva- 
 nia or Central railroad, 10 miles N. from 
 Greensburg. Population, 2065. 
 
 Salem, a post-village of Fauquier co., Vir- 
 ginia, 114 miles N. N. W. from Richmond. 
 The situation is high and pleasant. The vil- 
 lage contains 1 church, an academy, antl seve- 
 ral stores. The post-ofiice is called Salem 
 Fauquier. 
 
 Salem, a neat post- village, capital of Roan- 
 oke CO., Virginia, is situated on the Roanoke 
 river, and on the Virginia and Tennessee rail- 
 road, 180 miles W. from Richmond. It stands 
 in the great valley between the Blue Ridge 
 and North mountain. It contains 1 bank, 3 
 churches, and several mills. 
 
 Salem, a thriving post-village of Forsyth 
 CO., North Carolina, on Muddy creek, an afflu- 
 ent of the Yadkin river, 120 miles W. hj N. 
 from Raleigh. The Moravian Female Semi- 
 nary of this place is one of the largest in the 
 state, occupying 4 large brick buildings, with 
 about 200 pupils. Salem contains a bank, 2 
 cotton factories, 1 woollen factory, and 1 
 paper mill, and is noted for the number and 
 skill of its mechanics. Winston, the countj' 
 seat, was laid out immediately N. from Salem 
 when the county was organized in 1850. Po- 
 pulation, in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Salem, a post-village in Sumter district. 
 South Carolina, 91 miles E. from Columbia. 
 
 Salem, a post-village of Clarke co., Georgia, 
 53 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Salem, a post-village in the N. E. part of 
 Russell CO., Alabama. It contains several 
 stores, and about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 S.^LEM, a thriving post-village of Tippah 
 CO., Mississippi, 18 miles W. from Ripley. It 
 is near the route of the Memphis and Charles- 
 ton railroad, now in progress, and is sur- 
 rounded by fine cotton lands. It contains 2 
 seminaries, and 6 or 8 stores. Population, 
 in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Salem, a post-office of Newton co., Texas. 
 
 Salem, a small post-village, capital of Ful- 
 ton CO., Arkansas, about 140 miles N. by E. 
 from Little Rock. 
 
 Salem, a post-village in Franklin co., Ten- 
 nessee, 90 miles S. by E. from Nashville. 
 
 Salem, a post-village of Livingston co., 
 Kentucky, about 230 miles W. S. W. from 
 Frankfort. It was formerly the county seat. 
 
 S.iLEM, a village of Pendleton co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Licking river, which is naviga- 
 ble to this place for small steamboats. It is 
 a depot for tobacco, which is produced in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 Salem, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Auglaize co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Miami canal. Population, 400. 
 
 Salem, a township in the N. part of Cham- 
 paign CO., Ohio, intersected by the Mad River 
 and Lake Erie railroad. Population, ^1634. 
 
 Salem, a post-township in the central part 
 of Columbiana co., Ohio. Population, 1960. 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 Salem, a 'beautiful and thriving post-town 
 of Perry township, Columbiana co., Ohio, on 
 the Ohio and Pennsylyania railroad, 167 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus, and 66 miles N. W. from 
 Pittsburg. It is surrounded by a rich farm- 
 ing community, and is one of the most flou- 
 rishing and important commercial towns in 
 the E. part of Ohio. The village contains 4 
 churches, 2 Friends' meeting houses, about 20 
 stores, 1 academy, 1 bank, 8 foundries, and 
 2 woollen factories. Three newspapers are 
 issued here. Pork to the amount of 700,000 
 lbs. was sold in Salem in 1852. Population, 
 in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Saleji, a township in the "W. part of High- 
 land CO., Ohio. Population, 813. 
 
 Salem, a township in the W. part of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Ohio. Population, 2191. 
 
 Salem, a township in the W. part of Meigs 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1415. 
 
 Salem, a township in the E. part of Mon- 
 roe co., Ohio. Population, 1111. 
 
 Salem, a small village of Montgomery co.,0. 
 
 Salem, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Muskingum co., Ohio. Population, 1111. 
 
 Salem, a township in the S. part of Ottawa 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 187. 
 
 Salem, a township in the E. part of Shelby 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1210. 
 
 Salem, a township in the S. W. part of Tus- 
 carawas CO., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio 
 canal. Population, 1853. 
 
 Salem, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Warren co., Ohio. Pop., 2755. 
 
 Salem, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Washington co., Ohio. Population, 1246. 
 
 Salem, a township in AVyandott co., Ohio. 
 Population, 738. 
 
 Salem, a post-township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Yv'ashtenaw co., Michigan. Popu- 
 lation, 1343. 
 
 Salem, a small post-village in the above 
 township, 30 miles W. by N. from Detroit. 
 
 Salem, a township in Delaware co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 843. 
 
 Salem, a township in Pulaski co., Indiana. 
 Population, 168. 
 
 Salem, a small village of Randolph co., In- 
 diana, 83 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Salem, a township in Steuben co., Indiana. 
 Population, 550. 
 
 Salem, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Washington co., Indiana, on the New Albany 
 and Salem railroad, 36 miles N. W. from New 
 Albany. It is pleasantly situated on rolling 
 ground, near the source of the Blue river, and 
 in the midst of a rich farming district. A 
 plank-road connects it with Brownstown, and 
 the above railroad is in process of extension 
 to Chicago. Salem contains, besides the 
 county buildings, churches of various deno- 
 minations, 3 or 4 newspaper offices, a county 
 academy, and many handsome residences. It 
 has also manufactories of cotton, wool, and 
 flour. Population in 1850, 1224; in 1853, 
 estimated at 2000. 
 
 Salem, a township in CaiToll co., Illinois. 
 Population, 272. 
 
 Salem, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Marion co., Illinois, on the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi railroad, 75 miles E. from St. Louis. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 800. 
 
 Salem, a small village of Dent co.. Mo. 
 
 Salem, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, 
 about 30 miles W. from Burlington. 
 
 Salem, a township in the W. central part 
 of Kenosha co., Wisconsin. Population, 1123. 
 
 Salem, a post-ofiBce of Racine co., Wis. 
 
 Salem, a post-town, seat of justice of 
 Marion county, and capital of Oregon Ter- 
 ritory, on the right (E.) bank of Willamette 
 river, 60 miles above Oregon city. It is 
 beautifully situated in a rich prairie country, 
 and is one of the most flourishing towns in 
 the territory. Population in 1853, estimated 
 at 1000. 
 
 Salem Centre, a post-office of Westchester 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Salem Centre, a post-office of Steuben co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Salem Church, a post-village in Randolph 
 CO., N. C, 121 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Salem Creek, of Salem county. New 
 Jersey, rises in the S. part of the county, and 
 flowing at first N. N. W., and afterwards 
 southerly, falls into Delaware bay, 3J miles 
 below the town of Salem. There is a bar at 
 the mouth, over which vessels cannot pass ex- 
 cept at high tide. Above this it is navigable 
 for about half its course, which is perhaps 
 30 miles. 
 
 Saleji Cross Roads, a post-office of Chau- 
 tauque co.. New York. 
 
 Salem Cross Roads, a post-village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, 180 miles W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Salfordville, a small post-village of 
 Montgomei-y co., Pennsylvania, about 13 
 miles N. N. W. from Norristown. 
 
 Salina, a post-village in Salina township, 
 Onondaga co.. New York, on the E. shore of 
 Onondaga lake, and on the Oswego canal, 2 
 miles N. by W. from Syracuse. It contains 
 several churches, a bank, a large machine- 
 shop, and extensive manufactories of salt, 
 which produced in 1850, 2,175,711 bushels. 
 The salt springs of this vicinity are the most 
 valuable in the Union. See Syracuse. Two 
 plank-roads terminate in Salina. Population 
 of the township, 2142. 
 
 Salina, a post-village in Jefferson co., 
 Kentucky, 65 miles W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Salina, a post-office of Jefferson co., Iowa. 
 
 Salina River, California. See San Bue- 
 naventura River. 
 
 Saline, a county of Ai'kansas, situated near 
 the centre of the state : area, 950 square miles. 
 It is drained by Saline river. The surface 
 in the N. W. is hilly, and in the S. nearly 
 level; the soil is fertile, adapted to cotton. 
 Indian corn and grass. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty produced 1287 bales of cotton; 186,305 
 1035 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 bushels of corn; 14,190 of sweet potatoes, 
 and 29,855 pounds of butter. There were 4 
 tanneries, 1 flour and grist mill, and 1 saw 
 mill. It contained 15 churches, and 500 
 pupils attending public schools. The streams 
 furnish extensive water-power. Fine marble, 
 soapstone, and quartz are abundant in the 
 hilly section. Capital, Benton. Population, 
 3901 ; of whom3398were free, and503, slaves. 
 Saline, a county in the S. E. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Indiana and Kentucky, 
 has an area of about 370 square miles. It is 
 bounded oa the E. by the Ohio and Wabash 
 rivers, and intersected by Saline creek, from 
 which its name is derived. The county is 
 well timbered ; the soil is fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, cattle, horses, swine, and lumber 
 are the chief articles of export. In 1850 the 
 county produced 341,900 bushels of Indian 
 corn ; 23,858 of oats, and 4799 of wheat. It 
 contained 12 churches, and 410 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Salt is procured 
 from springs on Saline creek, near the W. 
 border. Formed a few years ago out of part 
 of Gallatin. Capital, Shawneetown. Popu- 
 lation, 5588. 
 
 Saline, a county in the N. W. central part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 750 square miles. 
 The Missouri river forms the boundary on 
 the N. and E. ; and the county is traversed 
 by the Black and Salt forks of La Mine river, 
 which unite near the S. E. border. The sur- 
 face consists chiefly of undulating prairies, 
 the soil of which is productive. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, tobacco, and hemp are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 539,030 
 bushels of corn ; 42,146 of wheat; 05,347 of 
 oats, and 287,533 pounds of tobacco. It con- 
 tained 11 churches, 1057 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 60 attending other schools. 
 The deficiency of timber is partly compensated 
 by extensive beds of stone coal. There are 
 valuable lead mines, and quarries of lime- 
 stone and sandstone. Salt is procured from 
 numerous Saline springs, from which the 
 name is derived. Capital, Marshall. Popu- 
 lation, 8843 ; of whom 6124 were free, and 
 2719, slaves. 
 
 Saline, a post-office of Bienville par.. La. 
 
 Saline, a township in Hempstead co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 1184. 
 
 Saline, a post-township in Sevier co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 410. 
 
 Saline, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Jefi^erson co., Ohio. Population, 1090. 
 
 Saline, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Washtenaw co., Michigan. Pop., 1631. 
 
 Saline, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Saline river, 40 miles W. by S. from 
 Detroit. It is situated in a rich farming dis- 
 trict, and has several stores and mills. The salt 
 springs in the vicinity are said to be valuable. 
 
 Saline, a township in Saline co., Illinois. 
 Population, 1176. 
 
 Saline, a small post-village of Ralls co.. 
 Mo., 98 miles N. E. from Jefi"erson City. 
 1036 
 
 Saline, a township in St. Genevieve co., 
 Missouri. Population, 837. 
 
 Saline Bayou, of Louisiana, commences 
 at Catahoula lake, and flowing south-east- 
 ward, enters Red river, near the S. extremity 
 of Catahoula parish. 
 
 Saline Bayou, of Louisiana, commences in 
 Claiborne parish, and flowing southward, 
 unites with a lateral channel of P\,ed river, 
 about 7 miles E. from Natchitoches. 
 
 Saline Creek, of Arkansas, rises in the 
 W. part of the state, and flows southward into 
 Little river, a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Saline Creek, near the S. E. extremity of 
 Illinois, is formed by two branches, termed 
 the South and North forks. It falls into the 
 Ohio river, about 10 miles below Shawneetown. 
 
 Saline Creek, or Little Saline, of Cooper 
 county, Missouri, flows into the Missouri 
 river from the right. 
 
 Saline Mills, a post-office of Natchitoches 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Saline Mines, a post-office of Gallatin co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Saline River, of Arkansas, is formed by 
 three small branches, which unite in Saline 
 county, a few miles N. W. from Benton. It 
 flows thence S. E. and S., and enters the 
 Washita river, near the E. extremity of Union 
 county. Its length is estimated at 200 miles. 
 Branches. — The North fork rises near the N. 
 border of Saline county. The Middle fork 
 rises near the W. border of the same county, 
 and flows south-eastward. The South fork 
 rises in Hot Spring co,, and flows eastward. 
 
 Saline River, of Michigan, a small stream 
 which flows into the Raisin river, in Monroe co. 
 
 Salineville, a post-village of Columbiana 
 CO., Ohio, 140 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 Population in 1853, 350. 
 
 Saliquoy, a post-office of Cass co., Ga. 
 
 Salisbury, a post-township in Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, intersected by Black- 
 water river and the Northern railroad, 18 
 miles N. N. W. from Concord. Pop., 1228. 
 
 Salisbury, a post-township in Addison co., 
 Vermont, intersected by the Rutland and 
 Burlington railroad, 37 miles S. W. from 
 Montpelier, contains a village of the same 
 name, and a station on the above railroad. 
 Population, 1027. 
 
 Salisbury, a post-township in Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Eastern 
 railroad, 38 miles N. by E. from Boston, con- 
 tains several villages, a bank and a savings' 
 institution. Pop., 3100. 
 
 Salisbury, a post-township in Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut, intersected by the Hudson 
 and Berkshire railroad, 50 miles W. N. W. 
 from Hartford. It contains extensive beds 
 of excellent iron ore, and several large es- 
 tablishments for working iron. Pop., 3103. 
 Salisbury, a post-village in Salisbury 
 township, Herkimer co.. New York, 7 or 8 
 miles N. by E. from Little Falls. It has 2 or 
 3 churches. Population of the township, 2035. 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 Salisbtiet, a post-township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the Colum- 
 bia railroad, about 20 miles E. from Lan- 
 caster. Population, 3646. 
 
 Salisbury, a post-village of Lancaster co., 
 Pa., 61 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Salisbury, a township of Lehigh co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the S. bank of the Lehigh river, 
 contains the county seat, Allentown. Popu- 
 lation, 5663. 
 
 Salisbury, a thriving post-village and 
 port of delivery of Somerset and AVorcester 
 counties, Maryland, is situated on the Wico- 
 mico river, 95 miles S. E. from Annapolis. It 
 appears to be the most flourishing village on 
 the Eastern Shore of Maryland. Large 
 quantities of grain and lumber produced in 
 the vicinity are shipped here on the river. It 
 has several churches and a bank. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 1500. 
 
 Salisbury, a thriving town, capital of 
 Rowan county. North Carolina, about 10 
 miles AY. from the Yadkin river, and 118 
 miles W. from Raleigh. It is one of the most 
 important places in Western North Carolina, 
 and is at the E. terminus of the Western 
 turnpike, recently commenced, which extends 
 to the N. E. border of Georgia. The Central 
 railroad of North Carolina, now in progress, 
 passes through this town. The natural walls 
 of Rowan, or trap dikes of this vicinity, were 
 for a long time supposed to be artificial con- 
 structions, the origin and purpose of which 
 gave rise to various absurd conjectures. 
 Salisbury contains 1 bank and 1 newspaper 
 office. Population, about 2000. 
 
 Salisbury, a post-township in the central 
 part of Meigs co., Ohio. Population, 2921. 
 
 Salisbury, a post-office of Greene co., Ind. 
 
 Salisbury, a village of Harrison co., In- 
 diana, 8 or 9 miles N. by E. from Corydon. 
 
 Salisbury, a township in Coles co., Illinois. 
 Population, 1426. 
 
 Salisbury, a small village of Jersey co., 
 Illinois, near the E. bank of Illinois river. 
 
 Salisbury, a post-village of Sangamon co., 
 Illinois, 9 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Salisbury, a small village of Washington 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Salisbury Centre, a post-village of Her- 
 kimer CO., New York, on Spruce creek, about 
 25 miles E. by N. from Utica. 
 
 Salisbury Cove, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Salisbury Mills, a post-village of Orange 
 CO., New York, on the Newburg branch rail- 
 road, 9 miles S. W. from Newburg. 
 
 Salmagundi, a post-office of Washita par., 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Salmon Creek, of Cayuga co., New York, 
 falls into the Cayuga Lake at Ludlowville. 
 
 Salmon Creek, of Monroe co., New York, 
 enters Lake Ontario at Braddock's bay, 
 about 14 miles N. AV. of Rochester. 
 
 Salmon Creek, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 N. Y., about 30 miles E. by N. from Rochester. 
 
 Salmon Falls, a thriving post-village of 
 Strafford co.. New Hampshire, on the Salmon 
 Falls river, 2 miles below the Great Falls and 
 on the Boston and Maine railroad. 
 
 Salmon Falls, a post-office of El Dorado 
 CO., California. 
 
 Salmon Falls River rises in Carroll co., 
 New Hampshire, and flowing south-easterly, 
 unites with the Cocheco, and several other 
 smaller streams, to form the Piscataqua river. 
 It runs on the boundary between Maine and 
 New Hampshire, for nearly its whole extent. 
 There are considerable falls in diflerent parts 
 of its course. 
 
 Salmon River, a fine mill stream in the 
 central part of Connecticut, rises in Tolland 
 county, and falls into the Connecticut river, 
 in Middlesex county. 
 
 Salmon River, New York, rises in Franklin 
 CO., and flowing north-westward, falls into the 
 St. Lawrence river, in Canada. 
 
 Salmon River, a post-office of Oswego cc, 
 New York. 
 
 Saloma, a post-village of Taylor co., Ken- 
 tucky, 71 miles S. S. W. from Frankfort, has 2 
 stores. 
 
 Salona, a post-village of Clinton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 104 miles N. AV. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Salt Creek, of Hocking and Ross counties, 
 Ohio, flows into the Scioto river, about 14 
 miles S. E. from Chilicothe. 
 
 Salt Creek, of Muskingum co., Ohio, flows 
 into the Muskingum river. 
 
 Salt Creek, of Gratiot co., Michigan, 
 flows into Maple river. 
 
 Salt Creek, of Indiana, rises in Brown 
 county, and flowing south-westward, enters 
 the East fork of AVhite river, near Bedford. 
 It is navigable in high water for nearly 30 
 miles. 
 
 Salt Creek, in the N. central part of Illi- 
 nois, flows westerly into the Sangamon river, 
 forming, in the latter part of its course, a part 
 of the boundary between Menard and Mason 
 counties. 
 
 Salt Creek, of Tama co., Iowa, flows into 
 Iowa river. 
 
 Salt Creek, a township forming the S. W 
 extremity of Hocking co., Ohio. Pop., 1094. 
 
 Salt Creek, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Holmes co., Ohio. Population, 1699. 
 
 Salt Creek, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Muskingum co., Ohio. Pop., 1012. 
 
 Salt Creek, a township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Pickaway co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1332. 
 
 Salt Creek, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Wayne co., Ohio. Population, 1669. 
 
 Salt Creek, a township in Decatur co., 
 Indiana. Population, 774. 
 
 Salt Creek, a township in Franklin co., 
 Indiana. Population, 807. 
 
 Salt Creek, a township in Jackson co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1105. 
 
 Salt Creek, a township in Monroe CO., 
 -Indiana. Population, 406. 
 
 1037 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 Salt Creek, a post-village in Davis co., 
 Iowa, 75 miles S. W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Salt Creek, a post-ofiBce of Utah. 
 
 Salt Creek, a post-office of Polk co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Salteesville, a post-office of Hudson co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Salt Fork, Missouri. See Black River. 
 
 Saltilla, a small village of Washington 
 CO., Indiana, on the New Albany and Salem 
 railroad, 10 miles W. from Salem. 
 
 Saltillo, a post-office of Itawamba co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Saltillo, a post- village of Hardin co., Ten- 
 nessee, on the left bank of the Tennessee river, 
 12 miles N. from Savannah, the county seat, 
 is a place of brisk business, and a depot for 
 cotton and staves, which are shipped by the 
 river. 
 
 Saltillo, a small post-village of Jasper co., 
 Indiana, on the Iroquois river, 10 miles above 
 Rensselaer. 
 
 Saltketcher Bridge, a post-village of 
 Colleton district, South Carolina. 
 
 Salt Key Bank, about 90 miles S. by E. 
 from Florida, between the Grand Bank of 
 Bahama and Cuba island, is 62 miles long 
 and 36 wide, at its greatest breadth. Its 
 western border is a chain of barren rocks, 
 called the Double Headed Shot Key, the 
 north-westernmost of which, commonly called 
 the Elbow Key, contains a fixed light, 54 
 feet from the base of the tower, and 100 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Lat. 23° 56' 24" 
 N., Ion. 80° 27' 35" W. 
 
 Salt Lake, Utah. See Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Salt Lake, a county in the E. N. E. part 
 of Utah Territory. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the Rocky mountains, and partly on the 
 W. by the Great Salt lake, from which it de- 
 rives its name, and is drained by Green and 
 Bear rivers, and other smaller streams. The 
 surface in the W. and central parts is moun- 
 tainous. The soil is generally fertile, and in 
 the vicinity of the lake of a superior quality. 
 In 1850 the county produced 58,492 bushels 
 of wheat; 5220 of Indian corn ; 4906 of oats; 
 25,859 of potatoes; 5379 pounds of wool; 
 87,592 of butter, and 2205 tons of hay. The 
 amount of its agricultural products was 
 greater than that of any other county in the 
 territory. It contained in that year 1 church, 
 12 public schools, and 1 academy. Capital, 
 Salt Lake City. Population, 6157. 
 
 Salt Lake City, capital of Salt Lake co., 
 Utah Territory, is situated near the E. bank 
 of the Jordan river, which connects Great 
 Salt Lake with Utah Lake, about 22 miles S. E. 
 from the Great Salt lake, and 4200 feet above 
 the level of the sea. It was laid out in July, 
 1847, by a company of 143 Mormons. The 
 city contains 260 blocks of 10 acres each, 
 separated by streets which are 128 feet wide. 
 There are 8 houses in each block, so arranged 
 that no two houses front each other. The 
 houses are built of adobes or sun-dried bricks. 
 1038 
 
 The 4 public squares of the city are to be 
 adorned with trees from the four quarters of 
 the globe, and supplied with fountains. On 
 one of these a magnificent temple is now 
 being erected; and a gorgeous banner, con- 
 structed of the flags of all nations, is ere 
 long to be unfurled from "Ensign Mount,"' 
 which overlooks the new city of the "Saints." 
 Salt Lake city contains a handsome theatre, 
 which cost above $20,000. 
 
 The climate of the valley in which the city 
 stands is very salubrious, and the soil where 
 it can be irrigated is extremely fertile. Wheat 
 is said to produce, under favorable circum- 
 stances, a hundred fold. The mountains 
 which enclose the valley on the eastern side 
 are covered with perpetual snow. Their sum- 
 mits are said to be about 10,000 feet (nearly 
 2 miles) above the level of the sea. Popula- 
 tion, in 1853, estimated at 10,000. 
 
 Salt Lick, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 879. 
 
 Salt Lick, a small village of Macon co.Tenn. 
 
 Salt Lick, a township in the S. part of 
 Perry co., Ohio. Population, 1747. 
 
 Saltlick Falls, a post-office of Preston 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 SALTPETRE,a post-office of Washington co.O. 
 
 Salt Point, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 Salt Pond, a small village of Saline co.,Mo. 
 
 Salt River, of Kentucky, is formed by two 
 principal branches. Salt river proper, and 
 the Rolling fork, which unite on the bound- 
 ary between Meade and Bullitt counties. 
 The main stream flows north-westward and 
 enters the Ohio 22 miles below Louisville. 
 Salt river rises in Boyle county, and flows 
 first northward, and then westward. The 
 Rolling fork rises near the W. border of Lin- 
 coln county, and its general course is W. N. W. 
 Another stream, called Chaplin's or Beech 
 fork, unites with the P>,olling fork on the W. 
 boundary of Nelson county. Named from 
 salt springs which abound near it. 
 
 Salt River, of Missouri, is formed by 
 three branches, the North, Middle, and South 
 forks, which unite near Florida, in Monroe 
 county. It flows thence eastward, and after 
 a serpentine course of about 85 miles, enters 
 the Mississippi in Pike county, 1 or 2 miles 
 above Louisiana village. Small steamboats 
 can ascend from its mouth to Florida. 
 Branches. — The North fork is the principal 
 branch, rising near the N. boundary of the 
 state, and flowing in a south-easterly course. 
 The Middle fork rises in Macon county, and 
 pursues a south-easterly course. The South 
 fork rises near the S. border of Audrain 
 county, and flows northward into the Middle 
 fork a little above Florida. The Elk fork is 
 a small creek, which enters the Middle fork, 
 about 7 miles E. from Paris, in Monroe coun- 
 ty. Long Branch flows along the S. border 
 of Monroe county into the South fork. 
 
SAL 
 
 SAN 
 
 Salt River, a post-village of Audrain co., 
 Missouri, 40 miles N. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Salt River, a township in Knox co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 411. 
 
 Salt River, a township in Randolph co., 
 Missouri. Population, 692. 
 
 Salt Rock, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Marion co., Ohio. Population, 347. 
 
 Saltspeing, a post-office of Campbell CO. Ga. 
 
 Saltspring, a post-office of Bienville pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Salt Spring, a township in Randolph co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1134. 
 
 Salt Springville, a post-office of Otsego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Salt Sulphur Springs, a village of Mon- 
 roe county, Virginia, 230 miles W. from 
 Richmond, and 25 miles S. AV. from the 
 White Sulphur Springs. It is surrounded by 
 beautiful mountain scenery, and is frequented 
 by a large number of invalids and others. 
 The water contains various salts of soda, 
 magnesia, and lime. 
 
 Saltville, a post-village of Washington 
 county, Virginia, on the N. fork of the Hols- 
 tou river, about 20 miles N. E. from Abing- 
 don. It has 2 extensive salt-works. 
 
 Saltzburg, a post-borough of Indiana 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Conemaugh 
 river and Pennsylvania canal, 32 miles in 
 direct line E. from Pittsburg. The manu- 
 facture of salt is carried on largely in this 
 vicinity. Population, in 1850, 623. 
 
 Salubria, a post-village in Catherine town- 
 ship, Chemung co., New York, on the Che- 
 mung branch of the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, near the S. end of Seneca lake, 20 miles 
 N. from Elmira. 
 
 Salubrity, a post-office of Pickens dis. S.C. 
 
 Saluda river, of South Carolina, a branch 
 of the Congaree, rises in the Blue Ridge, near 
 the N. AV. border of the state, and pursues a 
 south-easterly course until it unites with the 
 Broad river, at Columbia. The length is es- 
 timated at 200 miles. It flows through a 
 hilly and fertile district, in which cotton is 
 the staple product. 
 
 Saluda, a post-office of Middlesex co., Va. 
 
 Saluda, a post-office of Coweta co., Ga. 
 
 Saluda, a post-township in Jefferson co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1335. 
 
 Saluda Mills, a post-office of Newberry 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Salunga, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pa. 
 
 Saluria, a post-village of Calhoun co., 
 Texas, on Matagorda island, at the terminus 
 of the San Antonio railroad, not yet finished. 
 
 Salvisa, a handsome post-village of Mer- 
 cer CO., Kentucky, 20 miles S. from Frank- 
 fort. It contains 4 churches, 1 woollen fac- 
 tory, and several stores. 
 
 Samantha, a post-office of Highland co., 0. 
 
 Sammon's Point, a post-office of Iroquois 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Sammonsville, a post-office of Fulton co., 
 New York. 
 
 Sampson, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of North Carolina: area estimated at 
 940 square miles. It is drained by Black 
 river and its branches, and the South river 
 forms the W. boundary. The surface is 
 nearly level. The soil is generally sandy, 
 and partly covered with forests of pitch pine. 
 Indian corn, potatoes, tar, and turpentine 
 are the chief products. In 1850 there 
 were raised 426,805 bushels of corn, and 
 239,557 of sweet potatoes. There were 51 
 tar and turpentine manufactories, 1 saw mill, 
 and 2 turpentine distilleries. It contained 
 24 churches, 3317 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 70 attending academies or other 
 schools. Formed in 1784, and named in 
 honor of Colonel John Sampson. Capital, 
 Clinton. Population, 14,585 ; of whom 8900 
 were free, and 5685, slaves. 
 
 Sampson, a post-office of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 Sampsondale, a village of Rockland co., 
 New York, about 100 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Sampsonville, a post-office of Ulster co., 
 New York. 
 
 Samptown, a village of Middlesex co.. New 
 Jersey, on Cedar creek, 8 miles N. from New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Sam's Creek, apost-office of Carroll co.,Md. 
 
 San Anders, a post-office of Milam co.,Tex. 
 
 San Andreas, a town of Calaveras county, 
 California, is situated toward the western 
 part of the county, between the N. and S. 
 branches of the Calaveras river. The sur- 
 rounding ravines are rich in gold, and fine 
 for winter mining : average wages, 8 dollars 
 a day. 
 
 San Antonio, a river of Texas, which rises 
 in Bexar county, and flowing in a general 
 south-easterly course, empties itself into a 
 lagoon at the E. extremity of Refugio county, 
 and opposite Matagorda island. The upper 
 portion is called Medina river until it passes 
 the mouth of Leon creek, a few miles S. from 
 San Antonio. 
 
 San Antonio, a village in the interior of 
 the Territory of New Mexico, near the San- 
 dia mountains, about 45 miles S. S. AV. from 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 San Antonio, a village of New Mexico, on 
 the right bank of the Rio del Norte, 150 miles 
 S. S. W. from Santa Fe. 
 
 San Antonio, a missionary settlement of 
 Monterey county, California. 
 
 San Antonio Creek, a small stream of 
 Marin county, in the AV. N. AV. part of Cali- 
 fornia, flows into the Pacific ocean. 
 
 San Antonio de Bexar, a thriving post- 
 town, capital of Bexar co., Texas, on San An- 
 tonio river, 110 miles S. AV. from Austin City. 
 This wealthy town has been much improved 
 within a few years, and the population of the 
 adjacent country has increased rapidly. Many 
 of the residences are truly beautiful, particu- 
 larly around Fort Alamo, which is in the im- 
 mediate vicinity. See Fobt Alamo. San An- 
 tonio contains a United States arsenal, and 
 1039 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 several churches and seminaries. Two news- 
 papers are published here. It is one of the 
 termini of the San Antonio and Mexican Gulf 
 railroad, (projected.) Population in 1850, 
 3396; in 1853, estimated at 6000. 
 
 San Augustine, a county in the E. part of 
 Texas, contains about 620 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the W. by the Attoy.ic and 
 Angelina rivers, and drained by Ayish bayou. 
 The greater part of the county is included in 
 the tract known as the "Red Lands," which 
 is extremely fertile and noted for its fine cot- 
 ton. The county is liberally supplied with 
 timber. In 1850 it produced 1020 bales of 
 cotton; 23 hogsheads of sugar; 115,284 
 bushels of corn, and 32,400 of sweet pota- 
 toes. There were 6 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, and 198 pupils attending public schools. 
 Capital, San Augustine. Population, 8647, 
 of whom 2086 were free, and 1561, slaves. 
 
 San Augustine, a handsome and thriving 
 post-village, capital of San Augustine county, 
 Texas, is situated on Ayish bayou, 310 miles 
 E. N. E. from Austin City. The main road 
 from Natchitoches, in Louisiana, to Houston 
 passes through the place. It is surrounded 
 by a highly productive cotton-growing region. 
 It contains the University of Eastern Texas, 
 • 1 Methodist and 1 Episcopal church, and a 
 newspaper office. Population in 1853, esti- 
 mated at 1000. 
 
 San Bernakd, a small river of Texas, rises 
 near the N. extremity of Colorado county, 
 and flows south-eastward into the Gulf of 
 Mexico, about 10 miles S. W. from the mouth 
 cf Brazos river. 
 
 San BBENAraiiNO, san boR-naE-dee'no (for- 
 merly a Catholic mission) a post-town of Los 
 Angeles co., Cal., in a rich and well timbered 
 valley, about 60 miles E. from Los Angeles. 
 
 San Bernardino, a new county in the S. 
 E. part of California, formed since 1852 from 
 Los Angeles county. 
 
 San Bernardino Mountain, a lofty moun- 
 tain of Los Angeles county, California, about 
 60 miles E. from Los Angeles. 
 
 Sanbornton, a township in Belknap co., 
 New Hampshire, 23 miles N. from Concord, 
 contains a village near the Boston, Concord, 
 and Montreal railroad. Population, 2695. 
 
 Saneoknton, a village in Clinton co., Iowa, 
 on Wapsipinicon river, 45 miles N. E. by E. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 • Sanbornton Bridge, a post-village in Belk- 
 nap CO., New Hampshire, on T/innipiseogee 
 river, and on the Boston, Concord, and Mon- 
 treal railroad, 18 miles N. from Concord. 
 
 San Buenaventura, san bwi-na-v^n-too'r^, 
 or bo'na-ven-too'ra, called also Salinas (s^- 
 lee'n^s) River, in the W. part of California, 
 rising on the slope of the Coast Range, in the 
 E. part of San Luis Obispo county, flows in a 
 general N. W. course to near the centre of 
 Monterey co., when it turns towards the Pa- 
 cific and fnlla into Monterey bay, in about 
 ;iG° 45' N. lat. 
 1040 
 
 San Buenaventura river, a small stream 
 of Santa Barbara county, California, falls into 
 the Pacific ocean, in about 34° 20' N. lat. 
 
 San Buenaventura, a town, formerly a mis- 
 sionary station, near the boundai'y between 
 Santa Barbara and Los Angeles counties, is 
 situated on the main road from San Jos6 and 
 Los Angeles, and on a river of its own name, 
 about 300 miles in a straight line S. E. from 
 San Francisco. 
 
 San Carlos, California. See Carmel. 
 
 San Cosme, a post-office of Rusk co., Tex. 
 
 Sancoty Head, the S. E. point of Nan- 
 tucket island, Massachusetts, has a fixed light 
 150 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 
 17' N., Ion. 69° 59' W. 
 
 Sandbank, a post-office of Oswego co., N. Y. 
 
 Sandburg, a post-office of Sullivan co., N. Y. 
 
 Sand Creek, Indiana, rises in Decatur co., 
 and flowing south-westward, enters Driftwood 
 fork of White river, a few miles above P>,ock- 
 ford, in Jackson county. 
 
 Sand Creek, a township in Bartholomew 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1071. 
 
 Sand Creek, a township in Decatur co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1908. 
 
 Sand Creek, a township in Jennings co., 
 Indiana. Population, 705. 
 
 Sand Creek, a small post-village of Shelby 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Sandersville, a post-village in Chester 
 district. South Carolina, 66 miles N. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 Sandersville, Georgia. See Saundees- 
 ville. 
 
 Sandersville, a village of Fayette county, 
 Kentucky, on the turnpike from Lexington to 
 Geoi'getown. It contains a large manufactory 
 of cotton jean. Population, near 300. 
 
 Sandersville, a small post- village of Van- 
 derburg co., Indiana, on the railroad from 
 Evansville to Vincennes, 10 miles N. from the 
 former. 
 
 Sandfield, a small village of Fairfield 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Sandford, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Broome co.. New York. The Erie 
 railroad passes through it. Pop., 2508. 
 
 Sand Fort, a post-office of Russell co., Ala. 
 
 S.4NDGATE, a post-townshlp in Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, 103 miles S. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 850. 
 
 Sand Hill, a post-office of Scotland co.. Mo. 
 
 Sand Hills, a small village of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, about 8 miles S. E. from 
 Trenton, contains 15 or 20 dwellings. 
 
 Sandidges, a post-office of Amherst co , Ya. 
 
 San Diego, sin-de-i'go, alarge county form- 
 ming the S. E. extremity of California,h.is an 
 area of above 15000 square miles. It is bound- 
 ed on the W. by the Pacific ocean, and on thi' 
 E. by the Rio Colorado, and is drained by the 
 San Diego river, the San Luis Rey. and tlm 
 Santa Marguerita, and other amnll streams. 
 The soil in the more level portions is fertile. 
 Barley, Indian corn, wheat, c»tt!e, horses, 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 and sheep are the staples. In 1852 this 
 county produced 1221 bushels of barley; 
 1205 of corn, and 1056 of wheat. There 
 were 5164 beef cattle ; 1767 horses, and 1580 
 sheep. The county contains a number of 
 old Spanish Missions, among which may be 
 named San Diego, Santa Maria, and San 
 Luis Key. Population, 2932. 
 
 San Diego, a post-town, port of entry, and 
 capital of San Diego county, California, on a 
 bay, and on the main road from Sacramento 
 City, about 470 miles in a straight line near- 
 ly S. E. from San Francisco. Lat. 32° 44' 41" 
 N., Ion. 117° 8' W. The harbor afforded by 
 San Diego baj' is said to be the best on tlie 
 coast alter Acapulco. The bay is about 6 
 miles long and from 1 to 2 wide. The foreign 
 arrivals at San Diego for the year ending 
 June 30th, 1852, were 29, (tons, 19,016,) 28 
 of which were by American vessels. The 
 clearances for foreign ports for the same pe- 
 riod were 13, (tons, 5169,) 12 of which were 
 American vessels. 
 
 San Diego, (New,) a village of San Diego 
 CO., California, founded in the year 1850. It 
 is built on a plain at the base of the hills, on 
 E. side of San Diego bay, about 3| miles S. S. 
 W. from the old town of San Diego. It con- 
 sists of a few American-built houses, and a 
 large storehouse for the quartermaster's de- 
 partment. The United States military depot 
 is established here. In coming up the bay, 
 vessels can carry from 6 to 7 fathoms water 
 to the village. 
 
 Sandifer's Mills, a post-office of Copiah 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Sandifeb's Stoee, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Sandisfield, a post-township in Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, 122 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 1649. 
 
 Sand Island Lighthouse, on Sand island, 
 3 miles S. S. W. from Mobile Point, Alabama. 
 It shows a fixed light 50 feet high. 
 
 Sandiston, a township of Sussex co., New 
 Jersey, on the left side of the Delaware river, 
 75 miles N. from Trenton. Population, 1327. 
 
 Sand Lake, a post-township of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York. Population, 2559. 
 
 Sand Lake, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, about 10 miles E. by S. from Albany. 
 Cotton and iron are manufactured here. 
 
 Sandovek, a post-village in Abbeville dis- 
 trict, S. C, 81 miles W. from Columbia. 
 
 Sandown, a post-township in Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, 84 miles S. E. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 5G6. 
 
 Sand Plains, a small village of Polk co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Sand PKAXPaE, a post-office of Richland co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Sandridge, a village in Des Moines co., 
 Iowa, near Mississippi river, 75 miles S. S. 
 E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Sandrun, a po.st-office of Nicholas county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 3q 
 
 Sand's Mills, a post-office of Westchester 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Sand's Point Light, on the E. side of tbe 
 entrance to Cow Bay, Long island. 
 
 Sand Spring, a post-office of Wood co, Tex. 
 
 Sandstone, a township in the W. part of 
 Jackson co., Michigan. Population, 823. 
 
 Sandstone Creek, of Jackson co., Michi- 
 gan, flows into Grand river. 
 
 Sandtown or Berkely, a village of Glou- 
 cester CO., New Jersey, on Mantua creek, 5 
 miles S. W. from Woodbury, contains a store 
 and 12 or 15 dwellings. 
 
 Sandtown, a post- village of Campbell co., 
 Georgia, about 11 miles W. from Atlanta. 
 
 Sandtown, a small village of Jasper co., Ga. 
 
 Sandtown, a village of Meriwether co., 
 Georgia, 118 miles W. from Milledgeville. 
 The post-office is called Woodbury. 
 
 Sandtown, a small village of Newton co., Ga. 
 
 Sandusky river, of Ohio, rises near the line 
 between Crawford and Richland counties, 
 and flowing in a general northerly direction, 
 empties itself into Sandusky bay. 
 
 Sandusky, a county in the N. N. AV. p.art 
 of Ohio, bordering on Sandusky bay of Lake 
 Erie, contains 420 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the river of its own name, and also 
 drained by Portage river, and by Toussaint. 
 Muddy, and Sugar creeks. The surface is 
 generally level ; the soil is good. The western 
 part of the county is occupied by the famous- 
 Black Swamp, which is covered with dense 
 forests : this tract, when cleared and drained, 
 is very productive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 potatoes, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 312,689 bushels of corn,- 
 160,393 of wheat; 97,251 of oats, and 62,037 
 of potatoes. It contained 4 churches, 3 news- 
 paper ofiices, 3531 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 150 attending academies or 
 other schools. Limestone underlies a part 
 of the county. The streams afford motive- 
 power for factories and mills. The county 
 is intersected by the Cleveland, Norwalk, and , 
 Toledo, and the Sandusky and Indiana rail- 
 roads. Capital, Fremont. Population, 14,305. 
 
 Sandusky, a post-village of Cattaraugus 
 CO., N. Y., about 40 miles S. E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Sandusky, a township in the E. part of 
 Crawford co., Ohio. Population, 822. 
 
 Sandusky, a flourishing city, port of entry, 
 and capital of Erie co., Ohio, is delightfully 
 situated on the southern shore of Sandusky 
 bay, 3 miles from Lake Erie, 110 miles N. bv 
 E. from Columbus, and 210 miles N. N. E. 
 from Cincinnati. Lat. 41° 27' N., Ion. 82° 
 45' W. The bay is about 20 miles long and 
 5 or 6 miles wide, and forms a capacious and 
 excellent harbor, into which vessels of aiJ 
 sizes can enter with safety in the severest 
 storms. The average depth of water is 12 
 feet. In all seasons except winter the 
 wharves are thronged with steamboats and 
 other vessels. The ground on which the 
 city stands rises gradually from the shore 
 1041 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 and commands a beautiful view of the bay, 
 enlivened with the arrival and departure 
 of vessels. The city is built on an inex- 
 haustible bed of the finest limestone, and 
 adorned with many elegant churches, dwell- 
 ings, and warehouses constructed of this ma- 
 terial. The greater number of the buildings 
 are of stone or brick. The city contains 
 churches of 6 denominations, 2 banks, 5 
 newspaper offices, several iron furnaces, and 
 machine shops for the manufacture of rail- 
 road cars. Sandusky is one of the principal 
 entrepots of the vast and increasing com- 
 merce of the lakes, and is steadily advancing 
 in population and importance. It was the 
 pioneer of the railway enterprise in Ohio, 
 and is now the terminus of two extensive 
 lines, intersecting one of the most beautiful 
 and opulent farming regions of the West, 
 viz. the Mad Elver and Lake Erie railroad, 
 which connects it with Cincinnati, and the 
 Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark, which 
 meets the Central railroad at Newark. The 
 former was completed about the year 1847. 
 The Junction or Lake Shore railroad, now in 
 progress, will form part of a chain reaching 
 from New York to Chicago, a distance of 1000 
 miles. The number of arrivals in 1851 was 
 stated to be 1998; in 1852, 3242. The value 
 of imports in 1851 was $16,258,201; of ex- 
 ports, $6,558,747— total, $22,816,948. 
 
 Imports in 1852 $40,896,085 
 
 Exports " 18,789,814 
 
 Total $59,685,899 
 
 Statement of the quantities of leading ar- 
 ticles shipped at this port in the years 1850 
 and 1851 :— 
 
 Articles. 1850. 1851. 
 
 "Wheat, bushels 1,552.699 1,922.069 
 
 Flovir, barrels 78,902 147,951 
 
 Corn, bushels 288,742 712,121 
 
 Wool, pounds 1,669,667 1,690,557 
 
 Butter, pounds 754,588 382,.340 
 
 Tobacco, pounds 316,000 549,046 
 
 Hogs, number 34,751 105,026 
 
 Lard, pounds 860,798 229,712 
 
 Furs, pounds 61,126 109,125 
 
 The shipping owned in the district, June 
 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 5887^'^ tons, enrolled and licensed. The fo- 
 reign arrivals for the year were 62, and the 
 clearances for foreign ports 31. 
 
 Population in 1840, about 1200; in 1850, 
 5087; in 1853, about 10,000. 
 
 Sandusky, a township in Richland co., 
 Ohio. Population, 617. 
 
 Sandusky, a township in Sandusky co., 
 Ohio. Population, 782. 
 
 Sandwich, a post-village in Barnstable co., 
 Massachusetts, on Cape Cod bay, at the ter- 
 minus of the Cape Cod Branch railroad, 56 
 miles S. E. from Boston, contains 6 or 6 
 churches and an academy. Population of 
 the township, 4368. 
 
 Sandwich, a post-township in Carroll co.. 
 New Hampshire, 50 miles N. from Concord. 
 The village contains 1 bank. Pop., 2577. 
 
 Sandy, a post-office of Jackson co., Va. 
 1042 
 
 Sandy, a post-office of Columbiana co., 0. 
 
 Sandy, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Stark CO., Ohio. Population, 1270. 
 
 Sandy, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop., 1227. 
 
 Sandy Bay, a village of Essex co., Massa- 
 chusetts, about 35 miles N. E. from Boston. 
 
 Sandy Bottom, a post-office of Middlesex 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sandy Bridge, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Sandy Creek, Jefferson county. New York, 
 is formed by the junction of two branches, 
 the North and the South, which unite within 
 2 miles of its mouth. It falls into the E. end 
 of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Sandy Creek, of New York, falls into Lake 
 Ontario, in Monroe co., about 20 miles N. 
 W. of Rochester. 
 
 Sandy Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 Alleghany river in Venango county. 
 
 Sandy Creek, in the S. part of Virginia, 
 enters Banister river from the right hand, 
 near Meadsville, in Halifax county. 
 
 Sandy Creek, of Randolph co., North 
 Carolina, enters Deep river from the N., a 
 few miles E. from Ashborough. 
 
 Sandy Creek, or Bio Sandy, of "Wilkinson 
 CO., Georgia, enters the Oconee from the 
 right, at the S. E. extremity of the county. 
 
 Sandy Creek, of Morgan co., Georgia, 
 unites with Labor creek, a few miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 Sandy Creek, of Alabama, flows into the 
 Tallapoosa, a few miles W. from Dadeville. 
 
 Sandy Creek, of Gillespie co., Texas, flows 
 into Colorado river, near the E. border of 
 the county. 
 
 Sandy Creek, of Texas, an affluent of the 
 Navidad, enters that river from the N., in 
 .Jackson county. 
 
 Sandy Creek, of Ohio, rises in the E. 
 part of the state, and joins the Tuscarawas 
 river near Bolivar. 
 
 Sandy Creek, a post-township in the N 
 part of Oswego co., New York, on Lake On- 
 tario. Population, 2456. 
 
 Sandy Creek, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Watertown and Rome rail- 
 road, 47 miles N. W. from Rome. 
 
 Sandy Creek, a township of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 14 miles N. by E. from 
 Mercer. Population, 2865. 
 
 Sandy Creek, a small village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sandy Creek, a township of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Al- 
 leghany river, 36 miles N. from Butler. Po- 
 pulation, 957. 
 
 Sandy Creek, a small village of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sandy Creek, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Flatt, a post-office of Greenville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Ford, a post-office of Jefferson co.Fla. 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 Sandy Foundation, a post-village of Lenoir 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Geove, a post-office of Ctatham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Grove, a post-office of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Hill, a post-village and semi- 
 capital of Washington county. New York, on 
 the left bank of the Hudson river, 52 miles 
 N. by E. from Albany, and 1 mile W. from 
 the Champlain canal and Saratoga and Wash- 
 ington railroad. It contains a court house, 
 several churches, 2 newspaper offices, and a 
 few factories. A little below the village the 
 river has a perpendicular fall of 50 feet. 
 
 Sandy Hill, a post-village of Worcester 
 CO., Maryland, is situated about 7 miles 
 from the Atlantic and 109 miles S. E. from 
 Annapolis. It has 3 churches and 3 stores. 
 
 Sandy Hook, a manufacturing village of 
 Fairfield co., Connecticut, about 2 miles from 
 the Housatonic river, and 21 miles N. W. by 
 W. from New Haven. 
 
 Sandy Hook, a low sandy beach, about 6 
 miles long and from half a mile to a mile 
 wide, on the Jersey shore, at the entrance 
 to New York bay. On the N. point is a 
 fixed light, 90 feet above the level of the sea. 
 It also contains two beacons. Lat. 40° 27' 
 35" N., Ion. 74° 0' 48" W. 
 
 Sandy Hook, a post- village of Harford co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Sandy Lake, a post-township of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. E. from 
 Mercer. Population, 1100. 
 
 Sandy Level, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sandy Mush, a post-office of Buncombe 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Neck, on the W. side of the en- 
 trance to Barnstable bay, Massachusetts, 
 has a fixed light, erected on a dwelling-house, 
 16 feet above the ridge. Lat. 41° 44' N., Ion. 
 70° 15' W. 
 
 Sandy Plains, a post-office of Patrick co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Sandy Plains, a post-office of Rutherford 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Point. See Great Point. 
 
 Sandy Piidge, a post-office of Henry co., 
 Ga., about 60 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Sandy Ridge, a post-office of Lowndes co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Sandy Ridge, a post-office of Steuben co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 S.\NDY River, a fine mill stream in the N. 
 W. part of Maine, rising in Franklin co., 
 falls into the Kennebec in Somerset county. 
 
 Sandy, or Big Sandy River, of Virginia 
 and Kentucky, is formed by the E. and W. 
 forks, which unite at Louisa, in Lawrence 
 county, Kentucky, on the eastern border of 
 that state. Flowing northward, it forms the 
 boundary between Wayne county, of Vir- 
 ginia, and Lawrence, Carter, and Greenup 
 counties, of Kentucky, until it enters the Oliio' 
 
 river, nearly opposite Burlington, in Ohio. 
 The distance from its mouth to Louisa is 
 perhaps 40 or 50 miles. Branches. — The 
 East fork, otherwise called the Tug fork, 
 rises in Tazewell and Wyoming counties, of 
 Virginia, flows north-westward, and, after 
 passing through the Cumberland mountain, 
 forms the ''boundary between the two states 
 to its junction with the other branch. The 
 West fork, or, in popular language, the 
 Louisa fork, rises in Russell county, of Vir- 
 ginia, and flowing north-westward and then 
 northward, makes a circuit through several 
 counties of Kentucky. The length of each 
 branch is estimated at 150 miles. The Sandy 
 is a fine stream for navigation, and flows 
 through extensive beds of stone coal. Steam- 
 boats ascend the river and its West fork 
 more than 100 miles. 
 
 Sandy River, of South Carolina, a small 
 stream which enters Broad river at the S. W. 
 extremity of Chester district. 
 
 Sandy River, of Michigan, a small stream 
 which rises in the W. part of the peninsula, 
 and flowing westward, enters Lake Michigan 
 in Mason co. 
 
 Sandy River, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sandy Run, a post-office of Cleveland co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Run, a post-office of Lexington dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Sandy Spring, a post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Maryland, about 30 miles N^. S. 
 W. from Baltimore. 
 
 Sandy Spring, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Sandyston, New Jersey. See Sandiston. 
 
 Sandytillb, a post-village of Tuscarawas 
 CO., Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver canal, 
 112 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. Pop., 300. 
 
 San Elazario, a post-office of El Paso co., 
 Texas. 
 
 San Felipe, usually pronounced san fil'ip, 
 a small post- village of Austin co., Texas, on 
 the Brazos river, 150 miles E. S. E. from 
 Austin City, was formerly the county seat. 
 
 San Fernando, a small town of Los 
 Angeles co., California, is situated on the 
 main road from Sacramento City to Los 
 Angeles, 27 miles in a direct line N. W. from 
 the latter. 
 
 Sanford, a post- township in York co., 
 Maine, intersected by the route of the York 
 and Cumberland railroad, 86 miles S. W. 
 from Augusta. Population, 2830. 
 
 Sanford, New York. See Sandford. 
 
 Sanford, a post-office of Ingham co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Sanford's Corners, a post-office of Jef- 
 ferson CO., New York. 
 
 San Francisco, a county in the western 
 part of California, has an area of about 270 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Pacific, on the N. E. by San Francisco 
 bay, and on the S. E. by San Francisquitc 
 1043 
 
SAN 
 
 creek, whicli affords some water-power. The 
 Sierra Morina, or Brown mountains, are the 
 principal elevations. The most important 
 of these commence about 10 miles S. of San 
 Francisco city, and run along the coast until 
 they unite with another range of the same 
 name in the county of Santa Clara. These 
 mountains are upwards of 2000 feet in 
 height, and serve to protect the inhabitants 
 of the valley from the coast winds. Excel- 
 lent redwood grows in some parts of the 
 county. The soil is *ich and productive. It 
 has heretofore been but little cultivated, but 
 much more attention is now being paid to 
 agriculture. Barley, wheat, potatoes, cattle, 
 and horses are the staples. In 1852 this 
 county produced 18,450 bushels of barley ; 
 10,050 of potatoes, and 5300 of wheat. 
 There were 3419 beef cattle, 1342 cows, and 
 2216 horses. It had 3 saw mills, and 2 other 
 saw mills and 1 grist mill were being built. 
 Gold is found in small quantities. The route 
 of the proposed railroad from San Francisco 
 to San Jose passes through this county. 
 Capital, San Francisco. Pop. in 1852, 36,151. 
 
 San Francisco, the commercial metropolis 
 of California, and the queen city of the "far 
 West," is situated on the western shore of 
 the magnificent bay from which it derives its 
 name. It stands in a plain about half a mile 
 wide, gently inclined towards the bay, with 
 numerous hills behind it. The soil on which 
 this city is built is very sandy ; and in the 
 vicinity, more particularly toward the north, 
 are a number of sandhills. It is regularly 
 laid out, the streets crossing each other at 
 right angles. The houses till recently v/ere 
 mostly frame, but since the destructive fires 
 that have occurred several times, laying the 
 greater part of the town in ruins, brick and 
 iron are becoming more extensively used. 
 The city now contains many well-built fire- 
 proof stores and banking houses. The better 
 class of frame houses are painted white, with 
 green blinds, presenting the appearance of 
 the houses in New England. 
 
 The city was originally built around a se- 
 micircular bay, having Rincon Point on the 
 south, and Clark's Point on the north — these 
 two points being about a mile apart. All the 
 space between is now built up, the warehouses 
 and wharfs being supported by piles driven 
 into the water. Clark's Point is the termi- 
 nation of Telegraph Hill, having an elevatjon 
 of 1000 feet or upwards, and from the sum- 
 mit of which a very extensive view may be 
 had of the surrounding country. Directly in 
 front of the city, but distant 5 or 6 miles, is 
 Goat island, which is nearly a mile in length. 
 It is a barren, rocky place, except on the east 
 side, where there is some cultivation among 
 the valleys. The wholesale business part of 
 San Francisco is toward the city front. 
 Davis street is next to the bay ; then advanc- 
 ing west, one meets Front, Battery, Sansom, 
 Montgomery, Kearny, Dupont, Stockton, 
 1044 
 
 SAN 
 
 and Powell streets; Vallejo, Broadway, Pa- 
 cific, Jackson, Washington, Clay, Commercial, 
 or Long Wharf, Sacramento, California, Pine, 
 Bush, and Market streets, running east and 
 west, are included within the business sec- 
 tion of the city. Montgomery street is a wide, 
 handsome street. On it are situated the esta- 
 blishments of the bankers and brokers, and 
 nearly all the newspaper offices in the city. 
 It is also the fashionable promenade. On 
 Stockton and Dupont streets, towards the 
 southern part of the city, are manj' fine resi- 
 dences built of brick ; west of Stockton, and 
 on the surrounding hills, are many hanc|jome 
 houses of wood, but being separated from 
 the rest of the city, they are comparatively 
 secure in case of fire. Most families liave 
 their residences in the outskirts, or in the 
 rear of the town. The principal streets and 
 sidewalks are paved with plank and heavy 
 timber. In the centre of the city is a public 
 square or plaza. A railroad has recently 
 been projected from this city to San Josd. 
 
 San Francisco has a custom house, and a 
 branch mint now in course of construction, 
 a splendid musical fund hall, and several 
 theatres. There are from 15 to 20 churches, 
 and 8 or 10 banking houses in the city. Tea 
 or twelve newspapers are issued, of which 
 eight are dailies. 
 
 Arrangements have recently been made for 
 supplying San Francisco with water from 
 Mountain Lake, situated about 3J miles W. of 
 the city. From this source the water can be 
 introduced into the town on its own level, at 
 an elevation of about 130 feet above the sea. 
 The work is now advancing rapidly, the most 
 important portion, viz., that designed to sup- 
 ply the densely populated sections of the city, 
 will, it is expected, be completed by the 1st 
 of January, 1854. It is estimated that the 
 entire work will cost near $800,000. 
 
 San Francisco has regular communication by 
 steamers every two weeks with Panama, while 
 several lines of steamboats are constantly run- 
 ning between this city and Sacramento and Ma- 
 rysville ; there is also a line plying between it 
 and San Jos6, Santa Clara, and Alviso. 
 
 The following table shows the arrival, ton- 
 nage, and average passage of vessels at San 
 Francisco from the various ports specified, 
 for 8 months ending September 1st, 1853: — 
 
 '1 
 
 Ports in Chili 
 
 " Cliina 
 
 Manila 
 
 Other Eustern ports 
 
 London , ... 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 CardiBf 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 Other ports in Oreat Britain... 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 Havre 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Fort^ in Holland 
 
 Bremen and Assens 
 
 Vessels. Tonnage. 
 
 904 
 2,473 
 4,207 
 13,383 
 7,253 
 1,255 
 2,263 
 4,661 
 3,979 
 
 era 
 
 2.123 
 
 3,597 
 
 577 
 
 Average 
 Passage. 
 
 62 V< days. 
 
 169 
 
 162 ^ 
 207 M 
 172;^ 
 194.>^ 
 211 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 Number of American Tessels entered during 
 the period above specified, 21 steamers, 195 
 ships, 44 barques, 22 brigs, and 16 schooners 
 —total, 298 ; burthen, 209,330 tons. Ameri- 
 can vessels from foreign ports, 46 steamers, 
 15 ships, 22 barques, 27 brigs, and 27 
 schooners — total, 131 ; burthen, 79,405 tons. 
 Foreign vessels from foreign ports, 59 ships, 
 127 barques, 74 brigs, and 19 schooners — 
 total, 297 ; burthen, 87,975 tons. Foreign 
 vessels entered coastwise, 6 steamers and 2 
 ships ; burthen, 6143 tons. American whale 
 ships arrived, 3; burthen, 542 tons. Total 
 of all the arrivals, 719 ; aggregate burthen, 
 882,395 tons. Clearances for the same pe- 
 riod : American vessels for coastwise ports, 
 63 steamers, 23 ships, 25 barques, 66 brigs, 
 and 352 schooners — total, 629; burthen, 
 108,879 tons. American vessels for foreign 
 ports, 43 steamers, 174 ships, 61 barques, 27 
 brigs, and 11 schooners — total, 316; burthen, 
 222,034 tons. Foreign vessels from foreign 
 ports, 59 ships, 127 barques, 74 brigs, and 19 
 schooners— total, 303 ; burthen, 96,098 tons. 
 Total of all the clearances, 1153 ; aggregate 
 burthen, 427,891 tons. The shipping of the 
 port, June 30, 1852, according to the cus- 
 tom-house returns, amounted to an aggre- 
 gate of 65,534if tons registered, and42,165|| 
 tons enrolled and licensed; total, 97,699-|| 
 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 
 37,534^'3^ tons were employed in the coast 
 trade, and 4524s g tons in steam navigation. 
 
 The shipment of bullion from San Fran- 
 cisco for the first 8 months of 1853 amounted 
 to $37,837,736— an increase of $10,752,246 
 over the corresponding period of the previous 
 year. The assessed value of real and per- 
 eonal property in San Francisco, September 
 1, 1853, amounted to $28,802,000, being an 
 increase of upwards of $10,000,000 over the 
 previous year. Of this sum, $6,158,350 con- 
 sisted in improvements, and $4,032,009 in 
 personal property, leaving $17,389,856 as 
 the value of real estate. 
 
 Population. — The inhabitants of San Fran- 
 cisco have been variously estimated from 
 50,000 to 60,000; but there is so large a mass 
 of floating population that it would be impos- 
 sible, even by taking a census, to state the 
 number with any exactness. The vote polled 
 September 7, 1863, was 10,113, being an in- 
 crease of 2127 on that of November 2, 1852. 
 In the Atlantic states, the votes polled do not 
 generally exceed one-sixth or seventh of the 
 entire population ; but in California, where a 
 much greater number of the inhabitants are 
 adult males, it may be estimated that the votes 
 will generally amount to one-fifth or one-fourth 
 of the whole population. And although at first 
 sight this may seem a very small proportion, 
 it will scarcely appear too small when we 
 take into consideration the immense number 
 of those who are newly arrived, and are 
 thereby excluded from the right of suffrage, 
 (the law requiring a residence of six months- 
 
 in the state,) and the other vast multitudes 
 who, having come to California for the sole 
 object of accumulating gold, are unwilling 
 that any political considerations, in which 
 they expect to have at best but a temporary 
 interest, should divert them from the great 
 object of their desires. That the above esti- 
 mate is not very far from the truth, is shown 
 by the fact that it nearly corresponds with 
 other estimates founded on different data, 
 and made, in fact, previous to the recent 
 election. All the estimates which we have 
 seen, give the present population of San 
 Francisco at near 60,000, and some above 
 that number — that is, about six times the 
 entire number of votes. As, however, all 
 the passengers from abroad land at San 
 Francisco, which is indeed the great centre 
 towards which all the floating population is 
 chiefly directed, it is but reasonable to sup- 
 pose that those having a right or inclination 
 to vote, would constitute a smaller propor- 
 tion of the whole number of inhabitants in 
 this city, than in the other towns of Cali- 
 fornia. We have, therefore, in respect to 
 most places in this state, estimated the en- 
 tire population at about four times the num- 
 ber of votes. In California a census enumera- 
 tion would be but an approximation to the 
 actual number of inhabitants. The following 
 statement will give some idea of the immense 
 influx of strangers, as well as of the insta- 
 bility of the population : — The total number 
 of passengers by sea that arrived at San 
 Francisco from January 1st to August 27th, 
 1853, was 26,722, of whom 21,886 were 
 males, 4138 females, and 698 children. The 
 total number that left within the same time 
 was 18,083, nearly all males. The addition 
 to the population from abroad amounted, there- 
 fore, during the first eight months of the 
 present year, to only 8639. From July 27th to 
 August 27th, the total arrivals were 1435 ; the 
 departures, 1932 — showing a falling off in the 
 last month of 497. The following table shows 
 from what points the emigrants came: — 
 Passengers arriving hy Sea, from January \st to 
 August 21th, 1853. 
 
 France 1,824 
 
 Sandwich Islands 208 
 
 From Panama 12,200 
 
 San Juan 6,295 
 
 Realego 25 
 
 United States ports.... 960 
 
 Mexican ports 4f5 
 
 CMlian ports 633 
 
 Peruvian ports 5 
 
 Chinese ports 3,628 
 
 Philippine Islands 7 
 
 England 153 
 
 Hanse Towns 133 
 
 Passengers leaving by Sea from January 1st to 
 August 21th, 1853. 
 
 Australia- 
 Holland , 
 
 Vancouver's Island., 
 
 Sitka 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Society Islands 
 
 Total 2fi,T17 
 
 For Panama 6,648 
 
 San Juan 6,035 
 
 U nited States ports. .. . 4 
 
 Mexican ports 144 
 
 Chilian ports 189 
 
 Peruvian ports 1 
 
 History. — The first settlement at San Fran- 
 cisco was made by the Spaniards about the 
 1045 
 
 Aiistralian ports 3,'l45 
 
 Sandwich Islands 49 
 
 Chinese ports 1,500 
 
 Other foreign ports... 19 
 
 Total 18,034 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 year 1776. The place was then called Yerba 
 Buena, or "good herb," because an herb of 
 this name, supposed to possess great medi- 
 cinal virtues, was found growing abundantly 
 on the neighbouring hills. The first houses 
 were built of adobes, or sun-dried bricks. In 
 1839 it was laid out as a town, the few 
 houses having previously been scattered 
 without regularity. It contained in 1845 
 about 150 inhabitants. About this time it 
 began to attract the attention of some adven- 
 turous Americans, and the population in- 
 creased in two years to nearly 500. It re- 
 tained the name of Yerba Buena until it was 
 occupied by the Americans. The first dis- 
 covery of gold was made at Sutter's settle- 
 ment, then called New Helvetia, in Decem- 
 ber, 1847. Early in 1848 the news spread 
 to the four quarters of the globe, and imme- 
 diately adventurers from every land came 
 thronging to this new El Dorado. The mag- 
 nificent harbor of San Francisco made this 
 port the great rendezvous for the arriving 
 vessels, and from this period dates the ex- 
 traordinary increase and prosperity of the 
 Calif ornian metropolis. In the first two months 
 of the golden age, the quantity of precious 
 dust brought to San Francisco was estimated 
 at $250,000, and in the nest two months at 
 $600,000. In February, 1849, the popula- 
 tion of the town was about 2000 ; in August 
 it was estimated at 5000. From April 12, 
 1849, to the 29th of January, 1850, there ar- 
 rived at this port by sea 39,888 emigrants, 
 of whom 1421 were females. In the year 
 ending April 15, 1850, there arrived 62,000 
 passengers. In the first part of 1850, San 
 Francisco became a city. The population 
 then was from 15,000 to 20,000. According 
 to the census of 1852, it was 34,870. 
 
 San Francisquito (fran-sis-kee'to) Ckbek, 
 a small stream of California, rises in the Sierra 
 Morina, and running in a general E. course 
 between San Francisco and Santa Clara coun- 
 ties, falls into San Francisco bay. Gold in 
 small quantities has been found on this creek. 
 
 San Gabriel, a small river of Texas, rises 
 near the W. extremity of Williamson county, 
 and flowing eastward, enters Little river, in 
 Milam co., a few miles S. W. from Cameron. 
 
 San Gabriel river, a small stream of Los 
 Angeles co., in the S. S. E. part of California, 
 falls into the Pacific ocean. 
 
 San Gabriel, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 San Gabriel, a small town of Los Angeles 
 county, California, is situated on the main 
 road from Sacramento city to San Diego, 
 on a small stream of its own name, 18 miles 
 E. by N. from Los Angeles. 
 
 Sangamon river, in the W. central part 
 of Illinois, is formed by the union of two 
 branches, termed the North and the South, 
 which unite in Sangamon county. Its general 
 course is first N. V/., then N., and lastly W. ; 
 it falls into the Illinois river, about 10 miles 
 lOiG 
 
 above Beardstown. Length above 200 miles. 
 It is navigable in high water for small steam- 
 boats. 
 
 Sangamon, a county in the S. W. central 
 part of Illinois, has an area of 750 square' 
 miles. It is intersected by Sangamon river, 
 from which the name is derived, and also 
 drained by the South fork of that river, and 
 by Sugar, Lick, Brush, and Spring creeks. 
 The general surface is level, diversified with 
 extensive and beautiful prairies, and with 
 forests of good timber. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, wool, pork, beef, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 3,318,804 bushels of corn, (a greater quan- 
 tity than any other county in the United 
 States;) 104,126 of wheat; 335,008 of oats ; 
 120,868 pounds of wool, and 877,272 of but- 
 ter. The above quantity of wool is the 
 greatest produced by any one county in the 
 state. It contained 27 churches, 7 news- 
 paper offices, 3220 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 80 attending another school. 
 Bituminous coal is abundant. The county is 
 intersected by the Chicago and Mississippi 
 railroad. The Sangamon and Morgan rail- 
 road connects the county seat with the Illi- 
 nois river, and is to be extended in the oppo- 
 site direction. Sangamon county is one of 
 the most populous in the interior of the state. 
 Seat of justice, Springfield, which is also the 
 capital of Illinois. Population, 19,228. 
 
 Sangerfield, a post-village in Sangerfield 
 township, Oneida co.. New York, 15 miles S. 
 S. W. from Utica. Population of the town- 
 ship, 2371. 
 
 San Geronimo, a small stream of Marin 
 CO., California, flows into the Pacific. It is 
 noted for its salmon fisheries. 
 
 Sangerville, a post-township in Piscata- 
 quis CO., Maine, 70 miles N. N. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 1267. 
 
 Sangster's Station, a post-office of Fair- 
 fax CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sanilac, a county in the E. part of Michi- 
 gan, bordering on Lake Huron, contains 
 about 700 square miles. It is drained by 
 the sources of Cass and Black rivers. The 
 surface is gently undulating, and well tim- 
 bered with maple, beech, pine, &c. The 
 soil is moderately fertile. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, grass, and potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 the county produced 7627 bushels of 
 wheat ; 6369 of corn ; 7836 of oats, and 1214 
 tons of hay. It contained 8 churches, and 
 414 pupils attending public schools. Capi- 
 tal, Lexington. Population, 2112. 
 
 Sanilac Mills, a post-office of Sanilac co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 San Jacinto, a small river of Texas, which 
 rises near the W. border of Walker county 
 and flows into Galveston bay, 25 miles E. 
 from Houston. It is navigable for 15 miles. 
 
 San Jacinto, a small village of Harris co., 
 Texas, on Buffalo bayou, near its entrance 
 into Galveston bay, about 18 miles E. from 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 Houston. An important battle was fought 
 here, April 21, 1836, which resulted in the 
 defeat of the Mexicans, the capture of Santa 
 Anna, and the undisputed independence of 
 Texas. 
 
 San Jacinto, a post-office of Jenning's co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 San Joaquin, (san ho-a'keen', or wah- 
 keen',) an important river of California, 
 which, rising in the Sierra Nevada mountains, 
 flows first southerly and then south-westerly 
 till it joins the outlet of Tule lake, when it 
 changes its course to N. N. W., and after 
 traversing perhaps the most beautiful and 
 fertile region in all California, at last joins the 
 Sacramento in about 88° 10' N. lat. The 
 entire length is estimated at 350 miles. It is 
 navigable for moderate sized steamboats to 
 within a few miles of Fort Miller, near the 
 foot of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 San Joaquin, a county in the N. W. central 
 part of California, has an area estimated at 
 above 1600 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 north by Moquelumne river and Dry creek, 
 partly on the W. by the San Joaquin river, 
 and on the S. by the Stanislaus river, and is 
 intersected by the Moquelumne, San Joaquin, 
 and Calaveras rivers. The surface is gene- 
 rally level. This county is chiefly agricul- 
 tural, being located in the heart of a valley, 
 hundreds of miles in extent, with a fertile 
 soil, and fine grazing. A large portion of 
 the land on the San Joaquin and Moquelumne 
 rivers, consisting of overflowed, or "tule," 
 is being rapidly improved. These tule lands 
 are principally covered with grass, and can- 
 not be reclaimed to cultivation except by 
 great labor. The soil is generally very fer- 
 tile, often producing 80 bushels of barley to 
 the acre. The timber is principally oak. 
 Game of almost every kind is found on the 
 plains ; fish are abundant in the streams, and 
 many persons are engaged in catching and 
 curing salmon. Barley, wheat, hay, cattle, 
 horses, and swine are the staples, and garden 
 produce, melons, &c. are raised in abundance. 
 In 1852 this county produced 111,489 bush- 
 els of barley; 5145 of wheat; 84,001 tons 
 of hay : there were 8403 horses ; 5397 beef 
 cattle, and 2295 hogs. Mining is but little 
 carried on. Gold placers on the Stanislaus 
 average 4 dollars per man per day. The San 
 Joaquin river is navigable for moderate sized 
 steamboats through this county. The roads 
 are generally level and in good order. Ths 
 county is partly intersected by the route of the 
 proposed railroad from Stockton to the mining 
 region in Calaveras county. Named from San 
 Joaquin river. Capital, Stockton. Pop., 5029. 
 
 San Joaquin, a small town in the S. part 
 of San Joaquin county, California, is situated 
 on the left bank of the San Joaquin, and on 
 the road from San Jos6 to Stanislaus, 77 
 miles E. by S. from San Francisco. 
 
 San Jos:S, san ho-say', the former capi- 
 ta! of California, and the present seat of jus- 
 
 tice of Santa Clara county, is beautifully 
 situated in Santa Clara valley, 7 or 8 miles 
 from the head of San Francisco bay, and 
 about 50 miles S. E. from San Francisco. 
 Although snow-capped mountains may be 
 seen in the distance during the whole year, 
 the climate of this place is perhaps the most 
 delightful in California. A railroad has re- 
 cently been projected from San Jos6 to San 
 Francisco. Population in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 San Juan, (Spanish pronunciation, san hoo- 
 &n, almost san hwan,) a post-town of Mon- 
 terey county, California, is sittiated on the 
 left bank of the Pajaro river, and on the road 
 from San Jose to Monterey, 80 miles in a 
 straight line S. E. from San Francisco. 
 
 San Juan Bautisto, san hoo-^n bow-tees'to, 
 a post-village, formerly a missionary settle- 
 ment, in the N. part of Monterey co., Cali- 
 fornia, about 100 miles S. S. E. of Benicia. 
 
 San Juan Capistrano, a small town near 
 the boundary between Los Angeles and Diego 
 counties, California, is situated near the sea- 
 coast on the main road from Sacramento city 
 to San Diego, 32 miles in a straight line S. E. 
 from Los Angeles. 
 
 San Louis, a post-office of Brazoria co.,Tex. 
 
 San Luis Obispo, a county in the W. 
 S. W. part of California, has an area esti- 
 mated at above 2500 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S. W. by the Pacific ocean, 
 on the N. E. by the Coast Range of Califor- 
 nia, and on the S. by the Santa Maria creek, 
 and is drained by the San Buenaventura and 
 Nacimiento rivers, and by the Arroyo Grande 
 (i. e. Big creek.) The surface in the N. E. 
 part is level, and in the S. E. portion uneven 
 and mountainous. The principal timber of 
 the uplands is pine, which is of large size 
 and superior quality, and the river bottoms 
 are well wooded with sycamore, oak, and 
 alamia, (a species of cottonwood.) The soil 
 for the most part is fertile, especially along 
 the streams. Barley, wheat, potatoes, cat- 
 tle, horses, and sheep are the staples. In 
 1852 it produced 3845 bushels of barley ; 
 1210 of wheat, and 2275 of potatoes. There 
 were 18,299 cows ; 9338 beef cattle ; 1146 
 horses, and 8000 sheep. Wild horses are 
 found in great numbers on the plains in the 
 N. E. part of the county, and are worth 
 about 15 dollars per head. The vineyard 
 of San Miguel is extensive but much neglect- 
 ed. The missionary settlement of San Luis 
 Obispo is mostly in ruins, but has still re- 
 maining some fine olive, peach, pear, fig, and 
 apple trees, and a small vineyard. The mi- 
 neral, agricultural, and commercial resources 
 of this county are great. Thei'e are some 
 rich mines of silver, and a mine of excellent 
 coal is situated near the Bay of St. Simeon. 
 Copper and iron are supposed to exist, and 
 limestone is very abundant. A warm sul- 
 phur spring, the panacea of the natives, is 
 situated about 10 miles S. of San Luis Obis- 
 po. There are numerous bituminous springs, 
 1047 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 some, of which are of a large size. The prin- 
 cipal ports are San Luis Obispo, 9 miles 
 from the town of that name, and San Simeon, 
 40 miles N. W. of the same town. There is 
 a fine harbor at the rancho of John Wilson, 
 known as the " Moro." Capital, San Luis 
 Obispo. Population, 984. 
 
 San Luis Obispo, a town, formerly a mis- 
 sionary settlement, capital of San Luis 
 Obispo county, California, is situated on the 
 main road from San Jos^ to Los Angeles, 215 
 miles in a direct line S. E. by S. from San 
 Francisco. 
 
 San Luis Ret, sin loo-is ray, a small town 
 of San Diego co., California, is situated on 
 the seacoast and on the main road from 
 Sacramento City to San Diego, 84 miles in a 
 straight line S. E. from Los Angeles. 
 
 San Makco, a post-office of Travis co., Tex. 
 
 San Marcos, a small river of Texas, rises 
 near the N. border of Comal county, and flow- 
 ing south-easterly, enters the Guadalupe a 
 little above Gonzales. 
 
 San Marcos, a small village, capital of Hays 
 CO., Texas, 30 miles S. S. W. from Austin. 
 
 San Miguel, a small river of Texas, which 
 rises in Medina co., and flowing south-east- 
 ward, falls into Eio Frio. 
 
 San Miguel, san me-ghel', a county in the 
 E. part of New Mexico. It is intersected by 
 the Pecos and Canadian rivers. Indian corn 
 and wheat are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 33,862 bushels of corn, and 
 11,381 of wheat. It contained 11 churches. 
 Population, 7074. 
 
 San Miguel, a town, formerly a mission- 
 ary settlement of San Luis Obispo county, 
 California, is situated on the main road from 
 San Jos6 to Los Angeles, 156 miles in a 
 straight line S. E. by S. from San Francisco. 
 
 San Pasqual, a small village of San Diego 
 CO., California, 97 miles nearly S. E. from Los 
 Angeles. 
 
 San Patricio, a county in the S. part of 
 Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has 
 an area of about 2000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by Aransas river, on 
 the S. W. by the Nueces. The surface has 
 but little elevation ; the land near the rivers 
 is said to be fertile. In 1850 this county 
 produced 50,050 bushels of corn. It con- 
 tained 30 pupils attending a public school. 
 Capital, San Patricio. Population, 200; of 
 whom 197 were free, and 3, slaves. 
 
 San Patricio, a post-village, capital of 
 San Patricio co., Texas, on the left bank of 
 Nueces river. 
 
 San Pedro, a post-office of Houston co., 
 Texas. 
 
 San Pete, a large county in the E. part 
 of Utah Territory, has an area estimated at 
 above 15,000 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the llocky mountains, and is in- 
 tersected by Green and Grand rivers, by 
 whose tributaries it is chiefly drained. In 
 1850 this county produced 3210 bushels of 
 1048 
 
 wheat ; 967 bushels of potatoes, and 439 
 tons of hay. It contained 1 church and 1 
 public school. Capital undetermined. Po- 
 pulation, 365. 
 
 Sanpete, a post-office of Utah Territory. 
 
 San Rafael, a post-town in the B. part of 
 Marin co., California, of which it is the ca- 
 pital, is situated on the San Pablo bay, about 
 25 miles W. of Benicia. 
 
 San Ramon, a post-office of Contra Costa 
 CO., California. 
 
 San Saba, a small river of Bexar county, 
 Texas, flows into Colorado river, which is 
 here the E. boundary of the county. 
 
 Santa Anna, a post-office of De Witt co., 
 Illinois, 70 miles N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 Santa Anna, or Ana, a small town of Los 
 Angeles county, California, is situated on a 
 small stream of its own name, and on the 
 main road from Sacramento city to San 
 Diego, 28 miles in a straight line S. E. from 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 Santa Anna river, a small stream of Los 
 Angeles co., in the S. S. E. part of California, 
 falls into the Pacific. 
 
 Santa Anna, a county in the central part 
 of New Mexico, has an area estimated at 
 above 2000 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the Rio Grande, and is drained by 
 the Puerco and other streams. The Sierra 
 Madre range of mountains traverses the 
 western part of the county. Indian corn, 
 wheat, wool, and tobacco are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 24,373 bushels 
 of corn ; 9740 of wheat ; 2825 pounds of 
 wool, and 6911 of tobacco. It contained 7 
 churches. Capital, Jemez. Pop., 4645. 
 
 Santa Barbara, a county in the S. W. 
 part of California, has an area estimated at 
 above 3000 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. and S. by the Pacific, on the E. and 
 N. E. by the Coast Range, and partly on the 
 N. by the Santa Maria creek, and is drained 
 by the Santa Clara and San Buenaventura, 
 and other small streams, which flow into 
 the Pacific ocean. The Coast Range in some 
 parts attains the height of 4000 feet. A 
 large portion of the county is suitable for 
 grazing, but the soil of about one-third is 
 well adapted to the cultivation of grain. 
 Along the streams it is very fertile, with fa- 
 cilities for irrigation. Agriculture is in a 
 very rude state, and material for fencing 
 scarce. Beans, barley, Indian corn, pota- 
 toes, fruit, cattle, horses, and sheep are the 
 staples; many melons are also raised. In 
 1852 this county produced 6083 bushels of 
 beans; 4748 of barley; 2316 of corn; 3323 
 of potatoes, and about 10,000 pounds of 
 grapes. There were 1560 tame cows, 30,055 
 wild cows, 50,297 beef cattle, 2990 horses, 
 and 7391 sheep. The Waters of the coast 
 abound in mackerel, blackfish, crawfish, 
 sardines, clams, and other excellent species 
 of fish. Large quantities are taken in 
 April and May at the mouths of the river. 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 A bed of oysters, about 150 yards in length 
 and 9 in width, and of the finest quality, 
 has been discovered near the town of Santa 
 Barbara. Gold is found in the southern 
 part of the county. There is a hot sulphur 
 spring near the town of Santa Barbara, 
 with a basin large enough to bathe in. 
 Temperature about 100° Fahrenheit. Salt 
 is abundantly supplied from the Salinas, 
 where it is gathered in August and Septem- 
 ber by cartloads. There are one or tVo tar 
 springs in the neighborhood of Santa Bar- 
 bara. Bitumen is thrown up by the sea for 
 leagues along the shore. The islands on 
 the seacoast are a rendezvous of otters, 
 seals, sea-elephants, and beavers. Capital, 
 Santa Barbara. Population, 2131. 
 
 Santa Baebaea, a post-town, capital of 
 Santa Barbara county, California, is situated 
 near the seacoast on the main road from San 
 Jos6 to Los Angeles, 279 miles in a straight 
 line, nearly S. E. from San Francisco. 
 
 Santa Baebaea Islands. These islands, 
 nine in number, consist of San Miguel, Santa 
 Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacape, Santa Barbara, 
 Santa Catalina, San Clemente, San Nicholas, 
 and San Juan. They lie along the southern 
 coast of California, and opposite to the shores 
 of Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, and San 
 Diego counties, extending in a direction from 
 N. W. to S. E., about 175 miles, and at a dis- 
 tance from the land of from 20 to 65 miles. 
 The Santa Barbara islands are but imper- 
 fectly known, and have never been accurately 
 surveyed. Several harbors have been ex- 
 amined by officers of the United States Coast 
 Survey in the Pacific ; the principal of these 
 are Prisoner's harbor, on the N. side of Santa 
 Cruz, Cuyler's harbor, on the N. E. side of 
 San Miguel, and Santa Cataline harbor on 
 the W. side of the island of the same name. 
 The four first named islands are separated 
 from the main land by Santa Barbara chan- 
 nel, a sound of from 20 to 30 miles wide. 
 
 Santa Claea river, a small stream of 
 Santa Barbara county, California, rises 
 among the mountains, and flowing in a gen- 
 eral westerly course, falls into* the Pacific. 
 
 Santa Claea, a county in the W. central 
 part of California, has an area estimated at 
 above 1200 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the N. E. by the Coast Range, and is drained 
 by the Guadalupe river and several other 
 smaller streams flowing into San Francisco 
 bay, which extends a few miles into the 
 county. Soil well adapted to cultivation, and 
 very fertile along the streams. Barley, wheat, 
 potatoes, hay, onions, cattle, and horses are 
 the staples. In 1852 this county produced 
 415,840 bushels of barley ; 122,192 of wheat ; 
 656,700 of potatoes ; 3175 tons of hay, and 
 8,356,600 pounds of onions. There were 
 4201 cows, 16,020 beef-cattle, and 4371 horses. 
 The county is partly intersected by the route 
 of the proposed railroad from San Francisco 
 to San Jose, the capital. Population, 6664. 
 
 Santa Claea, a post-town of Santa Clara 
 county, California, is situated on a small 
 stream flowing into the head of San Francisco 
 bay, and on the main road from San Jos^ to 
 San Francisco, about 10 miles from the for- 
 mer town. 
 
 Santa Ceuz, sin'ti crooce, a county in the 
 W. part of California, has an area of above 
 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S. 
 W. by the Pacific, and is separated on the S. 
 from Monterey county by the Rio Pajaro, 
 flowing into that ocean. The surface is 
 generally uneven or hilly, with a range 
 called the Santa Cruz mountains running 
 on the N. E. border. The soil in the more 
 level portions is usually fertile, and well 
 cultivated. Barley, wheat, potatoes, cattle, 
 and horses are the staples. In 1852 this 
 county produced 60,149 bushels of barley ; 
 7028 of wheat, and 156,202 of potatoes. 
 There were 8062 beef cattle, 1582 cows, and 
 1029 horses. Gold is found, although not in 
 great abundance. The streams of this coun- 
 ty afi'ord valuable water-power. Capital, 
 Santa Cruz. Population, 1219. 
 
 Santa Cruz, a post-town, capital of Santa 
 Cruz county, California, is situated on the 
 Pacific, 59 miles in a straight line S. S. E. 
 from San Francisco. A road extends from 
 this town to San Jos6. 
 
 Santa Fe, (Spanish pronounciation s&n'ti 
 fay,) a county in the N. central part 
 of New Mexico, has an area estimated at 
 about 2000 square miles. Itis partly bound- 
 ed on the W. by the Rio Grande, and is 
 drained by several small affluents of that 
 river. The surface in the S. part is moun- 
 tainous. Indian corn, wheat, and wool are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 26,962 bushels of corn; 11,499 of wheat, 
 and 6506 of wool. It contained 13 churches 
 and 2 newspaper offices. Capital, and seat 
 of justice of the state, Santa Fe. Popula- 
 tion, 7713. 
 
 Santa Fe, a small river in the N. part of 
 Florida, forms the boundary between Alachua 
 and Columbia counties, and enters the Su- 
 wanee river. 
 
 Santa Fe, a post-office of Poinsett co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Santa Fe, a post-office of Maury co., Tenn. 
 
 Santa Fe, a post-office of Bracken co.,Ky. 
 
 Santa Fe, a post-office of Miami co., In- 
 diana, about 60 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Santa Fe, a post-office of Alexander co., 
 Illinois, on the Mississippi river, about 220 
 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Santa Fe, a thriving village of Monroe 
 county, Missouri, on the South fork of Salt 
 river, about 60 miles N. from Jefi"erson City. 
 It has fertile farms, and rich beds of coal in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Santa Fe, the capital and largest town of 
 
 New Mexico, is situated on the Rio Chicito. or 
 
 Santa Fe river, an affluent of the Rio Grande, 
 
 from which it is distant about 20 miles in a 
 
 1049 
 
SAN 
 
 SAR 
 
 direct line. Lat. S5° 41' N., Ion. about 106° 
 l(y W. It is the great emporium of the over- 
 land trade which, since 1822, has been car- 
 ried on -with the State of Missouri. Each of 
 the houses, which are principally built of 
 dark-colored adobes, or unburnt brick, usual- 
 ly forms a square, ■with a court within, upon 
 which nearly all the apartments open from 
 the street. There is generally but one en- 
 trance, which is wide and high enough to ad- 
 mit animals with their packs. Much of the 
 ground in and around Santa Fe is extremely 
 tsandy ; and in dry weather, when the wind is 
 high, this is a source of great annoyance. 
 The place is well supplied with cool water 
 from springs within its limits, and also from 
 fountains above the city near the mountain 
 side. Numerous azequias, or small canals, 
 are led through the streets, and afterwards 
 serve to irrigate the gardens and fields be- 
 low the town for several miles. On the 
 whole, the appearance of Santa Fe is very 
 uninviting, and the population is exceedingly 
 depraved. It stands on a plateau, which is 
 elevated about 7000 feet above the sea, and 
 a short distance S. W. of the base of Snow- 
 capped mountain, which rises 5000 feet above 
 the level of the town. One or two newspa- 
 pers are issued here. Pop. in 1850, 4846. 
 
 Santa Inez river, of Santa Barbara co., 
 California, rises among the mountains of the 
 Coast Range, and flowing in a general wes- 
 tei'ly course, falls into the Pacific ocean, 
 about 10 miles N. of Cape Conception. 
 
 Santa Inez, a town of Santa Barbara coun- 
 ty, California, is situated on the main road 
 from San Jos6 to Los Angeles, and on a river 
 of its own name, 265 miles in a straight line 
 S. E. by S. from San Francisco. 
 
 Santa Lucah, a post-office of Gilmer co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Santa Maria, a small stream in the S. W. 
 part of California, forms part of the bound- 
 ary between San Luis Obispo and Santa Bar- 
 bara counties, and falls into the Pacific about 
 40 miles N. of Cape Conception. 
 
 Santa Rita, a village of Cameron co., Tex- 
 as, on the Pdo Grande, about 10 miles W. by 
 N. from Brownsville, and 300 miles in a di- 
 rect line S. from Austin. It communicates 
 by steamboats with Brownsville, and has some 
 trade. Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Santa Rosa, a county in the W. part of 
 Florida, bordering on Alabama and on the 
 Gulf of Mexico, contains about 1480 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Yellow-water 
 and Blackwater rivers, and bounded on the 
 W. by the Escambia. Pensacola bay washes 
 its S. W. border. The surface is nearly level, 
 and the soil unproductive. Indian corn and 
 sweet potatoes are cultivated. In 1850 this 
 county produced 10,328 bushels of corn, and 
 12,790 bushels of sweet potatoes. There were 
 22 saw mills, 1 cotton mill, 1 brick-yard, 3 
 ship-yards, and 1 wooden-ware manufactory. 
 It contained 3 churches, 100 pupils attending 
 1050 
 
 public schools, and 60 attending other schools. 
 Capital, Milton. Population, 2883 ; of whom 
 2099 were free, and 784, slaves. 
 
 SantaRosa, a post-office of Sonoma CO., Cal. 
 
 Santee, a river of South Carolina, formed 
 by the Congaree and Wateree, which unite 
 at the S. E. extremity of Richland district, 
 near the middle of the state. Flowing in a 
 general south-easterly course, it falls into the 
 Atlantic by two mouths, near 83° 6' N. lat. 
 The length of the main stream is estimated 
 at 150 miles. Steamboats ascend to Colum- 
 bia on the Congaree, and to Camden on the 
 Wateree. In the lower part of its course it 
 flows through a sandy region, which is occu- 
 pied by forests of pitch pine and swamps, 
 where rice is produced. 
 
 Santee, a post-village of Covington co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Santilla, or Satilla, a small river of 
 Georgia, rises in Irwin county, and flows 
 into the Atlantic through St. Andrew's sound, 
 after a winding course, of which the general 
 direction is E. S. E. The Little Satilla unites 
 with the above in Wayne county. 
 
 Santtam river rises in the E. part of 
 Linn co., Oregon, and flowing westerly, falls 
 into the Willamette river, about 20 miles 
 above Salem. 
 
 Santtam City, a post- village of Linn co., 
 Oregon, on Santyam river, about 5 miles 
 above its junction with the Willamette. 
 
 Sapling Geove, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sappah River, Wisconsin. See Black 
 River. 
 
 Sappington, a post-village in St. Louis eo.j 
 Missouri, 15 miles W. S. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Sapp's Cross PiOads, a post-office of Blount 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Sara Bayou, of Louisiana, flows southward 
 through West Feliciana parish, and enters 
 the Mississippi at Bayou Sara. 
 
 Sarah, a post-office of Blair co.. Pa. 
 
 Sarah Ann Furnace, a small village of 
 Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sarahsburg, a new township of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, on the Oswegatchie 
 river, 24 miles S. from Canton. 
 
 Sarahsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Noble county, Ohio, on Wills creek, near its 
 source, 85 miles E. by S. from Columbus. 
 It is situated on an eminence in a fertile 
 farming district, which contains beds of stone 
 coal and quarries of good building stone. 
 The village contains 8 stores and about 60 
 dwellings. Population, about 500. 
 
 Sarahsville, a post-village of Franklin 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Sarahville, a small village of Williamson 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Saranac river forms the outlet of Sara- 
 nac lake, in Franklin county, New York, and 
 after running a north-easterly course through 
 Essex and Clinton counties, falls into Lake 
 Champlain near Plattsburg. 
 
SAR 
 
 SAR 
 
 Saeanac, a post-township of Clinton co., 
 New York, drained by Saranac river, 16 
 miles W. from Plattsburg. Pop., 2582. 
 
 Saranac, a township in De Kalb co., Il- 
 linois. Population, 704. 
 
 Saranac Hollow, a post-village in Sara- 
 nac township, 17 miles W. from Plattsburg. 
 Population, 500. 
 
 Saranac Lake, in the S. part of Franklin 
 CO., New York. Length about 10 miles. 
 
 Saratoga, a county in the E. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 780 square miles. 
 It is boimded on the E. and partly on the 
 N. by the Hudson, while the Mohawk forms 
 part of its southern border ; and is drained 
 by these rivers, together with the Sacondaga 
 rivei', and several smaller streams, which 
 supply valuable water-power. The famous 
 watering place of Saratoga springs is situ- 
 ated near the centre of this county. The 
 surface in the N. W. part is mountainous, but 
 in the southern and central portions much 
 more level. The soil is generally fertile. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 438,413 bushels of corn; 702,338 of oats; 
 596,494 of potatoes, (the greatest quantity 
 produced by any county in the state ex- 
 cept Rensselaer;) 67,538 tons of hay, and 
 1,388,594 pounds of butter. There were 21 
 flour and grist mills, 92 saw mills, 8 cotton 
 and 11 woollen factories, 7 iron foundries, 3 
 machine shops, 7 paper mills, and 16 tan- 
 neries. It contained 97 churches, and 8 
 newspaper offices ; 10,060 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 1013 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Iron ore, sandstone, 
 and limestone are found in considerable 
 abundance. The Champlain canal passes 
 along its eastern, and the Erie canal along 
 its southern border. Three lines of railroad 
 meet at Ballston, connecting it with Troy, 
 Schenectady, and Rutland in Vermont. Sa- 
 ratoga was organized in 1791, having pre- 
 viously formed part of Albany county. Ca- 
 pital, Ballston. Population, 45,646. 
 
 Saratoga, a township of Saratoga co.. 
 New York, on the Hudson river, 30 miles N. 
 by E. from Albany. Population, 3492. 
 
 Saratoga, a township in Grundy co., H- 
 linois. Population, 200. 
 
 Saratoga Lake, New York, in Saratoga 
 county, 5 miles E. of Ballston Spa. Length 
 about 7 miles ; greatest breadth, near 2 miles. 
 It contains fine fish, and is much resorted to 
 by visitors from the neighboring watering- 
 places. Its outlet. Fish creek, flows into the 
 Hudson. 
 
 Saratoga Springs, situated in Saratoga 
 township, Saratoga county, New York, 38 
 miles by railroad N. of Albany, and 32 N. of 
 Troy. This is the most fashionable water- 
 ing-place on the American continent, as well 
 as the most in repute for the medical virtues 
 of its waters. Here assemble from every 
 quarter of the Union the devotees of pleasure 
 
 and the victims of disease ; the pause belle, 
 bedecked in jewellery and artificials, the 
 wornout roue, in search of an heiress — the 
 gambler, seeking his prey, and the brainless, 
 bedizened fop, his easy victim, all are here. 
 The visitors, however, are not confined to 
 these extremes of society; the merchant, the 
 statesman, the divine, and the man of let- 
 ters, here seek health or recreation, and the 
 pleasures of mutual intercourse. Here are 
 formed acquaintances by persons, from differ- 
 ent portions of the Union, that tend to ob- 
 literate sectional prejudices, and cement the 
 bonds of our political, by strengthening those 
 of our social union. 
 
 Saratoga owes its celebrity almost solely to 
 its mineral springs, the surrounding scenery 
 possessing few, if any, extraordinary attrac- 
 tions. Saratoga lake, however, a beautiful 
 sheet of water, is within a pleasant morning's 
 or evening's drive ; and Glen's falls, in the 
 Hudson, and Lake George, are within two 
 or three hours' travel by railway and plank- 
 road. In the vicinity of the springs were 
 fought the battles of Saratoga and Stillwater, 
 in 1777 ; and near Lake George occurred the 
 massacre of Fort William Henry, in 1757. 
 The village itself consists mainly of a single 
 street, lined with spacious hotels, boarding 
 houses, some stores, and the private resi- 
 dences of the stationary population. Among 
 the most fashionable hotels are "the United 
 States," an immense building, with finely or- 
 namented grounds, and capable of lodging 
 300 or 400 persons; "Congress Hall," near 
 Congress spring, with a spacious piazza the 
 length of the building ; and Union Hall, oppo- 
 site the latter, the resort of those who prefer 
 quiet and retirement. Most of the hotels 
 have spacious grounds, tastefully laid out. 
 Beside these, there are a number of smaller 
 hotels and boarding houses, all of which are 
 thronged to overflowing in the months of July 
 and August, with visitors from every part of 
 the Union, and some from Canada, Europe, 
 Mexico, South America, and the West Indies. 
 It is stated that in the present season, (1853,) 
 before the end of August, more than 30,000 
 strangers had already visited these springs. 
 
 This spot is said to have been visited by 
 invalids as early as 1773, but Congress 
 spring, whose waters are now in the greatest 
 request, was not discovered till 1792. High 
 rock, a conical deposite of limestone, in the 
 shape and about the size of a haycock, with 
 a cylindrical opening down the middle, from 
 which issues water strongly charged with 
 carbonic acid gas, and Flat rock, another 
 limestone deposite, naturally attracted the at- 
 tention of the first settlers, and these springs 
 were for a period the only ones known. Among 
 the more recently discovered springs are the 
 Empire and Iodine springs. The following 
 results were obtained from an analysis of the 
 waters of three of the principal springs. Ac- 
 cording to Dr. Chilton, a gallon of Congress 
 1051 
 
SAR 
 
 SAU 
 
 spring water, in 1843, yielded chloride of 
 sodium, 363.83 grains ; carbonate of soda, 
 7.20; carbonate of lime, 86.14+; carbonate 
 of magnesia, 78.62 ; carbonate of iron, .84; 
 sulphate of soda, .65; iodide of sodium and 
 bromide of potassium, 5.92; silica, 47+; alu- 
 mina, .32. Total, 544 grains. Carbonic acid, 
 284.65 ; atmospheric air, 5.41=290.06 inches 
 of gaseous contents. Professor Emmons' ana- 
 lysis of a gallon of the Empire water yield- 
 ed chloride of sodium, 269.69+; bicarbonate 
 of lime, 141.82+; bicarbonate of magnesia, 
 41.98+; bicarbonate of soda, 30.85; hydrio- 
 date of soda or iodine, 12.00; solid contents 
 of a gallon, 496.35 grains. Dr. Allen's ana- 
 lysis of a gallon of the water of the Iodine 
 spring, gave 147.66+ grains chloride of so- 
 dium; 73.35 carbonate of magnesia; 28.95+ 
 carbonate of lime; 3.00 carbonate of soda; 
 .90 carbonate of iron; 3.56+ hydriodate of 
 soda ; solid contents, 257.43+ ; carbonic acid 
 gas, 344.30 ; atmospheric air, 2.50 cubic 
 inches ; total gaseous contents, 346.5 inches. 
 The springs are readily reached by railway 
 from all the great cities and towns of the 
 North and West, and from most at the South. 
 These waters have been found very beneficial 
 in affections of the liver, in some cases of 
 chronic dyspepsia and chronic diseases of the 
 bowels. Besides other qualities, they appear 
 to possess the virtues of a tonic united with 
 those of a gentle cathartic. Great quantities 
 of the waters are bottled, especially of the 
 Congress and Empire springs, and exported. 
 The village has a bank and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Sarcoxie, a post-township in Jasper co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1009. 
 
 Sarcoxie, a post-village in Jasper co., 
 Missouri, 170 miles S. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Sardinia, a post-village in Sardinia town- 
 ship, Erie co.. New York, about 30 miles S. 
 E. from Buffalo. It contains several mills 
 and factories. Pop. of the township, 1761. 
 
 Sardinia, a post-office of Macon co., N. C. 
 
 Sardinia, a post-village of Brown co., 
 Ohio, 90 miles S. S. W. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 250. 
 
 Sardinia, a post-office of Decatur co., Ind. 
 
 Sardis, a post-office of Harrison co., Va. 
 
 Sardis, a post-office of Panola co., Miss. 
 
 Sardis, a small post-village of Mason co., 
 Kentucky, 14 miles S. from Maysville. 
 
 Sardis, a post-village in the E. part of 
 Monroe co., Ohio. Population, 160. 
 
 Sarecta, a post-village of Duplin co., 
 North Carolina, on Goshen creek, about 90 
 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Sarepta, a post- village of Lafayette co., 
 Mississippi, 28 miles S. E. from Oxford. 
 
 Sargeanstville, a post-village of Hunter- 
 don CO., New Jersey, 6 miles S. W. from 
 Flemington, contains 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 Sarietta, a post-office of Marion co., Va. 
 
 Sartwell, a post-office of McKean co., Pa. 
 
 Sakversville, a small post-village of But- 
 ler CO., Pennsylvania. 
 1062 
 
 Sassafras Hill, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Illinois. 
 
 Sassafras River, in the N. E. part of 
 Maryland, flows westward along the bound- 
 ary between Cecil and Kent counties, and 
 enters Chesapeake bay. 
 
 Satartia, a post- village of Yazoo co., Mis- 
 sissippi, on the Yazoo river, about 40 miles 
 N. W. from Jackson. 
 
 Satilla. See Santilla. 
 
 Satilpa Creek, of Clarke co., Alabama, 
 enters the Alabama a few miles below Coffee- 
 ville. 
 
 Satterfield, a post-office of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Saucelito, sau-se-lee'to, a station for ship- 
 ping of California, on the E. side of San Fran- 
 cisco bay, about 12 miles N. W. from San 
 Francisco. Here are kept the United States 
 naval stores, and here the war ships come to 
 anchor. 
 
 Saucon, a township of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Lehigh 
 river, 11 miles S. W. from Easton. Popula- 
 tion, 2905. 
 
 Saucon Creek, of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, falls into the Lehigh river near 
 Easton. 
 
 Saucon Valley, a post-office of Lehigh co.,, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Saugatuck river, a small stream of Fair- 
 field CO., Connecticut, falls into Long Island 
 sound. 
 
 Saugatuck, a post-office of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Saugatuck, a post-office of Allegan co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Saugerties, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Ulster co., New York, on 
 the Hudson river. Population, 8041. 
 
 Saugerties, oi* Ulster, a flourishing post- 
 village in the above township, on the W. bank 
 of the Hudson river, near the mouth of Eso- 
 pus creek, about 100 miles above New York. 
 The creek furnishes water-power, which is 
 used in extensive manufactories of various 
 kinds, including several bloomeries. It con- 
 tains a bank and a newspaper office. There 
 is a steam ferry across the river. 
 
 Saugus, a post-township in Essex co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, intersected by the Eastern rail- 
 road, 11 miles N. from Boston. Pop., 1552. 
 
 Sauk, a county in the S. W. central part of 
 Wisconsin, contains about 800 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Baraboo river, and 
 bounded on the S. and S. E. by the Wiscon- 
 sin. The surface is undulating and hilly; 
 and the soil productive. Timber is abundant 
 in some parts. The county contained in 1850, 
 5 churches and 1 newspaper office. The Mil- 
 waukee and La Crosse railroad, now in pro- 
 gress, will pass through the county. Organized 
 in 1844. Capital, Baraboo. Pop., 4371. 
 
 Sauk City, a post-office of Sauk co., Wis. 
 
 Sauk Rapids, a post-village, capital of 
 Benton county, Minnesota, on the Missis- 
 
SAU 
 
 SAV 
 
 sippi, near the mouth of Sauk river, 76 miles 
 byiand N. W. from St. Paul. It has several 
 stores, 1 hotel, and over 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Sauk Rivee, in the E. central part of Min- 
 nesota Territory, unites the waters of several 
 small lakes, and flowing easterly, falls into the 
 Mississippi river, opposite to Saute Rapids. 
 
 Sauk Village, a post-office of La Porte 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Saukville, a post-township in the E. cen- 
 tral part of Ozaukee co., Wisconsin, inter- 
 sected by the Milwaukee railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1796. 
 
 Saukville, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Milwaukee river, 26 miles N. 
 from Milwaukee city, and 5 miles W. from 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 Sault de St. Marie. See Saut Ste. Maeie. 
 
 Saunder's Fork, a small village of Cannon 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Saundersville, a post-office of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Saundeesvillb, a post-village, capital of 
 Washington county, Georgia, is situated on 
 the ridge between the Oconee and Ogeechee 
 rivers, 28 miles E. from Milledgeville, and 3 
 miles N. from the Central railroad. It con- 
 tains 1 church, 2 flourishing academies, 1 
 newspaper office, 6 dry-goods stores, and 1 
 Masonic lodge. 
 
 Sauquoit, a post-village in Paris township, 
 Oneida co.. New York, on Sadaquada creek, 
 8 or 9 miles S. from Utica. Cotton goods, 
 paper, and flour are made here. 
 
 Sauta, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. 
 
 Saut Sainte Marie, (commonly pronounced 
 Soo Saint Mary,) a post-village, capital of 
 Chippewa county, Michigan, on St. Mary's 
 river or strait, 400 miles N. N. W. from De- 
 troit, and 15 miles from the outlet of Lake 
 Superior. The rapids at this place have a 
 descent of 22 feet within the distance of a 
 mile, and form the limit of steamboat navi- 
 gation. The village is pleasantly situated, 
 and contains, besides the county buildings, 
 churches for the Baptists, Methodists, and 
 Catholics, and 1 newspaper office. Steam- 
 boats frequently visit this place in summer, 
 with parties of pleasure. Many of the in- 
 habitants are engaged in the fur trade and 
 the fisheries. An appropriation has lately 
 been made by the government for the pur- 
 pose of cutting a canal around the rapids of 
 the river. See St. Mart's Strait. The re- 
 sident population is probably near 1000. The 
 value of imports in 1851 was estimated at 
 $151,134; of exports, $340,800. 
 
 Savage, a post-office of Howard co., Md. 
 
 Savage Grant, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Savage Mountain, a ridge extending from 
 Alleghany county, Maryland, into the S. E. 
 part of Somerset county, Pennsylvania, where 
 it unites with the Little Alleghany. Between 
 these two mountain ridges is the Cumberland 
 or Frostburg coal basin, yielding bituminous \ 
 
 coal of a very superior quality. The beds 
 vary from three to eight feet in thickness. 
 
 Savannah, an important river of South 
 Carolina and Georgia, is formed by the Tuga- 
 loo and Kiowee, two small streams which rise 
 near the S. frontier of North Carolina, and 
 unite on the boundary between Anderson 
 parish. South Carolina, and Franklin county, 
 Georgia. Flowing in a general S. S. E. di- 
 rection, it forms the boundary between those 
 two states through the whole of its subse- 
 quent course, and enters the Atlantic, near 
 32° N. lat., and 81° W. Ion., and 18 miles 
 below Savannah city. The length of the 
 river, exclusive of branches, is estimated at 
 450 miles. The navigation is good from No- 
 vember to June, about 8 months in the year. 
 Large vessels ascend to Savannah, steamboats 
 of 150 tons to Augusta, about 280 miles, and 
 smaller boats 150 miles higher. A canal 9 
 miles long was constructed in 1845, around 
 the falls at Augusta, by which abundant wa- 
 ter-power is produced. The river is about 
 800 yards wide at the latter city. The Sa- 
 vannah, in connection with its right branch, 
 forms the entire boundary between South 
 Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 Savannah, a post-village in Savannah town- 
 ship, Wayne co.. New York, on the Syracuse 
 and Rochester railroad, about 36 miles AV. 
 from Syracuse. Population of the township, 
 1700. 
 
 Savannah, a flourishing city and port of 
 entry of Georgia, capital of Chatham county, 
 and the largest and most commercial town 
 of the state, is situated on the right bank of 
 Savannah river, 18 miles from its mouth, 90 
 miles W. S. W. from Charleston, and 188 miles 
 E. S. E. from Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 5' N., 
 Ion. 81° 8' W. The site of the city is a sandy 
 plain, elevated about 40 feet above low-water 
 mark. It is regularly laid out with wide, 
 sandy, and unpaved streets. At every other 
 corner there is a public square, usually cir- 
 cular or oval in shape, planted with the Pride 
 of India tree. The number of these squares 
 is 24. Broad and Bay streets have grassy 
 promenades in the middle, with carriage- 
 ways on each side. Many of the private 
 dwellings are handsomely built of brick. 
 Among the public buildings may be noticed the 
 City Exchange, theatre, courthouse, jail, state 
 arsenal, artillery armory, Lyceum, Oglethorpe 
 Hall, St. Andrew's Hall, market house, Chat- 
 ham Academy, and the new custom house. 
 The latter, which is 110 feet long by 52 wide, 
 is built of granite, and is estimated to have 
 cost $173,400. The Independent Presbyte- 
 rian church is a fine granite building, which 
 cost nearly $120,000. St. John's (Episcopal) 
 church is also a handsome edifice. The city 
 has 14 Protestant and 1 or 2 Catholic churches, 
 1 Hebrew synagogue, 5 banks, 1 savings' insti- 
 tution, a fire company, an historical society, 
 several reading rooms, and a public library 
 of near 6000 volumes. The private schools 
 1058 
 
SAV 
 
 SAV 
 
 are numerous, and liberal provision is made 
 for the education of the poor. Among the 
 numerous charitable institutions may be men- 
 tioned the Orphan Asylum, the Savannah 
 Hospital, the Georgia Infirmary, the Union 
 Society, the Wido-ws' Society, the Savannah 
 Free School, Hibernian Society, and Seamen's 
 Friend Society. Five daily newspapers are 
 published here. A monument has been 
 erected in .Johnson's square to the memory 
 of General Greene, and another (a very im- 
 posing edifice) is now in course of erection 
 to the memory of Pulaski, who gallantly fell 
 in an attack on the city when held by the 
 British, in October, 1779. The city is light- 
 ed with gas, and there are water-works in 
 course of construction. 
 
 Savannah is the centre of a very extensive 
 system of railroads, which, directly or indi- 
 rectly, must contribute greatly to her com- 
 mercial importance and prosperity. The 
 names, connections, and length of the lines 
 which converge to this point, or are tributa- 
 ries to the trade of Savannah, are as follows : 
 
 Miles. 
 
 1. The Central railroad, connecting Ma- 
 
 con with Savannah 192 
 
 2. The Waynesborough and Augusta, 
 
 (recently completed,) extending 
 from the Central railroad to Au- 
 gusta .53 
 
 3. The Milledgeville and Eaton, con- 
 
 necting with the Central railroad. 39 
 
 4. The South-Western railroad, which 
 
 connects with the Central at Ma- 
 con, and is to be extended to the 
 Chattahoochee river 50 
 
 5. The Muscogee railroad, (recently 
 
 completed,) extending from Colum- 
 bus to the South-Western railroad. 71 
 
 6. The Macon and Western, which con- 
 
 nects the Central railroad with 
 the Georgia railroad at Atlanta. 101 
 
 7. The Western and Atlantic, leading 
 
 from Atlanta to Chattanooga, in 
 Tennessee 140 
 
 8. The Georgia railroad, connecting 
 
 Augusta with the two lines last 
 mentioned 170 
 
 9. The Athens Branch of the Georgia 
 
 railroad 40 
 
 10. TheWashington Branch (lately com- 
 
 pleted) of the Georgia railroad 17 
 
 11. The Rome Branch (lately completed) 
 
 of the Western and Atlantic 20 
 
 12. The Atlantic and Lagrange railroad. 80 
 
 13. The E. Tennessee and Georgia, (not 
 
 yet completed,) connecting Savan- 
 nah with Knoxville 82 
 
 Total length, 1055 
 The railroads mentioned as unfinished will 
 probably all be completed within a few months 
 from the present date, (November, 1853.) 
 
 An air-line railroad is projected from this 
 city to Albany, on Flint river, the corpora- 
 1054 
 
 tion having subscribed $600,000 for its con- 
 struction, provided that an equal sum «hall 
 be subscribed by individuals. It will proba- 
 bly be extended to Pensacola. 
 
 The commerce of Savannah is already very 
 flourishing, and is rapidly increasing. The 
 harbor is one of the best on the southern coast, 
 and the river is navigable by steamboats to 
 Augusta, about 230 miles from its mouth. 
 Vessels of 14 feet draught can come up to the 
 wharves, and those of larger size to Five Fa- 
 thom Hole, 3 miles below the city. A light- 
 house has been erected on Tybee island, at 
 the mouth of the river. A semi-weekly line 
 of steamships has been established between 
 Savannah and New York, consisting of ves- 
 sels of about 1200 tons each, and 2 steamers 
 of the same class make regular passages once 
 a week to Philadelphia. The city communi- 
 cates daily by steamers with Chai'leston, and 
 twice every week with Augusta, excepting a 
 few months in the dry season. The British 
 steamer Conway runs to the West Indies. 
 Regular lines of sailing vessels also communi- 
 cate with New York and Boston. 
 
 The receipts of cotton by railroad, river, 
 and other sources, for several years, were as 
 follow : — 
 
 Bales. 
 
 1849 340,025 
 
 1850 312,294 
 
 1851 351,566 
 
 1852 353,068 
 
 Bales. 
 
 1845 189,076 
 
 1846 236,029 
 
 1847 245,496 
 
 1848 406,906 
 
 The following table exhibits the exports of 
 rice and lumber for the year ending Septem- 
 ber 1, 1852. 
 
 Casks of Rice. Feet of Lumber. 
 
 To foreign ports, 9,937 15,804,500 
 
 American do., 29,992 9,704,000 
 
 Total 39,929 25,508,500 
 
 The shipping of the port June 30, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 13,052|| tons 
 registered, and 10,909|4 tons enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the latter, all was employed in 
 the coast trade, and 8295^4 tons in steam 
 navigation. The foreign arrivals for the 
 year were 117, (tons, 49,270,) of which 61 
 were by American vessels. The clearances 
 for foreign ports were 147, (tons, 61,516,) of 
 which 38,882 were in foreign bottoms. During 
 the year, 1 schooner and 1 steamer, with an 
 aggregate burthen of 322|| tons, were ad- 
 measured. 
 
 Of the five banks in Savannah, three were 
 reported, in 1852, as follows : 
 
 I Planters' I Mechanics' I CentnJ 
 1852. Bank. Bank. Bank. 
 
 Capital $555,4401 $500,000 $350,000 
 
 Circulation |1.100,000| 828,000 251,000 
 
 Specie 222,000 158,000 105,000 
 
 Loans '1.425.000 1,568,000 493,000 
 
 Deposites < 327,000t 411,000 102,000 
 
 Savannah enjoys a better reputation for sa- 
 lubrity than it formerly did ; a result which 
 may be ascribed partly to the improved me- 
 
SAV 
 
 SCH 
 
 thod employed in cultivating the rice lands in 
 this vicinity. The city was founded by General 
 Oglethorpe, in 1732 or '33. It was occupied 
 by the British in December, 1778, and re- 
 stored to the Americans in July, 1783. In 
 1820 a large part of the city was destroyed by 
 fire, and in rebuilding the burnt district, great 
 improvement has been made in the material 
 and in the style of construction. Population 
 in 1840, 11,214; in 1850, 16,060, and in 1853, 
 23,458, of which 13,714 were free, and 9744, 
 colored. 
 
 Savannah, a post-OfBce of Ked River co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Savannah, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Hardin co., Tennessee, on the E. bank 
 of Tennessee river, 120 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville. It is a place of active business, 
 and has improved much in the last 6 years. 
 Cotton and staves are shipped here in steam- 
 boats. Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Savannah, a post- village of Ashland co., 
 Ohio, 7 miles N. W. from Ashland. 
 
 Savannah, a flourishing post-village of 
 Carroll co., Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 
 33 miles below Galena. It has a good land- 
 ing, and is a depot for produce. A branch 
 raih'oad is projected to Freeport. One paper 
 is issued here. Pop. in 18-53, about 800. 
 
 Savannah, a post-village, capital of An- 
 drew CO., Missouri, about 6 miles E. from 
 the Mississippi river, and 215 miles N. W. 
 from Jefferson City. It is situated in a fer- 
 tile farming district, and contains several 
 stores. 
 
 Savannah, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 Saveen, a post-ofBce of Owen co., Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Saveeton, a village of Ralls co., Missouri, 
 on the Mississippi river, about 125 miles above 
 St. Louis, has a landing for steamboats. 
 
 Saville, a township of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 12 miles S. from Mifflin. 
 Population, 1501. 
 
 Savona, a post-viUage of Steuben co.. New 
 York, on the Buifalo and Corning railroad, 
 6 miles S. E. from Bath. 
 
 Savoy, a post-township in Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, 125 miles W. N. W. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 955. 
 
 Sawarcaena River, of Missouri Territory, 
 one of the smaller tributaries of Missouri 
 I'iver, which it enters about 45° 40' N. lat., 
 and 100° 30' W. Ion. Length, near 200 miles. 
 
 Sawdust, a post-office of Columbia co., Ga. 
 
 Sawkehatchee Creek, Alabama, flows into 
 Tallapoosa river from the E., in Tallapoosa 
 county. 
 
 Saw Mill, a post-office of Dale co., Ala. 
 
 Sawyer's Ceeek, a small village of Cam- 
 den CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sawyer's Mills, a post-office of Lexington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Sawyer's PtivEE, New Hampshire, rises in 
 Grafton co., and forms one of the head 
 branches of the Saco river. 
 
 Sawyeesville, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Saxenbueg, a small post-village of Butler 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 8 or 9 miles S. S. E. from 
 Butler. 
 
 S.axe's Mills, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 Saxeville, a post-office of Waushara co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Saxonville, a post-village in Middlesex 
 CO., Mass., 22 miles N. W. from Boston. 
 
 Saxton's RivEE,post-office, Windham co. Vt. 
 
 Saxtonville, a small village, Hunterdon co. 
 N. -J., about 6 miles S. W. from Flemington. 
 
 Saybeook, a post-township of Middlesex 
 CO., Connecticut, on the W. bank of Connecti- 
 cut river, above 35 miles S. S. E. from Hart- 
 ford, contains the village of Deep River. Old 
 Saybeook, bordering on Long Island sound, 
 was separated from this township in 1852. It 
 was formerly the seat of Yale College. The 
 shad fisheries at this place are more valuable 
 than at any other point on the river. The 
 village of Saybrook has a steamboat landing, 
 2 churches, 6 stores, and a depot on the New 
 Haven, and New London railroads. The 
 passengers by the cars cross the river by a 
 steam ferry at the village of Saybrook Ferry, 
 17 miles W. by S. from New London. Pop. of 
 Saybrook, about 1300 ; of Old Saybrook, 3000. 
 
 Saybrook, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Pop., 1374. 
 
 Sayloesbueg, a post-vjllage of Monroe 
 CO., Pa., 112 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Sayloeville, a post-village in Polk co., 
 Iowa, near Des Moines river, 125 miles W. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 Sayville, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. 
 
 Scalp Level, post-office, Cambria co.. Pa. 
 
 ScANTic River rises in the S. part of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and falls into the Connecticut 
 river in Hartford co., Conn., about 7 miles 
 N. of Hartford. It is a good mill-stream. 
 
 Sc AEBOROUGH, a post- village in Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, on the Portland, Saco, and Ports- 
 mouth railroad, 60 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 Population of the township, 1837. 
 
 Scarborough, a post-office of Scriven co., 
 Georgia, on the Central railroad, 70 miles N. 
 W. from Savannah. 
 
 ScAESDALE, a village in Scarsdale town- 
 ship, Westchester co., New York, on the Har- 
 lem railroad, 22 miles N. N. E. from New 
 York. Population of the township, 342. 
 
 ScHAGHTicoKE, a post-township forming 
 the N. W. extremity of Rensselaer co.. New 
 York, on the Hudson river. Population, 3290. 
 
 ScHAGHTicoKE, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Hoosic river and on the Al- 
 bany Northern railroad, 21 miles N. N. E. 
 from Albany. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 and several cotton factories and mills. 
 
 SCHELLSBUEG, a post-borough of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Bed- 
 ford to Pittsburg, 9 miles W. from Bedford 
 Population in 1850, 3G0; in 1853, about 500. 
 1055 
 
SCH 
 
 SCH 
 
 Schenectady, a county in the E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 190 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Mohawk 
 river, by which and its tributaries, with the 
 head branches of Norman's kill, it is chiefly 
 drained. These streams afford some water- 
 power. The surface is generally uneven, 
 and in the S. part hilly. The alluvial flats 
 along the Mohawk are very fertile ; and 
 on the uplands the soil is usually a light 
 sandy loam. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 116,413 bushels of corn; 
 .331,027 of oats ; 138,285 of potatoes; 24,269 
 tons of hay, and 509,970 pounds of butter. 
 There were 3 flour and grist mills, 4 iron 
 founderies, 1 cotton mill, 1 carpet factory, 
 36 manufactories of brooms, 2 of cement, 1 
 of steam engines, 3 of hats, and 2 tanneries. 
 It contained 28 churches, 2 newspaper ofiices; 
 3609 pupils attending public schools, and 230 
 attending academies or other schools. This 
 county is traversed by the Erie canal, and by 
 several railroads named in the ensuing ar- 
 ticle. Organized in 1809, having previously 
 formed part of Albany county. Capital, 
 Schenectady. Population, 20,554. 
 
 ScHENECTADT, acity, capital of Schenectady 
 county. New York, on the right bank of Mo- 
 hawk river, and on both sides of the Erie 
 canal, 16 miles N. W. from Albany. Lat. 
 42° 48' N., Ion. 73° 55' W. It is the seat of 
 Union College, founded in 1795, and contains 
 a city hall, 2 banks, a market house, and a 
 Lyceum. Two newspapers are published 
 here. There are churches of 9 or 10 deno- 
 minations. Cotton goods, machinery, iron- 
 ware, flour, and other articles are manu- 
 factured here. This city is the terminus of 
 4 railroads — the Albany and Schenectady, 
 the Utica and Schenectady, the Troy and 
 Schenectady, and the Saratoga and Schenec- 
 tady railroad. Settled by the Dutch, about 
 the year 1620. Population in 1840, 6784 ; 
 in 1850, 8921. 
 
 ScHLBisiNGEEViLLE, a post-village in Polk 
 township, "Washington co., Wisconsin, 33 miles 
 N. W. from Milwaukee. It contains 3 stores, 
 3 hotels, 1 tannery, and 1 church. Pop., 125. 
 
 ScHNECKSviLLE, a Small post-village of Le- 
 high CO., Pennsylvania, 63 miles N. N. W. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 ScHODAC, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Rensselaer co., New York, on 
 the Hudson river. Population, 3509. 
 
 SoHODAC Centre, a post-village in the 
 above township, about 10 miles S. by E. from 
 Albany. 
 
 SciioDAC Depot, Rensselaer co., New York, 
 on the Western railroad, 8 miles S. by E. from 
 Albany. 
 
 ScHODAC Landing, a post-village of Rens- 
 selaer CO., New York, on the Hudson river, 12 
 miles below Albany. The Hudson river rail- 
 road passes through it. Pop., about 400. 
 
 ScHOENECK,apost-office of Lancaster co.,Pa. 
 105S 
 
 Schoharie creek, rises in the E. part of 
 Greene co.. New York, and after flowing 
 through Schoharie county, enters the Mo- 
 hawk in Montgomery county. 
 
 Schoharie, a county in the E. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 650 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Schoharie creek, which 
 intersects it and by Cobuskill and Catskill 
 creeks, and other smaller streams, which fur- 
 nish abundant water-power. The surface is 
 uneven, and in the western part mountainous, 
 the Catskill range passing through the 
 county. The alluvial flats along the river 
 are very rich and productive ; in the more 
 elevated portions the soil is better adapted 
 to grazing. Wheat, oats, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 63,241 bushels of wheat; 514,807 
 oats; 215,318 of potatoes; 52,759 tons of 
 hay, and 1,603,063 pounds of butter. There 
 were 16 flour and grist mills, 103 saw mills, 
 4 paper mills, 9 carding and fulling mills, 1 
 cotton and 1 woollen mill, 5 iron foundries. 
 and 20 tanneries. It contained 80 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, and 8370 pupils attending 
 public schools. Iron ore, water limestone, 
 and sandstone are found ; the Sharon sulphur 
 springs in the N. W. part are somewhat 
 celebrated. The county is intersected by the 
 Albany and Susquehanna railroad now in 
 course of construction. Organized in 1795, 
 having been formed out of portions of Albany 
 and Otsego counties, and named from the 
 Schoharie creek. Capital, Schoharie. Po- 
 pulation, 33,548. 
 
 Schoharie, a post-village in Schoharie 
 township, and capital of Schoharie county, 
 on a creek of the same name, and on the 
 Albany and Susquehanna railroad, 30 miles 
 W. from Albany. It is pleasantly situated on 
 the right or E. bank of the creek, and con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, an aca- 
 demy, 2 newspaper offices, and several mills. 
 
 ScHOLLViLLE, a Small village of Clarke co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Sghoodic Lakes, of Maine, a chain of lakes 
 lying chiefly in Washington co., have their 
 outlet into the St. Croix river. 
 
 Schoodic Rivee, (by some considered a 
 branch of the St. Croix,) forms the outlet of 
 the above lakes in Washington county, and 
 unites with the St. Croix river about 50 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Schoolcraft, an unorganized county of 
 Michigan, in the middle part of the upper 
 peninsula, borders on Lake Superior. The 
 area is estimated at 2600 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Manistee and Whitefish rivers, 
 which flow southward to Lake Michigan. The 
 surface is uneven, and mostly covered witli 
 forests. The underlying rocks are limestone 
 and sandstone. This county contains the 
 "Pictured Rocks," on the southern shore of 
 Lake Superior, presenting a perpendicular 
 wall from 200 to 300 feet in hight, and many 
 miles in extent. The census of 1850 furnishes 
 
SCH 
 
 SCH 
 
 no statistics of this county, except the popu- 
 lation, which was only 16. Named in honor 
 of Henry R. Schoolcraft, Esq., distinguished 
 for his Indian researches. 
 
 Schoolcraft, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. Pop., 1101. 
 Schoolcraft, a post-village in the above 
 township, 15 miles S. S. AV. from Kalamazoo. 
 It is situated in the midst of Prairie Ronde, 
 the soil of which is excellent. The village 
 contains a number of stores. 
 
 Schoolet's Mountain, a post-village and 
 celebrated watering-place of Morris co., New 
 Jersey, 45 miles N. from Trenton. The moun- 
 tain has an elevation of about 1100 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The spring is 
 situated near the top of the mountain, and 
 discharges about 25 gallons an hour. It con- 
 tains carbonated oxide of iron, lime, soda, and 
 magnesia. There are at this place 2 or 3 
 hotels, besides a number of private board- 
 ing houses, for the accommodation of visi- 
 tors, who resort here to enjoy the pure air 
 and mountain scenery of this vicinity. 
 
 ScHRALENBUEG, a post-village of Bergen 
 CO., New Jersey, about 5 miles N. E. from 
 Hackensack, contains 2 churches, a store, and 
 8 or 10 dwellings. 
 
 ScHROEPPEL, a township in the S. part of 
 Oswego CO., New York, on the Oswego and 
 Oneida rivers. Population, 2386. 
 
 ScHROON, a township in the S. part of Essex 
 CO., New York, drained by Schroon river. 
 Population, 2031. 
 
 SchroonLake, New York, situated in Essex 
 and Warren counties, is 8 or 10 miles long. 
 
 ScHROON Lake, a post- village of Essex co., 
 New York, on the north end of Schroon lake, 
 about 95 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 ScHROON River rises in Essex co.. New 
 York, and running in a southerly course 
 through Schroon lake, falls into the Hudson 
 river in Warren county. 
 
 ScHROON River, a post-ofiBce of Essex co.. 
 New York. 
 
 SCHULTZVILLE, a pOSt-officC of DutcheSS CO., 
 
 New York. 
 
 Schumla, a post-of&ce of Ritchie co., Va. 
 
 ScHUTLER, a county in the W. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 420 square miles. 
 The Illinois river forms the S. E. boundary 
 of the county, which is intersected by Crooked 
 creek. The surface is undulating, and con- 
 sists partly of prairie and partly of timbered 
 land ; the soil is excellent, and a large part 
 of it is under cultivation. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, potatoes, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 898,160 bushels 
 of corn; 79,930 of wheat; 56,570 of oats, 
 and 136,823 pounds of butter. It contained 
 12 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 100 pu- 
 pils attending academies and other schools. 
 The Illinois river is navigable by steamboats 
 on the border. The Central Military Tract 
 railroad passes through the county. Capital, 
 Rushville. Population, 10,573. 
 3r 
 
 Schuyler, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 
 324 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by Chariton river, and drained by the three 
 forks of Fabius river, and the North fork of 
 Salt river. The surface is diversified by 
 prairies and woodlands; the soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 221,780 
 bushels of corn; 7395 of wheat; 21,996 of 
 oats, and 37,738 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 5 churches, and 240 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Lancaster. Pop., 
 3287 ; of whom 3232 were free, and 55, slaves. 
 
 Schuyler, a township of Herkimer co.. New 
 York, on the Mohawk river, 6 miles E. from 
 Utica. Population, 1696. 
 
 Schuyler's Falls, a post-township of Clin- 
 ton CO., New York, on Saranac river, 7 miles 
 W. from Plattsburg. Population, 2110. 
 
 Schuyler Island, a small island near the 
 W. side of Lake Champlain, nearly opposite 
 Burlington, belonging to Essex co.. New York. 
 
 Schuyler's Lake, a post-office of Otsego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 ScHUYLERSviLLE, a post-village in Saratoga 
 township, Saratoga county. New York, on the 
 Hudson river, and on the Champlain canal, 
 at the mouth of Fish creek, 35 miles N. by E. 
 from Albany. It has several iron foundries, 
 machine shops, mills, and factories. A news- 
 paper is published here. 
 
 Schuylkill river, of Pennsylvania, rises 
 in the carboniferous highlands of Schuylkill 
 county, near Pottsville, and flowing in a S. E. 
 direction, breaks through the Blue Pddge at 
 Port Clinton, passes by Reading, Norristown, 
 and Philadelphia, and enters the Delaware 5 
 miles below the latter city. Its whole length 
 is estimated at 120 miles. It is navigable for 
 sloops to Philadelphia, and by means of lock- 
 age, dams, and side-cuts, boats may ascend 
 to Port Carbon, 3 miles above Pottsville. The 
 Indian name of this river was Manaiunk. 
 
 Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, situated 
 towards the E. part of the state, contains 
 750 square miles. It is drained by the 
 Schuylkill river and Swatara creek, which 
 rise within its limits. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. The Kittatinny or Blue mountain 
 forms the S. E. boundary of the county ; the 
 ridges which traverse it are called Broad, 
 Sharp, and Mahanoy mountains, and the soil, 
 with small exceptions, is too thin and sterile 
 for cultivation. Anthracite coal is the prin- 
 cipal production of the county, nearly the 
 whole area of which is occupied by beds of 
 this mineral, varying from 3 to 30 feet in 
 thickness. In 1851, 2.178,584 tons were 
 mined, and exported chiefly by the Reading 
 railroad. Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 165,556 bushels of corn; 64,928 of 
 wheat; 136,380 of potatoes; 16,644 tons of 
 ha}', and 324,143 pounds of butter. There 
 were 37 flour and grist mills, 103 saw mills, 
 1057 
 
SCH 
 
 SCI 
 
 104 collieries, 11 machine shops, 2 iron fur- 
 naces, 2 forges, 4 woollen factories, 5 powder 
 mills, 1 rolling mill, and 14 tanneries. It 
 contained 85 churches, 10 newspaper oflBces; 
 8993 pupils attending public schools, and 701 
 attending academies and other schools. Ex- 
 tensive beds of iron ore are found near Potts- 
 Tilie. The Philadelphia, Reading and Potts- 
 ville railroad terminates at Pottsville, and 
 numerous short lines extend from the mines 
 to Pottsville, Schuylkill Haven, &c. The 
 Schuylkill river has been made navigable to 
 Port Carbon. Organized in 1811, and named 
 from its principal river. Capital, Pottsville. 
 Population, 60,713. 
 
 Schuylkill, a post-township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 13 miles N. N. E. 
 from Westchester. Population, 1408. 
 
 Schuylkill, a township of Schuylkill co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Catawissa 
 railroad, (not yet completed,) about 12 miles 
 E. by N. from Pottsville. Population, 1742. 
 
 Schuylkill Bend, a post-office of Berks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Schuylkill Haven, a thriving post-bo- 
 rough of Manheim township, Schuylkill 
 county, Pennsylvania, is situated on the 
 Schuylkill river, and on the Philadelphia and 
 Reading railroad, 5 miles S. from Pottsville. 
 It is a place of active business, and a ship- 
 ping point for large quantities of coal, which 
 is mined in the vicinity, and transported by 
 the railroad, and also by the navigable 
 waters of the river. The Mine Hill railroad 
 extends westward 12 miles to the coal mines. 
 Two bridges connect the opposite banks of 
 the river at this place. A newspaper is pub- 
 lished in the town, which also contains 1 bank. 
 Pop. in 1850, 2071 ; in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Schwenck's Stoke, a post-office of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SciENCEViLLE, a village of Greene co., New 
 York, about 44 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 
 SciENCEViLLE,apost-office of Stewart CO. Ga. 
 
 Scio, a post-village in Scio township, Al- 
 leghany CO., New York, on the Erie railroad, 
 about 80 miles S. S. W. from Rochester. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1922. 
 
 Scio, a post-office of Harrison co., Ohio. 
 
 Scio. a post-township in the central part 
 of Washtenaw co., Michigan, intersected by 
 the Michigan Central railroad. Pop., 1196. 
 
 Scio, a post-village in the above township, 
 on the Central railroad, 5 or 6 miles W. N. W. 
 from Ann Arbor. 
 
 Scioto, a beautiful river of Ohio, and one 
 of the largest streams which intersect the 
 state, rises in Hardin county, near the head 
 waters of the Miami. It flows south-easterly 
 to Columbus, where it receives its principal 
 affluent, the Olentangy river, after which its 
 direction is almost due south, until it enters 
 the Ohio at Portsmouth. Its length is esti- 
 mated at about 200 miles. The valley through 
 which it flows is extremely fertile, and much 
 improved. The Ohio and Erie canal is con- 
 1058 
 
 structed along the lower parts of this river, 
 for a distance of 90 miles. Its largest tribu- 
 taries besides the Olentangy river, are Darby, 
 Walnut, and Paint creeks. 
 
 Scioto, a county in the S. part of Ohio, 
 bordering on the Ohio river, which sepa- 
 rates it from Kentucky, contains about 630 
 square miles. The Scioto, from which the 
 name is derived, flows from N. to S., through 
 the middle of the county, which is also 
 drained by the Little Scioto river and Brush 
 creek. The surface is hilly ; the soil fertile, 
 particularly in the alluvial bottoms of the 
 river. Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 921,811 bushels of corn ; 83,984 of 
 oats, and 5123 tons of hay. It contained 21 
 churches, 5 newspaper offices, and 1650 
 pupils attending public schools. The red 
 sandstone underlies part of the surface. 
 Extensive mines of iron ore are worked in 
 the eastern part of the county. The Ohio 
 canal has its southern terminus at Ports- 
 mouth, and the county is intersected by the 
 Scioto and Hocking Valley railroad. Capi- 
 tal, Portsmouth. Population, 18,428. 
 
 Scioto, a post-office of Clinton co., N. Y. 
 
 Scioto, a township in the W. part of Dela- 
 ware co., Ohio. Population, 1126. 
 
 Scioto, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Jackson co., Ohio. Pop., 1347. 
 
 Scioto, a township in the N. part of Picka- 
 way CO., Ohio. Population, 1347. 
 
 Scioto, a township in the S. E. part of Ross 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1596. 
 
 Scioto, a post-village of Scioto co., Ohio. 
 
 Scioto, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Shiawasse co., Michigan. Population, 191. 
 
 Scioto Bridge, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 ScioTOViLLE, a post-office of Scioto co., 0. 
 
 SciPio, a post-township of Cayuga co., 
 New York, 10 miles S. from Auburn, inter- 
 sected by the Auburn and Ithaca railroad. 
 Population, 2135. 
 
 SciPio, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Meigs CO., Ohio. Population, 1405. 
 
 SciPio, a township in the E. part of Seneca 
 CO., Ohio, intersected by Mad river, and Lake 
 Erie railroad. Population, 2322. 
 
 SciPio, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Hillsdale co., Michigan. Population, 864. 
 
 SciPio, a township in Allen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 173. 
 
 SciPio, a small village of Franklin co., In- 
 diana, 11 miles E. from Brookville. 
 
 SciPio, a thriving post-village of Jennings 
 CO., Indiana, on the Madison and Indianapolis 
 railroad, 31 miles N. W. from Madison. 
 
 SciPio, a township in La Porte co., Indiana. 
 Population, 767. 
 
 SciPio Centre, a post-office of Hillsdale 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Scipioville, a post- village of Cayuga co.. 
 New York, 12 miles S. S. W. from Auburn. It 
 contains 2 stores. 
 
SCI 
 
 SCO 
 
 SciTico, a post-office of Hartford co., Conn. 
 
 SciTtJATE, a post-township in Plymouth co., 
 Massachusetts, 22 miles S. E. by S. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 2149. 
 
 SciTUATE, a township in Providence co., 
 Rhode Island, 12 miles W. by S. from Pro- 
 vidence, contains 1 bank. Population, 4582. 
 
 ScoNONDOA, or Skanandoa, a post-village 
 of Oneida co., New York, on a creek of the 
 same name, 22 miles W. from Utica. 
 
 ScooBER, a post-office of Kemper co.. Miss. 
 
 Scotch Gbove, a post-office of Jones co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Scotch Hill, a post-office of Clarion co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Scotch Plains, a post-village of Essex co., 
 New Jersey, about 40 miles N. N. E. from 
 Trenton, contains 2 stores, 7 mills, including 
 an oil and a straw-paper mill, 1 church, and 
 about 75 dwellings. 
 
 Scotch Ridge, a post-office of Wood co., 0. 
 
 Scotchtown, a post- village of Orange co., 
 New York, 107 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Scotia, a post-village of Schenectady co., 
 New York, 18 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Scotia, a post-village of Pope co., Arkan- 
 sas, 83 miles N. W. from Little Rock. 
 
 Scotland, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area 
 estimated at 450 square miles. It is traversed 
 by the Wyaconda and the North Fabius and 
 Middle Fabius rivers. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and consists partly of prairies ; the 
 soil is fertile, and adapted to pasturage or 
 the production of grain. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, butter, and live stock are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 236,370 bushels 
 of corn; 14,461 of wheat; 40,345 of oats, 
 and 53,375 pounds of butter. There were 
 247 pupils attending public schools. Capi- 
 tal, Memphis. Population, 3782; of whom 
 8631 were free, and 151, slaves. 
 
 Scotland, a post-office of York co.. Me. 
 
 Scotland, a post-office of Plymouth co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Scotland, a post-village in Windham co., 
 Conn., 35 miles E. by S. from Hartford. 
 
 Scotland, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Scotland, a post-village of Jefferson co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Scotland, a post-office of Union co., Ark. 
 
 Scotland, a small post-village of Greene 
 CO., Indiana, 10 miles S. from Bloomfield. 
 
 Scotland Neck, a post-office of Halifax 
 CO., North Carolina, about 100 miles E. N. E. 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 Scott, a county situated in the S. W. part 
 of Virginia, and bordering on Tennessee, con- 
 tains 620 square miles. It is drained by Clinch 
 river, and by the N. fork of Holston river. 
 The surface is traversed by several parallel 
 mountain ridges, one of which is called the 
 Clinch mountain. The soil is mostly fer- 
 tile, and adapted to grazing. Wheat, In- 
 dian corn, and other kinds of grain gilso 
 
 flourish. In 1850 this county produced 
 319,240 bushels of corn; 15,722 of wheat; 
 106,342 of oats, and 74,086 pounds of but- 
 ter. There were 20 flour and grist mills, 
 7 wool-carding mills, and 2 tanneries. It 
 contained 20 churches, and 1000 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Bituminous coal 
 and iron ore are abundant. About 3 miles 
 from the Clinch river is one of the most 
 remarkable natural objects of the state, 
 known as the "Natural Tunnel." An afflu- 
 ent of the Clinch river, after flowing through. 
 a deep ravine enclosed by stupendous walls 
 of stratified rocks, is confronted by a trans- 
 verse ridge, about 300 feet in height, which 
 has been perforated at its base by an arched 
 tunnel to admit the passage of the stream. 
 The spectator standing by the margin of the 
 stream, sees before him an enormous arch, 
 rising 70 or 80 feet, surmounted by strata 
 of limestone which measure more than 100 
 feet in a vertical direction, while the view on 
 either side is bounded by gigantic ramparts 
 of perpendicular rock. The county was 
 formed in 1814, and named in honor of Gene- 
 ral Winfield Scott. Population, 9829; of 
 whom 9356 were free, and 473, slaves. 
 
 Scott, a county in the S. central part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is drained by Tuscalameta creek, 
 an affluent of Pearl river. The soil is sandy 
 and sterile ; a large part of the county is 
 covered with forests of pine. Cotton and 
 corn are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 881 bales of cotton; 95,500 bushels 
 of corn, and 57,590 pounds of rice. It con- 
 tained 7 churches, 157 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 25 attending an academy. 
 Named in honor of Governor A. M. Scott, of 
 Mississippi. Capital, Hillsborough. Popu- 
 lation, 3961 ; of whom 2779 were free, and 
 1182, slaves. 
 
 Scott, a county situated in the W. part of 
 Arkansas, contains 870 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Fourche La Fave and the Petit 
 Jean rivers. The surface is diversified. The 
 soil is adapted to the production of grain and 
 for pasture. Indian corn, oats, cotton, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 128,460 bushels of corn; 18,156 of 
 oats ; 368 bales of cotton, and 33,593 pounds 
 of butter. There were 6 cotton-ginning mills, 
 and 5 grist and saw mills. It contained 250 
 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Boonsville. Population, 3083 ; of whom 2937 
 were free, and 146, slaves. 
 
 Scott, a county in the N. N. E. part of| 
 Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, area esti- 
 mated at 300 square miles. It is drained by 
 Clear fork of Cumberland river, and by Pow- 
 ell's river. The surface is traversed by 
 Cumberland mountains, and mostly covered 
 with forests. Indian corn, oats, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 66,421 bushels of corn ; 5895 of oats, and 
 28,962 pounds of butter. It contained 3 
 1059 
 
SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 churches. Capital, Huntsville. Pop., 1905; 
 of whom 1868 were free, and 37, slaves. 
 
 Scott, a county in the N. part of Ken- 
 tucky, has an area estimated at 240 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the North Elk- 
 horn, affluent of the Kentucky river, and also 
 drained by the South Elkhorn and Eagle 
 creek. The surface is diversified, — level, 
 undulating, and hilly ; the southern part has 
 a deep, black soil, based on limestone, and 
 remarkable for fertility. Indian corn, hemp, 
 and grass are cultivated. The exports con- 
 sist chiefly of cattle, horses, mules, and swine. 
 In 1850 this county produced 1,089,109 
 bushels of corn; 156,368 of oats, and 1612 
 tons of hemp. There were 26 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices ; 30 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 785 attending academies and 
 other schools. The county contains an 
 abundance of fine blue limestone. It is in- 
 tersected by the turnpike from Lexington 
 to Covington. Formed in 1792, and named in 
 honor of Governor Charles Scott, of Kentucky. 
 Capital, Georgetown. Population, 14,946 ; 
 of whom 9110 were free, and 5836, slaves. 
 
 Scott, a county in the S. E. part of Indi- 
 ana, contains about ISO square miles. It is 
 drained by Graham's fork of White river. 
 The surface is nearly level, excepting some 
 hills in the W. part, called the "Knobs," 
 which are among the highest elevations in 
 the state. The staples are wheat, corn, oats, 
 pork, and beef. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 251,875 bushels of corn; 20,417 of 
 wheat; 65,855 of oats, and 2451 J tons of' 
 hay. It contained 16 churches, and 3226 
 pupils attending public schools. The county 
 is intersected by the JefFersonville railroad. 
 Organized in 1820. Capital, Lexington. Po- 
 pulation, 5885. 
 
 Scott, a county in the W. part of Illinois, 
 has an area of 255 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the W. by the Illinois river, na- 
 vigable by steamboats, and intersected by 
 Plume, Sandy, and Movestar (Mauvaiseterre) 
 creeks. The surface is nearly level, and 
 partly covered with forests of good timber. 
 The soil is exceedingly rich, and is well cul- 
 tivated. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 762,950 bushels of corn ; 84,232 of 
 wheat; 39,917 of oats; 3823 tons of hay, 
 and 112,436 pounds of butter. It contained 
 15 churches, 1 newspaper office; 1844 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 67 attending 
 academies or other schools. Stone coal and 
 good limestone are abundant. Sandy creek 
 furnishes valuable water-power at the county 
 seat. Capital, Winchester. Pop., 7914. 
 
 Scott, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 370 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi 
 river, which separates it from Illinois, and 
 on the W. by Castor river and Castor lake. 
 The surface is uneven, and some parts broken ; 
 a portion of the soil is productive. Indian 
 1060 
 
 corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and swme are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 169,100 bushels of corn; 8700 of wheat, and 
 9365 of oats. It contained 9 churches, and 
 225 pupils attending public schools. Exten- 
 sive cypress swamps occur in the S. part. 
 Capital, Benton. Population, 3182; of whom 
 2789 were free, and 393, slaves. 
 
 Scott, a county in the E- part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Illinois, has an area of 450 
 square miles. The Mississippi forms its 
 boundary on the E. and S. E., and the Wap- 
 sipinicon on the N. The surface is high and 
 undulating. The soil is good, and easily 
 cultivated. A great part of the county is 
 destitute of timber, but this deficiency is 
 partly compensated by the abundance of 
 stone coal. Indian corn, wheat, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850, Scott county pro- 
 duced 153,915 bushels of corn; 120,034 of 
 wheat ; 84,494 pounds of butter, and 6084 
 tons of hay. It contained 11 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices ; 2041 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 75 attending academies or 
 other schools. Limestone is the principal 
 rock. Named in honor of General Winfield 
 Scott. Capital, Davenport. Pop., 5986. 
 
 Scott, a county in the S. E. part of Min- 
 nesota, has an area of about 680 square miles. 
 The St. Peter's, or Minnesota river forms its 
 N. W. boundary, and it is drained by the 
 sources of Vermilion and Cannon rivers. 
 The surface is undulating, and diversified 
 with prairies and forests. The soil is pro- 
 ductive. Lumber is the chief article of ex- 
 port. This county is not included in the 
 census of 1850, having been formed since 
 that date. Capital, Shokapee. 
 
 Scott, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Cortland co., New York. Po- 
 pulation, 1290. 
 
 Scott, a township of Luzerne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 25 miles N. E. from Wilkesbarre. 
 Population, 1268. 
 
 Scott, a post-township forming the N. ex- 
 tremity of Wayne county. Pa. Pop., 617. 
 
 Scott, a township in Mississippi co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 157. 
 
 Scott, a post-township in the N. W. par4 
 of Adams CO., Ohio. Population, 1270. 
 
 Scott, a township in the central part of 
 Brown co., Ohio. Population, 930. 
 
 Scott, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Marion co., Ohio. Population, 717. 
 
 Scott, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Sandusky co., Ohio. Pop., 792. 
 
 Scott, a township in Kosciusko co., In- 
 diana. Population, 255. 
 
 Scott, a post-office of La Grange co., Ind. 
 
 Scott, a township in Montgomery co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1209. 
 
 Scott, a township in Steuben co., Indiana. 
 Population, 490. 
 
 Scott, a township in Vanderburg co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1162. 
 
 Scott, a post-office of La Salle co., 111. 
 
SCO 
 
 SCR 
 
 Scott, a post-yillage in Mahaska co., Iowa, 
 75 miles S. W. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Scott, a township in the N. E. part of Co- 
 lumbia CO., Wisconsin. Population, 395. 
 
 Scott, a post-township in the S. W. part of 
 Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Scott, a post-village in the above township, 
 44 miles N. by W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Scottsborough, a small village of Baldwin 
 CO., Georgia, on the railroad from Milledge- 
 ville to Gordon, 4 miles S. from the former. 
 
 ScoTTSBURG, a post-oflQcc of Livingston co., 
 New York. 
 > ScoTTSBURG, a Small post-village of Halifax 
 CO., Virginia, 119 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 ScoTTSBURG, a post- village of Umpqua co., 
 Oregon, on the right bank of the Umpqua 
 river, 100 miles S. S. W. from Salem. 
 
 Scott's Creek, a post-office of Haywood 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Scott's Hill, a post-office of New Hanover 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Scott's Hxll, a post-office of Union co.,Ga. 
 
 Scott's Hill, a post-office of Henderson 
 eo., Tennessee. 
 
 Scott's Mills, a village in Linn co., Iowa, 
 25 miles N. from Iowa City. 
 
 Scott's Mountain, of Warren county, New 
 Jersey, forms part of South mountain. It is 
 from 700 to 800 feet above tide. It abounds 
 with iron ore of several varieties. 
 
 ScoTTSViLLB, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 New York, near the Genesee river, and on 
 the canal of that name, 13 miles S. W. from 
 Rochester. It has 3 or 4 churches and seve- 
 ral mills. 
 
 ScoTTSViLLE, a post-office of Wyoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 ScoTTSviLLE, a thriving post-village of Al- 
 bemarle county, Virginia, is situated on the 
 left bank of James river, 79 miles W. from 
 Richmond. The navigation of the James 
 River canal renders it a place of active and 
 extensive trade, and an important depot for 
 produce. The village, which is built chiefly 
 of brick, contains 3 churches. Population in 
 1853, about 1200. 
 
 ScoTTSViLLE, a post-villagc, capital of Pow- 
 hattan co., Virginia, 32 miles W. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 ScoTTSViLLB, a post- village of Bibb co., 
 Alabama, 30 miles E. S. E. from Tuscaloosa, 
 contains several stores and 350 inhabitants. 
 
 ScoTTSviLLE, a post-office of Claiborne 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a post-village, capital of Al- 
 len CO., Kentucky, about 148 miles S. W. from 
 Frankfort. Besides the usual county build- 
 ings, it contains 3 or 4 churches and 4 stores. 
 
 ScoTTSviLLE, a post-office of Warren co., 0. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a post-office of Macomb co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a Village in Lee co., Illinois. 
 140 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a post-villagc of Macoupin 
 CO., IlL, about 78 miles S. E. from Galen^. 
 
 SCOTTSVILLE, a post- village of Sullivan co., 
 Missouri, 130 miles N. N. W. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 ScoTTViLLE, a small village of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, at the southern base of 
 Jack's mountain, 87 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Scrabble, a post-office of Berkeley co.,Va. 
 
 ScKABBLETOWN, a Small village of Burling- 
 ton CO., New Jersey, 12 miles E. from Mount 
 Holly. 
 
 ScRANTON, formerly Lackawanna, a flou- 
 rishing post-borough of Luzerne county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the left bank of the Lackawanna 
 river, about 7 miles from its mouth, 16 miles 
 N. E. from Wilkesbarre, and 14 miles S. W. 
 from Carbondale. The Lackawanna and 
 Western railroad extends from Scranton to 
 Great Bend, on the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, and the Pennsylvania Coal Company's 
 railroad extends eastward about 28 miles, to 
 the Lackawaxen canal. The plank-road from 
 Wilkesbarre to Carbondale passes through 
 Scranton. These improvements, together 
 with the rich mines of coal which are worked 
 in the vicinity, render it a place of active 
 business, and an important depot of the 
 Pennsylvania Coal Company. It contains 
 extensive iron fm-naces, foundries, and roll- 
 ing mills. The population has rapidly in- 
 creased for a few years past ; it is composed 
 chiefly of Welsh, Irish, and English. Iron ore 
 is abundant in the vicinity. Roaring creek 
 enters the river about half a mile below 
 Scranton. One paper is published here. 
 Population in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Screamers viLLE,post-office,Mauryco., Ten. 
 
 ScRiBA, a post-township of Oswego co., 
 New York, on Lake Ontario and on the Os- 
 wego river, about 34 miles N. N. W. from 
 Syracuse. It contains a village of its own 
 name. Population, 2738. 
 
 ScRiVEN, a county in the E. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on South Carolina, contains 640 
 square miles. The Savannah river bounds 
 it on the E., and the Ogeechee on the S. W. 
 The surface is mostly level, and the soil 
 sandy. Cotton, Indian corn, rice, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 it pro- 
 3936 bales of cotton ; 510,550 pounds of rice; 
 264,860 bushels of corn, and 131,620 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 13 churches; 280 
 pupils attending public schools, and 60 at- 
 tending other schools. The forests aff^ord 
 pine lumber for exportation. The river and 
 the Central railroad afi'ord easy access to the 
 Savannah market. Organized in 1793, and 
 named in honor of Colonel James Scriven, 
 an officer of the Revolution, and a native of 
 South Carolina. Capital, Sylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 6847, of whom 3174 were free, and 
 3673, slaves. 
 
 Scroggin's Mills, a post-office of Dale co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 ScROGGSFiELD, a post-offico of Carroll co. ,111. 
 
 ScRUBBGRASs, a post-office of Armstrong 
 CO.. Pennsylvania. 
 
 1061 
 
SCR 
 
 SEC 
 
 ScBTJBGRASS, a towDship of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Alle- 
 ghany river, 26 miles E. by S. from Mercer. 
 Population, 1143. 
 
 ScRTJGGSViLLE, a Small village of Monroe 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 ScvFFJ.ETOWN, a post-villagc in Laurens 
 disti-ict, S. C, 70 miles N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Scur.L Camp, a post-village of Surry co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Scttll's Ckeek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Ogeechee at the E. end of Emanuel county. 
 
 Scull Shoals, a small post-village of 
 Greene co., Georgia, on the Oconee river, 54 
 miles N. from Milledgeville, contains a cotton 
 factory. 
 
 ScnLLTOWN, formerly Lockeeton, a post- 
 village of Salem county, New Jersey, on Old- 
 man's creek, 18 miles from its mouth, contains 
 a church, 3 stores, and about 40 dwellings. 
 
 ScuPEHNONG creek, of Wisconsin, enters 
 Bark river in Jefferson county. 
 
 SctJPPEENONG, a post-of&ce of Washington 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Seabeook, a post-village in Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, near the Atlantic coast, 
 on the Eastern railroad, 45 miles S. E. from 
 Concord. Population of the township, 1296. 
 
 tSEAFOED, a post-village of Sussex county, 
 Delaware, on Nanticoke river, (navigable for 
 schooners,) 45 miles S. by W. from Dover. It 
 is the southern terminus of the Dona and 
 Seaford railroad, and is a place of active trade. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches, 1 hotel, and about 
 10 stores. Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Seagrave's Mills, a manufacturing village 
 of Providence co., Pihode Island, about 25 
 miles N. W. from Providence. It contains 1 
 woollen mill. Population, about 60. 
 
 Seal, a township in the S. E. part of Pike 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 2210. 
 
 Seal, a post-office of Wyandot co., Ohio. 
 
 Seal Cove, a post-office of Hancock co.. Me. 
 
 Seal Islands, a small cluster W. by S. from 
 Grand Menan Island, Maine. On the western 
 island are two fixed lights, about 140 feet from 
 each other, and 50 feet above high-water 
 mark. Lat. 44° 29' N., Ion. 67° 5' 30" W. 
 
 Seaecy, a county in the N. part of Arkan- 
 sas, contains about 930 square miles. It is 
 intersected by Buffalo fork of White river. 
 The surface is hilly or rolling ; the soil is 
 adapted to the production of wheat, Indian 
 corn, and grass. In 1850 there were raised 
 123,618 bushels of Indian corn; 14,302 of 
 oats, and 4878 of wheat. It contained 3 
 churches, and 120 pupils attending public 
 schools. A large portion of the county is 
 overspread with forests. Capital, Lebanon. 
 Population, 1979; of whom 1950 were free, 
 and 29, slaves. 
 
 Seaecy, a township in Phillips co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 573. 
 
 Seaecy, a small post-village, capital of 
 White CO., Arkansas, about 50 miles N. E. 
 from Little Rock. 
 1062 
 
 Seaeight's, a post-office of Fayette co., Pa. 
 
 Seaesbueg, a post-township in Bennington 
 county, Vermont, 112 miles S. by W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 201. 
 
 Seaesbueg, a post-office of Tompkins co., 
 New York. 
 
 Seaesmont, a post-township in Waldo co., 
 Maine, 35 miles E. by S. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1693. 
 
 Seaespoet, a post-township of Waldo co.. 
 Me., on Penobscot Bay, about 50 miles E. by 
 S. from Augusta, contains 1 bank. Pop., 2207. 
 
 Seaesville, a post-office of Orange CO., N.Y. 
 
 Seaesville, a post-village in Stewart co., 
 Georgia, 110 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Seatle, or Seattle, a thriving post-village 
 and settlement of Pierce co., Oregon, at the 
 mouth of Duwamish river, and at the head 
 of Elliott bay, which is on the E. side of Ad- 
 miralty Inlet. The valley of the Duwamisk 
 is an extensive and rich tract of country, 
 which is now rapidly being settled. 
 
 Seatuck, a post-office of Suffolk co., N.Y. 
 
 Seaville, a township in Hancock co., 
 Maine, 77 miles E. by S. from Augusta. Pc- 
 pulation, 139. 
 
 Seaville, a post-office of Cape Blay co,. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Sebago, a post-township of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, 55 miles S. W. by W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 850. 
 
 Sebago Pond, or Lake, in Cumberland eo., 
 Maine. Length, 12 miles ; greatest breadth, 
 from 7 to 8 miles. 
 
 Sebastian, a new county in the W. part of 
 Arkansas, contains 825 square miles. The 
 Arkansas I'iver forms the entire N. boundary. 
 The surface is partly occupied by high moun- 
 tains belonging to the Ozark range, which are 
 thought to be rich in minerals. The soil and 
 climate are adapted to the production of 
 wheat, Indian corn, cotton, and pasturage. 
 The county contains an abundance of stone 
 coal. The Arkansas is navigable by steam- 
 boats in this part of its course. This county 
 is not included in the census of 1850. Capi- 
 tal, Jenny Lind. 
 
 Sebasticook Rivee, a fine mill stream, 
 rises in Penobscot county, Maine, and flowing 
 through Somerset county, falls into the Ken- 
 nebec river in Kennebec county. Its whole 
 length is about 50 miles. 
 
 Sebec, a post-township in Piscataquis cov, 
 Maine, on the N. side of Piscataquis river, 
 70 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Pop., 1223. 
 
 Sebewa, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Ionia co., Michigan. Population, 247. 
 
 Sebewa Ceeek, of Michigan, enters Grand 
 river in Ionia county. 
 
 Secillia, a post-office of Calhoun co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Second Ceeek, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Second Foek, a post-village of Elk co.. 
 Pa., 157 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Seco&d Lake. See Foue Lakes. 
 
SEC 
 
 SEN 
 
 Second Tuknout, a post-ofEce of Louisa 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Section Ten, a township in Van Wert co., 
 Ohio. Population, 402. 
 
 Section Ten, a post-village of Ohio. See 
 Delphos. 
 
 Sedgwick, a post-township in Hancock co., 
 Maine, 60 miles E. by S. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1235. 
 
 Sedley, a post-oflBce of Bullitt co., Ky. 
 
 Seekonk, a post-village in Bristol co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, near Blackstone river, on the Bos- 
 ton and Providence railroad, 6 miles E. by N. 
 from Providence. Pop. of the township, 2243. 
 
 Seely Ceeeic, a post-oiEce of Chemung co., 
 New York. 
 
 Seelysburg, a post-village of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York, 50 miles S. from Buffalo. 
 
 SEELYVILI.E, a village of Wayne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 1 mile from Honesdale, and 161 
 miles from Harrisburg. Pop., about 350. 
 
 Sego, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio. 
 
 Seguin, a small island off the mouth of 
 Kennebec river, Maine. On it is a light- 
 house, 200 feet above the level of the sea, 
 containing a fixed light. Lat. 43° 41' 40" 
 N., Ion. 69° 44' W. 
 
 Seguin, a post-village capital of Guada- 
 lupe CO., Texas, on the Guadalupe river, 70 
 miles S. from Austin City. It has improved 
 rapidly since the completion of the college 
 buildings, which are an ornament to the 
 place. This institution comprises a male and 
 female department, and occupies two stone 
 buildings 60 feet in length and 2 stories high. 
 
 Seibeelingville, a post-office of Lehigh 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Seidersvillb, a post-office of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Seisholtzvillb, a post-office of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Selbysport, a post-village of Alleghany 
 CO., Maryland, on the Youghiogheny river, 
 about 40 miles W. by N. from Cumberland. 
 
 Selbyville, a post-office of Sussex co., 
 Delaware. 
 
 Selden, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. 
 
 Selinsgeove, a post-borough of Penn 
 township, Union county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 right bank of the Susquehanna, at the mouth 
 of Penn's creek, 50 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 It is situated in a rich farming district. The 
 grain and flour exported from the vicinity are 
 shipped here by canal. 
 
 Selkirk, a postr-office of Marion dis., S. C. 
 
 Selleesbueg, a small village or station on 
 the Jeffersonville railroad, in Clarke co., In- 
 diana, 9 miles N. from Jeffersonville. 
 
 Sellers' Taveen, a post-office of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Selma, a thriving post-village of Dallas co., 
 Alabama, on the right bank of the Alabama 
 river, about 70 miles below Montgomery. 
 It is the southern terminus of the Alabama 
 and Tennessee River railroad. The cars 
 are now rimning on this end of the l-ine. 
 
 The Central railroad of Alabama extends west- 
 ward. Selma is surrounded by a rich and 
 populous district, and has an active business. 
 It contains several churches, and a newspaper 
 office. Population estimated at 1500. 
 
 Selma, a post-office of Clark co., Ohio. 
 
 Selma, a post-office of McLean co., 111. 
 
 Selma, a post-village in Jefferson co., Mis- 
 souri, on the Mississippi river, 35 miles S. 
 by W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Seltzersville, a post-office of Lebanon 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Semerone, or. Cimarron, see-me-ron', a 
 considerable river of Indian Territory, rises 
 in the Rocky Mountains, in 37° N. lat., and 
 flowing nearly E. falls into the Arkansas in 
 about 97° 30' AV. Ion. Length estimated at 
 600 miles. It is not navigable. 
 
 Seminary, a post-office of Washita co.. Ark. 
 
 Seminole Indians, a once powerful tribe 
 dwelling in Florida. Most of them have 
 been removed to the W. of the Mississippi. 
 
 Sempeonius, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Cayuga co., New York, 18 miles S. E. 
 from Auburn. Population, 1266. 
 
 Seneca, a county near the centre of New 
 York, has an area of about 330 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by Cayuga lake and 
 Seneca river, and partly on the W. by Seneca 
 lake, and is principally drained by Seneca 
 and Clyde rivers, which intersect it, afford- 
 ing valuable water-power. The surface is un- 
 dulating, being most elevated about midway 
 between the two lakes. The soil is principally 
 a calcareous loam, well adapted to both grain 
 and grass. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 527,697 bushels of wheat; 260,271 
 of corn ; 315,026 of oats ; 29,763 tons of hay, 
 and 123,358 pounds of wool. There were 22 
 flour and grist mills, 24 saw mills, 4 pump 
 factories, 5 iron foundries, 1 cotton and 1 
 woollen mill, 1 shawl factory, 3 distilleries, 
 and 2 chandleries. It contained 46 churches, 
 4 newspaper offices, 6628 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 520 attending academies 
 and other schools. Iron ore and gypsum 
 are found, and near the village of Canoga is 
 a spring which rises with such force as to 
 supply mill-power within a few rods. The 
 Central railroad, and the Cayuga and Seneca 
 canal traverse this county, and the Erie canal 
 passes through its N. E. corner. Named from 
 a tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited 
 this part of the country. Seats of justice, 
 Ovid and Waterloo. Population, 25,441. 
 
 Seneca, a county in the N. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 540 square miles. It is tra- 
 versed from S. to N. by Sandusky river, and 
 also drained by Honey and Green creeks. 
 The surface is nearly level, with a moderate 
 declivity towards the N. The soil is excel- 
 lent, well timbered, and under good cultiva- 
 tion. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 682,879 bushels of 
 1063 
 
SEN 
 
 SEV 
 
 corn; 474,737 of wheat; 237,112 of oats; 
 25,580 tons of hay, and 581,656 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 49 churches, 4 news- 
 laper offices, 6451 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 100 attending an academy. The 
 county is intersected by the Mad River and 
 Lake Erie railroad, and has one or two plank- 
 roads. Capital, Tiffin. Population, 27,105. 
 
 Seneca, a new county in the S. W. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Arkansas. It is 
 drained by the Elk or Cowskin river, which 
 flows westward. Capital, Looniesville. 
 
 Seneca, a township of Ontario co., New 
 York, on the W. shore of Seneca lake. It is 
 intersected by several railroads, and contains 
 the village of Geneva. Population, 8505. 
 
 Seneca, a post-office of Tompkins co., N. Y. 
 
 Seneca, a post-office of Anderson dis.,S. C. 
 
 Seneca, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Guernsey co., Ohio. Population, 1411. 
 
 Seneca, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Monroe eo., Ohio. Pop., 1803. 
 
 Seneca, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Seneca co., Ohio, intersected by Mad river 
 and Lake Erie railroad. Pop., 1662. 
 
 Seneca, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Lenawee co., Michigan. Pop., 1092. 
 
 Seneca, a township in McHenry co., Il- 
 linois. Population, 836. 
 
 Seneca, a post-office of Whitesides co., 111. 
 
 Seneca Castle, a post-office of Ontario co., 
 New York. 
 
 Seneca Creek, of Montgomery co., Mary- 
 land, flows south-westward, and enters the 
 Potomac. 
 
 Seneca Ckeek, of Ohio, rises in Monroe 
 CO., and enters Wills creek, near Cambridge. 
 
 Seneca Falls, a post-township of Seneca 
 CO., New York, about 160 miles W. by N. 
 from Albany. Population, 4296. 
 
 Seneca Falls, a thriving post-village in 
 the above township, is situated on the outlet 
 of Seneca lake, and on the Central railroad, 
 43 miles W. S. W. from Syracuse. It con- 
 tains churches of 5 or 6 denominations, an 
 academy, 2 newspaper offices, and many 
 handsome dwellings and gardens. The Ca- 
 yuga and Seneca canal passes through the vil- 
 lage. It has abundant water-power, and a 
 variety of manufactories. The principal ar- 
 ticles produced are flour, cotton goods, ma- 
 chinery, paper, window sash, and farming 
 implements. Incorporated in 1831. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 3600. 
 
 Seneca Indians, a tribe formerly inhabit- 
 ing the western part of New York, but now 
 occupying a tract lying between the Neosho 
 river and the W. border of Missouri. 
 
 Seneca Lake, in the W. central part of 
 New York, lies between Tompkins and Seneca 
 counties on the E., and Steuben, Yates, and 
 Ontario counties on the W. It is about 35 
 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide. It is 
 very deep, and is never frozen over. The 
 surface is stated to be 216 feet above Lake 
 Ontario, or 447 feet above the Atlantic. The 
 1064 
 
 steamboat at present (June, 1853) leaves 
 Jefferson daily at about 9 a. m. for Geneva, 
 and returns at 3| p. m. The outlet of Crooked 
 lake enters Seneca lake, about 12 miles from 
 its N. extremity. 
 
 Seneca Mills, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Seneca River, New York, forms the out- 
 let of Canandaigua, Cayuga, Owasco, and 
 Skaneateles lakes, and after receiving the 
 waters of Onondaga lake, takes the name of 
 Oswego river. 
 
 Seneca River rises in the Blue Ridge, 
 near the S. boundary of North Carolina, and 
 flowing southerly, falls into the Tugaloo 
 river, in Anderson district. South Carolina. 
 
 Seneca River, a post-office of Cayuga co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Senecaville, a post-village of Guernsey 
 CO., Ohio, near Seneca creek, 10 miles S. E. 
 from Cambridge, contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Senex, a post-office of McLean co.. 111. 
 
 Sennett, a post-village in Sennett town- 
 ship, Cayuga co.. New York, on the Syracuse 
 and Rochester railroad, 4 miles N. E. from 
 Auburn. Population of the township, 2347. 
 
 Sentell's Store, a post-office of Bossier 
 parish; Louisiana. 
 
 Sepulga, a small river of Alabama, rises 
 in Butler co., and flowing southward, enters 
 Conecuh river, in Conecuh county. 
 
 Sepulga, a post-office of Conecuh co., Ala. 
 
 Sequatchie, or Sequatchy, a small river 
 of Tennessee, rises in Bledsoe county, and 
 flowing S. W., enters the Tennessee river in 
 Marion county, about two miles from the 
 frontiers of Georgia and Alabama. Length 
 estimated at 100 miles. 
 
 Serena, a post-office of La Salle co., 111. 
 
 Serepta, a small post- village of Warren co.. 
 New Jersej', about 6 miles N.E. from Belvidere. 
 
 Sergeant, a township in the S. part of 
 McKean co., Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 route of the Sunbury and Erie railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 172. 
 
 Sergentsville, a small post-village of 
 Hunterdon co.. New Jersey, about 5 miles S. 
 W. from Flemington. 
 
 Seruys, a village in Lake co., Illinois, 35 
 miles N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Service, a small post-village of Beaver co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Setauket, a post-village of Brookhaven 
 township, Sufi"olk county. New York, on the 
 N. side of Long Island, 58 miles E. by N. from 
 New York. It has a good harbor, and con- 
 tains several churches and stores. 
 
 Setzler's Store, a post-office of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Seven Islands, a post-office of Fluvanna 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Seven Islands, apost-office of Butts co., Ga. 
 
 Seven Leagues, a post-office of Smith co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Sevbnmile, a small post-village of Butler 
 CO., Ohio, 6 miles N. from Hamilton. 
 
SEV 
 
 SHA 
 
 Sevenmile Creek, a post-ofBce of Sauk 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Sevenmile Fokd, a post-office of Smyth 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sevenmile Prairie, a post-of&ce of Darke 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Seven Mountains, Pa. , a series of elevations 
 or mountains, situated on the S. W. border of 
 MiiSin co., dividing it from Centre county. 
 
 Seventy-Eight, a post-office of Johnson 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Seventy-Seven, a post-village in Johnson 
 CO., Iowa, on Iowa river, 16 miles S. by E. 
 from Iowa city. 
 
 Seventy-Six, a small post-village of Beaver 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Seventy-Six, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Seven Valleys, a post-office of York co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Severn, a small river of Maryland, rises 
 in Anne Arundel co., flows south-eastward, 
 passes by Annapolis, and enters the Chesa- 
 peake, 3 miles below. 
 
 Sevier, a county in the S. W. part of Ar- 
 kansas, bordering on Texas and the Indian 
 Territory, contains about 1300 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Little river, and bounded 
 on the S. by Red river. The surface of the 
 N. part is hilly. The staples are Indian corn 
 and cotton. In 1850 it produced 142,030 
 bushels of corn; 21,073 of sweet potatoes; 
 2254 bales of cotton, and 47,684 pounds of 
 butter. There were 3 tanneries, and 1 saddle 
 and harness manufactory. It contained 8 
 churches, and 264 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Paraclifta. Pop., 4240; 
 of whom 2868 were free, and 1372, slaves. 
 
 Sevier, a county of E. Tennessee, bordering 
 on North Carolina: area estimated at 520 
 square miles. It is drained by French Broad 
 and Little Pigeon rivers. The surface is 
 elevated and mountainous ; the soil of the 
 valleys is fertile and well watered. Indian 
 corn, oats, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 375,940 bushels 
 of Indian corn; 63,339 of oats, and 62,571 
 pounds of butter. It contained 9 churches, 
 1000 pupils attending public schools, and 60 
 attending other schools. Iron ore and lime- 
 stone are abundant. The French Broad river 
 is navigable by steamboats from this county 
 toitsmouth. Capital, Sevierville. Pop., 6920; 
 of whom 6517 were free, and 403, slaves. 
 
 Sevierville, or Sevier Court House, a 
 post-village, capital of Sevier co., Tennessee, 
 on Little Pigeon river, about 20 miles E. S. E. 
 from Knoxville. 
 
 Seville, a post-office of Madison co., Va. 
 
 Seville, a village of Medina co., Ohio, 104 
 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Seward, a post-township of Schoharie co.. 
 New York, 48 miles W. from Albany. Po- 
 pulation, 2203. 
 
 Seward, a township in Winnebago CO., 
 Illinois. Population, 330. 
 
 Seward's Point, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mei-y co.. 111., 50 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Sewee, a post-office of Meigs co., Tenn. 
 
 Sewell Mountain, a post-office of Fayette 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sewellsville, a post-office of Belmont co.O. 
 
 Sewickly, a township of Beaver co., Penn- 
 sylvania. See North Sewickley. 
 
 Sewickly, a township of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 11 rniles S. by YV. 
 from Greensburg. Population, 1470. 
 
 Sewickly Bottom, a post-office of Alle- 
 ghany CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sewickleyville, a post-village of Ohio 
 township, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the Ohio river and on the Ohio and Pennsyl- 
 vania railroad, 12 miles N. W. from Pitts- 
 burg. It contains seminaries for boys and 
 girls. Population in 1853, 800. 
 
 Sexton's, a post-village of Boone co.,Mo., 
 40 miles N. N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Sexton's Creek, a post-office of Clay co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Sextonville, a post-village in Richland 
 CO., Wisconsin, 56 miles W. from Madison. 
 It contains 2 stores, 1 hotel, 2 mills, and has 
 excellent water-power. Population, 130. 
 
 Seymonville, a post-office of Hardy co. , Va. 
 
 Seymour, anew township in New Haven co., 
 Connecticut, on the Naugatuck river and rail- 
 road, about 10 miles N. W. from New Haven, 
 contains 1 bank. Population, 1667. 
 
 Sharon A, a township in De Kalb co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 360. 
 
 Shackelford's, a post-office of King and 
 Queen co., Va., 67 miles E. from Richmond. 
 
 Shade, a township of Somerset co.. Pa., 16 
 miles N. E. from Somerset. Population, 1266. 
 
 Shade, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 Shade Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in the 
 E. part of Alleghany co., and falls into 
 Stony creek. 
 
 Shade Creek, of Ohio, enters the Ohio 
 Mver in Meigs county. 
 
 Shade Furnace, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Pa., 78 miles E. S. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Shade Gap, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Shade Mill, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Shade Mountain, Pennsylvania, extends 
 N. E. from the Juniata, along the S. E. bound- 
 ary of Mifflin, which it separates from Juni- 
 nta county, and into Union county, nearly to 
 the Susquehanna river. 
 
 Shadewell, a post-office of Albemarle co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Shady, a post-office of Johnson co., Tenn. 
 
 Shady Dale, a post- village of Jasper co., 
 Georgia, 117 miles W. by S. from Augusta. 
 It contains 2 churches and an academy. 
 
 Shady Grove, a small post-village of 
 Franklin co., Pennsylvania, about 60 miles 
 S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Shady Grove, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 1065 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 Shady Grove, a small village of Union dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Shady Grove, a small village of Forsyth 
 on., Georgia. 
 
 Shady Grove, a post-office of Union co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Shady Grove, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Shady Grove, a small village of Copiah 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Shady Grove, a post-office of Washington 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Shady Grove, a thriving post-village of 
 GJbsoR CO., Tennessee, 116 miles W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Shady Grove, a post-office of Crittenden 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Shady Grove, a small post-village of Dal- 
 las CO., Missouri. 
 
 Shady Hill, a post-office of Henderson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Shady Spring, a post-office of Raleigh co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Shaefferstowx, a post-borough of Leba- 
 non CO., Pennsylvania, 34 miles E. from Har- 
 risburg. It contains several churches and 
 stores. Population in 1850, 616. 
 
 Shaftsbury, a post-village in Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, on the Western Vermont rail- 
 road, 100 miles S. S. AV. from Montpelier. 
 Population of township, 1896. 
 
 Shakelford's, a post-office of King and 
 Queen co., Virginia. 
 
 Shaker Village, a post-village in Merri- 
 mack CO., New Hampshire, 12 miles N. by E. 
 from Concord. 
 
 Shaler, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 2002. 
 
 Shaler's Mills, a post-office of Knox co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Shalersville, a small mining village of 
 Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on Sawmill 
 river, about 2 miles W. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Shalersville, a post-township in the N. 
 central part of Portage co., Ohio, intersected 
 by Cuyahoga river. Population, 1190. 
 
 Shallotte, a post-office of Brunswick co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Shallow Ford, a post-office of Orange co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Shamokin creek, of Pennsylvania, falls 
 into the Susquehanna near Sunbury. 
 
 Shamokin, a post-township of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad, (un- 
 finished,) about 12 miles E. by S. from Sun- 
 bury. Population, 2191. 
 
 Shamokin, a flourishing post-village of 
 Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, on 
 Shamokin creek and on the railroad from 
 Sunbury to Pottsville, 18 miles E. S. E. from 
 the former. The Shamokin coalfield (anthra- 
 cite) is said to be as rich and extensive as any 
 in the state. One of the veins is stated to be 
 about 40 feet in thickness. Iron ore is also 
 1066 
 
 abundant in the vicinity, and the manufac- 
 ture of iron has been commenced. The vil- 
 lage contains several hotels, which are doing 
 an excellent business : a new one is now in 
 course of erection, at a cost of $14,000. 
 
 Shamokin Dam, a small post-village of 
 Union co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Shamony, a post-office of Burlington co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Shamrock, a new and thriving village of 
 Adams co., Ohio, on the Ohio river, 88 miles 
 above Cincinnati. It has stone quarries and 
 mills for sawing stone. 
 
 Shamrock, a post-village of Callaway co., 
 Missouri, 48 miles N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Shamrock Mills, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 Shanandoah, a post-office of Richland co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Shandaken, a post-township of Ulster co., 
 New York, 56 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 2307. 
 
 Shane's Crossings, a post-office of Mercer 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Shanesville, a post-office of Berks co.. Pa. 
 
 Shanesville, a village of Mercer co., Ohio, 
 on St. Mary's river, 124 miles W. N. W. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Shanesville, a thriving post-village of 
 Sugar Creek township, Tuscarawas co., 
 Ohio, 90 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. It has 
 several stores, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Shanksville, a post-village of Somerset 
 CO., Pa., 77 miles E. S. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Shannon , a new county in the S. S. E. 
 part of Missouri, has an area of 1080 square 
 miles. It is traversed in a S. E. direction 
 by the Current, an affluent of the Big Black 
 river, and also drained by Jack's fork and 
 by Big and Sinking creeks. The surface is 
 uneven, and partly covered with forests of 
 pine. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 56,713 bushels of corn; 2248 of 
 wheat, and 4639 of oats. Mines of copper 
 are found. Formed out of a part of Ripley 
 county, and named in honor of George Shan- 
 non, a member of Lewis and Clarke's company 
 to the Columbia river. Capital, Eminence. 
 Population, 1199, of whom 1190 were free, 
 and 9, slaves. 
 
 Shannon, a post-office of Muskingum co., 0. 
 
 Shannondale, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Shannondale Springs, Jefferson county, 
 Virginia, on the Shenandoah river, 5 miles 
 from Charlestown, and 160 miles N. from 
 Richmond. This beautiful and fashionable 
 watering-place is more easily accessible from 
 the Atlantic cities than any in Virginia. The 
 water is impregnated with the salts of lime, 
 maganesia, and soda. 
 
 Shannon HiLL,a small post-village of Gooch- 
 land CO., Va., 25 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Shannon's, a small village of Yallabusha 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
SHA 
 
 SUA 
 
 Shai^inon's, a post-office of Montgomery cc, 
 Texas. 
 
 SiiANNONsviLLE, a Tillage in Perry co., 
 Tennessee, on the Tennessee river, 90 miles 
 S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Shannonville, a small post-village of 
 Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, about 5 miles 
 W. from Norristown. 
 
 SiiAPLEiGH, a post-township in York co., 
 Maine, 77 miles S. W. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 1348. 
 
 Shaek River, a post-office of Ocean co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Sharon, a township in Hillsborough co., 
 New Hampshire, 35 miles S. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 226. 
 
 Sharon, a post-village in Windsor co., Ver- 
 mont, on White river, and the Vermont Cen- 
 tral railroad, 28 miles S. by E. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population of the township, 1240. 
 
 Sharon, a post-village in Noi-folk co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Boston and Providence 
 railroad, 17 miles S. by W. from Boston. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1128. 
 
 Sharon, a post- township in Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, on the W. side of Housatonic 
 river, about 40 miles W. by N. from Hartford. 
 Population, 2507. 
 
 Sharon, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Schohai-ie co., New York. 
 Population, 2632. 
 
 Sharon, a thriving village of Beaver co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Beaver 
 river, about 1 mile from the Ohio river, and 
 26 miles N. W. from Pittsburg. It has an 
 iron foundry and several boat-yards. 
 
 Sharon, a thriving post-borough of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Shenango creek 
 and the Erie canal, 16 miles W. from Mercer, 
 and very near the boundary of Ohio. It has 
 several stores and mills. Pop. in 1850, 541. 
 
 Sharon, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Potter co.. Pa. Population, 501. 
 
 Sharon, a post-village in Wythe co., Vir- 
 ginia, 245 miles W. by S. from Richmond. 
 
 Sharon, a post-village in Mecklenburg co., 
 N. C, 165 miles W. S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Sharon, a post-office of Chambers co., Ala. 
 
 Sharon, a post-village in Madison co., Mis- 
 sissippi, 30 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Sharon, a small village of Tipton co., Tenn. 
 
 Sharon, a township in the N. part of 
 Franklin co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleve- 
 land, Columbus, and Cincinnati railroad. 
 Population, 1025. 
 
 Sharon, a township in the E. part of Me- 
 dina CO., Ohio. Population, 1519. 
 
 Sharon, a thriving post-village of Noble 
 CO., Ohio, about 30 miles S. E. from Zanesville. 
 
 Sharon, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Richland co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleve- 
 land, Columbus, and Cincinnati, and the Mans- 
 field and Sandusky railroads. Pop., 1950. 
 
 Sharon, a post-township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Washtenaw co., Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 868. 
 
 Sharon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the North branch of Raisin river, 
 about 60 miles W. by S. from Detroit. 
 
 Sharon, a post-village in Whitesides co., 
 Illinois, 135 miles N. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Sharon, a post- village in Appanoose co., 
 Iowa, on Chariton river, 100 miles S. W. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Sharon, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 Population, 1169. 
 
 Sharon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 65 miles E. S. E. from Madison, has 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Sharon Centre, a post-village of Schoha- 
 rie CO., New York, 46 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 Sharon Centre, a post-village of Potter 
 CO., Pa., 192 miles N. N. W. from llarrisburg. 
 
 Sharon Centre, a post-village of Medina 
 county, Ohio, 112 miles N. N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. The township contains beds of 
 mineral fireproof paint, which is used ex- 
 tensively in the United States and in Europe. 
 
 Sharon Springs, a post-village and water- 
 ing-place of Schoharie countj'. New York, 
 about 50 miles W. from Albany. Here are 
 springs impregnated with sulphur, and a 
 large hotel called the Pavilion House. The 
 scenery in the vicinity is very interesting. 
 
 Sharonville, a post-office of King William 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sharonville, a post-village of Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio, 13 miles N. E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Sharonville, a village of Pike co., Ohio, 
 on the Scioto river, and Ohio canal, 55 miles 
 S. from Columbus. Population, about 200. 
 
 Sharpe's Store, a post-office of Lowndes 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Sharpesville, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Sharp Mountain, Pennsylvania, called 
 also Third Mountain, extends from N. E. to 
 S. W. throughout nearly the whole extent of 
 Schuylkill county. On the sides of this 
 mountain the river Schuylkill has many of 
 its sources : here also are found inexhaus- 
 tible beds of anthracite coal. 
 
 Sharpsbueg, a post-village of Indiana 
 township, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the right bank of the Alleghany river, 5 
 miles above Pittsburg. Boat building is the 
 principal business of the place. Population 
 in 1853, near 2000. 
 
 Shaepsburg, a small village of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Beaver and Erie canal, 
 11 miles W. by N. from Mercer. 
 
 Sharpsburg, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Md., 16 miles S. from Hagerstown. 
 
 Sharpsburg, a thriving post-village of 
 Bath CO., Kentucky, 38 miles S. from Maysville, 
 with which it is connected by turnpike. It 
 contains 3 churches, and 2 woollen factories. 
 
 Sharpsburg, a small village of Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Sharpsburg, a post-village in Marion co.< 
 Mo., 90 miles N. N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 1067 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 Sharp's Fork, a post-office of Athens co., 0. 
 
 Sharp's Island, in Chesapeake bay, off the 
 entrance to Pautuxent river. On the N. end 
 is a lighthouse showing a fixed light. 
 
 Sharp's Mills, a post-office of Harrison 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Sharpsville, a post-office of Highland co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Sharpsville, a post-village of Tipton co., 
 Indiana, on the Peru and Indianapolis rail- 
 road, 48 miles N. from the latter. 
 
 Sharp Top, a post-office of Cherokee co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Sharptown, a post-village of Salem co.. 
 New Jersey, on Salem creek, 10 miles N. E. 
 from Salem, contains a church, 1 mill, and 
 about 50 dwellings. 
 
 Sharptown, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Shartlesvillb, a post-village of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 65 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Shasta, a large county in the N. part of 
 California, bordering on Utah Territory and 
 separated from Oregon by the new county of 
 Siskiyou, has an area estimated at above 
 6000 square miles. It is bounded on the W. 
 by the Coast Range of mountains, and partly 
 on the S. by Red creek, and is drained by 
 the Sacramento and Pitt rivers, with Cotton- 
 wood, Antelope, and Clear creeks, and several 
 other streams, tributaries of the Sacramento 
 river. The surface is uneven, and in the N. 
 and N. E. parts mountainous. Soil fertile 
 along the streams. Barley, oats and hay are 
 the staples. In 1852 it produced 1430 bushels 
 of barley; 1200 of oats, and 3000 tons of hay. 
 There were 1036 mules, and 415 horses. The 
 capital employed in quartz mining amounted 
 to $94,700; in placer mining, $90,950, and in 
 other mining, $92,800. The whole product 
 of gold was about $2,500,000. The mines 
 of this county are very numerous. There is 
 hardly a river, creek, gulch, or ravine that 
 does not contain gold. Shasta county has 
 many mineral springs strongly impregnated. 
 The Soda springs, the most celebrated, are 
 situated near the Sacramento river, about 
 60 miles N. of Shasta city. There are twelve 
 or fourteen salt springs, which are capable 
 of producing sufficient salt to supply the 
 •whole state. Capital, Shasta. Pop., 4050. 
 
 Shasta, or Shasta City a post-town, capital 
 of Shasta county, California, is situated on 
 the Sacramento river, about 200 miles above 
 its junction with Feather river, and on the 
 main road from Sacramento City to Klamath, 
 225 miles nearly N. of San Francisco. 
 
 Shaste, shas'tee, or Shasta, a mountain 
 peak of the Cascade range, in the N. part of 
 California, in lat. about 41° 20' N., Ion. 122° 
 W. Height, about 14,000 feet. 
 
 Shaucks, a post-office of Morrow co., 0. 
 
 Shaumburg, a post-office of Cook co.. 111. 
 
 Shaver's Creek, a post-office of Hunting- 
 don CO., Pennsylvania, 95 miles W. by N. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 J068 
 
 Shavertown, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., New York, on the Popacton river, 15 
 miles S. by E. from Delhi. 
 
 Shawangijnk (shong'gum) river rises in 
 Orange co., New York, and after forming part 
 of the boundary between Ulster and Orange 
 counties, enters the Walkill river, in Ulster 
 county, about 14 miles W. S. W. of Pough- 
 keepsie. Its whole length is nearly 80 miles. 
 
 Shawangunk, a host-township iij the S. 
 part of Ulster co., New York, intersected by 
 the Delaware and Hudson canal. Pop., 4036. 
 
 Shawangunk, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 85 miles S. S. W. from Al- 
 bany. It has several mills and stores. 
 
 Shawangunk Mountains, a portion of the 
 Appalachian system, lying in the E. part of 
 New York, and extends through Orange and 
 Sullivan counties into Ulster. 
 
 Shawano, or Showanno Lake, Wisconsin, 
 in Oconto county, is about 6 miles long. Its 
 outlet joins Wolf river. 
 
 Shawnee, apost-village of Niagara co.,New 
 York, about 18 miles N. by E. from Buffiilo. 
 
 Shawnee, a post-office of Monroe co.. Pa. 
 
 Shawnee, a township in the S. part of 
 Allen CO., Ohio. Population, 716. 
 
 Shawnee, a township in Fountain co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1103. 
 
 Shawnee Indians, a tribe now dwelling W. 
 of the Mississippi, near the Kansas river. 
 
 Shawnee Mound, a post-office of Tippeca- 
 noe CO., Indiana. 
 
 Shawnee Prairie, a post-office of Fountain 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Shawneetown, a thriving post-town of 
 Gallatin co., Illinois, on the Ohio river, 9 
 miles below the mouth of the Wabash, and 
 260 miles below Louisville, Kentucky. It 
 derives its name from the Shawnee tribe of 
 Indians, who once occupied this site. The 
 landing is frequently visited by the steam- 
 boats which navigate the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi, and large quantities of produce are 
 shipped from the place, which is one of the 
 most commercial in the S. part of the state. 
 It was formerly the county seat. A newspa- 
 per is published here. Population in 1853, 
 about 2000. 
 
 Shaw's Mills, a post-office of Guilford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Shaw's Point, a post-office of Macoupin 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Shawsville, a post-office of Broome co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Shawsville, a post-office of H'arford co. , Md. 
 
 Shawsville, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Shawswick, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Indiana. Population, 2934. 
 
 Shayuen river, in the N. part of Minne- 
 sota, rises in a small lake, and flowing first 
 easterly, then southerly, then easterly, and 
 lastly towards the N., it falls into the Red 
 River of the North. Its whole length is esti- 
 mated at above 300 miles. 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 Sheakeesbtjbg, a post-village of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, 23 miles N. from 
 Greensburg. The post-office is Shearer's 
 Cross Roads. 
 
 Sheboygan, or Cheboygan, a river of Mi- 
 chigan, rises in the N. part of the lower pe- 
 ninsula, and flowing nearly N., enters the 
 strait of Mackinaw, about 12 miles from the 
 town of Mackinaw. 
 
 Sheboygan river, of Wisconsin, rises in 
 Fond du Lac county, near the S. end of Win- 
 nebago lake. After passing through the lake 
 and county of its own name, it enters Lake 
 Michigan at Sheboygan, the county seat. 
 The aboriginal name of this river was Shawb- 
 wa-way-gun, i. e. "the river that comes out 
 of the ground." A fall six miles from the 
 mouth affords a fine water-power. 
 
 Sheboygan, a county in the E. part of 
 Wisconsin, bordering on Lake Michigan, has 
 an area of about 500 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Sheboygan, Onion, and Mullet 
 rivers. The surface is nearly level, and the 
 soil fertile. A few years ago the whole 
 county was covered by a dense forest of 
 pine and other timber. Wheat, oats, pota- 
 toes, butter, and lumber are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 29,437 bushels of 
 wheat; 36,979 of oats; 52,885 pounds of 
 butter; 37,206 bushels of potatoes, and 1757 
 tons of hay. It contained 7 churches, 3 news- 
 paper offices, and 624 pupils attending public 
 schools. The rock which underlies the county 
 is limestone of good quality. The county is 
 liberally supplied with water-power. It is 
 intersected by a plank-road from Fond du Lac 
 to Lake Michigan, and by the Milwaukee and 
 Green Bay railroad, in progress. The settle- 
 ment began in 1836; it was organized in 1839, 
 and named from its principal river. Capital, 
 Sheboygan. Population, 8379. 
 
 Sheboygan, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Sheboygan, a thriving town, capital of She- 
 boygan county, Wisconsin, is situated on Lake 
 Michigan, at the mouth of a river of its own 
 name, 62 miles N. from Milwaukee, and 110 
 N. E. from Madison. The Milwaukee and 
 Green Bay railroaid, in progress, passes 
 thi'ough it, and a plank-road about 40 miles 
 in length has been completed to Fond du Lac. 
 Sheboygan was settled in 1836, abandoned in 
 1840, and in 1845 it had 150 inhabitants. It 
 now contains churches of 7 denominations, 4 
 newspaper offices, and about 2000 inhabitants : 
 $30,000 have been expended in improving the 
 harbor within the past year. Large quantities 
 of lumber and other articles are shipped here 
 in steamboats. 
 
 Sheboygan Falls, a post-township in the 
 central part of Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Sheboygan Falls, a thriving post-village 
 in the above township, on Sheboygan river, 
 6 miles from its entrance into Lake Michigan, 
 and 56 miles N. from Milwaukee. The plank- 
 road leading from Fond du Lac to Lake Michi- 
 
 gan passes through the village. The riveP 
 furnishes abundant water-power, which gives 
 motion to mills of various kinds. Lumber is 
 maniifactured here from pine and other tim- 
 ber. The village has 3 churches. 1 2 stores, 1 
 foundry, and 200 dwellings. Population in 
 1853, about 800. 
 
 Sheepscott river, of Maine, rises in Waldo 
 county, and falls into the Atlantic in Lincoln 
 county. Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 Sheepscott Beidgb, a post-village in Lin- 
 coln CO., Maine. 
 
 Sheetz's Mills, a post-office of Hampshire 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sheffield, a post-township in Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont, 37 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 797. 
 
 Sheffield, a post-village in Berkshire Co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Housatonic river and 
 railroad, about 120 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Boston. Population of the township, 2769. 
 
 Sheffield, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Warren co., Pennsylvania, in- 
 tersected by the route of the Sunbury and 
 Erie railroad. Population, 317. 
 
 Sheffield, a post-village in Newton co., 
 Georgia, 65 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Sheffield, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. 
 
 Sheffield, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 845. 
 
 Sheffield, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Lorain co., Ohio. Population, 906. 
 
 Sheffield, a mining village of Meigs co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, about 2 miles below 
 Pomeroy. 
 
 Sheffield Lake, a post-office of Lorain 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Shehola, a post-office of Pike co., Pa. 
 
 Sheilville, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Shelburn, a post-village in Chittenden co., 
 Vermont, near Lake Champlain, on the Rut- 
 land and Burlington railroad. Population 
 of the township, 1257. 
 
 Shelburn, a post-office of Lee co.. 111. 
 
 Shelbuene, a post-village in Coos co.. New 
 Hampshire, on the Androscoggin river and on. 
 the Atlantic and St. Lawrence railroad, 91 
 miles N. E. from Concord. Population of the 
 township, 480. 
 
 Shblburne, a post-township in Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts, on Deerfield river, 95 
 miles W. by N. from Boston. Pop., 1239. 
 
 Shelburne Falls, a flourishing manufac- 
 turing post-village in the above township, on 
 the N. side of Deerfield river, about 90 miles 
 N. W. by W. from Boston. It contains 1 or 2 
 churches, an academy, and 1 large scythe 
 manufactory. Population, about 1000. 
 
 Shelby, a county in the N. central part 
 of Alabama, has an area of 970 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Cahawba river; 
 the Coosa forms its entire boundary on the 
 E. The surface is diversified by hills and 
 valleys ; the soil is fertile, well supplied with 
 springs, and finely adapted to the production 
 1069 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 of grain, cotton, and pasture. In 1850 there 
 ■were raised 3737 bales of cotton; 384,389 
 bushels of Indian coi'n ; 67,763 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 51,909 of oats. It contained 3 
 grist and saw mills, 1 tannery, and 1 iron 
 foundry; 992 pupils attending public schools. 
 A part of the surface is covered with forests 
 of oak, pine, &c. Extensive beds of stone 
 coal and iron ore are found. The county 
 contains several mineral springs. It is in- 
 tersected by the route of the Selma and Ten- 
 nessee River railroad. Capital, Columbiana. 
 Population, 9536; of whom 7160 were free, 
 and 2376, slaves. 
 
 Shelby, a county in the E. part of Texas, 
 bordering on Louisiana, contains 850 square 
 miles. Its E. border is washed by the Sa- 
 bine, and its W. by the Attoyac river. The 
 surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. The county a few years ago 
 was mostly covered with forests. In 1850 
 it produced 99,518 bushels of corn; 40,784 
 of sweet potatoes; 790 bales of cotton, and 
 63,435 pounds of butter. It contained 6 
 churches, and 213 pupils attending public 
 schools. Named in honor of the late Judge 
 Shelby, of Texas. Capital, Shelbyville. Po- 
 pulation, 4239 ; of whom 3278 were free, and 
 961, slaves. 
 
 Shelby, a county forming the S. W. extre- 
 mity of Tennessee, bordering on Mississippi : 
 area estimated at 510 square miles. The 
 Mississippi river forms its entire W. bound- 
 ary, and it is intersected by Wolf and Loosa- 
 hatchy rivers and Nanconnah creek. The 
 surface is nearly level. The soil is fertile, 
 and is extensively occupied by plantations 
 of cotton and Indian corn, which are the 
 staples. In 1850, Shelby county produced 
 837,827 bushels of corn ; 107,328 of sweet po- 
 tatoes; 76,108 of oats; 20,741 bales of cotton, 
 and 163,042 pounds of butter. It contained 
 43 churches, 11 newspaper offices, and 1810 
 pupils attending public schools. The Mem- 
 phis and Charleston railroad (unfinished) 
 terminates in this county at the city of Mem- 
 phis. Capital, Raleigh. Population, 31,157 ; 
 of whom 16,797 were free, and 14,300, slaves. 
 
 Shelby, a county towards the N. part of 
 Kentucky, has an area of 465 square miles. 
 It is drained by Beech, Clear, Brashears, Fox, 
 and Sixmile creeks. The general surface 
 is undulating, and adorned with forests of 
 fine timber ; the soil has a substratum of 
 red clay, and is friable and remarkably fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hemp, and 
 grass are the staples : horses, cattle, mules, 
 swine, bagging, and ropes are the chief ar- 
 ticles of export. In 1850 this county produced 
 more corn than any other in the state, and 
 more wheat than any other, excepting .lefFer- 
 son. There were raised in that year 1,731,740 
 bushels of corn; 83,931 of wheat; 188,956 
 of oats, and 1022 tons of hemp. It contained 
 45 churches, 1 newspaper office, 813 pupils 
 1070 
 
 attending public schools, and 446 attending 
 academies or other schools. The principal 
 rock which underlies the surface is limestone. 
 The county is intersected by the Louisville 
 and Frankfort railroad, and by several turn- 
 pike-roads. Shelby county is among the 
 most populous and wealthy divisions of the 
 state. Organized in 1792, and named in 
 honor of Governor Isaac Shelby. Capital, 
 Shelbyville. Population, 17,095; of whom 
 10,478 were free, and 6617, slaves. 
 
 Shelby, a county in the W. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 425 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Miami river, and also 
 drained by Loramies creek. The southern 
 part is undulating, and in some places hilly; 
 the northern is flat table-land, forming part 
 of Loramies summit, 378 feet higher than 
 Lake Erie. The soil has a substratum of 
 clay, and is productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, and live stock are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 439,798 bushels 
 of corn; 89,109 of wheat; 108,870 of oats, 
 and 7205 tons of hay. It contained 25 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 2597 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 154 attending 
 an academy. The county is intersected by 
 the Miami canal, the Bellefontaine and In- 
 diana railroad, and the Dayton and Michigan 
 railroad. Organized in 1819. Capital, Sid- 
 ney. Population, 13,958. 
 
 Shelby, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Indiana, contains about 400 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Blue river and Sugar 
 creek. The surface is nearly level ; the soil 
 is fertile, especially after it has been drained. 
 The staples are wheat, Indian corn, oats, &c. 
 In 1850 this county produced 1,231,884 
 bushels of corn; 118,820 of wheat; 54,776 
 of oats, and 3892| tons of hay. There were 
 28 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 5938 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 60 attending 
 an academy. It contains extensive forests 
 of the oak, beech, ash, walnut, &c., and is 
 amply supplied with water-power. It is in- 
 tersected by the Lawrenceburg and Missis- 
 sippi railroad, and three short lines meet at 
 Shelbyville, the capital. Organized in 1822. 
 Population, 15,502. 
 
 Shelby, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 790 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Kaskaskia river, di- 
 viding it into nearly equal parts, and also 
 drained by the Little Wabash, and by the 
 South Fork of Sangamon river. The surface 
 is moderately undulating, and diversified by 
 prairies and forests ; the soil is fertile-, well 
 watered, and easily cultivated. A portion 
 of the Grand Prairie is included in this coun- 
 ty : the timber is mostly distributed along 
 the rivers and creeks. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, pork, and butter are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 the county produced 757,382 
 bushels of corn ; 21,998 of wheat ; 96,504 of 
 oats, and 124,943 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 10 churches, and 869 pupils attending 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 public schools. The Illinois Central, and the ] 
 Alton and Terre Haute railroads are located 
 through the county. Capital, Shelbyville. 
 Population, 7807. 
 
 Shelby, a county in the E. N. E. central 
 part of Missouri, contains about 500 square 
 miles. It is drained by the South Fabius, 
 Salt, and North rivers, affluents of the Mis- 
 sissippi river. The surface is undulating, 
 and the soil in general is fertile. Rather 
 more than half of the county is occupied by 
 prairies, which are based on limestone, and 
 usually contain no swamp or stagnant water. 
 The deficiency of timber is partly compen- 
 sated by the abundance of stone coal, which 
 is found here. Indian corn, wheat, and oats, 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 278,435 bushels of corn; 22,477 of 
 wheat; 33,718 of oats, and 67,655 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 5 churches, and 1051 
 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Shelbyville. Population, 4253 ; of whom 
 3755 were free, and 498, slaves. 
 
 Shelby, a new county in the W. part of 
 Iowa, contains about 550 square miles. The 
 Boyer river, an affluent of the Missouri, flows 
 through the county in a S. AV. direction. It is 
 not yet organized, and has few inhabitants. 
 
 Shelby, a post-township of Orleans co.. 
 New York, on the Erie canal, 16 miles E. 
 from Lockport. Population, 3082. 
 
 Shelby, a post-village, capital of Cleveland 
 CO., North Carolina, on an affluent of Broad 
 river, 190 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. The 
 seat of justice was established here in 1841. 
 
 Shelby, a post-office of Austin co., Texas. 
 
 Shelby, a thriving post- village of Richland 
 county, Ohio, on the railroad between San- 
 dusky and Mansfield, at the junction of the 
 Cleveland aud Columbus railroad, 68 miles 
 N. by E. from Columbus. Population in 
 1853, about 700. 
 
 Shelby, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Macomb co., Michigan. Population, 1482. 
 
 Shelby, a township in JeflFerson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1637. 
 
 Shelby, a township in Tippecanoe co., In- 
 diana. Population, 741. 
 
 Shelby's Basin, a post-village of Orleans 
 CO., New York, on the Erie canal, 15 miles 
 E. from Lockport. 
 
 Shelby's Creek, a post-office of Tippah 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 ShelbySprings, post-office, Shelby CO., Ala. 
 
 Shelbyville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Shelby co., Texas, 325 miles by the 
 iisual route E. N. E. from Austin city. It con- 
 tains a court house and six stores. The situa- 
 tion is high and healthy. Settled about 1836. 
 
 Shelbyville, a post-village, capital of 
 Bedford couuty, Tennessee, on Duck river, 
 59 miles S. S. E. from Nashville, contains a 
 court house, a bank, newspaper office, and 
 several churches. A branch of the Nashville 
 and Chattanooga railroad terminates here. 
 Population, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Shelbyville, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Shelby county, Kentucky, on Clear 
 creek, and on the turnpike from Louisville 
 to Frankfort, 30 miles E. from the former. 
 It is situated in a beautiful and fertile coun- 
 try. Shelby College, of this place, was 
 founded in 1836, and has near 100 students. 
 The village contains a large new court house, 
 8 or 9 churches, 3 flourishing seminaries for 
 young ladies, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, and se- 
 veral manufactories. Pop. in 1858, about 2000. 
 
 Shelbyville, a flourishing post- village, ca- 
 pital of Shelby county, Indiana, is pleasant- 
 ly situated on the left bank of the Blue 
 river, 26 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 Three railroads meet at this point, viz. the 
 Shelbyville and Knightstown, the Rushville 
 and Shelbyville, and the Shelbyville Lateral. 
 One newspaper is published here. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Shelbyville, a post-village, capital of 
 Shelby county, Illinois, on the Kaskaskia 
 river, at the crossing of the Alton and Terre 
 Haute railroad, 60 miles S. E. from Spring- 
 field. It contains a brick court house and 
 numerous stores. 
 
 Shelbyville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Shelby county, Missouri, is pleasantly 
 situated on the border of a beautiful prairie, 
 90 miles N. N. E. from Jefi"erson City. The 
 railroad extending from Hannibal to St. Jo- 
 seph will probably pass through Shelbyville. 
 
 Sheldon, a post-village in Franklin co., 
 Vermont, near the Missisque river, 54 miles 
 N. W. from Montpelier, contains one bank. 
 Population of the township, 1814. 
 
 Sheldon, a post-village in Sheldon town- 
 ship, Wyoming county. New York, 15 miles 
 W. from Warsaw. It has 2 or 3 churches. 
 Population of the township, 2527. 
 
 Sheldonville, a post-office of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Sheldrake, a post-office of Seneca co., 
 New York. 
 
 Shelemiah, a post-office of Cecil co., Md. 
 
 Shell Bluff, a small village of Burke co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Shell Point, a post-office of Wakulla co., 
 Florida. 
 
 Shell River, of St. Croix co., Wisconsin, 
 enters the St. Croix river at the N. W. extre- 
 mity of the county. The Indian name is 
 Kayesikang. 
 
 Shell Rock Creek, of Iowa, rises near the 
 N. border of the state, and unites with Lime 
 creek in Floyd co., to form the English river. 
 
 Shelltown, post-village of Ocean co.. New 
 Jersey, on Crowswick's creek, 10 miles S. by 
 E. from Trenton. 
 
 Shelocta, a post-village of Indiana co., 
 Pennsylvania, 165 miles W. by N. from Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Shelter Island, a post-township of Suf- 
 folk CO., New York. It lies between Great 
 Peconic and Gardiner's bays, about 100 
 miles E. from New York. Population, 386. 
 1071 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 Shelton, a township in Warrick co., In- 
 diana. Population, 532. 
 
 Sheltonville, a post-village of Forsyth co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Shenandoah river, of Virginia, the largest 
 affluent of the Potomac, is usually described 
 as formed by the North and South forks, 
 which unite near Front Royal in AYarren 
 county. The South fork, or Shenandoah 
 proper, rises in Augusta and Rockingham 
 counties, by thre^e branches, called North, 
 Middle, and South rivers, which unite at Port 
 Republic in the county last named. It pur- 
 sues a north-easterly course, nearly parallel 
 with the Blue Ridge, which is only a few 
 miles distant, and falls into the Potomac at 
 Harper's Ferry, just above its passage 
 through the mountain. The distance by the 
 windings of the river, from its mouth to Port 
 Republic, is estimated at 170 miles. This 
 river flows through the great valley of Vir- 
 ginia, an excellent tract for the growth of 
 grain. It affords an ample supply of water- 
 power at numerous points, and also extensive 
 facilities for navigation. Small boats called 
 gondolas ascend the main stream about 100 
 miles above Front Royal. 
 
 Shenandoah, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Virginia, forming part of the great 
 limestone valley which extends along the W. 
 base of the Blue Ridge. The area is about 
 500 square miles. It is drained by the N. 
 fork of the Shenandoah river, from which 
 the name is derived. The surface is diversi- 
 fied by valleys and ridges. The soil is gene- 
 rally productive. Wheat, corn, oats, hay, 
 butter, and live stock are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 196,338 bushels of 
 wheat; 167,025 of Indian corn; 34,963 of 
 oats ; 4641 tons of hay, and 79,196 pounds 
 of butter. There were 19 flour mills, 3 saw 
 mills, 1 wool-carding mill, and 8 tanneries. 
 It contained 10 churches, and 130 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The rocks which un- 
 derlie the county are blue limestone, slate, and 
 sandstone. Iron ore is abundant, and affords 
 an article of export ; lead and copper also 
 are found. There were in 1852, 4 iron fur- 
 naces and 4 forges in operation. A railroad 
 extends from Strasburg in this county to Alex- 
 andria. Capital, Woodstock. Pop., 13,768; 
 of whom 12,857 were free, and 911, slaves. 
 
 Shenandoah, New York. See Shinandoah. 
 
 Shenandoah Iron Wokks, a post-office of 
 Page CO., Virginia. 
 
 Shenandoah Springs, a post-office of She- 
 nandoah CO., Virginia. 
 
 Shenango creek, rises in the N. W. part 
 of Pennsylvania, and after flowing in a south- 
 erly direction, unites with the Mahoning in 
 Lawrence co., and forms the Beaver river. 
 
 Shenango, a township of Lawrence coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Ohio 
 river, about 30 miles N. from Beaver. Po- 
 pulation, 2476. 
 
 Shenan(!0, a township forming the S. W. 
 1072 
 
 extremity of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, 
 intersected by the Shenango creek, and the 
 Beaver and Erie canal. Population, 1574. 
 
 Shenevas, a post-office of Otsego co., N. Y. 
 
 Shenevas Creek, of Otsego co., near the 
 centre of New York, flows into the E. branch, 
 of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Shepaxjg River, a fine mill stream of Con- 
 necticut, rises in Litchfield co., and falls into 
 the Housatonic in New Haven county. 
 
 Shepherd's Grove, a post-office of Cul- 
 pepper CO., Virginia. 
 
 Shepherdstown, a small post-village of 
 Cumberland co., Pennsylvania, 8 miles S. W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Shepherdstown, a post-town of Jefi"ersou 
 county, Virginia, on the Potomac river, near 
 the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 12 miles 
 above Harper's Ferry. It is a place of con- 
 siderable trade. A small stream which 
 passes through the town affords motive-power 
 for several flouring mills. Shepherdstown 
 has 4 churches, and 3 newspaper offices. Po- 
 pulation estimated at 1600. 
 
 Shepherdstown, a post-village of Belmont 
 CO., Ohio, 7 miles N. W. from St. Clairsville. 
 
 Shbpherdsvillb, a post-village, capital of 
 Bullitt county, Kentucky, on Salt river, 18 
 miles S. from Louisville. It has 1 church 
 and an academy. The Louisville and Nash- 
 ville railroad passes through it. 
 
 Sheppardtown, a village and steamboat 
 landing of Alabama, on the Black Warrior 
 river, below Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Sherburne, a township in Rutland co., 
 Vermont, 46 miles S. by W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 578. 
 
 Sherburne, a post-village in Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, 22 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Boston, contains several churches. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 1043. 
 
 Sherburne, a post-village in Sherburne 
 township, Chenango county. New York, on 
 the Chenango river and canal, 43 miles S. S. 
 W. from Utica. It contains Baptist, Episco- 
 pal, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, 
 an academy, a furnace, and several ware- 
 houses. Population of the township, 2623. 
 
 Sherburne, a township in Will co., Illinois. 
 Population, 453. 
 
 Sberburn Mills, a post-village of Fleming 
 county, Kentucky, on Licking river, about 10 
 miles S. W. from Flemingsburg. It has 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Sherburnville, a post-office of Will co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Sheridan, a post-township of Chautauque 
 CO., New York, on Lake Erie, intersected by 
 the Erie railroad. Population, 2173. 
 
 Sheridan, a township in the E. part of Cal- 
 houn CO., ]\Iichigan, on the Michigan Central 
 railroad. Population, 972. 
 
 Sherman, a post-township in Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, 50 miles S. W. from Hartford. 
 Population, 984. 
 
 Sherman, a post-township of Chautauque 
 
SHE 
 
 SHI 
 
 CO., New York, 10 miles S. W. from Maysville. 
 Population, 1292. 
 
 Sherman, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Grayson co., Texas, is about 270 miles N. 
 from Austin City, and 12 miles S. from Red 
 river. It is situated in a large and fertile 
 prairie. Laid out about 1815. 
 
 Sherman, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Huron co., Ohio, intersected by the Mans- 
 field and Sandusky railroad. Pop., 1134. 
 
 Sherman, a post-township in the S. E. 
 pai't of St. Joseph co., Mich. Pop., 3G4. 
 
 Sherman, a post-office of Cook co.. 111. 
 
 Sherman's Creek, of Perry co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Susquehanna river. 
 
 Shermansdale, a post-office of Perry co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sherman's Hollow, a post-office of Yates 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Sherbianville, a village in Burrillville 
 township, Providence co., Rhode Island, on 
 the route of the proposed Woonsocket and 
 Union railroad, about 20 miles N. W. of 
 Providence. It contains 1 large woollen mill, 
 recently erected, employing 175 hands, and 
 1 store. Value of goods manufactured per 
 annum, $310,000. Pop., about 400. 
 
 Sheeodsville, a post-office of Carroll co. 0. 
 
 Sherrill's Ford, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., N. C, 159 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Sherwood, a post-office of Henry co., Tenn. 
 
 Sherwood, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Branch co., Michigan. 
 Population, 686. 
 
 Sherwood's Corners, a post-village of 
 Cayuga co., New York, 14 miles S. by W. 
 from Auburn. 
 
 Shesequin, a post-township of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 7 miles N. from Towanda. 
 Population, 1455. • 
 
 Shetucket river, a fine mill stream in the 
 E. part of Connecticut, is formed by the union 
 of several branches in Tolland and Windham 
 counties, and flowing S. E., unites with the 
 Yantic at Norwich, to form the Thames. 
 
 Shiawassee river, of Michigan, rises in 
 Oakland county, flows N. W. and then N., 
 and unites with the Flint to form the Saginaw 
 river, near the centre of Saginaw comity. 
 
 Shiawassee, a county in the central part 
 of Michigan, contains 544 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Shiawassee river, and 
 also drained by the sources of the Maple and 
 Looking-glass rivers. The surface is partly 
 level and partly undulating. Dense forests 
 overspread the north part, and the other 
 portions consist of timbered openings. The 
 soil is a fertile, sandy loam. The county is 
 well adapted to the dairy business, and to 
 wool growing. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 potatoes, hay, wool, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 71,337 bushels of wheat; 57,065 of corn; 
 33,137 of oats, and 7422 tons of hay. It 
 contained 1 church, 1 newspaper office, and 
 1562 pupils attending public schools. A mine 
 
 of stone coal has been opened near Corunna, 
 the county seat. Population, 5230. 
 
 Shiawassee, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Shiawassee co., Mich. Pop., 810. 
 
 Shiawassee, a small post-village in the 
 above township, on the river of its own name, 
 30 miles N. E. from Lansing, contains a store 
 and 1 or 2 mills. 
 
 Shicksiiinny, a post-office of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Shield, a township in Lake co., Illinois. 
 Population, 554. 
 
 Shieldsborough, a thriving post-village, 
 capital of Hancock county, Mississippi, on 
 St. Louis bay, which opens into Lake Borgne, 
 212 miles S. hy E. from Jackson. It con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, 1 or 2 
 churches, a newspaper office, and several 
 stores. Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Shielville, a village of Hamilton co., In- 
 diana, 35 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Shienne River, of Missouri Territory, 
 flows easterly, and falls into Missouri river, 
 in about 44° 20' N. lat. Length, 200 miles. 
 
 Shikagua River, Iowa. See Skunk River. 
 
 Shiloh, a post-village of Cumberland co.. 
 New Jersey, 5 miles N. N. W. from Bridgeton, 
 contains a church and about 25 dwellings. 
 
 Shiloh, a post-office of King George co. , Va. 
 
 Shiloh, a post-village in Camden co., North 
 Carolina, 226 miles N. E. by E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Shiloh, a post-village of Sumter dist., S.C. 
 
 Shiloh, a post-office of Marengo co., Ala. 
 
 Shiloh, a post-office of Union parish, La. 
 
 Shiloh, a post-oiEce of Gibson co., Tenn. 
 
 Shiloh, a post-village of Callaway co., Ky. 
 
 Shinandoah, or Shenandoah, a post- village 
 of Dutchess co.. New York, 12 miles S. E. 
 from Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Shin Creek, a post-office of Sullivan co.N. Y. 
 
 Shingle Creek, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 Shin Hollow, a railroad station in Orange 
 CO., New York, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 92 miles from New York city. 
 
 Shinnecock Bay, Sufi'olk co., New York, 
 on the south side of Long Island, is 10 or 12 
 miles long, and separated from the sea by a 
 narrow sandbeach. 
 
 Shinnston, or Shinnstown, a post-village 
 in Harrison co., Virginia, 225 miles N. \V. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Shippen, a post-township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of McKean co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 369. 
 
 Shippen, a township of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 8 miles W. from Wellsbo- 
 rough. Population, 298. 
 
 Shippen, a small village of Tioga co.. Pa. 
 
 Shippensburg, a new post-township of 
 Cumberland co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1766. 
 
 Shippensburg, a post-borough of Cumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania, on the Cumber- 
 land Valley railroad, 21 miles S. W. from 
 Carlisle. This is the oldest town in the 
 county, and the largest except Carlisle. It 
 1073 
 
SHI 
 
 SHO 
 
 is surrounded by a rich farming district, and 
 has an active business. A turnpike from 
 Carlisle to Chambersburg passes through the 
 place. A newspaper is published here. In- 
 corporated in 1819. Pop. in 1850, 1568. 
 
 Shippensville, a post-village of Clarion 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Bellefonte and 
 Erie turnpike, 5 miles N. W. from Clarion. 
 It has 1 church and several stores. 
 
 Shippingpokt, a village of Jefferson co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 2 miles below 
 Louisville. 
 
 Shiremantown, a post-village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pa., 4 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Shirland, a post-office of Alleghany co. Pa. 
 
 Shirland, a township in Winnebago co., 
 Illinois. Population, 853. 
 
 Shirley, a post-township in Piscataquis 
 CO., Maine, 85 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 250. 
 
 Shirley, a post-village in Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg railroad, at 
 the terminus of the Peterborough and Shirley 
 railroad. Population of the township, 1128. 
 
 Shirley, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Shirley, a township of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 17 miles E. S. E. from 
 Huntingdon. Population, 1615. 
 
 Shirley, a post-office of Tyler co., Va. 
 
 Shirley Mills, a post-office of Piscata- 
 quis CO., Maine. 
 
 Shirleysbukg, a post-village of Shirley 
 township, Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, on 
 Aughwick creek, 85 miles W. from Harris- 
 burg, contains several stores, and has rich 
 iron mines in the vicinity. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Shirley Village, a post-village in Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Massachusetts, 41 miles N. W. 
 from Boston. 
 
 Shirleyville, a post-village of Abbeville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Shoal Creek, of Tennessee and Alabama, 
 rises in the former, and flows through Lau- 
 derdale CO., Alabama, into Tennessee river, 
 a few miles above Florence. 
 
 Shoal Creek, in the W. S. W. part of Illi- 
 nois, is formed by the union of two branches 
 called the East and West forks. It flows 
 southerly into the Kaskaskia. 
 
 Shoal Creek, of Missouri, flows eastward 
 through Caldwell co., and enters Grand river 
 near the middle of Livingston county. 
 
 Shoal Creek, a post-office of Benton co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Shoal Creek, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Shoal Creek, a post-office of Newton co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Shoal Ford, a post-office of Limestone co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Shoals of Ogeechee, a manufacturing 
 post-village of Hancock co., Georgia, on the 
 Ogeechee river, 38 miles E. N. E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 Shoal Spring, a post-office of Giles co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 1074 
 
 Shoalwater Bay, on the W. coast of Wash- 
 ington Territory, forms part of the boundary 
 between Lewis and Pacific counties. 
 
 Shobee's Mills, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Shocco Springs, a post-office of Warren 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Shockey's Prairie, a post-office of Lamar 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Shoemaker's, a railroad station in Alle- 
 ghany CO., New York, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad, 362 miles from New York city. 
 
 Shoemakerstown, a pleasant village of 
 Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, on the Phila- 
 delphia and Doylestown turnpike, 9 miles N. 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Shoeneck, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Shokan, a post-office of Ulster co., N. Y. 
 
 Shokapee, a small village, capital of Scott 
 CO., Minnesota, on the right bank of St. 
 Peter's river, about 25 miles in a direct line 
 S. W. from St. Paul. 
 
 Shokokon, a post-office of Henderson co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Shoneaw, a post-office of Columbia co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Shongalo, a small post-village of Carroll 
 CO., Miss., 15 miles S. E. from Carrollton. 
 
 Shongo, a post-office of Alleghany co., N. Y. 
 
 Shoobata, a post-office of Clark co.. Miss. 
 
 Shooling Creek, a post-office of Cherokee 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Shopiere, a post-village in Turtle town- 
 ship, Rock CO., Wisconsin, 60 miles S. W. by 
 W. from Milwaukee. It contains 3 stores, 1 
 hotel, 2 mills, and a plough manufactory. 
 Population, 200. 
 
 Shop Spring, a post-office of Newberry 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Shop Spring, a post-office of Wilson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Shoreham, a post-township of Addison 
 CO., Vermont, on the E. side of Lake Cham- 
 plain, about 50 miles S. W. of Montpelier. 
 The village contains an academy. 
 
 Short Bend, a post-office of Dent co.. Mo. 
 
 Short Creek, of Ohio, falls into the Ohio 
 river in Jefferson county. 
 
 Short Creek, a post-office of Brook co., Va. 
 
 Short Creek, a small village of Lincoln 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Short Creek, a post-township forming 
 the S. E. extremity of Harrison co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1490. 
 
 Short Mountain, a small village of Can- 
 non CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Short Tract, a post-village of Alleghany 
 CO., New York, 10 miles N. from Angelica. 
 
 Shoshonees, or Snake Indians, a large 
 tribe inhabiting the central part of Oregon 
 Territory, on both sides of Snake or Lewis 
 river. 
 
 Showstown, a flourishing post-village of 
 Moon township, Alleghany co., Pennsj'lvania, 
 on the left bank of the Ohio, 17 miles below 
 
SHR 
 
 SID 
 
 Pittsburg. The chief business of the place 
 is steamboat building. Pop. in 1853, 1000. 
 
 Shkakleyville, a small village of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Shrete, a post-ofiBce of Wayne co., Ohio. 
 
 Shreveport, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Caddo parish, Louisiana, on the right 
 (W.) bank of Red river, about 300 miles by 
 land or 550 miles by water N. W. from Baton 
 Rouge, and about 30 miles below the "Great 
 Raft," which is the limit of navigation for 
 large steamboats. It is advantageously situ- 
 ated for trade, being in the midst of a rich 
 planting region, and the only accessible point 
 on the W. side of the river for more than 100 
 miles. Five or six steam packets regularly 
 navigate the river between this town and New 
 Orleans, during about 8 months of the year. 
 About 40,000 bales of cotton are received 
 here annually, and immense numbers of 
 cattle from Texas are shipped to the New 
 Orleans market. Shreveport contains 3 
 churches, 40 stores, 1 newspaper office, and 
 several steam mills. A railroad has been 
 surveyed from Vicksburg to Shreveport. Po- 
 pulation, about 3000. 
 
 Shrewsbury, a post-township in Rutland 
 CO., Vermont, intersected by the Rutland and 
 Burlington railroad, 59 miles S. by W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1268. 
 
 Shrewsbttrt, a post-township in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 38 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 1596. 
 
 Shrewsbury, a post-township of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey. It is intersected by the 
 Nevisink and Shrewsbury rivers. Pop., 3180. 
 
 Shrewsbury, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Nevisink river, 42 miles E. 
 by N. from Trenton, contains 4 churches, 2 
 stores, an academy, and about 30 dwellings. 
 
 Shrewsbury, a township of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 20 miles E. by N. from 
 Williamsport. Population, 225. 
 
 Shrewsbury, a township of Sullivan co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 26 miles E. N. E. from 
 Williamsport. Population, 195. 
 
 Shre'^sbury, a post-township of York co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1659. 
 
 Shrewsbuy, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the York and Baltimore turn- 
 pike, 14 miles -S. from York. Pop., 472. 
 
 Shrewsbury, a post-office of Kanawha co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Shrewsbury River, in the N. E. part of 
 Monmouth co., New Jersey, is a continuation 
 of Sandy Hook bay, separated from Nevisink 
 river by a narrow neck. 
 
 Shrub Oak, a post-office of Westchester 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Shufordville, a post-office of Buncombe 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Shullsburg, a post-village of Shullsburg 
 township, and capital of Lafayette county, 
 Wisconsin, 15 miles N. E. from Galena. It 
 is a depot for large quantities of lead mined 
 in the vicinity, and is a place of rapid growth. 
 
 It contains a brick court house, 4 or 5 
 churches, 15 stores, 5 hotels, 4 mineral ware- 
 houses, and several manufactories. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 1678 ; of the village in 
 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Shunk, a post-office of Sullivan co., Pa. 
 
 Shunk, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio. 
 
 Shusan, a post-village of Washington co., 
 New York, on the Albany and Rutland rail- 
 road and on Battenkill river, 43 miles N. N. 
 E. from Albany. 
 
 Shutesbury, a post-township in Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts, 76 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston. Population, 912. 
 
 Shutter's Cornbhs, a post-office of Scho- 
 harie CO., New York. 
 
 Shy Post, a post- village of Audrain co., 
 Mo., about 48 miles N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 SiAM, a post-office of Leon co., Texas. 
 
 Siasconset, a village at the S. E. extremity 
 of the Island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, 
 contains a fine hotel, and about 70 houses, 
 usually occupied only in the warm season. 
 It is a place of fashionable resort, celebrated 
 for its fine sea air and ocean scenery. 
 
 Si-as-law, apost-office of Lane co., Oregon. 
 
 Sibila, a post-office of Washington parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Sibley, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Minnesota, contains about 650 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the North Fork of 
 Crow river, on the S. E. by the St. Peter's, 
 and intersected by the South Fork of Crow 
 river. Minnetonka lake, near 30 miles long, 
 extends across the county. The surface is 
 generally undulating, and diversified by 
 prairies and woodlands ; the soil is produc- 
 tive. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. This county is not named 
 in the census of 1850, having been formed 
 since that year. Capital, Henderson. 
 
 Sibley, a small post-village of Jackson co., 
 Missouri, on the Missouri river, 16 miles N. 
 E. from Independence. It is a shipping point 
 for produce. 
 
 Sibley's Mills, a post-office of Wilkinson 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Sicily, a small post-village of Highland co., 
 Ohio, 16 miles W. of S. from Hillsborough. 
 
 Siddonsburg, a post-village of York cc, 
 Pennsylvania, 12 miles S. W. from Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Sideling Hill, Pennsylvania, a mountain 
 ridge extending from the Maryland line 
 across Bedford county, into Huntingdon as 
 far as the Juniata river, nearly parallel to 
 Cove or Tuscarora mountain. 
 
 Sideling Hill Creek rises in Bedford co., 
 Pennsylvania, and passes through Maryland 
 into the Potomac river. 
 
 Sidney, a post-township in Kennebec co., 
 Maine, on the W. side of the Kennebec river, 
 and intersected by the Androscoggin and 
 Kennebec railroad. Population, 1955 
 
 Sidney, a post-village in Sidney townsmp, 
 Delaware co., New York, near the Susque- 
 1075 
 
SID 
 
 SIL 
 
 hanna river, about 24 miles W. by N. from 
 Delhi. Population of the township, 1807. 
 
 Sidney, a post-office of Hunterdon co., N. J. 
 
 Sidney, a handsome post-village, capital of 
 Shelby county, Ohio, is situated in Clinton 
 township, on the Great Miami river, 72 miles 
 W. by N. from Columbus. The Bellefontaine 
 and Indiana railKoad intersects the Dayton 
 and Michigan railroad at this point. The 
 Site is an elevated plateau on the W. bank of 
 the river, having a public square in the 
 centre. The river affords a fine water-power 
 and a navigable feeder of the Miami canal 
 passes through the place. The village con- 
 tains about 6 churches, 1 of which is Catholic, 
 2 newspaper offices, a bank, and numerous 
 millsof different kinds. Laid out in 1819. Pop. 
 in 1850, 1302 ; in 1853 it is estimated at 2000. 
 
 Sidney, a post-village in Marshall co., In- 
 diana, 115 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Sidney, a small village of Champaign co., 
 Illinois, on the Salt Fork of Vermilion river, 
 about 10 miles S. E. from Urbanna. 
 
 Sidney, a small post-village of Fremont co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Sidney Centre, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Sidney Plains, a small post- village of 
 Delaware CO., New York, on the Susquehanna 
 river, about 100 miles W. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 SiDON, a post-office of Carroll co., Miss. 
 
 Siegel's Store, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 N. C, 180 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Sierra, se-er'ra a county toward the N. E. 
 part of California, bordering on Utah Terri- 
 tory. It is drained by the Yuba river, and 
 other smaller streams. The surface is uneven, 
 with some considerable elevations, among 
 which may be mentioned Saddle Peak, 7200, 
 Table Mountain, 8000, and Buttes, at the 
 head of the South fork of Yuba river, 9000 
 feet in height. In 1853 there were raised 
 2100 bushels of potatoes, and 610 of turnips. 
 This county contained 249 mules, 25 horses, 
 and 38 cows. The number of acres under 
 cultivation was 168. The capital employed 
 in quartz mining amounted to $9109, and in 
 placer mining, $134,051. Gold is abundant 
 in this county, and excellent limestone occurs. 
 Capital, said to be Downieville. Pop., 4855. 
 
 Sierra Blanca, a mountain, in the south- 
 ern interior of the Territory of New Mexico, 
 in lat. about 33° 50' N., Ion. 108° 40' W. 
 
 Sierra de Caballo, a mountain range in 
 the southern interior of New Mexico, in lat. 
 about 33° 10' N., Ion. 106° 40' W. 
 
 Sierra de la Lanterna, a mountain range 
 in the N. part of the Territory' of New Mexico, 
 lat. about 36° 20' N., Ion. 112° 15' W. 
 
 Sierra de la Platte, a mountain range 
 extending through the eastern part of Utah 
 Territory, in lat. about 98° 5' N., and from 
 Ion. 107° 30' to 109° 10' W. 
 
 Sierra del Carrizo, se-er'ra del ka-ree'so, 
 a detached range of mountains. New Mexico, 
 ji lat. about 36° N., Ion. 111° W. 
 1076 
 
 Sierra de los Jumanes, a portion of the 
 Sierra Madre range in the south-eastern part 
 of the Territory of New Mexico, in lat. about 
 33° 50' N., Ion. 106° 20' W. 
 
 Sierra de los Organos, se-er'ra da. loce 
 or'ga-noce, a range of mountains in the south- 
 eastern part of the Territory of New Mexico, 
 in lat. about 32° 5' N., Ion. 106° 25' W. 
 
 Sierra de San Juan, a mountain range 
 extending through the north-western part of 
 the Territory of New Mexico, and the south- 
 eastern part of Utah, from lat. about 36° 30' 
 to 38° 30' N., and from Ion. 106° 45' to 107° 
 30' Yi. Its length, following the curves, is 
 about 150 miles. 
 
 Sierra Morina, se-er'ri mo-ree'n,a or 
 Brown Mountains, of California, commence 
 about 10 miles S. from San Francisco, and 
 run through San Francisco county into Santa 
 Clara. The most elevated peaks are above 
 2000 feet high. 
 
 Sierra Nevada, se-er'ra ni-va'da, Cali- 
 fornia, an important mountain range extend- 
 ing from a point a little N. from the town of 
 Los Angeles northward, through the state, 
 into Oregon, where it terminates in the Cas- 
 cade range, which indeed may be regarded 
 merely as a continuation of the former. The 
 highest summits of the Sierra Nevada have 
 an elevation of near 16,000 feet. The San 
 Joaquin, the Sacramento, and several other 
 smaller rivers, have their sources in this 
 mountain chain. 
 
 Sierra Soledad, a range of mountains in 
 the southern part of the Territory of New 
 Mexico, in lat. about 32° 40' N. Ion., 106° 
 30' W. 
 
 SiGOURNEY, a thriving post-village of Keo- 
 kuk county, Iowa, 45 miles S. W. from Iowa 
 City. It is the largest place in the county, 
 of which it was formerly the capital. It is 
 stated that the seat of justice will again be 
 established here. Pop. in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Sill's Creek, a post-office of New Hanover 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Siloam, a post-village of Madison co.. New 
 York, 110 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Siloam, a post- village in Surry eft.. North 
 Carolina, 141 miles VV. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Siloam, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Silvan, a township in the W. part of Wash- 
 tenaw CO., Michigan, intersected by the Mi- 
 chigan Central railroad. Population, 924. 
 
 Silvan, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Central railroad, about 60 miles 
 W. from Detroit. 
 
 Silver Creek, of Mississippi, flows into 
 Sunflower river, in Washington county. 
 
 Silver Creek, of Indiana, rises in Clark 
 county, and enters the Ohio river, about 1 
 mile above New Albany. 
 
 Silver Creek, in the W. S. W. part of Illi- 
 nois, falls into the Kaskaskia river. 
 
 Silver Creek, a thriving post-village of 
 Chautauque county, New York, on Lake 
 
SIL 
 
 SIN 
 
 Erie, and on the Buffalo and State line rail- 
 road, 31 miles S. W. from Buffalo. It has a 
 steamboat landing; also a bank, 2 newspaper 
 offices, as well as several factories. The 
 exports and imports in 1851 were stated at 
 $312,905. 
 
 SiiVBR Creek, a post-ofiBce of Schuylkill 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Silver Creek, a small village of Lawrence 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Silver Creek, a post-oJEce of Maury cc, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Silver Creek, a township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Greene co., Ohio. Pop., 2565. 
 
 Silver Creek, a post-township forming 
 the N. W. extremity of Cass co., Michigan. 
 Population, 491. 
 
 Silver Creek, a township in Clarke co., 
 Indiana. Population, 880. 
 
 Silver Creek, a post-township in Stephen- 
 son CO., Illinois. Population, 603. 
 
 Silver Creek, a township in E-andolph co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1300. 
 
 Silver Creek, a post-office of Potawata- 
 mie CO., Iowa. 
 
 Silver Glade, a post-office of Anderson 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Silver Hill, a post-office of Davidson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Silver Lake, in the E. part of Wyoming 
 CO., New York, is connected by an outlet 
 with Genesee river. Length, 3 miles. 
 
 Silver Lake, a post-township of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania, about 9 miles N. by 
 W. from Montrose. 
 
 Silver Lake, a post-office of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Silver Lake, a post-office of Waushara 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Silver Run, a post-office of Talladega co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Silver Run, a post-office of Meigs co., 0. 
 
 Silver Spring, a township of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland Valley 
 railroad, about 10 miles W. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 2308. 
 
 Silver Spring, a small village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Silver Spring, a small village of Lancas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Silver Spring, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Silver Spring, a post-office of St. Francois 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Silver Springs, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Florida. 
 
 Silver-ton, a post-village in Barnwell dis- 
 trict, S. C, 90 miles S. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Silver Top, a post-office of Obion co., Tenn. 
 
 SiLVERViLLE, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Simmons, a post-office of Lawrence co., 0. 
 
 SiMMs' Port, a post-village in Avoyelles 
 par.. La., 237 miles N. W. from New Orleans. 
 
 SiMONSviLLE, a post- village in Windsor co., 
 Vermont, 89 miles S. from Montpelier. - 
 
 Simpson, a county in the S. central part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about 725 square 
 miles. Pearl river forms its W. boundary, 
 and it is intersected by Strong river. The 
 soil is sandy and sterile, mostly covered with 
 pine woods. Cotton and Indian corn are cul- 
 tivated. In 1850 this county produced 1851 
 bales of cotton ; 165,099 bushels of corn, and 
 83,207 pounds of rice. It contained 1 church, 
 220 pupils attending public schools, and 60 
 attending other schools. Named in honor 
 of Judge Simpson. Capital, Westville. Po- 
 pulation, 4734; of whom 3193 were free, and 
 1541, slaves. 
 
 Simpson, a county in the S. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee : area, esti- 
 mated at 375 square miles. It is drained by 
 Drake's creek. The surface is nearly level ; 
 the soil is highly productive. The staples are 
 Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. In 1850 this 
 county produced 516,168 bushels of corn; 
 145,855 of oats; 1,221,314 pounds of to- 
 bacco, and 521 bales of cotton. It contained 
 11 churches, 833 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 98 attending academies or other 
 schools. The rock found next to the surface 
 is generally limestone. Formed in 1819, and 
 named in honor of John Simpson, a member 
 of Congress from Kentucky. Capital, Frank- 
 lin. Population, 7733, of whom 5798 were 
 free, and 1935, slaves. 
 
 Simpson's, a post-office of Floyd co., Vir- 
 ginia, 211 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Simpson's Creek, a post-office of Taylor 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Simpson's Mill, a post-office of Laurens 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Simpson's Store, a small post-village of 
 Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SiMPsoNviLLE, a post-office of Howard co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 SiMPSONViLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Shelby co., Kentucky, on the turnpike from 
 Louisville to Frankfort, 30 miles AV. from the 
 latter. It has 3 churches, several stores, 
 and a steam mill. Population, 225. 
 
 SiMSBURY, a post-village in Hartford co., 
 Connecticut, on the New Haven Northamp- 
 ton, or Canal railroad, 11 miles N. W. from 
 Hartford. Population of the township, 2737. 
 
 Sinclair's Bottom, a post-office of Smyth 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 SiNCLAiRsviLLE, a village of Chautauque 
 CO., N. Y., about 50 miles S. W. from Buffalo. 
 
 SiNEPUXENT Bay, of Worcester co., Mary 
 land, a long, narrow bay, situated on the At 
 lantic coast, has an inlet of its own name, 
 which is in abaut 38° 10' N. lat. 
 
 Sing Sing, a post-village of Mount Pleasant 
 township, Westchester county, New York, on 
 the left or E. bank of the Hudson, and on the 
 Hudson River railroad, 33 miles N. from New 
 York. The village is situated on an acclivity 
 which rises to the height of about 200 feet. 
 On its summit is a range of elegant villas ex- 
 tending in the rear of the village nearly its 
 1077 
 
sm 
 
 SIX 
 
 whole length. The river here reaches its 
 greatest breadth, being nearly 4 miles across, 
 and the scenery in every direction is exceed- 
 ingly beautiful and picturesque. Sing Sing 
 is distinguished for its boarding schools. 
 Mount Pleasant Academy, an incorporated 
 institution, has a fine marble edifice, delight- 
 fully situated, and enclosed by spacious and 
 highly ornamented grounds. The number of 
 students is limited to fifty, for whom six in- 
 structors are employed. Horsemanship and 
 military tactics are taught in addition to the 
 branches usually pursued in such an institu- 
 tion. There is also another excellent board- 
 ing school for boys, occupying a large brick 
 edifice, and a female seminary of high repu- 
 tation, besides several other flourishing insti- 
 tutions. Sing Sing contains 4 churches, viz., 
 an Episcopal, a Presbyterian, a Methodist, 
 and a Baptist; a bank, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. The Croton aqueduct, which passes 
 through the village, is here an object of much 
 interest, being carried over the Sing Sing hill 
 by an arch of stone masonry, 88 feet between 
 the abutments, and 100 feet to the water. Sing 
 Sing is the seat of one of the New York state 
 prisons. It is situated immediately on the 
 bank of the Hudson, about three-quarters of 
 a mile S. from the village. The buildings are 
 of marble or limestone, and form three sides 
 of a square. The main edifice is 484 feet 
 long, 44 feet wide, and 5 stories high, con- 
 taining 1000 cells for prisoners. In 1852 the 
 number of criminals confined was 869. The 
 greater number of the convicts are engaged 
 in the various mechanic arts, but no inconsi- 
 derable portion are employed in working the 
 extensive marble quarries in the immediate 
 vicinity of the prison. The female convicts 
 occupy a fine marble building, 30 or 40 rods 
 E. from the male department. These prisons 
 are not enclosed by walls, but are guarded by 
 sentinels. Sing Sing is the centre of an active 
 trade. Steamboats plying between New York 
 and places along the Hudson touch at this 
 point. Population, about 8000. 
 
 Sinking Creek, a post-ofiBce of Botetourt 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sinking Spking, a post-village of Berks 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 50 miles E. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 364. 
 
 Sinking Spring, a thriving post-village of 
 Highland co., Ohio, 75 miles E. from Cin- 
 cinnati. Population, about 300. 
 
 Sinking Valley Mills, a post-office of 
 Blair co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SiNNEMAHONiNQ Creek, of Pennsylvania, 
 enters the W. branch of the Susquehanna, in 
 Clinton county. 
 
 SiNNEMAiioNiNO, a post-office of Clinton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SiNTA Bayou, of Alabama, flows into the 
 Tombigbee near Coffeeville. 
 
 Sioux, (usually pronounced soo,) a new 
 county in the W. N. W. part of Iowa, has an 
 area of about 1100 square miles. It is 
 1078 
 
 bounded on the W. by the Sioux river, and 
 also drained by the head waters of Floyd's 
 river, an affluent of the first-mentioned 
 stream. This coanty is not included in the 
 census of 1850. County seat not located. 
 
 Sioux Indians, a numerous and powerful 
 tribe, inhabiting the territory between the 
 Missouri and Mississippi rivei-s. 
 
 Sioux River, Minnesota Territory, rises in 
 a little lake in about 45° 20' N. lat., and 97° 
 20' W. Ion. Its general course is nearly S. 
 bv E. It unites with the Missouri river in 
 about 42° 30' N. lat., and 96° 20' W. Ion. The 
 whole length is estimated at 300 miles. 
 
 SiPESviLLE, a post-office of Somerset co. , Pa. 
 
 SippiCAN, a post-village in Plymouth co., 
 Massachusetts, on Buzzard's bay, 55 miles S. 
 by E. from Boston. The inhabitants are prin- 
 cipally engaged in the manufacture of salt. 
 
 SiPSEY RiYEB, of Alabama, called also New 
 River, rises near the E. border of Marion 
 CO., and flowing nearly southward and then 
 south-westward, enters the Tombigbee at the 
 N. extremity of Sumter co., about 12 miles 
 N. from Gainesville. 
 
 SiPSEY River, of Alabama, rises near the 
 N. border of Walker co., and flowing south- 
 easterly, enters the Mulberry fork of Black 
 Warrior. 
 
 Sipsey Turnpike, a post-office of Tusca- 
 loosa CO., Alabama. 
 
 Sir John's Run, a post-office of Morgan 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 SiBONA, a township in La Salle co., Illinois. 
 Population, 370. 
 
 Siskiyou, usually pronoiinced sis'e-kew, a 
 county in the N. part of California, bordering 
 on Oregon and Utah. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, drained by the Klamath and Pitt 
 rivers. Area about 7000 square miles. In 1853 
 it contained 1193 mules ; 1071 beef cattle, and 
 552 horses. There were raised 4715 bushels 
 of potatoes ; 1408 of oats, and 340 of barley. 
 Acres under cultivation, 309. Pop., 2240. 
 
 SissoNviLLE, a post-village in Kanawha 
 CO., Va., 333 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 SiSTERBALE, a post-office of Comal co., Tex. 
 
 Sister's Creek, a small stream of Erie co.. 
 New York, falls into Lake Erie. 
 
 SisTERViLLE, a thriving post-village of Ty- 
 ler county, Virginia, is pleasantly situated 
 on the Ohio river, about 35 miles below 
 Wheeling, and 9 miles W. from Middlebourn, 
 the county seat. It has a good landing for 
 steamboats, and it is the terminus of several 
 turnpike-roads extending toward the interior. 
 These advantages, together with the naviga- 
 tion of the Ohio, render this a place of active 
 trade, which is rapidly increasing. Coal 
 and iron ore are found in the vicinity. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, 1000. 
 
 Six Corners, a post-office of Richland co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 SixMiLE, a post-office of Jennings co., Ind. 
 
 SixMiLE Falls, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
SIX 
 
 SLE 
 
 SixMiLE Run, a post-village on the line 
 between Somerset and Middlesex counties, 
 New Jersey, contains a store, and 10 or 12 
 dwellings. 
 
 SixMiLE Run, a post-oflBce of Bedford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Six Runs, a post-office of Sampson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Skaneateles, or Skeneateles, (skan-e-af- 
 less) a post-township in the W. part of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York. Population, 4081. 
 
 Skaneateles, a beautiful post- village in the 
 above township, is situated at the foot or N. 
 end of Skaneateles lake, 7 miles E. N. E. from 
 Auburn. A branch railroad, 5 miles long, 
 connects it with the Central railroad. It con- 
 tains churches belonging to the Baptists, Me- 
 thodists, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and 
 Friends, and several seminaries. Three 
 newspapers are published. The village con- 
 tains iron foundries, machine shops, flour 
 mills, and manufactories of woollen goods, 
 carriages, and other articles. 
 
 Skaneateles Lake, in the central part of 
 New York, is about 16 miles long and from a 
 third to three-fourths of a mile wide. The 
 northern portion is included within the limits 
 of Onondaga county; the southern lies be- 
 tween Onondaga and Cayuga counties. The 
 scenery along its banks is highly picturesque 
 and romantic. 
 
 Skeel's Cross Roads, a post-office of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Ohio. 
 
 Skegg's Creek, a post-office of Barron co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Skeneateles. See Skaneajteles. 
 
 Skilesville, a small village of Muhlen- 
 burg CO., Kentucky, on Green river, 156 miles 
 S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Skilton, a township in Warrick co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 632. 
 
 Skinner's, a post-office of Benton co., Ogn. 
 
 Skinner's Eddy, a small post-village of 
 Wyoming co., Pennsylvania, on the Susque- 
 hanna river, about 150 miles N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Skinquarter, a post-office of Chesterfield 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Skippack township, Pa. See Perkiomen. 
 
 Skippack, or Skippackville, a post-vil- 
 lage of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, 86 
 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Skitt's Mountain, a post-office of Hall co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Skomywong, a small river of Marathon co., 
 Wisconsin, flowing S. W. Into Wisconsin river. 
 
 Skowhegan, a post- township of Somerset 
 CO., Maine, about 30 miles N. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1756. 
 
 Skowhegan, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Kennebec river, op- 
 posite Bloomfield, with which it is connected 
 by a bridge, about 30 miles N. by E. from 
 Augusta. It contains 3 newspaper offices, 
 several shoe manufactories, and 2 churches. 
 
 Skunk River, of Iowa, rises in Risley 
 
 county, near the centre of the state, and 
 flowing south-eastward, falls into the Missis- 
 sippi, about 8 miles below Burlington. Its 
 whole length is estimated at 250 miles. It 
 flows through a fertile farming country, and 
 furnishes extensive water-power. The basin 
 of this river is so near to those of the Des 
 Moines and Iowa, that its volume is small 
 compared with its length. It is sometimes 
 called Shikagua. 
 
 Slabtown, a village of Burlington co.. 
 New Jersey, contains 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 Slabtown, a small village of Montour co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 15 miles S. E. from 
 Danville. 
 
 Slabtown, a post-village in Anderson dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, 130 miles W. N. W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Slack, a post-office of Mason co., Ky. 
 
 Slade, a post-office of Lee co., Georgia. 
 
 Sladesville, a post-office of Hyde co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Slagle Creek, a post-office of Polk co.,Mo. 
 
 Slash, a post-office of Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 Slash Cottage, a small post-village of 
 Hanover county, Virginia, on the railroad 
 from Richmond to Fredericksburg, about 20 
 miles N. from the former. The railroad com- 
 pany have machine shops here. The great 
 orator, Henry Clay, was born near this place, 
 in the "Slashes of Hanover." 
 
 Slate, a post-office of Bath co., Kentucky. 
 
 Slate, a post-office of Jennings co., Ind. 
 
 Slateford, a post-office of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Slate Hill, a post-office of Orange co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Slate Hill, a post-office of York co.. Pa. 
 
 Slate Lick, a post-office of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Slate Mills, a post-office of Rappahan- 
 nock CO., Virginia. 
 
 Slate River, of Virginia, a small stream 
 rising in Buckingham county, and flowing 
 north-eastward, enters the .Tames river on 
 the N. E. border of that county. It is navi- 
 gable for boats to Maysville, 27 miles from 
 its mouth. 
 
 Slatersvillb, a manufacturing post-vil- 
 lage in Smithfield township. Providence coun- 
 ty, Rhode Island, about 13 miles N. W. by N. 
 from Providence. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 3 cotton mills, with 16,000 spindles, and 500 
 looms, employing 320 hands; also 1 sawmill, 
 1 grist mill, and 1 bank. Value of goods 
 manufactured annually, $288,000. A reser- 
 voir has recently been constructed, at a great 
 expense, materially increasing the water- 
 power of this place. Pop., about 1500. 
 
 Slaterville, a post-village of Tompkina 
 CO., N. Y., 10 miles E. S. E. from Ithaca. 
 
 Slatington, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pa 
 
 Slaughter's Creek, Texas, enters the Co- 
 lorado in the lower part of Travis county. 
 
 Sleepy Creek, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 1079 
 
SLE 
 
 SMI 
 
 Sleepy Creek, a post-office of Edgefield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Sleepy Creek Briuge, a post-office of 
 Morgan co., Virginia. 
 
 Sligo, a post-village of De Kalb co., Ten- 
 nessee, on Caney fork of Cumberland river, 
 and on the turnpike from Lebanon to Sparta, 
 70 miles E. by S. from Nashville. 
 
 Sligo, a small post-village of Henry co. Ky. 
 
 Sligo, a small post-village of Clinton co., 0. 
 
 Slippery Rock, a post-township in Butler 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 44 miles N. by W. 
 from Pittsburg. It includes the borough of 
 Centreville. Total population, 1768. 
 
 Slippery Rock, a township in the N. E. 
 part of Lawrence co., Pa. Pop., 1344. 
 
 Slippery Rock Creek rises in the W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, and flows into the Beaver river. 
 
 Sloansville, a post-village of Scoharie 
 CO., N. y., about 35 W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Sloatsburg, a post-office of Rockland co., 
 New York. 
 
 Sloyeesville, a post-office of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Slurmans, a village in Madison co., loAva, 
 135 miles W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Smackover, a township in Ouachita co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 612. 
 
 Smeed's Ferry, a small village of Onslow 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Smelser's Mills, a post-office of Rush co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Smeltzer, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Grant co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Smeltzer' s Grove, a post-office of Grant 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Smethport, a post-borough of Keating 
 township, capital of McKean county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on Potato creek, an affluent of the 
 Alleghany river, 196 miles N. W. from Har- 
 risburg. It has some trade in pine lumber, 
 ■which is floated down the Alleghany. The 
 town contains a brick court house, an acade- 
 my, 2 printing offices, aqd several mills. Large 
 coal mines have been opened in the county. 
 
 Smickseurg, a post-village of Indiana co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Little Mahoning creek. 174 
 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg 
 
 Smiley's Corners, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Smith, a county in the S. central part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about 620 square 
 miles. It is watered by Leaf river. The 
 surface is undulating or nearly level ; the 
 soil is sandy, sterile, and covered with pine 
 woods. Cotton and Indian corn are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 1111 
 bales of cotton; 128,641 bushels of corn, 
 and 46,450 of sweet potatoes. It contained 
 10 churches, 174 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 75 attending an academy. Named 
 in honor of Major Smith, a soldier of the 
 Revolution. Capital, Raleigh. Pop., 4071 ; 
 of whom 3073 were free, and 998, slaves. 
 
 Smith, a county towards the N. E. part of 
 Texas has an area of about 990 square 
 1080 
 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Sa- 
 bine river, on the W. by the Neches, and 
 drained by the sources of the Angelina. 
 The county includes a large proportion of 
 prairie land ; the soil produces Indian corn, 
 sweet potatoes, and cotton. In 1850 this 
 county yielded 125,565 bushels of corn; 
 30,820 of sweet potatoes ; 115 bales of cot- 
 ton, and 29,920 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 7 churches, and 130 pupils attending 
 public schools. Named in honor of General 
 James Smith, a resident of the county. Ca- 
 pital, Tyler. Population, 4292 ; of whom 
 3575 were free, and 717, slaves. 
 
 Smith, a county in the N. part of Tennes- 
 see : area estimated at 360 square miles. It 
 is traversed by the Cumberland river. The 
 surface is uneven and rather rough, but the 
 soil is generally rich. Indian corn, tobacco, 
 cattle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,066,410 bushels of 
 Indian corn; 97,755 of oats; 2,377,394 pounds 
 of tobacco; 122,972 of butter, and 3t), 881 of 
 wool. It contained 50 churches, 1718 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 80 attending 
 academies and other schools. The Cumber- 
 land river is navigable by small boats in this 
 part of its course. Capital, Carthage. Po- 
 pulation, 18,412; of whom 13,895 were free, 
 and 4517, slaves. 
 
 Smith, a township of Washington co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 24 miles W. by S. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1462. 
 
 Smith, a township of Bradley co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 697. 
 
 Smith, a township in the S. E. part of Bel- 
 mont CO., Ohio. Population, 1641. 
 
 Smith, a township in Greene co., Indiana. 
 Population, 313. 
 
 Smith, a township in Poesy co., Indiana. 
 Population, 765. 
 
 Smithborotigh, a post- village of Tioga co., 
 New York, on the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, 256 miles from New York city. The 
 village is connected with the opposite side 
 of the Susquehanna by a wooden bridge. 
 
 Smith Bridge, a post-office of Robeson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Smithdale, a post-village in Amite co., 
 Mississippi, 82 miles S. by W. from Jackson. 
 
 Smithfield, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Ttlaine, about 25 miles N. of Augusta. 
 Population, 873. 
 
 Smithfield, a township of Providence co., 
 Rhode Island, bordering on the Blackstone 
 river, and the Providence and Worcester rail- 
 road, about 12 miles N. from Providence. The 
 manufacture of lime from the extensive lime- 
 stone quarries of this place, affords employ- 
 ment to a large number of the inhabitants. 
 This township is one of the largest in the 
 state, and contains several manufacturing 
 villages, the most important of which are 
 Woonsocket, Slatersville, and Valley Falls. 
 Popuation, 11,500. 
 
 Smithfield, a township of Madison co., 
 
SMI 
 
 SMI 
 
 New York, 28 miles E. S. E. from Syracuse. 
 Population, 1669. 
 
 Smithfield, a township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N. W. from 
 Towanda. Population, 1948. 
 
 Smithfield, a small village of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Smithfield, a post-village of Payette co., 
 Pa., 190 miles W. by S. from Ilarrisburg. 
 
 Smithfield, a township of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Dela- 
 ware rivei-, 22 miles N. from Easton. Popu- 
 lation, 1283. 
 
 Smithfield, a handsome post-village, ca- 
 pital of Isle of Wight county, Virginia, is 
 finely situated on a navigable creek which 
 opens into the James river a few miles from 
 its mouth, 80 miles S. E. from Richmond. It 
 contains 3 churches and several high schools. 
 Population, from 900 to a 1000. 
 
 Smithfield, a small village of Monongalia 
 CO., Va., 10 miles N. W. from MorgantOwn. 
 
 Smithfield, a small post-village, capital 
 of Johnson county, North Carolina, on the 
 left bank of the Neuse river, 27 miles S. E. 
 from Raleigh. The North Carolina railroad 
 will probably pass through this place. 
 
 Smithfield, a post-office of Polk co., Tex. 
 
 Smithfield, a post-office of Henry co., Ky. 
 
 Smithfield, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Jefferson co., Ohio. Pop., 1882. 
 
 Smithfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, 14 miles S. W. from Steubenville. 
 It has 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Smithfield, a township in De Kalb co., 
 Indiana. Population, 661. 
 
 Smithfield, a post-village of Delaware co., 
 Indiana, on White river, 64 miles N. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. It contains a church and 2 mills. 
 
 Smithland, a small village of Clarion co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Red Bank creek, 15 miles 
 S. from Clarion. 
 
 Smithland, a post-office of Cass co., Tex. 
 
 Smithland, a post-village, capital of Li- 
 vingston CO., Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 
 just below the mouth of the Cumberland, 
 215 miles in a direct line W. S. W. from 
 Frankfort. The trade of this village is said 
 to be declining on account of the channel 
 changing to the other side of the Ohio river. 
 It contains a bank. 
 
 Smithland, a post-village in Randolph co., 
 Mo., 65 miles N. N. W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Smithport, a village of De Soto parish, 
 Louisiana, on Bayou Pierre lake, about 12 
 miles N. E. from Mansfield. 
 
 Smith's, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 Smith's Basin, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Smithsborough. See Smithborotjgh. 
 
 Smithsburg, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., Maryland, 106 miles N. W. from Anna- 
 polis. Population, 366. 
 
 Smith's Corners, N.Y. See Poplar Ridge. 
 
 Smith's Creek, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Smith's Creek, of Warren co.. North Caro- 
 lina, flows into the Roanoke river a little 
 N. from the line between North Carolina and 
 Virginia. 
 
 Smith's Cross Roads, a post-office of Mor- 
 gan CO., Virginia. 
 
 Smith's Cross Ro.\ds, a post-office of Ehea 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Smith's Ferry, a post-office of Beaver co., 
 Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 Smith's Ford, a post-office of York district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Smith's Ford, a post-village of Hardin co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Smith's Gap, a post-office of Hampshire 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Smith's Grove, a post- village of Davie co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Smith's Grove, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Smith's Island, a small island in the Dela- 
 ware river, opposite Philadelphia. 
 
 Smith's Island, an island of New Hanover 
 CO., North Carolina, at the mouth of the Cape 
 Fear river. The S. extremity is called Cape 
 Fear. It has a lighthouse, for which see 
 Cape Fear. 
 
 Smith's Landing, a small post-village of 
 Atlantic co., New Jersey, about 4 miles S. 
 from Absecom, has one church. 
 
 Smith's Mills, a post-office of Chautau- 
 que CO., New York. 
 
 Smith's Mills, a post-office of Clearfield 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Smith's Mills, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Smith's Mills, a post-office of Henderson 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Smith's Mills, a post-office of Morrow co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Smith's Point, Chesapeake bay, the south- 
 ernmost point of land at the entrance of the 
 Potomac river. On it is a lighthouse showing 
 a fixed light 85 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Smith's Ridge, a post-office of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Smith's River, a small stream of Grafton 
 CO., near the centre of New Hampshire, falls 
 into the Connecticut river. 
 
 Smith's River, a small stream which rises 
 in Patrick co., in the S. part of Virginia, 
 and flowing south-eastward into North Caro- 
 lina, falls into the Dan river near Leakesville. 
 
 Smith's Store, a post-village of Spartan- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 Smith's Turnout, a post-office of York 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Smithtown, a post-township and village 
 of Suffolk CO., New York, bordering on Long 
 Island sound, 45 miles E. by N. from New 
 York. Population, 1972. 
 
 Smithtown Bay, New York, a small part 
 of Long Island sound extending into Suffolk 
 county. 
 
 Smithtown Branch, a post-office of Suffolk 
 CO., New York. 
 
 1081 
 
SMI 
 
 SNO 
 
 Smithville, a post-office of Worcester cc, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Smithville, a township of Chenango co., 
 New York, 14 miles S. W. from Norwich. 
 Population, 1771. 
 
 Smithville, a post-village of .Jefferson co., 
 New York, on the railroad from Sackett's Har- 
 bor to Ellisburg, 5 miles S. from the former. 
 
 Smithville, a small post-village of Lan- 
 caster CO., Pennsylvania, 46 miles E. S. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Smithville, a post-village in Powhattan 
 CO., Virginia, 39 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Smithville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Brunswick county, North Carolina, on the 
 right (W.) bank of Cape Fear river, 1 or 2 
 miles from its entrance into the Atlantic. It 
 has a safe harbor, and contains several stores. 
 Population, estimated at 500. 
 
 Smithville, or Smithsville, a post-village 
 in Abbeville district. South Carolina, 94 
 miles W. from Columbia. 
 
 Smithville, a post-office of Lumpkin CO., Ga. 
 
 Smithville, a post- village of Monroe co., 
 Mississippi, on Bull Mountain creek, 190 
 miles N. N. E. from .Jackson. Laid out in 
 1846. It has several stores. 
 
 Smithville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Lawrence co., Arkansas, 8 miles N. W. 
 from Black river, and about 12-5 miles N. N. 
 E. from Little Rock. 
 
 Smithville, a post-village, capital of De 
 Kalb CO., Tennessee, 6-5 miles E. from Nash- 
 ville. The situation is high and healthy. 
 
 Smithville, a post-village in Wayne co., 
 Ohio, on the road from Wooster to Akron, 92 
 miles N. E. from Columbus. Pop., 260. 
 
 Smithville, a post-office of Peoria co., 111. 
 
 Smithville, a small post-village of Clay 
 CO., Missouri, on Smith's fork of Platte river, 
 15 miles N. W. from Liberty. 
 
 Smithville Flats, a post-village of Che- 
 nango CO., New York, on Geneganslet creek, 
 about 125 miles W. by S. from Albany. It 
 has several mills and factories. 
 
 Smoke's Creek, of Erie co., New York, 
 falls into Lake Erie. 
 
 Smoky Hollow, a post-village of Columbia, 
 DO., N. Y., about 36 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Smoky Ordinary, a post-office of Bruns- 
 wick CO., Virginia. 
 
 Smooth Prairie, a small village of Madi- 
 son CO., Illinois. 
 
 Smut Eye, a post-office of Coffee co., Ala. 
 
 Smyrna, a post-office of Aroostook co., Me. 
 
 Smyrna, a post-township of Chenango co.. 
 New York, about 100 miles W. from Albany. 
 Population, 1940. 
 
 Smyrna, a rapidly improving post-village 
 of Kent county, Delaware, near Duck creek, 
 36 miles S. from Wilmington, and 10 miles 
 W. from Delaware bay. Next to Wilmington 
 it is the most commercial place in the state. 
 It contains 3 or 4 churches, a newspaper office, 
 a bank, 2 large hotels, and several carriage 
 factories. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 2000. 
 1082 
 
 Smyrna, a post-office of Barnwell district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Smyrna, a post-office of Rutherford co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Smyrna, a post-village of Harrison co., 
 Ohio, 40 miles W. S. W. from Steubenville. 
 
 Smyrna, a post-office of Ionia co., Mich. 
 
 Smyrna, a township in Jefferson co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1124. 
 
 Smyrna, a small village of Bureau co.. 111. 
 
 Smyser's Depot, a thriving village of York 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the railroad from York 
 to Baltimore, at the junction with the Hano- 
 ver branch, 10 miles S. from York. 
 
 Smyth, a county in the S. S.W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 625 square miles. The 
 three branches of Holston river, named the 
 North, Middle, and South forks, rise near 
 the N. E. border of the county, and flow 
 through it in a S. W. direction. The Iron 
 Mountain range forms the southern boundary, 
 and Walker's mountain extends along the N. 
 W. border ; the surface between these is an 
 elevated valley. The river bottoms are very 
 fertile. Indian corn, hay, oats, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 201,222 bushels of corn; 34,742 of wheat; 
 139,580 of oats, and 100,410 pounds of butter. 
 There were 7 saw mills, 3 iron furnaces, 1 
 iron foundry, 1 salt furnace, and 2 tanneries. 
 It contained 12 churches and 600 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Limestone and gyp- 
 sum are abundant in the county ; and the 
 latter is used to fertilize the land. Extensive 
 manufactories of salt are in operation on 
 the S. W. border. Smyth county is inter- 
 sected by the Virginia and Tennessee rail- 
 road, not yet finished. Named in honor of 
 General Alexander Smyth, member of Con- 
 gress from Virginia. Capital, Marion. Popu- 
 lation, 8162, of whom 7098 were free, and 
 1064, slaves. 
 
 Smythfield, a post- village of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogheny river, 
 where it is crossed by the national road, 158 
 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. The post- 
 office is called Somerfield. 
 
 Snapping Shoals, a post- village of Newton 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Snead's Ferry, a post-office of Onslow 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sneedsborough, a village in Anson co., 
 North Carolina, on Yadkin river, 110 miles 
 S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Sneedsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Hancock co., Tennessee, 275 miles E. by N. 
 from Nashville, and 1 mile from Clinch river. 
 It became the county seat about the year 1848. 
 
 Snickersville, a thriving post-village of 
 Loudon CO., Virginia, on the turnpike from 
 Winchester to Washington, 165 miles N. by 
 W. from Richmond. 
 
 Snider's, a post-village of Washington 
 CO., Ky., 25 miles E. S. E. from Independence. 
 
 Snoddyville, a village in Jefferson co., 
 Tennessee, 226 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
SNO 
 
 SOD 
 
 SxooKViLLE, a post-office of Defiance co., 0. 
 
 8now Camp, a post-oliice of Orange co.,N.C. 
 
 S.N'ow Cebek, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 SnowCrbek, apost-office of Iredell co.,N.C. 
 
 Snow Creek a post-office of Pickens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Snow Creek, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Snowden, a township of Alleghany co., Pa., 
 11 miles S. from Pittsburg. Population, 1225. 
 
 Snow Falls, a post-office of Oxford co.,Me. 
 
 Snow Hill, a port of entry, capital ot 
 Worcester co., Maryland, is situated on the 
 left bank of Pocomoke river, 20 miles from its 
 mouth, and 100 miles S. E. from Annapolis. 
 It is pleasantly situated, near the head of 
 navigation, and has an active business. Large 
 quantities of corn, pine lumber, and firewood 
 are shipped at this place. It contains good 
 county buildings, 5 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices, and 2 large hotels. Tonnage in 1852, 
 9680 ifl ; 29 schooners, with a tonnage of 
 997i*, were built during the year. Popu- 
 lation in 850, 714; in 1863, about 1200. 
 
 Snow Hill, a post-office of Nicholas co., Va. 
 
 Snow Hill, a post-village, capital of 
 Greene co.. North Carolina, on Contentned 
 creek, an affluent of the Neuse river, 70 miles 
 S. E. from Raleigh. Pop., from 100 to 200. 
 
 Snow Hill, a post-village of WaiKer co., 
 Georgia, 14 miles N. from Lafayette. 
 
 Snow Hill, a post- village of Wilcox co., Ala- 
 bama, about 55 miles S. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Snow Hill, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Snow Hill, a post-village of Clinton co., 
 Ohio, 74 miles S. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Snowshoe, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Centre co.. Pa. Pop., 432. 
 
 Snowshoe, a small post-village in the above 
 township, about 17 miles N.W. from Bellefonte. 
 
 Snow's Store, a post-office of Windsor co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 Snowville, a poat-village in Choctaw co., 
 Mississippi, 110 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Sncffletown, a small village of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey, 15 miles N. E. from Newton, con- 
 tains a store, tannery, church, and 10 or 12 
 dwellings. 
 
 Sntbar, a post-office of Lafayette co., Mo. 
 
 Snyder, a township forming the N. ex- 
 tremity of Blair CO., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1090. 
 
 Snyder, a new township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Forest co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Snyder, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Jefferson co., Pa. Pop., 306. 
 
 Snyderstown, a small village of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Snyderstown, a post-village of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania, on Shamokiu 
 creek, 8 miles E. from Sunbury. 
 
 Snydersville, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Pa., about 112 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Snydeetown, a little village of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, contains a few dwellingSf 
 
 Soap Creek, of Iowa, flows into Des 
 Moines river from the W., near the S. border 
 of Wapello county. 
 
 Soap Creek, a post-office of Davis co., lo. 
 
 SoAPSTONE Mount, apost-office ofPtandolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sochapatoy, a post-village of Coosa co., 
 Ala., 36 miles N. by E. from Wetumpka. 
 
 Social Circle, a thriving post-village of 
 Walton CO., Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, 
 120 miles W. from Augusta. It is a depot 
 for the produce of the county. Incorporated 
 in 1831. 
 
 Social Hill, a post-office of Muhlenberg 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Sociality, a post-village of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York, about 40 miles S. from Buffalo. 
 
 Society Hill, a post-village of Darlington 
 district, South Carolina, about 100 miles E. 
 N. E. from Columbia. It is near the W. bank 
 of the Great Pedee river, and contains a few 
 churches and stores. 
 
 Society Hill, a post-village in Macon co., 
 Alabama, 167 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Socorro, a large county forming the S. W. 
 extremity of New Mexico, has an area esti- 
 mated at above 60,000 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Rio Grande, on the 
 W. and partly on the N. by the Rio Colorado, 
 and the Gila river forms part of its southern 
 border. But little is known of the surface 
 excepting the portion near the Rio Grande, 
 which is uneven and broken by the Sierra 
 Madre. The census of 1850 gives no returns 
 for this county. 
 
 Socorro, a post-village of Socorro co., New 
 Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio del 
 Norte, about 135 miles S. S. W. from Santa Fe. 
 
 Soda Lake, near the N. W. extremity of 
 Louisiana, is connected with Lake Caddo on 
 the W., and with Cross lake on the S., and 
 communicates with Red river, near Shreve- 
 port, by a short outlet. Length, about 15 
 miles; greatest breadth, above 6 miles. It 
 is navigable by steamboats for about nine 
 months in the year. 
 
 Sodom, a post-village of Warren co., New 
 Jersey, 12 miles from Belvidere, contains 2 
 mills and 6 or 8 dwellings. 
 
 Sodom, a small village of Burke co., Ga. 
 
 SoDTJS, a post-township of Wayne co., N. Y., 
 on Lake Ontario and Sodus bay. Pop., 4598. 
 
 SoDus, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Sodus Point and Southern rail- 
 road, about 36 miles E. by N. from Rochester. 
 It has 3 or 4 churches. 
 
 SoDus Bay, New York, 35 miles E. by N. 
 from Rochester, extends from Lake Ontario 
 southward into Wayne county. Length, 
 about 5 miles ; greatest breadth, 3 miles. It 
 forms an excellent harbor, the entrance of 
 which has been protected by substantial 
 piers built by the United States. 
 
 SoDus Centre, a post- village of Wayne co., 
 N. Y., about 190 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 SoDus Point, a post-village of Wayne 
 1083 
 
SOD 
 
 SOM 
 
 county, New York, is situated at the entrance 
 of Sodus bay, and on Lake Ontario, 30 miles 
 W. S. W. from Oswego, and about 210 miles 
 by railroad from Albany. It has a good 
 harbor, and is favorably situated for trade, 
 being at the terminus of the Sodus canal, 
 ■which connects with the Erie canal, and of 
 the Sodus Point and Southern railroad, which 
 joins the Erie railroad at Elmira. 
 
 SoDY, a post-office of Autauga co., Ala. 
 
 SOLAXO, a county toward the N. W. part 
 of California, has an area estimated above 
 900 square miles. It is bounded on the S. 
 and S. E. by Sacramento river, the Strait of 
 Carquinez, and Suisun bay. It contains 
 several beautiful and fertile valleys, among 
 which may be named Suscol valley, which is 
 situated W. of the Suscol hills, and runs from 
 the city of Vallejo to the northern part of the 
 county ; length, about 8 miles, and breadth, 3 
 miles ; Napa bay washes it on the W. ; this val- 
 ley is well adapted to farming: Green valley, 
 BO called because a large portion is always 
 green, lies E. of the Suscol hills, about 4 
 miles from Suscol valley ; it is about 6 miles 
 in length by 1 J in breadth ; the S. end is the 
 terminus of the Great Sacramento valley, and 
 is covered with wild oats, evergreen, grass, 
 and red clover : Suisun valley, situated N. of 
 Suisun bay, and E. of Green valley, is about 
 6 miles square ; it opens out on the E. into 
 the Sacramento valley, and is watered by the 
 navigable river, Suisun ; large quantities of 
 hay, chiefly wild oats and clover, are raised : 
 "Jllatis valley lying farther to the N. E., is 
 about 5 miles in length by IJ in width; it 
 runs N. W., and opens out into the Sacra- 
 mento valley ; this valley is a great thorough- 
 fare, and the admiration of all travellers : 
 Sacramento valley extends as far as the eye 
 can reach ; it is covered with wild oats, and 
 is not subject to inundation. The western 
 part of the county is mountainous, and very 
 interesting ; there are many small valleys 
 suitable for stock raising. The principal 
 elevation, which is very conspicuous, is a 
 double peak situated near the head of Green 
 valley; the next in magnitude is another 
 double peak, between Green valley and Sus- 
 col. Barley, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and 
 horses are the staples. In 1852 it produced 
 105,630 bushels of barley; 13,870 of oats; 
 25,905 of potatoes, and 2146 tons of hay. 
 There were 2185 cows ; 1085 beef cattle, and 
 1936 horses. The capital employed in quartz 
 mining amounted to $8000, and in other min- 
 ing $24,000. Gold is found in this county, 
 but not in great abundance. About 4 miles N. 
 of Vallejo is a large soda spring, the stream 
 fromwhicb runs through Suscol valley to Napa 
 bay. There are several other valuable mine- 
 ral springs (some of them warm springs) 
 in different parts of the county. It is in- 
 tersected by the route of the proposed rail- 
 road from Benicia to Marysville. Capital, 
 Benicia. Population, 2835. 
 1084 
 
 Soldier River, of Iowa, rises toward the 
 W. part of the state, and flowing south- 
 westerly, enters the Missouri river, in Har- 
 rison county. 
 
 Solemn Grove, a post-village of Moore co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 SoLESBURY, a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware river, about 32 
 miles N. from Philadelphia. It contains the 
 borough of New Hope. Total pop., 3778. 
 
 SoLiDAD, a missionary settlement of Mon- 
 terey CO., California. 
 
 Solon, a village of Somerset co., Maine, on 
 the E. side of Kennebec river, about 45 miles 
 N. of Augusta. Pop. of the township, 1415. 
 
 Solon, a post-township of Cortland co., 
 New York, 35 miles S. by E. from Syracuse. 
 Population, 1150. 
 
 Solon, a township in the E. part of Cuya- 
 hoga CO., Ohio. Population, 1034. 
 
 Solon, a post-village in Johnson co., Iowa, 
 12 miles N. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Solon Mills, a post-village in McHenry 
 CO., 111., 55 miles N. W. by N. from Chicago. 
 
 SoLsviLLE, a post-office of Madison co.,N. Y. 
 
 SoMEEPiELD, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SoMERFORD, a post-towuship in Madison 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 616. 
 
 SoMERFORD, a post-village of Madison co., 
 Ohio, 27 miles W. from Columbus, has about 
 150 inhabitants. 
 
 SoMERS, a manufacturing post-village in 
 Tolland co., Connecticut, 23 miles N. E. of 
 Hartford. Population of the township, 1508. 
 
 SoMERS, a post- village in Somers township, 
 Westchester co.. New York, about 110 miles 
 S. from Albany. It contains a bank. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1722. 
 
 SoMERS, a township in the S. part of Preble 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 2085. 
 
 SoMERS, a township in the E. central part 
 of Kenosha co., Wisconsin. Pop., 680. 
 
 Somer's Centre, a post-office of West- 
 chester CO., New York. 
 
 Somerset, a county forming the N. N. W. 
 extremity of Maine, has an area of about 
 4000 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 waters of the St. John's and Penobscot rivers, 
 but principally by the Kennebec, above 70 
 miles of whose course is comprised within 
 this county. The greater part is heavily 
 wooded, and immense quantities of lumber are 
 annually rafted down the Kennebec. The 
 surface is hilly and undulating, with occa- 
 sional mountain ridges and peaks. The soil 
 is generally fertile. Indian corn, oats, pota- 
 toes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 183,780 bushels of corn ; 
 56,595 of wheat; 328,630 of oats; 327,557 of 
 potatoes; 66,183 tons of hay, and 757,624 
 pounds of butter. The quantity of wheat, oats, 
 and wool was each greater than that produced 
 by any other county in the state. There were 
 15 gristmills, 28 saw and planing mills, 1 wool- 
 leu factory, 1 foundry, 20 tanneries, and 
 
SOM 
 
 SOM 
 
 13 shingle manufactories. It contained 33 
 churches, 2 newspaper oSiccs, 12,253 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 522 attending 
 academies or otlier schools. Organized in 
 1809. Capital, Norridgewock. Pop., 35,581. 
 
 SoMEESET, a county in the N. central part 
 of New Jersey, has an area of about 370 
 square miles. It is partly bounded on the 
 E. by Raritan river and Bound brook, on the 
 N. E. by the Passaic river, and on the W. 
 by Lamington river, and is drained by the 
 N. and S. branches of Raritan river, and by 
 Millstone river, which afford valuable water- 
 power. The surface is various ; the N. W. 
 portion being mountainous, and the centre 
 and S. E. either level or slightly undulating. 
 The soil of the liills is generally clay or stiff 
 loam, that of the level portions sandy loam 
 formed of shale, and tlie mountain valleys 
 are of limestone. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 685,673 bushels of corn ; 
 109,367 of wheat; 498,922 of oats; 26,631 
 tons of hay, and 564,573 pounds of butter. 
 There were 3 woollen factories, 31 flour 
 mills, 8 saw mills, 8 tanneries, and 19 boot 
 and shoe manufactories. It contained 33 
 churches, 2 newspaper ofBces, 4203 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 70 attending 
 other schools. The range of hills about 2 
 miles north of Somerville have been per- 
 forated by many mining shafts in search of 
 copper ore; one of these shafts is 1300 feet 
 in length. As yet, no company have suc- 
 ceeded in making their operations remunera- 
 tive, although the ore is said to contain not 
 only a large proportion of copper, but to be 
 Worth working on account of the gold which 
 it yields. The Bridgewater mineral paint 
 mines are situated near the centre. Somer- 
 set county is distinguished as the birthplace 
 of Samuel L. Southard, Peter D. Vroom, 
 Commodore Stockton, William L. Dayton, and 
 Theodore Frelinghuysen. The New Jersey 
 Central railroad traverses this county, which 
 is also partly intersected by the Delaware 
 and Raritan canal. Organized in 1688, 
 having previously formed part of Middlesex 
 county. Capital, Somerville. Population, 
 19,688 ; of whom 27 were slaves. 
 
 Somerset, a county in the S. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on Maryland, contains 
 1050 square miles. It is watered by Castle- 
 man's river, and by Laurel Hill and Stony 
 creeks. The surface is diversified, having 
 the Laurel Hill on the W. boundary, and the 
 Alleghany ridge near the eastern part. The 
 soil is adapted to pasturage and dairy-farming, 
 and butter is the chief article of export. 
 In 1850 this county produced 471,312 bushels 
 of oats ; 777,204 pounds of butter, and 
 873,798 of maple sugar, being the greatest 
 quantity of that article produced by any one 
 county of the state. There were 16 flour 
 and grist mills, 23 saw mills, 6 woollen fac- 
 tories, 2 iron foundries, 1 furnace, 1 coal 
 
 mine, and 21 tanneries. It contained 59 
 churches, 2 newspaper ofBces, 414'.) pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 103 attendingaca- 
 demies or other schools. Beds of excellent coal, 
 which in some places are 8 feet thick, extend 
 over nearlj' the whole area of the county ; 
 iron ore is also abundant. A plank-road 
 connects it with Cumberland, in Maryland. 
 Capital, Somerset. Population, 24,416. 
 
 Somerset, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Maryland, bordering on Delaware, has an 
 area of about 500 square miles. It is situ- 
 ated on the eastern shore of Chesapeake bay. 
 The Nanticoke river forms its boundary on 
 the N. W., the Pocomoke river and bay on 
 the south ; the county is also penetrated by 
 two navigable inlets of the Chesapeake, called 
 Wicomico and Manokin rivers. The surface 
 is level, and partly covered with forests of 
 oak, hickory, chestnut, pine, cedar, cypress, 
 &c. The soil in some parts is sandy, and in 
 others clayey, generally fertile. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, and tobacco are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 718,073 bushels of 
 corn ; 58,248 of wheat; 71,776 of oats, and 
 1,763,882 pounds of tobacco. There were 5 
 boat-yards, 2 woollen factories, 31 flour and 
 grist mills, 31 saw mills, and 4 coach fac- 
 tories. It contained 57 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 821 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 270 attending academies and 
 other schools. The rivers and bays, above 
 named, aiford great facilities for naviga- 
 tion. Capital, Princess Anne. Pop., 22,456; 
 of whom 16,868 were free, and 5588, slaves. - 
 
 Somerset, a township in Windham co., 
 Vermont, 100 miles V/. by S. from Concord. 
 Population, 321. 
 
 Somerset, a post-village in Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, on the northern side of the 
 Staunton river, near the Fall River railroad, 
 50 miles S. by W. from Boston. Population 
 of township, 1166. 
 
 Somerset, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Niagara co.. New York, on 
 Lake Ontario. Population, 2154. 
 
 Somerset, a township of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania, contains Somerset, the county 
 seat. Population, S420. 
 
 Somerset, a post-borough in the above town- 
 ship, and capital of Somerset county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the plank-road from Cumberland, in 
 Maryland, to West Newton, in Pennsylvania, 
 70 miles E. S. E. from Pittsburg. Since the 
 plank-road was opened the town has rapidly 
 increased in business and population. Mines 
 of excellent coal have been opened near this 
 place, and in many parts of the county. So- 
 merset contains several churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and an academy. Incorporated 
 in 1804. Population in 1850, 866. 
 
 Somerset, a township of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 24 miles W. by S. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 1512. 
 
 Somerset, a post-village, capital of Pulaski 
 county, Kentucky, is situated 6 miles N. from 
 1085 
 
SOM 
 
 SON 
 
 the Cumberland river, and 90 miles S. from 
 Frankfort. The surrounding country con- 
 tains coal and iron ore. The village has 3 
 churches, 10 dry-goods stores, a branch bank, 
 and 1 iron foundry. 
 
 Somerset, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Belmont co., Ohio. Pop., 1943. 
 
 Somerset, a post-village in Reading town- 
 ship, and capital of Peri-y county, Ohio, on 
 the Zanesville Wilmington and Cincinnati 
 railroad, about 20 miles W. S. W. from Zanes- 
 ville. It contains a court house, an academy, 
 and 2 nevFspaper ofBces. Pop. in 1850, 1250. 
 
 SoMEB-SBT, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Hillsdale co., Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 913. 
 
 Somerset, a post-office of Wabash co., Ind. 
 
 Somerset, a post-office of Saline co., 111. 
 
 Somerset, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Missouri, on Salt river, about 80 miles N. N. 
 E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 SoMERS Point, a post-village of Atlantic 
 county. New Jersey, on Great Egg Harbor 
 bay, about 16 miles S. E. from May's Land- 
 ing, is resorted to for bathing in the summer, 
 and gunning in the fall. A mariner's church 
 has been erected near the place. 
 
 SoMERsviLLE, a post-office of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 SoMERSwoRTH, a townsliip in Strafford co., 
 New Hampshire, bounded on the E. by Sal- 
 mon Falls river, 30 miles E. S. E. from Con- 
 cord. It contains the village of Great Falls, 
 ■which see. The Great Falls branch railroad 
 here connects with the Boston and Maine 
 railroad. Population, 4943. 
 
 SoMERTON, a post-office, Philadelphia co.Pa. 
 
 SoMERTON, a small post-village of Nanse- 
 mond CO., Virginia, about 100 miles S. E. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 SoMEBTON, a post-village of Belmont co., 
 Ohio, 107 miles E. from Columbus. Popula- 
 tion, about 250. 
 
 SoMERViLLE, a post-township of Middlesex 
 county, Massachusetts, intersected by three 
 important railroads, about 3 miles N. N. W. 
 from Boston. It is the seat of the McClean 
 Asylum for the Insane, (see Boston,) and of 
 various manufactories, among which may be 
 mentioned an extensive establishment for 
 bleaching. Tuft's college, an institution 
 chartered in 1852, is located on grounds lying 
 partly in this township and partly in Medford. 
 The village of Somerville is situated on the 
 Boston and Maine and on the Boston and 
 Fitchburg railroads, 2 miles from Boston. 
 The township was incorporated in 1842. Po- 
 pulation, 3540. 
 
 Somerville, a post-village of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York, about 175 miles N. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Somerville, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Somerset county, New Jersey, is 
 situated on the llaritan river, and on the 
 New Jersey Central railroad, about 20 miles 
 N. N. E. from Trenton It is the principal 
 1086 
 
 village in the county, and has 14 stores, 5 
 churches, and 1 bank. It owes its prosper- 
 ity chiefly to its fine location and its facili- 
 ties for the disposal of produce. Two news- 
 papers are published here. Pop., 1300. 
 
 Somerville, a post-village of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia, 85 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 Somerville, a post-village, capital of Mor- 
 gan CO., Alabama, 125 miles N. N. E. from 
 Tuscaloosa, and about 5 miles S. from the 
 Tennessee river. It contains a court house, 
 and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Somerville, a post-village, capital of 
 Fayette county, Tennessee, on the Loosa- 
 hatchy river, 43 miles E. from Memphis. It 
 is situated in a populous and fertile region. 
 The proposed railroad from Memphis to 
 Nashville will pass through the town. A plank- 
 road has been commenced between Memphis 
 and Somerville. It has 4 or 5 churches, 2 
 academies, and a bank. Population in 1853, 
 1500. 
 
 Somerville, a post-village of Butler co. 
 Ohio, on the Eaton and Hamilton railroad. 
 14 miles N. N. W. from Hamilton. 
 
 SoMONAUK, a small post-village of De Kalb 
 CO., Illinois, on Somonauk creek, 55 miles 
 W. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 Sonoma, a county towards the N. W. part 
 of California, has an area estimated at about 
 1200 square miles. It is bounded partly on 
 the S. W. by the Pacific, intersected by the 
 Russian river, and is drained by several 
 small streams flawing into San Pablo bay, 
 wliich lies on its S. border. The surface is 
 uneven, having a .mountain range passing 
 nearly through the centre. The soil is fertile, 
 especially along the streams, and in the 
 southern portions well cultivated. Barley, 
 wheat, potatoes, hay, onions, cattle, horses, 
 and poultry are the staples. In 1852 it pro- 
 duced 87,851 bushels of barley; 23,108 of 
 wheat; 278,542 of potatoes; 126G tons of 
 hay, and 491,671 pounds of onions. There 
 were 4335 beef cattle; 3120 cows; 4400 
 horses, and 11,050 poultry. It contained 5 
 threshing machines, 6 blacksmith shops, and 
 1 tannery. Capital, Sonoma. Population, 
 2337. 
 
 Sonoma, a post-town and port of entry, ca- 
 pital of Sonoma county, California, is situated 
 on Sonoma creek, about 18 miles from its 
 mouth. It is about 34 miles from Vallejo by 
 land, and 50 miles from San Francisco by 
 water. The shipping of the district, .June 
 30th, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 
 639§| tons registered, and 702|| tons en- 
 rolled and licensed; total, 1342|^ tons. Po- 
 pulation, in 1853, estimated at 1200. 
 
 Sonoma Creek, of Sonoma county, on the 
 W. N. W. part of California, rises among the 
 mountains of the coast range, and flowing 
 first south-easterly, and then southerly, falls 
 into San Pablo bay. It is navigable for 
 small boats to the town of Sonoma. 
 
 SoNORA, a post-town, capital of Tuolumne 
 
soo 
 
 sou 
 
 county, California, is situated on Woods 
 creek, a tributary of Tuolumne river, 130 
 miles E. of San Francisco. Roads from Sa- 
 cramento City and San Jos6 terminate in this 
 town. In 1849 it was named Stewart by the 
 legislature, but the inhabitants prefer the 
 former appellation, which it still retains. 
 Two newspapers are issued. Population in 
 1853, from 3000 to 4000. 
 
 SooKALENA, a post-officc of Lauderdalc co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Sooy's Inn, a post-office of Burlington co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 SopcHOPPY, a post-office of Wakulla co., Fla. 
 
 SoRLEY, a post-office of Wayne co., Tenn. 
 
 Sorrel Horse, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 SoucHAHATCHEE, a post-officc of Talla- 
 poosa CO., Alabama. 
 
 SoucooK Rivi:r rises in Belknap county, 
 New Hampshire, and falls into the Merrimack 
 river, in Merrimack county, about 3 miles S. 
 E. of Concord. 
 
 SouDBESBURG, a Small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and 
 Lancaster turnpike, 9 miles E. from Lancaster 
 
 SouHEGAN river rises in the N. part of 
 Massachusetts, and running first north-east- 
 erly and then easterly, falls into the Merri- 
 mack, in Hillsborough county, in the S. part 
 of New Hampshire. 
 
 South Abington, a post-village of Abing- 
 ton township, Plymouth co., Massachusetts, 
 on the Old Colony railroad, 21 miles S. S. E. 
 from Boston. 
 
 South Aoton, a post-village of Acton town- 
 ship, Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the 
 Boston and Fitchburg railroad, 25 miles N. 
 W. from Boston. 
 
 South Acworth, a post-office of Sullivan 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Adams, a manufacturing post-village 
 of Adams township, Berkshire county, Massa- 
 chusetts, on the Pittsfield and North Adams 
 railroad, 13 miles N. by E. from Pittsfield. 
 The Housick river passes near the village. 
 
 South Addison, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Alabama, a post-office of Genesee 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Albion, a post-village in Kennebec 
 CO., Me., 22 miles N. E. by E. from Augusta. 
 
 South Albion, a post-office of Oswego co., 
 New York. 
 
 South Albion, a post-office of Calhoun 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 South Alden, a post-office ofErieco.,N. Y. 
 
 South Alton, a post-village in Belknap 
 CO., New Hampshire, near the Cocheco rail- 
 road, 20 miles N. E. by E. from Concord. 
 
 South Amboy, a post-village in South Am- 
 boy township, Middlesex county. New Jersey, 
 on the S. side of Raritan bay, at the mouth 
 of Raritan river, 27 miles S. W. from New 
 York. The Camden and Amboy railroad 
 terminates here, and connects with the N'ew 
 
 York steamboats. The village contains an 
 academy and a manufactory of stone ware. 
 Population of the township, 2266. 
 
 South Amenia, a post-office of Dutchess 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Amherst, a post-office of Hampshire 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Southampton, a county in the S. S. E. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, 
 has an area of about 600 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Nottaway river, bounded 
 on the S. W. by the Meherrin, and on the E. 
 by the Blackwater river. The surface is 
 nearly level, and extensively covered with 
 forests of pine and cypress. The soil is al- 
 luvial, light, and moderately fertile. Indian 
 corn, potatoes, hay, cotton, and pork are the 
 staples. Tar and turpentine are also ex- 
 ported. In 1850 the county produced 869 
 bales of cotton; 564,183 bushels of corn; 
 235,337 of sweet potatoes, and 3321 tons of 
 hay. The quantities of cotton and potatoes 
 were the greatest produced in any one county 
 of the state. There were 2 grist mills, 2 manu- 
 factories of coaches, and 1 of saddles. It con- 
 tained 23 churches, 288 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 68 attending academies or other 
 schools. It is intersected by the Portsmouth 
 and Roanoke railroad. Organized in 1748, 
 and named from a town of England. Capi- 
 tal, Jerusalem. Population, 13,521, of whom 
 7766 were free, and 5755, slaves. 
 
 Southampton, N.H. See South Hampton. 
 
 Southampton, a village in Hampshire co., 
 Massachusetts, 95 miles W. by S. from Bos- 
 ton, contains 1 or 2 churches, and an aca- 
 demy. Population of the township, 1060. 
 
 Southampton, N. Y. See South Hampton. 
 
 Southampton, a township of Bedford co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 20 miles S. from Bed- 
 ford. Population, 1347. 
 
 Southampton, a township of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 18 miles N. N. E. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 1416. 
 
 Southampton, a township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Cumberland co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. It is intersected by the Cumberland 
 Valley railroad. Population, 1651. 
 
 Southampton, a township of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N. E. from 
 Chambersburg. It is intersected by the Cum- 
 berland Valley railroad. Population, 1795. 
 
 Southampton, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Somerset co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Population, 1396. 
 
 Southampton, a post-office of Peoria co., 111. 
 
 South Andover, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 South Anna, a small river in the eastern 
 part of Virginia, rises near the north-western 
 extremity of Louisa county, and flowing east- 
 erly unites with the North Anna, forming the 
 Pamunkey river. The whole length is probably 
 75 miles. It affords abundant water-power 
 
 South Anna, a post-village in Louisa co , 
 Pa., 67 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 1087 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 South Anville, a township of Lebanon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 7 miles S. W. from 
 Lebanon. Population, 887. 
 
 South Argyle, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., jSew York. 
 
 South Assyria, a post-office of Barry co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 South Attleborough, a post-village of 
 Bristol CO., Massachusetts, about 40 miles S. 
 S. W. from Boston. 
 
 South Auburn, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 South Augusta, Iowa. See Augusta. 
 
 South Avon, a post-village of Avon town- 
 ship, Livingston co.. New York, on a branch 
 of the Genesee river, 26 miles W. from Ca- 
 nandaigua, and 20 miles S. by W. from Ro- 
 chester. 
 
 South Bainbridge, a post-village of Che- 
 nango CO., New York; on the Susquehanna 
 river, 110 miles W. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 South Barre, a post-village in Washing- 
 ton CO., Vt., 7 miles S. E. from Montpelier. 
 
 South Barbe, a post-village of Orleans 
 CO., New York, 6 or 7 miles S. from Albion. 
 
 South Bay, Washington co., New York, is 
 a branch of Lake Champlain. Length, about 
 4 miles. 
 
 South Beaver, a township of Beaver co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. W. by W. 
 from Beaver. Population, 1155. 
 
 South Bellingham, a post-office of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 SouthBend, a post-office of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 South Bend, a post-office of Arkansas co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 South Bend, a flourishing post-town of 
 Portage township and capital of St. Joseph 
 county, Indiana, is finely situated on St. Jo- 
 seph's river, and on the Northern Indiana 
 railroad, 85 miles E. by S. from Chicago. It 
 is one of the principal stations on the rail- 
 road which connects Chicago with Lake Erie, 
 and it is the northern terminus of the Michi- 
 gan road, which is one of the greatest tho- 
 roughfares of the state. The river is navi- 
 gable for small steamboats from its mouth to 
 Constantine, which is above South Bend. A 
 dam across the river at this place produces a 
 vast hydraulic power, which is employed in 
 manufactures of various kinds ; among which 
 are 2 flouring mills, 1 woollen factory, 1 oil 
 mill, 1 edge-tool factory, and several machine 
 shops. The village contains a bank and 3 
 newspaper offices. The University of Notre 
 Dame (Catholic) is situated 1 mile from 
 the town, on the border of a small lake. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 2000. 
 
 South Bentonsport. See Bbntonsport. 
 
 South Berlin, a post-office of Bensselaer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Berne, a post-office of Albany co.. 
 New York. 
 
 South Berwick, a post-village in York co., 
 Maine, about 90 mjles S. W. by S. from Au- 
 1088 
 
 gusta, near Salmon Palls river, at the junc- 
 tion of the Portland and Portsmouth, and 
 the Boston and Maine railroads, contains one 
 bank. Population of the township, 2595. 
 
 South Bloomfield, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Bloomfield, a township in the N. 
 E. part of Morrow co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati 
 railroad. Population, 1268. 
 
 South Bloojifield, a post-village of Picka- 
 way CO., Ohio, between the Scioto river and the 
 Ohio canal, about 15 miles S. from Columbus. 
 
 South Bloomfield, a post-office of Wal- 
 worth CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Southborough, a post-village of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 25 miles W. from Boston, 
 on the Boston and Worcester railroad. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1347. 
 
 South Boston, a post-office of Ionia cc, 
 Michigan. 
 
 South Boston, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 South Bradford, a post-office of Merri- 
 mack CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Bradford, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Bradford, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Braintree, a post-village of Brain- 
 tree township, Norfolk co., Massachusetts, 
 at the junction of the Old Colony and Fall 
 River railroads, 11 J miles S. by E. from 
 Boston, and 25J miles N. N. E. of Plymouth. 
 
 South Branch, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Southbridge, a post-village in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, near Quinnebaug river, 
 60 miles S. W. from Boston, contains 2 or 3 
 churches, and 1 bank. Population of the 
 township, 2824. 
 
 South Bridgeton, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 South Bridgewater, a post-village of 
 Bridgewater township, Plymouth county, 
 Massachusetts, on the Fall River railroad, 
 20 miles S. by E. from Boston, and 34 miles 
 N. N. E. from Fall river. 
 
 South Bristol, a post-township of Ontario 
 CO., New York, on the W. side of Canandaigua 
 lake. Population, 1129. 
 
 South Bristol, a post-office of Racine co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 South Britain, a post-village of South- 
 bury township. New Haven county, Connecti- 
 cut, on the Pampei-aug river, which affords 
 water-power, 20 miles N. W. from New Haven. 
 It contains 2 churches, 3 or 4 stores, and se- 
 veral manufactories. Considerable prepara- 
 tions are now being made in the construction 
 of dams and races to increase the business 
 of the village. 
 
 South Brookfield, apost-office of Madison 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Brooks, a post-office of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
sou 
 
 SOTT 
 
 South Brown, a township in the E. part 
 of Vinton co., Ohio. Population, 648. 
 
 South Brunswick, a post-township of 
 Middlesex co., New Jersey, 14 miles N. W. 
 from Trenton. Population, 3368. 
 
 South Buffalo, a township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Armstrong co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the light bank of the Alleghany river ; the 
 S. part of the township is intersected by the 
 Pennsylvania canal. Population, 1266. 
 
 SouTHBURY, a post-village of New Haven 
 county, Connecticut, 22 miles N.W. by N. from 
 New Haven. On the main street, which is 
 beautifully shaded, are situated 2 churches, 
 an academy, a hotel, and several fine resi- 
 dences. Pop. of the township, 1484. 
 
 South Butler, a thriving post-village in 
 Butler township, Wayne county, New York, 
 about 158 miles N.W. by AV. from Albany. 
 It contains 2 stores, 3 churches, 1 steam 
 grist and saw mill, and 1 tannery. 
 
 South Butler, a township of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, 4 miles S. by W. from Butler. 
 Population, 1209. 
 
 South Butler, a post-office of Butler co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 South Byron, a post-village of Genesee 
 CO., New York, on the Buffalo and Rochester 
 railroad, 25 miles W. S. ^Y. from Rochester. 
 
 South Cairo, a post-office of Greene co., 
 New York. 
 
 South Canaan, a post-office of Essex co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 South Canaan, a post-village of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut, about 50 miles N. W. from 
 Hartford. 
 
 South Candor, a post- village of Tioga co., 
 New York, on the railroad between Owego 
 and Ithaca, 5 miles N. by W. from the former. 
 
 South Carolina, one of the original states 
 of the American confederacy, is bounded on 
 the N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by 
 the Atlantic ocean, and S. W. by Georgia, 
 from which it is separated by the Savannah 
 river. It lies between 32° and 35° 10' N. lat., 
 and between 78° 35' and 83° 30' W. Ion. This 
 state is triangular in shape, having a coast line 
 of about 200 miles for its base, with an extreme 
 length and breadth each of about 210 miles, 
 including an area of about 24,500 square 
 miles, or 15,680,000 acres; of which 4,072,651 
 only were improved in 1850. Governor Sea- 
 brook states the area at 30,213 square miles. 
 
 Population. — Among the original settlers 
 of South Carolina — generally English — were 
 someScotch,Germans, and French Huguenots, 
 from the latter of whom are descended some 
 of the most respectable families in the state. 
 The people of South Carolina are noted for 
 frankness of speech, courteousness of manner, 
 and especially for that free hospitality which 
 is a general characteristic of the inhabitants 
 of the southern states. Eloquence is one of the 
 marked attributes of her public men, and she 
 has produced some of the most eminent ora- 
 tors that have shed lustre upon the national 
 3 T 
 
 councils of our country. In 1790 there were in 
 South Carolina 249,073 inhabitants; 345,591 
 in 1800; 415,115 in 1810: 502,741 in 1820; 
 581,185 in 1830 ; 594,398 in 1840, and 668,507 
 in 1850; of whom 137,736 were white males: 
 136,831 white females ; 4149 free colored 
 males; 4807 colored females; 187,756 male 
 slaves, and 197,222 female slaves. This 
 population was divided into 62,937 families, 
 occupying 52,642 dwellings. Representative 
 population, 514,513. Of the white popula- 
 tion, 262,160 were born in the state; 12,653 
 in other states ; 921 in England r 4051 in Ire- 
 land ; 661 in Wales and Scotland ; 57 in Bri- 
 tish America; 2180 in Germany; 274 in 
 France ; 518 in other countries, and 48 whose 
 places of birth were unknown — giving about 
 3^- per cent, of the white population of foreign 
 birth. Of the entire population, 145 were 
 deaf and dumb, of whom 1 was free colored, 
 and 15 slaves ; 222 blind, of whom 14 were 
 free colored, and 56 slaves ; 204 were insane, 
 of whom 3 were free colored, and 9 slaves ; 
 and 295 were idiotic, of whom 3 were free 
 colored, and 50 slaves. In the twelve months 
 preceding June 1st, 1850, 1642 paupers re- 
 ceived aid, of whom 329 were foreigners, at 
 an expense of about $30 each ; and in the 
 same period occurred 7997 deaths, or nearly 
 12 in every 1000 persons. 
 
 Districts. — South Carolina is divided into 
 29 districts, viz. Abbeville, Anderson, Barn- 
 well, Beaufort, Charleston, Chester, Chester- 
 field, Colleton, Darlington, Edgefield, Fair- 
 field, Georgetown, Greenville, Horry, Ker- 
 shaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Lexington, Marion, 
 Marlborough, Newberry, Orangeburg, Pick- 
 ens, Richland, Spartanburg, Sumter, Union, 
 Williamsburg, and York. Capital, Columbia. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Charleston is the largest 
 town in the state, population, 42,985. The 
 other principal towns are Columbia, popula- 
 tion, 6060; and Georgetown, Camden, Ham- 
 burg, Cheraw, Beaufort, and Greenville. 
 
 Face of the Country, and Geology. — This state 
 is about equally divided between the alluvial 
 and primitive formations ; the former, extend- 
 ing along the coast for about 80 to 100 miles 
 inland, is interspersed with extensive swamps. 
 The primitive occupies the central and north- 
 western parts, with the exception of the allu- 
 vion bottoms of the rivers. On leaving the 
 alluvions, we enter upon a sandy tract, called 
 the "Middle Country," which is terminated 
 in its turn by a belt called the "Ridge," an 
 abrupt elevation, beyond which the country 
 continues to ascend till it terminates, in the 
 extreme north-west, in the Blue Ridge moun- 
 tains, which attain, in Table mountain, an 
 elevation of about 4000 feet above the sea. : 
 King's mountain is on the boundary line be- 
 tween North and South Carolina. Along the 
 coast is a chain of low islands, separated from 
 the mainland by a series of lagoons or sounds, 
 through which a coast navigation is carried 
 on, defended from the agitations of the ocean. 
 1089 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 Minerals. — The primitive portion affords 
 great abundance of building material, in the 
 granites and sienites of Richland, Kershaw, 
 Lexington, Fairfield, and Abbeville districts, 
 in the marbles of Spartanburg and Laurens, 
 and in the gneiss of Pickens and York. The 
 other earthy minerals are mica slate, soap- 
 stone, porcelain clay of a very fine quality, 
 red and yellow ochres, limestone, and talco- 
 micaceous slates suitable for whetstones ; but 
 no coal — nor is it likely, from its geological 
 formation, that this valuable fuel will ever be 
 found, if found at all, in any considerable 
 quantity. Of the metallic minerals, gold in 
 considerable abundance, iron of the best 
 quality, and lead are among the treasures of 
 South Carolina. The mines of Mr. AVilliam 
 Dome, in Abbeville and Edgefield districts, 
 yielded gold of the value of $300,000 in the 
 ISmonths preceding July, 1853. Thisprecious 
 metal is found in the same belt (reaching 
 from the Rappahannock river, in Virginia, to 
 the Coosa, in Alabama) in which the gold of 
 Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia exists. 
 The South Carolina portion of this great belt 
 promises to make the richest returns of any 
 mines in the United States, out of California. 
 The introduction of the quartz-crusher, it is 
 estimated, will enable the Dome mines to 
 produce $4000 a day. Two Chilian mills in 
 operation, says a correspondent of the New 
 York Tribune, produce nearly $1000 a day. 
 Between February, 1852, and February, 1853, 
 the value of $202,000 was mined, at the tri- 
 fling expense of $1200. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, ^c. — From the mouth of the 
 Great Pedee river to that of the Savannah, 
 the coast of South Carolina is lined with a 
 series of bays, sounds, and lagoons, which, 
 though mostly shallow, have sufficient depth 
 to allow of an extensive coasting navigation. 
 Commencing at the Great Pedee, and pro- 
 ceeding south, we have Winyaw bay, at the 
 mouth of that river ; then, in order. Bull's bay, 
 Charleston harbor, St. Helena sound, and Port 
 Royal entrance, with a number of smaller in- 
 lets. The harbor of Beaufort is much the best 
 of these, and will admit vessels of the largest 
 size ; Charleston harbor is obstructed by a 
 dangerous bar ; St. Helena sound is the most 
 capacious of these inlets, but is beset with 
 shoals. Georgetown, at the head of Winyaw 
 bay, can only be reached by vessels of small 
 draught; and Stono ''inlet, S. of Charleston, 
 has but 10 feet water on the bar. The San- 
 tee river, with its main affluents, the Con- 
 garee and Wateree, passes almost directly 
 through the middle of the state. It is about 
 100 miles from the junction of the Congaree 
 and Wateree to the mouth of the Santee, and 
 about 300 miles from their confluence to their 
 sources in North Carolina. The Great Pedee 
 enters the state from North Carolina, (where 
 it bears the name of Yadkin,) and courses 
 through the N. E. part of South Carolina, about 
 150 miles into Winyaw bay ; the Saluda 
 1090 
 
 and Broad rivers drain the N. W. of the state, 
 and unite to form the Congaree ; the Broad 
 river rises in the W. of North Carolina ; the 
 Edisto and Combahee drain the S. W. of 
 the state, and flow into' the Atlantic after 
 courses of 150 to 200 miles; Lynch's creek 
 is a tributary from the W., and Wacamaw 
 and Little Pedee from the E. of the Great 
 Pedee ; all have their sources in North Caro- 
 lina. The larger streams run in a S. E. direc- 
 tion, and furnish an inland navigation of 
 about 2400 miles, apart from the creeks and 
 inlets of the sea. The Savannah river can 
 be navigated by steamboats to Hamburg, and 
 for smaller boats still higher. The Waccamaw 
 may be ascended 12 miles, the Great Pedee 
 200 miles, the Congaree 200 miles, and the 
 Wateree 200 miles, by steamboats. All these 
 rivers are boatable, above the distances men- 
 tioned, for keel-boats. Greenville is the only 
 district in the state without the advantage of 
 navigation. Watercourses abound in all the 
 districts favorable for mill sites. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — One of the 
 most interesting natural objects in South 
 Carolina is Table Mountain, or Table Rock, 
 as it is generally called, an elevation of 4000 
 feet above the sea, which presents, in one 
 diji-ection, a perpendicular face of 1100 feet 
 above the sui-rounding country. This moun- 
 tain is a place of great resort in summer, 
 having a house of entertainment at its base. 
 Cajsar's Head, in the same vicinity, is so 
 called from its resemblance to a human cra- 
 nium ; this is also a place of summer resort, 
 and has a hotel on its summit, which is visi- 
 ble at a great distance. Glenn's Spring, in 
 Spartanburg district, is a watering-place of 
 some repute, containing magnesia and sul- 
 phur in its waters. Limestone Spring, in the 
 same district, is less frequented than for- 
 merly, and its spacious hotel is now converted 
 into a female college, which is said to be in a 
 very flourishing condition. According to Pro- 
 fessor Tuomey, the falls of the Saluda, among 
 the mountains, have a descent of from 300 to 
 400 feet. " They," says the professor, "who 
 imagine that by skipping to the top of Table 
 Rock, and from thence run across to Ctesar's 
 Head, they have exhausted the beauties of 
 this region, commit a great mistake." 
 
 Climate. — South Carolina, though in the 
 latitude of the Barbary States, has more the 
 climate and productions of Southern Europe. 
 Yet many of the productions peculiar to its 
 latitude on the Eastern continent flourish 
 here, such as cotton, and rice, and some of 
 the tropical fruits ; but the irregularity of 
 the seasons, and early and late frosts, render 
 the latter a somewhat precarious crop. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — There are, according 
 to Ruffin and Tuomey, (the agricultural sui-- 
 veyors of the state,) six varieties of soil in 
 South Carolina : — 1. Tide swamp ; devoted to 
 the culture of rice. 2. Inland swamp ; to 
 rice, cotton, corn, peas, &c. 3. Salt marsh ; 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 to long cotton. 4. Oak and pine ; to long cot- 
 ton, corn, potatoes, cfec. 5. Oak and hickory ; 
 to short cotton, corn, &c. : and, 6. Pine bar- 
 ren; to fruits, vegetables, &c. The swamps 
 near the coast, covering 2000 square miles, 
 are capable of drainage, and are of inex- 
 haustible fertility. The pine lands, forming 
 a belt across the state next succeeding to the 
 alluvion, have been heretofore considered of 
 but little value except for timber; but Go- 
 vernor Seabrook is of opinion that its agri- 
 cultural capabilities have been much under- 
 rated, and " that in all its relations it is of im- 
 measurable value to our community." On the 
 islands is produced the largest quantity of the 
 much valued variety of cotton called sea-island, 
 ■whose production is in fact limited to the coasts 
 of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and per- 
 haps Texas. With the exception of the rich al- 
 luvions of the lower region, the best land in the 
 state is in the hilly country, above the Ridge, 
 ■which is favorable to corn, potatoes, &c. 
 Cotton grows in all the divisions of the state, 
 •with diiferent degrees of productiveness. Cot- 
 ton is the great staple of South Carolina ; and 
 though the fourth among the states in ihe ac- 
 tual amount of this commodity produced, yet, 
 if we regard only area, she stands first in the 
 relative amount ; while in the product of rice, 
 lier other great staple, she is first in absolute 
 amount. Indian corn, wheat, butter, sweet 
 and Irish potatoes, and wool are extensivelj' 
 produced; while rye, oats, barley, tobacco, 
 hay, wine, cheese,, and sugar are cultivated 
 to some extent. Tlie climate is suited to in- 
 digo and hemp, but they are not, at present, 
 profitable ci'ops. In short, South Carolina 
 can produce, side by side, the wheat of the 
 north, and the olive, sugar-cane, and (with 
 care) the orange of the south ; and, when 
 she institutes a more yareful system of cul- 
 ture, will be able to produce as large an 
 amount, and perhaps a greater variety of pro- 
 ducts, acre for acre, than any of her sister 
 states. Wheat grows as low as 32° 30' N. lat., 
 and Indian corn everywhere, except in a 
 .small district north of the mountains, which 
 is too bleak for it. The 4,072,651 acres of 
 improved land in South Carolina at the cen- 
 sus of 1850 wer< divided into 29,969 farms 
 of about 135 acres each, producing 1,060,277 
 bushels of wheat ; 43,790 of rye; 16.271,454 
 of Indian corn ; 2,322,155 of oats ; 1,026,900 
 of peas and beans ; 136,494 of Irish, and 
 4,337,469 of sweet potatoes; 159,9.30,613 
 pounds of rice; 74,285 of tobacco; 120,360,400 
 of cotton; 487,233 of wool; 2,981,850 of but- 
 ter; 671,000 of cane sugar; 216,281 of bees- 
 ■wax and honey, and 20,925 tons of hay. Value 
 of live stock, $15,060,015; of market pro- 
 duce, $47,280; of orchard products, $35,108; 
 of slaughtered animals, $1,302,637. 
 
 Forest Trees. — On the islands are found the 
 live-oak, pine, palmetto, and laurel ; in the 
 lower and pine barren district, pitch pine, and 
 in the middle and upper regions, oak, hickory, 
 
 and pine. The winter voyager between 
 Charleston and Savannah, on the inlets or 
 sounds of the coast, sails amid foliage as green 
 as that of a summer forest at the North ; with 
 here the evergreen live oak, draped with the 
 gracefully-hanging long moss, and there the 
 white flowers of the laurel, (sometimes a foot 
 in circuit,) while the shores are lined with 
 thousands of waterfowl, and nothing to mar 
 the scene, unless it may be an unsightlj' alli- 
 gator basking in the sun. 
 
 Manufactures. — South Carolina has not yet 
 become extensively engaged in manufactur- 
 ing, but her attention is now much turned in 
 that direction, and already she exports, to the 
 North, cotton yarns and coarse cotton stuffs. 
 In 1850 there were in the state 1473 manufac- 
 turing establishments, producing each $500 
 and upwards annually. The same year home- 
 made manufactures to the amount of $909,546 
 were fabricated. There were in 1850, 18 es- 
 tablishments engaged in the manufacture of 
 cotton, employing capital to the amount of 
 $857,200, and 399 male and 620 female hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $295,971, and 
 producing 6,563,737 yards of stuffs, and 
 1 ,348,343 pounds of yarn, valued at $748,338 ; 
 6 furnaces, &c., employing $185,700, and 153 
 male and 2 female hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $29,128, and producing 1286 
 tons of castings, &c., valued at $87,683; 91 
 tanneries, with a capital of $184,335, and 
 producing leather to the amount of $261,332; 
 and $3475 invested in the manufacture of 
 malt and spirituous liquors, employing 33 
 hands, consuming 18,100 bushels of Indian 
 corn, and producing 43,900 gallons of whis- 
 key, wine, &c. South Carolina reports no 
 •woollen factories. The South Carolina Indus- 
 trial Institute holds annually fairs, in which 
 great interest is taken by its citizens, and dis- 
 plays are made of manufacturing and agricul- 
 tural improvement, marking an advancing 
 state in the mechanic arts and tillage of the soil. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — In January, 1853, 
 South Carolina had 559 miles of railroad 
 completed, and 296 in course of construction. 
 Those already constructed unite Charleston 
 with Hamburg, (and from thence by connec- 
 tion with the Georgia railroad with various 
 points in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama,) 
 with Columbia, Abbeville, Laurensville, and 
 other intermediate points in South Carolina, 
 and with Charlotte and Wilmington in North 
 Carolina. From the latter place (with a short 
 exception on and near the Potomac, below 
 Washington City) the connection with the 
 great Northern cities is unbroken. When the 
 present lines projected shall have been com- 
 pleted, Charleston will have communication 
 with Richmond through the central counties 
 of North Carolina. 
 
 Commerce. — South Carolina exports largely 
 of cotton, rice, (of the latter more than all 
 the other states of the Union togethei-,) lum- 
 ber, and naval stores. Her exports for the 
 1091 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1852, amounted 
 in value to $11,670,021, all in domestic pro- 
 ducts, and her imports for the same period 
 to $2,175,614. Nearly three-sevenths of the 
 foreign commerce of Houth Carolina is car- 
 ried in other than American bottoms. Ton- 
 nage of the state for the fiscal year 1852, 
 46,"635p'v-, of which more than 22,000 tons 
 were employed in the coasting trade, and more 
 than 701)0 in steam navigation. Seven ves- 
 sels were built in the same year, with a ton- 
 nage of 939^J. Tonnage entered, 101,977, 
 and tonnage cleared, 142,261. The exports 
 of cotton for the year ending August 31, 
 1853, were 19,976 bales of sea-island, and 
 446,610 of upland cotton; 126,742 tierces of 
 rice, 363,862 bushels of rough rice, and 
 20,637,525 feet of lumber. The railway 
 communications opened between Charleston 
 and Tennessee have diverted a large northern 
 trade, with the latter state, into this channel 
 to the great advantage of Charleston and 
 Tennessee as well. Soon, Charleston will 
 hold direct communication with Memphis, on 
 the Mississippi, by railways, which will be- 
 come one of the great routes between the 
 Mississippi valley and the Atlantic coast, and 
 even with the Ohio valley. — See Chakleston 
 for further particulars. 
 
 Education. — South Carolina University is 
 an institution of high reputation, and has 
 among its faculty some distinguished names, 
 but the education of the masses in this state 
 has been much neglected. The number of 
 schools in 1849 was 1023, and the number of 
 scholars in a white population of about 
 250,000 was only 9112. Public schools re- 
 ported by census of 1850, 670, and acade- 
 mies, 261. Amount expended by the legisla- 
 ture in 1848 for educational purposes, was 
 $40,561.53. There are two colleges, three 
 theological seminaries, and one medical school 
 in the state. Splendid buildings for a college 
 at Spartanburg village are now (1853) being 
 erected by the Methodists, ample funds having 
 been supplied by the bequest of Benjamin 
 WofFord. The income from the pupils of the 
 South Carolina College is spent in improve- 
 ments and other contingent expenses, the 
 college being supported by appropriations 
 from the state. Each student, it is said, costs 
 the state $1000. The legislature of 1853 
 appropriated $39,600 for the support of this 
 college. — See Tabic of Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Sects. — Of the 1163 churches in 
 South Carolina in 1850, the Baptists owned 
 413; the Episcopalians, 71; Lutherans, 41; 
 Methodists, 467; Presbyterians, 125; Roman 
 Catholics, 14, and Seceders, 11. The re- 
 mainder were divided among the Congrega- 
 tionalists, Free Church, Friends, Jews, Uni- 
 tarians, Universalists, and other minor sects, 
 making one church to every 574 inhabitants. 
 Value of churcli property, $2,140,346. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There is a state luna- 
 tic asylum at Columbia, which had 127 pa- 
 1092 
 
 tients in November 5th, 1851. Of these, 70 
 were paupers. The previous year, 22 had 
 been discharged cured, and 18 improved. 
 Receipts during the year, $26,501 ; expendi- 
 tures, $23,702. This institution is richly en- 
 dowed, and is under the control of the state. 
 The deaf and dumb asylum at Cedar Springs, 
 in Spartanburg district, was founded by the 
 Rev. N. P. Walker, in 1849, but is now under 
 the care of the state, and had 27 pupils in 
 November, 1851. New buildings for this in- 
 stitution are in progress of erection. The 
 orphan house not being supported by the state, 
 will be found described under Chakleston. 
 There is no penitentiary or house of refuge 
 in South Carolina. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^~c. — The governor, 
 lieutenant-governor, and presidential elec- 
 tors are chosen by the legislature. The go- 
 vernor and lieutenant-governor are elected 
 for two years, the former receiving $3500 
 per annum. The senate consists of 45 mem- 
 bers, chosen by the people for 4 years, one- 
 half being elected every second year. The 
 house of representatives, consisting of 124 
 members, is chosen in the same manner for 
 two years. In those districts having parishes, 
 the representation is by parishes. The pre- 
 sent constitution was framed in 1790. The 
 members of both branches receive $3 per 
 diem, and 10 cents for every mile of travel. 
 The judiciary consists — 1. Of courts of 
 equity, presided over by four chancellors ; 
 2. Of courts for the correction of errors, con- 
 sisting of all the judges in law and equity, to 
 try constitutional questions ; 3. Of courts of 
 common pleas and general sessions ; 4. Of 
 the city court of Charleston, (an inferior 
 court;) 5. Of an ordinary's court, in each 
 district, to grant letters of administration, 
 probate of wills, &c. ; and, 6. Of a court of 
 magistrates and freeholders for the ti-ial of 
 slaves and free persons of color. The chan- 
 cellor, and judges of sessions and common 
 pleas, receive $3000 per annum. South Caro- 
 lina has 7 members in the national house of 
 representatives, and 9 electoral votes for 
 president of the United States. 
 
 The state debt in 1852 was $3,144,931, of 
 which $1,051,422 was contingent debt; pro- 
 ductive property, $5,000,000 ; ordinary ex- 
 penses, exclusive of debt and schools, 
 $115,000. Appropriations for 1853, more 
 than $500,000 ; assessed value of property 
 in 1850, $283,867,709; number of banks in 
 June, 1853, 11, with an aggregate capital of 
 $10,330,225. The state bank of South Caro- 
 lina has a capital of $3,450,000, which the go- 
 vernor recommends to be increased. This is 
 reported to be a very sound institution. 
 
 History. — South Carolina was first settled 
 at Port Royal in 1670 by the English. A 
 constitution for this colony was formed by 
 the celebrated John Locke, somewhat on the 
 plan of Plato's Model Republic, which, how- 
 ever, signally failed. South Carolina was a 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 proprietary government until 1719, when it 
 became a royal colony. In 1690, a number 
 of French Huguenots, driven from France by 
 the revocation of the Edict of Nantez, settled 
 in this state, and subsequently a number of 
 Swiss, Irish, and Germans. South Carolina 
 was engaged with Georgia under Oglethorpe 
 in some contests with the Spanish in Florida, 
 and she also suffered much from Indian de- 
 predations in the early times of her settle- 
 ment, particularly from the Yamasses, who 
 were expelled in 1715. This colony took an 
 active part in exciting and carrying on the 
 revolt of the colonies, and furnished above 
 6000 troops to the federal forces. Many 
 bloody struggles took place within her limits 
 at Fort Moultrie, Charleston, Monk's Corner, 
 €amden. King's mountain, Eutaw Springs, 
 and Cowpens, with varying success, now the 
 British and now the Carolinians having the 
 advantage. The state was occupied by the 
 enemy the greater part of 1780 an(| 1781. 
 South Carolina has taken an active part in 
 the affairs of the national government, and 
 has furnished some of the most distinguished 
 American statesmen, being generally ably re- 
 presented in the national councils. She has 
 gone further than any other state in the 
 assertion and vindication of the rights of the 
 sovereign states, as opposed to the powers of 
 the federal government. Among her distin- 
 guished statesmen have been Lowndes, Pinck- 
 ney, Hayne, Legare, Poinsett, and Calhoun. 
 
 South Careoll, a post-ofi&ce of Carroll co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 South CABUoiiLTON, a post-village of Muh- 
 lenburg eo., Kentucky, on Green river, 160 
 miles S. W. from Frankfort. It has several 
 stores and warehouses. 
 
 South Carthage, a post-of&ce of Franklin 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Carver, a post-of&ce of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Cass, a post-ofSce of Ionia co., Mich. 
 
 South Cass, a township in Orange eo., In- 
 diana. Population, 1501. 
 
 South Charleston, a beautiful post- village 
 of Madison township, Clarke county, Ohio, 
 on the Columbus and Xenia railroad, 35 miles 
 W. S. W. from Columbus, has 2 or 3 churches. 
 Population in 1850, 414. 
 
 South Charlestown, a post-office of Sulli- 
 van CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Chesterville, a post - office of 
 Franklin eo., Maine. 
 
 South China, a post-office of Kennebec co., 
 Maine. 
 
 South Codorus, a township of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Baltimore 
 and Susquehanna railroad, 14 miles W. by S. 
 from York. Population, 1135. 
 
 South Columbia, a post-office of Herki- 
 mer eo., New York. 
 
 South Corinth, a post-village of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, 16 miles N. from Ballston Spa. 
 
 South Cortland, a post-village of (Port- 
 
 land CO., New York, 4 or 5 miles S. W. from 
 Cortland Village. 
 
 South Coventry, a post-office of Tolland 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 South Coventry, a township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 16 miles N. by W. 
 from West Chester. Population, 711. 
 
 South Craftsburt, a post-office of Or- 
 leans CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Creek, a post-township of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 23 miles N. W. from 
 Towanda. Population, 709. 
 
 South Creek, a post-office of Beaufort co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 South Danby, a post-office of Tompkins 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Dansville, a post- village of Steu- 
 ben CO., New York, 24 miles N. W. from Bath. 
 
 South Dartmouth, a post-office of Bris- 
 tol CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Dedham, a post-office of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 South Deerfield, a post-village in Rock- 
 ingham CO., New Hampshire, 15 miles S. E. 
 from Concord. 
 
 South Deerfield, a post-village in Frank- 
 lin CO., Massachusetts, on the Connecticut 
 River railroad, 80 miles W. by N. of Boston. 
 
 South Deer Isle, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Dennis, a post-office of Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Dickinson, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Dorset, a small post-village in 
 Dorset township, Bennington co., Vermont, 
 about 80 miles S. by W. from Montpelier. 
 The inhabitants are principally engaged in 
 quarrying and dressing marble. 
 
 South Dover, a post-office of Piscataquis 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Dover, a post-village of Dutchess 
 CO., New York, on the Harlem railroad, 73 
 miles N. N. E. from New York. 
 
 South Dresden, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 Maine. 
 
 South Durham, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Durham, a post-office of Greene co.. 
 New York. 
 
 South-East, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Putnam co., New York, in- 
 tersected by the Harlem railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 2079. 
 
 South Easton, a post-office of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 South Easton, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Easton, a flourishing town of Easton 
 township, Northampton county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, on the right bank of the Lehigh river, 
 at its entrance into the Delaware, 1 mile S. 
 from Easton. It contains manufactories of 
 iron, cotton, flour, and lumber. These are 
 propelled by the water-power furnished by 
 the Lehigh canal. 
 
 1093 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 South Edmeston, a post-office of Otsego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Edwards, a post-oiBce of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 South Egkemont, a post-village in Berk- 
 shire CO., Mass., 120 miles W. by S. of Boston. 
 
 South English, a post-village in Keokuk 
 CO., Iowa, near the S. fork of English river, 
 35 miles S. W. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 South Ekin, a post-office, Chemung co. N.Y. 
 
 Southern States. See United States. 
 
 South Fairfax, a flourishing village of 
 Franklin co., Vermont, on the Lamoille river, 
 which affords excellent water power, 35 miles 
 N. E. by E. from Montpelier. It has several 
 handsome churches, a large flouring mill, and 
 6 stores. A fine building, 140 feet by 50, has 
 been erected for the New Hampton Academi- 
 cal Institute, removed from New Hampton. 
 
 South Farms, a post-village in Litchfield co. 
 Connecticut, 35 miles W. by S. from Hartford. 
 
 South Fayette, a township of Alleghany 
 CO.. Pennsylvania, about 12 miles S. AV. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 1118. 
 
 SouTHFiELD, a post-office of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 SouTHFiELD, a township of Richmond co.. 
 New York, bordering on New York bay, 12 
 miles S. W. from New York city. Pop., 2709. 
 
 SouTHFiELD, a post-townsliip in the S. E. 
 part of Oakland co., Michigan. Pop., 1658. 
 
 South Florence, a post-village in Frank- 
 lin CO., Alabama. 
 
 SouTHFORD, a post-village in New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 South Fork, a post-office of Ashe co., N.C. 
 
 South Fork, a township in Clark co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 223. 
 
 South Fork, a township in Fulton co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 205. 
 
 South Fork, a post-office of Owsley co.,Ky. 
 
 South Fork, a post-office of Wayne co., lo. 
 
 South Foster, a post-office of IProvidence 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 South Frajiingham, a post-office of Mid- 
 dlesex CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Franklin, a post-ofiice of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Franklin, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South FREEDOM,post-offiee of Waldo CO., Me. 
 
 South Galway, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Gardiner, a post-office of Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 SouTHGATE,apost-office of Franklin co.Ind. 
 
 South Genesee, a post-village in Genesee 
 township, Waukesha co., Wisconsin, 21 miles 
 W. by S. from Milwaukee. 
 
 South Gibson, a post-office of Gibson co., 
 Tennessee, 15 miles S. E. from Trenton. 
 
 South Gilboa, a post-office of Schoharie 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Glastenburt, a post-village in 
 Hartford co., Connecticut, on Connecticut 
 river, aboiit 10 miles S. from Hartford. 
 1094 
 
 South Glenn's Fall, a post-office of Sara- 
 toga CO., New York. 
 
 South Granby, a post-office of Oswego co., 
 New York. 
 
 South Granville, a post-office of Wash- 
 ington CO., New York. 
 
 South Greece, a post-office of Monroe co.. 
 New York. 
 
 South Groton, a post-office of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Grove, a post-township in De Kalb 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 147. 
 
 South Grove, a small post-Tillage of De 
 Kalb CO., Illinois, about 70 miles W. N. W. 
 from Chicago. 
 
 South Grove, a post-village in Walworth 
 township, Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 
 South Hadley, a post-township in Hamp- 
 shire co., Mass., on theE. side of Connecticut 
 river, 85 miles W.by S. from Boston. Pop. 2495. 
 
 South Hadlet, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Connecticut river, contains 2 os 
 3 churches, and an academy. 
 
 South Halifax, a post-office of Windham 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Hammond, a post-village of St. 
 Lawrence co., New York, about 38 miles W. 
 S. W. from Canton. 
 
 South Hampden, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Hampton, a post-township in Rock- 
 ingham CO., New Hampshire, 45 miles S. E. 
 from Concord. Population, 472. 
 
 South Hampton, a post-township of SufiFolk 
 CO., New York, immediately S. E. from River- 
 head. It is washed by the Atlantic on the S., 
 and Great Peconic bay on the N. Pop., 6501. 
 
 South Hampton, a post-village in the 
 above township, near the S. side of Long 
 Island, about 100 miles E. from New York. 
 It contains an academy, and 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 South Hanover, a township of Dauphin 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 12 miles E. from Harris- 
 burg. Population, 617. 
 
 South Hanover, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Indiana, 6 or 7 miles W. S. W. from 
 Madison. It has an institution styled South 
 Hanover College. A plank-road extends from 
 this village to Madison. Population, 447. 
 
 South Hanson, a post-office of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Hardwick, a post-office of Cale- 
 donia CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Harpeth, a post-office of Davidson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 South HARRisBUKa, a post-office of Lewis 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Hartford, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Hartford, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., New York, about 50 miles N. N. 
 E. from Albany. It has 2 churches. 
 
 South Hartwick, a post-office of Otsego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Harwich, a post-village in Barnsta- 
 ble CO., Mass., 80 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 South Haven, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Van Buren cc, Mich. Pop., 220. 
 
 South Hawley, a post-village in Franklin 
 CO., Mass., 105 miles W. by N. from Boston. 
 
 South Hknkietta, a post-office of Jackson 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 South Hermitage, a post-office of Lan- 
 caster CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 South Hero, an island in Lake Champlain, 
 constituting the post-township of South Hero, 
 •which is a part of Grand Isle co., Vermont. 
 Length, about 10 miles. Population, 705. 
 
 South Hili,, a post-office of Steuben co.N.Y. 
 
 South Hill, a post-village of Bradford co., 
 Pa., 150 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 South Hill, a post-office of Mecklenburg 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 South Hingham, a post-village in Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, 15 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 
 South Hollow, a post-village in Jo Daviess 
 CO., Illinois, near Mississippi river, 180 miles 
 W. N, W. from Chicago. 
 
 South Hope, a post-office of Waldo co., Me. 
 
 South Huntingdon, a township of West- 
 morelknd co., Pennsylvania, about 15 miles 
 W. S. W. from Greensburg. Population, 862. 
 
 SouTHiNGTON, a post-villagc in Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut, 16 miles S. W. from Hartford, 
 on the New Haven and Northampton or 
 Canal railroad, contains 4 or 5 churches, and 
 an academy. Pop. of the township, 2135. 
 
 SouTHiNGTON, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Trumbull co., Ohio. Pop., 1013. 
 
 South JACKsoN,a post-office of Waldo co.Me. 
 
 South Jackson, a post-village in Jackson 
 CO., Michigan, 75 miles W. by S. from Detroit. 
 
 South Keene, a small village in Keene town- 
 ship, Cheshire co., New Hampshire, on the 
 Cheshire railroad, about 44 miles S. W. from 
 Concord. 
 
 South Kent, a poet-village in Litchfield 
 CO., Conn., 55 miles W. by S. from Hartford. 
 
 South Killingly, a post-village in Wind- 
 ham CO., Conn., 50 miles E. from Hartford. 
 
 South Kingston, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Kingston, a township in Washington 
 CO., Rhode Island, on the Stonington and Pro- 
 vidence railroad, 22 miles S. from Providence, 
 contains 1 bank. Population, 3807. 
 
 South Kirtland, a post-office of Lake co.,0. 
 
 South Kortwkight, a post-office of Dela- 
 ware CO., New York. 
 
 South Lansing, a post-office of Tompkins 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Lebanon, a township of Lebanon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, contains Lebanon, the 
 county seat. 
 
 South Lee, a post-village in Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Berkshire railroad, 
 125 miles W. by S. from Boston, contains a 
 number of mills. 
 
 South Leeds, a post-office of Kennebec co., 
 Maine. 
 
 South Lincoln, a post-village in Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, 100 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 
 South Livonia, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South LoDi, a post-office of Seneca co., N.Y. 
 
 South Londonderry, a post-office of Wind- 
 ham CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Lowell, a small village of Johnson 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 South Lowell Mills, a post-village of 
 Orange co.. North Carolina. 
 
 South Lyme, a post-village in New London 
 CO., Connecticut, on the New Haven and New 
 London railroad, about 40 miles E. from New 
 Haven. 
 
 South Lyndeborough, a post-office of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Lyon, a post-office of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 South Manchester, a post-office of Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut. 
 
 South Marcellus, a post-office of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York. 
 
 South Maxfield, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Merrimack, a post-office of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Middleborough, a post-office of 
 Plymouth co., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Middleton, a township of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, 7 miles S. from Car- 
 lisle. Population, 2252. 
 
 South Milford, a post-village of Worcester 
 CO., Mass. 30 miles S. W. of Boston. 
 
 South Milford, a post-office of Otsego co., 
 New York. 
 
 South Milford, a village of Sussex county, 
 Delaware, on the right bank of Wispillion 
 creek, opposite Milford, 21 miles S. S. E. from 
 Dover. Ship building constitutes the chief 
 business of the village. It has 1 church, 3 
 stores, and about 350 inhabitants. 
 
 South Milford, a post-office of Cecil co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 South Milford, a post-office of La Grange 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 South Mills, a post-office of Camden co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 South Milton, a post-office of Strafford co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 South Moluncus, a post-office of Aroostook 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Montville, a post-office of Waldo 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Nashville, a flourishing town of 
 Davidson county, Tennessee, on the left bank 
 of Cumberland river, may be regarded as a 
 suburb of the city of Nashville, although it 
 was separately incorporated in 1850. Since 
 that time it has rapidly increased in popula- 
 tion and importance. It has 3 churches, and 
 several male and female schools ; one of these 
 is a free school, supported by a public tax, 
 and attended by 150 pupils of both sexes- - 
 probably the only school of the kind in Ten- 
 nessee. The ground was presented to the 
 public by John Trimble, Esq. Population in 
 1853, about 3000. 
 
 1095 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 South Natick, a post-village in Middlesex 
 CO., Mass., 16 miles S. W. by W. from Boston. 
 
 South New Berlin, a post-village of Che- 
 nango CO., New York, about 100 miles W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 South Newbueg, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Newbury, a post-office of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Newbury, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Newcastle, a post-office of Gallia 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 South Newmarket, a post-office of Rock- 
 ingham CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Newport, a small post-village of 
 Mcintosh CO., Georgia, 40 miles S. W. from 
 Savannah. 
 
 South Newry, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 South Norwalk, formerly Old Well, a sea- 
 port and post- village of Fairfield co., Con- 
 necticut, on the right bank of the Norwalk 
 river, near its mouth, and on the New York 
 and New Haven railroad, 33 miles W. S. W. 
 from New Haven. The inhabitants are largely 
 engaged in the manufacture of felt beaver 
 hats. Steamboats ply between the village 
 and New York. May 6th, 1853, a locomotive 
 and two passenger cars were here precipitated 
 through an open drawbridge, and 47 lives lost. 
 
 Southold, a post-township of Suffolk co.. 
 New York, borders on Long Island sound and 
 Great Peconic bay. Population, 4723. 
 
 Southold, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Long Island railroad, 91 miles E. 
 by N. from New York. It contains several 
 churches. 
 
 South Olive, a post-office of Morgan co.,0. 
 
 South Onondaga, a post-office of Onondaga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Orange, a post-office of Essex co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 South Orleans, a post-office of Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Orneville, a post-office of Piscata- 
 quis CO., Maine. 
 
 South Orrington, a post-office of Penob- 
 scot CO., Maine. 
 
 South Otselic, a post-office of Chenango 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Owego, a post-office of Tioga co., 
 New York. 
 
 South Oxford, a post-office of Chenango 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Ouster Bay, a post-office of Queen's 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Paris, a thriving post-village in 
 Paris township, Oxford co., Maine, on the 
 Little Androscoggin river, and St. Lawrence 
 and Atlantic railroad, about 38 miles S. W. 
 by W. from Augusta. It contains 2 churches, 
 an academy, 6 stores, 1 woollen mill, 2 saw 
 mills, and 2 grist mills. 
 
 South Parkman, a post-office of Piscataquis 
 CO.. Maine. 
 
 1098 
 
 South Paesonfield, a post-office of York 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Perry, a small post-village of Hock- 
 ing CO., Ohio, 16 miles S. W. from Logan. 
 
 South Pittsburg, a borough of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the left or south bank 
 of the Monongahela river, opposite Pittsburg, 
 and immediately above the confluence of that 
 river with the Alleghany. It is connected 
 with the city by a bridge 1500 feet long. Here 
 are extensive manufactures of iron and glass. 
 Pop. in 1850, 1883 ; in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 South Plymouth, a post-office of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Plymouth, a post-office of Chenango 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Plymouth, a post-office of Fayette 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 South Plymouth, a post-office of Wayne 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 South Point, a post-office of Lincoln co.. 
 North Carolina, 177 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 South Point, a small village of Franklin 
 CO., Missouri, on the Missouri river, 60 miles 
 from its mouth, has a good landing. 
 
 South Pomfeet, a post-office of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 SouTHPORT, a township in Lincoln co., 
 Maine. Population, 543. 
 
 SouTHPORT, a beautiful post-borough in 
 Fairfield township, Fairfield co., Connecticut, 
 on the coast, and on the New York and New 
 Haven railroad, 24 miles S. W. from New 
 Haven. It contains 3 churches, 1 bank, 1 
 academy, and a school house, erected at a 
 cost of about $7000. It has a good harbor 
 (which has been improved by appropriations 
 from Congress) for vessels of 100 tons. The 
 tonnage belonging to this port amounts to 
 25,000 tons, probably the greatest in propor- 
 tion to its size owned in any place in the 
 United States. Within the borough limits is 
 a portion of the swamp where the Pequots, 
 in 1G37, made their last stand, and were ex- 
 terminated by the whites, commanded by 
 Mason. Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 SouTHPORT, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Chemung co., New York, in- 
 tersected by the Erie railroad. Pop., 3184. 
 
 SouTHPORT, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 2 miles S. from Elmira. 
 
 SouTHPORT, a post-village of Marion co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad between Madison and 
 Indianapolis, 6 miles S. from the latter, con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 SouTHPORT, a post-office of Peoria co.. 111. 
 
 SouTHPORT, a township in the E. part of 
 Kenosha co., Wisconsin. Population, 363. 
 
 SouTHPORT Village, Wis. See Kenosha. 
 
 South Prairie, a post- village in Boone co., 
 Illinois, 80 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 South Prospect, a post-office of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 South Pultney, a post-village of Steuben 
 CO., New York, about 210 miles W. by S. from 
 Albany. 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 SotTTH Quay, a post-office of Nansemond 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 South Raymond, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Reading, a post-office of AVindsor 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Reading, a post-village in Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, 11 miles N. from Boston, 
 on the Boston and Maine railroad, contains 2 
 or 3 churches and an academy. Population 
 of the township, 2407. 
 
 South Richland, a post-office of Oswego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Ridge, a post-office of Ashtabula co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 South Rivek, New Jersey. See Manala- 
 pan Brook. 
 
 South River, of Virginia, a small branch 
 of the Shenandoah, rises in Augusta county, 
 flows in a north-easterly course, and unites 
 with the other main branch at Port Republic, 
 in Rockingham county. 
 
 South River, of North Carolina, forms the 
 boundary between Bladen and New Hanover 
 counties, and enters Cape Fear river about 10 
 miles N. W. from Wilmington. 
 
 South River, of Iowa, enters Des Moines 
 river near the E. line of Polk county. 
 
 South River, a post-office of Middlesex co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 South River, a post-office of Anne Arun- 
 del CO., Maryland. 
 
 South River, a township in Marion co., 
 Missouri. Population, 757. 
 
 South Royalston, a post-office of Worces- 
 ter CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South PiOyalton, a post-office of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Royalton, a post-office of Niagara 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Rutland, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Rybgate, a post-office of Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South St. George, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Salem, a post-village of Westchester 
 CO., N. Y., about 120 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 South Salem, a post-village of Ross co., 
 Ohio, 16 miles S. W. from Chilicothe. 
 
 South Saluda, a post-office of Greenville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 South SANDFORD,a post-office of York co.Me. 
 
 South Sandwich, a post-village in Barnsta- 
 ble CO., Mass., GO miles S. E. from Boston. 
 
 South Sangerville, a post-office of Pis- 
 cataquis CO., Maine. 
 
 South Schodac, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Scituatb, a post-village in Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, 25 miles S. E. from Bos- 
 ton. Population of the township, 1770. 
 
 South Scituate, a post-office of Providence 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 South Sebec, a post-office of Piscataquis 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Seekonk, a post-village of Bristol 
 CO., Mass., 45 miles S. S. W. from Boston. 
 
 South Shaftsbury, a post-office of Ben- 
 nington CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Shenango, a- post-township forming 
 the S. W. extremity of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by Shenango creek. 
 Population, 1GG4. 
 
 South Shrewsbury, a post-village in Wor- 
 cester CO., Massachusetts, 85 miles W. by S. 
 from Boston. 
 
 Southside, a post-office of Richmond co., 
 New York. 
 
 South Sodus, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 New York, about 190 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. 
 
 South Solon, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Solon, a small post-village of Ma- 
 dison CO., Ohio, 56 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 South Stephentown, a post-office of Rens- 
 selaer CO., New York. 
 
 South Sterling, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 South Stoddard, a post-office of Cheshire 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Stow, a small village in Stow town- 
 ship, Lamoille co., Vermont, about 18 miles 
 N. E. by N. from Montpelier. 
 
 South Strabane, a township of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 24 miles S. S. W. 
 from Pittsburg. Population, 1391. 
 
 South Strafford, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Tamworth, a post-office of Carroll 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Thomaston, a post-township of 
 Lincoln co., Maine, on Penobscot bay, 40 
 miles S. E. byE. from Augusta. Pop., 1420. 
 
 South Thompson, a post-office of Geauga 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 South Thurston, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Trenton, a post-office of Oneida co., 
 New York. 
 
 South Tyringham, a post-village in Berk- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 120 miles W. by S. 
 from Boston. 
 
 South Union, a small post-village of Logan 
 CO., Ky., 165 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 South Valley, a post-village of Otsego co., 
 N. Y., about 12 miles E. from Cooperstown. 
 
 South Vassalborough, a post-office of 
 Kennebec co., Maine. 
 
 South Vernon, a village in Windham co., 
 Vt., on Conn, river, at the junction of the 
 Conn. River and the Brattleborough Branch . 
 railroads, 100 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. 
 
 Southvillb, a post-village of Litchfield co.. 
 Conn., on the left bank of Housatonic river, 
 30 miles N. W. from N. Haven. Pop. about 200. 
 
 SouTHViLLE, a post-village of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York, on St. Regis river, about 220 
 miles N. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 SouTHViLLE, a post- village in Shelby co., 
 Kentucky, 31 miles W. N. W. from Frankfort. 
 1097 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 South Walden, a post-office of Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Walden, a post-office of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Wales, a post-village of Erie co., 
 New York, 21 miles S. E. from Buffalo. 
 
 South Wallingford, a post-office of Rut- 
 land CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Walpole, a post-office of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Southwauk, a district of Philadelphia co., 
 and suburb of Philadelphia, on the Delaware 
 river, immediately S. of the city proper, from 
 which it is separated by Cedar or South street. 
 It extends from the river westward to the Pas- 
 syunk road. It contains an extensive navy- 
 yard of the United States, several ship-yards, 
 a shot-tower, and other manufactories. The 
 district is governed by a board of commission- 
 ers. Pop. in 1850, 38,799. — See Philadelphia. 
 
 South Warren, a post-office of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 South Wars.\w, a post-office of Wyoming 
 CO., New York. 
 
 South Waterford, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 South Weare, a post-office of Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 South Wellfleet, a post-office of Barnsta- 
 ble CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South- West, a post-township forming the 
 S.W. extremity of Warren co.. Pa. Pop., 390. 
 
 South Westerloo, a post-village of Albany 
 CO., New York, 20 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 
 South-west Harbor, a post-village in Han- 
 cock CO., Me., 114 miles E. by S. from Augusta. 
 
 South-west Oswego, a post-office of Os- 
 wego CO., New York. 
 
 South Westport, a post-village in Bristol 
 CO., Massachusetts, 60 miles S. from Boston. 
 
 South Wetmouth, a post-village of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 South Whitehall, a post-township of Le- 
 high CO., Pennsylvania, on the right side of 
 the Lehigh river, about 6 miles N. W. from 
 AUentown. Population, 2913. 
 
 South Whitley, a post-office of Whitley co., 
 Ind. about 95 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 SouTHWiCK, a post-township in Hampden 
 CO., Massachusetts, 100 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 1120. 
 
 South Wilbrahaji, a post-village of Hamp- 
 den CO., Massachusetts, has 2 churches. 
 
 South Williamstown, a post-village in 
 Berkshire co., Massachusetts, 130 miles W. 
 by N. from Boston, contains 1 or 2 churches. 
 
 South Wilson, a post-office of Niagara co.. 
 New York. 
 
 South Windham, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 South Windham, a post-office of Windham 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 South Windham, a post-office of Windham 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 South Windsor, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 1098 
 
 South Windsor, a new post-township in 
 Hartford co., Connecticut, on the E. side of' 
 Connecticut river, 8 miles N. E. from Hart- 
 ford. Population, 1638. 
 
 South Wolfbokough, a post-village in Car- 
 roll co., N. H., 35 miles N. E. from Concord. 
 
 South Woodbury, a township of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 22 miles S. from HoUi- 
 daysburg. Population, 1347. 
 
 South Woodstock, a post-village in Wind- 
 sor CO., Vermont, 50 miles S. by E. from 
 Montpelier. 
 
 South AVorcester, a post- village of Otsego 
 CO., N.Y., about 60 miles W. by S. from Albaiu'. 
 
 South Wbentham, a post-village Norfolk 
 CO., Mass., 25 miles S. W. from Boston, con- 
 tains a bank, and about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 South Yadkin, a small stream of North 
 Carolina, which enters the Yadkin from the 
 right, about 9 miles N. from Salisbury. 
 
 South Yam Hill, a post-office of Polk co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 South Yarmouth, a post-village in Barn- 
 stable CO., Mass., 80 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 
 South Yuba Piiver, Cal. See Deer Creek. 
 
 SouviE s Island, a post-office of Clark co., 
 Oregon, • 
 
 SowHATCHEE Creek, of Early co., Georgia. 
 flows into the Chattahoochee river. 
 
 SoxviLLE, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Pa., 131 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Spadba, a township in Johnson co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 1209. 
 
 Spadra Bluff, a small post-village of 
 Johnson co., Arkansas. 
 
 Spafford, a post-township of Onondaga 
 CO., New York, on the E. side of Skaneateles 
 lake. Population, 1903. 
 
 Spafford Hollow, a post-village of Onon- 
 daga CO., New York, about 140 miles W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Spaffordsburg, a post-office of Benton co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Spangsville, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. 
 
 Spanish Bluffs, a small village of Bowie 
 county, Texas, on Red river, about 12 miles 
 N. from Boston, has a landing -for steam- 
 boats. 
 
 Spanish Creek, of Pike co., Ohio, flows 
 into the Scioto river. 
 
 Spanish Lake, of Louisiana, is connected 
 with the right bank of Red river, a few miles 
 above Natchitoches. Length, about 12 miles. 
 
 Spanish Prairie, a post-village of Ci-aw- 
 ford CO., Missouri, about 48 miles S. E. from 
 Jefi'erson City. 
 
 Sp.^rta, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Livingston co.. New York. Population, 1372. 
 
 Sparta, a new township in the S. E. part 
 Sussex CO., New Jersey. Population, 1919. 
 
 Sparta, a flourishing post-village of Sus- 
 sex county. New Jersey, about 66 miles N. 
 by E. from Trenton, contains 2 churches, 2 
 seminaries, 5 stores, 6 iron forges, 6 mills, 
 and 1 shingle manufactory. Population, 
 about 500. 
 
SPA 
 
 SPE 
 
 Sparta, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Crawford co., Pa. Pop., 884. 
 
 Sparta, a post-office of Washington co., Pa. 
 
 Sparta, a post-office of Caroline co., Va. 
 
 Sparta, a post-village in Edgecomb co., 
 North Carolina, 84 miles E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Sparta, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Hancock county, Georgia, 24 miles N. E. from 
 Milledgeville. It is distinguished for activity 
 of business, and for its excellent schools. It 
 contains 3 churches, 2 academies, and 1 cot- 
 ton factory. Population, about 800. 
 
 Sparta, a post-village, capital of Conecuh 
 county, Alabama, on a small affluent of Cone- 
 cuh river, 100 miles S. S. W. from Montgo- 
 mery. The railroad projected from Mobile 
 to Columbus, in Georgia, will pass through or 
 near this village. It contains a court house, 
 a jail. Masonic hall, 3 stores, and about 200 
 inhabitants. It became the county seat in 
 1822. 
 
 Sparta, a post-village of Chickasaw co., 
 Mississippi, 140 miles N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Sparta, a pleasant and thriving post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Bienville parish, Louisiana, 
 is situated on a level plain, having a sandy 
 soil,' and watered by never-failing springs. 
 Groves of holly and sweet bay, in the vicinity, 
 present at all seasons a green and spring-like 
 appearance. The village contains a flourish- 
 ing seminary. 
 
 Sparta, a post-village, capital of White 
 CO., Tennessee, on the route of the South- 
 western railroad, about 85 miles E. by S. from 
 Nashville, with which it is connected by a 
 turnpike-road. It has a court house, jail, a 
 bank, 1 newspaper office, and several stores. 
 
 Sparta, a thriving village of Owen county, 
 Kentucky, on Eagle creek, about 35 miles N. 
 from Frankfort. It has an extensive flour- 
 ing mill, and a saw mill. 
 
 Sparta, a post-village of Morrow co., Ohio, 
 35 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Sparta, a village of Stark co., Ohio, on the 
 Nimishillen creek, 68 miles S. from Cleveland. 
 
 Sparta, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Mich. 
 
 Sparta, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Kent CO., Michigan. Population, 309. 
 
 Sparta, a post-township in Dearborn co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1598. 
 
 Sparta, a township in Noble co., Indiana. 
 Population, 590. 
 
 Sparta, a thriving post- village of Randolph 
 CO., 111., on the route of the Illinoistown and 
 Massac railroad, 113 miles S. from Spring- 
 fie'd. It hns 4 newspaper offices. 
 
 Sparta, a small post-village of Buchanan 
 county, Missouri, about 200 miles N. W. of 
 Jefferson City. Since the removal of the 
 county seat to St. Joseph, Sparta has declined. 
 
 Sparta, a post-office of La Crosse co.. Wis. 
 
 Sparta Ce.vtre, a post-office, Kent co.,Mich. 
 
 Spartanburg, a district in the N. W. part 
 of South Carolina, bordering on North Caro- 
 lina, has an area of 950 square miles. I,t is 
 bounded on the S. W. by the Ennoree river, 
 
 on the N. E. by Broad river, and intersected 
 by the Tiger and Pacolet rivers, all of which 
 flow south-eastward. The surface is hilly. 
 The soil is productive, and well watered. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 this district pro- 
 duced 873,654 bushels of corn; 112,993 of 
 wheat; 153,562 of oats, and 80,429 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 2 iron foundries, 5 
 saw and planing mills, 1 yarn manufactory, 
 12 machine shops, and 9 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 60 churches, ]1 newspaper office, 1000 
 pupils attending public schools, and 175 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Gold 
 mines are worked in the district, and yield 
 large profits. Iron ore of the finest quality, 
 and in immense quantities, is found, and it also 
 contains extensive quarries of limestone. 
 Glenn spring, of this district, has become a 
 fashionable watering-place. It is said to 
 contain sulphur and magnesia. A railroad 
 is projected from Spartanburg, the seat of 
 justice, to the Greenville and Columbia rail- 
 road. Population, 26,400 ; of whom 18,361 
 were free, and 8039, slaves. 
 
 Spartanburg, or Spartanburg Court 
 House, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Spartanburg district. South Carolina, 98 miles 
 N. N. W. from Columbia. Splendid buildinga 
 for a college, under the direction of the Me- 
 thodists, are going up at this place ; ample 
 provision having been made by the bequest 
 of Benjamin Wofford. The Spartanburg and 
 Union railroad is in course of construction, 
 from this point to the Greenville and Colum- 
 bia railroad, a distance of 66 miles. 
 
 Spartanburg, a post-village of Randolph 
 CO., Indiana, 20 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Spartansburg, a post-office of Crawford co. , 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Spartapolis, a post-village in Rockingham 
 CO., Va., 142 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Spava, a post-office of Fulton co., Illinois. 
 
 Spavinau, a post-office of Benton co.. Ark. 
 
 Spear's Store, a post-office of Union pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Speckled Mountain, in Oxford co., Maine, 
 near the boundary line of New Hampshire, is 
 about 4000 feet high. 
 
 Speedsville, a post-village of Tompkins 
 CO., New York, near West Owego creek, 16 
 miles S. E. from Ithaca. It has several fac- 
 tories and stores. 
 
 Speedwell, a post-office of Wythe co., Va. 
 
 Speedwell, a post-village in Barnwell dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, 115 miles S. S. W. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 Speedwell, a post-village of Claiborne co., 
 Tennessee, 210 miles E. by N. from Nashville. 
 
 Speedwell, a post-office of Madison co.,Ky. 
 
 Speedwell, a small village of St. Clair co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Speer's Landing, a post-office of Shelby 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Speertown, a village of Essex co.. New 
 Jersey, 7 miles N. from Newark. 
 
 1099 
 
SPE 
 
 SPO 
 
 Speerville, a post- village of Fulton co., 
 Pa., 83 miles W. S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Speight's Bridge, a post- village in Greene 
 CO., North Carolina, 79 miles E. S. E. from 
 Haleigh. 
 
 Speir's Turnout, a post- village of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Georgia. 
 
 Spencer, a county in the N. part of Ken- 
 tucky, contains an area estimated at 280 
 square miles. It is drained by the Salt river, 
 and by Brashear's creek. The surface is 
 undulating and hilly, and the soil fertile. 
 The staples are corn, wheat, oats, hemp, to- 
 bacco, and grass. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 775,878 bushels of corn; 55,614 of 
 wheat, and 109,215 of oats. It contained 10 
 churches, 139 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 107 attending academies or other schools. 
 The rock which is commonly found near the 
 jVurface is limestone. The water-power of 
 the river has recently been improved by the 
 erection of cotton and woollen factories. Or- 
 ganized in 1824, and named in honor of Cap- 
 tain Spear Spencer, who fell at the battle of 
 Tippecanoe. Capital, Taylorsville. Popu- 
 lation, 6842 ; of whom 4691 were free, and 
 2151, slaves. 
 
 Spencer, a county in the S. W. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on the Ohio river, contains 
 390 square miles. It is drained by Little 
 Pigeon and Crooked creeks. The surface is 
 level in the S., and hilly in the N. and E. : 
 the soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, corn, oats, 
 tobacco, and pork are the chief productions. 
 In 1850 the county yielded 598,135 bushels 
 of corn; 19,777 of wheat; 86,916 of oats, 
 and 1697 tons of hay. It contained 13 
 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 980 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 280 attending 
 academies or other schools. The county 
 contains abundance of bituminous coal. 
 Organized in 1818. Capital, Rockport. Po- 
 pulation, 8616. 
 
 Spencer, a post- village in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Western railroad, 62 
 miles W. S. W. from Boston, contains 2 or 3 
 churches. Population of the township, 2244. 
 
 Spencer, a post-village in Spencer town- 
 ship, Tioga CO., New York, about 20 miles S. 
 from Ithaca. It contains 2 or 8 churches, 
 and several mills. Population, estimated at 
 500; of the township, 1782. 
 
 Spencer, a post- village in Davidson co., 
 North Carolina, 190 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Spencer, a small post-village, capital of 
 Van Buren co., Tennessee, 90 miles S . E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Spencer, a small village of White co., Tenn. 
 
 Spencer, a thriving post-village of Allen 
 CO., Ohio, on the Miami Extension canal, 
 about 110 miles N. W. from Columbus. Laid 
 out in 1845. The canal furnishes extensive 
 water-power. Population in 1853, near 500. 
 
 Spencer, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Guernsey co., Ohio. Pop., 1847. 
 
 Spencer, a township in the S. E. part of 
 1100 
 
 Hamilton co., Ohio, on the right bank of the 
 Ohio river, and on the Little Miami railroad. 
 Population, 1656. 
 
 Spencer, a township in Lucas co., Ohio. 
 Population, 273. 
 
 Spencer, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Medina co., Ohio. Population, 1336. 
 
 Spencer, a township of Jennings co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1390. 
 
 Spencer, a post-village, capital of Owen 
 county, Indiana, on the W. fork of the White 
 river, 54 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 Grain and other articles are shipped from 
 this place by the river. Spencer contains a 
 court house, 2 or 3 churches, and several 
 warehouses. 
 
 Spencerport, a post-village of Monroe co.. 
 New York, on the Erie canal, 12 miles W. 
 from Rochester. It has several mills and 
 stores. 
 
 Spencersburq, a post-village in Pike co., 
 Missouri, 80 miles N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Spencertown, a post-village of Columbia 
 CO., New York, 30 miles S. S. E. from Albany. 
 
 Spencerville, a post-ofiBce of Marengo co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Spencerville, a post-village in De Kalb 
 CO., Indiana, on an affluent of the Maumee 
 river, 135 miles N. E. by N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Speonk, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. 
 
 Sperrtville, a small post-village of Rap- 
 pahannock CO., Virginia, about 120 miles N. 
 W. from Richmond. A turnpike extends 
 from this village to the Rappahannock river. 
 
 Spiceland, a post-township in Henry co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1344. 
 
 Spiceland, a post-office of Henry co., Ind. 
 
 Spicerville, a small village of Gloucester 
 CO., New Jersey, on Racoon creek. 
 
 Spice Valley, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Indiana. Population, 946. 
 
 Spiggot (or Spickbt) RiVER,a small stream, 
 rises in Rockingham co., N. H., and falls into 
 the Merrimack river in Massachusetts. 
 
 Spinnerstown, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 91 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Spirit Creek, of Richmond co., Georgia, 
 flows E. into the Savannah river. 
 
 Spirit Lake, or Mille Lacs, a lake in 
 Ramsey co., Minnesota Territory. It is 
 about 18 miles long and 14 wide. It dis- 
 charges its waters through Rum river into 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 Spirit Lake, in Dickinson co., Iowa, is the 
 largest lake in that state. Length, near 10 
 miles ; greatest breadth, about 7 miles. 
 
 Splung, a post-office of Monroe co., Miss. 
 
 Spoon River, Illinois, rises in the AV. N. 
 W. part of the state, and flowing southerly, 
 falls into the Illinois river, near Havanna, in 
 Mason county. Its entire length consider- 
 ably exceeds 100 miles. 
 
 Sporting Hill, a small village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sporting Hill, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
SPO 
 
 SPR 
 
 Spottedville, a post-village of Stafford 
 CO., Virginia, 69 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Spottsville, a small village of Henderson 
 CO., Kentucky, on Green river, 6 miles from 
 its mouth. Tobacco and corn are shipped 
 here. 
 
 SroTTSwooD, a post-village of Middlesex 
 county. New Jersey, on South river, and on 
 the Camden and Amboy railroad, 26 miles 
 E. N. E. from Trenton, contains 3 stores, 2 
 churches, 2 mills, 2 tobacco manufactories, 
 and 60 dwellings. 
 
 Spottsylvania, a county in the E. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 400 square miles. 
 The Rappahannock forms the boundary on 
 the N. E., the North Anna river on the 
 S. W., and the Mattapony rises within its 
 limits. The surface is pleasantly diversified 
 by hill and dale. The soil is generally fer- 
 tile in the vicinity of the streams. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 265,753 
 bushels of corn; 102,953 of wheat; 47,347 of 
 oats ; 1279 tons of hay, and 52,056 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 2 flour mills and 2 tan- 
 neries : 20 churches, 6 newspaper offices, 300 
 pupils attending public schools, and 461 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Two 
 gold mines were worked in this county in 1850 ; 
 granite and freestone are abundant. A canal 
 .about 45 miles long has been opened along 
 the Rappahannock, above the falls, and the 
 county is intersected by the Richmond and 
 Potomac railroad. The Rappahannock af- 
 fords valuable water-power at Fredericks- 
 burg. Organized in 1720, and named in 
 honor of Alexander Spottswood, at that time 
 governor of Virginia. Capital, Spottsylva- 
 nia Court House. Population, 14,911 ; of 
 whom 7430 were free, and 7481, slaves. 
 
 Spottsylvania Couet House, a post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Spottsylvania co., Virginia, 
 on the Po river, 65 miles N. from Richmond. 
 
 Spout Spring, a post-office of Appomattox 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Speagg's, a post-office of Greene co.. Pa. 
 
 Speague's Falls, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Maine. 
 
 Speagueville, a post-village in Jackson 
 CO., lo., 70 miles N. E. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Speakee's Basin, a post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., New York, on the Erie canal, 48 
 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Speead Eagle, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 18 miles W. N. W. 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Speead Oak, a post- village of Jefferson co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Speigg, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Adams co., Ohio. Pop., 2684. 
 
 Speing, a township of Centre co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 4 miles S. from Bellefonte. Pop. 2280. 
 
 Speing, a post-township of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Beaver and 
 Erie canal. Population, 1836. 
 
 Speing, a post-borough in the above towh- 
 
 ship, on Conneaut creek, and on the Beaver 
 and Erie canal, 18 miles N. W. from Mead- 
 ville. Population, about 300. 
 
 Speing, a township of Perry co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1282. 
 
 Speing, a post-office of Henry co., Georgia. 
 
 Speing Aeboe, a post-township in the S. 
 W. part of Jackson co., Michigan. Pop., 1075. 
 
 Speing Bay, a post-village of Woodford 
 CO., Illinois, on the E. shore of Peoria lake, 
 about 12 miles above Peoria. It has a steam- 
 boat landing and an active business in ship- 
 ping produce. 
 
 Speingboeough, a post-village of Clear 
 Creek township, Warren co., Ohio, on Clear 
 creek, 37 miles N. by E. from Cincinnati. It 
 contains a woollen factory, and 2 flouring 
 mills. Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Speingboeough, a post-office of White co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Speingbeook, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Speingbeook, a post-village in Jackson co., 
 Iowa, 70 miles N. E. by E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Spring Church, a post-office of Armstrong 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Spring Cottage, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Spring Creei^, of Centre co., Pennsylva- 
 nia, flows into Bald Eagle creek. 
 
 Spring Creek, of Georgia, flows south- 
 ward, and enters Flint river a few miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Spring Creek, an affluent of San .Jacinto 
 river, Texas, forms the boundary between 
 Harris and Montgomery counties. 
 
 Spring Creek, of Travis co., Texas, flows 
 into the Colorado river, opposite Austin City. 
 
 Spring Ceeek, of Missouri, flows S. E. into 
 Chariton river, in Adair county. 
 
 Speing Ceeek, a village of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles E. from Har- 
 risburg, has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Speing Ceeek, a post-township of Warren 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles W. from 
 Warren. Population, 601. 
 
 Speing Ceeek, a post-office of Greenbrier 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Speing Ceeek, a post-office of Brunswick 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Seeing Ceeek, apost-office of Early co., Ga. 
 
 Seeing Creek, a township in Phillips co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 483. 
 
 Spring Ceeek, a post-office of Randoiph 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Seeing Ceeek, a township in Yell co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 606. 
 
 Seeing Ceeek, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., Tennessee, 137 miles W. S. W. from Nash- 
 ville, has 3 stores, and about 75 inhabitants. 
 
 Spring Creek, a township in the N. E. 
 part of Miami co., Ohio. Population, 1249. 
 
 Spring Creek, a post-office of Berrien co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Spring Creek, a post-office of Cass co., Ind. 
 
 Spring Creek, a post-office of McDonough 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 1101 
 
SPR 
 
 SPR 
 
 Sprtngdale, a small village of Lafayette 
 CO., Mississippi, 167 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Springdale, a post-office of Scott co., Ky. 
 
 Springdale, Ohio. See Springfield. 
 
 Springdal!3, a township in Ottawa co., 
 Michigan. Population, 545. 
 
 Springdale, a post-ofiBce of Harrison co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Springdale, a posVoffice of Cedar co., lo. 
 
 Springdale, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Springersville, a post-village in Fayette 
 CO., Ind., 64 miles E. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Springfield, a post-township in Penobscot 
 CO., Maine, 115 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 583. 
 
 Springfield, a township in Sullivan co., 
 New Hampshire, 38 miles N. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1270. 
 
 Springfield, a post-township in Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, on the W. side of Connecticut 
 river, 73 miles S. from Montpelier. Popula- 
 tion, 2762. 
 
 Springfield, a city and seat of justice of 
 Hampden county, Massachusetts, is situated 
 on the left bank of the Connecticut river, at 
 the intersection of the Connecticut Valley, 
 and the New Haven Hartford and Spring- 
 field railroads with the Western railroad, 98 
 miles W. by S. from Boston, 58 miles S. from 
 Brattleborough, Vermont, 102 miles E. S. E. 
 from Albany, and 138 miles N. N. E. from 
 New York. Lat. 42° (V 4" N., Ion. 72° 35' 45" 
 W. This is one of the handsomest and most 
 flourishing inland towns in the state. The 
 various railways centring here bring to it an 
 immense amount of travel; its natural ad- 
 vantages also render it one of the most im- 
 portant commercial depots on the Connecti- 
 cut. The city is pleasantly situated in the 
 midst of varied and delightful scenery. The 
 site comprises the level along the river bank, 
 and the western portion of an elevated plain 
 extending several miles eastward. Main 
 street, the principal thoroughfare and seat 
 of business, is a broad, handsome avenue, 
 nearly 3 miles in length. This and other 
 streets, parallel, or nearly parallel to it and 
 the river, are intersected by those extending 
 from the Connecticut to the plain above 
 mentioned. In the centre is a beautiful en- 
 closure, adorned with walks and shade trees. 
 The buildings are generally constructed of 
 brick. Among the public buildings may be 
 mentioned the City Buildings, now in course 
 of erection, and the churches, of which there 
 are 12 or 13 of the various denominations. 
 The condition of the 5 banks of the city, 
 (September, 1852) was as follows: — Amount 
 of circulation, $895,483; amount of specie, 
 $55,060.59; proportion of circulation to one 
 dollar of specie, $16.66 ; amount of circula- 
 tion and deposite, $1,142,445.58; proportion 
 of circulation and deposites to one dollar of 
 specie, $21.06.6. There are a large number 
 of hotels in Springfield, aifording excellent 
 1102 
 
 accommodation to the traveller. The means 
 of education are liberally provided, especially 
 in the public schools. Two newspapers are 
 issued here. The United States arsenal, esta- 
 blished at Springfield in 1795, is the most ex- 
 tensive in the Union. It is chiefly situated on 
 an elevation called Arsenal Hill, about half a 
 mile E. from Main street. The buildings are 
 of brick, and arranged around a fine square 
 of about 20 acres, presenting a handsome ap- 
 pearance. A cupola on one of them commands 
 a beautiful view of the city and surrounding 
 country. The machine shops occupy three 
 diiferent sites on Mill river, called the Upper, 
 Middle, and Lower Water shops. These com 
 prise near 20waterwheels and about 30 forges. 
 The entire establishment furnishes employ- 
 ment to from 250 to 300 hands, who annually 
 turn out about 15,000 muskets. About 1 75,000 
 stand of arms are constantly stored in the 
 arsenal. The water-power on Mill river is 
 also employed for the manufacture of paper 
 and iron, for various mechanic works, mill 
 seats, &c. Besides these there are establish- 
 ments in the city for the production of loco- 
 motives, railroad cars, and various kinds of 
 machinery. Springfield is rapidly improving, 
 especially the western section near the rail- 
 road depot. Within a few years gas has been 
 introduced for lighting the streets. Two 
 bridges, one for the Western railroad, and an- 
 other, 1324 feet in length, for ordinary travel, 
 span the Connecticut at this point, communi- 
 cating with West Springfield. Several ferries 
 also ply between the two places, and during 
 the season of navigation, a steamboat commu- 
 nicates with Hartford. Settled in 1635, under 
 its Indian name, Agawam. In 1640 it received 
 the name of Springfield. Incorporated a town 
 in 1646, and as a city in 1852. Population in 
 1820,3970; in 1830, 6784; in 1840, 10,958; 
 in 1850, 11,766. Within the last ten years, 
 however, the township of Chicopee, with a 
 population of 8291, has been set off" from 
 Springfield. The population of the two places 
 in 1850 amounted to 20,057, thus sustaining 
 a uniform ratio of increase for 30 years. Po- 
 pulation of Springfield in 1853, about 14,000. 
 
 Springfield, a post-township of Otsego 
 CO., New York, on Otsego lake, 11 miles N. 
 E. from Cooperstown. Population, 2322. 
 
 Springfield, a township of Burlington co./ 
 New Jersey, about 18 miles S. S. E. from 
 Trenton. Poijulation, 1827. 
 
 Springfield, a post-township of Essex co.. 
 New Jersej', on the New Jersey railroad, about 
 45 miles N. E. from Trenton. Pop., 1945. 
 
 Springfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Rahway river, near the 
 Morris and Essex railroad, 8 miles W. from 
 Newark, contains 10 paper, 1 saw, and 2 grist 
 mills, 2 churches, 5 stores, and a number of 
 hat and shoe manufactories. Pop., about 1400. 
 
 Springfield, a post-township of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 16 miles W. N. W 
 from TowauJa. Population, 2710. 
 
SPR 
 
 Springfield, a township of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. N. W. from Doyles- 
 town. Population, 2259. 
 
 Springfield, a township of Delaware co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles W. S. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 1033. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Erie co., Pennsylvania, on the lake, inter- 
 sected by the Cleveland and Erie railroad. 
 Population, 1946. 
 
 Springfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Ridge road, 21 miles S. W. 
 from Erie, and about 3 miles from Lake Erie. 
 It is well built, and is surrounded by a rich 
 country. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Fayette co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1080. 
 
 Springfield, a township of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 26 miles S. from 
 Huntingdon. Population, 598. 
 
 Springfield, a township of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania, contains Mercer, the county 
 seat. Entire population, 2279. 
 
 Springfield, a small village of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Springfield, a township of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 14 miles N. N. W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 743. 
 
 Springfield, a township of York co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 9 miles S. from York, inter- 
 sected by the Baltimore and Susquehanna 
 railroad. Population, 1845. 
 
 Springfield, a post-village of Hampshire 
 CO., Va., 197 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Springfield, a village of Monroe co., Vir- 
 ginia, on Indian creek, about 245 miles W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Springfield, a post-office of Richmond 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Springfield, a post-village, capital of Effing- 
 ham CO., Georgia, 27 miles N. W. from Savan- 
 nah. It contains a court house, 3 churches, an 
 academy, which is well endowed, and 2 stores. 
 Springfield, a post-village of Greene co., 
 Ala., 112 miles W. N. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Springfield, a small village of Choctaw 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Springfield, a village in Madison co.. 
 Miss., 40 miles N. E. by N. from Jackson. 
 
 Springfield, a small village of De Soto 
 parish, Louisiana, on a small lake about 15 
 miles N. E. from Mansfield. 
 
 Springfield, a post-village, capital of Li- 
 vingston parish, Louisiana, about 50 miles 
 E. from Baton Rouge, and 10 miles N. from 
 Lake Maurepas. 
 
 Springfield, a post-village, capital of 
 Limestone co., Texas, on the Navasoto river, 
 about 140 miles N. E. from Austin City. 
 
 Springfield, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Conway co. , Arkansas, about 40 miles N. 
 by W. from Little Rock. Laid out in 1850. It 
 contained, in 1851, a court house and 2 stores. 
 Spp.ingfield, a small village of Scott co., 
 Arkansas. 
 Springfield, a post-village, capital of Ro- 
 
 SPR 
 
 bertson co., Tennessee, on Sulphur fork of 
 Red river, 25 miles N. from Nashville, with 
 which it is connected by turnpike. Popula- 
 tion, about 500. 
 
 Springfield, a small village of Bath co.,Ey. 
 Springfield, a post-village, capital of 
 Washington county, Kentucky, 40 miles S. 
 W. from Frankfort. It is surrounded by a 
 fertile country, and has considerable busi- 
 ness. It contains a court house, 3 churches, 
 and about 700 inhabitants. 
 
 Springfield, a post-township in the S. 
 central part of Clarke co., Ohio, contains the 
 city of Springfield. Population, exclusive of 
 the city, 2206. 
 
 Springfield, a beautiful city, capital of 
 Clarke county, Ohio, is situated on the Na- 
 tional road, at the confluence of Mad river with 
 Lagonda creek, 48 miles W. from Columbus, 
 and 84 miles N. N. E. from Cincinnati. It is 
 considered one of the most beautiful towns in 
 Ohio, and is surrounded by a rich, populous, 
 and highly cultivated country. Six macad- 
 amized roads terminate at this point, and 
 railroads radiating in various directions con- 
 nect it with the principal towns of the state : 
 the four following lines are completed, viz. 
 the Columbus and Springfield, 65 miles long ; 
 the Dayton and Springfield, 24 miles long ; 
 the Mad River and Lake Erie, 184 miles long, 
 and the Springfield and Xenia, 20 miles long. 
 Two others are in course of construction, 
 which extend toward Mansfield, Mount Ver- 
 non, and Pittsburg. Wittenberg College, of 
 this place, under the direction of the Luther- 
 an Church, is situated a short distance with- 
 out the town, and is surrounded by spacious 
 grounds. Springfield contains about 10 
 churches, 2 banks, a flourishing seminary, a 
 Lyceum, and 1 or 2 public libraries ; 4 or 5 
 newspapers are published here. The Mad 
 river and Lagonda creek are excellent streams 
 for propelling machinery, afi'ording permanent 
 water-power here for 80 pair of stones. With- 
 in a distance of 3 miles there are more than 
 20 mill seats. A charter has been obtained 
 for a hydraulic improvement, which it is esti- 
 mated will be sufficient for 120 run of stone, 
 besides the 30 which are now in operation. 
 There are in the vicinity manufactories of 
 cotton, wool, paper, and machinery, 1 or 2 
 iron foundries, besides numerous flouring 
 mills. Laid out in 1803. The famous Indian 
 chief Tecumseh was born about 5 miles W. 
 from Springfield. Population, in 1840, 2094; 
 in 1850, 5108, and in 1853, about 7000. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Gallia. CO., Ohio, Population, 1230. 
 
 Springfield, a post-township in the cen- 
 tral part of Hamilton co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Cincinnati Hamilton and Dayton rail- 
 road. Population, 3632. 
 
 Springfield, or Springdale, a post-village 
 in the above township, on the turnpike from 
 Cincinnati to Hamilton, 15 miles N. from the 
 former. 
 
 1103 
 
SPH 
 
 SPR 
 
 Springfield, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Jefferson co., Ohio. Population, 1298. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the central 
 part of Lucas co., Ohio. Population, 782. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Mahoning co., Ohio. Population, 2385. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Muskingum co., Ohio. Population, 1.592. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the W. central 
 part of Richland co., Ohio, intersected by 
 Mansfield and Sandusky railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 2100. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the E. central 
 part of Ross co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Scioto river. Population, 1162. 
 
 Springfield, a village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Zanesville and Maysville turn- 
 pike, 4 miles N. from Chilicothe. 
 
 Springfield, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Summit co., Ohio. Pop., 1907. 
 
 Springfield, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Williams county, Ohio. Pop. ,782. 
 
 Springfield, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Oakland co., Michigan. Pop., 956. 
 
 Springfield, a township in Allen co., In- 
 diana. Population, 702. 
 
 Springfield, a post- village in Franklin co., 
 Indiana, about 80 miles E. S. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Springfield, a township in La Grange co., 
 Indiana. Population, 760. 
 
 Springfield, a township in La Porte co., 
 Indiana. Population, 430. 
 
 Springfield, a small village of Whitley 
 CO., Indiana, on Eel river, 95 miles N. by E. 
 from Indianapolis. The post-ofiice is South 
 Whitley. 
 
 Springfield, a flourishing post-town, capi- 
 tal of the State of Illinois, and seat of justice 
 of Sangamon county, is situated 3 miles S. 
 from Sangamon river, 96 miles N. N. E. from 
 St. Louis, 70 miles S. from Peoria, and 230 
 miles S. W. from Chicago. Lat. 39° 48' N., 
 Ion. 89° 33' W. It is regularly planned, with 
 wide, straight streets, having a public square 
 in the centre, on which is situated the state 
 house and other public buildings. The town 
 contains a court house, 3 banks, a United 
 States land-office, churches of various de- 
 nominations, several academies, and hotels. 
 Kve or six newspapers are published here. 
 Since the seat of government was established 
 here in 1840, it has become a flourishing 
 commercial town. At this point the Chicago 
 and Mississippi railroad intersects the Great 
 Western Central railroad, which extends from 
 the Mississippi river across the state to In- 
 diana. The western division of this line, ex- 
 tending from Springfield to the Illinois river, 
 55 miles, has been in operation several years, 
 under the name of the Sangamon and Moi'- 
 gan railroad ; the Eastern division is now in 
 progress of construction. The Chicago and 
 Mississippi road is completed for a distance 
 of 130 miles, from Alton to Bloomington, 
 where it intersects the Illinois Central rail- 
 1104 
 
 road. This city is surrounded by rich and 
 extensive prairies, which contain large quan- 
 tities of bituminous coal. Laid out in 1822. 
 Pop. in 1840, 2579 ; in 1853, about 6500. 
 
 Springfield, capital of Greene county, 
 Missouri, on the S. W. branch of the Pacifi 
 railroad, 130 miles S. W. from Jefferson. The 
 situation is high and healthy, and the water 
 excellent. Springfield has a city charter, 
 and is the most important and flourishing 
 town in S. W. Missouri. It contains a court 
 house, a United States land-office, 2 newspa- 
 per offices, and 1 bank. Population in 1850, 
 415 ; in 1853, estimated at above 1000. 
 
 Springfield, a post-village in Keokuk 
 CO., Iowa, near the North fork of Skunk river, 
 55 miles S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Springfield, a village in Muscatine co., 
 Iowa, on Cedar river, 25 miles S. E. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Springfield, a small village, capital of 
 Wayne co., Iowa, was laid out in 1851. 
 
 Springfield, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Springfield, a post- village of Dodge co., 
 Wisconsin, about 14 miles S. from Fond du Lac. 
 
 Springfield Centre, a post-office of Otse- 
 go CO., New York. 
 
 Springfield Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Erie co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Springfield Furnace, a post-office of 
 Blair co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Springfield Mills, a post-office of Noble 
 CO., Indiana, on the Elkhart river, 134 miles 
 N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Spring Forge, a post-office of York co., Pa. 
 
 Spring Fork, post-office, Pettis co.. Mo. 
 
 Spring Garden, a district of Philadelphia 
 CO., and suburb of Philadelphia, situated on 
 the N. side of the city proper, and extending 
 from Delaware Sixth street westward to the 
 Schuylkill river, and from Vine street north- 
 ward to a line running between Girard avenue 
 and Poplar street. It contains the Eastern 
 Penitentiary and the Fairmouut Water-works. 
 It is separately incorporated and is governed 
 by a board of commissioners. Population in 
 1850, 58,894. See Philadelphia. 
 
 Spring Garden, a township of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, contains York, the county seat. 
 Entire population, 9298. 
 
 Spring Garden, a post-village in Pittsyl- 
 vania CO., Virginia, 135 miles S. W. by W. 
 from Fdchmond. 
 
 Spring Garden, a post-office of New Hano- 
 ver county, North Carolina. 
 
 Spring Garden, a post-office of Cherokee 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Spring Garden, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO. Illinois, 145 miles S. byE. from Springfield. 
 
 Spring Green, a township in Sauk co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 SpraNG Grove, a small village of Iredell 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Spring Grove, a post-village of Rowan co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
SPE 
 
 SPR 
 
 Spring Grove, a post-office of Laurens 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Spring Grove, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Spring Grove, a post-office of Linn co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Spring Grove, a post-townsLip forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Greene co., Wis. Pop., 703. 
 
 Spring Hill, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 left bank of Cheat river. Population, 1685. 
 
 Spring Hill, a small village of Lenoir co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Spring Hill, a small village of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Spring Hill, a post-office of Hernando co., 
 Florida. 
 
 Spring Hill, a post-village of Marengo co., 
 Alabama, 71 miles S. by W. from Tuscaloosa. 
 It is the seat of a Catholic college of its own 
 name, with a library of 7000 volumes. 
 
 Spring Hill, a small post-village of Tip- 
 pah CO., Mississippi, on the Wolf river, 25 
 miles N. W. from Ripley. 
 
 Spring Hill, a post-office of Union par., La. 
 
 Spring Hill, a post-office of Navarro co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Spring Hill, a township in Drew co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 627. 
 
 Spring Hill, a decayed post-village of 
 Hempstead co., Arkansas, 14 miles S. from 
 the county seat. 
 
 Spring Hill, a thriving post-village of 
 Maury co., Tennessee, 30 miles S. from Nash- 
 ville. It is situated in the midst of a populous 
 and fertile district. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Spring Hill, a small village of Calloway 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Spring Hill, a post-village of Decatur co., 
 Indiana, 52 miles N. from Madison. 
 
 Spring Hill, a post-village of Whitesides 
 CO., 111., about 65 miles S. S. E. from Galena. 
 
 Spring Hill, a post-village of Livingston 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Spring Hill Furnace, a post-office of Fa- 
 yette CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Spring Hills, a thriving post-village of 
 Champaign co., Ohio, 14 miles N. from Ur- 
 bana. Population in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Spring House, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Spring House, a post-office of Grainger 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Spring Lake, apost-office of Williams co.,0. 
 
 Spring Lake, a small village of Tazewell 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Spring Lake, a post-office of Washara co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Spring Mill, a post-village of Montgomery 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Schuylkill river, 12 miles N. W. from Phila- 
 delphia, with which it is connected by rail- 
 road. It has 2 blast furnaces in active ope- 
 ration. 
 
 Spring Mill, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 3 U 
 
 Spring Mills, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Spring Mills, a village of Hunterdon co., 
 New Jersey, 18 miles S. from Belvidere. 
 
 Spring Mills, a post-village of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Penn's creek, 82 miles N. 
 W. from Harrisburg. It contains several 
 stores and mills. 
 
 Spring Mountain, Pennsylvania, is situated 
 in the W. part of Carbon county. 
 
 Spring Place, a post-village, capital of 
 Murray county, Georgia, 230 miles N. W. 
 from Milledgeville. It is situated in the 
 midst of mountainous country, with grand and 
 beautiful scenery on every side. There are 
 40 springs of good water in the compass of 
 half a mile. The village contains an academy 
 and several stores. 
 
 Spring Place, a post-village in Marshall 
 CO., Tenn., 66 miles S. from Nashville. 
 
 Springport, a township of Cayuga co., 
 New York, on the E. side of Cayuga lake, 10 
 miles S. W. from Auburn. Population, 2041. 
 
 Spring Port, a post-office of Panola co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Springport, a post-township in Jackson 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 759. 
 
 Spring Prairie, a post-township in the N. 
 E. part of Walworth co.. Wis. Pop., 1344. 
 
 Spring Prairie, a post- village in the above 
 township, 31 miles S. W. from Milwaukee. It 
 contains 3 stores, 1 hotel, and 1 Baptist church. 
 Population, 200. 
 
 Spring Ridge, a post-office of Hinds CO. Miss. 
 
 Spring River, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 966. 
 
 Spring River, a post-township in Lawrence 
 CO., Missouri. Population, 684. 
 
 Spring River, a small post-village of Law- 
 rence CO., Missouri, about 140 miles S. by E. 
 from Independence. 
 
 Spring River, of Missouri and Arkansas, 
 rises in the S. part of the former state, and 
 flowing S. E. into Arkansas, enters Black river 
 near the S. W. border of Randolph county. 
 
 Spring Rock, a post-office of Whitley CO., Ky. 
 
 Spring Rock, apost-office of Clinton co., lo. 
 
 Spring Run, a post-village of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania, is pleasantly situated in Path 
 valley, 166 miles W. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Spring Run, a post-office of Louisa co., lo. 
 
 Spring's, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. 
 
 Springtown, a small village of Morris co., 
 New Jersey, on the New Jersey Central rail- 
 road, about 45 miles N. from Trenton. 
 
 Springtown, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 45 miles N. N. W. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Springtown, a post-office of Polk co., Tenn. 
 
 Springtown, a post-office of Hendricks co., 
 Indiana, 26 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Springtown, a post-office of Cole co.. Mo. 
 
 Springvale, a post-village in York co.. 
 Maine, 86 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 
 Springvale, a post-office of Fairfax co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 no5 
 
SPR 
 
 SQU 
 
 Sprinqvale, a post-ofi&ce of Sampson cc, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Springvale, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Springvale, a post-township in the E. cen- 
 tral part of Columbia co., Wis. Pop., 471. 
 
 Springvale, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin. Pop., 558. 
 
 Spring Valley, a post-office of Rockland 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Spring Valley, a post-office of Bergen co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Spring Valley, a small village of Morris 
 CO., N. J., 4 miles S. E. from Morristown. 
 
 Spring Valley, a small village of Lancas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Spring Valley, a thriving post-village of 
 Greene county, Ohio, on the Little Miami 
 railroad, 68 miles N. E. from Cincinnati. It 
 has 1 woollen factory and a carding mill. 
 Population in 1853, about 400. 
 
 Spring Valley, a post-office of Marion co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Spring Valley, a post-township in the S. 
 W. part of Piock co., Wisconsin. Pop., 766. 
 
 Spring Valley, a post-office of Polk co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Springville, a post-village in Concord 
 township, Erie county. New York, on Spring 
 creek, 30 miles S. S. E. from Buffalo. It is 
 situated in a rich farming district, and con- 
 tains 3 or 4 churches, and several factories 
 and mills. Population, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Springville, a thi^iving post-village of 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuyl- 
 kill river and canal, 33 miles N. W. from Phi- 
 ladelphia. It owes its existence to the large 
 iron-works which were established here a few 
 years since. Population, about 800. 
 
 Springville, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Springville, a post-township of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Lackawana and Western railroad, about 11 
 miles S. from Montrose. Population, 1148. 
 
 Springville, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 10 miles S. from Montrose, 
 the county seat, and 155 miles N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Springville, a post-office of Tazewell co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Springville, a post-village of St. Clair co., 
 Alabama, 140 miles N. from Montgomery. 
 
 Springville, a post- village of Greenup co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, opposite Ports- 
 mouth, in Ohio. It has a foundry, plough 
 factory, and tannery. 
 
 Springville, a post-village of Lenawee co., 
 Michigan, 12 miles N. W. from Adrian. 
 
 Springville, a village of Laporte co., In- 
 diana, on the plank-road from Michigan City 
 to Niles, 10 miles E. from the former. 
 
 Springville, a post-village of Lawrence 
 CO., Indiana, 11 miles N. W. from Bedford. 
 
 Springville, a small post-village of Coles co. 
 lUinoie, about 10 miles S. W. from Charleston. 
 1106 
 
 Springville, a small village of Wayne co., 
 Missouri, about 110 miles S. by W. from St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Springville, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 Springville, a post-village of Bad Axe co., 
 Wisconsin, on Bad Axe river. 
 
 Springville, a post-office of Utah co., Uts-h 
 Territory. 
 
 Springwater, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Livingston co., New York. Popula- 
 tion, 2670. 
 
 Springwater, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Buffalo and Corning rail- 
 road, 50 miles S. E. from Batavia. 
 
 Springwell, a post-office of Chester dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Spring Wells, a village of Wayne co., 
 Michigan, oh Detroit river, 8^ miles S. W. 
 from the centre of Detroit. It may properly 
 be regarded as a suburb of that city. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Sprout Brook, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Sprout Creek, a post-office of Dutchess 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Spruce, a small post- village of Bates co., 
 Missouri, about 65 miles S. S. E. from Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Spruce Creek, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Spruce Grove, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Spruce Hill, apost-office of Juniata co., Pa. 
 
 Spruce Hill, a post-office of Highland co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Spruce Mills, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Squam Bay, of Essex co., Massachusetts, 
 extends up into the land about 4 miles. 
 
 Squam Grove, a township in De Kalb co., 
 Illinois. Population, 341. 
 
 SQUAMLAKE,NewHampshire, between Graf- 
 ton and Carroll counties. Extreme length, 7 
 or 8 miles ; greatest breadth, about 4 miles. 
 It is a beautiful sheet of water, surrounded 
 with picturesque scenery. It contains a num- 
 ber of islands. The outlet called Squam river 
 flows into the Pemigewasset. 
 
 Squan, a village of Ocean co.. New Jersey, 
 on the Atlantic coast, between Manasquan 
 inlet and Metecuuk rivers, contains a neat 
 church, 2 stores, and several boarding houses 
 for the reception of visitors. This place is 
 often visited in the summer months for sea 
 bathing. Population, about 200. 
 
 Squankum, a post-village of Ocean co.. New 
 Jersey, on Manasquan river, 38 miles E. by 
 S. from Trenton, contains a church and 2 
 mills. 
 
 Squanscot River. See Exeter River. 
 
 Square Pond, a post-office of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Squatterville, a town of Contra Costa co., 
 California. 
 
 Squawbetty, a post-office of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
SPR 
 
 STA 
 
 Squirrel River, of Marathon co., Wiscon- 
 Bin, flows into the Little Wisconsin river from 
 the right. 
 
 Staatsbukg, a post-village and station of 
 Dutchess CO., New York, on the Hudson River 
 railroad, 60 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Stafford, a county in the E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on the Potomac river, which 
 separates it from Maryland, has an area of 250 
 square miles. It is bounded on the south-west 
 by the Rappahannock river, and also drained 
 by Aquia, Potomac, and Accokeek creeks. 
 The surface is hilly ; the soil near the Poto- 
 mac river is a light loam, moderately fertile ; 
 other parts are sandy and poor. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, tobacco, and hay are the staples. 
 In 1850 it produced 178,651 bushels of corn ; 
 58,923 of wheat; 38,750 of oats, and 2018 
 tons of hay. There were 2 flour mills, 3 grist 
 mills, 2 saw mills, and 2 cotton factories. It 
 contained 12 churches, and 245 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Quarries of granite and 
 freestone, suitable 'for building, have been 
 opened, and gold has been found in small 
 quantities. The Rappahannock affords ex- 
 cellent water-power at Falmouth. The county 
 is intersected by the Richmond Fredericks- 
 burg and Potomac railroad. Organized in 
 1675, and named from Stafford, a county of 
 England. Capital, Stafford Court House. 
 Population, 8044 ; of whom 4733 were free, 
 and 3311, slaves. 
 
 Stafford, a post-township of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, intersected by the New London, 
 WiUimautic, and Palmer railroad, 28 miles N. 
 E. from Hartford. It contains three thriving 
 manuficturing villages, viz. Staifordville, 
 Stafford Hollow, and Stafford Springs. Staf- 
 ford Springs, situated on the Willimantic river, 
 and on the New London, Willimantic, and 
 Palmer railroad, 50 miles N. by W. from New 
 London, is celebrated for the medicinal pro- 
 perties of its waters, and is visited by per- 
 sons from all parts of the Union. One of them 
 contains a solution of iron, sustained by car- 
 bonic acid gas, some earthy substances, and 
 an element called natron. This is regarded 
 by chemists as one of the most efficacious 
 chalybeate springs in the United States. The 
 other, as analyzed by Professor Silliman, con- 
 tains a large portion of hydrogen gas and sul- 
 phur, and a small proportion of iron. A 
 splendid hotel has been erected here for the 
 accommodation of visitors. The village of 
 Stafford Springs has 2 churches, and 3 wool- 
 len manufactories. Population of the town- 
 ship, 2941. 
 
 Stafford, a post- village in Stafford town- 
 ship, Genesee co., New York, on the railroad 
 from Batavia to Corning, 6 miles E. from the 
 former. It contains 3 churches. Population 
 of the township, 1974. 
 
 Stafford, a township of Ocean co.. New 
 Jersey, on Little Egg Harbor bay, about 53 
 miles S. E. from Trenton. Population, 1384. 
 
 Stafford, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 Stafford, a township in De Kalb co., In- 
 diana. Population, 372. 
 
 Stafford, a township in Greene co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 438. 
 
 Stafford Court House, a small post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Stafford co., Virginia, 76 miles 
 N. from Richmond. 
 
 Stafford Springs, a post-village in Staf- 
 ford township, Tolland co., Connecticut, on 
 the Willimantic river, near the New London 
 Willimantic and Palmer railroad, about 30 
 miles N. E. from Hartford. It contains 5 
 stores, 3 cotton and woollen mills, and 2 
 churches. The medicinal springs situated 
 at this place are much resorted to by invalids 
 and tourists. 
 
 Stafford Village, a post-village in Staf- 
 ford township, Genesee co.. New York, con- 
 tains 3 stores and 7 churches. 
 
 Staffordville, a post-village in Stafford 
 township, Tolland co., Connecticut, about 30 
 miles N. E. from Hartford. It contains 2 
 stores, 2 cotton mills, 1 machine shop, 1 foun- 
 dry, and 1 church. 
 
 Stageville, a small village of Orange co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Staggville, a post-village in Orange co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Stahlstown, a small post-village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, about 50 miles 
 S. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Stairway Brook, a little village of Wayne 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 107 miles from New York city. 
 
 Stamford, a post-township in Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, 116 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 833. 
 
 Stamford, a flourishing post-borough of 
 Fairfield co., Connecticut, near the mouth of 
 Mill river, and on the New York and New 
 Haven railroad, 40 miles S. W. from New 
 Haven, and 36 miles N. E. from New York. 
 A canal 180 rods in length, 30 feet in breadth, 
 and 7 feet deep, has been constructed, ex- 
 tending CO the bay, which sets up from Long 
 Island sound, between Greenwich and Shi- 
 phan's Points, affording a fine harbor for ves- 
 sels drawing 8 feet of water. The borough 
 has entirely changed in appearance during 
 the last 10 years. It contains several fine 
 churches, and many of the dwellings are very 
 elegant. During the summer months it is 
 much resorted to as a watering-place. Stam- 
 ford has some trade with the ports along the 
 coast; and its manufactures, particularly 
 those of iron, are extensive. A bank is esta- 
 blished here, and there is also an institution 
 for savings, with $19,276 on deposite. Tho 
 Stamford Advocate is published weekly. Po- 
 pulation of the township in 1840, 3516 ; in 
 1850, 5000. 
 
 Stamford, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Delaware co.. New York. Pop., 1708. 
 
 Stamper's Creek, a township in Orange 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 777. 
 
 Stamping Ground, a post-village of Scott 
 , 1107 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 CO., Kentucky, 21 miles N. W. from Lexing- 
 ton, has 2 churches and several stores. The 
 herds of buffalo which formerly resorted to 
 this place for salt water, tramped down the 
 underbrush— hence the origin of its name. 
 
 Stanardsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Greene co., Virginia, 92 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond, and 5 miles S. E. from the Blue 
 Ridge. The village has been much improved 
 within a few years. It became the county 
 seat in 1838. 
 
 Stand AEDViLLE, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Standing Rock, a post-ofiice of Stewart co. , 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Standingstone, a post-township of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania, on the North Branch 
 canal, and the left bank of the Susquehanna 
 river, 7 miles E. from Towanda. 
 
 Standingstone Creek, of Pennsylvania, 
 enters the Juniata, in Huntingdon county. 
 
 Standish, a post-township in Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, 58 miles S. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 2290. 
 
 Stanford, a township in the N. part of 
 Dutchess CO., New York. Population, 2158. 
 
 Stanford, a post-village, capital of Lincoln 
 county, Kentucky, is situated 60 miles S. 
 from Frankfort, and 1 mile from Logan's Old 
 Fort. The village has a turnpike to Frank- 
 fort, and contains 2 or 3 churches, 1 academy, 
 and about 10 stores. Population, near 800. 
 
 Stanford, a small post-village of Monroe 
 CO., Ind., 60 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Stanfoedville, a post-village in Stanford 
 township, Dutchess co., New York, on Wap- 
 pinger's creek, about 20 miles N. E. from 
 Poughkeepsie. It contains 2 or 3 places of 
 worship. 
 
 Stanfordville, a post-village of Putnam 
 CO., Georgia, about 22 miles N. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. It has 1 church, and 2 stores. 
 
 Stanhope, a post-village of Sussex county, 
 New Jersey, on the Morris canal and Mus- 
 conetcong river, 52 miles N. by E. from Tren- 
 ton, contains a mill, 2 stores, 3 iron forges, 
 and from 50 to 60 dwellings. 
 
 Stanhope, a post- village of Monroe co., 
 Pa., 128 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Stanhope, a post- village of Nash co.. North 
 Carolina, 32 miles E. by N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Stanislaus river, of California, rises on 
 the slope of the Sierra Nevada, near the 
 boundary between Tuolumne and Calaveras 
 counties, and flowing first in a S. W. and 
 then in a W. S. \V. course, falls into the San 
 Joaquin river, on the border between the 
 county of that name and Tuolumne county, 
 about 25 miles above Stockton. 
 
 Stanly, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of North Carolina ; area estimated at 280 
 square miles. The Yadkin river forms the 
 entire boundary on the E., and Rocky river 
 on the S. The surface is mountainous. The 
 soil of the valleys produces wheat and In- 
 dian corn. In 1850 there were raised 31.267 
 1108 
 
 bushels of wheat ; 203,281 of corn, and 22,877 
 of oats. It contained 2 tanneries, 6 grist 
 mills ; 21 churches, 660 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 60 attending other schools. 
 Numerous veins of gold are worked in the N. 
 W. part of the county, yielding sometimes 
 large profits, and a very valuable silver mine 
 has recently been discovered. The Yadkin 
 affords abundant motive-power in'the vicinity 
 of the Narrows. Formed in 1842, from a part 
 of Montgomery. Capital, Albemarle. Popu- 
 lation, 6922 ; of whom 6486 were free, and 
 1436, slaves. 
 
 Stanton, a post-office of Hunterdon co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Stanton, a small post-village of New Cas- 
 tle CO., Delaware, on the Philadelphia and 
 Baltimore railroad, 6 miles W. by S. from 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Stanton, a post-office of Bracken co., Ky. 
 
 Stanton Corners, a post-office of Ontario 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Stantonsburg, a post- village in Edgecombe 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Stantonville, a post-village in Anderson 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Stantonville, a post-office of McNairy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Stantonville, a post-office of Calumet co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Stanwich, a post-office of Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Stanwix, a post-office of Oneida co. , N. Y. 
 
 Staples' Branch, a post-office of San Joa- 
 quin CO., California. 
 
 Stapleton, a post-village of Richmond co.. 
 New York, on the N. E. side of Staten Island, 
 7 miles S. by W. from New York. It con- 
 tains the Seaman's Retreat, a hospital for 
 sick or disabled sailors, supported by a tax 
 paid by the masters and crews of vessels. 
 The building is about 200 feet long by 60 
 wide, and 3 stories high, and is said to have 
 cost $100,000. 
 
 Star, a post-office of Assumption par., La. 
 
 Starfield, a post-office of Peoria co., 111. 
 
 Star Furnace, a post-office of Carter co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Stark, a county in the N. E. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of about 570 square miles. It is 
 traversed from N. to S. by the Tuscarawas 
 river, and Nimishillen creek, and also drained 
 by Sugar and Sandy creeks. The surface is 
 rolling. The soil is a sandy loam, remark- 
 ably fertile and highly cultivated. Wheat. 
 Indian corn, oats, hay, wool, butter, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. Stark county has the 
 distinction of producing more wheat and but- 
 ter than any other county in the state. In 1850 
 there were raised 590,594 bushels of wheat; 
 578,171 of corn; 414,334 of oats; 41,740 
 tons of hay; 275,664 pounds of wool, and 
 1,211,021 of butter were made. It contained 
 98 churches, Onewspaper offices, 12,726pupils 
 attending public schools, and 807 attending 
 academies or other schools. Limestone under- 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 lies a large portion of the surface. Stone coal 
 of good quality abounds in the S. E. part, 
 and fine building stone is quarried near Mas- 
 sillon. The farmers find a ready market on 
 the Ohio canal, which runs through the 
 county. It is also intersected by the Penn- 
 sylvania and Ohio railroad, and by the Cleve- 
 land and Pittsburg railroad. Nimishillen 
 creek furnishes excellent water-power. Ca- 
 pital, Canton. Population, 39,878. 
 
 Staek, a county in the N. W. part of In- 
 diana, contains 432 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Yellow and Kankakee rivers. 
 The surface is level, and mostly occupied by 
 marshes, prairies, and small lakes. A part 
 of the land is adapted to the rearing of cat- 
 tle. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 11,170 bushels of corn; 3153 of 
 wheat; 1160 of oats, and 698 tons of hay. 
 There were 15 pupils attending public schools. 
 Organized in 1849. Capital, Knox. Popu- 
 lation, 557. 
 
 Stark, a county in the N. W. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 290 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Spoon river, an affluent 
 of the Illinois. The county is divided between 
 prairie and timbered land. The soil is good. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 812,475 bushels of corn; 54,327 of wheat; 
 50,703 of oats, and 5630 tons of hay. It con- 
 tained 1 church, and 483 pupils attending 
 public schools. Named in honor of General 
 Stark, of the Eevolutionary war. Popula- 
 tion, 3710. 
 
 Staek, a post-township in Coos co., New 
 Hampshire, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence 
 railroad, 90 miles N. from Concord. Popula- 
 tion, 418. 
 
 Stark, a township of Herkimer co., New 
 York, 10 miles S. from Little Falls. Popu- 
 lation, 1576. 
 
 Stark, a township in Monroe co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1109. 
 
 Staekey, a post-township of Yates co.. 
 New York, on the W. side of Seneca lake. 
 Population, 2075. 
 
 Starkey, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Canandaigua and Elmira rail- 
 road, 82 miles N. from Elmira. 
 
 Stark's, a post-township in Somerset co., 
 Maine, on the W. side of Sandy river, about 
 33 miles N. by W. from Augusta. Pop., 1447. 
 
 Starksborotjoh, a post-township in Addi- 
 son CO., Vermont, 24 miles W. by S. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1400. 
 
 Starksville, a village in the N. E. part 
 of Rensselaer co.. New York. 
 
 Starkville, a post-village of Herkimer co.. 
 New York, about 60 miles W. N. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Starkville, a post-village, capital of L,ee 
 CO., Ga., 115 S. W. by S. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Starkville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Oktibbeha co., Mississippi, 125 miles N. 
 
 E. from Jackson. It contains a court house 
 and a few stores. 
 
 Starlington, a post-office of Butler co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Starr, a county in the S. part of Texas, has 
 an area of 4420 square miles. The Rio Grande 
 forms its entire south-western boundary, 
 separating it from the Mexican state of Ta- 
 maulipas. The county contains extensive 
 prairies, which produce pasture, and support 
 large droves of wild horses and cattle. The 
 land is adapted to cotton, sugar-cane, and 
 maize, but it is not cultivated to much ex- 
 tent. Named in honor of James H. Starr, 
 secretary of the treasury of the republic of 
 Texas. Capital, Rio Grande City. 
 
 Stare, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Hocking co., Ohio. Population, 1045. 
 
 Stare's Point, a post-office of Benton co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Staesville, a post-village of Newton co., 
 Ga., about 60 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Staeucca creek rises in Wayne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, and enters the Susquehanna. 
 
 Starucca, a post- village of Wayne co.. 
 Pa., on Starucca creek, 180 miles N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 State Bridge, a post-office of Oneida co., 
 New York. 
 
 Statebueg, a post-office of Sumter district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 State Centeb, a small village of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Stateland, a small post-village of Choctaw 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 State Line, a village and station of Co- 
 lumbia CO., New York, on the line between 
 New York and Massachusetts, and on the 
 Western railroad, 38 miles S. E. from Albany. 
 
 State Line, a village on Poultney river, 
 Washington co.. New York. The railroad 
 from Rutland to Whitehall crosses the river 
 at this village. 
 
 State Line, a post-office of Franklin co.,Pa. 
 
 State Line, a post-office of Heard co., Ga. 
 
 State Line, a post-office of Trumbull co., 0. 
 
 State Line, a post-office of McHenry co.,Ill. 
 
 State Line, a post-office of Walworth co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Staten Island, in New York bay, 5 or 6 
 miles S. W. from the city, is separated from 
 New Jersey by Staten Island sound, and from 
 Long Island by the Narrows, is about 14 
 miles long, and from 4 to 8 miles wide, con- 
 stitutes the county of Richmond, and forms 
 the southern extremity of the state. (See 
 Richmond County, N. Y.) The northern 
 portion of it, denominated Richmond Hill, 
 rises from either shore into a beautifully 
 rounded elevation, 307 feet above the level 
 of the sea. This is occupied with many 
 splendid mansions, and surrounded with 
 the most enchanting scenery. A marine 
 telegraph has been erected on a hill, near 
 the Narrows. On a bluff, the E. side of the 
 island, 10 miles N. N. W. from Sandy Hook, 
 1109 
 
STA 
 
 STE 
 
 stands the Prince's Bay lighthouse, exhibiting 
 a fixed light having 11 lamps, 29 feet 11 
 inches from its base, and 106 feet 11 inches 
 above the level of the sea. Steam ferries 
 connect Staten island with New York, and 
 boats from Newark touch at different land- 
 ings on the N. side. 
 
 State Plights, a post-office of Oglethorp 
 CO., Ga., about 60 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 State Road, a post-office of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 State Road, a post-office of Surry co., N.C. 
 Statesboeough, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Bullock CO., Georgia, 53 miles N. W. 
 from Savannah. The village contains a 
 court house, jail, and 2 stores. 
 
 Statesburg, a post-village of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, about 35 miles E. by S. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Statesville, a post-village, capital of 
 Iredell co., North Carolina, on the Western 
 turnpike, 27 miles W. by N. from Salisbury, 
 and 145 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Statesville, a post-village of Wilson co., 
 Tennessee, 17 miles S. E. from Lebanon, has 
 a few stores, and about 800 inhabitants. 
 Station, a post-office of Thomas co., Ga. 
 Staunton, a river in the S. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Montgomery county, among 
 the Alleghany mountains ; flowing eastward 
 and south-eastward, it passes through the 
 Blue Ridge, falling nearly 1000 feet in a dis- 
 tance of 20 miles. After a very rapid and 
 toptuous course of about 200 miles, it unites 
 with Dan river at Clarksville, Mecklenburg 
 county, constituting the Roanoke. The latter 
 name is also applied by highly respectable 
 writers to the whole stream just described. 
 See Roanoke Riveb. 
 
 Staunton, a flourishing town, capital of 
 Augusta county, Virginia, is situated on a 
 small branch of Shenandoah river, near its 
 source, and on the Central rail];oad of Vir- 
 ginia, 120 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. 
 The Central railroad, which is nearly com- 
 pleted from Richmond to Staunton, and will 
 be extended to the Ohio river, will doubtless 
 bring large accessions to the trade and popu- 
 lation of this place. Staunton is the seat of 
 the Western Lunatic Asylum, and of the Vir- 
 ginia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and 
 blind. The blind are in the same building 
 with the deaf and dumb, but under a sepa- 
 rate instructor. It contains 4 or 5 churches, 
 2 academies, 2 female seminaries, and 2 
 banks. Three newspapers are published 
 here. The surrounding country is highly 
 productive, and beautifully diversified, form- 
 ing part of the great valley of Virginia. In 
 the limestone formation of this region ex- 
 tensive caverns occur, among which the most 
 celebrated is Weyer's cave, about 18 miles 
 N. E. from Staunton. Pop., about 2500. 
 
 Staunton, a post-village in Granville co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Staunton, Ohio. See Ripley. 
 1110 
 
 Staunton, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Ohio, near Sugar creek, 42 miles S. W. from 
 Columbus. Laid out in 1851. 
 
 Staunton, a township in the E. central part 
 of Miami co., Ohio. Population, 1475. 
 
 Staunton, a post-township in Macoupin 
 CO., Illinois. Population, 102. 
 
 Staunton, a post-village of Macoupin co., 
 Illinois, 26 miles from the Mississippi river, 
 at Alton. 
 
 Steady Run, a post-village in Keokuk co., 
 Iowa, 45 miles S. W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Steam Coenek, a post-office of Fountain 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Steam Factoey, a post-office of Muscogee 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Steam Mill, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Steam Mill, a post-office of Decatur co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 SteampOet, a small post-village of Hender- 
 son CO., Kentucky, on Green river, about 20 
 miles S. E. from Henderson. It has 2 stores, 
 and 1 tobacco factory. 
 
 Steaensville, a manufacturing village in 
 Pittsfield township, Berkshire co., Massachu- 
 setts, about 115 miles W. of Boston. 
 
 Steedman's, a post-office of Lexington dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Steel Ceeek, a post-office of Mecklenburg 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Steele, a township in Daviess co., Indiana. 
 Population, 495. 
 
 Steele's, a post-office of Anderson district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Steele's, a post-office of Rush co., Indiana, 
 
 Steele's Landing, a post-office of Ottawa 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Steele's Mills, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Steel's Tavben, a post-office of Augusta 
 CO., Va., 138 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Steelstille, a village of Ottawa co., Mi- 
 chigan, on Grand river, 75 miles W. N. W. 
 from Lansing. Produce is shipped here in 
 steamboats. 
 
 Steelsvillb, a post-village of Crawford 
 CO., Missouri, near the Maramec river, 90 
 miles S. W. from St. Louis. It has a large 
 academy and 5 or 6 stores. Population, 300. 
 
 Steelville, a post-village of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Octorara creek, 20 miles W. 
 by S. from West Chester. 
 
 Steen's Ceeek, a post-office of Rankin co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Steep Bottom, a post-office of Beaufort 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Steep Ceeek, a post-office of Lowndes co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Steepe's Falls, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 Steee Ceeek, a post-office of Gilmer co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Steilacoom, a post-village of Pierce co., 
 Oregon, on Puget sound, 14 miles N. E. from 
 the mouth of Nesqually river, about 120 miles 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 N. E. from Pacific City. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly occupied in fishing and the lumber 
 business. 
 
 Stbinburg, a post-otfice of Bucks cc, Pa. 
 
 Steineesville, a small village of Belmont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Stembersvillb, a post-ofi5ce of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 SxErHENSBUEG, a Small post-village of Har- 
 din CO., Kentucky, about 90 miles S. W. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Stephens' Creek, a small village of At- 
 lantic CO., New Jersey, on a small creek of 
 its own name, about 5 miles S. from May's 
 Landing, has 1 church. 
 
 Stephens' Chapel, a post-office of Bledsoe 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Stephenson, a county in the N. N. W. part 
 of Illinois, bordering on Wisconsin, has an 
 area of 550 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Pekatonica river, and also drained by 
 Yellow and Richland creeks. The surface is 
 undulating, and the soil is excellent. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, hay, pork, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 228,267 
 bushels of wheat; 803,285 of Indian corn; 
 227,310 of oats; 16,023 tons of hay, and 
 288,567 pounds of butter. It contained 4 
 churches 8 newspaper offices ; 1800 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 100 attending 
 other schools. Lead is found in the W. part. 
 The Central railroad joins the Galena and 
 Chicago railroad at Freeport the county seat. 
 Named in honor of Colonel Benjamin Stephen- 
 son, one of the early delegates from Illinois 
 Territory to Congress. Population, 11,666. 
 
 Stephenson's Depot, a post-office of Fre- 
 derick CO., Virginia. 
 
 Stephens' Point, a township in the N. E. 
 part of Portage co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Stephens' Point, a thriving post-village in 
 the above township, on the Wisconsin river, 
 about 180 miles N. from Madison, and 5 miles 
 above Plover, the county seat. The sur- 
 rounding country abounds in pines, and the 
 lumber business is carried on here exten- 
 sively. Plank-roads are projected from Green 
 bay and Berlin to this place. The river af- 
 fords extensive water-power. It contains 9 
 stores, 4 hotels, 3 mills, 1 manufactory of har- 
 ness, 1 of sashes, 1 of wagons, and 2 black- 
 smith shops. Population, 500. 
 
 Stephensport, a post-village in Brecken- 
 ridge co., Kentucky, on the Ohio, 110 miles 
 W. by S. from Frankfort. 
 
 Stephensville, a post-office of Wilkinson 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Stephentown, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Rensselaer co., New York. 
 Population, 2622. 
 
 Stepney, a post- village in Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, on the Housatonic railroad, 
 about 20 miles W. from New Haven. 
 
 Stepney Depot, a post-office of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Steeling, a township of Lamoille co., 
 
 Vermont, about 28 miles N. W. of Montpelier. 
 Population, 233. 
 
 Steeling, a post-village in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Fitchburg and Worces- 
 ter railroad, near its junction with the Wor- 
 cester and Nashua railroad, 40 miles W. by 
 N. from Boston, contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 Population of the township, 1805. 
 
 Sterling, a post-township in Windham co., 
 Connecticut, 46 miles E. by S. from Hartford. 
 Population, 1025. 
 
 Sterling, a post-village in Sterling town- 
 ship, Cayuga co., New York, on Little Sodus 
 creek, 80 miles N. from Auburn. It contains 
 several mills. Pop. of the township, 2808. 
 
 Sterling, a post-township forming the S. 
 extremity of Wayne co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 1033. 
 
 Sterling, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Sterling, a post-office of Phillips co.. Ark. 
 
 Sterling, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Brown co., Ohio. Population, 981. 
 
 Steeling, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Macomb co., Michigan. Population, 876, 
 
 Steeling, a post-township in Crawford co., 
 Indiana. Population, 893. 
 
 Sterling, a post-village, capital of White- 
 sides CO., Illinois, is beautifully situated on 
 the right bank of Rock river, 160 miles N. 
 from Springfield. The river falls 9 feet in 
 about half a mile, and affords abundant wa- 
 ter-power. 
 
 Sterling, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa. 
 
 Sterling Bottom, a post-office of Meigs 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Sterling Bush, a post-office of Lewis co , 
 New York. 
 
 Sterling Grove, a post-office of Greenville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Steeling Hill, a post-office of Windham 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Sterlington, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sterlingville, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., New York, 155 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Sterlingville, a post-office of AVyoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sterrettania, a post-office of Erie co.. Pa. 
 
 Sterrett's Gap, a small village of Cum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stetson, a post-township in Penobscot co., 
 Maine, 56 miles N. E. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 885. 
 
 Steuben, a county in the S. W. part of New 
 York, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area 
 of about 1500 square miles. It is partly 
 bounded on the E. by Crooked lake and Seneca 
 lake, and is drained by the Conhocton, Canis- 
 teo, Tioga, and Chemung rivers, and other 
 smaller streams, which furnish abundant 
 water-power. The surface is broken and hilly. 
 The alluvial flats along the rivers are very fer- 
 tile, and the soil on the uplands generally of 
 a good quality. Wheat, oats, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 llli 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 produced 653,484 bushels of wheat; 913,948 
 of oats ; 360,726 of potatoes ; 111,869 tons of 
 hay, and 1,918,465 pounds of butter. There 
 ■were 34 flour and grist mills, 266 saw mills, 
 3 carding and fulling mills, 9 iron foundries, 
 2 woollen factories, 31 boot and shoe manu- 
 factories, and 21 tanneries. It contained 91 
 churches, 5 newspaper offices, 17,792 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 900 attending 
 academies or other schools. Bog iron ore, 
 alum, and building stone are the principal 
 minerals. The Conhocton and Canisteo rivers, 
 branches of the Chemung river, are navigable 
 for boats respectively to Bath and Hornells- 
 ville. The New York and Erie railroad tra- 
 verses this county, which is also partly in- 
 tersected by the railroads connecting Corning 
 with Kossburg, Pennsylvania ; Canandaigua 
 with Elmira, and Corning with Buffalo. Ca- 
 pital, Bath. Population, 63,771. 
 
 Steuben, a county occupying the N. E. 
 corner of Indiana, bordering on Ohio and 
 Michigan, contains 314 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Pigeon and St. Joseph's rivers. 
 The surface is diversified by woodlands and 
 prairies ; the *soil is mostly fertile. The sta- 
 ples are wheat, corn, and grass. In 1850 
 this county produced 101,190 bushels of 
 corn; 73,141 of wheat; 38,734 of oats, and 
 5389 tons of hay. It contained 4 churches, 
 1600 pupils attending public schools, and 60 
 attending academies or other schools. Or- 
 ganized in 1837. Capital, Angola. Popula- 
 tion, 6104. 
 
 Steuben, a post-township in Washington 
 CO., Maine, 110 miles E. by N. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1125. 
 
 Steuben, a post-township of Oneida co., 
 New York, 18 miles N. from Utica. Popula- 
 tion, 1744. 
 
 Steuben, a post-office of Crawford co.. Pa. 
 
 Steuben, a post-village of Huron co., Ohio, 
 about 30 miles S. S. E. from Sandusky city. 
 
 Steuben, a township of Steuben co., In- 
 diana. Population, 645. 
 
 Steuben, a township in Warren co., In- 
 diana. Population, 741. 
 
 Steuben, a post-office of Marshall co., 111. 
 
 Steubenville, a flourishing post-town and 
 river port, capital of Jefferson county, Ohio, 
 on the Ohio river, 22 miles above Wheeling, 
 Virginia, 35 miles in a direct line W. by S. 
 from Pittsburg, and 141 miles E. by N. from 
 Columbus. The course of the Ohio is here 
 nearly due S., and the width about one-third 
 of a mile. The town stands on an elevated 
 plain, and is surrounded by a beautiful 
 country. Steubenville is the centre of an 
 extensive trade, and is the seat of flourishing 
 manufactories of vai-ious kinds. The latter 
 are supplied with fuel from the inexhaustible 
 mines of coal in the vicinity. The town con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, about 12 
 churches, 2 banks, an academy for boys, and 
 a female seminary, which is highly flourish- 
 ing, and has a widely extended reputation. 
 1112 
 
 This establishment, which cost $40,000, is 
 pleasantly situated on the bank of the river, 
 and has usually about 150 pupils. Four 
 newspapers are published here. There are 5 
 manufactories of wool, 2 of cotton, 1 of 
 paper, 2 of glass, several machine shops, 3 
 iron foundries, a number of flouring mills, 
 and large manufactories of copperas. About 
 1000 persons are employed here in manufac- 
 tures. A railroad is in course of rapid con- 
 struction from Pittsburg to this place, and 
 the Steubenville and Indiana railroad, when 
 finished, will connect it with Columbus and 
 other towns of Ohio. First settled in 1798. 
 Population in 1850, 6139. 
 
 Steubenville, a small village of Randolph 
 CO., Indiana, about 12 miles N. W. from Win- 
 chester. 
 
 Stevensbubg, a post-office of Culpepper 
 CO., Virginia, on the road from Fairfax to 
 Fredericksburg, about 95 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond, contains 1 or 2 churches, a ho- 
 tel, and several stores. 
 
 Stevens' Ceeek, of Edgefield district, 
 South Carolina, flows into Savannah river, 
 several miles above Hamburg. 
 
 Stevens' Creek, New Jersey. See Ste- 
 phen's Ckeek. 
 
 Stevens' Mills, a post-office of Union co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Stevenson's, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Stevens' Plains, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 Stevens' Point, Wis. See Stephens' Point, 
 
 Stevensville, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 New York. 
 
 Stevensville, a small post-village of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stevensville, a post-village of King and 
 Queen co., Virginia, 31 miles N. E. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Stewart, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Georgia, contains about 700 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the W. by the Chattahoochee 
 river, which separates it from Alabama, and 
 drained by the Hannahatchee, Kinchafoonee, 
 and Pataula creeks. The soil is fertile. Cot- 
 ton, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 19,165 bales of 
 cotton ; 684,449 bushels of corn, and 171,791 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 9 manufac- 
 tories of farming implements, 4 flour and 
 grist mills, 7 saw mills, and 3 tanneries ; 33 
 churches, 660 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 138 attending other schools. Capital, 
 Lumpkin. Population, 16,027; of whom 8654 
 were free, and 7373, slaves. 
 
 Stewart, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, has an 
 area estimated at 700 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by Cumberland river, and bounded 
 on the S. W. by the Tennessee ; the declivity 
 of the surface is towards the N. W. The soil 
 produces Indian corn, tobacco, and pasture. 
 There were raised, in 1850, 584,050 bushels 
 
STE 
 
 STO 
 
 of corn; 290,320 of sweet potatoes; 43,225 
 of oats, and 92,625 pounds of butter were 
 made. It contained 42 churches, 248 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 20 attending 
 other schools. Capital, Dover. Population, 
 9719; of whom 7144 were free, and 2575, 
 slaves. 
 
 Stewart, a post-office of Erie co., Pa. 
 
 Stewaetsburg, a post-village of Ruther- 
 ford CO., Tennessee, on the turnpike from 
 Nashville to Murfreesborough, 20 miles S. E. 
 from the former. 
 
 Stewart's Draft, a post-office of Augusta 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Stewart's Ferry, a post-office of Davidson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Stewart's Fork, Texas, rises in Cook co., 
 and enters the West fork of Trinity river in 
 Tarrant county. 
 
 Stewart's Mills, a small village of Craw- 
 ford CO., Illinois. 
 
 Stewartson, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Potter co., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 58. 
 
 Stewart's Eun, a post-office of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stewart's Springs, a post-office of Polk 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Stewartstown, a post-township in Coos co.. 
 New Hampshire, 130 miles N. from Concord. 
 Population, 747. 
 
 Stewartstown, a flourishing village of 
 Shaler township, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the right bank of the Alleghany river, 5 
 miles above Pittsburg. It contains several 
 rolling mills. Population in 1853, 1500. 
 
 Stewartstown, a post-office of York co.,Pa. 
 
 Stewartstown, a small post- village of Mo- 
 nongalia CO., Virginia. 
 
 Stewartstown, a post-village in Richmond 
 CO., North Carolina, 137 miles S. W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Stewartsville, a flourishing post-village 
 of Greenwich township, Warren co.. New Jer- 
 sey, is situated on Merritt's brook, about 10 
 miles S. from Belvidere. It has 3 stores, an 
 extensive tannery — which, in the perfection 
 and variety of its machinery, is said to be 
 second to none in the state — and a large brick- 
 yard. Besides a large and beautiful Presby- 
 terian church, and a Lutheran church recently 
 erected, it has an academy, with a classical 
 department. The Morris canal passes through 
 this town. Population, about 500. 
 
 Stewartsville, a post-village of West- 
 moreland CO., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike 
 leading from Pittsburg to Greensburg, 19 
 miles E. S. E. from the former. 
 
 Stewartsville, a post-village in Richmond 
 CO., North Carolina, 107 miles S. W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Stewartsville, a post-office of Posey co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Stice's Shoal, a Ipost-office of Cleveland 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Stiokleyvillb, a post-office of Lee co.,Va. 
 
 Stikoih, a post-office of Cherokee co., N. C. 
 
 Stiles, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 Stilesborough, a post-office of Cass co., 
 G., about 150 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Stilesville, a pleasant post-village of Hen- 
 dricks CO., Indiana, on the National road, 
 and on Mill creek, 27 miles S. W. from Indi- 
 anapolis. 
 
 Still Valley, a flourishing post-village of 
 Greenwich township, Warren co.. New Jersey, 
 near Pohatcong creek, about 13 miles in a 
 direct line S. by W. from Belvidere. 
 
 Stillwater, a village in Orono township, 
 Penobscot co., Maine, near the Oldtown and 
 Piscataquis railroad, 5 miles N. from Bangor. 
 
 Stillwater, a post-township of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, on the W. side of Hudson river. 
 Population, 2967. 
 
 Stillwater, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Champlain canal and Hud- 
 son river, 24 miles above Albany. 
 
 Stillwater, a post-township of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey, about 60 miles W. by N. from 
 Trenton. Population, 1742. 
 
 Stillwater, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Paulinskill river, contains a 
 church, 2 stores, 2 mills, and an academy. 
 
 Stillwater, a post-office of Columbia co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stillwater, a post-office of Tuscarawas 
 CO., Ohio, about 100 miles E. N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Stillwater, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Washington co., Minnesota, on the W. bank 
 of Lake St. Croix, 20 miles E. by N. from St. 
 Paul. It is the seat of the penitentiary re- 
 cently established, and contains a court house, 
 church, 3 hotels, a land-office, several stores 
 and mills. Large quantities of pine lumber 
 are procured in the vicinity. First settled in 
 1843. Population in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Stillwater Creek, in the W. part of Ohio, 
 rises in Darke co., flows S. E. and unites with 
 Greenville creek in Miami county. 
 
 Stillwater Creek, Ohio, an affluent of 
 Tuscarawas river, rises in Belmont county. 
 
 Stillwell, a post-office of Wood co., Va. 
 
 Stillwell, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 Stiffs' Hill, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Indiana, 12 miles W. from Brookville. 
 
 Stillville, a post-office of Oneida co.,N.Y. 
 
 Stock, a township in the N. part of Harri- 
 son CO., Ohio. Population, 888. 
 
 Stockbridge, a post-township in Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, 36 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1327. 
 
 Stockbridge, a post-village in Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic river 
 and railroad, 120 miles W. by S. from Boston, 
 contains 2 or 3 churches, a bank, and an aca- 
 demy. Population of the township, 1941. 
 
 Stockbridge, a township of Madison co., 
 New York, about 25 miles W. S. W. from 
 Utica. Population, 2081. 
 
 Stockbridge, a post-office of Henry co., 
 Georgia, 80 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 1113 
 
STO 
 
 STO 
 
 Stockbeidge, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Ingham co., Michigan. Pop., 657. 
 
 Stockbuidge, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 30 miles S. E. from Lansing. 
 
 Stockbkidge, a post-township in the S. 
 central part of Calumet co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Stock Ckeek, a post-office of Scott co.,Va. 
 
 Stockertown, a post-office of Northamp- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stockholm, a post-township of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, 18 miles E. N. E. from 
 Canton, intersected by the Northern railroad. 
 Population, 3661. 
 
 Stockholm, a post-office of Sussex co.,N.J. 
 
 Stockholm Depot, a post-village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, on the Northern rail- 
 road, 36 miles E. from Ogdensburg. 
 
 Stockington, a small village of Salem cc, 
 New Jersey, about 9 miles E. of Salem. 
 
 Stockpoet, a post-township of Columbia CO., 
 New Yoi'k, on the Hudson river. Pop., 1655. 
 
 Stockpoet, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Hudson river, 24 miles S. 
 from Albany. Here is a station on the Hud- 
 son River railroad. 
 
 Stockpoet, a thriving post-village of Wayne 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river 
 and on the Erie railroad, 159 miles from New 
 York city. It is a depot for lumber, which is 
 procured in the vicinity. 
 
 Stockpoet, a post-office of Morgan co., 0. 
 
 Stockpoet Station, a post-village of Dela- 
 ware CO., New York, on the New York and 
 Erie railroad. 
 
 Stockton, a post-township of Chautauque 
 CO., New York, 14 miles S. from Dunkirk. 
 Population, 1640. 
 
 Stockton, a post-village of Baldwin co., 
 Alabama, on the Tensaw river, 30 miles N. 
 N. E. from Mobile. 
 
 Stockton, a township in Greene co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 840. 
 
 Stockton, a post-town and capital of San 
 Joaquin county, California, is situated on a 
 slough or channel of its own name, about 3 
 miles from its junction with the San Joaquin 
 river. This place, one of the most important in 
 the state, is on the main road from Sacramento 
 city to Los Angeles, about 125 miles E. S. E. 
 from Benicia. It was first settled in 1844 by C. 
 M. Weber, but was abandoned by him in 1846. 
 In 1848 a settlement was successfully esta- 
 blished, and since that time its growth has 
 been rapid. The channel is navigable for 
 steamboats and vessels of 400 tons burthen 
 at all seasons, affording a ready communica- 
 tion with the Pacific. A hospital is erecting 
 at Stockton, which will be an ornament to the 
 state. The town is a place of great activity 
 and a depot for the southern mines. Resi- 
 dent population, about 4000, Wfhich is some- 
 times increased by a floating population to 
 6000 or 8000. 
 
 Stockville, a post-village in Buncombe 
 CO.. North Carolina. 
 
 Stoddard, a county in the S. E. part of 
 1114 
 
 Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, has an area 
 of 900 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 W. by the St. Francis river, on the E. by the 
 Castor and Whitewater rivers. The northern 
 part is hilly, but the greater portion of the 
 surface is level, and extensively occupied by 
 swamps and shallow lakes. The largest 
 among the latter are Lake Stoddard, Lake 
 Castor, Lake Micota, and Lake Nicormy. 
 The last is represented by the maps to be 
 about 25 miles long and 4 or 5 miles wide. 
 The earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 injured 
 this county pei'haps more than any other in 
 the state. For particulars, see the article 
 New Madeid. The county contains exten- 
 sive prairies and forests of cypress ; the soil 
 of the prairies is moderately fertile. In 
 1850 it produced 151,094 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 5972 of wheat; 17,260 of oats, and 
 33,174 pounds of butter. It contained six 
 churches. Capital, Bloomfield. Population, 
 4277, of whom 4227 were free, and 50, slaves. 
 
 Stoddard, a post-township in Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, 85 miles W. S. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1105. 
 
 Stoddard, a small village of Cape Girar- 
 deau CO., Missouri. 
 
 Stoddaetsville, a post-village of Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the line between Luzerne and Mon- 
 roe counties, and on the Lehigh river, 18 
 miles S. E. from Wilkesbarre. 
 
 Stokes, a county in the N. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Virginia : area esti- 
 mated at 550 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Dan river and its affluents. The surface 
 is elevated and hilly ; the soil produces wheat, 
 Indian corn, and oats. In 1850 there were 
 raised 16,004 bushels of wheat; 223,000 of 
 corn, and 42,636 of oats. There were 6 iron 
 forges, 3 saw mills, 3 tanneries, and 15 to- 
 bacco manufactories, and 1035 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Iron ore is found in large 
 quantities. Formed from Surry in 1789, and 
 named in honor of John Stokes, a colonel in 
 the war of the Revolution. Capital, German- 
 town. Population, 9206, of whom 7413 were 
 free, and 1793, slaves. 
 
 Stokes, a post-office of Oneida co., N. Y. 
 
 Stokes, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Logan co., Ohio. Population, 489. 
 
 Stokes, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Madison co., Ohio. Pop., 591. 
 
 Stokesbueg, a small village of Stokes co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Stone Aeabia, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mery CO., New York, about 50 miles W. N. W. 
 from Albany. It has 2 churches. 
 
 Stone Church, a post-office of Genesee 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Stone Church, a post-office of Northamp- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stone Ceeek, a post-office of Tuscarawas 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Stoneham, a township in Oxford co., Me., 
 50 miles W. by S. from Augusta. Pop., 484. 
 
 Stoneham, a post-village in Middlesex co., 
 
STO 
 
 STO 
 
 Masaachusetts, on the Boston and Maine 
 railroad, 8 miles N. from Boston, contains 1 
 or 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 2085. 
 
 Stomb Lick, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Stone Lick, a township in the central part 
 of Clermont co., Ohio. Population, 1840; 
 
 Stoneligk Creek, of Ohio, entei's the East 
 fork of Little Miami river, in Clermont county. 
 
 Stone Mills, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 New York. 
 
 Stone Mountain, a post- village of McDowell 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Stone Mountain, a post-village of De Kalb 
 county, Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, 160 
 miles W. from Augusta. At this place is an 
 isolated, dome-shaped granite rock, which is 
 visited annually by several thousand per- 
 sons, and is considered as one of the most 
 magnificent natural objects in the state. The 
 height is near 1000 feet. A tower 180 feet 
 high has been erected on the summit, com- 
 manding a prospect of great extent and pic- 
 turesque beauty. The village contains 4 
 hotels and about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Stoner, a post-office of Seneca co., N. Y. 
 
 Stone Ridge, a post-village of Ulster co., 
 N. Y., about 60 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Stoner's Creek, of Bourbon county, Ken- 
 tucky, flows in a N. N. W. direction, passes 
 Paris, and enters the South Licking river, 
 near the northern boundary of the county. 
 
 Stoner's Prairie, a post-office of Dane 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Stoner's Store, a post-office of Roanoke 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Stonerstown, apost-village of Bedford co.. 
 Pa., 100 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Stonersvillb, a post-office of Berks co.,Pa. 
 
 Stonesport, a small village of Boone co., 
 Missouri, on the Missouri river, about 6 miles 
 above Jefferson City. 
 
 Stones PiIvee, a small stream of Middle 
 Tennessee, rises in Cannon county, and flow- 
 ing N. W., enters Cumberland river, about 6 
 miles N. E. from Nashville. The length is 
 estimated at about 80 miles. It affords mo- 
 tive power to numerous mills and factories. 
 
 Stonesville, a post-village in Greenville 
 district, S. C, 97 miles N. from Columbia. 
 
 Stone Tavern, a small village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stonewall Mills, a post-village of Appo- 
 mattox CO., Virginia, on James river, 108 
 miles W. by S. from Richmond. 
 
 Stonington, a post-borough and port of 
 entry of New London county, Connecticut, on 
 the seacoast, at the southern terminus of the 
 Stonington railroad, 63 miles E. from New 
 Haven, and 50 miles S. S. W. from Providence. 
 It is built on a peninsula somewhat more than 
 half a mile in length from N. to S., and con- 
 tains 5 churches of the various denominations, 
 several flourishing schools, 2 banks, with an 
 aggregate capital of $160,000; a savings' in- 
 stitution, with $46,182 on deposite, and about 
 
 20 stores. Manufactures have recently been 
 introduced; one large establishment has gone 
 into operation here the present season, (1853.) 
 Stonington is much resorted to during the 
 summer months as a watering-place, and a 
 first-class hotel has been erected for the ac- 
 commodation of visitors. The harbor of 
 Stonington is capacious, and partly protected 
 by a national breakwater, constructed at a 
 cost of $100,000. Previous to 1885, the in- 
 habitants were extensively and profitabl}'' en- 
 gaged in various enterprises of navigation, 
 principally in the sealing and whaling busi- 
 ness. Some years as many as 100,000 seal 
 skins were brought into port. The fleet of 
 whalers at one time numbered 27 ships and 
 barques. Sealing has of late been discon- 
 tinued, but the whale fishery is still carried 
 on to advantage. The borough has also an 
 important coast trade. The shipping owned 
 in the district which includes Stonington bo- 
 rough, Pawcatuck, and Mystic, June 30th, 
 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 15,106|-| 
 tons registered, and 8055|| tons enrolled and 
 licensed — total, 23,162g''^ tons. Of the regis- 
 tered tonnage, 10,031 |f tons were employed 
 in the whale fishery, and of the enrolled and 
 licensed, 5798|| tons were employed in the 
 coast trade, and 1784|f tons in the codfishery. 
 Theforeign arrivalsfortheyearwerelO, (tons, 
 2489;) and the clearances for foreign ports, 
 19, (tons, 5329,) of which 18 (tons, 5248) were 
 by American vessels. During the year, 15 ves- 
 sels, (3 of them ships,) with an aggregate bur- 
 then of 3259f f tons, were admeasured. The 
 Stonington railroad, which commenced its 
 operations in 1835, was the first constructed 
 in the state. Stonington has steamboat com- 
 munication with New York, Providence, and 
 other places along the coast. The town is 
 celebrated for the spirited and successful 
 resistance it made against the attack of Sir 
 Thomas Hardy, during the war of 1812. Set- 
 tled in 1649, and incorporated as a borough 
 in 1801. Population of the township in 1840, 
 3898 ; in 1850, 5431, and of the borough in 
 
 1853, about 2800. 
 
 Stonington, a post-office of Christian co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Stonington, a smallvillage of Grundy;co. Mo. 
 
 Stonington Lighthouse, exhibiting a fixed 
 light, is at the southern extremity of the Sto- 
 nington peninsula, New London county, Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Stony Brook, of New Jersey, rises in 
 Hunterdon county, crosses Mercer county 
 near Princeton, and enters the Millstone river. 
 
 Stony Beook, a post-village of Brookhaven 
 township, Suffolk county, New York, on the 
 N. side of Long Island, 50 miles E. by N. 
 from New York. It has a good harbor and 
 a ship-yard. 
 
 Stony Creek, of Pennsylvania, falls into 
 the Conemaugh near Johnstown. 
 
 Stony Creek, of Dauphin county, Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into Susquehanna river. 
 1115 
 
STO 
 
 STO 
 
 Stony Ceeek, in the S. S. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Dinwiddie county, and falls into 
 Nottaway river in Sussex county. 
 
 Stont Creek, of Clinton county, Michigan, 
 enters Maple river 2 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Stont Creek, of Monroe co., Michigan, 
 flows into Lake Erie 6 miles from Monroe. 
 
 Stony Creek, of Oakland co., Michigan, 
 falls into Clinton river. 
 
 Stony Creek, a small seaport of Branford 
 township, New Haven county, Connecticut, 
 on Long Island sound, 11 miles E. by S. 
 from New Haven. A cluster of beautiful 
 islands, called Thimble islands, lie scattered 
 along i)etween this place and Indian Neck. 
 The New Haven and New London railroad 
 passes a little N. of the village. 
 
 Stony Creek, a post-office of Warren co., 
 New York. 
 
 Stony Creek, a post-township of Somerset 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles E. from 
 Somerset. Population, 1396. 
 
 Stony Creek, a post-office of Scott co., Va. 
 
 Stony Creek, a post-office of Ionia co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Stony Creek, a post-village of Oakland 
 CO., Michigan, on a creek of its own name, 
 26 miles N. W. from Detroit. It contains 1 
 church, and mills of various kinds. 
 
 Stony Creek, a township in Henry co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1029. 
 
 Stony Creek, a township in Madison co., 
 Indiana. Population, 291. 
 
 Stony Creek, a township in Randolph co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1153. 
 
 StonyFork, apost-office of Amherstco.,Va. 
 
 Stony Fork, a post-office of Watauga co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Stony Hill, a small village of Madison 
 CO., Virginia, on the Blue Ridge turnpike. 
 
 Stony HiLL,apost-office of Richmond CO. Va. 
 
 Stony Mount, a post-office of Brunswick 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Stony Point, Orange co.. New York, on 
 the W. bank of Hudson river, at the head of 
 Haverstraw bay, 42 miles N. from New York. 
 The capture of the fort at this place by Ge- 
 neral Wayne, July 16th, 1779, is justly consi- 
 dered one of the most brilliant exploits per- 
 formed during the Revolutionary war. 
 
 Stony Point, a post-office of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Stony Point, a post-office of Alexander 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Stony Point, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Stony Point, a post-office of East Baton 
 Rouge parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Stony Point, a small post-village of White 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Stony Point, a post-office of Bradley co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Stony PoiNT,apost-office of .Jackson CO., Mo. 
 
 Stony Point Mills, a post-village of Cum- 
 berland CO., Virginia, 61 miles W. S. W. from 
 Richmond, contains a flouring mill. 
 1116 
 
 Stony Ridge, a post-office of Surry co.,N. C. 
 
 Stony Ridge, a post-office of Wood co., 0. 
 
 Stony Run, a post-office of Genesee co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Storeville, a post-village in Anderson 
 dis., S. C, 117 miles W. N. W. from Columbia. 
 
 Stormvillb, a post-office of Dutchess co., 
 New York. 
 
 Storr's, a post-township of Hamilton co., 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river. Population, 1675. 
 
 Story, a new county near the centre of 
 Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is 
 traversed from N. to S. by Skunk river, an 
 affluent of the Mississippi. The surface is 
 diversified by prairies and groves ; the soil is 
 productive, but mostly uncultivated. The 
 census of 1850 gives no returns for this 
 county. Extensive beds of stone coal are 
 found. Seat of justice is not yet established. 
 
 Story, a post-office of Ogle co., Illinois. 
 
 Stouchburg, a post-village of Berks co., 
 Pa., 84 miles E. by N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Stoughstown, a post-village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, on the Cumberland 
 Valley railroad, 13 miles S. W. from Carlisle. 
 
 Stoughton, a post-village in Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, at the terminus of the Stough- 
 ton branch of the Boston and Providence 
 railroad, 19 miles S. by W. from Boston, 
 contains 4 churches and numerous shoe fac- 
 tories. Population of the township, 3494. 
 
 Stoughton, a thriving post-village of Dane 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the Catfish river, and on 
 the Milwaukee and Mississippi railroad, 16 
 miles S. E. from Madison. Pop., 150. 
 
 Stout's, a post-office of Northampton co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stout's, a post-office of Adams co., Ohio. 
 
 Stout's Grove, a post-office of McLean 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Stout's Landing, a small village of Lewis 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Stoutsville, a village of New Jersey, on 
 the boundary between Somerset and Hunter- 
 don counties, 13 miles S. W. from Somerville. 
 
 Stover, a post-office of Dallas co.. Ark. 
 
 Stover's Place, apost-office of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stovertown, a post-office of Muskingum 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Stow, a post- township of Oxford co., 
 Maine, 65 miles W. by S. from Augusta. 
 
 Stow, a post- village in Lamoille co., Ver- 
 mont. It contains 3 churches, 3 stores, and 
 2 taverns. Population of the township, 1771. 
 
 Stow, a post-village in Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Lancaster and Ster- 
 ling branch of the Fitchburg railroad, 27 
 miles W. by N. from Boston. Population of 
 the township, 1455. 
 
 Stow, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Summit co., Ohio. Population, 1701. 
 
 Stow Creek, New Jersey, forms a con- 
 siderable part of the boundary between Cum- 
 berland and Salem counties, and falls into 
 Delaware bay 4 miles N. W. from the mouth 
 
STO 
 
 STR 
 
 of Cohansey rivei*. It is navigable for sloops 
 
 18 miles. 
 
 Stotv Creek, a township of Cumberland 
 CO., New Jersey, 7 miles N. W. from Bridge- 
 ton. Population, 1093. 
 
 Stowell's Corners, a post-oflBce of Jeffer- 
 son CO., New York. 
 
 Stow's Ferry, a post-office of Tallapoosa 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Stow's Square, a post-office of Lewis co., 
 New York. 
 
 Stowsville, a post-village in Gaston co., 
 N. C, 180 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Stotestown, a post-borough of Somerset 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Stony creek, and 
 on the turnpike from Pittsburg to Bedford, 
 70 miles E. S. E. from the former. It has 
 several stores and mills. Coal and iron are 
 abundant in the vicinity. Pop. in 1850, 321. 
 
 Strabane, a post- township of Adams co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N. E. from 
 Gettysburg. Population, 1188. 
 
 Strabane, a post-office of Washington co.Pa. 
 
 Strabane, a post-village in Lenoir co., 
 N. C, 78 miles S. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Strafford, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of New Hampshire, has an area of about 350 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Salmon Falls river, and is drained by the 
 Cocheco, Lamprey, and Isinglass rivers, which 
 afford valuable water-power. The surface is 
 rough and uneven, and the soil, although dif- 
 ficult of cultivation, generally fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 100,260 
 bushels of corn; 23,453 of oats; 309,998 of 
 potatoes; 40,233 tons of hay, and 417,294 
 pounds of butter. There were 3 cotton and 
 7 woollen factories, 3 foundries, 1 paper mill, 
 
 19 saw and planing mills, 1 oilcloth manufac- 
 tory, 256 boot and shoe manufactories, 14 
 tanneries, 2 agricultural implement manufac- 
 tories, and 8 tin and sheet-iron works. It 
 contained 42 churches, 8 newspaper offices ; 
 5769 pupils attending public schools, and 295 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 Piscataqua river is navigable for sloops to 
 South Berwick, and the Cocheco to Dover. 
 This county is partly intersected by the rail- 
 road connecting Alton and Dover, and by that 
 connecting Portland and Boston. Capital, 
 Dover. Population, 29,374. 
 
 Strafford, a post-township in Strafford 
 CO., New Hampshire, 20 miles E. N. E. from 
 Concord. Population,, 1920. 
 
 Strafford, a post-township in Orange co., 
 Vermont, 33 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1540. 
 
 Strafford Corner, a post-office of Straf- 
 ford CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Straight Creek, of Brown co., Ohio, flows 
 into the Ohio river near Ripley. 
 
 Strait Creek, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Straight Creek, a post-office of Browij co., 
 Ohio, 105 miles S. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Straight Fork, a post-office of Campbell 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Strait's Lake, a post-office of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Straitsville, a post-office of New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 Straitsville, a post-office of Perry co., 0. 
 
 Strasburo, a post-township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles S. E. from 
 Lancaster. Population, including that of the 
 borough, 2604. 
 
 Strasburg, a pleasant post-borough in the 
 above township, 46 miles S. E. from Harris- 
 burg, and 8 miles E. S. E. from Lancaster, 
 contains 3 churches, an academy, and several 
 stores. Population in 1850, 880. 
 
 Strasburg, a thriving post-village of She- 
 nandoah CO., Virginia, on the North fork of 
 the Shenandoah river, and on the Manassas 
 Gap railroad, 18 miles S. W. from Winchester. 
 It has 3 churches. Population, about 650. 
 
 Strasburg, a post-village of Tuscarawas 
 CO., Ohio, on Sugar creek, about 110 miles 
 N. E. from Columbus, has 109 inhabitants. 
 
 Strata, a post-office of Montgomery co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Stratford, a post-township in Coos co., 
 New Hampshire, on the E. side of the Con- 
 necticut river, 117 miles N. from Concord. 
 Population, 552. 
 
 Stratford, a post-township of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut, at the mouth of Housatonic 
 river, about 15 miles S. W. from New Haven. 
 Population, 2040. 
 
 Stratford, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Fulton co., New York. Po- 
 pulation, 801. 
 
 Stratford, a post-village of Delaware co., 
 Ohio, near the Cleveland and Columbus rail- 
 road, 27 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Stratford Point Lighthouse, at the en- 
 trance to Stratford harbor, Connecticut. The 
 light revolves in such a manner as to be seen 
 once in 90 seconds. Lat. 41° 9' N., Ion. 73° 
 6' 36" W. 
 
 Stratham, a post-township in Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, 39 miles S. E. by E. from 
 Concord, intersected by the Portsmouth and 
 Concord railroad. Population, 840. 
 
 Stratton, a post-township in Windham co., 
 Vermont, 90 miles S. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 286. 
 
 Stratton' s Fall, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Strattonville, a thriving post-village of 
 Clarion co., Pennsylvania, on the Bellefonte 
 and Erie turnpike, 3 miles E. from Clarion. 
 
 Straustown, a post-office of Berks co.. Pa. 
 
 Straw, a village of Warren co.. New Jer- 
 sey, 5 miles S. E. from Philipburg. 
 
 Strawberry, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 709. 
 
 Strawberry Hill, a post-office of Musca 
 tine CO., Iowa. 
 
 Strawberry Plains, a thriving post-vil- 
 lage of Jefferson co., Tennessee, on Holston 
 1117 
 
STE 
 
 sue 
 
 river, 18 miles N. E. from Knoxville. The 
 East Tennessee and Virginia railroad termi- 
 nates at this village, and connects ivith an- 
 other leading to Knoxville. 
 
 Steawberrt Point, a post-office of Clayton 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Steawbekrt Rivek, of Arkansas, rises in 
 Fulton CO., and flows into Black river, on the 
 S. line of Lawrence county. 
 
 Strawbridge, a post-office of York co., Pa. 
 
 Straw Hat, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Strawntown, a village of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 18 miles S. byE. fromEaston. 
 
 Strawtown, a thriving post-village of Ha- 
 milton CO., Indiana, on the White river, 28 
 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. Pop., 200. 
 
 Strawtown, a post-village in Hendricks 
 CO., Indiana, on the W. fork of White river, 
 30 miles N. E. by N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Streetsborough, a post-township in the 
 W. part of Portage co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 1108. 
 
 Street's Run, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ■Strickersville, a post-village of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 40 miles W. S. W. 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Strickland, a post-village of Ware co.,Ga. 
 
 Strickland's Depot, a small post-village 
 of Duplin CO., North Carolina, on the railroad 
 from Wei don to Wilmington, 47 miles N. from 
 the latter. 
 
 Strikersville, or Strykersville, a post- 
 village of Wyoming co.. New York, on Buf- 
 falo creek, 30 miles E. S. E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Strinestown, apost-office of York co., Pa. 
 
 String Prairie, a post-office of Burleson 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 String Prairie, a post-office of Lee co. , lo. 
 
 Stringtown, apost-office of Ripley co., Ind. 
 
 Stringtown, a post-office of Richland co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Strode's Mills, a post-office of Mifflin co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Stromboli Furnace, a post-office of Stew- 
 art CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Strong, a post-township in Franklin co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of Sandy river, about 
 35 miles N. E. from Augusta. Pop., 1008. 
 
 Strong F^ver, of Mississippi, a small 
 stream which flows through Simpson county 
 into Pearl river. 
 
 Strong's Landing, a small village of Mar- 
 quette CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Stronostown, a post-village of Indiana 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from 
 Ebensburg to Indiana Court House, about 15 
 miles S. E. from the latter. 
 
 Strongville, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 1199. 
 
 Strongville, a post-village in the above 
 township, 14 miles S. by W. from Cleveland. 
 Includinc; the adjoining village of Albion, it 
 lll8 
 
 has 3 or 4 churches, several stores, and 1 
 woollen factory. 
 
 Stroud, a township in Monroe co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 22 miles N. by W. from Easton, 
 contains Stroudsburg, the county seat. Po- 
 pulation, 1419. 
 
 Stroudsburg, a post-borough, capital of 
 Monroe county, Pennsylvania, on Broad- 
 head's creek, about 4 miles from the Dela- 
 ware river, and 118 miles N. E. from Harris- 
 burg. It is situated in a pleasant valley, 
 and gradually improving. There are several 
 flour mills in the vicinity. The town has an 
 academy, a public library, and 4 or 5 churches. 
 Two or three newspapers are published. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 811. 
 
 Stroud's Glades, a post-office of Nicholas 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Strykersville. See Strikersville. 
 
 Stubansville, a post-office of AVayne co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Stump Bridge, a post-office of Madison co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Stump Ground, a small village of Onslow 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Sturbridge, a post-village in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 60 miles W. S. W. from 
 Boston, contains several churches. Popula- 
 tion of township, 2119. 
 
 Sturgeonville, a post-village of Bruns- 
 wick CO., Virginia, about 60 miles S. S. W. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Sturges Rapids, a village in Black Hawk 
 CO., Iowa, on Wapsipinicon river, 80 miles N. 
 N. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Sturgis, a post-township in the S. part of 
 St. Joseph CO., Michigan. Population, 840. 
 
 Sturgis, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Michigan Southern 
 railroad, 115 miles W. from Monroe. It is si- 
 tuated on a fertile prairie of its own name, and 
 has a steam flouring mill, a furnace, and other 
 factories. Population in 1853, about 700. 
 
 Stuyvesant, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Columbia co.. New York, 
 on the Hudson river. Population, 1766. 
 
 Stuyvesant, formerlj"- Kinderhook Land- 
 ing, a post-village in the above township, on 
 the Hudson River railroad, 18 miles S. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Stuyvesant Falls, a post-village of Co- 
 lumbia CO., New York, on Kinderhook creek, 
 about 25 miles S. from Albany. It contains 
 several mills. 
 
 Sublette's Lake is in the western part of 
 Missouri Territory, in lat. about 43° 30' N., 
 Ion. 110° W. It is the source of the Yellow- 
 stone river. 
 
 Sublett's Tavern, a post-office of Powhat- 
 tan CO., Virgini.a. 
 
 Subligna, a post-office of Chattooga co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Sublimity, apost-office of Marion co., Ogn. 
 
 Success, a post-township in Coos co., New 
 Hampshire, 115 miles N. E. from Concord. 
 
 Success, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. ' 
 
sue 
 
 SUG 
 
 SrcKASUNNY, a post-village of Morris co., 
 New Jersey, about 22 miles N. by E. from 
 Trenton, contains a church. 
 
 SucKERNOCHEE, Called also TuGALOo Creek, 
 of Mississippi and Alabama, rises near the 
 W. border of Noxubee county, in the former 
 state, and flowing south-easterly into Ala- 
 bama, falls into the Tombigbee at Moscow. 
 It is navigable by small boats about 35 miles. 
 
 Sudbury, a post-township in Rutland co., 
 Vermont, 45 miles S. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 194. 
 
 Sudbury, a post- township in Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, 23 miles W. by N. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 1578. 
 
 Sudbury River, a small stream of Middle- 
 sex CO., in the N. E. part of Massachusetts, 
 unites with Asabet river to form Concord 
 river at Concord. 
 
 SuDLERSviLLE, a post-village in Queen 
 Anne co., Maryland, 55 miles E. by N. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Suffern's, a post-village of Rockland co.. 
 New York, on the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, at the junction with the Union Ramapo 
 and Paterson railroad, 32 miles from New 
 York. Here is an important railroad station 
 at the entrance of a mountain pass. 
 
 SuFFiELD, a post-village in Hartford co., 
 Connecticut, 16 miles N. from Hartford, near 
 the W. side of the Connecticut river, contains 
 2 or 3 churches, and the Connecticut Literary 
 Institution, founded by the Baptists. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2962. 
 
 SuFFiELD, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Portage co., 0. Pop., 1281. 
 
 Suffolk, a county in the E. part of Mas- 
 sachusetts, has an area of about 15 square 
 miles, being the smallest county in the state. 
 It is bounded on the E. and S. by Massachu- 
 setts bay. It consists of only two towns, 
 Boston and Chelsea, but on account of its 
 containing the chief city of New England, 
 (Boston,) it may be regarded as the most im- 
 portant county in the state. Indian corn, 
 potatoes, and grass are the principal pro- 
 ductions. In 1850 it yielded 2691 bushels 
 of corn; 10,069 of potatoes, and 2446 tons 
 of hay. There were 40 machine shops, 3 
 ship-yards, 10 ship-joining, 14 ship-smith- 
 ing, and 15 shipwright establishments, 7 
 brass foundries, 6 iron foundries, 1 rolling 
 mill, 8 type and stereotype foundries, 9 dis- 
 tilleries, 6 breweries, 22 book binderies, 30 
 manufactories of stoves and ranges, 4 of 
 lamps, 14 of ti'unks, 27 of saddles and harness, 
 15 of coaches, 78 of cabinet ware, 156 of cloth- 
 ing, 90 of boots and shoes, 3 silver-plating 
 and 194 carpenter establishments, 3 glass- 
 works, 9 upholsterers, 23 curriers, 5 manufac- 
 tories of chemicals, 6 of whale oil, and 15 of 
 piano-fortes. It contained 96 churches, 115 
 newspaper offices ; 17,230 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 1800 attending academies 
 and other schools. This county is intersect- 
 ed by railroads, radiating from Boston,' in 
 
 almost every direction. Organized in 1643 — 
 then comprising the whole of the present 
 county of Norfolk, and a small part of Ply- 
 mouth, and named from SuflFolk, a county in 
 England. Capital, Boston. Pop., 144,517. 
 
 Suffolk, the most eastern county of New 
 York, has an area of about 950 square miles. 
 It forms the eastern extremity of Long Is- 
 land, and is bounded on the N. by Long Is- 
 land sound, and E. and S. by the Atlantic 
 ocean. Its coast is indented with numerous 
 bays and inlets, affording excellent harbors, 
 and great advantages for navigation and for 
 fisheries. It is drained by Peconic river, 
 and other smaller streams, which aiford some 
 water-power. The surface in the N. part is 
 hilly and uneven, and along the seacoastnearly 
 level. The soil is generally sandy ; that 
 bordering on the sound is more fertile than in 
 the interior and southern portions. Vt'heat, 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 128,237 
 bushels of wheat; 377,985 of corn; 178,549 
 of potatoes; 33,080 tons of hay, and 459,293 
 pounds of butter. There were 7 flour mills, 
 4 cotton factories, 12 ship-yards, 2 earthen- 
 ware manufactories, 1 brick factory, and 5 
 tanneries. It contained 99 churches, 7 news- 
 paper offices ; 8115 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 570 attending academies and 
 other schools. The Long Island railroad 
 passes through this county. Organized in 
 1683. Capital, Riverhead. Pop._, 36,922. 
 
 Suffolk, a post-village, capital of Nanse- 
 mond county, Vii'ginia, on the Nansemond 
 river, and on the Portsmouth and Roanoke 
 railroad, 85 miles S. E. from Richmond. The 
 river is navigable for small vessels. It con- 
 tains, besides the county buildings, 4 churches 
 and 1 or 2 newspaper oflfices. Pounded in 
 1742. Population, estimated at 1500. 
 
 Suffolk Court House, New York. See 
 Riverhead. 
 
 Sugar Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 Susquehanna near Towanda. 
 
 Sugar Creek, of North Carolina, rises in 
 Mecklenburg county, and flowing southward 
 enters Catawba river on the E. border of York 
 district. South Carolina. Little Sugar creek 
 unites with it near the boundary of these 
 states. 
 
 Sugar Creek, of Georgia, flows through 
 Telfair county into the Little Ocmulgee river. 
 
 Sugar Creek, of Alabama, flows into Elk 
 river, in Limestone county, about 10 miles 
 N. W. from Athens. 
 
 Sugar Creek, of Ohio, flows into the Port- 
 age river in Ottawa county. 
 
 Sugar Creek, an affluent of Tuscarawas 
 river, Ohio, rises in Wayne county, and enters 
 the Tuscarawas at Dover. 
 
 Sugar Creek, Indiana, rises in Clinton 
 county, and enters the Wabash from the E., 
 about 3 miles S. E, from Newport. Its general 
 course is S. W., and its whole length about 
 100 miles. 
 
 1119 
 
SUG 
 
 SUG 
 
 SuGAU Creek, of Indiana, an affluent of 
 Blue river, rises in Henry county, and falls 
 into the river about a mile below Edinburg. 
 
 Sugar Creek, in the N. central part of 
 Illinois, falls into Salt creek. Another little 
 stream of this name falls into the Sangamon 
 a few miles E. of Springfield. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township of Armstrong 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 18 miles E. N. E. 
 from Butler. Population, 1688. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, on French creek and Alleghany 
 river. Population, 875. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a small village of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a post-ofBce of Telfair co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in Benton co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 580. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a post-office of Lawrence 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in the N. part of 
 Allen CO., Ohio. Population, 756. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in the W. part 
 of Greene co., Ohio. Population, 3082. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in the S. ^Y. part 
 of Putnam co., Ohio. Population, 550. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Stark co., Ohio. Pop., 1743. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Population, 1400. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Wayne co., Ohio. Population, 2321. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in Clinton co., 
 Indiana. Population, 477. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a post-township in Hancock 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 793. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a post-village of Hancock 
 CO., Ind., 15 miles E. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in Montgomery 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 777, 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in Parke co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1355. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in Shelby co., 
 Indiana. Population, 743. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in Vigo co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1180. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a township in Kandolph co., 
 Missouri. Population, 965. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a post-township in the W. 
 central part of Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Sugar Creek, a small post-village in the 
 above township, 41 miles W. S. W. from Mil- 
 waukee. 
 
 Sugar Grove, a post-township of Warren 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Population, 1523. 
 
 Sugar Grove, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, 15 miles N. W. from Warren. 
 It is pleasantly situated, and has several 
 stores. 
 
 Sugar Grove, a post-office of Pendleton 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sugar Grove, a post-office of Ashe co., 
 N. C, 232 miles W. by N. from Raleigh. 
 1120 
 
 Sugar Grove, a post-office of Butler co.,Ky. 
 
 Sugar Grove, a post-village of Fairfield 
 CO., Ohio, on the Hocking Valley canal. 
 
 Sugar Grove, a post-office of Tippecanoe 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Sugar Grove, a post-township in Kane co., 
 Illinois. Population, 734. 
 
 Sugar Grove, a post-village of Poweshiek 
 CO., Iowa, about 70 miles W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Sugar Hill, a post-office of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Sugar Hill, a post-office of Steuben co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Sugar Hill, a post-office of McDowell co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Sugar Hill, a post-office of Marion dis. , S. C. 
 
 Sugar Hill, a post-office of Ha,ll co., Ga. 
 
 Sugar Hill, a post-office of Panola co.,Tex. 
 
 Sugar Lake, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sugar Land, a post-office of Matagorda co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a post-village of Orange co.. 
 New York, about 50 miles N. N. W. from New 
 York city. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Columbia co.. Pa. Pop., 131 G. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a small village of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a township forming the S. W'. 
 extremity of Luzerne co.. Pa. Pop., 1023. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a township in Carroll co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 310. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a township in Crawford co. 
 Arkansas. Population, 911. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a township in Marion co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 343. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a post-office of Sebastian co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Sugarloaf, a township in Van Buren co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 260. 
 
 Sugar Point, apost-office of Barren co.,Ky. 
 
 Sugar River, of Sullivan co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, forms the outlet of Sunapee lake, and 
 falls into the Connecticut river. 
 
 Sugar River, of Wisconsin, rises in Dane 
 county, and flowing in a S. E. direction through 
 Green county, passes into Illinois and enters 
 the Pekatonica about 7 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Sugar Run, a small post-village of Brad- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sugar Run, a post-office of Wetzel co., Va. 
 
 SuGARTOWN, a post-office of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York. 
 
 SuGARTOwN, a small post- village of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 79 miles E. S. E. from Har- 
 risburg. 
 
 Sugar Tree, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sugartree Ridge, a small post-village of 
 Highland co., Ohio, 10 miles S. from Hillsbo- 
 rough. 
 
 Sugar Valley, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sugar Valley, a post-office of Murray co., 
 Georgia. 
 
SUG 
 
 SUL 
 
 Sugar Valley, a post-village of Preble co., 
 Ohio, 100 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 SuGGSviLLE, a post-village in Clarke co., 
 Alabama, 110 miles S. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 SuisooN creek, of California, falls into Sui- 
 soon bay. 
 
 SuisooN, (soo^e-soon',) or Suisun, a small 
 bay of California, E. of San Pablo bay, v^ith 
 wliich it is conuected by the straits of Kar- 
 quenas. Length, about 15 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, 6 or 7 miles. 
 
 SuLACOE Creek, of Georgia, flows into the 
 Coosawattee a few miles from its mouth. It 
 is called also Pine Log creek. 
 
 Sullivan, a county in the W. S. W. part 
 of New Hampshire, has an area of about 570 
 squ.are miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Connecticut, and is drained by the Ashue- 
 lot and other smaller streams. It contains 
 several small ponds ; Sunapee lake forms 
 part of its eastern border. The surface is 
 generally elevated, with occasional mountain 
 ridges and peaks, of which Croydon moun- 
 tain and the Sunapee mountains are the 
 principal. The soil is fertile, especially 
 along the valleys of its numerous streams. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 122,609 bushels of corn; 98,003 of oats; 
 182,720 of potatoes; 54,038 tons of ha,y, and 
 580,875 pounds of butter. There were 3 
 cotton and 11 woollen factories, 10 flour 
 mills, 1 paper mill, 26 saw and planing mills, 
 16 tanneries, 1 cutlery and 15 boot and shoe 
 manufactories. It contained 6 churches, 2 
 newspaper offices, 5103 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 416 attending other 
 schools. The Connecticut river is navigable 
 for boats along the border of this county. 
 It is intersected by the Sullivan railroad. 
 Organized in 1827, having previously formed 
 part of Cheshire county. Capital, Newport. 
 Population, 19,375. 
 
 Sullivan, a county in the south-eastern 
 part of New York, has an area of about 890 
 square miles. It is partly bounded on the 
 S. E. by the Shawangunk river, and on the 
 W. by the Delaware, which separates it from 
 Pennsylvania. It is drained by Neversink, 
 Mongaup, and Beaverkill rivers, and other 
 smaller streams, which furnish abundant 
 water-power. It has several small lakes or 
 ponds. The surface is generally uneven and 
 mountainous, although the valleys are some- 
 times quite extensive. The soil along the 
 streams is fertile ; on the more elevated por- 
 tions better adapted to grazing than tillage. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 94,529 bushels of corn; 110,456 of oats; 
 122,980 of potatoes; 22,001 tons of hay, and 
 732,691 pounds of butter. There were 23 
 flour mills, 207 saw mills, 29 tanneries, 18 
 boot and shoe factories. 2 woollen factories, 
 1 iron foundry, and 24 turning establish- 
 ments. It coiitaiued 38 churches, 3 news- 
 3 V 
 
 paper offices; 5894 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 160 attending academies or 
 other schools. There is a lead mine at Wartz- 
 borough, in the S. E. part. The Delaware and 
 Hudson canal and the New York and Erie 
 railroad traverse this county. Capital, Mon- 
 ticello. Population, 25,088. 
 
 Sullivan, a county ia the N. N. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of about 430 
 square miles. It is traversed by Loyalsock 
 creek, an affluent, of Susquehanna river, and 
 drained also by Muncy and Little Loyalsock 
 creeks. The surface is elevated, and mostly 
 covered with forests. The Alleghany moun- 
 tain crosses the county in an E. and W. di- 
 rection, having a very gradual descent to- 
 wards the N. Lumber is the chief article 
 of export. Indian corn, wheat, hay, and 
 butter are the staple productions. In 1850 
 there were raised 21,437 bushels of corn ; 
 11,959 of wheat; 4719 tons of hay, and 
 90,250 pounds of butter were made. There 
 were 17 saw mills, 5 flour and grist mills, 1 
 woollen factory, and 1 tannery. It contained 
 46 churches, and 899 pupils attending public 
 schools. Formed out of part of Lycoming in 
 1847. Capital, Laporte. Population, 3694. 
 
 Sullivan, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Virginia : area, esti- 
 mated at 300 square miles. It is drained by 
 the Holston and Watauga rivers, which unite 
 near its S. border. The surface is diversified 
 by high ridges and valleys connected with 
 the Alleghany chain. The soil is fertile, well 
 timbered, and plentifully supplied with 
 springs. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 373,698 bushels of corn; 69,937 of 
 wheat; 162,914 of oats, and 99,299 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 28 churches, 825 
 pupils attending public schools, and 24 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. Iron 
 ore is found. The East Tennessee and Vir- 
 ginia railroad passes through this count3^ 
 Capital, Blountsville. Poptilation, 11,742 ; of 
 whom 10,738 were free, and 1004, slaves. 
 
 Sullivan, a county in the W. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Illinois, contains 430 
 square miles. It is drained by Busseron 
 creek, and bounded on the W. by the Wabash 
 river. The surface is mostly level, and the 
 soil productive. Wheat, maize, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. Cattle, horses, and 
 swine are also exported. In 1850 this county 
 produced 742,136 bushels of corn ; 56,725 of 
 wheat; 75,879 of oats, and 3751 tons of hay. 
 There were 21 churches, and 2047 pupils 
 attending public schools. The county con- 
 tains extensive beds of bituminous coal. The 
 Wabash is navigable for steamboats in high 
 water. Organized in 1817, and named in ho- 
 nor of Daniel Sullivan, who was killed by In- 
 dians while employed in the public service. 
 Capital, Sullivan. Population, 10,141. 
 
 Sullivan, a new county in the N. part of 
 Missouri, has an area of 650 square miles 
 1121 
 
SUL 
 
 SUL 
 
 It is traversed from N. to S. by Locust creek, 
 by the E. fork of Medicine creek, and by 
 Yellow and Wolf creeks. The slope of the 
 county is towards the S. Prairies of con- 
 siderable extent occur in it. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 176,789 
 bushels of corn ; 11,482 of wheat ; 15,974 of 
 oats; 1201 tons of hay, and 35,648 pounds 
 of butter. Named in honor of John C. Sulli- 
 van, member of the convention to form the 
 constitution of Missouri. Population, 2983, 
 of whom 2895 were free, and 88, slaves. 
 
 Sullivan, a post-township in Hancock cc, 
 Maine, 90 miles E. by N. from Augusta. 
 Population, 810. 
 
 Sullivan, a post-township in Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, 38 miles W. S. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 468. 
 
 Sullivan, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Madison co., New York, on 
 Oneida lake. Population, 4764. 
 
 Sullivan, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Canaseraga creek, about 120 miles 
 W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Sullivan, a post-township of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 20 miles E. from Wells- 
 borough. Population, 1757. 
 
 Sullivan, a small post-village of Tioga 
 CO., Pennsylvania. ' 
 
 Sullivan, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Ashland co., 0. Pop., 1099. 
 
 Sullivan, a small post-village of Ashland 
 CO., Ohio, 99 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Sullivan, a post-village, capital of Sulli- 
 van CO., Indiana, 100 miles S. W. from India- 
 napolis. Laid out in 1842. It contains a court 
 house, a county seminary, and 2 churches. 
 
 Sullivan, a small post-village of Moultrie 
 CO., 111., about 10 miles W. by N. from Aubuim. 
 
 Sullivan, a post-village in Dubuque co., 
 Iowa, near the Mississippi river, 70 miles N. 
 E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Sullivan, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Population, 872. 
 
 Sullivan's Mills, a post-ofSce of Jen- 
 nings CO., Indiana. 
 
 SuLLivANViLLE, a post-village of Chemung 
 CO., New York, 10 miles N. E. from Elmira, 
 has 2 stores. 
 
 Sulphur. Bluff, a post-office of Hopkins 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Sulphur Fork, of Red river, rises in Fan- 
 nin CO., Texas, and flowing eastward into 
 Arkansas, falls into Red river, on the bound- 
 ary between the latter state and Louisiana. 
 
 Sulphur Fork, a township in Lafayette 
 CO., Arkansas. Population, 218. 
 
 Sulphur Hill, a post-office of Shelby co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Sulphur Lick, a post-village of Monroe 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Sulphur Lick, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Sulphur Mills, a small village of Jessa- 
 mine CO., Kentucky. 
 1122 
 
 Sulphur Rock, a post-office of Independ 
 ence co., Arkansas. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, a post-villnge of Bun- 
 combe CO., North Carolina, 260 miles W. 
 from Raleigh, is much frequented as a sum- 
 mer resort. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, a township in Mont- 
 gomery CO., Arkansas. Population, 552. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, a township in Polk co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 247. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, a small village of Pope 
 CO.. Arkansas. 
 
 Sulphur Spring, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Sulphur Springs, a post-office of Benton 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Sulphur Speings, a post-village of Madi- 
 son CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Sulphur Springs, a post-office of Chero- 
 kee CO., Texas. 
 
 Sulphur Springs, a post-office of Rhea 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Sulphur Springs, a post-office of Henry 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Sulphur Springs, a post-office of William- 
 son CO., Illinois. 
 
 Sulphur Springs, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Sulphur Well, a post-office of Shelby co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Sulphur Well, a post-office of Jessamine 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 SUMANTTOWN, Or SuMNETTOWN, a pOSt-vil- 
 
 lage of Montgomery co. , Pennsylvania, on Per- 
 kiomen creek, 98 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 It has several stores and a newspaper office. 
 
 SuMMEEFiELD, a post-villagc in Guilford 
 CO., N. C, 99 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 SuMMEKFiELD, apost-officc of Dallas co. Ala. 
 
 SuMMERFiELD, a post-village of Noble co., 
 Ohio, 100 miles E. by S. from Columbus. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 SuMMERFiELD, a post-township in the S. 
 W. part of Monroe co., Mich. Pop., 472. 
 
 SuMMERFOED, apost-offico of Madison co., 0. 
 
 Summer Grove, a post-office of Smith co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Summer Hill, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Cayuga co.. New York. It 
 is said that Ex-President Fillmore was born 
 in this township. Population, 1251. 
 
 Summer Hill, a post-township of Cambria 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Population, 1497. 
 
 Summer Hill, a post-village in the above 
 township, 23 miles W. by S. from Hollidays- 
 burg. 
 
 Summer Hill, a township of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Beaver and 
 Erie canal, about 10 miles W. N. W. from 
 Meadville. Population, 1160. 
 
 Summer Lake is in the southern interior 
 of Oregon Territory, in lat. about 42° 40' N.. 
 Ion. 120° 40' W. Length, about 10 miles. 
 
 Summers, a post-office of Rockbridge CO., Va. 
 
 Summers, a township in Saline co., Illinois. 
 Population, 672. 
 
SUM 
 
 SUM 
 
 Summerset, a post-oflSce of Hancock co., 111. 
 
 Summerset, a post-village in Polk co., 
 Iowa, 115 miles W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 SuMMERSViLLE, a post-officc of Jeffcrson 
 CO., Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 SuMMERSViLLE, a Small village of Noxubee 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 SuMMERviLLE,a post-village of Butler CO. Pa. 
 
 SuMMERViLLE, a post-viUage, capital of 
 Nicholas co., Virginia, 286 miles W. by N. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 SuMMERViLLE, a post-village of Cumber- 
 land CO., N. C, 30 miles S. from Raleigh. 
 
 SuMMERViLLE, a post-village on the line 
 between Charleston and Colleton districts. 
 South Carolina, and on the South Carolina 
 railroad, 22 miles N. W. from Charleston. 
 
 Sdmmerville, a post-village, capital of 
 Chattooga county, Georgia, on Chattooga 
 river, 195 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 It is pleasantly situated in a fertile valley, 
 and contains a handsome court house, 2 or 3 
 churches, and 5 or 6 dry-goods stores. 
 
 SuMMERviLLE, a post-villagc of Greene co., 
 Ky., about 85 miles S. S. ^\. from Frankfort. 
 
 SuMMERViLLE, a village of Union co., Ohio, 
 about 50 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Summer viLLE, a post-village of Cass co., 
 Michigan, on the Dowagiac river, 11 miles 
 W. from Cassopolig. 
 
 Summerville, a post-village in Cook co., 
 Illinois, on the Illinois and Michigan canal, 
 12 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Summerville, a post-ofiBce of Boone co.. Mo. 
 
 Summerville, a post-village of Rock co., 
 Wisconsin, 15 miles S. E. from Jauesville. 
 It contains about 20 dwellings. 
 
 Summit, a county in the N. E. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of 400 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Cuyahoga river, and also 
 drained by the head streams of the Tuscara- 
 was river, and by Wolf creek. It comprises 
 the highest land on the line of the Ohio canal, 
 which is about 400 feet above the level of 
 Lake Erie, and is sometimes called the Port- 
 age Summit. The name of the county was 
 derived from this circumstance. The surface 
 is undulating, and in some parts level ; the 
 soil is excellent, and in good cultivation. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, wool, apples, 
 butter, and live stock are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 365,762 bushels 
 of corn; 325,642 of wheat ; 225,998 of oats, 
 and 37,793 tons of hay. It contained 33 
 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 9614 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 280 attending 
 academies or other schools. Large beds of 
 stone coal and of mineral fireproof paint 
 have been discovered, and are exported ex- 
 tensively. It is copiously supplied with 
 water-power. The Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal connects with the Ohio canal at Akron. 
 The county is intersected by the Cleveland 
 and Pittsburg railroad, and by the Cleveland 
 and Zanesville railroad, now in course of con- 
 struction Capital, Akron. Pop., 27,485. 
 
 Summit, a railroad station of Broome co., 
 New York, on the New York and Erie rail- 
 road, 194 miles from New York city. Near 
 this place the railroad passes through a cut 
 in the rock nearly 200 feet in depth. 
 
 Summit, a post-township of Schoharie co., 
 New York, about 50 miles W. by S. from Al- 
 bany. Population, 1800. 
 
 Summit, a post-office of Essex co., N, J. 
 
 Summit, or Summitville, a thriving post- 
 borough of Cambria county, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Portage railroad, where it crosses the 
 summit of the Alleghany mountain by seve- 
 ral inclined planes, 104 miles E. from Pitts- 
 burg, and about 2500 feet above the level of 
 the sea. The Pennsylvania railroad passes 
 near the place. Incorporated in 1850. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Summit, a township of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by the Beaver and Erie 
 canal, about 10 miles W. by N. from Mead- 
 ville. Population, 1074. 
 
 Summit, a township of Somerset co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 14 miles S. by E. from So- 
 merset. Population, 959. 
 
 Summit, a post-office of Northampton co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Summit, a post-office of Blount co., Ala. 
 
 Summit, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio. 
 
 Summit, a post-office of Oakland co., Mich. 
 
 Summit, a post-office of Whitley co., In- 
 diana, 8 miles W. from Columbia. 
 
 Summit, a village of Cook co., Illinois, on 
 the Des Plaines river, and on the Illinois and 
 Michigan canal, about 12 miles W. S. W. 
 from Chicago. 
 
 Summit, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Waukesha CO., Wisconsin. Pop., 1008. 
 
 Summit, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 30 miles W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Summit Bridge, a post-village in New Cas- 
 tle CO., Delaware, about 30 miles N. by W. 
 from Dover. 
 
 Summit Hill, a post-village of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania, 9 miles W. from Mauch Chunk. 
 Immense quantities of coal are mined here, 
 and conveyed by railroad to the canal at 
 Mauch Chunk. 
 
 Summit Mills, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Pa., about 150 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Summit Point, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Summitville, Pennsylvania. See Summit. 
 
 Summitville, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Summitville, a post-office of Madison co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Summitville, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, 
 about 15 miles N. N. W. from Keokuk. 
 
 Sumner, a county in the N. part of Ten- 
 nessee, bordering on Kentucky, has an area 
 estimated at 600 square miles. The Cumber- 
 land river forms its entire boundary on the 
 S., and it is also drained by creeks which flow 
 northward into Big Barren river. The sur- 
 face is undulating; the soil excellent. In- 
 1123 
 
SUM 
 
 SUN 
 
 diah corn, oats, tobacco, and pork are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 1,375,590 
 bushels of corn; 209,077 of oats; 809,517 
 pounds of tobacco, and 197,213 of butter. 
 It contained 21 churches, 1 newspaper ofBce; 
 and 1542 pupils attending academies and 
 other schools. The Cumberland river is na- 
 vigated by steamboats on the border. The 
 county is intersected by the Louisville and 
 Nashville railroad, now in course of construc- 
 tion. Capital, Gallatin. Population, 22,717 ; 
 of whom 14,711 were free, and 8006, slaves. 
 
 Sumner, a post-township in Oxford co., 
 Maine, 35 miles W. from Augusta. Popula- 
 tion, 1151. 
 
 SuMNEYTOWN, Pa. See Sumanytown. 
 
 SuMPTEK, a post-office of Trinity co., Texas. 
 
 Sumption's Peairies, a post-office of St. 
 Joseph CO., Indiana. 
 
 Sumter, a district towards the S. E. part 
 of South Carolina, has an area of about 1500 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 Wateree and Santee rivers, on the S. by the 
 Santee, on the N. E. by Lynch's creek, and 
 drained by the head streams of Black river. 
 The surface is level or undulating, and partly 
 covered with pine woods. The soil is gene- 
 rally productive. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, sweet potatoes, and rice are the staples. 
 In 1860 this district produced 18,779 bales 
 of cotton; 750,520 bushels of corn; 7410 of 
 wheat; 44,465 of oats, and 376,555 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 37 grist, and 7 saw 
 and planing mills, 3 tanneries, and 1 cotton- 
 gin factory. It contained 62 churches, 1 
 newspaper office ; 504 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 304 attending academies and 
 other schools. The Santee is navigable by 
 steamboats on the border of the district, which 
 is intersected by the Wilmington and Man- 
 chester railroad. Capital, Sumterville. Po- 
 pulation, 33,220; of whom 10,155 were free, 
 and 23,065 slaves. 
 
 Sumter, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 590 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the E. by the Flint river, and 
 traversed by Muckalee and Kinchafoonee 
 creeks, affluents of that river. The surface 
 is level, or rather flat, and partly covered 
 with forests. The soil is productive, espe- 
 cially along the river and creeks. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 7535 
 bales of cotton ; 354,842 bushels of corn, and 
 120,333 of sweet potatoes. There were 3 gi-ist 
 mills, 8 saw mills, 1 woollen factory, and 4 
 tanneries. It contained 25 churches ; 2G5 
 pupils attending public schools, and 30 at- 
 tending an academy. It is contemplated to 
 extend the South-western railroad through 
 the county. Organized in 1831. Capital, 
 Americus. Population, 10,322 ; of whom 6487 
 were free, and 3835, slaves. 
 
 Sumter county, Florida. Organized since 
 1850. 
 
 Sumter, a county in the W. part of Alaba- 
 1124 
 
 ma, bordering on Mississippi, has an area 
 estimated at 800 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the E. and N. E. by Tombigbee river, in- 
 tersected by the Noxubee river, and also 
 drained by Tugaloo creek. The surface is 
 somewhat uneven ; the soil fertile, especially 
 near the rivers. Cotton, Indian corn, oats, 
 and sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 14,066 bales of cotton ; 
 926,826 bushels of corn ; 62,359 of oats, and 
 182,007 of sweet potatoes. There were 2 saw 
 and grist mills, 2 manufactories of cabinet 
 ware, and 1 of machinery. It contained 27 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 433 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 160 attending 
 academies or other schools. The Tombig- 
 bee is navigable by steamboats on the border. 
 The county is intersected by the Alabama and 
 Mississippi railroad, now in course of con- 
 struction. Capital, Livingston. Pop., 22,250; 
 of whom 7419 were free, and 14,831, slaves. 
 
 Sumter, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Wayne co., Michigan. Pop., 431. 
 
 Sumterville, a post-village, capital of Sum- 
 ter district, South Carolina, on the Wilming- 
 ton and Manchester railroad, 63 miles E. by 
 S. from Columbia. It contains a bank, seve- 
 ral churches, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Sumterville, a post-village in Lee co.,Ga., 
 100 miles S. W. by S. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Sumterville, a post-village of Sumter co., 
 Alabama, near Tombigbee river, 64 miles S. 
 W. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Sun, a post-office of St. Tammany par., La. 
 
 Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire, between 
 Sullivan and Merrimack counties, is near 10 
 miles long, and from 1 to 2J miles wide. It 
 is said to be elevated more than 1000 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The outlet dis- 
 charges its waters through Sugar river into 
 the Merrimack. 
 
 SuNBURY, a small village of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, 10 miles N. from Butler. 
 
 SuNBURY, a flourishing and beautifully situ- 
 ated town, capital of Northumberland county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the left (E.) bank of the 
 Susquehanna river, 1 mile below the junction 
 of its branches, 56 miles N. from Harrisburg, 
 and 134 miles N. W. from Philadelphia. It 
 contains several churches, and 3 newspaper 
 offices. At this point the Sunbiiry and Erie 
 railroad, now in progress, connects with the 
 Susquehanna railroad, leading from Harris- 
 bui'g to Elmira, and with the Philadelphia 
 and Sunbury railroad. A canal, belonging to 
 the state, crosses the river a little below the 
 town, at the Shamokin dam, which is 2783 
 feet long. A bridge across the North branch 
 connects Sunbury with Northumberland. 
 Stone coal is procured in the county, and 
 shipped here. Population in 1850, 1218. 
 
 Sunbury, a small post-village of Gates co., 
 N. C, about 150 miles N. E. from P.aleigh. 
 
 Sunbury, a decayed town of Liberty co., 
 Georgia, on the Medway river, about 30 miles 
 S. S. W. from Savannah. It was built in 
 
SUN 
 
 SUR 
 
 1778, and immediately after the Revolution 
 was a jfiourishing seaport. It now has only 
 about 6 or 8 families. 
 
 SuNBTjRT, a thriving post-village of Dela- 
 ware CO., Ohio, 20 miles N. N. E. from Colum- 
 bus. Population, about 500. 
 
 SuNBUEY, a township in the N. part of 
 Monroe co., Ohio. Population, 1237. 
 
 SuNBUKY, a small village of Montgomei'y 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 SuNBUKY, a small post-village of Livings- 
 ton CO., Illinois, 110 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 SuNcooK, a post-office of Merrimack co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 StJNCopK River, of New Hampshire, rises 
 in Strafford co., and flowing through Belknap 
 county, falls into the Merrimack about 15 
 miles S. S. E. from Concord. 
 
 Sun Creek, of Mississippi, flows S. E. 
 through Covington co., into Bowie river. 
 
 Sunday Creek, of Ohio, enters the Hock- 
 hocking river a few miles above Athens. 
 
 Sunday Creek Cross Roads, a post-office 
 of Perry co., Ohio. 
 
 Sunderland, a post-village in Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, on the Western Vermont rail- 
 road, 95 miles S. S. AY. from Montpelier. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 479. 
 
 Sunderland, a post- village in Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, on the E. side of Connecticut 
 river, 82 miles W. by N. from Boston. A 
 bridge crosses the river at this place. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 792. 
 
 Sunfield, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Eaton co., Mich. Pop. ,122. 
 
 SuNFiSH, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 SuNFiSH, a township in the W. part of Pike 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 371. 
 
 SuNFisn Creek, of Monroe co., Ohio, flows 
 into the Ohio river. 
 
 Sunflower, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 1000 
 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Sunflower river, from which it derives its 
 name, and is bounded on the S. E. by the 
 Yazoo. The surface is a level, alluvial plain 
 or swamp, the soil of which is very fertile. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 1900 bales of cot- 
 ton, and 33,390 bushels of corn. The Yazoo 
 is a deep and sluggish stream, navigable by 
 steamboats in nearly all stages of water. 
 Formed from Bolivar county. Capital, McNutt. 
 Population, 1102, of whom 348 were free, and 
 754, slaves. 
 
 Sunflower river, a small stream of Mis- 
 sissippi, rises in Coahoma co., and flows south- 
 ward until it enters the Yazoo near the N. 
 border of Warren county. 
 
 SuNKHAZE, a post-office of Penobscot co., 
 Maine. 
 
 SuNNYSiDE, apost-office of Lowndes CO., Ala. 
 
 Sun Prairie, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Sunrise, a post-office of Bath co., Va. 
 
 SuNviLLE, a small post-village of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Superior, Lake, the largest and most 
 westerly of the five great lakes of North 
 America, lying on the northern border of the 
 United States, is situated between 46° 35' 
 and 49° N. lat., and 84° 30' and 92° 20' W. 
 Ion. The length, following the bend of the 
 lake, is about 400 miles ; greatest breadth, 
 above 160 miles ; area, estimated at 32,000 
 square miles. The surface is about 630 feet 
 above the Atlantic. The mean depth is 
 stated at 900 feet. Lake Superior is pro- 
 bably the largest body of fresh water on the 
 globe. The waves on this lake are said to 
 be as high as those on the Atlantic, and the 
 storms equally severe and violent. Its waters 
 are remarkably clear: they abound with 
 fish, particularly with white fish and trout. 
 The former frequently weigh 20 pounds or 
 upwards, and the latter are said sometimes 
 to weigh 50 pounds. Sturgeons are also 
 found. Lake Superior receives a great num- 
 ber of small streams, among which the St. 
 Louis, entering at its W. extremity, is per- 
 haps the most deserving of notice. It dis- 
 charges its waters into Lake Huron by the 
 channel or river named St. Mary's strait. The 
 coasts of Lake Superior are in many places 
 rocky and bold. The pictured rocks on the 
 S. E. shore are regarded as among the most 
 interesting natural curiosities in the United 
 States. They form a perpendicular wall about 
 300 feet high, and extending near 12 miles 
 along the shore. Lake Superior is noted for 
 the extensive deposites of copper, found both 
 along the American and Canadian shore, and 
 also in Isle Royale, situated near its northern 
 side. See Michigan, pp. 692-3, and Kewee- 
 naw Point. 
 
 Superior, a township in the central part 
 of Williams co., Ohio. Population, 723. 
 
 Superior, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Washtenaw CO., Michigan. Pop., 1127. 
 
 Surgeon's Hall, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Surreney's, a post-office of Tatnall co., 
 Ga., about 135 miles S. E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Surrounded Hill, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Surry, a county in the S. E. part of Vir- 
 ginia, has an area of 340 square miles. 
 James river forms the boundary on the N. 
 E., and Blackw^ter river on the S. W. The 
 surface is moderately uneven ; the soil is ge- 
 nerally sandy. Indian corn is the staple 
 product. In 1850 there were raised 204,975 
 bushels of corn. There were 5 saw mills, 
 and 11 churches. Formed in 1652, and 
 named from Surry, a county in England. 
 Capital, Surry Court House. Pop., 5679, 
 of whom 3200 were free, and 2479, slaves. 
 
 Surry, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 
 North Carolina, bordering on Virginia : area, 
 
 estimated at 900 square miles. It is bounded 
 
 on the S. by Yadkin river, and intersected by 
 
 1125 
 
SUR 
 
 sus 
 
 the Ararat and Fisher's rivers. The surface 
 is hilly or mountainous. The famous Pilot 
 mountain of this county is remarkably sym- 
 metrical in its form, which resembles a cylin- 
 der. The soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, 
 oats, and pork are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 552,454 bushels of corn, 
 and 145,472 of oats. There were 3 cotton 
 factories, 7 iron forges, 1 iron foundry, 5 
 corn and flour mills, 4 saw mills, and 11 dis- 
 tilleries. It contained 30 churches, 2098 
 pupils attending public schools, and 140 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Iron 
 ore is abundant. Formed in 1770 from 
 Rowan county. Capital, Rockford. Popu- 
 lation, 9206, of whom 7418 were fi-ee, and 
 1793, slaves. 
 
 SuKRT, a post-township in Hancock co., 
 Maine, on the W. side of Union river, 65 
 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Pop., 1189. 
 
 SuRKT, a post-township in Cheshire co.. 
 New Hampshire, 45 miles S. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 556. 
 
 Surry Court House, a small post-village, 
 capital of Surry co., Virginia, about 5 miles 
 from James river, and 60 miles S. E. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 SuscoL, a town of Napa co., California, 
 15 miles N. W. of Benicia, is situated on the 
 Napa river, about 6 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Suspension Bridge, a flourishing post-vil- 
 lage of Niagara county. New York, is situated 
 on the Niagara river, 2 miles below the cata- 
 ract, of which it commands a fine distant 
 view. At this point the International Rail- 
 road Suspension Bridge has been thrown 
 across the river, to connect the Great AVestern 
 railroad of Canada with the several railways 
 of New York, viz. the Rochester and Niagara 
 Falls railroad, (one of the western termini 
 of the Central railroad,) and the Canandaigua 
 and Suspension Bridge railroad, which is a 
 branch of the New York and Erie road, di- 
 verging from Elmira. Another line extends 
 northward to Youngstown, and southward to 
 Buffalo, connecting with the steam naviga- 
 tion of Lake Ontario and Erie. The width 
 of the Canadian track is different from that 
 of the New York roads, in consequence of 
 which freight is transhipped at this place. 
 The bridge is a single span of 800 feet in 
 length, raised 230 feet above the water, and 
 supported by 4 wire cables 9^ inches dia- 
 meter, with an ultimate capi^city of sustain- 
 10,000 tons. There are two floors, the upper 
 for the railroad track, and the lower for 
 wagons. The eastern end of the bridge com- 
 mands a fine view of the falls and of the 
 rapids under and below the bridge, for three- 
 fourths of a mile to the whirlpool. The water 
 of these rapids runs at the rate of 25 miles 
 per hour, with breakers dashing from 10 to 
 20 feet in height. Viewed from the shore, they 
 present one of the grandest sights of the 
 kind in the world, and the tourist has not 
 seen Niagara until he has stood on the shore 
 1126 
 
 150 rods below the bridge. During the sea- 
 son of travel, a small steamer makes trips 
 from the village to the foot of the falls, from 
 the deck of which the most magnificent view 
 of the cataract is obtained. The late Hon. 
 Samuel Deveaux bequeathed about $150,000 
 for the erection and support of a collegiate 
 institute, to be called by his own name. It 
 is to be situated half a mile north of the vil- 
 lage, and to be under the direction of the 
 Episcopalians. The village contains (1853) 
 3 or 4 hotels, a number of stores, and about 
 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Susquehanna, a beautiful [river of Penn- 
 sylvania and Maryland, is formed by the 
 union of two principal branches, which unite 
 at Northumberland, 60 miles above Harris- 
 burg. From this point the river flows nearly 
 S. to the mouth of the .Juniata, and tui^ning 
 towards the S. E., it passes Harrisburg, Co- 
 lumbia, and Port Deposit, and falls into the 
 N. extremity of Chesapeake bay, at Havre 
 de Grace, in Maryland. The main stream is 
 about 150 miles long, and has a very unequal 
 breadth, which in some places exceeds a 
 mile, and at others is less than one-fourth of 
 a mile. It is adorned by numerous beautiful 
 islands, and the channel is frequently ob- 
 structed by rocky rapids, which prevent na- 
 vigation in low stages of water. A canal has 
 been constructed along the river from its 
 mouth to Columbia, 45 miles, and another 
 from Columbia to Northumberland, about 80 
 miles. This river, which is the largest 
 stream in Pennsylvania, flows through a 
 populous and highly cviltivated country, which 
 is diversified by fertile limestone valleys, 
 and by mountain ridges in which iron is 
 abundant. 
 
 Branches. — The East branch, called also 
 the North branch, rises in Otsego lake, in 
 the S. E. central part of New York. Its 
 course is very tortuous, and its general 
 direction is south-westward. The whole 
 length of this branch is estimated at 250 
 miles. It flows through the beautiful val- 
 ley of Wyoming, and the rich coalfields of 
 Luzerne county. A canal has been opened 
 along this stream, about 124 miles above 
 Northumberland. The W. branch rises in 
 Cambria county, Pennsylvania, on the W. 
 declivity of the Alleghany mouiitain, and has 
 a very serpentine course of more than 200 
 miles, the general direction of which is east- 
 ward. The navigation of this branch is im- 
 proved for 75 miles. The region througli 
 which it flows abounds in pine timber and 
 stone coal, and large quantities of'the former 
 are transported by the canal. 
 
 Susquehanna, a county in the N. N. E. 
 part of Pennsylvania, bordering on New 
 York, has an area of 800 square miles. The 
 N. branch of the Susquehanna crosses the 
 northern border of the county, and then re- 
 turns to New York, forming what is called 
 the "Great Bend." It is drained also by the 
 
sus 
 
 sus 
 
 Meshoppen, Tunkhannock, Choconut, and 
 Wyalusing creeks. The surface is hilly, and 
 in some places almost mountainous ; the 
 hills are generally neither high nor steep. 
 Elk mountain, in the S. E. part, rises about 
 2000 feet above the sea. The land is parti- 
 cularly adapted to grazing and the dairy 
 business. Indian corn, oats, wheat, pota- 
 toes, hay, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 it produced 237,343 bushels of corn; 
 865,640 of oats; 83,783 of wheat; 50,105 
 tons of hay, and 1,020,578 pounds of butter. 
 There were 122 saw mills, 30 flour and grist 
 mills, 6 wool-carding mills, 4 woollen fac- 
 tories, 4 iron foundries, and 25 tanneries. 
 It contained 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 8091 pupils attending public schools, and 
 160 attending academies or other schools. 
 Extensive forests of beech, sugar maple, 
 pine, hemlock, &c. overspread part of 'the 
 county, and lumber is an article of export. 
 The county is traversed by the Lackawanna 
 and Western railroad, and by the Erie rail- 
 road of New York. Organized in 1810, and 
 named from its principal river. Capital, 
 Montrose. Population, 28,688. 
 
 Susquehanna, a post-office of Broome co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Susquehanna, a township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Cambria co.. Pa. Pop., 640. 
 
 Susquehanna, a post-township of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 river. It is intersected by the Pennsylvania 
 canal and by the Pennsylvania railroad, and 
 partly by the Lancaster and Harrisburg rail- 
 road. Contains Harrisburg, the capital of 
 the state. Total population, 9479. 
 
 Susquehanna, a township of Lycoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the S. bank of the Sus- 
 quehanna river, about 7 miles W. S. W. from 
 Williamsport. Population, 406. 
 
 Susquehanna, a flourishing post-village 
 of Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, is 
 finely situated on the river of the same name, 
 and on the Erie railroad, 23 miles S. E. from 
 Binghamton. It has grown up since the 
 opening of the railroad in 1848, and contains 
 an important station, with an engine house 
 and shops for the repair of engines and cars. 
 The Starucca viaduct, which is perhaps the 
 greatest structure on the Erie railroad, 
 crosses Starucca creek about 3 miles above 
 this village. It is 1200 feet long, 110 feet high, 
 having 18 arches with spans of 50 feet. The 
 post-office is Susquehanna Depot. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Sussex, the most northern county of New 
 Jersey, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. W. by the 
 Delaware, and partly on the S. by the Mus- 
 conetcong, and is drained by Flatkill, Paulins- 
 kill, and Pequest rivers, flowing into the De- 
 laware, and by several branches of Walkill 
 river, an affluent of the Hudson. These 
 streams afford valuable water-power. - Be- 
 sides Hopatcong lake, on its S. E. border, 
 
 which supplies the summit level of the 
 Morris canal, there are numerous ponds, 
 the chief of which are Swartwout's and Cul- 
 ver's ponds. The surface is jindulating and 
 hilly, with the Blue mountains in the N. W., 
 and the Hamburg and Wawayanda moun- 
 tains in the S. E. part. The soil between the 
 two mountain ranges is very fertile, and 
 everywhere highly cultivated. Indian corn, 
 wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, hay, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 459,254 bushels of corn; 66,006 of 
 wheat; 229,795 of rye; 151.011 of oats; 
 37,711 tons of hay, and 1,816,610 pounds of 
 butter. The quantity of rye and butter was 
 each the greatest produced by any county in 
 the state. There were 13 forges, 6 foundries, 
 3 furnaces, 25 flour mills, and 11 saw mills. 
 It contained 44 churches, 4 newspaper of- 
 fices, 7196 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 166 attending academies or other schools. 
 Franklinite, (a compound of iron, zinc, andman- 
 ganese,) red oxide of zinc, and magnetic iron 
 ore are abundant and extensively worked ; be- 
 sides these, the county furnishes a great var-iety 
 of remarkable and interesting minerals to the 
 mineralogist. Limestone is also found in the 
 N. W. part. The Delaware river is navigable 
 for small boats along the W. border. Formed 
 from Morris couuty in 1758, and named from 
 Sussex, a county of England. Capital, New- 
 ton. Population, 22,989. 
 
 Sussex, the southernmost of the counties 
 of Delaware, borders on Maryland, the At- 
 lantic, and on Delaware bay : area, about 
 1000 square miles. It is drained by the 
 sources of the Nanticoke, Pocomoke, and In- 
 dian rivers, and by Mispillion, Cedar, and 
 Deep creeks. The surface is nearly level'; 
 the soil is generally good and well culti- 
 vated. Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, hay, 
 and butter are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 1,180,086 bushels of corn, 
 (more than any other county in the state ;) 
 43,725 of wheat; 50,796 of potatoes, and 
 108,489 pounds of butter. There were 29 
 grist mills, 60 saw and planing mills, 8 tan- 
 neries, 8 bark mills, 1 iron foundry, and 1 
 forge. It contained 59 churches, 4874 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 80 attending 
 other schools. It is partly intersected by the 
 Dona and Seaford railroad. Capital, George- 
 town. Population, 25,936, of whom 24,887 
 were free, and 1549, slaves. 
 
 Sussex, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 400 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Nottaway river, and 
 bounded on the N. E. by Blackwater river. 
 The surface is moderately uneven ; the soil 
 produces cotton, Indian corn, and forests of 
 pine. In 1850 there were raised 856,171 
 bushels of corn; 85,133 of wheat, and 780 
 bales of cotton. There were 20 flour, grist, 
 and saw mills, 2 coach manufactories, and 1 
 tannery. It contained 24 churches, and 249 
 pupils attending academies and other schools. 
 1127 
 
sus 
 
 SWA 
 
 The railroad from Petersburg to Weldon 
 passes through the county. Formed from 
 Surry in 1754. Capital, Sussex Court House. 
 I'opulation, 9820, of whom 3828 were free, 
 and 5992, slaves. 
 
 Sussex, a post-village in Lisbon township, 
 Waukesha county, Wisconsin, 16 miles N. W. 
 from Milwaukee. It contains 1 wagon shop, 
 1 saw mill, 1 school house, and an Episcopal 
 church. Population, 100. 
 
 Sussex Court House, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Sussex CO., Virginia, 50 miles S. by E. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Sutherland Springs, a post-office of Bexar 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Sutter, a county towards the N. part 
 of California, has an area estimated at 
 above 500 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the Vf. and S. W. by the Sacramento river, 
 and on the E. by Feather river, by Avhich 
 it is also intersected. The surface in some 
 parts is uneven and mountainoixs. Sutter's 
 Buttes are the principal elevations. The 
 soil is generally very fertile. Barley, pota- 
 toes, hay, cattle, and hogs are the staples. 
 In 1852 it produced 50,927 bushels of bar- 
 ley; 1930 of potatoes,, and I'lSS tons of 
 hay. There were 1075 beef cattle; 2389 
 work oxen, and 2333 hogs. The proposed 
 railroad from Benicia to Marysville inter- 
 sects the county. Named from Captain Sut- 
 ter, of Missouri, one of the earliest settlers 
 in California. Population, 1207. 
 
 Suttee Creek, a post-office of Calaveras 
 CO., California. 
 
 Suttersville, a small village of Sacra- 
 mento CO., California, on the right bank of 
 the Sacramento river, below and adjoining 
 the city of that name. 
 
 Sutton, a post-township in Merrimack co., 
 New Hampshire, 20 miles W. N. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1387. 
 
 Sutton, a post-township in Caledonia co., 
 Vermont, 40 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Po- 
 pulation, 1001. 
 
 Sutton, a post- village in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, near the Blackstone river 
 and canal, and the Providence and Worcester 
 railroad, 42 miles W. S. W. from Boston. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 2595. 
 
 Sutton, or Braxton Court House, a small 
 post-village, capital of Braxton co., Virginia, 
 on the Elk river, 289 miles W. N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Sutton, a township in the S. part of Meigs 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river. Pop., 1596. 
 
 Sutton's, a post-office of Williamsburg dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Sutton's Mills, a post-office of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Sutton's Point, a small post-village of 
 Clay CO., Illinois. 
 
 SuwANEE river, rises in the Okefinokee 
 swamp, Ware county, Georgia, and passing 
 through Florida, enters the Gulf of Mexico, 
 at the S. extremity of Madison county. 
 1128 
 
 SuwANEE, a post-village of Guinnett cc, 
 Georgia, about 100 miles N. N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 SuwANEE Shoals, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., Florida. 
 
 Suwanoochee creek, of Vt'^are co., Georgia, 
 flows S. E. into the Suwannee river. 
 
 Swain, a township in Mississippi co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 198. 
 
 SwAiNSBOROUGii, a Small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Emanuel co., Georgia, 98 miles N. W. 
 from Savannah. 
 
 Swain's Mills, apost-office of Rush co.,Ind. 
 
 SWAMPSCOTT, a post-township in Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, on the coast, about 12 miles 
 N. E. from Boston, set off from Lynn in 1852. 
 
 Savan, a post-township in the N. E. part of 
 Vinton co., Ohio. Population, 1154. 
 
 Swan, a post-township in Noble co., In- 
 diana. Population, 568. 
 
 Swan Creek, of Lucas co., Ohio, falls into 
 the Maumee river, near Toledo. 
 
 Swan Creek, of Michigan, enters St. Jo- 
 seph's river near the W. line of Branch county. 
 
 Swan Creek, of Monroe co., Michigan, 
 flows into Lake Erie. 
 
 Swan Creek of Taney co., Missouri, flows 
 into White river at Forsyth. 
 
 Swan Creek, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Swan Creek, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Fulton CO., Ohio. Population, 621. 
 
 Swan Creek, a post-office of Gallia co., 0. 
 
 Swan Creek, a post-village of Warren co., 
 Illinois, about 25 miles S. E. from Quincy. 
 
 Swanct's Ferry, a post-office of Abbeville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 SwANGSTOwN, a post-village in Cleveland 
 CO., N. C, 197 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Swan Lake, Wisconsin, an expansion of 
 Neenah river, in Columbia co., is 3^ miles 
 long, and half a mile wide. The water is 
 pure and very deep, and abounds in fish. 
 
 Swan Lake, a post-office of Arkansas co., 
 Ai-kansas. 
 
 SwANNANo, a post-office of Buncombe co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Swan Pond, apost-office of Wilkes co., N.C. 
 
 Swan Quarter, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Hyde co.. North Carolina, on a bay of 
 its own name, half a mile from Pamlico sound, 
 and 1 70 miles E. by S. from Raleigh. 
 
 Swan River, or Aitkin's Ferry, a post- 
 village of Benton co., Minnesota, on the Mis- 
 sissippi river, 130 miles by water above St. 
 Paul, is a noted trading post. 
 
 SwANSBOROUGH, a Small post-village of 
 Onslow CO., North Carolina, near the mouth 
 of Whittock river, which flows through Bogue 
 inlet into the Atlantic, 160 miles S. E. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 SwANSEY, Massachusetts. See Swanzey. 
 
 Swan's Island, a post-township of Han- 
 cock co., Maine. Population, 423. 
 
 Swansonville, a post-office of Pittsylvania 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
SWA 
 
 SWI 
 
 Swan Station, a post-office of Erie co., Pa. 
 SwANTON, a post-village in Kwanton town- 
 ship, Franklin county, Vermont, on the Mi- 
 sisque river, and Vermont Central railroad, 
 near Lake Champlain, about 55 miles N. W. 
 by N. from Montpelier. It contains several 
 manufactories, 1 church, 1 academy, and 1 
 bank with a capital of $75,000. Population 
 of the township, 2824. 
 
 SwANTON, a post-village of Lucas co., Ohio, 
 139 miles N. W. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 SwANTON Centre, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 SwANviLLE, a post- township in Waldo co., 
 Maine, 44 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 944. 
 
 SwANviLLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 SwANZEY, a post- village in Cheshire co.. 
 New Hampshire, on Ashuelot river, and the 
 Ashuelot branch of the Connecticut River rail- 
 road, about 45 miles S. W. of Concord. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 2106. 
 
 SwANZEY, a post-township in Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, 46 miles S. by W. from Boston. 
 Population, 1554. 
 
 SwAETswooD, a post-office of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 SwAETWOUT, a post-village of Polk co., 
 Texas, on the Trinity river, about 240 miles 
 E. from Austin City. It has several stores, 
 and a steamboat landing. 
 
 SwAETz Creek, a post-office of Genesee co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 SwATAEA creek, of Pennsylvania, rises in 
 Schuylkill county, and flowing in a S. W. di- 
 rection, enters the Susquehanna, 9 miles be- 
 low Harrisburg. Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 SwATAEA, a township of Lebanon co,, Penn- 
 sylvania, about 10 miles N. by W. from Leba- 
 non, intersected by the Union canal. Popu- 
 lation, 1843. 
 
 SwATARA, a post-office of Schuylkill co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sweaeingen's, a post-office of Austin co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Sweden, a post-township in Oxford co., 
 Maine, 55 miles W. S. W. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 696. 
 
 Sweden, a post-township of Monroe co., 
 New York, 18 miles W. from Eochester, in- 
 tersected by the Erie canal and Central rail- 
 road. Population, 3623. 
 
 Sweden, a post-township of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles E. from Cou- 
 dersport. Population, 254. 
 
 SwEDESBOEouGH, a post-villagc of Glou- 
 cester county, New Jersey, situated at the 
 head of sloop navigation, on Racoon creek, 
 about 12 miles S. W. from Woodbui'y. It con- 
 tains 2 churches, 6 stores, an extensive 
 woollen factory, and about 100 dwellings. 
 
 SwEEDLiNHiLL, a post-office of Pendletou 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Sweet Aie, a post-office of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Sweet Home, a post-office of Lavacca co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Sweet Home, a post-office of Nodaway co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Sweet Lajsd, a post-office of Muscatine co., ' 
 Iowa. 
 
 Sweet Springs, a post-village of Monroe 
 county, Virginia, is pleasantly situated near 
 the foot of the Alleghany mountain, 204 
 miles W. from Richmond. This is one of the 
 oldest and most fashinable watering-places 
 of the state. 
 
 Sweet Valley, a post-office of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sweetwater, a post-office of Autauga co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Sweetwater, a post-village of Gwinnett co., 
 Georgia, 95 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Sweetwater, a post-office of Marengo co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Sweetwater, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Sweetwater, apost-office of Menard co., 111. 
 
 Sweetwater Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Chattahoochee river, a few miles N. E. from 
 Campbellton. 
 
 Sweetwater Factory, a post-office of 
 Campbell co., Georgia. 
 
 Swift Creek, in the S. E. part of Virginia, 
 flows through Chesterfield county, and unites 
 with the Appomatox I'iver, a few miles below 
 Petersburg. 
 
 Swift Creek, of North Carolina, an affluent 
 of Tar river, which it joins a few miles N. 
 from Tarborough. 
 
 Swift Ceeek, of Craven co.. North Carolina, 
 enters the Neuse river, from the left, about 5 
 miles above Newborn. 
 
 Swift Cebek, of South Carolina, flows into 
 the Wateree river, near the N. ^\. extremity 
 of Sumter district. 
 
 Swift Creek of Hardin co., Tennessee, 
 flows into Tennessee river. 
 
 Swift Creek, a post-office of Darlington 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Swift Creek Bridge, a post-office of 
 Craven co.. North Carolina. 
 
 Swift Island, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Swift Rivee, of New Hampshire, rises in 
 Grafton county, and falls into the Saco river, 
 in Ca];roll county. It is, as its name implies, 
 a very rapid stream. 
 
 Swift Rivee, a small stream of Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts, formed by the junc- 
 tion of the East and Middle branches of the 
 Chickopee river, itself uniting with the West 
 branch to form that river. 
 
 Swinefordstown, Pa. See Middleburg. 
 
 SwiNEHART, a post-office of Rush CO., Ind. 
 
 SwiNEYAED, a post-office of Charles City 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 SwiNGLBviLLE, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 SwiNTON, a post-village of Kane co., Illinois, 
 about 60 miles W, by N. from Chicago. 
 1129 
 
SWI 
 
 SYR 
 
 Switzerland, a county forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Indiana, bordering on Kentucky, 
 contains 220 square miles. The Ohio river 
 wr^shes its eastern and southern borders. 
 ' The surface is diversified by a range of hills 
 about 400 feet high, -which are separated 
 from the river by a strip of flat land, near 3 
 miles wide. The soil is good, both on the 
 hills and bottoms. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 401,884 bushels of corn 
 78,169 of wheat; 44,455 of oats, and 9769 
 tons of hay. It contained 27 churches, and 
 1 newspaper office. The blue or Trenton 
 limestone underlies part of the county. A 
 company of Swiss settled here in 1802, and 
 the county was organized in 1814. Capital, 
 Vevay. Population, 12,932. 
 
 Switzerland, a township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Monroe co., Ohio. Pop. 1216. 
 
 Sybebtsville, a post-office of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sycamore, a post-office of Claiborne co., 
 Tennessee, 226 miles from Nashville. 
 
 Sycamore, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Hamilton co., Ohio. Population, 3731. 
 
 Sycamore, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Wyandott co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 880. 
 
 Sycamore, a post-village in the above 
 township, about 45 miles S. "W. from San- 
 dusky city. 
 
 Sycamore, a post-township in De Kalb co., 
 Illinois. Population, 975. 
 
 Sycamore, a post-village, capital of De 
 Kalb county, Illinois, 208 miles N. by E. from 
 Springfield. It is situated in a fertile prairie, 
 near Sycamore creek. A railroad is pro- 
 jected through this place from Chicago to 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 Sycamore Alley, a post-office of Halifax 
 CO., N. C, 85 miles N. E. from Ealeigh. 
 
 Sycamore Creek, in the N. part of Middle 
 Tennessee, rises in Robertson co., and flows 
 into the Cumberland river in Davidson county. 
 
 Sycamore Creek, of Michigan, rises in 
 Ingham county, and enters Red Cedar river 
 at its confluence with Grand river. 
 
 Sycamore Creek or Slough of California, 
 rises in Colusi county, and falls into the 
 Sacramento river, about 60 miles below 
 Shasta City. 
 
 Sycamore Mills, a post-office of Davidson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Sydnorsville, a post-village in Franklin 
 CO., Va., 160 miles S. W. byW. from Richmond. 
 
 Sykesville, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Maryland, on the Baltimore and Ohio rail- 
 road, 82 miles W. from Baltimore. 
 
 Sylacauga, a post-village of Talladega co., 
 Alabama, about 65 miles N. from Montgomery. 
 
 Sylco, a post-office of Polk co., Tenn. 
 
 Syllamore, a post-township in Izard co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 257. 
 
 Stlva, a post-office of Washington co.. Ark. 
 
 Sylvan, a post-office of Franklin co., Pa. 
 1130 
 
 Sylvan, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Washtenaw co., Michigan, intersected by the 
 Michigan Central railroad. Pop., 924.. 
 
 Sylvan Dale, a post-office of Hancock co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Sylvan Grove, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Ga., 54 miles E. by N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Sylvan Grove, a post-office of Clark co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Sylvan Grove, a small village of Clarke co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Sylvania, a post-office of Bradford co., Pa. 
 
 Sylvania, a small post-village, capital of 
 Scriven co., Georgia, 60 miles S. by E. from 
 Augusta. 
 
 Sylvania, a post-office of Licking co.,Ohio. 
 
 Sylvania, a township in the N. part of 
 Lucas CO., Ohio, intersected by the Erie and 
 Kalamazoo railroad. Population, 751. 
 
 Sylvania, a post-office of Parke co., Ind. 
 
 Sylvania, a post-office of Racine co.. Wis. 
 
 Sylvanus, a post-office of Hillsdale co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Sylvester, a post-township in the S. cen- 
 tral part of Greene co., Wisconsin. Pop., 712. 
 
 Sylvester, a post- village in the above 
 township, 35 miles S. W. from Madison. It 
 contains 70 dwellings, 1 store, and 1 hotel. 
 Population, 300. 
 
 Sylvia, a post-village of Hardin co., Ohio. 
 
 Symmes, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Hamilton co., Ohio. Pop., 1115. 
 
 Symmes, a township in the N. part of Law- 
 rence CO., Ohio. Population, 487. 
 
 Symmes' Corners, a small post-village of 
 Butler CO., Ohio, 4 miles S. from Hamilton. 
 
 Symmes' Creek, of Ohio, rises in Jackson 
 CO., and enters the Ohio river, about 5 miles 
 above Burlington. 
 
 Symmes' Creek, a post-office of Muskingum 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Symsonia, a post-village of Graves co., Ky. 
 
 Syracuse, a flourishing city of Central 
 New York, and capital of Onondaga county, 
 is situated on the S. end of Onondaga lake, 
 and on a creek of that name, 148 miles by 
 railroad W. by N. from Albany, 80 miles E. 
 by S. from Rochester, and 35 miles S. S. E. 
 from Oswego. Lat. 43° 4' N., Ion. 76° 12' AV. 
 The site is nearly level. The city is regularly 
 laid out, with wide, straight streets crossing 
 each other at right angles. The principal 
 avenues of business are lined with handsome 
 blocks of brick and stone buildings. The 
 city contains a public hall, which will seat 
 2500 persons, and is one of the best in the 
 state. The situation being more central than 
 that of any other large town in New York, 
 nearly all the state conventions of the poli- 
 tical and other associations are held here. 
 The principal hotels are the Globe Hotel, 
 the Syracuse House, and the Onondaga 
 House. There are 4 Roman Catholic, and 
 19 Protestant churches, among which are 4 
 remarkable for architectural beauty, erected 
 at a cost of $125,000. Eight handsome 
 
SYR 
 
 TAG 
 
 buildings have been erected for the public 
 schools, at an aggregate expense of $30,000. 
 The city contained, July, 1852, 8 banks, with 
 au aggregate capital of $885,000. The public 
 press consists of 4 daily and 6 weekly news- 
 papers, besides several monthly periodicals. 
 Some of these are devoted to religious and 
 literary subjects. 
 
 From its position, Syracuse enjoys great 
 facilities for trade. The Erie canal, com- 
 pleted in 1825, passes through the central 
 part of the city, E. and W., and is inter- 
 sected at right angles by the Oswego canal, 
 extending northward to Lake Ontario. The 
 Central railroad of New York, forming the 
 great thoroughfare from Albany to Buffalo, 
 here divides into two branches, one leading 
 directly to Rochester, and the other pur- 
 suing a more circuitous route via Auburn 
 and Geneva. The Oswego and Syracuse 
 railroad, and the Syracuse and Bingham- 
 ton railroad, also terminate at this place, 
 connecting it with the towns indicated by 
 their names. Two other railroads are pro- 
 jected to Sackett's harbor and to Newburg. 
 Plank-roads diverge to various points in 
 Onondaga, and in the adjoining counties. 
 Here terminates the long level of the Erie 
 canal, 69J miles in length. 
 
 Syracuse is remarkable as the seat of the 
 most extensive and valuable salt manufacto- 
 ries in the United States. The land containing 
 the saline springs is owned by the state, and is 
 leased free of rent, to be used only for this 
 manufacture. The wells are dug and the water 
 pumped at the expense of the state, and the 
 manufacturer pays a duty of 1 cent per bushel. 
 Originally the duty was 12 J cents ; then for 
 many years prior to 1846 it was 6 cents per 
 bushel. Some of the wells are sunk to the 
 depth of 400 feet. Fine salt is prepared by 
 boiling, and coarse by solar evaporation. In 
 1850 the number of manufactories of salt in 
 this vicinity was 192. The whole quantity pro- 
 duced in 1851 was stated at 4,614,117 bush- 
 els; and in 1853 it amounted to more than 
 5,000,000 bushels. An .experiment has re- 
 cently been made, by the order of the secre- 
 tary of war, for the purpose of testing the re- 
 lative value of the Onondaga and Turk's island 
 salt, the result of which proved that the salt 
 of home manufacture was fully equal to the 
 foreign. Syracuse also contains a variety 
 of other manufactories, the most valuable 
 productions of which are machinery, steam- 
 engines, farming implements, stoves, woollen 
 goods, paper, leather, and flour. 
 
 History. — The township of Salina, in which 
 Syracuse was situated, was formed in 1809. 
 A post-office was established here in 1820, 
 prior to which time the place was called 
 Cossit's Corners, and then Corinth. In 1820 
 the village contained 3 stores, 2 taverns, and 
 250 inhabitants. On April 13th, 1825, it was 
 incorporated as a village, and in 1848 as the 
 city of Syracuse, including the contiguous 
 
 j village of Salina, situated on the margin of 
 Onondaga lake, about 1 mile N. from the 
 centre of the city. Salina village was incor- 
 porated in 1824. It appears that the growth 
 of this town was never more rapid than at the 
 present time. Pop. of Salina township in 1 840, 
 11,013, of whom 6500 were in Syracuse; in 
 1850, 22,271 ; in 1858, estimated at 27,000. 
 
 Syracuse, a post-village of Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana, at the outlet of Turkey lake, 128 
 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Sykacuse, a post-village in De Kalb co., 
 Illinois, 70 miles W. from Chicago. 
 
 Taeb's Creek, a post-office of Granville 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Taberg, a post-village of Oneida co.. New 
 York, on Fish creek, and on the Rome and 
 Watertown railroad, 25 miles W. N. W. from 
 Utica. It has several mills, and a plank- 
 road to Rome. 
 
 Tabernacle, a village of Burlington co.. 
 New Jersey, about 12 miles S. E. from Mount 
 Holly, contains a church, and 10 or 12 houses. 
 
 Tabernacle, a post-office of Marion dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Table Grove, a post-office of Fulton co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Table Mountain, in Pickens district, 
 South Carolina, regarded as one of the most 
 remarkable natural curiosities in the state, 
 has an elevation of about 4000 feet above the 
 sea. In one part of it there is a precipice 
 of near 1100 feet perpendicular. 
 
 Tabo, a post-village of Lafayette co., Mis- 
 souri, about 36 miles E. by S. from Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Tabor, a post-office of Roane co., Tenn. 
 
 Tabor, a post-office of Tuscarawas co., 0. 
 
 Tacaluche, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Tachora, a post-office of Blarquette co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Tackett's Mills, a post-office of Stafford 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Tacoah, a post-office of Gilmer co., Ga. 
 
 Tacony, a small village of Philadelphia 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 
 10 miles above Philadelphia. It contains a 
 depot of the Philadelphia and Trenton rail- 
 road, at which passengers going eastward are 
 transferred from the steamboat to the cars. 
 
 Tacony Creek, also called Frankford 
 Creek, of Pennsylvania, rises in Montgome- 
 ry county, flows southward, and passing the 
 borough of Frankford, enters the Delaware 
 river at Bridesburg. It is an excellent mill 
 stream. 
 
 Tafton, a post-village of Pike co., Penn- 
 sj'lvania, 175 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Taftsville, a post-village of Windsor co., 
 Vermont, 54 miles S. from Montpelier. 
 
 Taghanic, a post-township of Columbia 
 1131 
 
TAG 
 
 TAL 
 
 CO., New York, 10 miles S. E. from Hudson. 
 Population, 1539. 
 
 Taghanic Mountains, a range extending 
 from the Green mountains along the eastern 
 border of New York to the Highlands. 
 
 Tahlequah, a post-office of Cherokee co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Tahuacano Creek, of Freestone co., Texas, 
 flows into the Trinity river from the west. 
 
 Tails Creek, a post-office of Gilmer co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Talahatah, a small village of Newton co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Talasha, a post-village of Newton co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Talbot, a county of Maryland, situated 
 on the eastern shore of Chesapeake bay, con- 
 tains 250 square miles. The Choptank river 
 washes the E. border, and several navigable 
 creeks extend from the bay inland. The sur- 
 face is nearly level ; the soil is fertile, and in 
 a high state of cultivation. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, and butter are the staples. The coun- 
 ty produced in 1850, 272,963 bushels of 
 wheat; 621,980 of corn, and 97,585 pounds 
 of butter. There were 6 manufactories of 
 farming implements, 1 of cabinet ware, 3 
 ship-yards, 6 flour mills, and 5 saw mills. 
 It contained 28 churches, and 2 newspaper 
 establishments. There were 985 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 78 attending 
 academies and other schools. Capital, Eas- 
 ton. Population, 13,811 ; of whom 9677 were 
 free, and 4134, slaves. 
 
 Talbot, a county in the W. part of Geor- 
 gia, has an area of 524 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. E. by Flint river, and 
 drained by the Parchelaga, Beaverdam, and 
 Upatoi creeks. The surface is very broken; 
 the highlands in the north part are called 
 the Oak mountains. The soil is partly de- 
 rived from primary rocks, and is moderately 
 productive. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, and 
 oats are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 13,732 bales of cotton ; 655,802 bushels 
 of corn ; 89,185 of oats, and 162,819 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 11 flour mills, 5 saw 
 mills, 1 woollen factoi'y, and 10 tanneries. It 
 contained 25 churches, 492 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 195 attending academies 
 or other schools. Capital, Talbotton. Popu- 
 lation, 16,534; of whom 7811 were free, and 
 8723, slaves. 
 
 Talbotton, a pleasant post-village, capi- 
 tal of Talbot county, Georgia, 32 miles N. E. 
 from Columbus. It has a brick court house, 
 2 academies, 3 churches, and a Masonic hall. 
 The Episcopal church of this place is a fine 
 specimen of the Gothic style. 
 
 Taliaferro, (pronounced tol'-e-ver,) a 
 small county in the N. E. central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 185 square miles. 
 It is drained by the head streams of the 
 Ogeechee and Little rivers. The surface is 
 undulating or hilly ; the soil in some parts 
 productive. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, and 
 1132 
 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 5170 bales of cotton; 
 198,327 bushels of corn; 28,690 of oats, and 
 29,061 of sweet potatoes. There were 2 grist 
 mills, 2 saw mills, 2 manufactories of agri- 
 cultural implements, and 2 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 7 churches, 180 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 30 attending another school. 
 Granite and gneiss are among the rocks which 
 underlie the county. Sulphuret of iron and 
 magnetic ore are found in several places, and 
 some gold is said to have been discovered. 
 The county is intersected by the Georgia 
 railroad. Named in honor of Benjamin Talia- 
 ferro, formei'ly member of Congress from 
 Georgia. Capital, Crawfordsville. Popula- 
 tion, 5146 ; of whom 2102 were free, and 
 3044, slaves. ' 
 
 Talibenela, a post-office of Pontotoc co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Talking Rock, a post-office of Gilmer co., 
 Georgia, 18 miles S. S. W. from Ellijay. 
 
 Talking Rock Creek of Georgia, enters 
 the Coosawattee from the left at the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Cass CO. 
 
 Talladega, a county in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part of Alabama, has an area of 
 1260 square miles. The Coosa river washes 
 the W. border for a distance of 50 miles, 
 exclusive of the windings ; the county is 
 drained also by the Chocolocco and other 
 creeks. The surface is diversified by hills 
 and valleys ; the soil in some parts is fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, and grass are the chief 
 products. In 1850 there were raised 8509 
 bales of cotton; 715,584 bushels of com; 
 115,105 of sweet potatoes, and 114,550 of 
 oats. There were 6 grist and saw mills, 1 
 carding and fulling mill, 3 stone-cutting 
 establishments, and 5 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 47 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 715 
 pupils attending public schools, and 370 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Marble 
 of fine quality, and other valuable minerals, 
 are abundant. The railroad, which is in 
 progress from Selma to the Tennessee river, 
 will pass through the county. Capital, Tal- 
 ladega. Population, 18,624 ; of whom 11,653 
 were free, and 6971, slaves. 
 
 Talladega, a post-village, capital of Tal- 
 ladega county, on the Alabama and Tennes- 
 see railroad, (in progress,) about 95 miles 
 N. by E. from Montgomery. The plank-road 
 extending from Montgomery to Tennessee 
 river passes through this place. It contains 
 a court house, several churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices, and a number of stores. 
 
 Talladega, a township in Jefferson co.. 
 Arkansas. Population, 440. 
 
 Tallahala creek, of Mississippi, enters 
 Bayou Pierre from the N. E., near the N. W. 
 corner of Copiah county. 
 
 Tallahassee, a city, capital of Florida, 
 and seat of justice of Leon county, 194 miles 
 E. from Mobile, 130 miles from Pensacola, 
 and about 25 miles N. from the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
TAL 
 
 TAM 
 
 Lat. 80° 28' N., Ion. 84° 36' W. The site is 
 comparatively elevated. The city is laid out 
 in rectangular blocks, with several public 
 squares. It contains the state house, court 
 house, jail, a United States land-office, and 
 churches of the Presbyterians, Methodists, 
 and Ei^iscopalians ; 2 newspaper offices, and 
 several seminaries. Springs of good water 
 ftbound in the vicinity. The adjacent coun- 
 try is very productive, and is the most popu- 
 lous part of the state. Tallahassee is con- 
 nected by a railroad about 26 miles long with 
 the seaport of St. Marks. 
 
 Tallahatchie, a river in the N. part of 
 Mississippi, the principal branch of the 
 Yazoo, rises near the boundary between 
 Tippah and Pontotoc counties, and flows in 
 a circuitous course, the general direction of 
 which is S. W., to the mouth of Coldwater 
 creek. Below this point it pursues a south- 
 erly course until it unites with the Yala- 
 busha river to form the Yazoo at Leflore, on 
 the W. border of Carroll county. The whole 
 length is estimated at 250 miles. In ordinary 
 stages, steamboats ascend to the mouth of 
 Coldwater creek, about 100 miles, and in 
 high water (about four months of the year) 
 they extend their trips to Wyatt, in Lafayette 
 county. 
 
 Tallahatchie, a county in the N. YL part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 930 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Talla- 
 hatchie river, (navigable by steamboats,) 
 from which it derives its name. The sur- 
 face is a level and alluvial plain, sometimes 
 called swamp land. The soil is said to be 
 fertile, but the greater part is uncultivated. 
 Its principal products are Indian corn, sweet 
 potatoes, and cotton. In 1850 this county 
 yielded 190,930 bushels of corn; 10,962 of 
 oats ; 38,052 of sweet potatoes, and 4977 
 bales of cotton. There were 200 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Tillatoba. 
 Population, 4643 ; of whom 2096 were free, 
 and 2547, slaves. 
 
 TALLAHoaiA, a small river of Mississippi, 
 enters Leaf river from the N. near the centre 
 of Perry county. 
 
 Tallaloosa, a small post-village of Mar- 
 shall CO., Mississippi, 8 miles S. W. from 
 Holly Springs. 
 
 Tallapoosa, a river of Georgia and Ala- 
 bama, a branch of the Alabama river, rises 
 in Paulding county, Georgia, and unites with 
 the Coosa, about 10 miles N. from Mont- 
 gomery, in Alabama, after a very tortuous 
 course of about 250 miles. Its general di- 
 rection is south-westward. Small steam- 
 boats ascend 40 miles from its junction with 
 the Coosa. The Little Tallapoosa rises in 
 Georgia, and flowing S. W., enters the main 
 stream near the middle of Randolph county, 
 in Alabama. 
 
 Tallapoosa, a county in the E. part of 
 Alabama, contains about 700 square' miles. 
 It is intersected by the Tallapoosa river, from 
 
 which the name is derived, and drained also 
 by Ilileebee and Sawkehatchee creeks. The 
 surface is hilly or undulating ; the soil in 
 some parts is productive. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, oats, and sweet potatoes are the staples. 
 In 1850 it produced 6589 bales of cotton ; 
 462,276 bushels of corn ; 60,423 of oats, and 
 102,371 of sweet potatoes. It contained 1 
 woollen and 2 cotton factories, 7 flour and 
 grist mills, and 1 saw mill. The Tallapoosa 
 is navigable in the lower part of the county, 
 and the Montgomery and AVest Point railroad 
 passes along the southern border. Capital, 
 Dadeville. Population, 15,584; of whom 
 11,511 were free, and 4073, slaves. 
 
 Tallapoosa, a post-village of Carroll cc, 
 Georgia, on the river of the same name, 160 
 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Tallapoosa, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Tallasahatchee creek, of Benton co., Ala- 
 bama, enters the Coosa river from the left, 
 near the Ten Islands. 
 
 Tallassee creek of Alabama, enters the 
 Coosa in Talladega county. 
 
 Tallassee, a post- village in Tallapoosa co., 
 Alabama, 134 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Talletvillb, a post-office of New Castle 
 CO., Delaware. 
 
 Tallmadge, a post-township in the S. E. 
 part of Summit co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Ohio canal. Population, 2456. 
 
 Tallmadge, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Ottawa CO., Michigan, intersected by Grand 
 river. Population, 534. 
 
 Tallmadge Centre, a post-village of Sum- 
 mit CO., Ohio, 129 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Tallokas, a post-office of Lowndes co., Ga. 
 
 Tallulah creek, of Georgia, forms the 
 boundary between Rabun and Habersham 
 counties, and enters the Tugaloo river. 
 
 Tallulah, a post-village, capital of Issa- 
 quena county, Mississippi, on the Mississippi 
 river, about 70 miles N. W. from Jackson. 
 The county seat was located here only a few 
 years since. 
 
 Tallyho, a post-office of Granville co., 
 North Carolina, 43 miles N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Tama, a new county in the E. central part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. 
 The S. part is intersected by the Iowa river, 
 and the N. part by Wolf creek, it is also 
 drained by Salt and Deep creeks. The sur- 
 face is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is 
 mostly fertile. The name is derived from an 
 Indian chief. 
 
 Tamaqua, a thriving post -borough of 
 Schuylkill township, Schuylkill county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Tamaqua or Little Schuyl- 
 kill river, 15 miles E. N. E. from Pottsville, 
 and 73 miles N. E. from Hai'risburg. A 
 branch railroad connects it with the Potts- 
 ville and Reading railroad at Port Clinton. 
 It is beautifully situated in a hilly region, 
 which contains abundance of excellent coal. 
 It is an important point on the Catawissa 
 1133 
 
TAM 
 
 TAP 
 
 railroad, dow in progress, from Milton to 
 Easton. Tamaqua contains 3 or 4 churches, 
 and a newspaper office. Laid out in 1829. 
 Population in 1850, 8080. 
 
 Tamarawa, a post-village in Monroe co., 
 Illinois, on Kaskaskia river, 120 miles S. by 
 W. from Springfield. 
 
 Tameragk creek, of Necosta co., Michigan, 
 flows into the Maskegon river. 
 
 Tampa, a small post-village, capital of 
 Hillsborough co., Florida, at the head of 
 Tampa bay, (navigable by large vessels,) 
 about 40 miles E. from the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Tampa Bay, formerly Espiritu Santo Bat, 
 of Florida, is situated on the W. side of the 
 peninsula, and opening into the Gulf of Mexi- 
 co, about 27° 45' N. lat. Towards the interior 
 it divides into two branches, one of which is 
 called Little Tampa, and the other Hills- 
 borough bay. It is about 40 miles long, and 
 forms a good harbor for large vessels. 
 
 Tampico, a post-ofBce of Oktibbeha co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Tampico, a post-ofiSce of Granger co., Tenn. 
 
 Tampico, a post-ofiBce of Darke co., Ohio. 
 
 Tampico, a small village of Jackson co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Tam worth, a post- township in Carroll co.. 
 New Hampshire, 52 miles N. N. E. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 1766. 
 
 Tamworth Iron Works, a post-office of 
 Carroll co., New Hampshire. 
 
 Tancock Prairie, a post-office of Winn 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Taney, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, has an 
 area of 1540 square miles. It is intersected 
 by White river, and also drained by James 
 fork, and Bull, Swan, Beaver, and Long 
 creeks, affluents of the White river. The 
 surface is uneven and broken ; the soil of the 
 valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, cattle, pork, and butter are the staples. 
 The county is plentifully supplied with 
 springs of good water. In 1850 it produced 
 301,116 bushels of corn; 11,557 of wheat; 
 38,826 of oats, and 78,585 pounds of butter. 
 The county was named in honor of Roger B. 
 Taney, chief justice of the United States. 
 Capital, Forsyth. Population, 4373; of whom 
 4274 were free, and 99, slaves. 
 
 Taney, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Taneytown, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 Maryland, 71 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 Population, 279. 
 
 Tangier's Islands, of Virginia, in Chesa- 
 peake bay, nearly opposite the mouth of the 
 Potomac river. 
 
 Tangipaha, a small river of Louisiana, 
 flows southward along the boundary between 
 Tammany and Livingston parishes, and en- 
 ters Lake Pontchartrain. 
 
 Tangipaha, a post-office of St. Helena 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Tanner's Creek, of Indiana, flows through 
 1134 
 
 I>earborn county into the Ohio river, near 
 Lawrenceburg. 
 
 Tanner's Ford, a post-office of Walker co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Tanner's Store, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg CO., Virginia. 
 
 Tannersvjlle, a post-village of Greene 
 CO., New York, about 45 miles S. S. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Tannersville, a small post-village of 
 Monroe co., Pennsylvania, 118 miles N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Tansborough, a village of Gloucester co., 
 New Jersey, about 35 miles S. by W. from 
 Trenton, contains 6 or 8 houses. 
 
 Taos, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of New Mexico, drained by the Piio 
 Grande and Canadian rivers, and by several 
 tributaries of the Arkansas. The surface in 
 the W. part is mountainous, being traversed 
 by several ranges, continuations of the Ptocky 
 mountains. Wheat and Indian corn are the 
 chief productions. In 1850 there were raised 
 72,049 bushels of wheat, and 26,633 of corn; 
 the quantity of wheat was the greatest pro- 
 duced by any county of the territory. It 
 contained 11 churches, and 40 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Named from the Taosa 
 Indians, a tribe who formerly inhabited this 
 part of the country. Capital, Taos. Popu- 
 lation, 9507. 
 
 Taos, a small post-village of Navarro co., 
 Texas, on the W. bank of Trinity river, about 
 200 miles N. N. E. from Austin City. It is 
 pleasantly situated on a blufi', and contains 2 
 dry-goods stores. 
 
 Taos, a post-office of Cole co., Missouri. 
 
 Taos, a post-village, capital of Taos county. 
 New Mexico, is about 12 miles E. of the 
 Rio Grande, and 66 miles nearly due N. 
 from Santa Fe. It is situated in a valley of 
 the same name, one of the most romantic and 
 fertile spots in the territory, being finely 
 watered by several small affluents of the Rio 
 Grande, and surrounded on three sides by 
 lofty mountains. Taos is more properly a 
 collection of small hamlets contiguous to one 
 another than a single village ; of these Don 
 Fernandez de Taos is the largest : it contains 
 a church and a school. This place was first 
 settled by a white population about the 
 middle of the last century. 
 
 Tapletville, a post-office of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Tappahannock, a port of entry and capital 
 of Essex county, Virginia, on the right bank 
 of the Rappahannock river, 50 miles N. E. 
 from Richmond. It contains a custom house, 
 1 church, 2 flourishing seminaries, and 5 
 stores. The shipping of this port June 30, 
 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 58214| 
 tons, of which 5039|7 were employed in the 
 coasting trade. Population, about 350. 
 
 Tappan, a post-office of Harrison co., Ohio. 
 
 Tappan Bay, New York, an expansion of 
 Hudson river, between Rockland and West- 
 
TAP 
 
 TAU 
 
 Chester counties. Length, nearly 12 miles ; 
 greatest breadth, near 4 miles. The lower 
 end is 24 miles N. from New York. 
 
 Tappantown, a post-village of Puockland 
 CO., New York, about 130 miles S. from 
 Albany. Here Major Andre was executed 
 in October, 1780. 
 
 Tabborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Edgecombe county. North Carolina, on the 
 Tar river, 76 miles E. from Raleigh. It is at 
 the head of navigation, and has a consider- 
 able trade by means of small boats. Tur- 
 pentine and lumber are among the exports. 
 The village contains 1 bank, and an academy. 
 Two newspapers are published here. Popu- 
 lation estimated at 1000. 
 
 Tabdtville, a post- village of Pontotoc co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Tabentum, a post-village of East Deer 
 township, Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, on 
 the right bank of the Alleghany river, 20 
 miles above Pittsburg. Boat building is 
 carried on here. It contains also large 
 manufactories of salt and soda. Population 
 in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Tariff, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 Tabiffvillb, a manufacturing post-village 
 of Simsbury township, Hartford county, Con- 
 necticut, on the left bank of the Farmington 
 river, and near the New Haven and North- 
 ampton railroad, 45 miles N. by E. from New 
 Haven. It is celebrated for the manufacture 
 of carpets : one establishment here cost 
 $900,000, and employs from 650 to 800 ope- 
 ratives. In 1840 this village contained less 
 than 400 inhabitants; in 1853, the population 
 is near 2000. 
 
 Tabkeo creek, of Missouri, rises near the 
 N. W. extremity of the state, and flowing 
 southward, enters the Missouri in Holt coun- 
 ty. Little Tarkeo creek traverses Holt coun- 
 ty, and enters the Missouri at the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of the same. 
 
 Takkiln creek, near the S. E. extremity 
 of Cumberland co., New Jersey, falls into 
 Delaware bay. 
 
 Tabkoe, a post- village of Holt co., Mo., 
 about 110 miles N. W. from Independence. 
 
 Tablton, a post- village of Pickaway co., 
 Ohio, 35 miles S. S. E. from Columbus. It 
 contains 3 churches, several stores, and 
 about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Takpaulin Cove Lighthouse, at the en- 
 trance of the harbor, on the E. side of Nau- 
 shon Island, the largest of the Elizabeth is- 
 lands, Massachusetts. It shows a fixed light, 
 80 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 
 26' IC" N., Ion. 70° 46' 5" W. 
 
 Tabbant, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Texas, contains about 960 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the West fork of Trinity 
 river, and also drained by the Clear fork and 
 by Mary's creek. The surface consists part- 
 ly of prairies, the soil of which is productive. 
 Indian corn, grass, cattle, and horses are the 
 staples. Capital, Birdsville. 
 
 Tabbant, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Hopkins co., Texas, on the road from Aus- 
 tin City to Clarksville, 300 miles N. E. from 
 the former. It is situated in a fertile farm- 
 ing country. It has been built since 1845. 
 
 Tabbant Couet House. See Bibdsvilie. 
 
 Tab Rivee, of North Carolina. See Pam- 
 lico River. 
 
 Tab Rivee, a post-office of Granville co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Taeettown, a post-village in Greenburg 
 township, Westchester county, New York, on 
 the Hudson River railroad, 27 miles N. from 
 New York. It contains several churches, and 
 1 or 2 academies. It is beautifully situated 
 on the E. bank of the Hudson, here called 
 Tappan bay. The scene of Rip Van Winkle's 
 story is laid in this vicinity. 
 
 Taescinto, a post-office of Neshoba co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Taevers Ceoss Roads, a small village of 
 Jefferson co., Georgia. 
 
 Taeveesvillb, a post-office of Twiggs co., 
 Georgia, about 30 miles S. E. from Macon. 
 
 Tassinong Geove, a post-office of Porter 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Tate, a township in the S. E. part of Cler- 
 mont CO., Ohio. Population, 2901. 
 
 Tatestille, a small post-village of De 
 Soto CO., Miss., 14 miles S. from Hernando. 
 
 Tatesville, a post-office of McNairy co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Tateville, a small village of Washita co., 
 Arkansas, at the junction of Little Missouri 
 and Washita rivers, about 85 miles S. S. W. 
 from Little Rock. 
 
 Tatnall, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Georgia, contains about 1200 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. by the Altamaha, on 
 the N. E. by the Cannouchee, and intersected 
 by the Ohoopee river. The surface is nearly 
 level ; the soil sandy and rather sterile, ex- 
 cepting in the vicinity of the riveis. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 321 
 bales of cotton, 71,740 bushels of corn, and 
 46,227 of sweet potatoes. It contained 2 
 churches, and 130 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Reidsville. Pop., 3227; 
 of whom 2396 were free, and 831, slaves. 
 
 Taunton, a post-town and semi-capital 
 of Bristol county, Massachusetts, is situated 
 at the head of navigation on Taunton river, 
 and on the New Bedford and Taunton rail- 
 road, 35 miles S. from Boston, and 30 miles 
 E. N. E. from Providence. Lat. 41° 54' 11" 
 N., Ion. 71° 5' 55" W. It is handsomely 
 built, and contains a beautiful enclosure in 
 the centre, called " Taunton Green." Besides 
 the court house and jail, there are in the place 
 10 or 11 churches, a handsome town house, 
 several fine hotels, and 3 banks. Three news- 
 papers ai*e issued here. A beautiful cemetery, 
 called the Mount Pleasant Cemetery, has been 
 laid out a short distance from the green, upon 
 the Mount Auburn plan. The manufactares* 
 1135 
 
TAY 
 
 TAY 
 
 of Taunton are extensive and various, con- 
 sisting of paper, leather, nails, steam en- 
 gines, and hardware of various kinds. One 
 of the most extensive locomotive and steam- 
 engine establishments is that of Messrs. Ma- 
 eon & Co. Upon the completion of the exten- 
 sive additions now being made to their shops, 
 the company will be prepared to turn out on 
 an average one engine a week throughout the 
 year. There are two print-works, which turn 
 out about 2,500,000 yards of cloth annually. 
 The Taunton river furnishes excellent water- 
 power. It is navigable for small vessels, and 
 some coast trade is carried on. Pop. in 1840, 
 7645; in 1860, 10,431; in 1853, about 11,800. 
 
 Taunton River rises in Plymouth county, 
 in the E. part of Massachusetts, and flowing 
 through Bristol county, falls into Mount Hope 
 bay, in Rhode Island. This river is remark- 
 able for its valuable water-power, and for 
 the great number of alewives (a kind of fish 
 resembling herring) in its waters. 
 
 Tateen Creek, of Miller co., Missouri, 
 flows northward into the Osage river. 
 
 Tawawa, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 Tawtaw, a post-office of Allen co., Ind. 
 , Taxahaw, a small village of Lancaster dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Taycheeda, a post-township in the E. cen- 
 tral part of Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin. Po- 
 pulation, 798. 
 
 Taycheeda, a flourishing post-village of 
 Fond du Lac county, "Wisconsin, is situated 
 at the S. extremity of Lake Winnebago, 3 
 miles E. from Fond du Lac. It has a steam- 
 boat landing, and a plank-road extending to 
 Sheboygan, on Lake Michigan. 
 
 Taylor, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of 180 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Tygart's Vallej' river, 
 a branch of the Monongahela, and also 
 drained by Sandy and Elk creeks. The sur- 
 face is hilly. The soil in some parts fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and 
 live stock are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 101,118 bushels of corn; 
 23,995 of wheat; 41,499 of oats; 4051 tons 
 of hay, and 87,110 pounds of butter. There 
 were 5 flour and grist mills, 4 saw mills, 5 
 tanneries, 1 manufactory of cabinet ware, 
 and 1 of earthen ware, and 11 churches. The 
 county contains iron ore and stone coal. It is 
 intersected by the Baltimore and Ohio rail- 
 road, and th« North-western railroad has 
 its eastern terminus near the county seat. 
 Formed in 1844, out of parts of Harrison, Bar- 
 bour, and Marion, and named in honor of 
 .lohn Taylor, of Caroline county. Capital, 
 Pruntytov/n, sometimes called AVilliamsport. 
 Population, 5867 ; of whom 5199 were free, 
 and 168, slaves. 
 
 Taylor, a new county in the central part 
 of Georgia, formed since the census of 1850 
 was taken. 
 
 Taylor, a county in tne S. central part of 
 Kentucky. It is drained by several small 
 
 nsG 
 
 affluents of Green river. The surface is un- 
 dulating and hilly ; the soil is fertile. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, cattle, horses, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 the coun- 
 ty produced 365,085 bushels of corn ; 10,087 
 of wheat ; 91,639 of oats, and 592,106 pounds 
 of tobacco. It contained 17 churches, 461 
 pupils attending public schools, and 65 at- 
 tending an academy. A railroad is project- 
 ed through the county from Danville to Nash- 
 ville. Formed a few years ago out of the N. 
 part of Greene county. Capital, Campbells- 
 ville. Population, 7250; of whom 5610 were 
 free, and 1640, slaves. 
 
 Taylor, a new county in the S. S. W. part 
 of Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an area 
 of about 560 square miles. The river One 
 Hundred and Two rises in the county, and 
 the West fork of Grand river drains the E. 
 part. The land is said to be fertile, but not 
 heavily timbered. Indian corn, wool, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 10,000 bushels of Indian corn; 785 
 of oats ; 1008 pounds of wool, and 4215 of but- 
 ter. County seat not yet located. Pop., 631. 
 
 Taylor, a new post-township of Cortland 
 CO., New York. Population, 1232. 
 
 Taylor, a township of Centre co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 26 miles S. W. from Belle- 
 fonte. Population, 849. 
 
 Taylor, a post-office of Harford co., Md. 
 
 Taylor, a post-office of St. Charles par., La. 
 
 Tay'lor, a township in Hardin co., Ohio. 
 Population, 531. 
 
 Taylor, a township in Union co., Ohio. 
 Population, 400. 
 
 Taylor, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Wayne co., Michigan. Population, 303. 
 
 Taylor, a township in Greene co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1255. 
 
 Taylor, a township in Howard co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 572. 
 
 Taylor, a township in Owen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 535. 
 
 Taylor, a small post-village of Ogle co., 
 Illinois, 172 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Taylor, a township in Greene co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1380. 
 
 Taylor, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. 
 
 Taylor's, a post- village in Sumter dis.,S.C. 
 
 Taylor's, a post-office of Jefi"erson co., Ala. 
 
 Taylor's, or Taylorstille, a township in 
 Hardin co., Ohio, intersected by the Mad 
 River and Lake Erie railroad. Pop., 531. 
 
 Taylor's Bridge, a post-office of Sampson 
 CO., N. C, 106 miles S. S. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Taylorsburg, a post-office of Bartholomew 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 'Taylor's Corners, a post-office of De Kalb 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Taylor's Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Cannouchee near Bryan Court House. 
 
 Taylor's Creek, a post-village of Liberty 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Taylor's Creek, a post-office of St. Francis 
 CO., Ai'kansas. 
 
TAY 
 
 TAZ 
 
 Taylor's Falls, a small village of Chisago 
 CO., Minnesota, on the right bank of the St. 
 Croix river, 30 miles above Stillwater, and 
 at the head of steamboat navigation. It 
 has several mills, and is engaged in the lum- 
 ber trade. 
 
 Tatlou's Island, a post-of&ce of Dorchester 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Taylokspout, a village of Boone co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Ohio river, 12 miles below Cin- 
 cinnati. It has a good landing. 
 
 Taylor's Stand, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Taylor's Store, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Va., 173 miles W. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Taylor's Store, a post-office of Knox co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Taylorstown, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Taylorsville, a post-office of Ontario co., 
 New York. 
 
 Taylorsville, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 116 
 miles E. from Harrisburg. It has a bridge 
 across the river. 
 
 Taylorsville, a small village of Anne 
 Arundel co., Maryland, on South river, an 
 arm of the Chesapeake, 5 miles S.W. from 
 Annapolis. The river here is crossed by a 
 bridge. 
 
 Taylorsville, a post-village in Hanover 
 CO., Virginia, on the Richmond Fredericks- 
 burg and Potomac railroad, 20 miles N. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Taylorsville, of Patrick co., Virginia. See 
 Patrick Court House. 
 
 Taylorsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Alexander co., North Carolina, 160 miles W. 
 from Raleigh. Population, about 300. 
 
 Tay'lorsville, a post-office of Madison co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Taylorsville, a small village of Newton 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Taylorsville, a post-office of Smith co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Taylorsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Johnson co., Tennessee, 850 miles E. by N. 
 from Nashville. It stands at the W. base of 
 the Stone or Iron Mountain, which contains 
 inexhaustible mines of iron ore. Water- 
 power is abundant in the vicinity, and there 
 are several iron works in operation. 
 
 Taylorsville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Spencer co., Kentucky, is situated in a 
 beautiful valley, at the confluence of Salt 
 river and Brashear's creek, 30 miles S. W. 
 from Frankfort. It possesses a valuable 
 water-power, which is used in manufactories 
 of cotton and wool, and contains 4 churches 
 and a seminary. Pop., estimated at 800. 
 
 Taylorsville, a p&st-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Taylorsville, a thriving post-village of 
 Muskingum co., Ohio, on the W. bank of Musk- 
 ingum river, 9 miles below Zanesville. There 
 is a dam across the river here, by which large 
 3 w 
 
 water-power is applied to mills for grinding 
 and carding. The village of Duncan's Falls 
 is on the opposite bank of the river. Laid 
 out in 1832. Population, near 1000. 
 
 Taylorsville, a post-office of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Taylorsville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Chi'istian co., Illinois, on the S. fork 
 of the Sangamon river, 26 miles S. E. from 
 Springfield. The adjacent country is fertile, 
 and contains extensive beds of coal. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Taylorsville, a post-office of Andrew co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Taylorton, a post- village of Wayne co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Taylorville, a small village of Bartholo- 
 mew CO., Indiana, on the Madison and Indi- 
 anapolis railroad, 35 miles S. S. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 Taymoutii, a township in Saginaw co., Mi- 
 chigan. Population, 58. 
 
 Tazewell, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on Kentucky, is GO miles 
 in length, and has an area of 1300 square 
 miles. The Clinch and Bluestone rivers rise 
 in the county ; the Tug fork of Sandy river 
 forms part of its northern boundary, and it 
 is also drained by the Dry fork of the latter 
 stream, and by Wolf creek. Clinch moun- 
 tain extends along the S. E. border, and other 
 mountain ridges pass across the county. The 
 highlands produce good timber and pasture; 
 the soil of the valleys is highly productive. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, butter, cattle, horses, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 235,126 bushels of corn; 21,327 of 
 wheat; 125,214 of oats, and 135,910 pounds 
 of butter were made. There were 6 tanneries, 
 3 cabinet ware manufactories, and 1 saddlery. 
 It contained 15 churches, and 654 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Limestone, iron ore, 
 and stone coal are abundant in the county ; 
 the mines of the latter are thought to be in- 
 exhaustible. The county is plentifully sup- 
 plied with water-power. Formed in 1799, and 
 named in honor of Henry Tazewell, who repre- 
 sented Virginia in the United States Senate 
 about that period. Capital, Jeflfersonville. 
 Population, 9942 ; of whom 8882 were free, 
 and 1060, slaves. 
 
 Tazewell, a county in Illinois, is situated 
 a little N. W. from the centre of the state, 
 has an area of 550 square miles. The 
 Mackinaw creek flows through it from E. to 
 W. until it enters the Illinois river, which 
 forms the entire N. W. boundary. The sur- 
 face is nearly level, and the soil fertile. The 
 county contains large prairies, which are 
 mostly under cultivation. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, pork, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 1,114,640 bushels 
 of corn; 144,241 of wheat ; 146,922 of oats ; 
 9986 tons of hay, and 186,350 pounds of but- 
 ter. It contained 17 churches, 2 newspaper 
 offices, and 2941 pupils attending public 
 1137 
 
TAZ 
 
 TEM 
 
 schools. A railroad is projected through the 
 county, from Peoria to Bloomington. Capital, 
 Tremont. Pop., 12,052. 
 
 Tazewell, a decayed post-village of Marion 
 CO., Georgia, about 35 miles E. from Colum- 
 bus, was formerly the county seat. Popula- 
 tion, near 100. 
 
 Tazewell, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Claiborne CO., Tennessee, 250 miles E. by 
 N. from Nashville. It is situated in a hilly 
 region, which abounds in iron, zinc, and lead 
 ores, the first of which only is worked. 
 
 Tazevv'ell Court House, Virginia. See 
 Jeffersonville. 
 
 TcHULA, a post-village of Holmes co.. Miss., 
 on the Yazoo river, 70 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Teachey's, a post-ofiBce of Duplin co.,N.C. 
 
 Tearque, a village in the Territory of New 
 Mexico, about 70 miles S. from Santa Fe. 
 
 Teaze's Valley, a post-ofBce of Kanawha 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Tebo, a post-ofSce of Henry co., Missouri. 
 
 Tebo Creek, of Missouri, flows through 
 Henry co., and enters Osage river in Benton 
 county. 
 
 Teche bayou, Louisiana, commences in St. 
 Landry parish, a few miles from Opelousas, 
 and after flowing south-eastward in a very 
 tortuous course of about 200 miles, unites 
 with Atchafalaya bayou near the S. E. extre- 
 mity of Lake Chetimaches. The chief towns 
 on its banks are St. Martinsville and Frank- 
 lin. It is bordered by fertile prairies and 
 plains, in which cotton and sugar flourish. 
 During high water, steamboats ascend this 
 bayou for a distance of near 200 miles from 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Tecolota, a post-ofiice of San Miguel co., 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Tecumseii, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Lenawee co., Michigan, connected with 
 the Michigan Southern railroad by the Te- 
 cumseh branch. Population, 2678. 
 
 Tecumseii, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on Raisin river, 10 miles N. E. from 
 Adrian. It has an excellent water-power, on 
 which a number of mills have been erected. 
 A newspaper is published here. This place 
 was the county seat previous to 1838. Popu- 
 lation in 1851, about 1000. 
 
 Tedrow, a post-oflice of Fulton co., Ohio. 
 
 Tee, a township in the S. E. part of Carroll 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1220. 
 
 Tecera, a village in New Mexico, near the 
 southern extremity of the Sandia mountains : 
 it is about 50 miles S. from Santa Fe. 
 
 TehaMjV^ a post-town of Colusi co., Cal. 
 
 Teeonsiia, a post-township in the S. p.art 
 of Calhoun co., Michigan. Population, 651. 
 
 Telfair, a county in the S. part of Georgia, 
 has an area of 925 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Ocmulgee river, and also drained 
 by the Little Ocmulgee, and Sugar and Hur- 
 ricane creeks. The surface is level and co- 
 verea with extensive forests of pine. The 
 soil is sandy, but productive in the vicinity 
 1138 
 
 of the streams. Indian corn, sweet potatoes, 
 cotton, and sugar-cane are the staples. Many 
 of the inhabitants are engaged in the lumber 
 business. In 1850 this county produced 
 77,805 bushels of corn; 44,250 of sweet po- 
 tatoes, and 572 bales of cotton. It contained 
 14 churches; 243 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 16 attending another school. 
 Laid out in 1807, and named in honor of 
 Edward Telfair, governor of Georgia in 1786. 
 Capital, Jacksonville. Population, 3026, of 
 whom 2096 were free, and 930, slaves. 
 
 Telfair Creek, Georgia. See Hurricane 
 Creek. 
 
 Tell, a township of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 24 miles W. S. W. from Hunt- 
 ingdon. Population, 983. 
 
 Tellico, a small river which rises in Che- 
 rokee county. North Carolina, and flowing 
 into Tennessee, enters the Little Tennessee 
 river on the N. border of Monroe county. 
 
 Tellico Plains, a post-oiSce of Monroe 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Teloga Springs, a post-office of Chattooga 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Temperance, a post-office of Amherst co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Temperance, a post-village of Telfair co., 
 Georgia, about 90 miles S. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Temperance Hall, a post-office of De Kalb 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Temperance Hill, a post-office of Marion 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Temperanceville, a thriving post-borough 
 of Chartier township, Alleghany county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the left or S. bank of the 
 Ohio river, one and a half miles below Pitts- 
 burg. It has a great variety of manufac- 
 tures, including glass, iron, edge tools, &c., 
 and has an active trade in coal. Population 
 in 1853, about 2500. 
 
 Temperanceville, a post-office of Acco- 
 mack CO., Virginia. 
 
 TEMPERANCEviLLE,apost-village of Belmont 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Tempe Vale, a village of Scioto co., Ohio, 
 2 miles W. from Portsmouth. 
 
 Temple, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Maine, about 150 miles N. W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 785. 
 
 Temple, a i^ost-township in Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire, 33 miles S. S. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 579. 
 
 Temple Mills, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Temple of Health, a post-office of Abbe- 
 ville district. South Carolina. 
 
 Templeton, a post-township in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 55 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston. The Vermont and Massachusetts 
 railroad crosses the N. E. part of the town- 
 ship. Population, 2173. 
 
 Templeton, a post- village of Prince George 
 CO., Virginia, 36 miles S. E. from Pachmond. 
 
 Templeville, a small post-village of Queen 
 Anne co., Maryland. 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 Tenallytown, a post-ofSce of Washington 
 CO., District Columbia. 
 
 Tenmile, a post-office of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tenmilb, a post-office of Macon co., Mo. 
 
 Tenmile Creek, of Greene county, Penn- 
 sylvania, flows into the Monongahela river. 
 
 Tenmile Speixg, a post-office of Cattarau- 
 gus CO., New York. 
 
 Tenmile Stand, a post-office of Meigs co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Tenmile Valley, a small village of Greene 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tennessee river, the largest affluent of the 
 Ohio, is formed by two branches, the Clinch 
 and Holston, which rise among the Alleghany 
 mountains of Virginia, and unite at Kingston, 
 in Tennessee. It flows first south-westward 
 to Chattanooga, near the S. boundary of the 
 state, where it turns towards the N. W. and 
 W., but its progress being opposed by the 
 Cumberland mountains, it changes its course 
 to the S. W., makes an extensive circuit of 
 near 300 miles through Northern Alabama, 
 and touches the State of Mississippi at its N. 
 E. extremity. Here it again enters the State 
 of Tennessee, traverses its whole breadth 
 from S. to N., and gradually curving towards 
 the W., crosses Kentucky, and enters the Ohio 
 river at Paducah, 48 miles from its mouth, 
 near 37° N. lat., and 88° 35' W. Ion. The 
 length of the Tennessee proper is estimated 
 at 800 miles, and if we include the Holston, 
 its longest branch, it will measure about 1100 
 miles. The chief towns on its banks are 
 Knosville and Chattanooga, in Tennessee ; 
 Tuscumbia and Florence, in Alabama, and 
 Paducah, in Kentucky. The whole descent 
 of the river and branches is computed to be 
 about 2000 feet. The channel is obstructed 
 by no considerable falls or rapids, excepting 
 tlie Muscle shoals, in Alabama, where the 
 river runs over flint and limestone rocks for 
 more than 20 miles, affording immense mo- 
 tive-power. — See Muscle Shoals. Steam- 
 boats ascend the river from its mouth to 
 Florence, at the foot of the Muscle shoals, 
 about 280 miles. Above these rapids it is 
 also navigable by steamboats at all seasons 
 as far as Knoxville, on the Holston, a dis- 
 tance of near 500 miles. The navigable 
 portions of the river are connected by a rail- 
 road. The region through which this river 
 flows is generally fertile, and in the upper part 
 of its course is beautifully diversified with 
 mountains and valleys. The Little Tennessee, 
 which by some writers is described as the 
 main stream, rises at the base of the Blue 
 Ridge, near the frontier of North Carolina 
 and Georgia, and flowing N. AV. into Tennes- 
 see, unites with the Holston, about 25 miles 
 S. W. from Knoxville, after a tortuous course 
 of more than 150 miles. The area drained 
 by this system of rivers is estimated by Darby 
 at 41,000 square miles. In the winter of 
 1831-2 this river was frozen over, even in the 
 
 State of Alabama, an event of very rare oc- 
 currence. 
 
 Tennessee, one of the Western States of 
 the American confederacy, is bounded N. by 
 Kentucky and Virginia, E. by North Caro- 
 lina, from which it is separated by the Alle- 
 ghany mountains ; S. by Georgia, Alabama, 
 and Mississippi, and W. by Arkansas and 
 Missouri, from which it is separated by the 
 Mississippi river. It lies between 35° and 
 36° 36' N. lat., and between 81° 40' and 90° 
 15' W. Ion. ; being about 430 miles in its 
 greatest length from E. to W., and 110 in 
 breadth, including an area of about 45,600 
 square miles, or 29,184,000 acres; of which 
 only 5,175,173 were improved in 1850. The 
 state is commonly divided into three sections. 
 The part E. of the Cumberland mountains is 
 called East Tennessee ; between the Cumber- 
 land mountains and the Tennessee river, it 
 takes the name of Middle Tennessee; andW. of 
 the river just named, that of West Tennessee. 
 
 Population. — Though not the largest in 
 area, Tennessee is the second state in point 
 of population in the great Mississippi valley. 
 Her sons partake of the same parentage as 
 those of Kentucky, her original settlers hav- 
 ing been mostly from North Carolina and 
 Virginia; and they share with the Kentuc- 
 kians a manly frankness of character, courage, 
 and loyalty to the federal constitution. At 
 the first national census, in 1790, her inha- 
 bitants numbered 35,791 ; 105,602 in 1800 ; 
 261,727 in 1810; 422,813 in 1820; 681,904 
 in 1830; 829,210 in 1840, and 1,002,625 in 
 1850 ; of whom 392,214 were white males, 
 374,539, white females; 3108, free colored 
 males, 3293, colored females; 118,780, male, 
 and 120,680, female slaves. This population 
 was divided into 130,005 families, occupying 
 129,420 dwellings. Representative popula- 
 tion, 906,830. Of the free population, 
 585,084 were born in the state ; 150,571 in 
 other states of the Union ; 706 in England ; 
 2640 in Ireland; 344 in Scotland and Wales; 
 1168 in Germany ; 245 in France ; 76 in 
 British America; 561 in other countries, and 
 1759 whose places of birth were unknown — 
 giving about one per cent, of the free popu- 
 lation of foreign birth. In the year ending 
 June 1, 1850, there occurred 11,759 deaths, 
 or nearly 112 persons in every thousand. 
 In the same period, 1005 paupers, of whom 
 11 were of foreign birth, received aid, at an 
 expense of about $30 for each pauper. Of 
 the entire population, 377 were deaf and 
 dumb, of whom 2 were free colored, and 40 
 slaves ; 468 were blind, of whom 10 were 
 free colored, and 73 slaves ; 478 were insane, 
 of whom 4 were free colored, and 21 slaves, 
 and 854 idiotic, of whom 4 were free colored, 
 and 61 slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Tennessee is divided into 79 
 
 counties, viz. Anderson, Bedford, Benton, 
 
 Bledsoe, Blount, Bradley, Campbell, Cannon, 
 
 Carroll, Carter, Claiborne, Cocke, Coffee, Da- 
 
 1139 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 vidson, Decatur, De Kalb, Dickson, Dyer, 
 Fayette, Fentress, Franklin, Gibson, Giles, 
 Granger, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Han- 
 cock, Hardeman, Hardin, Hawkins, Haywood, 
 Henderson, Henry, Hickman, Humphreys, 
 Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, Lauder- 
 dale, Lawrence, Lewis, Lincoln, Macon, Ma- 
 dison, Marion, Marshall, Maury, McMinn, 
 McNairy, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Mor- 
 gan, Obion, Overton, Perry, Polk, Rhea, 
 Koane, Robertson, Rutherford, Scott, Sevier, 
 Shelby, Smith, Stewart, Sullivan, Sumner, 
 Tipton, Van Buren, Warren, Washington, 
 Wayne, Weakley, White, Williamson, and 
 Wilson. Capital, Nashville. 
 
 Cities and Toivns. — Nashville is the capital 
 and largest town in the state — population, in 
 1850, 10,478; the other principal towns are 
 Memphis, population, 8841, and Knozville, 
 8690 ; Chattanooga, Columbia, Murfreesbo- 
 rough, Jackson, Clarksville, Bolivar, Charles- 
 ton, and Carthage. 
 
 Face of the Country. — Tennessee is very 
 agreeably diversified with mountain, hill, and 
 plain, containing within its limits fertility 
 of soil, beauty of scenery, and a delightfully 
 temperate climate. In the E. it is separated 
 from North Carolina by different ridges of 
 the Appalachian chain, passing under the va- 
 rious local names of Stone, Iron, Bald, and 
 Unaka mountains. Then follow the valleys of 
 the Holston and other rivers, forming the head 
 waters of the Tennessee. Next succeed the 
 Cumberland mountains, an outlying ridge 
 of the Alleghanies, which enter the state 
 from Kentucky, and crosses it in a S. W. di- 
 rection into Alabama. The height of these 
 mountains, which spreads over about 60 
 miles, is variously estimated at from one to 
 two thousand feet. They are wooded to the 
 tops, and embosom delightful and fertile val- 
 leys. Their summits are often rounded and 
 cultivated, while others are too rugged for 
 tillage. Middle Tennessee, lying between 
 these mountains and the Tennessee river, is 
 moderately hilly, while the section between 
 the river last named and the Mississippi, 
 called West Tennessee, is either level or 
 gently undulating. 
 
 Minerals, Mineral Springs, S^c. — Gold has 
 been found in the S. E. part of the state ; the 
 other metallic minerals are iron, in abun- 
 ance ; in East and Middle Tennessee, some 
 lead, silver, zinc, manganese, and magnetic 
 iron ore. Of the earthy minerals, coal, the 
 most abundant and valuable, is found in 
 large quantities in the counties among the 
 Cumberland mountains ; there is also gyp- 
 sum of a fine quality, beautiful varieties of 
 marble, nitre, slate, (suitable for roofing,) 
 alum, burrstones, and limestone, which forms 
 the bed of a large portion of the state. Salt 
 springs exist, but not of a very rich quality; 
 there are also some valuable mineral springs. 
 The iron business is beginning to attract the 
 attention of capitalists. According to a re- 
 1140 
 
 cent statement, there were on the Cumber- 
 land river, in the early part of 1853, 21 fur- 
 naces, 9 forges, and 2 rolling mills, employ- 
 ing $1,216,000 capital, and manufacturing 
 44,500 tons of metal, and 1400 kettles, valued 
 together at $1,678,000. Rich deposits of 
 coijper are found in the S. E. part of Ten- 
 nessee, in Polk and Monroe counties, which 
 are now extensively worked. A plank-rond 
 is nearly finished from the Hiawassee mines 
 to the Chattanooga railroad. This must add 
 greatly to the value of the mines, which will 
 thus be made readily accessible from a ship- 
 ping port. The Potomac Company recently (in 
 1853) took out 100 tons in a week, and the Hia- 
 wassee Company had 150 tons on the surface. 
 
 7?ji'ers.— Tennessee is bounded on the W. 
 by the great Mississippi, and twice crossed 
 by the river whose name it bears. The Cum- 
 berland makes a bend into the N. of the state, 
 through which it courses for about 150 miles 
 before it returns to Kentucky, thus giving 
 that portion of the state water communica- 
 tion with the other parts of the great Missis- 
 sippi and Ohio valleys. The Tennessee enters 
 the S. E. of the state from North Carolina, 
 receives the Holston and its tributaries from 
 Virginia, and the Hiawassee from Georgia, 
 then turns to the S. W. into Alabama at its 
 N. E. angle, and leaves it at its north-western 
 to re-enter Tennessee, which it crosses in a 
 course almost directly north into Kentiickj'. 
 The Hatchee, a tributary of the Mississippi ; 
 Duck river, of the Tennessee from Middle Ten- 
 nessee, and the Holston, Powell's, and Clinch 
 tributaries, of the same rivers in East Ten- 
 nessee, are the other principal streams. The 
 Tennessee has a total course of nearly 900 
 miles, about 400 of which are within the state, 
 and 700 navigable for steamboats (with the ex- 
 ception of that portion in Alabama called the 
 Muscle shoals) to its junction with the Hol- 
 ston in East Tennessee. The Cumberland is 
 navigable 400 miles for steamboats to Car- 
 thage, about 50 miles above Nashville, in a 
 direct line. The tributary streams are all 
 more or less navigable, either for steam or 
 keel boats, during high water. All the waters 
 of this state ultimately reach the Mississippi, 
 though generally by a circuitous course. The 
 Forked Deer river is navigable 150, the Big 
 Hatchee above 100, and the Obion 60 miles, 
 for steamboats. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — In common 
 with other limestone regions, Tennessee has 
 numerous caves, several of which are at least 
 a hundred feet below the surface, and a mile 
 in extent. Some are several miles in length. 
 One has been descended for about 400 feet 
 below the surface, where was found a stream 
 of sufficient force to turn a mill. Another, 
 on the top of Cumberland mountain, has a 
 cave of perpendicular descent, Avhose bottom 
 has never been sounded. Big Bone cave is 
 so called from the bones of the mastodon 
 found within it. These caves are all in the 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 Cumberland mountains. In a spur of the 
 same mountains, called the Enchanted Moun- 
 tain, are found the impressions of the feet of 
 men and animals in the hard limestone rock, 
 whose appearance has never been accounted 
 for. Near Manchester, in Coffee county, is 
 an old stone fort, situated between two rivers, 
 and including 47 acres, enclosed by a wall on 
 which trees are growing, believed to be 500 
 years old. In Franklin county is a railway 
 tunnel through a spur of the Cumberland 
 mountains, 2200 feet long. 
 
 Climate, Soil and Productions. — The cli- 
 mate of Tennessee is mild ; considerable 
 snow sometimes falls in the winters, which, 
 however, are generally short. The sum- 
 mers are free from the intense heat of the 
 Gulf States. The temperature of that por- 
 tion of the state among the Cumberland 
 mountains is particularly agreeable. Most 
 parts of the state are healthy, except on the 
 alluvions of the great rivers. The soil of 
 Tennessee is generally arable, and of a good 
 quality. In East Tennessee much of the land 
 among the mountains is poor and ill adapted 
 to cultivation, but even here the valleys are 
 very fertile. This section is favorable to 
 grazing, and great numbers of live stock are 
 exported from thence to the Atlantic States. 
 A greater number of mules are raised in 
 Tennessee than in any other state in the Union. 
 Middle Tennessee has much good land. West- 
 ern Tennessee has a rich black mould, and on 
 the shores of the Mississippi and Tennessee 
 are extensive brakes of gigantic cane. In- 
 dian corn, tobacco, and cotton are the great 
 staples. In 1850, Tennessee produced more 
 hogs than any state in the Union, was fifth in 
 the amount of Indian corn produced, fourth 
 in that of tobacco, and fifth in cotton. The 
 other articles cultivated are wheat, rye, oats, 
 buckwheat, barley, potatoes, sweet and Irish, 
 wool, maple sugar, flax, hemp, hay, cheese, 
 butter, wine, whiskey, and fruits. Of the 
 latter, apples, pears, and plums. According 
 to the census returns of 1850, there were in 
 Tennessee 5,175,173 acres of improved land, 
 producing 52,276,223 bushels of Indian corn; 
 7,703,086 of oats; 1,619,381 of wheat; 89,163 
 of rye; 1,067,844 of Irish, and 2,777,716 of 
 sweet potatoes; 369,321 of peas and beans; 
 14,214 of grass seed, and 18,906 of flaxseed; 
 20,148,932 pounds of tobacco; 8,139,585 of 
 butter; 77,812,800 of cotton; 1,364,378 of 
 wool; 1,036,571 of beeswax and honey; 
 177,681 pounds of cheese; 368,131 of flax; 
 248,000 of cane, and 158,557 of maple sugar; 
 258,854 of rice, and 74,092 tons of hay; live 
 stock valued at $29,978,016 ; market goods, 
 $97,183; orchard products,' $52,894, and 
 slaughtered animals, $6,401,765. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The forest-trees are pine, (in 
 East Tennessee,) sugar-maple, juniper, red 
 cedar, and savin, (on the mountains,) poplar, 
 hickory, walnut, oak, beach, sycamore, locust, 
 cherry, &c. 
 
 The animals are the_ same as are found in 
 the adjacent states of Kentucky, Virginia, 
 &c., viz., deer, racoons, foxes, squirrels, and 
 sometimes, although rarely, bears, in the 
 wilder sections of the state. 
 
 Manufactures. — The natural water-power, 
 especially of East Tennessee, combined with 
 its abundance of coal and other fuel, must, 
 as soon as the railway connections with the 
 Atlantic States are completed, make this a 
 great manufacturing section ; for in addition 
 to the advantages mentioned, she has in her 
 neighborhood the staple raw materials, cotton, 
 wool, and hemp. There were in Tennessee in 
 1850, 2789 establishments, each producing 
 $500 and upwards annually ; among these, 33 
 cotton factories, employing $669,600 of capi- 
 tal, and 310 male and 581 female hands, con- 
 suming raw material worth $297,500, and 
 manufacturing 363,250 yards of stuffs, and 
 2,326,250 pounds of yarn, worth a total value 
 of $510,624; 4 woollen establishments, em- 
 ploying $10,900 capital, and 15 male and 2 
 female hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $1675, and manufacturing 2220 hats, worth 
 $6310; 81 furnaces, forges, &c., employing 
 $1,915,950 capital, and 2705 male hands, con- 
 suming raw material worth $730,551, and ma- 
 nufacturing 44,152 tons of wrought, cast, and 
 pig iron, worth a total value of $1,611,043; 
 invested in manufacturing spirituous and malt 
 liquors, $66,125, employing 159 hands, con- 
 suming 3000 bushels of barley, 258,400 of corn, 
 and 5480 of rye, and producing 657,000 gal- 
 lons of whiskey, wine, &c., and 364 tanneries, 
 employing $490,320 capital, consuming raw 
 material worth $396,159, and producing lea- 
 ther valued at $746,484. Homemade manu- 
 factures were produced of the value of 
 $3,137,810— the highest in the Union. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — There were in Ten- 
 nessee, January 1, 1853, 185 miles of com- 
 pleted railway, and 509 miles in course of 
 construction. A railway, (already nearly 
 finished to Nashville,) connecting Savannah 
 and Charleston with some point on the Ohio 
 river, will pass through this state. Another, 
 in a great state of forwardness, will connect 
 the same points with Memphis, thus opening 
 uninterrupted lines of railway between the 
 Atlantic ocean and the great Mississippi 
 and Ohio valleys. Charleston and Savannah 
 are also connected (with the exception of 28 
 miles in course of construction) with Knox- 
 ville, at which point the East Tennessee and 
 Virginia railway will also terminate. — See 
 Table of Railroads, Appendix. 
 
 Commerce. — Tennessee has but little foreign 
 commerce, though very favorably located for 
 domestic trade, being washed on the W. by 
 the Mississippi river, twice crossed by the 
 Tennessee river, and its northern portion 
 traversed for more than 100 miles by the 
 Cumberland, all of which are navigable for 
 steamboats. The exports are mainly live 
 stock, pork, bacon, lard, butter, ginseng, 
 1141 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 cotton baggiug, flour, Indian corn, fruits, 
 tobacco, cotton, hemp, feathers and salt- 
 petre, which find their -way mostly to New 
 Orleans, and thence either to Northern or 
 foreign ports ; but new exits are about being 
 opened for the products of East and Middle 
 Tennessee, the one through Virginia, and the 
 other through Georgia and South Carolina, 
 both by railway. Five steamers were built 
 in the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1852, 
 the total tonnage of which was only 4795^ ; 
 tonnage of the state, 4082|-|. Foreign im- 
 ports, 1852, $256,504. 
 
 Education. — In 1850, Tennessee had 9 col- 
 leges, with an aggregate of 551 students, and 
 27,056 volumes in their libraries ; 1 theolo- 
 gical, with 24, 1 law, with 56, and 2 medical 
 schools, with 590 students. Number of chil- 
 dren in the state, 288,454; number of public 
 schools, 2713, and of academies, 278. Amount 
 of school fund, $1,321,655; annual expendi- 
 ture. $114,718; vols, in school libraries, 5100. 
 
 Religiovs Denominations. — Of the 1939 
 churches in Tennessee in 1850, the Baptists 
 owned 611; Christians, 57; Episcopalians, 
 17; Free Church, 28; Lutherans, 12; Me- 
 thodists, 831; Presbyterians, 357; Roman 
 Catholics, 3; and Union Church, 15. The 
 remaining churches belonged to the Africans, 
 the Friends, the Protestant Evangelical, and 
 the Tunkers — making 1 church to every 517 
 inhabitants. Value of church property, 
 $1,208,876. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There is a state peni- 
 tentiary at Nashville, on the Auburn or silent 
 system, and a deaf and dumb asylum at Knox- 
 ville. There were, in 1850, 21 public libra- 
 ries, with an aggregate of 47,356 volumes. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — The governor 
 of Tennessee is elected by the people for 2 
 years, and receives $2000 per annum. The 
 senate consists of 25, and the house of repre- 
 sentatives of 75 members, both elected by 
 the people for 2 years. The judiciary con- 
 sists — 1. Of a supreme court, presided over 
 by 3 judges, elected by a joint vote of the two 
 houses of the legislature for 12 years ; 2. Of 
 a court of chancery, presided over by 4 chan- 
 cellors ; and 3. Of 14 circuit courts, pre- 
 sided over by as many judges. The judges 
 of the inferior courts are elected by the le- 
 gislature for 8 years. Davidson county, in 
 which is the city of Nashville, has a special 
 criminal court, and the city of Memphis has 
 a common law and chancery court. Salaries 
 of the judges, from $1500 to $1800. The 
 actual state debt of Tennessee, in January, 
 1853, was $3,901,856.66 ; loan debt, $915,000 ; 
 endorsed debt, $675,000; total,$5,491, 856.66. 
 School fund,$l, 346,068; other productive pro- 
 perty, $4,837,430; property not productive, 
 .$1,101,390. Annual expenses, exclusive of 
 debt and schools, about $165,000. In Janu- 
 ary, 1852, Tennessee had 23 banks, with an 
 aggregate capital of $8,405,197 ; circulation, 
 $5,300,000 ; and coin, $1,900,000. 
 1142 
 
 History. — Tennessee was the first state set- 
 tled by Anglo-Americans west of the Allegha- 
 nies, emigrants from North Carolina having 
 built Fort Loudon, in East Tennessee, as early 
 as 1757. But this settlement was attacked 
 by the savages, and the inhabitants either 
 murdered or driven off. Colonization, how- 
 ever, was recommenced in a few years after- 
 wards in the same section of the state. This 
 colony was also harassed by the Indians till 
 after the Revolutionary war. Originally, Ten- 
 nessee formed a part of the possessions of 
 North Carolina, which state ceded it to the 
 General Government in 1784, but afterwards 
 revoked the grant, when the inhabitants at- 
 tempted to form an independent state under 
 the name of Franklinia. It was finally ceded 
 to the United States government, and formed 
 a part of the S.W. Territory till its admission 
 as a sovereign state in 1796, forming the six- 
 teenth state of the confederacy. Tennessee 
 took an active part in the war of 1812, and 
 sent several distinguished leaders to its 
 armies ; prominent among whom was Gene- 
 ral Andrew Jackson, since so celebrated for 
 his administration of the affairs of the central 
 government during his presidency. .James 
 K. Polk, the eleventh president of the United 
 States, was also a citizen of this state. 
 
 Tennessee Colony, a post-oifice of Ander- 
 son CO., Texas. 
 
 Tennessee Landing, a post-village of Issa- 
 quena CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Tennessee PavER, a post-office of Macon 
 CO., N. C, 341 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Tennille, a post-village of Washington co., 
 Georgia, on the Central railroad, 136 miles 
 N. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Ten Pound Island, in Ann harbor, Massa- 
 chusetts, seven-eighths of a mile S. from Glou- 
 cester, contains a fixed light 45 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lat. 42° 35' N., Ion. 70'' 
 40' W. 
 
 Tensas, or Tensaw, a river of Louisiana, 
 rises in Carroll parish, near the W. bank of the 
 Mississippi, and pursues a tortuous course, the 
 general direction of which is neai-ly parallel 
 with that river, until it unites with the 
 Washita at Trinity. The river thus formed 
 is usually called Black river. Steamboats 
 can ascend about 150 miles from its mouth, 
 during at least 6 months of the year. The 
 whole length is estimated at 250 miles. 
 
 Tensas, a parish in the E. N. E. part of 
 Louisiana, on the right bank of Mississippi 
 river, has an area of 680 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Tensas river and Macon 
 bayou. The surface is level and low; the 
 soil fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 there were raised 21,665 
 bales of cotton, (a greater quantity than was 
 produced in any other parish of the state,) 
 and 338,725 bushels of Indian corn. It con- 
 tained 3 churches, and 55 pupils attending a 
 public school. The Tensas river is navigable 
 by steamboats through this parish. Formed 
 
TEN 
 
 TEX 
 
 since 1840, from the N. part of Concordia. 
 Capital, St. Joseph. Population, 9040, of 
 whom 902 were free, and 8138, slaves. 
 
 Tensaw, a post-office of Baldwin co., Ala. 
 
 Teonista Creek rises in the N. W. part 
 of Pennsylvania, and falls into the Alleghany 
 in Venango county. 
 
 Teonista, or Teonesta, a post-village of 
 Venango co., Penns3'lvania, at the confluence 
 of Teonista creek with Alleghany river, about 
 20 miles N. E. from Franklin. 
 
 Teotsa, a small post-village of Rock co., 
 Wisconsin, on Rock river, 30 miles S. E. from 
 Madison. 
 
 Terre aux Bceufs, a post-office of St. Ber- 
 nard parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Teree Bonne, a parish in the S. E. part 
 of Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of 
 Mexico: area, 1640 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Terre Bonne, Black, and 
 Caillou bayous, which are navigable. The 
 surface is low and level, subject to inunda- 
 tion. A large part of it is occupied by 
 " iioating prairies," or shallow lakes. The 
 numerous watercourses are bordered with 
 rich fdantations of sugar-cane, and tracts of 
 good timber, including the live oak and cy- 
 press. Sugar and molasses are the staples. 
 In 1850 the parish produced 9171 hogsheads 
 of sugar ; 435,290 gallons of molasses ; 
 187.420 bushels of corn, and 466,900 pounds 
 of rice. There were 4 saw and planing mills, 
 3 churches, and 270 pupils attending public 
 schools. The New Orleans & Opelousas rail- 
 road will pass through the parish. Capital, 
 Houma. Population, 7724, of whom 3396 
 were free, and 4328, slaves. 
 
 Teree Bonne, a small bayou of Louisiana, 
 flows through the parish of the same name 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable for 
 small boats. 
 
 Teree Coupee, a post-village in St. Jo- 
 seph CO., Indiana, 150 miles N. by W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Terre Coupee Station, a post-village of 
 Berrien co., Michigan, an the Central rail- 
 road, 11 miles W. from Niles. 
 
 Terre Haute, a post-village of Champaign 
 CO., Ohio, 50 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Teere Haute, a flourishing town of Harri- 
 son township, capital of Vigo county, In- 
 diana, on the E. bank of the Wabash river, 
 and on the Wabash and Erie canal, 73 miles 
 W. S. W. from Indianapolis, and 69 miles N. 
 from Vincennes. The bank on which the 
 town is built is elevated about 60 feet above 
 the river, and the situation is remarkably 
 beautiful. The plan of the town is rectangu- 
 lar ; the streets are wide, and bordered with 
 numerous shade-trees and gardens. About 
 half of the houses are built of brick, and the 
 others of wood. The public buildings include 
 a fine court house, a town hall, 3 banks, a 
 large academy, and about 12 churches, some 
 of which are spacious and ornamental e'difices. 
 Six newspapers are published here. The op- 
 
 posite banks of the river are connected by a 
 fine bridge, over which the National road 
 passes. Fort Harrison prairie, on the W. 
 border of which the town stands, is noted for 
 the fertility of its soil and the beauty of its 
 landscapes. Terre Haute is the centre of an 
 active, increasing trade, and one of the prin- 
 cipal shipping points on the Wabash and Erie 
 canal. Large quantities of pork, grain, and 
 flour are exported from this place. It is the 
 terminus of the following railroads : the Terre 
 Haute and Indianapolis ; the Alton and Terre 
 Haute ; the Evansville and Illinois, (unfinish- 
 ed;) the Terre Haute and Joliet, (unfinished;) 
 and the Atlantic and Mississippi, (unfinished.) 
 Population in 1853, about 7000. 
 
 Terre Hill, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Teree Noie, a township in Clarke co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 220. 
 
 Terry, a post-office of Carroll co., Tenn. 
 
 Tberysville, a small village of Abbeville 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Tereytown, a post-village of Bradford co.. 
 Pa., 149 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Terryville, a post-village in Plymouth 
 township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, about 
 25 miles S. W. from Hartford. The manu- 
 facture of wooden clocks in the United States 
 was first commenced at this place, by Mr., 
 Terry, about 30 years ago. 
 
 Tetersburg, a post-office of Tipton co., Ind. 
 
 Teutonia, a small village of McKean co., 
 Pa., 190 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Teutopolis, a thriving post-village of Ef- 
 fingham county, Illinois, on the National 
 road, and on the Alton and Terre Haute 
 railroad, 88 miles S. E. from Springfield. It 
 has a Catholic chapel and a windmill. 
 
 Tewockony Speings, a post-office of Lime- 
 stone CO., Texas. 
 
 Tewksbury, a post-village in Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, 20 miles N. W. by N. 
 from Boston, on the Lowell and Lawrence 
 and Boston and Lowell railroads. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 1044. 
 
 Tewkesbuey, a township of Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, about 40 miles N. from 
 Trenton. Population, 2300. 
 
 Texana, a post-village, capital of Jackson 
 county, Texas, on the Lavacca river, near 
 its junction with the Navidad, 150 miles S. 
 E. from Austin city. It is the head of steam 
 navigation, and is increasing in trade and 
 population. 
 
 Texas, a recently admitted member of the 
 United States, was formerly in conjunction 
 with Coahuila, a territory of Mexico ; it now 
 forms (with the exception of Florida) the 
 most southern portion of the United States. 
 It is bounded on the N. by New Mexico, In- 
 dian Territory, and Arkansas ; on the E. by 
 Arkansas and Louisiana; on the S. E. by the 
 Gulf of Mexico ; and on the S. W. and W. by 
 Mexico and New Mexico. The Red river 
 separates it in part from Indian Territory 
 1143 
 
TEX 
 
 TEX 
 
 and Arkansas, the Sabine from Louisiana, 
 and the Eio Grande from Mexico. This state 
 lies between 25° 50' and 36° 30' N. lat, and 
 between 93° 30' and 107° W. Ion. Its shape 
 is Yery irregular, but its extreme length 
 from S. E. to N. W. is more than 800 miles, 
 and its greatest breadth from E. to W. about 
 750 miles, including an area of 237,321 square 
 miles ; an amount of territory live times that 
 of the state of Pennsylvania, the greater part 
 of which is composed of soil of great agricul- 
 tural capabilities. 
 
 Population.— HexsiS had, according to the 
 late census, 212,592 inhabitants in 1850, of 
 whom 84,868 were white males ; 69,237 fe- 
 males ; 171 free colored males ; 160 females; 
 and 28,700 male and 29,461 female slaves. 
 This population was divided into 28,377 fa- 
 milies, occupying 27,988 dwellings ; repre- 
 sentative population, 189,327. There were 
 3046 deaths, or more than 14 in every 1000 
 persons in the year ending June 1, 1850. In 
 the same period, only 7 paupers received aid 
 from the public funds. Of the free popula- 
 tion, 49,160 were born in the state; 87,893 
 in other states; 1002 in England; 1403 in 
 Ireland ; 278 in Scotland and Wales ; 137 in 
 British America ; 8191 in Germany; 647 in 
 France; 5117 in other countries; and 604 
 whose places of birth were unknown — making- 
 more than 11 per cent, of the free population 
 of foreign birth. Of the entire population, 
 58 were deaf and dumb, of whom 9 were 
 slaves ; 76 blind, of whom 3 were free co- 
 lored, and 14, slaves ; 41 were insane, of 
 ■whom 1 was free colored, and 1 a slave ; and 
 108 idiotic, of whom 1 was free colored, and 
 10, slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Texas is divided into 88 counties, 
 Anderson, Angelina, Austin, Bastrop, Bell, 
 Bexar, Bowie, Brazoria, Brazos, Burleson, 
 Burnet, Caldwell, Calhoun, Cameron, Cass, 
 Cherokee, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Cook, 
 Dallas, Denton, De Witt, El Paso, Falls, Fan- 
 nin, Fayette, Fort Bend, Galveston, Gauda- 
 lupe, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Grayson, 
 Grimes, Harris, Harrison, Hays, Henderson, 
 Hill, Hopkins, Houston, Hunt, Jackson, Jas- 
 per, Jefferson, Kaufman, Lamar, Lavacca, 
 Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Madison, Mata- 
 gorda, McLennan, Medina, Milam, Montgo- 
 mery, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Newton, Nue- 
 ces, Orange, Panola, Polk, Red Biver, Refu- 
 gio, Robertson, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustin, 
 San Patricio, Shelby, Smith, Starr, Titus, 
 Travis, Tyler, Upshur, Uvalde, Vanzandt, 
 "Victoria, Walker, Washington, W^ebb, Whar- 
 ton, Williamson, and Wood. Capital, Austin. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Texas has no very large 
 towns; the principal are Galveston, the com- 
 mercial depot of the state, population in 1850, 
 4127; in 1853, about 6000; Houston, and San 
 Antonio, each 6000 in 1853 ; Washington, San 
 Augustin, Brownsville and New Braunfels. 
 
 Face of the Country, Geology, ^-c. — This 
 great state embraces every variety of sur- 
 1144 
 
 face, mountain, plain, hill, and desert, 
 within its limits. In the S. E., along the 
 coast is a level belt of land from 30 to 60 
 miles in breadth, which is succeeded by an 
 undulating and prairie country, occupying 
 another belt, of from 150 to 200 miles in 
 width, which is followed in the W. and N. 
 W. by the mountainous region and the table- 
 lands. The extreme N. is invaded by the 
 Great American desert, which extends per- 
 haps about 60 miles within the boundai'y of 
 Texas. The rivers have generally alluvial 
 bottoms of from 3 to 20 miles in width, which 
 are of great fertility, and heavily timbered. 
 The belts referred to above run across the 
 state in a direction nearly N. E. and S. W., so 
 that almost all the N. part of Eastern Texas 
 is included in the second division, or the un- 
 dulating country. Little is known of the 
 table-lands, as they are yet the home of few 
 white men except the hunters, who pursue 
 its buffaloes and other wild animals. It is, 
 however, represented as being a well-watered 
 and fertile region. A low range of moun- 
 tains, called the Colorado Hills, runs in a N. 
 and S. direction, E. of the Colorado river, in- 
 deed the whole section of the state in the 
 same parallel, between the Colorado and 
 Brazos rivers, is broken with low mountains. 
 Between the Colorado and the Rio Grande, 
 and N. of the sources of the Nueces and San 
 Antonio, the country is crossed by broken 
 ranges of mountains, running in various di- 
 rections, but of whose altitude and character 
 we have little reliable information. They 
 appear, however, to be outlying ridges of the 
 great Rocky mountain chain. 
 
 Texas abounds in minerals. Lying as she 
 does, in close proximity to the gold and silver 
 regions of Mexico and New Mexico, it is pro- 
 bable that she may develop in future rich sup- 
 plies of the precious metals. This, however, is 
 not left entirely to conjecture, as rich silver 
 mines are known to have been worked at San 
 Saba, and recent discoveries of the same 
 metal have been made upon the Bidais 
 river. In the spring of 1853 the country was 
 agitated by the report of the discovery of 
 gold mines W. of the Colorado river, and 
 between it and the San Saba mountains, and 
 N. of the Llano river, but these reports have 
 not been confirmed, at least as to its existence 
 in any considerable quantities. Iron is found 
 in various parts of the state, and salt (from 
 salt lakes and springs) is furnished in great 
 abundance ; bituminous coal, (upon the Trinity 
 and Brazos rivers,) copper, copperas, alum, 
 lime, agates, chalcedony, jasper, white and 
 red sandstone, and a white building stone, 
 similar to that in the Louvre at Paris, are 
 found in abundance. An immense bed of 
 gypsum, said to be the largest in the world, 
 extends into the N. W. of this state from In- 
 dian Territory, reaching from the Arkansas 
 river to the Rio Grande. Mineral springs 
 abound ; among the most important are the 
 
TEX 
 
 TEX 
 
 Salinilla springs, (both -white and salt sul- 
 phur,) near the Trinity river in Walker coun- 
 ty, a spring similar to White Sulphur in Vir- 
 ginia, near the Bidais river ; a blue sulphur 
 spring, also in Walker county; a mineral 
 spring near the Chile, 30 miles from Bexar, 
 formerly of great repute among the Mexi- 
 cans for its medical projDerties, and a white 
 sulphur spring near Carolina in Montgomery 
 county. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, Sounds. — The coast of Texas 
 is lined with a chain of low islands, which 
 form a series of bays, sounds, and lagoons ; 
 the most important of which are Galveston, 
 Matagorda, Espiritu, Santo, and Corpus 
 Christi bays, and Laguna del Madre. Com- 
 mencing at Galveston bay in the N. E. they 
 lie along the Gulf of Mexico in the order in 
 which they are named. Galveston bay, the 
 largest of these, extends about 35 miles in- 
 land from the Gulf of Mexico, in a direction 
 nearly N. Matagorda bay and Laguna del 
 Madre are sounds rather than bays, and run 
 nearly parallel with the shore. The inlets to 
 these are much obstructed by bars ; Galves- 
 ton inlet, the best, is said to have but 12 
 feet water, the entrance of Matgorda bay 11 
 feet, and that of San Luis but 10 feet. A 
 writer in De Bow's Resources of the South 
 and West, however, says — "Steamships of 
 1200 to 1500 tons, and sail vessels of 1000 
 tons, can enter the port of Galveston." Texas 
 is crossed by several long rivers, generally 
 rising in the table-lands of the W. and N. W., 
 and pursuing a S. E. course, discharge their 
 waters into the Gulf of Mexico. Commencing 
 with the Rio Grande, the largest river in 
 Texas, 1800 miles long, and which forms its 
 S. W. boundary, and proceeding along the 
 coast, we have the Nueces, San Antonio, 
 Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazos, Trinity, Neches, 
 and Sabine ; whose lengths in the order 
 named are about 300, 250, 275, 550, 500, 
 400, 300, and 350 miles, as estimated by 
 measurements on the map. The Red river 
 rises in the N. W. of the state, and forms a 
 large part of the N. boundary line. The 
 Canadian, a branch of the Arkansas, crosses 
 the northern projection of the state. All of 
 these are navigable to a greater or less ex- 
 tent, (depending on the wetness or dryness 
 of the season, and on local obstructions,) the 
 Sabine for about 150, the Trinity for 300, 
 the San Jacinto 50, the Brazos 150, the 
 Nueces 100, the Rio Grande 400, the Red 
 river 300 miles above the Raft, (in the N. W. 
 of Louisiana,) but owing to that obstruction, 
 for only three months in the year. The 
 Colorado is also obstructed by a raft ten 
 miles from its mouth ; but when this is re- 
 moved, which it doubtless will be ere long, 
 it will give a navigation of several hundred 
 miles. There are a number of small rivers 
 or tributaries, navigable to some extent, and 
 besides their value as channels of commerce, 
 they afford in many instances excellent sites 
 
 for mill seats. There are no known lakes of 
 importance in Texas. Sabine lake, an expan- 
 sion of the river of that name, near its mouth, 
 20 miles long, is on the boundary of Texas 
 and Louisiana. There is a salt lake near the 
 Rio Grande, from which large quantities of 
 salt are annually taken. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — There are 
 no doubt many wild scenes among the 
 hitherto but little explored mountains of 
 the W. of Texas ; but no very striking na- 
 tural objects are as yet known in this region, 
 unless it be the wide sweep of its prairies, 
 enamelled with flowers, and the deep ba- 
 rancas, caiions, or gullies, which are either 
 worn by water, or rent asunder by earth- 
 quakes, to a depth of many hundred feet, in 
 its high table-lands. Captain Marcy repre- 
 sents the Red river, near its source, as cut- 
 ting its way through the solid rock in the N. 
 of Texas, in a caiion or gorge of 800 feet in 
 depth. A fall of 120 feet in perpendicular 
 pitch is reported to have been recently dis- 
 covered in one of the branches of the Colo- 
 rado river, which falls in one unbroken sheet 
 of 100 feet in width. 
 
 Climate. — Texas seems to partake of a 
 climate free from the extremes of both the 
 torrid and temperate zones, producing in the 
 N. many of the products of the temperate, 
 and in the S. many of those of the torrid 
 zone. While it shares the genial climate of 
 Louisiana, it is freed from its unhealthy 
 swamp exhalations. The heats of summer 
 are much mitigated by the refreshing breezes 
 from the gulf, which blow with great steadi- 
 ness during that season. In November, how- 
 ever, the N. winds set in and sweep down the 
 plains, with but little variation, during the 
 months of December and January. These 
 winds have doubtless a purifying eflFect on 
 the atmosphere, by sweeping off the exhala- 
 tions of the river bottoms and the newly 
 broken soil ; the settler on the prairies of the 
 interior is thus freed from the miasma that 
 exerts usually so pestilential an influence on 
 the "clearings" of new countries and in 
 marshy districts. Ice is seldom seen in the 
 southern part; and during the summer 
 months the thermometer averages about 80°. 
 and in winter from 60° to 75°. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The soil is equally 
 favorable with the climate ; for while every 
 variety is found, from the cheerless desert 
 to the exuberantly fertile river bottoms, the 
 general character is that of great fertility. 
 Cotton, the great staple, grows well in almost 
 every part of the state, and that grown near 
 the gulf is considered equal to the celebrated 
 sea-island. Indian corn, the other great 
 staple, is also readily raised in almost every 
 part of the state. Two crops a year are 
 planted, one in February, and the other 
 about the middle of June, yielding often 75 
 bushels to the acre of shelled corn. In the 
 undulating country, wheat, rye, oats, buck- 
 1145 
 
TEX 
 
 TEX 
 
 wheat, and the other sttall grains flourish. 
 The level country is well adapted to the pro- 
 duction of sugar, though it is not yet exten- 
 sively cultivated. Tobacco, of a quality 
 claimed to be equal to that of Cuba, flourishes 
 with little care, and is doubtless destined to 
 form one of the staples of Texas. Indigo, of 
 a superior kind, is indigenous to the state. 
 Rice can be cultivated to any extent, and the 
 soil is well adapted to flax and hemp. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1850, there were in 
 Texas 639,107 acres of improved land, pro- 
 ducing 41,689 bushels of wheat; 5,926,611 
 of Indian corn; 178,883 of oats; 179,332 of 
 peas and beans; 93,548 of Irish potatoes; 
 1,323,170 of sweet potatoes ; 4776 of barley; 
 87,916 pounds of rice; 66,897 of tobacco ; 
 131,374 of wool; 23,038,400 of cotton ; 
 2,326,556 of butter; 94,619 of cheese; 
 7,351,000 of cane sugar; 380,532 of beeswax 
 and honey; 8279 tons of hay; 441,638 gal- 
 lons of molasses ; live stock, valued at 
 $10,266,880; orchard products, $12,605; 
 market products, $12,254; slaughtered ani- 
 mals,. $1,106,032; besides some rye, buck- 
 wheat, wine, grass-seeds, hops, flax, and 
 silk. The grape, mulberry, and the delicious 
 vanilla are indigenous and abundant. The 
 nopal, (famous for the production of the 
 cochineal insect,) the musquit-tree, (a spe- 
 cies of locust, very valuable for fencing and 
 building,) and the tea-tree, (a good substi- 
 tute for the Chinese shrub,) are all native to 
 Texas. Cayenne pepper is grown in vast 
 quantities. The fruits are no less abundant 
 and various than its other products : here we 
 have a peach superior to that of the North, 
 the nectarine, the quince, the fig, the plum, 
 the crab-apple, and a great variety of ber- 
 ries. Oranges, lemons, limes, and melons 
 grow well, as do all the garden vegetables. 
 Hickory, walnut, and pecan nuts are plenti- 
 ful. Shrubs and flowers are in profusion, 
 and of great beauty and variety, and many 
 of our Northern exotics and hothouse plants 
 are indigenous to Texas ; such, for example, 
 as the gaudy dahlia. Here bloom asters of 
 every variety, geraniums, lilies, trumpet 
 flowers, cardinal flowers, wax plants, mi- 
 mosas, &c. &c. In short, a Texas prairie in 
 spring is the very paradise of a botanist, or 
 indeed of any lover of the beauties of nature. 
 
 The forest-trees are live-oak, and other va- 
 rieties of that noble tree, cedar, pine, ash, wal- 
 nut, hickory, pecan, mulberry, cypress, elm, 
 and sycamore. The eastern portion and the 
 river bottoms are the most densely timbered. 
 "Cross Timbers" is a wooded section, stretch- 
 ing N. from near the sources of the Trinity, 
 across the Red, and on to the Arkansas, 
 having a probable length of 200, and a 
 breadth varying from 5 to 10 miles. The 
 limits of this forest are very abrupt, and 
 form, as it were, a wall against the further 
 progress of the prairies. 
 
 Animals. — Texas abounds in wild animals 
 1146 
 
 of different kinds. The bufi^alo still roams 
 N. of the Red river, and the wild horse or 
 mustang feeds in its undulating prairies. 
 Here, too, are deer, black bears, wolves, 
 foxes, somepecaries, racoons, opossums, rab- 
 bits, and abundance of squirrels. Among 
 the mountains of the West are found the 
 graceful antelope, the mountain goat, and 
 the moose, (the largest of the deer kind.) 
 Of the feathered tribes there are many va- 
 rieties to tempt the cupidity of the hunter, 
 such as prairie hens, wild geese, wild turkeys, 
 brant, teal, canvass-back and common duck, 
 pheasants, quails, grouse, partridges, wood- 
 cock, pigeons, turtle-doves, snipes, plovers, 
 and rice-birds. Of birds of prey are the 
 baldheaded and Mexican eagles, vultures, 
 hawks, and owls. Of waterfowl, besides 
 those mentioned above, are cranes, swans, 
 pelicans, kingfishers, and water-turkeys. Of 
 small birds, crows, blackbirds, starlings, 
 bluejays, woodpeckers, redbirds, martens, 
 swallows, and wrens. Of the birds noted for 
 beauty of plumage are the paroquet, the 
 oriole, the whippoorwill, the cardinal, and 
 the sweet-toned mocking-bird. Of fish and 
 reptiles there are also a great variety, and 
 of excellent quality ; among the former are 
 the red fish, (a delicious fish, weighing 50 
 pounds,) the yellow, white, and blue cod- 
 fish, sheepshead, mullet, flounders, perch, 
 pike, suckers, and trout ; and of the latter, 
 alligators, gareels, rattle, water, moccasin, 
 coachwhip, copperhead, chicken, and garter 
 snakes, and horned frogs and lizards. Of 
 shell-fish are crabs, oysters, clams, muscles, 
 crayfish, shrimps, and hard and soft shelled 
 turtles. Among the insects are the gadfly 
 gnat, the cantharides or Spanish fly, the 
 honey-bee, (in a wild state,) and a huge 
 spider called the tarantula. 
 
 Manufactures. — Texas, as a new state, has 
 but few manufactures ; nor till her rich and 
 beautiful prairies and fertile bottoms are 
 occupied, will capitalists be likely to turn 
 their attention much to this branch of in- 
 dustry. According to the census of 1850, 
 there were 307 manufacturing establishments 
 producing each $500 and upwards annually. 
 The homemade manufactures produced the 
 same year were valued at $265,526. There 
 were, in 1850, no cotton factories, and but 
 one woollen establishment, employing only 
 $8000 capital, and 4 male and 4 female hands, 
 and producing $15,000 worth of cloth and 
 yarn; and two furnaces, forges, &c., emploj'- 
 ing $16,000 capital, and 35 male hands, and 
 producing $55,000 worth of castings, pig 
 iron, &c. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — In so recently set- 
 tled a state, little advance can be expected to 
 have been made in this respect, beyond open- 
 ing ordinary roads ; however, Texas, young 
 as she is, has begun to turn her nttention in 
 that direction, and in January, 1853, 32 miles 
 of railway were in operation. A road is pro- 
 
TEX 
 
 TEX 
 
 jected, to be called the Texas Central rail- 
 way, and another is in course of construction 
 from Vicksburg, Mississippi, to Marshall, in 
 Texas, pei'haps to be continued to Austin. A 
 road is in contemplation from San Antonio to 
 Saluria, one from Galveston to Austin, and 
 several others. 
 
 Commerce. — This state has facilities for both 
 internal and foreign commerce. Her most 
 fertile districts are crossed by large rivers, 
 more or less navigable by steamboats and by 
 smaller boats, ■while her numerous bays form 
 harbors for transacting her foreign com- 
 merce. It is true, her rivers are obstructed 
 by sandbars and rafts in some instances ; but 
 these admit of removal. Although bars ob- 
 struct the inlets of her harbors, vessels of from 
 1000 to 1500 tons may enter the port of Galves- 
 ton. The exports of the state are principally 
 cotton. The value of exports for 1852 were 
 $713,075; of imports, $77,892: tonnage en- 
 tered, 6557 ; cleared, 7388, and owned in the 
 state, 7119|fl. In the year ending August 
 31, 1858, there had been brought to the ship- 
 ping ports of the state, 84,905 bales of cotton ; 
 an increase of 22,107 over 1852. Of this, 
 16,346 were exported to European ports. 
 
 Education. — " Primary and common schools 
 are established in the chief towns and coun- 
 ties, and education is becoming universal and 
 easily attained." (De Bow's Industrial lie- 
 sources of the South and West.) According 
 to the census, there were 356 public schools 
 in 1850, and 82 academies. There is a col- 
 lege at Euterville, liberally endowed by the 
 state. Galveston University is also in opera- 
 tion. See Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of 164 churches 
 in Texas in 1850, the Baptists owned 30 ; the 
 Episcopalians, 5 ; the Free Church, 7 ; the 
 Methodists, 88 ; the Presbyterians, 15, and 
 the Roman Catholics, 13. The remaining 
 churches were owned by the Christians, Ger- 
 man Protestants, Mormons, and the Union 
 Church — giving one church to every 1296 per- 
 sons. Value of church property, $200,530. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The state penitentiary 
 is located at Huntsville. According to the 
 census returns, there were 37 newspapers 
 published in 1850. 
 
 Government. — The executive power of Texas 
 is intrusted to a governor and lieutenant-go- 
 vernor, elected by the people, each for two 
 years, the former receiving $2000 per annum 
 salary, and the latter, who is ex officio president 
 of the senate, $3 per day during the session of 
 the legislature. The latter body is constituted, 
 as usual in the United States, of a senate, com- 
 posed of 21 members, elected for 4, and a house 
 of representatives, of 75 members, elected for 
 2 years, both chosen by popular vote. The 
 sessions of the legislature are biennial. The 
 judiciary consists — 1. Of a supreme court, 
 composed of a chief and 2 associate judges ; 
 and 2. Of district courts, held twice a year 
 in each county. All the judges of Texas are 
 
 elected by the people for 6 years, but the 
 governor can', on address from two-thirds of 
 each house, remove the judges of both courts 
 The judges of the supreme court receives 
 $2000, and the district judges, each $1750 
 per annum. The state debt of Texas in 1852 
 was $12,430,991 ; ordinary expenses, exclu- 
 sive of debt and schools, $100,000. In Janu- 
 ary, 1852, Texas had but one bank, capi- 
 tal, $300,000; circulation, $400,000; coin, 
 $200,000. 
 
 History. — The present state of Texas formed, 
 previous to the revolution of 1836, the whole 
 of the Mexican province of Texas, together 
 with portions of the States of Tamaulipas, 
 Coahuila, Chihuahua, and New Mexico. In 
 consequence of the inducements held out to 
 settlers, an extensive emigration to this 
 region from the United States commenced 
 in 1821, which had swelled to sufficient 
 amount in 1832 to induce the inhabitants to 
 demand admission as an independent member 
 of the Mexican confederacy ; which being re- 
 fused, resulted in a declaration of indepen- 
 dence, that, after various contests in arms, 
 was completely achieved, by the defeat and 
 capture of the Mexican president, Santa 
 Anna, at San Jacinto, in 1836. Up to 1845, 
 Texas remained an independent republic, 
 modelled after the governments of the United 
 States. In 1846 it was admitted a member 
 of the North American confederacy ; reserv- 
 ing the right to be divided into five states, 
 with the institution of negro slavery. Dis- 
 putes arising with Mexico as to the boundary, 
 (Mexico claiming to the Nueces, and the 
 United States to the Rio Grande del Norte,) 
 war ensued, in which General Taylor gained 
 Two battles within the limits of the pre- 
 sent state of Texas. The treaty with Mexico, 
 at the close of this war, assigned to Texas the 
 Rio Grande as its S. W. boundary. By the 
 compromise act of 1860, the boundaries of 
 Texas were somewhat modified, she conced- 
 ing to New Mexico a portion of her northern 
 territory, in consideration of $10,000,000, to 
 be paid by the United States Government. 
 
 Texas, a new county in the S. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 1250 square miles. It 
 is traversed from S. to N. by Big Piney and 
 Robidoux forks, affluents of Gasconade river, 
 and also drained by the sources of Current, 
 an affluent of the Big Black river. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and covered with extensive fo- 
 rests of yellow pine, which here grows to a 
 great size ; the soil is said to be generally 
 good. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and cattle 
 are the staples. Lumber is the principal ex- 
 port. In 1860 the county produced 112,042 
 bushels of corn ; 2848 of wheat, and 5967 of 
 oats. It contained 3 churches, and 20 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Houston. 
 Population, 2312, of whom 2270 were free, 
 and 42, slaves. 
 
 Texas, a post- village of Oswego co., New 
 York, on Salmon creek, near its entrance 
 1U7 
 
TEX 
 
 THO 
 
 into Lake Ontario, above 38 miles N. from 
 Syracuse. Produce is shipped here in steam- 
 boats. 
 
 Texas, a small village of Lancaster co.. 
 Pa., about 25 miles S. S. E. from Lancaster. 
 
 Texas, a post-office of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Texas, a township of Wayne co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Lackawasen creek, contains the 
 county seat, which is the eastern terminus of 
 the Carbondale and Honesdale railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 2843. 
 
 Texas, a post-office of Meriwether co., Ga., 
 about 14 miles N. E. from Greenville. 
 
 Texas, a village of Champaign co., Ohio, 
 on the turnpike from Urbana to Columbus. 
 
 Texas, a township in Crawford co., Ohio. 
 Population, 545. 
 
 Texas, a post-office of Henry co., Ohio. 
 
 Texas, a township in the W. part of Kala- 
 mazoo CO., Michigan, intersected by the Mi- 
 chigan Central railroad. Population, 410. 
 
 Texas, a post-office of Washington co., Ind. 
 
 Texas, a small village of Iroquois co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Iroquois river. 
 
 Texas, a post-office of Randolph co.. 111. 
 
 Texas, a small village of Washington co.,Io. 
 
 Texas Hill, a post-office of Sacramento 
 CO., California. 
 
 Texas Valley, a post-office of Cortland 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Thames river, of Connecticut, is formed by 
 the junction of the Quinebaug, Shetucket, 
 and Yantic rivers, near Norwich, in New 
 London county, and flows S. about 14 miles 
 into Long Island sound. It is navigable 
 throughout its whole length, and forms an 
 excellent harbor at its mouth. 
 
 Thatchek, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Thebes, a post-village, capital of Alexan- 
 der CO., Illinois, on the Mississippi river, 144 
 miles below St. Louis. 
 
 The Cornee, a post-office of Ulster co.,N.Y. 
 
 The Fokk, a post-office of Somerset co.,Me. 
 
 The Glades, a post-office of Carroll co.,Va. 
 
 The Glen, a post-office of Warren co., N. Y. 
 
 The Gulf, a post-office of Chatham co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 The Naekows, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Theological Seminary, a post-office of 
 Fairfax co., Virginia. 
 
 The Plains, a post-office of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 The Purchase, a post-village of Westches- 
 ter CO., New York, about 130 miles S. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Theresa, a post-village in Theresa town- 
 ship, Jefferson co., New York, on Indian river, 
 18 or 20 miles N. N. E. from Watertown. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 2342. 
 
 Theresa, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Dodge CO., Wisconsin. Population, 764. 
 
 TiiETFORi), a post-village in Orange co., 
 Vermont, on the W side of the Connecticut, 
 1148 
 
 and on the Connecticut and Passuinpsic Rivers 
 railroad, 33 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, 
 contains 1 or 2 churches and an academy. 
 Population of the township, 2016. 
 
 Thetford, a post-office of Genesee co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 The Square, a post-office of Cayuga CO., N.Y. 
 
 The Union, a post-office of Powhattan co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 The Village, a post-office of Pointe Couple 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Thibodeaux, or Thibodeauxville, tib'o- 
 do>il, a post-village, capital of La Fourclie 
 Interior parish, Louisiana, on Bayou La 
 Fourche, on the New Orleans and Opelousas 
 railroad, about 100 miles W. S. W. from New 
 Orleans. Steamers navigate the bayou from 
 this village to New Orleans. A newspaper 
 is published here. 
 
 Thickety Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 through Union district into Broad river, a 
 few miles above the mouth of Pacolet river. 
 
 Thickety Fork, a post-office of Spartan- 
 burg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Third Lake, Wisconsin. See Four Lakes. 
 
 Thivener, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 Thlonoto Creek, of Dooly co., Georgia, 
 flows westward into Flint river. 
 
 Thomas, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on Florida, contains 920 
 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of the Ochlockonee river. The sur- 
 face is level ; the soil sandy and productive. 
 Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 7667 bales of cot- 
 ton; 353,920 bushels of corn, and 146,022 of 
 sweet potatoes. There were 3 saw mills, 2 
 tanneries, and 1 woollen factory. It con- 
 tained 16 churches, 376 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 50 attending other schools. 
 It is intersected by the Brunswick and Florida 
 railroad, (unfinished.) Organized in 1825, 
 and named in honor of General Jett Thomas, 
 of Georgia. Capital, Thomasville. Popula- 
 tion, 10,103; of whom 4947 were free, and 
 5156, slaves. 
 
 Thomas' Point, on the N. side of the en- 
 trance to South river, Chesapeake bay, con- 
 tains a fixed light in a tower 30 feet high, 
 and aids vessels bound to Annapolis. 
 
 Thomaston, a post-township of- Lincoln 
 county, Maine, bounded on the W. by St. 
 George's river, 80 miles E. N. E. from Port- 
 land. It contains extensive beds of lime- 
 stone, from which a superior quality of lime 
 is manufactured and exported in large quan- 
 tities. The Maine state prison is situated in 
 this township, on the bank of the river, 
 and is enclosed by a tract of ten acres. 
 The plan of the building and system of 
 discipline are similar to those of the Auburn 
 prison. The convicts are principally em- 
 ployed in cutting granite, which is exten- 
 sively quarried on the banks of the river, a 
 few miles below. When wrought into various 
 forms for buildings, it is exported to difl'erent 
 
THO 
 
 THO 
 
 parts of the United States. The village of 
 Thomaston, situated on the E. hank of the St. 
 George's, 12 miles from the ocean, contains 2 
 banks and a newspaper office. Population 
 of the township, 2723. 
 
 Thomaston, a neat post-village, capital of 
 Upson county, Georgia, 75 miles W. by S. 
 from Milledgeville. It has a handsome brick 
 court house, 2 churches, 2 academies, and 5 
 stores. There is a cotton factory on Potato 
 creek, 1 mile from the village, which employs 
 50 operatives. Incorporated in 1825. 
 
 Thomastown, a post-village in Leake co., 
 Miss., 55 miles N. E. by N. from Jackson. 
 
 Thomasville, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Thomas county, Georgia, on the 
 Brunswick and Florida railroad, 200 miles S. 
 by W. from Milledgeville. It contains a court 
 house which is creditable to the county, and 
 a school called the Fletcher institute, under 
 the direction of the Methodists. Population, 
 about 500. 
 
 Thomasville, a post-office of Robertson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Thomasville, a village in Washington co., 
 Tennessee, 290 miles E. from Nashville. 
 
 Thomasville, a post-office of Oregon co.,Mo. 
 
 Thompson, a post-township of Windham 
 county, Connecticut, intersected by the Nor- 
 wich and Worcester railroad, and drained by 
 the Quinebaug and French rivers, which 
 furnish abundant water-power, 35 miles N. 
 by E. from Norwich. It contains several 
 manufacturing villages, the principal of which 
 are Masonsville, Fishersville, and Wilsons- 
 ville, on the Norwich and Worcester railroad, 
 and New Boston, in the N. W. corner of the 
 township. The thriving village of Thompson 
 is situated centrally on elevated ground, and 
 has communication with the above railroad. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches, several stores, 
 and a bank. Pop. of the township, 4638. 
 
 TnoMrsoN, a post-township of Sullivan co., 
 New York, contains Monticello, the county 
 seat. Population, 3198. 
 
 Thompson, a new township forming the S. 
 E. extremity of Fulton co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 672. 
 
 Thompson, a post-township of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles E. from 
 MontroBe. Population, 509. 
 
 Thompson, a post-village in Columbia co., 
 Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, about GO 
 miles N. E. -by E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Thompson, a township in Pike co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 548. 
 
 Thompson, a township in the W. part of 
 Delaware co., Ohio. Population, 732. 
 
 Thompson, a post-township in Geauga co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1211. 
 
 Thompson, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Seneca co., Ohio, intersected by 
 Mad River and Lake Erie railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1668. 
 
 Thompson's, a post-office of Fairfield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Thompson's Creek, of South Carolina, 
 rises a few miles N. W. from Chesterfield 
 Coui't House, and flowing S. E. enters Great 
 Pedee river, about 5 miles below Cheraw. 
 
 Thompson's Creek, of Mississippi, enters 
 Leaf river from the N., in Perry county. 
 
 Thompson's Creek, of Louisiana, forms 
 the boundary between East and West Felici- 
 ana parishes, and enters the Mississippi about 
 2 miles above Port Hudson. 
 
 Thompson's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Louisa CO., Virginia, 45 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Thompson's Landing, a small village of 
 Hancock co., Kentucky. 
 
 Thompson's Rivee, of Missouri Territory, 
 falls into the Missouri river in about 108° 
 20" W. Ion. 
 
 Thompson's Stand, a post-office of Suffolk 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Thompson's Store, a small village of Guil- 
 ford CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Thompsontown, a thriving post-village of 
 Juniata co., Pennsylvania, on the left bank 
 of the Juniata river, and on the Pennsylvania 
 canal, 38 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Thompsonville, a manufacturing post-vil- 
 lage of Enfield township, Hartford co., Con- 
 necticut, on Freshwater river, near its con- 
 fluence with the Connecticut, and on the New 
 Haven Hartford and Springfield railroad, 17 
 miles N. by E. from Hartford. It contains a 
 bank, and a carpet factory employing about 
 500 hands. Population in 1840, 800; in 
 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Thompsonville, a post-village of Sullivan 
 CO., New York, about 100 miles S. S. W. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Thompsonville, a small post-village of 
 Washington co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Thompsonville, a post-village of Culpep- 
 per CO., Virginia, 104 miles N. N. W. from 
 Piichmond. It has 2 churches. 
 
 Thompsonville, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Thompsonville, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Thompsonville, a post-village in Racine 
 CO., Wiscon.sin, 92 miles S. E. from Madison. 
 It contains 1 store and 2 hotels. 
 
 Thorn, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Perry cct., Ohio. Pop., 1890. 
 
 Thornapple, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Barry CO., Michigan. Population, 336. 
 
 Thornapple River, of Michigan, rises in 
 Eaton county, and flows westward through 
 Barry county, where it turns toward the N., 
 and enters Grand river in Kent county, about 
 10 miles E. from Grand rapids. Its length 
 exceeds 80 miles. 
 
 Thornbtirg, a post-village of Spottsylvania 
 CO., Virginia, on the Po river, 69 miles N. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Thornburt, a post-township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 24 miles W. from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1149 
 
THO 
 
 TIF 
 
 TiionxBUKY, a township of Delaware cc, 
 Pennsylvania, about 22 miles W. by S. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 876. 
 
 TiiORiXDiKE, a post-township in Waldo co., 
 Maine, 38 miles N. E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1029. 
 
 Thokxdikb, a post-oiEce of Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Thorn Hill, a post-office of Orange co., 
 Virginia, 92 miles N. W. from Pdchmond. 
 
 Thorn Hill, a small Tillage of Marion co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Thorn Hill, a post-office of Walker co.,Ala. 
 
 Thorn Hill, a post-office of Granger co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Thornletsville, a post-village of Boone 
 CO., Indiana, 7 miles S. E. from Lebanon. 
 
 Thornton, a post-township in Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, 54 miles N. by W. from 
 Concord. Population, 1011. 
 
 Thornton, a post-village of Cook co., Hli- 
 nois, about 25 miles S. from Chicago. 
 
 Thornton, a post-village of Delaware co., 
 Pa., 87 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Thornton's Ferry, a post-office of Hills- 
 borough CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Thornton's Mills, a post-office of Eappa- 
 hannock co., Virginia. 
 
 Thornton's River, in the N. E. part of 
 Virginia, rises from the Blue Ridge, near the 
 W. border of Rappahannock county, and 
 flowing south-eastward through Culpepper 
 county, unites with Hedgman's river, form- 
 ing the North fork of the Rappahannock. 
 
 Thorntown, a pleasant post-village of 
 Boone county, Indiana, on the Lafaj'ette and 
 Indianapolis railroad, and on Sugar creek, 
 36 miles N. W. from Indianapolis. It con- 
 tains 4 churches, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Thornville, a post- village of Perry co., 
 Ohio, about 38 miles E. by S. from Columbus. 
 
 Thoroughfare, a post-village of Prince 
 William co., Virginia, 124 miles N. from 
 Pvichmond. 
 
 Thousand Islands, of New York, are situ- 
 ated in the St. Lawrence river, near Lake 
 Ontario, and opposite Jefferson county. See 
 St. Lawrence River. 
 
 Three Forks, a post-office of Taylor co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Three Forks, a post-office of Wilson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Three Forks, a post-office of Barren co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Threemile Bay, a post-village of Jeffer- 
 son CO., New York, on a bay of Lake Ontario, 
 about 16 miles W. N. W. from AVatertown. 
 
 Three River Points, a post-office of On- 
 ondaga CO., New Yoi-k. 
 
 Three Rivers, a post-village in Hampden 
 CO., Massachusetts, on Chickopee river, and 
 the Amherst and Belchertown railroad, 65 
 miles W. S. W. from Boston. 
 
 Three Rivers, a thriving post-village of 
 Lockpcyrt township, St. Joseph county, Michi- 
 gan, on the St. Joseph's river, near the 
 1150 
 
 mouths of Portage and Stoney creeks, 86 
 miles S. W. from Lansing. The creeks fur- 
 nish extensive water-power, which is im- 
 proved. Population in 1858, about 900. 
 
 Three Rivers, a post-office of Polk co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Three Roads, a post-office of Cambria co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Three Runs, a post-office of Butler co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Three Springs, a post-office of Hunting- 
 don CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Three Springs, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Virginia. 
 
 Three Springs, a post-office of Hart co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Throg's Point Lighthouse, on the S. E. 
 point of Throg's Neck, Long Island, near Hell 
 Gate. It contains a fixed light. 
 
 Thronateeska River. See Flint River. 
 
 Throopsville, a post-village of Cayuga 
 CO., New York, on the Owasco outlet, 5 miles 
 N. N. W. from Auburn. 
 
 Thunder Bay, in the N. E. part of Michi- 
 gan, on the coast of Alpena county, is an arm 
 of Lake Huron. Length, near 13 miles, 
 greatest breadth, about 10 miles. 
 
 Thunder Bay River, of Michigan, rises in 
 the N. part of the peninsula, and flowing 
 eastward, enters the upper part of Thunder 
 bay. 
 
 Thurman, a post-office of Gallia co., Ohio. 
 
 Thurston, a new county in the W. part of 
 Washington Territory. It has been formed 
 since 1850, and, consequently, the census of 
 that year gives us no information respecting 
 it. Capital, Olympia. 
 
 Thurston, a post-office of Steuben co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Tibbatt's Cross Roads, a post-village of 
 Campbell co., Kentucky. 
 
 TiCKFAW River, of Louisiana, rises near 
 the N. border of St. Helena parish, and flows 
 southward, through Livingston parish, into 
 Lake Maurepas. 
 
 Ticonderoga, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Essex co., New York, bor- 
 dering on Lakes Champlain and George. Po- 
 pulation, 2669. 
 
 Ticonderoga, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the outlet of Lake George, about 
 95 miles N. by E. from Albany. It has a 
 steamboat landing, and contains several mills. 
 Two or three miles below this village are the 
 ruins of the old Fort Ticonderoga, on the W. 
 shore of Lake Champlain, at the entrance of 
 the above outlet. The fort was surprised by 
 Colonel Ethan Allen, in the Revolutionary 
 war. 
 
 TiDiouTE, a post-village of Warren co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany river, 20 
 miles below Warren. 
 
 Tiffin, a township in the S. part of Adams 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1523. 
 
 Tiffin, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Defiance co., Ohio. Population, 709. 
 
TIF 
 
 TIO 
 
 Tiffin, a thriving town of Clinton town- 
 ship, capital of Seneca county, Ohio, on the 
 E. bank of Sandusky river, and at the junc- 
 tion of the Mad River and Lake Erie railroad 
 with the Sandusky and Indiana railroad, 180 
 miles N. N. E. from Cincinnati, and 33 miles 
 S. W. from Sandusky city. It is situated 
 on level ground, and is compactly built. 
 Besides the county buildings, it contains 8 
 churches, 1 bank, and 1 iron foundry. Four 
 newspapers are published here. TifEn is 
 surrounded by a rich and well cultivated dis- 
 trict. Laid out in 1821. Population, in 
 1853, about 4000. 
 
 Tiffin's River, of Michigan and Ohio, rises 
 in the former state, and flowing southward 
 into Ohio, enters the Maumee at Defiance. It 
 is sometimes called Bean creek. 
 
 Tiger, a post-ofiice of Rabun co., Georgia. 
 
 Tiger Creek, a post-office of Claiborne 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Tiger River, of South Carolina, a small 
 stream rising in Greenville district, near the 
 N. W. frontier of the state: it flows south- 
 eastward, and enters Broad river at the S. E. 
 extremity of Union district. 
 
 TiGERViLLE, a small post-village of Terre 
 Bonne parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Black. 
 It has a steamboat landing, and is a shipping 
 point for the parish. 
 
 Tiller's Ferry, a post-office of Kershaw 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 TiLTON, a post-office of Murray co., Ga. 
 
 TiLTONsviLLE, a village of Jefl'erson co., 
 0., about 16 miles S. by W. from Steubenville. 
 
 Timbalier Bay, of Louisiana, situated at 
 the mouth of Bayou La Fourche, is partially 
 separated from the Gulf of Mexico by long 
 and narrow islands. 
 
 Timber, a post-village of Peoria co., Illi- 
 nois, about 15 miles W. S. W. from Peoria. 
 
 Timber Creek, a post-office of Hunt co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Timber Creek, a post-village in Marshall 
 CO., Iowa, on a small creek of its own name, 
 about 80 miles W. N. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Timber Grove, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Timber Ridge, a post-office of Rockbridge 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Timber Ridge, a post-village of Union dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Timber Ridge, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Timberville, a post-village in Rocking- 
 ham CO., Virginia, about 150 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Tinicum, a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the Delaware 
 river, about 13 miles N. by E. from Doyles- 
 town. Population, 2407. 
 
 Tiuicum, a township of Delaware co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the Delaware 
 river, about 11 miles S. W. by S. from Phila- 
 delphia, intersected by the Philadelphia, Wil- 
 mington and Baltimore railroad. Pop., 178. 
 
 Tinicum Island, a small island in the 
 Delaware river, belonging to the above town- 
 ship. 
 
 Tinker Knob, apost-office of Botetourt co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Tinker Rdn, a post-office cf Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tinker's Creek, of Ohio, flows into the 
 Cuyahoga river about 12 miles from Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 Tinker's Creek, a post-office of Barnwell 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Tinmouth, a post-township in Rutland co., 
 Vermont, 70 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 717. 
 
 Tinney's Gro^^t:, a post-office of Ray co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 TiNTON Falls, a post-village of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey, on a branch of Nevisink 
 river, 48 miles E. from Trenton, contains a 
 church, a furnace, 2 stores, 2 grist mills and 
 about 25 dwellings. 
 
 Tioga river, rises in the N. part of Penn ■ 
 sylvania, and flowing in a northerly direction, 
 unites with the Conbocton river, to form the 
 Chemung, in Steuben county, New York. 
 
 Tioga, a county in the S. part of New 
 York, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an 
 area of about 480 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the North branch of the Susque- 
 hanna river, and is drained by Owego and 
 Cayuta creeks, and some smaller streams, 
 which furnish abundant water-power. The 
 surface is hilly, uneven, and sometimes moun- 
 tainous. The soil is generally good, and a 
 large portion is excellent farming land. 
 Wheat, oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 121,891 bushels of wheat; 286,061 of oats; 
 137,344 of potatoes ; 39,524 tons of hay, and 
 856,140 pounds of butter. There were 16 
 flour and grist mills, 160 saw mills, 3 woollen 
 factories, 4 carding and fulling mills, 2 iron 
 foundries, 2 machine shops, and 10 tanneries. 
 It contained 30 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 
 8647 pupils attending public schools, and 248 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 North branch of the Susquehanna is navi- 
 gable through this county, and large quan- 
 tities of lumber are annually rafted down it. 
 The New York and Erie railroad traverses 
 the county, and the Cayuga and Susque- 
 hanna railroad terminates at Owego, the 
 capital. Population, 24,880. 
 
 Tioga, a county in the N. part of Penn- 
 sylvania, bordering on New York, has an 
 area of about 1100 square miles. It is 
 drained by the sources of the Tioga river, 
 from which the name is derived, and by Pine 
 and Cowanesqiie creeks. The surface is un- 
 even and hilly, and extensively covered with 
 forests. The water-courses flow in deep 
 channels, bounded by steep acclivities. The 
 soil is mostly of slate and sandstone forma- 
 tion, and is better adapted for pasturage 
 than tillage. Pine lumber, cattle, the dif- 
 1161 
 
TIO 
 
 TIP 
 
 ferent kinds of gi'ain, potashes, and maple 
 sugar are the chief exports. In 1850 this 
 county produced 147,140 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 141,896 of wheat; 300,017 of oats; 
 158,289 of potatoes; 37,614 tons of hay; 
 724,281 pounds of butter, and 202,851 of 
 maple sugar. There were 102 saw mills, 2 
 coal mines, 1 iron mine, 18 flour and grist 
 mills, 3 wool-carding mills, 2 iron foundries, 
 1 furnace, 3 woollen factories, and 12 tan- 
 neries. It contained 22 churches, 4 news- 
 paper ofiices, 6278 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 160 attending academies or 
 other schools. Extensive mines of bitumi- 
 nous coal are worked near Blossburg, in the 
 S. E. part. The creeks afford valuable motive- 
 power. The county is partly traversed by 
 the Corning and Blossburg railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1804. Capital, Wellsborough. 
 Population, 23,987. 
 
 Tioga, a post-village of Tioga county, 
 New York, on the Susquehanna river, below 
 Owego, near the New York and Erie railroad, 
 252 miles from New York city. There are 
 several manufactories in its vicinity. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2839. 
 
 Tioga, a post-township of Tioga co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by the Blossburg and 
 Corning railroad, about 15 miles south from 
 Corning. Population, 1157. 
 
 Tioga, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the river of its own name, at the 
 mouth of Crooked creek, and on the Corning 
 and Blossburg railroad, about 150 miles N. 
 by VV. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Tioga Centre, a post-village of Tioga 
 township and county, on the Susquehanna 
 river and the Erie railroad, 5 miles S. W. 
 from Owego. 
 
 TiONESTA, a new township in the N. part of 
 Forest co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 106. 
 
 TiONESTA, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Venango co., Pennsylvania, 
 intersected by the Alleghany river. Popu- 
 lation, 1185. See Teonista. 
 
 TiouGHNiOGA (pronounced te-6n'ne-au'ga) 
 river, in the central part of New York, rises 
 in Madison county, and flowing in a southerly 
 course through Cortland and Chenango coun- 
 ties, enters the Chenango river at Chenango 
 Forks, in Broome county. 
 
 Tippah, a county in the N. part of Missis- 
 sippi, bordering on Tennessee, has an area 
 of about 1050 square miles. The Wolf and 
 Tallahatchie rivers, and Tippah creek, rise 
 in the county ; and the Hatchie river washes 
 nearly the whole of the E. border. The sur- 
 face is agreeably diversified with small eleva- 
 tions ; the soil is fertile, especially along the 
 river bottoms. Indian corn, cotton, cattle 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 865,131 bushels of corn; 
 83,440 of oats ; 125,675 of sweet potatoes, 
 and 12,098 bales of cotton. It contained 30 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 202 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 257 attending 
 1152 
 
 academies or other schools. The rivers 
 afford valuable motive-power, which is used 
 in flouring mills. The route of the Memphis 
 and Charleston railroad passes through the 
 county. This part of the state was ceded by 
 the Chickasaw Indians to the whites, and 
 divided into counties in 1836, since which it 
 has been settled rapidly, and this county is 
 now among the most populous in the state. 
 Capital, Ripley. Population, 20,741; of whom 
 15,813 were free, and 4928, slaves. 
 
 Tippah Creek, of Mississippi, rises in Tip- 
 pah county, and flowing south-westward, en- 
 ters the Tallahatchie river, at Milton, in La- 
 fayette county. 
 
 Tippecanoe river, Indiana, rises in a lake 
 of the same name in Kosciusko county, and 
 enters the Wabash river, 9 miles above 
 Lafayette, after a very tortuous course of 
 about 200 miles. Its general direction is 
 south-westward. For more than 100 miles 
 from its mouth the stream is 60 feet wide 
 and 3 feet deep at all seasons. The abori- 
 ginal name is Keth-tip-pe-ce-nunk. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Indiana, contains about 500 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Wabash and Tippecanoe 
 rivers, from the latter of which it derives its 
 name. The surface is nearly level, excepting 
 numerous hiUs which occur along the rivers. 
 About half of the county is occupied by 
 prairies, which have a rich, black soil, 2 or 3 
 feet deep, with a substratum of clay. Some 
 of them are beautifully undulating. The 
 staples are wheat, Indian corn, oats, hemp, 
 pork, wool, cattle, and horses. In 1850 this 
 county yielded 1,833,311 bushels of corn; 
 68,259 of wheat; 95,038 of oats, and 687U 
 tons of hay. The quantity of corn was the 
 greatest produced by any county in the state. 
 It contained 32 churches, 5 newspaper offices, 
 2042 pupils attending public schools, and 
 489 attending academies or other schools. 
 The public improvements are the Wabash 
 and Erie canal, the Lafayette and Indian- 
 apolis, the New Albany and Salem, the Lake 
 Erie Wabash and St. Louis, and the Lafayette 
 and Warsaw railroads, the last two being un- 
 finished. Capital, Lafayette. Pop., 19,377. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a post-office of Fayette co.. Pa. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a post-office of Henderson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a post-office of Ohio co., Ky. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a post-village of Harrison co., 
 Ohio, on Stillwater creek, 17 miles W. from 
 Cadiz. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a township in Carroll co., In- 
 diana. Population, 657. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a township in Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana. Population, 620. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a small village of Marshall 
 CO., Indiana, 15 miles S. E. from Plymouth. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a township in Pulaski co., In- 
 diana. Population, 412. 
 
 Tippecanoe, a post-township in Tippecanoe 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1273. 
 
TIP 
 
 TIV 
 
 Tipton, a county in the W. S. W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on the Mississippi river: 
 area estimated at 370 square miles. The 
 Hatchee river, navigable by steamboats, 
 forms its entire N. boundary. The surface is 
 level, the soil productive. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 there were raised 439,785 bushels of corn; 
 43,429 of potatoes ; 6611 bales of cotton, and 
 84,756 pounds of butter were made. It con- 
 tained 13 churches, and 295 pupils attending 
 public schools. Capital, Covington. Popu- 
 lation, 8887 ; of whom 4695 were free, and 
 4192, slaves. 
 
 Tipton, a county in the N. central part of 
 Indiana, contains 280 square miles. It is 
 drained by Cicero and Buck creeks. The 
 surface is level, and the soil fertile. The 
 staples are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and 
 grass. In 1850 this county produced 151,961 
 bushels of corn; 8487 of wheat; 7715 of 
 oats, and 913 tons of hay. It contained 1 
 church, and 264 pupils attending public 
 schools. This county, which formed part of 
 the Miami Reservation, was organized in 
 1844, and is settling rapidly. It is traversed 
 by the Peru and Indianapolis, and by the Chi- 
 cago and Cincinnati railroads. The name was 
 given in honor of General John Tipton, United 
 States senator from Indiana. Capital, Tipton. 
 Population, 3532. 
 
 Tipton, a post-office of Lenawee co., Mich. 
 
 Tipton, a township in Cass co., Indiana. 
 Population, 2883. 
 
 Tipton, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Tipton county, Indiana, on a branch of Cicero 
 creek, and on the Peru and Indianapolis rail- 
 road, 40 miles N. from Indianapolis. Laid 
 out in 1845. Population in 1850, 197. 
 
 Tipton, a post-village, capital of Cedar 
 county, Iowa, 25 miles E. N. E. from Iowa 
 City. It is pleasantly situated on an undu- 
 lating upland prairie, having groves of 
 timber in the vicinity. Tipton is a place of 
 active business, containing 6 stores, and 1 
 steam mill. Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 TiPTONSPORT, a small village of Carroll co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river, 6 miles above 
 Delphi. 
 
 Tirade, a post-office of Walworth co.jWis. 
 
 Tiro, a post-office of Marshall co., Miss. 
 
 Tiro, a post-office of Crawford co., Ohio. 
 
 Tiro, a small village of Richland co., Ohio. 
 
 TiSHEMiNGO, a county forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Mississippi, bordering on Ten- 
 nessee and Alabama, has an area of about 
 1400 square miles. The Tombigbee river 
 rises in the county, the Tennessee flows 
 along its N. E. border, and it is drained by 
 Tuscumbia creek. The surface is diversified 
 by small hills ; the soil is fertile, especially 
 in the valleys, and generally has a substratum 
 of sand. Indian corn, and cotton are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 526,769 bushels of corn; 50,704 of oats; 
 73,990 of sweet potatoes, and 3945 bales of 
 3x 
 
 cotton. It contained 47 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and 490 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. A large part of the county 
 is covered with forests of the oak, hickory, 
 walnut, and pine. The head stream of Tom- 
 bigbee river furnishes valuable motive-power. 
 The route of the Mobile and Ohio railroad 
 intersects the Memphis and Charleston rail- 
 road at .Jacinto, the capital. Organized in 
 1836. Population, 15,490; of whom 13,629 
 were free, and 1961, slaves. 
 
 TisBURY, a township in Duke's co., Massa- 
 chusetts, on Martha's Vineyard, about 70 
 miles S. E. by S. from Boston. Pop., 1803. 
 
 TxsKiLWA, a post-village of Bureau co., 
 Illinois, about 45 miles N. by E. from Peoria. 
 
 TiTTiBAWASSEE Hver, of Michigan, rises in 
 the N. central part of the state, and flowing 
 south-eastward, falls into the Saginaw river, 
 (of which it is the largest affluent.) 2 or 3 
 miles above Saginaw City. It is navigable 
 for boats, perhaps 70 or 80 miles, and flows 
 through a region which is covered with 
 dense forests. 
 
 TiTTiBAWASSEE, a townsliip in the N. W. 
 part of Saginaw co., Michigan. Pop., 341. 
 
 TiTswoRTH, a post-office of Madison co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 TiTUROT, a post-office of Greenville district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Titus, a county in the N. E. part of Texas, 
 contains about 1100 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the Sulphur fork of 
 Red river, on the S. by Big Cypress bayou, 
 and is drained by White oak bayou. The 
 surface is diversified by prairies and forests 
 of good timber ; the soil is highly produc- 
 tive. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and cat- 
 tle are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 292 bales of cotton; 66,000 bushels 
 of corn ; 8088 of oats, and 39,175 pounds of 
 butter. There were 4 churches, 50 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 128 attending 
 academies or other schools. Titus county 
 was established in 1846, and is settling ra- 
 pidly. Named in honor of James Titus, of 
 Texas, a prominent man in his section of the 
 state. Capital, Mount Pleasant. Popula- 
 tion, 3536; of whom 3169 were free, and 
 467, slaves. 
 
 TiTusviLLE, a post-village of Mercer co., 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware, 10 miles above 
 Trenton, has a church, and 10 or 12 dwellings. 
 
 TiTUSViLLE, a thriving post-borough of 
 Crawford county, Pennsylvania, on Oil creek, 
 28 miles E. from Meadville. It is well sup- 
 plied with water-power, and has an active 
 trade. Population in 1850. 243. 
 
 Tiverton, a manufacturing post-village in 
 Newport co., Rhode Island, near Narraganset 
 bay, 18 miles S. E. by S. from Providence, 
 contains a bank. Pop. of the township, 4699. 
 
 Tiverton, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Coshocton co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by Walhonding river. Pop., 842. 
 
 Tiverton Four Corners, a post-village of 
 1153 
 
TIV 
 
 TOL 
 
 Newport co., Rhode Island, 28 miles S. E. 
 from Providence. 
 
 TivoLi, a post-village of Dutchess county, 
 New York, on the Hudson river, and on the 
 railroad of that name, 100 miles N. from New 
 York. It has a ferry across the river, and 
 contains several mills. 
 
 TivoLi, a post-village in Dubuque co., 
 Iowa, 20 miles W. by N. from Dubuque. 
 
 Tobacco Poet, a post-village of Stewart 
 CO., Tennessee, on Cumberland river, 85 miles 
 W. N. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Tobacco Row, a post-office of Amherst co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Tobacco Stick, a post-office of Dorchester 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 ToBEsoFKA Creek. See Chupee. 
 
 Tobin, a township in Perry co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1725. 
 
 ToBiNSPORT, a village of Perry co., Indi- 
 ana, on the Ohio river, 11 miles below Rome. 
 
 Toboyne, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Perry co., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 707. 
 
 Toby, a township of Clarion co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 12 miles W. S. W. from Clarion. 
 Population, 2234. 
 
 ToBYHANNA creok, of Monroe co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Lehigh river. 
 
 ToBYHANNA, a towuship of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 16 miles W. by N. from 
 Stroudsburg. Population, 550. 
 
 Toby's Rivek, of Pa. See Clarion River. 
 
 ToccoA Falls, a post-office of Habersham 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 ToccopoLA, a post-village of Pontotoc co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 TocHocuNO Creek. See Echaconnee. 
 
 Tocoa, a small river of Georgia and Ten- 
 nessee, rises in Union county of the former, 
 and flowing N. W. through Polk county of 
 Tennessee, enters the Hiawassee. It is some- 
 times called the Aquokee. 
 
 Tocoa, a post-office of Gilmer co., Ga., 16 
 miles N. E. from EUijay, the county town. 
 
 Todd, a county in the S. W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee, contains 
 about 350 square miies. It is drained by 
 Pond river, and by Elk, Whippoorwill, and 
 Clifty creeks. The surface is generally un- 
 dulating or hilly ; the soil in some parts is 
 of limestone formation, and is fertile. Indian 
 corn, oats, tobacco, and live stock are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 803,941 bushels 
 of corn; 203,027 of oats, and 3,739,685 
 pounds of tobacco. It contained 21 churches, 
 409 pupils attending public schools, and 115 
 attending other schools. Stone coal abounds 
 in the county. A railroad is projected from 
 Nashville to Elkton, the county seat. Named 
 in honor of Colonel John Todd, of Kentucky. 
 Population, 12,268, of whom 7458 were free, 
 and 4810, slaves. 
 
 Todd, a post-township of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 22 miles S. by W. from 
 Huntingdon. Population, 1222. 
 1154 
 
 Todd, a township in Crawford co., Ohio. 
 Population, 578. 
 
 Todd's, a post-office of Spottsylvania co. Va. 
 
 Todd's Creek, of Ohio, rises in Clinton co., 
 and enters the Little Miami in AVarren co. 
 
 Toddsvillb, apost-office of Otsego co., N.Y. 
 
 Togas Springs, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 ToHicKON Creek, of Bucks co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Delaware. 
 
 Toland's Prairie, a post- village in Erie 
 township, Washington co., Wisconsin, 50 
 miles E. by N. from Madison. 
 
 Toledo, a city and port of entry of Lucas 
 county, Ohio, on the left bank of the Maumee 
 river, 4 miles from its mouth, 134 miles N. 
 N. W. from Columbus, and 66 miles S. S. W. 
 from Detroit. Lat. 41° 39' 80" N., Ion. 88° 
 32' W. It is the terminus of the Wabash and 
 Erie canal, the longest in the Union, and is 
 one of the most flourishing and important 
 entrepots in the commerce of the great lakes. 
 The river flows through Maumee bay into 
 the W. end of Lake Erie, and' forms an excel- 
 lent harbor, which admits the largest class 
 of steamboats. Toledo is connected by rail- 
 road with Chicago on the one hand, and with 
 Cleveland, Bu3"alo, &c., on the other. It is 
 one of the principal thoroughfares of the 
 emigration passing from New York to the 
 Western States. It communicates daily by 
 steamboat with Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, 
 &c. The number of steamboat arrivals in 
 1852 was 926, and of sail vessels, 1127 — 
 total, 2053. The Wabash and Erie canal, 
 completed in 1852, extends to the Ohio river 
 at Evansville, and attracts an immense trade 
 to this port. Grain, flour, and pork are the 
 chief articles of export. It appears that 
 more grain and flour is received at this 
 port than at any other on the lakes. The 
 receipts of wheat in 1852 were 2,812,616 
 bushels; of corn, 4,107,839 bushels ; besides 
 383,877 barrels of flour. The value of im- 
 ports in 1852 was $37,565,029, and of ex- 
 ports, $19,738,923. It contains 8 churches, 
 3 banks, and 5 or 6 newspaper offices. Two 
 daily papers are published here. The rail- 
 roads which meet at this place are the 
 Cleveland Norwalk and Toledo, the Erie and 
 Kalamazoo, and the Dayton and Michigan. 
 Several others are in progress, viz. the Air- 
 line to Chicago, the Toledo and Illinois, ex- 
 tending to Danville, the Jackson branch of 
 the Michigan Southern, and the Junction 
 road to Cleveland. Toledo extends along the 
 river more than a mile, and has two princi- 
 pal centres of business, called the upper and 
 hiwer landings. The upper presents a fine 
 view of the harbor and river for a distance 
 of several miles. There were originally two 
 distinct settlements, called Port Lawrence 
 and Vistula. Within a few years nearly 
 $100,000 have been expended in grading the 
 streets, and in other permanent improve- 
 ments. It was incorporated as a city in 1836 
 
TOL 
 
 TOM 
 
 Population in 1840, 1322; in 1850, 8829; 
 and on January 1, 1853, it amounted to 6412. 
 
 Toledo, a post-village of Union co., Illi- 
 nois, 144 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Toler's, a post-office of Amite co., Miss. 
 
 ToLERSviLLE, a post-viUage in Louisa co., 
 Virginia, on the Virginia Central railroad, 
 45 miles N. W. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 ToLESBORonGH,a post-office of Lewis CO., Ky. 
 
 Tolland, a county in the N. N. E. part of 
 Connecticut, has an area of about 440 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Willimantic and 
 Hop rivers, and other smaller streams, which 
 furnish valuable water-power. The surface 
 in the W. part is level or slightly uneven, 
 and the soil fertile ; while in the eastern j)or- 
 tions the surface is hilly and mountainous, 
 and the soil of inferior quality. The E. part 
 is generally well wooded. Indian corn, oats, 
 potatoes, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 127,873 bushels of 
 corn; 81,429 of oats; 204,353 of potatoes; 
 88,992 tons of hay; 381,165 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 264,698 of cheese. There were 14 
 cotton, 19 woollen factories, 1 calico-print- 
 ing works, 5 foundries, 1 glass, 3 hardware, 
 and 38 hat and cap manufactories, 8 ma- 
 chine shops, 7 grist, 4 paper, and 4 saw and 
 planing mills, 9 sewing silk, and 2 thread 
 manufactories, and 9 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 41 churches, 4346 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 35 attending an academy. 
 The New London Willimantic and Palmer, 
 and the Hartford Providence and Fishkill 
 railroads traverse this county. Organized in 
 1786, having been formed from portions of 
 Hartford and Windham counties. Capital, 
 Tolland. Population, 20,091. 
 
 Tolland, a post-township in Hampden co., 
 Massachusetts, 112 miles W. S. W. from Bos- 
 ton. Population, 594. 
 
 Tolland, a post-village and seat of justice 
 of Tolland county, Connecticut, near the 
 New London AVillimantic and Palmer rail- 
 road, 45 miles N. N. W. from New London. 
 It is pleasantly situated on an elevated plain, 
 and contains, besides the county buildings, 
 churches of the Congregational, Baptist, and 
 Methodist denominations, a bank, a savings' 
 institution, and an insurance company. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1410. 
 
 Toll Gate, a post-office of Marion co., Ala. 
 
 Toll's Creek, a small stream of Yuba co., 
 towards the N. part of California, flows into 
 Indiana creek, about 1 mile from its mouth. 
 Gold is found on this stream. 
 
 Tomahawk, a post-township in Searcy co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 296. 
 
 Tomahawk Spring, a post-office of Berke- 
 ley CO., Virginia. 
 
 Tombigbee, or Tombeckbee, a river of 
 Mississippi and Alabama, rises in Tishemingo 
 county, which forms the N. E. extremity of 
 Mississippi, and flows southward to Colum- 
 bus. It then inclines to the E., and passing 
 into Alabama, its general direction is S. S. 
 
 E., until it is joined by the Black Warrior at 
 Demopolis. Below this point it flows nearly 
 southward, and passing through fertile, allu- 
 vial plains and savannas, which are mostly 
 occupied by plantations of cotton, it unites 
 with the Alabama about 45 miles above Mo- 
 bile. The river thus formed is called the 
 Mobile. The length of the Tombigbee is esti- 
 mated at 450 miles. The largest towns on 
 its banks are Aberdeen, Columbus, Pickens- 
 ville, Gainesville, and Demopolis. It is navi- 
 gable for large steamboats to Columbus, 
 which is about 366 miles from the mouth of 
 Mobile river, and smaller boats can ascend 
 40 or 50 miles farther to Aberdeen. It is 
 familiarly called Bigbee river. 
 
 Tombs' Run, a post-office of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tome, a village of New Mexico, on the left 
 bank of the Rio del Norte, about 75 miles S. 
 W. from Santa Fe. 
 
 Tomhannock, a post-village of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York, 15 miles N. N. E. from Troy. 
 
 Tomlinsonville, a small village of Scott 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 ToMOKA creek, of Ohio, flows into the Mus- 
 kingum river at Dresden. 
 
 ToMOTLA, a post-office of Cherokee co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Tompkins, a county near the centre of New 
 York, has an area of about 550 square miles. 
 It is partly bounded on the W. by Seneca 
 lake ; Cayuga lake extends nearly to its 
 centre, and it is drained by Fall creek and 
 several smaller streams, afibrding abundant 
 water-power. The surface is undulating, 
 and in some parts hilly. The soil is fertile, 
 and under good cultivation. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 421,302 bushels 
 of wheat; 340,612 of corn; 686,257 of oats; 
 67,981 tons of hay, and 1,635,789 pounds of 
 butter. There were 39 flour and grist mills, 
 143 saw mills, 2 leather dressers, 5 woollen 
 factories, 4 coach factories, 9 iron foundries, 
 1 paper mill, and 21 tanneries. It contained 
 77 churches, 3 newspaper offices; 13,103 
 pupils attending public schools, and 460 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. By 
 means of Cayuga and Seneca lakes this 
 county has a water communication with the 
 Erie canal. The Cayuga and Susquehanna 
 railroad connects with the Lake Ontario 
 Auburn and Ithaca railroad at Ithaca. Or- 
 ganized in 1817, having been formed from 
 portions of Cayuga and Seneca counties, and 
 named in honor of Daniel D. Tompkins, 
 governor of New York. Capital, Ithaca. 
 Population, 38,746. 
 
 Tompkins, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Delaware co.. New York, on the Coquago 
 river. The Erie railroad passes through it. 
 Population, 3022. 
 
 Tompkins, a post-office of Hamilton co., 0. 
 
 Tompkins, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Jackson co., Mich. Population, 623- 
 1155 
 
TON 
 
 TOR 
 
 Tompkins, a post-Tillage of Jackson co., 
 Michigan, 90 miles W. from Detroit. 
 
 ToMPKiNsviLiE, a post-village in Castleton 
 township, Richmond county, New York, on 
 New York harbor, and on the N. E. side of 
 Staten Island, 6 miles S. by W. from New 
 York. It contains a marine hospital belong- 
 ing to the United States, and the quarantine 
 buildings. 
 
 ToMPKiNSViLLE, a post-ofEce of Choctaw 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 ToMPKiNsviLLE, a Small village of Cumber- 
 land CO., Kentucky. 
 
 ToMPKiNsviLLE, a post-village, capital of 
 Monroe co., Kentucky, 140 miles S. S. W. 
 from Frankfort, and about 10 miles from 
 Cumberland river. It has a court house, 2 
 churches, and near 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Tom's Brook, a post-office of Shenandoah 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Tom's Ceeek, a post-village of Surry co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Tom's Creek, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Tom's River, in the eastern part of New 
 Jersey, rises in Monmouth county, and flows 
 south-eastward through Ocean county, into 
 Barnegat bay. Sloops ascend to the village 
 of Ton.'s River, about 10 miles. A creek 
 called the South branch unites with the main 
 stream, 10 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Tom's River, a post- village, capital of 
 Ocean county. New Jersey, on the river of 
 the same name, at the head of navigation, 
 about 40 miles S. E. from Trenton. It con- 
 tains a brick court house, 2 churches, a 
 bank, 2 large hotels, 7 stores, and 1 or 2 
 newspaper offices. A bridge crosses the 
 river here. About 25 sloops loaded with 
 firewood and lumber ply to New York. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 800. 
 
 ToMSTOWN, a village of Franklin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 15 miles S. E. from Chambersburg. 
 It has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 ToMSViLLE, a post-village in Chester dis- 
 trict, S. C, 74 miles N. from Columbia. 
 
 ToNAWANDA, or ToNEWANTO creck, in the 
 western part of New York, after forming the 
 boundary between Erie and Niagara counties, 
 falls into Niagara river, about 12 miles N. 
 of Buffalo. The Erie canal enters this creek, 
 10 miles above its mouth, and leaves it again 
 about 100 rods from Niagara river. 
 
 ToNAWANDA, a port and post-village of 
 Tonawanda township, Erie county. New York, 
 at the intersection of Tonawanda creek with 
 the Niagara river, opposite Grand island, 
 and on the Erie canal, where it is crossed by 
 the Buffalo and Niagara Falls railroad, 12 
 miles N. from Buffalo. It is a place of con- 
 siderable business importance, and contains 
 8 or 10 spacious warehouses, recently erected, 
 6 or 7 stores, and 2 churches. Many of the 
 lake craft deposit their cargoes here, to be 
 forwarded by the canal. Among the articles 
 received at this port by lake in 1852, were 
 1156 
 
 flour, 188, 523 barrels; wheat, 235,888 bushels; 
 corn, 237,720bushels; lumber, 4,310,000feet; 
 staves, 4,077,000. The total value of pro- 
 perty arriving at Tonawanda, for the year 
 ending December 31, 1852, was $1,988,079. 
 Population, about 1000. 
 
 ToNEON, a village in the interior of the 
 Territory of New Mexico, nearly S. from 
 Santa Fe, from which it is about 70 miles 
 distant. 
 
 ToNGtiE Riveb, of Missouri Territory, rises 
 in lat. about 42° 30' N., Ion. 106° 30' W., 
 flowing at first N. E. and then nearly N. it 
 falls into the Yellowstone river, after a course 
 of about 300 miles. 
 
 Tooele, a county in the W. part of Utah 
 Territory, has an area estimated at above 
 12,000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N. E. by the Great Salt lake, and is drained 
 by Humboldt or Mary's river, with a number 
 of smaller streams. Several lakes, of which 
 Pyramid lake is the most remarkable, are 
 included within its limits. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 730 bushels of wheat, and 335 of pota- 
 toes. Capital, undetermined. Pop., 152. 
 
 Tooele, a post-office of Tooele co., Utah 
 Territory. 
 
 Tooley's, a post-office of Concordia parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 TooLSBOROUGH, a post-villagc of Louisa 
 CO., Iowa, on the Iowa river, about 2 miles 
 from its mouth, and 8 miles S. E. from Wa- 
 pello. It has several stores. 
 
 Toombs, a post-office of Richmond co., Ga. 
 
 TooMSBOROUGH, a post-office of Wilkinson 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Topsail Sound, a post-office of New Han- 
 over CO., North Carolina. 
 
 TopsFiELD, a post-township in Washington 
 CO., Maine, 132 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 268. 
 
 TopsFiELT), a post-village of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, about 20 miles N. E. by N. 
 from Boston, contains 1 or 2 churches and 
 an academy. Population, 1170. 
 
 TopsHAM, a post-village, one of the capitals 
 of Lincoln co., Maine, on the Kennebec and 
 Portland railroad, where it crosses Andros- 
 coggin river, 32 miles S. by W. from Augusta, 
 contains 1 bank. Pop. of township, 2010. 
 
 TopsHAM, a post-township in Orange co., 
 Vei'mont, 20 miles S. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1618. 
 
 ToRAH, a post-office of Linn co., Iowa. 
 
 Torbit's Store, a post-office of Chester 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Torch, a post-office of Athens co., Ohio. 
 
 ToRO, a post-office of Sabine parish. La. 
 
 Toronto, a post-village of Vermilion oo., 
 Indiana. It has an iron foundry. 
 
 ToRRESDALE, a Village of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware river, 14 miles 
 above Philadelphia. Here is a station on the 
 Philadelphia and Trenton railroad. 
 
 ToERiNGFORi), a post-village in Litchfield 
 CO., Conn., 25 miles Vf. by N. from Hartford. 
 
TOR 
 
 TRA 
 
 ToRRiNGTON, a post-township of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut, about 22 miles N. W. by W. 
 from Hartford ; intersected by the Nauga- 
 tuck railroad. Population, 1916. 
 
 Totton's Wells, a post-office of Obion co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 ToTTONviLLE, a post-office of Eichmond co., 
 New York. 
 
 Totty's Bend, apost-offiee of Hickman co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Toulon, a post-village, capital of Stark co,, 
 Illinois, about 35 miles N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 Toussaint Creek, of Ohio, flows through 
 Ottawa county into Lake Erie. 
 
 Towaliga creek, of Georgia, rises in Hen- 
 ry CO., and flowing S. E., enters the Ocmul- 
 gee about 12 miles N. E. from Forsyth. It 
 furnishes excellent water-power in Monroe 
 county. 
 
 Towaliga, a post-office of Butts co., Ga. 
 
 TowAMENSiNG, a towDship in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part of Montgomery co., Pennsylvania, 
 on Towamensiug creek, an afiluent of Skip- 
 pack creek. Population, 904. 
 
 TowANDA creek, of Pennsylvania, joins the 
 N. Branch of the Susquehanna near the 
 borough of Towanda. 
 
 TowANDA, a post-borough in Towanda 
 township, and capital of Bradford county, 
 Pennsylvania, is situated on the right bank 
 of the North branch of the Susquehanna, 
 near the mouth of Towanda creek, about 120 
 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. The North 
 Branch canal passes through it. The houses 
 are mostly of wood, and painted white. The 
 town has an academy, several churches, a 
 bank, and 3 newspaper offices. Incorporated 
 in 1828. Population in 1850, 1171. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2309. 
 
 TowEE Falls, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Tower Hill, a post-village in Washington 
 60., Rhode Island, near Narraganset bay, 25 
 miles S. by W. from Providence. 
 
 TowERTOwN, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 TowLEsviLLE, a post-office of Steuben co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Town Bluff, a post-office of Tyler co., Tex. 
 
 Town Cove, a small village of Walker co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Town Creek, of Alabama, flows through 
 Lawrence co., into Tennessee river. 
 
 Townees, a post-village of Putnam co., 
 New York, about 90 miles S. from Albany. 
 
 Town Hill, a post-office of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Town House, a post-office of Smyth co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Town Line, a post- village of Erie co., New 
 York, on the Buffalo and Eochester railroad, 
 15 miles E. from Buffalo. 
 
 TowNSBURY, a post-office of Warren co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 TowNSEND, a post-village in Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, 40 miles N. W. by W. from 
 
 Boston, on Squanticook river, and the Peter- 
 borough and Shirley railroad, contains 2 or 
 3 churches. Pop. of the township, 1947. 
 
 TowNSEND, a post-office of Chemung co.. 
 New York. 
 
 TowNSEND, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Huron co., Ohio. Population, 1333. 
 
 TowNSEND, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Sandusky co., Ohio. Population, 969. 
 
 TowNSEND Harbor, apost-village in Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts, on the Peterborough 
 and Shirley railroad, 42 miles N. W. from 
 Boston, contains a number of mills. 
 
 Townsend's Inlet, a post-office of Cape 
 May CO., New Jersey. 
 
 TowNSENDViLLE, a post-village in Lodi 
 township, in the S. part of Seneca co.. New 
 York. It contains 2 meeting houses, and 2 
 stores. Population, about 200. 
 
 TowNSHEND, a post-village in Windham co., 
 Vermont, on West river, 90 miles S. from 
 Montpelier, contains several churches, and 
 an academy. Population of township, 1354. 
 
 Township, a post-office of Albany co.. 
 New York. 
 
 TowNviLLE, a post-office of Anderson dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 TowsoNTOWN, a post-village of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland, 7 miles N. from Baltimore. 
 
 ToxAWAY river, of Pickens district. South 
 Carolina, is a small branch of the Kiowee. 
 
 Tracy, a post-village of Huntington co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river, 10 miles S. E. 
 from Huntington. 
 
 Tracy's Landing, a post-office of Anne 
 Arundel co., Maryland. 
 
 Tracytillb, a flourishing village of Wayne 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Honesdale and 
 Delaware plank-road, 1 mile E. from Hones- 
 dale. It contains 1 glass manufactorj^, the 
 first in which anthracite coal was success- 
 fully used. 
 
 Trade, a post-office of Johnson co., Tenn. 
 
 Trader's Hill, a post-office of Camden co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Tradersville, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., Ohio, a few miles N. from London. 
 
 Trade's Hill, a post-office of Chatham co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Tradewater Creek, in the W. part of 
 Kentucky, flows N. W., and forms the bound- 
 ary between the counties of Hopkins and Union 
 on the right, and Caldwell and Crittenden on 
 the left, until it enters the Ohio river. 
 
 Trading Point, a post- village of Potawato- 
 mie CO., Iowa, on the Missouri river. 
 
 Trafalgar, a post-office of Johnson co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Trammel's Creek rises in Sumner co., 
 Tennessee, and flowing north-westward into 
 Kentucky, enters Big Barren river in Warren 
 CO., a few miles above Bowling Green. 
 
 Trampas, a small village in the E. part of 
 Rio Arriba co., New Mexico, about 40 miles 
 N. by E. from Santa Fe. 
 
 Teastquillia, apost-village of Jones co.,Ga. 
 1157 
 
TEA 
 
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 Tranquillity, a post-office of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Tranquillity, a post-office of Granville co., 
 North Carolina, 29 miles N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Tranquillity, a post-office of Adams co., 0. 
 
 Transit, a post-office of Genesee co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Transit Bridge, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Transparent Lake, towards the N. E. 
 part of New York, between Hamilton and 
 Herkimer cotinties is about 7 miles long and 
 8 miles wide. It is the principal source of 
 West Canada creek. 
 
 Tranter's Creek, of North Carolina, flows 
 along the E. border of Pitt co., and enters 
 the Tar river a little above Washington. 
 
 Trap, a small village of Monmouth co.. 
 New Jersej', on the Atlantic coast, 42 miles 
 E. from Trenton, contains 10 or 12 houses. 
 
 Trap Hill, a post-office of Wilkes co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Trappe, a post-village of Upper Provi- 
 dence township, Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, 10 miles W. N. W. from Norristown. 
 It contains a German Lutheran church, built 
 in 1743, by the Rev. H. M. Muhlenburg. 
 
 Trappe, a post- village of Talbot co., Mary- 
 land, 9 miles S. from Easton. Population, 
 about 300. 
 
 Trappe Town, a thriving village of Wor- 
 cester CO., Maryland, on the Pocomoke river, 
 107 miles S. W. from Annapolis. It has 1 
 church, and 2 stores. 
 
 Traveller's Repose, a post-office of Po- 
 cahontas CO., Virginia. 
 
 Traveller's Repose, a post-village of 
 Franklin co., Missouri, about 50 miles W. S. 
 W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Traveller's Rest, a post-office of Green- 
 ville district. South Carolina. 
 
 Traveller's Rest, a village in Dooley co., 
 Georgia, near Flint river, 80 miles S. W. by 
 S. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Traveller's Rest, a post-office of Coosa 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Traverse des Sioux, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Nicollet CO., Minnesota, on the left 
 bank of the St. Peter's river, 50 miles in a 
 direct line S. W. from St. Paul. 
 
 Travis, a county in the central part of 
 Texas : area about 1000 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Colorado river. A. consi- 
 derable part of the surface is hilly. The 
 soil is very fertile, excepting the northern 
 portion. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and 
 cattle are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 234 bales of cotton; 149,365 bushels of corn, 
 and 41,102 pounds of butter. It contained 
 1 church, 2 newspaper offices ; 183 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 83 attending 
 academies or other schools. It is liberally 
 supplied with waier-power. Steamboats as- 
 cend the river as far as Austin City during 
 high water. Named in honor of Colonel 
 Travis, massacred at Fort Alamo, iu 1836. 
 1158 
 
 Austin City is the county seat and capital of 
 the state. Population, 3138 ; of whom 2347 
 were free, and 791, slaves. 
 
 Travis, a post-office of De Soto co., Miss. 
 
 Travis, a post-office of Austin co., Texas. 
 
 Tratlorsville, a post-village of Henry 
 CO., Va., 200 miles AV. S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Treadhaten Creek, in the E. part of 
 Maryland, flows through Talbot county, and 
 communicates with the moiith or estuary of 
 Choptank river. It is navigable at high tide 
 to Easton, about 12 miles. 
 
 Tredyffrin, a township of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 18 miles N. W. by W. 
 from Philadelphia, intersected by the Phi- 
 ladelphia and Columbia railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1727. 
 
 Treibleville, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Treichlerstille, a small post-village of 
 Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, on the road lead- 
 ing from Allentown to Mauch Chunk. 
 
 Tremainville, a post-office of Lucas co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tremont, a post-office of Hancock co.. Me. 
 
 Tremont, a post-township in the S. W, 
 part of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania. Popu- 
 lation, 1191. 
 
 Tremont, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, 15 miles W. S. W. from 
 Pottsville. It is surrounded by a hilly re- 
 gion, which contains abundance of anthracite 
 coal, and the inhabitants of the village are 
 mostly employed in the coal business. Ti'e- 
 mont has grown up since 1844. The Mine 
 Hill railroad connects it with the Reading 
 railroad, at Schuylkill Haven. Population 
 in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Tremont, a post-office of Union co.. Ark. 
 
 Tremont, a post-village of Clarke co., 
 Ohio, 50 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Tremont, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Tazewell co., Illinois, is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on a prairie, 57 miles N. by E. from 
 Springfield. It contains a court bouse, and 
 several churches. 
 
 Tremont, a township in Buchanan CO., 
 Missouri. Population, 882. 
 
 Trempaleau, a small river of Wisconsin, 
 rises in La Crosse co., and flows into the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Trempaleau, a post-office of La Crosse co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Trent, a small river of North Carolina, 
 which rises in Lenoir co., and flows eastward, 
 until it falls into the Neuse at Newbern. 
 
 Trenton, a township in Hancock co., 
 jMaine, at the head of Frenchman's bay, 75 
 miles E. from Augusta. Population, 1205. 
 
 Trenton, a post-township of Oneida co., 
 New York, 12 miles N. from Utica. It con- 
 tains Trenton Falls, on West Canada creek. 
 Population, 3540. 
 
 Trenton, a city, capital of New Jersey, 
 and seat of justice of Mercer county, is situated 
 on the left bank of the Delaware, at the head 
 
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 of steamboat navigation, 30 miles N. E. from 
 Philadelphia, and 57 miles S. W. from New 
 York. Lat. 40° 14' N., Ion. 74° 46' 30" W. 
 The Assunpink creek separates the city 
 proper from South Trenton, which has seve- 
 ral thousand inhabitants. The city is regu- 
 larly planned, and well built, on a moderately 
 uneven surface. Many of the finest residences 
 are situated on State street, which runs pa- 
 rallel with the river, and is crossed at right 
 angles by Main street, the principal thorough- 
 fare of business. The capitol, fronting on 
 State street, is a handsome stone building, 
 100 feet by 60, commanding a fine view of 
 the river in both directions. The county 
 court house, in South Trenton, is built of 
 stuccoed brick, with a portico in the Grecian 
 style. Trenton is the seat of the State Lu- 
 natic Asylum, founded in 1848, and of the 
 State Penitentiary. The former is a well- 
 conducted institution, situated 2 or 3 miles 
 above the city, and has about 200 patients. 
 The number of prisoners in the penitentiary, 
 January 1, 1852, was 207. The city is 
 lighted with gas. It contains a town hall, a 
 state library, 2 banks, with an aggregate 
 capital of $310,000, and 17 churches, viz. 
 4 Presbyterian, 4 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 2 
 Episcopal, 2 Friends, 1 Lutheran, and 2 Ro- 
 man Catholic. Four newspapers are pub- 
 lished here, two of which are issued daily. 
 A substantial covered bridge, 1100 feet in 
 length, crosses the Delaware at this place. 
 The Delaware and Raritan canal passes 
 through the town, connecting it with New 
 York and Philadelphia. The following rail- 
 roads meet at this point: — The Philadelphia 
 and Trenton ; the Camden and Amboy branch, 
 leading to New York ; and the Belvidere and 
 Delaware, which, when finished, will extend 
 northward along the river, about 60 miles, 
 to Belvidere. The Trenton Branch rail- 
 road, 6 miles long, connects with the Cam- 
 den and Amboy railroad at Bordentown. 
 Trenton possesses abundant water-power, 
 and is becoming one of the first manufac- 
 turing towns of the state. It contains 4 paper 
 mills, several iron foundries, a large manu- 
 factory of locomotives, 1 axe factory, 2 wire 
 factories, 2 rolling mills, one of which car- 
 ries on more extensive operations than any 
 other in the state, a number of flouring mills 
 and saw mills, and various other establish- 
 ments. The former villages of Bloomsbury, 
 Lamberton, and Mill Hill have been incorpo- 
 rated with the borough of South Trenton. 
 The vicinity of Trenton was settled by Phi- 
 neas Pembert^n and others about the year 
 1680, and the present name was given about 
 1720, in honor of Colonel William Trent, 
 speaker of the house of assembly. The place 
 was selected as the capital of New Jersey in 
 1790, and incorporated in 1792. On De- 
 cember 26th, 1777, was fought the battle 
 of Trenton, at which General Washington 
 defeated the enemy, and took 1000 Hessians 
 
 prisoners. Population in 1840, 4035 ; in 
 1850, 6460. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village, capital of Jones 
 CO., North Carolina, on the Trent river, 100 
 miles S. E. from Raleigh. It is situated in a 
 level and sandy region, in which tar and tur- 
 pentine are procured. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village, capital of Dade 
 CO., Georgia, 230 miles N. W. from Milledge- 
 ville. Population, about 200. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village in Jackson co., Ala- 
 bama, 177 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Trenton, a thriving post-village of Washita 
 parish, Louisiana, on the W. bank of Washita 
 river, 2 miles above Monroe. It is a depot 
 for cotton, and contains 8 stores, 4 ware- 
 houses, and a steam saw and grist mill. 
 
 Trenton, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Gibson co., Tennessee, on Forked Deer river, 
 and on the route of the Mobile and Ohio rail- 
 road, 130 miles W. from Nashville. It has a 
 bank, 5 churches, 12 stores, a newspaper office, 
 and a large cotton factory. Large quantities 
 of lumber are exported from this place. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village of Todd co., Ken- 
 tucky, about 190 miles S. W. from Frankfort. 
 It contains 1 church and several stores. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village of Butler co., Ohio, 
 on the Cincinnati and Dayton railroad, 8 
 miles N. E. from Hamilton. 
 
 Trenton, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Delaware co., Ohio. Population, 1238. 
 
 Trenton, a village of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio canal, 98 miles E. N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village of Wayne co., Mi- 
 chigan, on the W. bank of Detroit river, 17 
 miles below Detroit. 
 
 Trenton, a post-office of Randolph co.,Ind. 
 
 Trenton, a small village of Knox co., Illi- 
 nois, on Spoon river, 90 miles N. N. W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Trenton, a township in Will co., Illinois. 
 Population, 240. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village, capital of Grundy 
 CO., Missouri, near the Crooked fork of Grand 
 river, about 150 miles N. W. from Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village in Henry co., Iowa, 
 45 miles S. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Trenton, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Dodge CO., Wisconsin. Population, 997. 
 
 Teenton, a township in the central part of 
 Washington co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Trenton, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 50 miles N. E. from Madison. Pop., 75. 
 
 'Trenton Falls, a post-village of Oneida 
 CO., New York, on West Canada creek, 15 
 miles N. by E. from Utica. Here are 6 falls 
 within a course of 2 miles, with an aggregate 
 descent of 312 feet. The creek flows through 
 a narrow ravine, between perpendicular walls 
 of fine, compact limestone, which, in some 
 places, are nearly 150 feet high. These cas- 
 cades are more remarkable for the wildness 
 and variety of scenery than for the volume 
 1159 
 
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 TRI 
 
 of water which they present. The height of 
 the principal fall is estimated at 100 feet. 
 There is a good hotel in the vicimty. The 
 XJtica and Black River railroad (unfinished) 
 passes very near the village. 
 
 Trescott, a township in Washington co., 
 Maine, on the Atlantic coast, 80 miles E, from 
 Bangor. Population, 782. 
 
 Tkevillian's Depot, a post-village of Louisa 
 CO., Virginia, on the Central railroad, 67 miles 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Trexlerstown, a post-village of Lehigh 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. S. W. from Al- 
 lentown. 
 
 Triadelphia, a manufacturing post- village 
 
 of Montgomery co., Mai'yland, on the Patux- 
 
 ent river, 50 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Triadelphia, a post-office of Ohio co.,Va. 
 
 Triadelphia, a post-office of Morgan co.,0. 
 
 Triadelphia Iron Works, a small village 
 
 of Lancaster co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Triana, a post-village of Madison co., Ala- 
 bama, on the right bank of Tennessee river, 
 15 miles S. W. from Huntsville. 
 
 Triangle, a post-township of Broome co.. 
 New York, 15 miles N. from Binghamton. 
 Population, 1728. 
 
 Tribe's Hill, a post- village of Montgomery 
 CO., New York, on the Central railroad, 38 
 miles N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Trice's Store, a post-office of Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Trigg, a county in the S. W. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee, contains an 
 area estimated at 530 square miles. The 
 Tennessee river touches its W. border, and it 
 is also drained by the Cumberland and Little 
 rivers. The surface is hilly and undulating ; 
 a part of the soil is fertile. Tobacco, Indian 
 corn, and oats are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 604,515 bushels of corn; 
 87,090 of oats, and 1,653,485 pounds of to- 
 bacco. Cattle, horses, mules, and hogs are 
 also exported. It contained 18 churches, 
 631 pupils attending public schools, and 135 
 attending academies or other schools. Lime- 
 stone, iron ore, and stone coal are found. 
 Formed in 1820, and named in honor of 
 Colonel Stephen Trigg, who was slain by the 
 Indians at the battle of Blue Licks. Capital, 
 Cadiz. Population, 10,129; of whom 7332 
 were free, and 2797, slaves. 
 
 'Trimble, a county in the N, part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on the Ohio river, contains 
 about 150 square miles. The surface is 
 mostly hilly, and the soil fertile. Tobacco 
 and Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 286,795 bushels of corn ; 
 19,516 of wheat; 30,754 of oats, and 454,722 
 pounds of tobacco. It contained 14 churches, 
 and 320 pupils attending public schools. Or- 
 ganized in 1836. Capital, Bedford. Popula- 
 tion, 5963 ; of whom 6022 were free, and 
 941, slaves. 
 
 Trimble, a post-township in Athens co., 
 Ohio. Population, 924. 
 1160 
 
 Trineville, a post-office of Guilford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Trinidad, or Trinidad City, a post-tovra 
 of Klamath co., in the N. N. W. part of Cali- 
 fornia, at the head of Trinidad bay, is situ- 
 ated on the road from Benicia to Klamath, 
 245 miles in a straight line N. N. W. from San 
 Francisco. 
 
 Trinity, a county in the N. W. part of Cali- 
 fornia, has an area estimated at above 3500 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by 
 the Pacific, and on theE. by the Coast Range, 
 and is drained by Eel creek, and several 
 other smaller streams. The surfiice in the 
 E. and W. portions is uneven or mountain- 
 ous. Mount Linn, in the S. E. part, is the 
 principal elevation ; soil fertile, especially 
 along the streams. But little attention has 
 yet been paid to agriculture — mining and 
 trading being the principal occupations of 
 the inhabitants. i5arley, potatoes, mules, 
 and horses are the staples. In 1852 it pro- 
 duced 220 bushels of barley, and 125 of pota- 
 toes. There were 459 mules and 94 horses. 
 The amount of capital invested in merchan- 
 dise was $186,117; in placer mining, $34,440, 
 and in other mining, $28,820. County seat 
 not yet established. Population, 1764. 
 
 Trinity, a post-office of Morgan co., Ala. 
 
 Trinity, a thriving post-village of Cata- 
 houla parish, Louisiana, on the W. bank of 
 the Black river, at the confluence of the Ten- 
 sas and Washita rivers, 12 miles below Har- 
 risonburg. It contains 1 church, 4 stores 
 besides groceries, 1 steam mill, and a Masonic 
 lodge. Incorporated in 1850. Population in 
 1853, about 500. 
 
 Trinity, a small village of Alexander co., 
 Illinois, on the Ohio river, at the mouth of 
 Cash river. 
 
 Trinity River, of Texas, is formed by 
 two main branches, the Elm fork and the 
 West fork, which unite a few miles above 
 Dallas Court House. It flows in a general 
 south-eastward direction, nearly parallel with 
 the Brazos, and falls into the N. extremity of 
 Galveston bay, about 40 miles N. from Gal- 
 veston city. The length of the main stream 
 is estimated at 550 miles. It is a fine, navi- 
 gable river, afibrding more extensive facili- 
 ties for that purpose than any other in the 
 state. The navigation is always good for 
 steamboats to Liberty, about 90 miles from 
 the Gulf; during the rainy season, i. e. from 
 February to May, inclusive, they make regu- 
 lar passages to the upper part of Houston 
 county, a distance of about 350 miles, and in 
 some cases they have ascended as far as 500 
 miles. This river flows through an alluvial 
 plain, which has but a slight declivity towards 
 the Gulf of iMexico, and presents no great 
 inequalities of surface. The valley of the 
 Trinity is especially fertile, and is occupied 
 by plantations of cotton, maize, sugar, and 
 rice. Timber is found here in greater variety 
 and abundance than in the western parts of 
 
TRI 
 
 TBO 
 
 the state. Branches. — The Elm fork rises in 
 the N. part of Cook county, -within a few 
 miles of Red river, and pursues a south-east- 
 erly course of about 150 miles. The West 
 fork rises in Cook county, flows south-east- 
 ward through the Cross Timbers to Tarrant 
 county, and thence eastward till it unites 
 with the other branch, after a course of nearly 
 equal length. 
 
 Trinity River, rises in the E. part of Kla- 
 math CO., California, near the foot of the Coast 
 Range, and running first south-westerly, and 
 then north-westerly, falls into the Klamath 
 river in about 41° 20' N. lat. Gold is found 
 in abundance on this river, miners averaging 
 $7 per day. 
 
 Trinity Springs, a post-office of Martin 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Tkion, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Ala. 
 
 Trion, a post-office of .Jefferson co., Tenn. 
 
 Trion Factory, a post-office of Chattooga 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Triplett, a post-office of Fleming co., Ky. 
 
 Tripoli, a post-office of Tishemingo co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Triune, a post-office of Williamson co. , Tenn. 
 
 Trivoli, a post-village of Peoria co., Illi- 
 nois, about 17 miles W. from Peoria. 
 
 Trouble HiLL,a post-office of Scott co.. Ark. 
 
 Troublesome, a post-office of Jlockingham 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 TROUBLESOME,a post-office of Clinch CO., Ga. 
 
 Troublesome Creek, a post-office of Lewis 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Troup, a county in the W. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on Alabama, contains about 370 
 square miles. It is drained by the Chatta- 
 hoochee river and its affluents. The surface 
 is broken ; the soil is generally fertile, but in 
 some parts much worn. Cotton, Indian corn, 
 and wheat are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 14,481 bales of cotton ; 
 687,205 bushels of corn; 120,302 of oats, 
 and 142,884 of sweet potatoes. There were 3 
 tanneries, 1 woollen factory, 1 flour mill, and 
 1 saw mill. It contained 32 churches and 1 
 newspaper office ; 1440 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 558 attending academies or 
 other schools. Troup county is remarkable 
 for the general diff'usion of education. Gra- 
 nite and other rocks snitable for building are 
 abundant. It is intersected by the Atlanta 
 and La Grange railroad. Organized in 1826, 
 and named in honor of George M. Troup, 
 United States senator from Georgia. Capi- 
 tal, La Grange. Population, 16,879, of whom 
 7831 were free, and 9048, slaves. 
 
 Troup Factory, a post-village of Troup 
 CO., Ga., about 32 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Troupsburg, a post-township of Steuben 
 CO., New York, 30 miles S. S. W. from Bath. 
 Population, 1754. 
 
 Troupville, a post-village, capital of 
 Lowndes county, Georgia, on the Withlacoo- 
 chee river, 180 miles S. from Milledgeville. 
 It has 2 churches, 4 stores, and 3 hotels. 
 
 Trousdale, a post-office of Warren co., 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Trout Creek,, of Pennsylvania, enters a 
 branch of Sinnemahoning creek, in Elk county. 
 
 Trout Creek, a post-office of Delaware co., 
 New York. 
 
 Trout Creek, a post-office of St. Clair co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Trout River, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 New York. 
 
 Trout Run, a post- village of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Williamsport and Elmira 
 railroad, 15 miles N. from Williamsport. 
 
 Trout Run, a post-office of Winneshiek co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Trowbridge, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Allegan co., Michigan. Population, 313. 
 
 Trowbridge, apost-office of Racine CO., Wis. 
 
 Troy, a post-township in Waldo co., Maine, 
 38 miles N. E. from Augusta. Pop., 1484. 
 
 Troy, a post-village in Cheshire co., New 
 Hampshire, on the Cheshire railroad, 45 miles 
 S. W. from Concord. Population of the town- 
 ship, 759. 
 
 Troy, a post- township in Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont, 50 miles N. by E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1008. 
 
 Troy, a city, and capital of Rensselaer 
 county, New York, is situated on both sides 
 of the Hudson river, at the mouth of the 
 Poestenkill creek, at the head of steamboat 
 navigation, 6 miles above Albany, and 151 
 miles N. from New York. Lat. 42° 44' N., 
 Ion. 73° 40' W. The principal portion of the 
 city is on the eastern bank of the river, over 
 which communication is kept up by a bridge 
 and ferry-boats. The site is an alluvial 
 plain, terminated on the eastern side by an 
 eminence named Mount Ida, which rises di- 
 rectly in the rear of the southern part, and 
 commands a beautiful and extensive view of 
 the city and the Hudson river, and of the 
 neighboring towns. Mount Olympus, in the N. 
 part of the town, is a bare mass of rock about 
 200 feet high. The limits of the city extend 
 about 3 miles along the river, and 1 mile from 
 E. to W. It is laid out with much regularity, 
 and is handsomely built. The streets are 
 60 feet wide, and cross each other at right 
 angles, excepting River street, which follows 
 the curve of the river, and is the principal 
 thoroughfare of business. A number of those 
 streets which extend parallel with the gene- 
 ral direction of the river, terminate at their 
 northern extremity in River street — a cir- 
 cumstance which imparts variety to the per- 
 sjDective, and increases the facilities of inter- 
 course between that street and other parts 
 of the city. The streets are generally well 
 paved, lighted with gas, and bordered with 
 shade-trees. Piiver street is lined with large 
 warehouses and hotels. Congress and Ferry 
 streets are also appropriated to business 
 purposes. The finest residences are situated 
 on First, Second, and Third streets, and 
 around Seminary and Washington Parks. 
 1161 
 
TRO 
 
 TRO 
 
 The latter park was recently laid out in the 
 southern part of the city. Among the public 
 buildings, the court house, the Episcopal 
 Church of St. Paul, and one of the Presby- 
 terian churches, deserve particular mention. 
 The court house is a fine marble edifice in 
 the Doric style. St. Paul's church is a costly 
 Gothic building of stone. Among the prin- 
 cipal hotels are the American, the Mansion 
 House, the Troy House, the Northei-n Hotel, 
 the National Temperance, and Washington 
 Hall. There are 2 substantial brick market 
 houses. The llensselaer Institute of this 
 place affords a scientific and practical educa- 
 tion to young men ; and the Troy Female 
 Institute is among the most celebrated in the 
 country: it was established here by Mrs. 
 Willard in 1821. The city contains a Lyceum 
 with a valuable collection of natural history. 
 The various denominations have over 20 
 churches. One or two daily, and four weekly 
 newspapers are issued. The city has 11 banks, 
 aggregate capital, above $2,000,000. It is 
 supplied with good water from the river. 
 
 Troy is favorably situated for commerce. 
 Many of the boats which arrive by the Erie 
 and Champlain canals here discharge their 
 cargoes on board of large barges, to be towed 
 down the river, and receive in exchange car- 
 goes of merchandise passing northward or 
 westward. This transhipment constitutes the 
 principal commercial business of the place. 
 Pour railroads meet at this point, viz. the Hud- 
 son River, the Troy and Boston, the Schenec- 
 tady and Troy, and the Rensselaer and Sara- 
 toga railroads, which, with their several ex- 
 tensions, connect it with New York, Boston, 
 Montreal, Buffalo, &c. Among the recent 
 improvements is the Union railroad, connect- 
 ing the four lines above named, and passing 
 through the back part of the city, with a 
 large passenger station, common to the four, 
 on Sixth street. A dam across the river 
 renders it navigable for sloops to Lansing- 
 burg. Steamboats of the first class ply daily 
 between this place and New York. The Hud- 
 son river and the Poestenkill and Wynants- 
 kill furnish an ample supply of water-power, 
 which is used in manufactories of various 
 kinds. The city contains numerous flouring 
 mills, paper mills, cotton factories, woollen 
 factories, tanneries, breweries, iron found- 
 ries, machine shops, rolling mills, and forges. 
 Nails, stoves, railway cars, brushes, leather, 
 stoneware, and other articles are produced 
 in considerable quantities. West Troy, on 
 the W. bank of the river, is situated in Al- 
 bany county, on the Albany Northern railroad. 
 It contains a bank and a large arsenal of 
 the United States. Population in 1850, 7564; 
 in 1853, about 9000. Troy was incorporated 
 as a village in 1801 ; as a city in 1816. Po- 
 pulation in 1820, 5264; in 1830, 11,405; in 
 1840, 19,334 ; and in 1850, 28,785 ; or in- 
 cluding the western suburb, 36,349. 
 
 Tkoy, a small village of Morris co., New 
 1162 
 
 Jersey, on the Parcipany river, 8 miles N. E. 
 from Morristown, contains a forge and 2 mills. 
 
 Tbot, a village of Alleghany county, Penn- 
 sylvania, one mile N. from Pittsburg. It is 
 pleasantly situated on a high hill, and is com- 
 posed chiefly of countr}' seats. 
 
 Trot, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Bradford co., Pennsylvania. Pop., 1418. 
 
 Troy, a post-borough in the above town- 
 ship, on Sugar creek, and on the Williams- 
 port and Elmira railroad, (unfinished,) about 
 18 miles W. from Towanda. It has several 
 stores and a newspaper office. Population in 
 1850, 480. 
 
 Troy, a township of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 19 miles E. fi-om Meadville. 
 Population, 740. 
 
 Troy, a village of Jefl'erson co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the Redbank creek, 5 miles below 
 Brookville. Population, near 200. 
 
 Troy, apost-village, capital of Montgomery 
 CO., North Carolina, about 80 miles W. S. W. 
 from Raleigh. It contains a court house, jail, 
 and 1 or 2 hotels. 
 
 Troy, a post-office of Cherokee co., Georgia, 
 about 12 miles S. E. from Canton. 
 
 Troy, a village of Harris co., Georgia, on 
 Mulberry creek, about 120 miles W. by S. 
 from Miiledgeville. It contains a manufac- 
 tory of wooden ware, and several mills. 
 
 Troy, a thriving post-village, capital of 
 Pike CO., Alabama, near the Conecuh river, 
 50 miles S. E. from Montgomery. 
 
 Troy, a post-village of Yallobusha co., 
 Mississippi, on the Yallobusha river, 119 
 miles N. from Jackson. 
 
 Troy, a post-office of Freestone co., Texas. 
 
 Troy, a post-village, capital of Obion co., 
 Tennessee, on a small affluent of Obion river, 
 150 miles W. from Nashville. 
 
 Troy, a township in the N. part of Ash- 
 land CO., Ohio. Population, 848. 
 
 Troy, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Athens co., Ohio. Pop., 1421. 
 
 Troy, or Hockingsport, a village of Athens 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river, at the mouth of 
 the Hocking, about 25 miles below Marietta, 
 has about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Troy, a township in the N. W. part of De- 
 laware CO., Ohio. Population, 976. 
 
 Troy, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Geauga co., Ohio, intersected by Cuyahoga 
 river. Population, 1163. 
 
 Troy, a beautiful and flourishing post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Miami county, Ohio, on the 
 W. bank of the Great Miami river, and ou 
 the Miami canal, 68 miles W. from Colum- 
 bus. The Dayton and Michigan railroad, 
 now in progress, passes through it. The 
 village is regularly built with broad and 
 straight streets. It contains a court house, 
 town hall, 6 churches, 1 bank, 1 academy, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. The Miami river, 
 which affords an extensive hydraulic power 
 at this place, is a beautiful and rapid stream, 
 flowing through a very fertile and highly 
 
TRO 
 
 TRY 
 
 cultivated valley. There are 9 or 10 large 
 ■warehouses on the bank of the canal, for re- 
 ceiving r.nd forwarding produce. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 1956. 
 
 Troy, a township in Morrow co., Ohio. 
 Population, 640. 
 
 Tkot, a township in the W. part of Eich- 
 land CO., Ohio, intersected by the Columbus 
 and Lake Erie railroad. Population, 1542. 
 
 Tkoy, a township in the N. E. part of Wood 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 559. 
 
 Trot, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Oakland co., Michigan. Population, 1426. 
 
 Trot, a township in De Kalb co., Indiana. 
 Population, 392. 
 
 Trot, a township in Fountain co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1181. 
 
 Trot, a post-township in Perry co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1570. 
 
 Trot, a post-village of Perry co., Indiana, is 
 pleasantly situated on the Ohio, at the mouth 
 of Anderson river, 63 miles above Evansville. 
 First settled in 1811. Pop. in 1851, about 500. 
 
 Troy, a small village of Fulton co., Illi- 
 nois, on Spoon river, 44 miles W. from Peo- 
 ria. It has an improved water-power. 
 
 Trot, a small post-village of Madison co., 
 Illinois, about 22 miles S. E. from Alton. 
 
 Trot, a small village of Daviess co.. Mo. 
 
 Trot, a post-village, capital ojf Lincoln co., 
 Missouri, near Cuivre river, about 60 miles 
 W. N. W. from St. Louis. It has a brick court 
 house, a jail, and several hundred inhabitants. 
 
 Trot, a small village of Madison co.. Mo. 
 
 Tkot, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, 
 about 90 miles S. S. W. of Iowa City. 
 
 Trot, a post-village of Walworth co., Wis- 
 consin, on the plank-road from Milwaukee to 
 Janesville, 34 miles S. W. from the former. 
 
 Trot Centre, a post-village of Waldo co., 
 Maine, about 37 miles N. E. from Augusta. 
 
 Trot Centre, a post-village of Walworth 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 32 miles S. W. from 
 Milwaukee. 
 
 Trot Grove, a post-village of La Salle co., 
 111., about 80 miles W. S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Trot Lake, a post-village in East Troy 
 township, Walworth co., Wisconsin, 54 miles 
 S. E. from Madison. 
 
 Trot Mills, a post-ofSce of Fulton co.,Ill. 
 
 Trot's Store, a post-ofiBce of Randolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Truago, a village in Wayne co., Michigan, 
 on Detroit river, 15 miles S.S.W. from Detroit. 
 
 Trucksville, a post-office of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Truittstille, a post-office of Greenup co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Trumansburg, a post-village of Ulysses 
 township, Tompkins county, New York, 12 
 miles N. W. from Ithaca. It is pleasantly 
 situated 1 or 2 miles W. from Cayuga lake, and 
 contains several churches and factories. Po- 
 pulation, estimated at 900. 
 
 Trtjmbaursville, a post-office of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Trumbull, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Pennsylvania, contains 
 about 625 square miles. It is intersected by 
 Mahoning and Grand rivers, and also drained 
 by the Musquito, Pymatuning, and Meander 
 creeks. Tlie surface is undulr.ting, and 
 partly covered with forests. The soil is good, 
 well watered, and adapted to dairy farming. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are raised for 
 home consumption. The chief articles of ex- 
 port are cheese, butter, wool, and live stock. 
 There is a very extensive cheese dairy at 
 Gustavus. In 1850 this countv produced 
 121,068 bushels of wheat; 302,906 of corn; 
 235,048 of oats, and 710,113 pounds of but- 
 ter. It contained 78 churches, 3 newspaper 
 offices, 14,904 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 186 attending academies or other schools. 
 Iron ore and stone coal are abundant in the 
 S. part. The streams afford extensive water- 
 power. The county is intersected by the 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, and by the 
 Cleveland and Mahoning (projected) rail- 
 road. Capital, Warren. Population, 30,490. 
 
 Trumbull, a post-township in Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, about 25 miles W. by S. from 
 New Haven, intersected by the Housatonic 
 railroad. Population, 1309. 
 
 Trumbull, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 805. 
 
 Trumbull Corner, a post-office of Tomp- 
 kins CO., New York. 
 
 Trumbull Long Hill, a post-village in 
 Trumbull township, Fairfield co., Connecti- 
 cut, 18 miles W. by S. from New Haven, very 
 conspicuous from the ocean. 
 
 Trundle's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Sevier co., Tennessee. 
 
 Truro, a post-township in Barnstable co., 
 Massachusetts, occupying the northern part 
 of Cape Cod, about 110 miles by land, and 
 55 by water S. E. from Boston. The inha- 
 bitants derive their chief support from the 
 fisheries. In 1852, 52 vessels (tons, 3626) 
 and 581 men and boys were employed in the 
 mackerel fishery. The mackerel inspected 
 for the year amounted to 2540| barrels. In 
 the great gale of 1841 this town lost 57 men, 
 whose homes were within a circuit of 2 miles ; 
 27 of them were married, and only 8 were 
 more than 30 years of age. The population 
 at that time was about 1900; the number of 
 widows, 105. Population in 1850, 2051. 
 
 Truro, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Franklin co.,Ohio. Population, 2153. 
 
 Truro, a post-office of Knox co., Illinois. 
 
 Truss, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ala. 
 
 Truxtun, a post-village in Truxton town- 
 ship, Cortland co., New York, on Tioughnioga 
 river, 28 miles S. from Syracuse. It contains 
 2 or 3 churches, and several mills. Popula- 
 tion of the township, 3623. 
 
 Truxtun, a post-village of Bureau co., Illi- 
 nois, about 70 miles W. S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Trton, a post-office of Rutherford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 1163 
 
TEY 
 
 TUL 
 
 Trton Factory. See Teion Factoet. 
 
 TucKAHOE creek, a small stream of New 
 Jersey, forms the boundary between Atlantic 
 county on the right, and Cumberland and Cape 
 May counties on the left, and falls into Great 
 Egg Harbor bay. 
 
 TucKAHOE, a small river in the E. part of 
 Maryland, rises in Queen Anne county, and 
 flows southward, forming the boundary be- 
 tween Caroline and Talbot counties, until it 
 enters the Choptank river. 
 
 TucKAHOE, a post-office of Westchester co., 
 New York. 
 
 TucKAHOE, a flourishing post-village of 
 New Jersey, on the line between Atlantic and 
 Cape May counties, and on both sides of 
 Tuckahoe creek, 16 miles in a straight line 
 N. by E. from Cape May Court House. It 
 has 2 churches, and several stores. Popu- 
 :Jation, about 600. 
 
 TncKAHOE, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 TucKALEECHE CovE, a post-office of Blount 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 TucKASAGA, a post-village in Mecklenburg 
 CO., North Carolina, 169 miles W. S. W. from 
 Baleigh. 
 
 TucKASAW creek, of Georgia, called also 
 TuscAHATCHEE, enters the Ocmulgee river in 
 Pulaski county. 
 
 Tucker, a township in Clark co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 265. 
 
 Tucker's Cabin, a small village of Henry 
 CO., Ga., 80 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Tucker's Island Light, near Absecom 
 inlet, Jersey Shore. 
 
 Tuckerton, a post-village and port of 
 entry of Burlington county, New Jersey, on 
 Little Egg Harbour bay, about 60 miles S. S. 
 E. from Trenton. It contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 and several stores. The shipping of the dis- 
 trict, June, 1852, amounted to an aggregate 
 of 7561 H tons enrolled and licensed; all of 
 ■which were employed in the coasting trade. 
 During the same year 5 schooners were built 
 here. 
 
 Tuerto, a village in the interior of New 
 Mexico, near the southern base of the Placer 
 mountain, 30 miles S. S. W. from Santa Fe. 
 
 Tuftonborough, a post-township in Car- 
 roll CO., New Hampshire, on the E. side of 
 Lake Winnipiseogee, 45 miles N. N. E. from 
 Concord. Population, 1305. 
 
 Tugaloo river, one of the branches of the 
 Savannah, rises near the S. frontier of North 
 Carolina, and flowing first S. W., and then S. 
 E. along the boundary between South Caro- 
 lina and Georgia, unites with the Kiowee near 
 Andersonville. The name of Chattooga is 
 applied to the upper part of this river. 
 
 Tugaloo Creek, Ala. See Suckernochee. 
 
 Tug River, a post-office of Tazewell county, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Tulare, (too-la're,) a large county in the 
 E. S. E. part of California, has an area esti- 
 mated at above 12,000 square miles. It is 
 1164 
 
 bounded on the S. W. by the Coast Range, 
 and is drained by King's river, and several 
 smaller streams flowing into Tule lake, and 
 by Kern river flowing into Kern lake. The sur- 
 face in the central part is broken by the moun- 
 tain range of the Sierra Nevada, but between 
 this and the Coast range lies the beautiful 
 and fertile valley of the San Joaquin. The 
 soil of this vallej' is very productive, though 
 but little attention has yet been paid to agri- 
 culture. In 1852 there were 83 mules, 74 
 horses, and 108 working oxen. The county 
 derived its name from the Tule lake, which 
 lies chiefly within its border. County seat 
 not yet established. Population, 8575 ; of 
 whom 8400 were Indians. 
 
 Tule (too'le, or too'lay, i. e. a "bulrush") 
 lake in California, is included within the limits 
 of Tulare county, about midway between the 
 Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada. Length, 
 from 30 to 40 miles ; greatest breadth, about 
 22 miles. The outlet joins San Joaquin 
 river. Kern lake, perhaps 20 miles farther 
 S. is sometimes called the upper or smaller 
 Bulrush lake. The valley in which these 
 two lakes are situated is said to be one of 
 the most fertile and beautiful to be found on 
 the globe. 
 
 Tule Lake, a small lake of Yolo county, 
 towards the N. W. part of California, is about 
 half a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide. 
 
 Tulip Creek, of Arkansas, enters the 
 Washita river, a few miles above Camden. 
 
 Tulip, a post-township in Dallas co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 514. 
 
 TuLLAEOMA, a post-village and important 
 railroad station of Coffee county, Tennessee, 
 on Rock creek, 70 miles S. E. from Nashville. 
 The Nashville and Chattanooga railroad here 
 intersects the McMinnville and Manchester 
 railroad, which will probably render it a 
 place of much business. Laid out in 1851. 
 
 Tull's Creek, a post-office of Currituck 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 TuLLY, a post-village in Tully township, 
 Onondaga co.. New York, about 20 miles S. 
 from Syracuse. A plank-road extends to 
 Syracuse. Population of the township, 1559. 
 
 TuLLY, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Marion co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the AV. branch of Whetstone river. Pop. 736. 
 
 TuLLY, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Van Wert co., Ohio. Pop., 242. 
 
 TuLLY', a thriving post-village of Lewis 
 county, Missouri, on the Mississippi river, 
 192 miles above St. Louis. A large quantity 
 of pork and other produce is shipped at this 
 point. It contains 2 churches, 6 stores, and 
 2 steam mills. Laid out in 1838. Popula- 
 tion, about 600. 
 
 TuLLYTOWN, a post-village of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Philadelphia and Tren- 
 ton railroad, 5 or 6 miles S. W. of Trenton. 
 Population, 234. 
 
 TuLLY Valley, a post-village of Onondaga 
 CO., N. Y., about 130 miles W. from Albany. 
 
TUL 
 
 TUR 
 
 TuLLTviLLE, a post-officc of MonToe co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 TuLPEHOCKEN Creek, of Pennsj'lvania, rises 
 in Lebanon county, and flows into the Schuyl- 
 kill river, near Reading. Its general course 
 is E. S. E. 
 
 TuLPEHOCKEN, a post-towuship of Berks 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles S. by W. 
 from Pottsville. Population, 1803. 
 
 Tumbling Creek, in the W. central part of 
 Tennessee, flows S. W., and enters Duck river, 
 on its right bank, in Humphreys county. 
 
 Tumbling Creek, a post-ofiice of Tazewell 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Tumbling Shoals, a post-office of Laurens 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 TujiLiNsoN, a township in Scott co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 850. 
 
 TuMLiNSONviLLE, a post-office of Scott CO., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Tuna, New York. See Tunungwant. 
 
 TuNAMAGUONT, a thriving village of McKean 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on a creek of its own name, 
 about 220 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. It 
 has an active trade, principally in lumber. 
 
 Tunbridgb, a post- township in Orange co., 
 Vermont, 28 miles S. by E. from Montpelier, 
 intersected by a branch of White river. It 
 contains 3 small villages, the principal of 
 which is at the centre. The others are called 
 the Upper and the Lower villages. Popula- 
 tion, 1786. 
 
 Tunica, a county in the N. W. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, bordering on the Mississippi river, 
 which separates it from Arkansas, has an area 
 of about 750 square miles. It is drained by 
 Tunica and Coldwater rivers. The surface 
 is flat, and some parts subject to be over- 
 flowed. Indian corn and cotton are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 94,735 
 bushels of corn ; 7270 of sweet potatoes, and 
 717 bales of cotton. It contained 1 church, 
 and 41 pupils attending public schools. Ca- 
 pital, Austin. Population, 1314, of whom 397 
 were free, and 917, slaves. 
 
 Tunica, a post-office of West Feliciana pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Tunkhannock creek, in the N. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, flows south-westward, and falls 
 into the North branch of Susquehanna river, 
 at Tunkhannock. 
 
 Tunkhannock, a thriving post-borough, 
 capital of Wyoming co., Pa., on the surveyed 
 route of the North Pennsylvania railroad on 
 the North branch of Susquehanna river, at the 
 mouth of Tunkhannock creek, 145 miles N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. The North Branch canal 
 passes through the place, by means of which 
 lumber, grain, &c. are exported. It contains, 
 besides the county buildings, several churches 
 and mills of diff"erent kinds. Two newspapers 
 are issued here. Population in 1850, 561. 
 
 Tunkhannock Mountain, Pennsylvania, 
 occupies the N. E. part of Wyoming county. 
 
 Tunnel, a post-office of Indiana co.. Pa. 
 
 Tunnel, a post office of Franklin co., Tenn. 
 
 TuNNELL Hill, a post-village of Whitfield 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Tunnell's Store, a post-office of Sussex 
 CO., Delaware. 
 
 Tunungwant, or Tuna, a post-village of 
 Cattaraugus co.. New York, on the Alleghany 
 river, and on the New York and Erie railroad, 
 416 miles from New York city. 
 
 Tuolumne (twol'um-ne) river, of Califor- 
 nia, rises at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, in 
 the E. part of Tuolumne county, and flowing 
 in a general W. S. W. course, falls into the 
 San Joaquin, about 40 miles above Stockton. 
 It is navigable for small steamboats to Em- 
 pire City, near 30 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Tuolumne, a county in the N. central part 
 of California, has an area estimated at above 
 3000 square miles. It is partly bounded on 
 the S. W. by the Coast Range, on the N. E. 
 by the Sierra Nevada, and partly on the N. 
 W. by the Stanislaus river, and is drained by 
 the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers, which 
 afl'ord some water-power. The surface in the 
 E. and W. parts is rough and mountainous ; 
 the middle section comprises the beautiful 
 and fertile valley of the San Joaquin. Pota- 
 toes, hay, cattle, and horses are the staples. 
 In 1852 it produced 1200 bushels of potatoes, 
 and 1650 tons of hay. There were 4818 beef 
 cattle, and 1726 horses. The amount of ca- 
 pital employed in placer mining was $76,085; 
 in quartz mining, $49,900, and in other mining 
 operations, $1900. The San Joaquin river 
 is navigable for moderate sized steamboats 
 through the county. Named from the Tuo- 
 lumne river, whose whole course lies within 
 it. Capital, Sonora. Population, 17,657. 
 
 Tuolumne, a town of Tuolumne co., Cali- 
 fornia, on the right bank of the Tuolumne 
 river, about 7 miles above its entrance into 
 the San Joaquin. 
 
 TuppER'sPLAiNS,apost-office of Meigs co.,0. 
 
 Turbett, a township of Juniata co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right side of the West branch 
 of the Susquehanna, and intersected by the 
 Pennsylvania railroad, 7 miles S. W. from 
 Mifflintown. 
 
 Tukbot, a township of Northumberland co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Sunbury and 
 Erie railroad, about 13 miles N. from Sun- 
 bury. Population, including Milton, 2693. 
 
 Turbotville, a post-office of Northumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 TuREAUD, a post-office of Ascension parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Turin, a post-township in the S. central 
 part of Lewis co., New York, on Black river. 
 Population, 1826. 
 
 Turin, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 45 miles N. by W. from Utica. 
 It contains several churches and mills. 
 
 Turkey, a post-office of Monmouth co., N.J. 
 
 Turkey Cove, a post-office of Lee co., Va. 
 
 Turkey Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 through Chester district into Broad river. 
 
 Turkey Creek, of Louisiana, rises on the 
 1165 
 
TUR 
 
 TUS 
 
 W. border of Madison parish, and flowing 
 south-westward, unites with Boeuf bayou, at 
 the S. extremity of Franklin parish. 
 
 Turkey Creek, of Henry county, Ohio, 
 flows into the Maumee river. 
 
 Turkey Creek, a post-office of Buncombe 
 CO., N. C, 271 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 Turkey Creek, a township in Kosciusko 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 590. 
 
 Turkey Creek, a post-ofifice of Steuben co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Turkey Creek, a post-village of Benton co., 
 Missouri, about 75 miles W. S. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Turkeyfoot, a former township of Somer- 
 set CO., Pennsylvania, now divided into Upper 
 and Lower Turkeyfoot, which see. 
 
 Turkeyfoot, a post-oflBce of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Turkeyfoot, a post-village of Scott co., 
 Kentucky, 22 miles N. from Lexington. 
 
 Turkey Grove, a post-ofiice of Dane co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Turkey Hill, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Turkey Lake, in the N. E. part of Kos- 
 ciusko CO., Indiana, is about 12 miles in length. 
 
 TuRKEY^ River, of Iowa, is formed by two 
 forks which unite in Fayette county, and 
 after a south-easterly course, it falls into the 
 Mississippi in Clayton county. The two forks 
 are called the North and the Middle. Another 
 stream, called the South fork, enters the river 
 from the W., about 18 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Turkey Town, a post-village of Cherokee 
 CO., Alabama, near the Coosa river, 128 miles 
 N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 TuRKEYTOWN Creek, of Alabama, enters 
 the Coosa river, from the right in Cherokee 
 county. 
 
 TuRMAN, a township in Sullivan co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1396. 
 
 Turman's Creek, Indiana, flows through 
 Sullivan county into the Wabash river, 6 miles 
 above Merom. 
 
 Turman's Creek, a post-office of Sullivan 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Turnback, a township in Dade co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 312. 
 
 Turnback, a small post-village of Dade 
 CO., Missouri, about IJO miles S. W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 TuRNBULL, a post-villnge in Monroe co., 
 Alabama, 80 miles S. W. from Montgomery. 
 
 Turner, a post-township in Oxford co,, 
 Maine, 26 miles W. S. W. from Augusta, on 
 the W. side of the Androscoggin river. Po- 
 pulation, 2536. 
 
 Turner Creek, a post-of&ce of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Turner's, formerly Centrevillb, a post- 
 village of Orange co.. New York, on the New 
 York and Erie railroad, 57 miles from New 
 York city. 
 
 Turner's Store, a post-office of Caroline 
 CO., Virginia. 
 1166 
 
 Turnersville, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Turnersville, a small post-village of Ro- 
 bertson CO., Tennessee, 35 miles N. W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Turnersville, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Turnout, a railroad station in Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York, on the New York and Erie 
 railroad, 444 miles from New York city. 
 
 Turnpike Creek, of Telfair co., Georgia, 
 unites with Sugar creek near its mouth. 
 
 Turns, a post-office of Monroe co.. Pa. 
 
 Turpentine, a small village of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, about 1 mile E. from Mount 
 Holly. 
 
 Turtle, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Rock CO., Wisconsin. Population, 966. 
 
 Turtle Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the 
 Monongahela in Alleghany county. 
 
 Turtle Creek, of Wisconsin, rises in Wal- 
 worth CO., and flows into Rock river near Be- 
 loit, Rock county. 
 
 Turtle Creek, a post-village of Alleghany 
 county, Pennsylvania, on a stream of its own 
 name, and on the Pennsylvania railroad, 
 12 miles E. by S. from Pittsburg. A plank- 
 road extends from this place through Brad- 
 dock's Field to Pittsburg. 
 
 Turtle Creek, a township in the central 
 part of Shelby co., Ohio. Population, 792. 
 
 Turtle Creek, a township in the central 
 part of Warren co., Ohio. Population, 3342. 
 
 Turtletown, a post-office of Cherokee co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Tuscahatchee. See Tuckasaw. 
 
 Tuscahoma, a post-village of Choctaw co., 
 Alabama, on the Tombigbee river. 
 
 Tuscahoma, a post-village in Tallahatchee 
 CO., Mississippi, on Yallobusha river, 105 
 miles N. by E. from Jackson. 
 
 TuscALAMETA creck, of Mississippi, enters 
 Pearl river from the E. in Scott county. 
 
 Tuscaloosa river. See Black Warrior. 
 
 Tuscaloosa, a county in the N. Y). central 
 part of Alabama, has an area of 1620 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Black War- 
 rior river, dividing it into nearly equal parts, 
 and also by Sipsej' or New river. The sur- 
 face is hilly or uneven ; the soil is remarka- 
 bly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 there were 
 raised 73,561 bales of cotton, (being the 
 greatest quantity produced in anyone county 
 in the United States;) 626,452 bushels of 
 corn; 114,035 of sweet potatoes, and 50,271 
 of oats. There were 5 tanneries, 2 cotton 
 factories, 1 iron forge, and 1 paper mill. It 
 contained 53 churches, 3 newspaper offices ; 
 404 pupils attending public schools, and 150 
 attending academies or other schools. Ex- 
 tensive beds of iron ore, stone coal, and car- 
 boniferous limestone are found in it. Steam- 
 boats navigate the Black Warrior river from 
 its mouth to Tuscaloosa, the county seat. A 
 plank-road extends to Montgomery. Popula- 
 
TUS 
 
 TUS 
 
 tion, 18,056 ; of whom 10,579 were free, and 
 
 7477, slaves. 
 
 Tuscaloosa, a thriving town, capital of 
 Tuscaloosa co., Alabama, on the left bank of 
 the Black Warrior river, at the head of steam- 
 boat navigation, 125 miles N.W. from Montgo- 
 mery, and 818 from Washington. Lat. 33° 
 12' N., Ion. 87° 42' W. It was formerly the 
 capital of Alabama, and is still one of the 
 principal towns of the state, remarkable for 
 its literary institutions, as well as its active 
 trade. It is the seat of the University of Ala- 
 bama, founded in 1831, having 9 instructors, 
 135 under-graduates, and a library of 8000 
 volumes. The buildings of the University, 
 which are beautifully situated half a mile 
 from the river, cost not less than $150,000. 
 The president's residence cost $35,000. The 
 State Lunatic Asylum is established at this 
 place. Tuscaloosa contains a handsome 
 court house, a number of churches, a United 
 States land-oiEce, 3 or 4 newspaper offices, 
 and several academies or seminaries. ■ The 
 manufacture of cotton and iron is carried on 
 in the vicinity. Large quantities of cot-ton 
 are shipped here by steamboats to Mobile. A 
 plank-road connects this town with Mont- 
 gomery, and a brancn railroad is projected to 
 the Mobile and Ohio railroad. Population in 
 1853, estimated at 3500, 
 
 Tuscarawas, a small riper of Ohio, rises in 
 the N. E. part of the state, and uniting with 
 the Walhonding river at Coshocton, forms the 
 Muskingum. 
 
 Tuscarawas, a county in the E. part of 
 Ohio, contains about 520 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Tuscarawas river, and also 
 drained by Sugar and Stillwater creeks. The 
 surface is generally undulating, except some 
 level land in the vicinity of the larger streams. 
 The soil is excellent, and in many parts under 
 high cultivation. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, 
 hay, wool, cattle, and swine are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 350,773 bushels 
 of wheat; 402,761 of corn; 278,500 of oats, 
 and 176,200 pounds of wool. There were 87 
 churches, 3 newspaper offices ; 6927 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 824 attending 
 academies or other schools. The county con- 
 tains deposits of stone coal and iron, which 
 are thought to be inexhaustible, but have not 
 yet been worked to much extent. The coal 
 is of good quality, and easily accessible by 
 means of the Ohio canal. The streams fur- 
 nish abundant water-power. The county is 
 intersected by the Steubenville and Indiana 
 railroad, and the Cleveland Medina and Tus- 
 carawas railroad, unfinished. Capital, New 
 Philadelphia. Population, 31,761. 
 
 Tuscarawas, a township in the E. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio, intersected by Muskin- 
 gum river and Ohio canal. Pop., 741. 
 
 Tuscarawas, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Stark co., Ohio. Population, 2041. 
 
 Tuscarawas, a post-village in TuscUrawas 
 CO., Ohio, 108 miles E. from Columbus. 
 
 Tuscarora, a creek of Niagara co.. New 
 York, falls into the W. end of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Tuscarora, a creek of Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Juniata river a little below Mifflintown. 
 
 Tuscarora, a creek in the N. N. E. part of 
 Virginia, flows through Berkeley co., passes 
 by Martinsburg, and falls into the Potomac, 
 or into some small affluent of that river. It 
 affords fine water-power. 
 
 Tuscarora, a post-office of Livingston co., 
 New York. 
 
 Tuscarora, an Indian village of Niagara 
 CO., New York, 2 J miles E. from Lewiston. 
 
 Tuscarora, a township of Juniata co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 16 miles S. S. W. from 
 Mifflintown. 
 
 Tuscarora, a post-village of Schuylkill co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill river, 73 
 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. It is connected 
 with Pottsville by a branch railroad, on which 
 coal is transported. Pop. in 1853, about 650. 
 
 Tuscarora, a small post- village of Lee co., 
 Iowa, 70 miles S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Tuscarora Mountain, Pennsylvania, ex- 
 tends from the Juniata river south-westward 
 along the N. W. border of Perry county, and 
 thence southward, under the name of Cove 
 mountain, into Maryland. 
 
 Tuscola, a new county in the E. part of 
 Michigan, has an area of about 700 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. W. by Sa- 
 ginaw bay, and is intersected by Cass river, 
 an affluent of the Saginaw. The census of 
 1850 assigns it a population of 291, but gives 
 no returns of the productions. County seat 
 not yet located. 
 
 Tuscola, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Livingston co., Michigan. Pop., 544. 
 
 Tuscola, a small post-village of Livings- 
 ton CO., Michigan, about 30 miles E. from 
 Lansing. 
 
 TuscuMBiA, a thriving post-village of Frank- 
 lin CO., Alabama, is situated 1 mile S. from 
 the Tennessee river, and 111 miles N. from 
 Tuscaloosa. Steamboats from the Ohio river 
 can ascend to this place in the higher stages 
 of water. Two newspapers are published 
 here. A railroad about 45 miles long extends 
 eastward to Decatur, and forms part of the 
 route of the Memphis and Charleston rail- 
 road, which is here intersected by the New 
 Orleans and Nashville railroad, not yet 
 finished. 
 
 TuscuMBiA, a post-villnge, capital of Mil- 
 ler CO., Missouri, on tlie right bank of the 
 Osage river, 35 miles S. S. W. from Jeiferson 
 City. 
 
 TusKEGEE, a flourishing post-village, capi- 
 tal of Macon co., Alabama, 40 miles E. by 
 N. from Montgomery. It has several flou- 
 rishing seminaries, 3 newspaper offices, and 
 numerous stores. 
 
 TusQuiTA, a post-office of Cherokee co.,N.C. 
 
 Tussey's Mountain, Pennsylvania, one of 
 the smaller ridges of the Appalachinn chain, 
 traverses Bedford county in its whole length 
 1167 
 
TtlT 
 
 TYL 
 
 from S. W. to N. E., and forms the greater 
 part of the boundary between Blair and 
 Huntingdon, and may be traced through Cen- 
 tre county towards the West branch of the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 TuTHiLL, a small post-village in the S. 
 part of Ulster co., New York. 
 
 Tuttle's Corners, a post-office of Sussex 
 CO., New .Jersey. 
 
 , TwALiTY Plains, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Oregon. 
 
 Twelve Mile, a post-office of Pickens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Twelve Mile, a post-office of Cass co., Ind. 
 
 Twelve Mile Creek, of South Carolina, 
 flows into Saluda river, in Lexington district, 
 about 12 miles above Columbia. 
 
 Twelve Mile Creek, of Pickens district, 
 South Carolina, flows into Kiowee river, 
 about 12 miles S. from the Court House. 
 
 Twelve Mile Creek, a post-office of Steu- 
 ben CO., New York. 
 
 Twelve Mile Prairie, a post-village of 
 St. Clair co., Illinois, about 38 miles S. S. E. 
 from Alton. 
 
 Twelve Mile Stand, a post-office of War- 
 ren CO., Ohio. 
 
 Twenty-Six Mile Creek, of Anderson dis- 
 trict, South Carolina, flows south-westward 
 into Kiowee river. 
 
 Twiggs, a county in the S. central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 400 square miles. 
 The Ocmulgee river forms its W. boundary, 
 and it is drained by Big Sandy, Turkey, and 
 other creeks. The surface in the upper or 
 northern part is broken. The soil is of lime- 
 stone formation, and in some places is pro- 
 ductive. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 9689 bales of cotton ; 
 379,537 bashels of corn ; and 76,323 of sweet 
 potatoes. There were 210 pupils attending 
 public schools. It contains extensive beds 
 of limestone, and burrstone is found. The 
 Ocmulgee river is navigable by steamboats, 
 and the Central railroad passes along the 
 northern border. Organized in 1809, and 
 named in honor of General John Twiggs. 
 Capital, Marion. Population, 8179; of 
 •whom 3559 were free, and 4620, slaves. 
 
 Twin, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Darke co., Ohio. Population, 1400. 
 
 Twin, a township in the E. part of Preble 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1950. 
 
 Twin, a township in the S. W. part of Ross 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 2230. 
 
 Twin Rivers, of Manitoowoc co., Wiscon- 
 sin, are two small streams which rise in the 
 E. part of the state, and enter Lake Michigan 
 at the same point. 
 
 TwiNSBUKG, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Summit co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Cleveland and Pittsburg rail- 
 road. Population, 1281. 
 
 TwiNSBURG, a post-village of Summit co., 
 Ohio, 143 miles N. E. from Columbus. It has 
 1168 
 
 4 churches, and a flourishing seminary with 
 150 pupils. 
 
 Two Bayou, a post-office of Washita co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Two Lick Creek, of Indiana co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into Yellow creek. 
 
 Two Mile Branch, a post-office of Smyth 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Two Mile Creek, a post-office of Davis co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Two Mile Prairie, a post-6ffice of Pulaski 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Two Rivers, a small post-village of Pike 
 CO., Pennsylvania, near the junction of the 
 Lackawaxen with the Delaware. 
 
 Two Rivers, a post-village in Manitoowoc 
 CO., Wisconsin, on the shore of Lake Michi- 
 gan, 15 miles E. by N. from Manitoowoc. 
 This place has a large trade in lumber, fish, 
 and leather. Population, 927. 
 
 Two Taverns, a post-office of Adams co.,Pa. 
 
 Twyman's Store, a post-office of Spottsyl- 
 vania co., Virginia. 
 
 Tybee Island, in Tybee bay, the S. side 
 of the entrance to Savannah river, Georgia. 
 At its N. end is a fixed light, 80 feet high. 
 Lat. 32° N., Ion. 80° 62' W. 
 
 Tye River, a small stream in the S. E. 
 central part of Virginia, rises at the base of 
 the Blue Ridge, flows south-eastward through 
 Nelson co., and enters James river. It fur- 
 nishes motive-power for mills. 
 
 Tye River Mills, a post-office of Nelson 
 CO., Virginia, 128 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Tye River Warehouse, a post-office of 
 Nelson co., Virginia. 
 
 Tygart's Creek, a post-office of Greenup 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Tygart's Valley River, in the north-west 
 part of Virginia, rises in Randolph county, 
 among the Greenbrier mountains, passes 
 through Barbour and Taylor counties, and 
 unites with the West fork of the Mononga- 
 hela, 1 mile south from Fairmont, in Marion 
 county. Its general direction is northward ; 
 its whole length is estimated at 150 miles. 
 It is navigable by small boats in the lower 
 part of its course. 
 
 Tyler, a county in the N. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, is situated on the Ohio river, some 50 
 miles below Wheeling : area 390 square miles. 
 The Ohio river forms its north-western bound- 
 ary, separating it from the State of Ohio, 
 and it is intersected by Middle Island creek. 
 The surface is hilly and broken, and partly 
 covered with forests of good timber. The 
 soil is excellent, well watered, and adapted 
 to wool growing. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, and live stock are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 130,014 bushels of corn; 
 ].5,100 of" wheat; 27,544 of oats, and 1737 
 tons of hay. There were 9 saw mills, 4 flour 
 mills, 3 tanneries ; 7 churches, and 145 pupils 
 attending public schools. The county contains 
 abundance of stone coal, iron ore, and good 
 building stone ; limestone is one of the princi- 
 
TYL 
 
 pal rocks. Large quntities of ore resembling 
 zinc are found. Middle Island creek is a fine 
 mill stream. The county is intersected by 
 three good tui-npike-roads. Organized in 
 1814, and named in honor of John Tyler, go- 
 vernor of Virginia, in 1810. Capital, Mid- 
 dlebourn. Population, 5498; of whom 5460 
 were free, and 38, slaves. 
 
 Tyler, a county in the E. part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 1200 square miles. 
 The Neches river forms its boundary on the 
 N. and E., and the Big Sandy creek on the 
 S._ The surface has but little elevation. The 
 soil produces Indian corn, sweet potatoes, 
 cotton, rice, and sugar. In 1850 this coun- 
 ty yielded 35,099 bushels of corn; 12,320 
 of sweet potatoes ; 184 bales of cotton ; 5260 
 pounds of rice ; 4945 pounds of butter, and 
 33 hogsheads of sugar. There were 35 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 25 attending 
 another school. Capital, Woodville. Pop., 
 1884, of whom 1476 were free, and 418, slaves' 
 Tylee, a post-village, capital of Smith co., 
 Texas, about 220 miles N. from Galveston. 
 
 Tyler, a post-village of Winnebago co., 
 Illinois, about 65 miles E. from Galena. 
 
 Tyler Mountain, a post-office of Kanawha 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Tylersburg, a post-office of Clarion co.,Pa. 
 Tyler's Mills, a post-office of Orange- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 Tylersport, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tylersville, asmall post-village of Clarion 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 85 miles N. N. E. 
 from Pittsburg. 
 
 Tylersville, a small village of Clinton co., 
 Pa., 10 miles S. by E. from Lock Haven. 
 
 Tylersville, a post-office of Laurens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Tymochte creek, of Ohio, enters the San- 
 dusky river, in Wyandot county. 
 
 Tymochte, a post- township in the N. E. 
 part of Wyaudot CO., Ohio. Pop., 1818. 
 
 Tymochte, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Tymochte creek, 75 miles N. by 
 W. from Columbus. 
 
 Tyngsboeough, a post-village in Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts, on Merrimack river, 
 and the Nashua and Lowell railroad, 32 miles 
 N. W. from Boston, contains 1 or 2 churches, 
 and an academy. Pop. of the township, 799. 
 Tyre, a post-township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Seneca co., New York, on the 
 Seneca river and the Erie canal. Pop., 1356. 
 Tyree Springs, a post-office of Sumner 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Tyringham, a post-township in Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, 126 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. Population, 821. 
 
 Tyrone, a post-village in Tyrone township, 
 Steuben, co.. New York, 18 miles E. N. E. 
 from Bath. Pop. of the township, 1894. 
 
 Tyrone, a township of Adams co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 11 miles N. N. E. from Get- 
 tysburg. Population, 789. 
 3 Y 
 
 UFF 
 
 Tyrone, a post-township of Blair co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 15 miles N. N. E. from 
 Hollidaysburg. Population, 1068. 
 
 Tyrone, a thriving post-village in the above 
 township, on the Little Juniata river, and on 
 the Central railroad, 117 miles W. by N. from 
 Harrisburg. This village, which was com- 
 menced in 1849, is an important depot on the 
 railroad, and is improving rapidly. The 
 trade and travel of Centre and Clearfield 
 counties meet the railroad at this point, from 
 which a plank- road, about 30 miles long, has 
 been laid to the Bald Eagle navigation. 
 There is a large iron forge in operation here. 
 Tyrone, a township of Fayette co.. Pa., 15 
 miles N. by E. from Uniontown. Pop., 1419. 
 Tyrone, a township of Perry co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 8 miles S. by W. from Bloom- 
 field. Population, 1069. 
 
 Tyrone, a village in Wilkes co., Georgia, 
 
 55 miles N. E. by N. from Milledgeville 
 
 Tyrone, a post-office of Coshocton co., 0. 
 
 Tyrone, a post-township forming the N. E. 
 
 extremity of Livingston co., Mich. Pop., 867. 
 
 Tyrone Mills, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tyerel, a county in the E. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Albemarle and Pam- 
 lico sounds: area estimated at 320 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Alligator river. 
 The surface is level, and the soil sandy. A 
 large part of it is covered with swamps, and 
 forests of cypress, red cedar, and pine, which 
 supply articles of export, in the form of 
 shingles, staves, turpentine, and tar. In 
 1850 the county produced 149,385 bushels 
 of corn, and 20,745 of sweet potatoes. It 
 contained 1 corn and flour mill, 2 saw mills, 
 and 21 shingle mills : 12 churches, and 400 
 pupils attending public schools. This coun- 
 ty, one of the original precincts, was formed 
 in 1729, and named in honor of Sir John 
 Tyrrel, the proprietor of this part of ths 
 province. Capital, Columbia. Pop., 5183 ; 
 of whom 3431 were free, and 1702, slaves. 
 
 Tyrrell, a small post-village of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Tyson's Furnace, a post-office of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 Tysonville, a small village of Gibson co., 
 Tennessee, 15 miles N. from Trenton. 
 
 U 
 
 TJcHEE creek, of Columbia co., Georgia, 
 flows into the Savannah river. 
 
 UcHEE, a post-village of Russell co., Ala- 
 bama, about 68 miles E. from Montgomery. 
 
 DcHEE Anna, or Euchee Anna, a post-vil- 
 lage, capital of Walton co., Florida, about 120 
 miles W. from Tallahassee. It contains a 
 court house, and several stores. 
 
 Udina, a post-office of Kane co., Illinois 
 
 Uffington, a post-office of Monongalia co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 1169 
 
UFO 
 
 UND' 
 
 Ufoikee ckeek, of Alabama, flows through 
 Macon co., into Tallapoosa river, about 10 
 miles W. by N. from Tuskegee. 
 
 Uharee, or UwHAKiE, a small river of North 
 Carolina, which flows through Randolph and 
 Montgomery counties, and enters the Yadkin, 
 a few miles below the Narrows. 
 
 Uhlersville, a post-ofBce of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Uhlekvillb, a small village in the N. part 
 of Bucks CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware 
 river. 
 
 Uhricksville, a thriving post-village of 
 Mill township, Tuscarawas county, Ohio, on 
 Stillwater creek, about 100 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. It is at the head of slackwater 
 navigation, a few miles from the Ohio canal. 
 Population in 1853, about 900. 
 
 Ulao, a post-oiSce of Washington co.. Wis. 
 
 Ulcofauhachee, or Alcofauhalcheb, a 
 small river in the N. central part of Georgia, 
 rises inGwinett county, flows southward, and 
 enters the Ocmulgee river, on the boundary 
 between Butts and Jasper counties. It is 
 sometimes called the Alcovy. 
 
 Ulster, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 1150 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Hudson 
 river, and is drained by Rondout, Walkill, 
 Neversink, and Shawangunk rivers, and by 
 Esopus creek, which supply motive-power. 
 The surface is generally uneven and moun- 
 tainous, the Catskill and Shawangunk ridges 
 traversing the county. The soil is usually 
 productive where not too rugged for cultiva- 
 tion. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 333,057 bushels of corn; 827,899 of 
 oats; 284,324 of potatoes; 67,407 tons of 
 hay, and 1,211,650 pounds of butter. There 
 were 41 flour mills, 90 saw mills, 3 paper 
 mills, 2 powder mills, 8 hydraulic cement 
 factories, 1 cotton and 4 woollen factories, 
 and 37 tanneries. It contained 81 churches, 
 5 newspaper ofiices, 8389 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 557 attending academies 
 and other schools. Iron ore, limestone, slate, 
 and marl are abundant, and lead, plumba- 
 go, coal, and alum have been found. The 
 Hudson river is navigable for ships along 
 its entire eastern border. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Delaware and Hudson canal. 
 Named from Ulster, a province in Ireland. 
 Capital, Kingston. Population, 59,384. 
 
 Ulster, New York. See Saugerties. 
 
 Ulster, a post-township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the ISorth 
 branch of the Susquehanna river, and on the 
 North Branch canal. Population, 1082. 
 
 Ulsterville, a post-village of Ulster co., 
 N. Y., about 90 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Ultima Thule, a post-oifice of Sevier co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Ulysses, a township of Tompkins co., New 
 York, on the W. side of Cayuga lake, 9 miles 
 N W from Ithaca. Population, 3122. 
 1170 
 
 Ultsses, a post-township of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 15 miles N. E. by E. 
 from Coudersport. Population, 699. 
 
 Ulysses Centre, a post-of&ce of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Umbagog lake, of New England, is situated 
 partly in Oxford countj', Maine, and partly 
 in Coos county. New Hampshire. Its length 
 is about 12 miles, and its breadth varies from 
 1 to 5 miles. The outlet unites with the Mar- 
 gallaway river to form the Androscoggin. 
 
 Umcolcus, a post-oflSce of Aroostook CO., Me. 
 
 Umpqua, a county in the W. part of Oregon, 
 has an area estimated at above 1500 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Pacific, 
 and is drained by the Umpqua river, from 
 which it derives its name. This county was 
 formed since 1850, and consequently the 
 census of that year gives us no information 
 respecting it. 
 
 Umpqua City, a post-village of Umpqua 
 CO., Oregon, on the Umpqua river, a short 
 distance above its mouth, about 100 miles S. 
 S. W. from Salem. 
 
 Unadilla River, near the centre of New 
 York, forms the boundary between Otsego 
 county on the left, and Madison and Che- 
 nango counties on the right. It flows into 
 the East branch of the Susquehanna river. 
 
 Unadilla, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Otsego co.. New York, on the 
 E. side of Unadilla river. Population, 2463. 
 
 Unadilla, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Susquehanna river, about 100 
 miles W. S. W. from Albany. It contains a 
 bank, and several mills and stores. 
 
 Unadilla, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Livingston co., Michigan. 
 Population, 1027. 
 
 Unadilla, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Portage river, about 33 miles S. 
 E. from Lansing, has 1 or 2 mills. 
 
 Unadilla Centre, a post-village of Otsego 
 CO., New York, about 30 miles S. W. from 
 Cooperstown. 
 
 Unadilla Forks, a post-village of Otsego 
 CO., New York, on the Unadilla river, at the 
 junction of its branches, about 85 miles W. 
 by N. from Albany. It contains several 
 mills and factories. 
 
 Unaka, or Unika Mountains, a name given 
 to a portion of the Appalachian mountains, 
 dividing North Carolina from Tennessee, and 
 situated S. W. from the Tennessee river. 
 
 Uncasville, a post-village of Montville 
 township, New London co., Connecticut, on 
 the reservation of the IMohegan Indians, and 
 near the New London, Palmer, and Williman- 
 tic railroad, about 6 miles N. from New Lon- 
 don. Name derived from Uncas, a celebrated 
 Indian chief. 
 
 Underhill, a post-township in Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, 33 miles N. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1599. 
 
 Underhill Centre, a post-office of Chit' 
 tenden co., Vermont. 
 
UND 
 
 UNI 
 
 Underwood, a post-o£5ce of Hopkins co.,Ky. 
 
 Underwoods, a post-office of Marion co.,0. 
 
 Union, a county in the E. central part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 550 square 
 miles. The entire eastern boundary is 
 formed by the Susquehanna river, together 
 with its West branch. Penn's creek flows 
 through the middle of the county, which is 
 drained also by Buffalo, White Deer, and 
 Middle creeks. The surface is diversified by 
 minor rides of the Alleghany mountains, the 
 names of which are Buffalo, Nittany, Shade, 
 and Jack's mountains. The soil of the val- 
 leys, especially that of Buffalo creek, is ex- 
 tremely fertile. Wheat is the staple pro- 
 duct; Indian corn, hay, butter, oats, pork, 
 and beef are also exported. In 1850 this 
 county produced 353,095 bushels of wheat; 
 180,563 of corn; 232,332 of oats; 20,811 
 tons of hay, and 377,190 pounds of butter. 
 There were 39 flour and grist mills, 9 saw 
 mills, 9 manufactories of coaches, 9 of cabi- 
 net ware, and 2 of farming implements, 4 
 woollen factories, 3 boat-yards, 8 iron foun- 
 dries and 21 tanneries. It contained 40 
 churches, 8 newspaper offices, 7463 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 225 attending 
 academies or other schools. Iron and lime- 
 stone are the most valuable minerals. The 
 creek affords motive-power for numerous 
 mills and factories. The Susquehanna canal 
 passes along the E. border. Formed in 1813. 
 Capital, New Berlin. Population, 26,083. 
 
 Union, a county in the S. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on South Carolina : area 
 estimated at 350 square miles. It is drained 
 by Eichardson's and Warsaw creeks. The 
 surface is undulating or hilly ; a portion of 
 the soil is productive. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 and cotton are cultivated ; lumber and tar 
 are procured from the forests. In 1850 this 
 county produced 59,856 bushels of wheat; 
 39,875 of corn, and 2264 bales of cotton. It 
 contained 23 churches, 1038 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 50 attending an academy. 
 Granite underlies a part of the surface, and 
 extensive beds of slate suitable for building 
 are found in other parts. Several rich gold 
 mines are worked, and it is stated that lumps 
 have been found worth from $2000 to $3000 
 each. Hones or whetstones of fine quality 
 are found eight miles from Monroe. Accord- 
 ing to some accounts. General Andrew .lack- 
 son was born in this county, about a quarter 
 of a mile from the border of South Carolina. 
 Formed in the year 1842, from parts of An- 
 son and Mecklenburg counties. Capital, 
 Monroe. Population, 10,051 ; of whom 8069 
 were free, and 1982, slaves. 
 
 Union, a district in the N. part of South 
 Carolina, contains about 500 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the E. by the Broad river, 
 on the S. by the Ennoree, and intersected 
 by the Pacolct and Tyger rivers. The sur- 
 face is hilly, the soil productive, and well 
 watered. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 
 sweet potatoes, cattle, and swine are the 
 staples. In 1850 the district produced 
 14,156 bales of cotton; 655,078 bushels of 
 corn; 68,826 of wheat; 99,739 of oats, and 
 47,127 of sweet potatoes. There were 8 tan- 
 neries, 1 iron foundry, 25 grist mills, and 4 
 saw and planing mills. It contained 40 
 churches, 285 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 348 attending academies or other schools. 
 This district is remarkable for mineral wealth : 
 one gold mine is worked with profit; iron 
 ore of fine quality is found in immense 
 quantities ; and granite is one of the prin- 
 cipal rocks. It is intersected by the Spartan- 
 burg and Union railroad. The streams fur- 
 nish motive-power for mills, &c. Capital, 
 Unionville. Population, 19,852 ; of whom 
 9460 were free, and 10.392, slaves. 
 
 Union, a county in the N. part of Georgia, 
 bordering on North Carolina, has an area of 
 630 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of the Hiawassee, Notley, and Tocoa 
 rivers, which flow north-westward to the 
 Tennessee river. The county is traversed 
 by the Blue Ridge, several peaks of which 
 are distinguished by the names of Ivy Log, 
 Cooper's, Track Rock, and Round Top moun- 
 tains. Pilot mountain, situated in the N. E. 
 part, is said to be very difficult of ascent ; 
 the north-west side, according to White's 
 Statistics, is 400 yards perpendicular. In- 
 dian corn, rye, oats, and sweet potatoes are 
 the staples : the highlands produce good 
 pasture. In 1850 there were raised 274,345 
 bushels of corn; 40,428 of oats, and 30,867 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 1 forge, 2 
 tanneries; 12 churches, and 275 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Union county abounds 
 in valuable minerals, particularly iron, gra- 
 nite, marble, and gold. Several mines of gold 
 are worked, which are said to be rich ; and 
 a few diamonds have been found. Organized 
 in 1832. Capital, Blairsville. Population, 
 7234; of whom 6956 were free, and 278, 
 slaves. 
 
 Union, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, 
 bordering on Arkansas, contains about 1000 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by 
 Washita river, and intersected by its afflu- 
 ents, the D'Arbonne and Lutre bayous. The 
 surface is diversified by pine-clad hills of 
 moderate height. The soil is sandy and 
 fertile, producing cotton and Indian corn. 
 In 1850 there were raised 5213 bales of 
 cotton; 292,095 bushels of corn, and 105,820 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 11 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, 514 pupils attending pub 
 lie schools, and 125 attending other schools. 
 Extensive forests of pine, oak, and hickory 
 are found here. The Washita is navigated 
 by steamboats on the border of the parish, 
 and the D'Arbonne is navigable to Farmers- 
 ville, the seat of justice. Population, 8203 ; 
 of whom 4778 were free, and 3425, slaves. ■ 
 
 Union, a county in the S. part of Arkansas, 
 bordering on Louisiana: area about 1230 
 1171 
 
vm 
 
 UNI 
 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. W. by 
 Washita river, and drained by Sulphur creek, 
 and the North fork of the Bayou D'Arbonne. 
 The surface is moderately hilly ; the soil is 
 sandy and productive. Cotton and Indian 
 corn are the staples. In 1850 it produced 7037 
 bales of cotton; 341,406 bushels of corn; 
 98,660 of sweet potatoes, and 33,861 pounds 
 of butter. The quantity of sweet potatoes 
 was the greatest produced in any one county 
 of the state ; and the quantity of cotton 
 greater than in any except Chicot county. 
 It contained 14 churches, and 1 newspaper 
 office. The Washita river is navigable by 
 steamboats.^ In 1850, Union was the most 
 populous county in the state. Capital, El 
 Dorado. Population, 10,298; of whom 5581 
 were free, and 4767, slaves. 
 
 Union, a county in the N. W. p,art of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on the Ohio river, which 
 separates it from Indiana and Illinois, has an 
 area estimated at 850 square miles. The 
 Ohio river washes the whole western, and 
 part of the northern border : Tradewater 
 creek forms its boundary on the S. W., and 
 Highland creek on the N. E. The surface is 
 level, undulating, and hilly; the soil is good. 
 Indian corn, oats, tobacco, and hemp are the 
 staples. Cattle, horses, and swine are also 
 exported. In 1850 this county oroduced 
 680,640 bushels of corn; 11,994 of wheat; 
 50,045 of oats, and 494,784 pounds of to- 
 bacco. It contained 18 churches, 1284 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 71 attending 
 academies or other schools. Extensive beds 
 of bituminous coal and several sulphur and 
 chalybeate springs are found in it. Formed 
 in 1811. Capital, Morganfield. Population, 
 9012 ; of whom 6720 were free, and 2292, 
 slaves. 
 
 Union, a county in the ^Y. central part of 
 Ohio, contains about 445 square miles. It is 
 drained by Darby, Mill, Rush, and Boques 
 creeks, affluents of the Scioto river. The 
 surface is generally level, and heavily tim- 
 bered, except some prairies of small extent : 
 the soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 grass, dairy products, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 624,898 bushels of corn; 26,563 of wheat, 
 and 16,969 tons of hay. It contained 26 
 churches, 1 newspaper office, 3279 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 32 attending an 
 academy. Valuable limestone quai-ries are 
 worked in the eastern part. Three rail- 
 roads are in course of construction in the 
 county, the Springfield and Mansfield, the 
 Columbus and Urbanna, and the Marysville 
 and Bellefontaine. Capital, Marysville. Po- 
 pulation, 12,204. 
 
 Union, a county in the E. part of Indiana, 
 bordering on Ohio, contains 168 square miles. 
 It is drained by the East Fork of Whitewater 
 river. The surface is level in the E., and un- 
 dulating in the W., and the soil is uniformly 
 good. The exports consist of wheat, corn, 
 1172 
 
 oats, pork, cattle, and horses. In 1850 it pro- 
 duced 631,515 bushels of corn; 58,862 of 
 wheat; 52,930 of oats, and 3665 tons of hay. 
 It contained 27 churches, 1678 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 130 attending other 
 schools. The underlying rock is the blue or 
 Trenton limestone. Union county is liberally 
 supplied with water-power. It is intersected 
 by 1 or 2 railroads leading to Cincinnati. 
 Capital, Libert}'. Population, 6944. 
 
 Union, a county near the S. extremity of 
 Illinois, has an area of about 320 square 
 miles. The Mississippi river forms its west- 
 ern boundary, and the county is drained by 
 Clear creek. The surface is diversified, 
 and in some parts hilly ; the soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 314,705 
 bushels of corn ; 31 ,902 of wheat, and 42,249 
 of oats. It contained 27 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, and 1300 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. This county is rich in minerals, 
 among which are iron, lead, stone coal, chalk, 
 porcelain clay, alum, and copperas. Salt- 
 petre caves are numerous. The lead mines 
 have not been much explored ; the beds of 
 coal and porcelain are extensive. The route 
 of the Central railroad passes through the 
 county. Capital, Jonesborough. Pop., 7615. 
 
 Union, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Crooked fork of Grand 
 river, and several of its affluents. The soil 
 is said to be fertile, but is mostly unculti- 
 vated. The census gives us no information 
 respecting this county, which has but few 
 inhabitants. Capital, not yet established. 
 
 Union, a post-township in Lincoln co., 
 Maine, 28 miles S. E. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 1974. 
 
 Union, a post-office of Carroll co., N. H. 
 
 Union, a post-township in Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, 33 miles N. E. from Hartford. 
 Population, 729. 
 
 Union, a small village in Providence co-., 
 Rhode Island, about 15 miles N. by W. from 
 Providence. 
 
 Union, a thriving post-village of Broome 
 CO., New York, in the valley of the Nanticoke 
 creek, and one-half mile from the Union sta- 
 tion of the New York and Erie railroad, 233 
 miles from New York city. Settled in 1789, 
 by Judge Mersereau. Population of the Til- 
 lage, about 1200 ; of the township, 2143. 
 
 Union, a township of Camden co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware river, about 4 miles 
 S. from Camden. Population, 1095. 
 
 Union, a post-township in Essex co., New 
 Jersey, about 46 miles N. E. from Trenton. 
 Population, 1662. 
 
 Union, or Connecticut Fakms, a post- 
 village in the above township, about 50 miles 
 N. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Union, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Adams co., Pa. Population, 952. 
 
 Union, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 tremity of Bedford co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 1291. 
 
 Union, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Berks co., Pennsylvania, on the right bank 
 of the Schuylkill river. Pop., 1665. 
 
 Union, a township of Clearfield co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Populatien, 262. 
 
 Union, a new township of Erie co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 1076. 
 
 Union, a township of Fayette co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, contains the county seat. Pop., 5206. 
 
 Union, a township of Huntingdon co.,Pa., 
 Smiles S. from Huntingfion. Pop., 631. 
 
 Union, a new township of Jeiferson co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 597. 
 
 Union, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Lebanon co.. Pa. Pop., 1590. 
 
 Union, a township of Luzerne co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the North 
 branch of the Susquehanna river, about 14 
 miles W. from Wilkesbarre. Pop., 1308. 
 
 Union, a township of Mifflin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, about 8 miles N. W. from Lewistown. 
 Population, 1284. 
 
 Union, a township forming the N. ex- 
 tremity of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, in- 
 tersected by the Catawissa railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 1064. 
 
 Union, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Tioga CO., Pa. Population, 825. 
 
 Union, a township of Union co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the right bank of the Susquehanna 
 river, opposite Sunbury, contains New Berlin, 
 the county seat. Population, 1452. 
 
 Union, a small village of Union co.. Pa. 
 
 Union, a township of Washington co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 15 miles S. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1192. 
 
 Union, a small village of Washington co. , Pa. 
 
 Union, a post-of&ce of York co.. Pa. 
 
 Union, a handsome post-village, capital 
 of Monroe co., Virginia, 208 miles W. from 
 Richmond. It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 Population, about 500. 
 
 Union, a thriving village of Kandolph co.. 
 North Carolina, on Deep river, . a few miles 
 from Ashborough. It has a fine water-power 
 and a cotton factory. 
 
 Union, a post-of&ce of Washington eo., N.C. 
 
 Union, a post- village of Greene co., Ala- 
 bama, 33 miles S. S. W. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Union, a small village of .Jefi"erson co.. Miss. 
 
 Union, a post-village of Newton co., Mis- 
 sissippi, 75 miles E. from Jackson. 
 
 Union, a township in Ashley co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 192. 
 
 Union, a township in Conway co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 319. 
 
 Union, a post-township in Fulton co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 363. 
 
 Union, a township in Greene co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 473. 
 
 Union, a township in Independence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 256. 
 
 Union, a township in Izard co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 440. 
 
 Union, a township in Lafayette co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 550. 
 
 Union, a township in Lawrence co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 530. 
 
 Union, a township in Marion co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 543. 
 
 Union, a township in Newton co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 163. 
 
 Union, a township in Van Buren co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 258. 
 
 Union, a township in White co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 244. 
 
 Union, a post-office of Boone co., Ky. 
 
 Union, a township in the N. W. central 
 part of Belmont co., Ohio. Population, 1872j 
 
 Union, a township in the S. part of Brown 
 CO., Ohio, on the Ohio river. Pop., 4379. 
 
 Union, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Butler county, Ohio, intersected 
 by the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton rail- 
 road. It contains the village of Bipley. Po- 
 pulation, 2173. 
 
 Union, a township in the S. central part 
 of Carroll co., Ohio. Population, 804. 
 
 Union, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Champaign co., Ohio. Population, 1646. 
 
 Union, a township in the W. part of Cler- 
 mont CO., Ohio. Population, 1800. 
 
 Union, a township in the central part of 
 Clinton co., Ohio, contains Wilmington, the 
 county seat. Population, 3558. 
 
 Union, a township in the central part of 
 Fayette co., Ohio, contains the county seat. 
 Population, 2392. 
 
 Union, a township in the W. part of Han- 
 cock CO., Ohio. Population, 1150. 
 
 Union, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Highland co., Ohio. Population, 1408. 
 
 Union, a township in the E. part of Knox 
 CO., Ohio, partly intersected by the Wal- 
 honding and Vernon rivers. Population, 
 1192. 
 
 Union, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Lawrence co., Ohio, on the Ohio river. Po- 
 pulation, 1318. 
 
 Union, a township in the S. part of Lick- 
 ing CO., Ohio, partly intersected by the Ohio 
 canal. Population, 2368. 
 
 Union, a township in the S. part of Logan 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 804. 
 
 Union, a township in the W. part of Madi- 
 son CO., Ohio, intersected by the Columbus 
 and Xenia railroad. Population, 2160. 
 
 Union, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Mercer co, Ohio, intersected by 
 St. Mary's river. Population, 746. 
 
 Union, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Miami co., Ohio, intersected by 
 Miami river. Population, 2227. 
 
 Union, a township in Monroe co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1930. 
 
 Union, a post- village of Montgomery co., 0. 
 
 Union, a township in the W. part of Mor- 
 gan CO., Ohio. Population, 1795. 
 
 Union, a township in the E. part of Mus- 
 kingum CO., Ohio. Population, 1559. 
 1173 
 
UNI 
 
 tin 
 
 TJmok, a township in Pike co., Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 504. 
 
 U.viojf, a township in Putnam co., Ohio. 
 Population, 515. 
 
 IJmo.n", a township in the N. central part 
 of Ross CO., Ohio, on the W. side of Scioto 
 river, and intersected V)y the Ohio canal. 
 PopuLation, 2600. 
 
 UxfON, a township in the W. part of Scioto 
 CO., Ohio, on the W. side of Scioto river. 
 Population, 605. 
 
 Uxiox, a township in the E. part of Tus- 
 carawas CO., Ohio. Population, 944. 
 
 Umo.n, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Union co., Ohio. Pop., 1205. 
 
 Usjox, a township in Van Wert co., Ohio. 
 Population, 84. 
 
 Unto-v, a township in the central part of 
 Warren co., Ohio, intersected by the Little 
 Miami railroad and the Miami canal. 
 
 Union, or Union Village, a Shaker village 
 in the above township, about 30 miles N. N. 
 W. from Cincinnati. Population, 548. 
 
 UxfON, a township in the central part of 
 Washington co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Muskingum river. Population, 1105. 
 
 Union, a township in the N. part of Branch 
 CO., Michigan. Population, 1271. 
 
 Union, a post-village of Cass co., Michi- 
 gan, 100 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. 
 
 Union, a township in Adams co., Indiana. 
 Population, 412. 
 
 Union, a township in Bartholomew co., In- 
 diana. Population, 588. 
 
 Union, a township in Crawford co., In- 
 diana. Population, 022. 
 
 Union, a township in De Kalb co., In- 
 diana. Population, 778. 
 
 Union, a township in Delaware co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1012. 
 
 Union, a township in Elkhart co., In- 
 diana. Population, 032. 
 
 Union, a township in Fulton co., Indiana. 
 Population, 734. 
 
 Union, a township in Grant co., Indiana. 
 Population, 544. 
 
 Union, a township in Hancock co., In- 
 diana. Population, 522. 
 
 Union, a township in .lohnson co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1227. 
 
 Union, a township in La Porte co., Indiana. 
 Population, 808. 
 
 Union, a township in Madison co., Indiana. 
 Population, 023. 
 
 Union, a township in Miami co., Indiana. 
 Population, 812. 
 
 Union, a township in Montgomery co., In- 
 diana. Population, 5027. 
 
 Union, a township in Parke co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1188. 
 
 IFnion, a township in Perry co., Indiana. 
 Population, 747. 
 
 Union, a post-office of Pike co., Indi.nna. 
 
 Union, a township in Porter co., Indiana. 
 Population, 487. 
 
 Union, a village and important railroad 
 1174 
 
 ] station of Pandoly^h county, Indiana, on the 
 
 I eastern boundary of the state, 85 miles E. 
 
 I N. E. from Indianapolis. Six or seven rail- 
 
 { roads meet at this point, viz. the Indianapolis 
 
 I and Bellefontaine and the Bellefontaine and 
 
 Indiana; the Columbus, Piqua, and Indiana; 
 
 the Greenville and Miami, t::e Marion and 
 
 Mi.ssisinnewa, and the Cincinnati, Union, and 
 
 Fort Wayne. The first, second, and fourth 
 
 are fini.shed. The post-office is Union City. 
 
 Laid out in 1849. 
 
 Union, a township in Rush co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1179. 
 
 Union, a township in St. .Joseph co., Ind. 
 
 Union, a township in Shelhty co., Indiana. 
 
 Union, a township in Union co., Indiana. 
 
 Union, a township in Vanderburg co., In- 
 diana. Population, 073. 
 
 Union, a township in Wells co., Indiana. 
 Population, 507. 
 
 Union, a small post-village of Champaign 
 CO.. 111., 105 miles E. Vjy N. from Springfield. 
 
 Union, a township in Fulton co., Illinois. 
 Population, 910. 
 
 Union, a small village of McHenry co., 
 Illinois, on the Galena and Chicago Union 
 railroad, 02 miles N. AV. from Chicago. 
 
 Union, a post-village, capital of Franklin 
 CO., Missouri, on the Pacific railroad, (un- 
 finished,) 55 miles W. from St. Louis. The 
 Bourbeuse river, which passes near the vil- 
 lage, affords fine water-power. Rich mines 
 of copper, iron, and lead are worked in the 
 county. Union has one new.spaper office. 
 
 Union, a township in Marion co., Missouri. 
 Population, 988. 
 
 Union, a township* in Randolph co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 504. 
 
 Union, a township in St. Genevieve co., 
 Missouri. Population, 898. 
 
 Union, a township in Washington co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 1701. 
 
 Union, a post-office of Van Buren co.,Iowa. 
 
 Union, a piost-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Rock co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1050. 
 
 Union, a post- village in the above township, 
 22 miles S. by E. from Madison. 
 
 Union, a post-office of Santa Clara co.,Cal. 
 
 Union Bridge, a post-office of Carroll co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Union Beidge, a post-office of Titus co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Union Centre, a post-office of Broome co., 
 New York. 
 
 Union City, a post-village of Branch co., 
 Michigan, on the St. .Joseph's river, at the 
 mouth of Coldwator river, at the head of 
 navigation, 115 miles W^ by S. from Detroit. 
 It contains an iron foundry and several mills. 
 
 Union City, Randolph co., Indiana. See 
 Union. 
 
 Union Church, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Union Corners, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., New York. 
 
 tfNioN CoBNEBs, a post-yillagc in Van Bu- 
 
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 UNI 
 
 ren co., Iowa, on St. Fox river, 90 miles S. S. 
 W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Union Cross Roads, a small village of 
 Gloucester co., New Jersey, about 4 miles S. 
 E. from Woodbury. 
 
 Union Cross Roads, a post-office in Union 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Uniondale, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Union Depot, a village of Dauphin co., 
 Pa., about 30 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Union District, a post-office of Washtenaw 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Union Falls, a post-village of Clinton co., 
 New York, on Saranac river, about 160 miles 
 N. from Albany. 
 
 Union Furnace, a post-office of Hunting- 
 don CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Union Grove, a post-office of Prince George 
 CO., Virginin. 
 
 Union Grove, a post-office of Whitesides 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Union Grove, a post-office of Racine co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Union Hall, a small post- village of Frank- 
 lin CO., Virginia, 200 miles W. S. W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Union Level, a post-office of Mecklenburg 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Union Line, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Union Meeting House, a post-office of Bal- 
 timore CO., Maryland. 
 
 Union Mills, a post-village of Fulton co.. 
 New York, 40 miles N. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 Union Mills, a post-village of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania, on French creek, and on the 
 Sunbury and Erie railroad, 22 miles S. E. 
 from Erie. 
 
 Union Mills, a post-village in Carroll co., 
 Md., 65 miles N. N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Union Mills, a post-village of Fluvanna 
 county, Virginia, on the Rivanna river, 75 
 miles N. W. from Richmond. The river affords 
 water-power, which is used in a cotton fac- 
 tory and several mills. 
 
 Union Mills, a post-office of Heard co.,Ga. 
 
 Union Mills, a flourishing post-village of 
 La Porte co., Indiana, 11 miles S. S. W. from 
 La Porte. 
 
 Union Mills, a thriving post-village of Ma- 
 haska county, Iowa, on the Des Moines river, 
 about 10 miles W. from Oskaloosa. 
 
 Union Plain, a post-office of Brown co., 0. 
 
 Union Point, a small post-village of Greene 
 CO., Georgia, on the Georgia railroad, at its 
 junction with the Athens branch, 48 miles N. 
 by E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Union Point, a post-office of Concordia pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 ■ Union Point, a post-office of Union co., 
 Illinois, on the Ohio, about 80 miles W. by S. 
 from Shawneetown. 
 
 Union Prairie, a post-office of Allomakee 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Union Eivee, of Hancock co., Maine, falls 
 
 into the Atlantic ocean opposite Mount Desert 
 Island. It has numerous tributaries, and in 
 some parts is rapid, affording iine mill seats. 
 
 Union Settlement, a post-office of Oswego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Union Society, a post-office of Greene co., 
 New York. 
 
 Union Springs, a post-village in Springport 
 township, Cayuga county. New York, is beau- 
 tifully situated on the E. shore of Cayuga 
 lake, 10 miles S. W. from Auburn. It con- 
 tains 1 Catholic and 5 Protestant churches, a 
 newspaper office, a female seminary, 9 dry- 
 goods stores, 2 flouring mills, 2 steam saw 
 and planing mills, 2 lumber-yards, 1 machine 
 shop, 1 foundry, and 1 manufactory of farming 
 implements and other articles. There are 
 within the limits of the village several springs, 
 supplying motive-power to two mills, the 
 waters of which never vary in quantity, even 
 in seasons of the greatest drought; hence it 
 has been supposed that they issue from a 
 subterraneous channel communicating with 
 Owasco lake, 10 miles distant, the surface of 
 which is said to be some 200 feet above the 
 level of the springs. Quarries of limestone 
 and gypsum are worked at this place. Plank- 
 roads connect it with Auburn and Levanna, 
 and a steam ferry-boat plies across the lake. 
 Popuation in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Union Springs, a post-village of Macon co., 
 Alabama, on the Girard and Mobile railroad, 
 about 40 miles S. E. from Montgomery. 
 
 Union Springs, a post-office of Harrison 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Union Springs, a post-office of Union co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Union Square, a post- village of Oswego co., 
 New York, on Salmon creek, 12 miles E. from 
 Oswego. 
 
 Union Square, a post-village of Jlontgo- 
 mery co.. Pa., 92 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Union Star, a post-office of Breckenridge 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Uniontown, a flourishing post-borough of 
 Union township, capital of Fayette county, 
 Pennsylvania, is pleasantly situated on the 
 National road, about 55 miles S. by E. from 
 Pittsburg. It is compactly built, and con- 
 tains a neat court house, 7 brick churches, 1 
 academy, 1 female seminary, and Madison 
 College. Three or four newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The surrounding country is 
 fertile and populous. The abundance of 
 stone coal in this vicinity renders it an ad- 
 vantageous site for manufactories, of which 
 there are several in operation. Population 
 in 1850, 2383 ; in 1853, about 2700. 
 
 Uniontown, a village of Lycoming county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river, 12 
 miles S. from Williamsport. It contained in 
 1851, 4 stores, and near 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Uniontown, a post- village of Carroll co., 
 Maryland, 40 miles N. W. from Baltimore 
 Population in 1850, 356. 
 
 Uniontown, a post-village in Perry so., 
 1175 
 
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 Alabama, on the Alabama and Mississippi 
 railroad, 60 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. Popu- 
 lation, estimated at 600. 
 
 Uniontown, a post- village of Union co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 244 miles below 
 Louisville, has several stores. 
 
 Uniontown, a post-village of Belmont co., 
 Ohio, 114 miles E. from Columbus. Popula- 
 tion, about 300. 
 
 UNiONTovirN, a post-village of Stark co., 
 Ohio, 132 miles N. E. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 245. 
 
 Uniontown, a small post-village of Wells 
 CO., Ind., 112 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Uniontown, a post-village of Knox co., 
 Illinois, on the Peoria and Oquawka railroad, 
 26 miles W. from Peoria. 
 
 Uniontown, a post-oiSce of Indian Terri- 
 tory, Missouri. 
 
 Uniontown, a post-town of Trinity co., 
 in the N. N. W. part of California, is situ- 
 ated on Humboldt harbor and on the main 
 road from Benicia to Klamath, 235 miles in 
 a straight line N. N. W. from San Francisco. 
 
 Union Vale, a township of Dutchess co.. 
 New York, 12 miles E. from Poughkeepsie. 
 Population, 1552. 
 
 Union Valley, a post-office of Cortland 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Union Village, a post-village in Orange 
 CO., Vt., 46 miles S. E. from Montpelier. 
 
 Union Village, a post-village of Broome 
 CO., New York, about 20 miles N. by W. from 
 Binghamton. 
 
 Union Village, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington county, New York, on the Battenkill 
 river, about 35 miles N. N. E. from Albany. 
 It contains several churches, an academy, a 
 bank, and has manufactures of cotton, wool, 
 iron, and other articles. 
 
 Union Village, a post-village in North- 
 umberland CO., Virginia, 88 miles E. N. E. 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Union Village, Warren co., Ohio. See 
 Union. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut, on the Collinsville branch of the 
 New Haven and Northampton railroad, about 
 17 miles S. W. by W. from Hartford. It con- 
 tains 1 church, and 2 stores. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village of Orange co.. 
 New York, about 120 miles S. S. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 Unionville, formerly Weangleboeough, 
 a small village of Atlantic co.. New Jersey, is 
 situated on Nacote creek, about 13 miles E. 
 N. E. from May's Landing. 
 
 Unionville, a flourishing post-village of 
 Centre county, Pennsylvania, is situated in 
 Bald Eagle valley, 6 miles W. from Belle- 
 fonte. A plank-road connects it with the 
 Central railroad at Tyrone. It contained in 
 1851, 8 stores, 1 flour mill, and 1 tannery. 
 The name of the post-office is Fleming. 
 
 Unionville, a handsome and thriving post- 
 village of Chester county, Pennsylvania, 35 
 1176 
 
 miles W. by S. from Philadelphia. It is well 
 built, and surrounded by a rich and highly 
 cultivated country. It contains 3 churches, 
 2 boarding-schools of respectable patronage, 
 5 stores, and about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Unionville, a small village of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, 9 miles from Allentown. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village in Frederick 
 CO., Md., 67 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village, capital of Union 
 district. South Carolina, 70 miles N. N. W. 
 from Columbia. The surrounding country is 
 hilly, and contains an abundance of granite 
 and iron ore. The Spartanburg and Union 
 railroad passes through it, connecting it with 
 the Greenville and Columbia railroad. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village in Monroe co., 
 Georgia, 55 miles W. by N. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 LTnionville, a post-office of Blount co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Unionville, a post-office of Cass co., Tex. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village in Bedford co., 
 Tennessee, 46 miles S. S. E. from Nashville. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village of Lake co., 
 Ohio, near the Cleveland and Erie railroad, 
 184 miles N. E. from Columbus. It is one 
 of the largest villages in the county. Popu- 
 lation, estimated at 700. 
 
 Unionville, a small village of Morgan co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 Indiana, 8 or 9 miles N. E. from Bloomington. 
 
 Unionville, a post-village of Appanoose 
 CO., Iowa, about 120 miles S. W. from Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Unionville Centee, a post- village of Union 
 CO., Ohio, on Big Darby creek, 25 miles N. 
 W. from Columbus. 
 
 Uniopolis, a post-office of Auglaize co., 0. 
 
 Unison, a post-village of Loudon co., Vir- 
 ginia, 16 miles S. AV. from Leesburg, con- 
 tains 3 churches, and several stores. 
 
 Unison, a post-office of Delaware co., Ohio. 
 
 UnItaeia, a post-office of Broome co.. 
 New York. 
 
 United States, The, a federal republic, 
 occupying more than half the territory of 
 the temperate zone, in North America, lies 
 between 24° 30' and 49° N. lat., and between 
 66° 50' and 124° 30' W. Ion., and is bounded 
 on the N. by British America, from which it 
 is partly separated by the lakes Superior, 
 Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, and by 
 the river St. Lawrence ; E. and N. E. by the 
 British province of New Brunswick and by the 
 Atlantic ocean ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico 
 and the Mexican republic, from which it is 
 chiefly separated by the Rio Grande del 
 Norte and Gila rivers; and on the W. by the 
 Pacific ocean. The territory of the United 
 States now forms nearly a parallelogram of 
 about 2400 miles in mean length from E. to 
 W., and about 1300 miles in average breadth 
 from N. to S. The extreme length, however, 
 is nearly 2700 miles, and its greatest breadth 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 about 1600. The domain of the United 
 States has been more than doubled since the 
 formation of the confederacy, by the acquisi- 
 tion, in 1803, of the Territory of Louisiana; 
 by the purchase of Florida, in 1819 ; by the 
 annexation of Texas, in 1846, and by the con- 
 quest of California and New Mexico, in 1848. 
 The whole forms an area, according to the 
 estimate of Colonel Abert, chief of the Topo- 
 graphical Bureau, at Washington, of 2,983,158 
 square miles, nearly equalling in extent that of 
 the continent of Europe. The same authority 
 assigns 778,266 square miles of this area to 
 the Pacific slope, 1,237,311 to the Mississippi 
 valley, and 967,576 to the Atlantic slope. The 
 census report of Mr. Kennedy, however, esti- 
 mates the entire area at 3, 230, 572 square miles. 
 Population. — In no region of the globe, 
 ancient or modern, under one government, 
 and intermingling among each other in the 
 daily offices of public and private life, was 
 there ever a population composed of such 
 varied elements as in the United States — Eng- 
 lish, Irish, German, Scotch, French, and 
 Welsh, besides a small admixture from every 
 other state in Europe, from the West Indies 
 and South America, from Africa, Asia, and 
 even from the isles of the Pacific. Though the 
 English or Anglo-Saxon is undoubtedly the 
 stem, and that race founded the principal 
 colonies, and gives tone to the customs, man- 
 ners, and laws of the country, yet, so large 
 is the infusion from other stocks, (estimated 
 at 5,000,000 by the Hon. Edward Everett,) as 
 to make the national characteristics, both of 
 physiognomy and manners, essentially distinct 
 from the English, though still bearing a strong 
 resemblance to them. At the taking of the 
 first census after the formation of the present 
 government of the United States, in 1790, the 
 inhabitants numbered 3,929,827; 5,305,941, 
 in 1800; 7,239,814, in 1810; 9,638,191, in 
 1820; 12,866,020, in 1830; 17,069,453, in 
 1840; 23,263,488, in 1850; of whom 9,920,157 
 (California not included) were white males ; 
 9,498,769 white females; 202,688 free co- 
 lored males; 218,983 free colored females; 
 1,600,794 male slaves, and 1,599,155 female 
 slaves. The population was distributed as fol- 
 lows : — In the New England, or Eastern States, 
 2,728,106 ; in the Middle States, 6,573,305 ; in 
 the Southern States, 6,270,667; in the Western 
 States, 7,382,426, and in the territories, Ca- 
 lifornia and District of Columbia, 308,984. 
 Of the entire population, 19,553,928 were 
 whites; 433,643, free colored, and 3,204,347, 
 slaves. The regular increase of the popula- 
 tion, including the large accession by emi- 
 gration, (now amounting to neai-ly 400,000 a 
 year,) is remarkable, forming about an ave- 
 rage of 35 per cent, for each of the 6 decennial 
 periods that have occurred since 1790, for 
 the white population, while the free colored 
 has diminished from a ratio of 82-2 per cent, 
 between 1790 and 1800, to 10-96 per' cent, 
 between 1840 and 1850. The slaves, how- 
 
 ever, have increased by an average of nearly 
 
 30 per cent, for each decennial period. Of the 
 white population in 1850, 17,737,578 were 
 born in the United States, and 2,210,839, in 
 foreign countries : viz. 961,719, in Ireland ; 
 573,225, in Germany; 278,675, in England; 
 141,711, in British America ; 70,550, in Scot- 
 land; 54,069, in France; 29,868, in Wales; 
 13,358, in Switzerland ; 13,317, in Mexico ; 
 12,678, in Norway; 10,549, in Prussia, and 
 9848, in Holland According to estimates given 
 by Mr. Kennedy, in his census reports, the to- 
 tal number of foreigners, and descendants of 
 foreigners, since 1790, (living in 1850,) was 
 4,304,416. Of the entire population, 9717 
 were deaf and dumb, of whom 143 were free 
 colored, and 489, slaves ; 9702 were blind, 
 of whom 494 were free colored, and 1211, 
 slaves; 15,768 were insane, of whom 321 
 were free colored, and 291, slaves ; 15,706, 
 idiotic, of whom 436 were free colored, and 
 1040, slaves. A remarkable coincidence will 
 be observed between the number of those 
 who are idiotic and those who are insane, 
 and between the blind and deaf and dumb, 
 there being a difference of only 15 between 
 the latter, and 62 between the former, in 
 the whole United States. Of 134,972 pau- 
 pers, who received public aid in the year end- 
 ing June 1, 1850, more than half, viz. 68,538 
 were foreigners. These were supported at an 
 average expense of nearly $22 for each pauper. 
 In the same period there occurred 320,438 
 deaths, or about 14 in every one thousand 
 persons.- — See Table of P ovulation, Appendix. 
 
 Divisions. — There are in the confederacy 
 
 31 states, and (including the District of Co- 
 lumbia) 7 organized and one unorganized 
 territory. These have been hitherto grouped 
 as follows: — 6 New England States, viz. 
 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- 
 setts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, con- 
 taining 63,272 square miles ; 5 Middle States, 
 viz. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Delaware, and Maryland, containing 111,796 
 square miles ; 9 Southern States, viz. Virgi- 
 nia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
 Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
 and Texas, containing about 629,750 square 
 miles; and 11 Western States, viz. Tennessee, 
 Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
 Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and 
 California, containing 493,117 square miles. 
 Besides these there are the six organized Ter- 
 ritories, viz. Minnesota, Indian Territory, 
 New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, and Washington. 
 The last three lying west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, which intersect New Mexico. The 
 District of Columbia is a small territory set 
 apart as the seat of the national government. 
 
 The above is the usual, but not very philo- 
 sophical classification of the states. The fol- 
 lowing arrangement, (being essentially the 
 same as that suggested by Mr. Kennedy,) 
 based on the climate and productions of the 
 different states, and on the habits and pur- 
 1177 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 suits of their inhabitants, is, in our judg- 
 ment, far preferable to the old classification : 
 — 1. The six New England States; 2. Six Mid- 
 dle States, including Maryland, Delaware, 
 and Ohio ; 3. Seven Coast Planting States, 
 including South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
 Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas ; 
 4. Six Central Slave States : Virginia, North 
 Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and 
 Arkansas ; 6. Five North-western Agricultu- 
 ral States : Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wis- 
 consin, and Iowa ; California. 
 
 "There are points of agreement in the ge- 
 neral characteristics of the States combined 
 in the foregoing groups, which warrant the 
 mode of arrangement adopted. Maryland is 
 classed, as heretofore, with the Middle States, 
 because its leading interests appear to connect 
 it rather with the commercial and manufac- 
 turing section to wliich it is here assigned, 
 than with the purely agricultural States. 
 Ohio is placed in the same connection for 
 nearly similar reasons. 
 
 "There seems to be a marked propriety 
 in setting off the new Agricultural States of 
 the North-west by themselves, as a prelimi- 
 nary to the comparison of their progress with 
 other portions of the Union. The occupations 
 which give employment to the people of the 
 central range of states south of the line of 
 the Potomac, distinguish them to some extent 
 from that division to which we have given the 
 appellation of the Coast Planting States. In 
 the latter, cotton, sugar, and rice are the great 
 staples, the cultivation of which is so absorb- 
 ing as to stamp its impress on the character 
 of the people. The industry of the central 
 states is more diversified, the surface of the 
 country is more broken, the modes of culti- 
 vation are different, and the minuter divisions 
 of labor create more numerous and less ac- 
 cordant interests." — As a state, California 
 stands by herself; by climate and position, 
 she is associated with the territories of the 
 Pacific slope. 
 
 Cities and Tovms. — The progress of the 
 cities of the United States, as a mass, has 
 been without a parallel in the history of the 
 world. Some cities in the old world, fa- 
 vored by imperial caprice and power, may 
 have had, for a short period, a more rapid 
 rise than those of the American confederacy, 
 but in the aggregate, we have no example of 
 such an amazing extension and growth of 
 towns as this republic exhibits. At the first 
 census, in 1790, there was but one city (Phi- 
 ladelphia) numbering 40,000 inhabitants, in 
 the Union. St. Louis and New Orleans 
 were mere villages, Pittsburg was but a fron- 
 tier fort, the site of Cincinnati had merely 
 been chosen, and the name of Buffalo did not 
 exist. In 1850 there were considerably more 
 than 100 cities and towns with populations 
 exceeding 5000 each, viz. New York, 650,000 ; 
 Philadelphia, 410,000; Boston, 212,000; 
 Baltimore, 170.000 -, New Orleans, 130,000 ; 
 1178 
 
 Cincinnati, 115,000; Pittsburg, 84,000; St. 
 Louis, 78,000; Albany, 51,000; Louisville, 
 Charleston, Buffalo, Providence, and Wash- 
 ington, between 40,000 and 45,000 ; Newark, 
 Rochester, Troy, and Lowell, between 30,000 
 and 40,000 ; Chicago, Piichmond, San Fran- 
 cisco, Syracuse, Norfolk, (including Ports- 
 mouth,) Detroit, Cleveland, (including Ohio 
 City,) Portland, Salem, New Haven, Milwau- 
 kee, and Mobile, between 20,000 and 30,000: 
 Columbus, (Ohio,) Utica, Worcester, New 
 Bedford, Hartford, Savannah, and Reading, 
 between 15,000 and 20,000; Bangor, Man-' 
 Chester, Poughkeepsie, Petersburg, Lynn. 
 Wilmington, (Delaware,) Springfield, (Mas- 
 sachusetts,) Oswego, Loekport, Lancaster, 
 Newbiirg, Paterson, Wheeling, Dayton, Nash- 
 ville, Kingston, (New York,) Norwich, (Con- 
 necticut,) Fall River, Taunton, New Bruns- 
 wick, between 10,000 and 15,000; and Augus- 
 ta, (Maine,) Bath, Gardiner, Portsmouth, 
 (New Hampshire,) Concord, (New Hamp- 
 shire,) Dover, (New Hampshire,) Nashua, 
 Burlington, (Vermont,) Newburyport, An- 
 dover, Gloucester, Lawrence, Marblehead, 
 Northampton, Fitchburg, Newport, (Rhode 
 Island,) Pawtucket, New London, Bridge- 
 port, Middletown, (Connecticut,) Plattsburg, 
 Ogdensburg, Schenectady, Rome, Auburn, 
 Gsneva, Canandaigua, Ithaca, Owego, Hud- 
 son, Catskill, Fishkill, Elizabethtown, Rah- 
 way, Trenton, (New Jersey,) Camden, (New 
 Jersej',) Easton, (Pennsylvania,) Pottsville, 
 Nori'istown, Harrisburg, York, Erie, Cum- 
 berland, Fredericktown, Lynchburg, Wil- 
 mington, (North Carolina,) Columbia, (South 
 Carolina,) Augusta, (Georgia,) Columbus. 
 (Georgia,) Sacramento City, Stockton, Ra- 
 cine, Quincy, Peoria, New Albany, Indian- 
 apolis, Madison, Terre Haute, Sandusky, 
 Zanesville, Chili cothe, Steubenville, Spring- 
 field, (Ohio,) Xenia, Covington, Newport, 
 (Kentucky,) Lexington, (Kentucky,) Mem- 
 phis, and Georgetown, (District of Colum- 
 bia,) between 5000 and 10,000. This rela- 
 tion is now considerably altered, but as 
 we have no official reports, and only p;irtial 
 and local census, we have taken the only one 
 which could give a just comparison as to the 
 populousness and importance of the different 
 towns. Some twenty of the above towns 
 might be named as being distinguished even 
 in this country for their amazing progress, 
 but our limits compel us to pass the greater 
 part in silence. We will, however, cite three 
 or four as striking examples of that rapid 
 increase which, as we have before observed, 
 is without parallel in the history of the 
 world. Cincinnati had in 1840, 48,338 inha- 
 bitants ; in 1850, 115,438; and in 1853, 
 160,180, the population doubling itself about 
 every 7 or 8 years — a rate of increase which, 
 if continued, would in about 30 years from 
 the present time, give the city a population 
 I of above 2,000,000. St. Louis had in 1840, 
 1 16,469 ; in 1850, 77,850 ; and in 1853, about 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 100,000, the population doubling itself about 
 every 5 years ; so that, increasing in the 
 same ratio, it would amount in 25 years to 
 above 3,000,000. Chicago had in 1840 a 
 population of 4853; in 1850, 29,963; in 
 1853, between 50,000 and 60,000, doubling 
 itself about every 4 years ; at which ratio 
 of increase it would have in 28 years a popu- 
 lation of more than 6,000,000. It may be 
 said that there is but little probability that 
 the same ratio of increase will continue be- 
 yond a few years. While we freely admit 
 that the future progress of these cities may 
 depend on circumstances which cannot now 
 be foreseen or controlled, we may observe, 
 that in the case of Cincinnati certainly, and 
 probably of Chicago, the ratio of increase was 
 less between 1840 and 1850 than between 
 1850 and 1853 ; and no one would be justified 
 in saying that the annual ratio of increase 
 may not be greater for the next 10 than for 
 the last 3 years. 
 
 There are 84 distinct harbors or ports of 
 entry for foreign merchandise, viz. 57 on the 
 Atlantic, 4 on the Pacific, 8 on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and 15 on the shores of the great 
 lakes. 
 
 Face of the Country. — In an extent of coun- 
 try reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 ocean, and through 24° of lat., we might ex- 
 pect to find every variety of surface — moun- 
 tain, plain, and valley. Topographically con- 
 sidered, the United States are divided by the 
 Alleghany mountains in the E., and the liocky 
 mountains in the W., into three grand sec- 
 tions: 1. The Atlantic or Alleghany slope; 
 
 2. The Pacific or Rocky mountain slope ; and, 
 
 3. The Mississippi valley. The first, lying 
 between the Alleghany range and the Atlantic 
 ocean, commences in the E. part of Maine, 
 and extends (with a breadth varying from 80 
 to over 300 miles) to Alabama. This region, 
 near the sea, is generally bordered by a belt 
 of alluvial sand, and, where uncultivated, usu- 
 ally covered with a growth of pine and cedar. 
 Farther inland the country becomes hilly, 
 and gradually merges into the Appalachian 
 chain of mountains. The rivers of this 
 section mostly run in a S. or S. E. direction, 
 with lengths varying from 100 to 600 miles, 
 and are ascended by the tide to the hilly 
 country, a distance of from 50 to 150 miles, 
 to which points they are generally navigated 
 by the smaller ocean craft and steamboats. 
 In some South-eastern States, steamboats as- 
 cend above tide-water, when the rivers are 
 full, in spring and fall. The second section 
 includes all the country lying W. of the Rocky 
 mountains, and between them and the Pacific, 
 occupying a tract of 600 miles in breadth, 
 which is intersected by various mountain 
 ranges of great elevation. The third and 
 largest section, called the Mississippi valley, 
 occupies that vast region lying between the 
 Alleghany mountains on the E., and the 
 Rocky mountains on the W., extending 
 
 through 18° of lat., with a breadth of from 
 about 1000 to 1800 miles. A high table-land, 
 in the form of an inverted basin, terminates 
 this valley on the N. From its highest points, 
 about 1900 feet, or an average of 14-50 feet 
 in elevation, the streams descend towards 
 every point of the compass, some seeking the 
 ocean through Hudson's bay and the great 
 lakes, and others through the Missouri and 
 Mississippi rivers and the Gulf of Mexico. 
 This plateau covers Minnesota, the northern 
 part of Wisconsin, and the N. W. portion of 
 Iowa. The middle sections of the state of 
 Ohio have an elevation of 1000 feet above the 
 Gulf of Mexico. Outlying ridges of the Al- 
 leghany chain extend into Eastern Kentucky 
 and Tennessee. The western slope of the 
 valley ascends by an almost imperceptible 
 rise to the height of 7000 feet, forming the 
 elevated base of the more rugged prominences 
 of the Rocky mountains. A low range, or 
 rather belt, called the Ozark mountains, tra- 
 verses portions of Indian Territory, Arkansas, 
 and Missouri. Another low range, called the 
 Black hills, runs through the E. and S. parts of 
 the Territory of Missouri. The country ad- 
 jacent to the shores of the Mississippi, below 
 the mouth of the Ohio, is mostly low and 
 level, and a large portion of it is overflowed 
 on every great rise of that river. Imme- 
 diately adjoining the Gulf of Mexico, it is 
 one great marsh. 
 
 Blountains. — The Rocky mountains are de- 
 cidedly the most important in the United 
 States. They are, in reality, a part of the 
 great chain which extends from the Polar 
 sea, under various names, to the Straits of 
 Magellan, in South America. Commencing 
 at the Pacific coast and journeying eastward, 
 we come (in some parts at once) upon a chain 
 of mountains stretching from the Straits of 
 .luan de Fuca to about the 34° of N. lat., 
 where it joins the Sierra Nevada in the S. 
 part of California. These mountains are 
 sometimes broken into scattered groups, some 
 of which extend at right angles to the coast, 
 but as a range they run parallel to the Pa- 
 cific. They do not generally rise to an eleva- 
 tion of more than 2000 or 2500 feet. Mount 
 Olympus, however, in the N. W. part of Wash- 
 ington Territory, is said to attain a height of 
 8197 feet ; Mount St. John's 8000, Mount Rip- 
 ley 7500, and Mount Diabolo 3780 feet, all in 
 California. Proceeding east, we come upon 
 a lofty chain, bearing the name of Cascade 
 Range, in Washington and Oregon Territo- 
 ries, and Sierra Nevada in California. The 
 greatest ascertained heights in the United 
 States are in this chain. Mount Shasta, 
 Mount St. Helen's, Mount Hood, and Mount 
 Rainier, rear their snowy summits to heights 
 varying from 12,000 to 14,000 feet, and some 
 parts of the Sierra Nevada are said to attain 
 about the height of Mount Blanc, in Savoy, 
 (15,500 feet.) This chain may be said to ex- 
 tend from Russian America to the southern 
 1179 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 extremity of Old California, at an average 
 distance from the sea of from 100 to 150 
 miles, and to have a mean elevation of 5000 
 or 6000 feet. As we extend our journey to- 
 wards the Atlantic coast, we pass irregular 
 groups of mountains, some reaching the snow- 
 line, and having various appellations, such as 
 Blue, Humboldt, and Wahsatch mountains, 
 and occupying the great basin between the 
 Cascade and llocky mountains. The latter 
 run also parallel to the Pacific, at distances 
 varying from 450 to 850 miles, within the 
 territory of the United States, and attain, in 
 Fremont's peak, (the highest known summit,) 
 an elevation of 13,570 feet. Having crossed 
 this, (the dividing ridge between the waters 
 flowing into the Pacific and those flowing into 
 the Gulf of Mexico,) we descend by a long 
 slope, of nearly 1000 miles, to the Mississippi 
 jiver, the grand recipient of the streams be- 
 tween the Alleghany and the Rocky moun- 
 tains. Ascending from the left bank of the 
 Mississippi, we come first, in Kentucky and 
 Tennessee, upon outlying ridges of the great 
 Appalachian range, which extends, with vari- 
 ous interruptions, from Maine to Alabama. 
 This is not a high range, though Mount 
 Katahdin, in Maine, Mount Washington, 
 in New Hampshire, Mount Mansfield, in 
 Vermont, and Mount Tahawus or Mount 
 Marcy, in New York, reach severally the 
 heights of 5000, 6234, 4280, and 5300 feet. 
 South of New York this chain and its out- 
 lying ridges are mostly within an elevation of 
 2000 feet, though the peaks of Otter and White 
 Top, in the S. part of Virginia, and Black 
 mountain, (the highest land E. of the Missis- 
 sippi,) range from 4000 to 6476 feet, but in 
 no case do the summits reach the line of per- 
 petual snow. For descriptions of the various 
 ridges, bearing different local names, see the 
 several states. 
 
 Minerals. — TheUnited States contains within 
 its limits almost every variety of mineral 
 wealth, from the gold of California to the coal 
 of the Alleghany mountains and the Missis- 
 sippi valley. The well-known fact of the dis- 
 covery of the rich gold deposits in California, 
 in the latter part of 1847, with the successive 
 discoveries which greet us on every arrival 
 from San Francisco, leaves but little to be 
 said on the subject of this precious metal 
 that would much enlighten the public mind. 
 Gold is also believed to exist in large quanti- 
 ties in New Mexico, and mines are said to 
 have been worked there extensively by the 
 Spaniards, but the natives guard the secret 
 of their locality with jealous silence. This 
 precious metal occurs in a narrow belt of 
 schistose rocks, extending from Maryland to 
 Alabama. Small quantities of the ore have 
 even been found as far N. as New Hampshire 
 and Maine ; but the richest mines, and those 
 "which have been most extensively wrought 
 are in North and feouth Carolin.i and Georgia. 
 According to an estimate kindly made for 
 1180 
 
 this work, by Mr. Eckfeldt, of the Phila- 
 delphia mint, the total gold product of the 
 United States, from other sources than Ca- 
 lifornia, [i. e. mostly from the region be- 
 tween Maryland and Alabama,) since the 
 first discovery of those deposits, amounts to 
 $16,500,000. The invention of the quartz- 
 crusher seems likely to give additional value 
 to the Alleghany mining region, by diminish- 
 ing the expense of extracting the ore. The 
 gold deposited at the various mints of the 
 United States, since the discovery of the gold 
 mines of California, amounted to $44,177 in 
 1848; $6,147,509 in 1849; $36,074,062 in 
 1850; $55,938,232 in 1851; and in 1852 the 
 gold coinage was $53,747,187, making in five 
 years a total of about $152,000,000, nearly 
 all of which came from California. There 
 had been received from California, at all the 
 mints, down to Oct. 31, 1853, $203,886,025.97. 
 In the first ten months of 1853, there were 
 deposited $46,146,714 in gold. Silver mines, 
 reported to be of great richness, have been dis- 
 covered in New Mexico, and still more recently 
 in Stanley county, North Carolina. Some of 
 the ore from Lake Superior copper mines re- 
 cently proved quite rich in silver. In Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, lead mines have been 
 discovered, yielding in some instances $500 
 of silver to the ton of ore. Near Middletown, 
 Connecticut, there is also a lead mine, highly 
 argentiferous. Quicksilver, to the amount of 
 9047 flasks, was exported from San Francisco 
 during the first six months of 1853. 
 
 Public attention has recently been excited 
 by the vast quantities of copper found to 
 exist in various parts of the Union. The 
 richest and purest mines are on the shores of 
 Lake Superior, in the upper peninsula of 
 Michigan, where native copper has been chi- 
 selled out in masses sometimes weighing seve- 
 ral tons. Mines of copper of great richness 
 have also been opened in North Carolina, 
 Connecticut, and East Tennessee, while it 
 exists in greater or less abundance in va- 
 rious other parts of the United States. The 
 great lead district occupying the north- 
 western portion of Illinois, and the adjoin- 
 ing country in Wisconsin and Iowa, is for 
 richness perhaps unsurpassed on the globe. 
 The shipments from this region are stated 
 at about 42,000,000 pounds annually. 
 Mines rich in the same mineral are worked 
 also in Missouri, Connecticut, New York, 
 and Pennsylvania. But the existence of 
 lead is not limited to the localities named, 
 being more or less abundant in other parts of 
 the Union. Very rich mines of zinc are worked 
 in New Jersey ; the same mineral is also 
 found largely mixed with the lead ore of 
 the Galena district, in Ai'kansas, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and other states. Bismuth, antimony, 
 and cobalt are all found in Connecticut: 
 cobalt is abundant; it is found also in Mary- 
 land. Iron is widely diffused, but especially 
 abundant in Pennsylvania, Mai-ylaud, Vir- 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 ginia, and East Tennessee — almost co-ex- 
 istent with the coal so necessary in fusing 
 and working it. Of the earthy minerals, 
 coal, the most useful, is also the most abun- 
 dant. The great anthracite bed in Eastern 
 Pennsylvania already mines and sends to 
 market more than 5,000,000 tons annually, and 
 is capable of increasing that amount to any 
 conceivable demand. Small quantities of this 
 species of coal have been found in some of 
 the New England States and in New York, 
 and a larger deposit in North Carolina. A 
 great bed of bituminous coal, commencing 
 on the western slope of the Alleghany moun- 
 tains, in Pennsylvania, extends in a wide 
 belt through the western part of that state, 
 through Ohio, Western Virginia, Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, and into North Alabama. In- 
 sulated bituminous coalfields exist in the 
 counties around and W. of Richmond, Vir- 
 ginia, and in some of the central counties of 
 North Carolina. In the latter state the coal 
 sometimes assumes a semi-bituminous, and 
 in others an anthracite character. The great 
 bituminous coalfield of the Western States 
 occupies a large portion of Missouri, Iowa, 
 and Illinois, where it exists in inexhaustible 
 abundance. Coal is also found on the bor- 
 ders of Arkansas and Indian Territory, and 
 recent report says in Washington and Ore- 
 gon. Mr. Taylor, in his excellent work on 
 the coal regions, estimates the coal areas 
 of the United States, at 44,000 square miles 
 for Illinois ; 21,195 for Virginia; 15,437 for 
 Pennsylvania; 1.3,500 for Kentucky ; 11,900 
 for Ohio; 7700 for Indiana; 6000 for Mis- 
 souri; 5000 for Michigan; 4300 for Ten- 
 nessee ; 3400 for Alabama ; 550 for Mary- 
 land, and 150 for Georgia — total, 138,132 
 square miles. Copious salt springs abound in 
 Central New York, Western Pennsylvania, 
 and Virginia, and to some extent in various 
 other localities. Medicinal mineral springs 
 exist in many places, but those of the greatest 
 repute are the Saratoga, Sharon, New Le- 
 banon, and Avon springs, in New York; 
 the Bedford springs, in Pennsylvania ; the 
 different sulphur springs, in Virginia, and 
 the Blue Lick springs in Kentucky. Exten- 
 sive beds of gypsum are found in New York, 
 Maine, Virginia, and other states; but pei'- 
 haps the largest bed of this mineral in the 
 world extends from the Arkansas river, 
 in Indian Territory, to the Rio Grande, 
 in Texas, through a space of 300 miles. 
 Building materials of an ornamental charac- 
 ter are abundant, viz. marble, fine granite, 
 sandstone, and breccia, or conglomerates. 
 Porphyry is found in the vicinity of Boston, 
 and on the St. Croix river, between Minne- 
 sota and Wisconsin. Professor Owen says— 
 "I caused a piece of the St. Croix porphyry 
 to be cut and polished ; it cuts easily, and its 
 colors show beautifully;" it differs, he says, 
 but little from the Norway porphyry, but that 
 it polishes unequally. 
 
 Bays, Rivers, S^c. — In our articles on the 
 states, we have so fully described the great 
 waters of the United States, that we shall con- 
 fine ourselves here to such as have a national 
 importance. Perhaps no portion of the globe 
 is more favored with navigable waters, bott 
 external and internal, than the United States. 
 Washed on the E. by the Atlantic, on the S. 
 by the Gulf of Mexico, on the W. by the Pa- 
 cific, and on the N. by the great Lakes Supe- 
 rior, jNIichigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, it 
 presents a line of navigable coast of scarcely 
 less than 7000 miles in extent ; but if we fol- 
 low the sinuosities of the coasts, and include 
 the bays and sounds, we have, according to 
 the documents of the Coast Survey, inde- 
 pendent of the lake coast, a shore line of 
 12,609 miles ; of which 6861 are on the At- 
 lantic ; 2281 on the Pacific; and 3647 on the 
 Gulf coast; 9247 miles of island coast, and 
 11,213 miles of river shore lines to the head 
 of tide. That part of the Gulf of Mexico which 
 is included within our territory has an extent 
 from E. to W. of 1000 miles, with a coast line of 
 near 2000 miles. Of ocean line, in steps of 10 
 miles, according to the same authoi'ity, there 
 are on the Atlantic 2059 miles ; on the Pacific, 
 1405; and on the Gulf, 1643 miles — giving a 
 total seacoast of 5107 miles. The lakes can 
 scarcely present a coast line of less than 4000 
 miles within the United States. 
 
 The interior is veined by some of the grandest 
 rivers on the earth. Almost exactly through 
 its middle, from the summit of the great 
 table-land of Minnesota, runs the Mississippi 
 for 3000 miles, like the trunk of a great tree, 
 with its roots in the Gulf of Mexico, and its 
 branches extending E. to the Alleghanies, 
 and westward to the Rocky mountains, re- 
 ceiving the tribute of perhaps 100 important 
 streams, some of them, such as the Missouri, 
 Arkansas, and Red rivers, from the W., and 
 the Ohio from the E., rivers of the first class in 
 point of magnitude and the volume of water 
 rolled down their channels. These rivers are 
 severally, in the order named, about 2900, 
 2000, 1200, and 1000 miles in length ; while 
 many of the secondary tributaries have 
 courses of from 300 to 1000 miles. The 
 country drained by the Mississippi reaches 
 from Western New York and Pennsylvania 
 on the E., to the summits of the Rocky moun- 
 tains on the W., and from the 49th parallel 
 of latitude to the Gulf of Mexico. The rivers 
 of the Alleghany slope of the most import- 
 ance are, beginning in Maine, the Penobscot, 
 Kennebec, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, 
 Susquehanna, Potomac, Chowan, Roanoke, 
 Pamlico (or Tar river), Neuse, Cape Fear, 
 Great Pedee, Santee, Savannah, and Al- 
 tamaha, all rivers of at least 300, and 
 some 600 miles in length, and all more or 
 less navigable, some for vessels of the 
 largest class, 100 miles or more, and all 
 emptying themselves directly into the At- 
 lantic, or into bays opening into that ocean 
 1181 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 The southern slope, tending to the Gulf of 
 Mexico, has also several large rivers inde- 
 pendent of the Mississippi, viz. the Appala- 
 chicola, Jlobile, and their large tributaries 
 on the E. of the Mississippi, and the Sabine, 
 Trinitj^ Brazos, Colorado, and Rio Grande 
 del Norte on the W. of that river. These 
 streams vary in length, including their main 
 affluents, from 300 to 1800 miles, and are 
 navigable by steamboats to various points 
 under 500 miles. The Rio Grande forms the 
 boundary between Texas and Mexico. The 
 Pacific slope has but one great river break- 
 ing through the Cascade mountains into the 
 ocean. This is the Columbia, a stream of 
 1500 miles in length, and with several im- 
 portant afHuents having courses of from 300 
 to 800 miles. If we except the straits of Juan 
 de Fuca, there is but one other great opening 
 into the territory of the United States on the 
 Pacific border, viz. the channel or strait, 1 or 
 2 miles in width, leading into the bay of San 
 Francisco, which receives the Sacramento 
 and San Joaquin rivers, each about 300 miles 
 in length. The most important bays on the 
 Atlantic coast are Massachusetts, Cape Cod, 
 (Buzzard, Raritan, Delaware, and Chesapeake 
 bays ; and on the Pacific the bay of San 
 Francisco and the straits of Juan de Fuca, 
 leading into Puget's sound, and having one 
 of the best harbors in the world. Long 
 Island, Albemarle, and Pamlico sounds, vary- 
 ing from 60 to 120 miles in length, are all on 
 the Atlantic coast, the first washing the shores 
 of Connecticut, and the last two that of North 
 Carolina. The whole of the United States N. 
 of the 42d parallel of latitude is dotted over 
 with beautifully transparent sheets of water 
 of varying sizes, from a few miles in circuit, 
 to those majestic inland seas which separate 
 British America from the United States, and 
 which chiefly merit notice in a national point 
 of view. There are five of these, viz. Lakes 
 Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, and Michi- 
 gan, the latter only being wholly within the 
 limits of the United States. These inland 
 seas are navigated by steamers of the highest 
 tonnage, and by sailing vessels of large capa- 
 city, affording a continuous navigation of 
 1100 miles, and, by aid of the Welland canal 
 around the Falls of Niagara, and that around 
 the Saut St. Mary, (which will soon be com- 
 pleted,) will afford an inland ship navigation 
 of near 2000 miles. These lakes cover areas 
 of from 6300 to 32,000 square miles each, or 
 a total of 90,000 square miles. 
 
 Climate. — A region so vast as that of the 
 United States must necessarily include almost 
 every variety of climate, from the long and 
 frigid winters of the North, to the almost 
 tropical regions of the South. It is a well 
 known fact that the temperature of Western 
 Europe is about 10 degrees milder than in 
 the same latitudes in Eastern North America ; 
 while California has a climate as mild as that 
 of Italy, indeed partaking rather of the cha- 
 1182 
 
 racter of the tropical regions, especially in 
 the south, with its wet and dry seasons. 
 Again, on the plateaus of Utah and New 
 Mexico, we find a climate similar to that of 
 the plains of Tartary. The summers of the 
 Northern part of the United States are as 
 fierce and ardent as those of Italy, while the 
 winters are scarcely less frigid than those of 
 Sweden and Norway. N. of 42° the climate 
 is especially suited to the winter grains ; 
 that of the states between 36° and 42° favors 
 the winter grains and Indian corn as staples; 
 and that S. of 36° produces cotton, rice, 
 sugar, Indian corn, and some of the tropical 
 fruits. The temperature of the North-eastern 
 States is rendered disagreeable by the chill- 
 ing winds from the Atlantic in the spi-ing 
 months, causing diseases of the lungs, which 
 swell the bills of mortality in that region be- 
 yond those of any section of the Union ex- 
 cept Louisiana. Being shielded by no great 
 chain of mountains towards the N., the great 
 ice-plains of British America pour upon the 
 United States, upon every considerable aug- 
 mentation of heat in the regions S. of them, 
 their cold blasts, causing sudden variations 
 to be the unpleasant characteristic of the 
 climate of the Northern and Central United 
 States. Nor are the Southern States en- 
 tirely free from these sudden changes, when 
 periods of unusually cold weather and un- 
 seasonable frosts not unfrequently destroy 
 the orange-buds of Florida, and the cotton- 
 blossoms of the other Southern States. The 
 Central States have frequently in the same 
 winter a mixture of the mildness of an Italian 
 with the frigidity of a Russian winter. The 
 great reservoir of cold winds at the North 
 acts particularly unfavourably on the fruits 
 of the Middle and Western States, as, tempted 
 by the early springs belonging to the lati- 
 tude, they put forth their blossoms in March 
 or April, only too often to have them nipped 
 by these ice-blasts that, in the same latitude 
 of Europe, would be warded off by the great 
 mountain barrier between them and the 
 frigid regions. There are local causes affect- 
 ing the climate of particular districts that 
 must always be taken into consideration. 
 The lakes, for example, mitigate to some de- 
 gree the temperature of the regions border- 
 ing on them, while the elevated table-lands 
 of New Mexico, Utah, and Eastern Oregon 
 are rendered cooler and drier than the 
 same parallels elsewhere. In connection 
 with climate, it will be proper to speak of 
 the diseases incident to the different sec- 
 tions of the United States. In the settling 
 of all new countries, the breaking up of the 
 sod leads to miasmatic exhalations, pro- 
 ducing agues and fevers that are not to be 
 considered climatic, as they rapidly diminish 
 as the country becomes settled. The old 
 Romans dreaded, it is said, the agues of 
 Spain as much as we do those of the Western 
 States. " He had a fever when he was in 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 Spain, and I did mark how he did shake." 
 At present we may say the prevailing dis- 
 eases of the West are intermittent and bilious 
 fevers and dysenteries ; of the South, bilious 
 fevers, with occasional desolating visitations 
 of the yellow fever in the Gulf States. The 
 cholera has generally been more fatal in the 
 Mississippi valley than in other parts of the 
 Union. The most fatal diseases in the New 
 England and some of the Northern and Middle 
 States are consumption and other affections of 
 the lungs. The census tables show the greatest 
 ratio of deaths in the year ending June 1st, 
 1850, to have been in Louisiana, (about 23 to 
 each 1000 persons,) and the least in Wiscon- 
 sin, (about 9 to each 1000 persons.) In Ver- 
 mont, Iowa, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Ten- 
 nessee, North Carolina, Alabama, South Caro- 
 lina, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Maine, Delaware, 
 New Jersey, Virginia, New Hampshire, Illi- 
 nois, and Arkansas, the ratio of deaths was the 
 lowest, and in the order in which they are 
 named, viz. from Vermont, about 10 to the 
 1000, to Arkansas, about 14 J to 1000 persons. 
 The ratio of deaths was highest in the order 
 named, in the following states, viz. Massa- 
 chusetts, Missouri, Maryland, Connecticut, 
 Kentucky, Rhode Island, Ohio, Mississippi, 
 Texas, and New York ; being from about 12^ 
 in Massachusetts, to about 14^ to the 1000 in 
 New York. It is proper to remark in regard 
 to Florida, which is in winter a great resort 
 for invalids from the North, the catalogue of 
 deaths may not have fairly represented the 
 character of the state. It is estimated by 
 competent judges to be equal in healthful- 
 ness to any of the United States. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — The same, or even 
 greater diversity prevails in regard to soil 
 than climate, from the rich alluvions of the 
 great Mississippi valley, (where the mould is 
 often several, and sometimes 25 feet deep,) to 
 the barren plains of New Mexico, Utah, Ore- 
 gon, and Indian Territories. The agricul- 
 tural capabilities of the Mississippi valley 
 are believed to be unequalled on the globe, 
 if perhaps we except the valley of the Ama- 
 zon, in South America. A belt of land of 
 tertiary formation coasts the Atlantic from 
 Long Island to the Gulf of Mexico, (inclusive 
 of both,) which is about 60 miles in width, 
 and mostly covered with pine and cedar, not 
 very productive in its natural state, but easily 
 improved by marl and other manures. The 
 coasts of Massachusetts and Maine are rough 
 p,nd unproductive, and New England gene- 
 rally, and North-eastern New York, are rough 
 and difficult of tillage, being better adapted 
 to grazing than culture. The slopes of the 
 Alleghany and the hilly region at their feet 
 are generally productive, especially in the 
 valleys ; while the Pacific water-shed has 
 comparatively but a small portion of culti- 
 vable land ; but in that portion W. of the 
 Cascade mountains, as in the valleys of the 
 Willamette, Sacramento, San Joaquin, and 
 
 other smaller rivers near the coast, the fer- 
 tility is great ; but the slopes of the Rocky 
 mountains are generally a barren lava, 
 through which the rivers cut their way to 
 great depths, without fertile valleys to border 
 them. The census tables report for the 
 whole United States 118,457,622 acres of im- 
 proved land, (about 5 acres to each indi- 
 vidual,) and 184,621,348 unimproved, pro- 
 ducing 592,326,612 bushels of Indian corn; 
 146,567,879 of oats; 100,503,899 of wheat; 
 14,188,639 of rye; 8,956,916 of buckwheat; 
 5,167,016 of barley; 562,312 of flaxseed; 
 885,790 of grass-seeds; 65,796,975 of Irish, 
 and 38,259,196 of sweet potatoes ; 9,219,975 
 of peas and beans; 215,312,710 pounds of 
 rice; 199,752,646 of tobacco; 987,449,600 
 of cotton; 52,789,174 of wool; 313,266,962 
 of butter; 105,535,219 of cheese; 3,496,029 
 of hops; 7,715,961 of flax; 10,843 of silk 
 cocoons; 34,249,886 of maple, and 247,581,000 
 of cane sugar; 14,853,857 of beeswax and 
 honey; 13,838,579 tons of hay; 35,093 of 
 hemp; 12,700,606 gallons of molasses; live 
 stock, valued at $543,969,420, including 
 4,335,358 horses ; 559,229 asses ; 6,392,044 
 milch cows ; 1,699,241 working oxen ; 
 10,268,856 other cattle; 21,721,814 sheep; 
 and 30,316,608 swine. The greatest amount 
 of live stock was in New York ; the greatest 
 wheat-growing states (in the order named) 
 were Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Vir- 
 ginia, and Illinois ; rye, Pennsylvania, New 
 York, New Jersey, and Connecticut ; Indian 
 corn, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and 
 Tennessee, (but if we regard population, 
 only Illinois;) oats, New York, Pennsylva- 
 nia, Ohio, Virginia, Illinois, Kentucky, and 
 Tennessee ; rice. South Carolina, (more than 
 two-thirds of the whole;) tobacco, Virginia, 
 Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee, Missouri, 
 North Carolina, and Ohio ; cotton, Alabama, 
 Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Ten- 
 nessee, and Louisiana ; wool, Ohio, New 
 York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, 
 and Indiana, (but in proportion to po- 
 pulation, Vermont would stand first;) peas 
 and beans, North Carolina, Georgia, Missis- 
 sippi, South Carolina, and New York ; Irish 
 potatoes. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
 Vermont, and New Hampshire, (but in pro* 
 portion to population, Vermont is first;) 
 sweet potatoes, Georgia, Alabama, North 
 Carolina, Mississippi, South Carolina, and 
 Tennessee ; barley. New York, (nearly three- 
 fourths of the whole;) buckwheat, New York, 
 Pennsylvania, and Ohio, (three-fourths of the 
 whole;) orchard products. New York, Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio, and New Jersey, (the latter 
 first in proportion to population;) wine, Ca- 
 lifornia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania ; products 
 of market gardens. New York, Pennsylvania, 
 Massachusetts, and New Jersey, (the latter 
 greatest in proportion to population ;) butter, 
 New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illi- 
 nois, and Vermont, (the latter first in pro- 
 1183 
 
um 
 
 UNI 
 
 portion to population ;) cheese, Ne-w York, 
 Ohio, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connec- 
 ticut ; hay, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
 Vermont, Maine, and Massachusetts, (the 
 New England States greatest in proportion 
 to population;) grass seeds, Pennsylvania, 
 New York, Ohio, and New Jersey, (the last 
 greatest in proportion to population;) hops. 
 New York, (five-sevenths of the whole ;) 
 hemp, Kentucky and Missouri, (nineteen- 
 twentieths of the whole;) flax, Kentucky, 
 (twice the amount of any state,) Virginia, 
 New York, North Carolina, Indiana, Penn- 
 sylvania, and Missouri ; maple sugar, New 
 York, Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, 
 and Pennsylvania, (Vermont first in propor- 
 tion to population ;) cane sugar, Louisiana, 
 (nineteen- twentieths of the whole ;) mo- 
 lasses, Louisiana, (five-sixths of the whole,) 
 Texas, and Florida ; and beeswax and honey. 
 New York, Missouri, Kentucky, and Ten- 
 nessee. It will be seen by this summary 
 that the Middle and Western States are 
 most productive in wheat, rye, and oats ; the 
 Southern and Western in Indian corn ; the 
 Southern in rice ; the territory between 34° 
 and 41° lat. in tobacco ; cotton wholly pro- 
 duced S. of 38° ; wool and Irish potatoes, 
 mostly N. of 34° ; sweet potatoes, mostly S. 
 of 40° ; barley, apples, and pears, mostly N. 
 of 38° ; peaches, mostly S. of 41° ; hemp, hops, 
 and flax, N. of 34° ; cane sugar, oranges, figs, 
 bananas, &c., S. of 33°. For further particu- 
 lars, see articles on the different states : also 
 Table of Agricultural Products, Appendix. 
 
 Forest Trees. — No country on the globe can 
 boast of so many species of noble forest trees 
 as are found within the territory of the 
 United States. East of the Rocky mountains 
 we meet with the various species of oak, in- 
 cluding the white and black oat, the chest- 
 nut oak, the live oak, and post oak ; the white 
 and yellow pine, the former sometimes attain- 
 ing a height of near 200 feet ; the chestnut ; the 
 black walnut; the tulip tree or poplar, one 
 of the noblest in the American forests, not 
 unfrequently attaining a height of from 120 
 to 130 feet, with a diameter of from 5 to 7 or 
 8 feet ; the difl'erent kinds of maple, among 
 which is the sugar maple, from the sap of which 
 is obtained, by boiling, a sugar of a peculiar 
 character and most delicious taste ; the elm, 
 one species of which, (the ulmus Americana,) 
 Michaux regarded as the most magnificent 
 tree of the American sylva ; the magnolia, 
 which, when in flower, gives to the forests 
 of the South the appearance of a gigantic 
 and magnificent flower garden ; the red ce- 
 dar, remarkable for its durability ; the huge 
 cypress, growing in the swampy and low 
 lands of the Southern States. 
 
 The forests of California and Oregon sur- 
 pass those of every other region in the pro- 
 digious magnitude of their trees. The red- 
 wood (a species of cypress) of California, is 
 sometimes found more than 20 feet in dia- 
 H84 
 
 meter, and of a proportionate height. The 
 pine trees growing on the mountain slopes of 
 Oregon are said not unfrequently to attain a 
 height of near 300 feet, with diameters vary- 
 ing from 8 to 20 feet. For a more particu- 
 lar enumeration of the difl'erent trees, with 
 their localities, the reader is referred to the 
 articles on the several states. 
 
 Animals. — The domestic animals were 
 wholly introduced from Europe after the dis- 
 covery of America. The wild animals are 
 the moose and caribou, or reindeer, (rare,) 
 the black bear, panther or cougar, deer, wolf, 
 and wildcat in the N. ; grizzly bear. Rocky 
 mountain goat, sheep, and antelope on the 
 slopes of the Rocky mountains ; buffalo, 
 (once general on the plains of the Mississippi 
 valley, now W. of the Mississippi,) prairie- 
 dog, (a burrowing animal,) fox, beaver, 
 muskrat, marmot, squirrel, rabbit, weasel, 
 skunk, opossum, racoon, and wolverine. 
 Among birds there are turkey-buzzards, 
 golden and bald eagle, black vulture, wild 
 turkey, (peculiar to America,) grouse, can- 
 vassback and other wild ducks, flamingoes, 
 cranes, spoonbills, pheasants, partridges or 
 quails, hawks, owls, pelicans, &c. Among 
 reptiles, alligators, (in the South,) rattle- 
 snakes and various other snakes, salaman- 
 ders, tortoises, lizards, &c. Among fish, the 
 shark, codfish, salmon, salmon trout, white- 
 fish, (the latter two in the great lakes,) macke- 
 rel, shad, herring, halibut, sheepshead, trout, 
 rockfish, bass, maskelonge, &c. &c. ; and 
 among shell-fish, oysters, clams, crabs, lob- 
 sters, terrapins, and turtles. 
 
 Manufactures. — This country, when under 
 the government of Great Britain, was almost 
 wholly agricultural ; but her manufactures are 
 fast taking the relative stand they occupy ia 
 Europe, compared with the other two great di- 
 visions of industrial employment, viz. agricul- 
 ture and commerce. Even the South now regu- 
 larly exports to the North coarse cotton stuffs 
 and yarns. According to BIr. Kennedy's cen- 
 sus tables, there were employed in the United 
 States in 1850, in establishments producing 
 more than $500 each,a capital of $530, 000,000, 
 and 1,050,000 hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $550,000,000, and producing manufac- 
 tured articles valued at $1,020,300,000. 
 There were 1694 establishments engaged in 
 the manufacture of cotton, employing 
 $74,501,031 capital, and 33,150 male and 
 59,136 female hands, consuming raw materiar 
 worth $34,835,056, producing 763,678,407 
 yards of stuffs, and 27,860,840 pounds of 
 yarn, valued at $61,869,184; 1569 wool- 
 len manufactories, employing $28,118,650 
 capital, and 22,678 male and 16,574 fe- 
 male hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $2.5,755,988, aud producing 82,206,652 yards 
 of stuffs, and 4,294,326 pounds of yarn, va- 
 lued at $43,207,555; 2190 forges, furnaces, 
 &c., employing $49,258,006 capital, and 
 57,021 male hands, consuming raw material 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 worth $27,049,753, and producing 1,165,544 
 tons of wrought, cast, and pig iron, valued 
 at $54,604,006 ; there were invested in the 
 manufacture of malt and of spirituous li- 
 quors, $8,334,254, employing 5487 hands, and 
 consuming 3,787,195 bushels of barley, 
 11,067,761 of corn, 2,143,927 of rye, 56,517 
 of oats, 526,840 of apples, 61,675 hogsheads 
 of molasses, and 1294 tons of hops, producing 
 1,177,924 barrels of ale, &c., 42,133,955 gal- 
 lons of whiskey and high wines, and 6,500,600 
 gallons of rum ; and 6263 tanneries, employ- 
 ing $18,900,557 capital, and 20,909 male and 
 102 female hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $19,613,237, and producing 12,557,940 
 sides, and 2,653,865 skins of tanned leather, 
 valued at $32,861,796. The New England 
 States are most extensively engaged in the 
 manufacture of cottons and woollens, and 
 the Middle States and Ohio in the manu- 
 facture of iron and spirituous and malt 
 liquors. Though we have no further statis- 
 tical reports from the census, it may be pro- 
 per to give some of what are well known to be 
 important branches of this species of indus- 
 try, viz. shoes, hats, cabinet ware, and furni- 
 ture, combs, cutlery, hollow ware, sugar- 
 making and refining, carriage and harness- 
 ing making, wagons, carts, and agricultural 
 implements, (the latter, in 1850, amounting 
 in value to $151,569,675,) cheap clocks, pot- 
 tery, glass, chemicals, dye-stufi's, locomo- 
 tives, and steam-engines, (extensively ex- 
 ported,) chandeliers, gas-fixtures, &c. &c. 
 
 Internal Improvements — Raihoays, Canals, and 
 Telegraph Lines. — In a new and sparsely set- 
 tled country the highways of commuuication 
 are apt to be poor, and the inhabitants, for a 
 time, settle on the great rivers, and other na- 
 vigable waters, extending their rough roads 
 (often little more than paths) as occasion 
 demands. The first great internal improve- 
 ment in this country was the Philadelphia 
 and Pittsburg turnpike, completed about 
 the close of the last century. Previous to 
 the introduction of railways, or the antici- 
 pation of their introduction. Congress com- 
 menced a great National road from Wash- 
 ington to St. Louis, the eastern portion of 
 which only has been completed, the intro- 
 duction of railways having superseded its 
 necessity. Washington early urged the im- 
 provement of the navigation of the Potomac 
 and the James river, and had his plans been 
 vigorously seconded by his native state, 
 possiblj' Norfolk would have been the 
 commercial emporium of the United States, 
 for which it has probably greater natural ad- 
 vantages than any other city in the Union ; 
 but the genius of De Witt Clinton, by the open- 
 ing of the Erie and Hudson canal in 1824, has 
 secured that advantage for the metropolis of 
 his native state. Pennsylvania and Mary- 
 land were little behind New York in their 
 zeal in the construction of canals, but not 
 with equally favorable results. Ohio and In- 
 
 diana led the way in the West, but tT\e intro- 
 duction of railways seems likely to supersede 
 canals, as a means of transport, and few new 
 enterprises of that kind are, we believe, now 
 undertaken. Though it is scarcely a quarter 
 of a century since the first iron 'rail was 
 laid, there were in January 1st, 1853, in the 
 United States, 13,266 miles of completed rail- 
 way, and 12,681 in course of construction : 
 to which several thousand miles of road, pro- 
 jected since the commencement of the year, 
 might be added. The greatest amount of com- 
 pleted railway (2123 miles) is in New York ; 
 next, the giant of the West, Ohio, (scarcely at- 
 tained to the years of a human life,) has 1385 : 
 then follows Pennsylvania, with 1244 ; Massa- 
 chusetts, with 1140, (relatively, the greatest in 
 the Union,) and Georgia, (the greatest S. of 
 the Potomac,) with 857. With the exception 
 of a few miles in Virginia, there are connected 
 lines of railway from Waterville in Maine to 
 Montgomery in Alabama, and ere long the 
 chain will be complete to New Orleans. Con- 
 nected lines also unite Boston, New York, 
 and Philadelphia, with Chicago, Cincinnati, 
 Terre Haute, Alton, and intermediate places, 
 and perhaps before this work reaches the 
 reader, the connection will be complete to 
 Galena and Kock Island. Charleston and 
 Savannah lack not many miles of grasping 
 in their iron arms the commerce of the Mis- 
 sissippi at Memphis. The same places have 
 extended another of these arms to Nashville, 
 eagerly stretching to seize the trade of La Belle 
 Piiviere, (the Ohio ;) and roads are projected 
 and partly completed that will unite the Gulf 
 of Mexico with the great lakes, and soon the 
 inhabitants of the South may exchange their 
 grateful and pleasant fruits, for the pure and 
 cooling ices of the lakes streams of the North, 
 and the people of New York pass in two 
 days from the middle of the temperate to the 
 verge of the torrid zone. From the share it 
 occupies in the minds of the leading men of 
 the nation, it seems highly probable that the 
 period is not distant when the shores of the 
 Atlantic and Pacific will be united by rail- 
 way. The prominent lines of communica- 
 tion between the east and the Mississippi 
 valley, now are by the Albany, BuflFalo, and 
 the Lake Shore railroads ; the New York and 
 Erie railway, through the S. counties of New 
 York ; the Pennsylvania Central railroad. 
 from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the Bal- 
 timore and Ohio railroad from Baltimore to 
 AVheeling. To these will, in a short time, be 
 added a line of railway from Richmond to 
 E. Tennessee, and also to some point on the 
 Ohio river, and others from Charleston and 
 Savannah to Memphis, Nashville, and per- 
 haps St. Louis and Louisville or Cincinnati. 
 The New York and Erie and the Pennsyl- 
 vania canals may be added to the highways 
 of commerce between the E. and W. Under 
 this heading properly come the lines of elec- 
 tric telegranh, of which the aggregate length 
 1185 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 in January, 1853, was 16,735 miles, and of 
 wire, 23,281 miles. 
 
 Cotnmerce. — The commercial progress of 
 our republic is scarcely less astonishing 
 than the increase of its population and the 
 growth of its hundred cities. The official 
 reports of the year ending June 30th, 1852, 
 give the total tonnage of the United States at 
 1,899,448|« registered tonnage ; 2,238,992|| 
 enrolled tonnage; total, 4,138, 4404|. Re- 
 gistered tonnage in the whale fishery, 
 193,797p; 2,008,02l4f enrolled and li- 
 censed in the coasting trade ; in the cod 
 fisheries, 102,6593.7., and 72,546 if in the 
 mackerel fishery. Showing an increase in 
 the total tonnage from 1842, when it was 
 2,092,390, to 1852, when it was 4,138,439, of 
 more than 2,000,000 tons, and considerably 
 more than treble since 1815, wlien it was 
 1,368,127 tons. In 1852 there were entered 
 from foreign ports 19,571 vessels, with a total 
 tonnage of 5,292,880, of which 2,057,358 was 
 foreign; the whole manned by 213,826 men 
 and 2841 boys ; cleared in the same period, 
 19,325 vessels, with a total tonnage of 
 5,278,165, of which 2,047,575 was foreign, 
 manned by 211,465 men and 3290 boys. 
 There were built in the same period 255 
 ships, 79 brigs, 584 schooners, 267 sloops 
 and canal-boats, and 259 steamers, making 
 an aggregate of 1444 vessels, with a total 
 tonnage of 351,493||. Of the registered 
 tonnage 79,704|-^, and of the enrolled and 
 licensed 563,536|f tons were employed in 
 steam navigation. Total value of imports 
 for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1852, 
 $212,945,442; for the year ending June 30th, 
 1853, $267,678,647; the exports for 1852 
 amounted to $209,658,366; for 1853. $230,- 
 452,250, of which $27,486,875 was in gold 
 and silver coin. We give below some of the 
 leading articles of imports for 1852: 
 
 Free of duty. 
 
 Teas 28,57R.352 11,8. 
 
 Coffee 193,698,556 " 
 
 Guano 60,054 tons. 
 
 Specie and liullion $5,505,044 
 
 Copper in plates for shipping 6,10,755 
 
 Copper ore 257,357 
 
 Sheathing metal 604,809 
 
 Leading articles paying duties. 
 
 Woollen manufactures to the amount of.... $17,573,694 
 
 Cotton " '• " .... 19,689,496 
 
 Silk " " « .... 21,940,499 
 
 Silk and worsted " " .... 1,667,513 
 
 Flax manufactures 8,515,709 
 
 Iron " more than 8,000,000 
 
 " pig, har and rolled, Ac, over 11,000,000 
 
 Steel " 1,700,000 
 
 Copper manufactures " 1,600,000 
 
 Tin manufactures amounting to more than 3,200,000 
 
 Lead " " •' .... 1,284,000 
 
 Chronometers, clocks, and watches " 2,800,000 
 
 Glass manufactures nearly 1,500,000 
 
 Leather and manufactures of leather nearly 2,700,000 
 China, porcelain, japan, stone, gilt, and 
 
 other ware 3,750,000 
 
 Furs, and manufactures of, nearly 1,200,000 
 
 Unmanufactured wool " 1,100,000 
 
 Raw hides and skins 4,823,119 
 
 Wood, manufactured 1.930,711 
 
 1186 
 
 Ready-made clothing, and articles of wear 1,368,512 
 Wines, brandies, ale, and other liquors, 
 
 more than 4,fCO,000 
 
 Molasses 3,59.'i.l27 
 
 Sugar, over UjVoO^OOO 
 
 Fruits, such as almonds, currants, figs, 
 
 dates, raisins, and nuts, nearly 1,500.000 
 
 Saltpetre 1,085,230 
 
 Spices, ginger, &c., more than 1,150,000 
 
 Tobacco in all forms, more than 3,500.000 
 
 Salt 1,112,137 
 
 Breadstuffs and grain, more than 1,700,000 
 
 The leading articles of export for the fiscal 
 year, 1852, were 
 
 Products of the fisheries $ 2,282.342 
 
 " " forest 7,864^220 
 
 " " agriculture (animal) 6,323,439 
 
 " " " (vegetable) 26,210,027 
 
 Cotton 87,966,732 
 
 Tobacco 10,031.283 
 
 Manufactures of cotton 7,672,151 
 
 " miscellaneous 18,862,931 
 
 (Some of the leading articles under the last 
 heading are manufactures of iron, .snuff 
 and tobacco, candles, soap, furniture, 
 spirits, leather, boots and shoes, wearing 
 apparel, books and maps.) 
 Gold and silver coin 37.437 ,837 
 
 There were exported in the year ending 
 August 31, 1853, to Great Britain, 1,736,860 
 bales of cotton; to France, 426,723 bales: 
 to North of Europe, 193,636 ; total, 2,528,400 
 bales ; being an increase of 84,754 over 1852 ; 
 consumed at home 671,009; grand total of 
 cotton produced 3,354,052 bales. Total flour 
 exported, 1,593,901 barrels; wheat, 4,803,189 
 bushels; Indian corn, 1,425,278; being an 
 increase over 1852, of 166,459 barrels of 
 flour, 2,064,767 bushels of wheat, and a 
 diminution of 61,520 of Indian corn. The 
 hog crop produced in the AVestern States, 
 exclusive of Arkansas and Wisconsin, is put 
 down at 2,044,005 animals, producing 
 404,712,990 pounds of pork, being an in- 
 crease over the previous year of 79,696,350 
 pounds, or 24 per cent. The exports of 
 tobacco from New Orleans alone was 64,076 
 hogsheads, of which 52.20 per cent, were to 
 Great Britain, 13.11 to France, and 3.57 to 
 North of Europe. Tobacco inspected in Vir- 
 ginia, 40,567 hogsheads. Export of sugar 
 and molasses from New Orleans by sea, 
 121,875 hogsheads and barrels, but mostly 
 hogsheads. 
 
 The following table from Andrews's Report, 
 will exhibit, in their order, the respective 
 values of the exports of domestic produce 
 during the years 1850-51-52 : 
 
 Cotton $272,265,665 
 
 Manufactures of all kinds 51,376,348 
 
 Flour 29,492,044 
 
 Tobacco 29,201.556 
 
 Pork, hog.s, lard, &c 15,683,772 
 
 Lumber, &c 15,064,113 
 
 Rice 7,273,513 
 
 Beef, hides, tallow, &c 4,795,645 
 
 Butter and cheese 3,119,506 
 
 Skinsand furs 2,628,732 
 
 Fish 1,391,475 
 
 There arrived (in 1852) by New York canals 
 at tide-water, on the Hudson river, produce 
 valued at $6(5,893,102 ; and at New Orleans, 
 vid the Mississippi river, $108,051,708, and 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 in 1853, at 134,233,735. Property going 
 (in 1852) from tide-water on the Hudson, 
 $118,896,444, and $38,874,782 up the Mis- 
 sissippi. Among the items of domestic 
 trade, lumber and coal form a large frac- 
 tion. The great sources of the former arti- 
 cle are the pineries about the head waters of 
 the Mississippi river, in Maine, in Southern 
 New Yorls, in North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Georgia, Florida, Oregon, and Washington 
 Territories. The lumber trade of Bangor, Al- 
 bany, the lake ports, and from the upper waters 
 of the Mississippi and Susquehanna rivers, 
 sums up an annual total exceeding 1400,000,- 
 000 feet, besides great quantities of staves, 
 shingles, lath, &c. The steam marine of the 
 United States is immense, amounting in 1852, 
 according to Andrews' Report, to 1390 vessels, 
 with an aggregate tonnage of 417,226,^,, of 
 which 9G (tonnage, 91,475|f) were ocean 
 steamers ; 529 were coast steamers, (tonnage 
 121,025|J- ;) 765 were interior steamers, (ton- 
 nage, 204,725i|,) of which 601 (tonnage, 
 185,5591 1) were on the rivers. The whole 
 steam marine was manned by 29,377 men, 
 boys, &c. ; and 39,204,691 passengers were 
 carried, of whom 32,418,107 were carried 
 in ferry-boats, 6,786,584 in other steam 
 vessels, and 190,993 were ocean passengers. 
 Such is the outline of the commerce of the 
 United States, which has elements of increase 
 unknown in any former period, or in any 
 other nation. A new country, a virgin soil, 
 the precious metals in unpredecented abun- 
 dance, coal, iron, copper, zinc, gypsum, lime, 
 and most of the useful minerals in profusion, 
 her coasts indented with bays, her northern 
 border washed by nearly 2000 miles of in- 
 land seas, navigable by vessels of any ton- 
 nage, her great interior traversed from N. to 
 S. by the Mississippi, receiving tributaries 
 from 1000 miles to the E. and to the W., with 
 3000 miles of canal, and soon to have 30,000 
 miles of railway ; with an emigration now 
 approaching half a million annually, with 
 schools and a teeming press to spread intel- 
 ligence and quicken enterprise; with un- 
 bounded liberty of action to stimulate exer- 
 tion ; with new regions opened daily to market 
 by iron roads, what is there to set a limit to 
 the extension of a commerce as far beyond 
 present, as the present has gone beyond past 
 conception. The acquisition of California, too, 
 has opened a new iield to commerce on the 
 greatest ocean of the globe, on one of whose 
 bays a city, with twice the population of Phi- 
 ladelphia or New York at the era of the Revo- 
 lution, has sprung into existence in the short 
 space of five years, and a place that previous 
 to 1848 was known only as a refreshing station 
 for ships, has become a commercial town of the 
 first rank — holding regular intercourse with 
 China, Australia, the different ports of South 
 America, of Europe, and the isles of the Paci- 
 fic, and, as we have elsewhere rem'arked, 
 seems destined to become a second Alexan- 
 
 dria in the overland commerce of the East 
 to Europe. By a recent treaty with the Ar- 
 gentine Piepublic, the Pdo de la Plata has 
 been opened to the commerce of the United 
 States. 
 
 Scientific, Literary, and Educational Institu- 
 tions. — Beyond the appropriations of public 
 lands for endowing schools and colleges in 
 the several states, the subject of general 
 education does not appear to come properly 
 within the sphere of the duties of the federal 
 government. Though there are no national 
 educational institutions, strictly so called, the 
 government of the Union has in various ways 
 shown a disposition to promote the cause of 
 science, as far as can be done within its con- 
 stitutional limits. The National Observatory 
 at Washington is promoting not only the 
 cause of astronomical knowledge, but its 
 active head, Lieutenant Maury, is gaining a 
 world-wide reputation by his study of tlie 
 laws that govern the tides, currents, and 
 winds of the difi'erent oceans and seas, on 
 which subjects he from time to time publishes 
 the results of his investigations. An explor- 
 ing expedition was fitted out by the general 
 government under the administration of Mr. 
 Van Buren. It sailed August, 1838, visiting the 
 coasts of South America, the N. W. coast of 
 America, the islands of the Pacific, and the 
 coasts of Asia and Africa, surveying harbors, 
 determining latitudes and longitudes, and the 
 altitudes of mountains, making geological re- 
 searches, collecting specimens of natural his- 
 tory in every department, &c. The collections 
 of natural history form an extensive and valu- 
 able museum, which is to be deposited in the 
 Smithsonian Institute. The exploring expe- 
 dition added a new continent to the geogra- 
 phy of the world, by the discovery of an Ant- 
 arctic mainland. An expedition, sent out by 
 the United States government, under Commo- 
 dore Perry, entered the port of Jeddo, in 
 Japan, in the summer of 1853, was favorably 
 received, and negotiations commenced which 
 may result in opening an entirely new field 
 to American commerce and enterprise. The 
 Smithsonian Institute, at Washington, (see 
 Washington,) though founded by the private 
 munificence of a foreigner, is a national insti- 
 tution, "for the increase and diffusion of 
 knowledge among men," which is under the 
 direction of the Government of the United 
 States. The library of Congress, now num- 
 bering 50,000 volumes, the Military Academy 
 at West IPoint, and the Naval Academy at 
 Annapolis, are the other principal institutions 
 of this class that are of a national character. 
 For a notice of these two institutions the 
 reader is referred to the heads of their respec- 
 tive localities. Coast surveys on the shores of 
 both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and mili- 
 tary, topographical, and geological surveys, 
 especially of the new territories, have been 
 and are being made under the direction of the 
 competent heads of their respective bureaux. 
 1187 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 The names of Professor A. D. Baehe, at the 
 head of the coast survey, and of Colonel J. J. 
 Abert, of the topographical bureau, are well 
 known to the scientific world ; as are those 
 also of Colonels Fremont, Emory, Simpson, 
 and Stansbury, and that of Captain Wilkes of 
 the exploring expedition ; all of whom have 
 published valuable journals of their proceed- 
 ings. Professor David Dale Owen's report on 
 the geology of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minne- 
 sota, under the direction of the commissioner 
 of the land-office, is also an invaluable con- 
 tribution to science. It accords with the 
 genius of our people to rely rather on indi- 
 vidual enterprise than on governmental ac- 
 tion ; and the reliance has been justly placed, 
 as scarcely a week passes but our journals 
 inform ns of some wealthy individual en- 
 dowing a college or professorship, or found- 
 ing a library ; or, at least, making liberal be- 
 quests for scientific and literaxy objects. 
 
 When it is considered that we have been a 
 nation scarcely beyond the period of an ordi- 
 nary life, and have not yet finished cutting 
 down our forests and clearing our lands, and 
 that almost the entire energies of our people 
 have hitherto been directed to procuring a 
 subsistence and erecting habitations,- we 
 surely have no cause to blush if our literature 
 has not equalled that which has, grown up in 
 Europe under the fostering care of a wealthy 
 aristocracy, amid institutions which had 
 been enriched with all the choicest produc- 
 tions extant of ancient and modern learning, 
 long before the white man had fixed his 
 dwelling on any part of our vast domain. 
 Our country has indeed just ground to glory, 
 that in spite of all the disadvantages alluded 
 to, she has produced so many names illus- 
 trious in science, literature, and art — names 
 which posterity, whether in the Old or New 
 World, will not willingly let die. 
 
 Public Schools. — The local statistics of edu- 
 cation in each state will be found in their 
 appropriate place. It will, however, be proper 
 here to make some observations on a system of 
 instruction designed to fit the masses of our 
 citizens for the enjoyment of their privileges 
 and fulfilment of their duties as freemen. 
 
 Our general system of public instruction, 
 originated with the pilgrim fathers of New 
 England ; where, as early as 1628, provision 
 was made for the education of "every 
 child" in the settlements. It 1637 a school 
 was ordered to be provided for every neigh- 
 borhood of 50 families and another for a 
 higher grade of instruction for every 100 
 families. A sum sufficient to maintain these 
 schools was raised annually by a town tax, 
 voluntarily imposed, and each school district 
 drew its proportion of the whole sum for its 
 own school or schools. Thus the property of 
 the town was made liable for the education 
 of the children. In most of the States a pub- 
 lic school fund supplies in part the means of 
 instruction. 
 
 1188 
 
 In 18G0, there were in the United States 
 3, 411, .597 pupils (including those of Cali- 
 fornia as given in the census of 1852.) at- 
 tending public schools, under the care of 
 89,129 teachers; 270,426 pupils attending 
 academies or private schools, taught by 11,575 
 teachers ; number of students in colleges about 
 17,250, instructed by 1325 professors and tu- 
 tors; of the above, 5100 were medical, and 
 1350, theological students. It is estimnted 
 that there are in the various Sabbath-schools, 
 including the schools of the Sunday-School 
 Union, from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 pupils. 
 
 CJuirches, Religious Denominations, ^"c. — The 
 total number of churches, of all the different 
 denominations, .was, in 1850, 36,011. Of 
 these, 12,467 were Methodist; 8791 Bap- 
 tist ; 5584 Presbyterian ; 1674 Congrega- 
 tional; 1422 Episcopal; 1203 Lutheran ; 1112 
 Roman Catholic ; 812 Christian; 714 Friends, 
 619 Union; 494 Universalist ; 361 Free; 327 
 German Reformed; 324 Dutch Reformed; 
 243 Unitarian, besides those of numerous 
 minor sects. Total accommodations of the 
 churches of all the different sects, 13,849,896 : 
 total vahie of church property, $86,416,639. 
 See Table Qf Religions, Appendix. 
 
 The Press. — Closely connected with the lite- 
 rary institutions of the United States is the 
 public press, the most efficient instrument 
 for the difi'usion of general intelligence, and 
 the most powerful engine, whether to pro- 
 mote or undermine the great interests of mo- 
 rality and religion. The following table will 
 show the number of daily, weekly, monthly, 
 and other issues, with the aggregate circula- 
 tion of each class : — 
 
 Dailies 
 
 Tri-weekliea .... 
 Somi-weeklies.. 
 
 Weelvlies 
 
 Semi-montlilies 
 
 Monthlies 
 
 Quarterlies 
 
 No. 
 
 Circulation. 
 
 350 
 
 750,000 
 
 150 
 
 75,000 
 
 125 
 
 80.000 
 
 2000 
 
 2,875,000 
 
 50 
 
 300,000 
 
 100 
 
 900,000 
 
 25 
 
 20,000 
 
 2S00 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 No. of copies 
 printed ann'ly. 
 
 235,000.000 
 
 11,700,000 
 
 8.320.000 
 
 li9,500,000 
 
 7,200.000 
 
 10,800.000 
 
 80,000 
 
 422.600,000 
 
 The number of post-offices, November 1st, 
 1852, was 21,191; aggregate length of post- 
 roads, 214,284 miles; annual transportation, 
 58,985,728 miles; gross receipts for the fis- 
 cal year, 1852, $6,925,971.28; expenditures, 
 $7,108,459.04. Total number of letters sent 
 by mail, 95,790,524; number of newspapers 
 and packages, nearly 115,000,000; letters 
 sent by ocean steamers, more than 6,000,000. 
 For Rates of Postage, see Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutio7is, Dock Yards, ^c. — The 
 United States Government have a naval asy- 
 lum at Philadelphia, (which see,) and marine 
 hospitals at Portland, Boston, (or near it,) 
 New York, Norfolk, San Francisco, Vicks- 
 burg, Napoleon, (Arkansas,) St. Louis, Chi- 
 cago, Cleveland, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Louis- 
 ville, Evansville, and at some other points. 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 Some of these are now in course of construc- 
 tion. There are navy-yards at Portsmouth, 
 New Hampshire, at Boston, New York, Phi- 
 ladelphia, AVashington, Norfolk, Pensacola, 
 Memphis, and Benicia. There is a mother 
 mint at Philadelphia, and branches at Char- 
 lotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, 
 and at San Francisco. An assaying house is 
 about being built in New York. The other 
 principal erections are custom houses, (many 
 of them of great architectural merit,) forts, 
 arsenals, armories, post-ofBces, treasury and 
 sub-treasury offices, lighthouses, buoys, &c., 
 the offices of state, war, navy, treasury, general 
 post-office, patent office, &c., at Washington. 
 There were 19 arsenals, and more than 100 forts 
 and barracks, in 1852, scattered over differ- 
 ent parts of the Union. 
 
 The navy contained, in 1852, 11 ships of 
 the line, mounting from 74 to 120 guns; 12 
 first-class frigates, mounting 44 guns each ; 
 2 second class, 36 each ; 21 sloops of war, of 
 from 16 to 20 guns each ; 4 brigs, of 10 guns 
 each ; 3 schooners, of 1 and 2 each ; 5 steam 
 frigates, 6 to 10 guns each; 4 first-class 
 steamers, 1 to 10 each ; 7 second-class, and 5 
 storeships and brigs. The Mississippi steam 
 frigate carries Paixhan guns. The navy 
 list contains 6 commodores, commanders of 
 squadrons ; 1 commander to each of the 9 
 navy yards ; a governor of the naval asylum ; 
 a superintendent of the naval academy ; 68 
 captains ; 97 commanders ; 325 lieutenants ; 
 148 surgeons, of every grade ; 64 pursers ; 24 
 chaplains; 12 professors of mathematics ; 31 
 masters; 205 passed midshipmen; 262 mid- 
 shipmen, &c. &c. The captains' pay varies 
 from S2500 to $4500 ; the commanders', from 
 $1800 to $2500 ; lieutenants', $1200 to $1500; 
 surgeons', from $1000 to $2700 ; assistant 
 surgeons', from $650 to $1200 ; pursers', from 
 $1500 to $3000 ; chaplains', from $1000 to 
 $1500; midshipmen's, from $300 to $750; 
 other officers, from $400 to $2000. The ma- 
 rine corps has its head-quarters at Washing- 
 ton, and is composed of 15 captains, 40 lieu- 
 tenants, and about 1100 men — commissioned 
 oiScers and privates. 
 
 According to the army register for 1852, 
 there were 765 general officers ; 2489 general 
 staff officers ; 15,576 field officers, &c. ; 58,190 
 company officers ; 76,920 commissioned of- 
 ficers, and 2,124,953 privates of every grade 
 in the militia. The regular army, however, 
 only amounted to 896 commissioned officers, 
 and 10,129 privates. 
 
 Government. — The government of the Unit- 
 ed States is a confederation of independent 
 sovereignties, delegating a portion of their 
 power to a central government, whose edicts 
 and laws, so far as granted constitutionally, 
 are always paramount to state authority, 
 but all powers not expressly conceded by 
 that constitution are tacitly reserved 'to the 
 states. The governmental power of the 
 American confederacy is divided into legis- 
 
 lative, judicial, and executive. The execu- 
 tive power is lodged in a president and 
 vice-president, elected for four years by elec- 
 tors chosen by popular vote in each state. 
 The electors being equal to the number of 
 senators and members of the house of repre- 
 sentatives for each state at the time of said 
 election. For example, Pennsylvania, having 
 at the present time (1853) 25 members in 
 the national house of representatives, and 
 each state having 2 senators, is entitled 
 to 27 electoral votes for president and vice- 
 president. A majority of the whole number 
 of electoral votes is necessary to a choice, 
 and if no person has a majority, then, from 
 the three highest on the list, the house of 
 representatives, voting by states, (each state 
 having but one vote, and a majority of all 
 the states being necessary to an election,) 
 shall proceed to choose a president — but if 
 no candidate receives a majority before the 
 4th of March next following, then the vice- 
 president shall act as president. If no can- 
 didate for vice-president has a majority of 
 all the electoral votes, then from the two 
 highest numbers on the list the senate shall 
 proceed to choose the vice-president, but a 
 majority of the whole number shall be ne- 
 cessary to a choice. The president is com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army and navy of 
 the United States, and has power of reprieve 
 and pardon for offences against the United 
 States, except in cases of impeachment. He 
 has power (provided two-thirds of the senate 
 concur) to make treaties, and to nominate 
 the members of his cabinet, foreign ministers, 
 and other officers of the United States, to 
 the senate for its approval or disapproval. 
 Of some inferior offices he has the absolute 
 appointment. The president may also re- 
 move any officer, subject to his appointment, 
 at his pleasure. The judiciary consists at 
 present of one supreme court, 9 circuit and 47 
 district courts. The supreme court is pre- 
 sided over by a chief and 8 associate justices, 
 who hold their appointments during life or 
 good behaviour. The supreme court holds 
 one session annually, commencing on the first 
 Monday in December. A circuit court is 
 held twice a year in each state, by one judge 
 of the supreme court, and the district judge 
 of the state or district in which the court is 
 held. The district courts are held by special 
 judges, mostly one for each district, but 
 sometimes one judge may have two or even 
 three districts under his charge. In most 
 cases each state constitutes a district, but 
 New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia, 
 Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, 
 and California are divided into two, and Ala- 
 bama, Tennessee, and Iowa into three dis- 
 tricts each. The United States courts have 
 jurisdiction in all cases of law and equity 
 arising under the constitution and laws of the 
 United States, and treaties made under their 
 authority, in all cases concerning foreign 
 1189 
 
UNI 
 
 UXI 
 
 ministers and agents; in all cases of marine 
 jurisdiction ; in all controversies in -which 
 the United States shall be a i)arty ; in con- 
 troversies between states, or between a state 
 and citizen of another state ; between citi- 
 zens of different states ; between citizens of the 
 same, claiming lands under grants of different 
 states, and between a state and citizens there- 
 of, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 The legislative power is exercised by a 
 Congress composed of two branches, a senate 
 and house of representatives. The senate is 
 composed of two members from each state, 
 chosen by the legislature thereof, for six 
 years, so that one-third shall retire at the 
 close of every second year. The house of 
 representatives is composed of members 
 chosen every second year by the people of 
 the several states, and the electors in each 
 state shall have the qualifications requisite 
 for the most numerous branch of the state 
 legislature. A senator must be at least 30 
 years of age, and must have been 9 years a 
 citizen of the ITnited States, and a repre- 
 sentative be 25 years of age, have been 7 
 years a citizen of the United States, and a 
 resident of the state in which he shall be 
 chosen. E-epresentatives and electoral votes 
 for president are apportioned according to 
 the whole number of free persons and three- 
 fifths of all others, (except Indians.) The 
 population necessary to form a constituency 
 for a member of the house of representatives, 
 is determined by act of Congress, and is 
 usually increased after the taking of each 
 census, being a little over 30,000 between 
 1790 and 1800 ; but had risen to 70,080 be- 
 tween 1840 and 1850, and is about 90,000 
 under the 7th or last census. Those states, 
 however, that have fractions of population 
 of more than half the requisite number, 
 send an additional member ; but each state, 
 whatever its population, must have at least 
 one member. The number of representatives 
 in the 34th Congress is 234, besides dele- 
 gates from each territory, who speak, but do 
 not vote. The senate represents the states 
 in their sovereign capacity, and the house of 
 representatives (as its name implies) the 
 people. Congress has power to lay and col- 
 lect taxes and imposts, to borrow money, to pay 
 debts, to regulate commerce with foreign na- 
 tions and among the several states and with 
 the Indians, to coin money and regulate its 
 value, to fix a standard of weights and mea- 
 sures, to punish counterfeiting, to establish 
 post-offices and post-roads, to grant patents 
 for inventions and copyrights for books, &c., 
 to punish piracies, &c. on the high seas, and 
 ofi^ences against the laws of nations, to declare 
 war, and to provide and maintain an army and 
 navy, to provide for calling forth the militia to 
 execute the laws of the ti'nion, and to sup- 
 press invasions and rebellions, to exercise 
 exclusive jurisdiction over the District of 
 Columbia, and over all places where forts, 
 1190 
 
 arsenals, magazines, dock-yards, &c. have 
 been legally established. All bills for rais- 
 ing revenue and for taxation must originate 
 in the house of representatives. A bill must 
 have received a majority of the votes ne- 
 cessary to form a quorum in each house, and 
 have received the signature of the president 
 before it can become a law ; but if the presi- 
 dent objects to a bill, or part of its provi' 
 sions, he must send his objections in writing 
 to the house in which it originated, when that 
 house proceeds to vote on it, and if two- 
 thirds of both houses sustain the bill, it is 
 a law, without the approbation of the presi- 
 dent ; or if the president does not return it 
 in ten days, exclusive of Sabbaths, it is a 
 law in like manner, provided Congress re- 
 main in session so long after the bill has 
 been sent to the president. A census of the 
 people, products, &c. of the several states 
 is taken by order of Congress every tenth 
 year ; the seventh having been taken in 1850. 
 The vice-president is ex-officio president of 
 the senate, and, in case of the death or dis- 
 ability of the president, becomes president 
 of the United States. In case of the death 
 or disability of both, the speaker (pro tem- 
 pjore) of the senate, who is usually elected to- 
 wards the close of each session, with reference 
 to such a contingency, shall be the president. 
 In the event of the death, refusal to serve, 
 or any other disability, of all the three 
 named above, the speaker of the house of 
 representatives shall be president. The last 
 officer presides in the popular branch, and on 
 the assembling of every new Congress, (a 
 Congress continues two years, or the period 
 for which the members of the house of re- 
 presentatives are elected,) a new speaker 
 is elected. The senate is a high court for the 
 trial of impeachments ; on the trial of the 
 president of the United States, the chief- 
 justice shall pireside, but its decisions only 
 extend to removals from office. In each dis- 
 trict of the United States courts there is a 
 prosecuting attorney and a marshal. The 
 territories are ruled by a governor appointed 
 by the president, but they elect their own 
 legislature. 
 
 Salaries. — The president of the United 
 States receives 825,000 a year, and has the 
 use of the executive mansion at Washing- 
 ton. The vice-president receives S8000 ; 
 the judges of the supreme court $4000, ex- 
 cept the chief-justice, who receives $4500; 
 members of Congress S8 a day; the secre- 
 taries of state, treasury, war, navy, interior, 
 the postmaster-general and attorney-general 
 each $8000 per annum; the foreign ministers 
 of the first rank, i. e. ministers plenipoten- 
 tiary, S9000, with an outfit of $9000; those 
 of the second grade, i. e. ministers resident, 
 $6000, with an oufit of $6000; of the third 
 rank, i. e. charges d'affaires, $4500, with an 
 outfit of $4500; consuls receive their emolu- 
 ments in fees. 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 Revenue, Finances, ^c. — The revenue of the 
 United States has been mostly derived from 
 imports on foreign merchandise, and from 
 the sale of public lands, but direct taxes have 
 occasionally been levied. The revenue has 
 increased (with occasional depressions) with 
 considerable regularity, from $3,652,014, in 
 
 1792, to $61,353,924, in 1853. Of this reve- 
 nue, $58,931,865 were from the customs. 
 The expenditures have varied in the same 
 period from $1,877,904 to $57,631,667; of 
 which $17,174,955 were for the civil list. 
 The smallest revenue was in 1792, and the 
 greatest in 1853 ; the greatest expenditures 
 were in 1847 and 1849, during, and at the 
 close of the Mexican war ; and the least in 
 
 1793. The smallest expenditure for the civil 
 list and foreign intercourse, was $472,450, in 
 1793, and the greatest, $17,872,967, in 1851 ; 
 the least expenditures for the military esta- 
 blishment was $944,958, in 1803; the great- 
 est, (in the Mexican war,) $41,281,606, in 
 1847 ; the least expenditure for the navy was 
 $53, in 1792, and the greatest, $10,891,639, 
 in 1853. The total expenditures for the 
 year ending June 30, 1853, amounted to 
 $43,543,419. The public debt has varied 
 from $75,463,476, in 1791, to .$65,131,692, 
 January 1, 1853, but in October, $61,066,139. 
 The smallest debt was $37,513, in 1836 ; the 
 greatest, $127,334,934, in 1816. Total indi- 
 vidual debt of the states, (independent of the 
 United States debt,) $201,541,624. The 
 assessed value of property in 1850 was 
 $5,983,149,407 ; true or estimated value, 
 $7,068,157,779 ; estimated value in 1852, 
 $7,846,706,697. The coinage of the United 
 States mint, since its establishment in 1792 up 
 to 1851. has been— gold, $179,945,427.50; sil- 
 ver, $78,221,961.90; copper, $1,395,846.45, 
 —making a total of 392,238,087 pieces, and 
 $258,563,235.85. The gold coinage of 1852 
 was $53,747,187, and for the first 9 months 
 of 1853, $32,000,901. Of silver, for the same 
 9 months, $4,854,861 were coined. The last 
 two items were at the Philadelphia mint 
 alone. The banking capital of all the states, 
 in 1851, amounted to $248,803,061 ; cir- 
 culation to $150,052,000, and specie to 
 $50,000,000. 
 
 History. — The earliest settled portion of 
 the present territory of the United States 
 was Florida, about the year 1565 ; but as this 
 state was not acquired till 1819, and was, 
 moreover, not an English settlement, it is usual 
 to date the commencement of the settlement of 
 the colonies which formed the nucleus of the 
 present confederation, from the settlement of 
 Jamestown, in Virginia, in 1607. The order 
 of the settlement of the other original states 
 (i.e. states of the Revolution) wafe. New York, 
 by the Dutch, at Fort Orange, (now Albany,) in 
 1614; Massachusetts, at Plymouth, in 1620; 
 New Hampshire and Maine, in 1623; New 
 Jersey, about 1624; Delaware, about 1627 ; 
 Connecticut, in 1633 ; Maryland, in 1034-5 ; 
 
 Rhode Island, in 1636 ; North Carolina, (per- 
 manently) between 1640-50; South Carolina, 
 about 1670; Pennsylvania, 1682, and Georgia, 
 in 1733. These were all English settlements, 
 (though with admixtures from Germany, Ire- 
 land, and Scotland,) except New Jersey and 
 Delaware; the former by Dutch, Swedes, and 
 English, and the latter by Swedes. 
 
 For an account of the wars with the In- 
 dians, and of separate colonial matters, see 
 histories of each state. The first contest in 
 which the colonies unitedly and generally 
 took part was the old French and Indian war, 
 as it was called, which commenced so disas- 
 trously with the defeat of General Braddock, 
 near the present city of Pittsburg, and in which 
 Washington, by his prudence and bravery, 
 saved the army from utter destruction. But 
 the contest raged most severely in New York 
 (which see) and in Canada. This war was 
 concluded by the Peace of Paris, in 1763 : 
 the interval between which, and the skirmish 
 at Lexington, April 19, 1775, (the actual 
 commencement of the Revolution,) was little 
 else than a contest with the mother country 
 concerning disputed rights, in which the 
 colonies contended for representation in par- 
 liament as the only terms on which they would 
 consent to taxation by that body ; while the 
 imperial government maintained the absolute 
 right to impose taxes without consulting the 
 colonies. A series of events followed the 
 skirmish mentioned above, in many of which 
 the colonial chief was frequently brought 
 almost to the verge of despair. We are not 
 expected here to give more than a brief out- 
 line, which we will endeavor to do succinctly, 
 by an enumeration of the principal events 
 of each campaign. The battle of Lexington, 
 though unfavorable to the Americans, taught 
 the British it was no mere sedition they had at- 
 tempted to put down, but that they had to con- 
 tend with men animated by a firm purpose, 
 whom one defeat, or a series of defeats, was not 
 likely to divert from a course, not undertaken 
 without a full estimate of its difficulties. The 
 taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by 
 the Americans, in May ; the battle of Bun- 
 ker Hill, near Boston, in June, in which the 
 Americans retreated for want of ammunition; 
 the investment of Boston by Washington, and 
 the unsuccessful expeditious of Arnold and 
 Schuyler to Quebec, in the autumn, the for- 
 mer by way of the Kennebec river, and the 
 latter by way of Lake Champlain — were the 
 principal events of the opening campaign of 
 1775. That of 1776 commenced with the eva- 
 cuation of Boston by the British troops in 
 March, and was followed by their repulse from 
 Sullivan's island, before Charleston, in June ; 
 by the Declaration of Independence, at Phila- 
 delphia, July 4; by the disastrous battle of 
 Flatbush, on Long Island, in August ; by the 
 skirmish at Whiteplains, north of New York, 
 in September; by the loss of Forts Wash- 
 ington and Lee, and of 2000 prisoners; by 
 1191 
 
UNI 
 
 UNI 
 
 Washington's retreat across New Jersey, and 
 by the successful passage of the Delaware, 
 and the surprise and capture of 900 Hessians, 
 at Trenton, on the morning of Dec. 26th. 
 The latter event revived the drooping spirits 
 of the Americans, and following up their suc- 
 cess, Washington, in the early part of Janu- 
 ary, opened the campaign in 1777, by driving 
 the British from Princeton, New Jersey; after 
 which he took up his winter quarters at 
 Morristown, in the same state. In April, 
 Governor Tryon took and burnt Danburjs in 
 Connecticut ; Burgoyne invaded New York, 
 from Canada, and took Fort Ticonderoga, in 
 July ; Colonel Baum is defeated by General 
 Stark, near Bennington, in August ; the 
 Americans are defeated by Coruwallis, at 
 Brandy wine, September 11, and the British 
 take possession of Philadelphia; Gates defeats 
 Burgoyne at the battles of Stillwater and 
 Saratoga, September 19 and October 7, and 
 on the 16th. Burgoyne surrenders with 5790 
 men ; Washington is repulsed by Howe, at 
 Germantown, and soon after retires to winter 
 quarters, at Valley Forge, where the army 
 suffer greatly from cold, hunger, want of 
 clothing, and suitable barracks, and from con- 
 sequent disease. The successful defence, by 
 the Americans, of Fort Mercer, at P^ed Bank, 
 6 miles below Philadelphia, and the opening 
 of the navigation, by the British, to Philadel- 
 phia, closed the campaign of 1777. February 
 6, 1778, France formed a treaty of alliance 
 with the United States ; the British army 
 evacuates Philadelphia, June 18th, and is de- 
 feated at Monmouth, the 28th of the same 
 month ; Sullivan besieges Newport, August 15, 
 but raises the siege on the 28th, and has a 
 skirmish with Pigot, whom he routs, on the 
 following day ; the massacre of Wyoming 
 takes place in July; Savannah is taken by 
 the British, December 29 ; in the same month, 
 Washington goes into winter quarters at Mid- 
 dlebrook, and terminates the campaign of 
 1778; about one-fourth of Lincoln's army in 
 the South, destroyed by the British, in March, 
 1779 ; in May, Charleston is invested by the 
 British, who retire on the approach of Lin- 
 coln ; skirmish at Stono Ferry, June 20 ; Stony 
 Point taken by the British, June 1, and re- 
 taken by Wayne, July 15 ; in the same month, 
 Tryon invades Connecticut, burns the ship- 
 ping at New Haven, and the villages of Fair- 
 field and Noi'walk ; August 29th, Sullivan 
 defeats the tories and savages in new York ; 
 September 24th, the French fleet and the 
 American army invest Savannah, but are re- 
 pulsed, October 9. Paul "Jones gains in the 
 autumn of this year a splendid naval victory 
 in the British seas. The army goes into winter 
 juarters at West Point and Morristown, and 
 thus closes the campaign of 1779. Charleston 
 besieged by Sir H. Clinton, in April, 1780, 
 surrenders May 12th, and Clinton becomes 
 master of the greater part of the South ; 
 August 6th, Sumter defeats the British at 
 1192 
 
 Hanging Rock ; but the Americans are de- 
 feated at Camden, August 16th, and at Fish- 
 ing creek on the 18th; Arnold attempts to 
 betray West Point September 21st, but is dis- 
 covered, and tiies ; the British defeated at 
 King's mountain in South Carolina October 
 7, and Cornwallis retreats. The campaign 
 of 1781 is opened by the defeat of the British 
 at Cowpens, .January 17th, and is followed by 
 the rout of the Americans at Guilford Court 
 House in March, and at Hobkirk's Hill in 
 April ; Forts alarion and Lee surrender in 
 May to the Americans, and Augusta in June ; 
 Greene routs the British at Eutaw Springs ; 
 an indecisive engagement takes place between 
 the British and French fleets off Cape Henry, 
 in March; Forts Trumbull and Gris wold taken, 
 (the garrison of the latter slaughtered,) and 
 New London burned by Arnold in September; 
 and finally the surrender of Cornwallis at 
 Yorktown, October 19th, 1781, puts an end 
 to the active operations of the war, and leads 
 to an acknowledgment by Great Britain of 
 the independence of the United States, in 
 1783. A political event of more importance 
 perhaps never took place on our globe, or one 
 more truly revolutionary in its effects upon 
 systems of government throughout the world, 
 or more pregnant with promises of future be- 
 nefit to the human race. The government 
 that carried the nation through the trying 
 scenes of the Revolution was a simple confe- 
 deration of states, represented by members 
 elected by the legislature of each of the 13 
 separate sovereignties. This, but for the pa- 
 triotism and virtue of the people, would have 
 been wholly inefficient, and depended for its 
 efi"ectiveness on the willing obedience of the 
 great mass of the population. This government 
 endured from 1777 to 1787, when a conven- 
 tion of delegates, representing all the states, 
 framed the present constitution, which went 
 into operation March 4th, 1789, by the inau- 
 guration of the wise and patriotic Washing- 
 ton as president. An experience of more 
 than 60 years under this Constitution has 
 more than realized the favorable predictions 
 of its most zealous supporters. It has proved 
 itself the best adapted to the ruling of an ex- 
 tensive region of any government ever framed, 
 inasmuch as its action is confined to matters 
 of general interest, while each region governs 
 itself in local affairs. Indeed, its wide ex- 
 tent has in some instances proved an especial 
 safeguard, and prevented wars and rebellion 
 from sectional excitement. While different 
 localities have been several times agitated to 
 the point of rebellion or warfare, the rest of 
 the nation, remote from the disturbed region, 
 have remained calm and determined in the 
 support of the central authority. 
 
 The disturbed state of Europe, consequent 
 upon the breaking out of the French revolu- 
 tion, acted favorably for the development of 
 the resources of the United States, exhausted 
 by a long war, as it not only created a mar- 
 
UNI 
 
 UPP 
 
 ket for her agricultural products, but gave 
 her a large portion of the carrying trade of 
 the world. The principal events following 
 the establishment of the government of 1789, 
 were the treaty with the Creek Indians, in 
 1790 ; the admission of Vermont into the con- 
 federacy in 1791, and of Kentucky in 1792 ; 
 the insurrection in Pennsylvania to resist the 
 duty on distilled spirits, and the defeat of the 
 northwest Indians by General Wayne, in 
 1794; Tennessee admitted in 1796 ; death of 
 Washington in 1799 ; seat of government re- 
 moved to the District of Columbia in 1800 ; 
 Ohio admitted in 1802; Louisiana purchased 
 in 1803 ; Tripoli bombarded by Commodore 
 Preble, and Hamilton shot by Burr, in 1804; 
 Burr tried for conspiracy in 1807 ; Harrison 
 defeats the Indians in Indiana in 1811 ; war 
 declared against Great Britain in 1812, on 
 account of violations of neutrality, and the 
 search of our ships for British subjects ; capi- 
 tol at Washington burned by the British, 
 1814; peace concluded February, 1815 ; and 
 war with Algiers the same year ; Indiana ad- 
 mitted in 1816 ; Seminole war in 1817 ; Illi- 
 nois admitted in 1818 ; Alabama admitted, 
 and Florida ceded by Spain in 1819 ; Maine 
 admitted in 1820, and Missouri in 1821 ; 
 General Lafayette visits America, and is re- 
 ceived with great marks of respect, in 1824 ; 
 cholera breaks out, and Black Hawk's war 
 occurs, in 1832; Arkansas admitted, Wiscon- 
 sin becomes a territory, and great iire in 
 New York, in 1835 ; Texas achieves her inde- 
 pendence of Mexico in 1836 ; Michigan ad- 
 mitted in 1837 ; Texas admitted, and war 
 breaks out in consequence with Mexico, and 
 Iowa admitted, in 1846 ; peace with Mexico, 
 acquisition of , Upper California and New 
 Mexico, and admission of Wisconsin, in 1848 ; 
 admission of California, and creation of the 
 territories of New Mexico and Utah, all in 
 1850. Such is a brief chronicle of the princi- 
 pal events of a nation's history, now one of the 
 first powers on the globe ; whose friendship 
 is sought, and enmity avoided, by the most 
 potent rulers of Europe. The 14th presi- 
 dent now peaceably and harmoniously directs 
 the national affairs of a confederacy of 31 
 states, reaching from the middle of the tem- 
 perate to the torrid zone, and from the At- 
 lantic to the Pacific ocean. Our government 
 has been tried under all circumstances, (but 
 that of famine,) rebellion, pestilence, war, 
 strongparty dissensions, and jarring sectional 
 interests, and has come out stronger than 
 ever through them all. Presidents have died, 
 and the legal substitutes have succeeded to 
 their power, without the slightest breath of 
 commotion. Disappointed aspirants have 
 sometimes endeavored to create dissension, 
 but have only Innk themselves into contempt 
 and neglect. The forests fall beneath the 
 settler's axe, the bowels of the earth are 
 searched for mineral wealth, railways are 
 laid down, canals opened, rivers deepened, 
 
 commerce extended, schools and colleges 
 founded, books disseminated, cities built, po- 
 pulations, invited by our free institutions, 
 swarm from other lands in sufiicient num- 
 bers to form a state for each cycle of the 
 earth, and thus expand and extend the area 
 of freedom, truth and light; and, with the 
 blessing of Him without whom no increase 
 is given, seem destined to revolutionize the 
 world. 
 
 Unitia, a post-office of Blount co., Tenn. 
 
 Unity, a post-township in Waldo county, 
 Maine, 33 miles N. E. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 1557. 
 
 Unity, a post-township in Sullivan county. 
 New Hampshire, 40 miles W. by N. from 
 Concord. Population, 961. 
 
 Unity, a post-ofiice of Crawford co., Pa. 
 
 Unity', a township of Westmoreland co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 7 miles E. from Greens- 
 burg. Population, 2527. 
 
 Unity, a small post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Maryland, 30 miles W. by S. from Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 Unity, a post-township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Columbiana co., Ohio, intersect- 
 ed by the Ohio and Pennsylvania railroad. 
 Population, 2095. 
 
 Unity, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 35 miles N. from Steubenville. 
 Population, about 400. 
 
 Unity, a post-village of Alexander co., Il- 
 linois, on Cash river, 225 miles S. from 
 Springfield, and about 15 miles from the 
 mouth of the Ohio river. 
 
 Univeesity of Virginia, a post-office of 
 Albemarle co., Virginia. See Chaelottes- 
 
 VILLE. 
 
 Upatoi Creek, of Georgia, flows south- 
 westward through Muscogee county, and 
 enters Chattahoochee river, 8 or 9 miles S. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Upatoie, a post- village of Muscogee co., 
 Georgia, about 18 miles E. N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 Updegraff's, a post-oflice of Jefferson co., 
 Ohio. . 
 
 Uphaupee, a post-office of Macon co., Ala. 
 
 Upland, a thriving village of West Marl- 
 borough township, Chester CO., Pennsylvania, 
 38 miles W. by S. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Upland, a post-office of Mason co., Va. 
 
 Uplands, a thriving post-village of Dela- 
 ware county, Pennsylvania, on Chester creek, 
 about 2 miles from its mouth, and 92 miles 
 E. S. E. from Harrisburg. It has several 
 mills or factories moved by water-power. 
 Population, from 300 to 600. 
 
 Upper, a township of Cape May co.. New 
 Jersey, 13 miles N. E. from Cape May Court 
 House. Population, 1341. 
 
 Upper, a township in Crawford co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 524. 
 
 Upper, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Lawrence co., Ohio, on the Ohio river. Po- 
 pulation, 2494. 
 
 1193 
 
UPP 
 
 UPP 
 
 Upper Allen, a township of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the 
 Susquehanna river, about 12 miles E. by S. 
 from Carlisle. Population, 1220. 
 
 Upper Alloway's Creek, a post-township 
 of Salem co,, New Jersey, 72 miles S. by W. 
 from Trenton. Population, 2530. 
 
 Upper Alton, a post-village of Madison 
 CO., Illinois, 2 J miles E. from Alton. It is 
 the seat of ShurtlefF College. See Alton. 
 
 Upper Aquebogub, a post-village of Suf- 
 folk CO., New York, about 75 miles E. by N. 
 from New York city. 
 
 Upper Augusta, a township of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pa., contains Sunbury, the county 
 seat, on the left side of the Susquehanna. 
 Population, including Sunbury, 2080. 
 
 Upper Bern, a township of Berks co. , Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by the Philadelphia and 
 Pottsville railroad, 17 miles N. N. W. from 
 Reading. Population, 1747. 
 
 Upper Black Eddy, a post-office of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Upper Chichester, a township of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 5 miles W. from Chester. 
 Population, 531. 
 
 Upperco, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. 
 
 Upper Cross E,oads, a post-office of Har- 
 ford CO., Maryland. 
 
 Upper Darby, a post-township of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 9 miles W. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 2044. 
 
 Upper Dickinson, a township of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles S. W. 
 from Cai'lisle. Population, 2219. 
 
 Upper Dublin, a post-township of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. from 
 Philadelphia. Population, 1330. 
 
 Upper Embarras, a post-office of Coles 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Upper Falls, a post-office of Windsor co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 Upper Falls, a post-office of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Upper Falls of Coal, a post-office of Ka- 
 nawha CO., Virginia. 
 
 Upper Fourche, a township in Yell co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 530. 
 
 Upper Freehold, a township of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersey, about 15 miles S. W. from 
 Freehold. Population, 2566. 
 
 Upper Gilmanton, a post-office of Belknap 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Upper Gloucester, a post-office of Cum- 
 berland CO., Maryland. 
 
 Upper Hamburg, a thriving post-village 
 of Hardin co., Tennessee, on the left bank 
 of Tennessee river, 130 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville. It has several warehouses. 
 
 Upper Hanover, a township forming the 
 N. extremity of Montgomery co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1741. 
 
 Upper Hunting Creek, a post' village in 
 Caroline co., Md., 57 miles E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Upper Iowa, a small river which rises in 
 the S. E. part of Minnesota, and passing into 
 1194 
 
 Iowa, flows first south-easterly, then north- 
 easterly, and empties itself into the Missis- 
 sippi river in Allomakee county. 
 
 Upper Jay, a post-office of Essex co., N. Y. 
 Upper Leacock, a township of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 7 miles E. by N. from 
 Lancaster. Population, 1886. 
 
 Upper Lisle, a post-office of Broome co., 
 New York. 
 
 Upper Macungie, a township of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles W. by S. from 
 Allentown. Population, 2035. 
 
 Upper Mahantango, a post-township form- 
 ing the W. extremity of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 1654. 
 
 Upper Mahonoy, a township of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania, 14 miles S. E. 
 from Sunbury. Population, 1268. 
 
 Upper Makefield, a township of Bucks 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of 
 the Delaware river, intersected by the Dela- 
 ware canal, 10 miles E. by S. from Doylestown. 
 Population, 1701. 
 
 Upper Marlborough, a post-village, capi- 
 tal of Prince George co., Maryland, a few 
 miles W. from the Patuxent river, and 17 
 miles E. S. E. from Washington. A news- 
 paper is published here. 
 
 Upper Middletown, a village in Middlesex 
 CO., Conn., on Connecticut river, 15 miles S. 
 from Hartford, contains several churches. 
 
 Upper Middletown, a post-village of 
 Fayette co., Pennsylvania, on Redstone creek, 
 about 40 miles S. S. E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Upper Milford, a township forming the 
 S. extremity of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 3259. 
 
 Upper Mount Bethel, a township forming 
 the N. extremity of Northampton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Delaware river. Pop., 2855. 
 
 Upper Nazareth, a township of Northamp- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, 8 miles W. N. W. from 
 Easton. Population, 708. 
 
 Upper Okaw, a township in Coles co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 657. 
 
 Upper Oxford, a township of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, 22 miles S. S. W. from West 
 Chester. Population, 1021. 
 
 Upper Paxton, a township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Dauphin co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1690. 
 
 Upper Peach Tree, a post-office of Wilcox 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Upper Penn's Neck, New Jersey. See 
 Penn's Neck. 
 
 Upper Pboyidence, a township of Dela- 
 ware CO., Pennsylvania, about 15 miles W. 
 from Philadelphia. Population, 778. 
 
 Upper Providence, a township of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Philadelphia and Reading railroad, 10 miles 
 W. by N. from Norristown. Pop., 2457. 
 
 Upper Red Hook, a post-village of Dutch- 
 ess CO., New York, about 15 miles S. from 
 Catskill. 
 
 Upper St. Clair, a post-township of Alle- 
 
UPP 
 
 UEB 
 
 ghany co., Pennsylvania, about 9 miles W. 
 by S. from Pittsburg. Population, 1626. 
 
 Upper Salford, a township of Mont- 
 gomerjr co., Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. by W. 
 from Norristown. Population, 1440. 
 
 Upper Sandusky, a iiourishing post-village 
 of Crane township, and capital of Wyandot 
 county, Ohio, on the left bank of Sandusky 
 river, and on the Ohio and Indiana railroad, 
 63 miles N. by W. from Columbus. It was 
 formerly the chief town of the Wyandot In- 
 dians, who ceded their land to the United 
 States in 1843. Three miles N. of the town 
 is the battle-ground, where Colonel Crawford 
 T/as defeated by the Indians in 1783. The 
 village is beautifully situated, and is rapidly 
 improving. Population in 1850, 780. 
 
 Upper Saucon, a township of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 6 miles S. from Allen- 
 town. Population, 2372. 
 
 Upper Stillwater, a post-village in Pe- 
 nobscot CO., Maine, on Penobscot rivei', and on 
 the Bangor and Piscataquis railroad, 9 miles 
 N. from Bangor. 
 
 Upper Strasbttrg, a post-village in Frank- 
 lin CO., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles N. N.W. 
 from Chambersburg. 
 
 Upper Swatara, a township of Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Susquehanna river, intersected by the Penn- 
 sylvania canal, and by the Lancaster and 
 Harrisburg railroad. Population, 1239. 
 
 Upper Three Greek, of Barnwell district. 
 South Carolina, flows S. W. into the Savan- 
 nah river. 
 
 Upper Towamensing, a township of Carbon 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the 
 Lehigh river, 4 miles below Mauch Chunk. 
 Population, 1628. 
 
 Upper Tract, a post-office of Pendleton 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Upper Trappe, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Upper Tulpehocken, a township of Berks 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 19 miles N. W. from Read- 
 ing. Population, 1988. 
 
 Upper Turketfoot, a township of Somer- 
 set CO., Pennsylvania, about 13 miles S. W. 
 from Somerset. Population, 952. 
 
 Upper Tygart, a post-office of Carter co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Upperville, a post- village of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia, is situated at the foot of the Blue 
 Ridge, on the turnpike from Winchester to 
 Alexandria, 135 miles N. by W. from Rich- 
 mond. It is surrounded by a fine farming 
 district, and contains 3 churches, and about 
 700 inhabitants. 
 
 Upper Yarmouth, a post-village in Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine, 35 miles S. W. by S. from 
 Augusta. 
 
 Upshur, a new county in the N. W. central 
 part of Virginia, on the W. fork of the Mo- 
 nongahela river. 
 
 Upshur, a county in the N. E. part of Texas, 
 contains about 950 square miles. The Sa- 
 
 bine river bounds it on the S., and the Big 
 Cypress bayou on the N. The soil is gene- 
 rally rich. Cotton, wheat, Indian corn, 
 grass, and cattle are the staples. The coun- 
 ty is well timbered Avith oak, hickory, &e. 
 It produced in 1850, 673 bales of cotton ; 
 90,495 bushels of corn, and 26,736 pounds 
 of butter. There were 131 pupils attending 
 public schools. Formed in 1846, from part 
 of Harrison county. An active immigration 
 is directed to this section of Texas. Named 
 in honor of Abel P. Upshur, secretary of 
 state under President Tyler. Capital, Gil- 
 mer. Population, 3394 ; of whom 2712 were 
 free, and 682, slaves. 
 
 Upshur, a thriving post-village of Preble 
 CO., Ohio, on the Western turnpike, about 50 
 miles N. by W. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Upson, a county in the W. central part of 
 Georgia, contains 384 square miles. The 
 Flint river bounds it on the S. W., and it is 
 drained by Potato creek. The surface is 
 diversified by hills, some of which rise about 
 800 feet above the level of Flint river. The 
 soil is mostly fertile, especially near the 
 river. Cotton and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 the county produced 7443 
 bales of cotton; 343,017 bushels of corn, 
 and 68,709 of sweet potatoes. It contained 
 3 cotton factories, 4 grist mills, and 4 saw 
 mills ; 21 churches, 650 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 125 attending other schools. 
 The county is liberally supplied with water- 
 power. Organized in 1824, and named in 
 honor of Stephen Upson, an eminent lawyer 
 of Georgia. Capital, Thomaston. Pop., 9424, 
 of whom 4720 were free, and 4704, slaves. 
 
 Upsona^lle, a post-village in Susquehanna 
 CO., Pa, 180 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Upton, a township in Worcester co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, 33 miles W. S. AV. from Boston. 
 Population, 2023. 
 
 Upton, a post-village in Franklin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 13 miles S. W. from Chambersburg. 
 
 Upton, a post-office of Van Buren co., lo. 
 
 Upton, a post-office of Dodge co.,Wis. 
 
 Urbana, a small village of Monroe co.,Iowa, 
 10 miles S. E. from Albia, the county seat. 
 
 Urbane, a small village of Jackson co., Il- 
 linois, about 50 miles S. S. E. from Kaskaskia. 
 
 Urbanna, a township of Steuben co., New 
 York, at the S. end of Crooked lake, 5 miles 
 N. E. from Bath. Population, 2079. 
 
 Urbanna, a post-village in Frederick co., 
 Maryland, 76 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Urbanna, a post-village, capital of Middle- 
 sex CO., Virginia, on Ui'banna creek, about 
 84 miles E. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 Urbanna, a post-township in the S. part 
 of Champaign co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Mad River and Lake Erie railroad. Popu- 
 lation, 3414. 
 
 Urbanna, a beautiful post-village in the 
 above township, and capital of Champaign 
 county, on the Mad River and Lake Erie rail- 
 road, 2 or 3 miles E. from Mad river, and 42 
 1195 
 
URB 
 
 UTA 
 
 miles W. from Columbus. The new Sweden- 
 borgian college, situated at this place, has 
 about 100 students. Ui'banna contains 1 bank, 
 2 newspaper offices, 1 foundry, and 1 woollen 
 factory. The Columbus and Piqua railroad 
 (unfinished) intersects the above-named road 
 at this point. The first house was built in 
 1806. Pop. in 1850, 2020 ; 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Urbanna, a post-village, capital of Cham- 
 paign CO., Illinois, on the Salt Fork of Ver- 
 milion river, and on the Chicago branch of 
 the Central railroad, 92 miles E. by N. from 
 Springfield. It is situated near the border 
 of a large and fertile prairie. 
 
 Uebanna, a small post-village of Hickory 
 CO., Missouri, about 80 miles S. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Urieville, a post-office of Kent co., Md. 
 
 Ursa, a small post-village of Adams co., 
 Illinois, 114 miles W. from Springfield. 
 
 Usquebaugh, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 Utah, originally a part of the territory of 
 Upper California, ceded to the United States 
 by the treaty with Mexico in 1848, was 
 erected into a separate territory in 1850. It 
 is bounded on the N. by Oregon ; E. by In- 
 dian Territory and New Mexico ; S. by New 
 Mexico, and W. by California. The Rocky 
 mountains separate it from Indian Territory, 
 and the Sierra Nevada partly from Califor- 
 nia. It lies between 37° and 42° N.lat., and be- 
 tween 105° 30' or 106° and 120° W. Ion., being 
 about 700 miles in extreme length from E to 
 W., and 347 miles broad from N. to S., and 
 including an area of 187,923 square miles, or 
 120,270,720 acres, of which only 16,333 were 
 improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — The population is principally 
 composed of Mormons, who settled there in 
 1847, after their expulsion from Missouri and 
 Illinois. Continual accessions of this new sect 
 are arriving from all parts of the Union and 
 from Europe. According to the national cen- 
 sus of 1850, there were 11,380 inhabitants; of 
 whom 6022 were white males ; 5308 white fe- 
 males; 119 colored males; 87 colored fe- 
 males, and 26 slaves. This population was 
 divided into 2322 families, occupying the 
 same number of dwellings. Orson Pratt, a 
 dignitai'y of the sect of Mormons, estimates 
 the population in 1853 at from 30,000 to 
 35,000, exclusive of Indians, of whom there 
 are several tribes in a very degraded state, 
 subsisting mostly on roots, berries, fish, &c., 
 and living generally in caves or bushes, but 
 sometimes in wigwams or tents, and going 
 nearly naked. Of the civilized population, 
 in 1850, 1381 were born in the territory; 
 7974 in other parts of the Union; 1056 in 
 England; 106 in Ireland; 232 in Scotland ; 
 125 in Wales ; and 471 in other countries. 
 In the year ending June 1st, 1850, there oc- 
 curred 239 deaths, or more than 21 in every 
 1000 persons. Of the entire population, 2 
 were blind ; 8, insane, and 2, idiotic. 
 1196 
 
 Counties. — Utah is divided into 12 coun- 
 ties, viz. Davis, Deseret, Great Salt Lake, 
 Green River, Iron, Yuab, Millard, San Pete, 
 Tooele, Utah, Weber, and Washington. Ca- 
 pital, Fillmore City. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The principal towns and 
 villages are Great Salt Lake City, population 
 from 8000 to 10,000, Brownsville, Ogden, 
 Lehi, Provo, Springville, Nephi, Manti, Fill- 
 more, Parovan, and Cedar City. These towns 
 are mostly built of adobes or unburnt bricks, 
 and are named (with the exception of Salt 
 Lake City) in order, proceeding from N. to 
 S., and scattered over a space of nearly 300 
 miles, mostly near the base of the Wahsatch 
 mountains. A building is being erected for 
 the state capitol at Fillmore City. 
 
 Face of the Country, Geology, ^c. — This ex- 
 tensive region is generally an elevated and 
 barren table-land, and divided into unequal 
 portions by the Sierra Madre mountains, 
 but having the larger to the W. of them. 
 The western section, known as the Great or 
 Fremont Basin, is hemmed in by moun- 
 tains on all sides, having the Blue moun- 
 tains of Oregon on theN., the Wahsatch moun- 
 tains on the E., the Sierra Nevada on the 
 W., and a nameless mountain or mountains 
 on the S. This basin has an extent of about 
 500 miles from E. to W., by 350 miles from 
 N. to S., and a general elevation of from 
 4000 to 5000 feet above the level of the sea, 
 "with its own system of lakes and rivers, 
 but having no communication with the 
 ocean." The eastern portion is covered with 
 a white incrustation of saline and alkaline 
 matter, and the western with a mixture of 
 salt, sand, and clay, in which animals sink 
 to their knees. Several detached mountains 
 traverse this basin, the principal of which are 
 the Humboldt River mountains, which run 
 from N. to S. near the centre of the basin, 
 and are elevated from 2000 to 5000 feet 
 above the surrounding country. Tlie Wah- 
 satch mountains rise from 4000 to 7000 feet 
 above the neighboring valleys, and some 
 reach the height of perpetual snow. Some 
 of the valleys in the southern part of the 
 settled country have an elevation of about 
 6000 feet above the level of the sea. A great 
 valley, more sterile even than the western 
 section, occupies the region between the Wah- 
 satch and the Rocky mountains. 
 
 Of the geology of Utah as yet very little is 
 known. It appears, however, that volcanic 
 rocks are found in various parts. Basalt 
 occurs on the slopes of the mountains in 
 many places. " The Boiling Springs" refei'red 
 to on the next page, and the hot springs in 
 the valley of Bear river, and in other sec- 
 tions, indicate the proximity of volcanic fires. 
 See Rocky ]\Iountains. 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — Great Salt lake is the 
 prominent object to be considered in treating 
 of the waters of Utah. This extensive and 
 peculiar sheet of water lies N. E. from the 
 
UTA 
 
 UTA 
 
 centre of the territory, is about 70 miles long 
 and 30 miles Tride, with no visible outlet. 
 The water is so highly saline that no living 
 thing can exist in it, and by the evaporation 
 in hot weather, leaves on its shores a thick 
 incrustation of salt. According to Fremont's 
 analysis of some of the salt of this lake, there 
 were in 100 parts, 97.80 chloride of sodium, 
 or common salt; sulphate of lime, 1.12; 
 chloride of magnesium, .24; and sulphate 
 of soda, .23. About 25 miles S. of this, 
 and communicating with it by the river Jor- 
 dan, is Utah lake, a body of fresh water 
 about 35 miles in length. It is stored with 
 trout and other fish. These lakes are ele- 
 vated from 4200 to 4500 feet above the sea. 
 Pyramid lake, on the slope of the Sierra Ne- 
 vada mountains, is, according to Fremont, 
 about 700 feet higher than Great Salt lake, 
 and receives its name from a pyramidal rock 
 which rises from the midst of its waters. In 
 the interior are several small lakes, which 
 are the recipients of the streams of the inte- 
 rior basin, and are often mere sinks or 
 sloughs. The most important of these known 
 are Nicollet lake, about the middle of the ter- 
 ritory, and Lake Ashley, perhaps 70 miles S. 
 of it. Near the eastern base of the Sierra 
 Nevada mountains are also several lakes, 
 which receive the waters of the eastern slope 
 of these mountains. The principal of these 
 are Mud, Pyramid, Carson's, and Walker's 
 lakes. About 50 miles E. of Pyramid lake is 
 Humboldt's lake, formed by the waters of a 
 river of the same name. These lakes have 
 evidently no outlet but by evaporation, 
 which in some instances, in hot weather, re- 
 duces them to mere marshes or sinks. As 
 before stated, the rivers of Fremont's basin 
 have no apparent connection with the ocean, 
 but all either discharge themselves into the 
 interior lakes, or are absorbed by the sands 
 of the deserts. The largest of these streams 
 is the Humboldt river, having its sources in 
 the western declivities of the mountain of that 
 name, and flows S. W. about' 800 miles into 
 the lake above described. One of the over- 
 land routes to California is along this river, 
 whose shores afford a precarious pasturage 
 for the animals of the caravans. The Nicol- 
 let river rises in the S. part of the territory, 
 flows N., and then W. for nearly the same 
 distance as the Humboldt, and empties itself 
 into Nicollet lake. In the N. E. part of the 
 basin Bear river enters the territory from 
 Oregon, and is the principal tributary of 
 Great Salt lake. The Colorado is formed 
 by the junction of the Green and Grand 
 rivers in the S. portion of the eastern basin 
 or valley, and thence flows S. W. into New 
 Mexico. The Grand river, the most eastern 
 branch, rising in the Rocky mountains, flows 
 S. W. to meet Green river, which is the larger 
 tributary, and has its sources in the S. E. part 
 of Oregon. These streams and their 'affluents 
 drain the entire eastern division of Utah. 
 
 The former has a course of about 800, and 
 the latter of about 400 miles. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Of these 
 there is no scarcity in this widely extended 
 territory. Among the mountain fastnesses 
 and gorges of the Rocky, Wahsatch, Hum- 
 boldt, Sierra Nevada, and other mountains, 
 there probably exist scenes yet unrevealed 
 to civilized eyes, equal in interest to any that 
 have been discovered. But our business is 
 with known facts rather than conjecture. 
 Among the most remarkable ejects of this re- 
 gion is the Great Salt lake. In the saltness 
 of its waters ; in the circumstance of its 
 having no outlet, and being fed from another 
 smaller and fresh-water lake, (with which it 
 is connected by a stream called the "Jor- 
 dan,") and in the rugged and repulsive cha- 
 racter of some portions of the surrounding 
 region, it bears a remarkable resemblance to 
 the Dead Sea of Palestine. Instead, how- 
 ever, of lying 1000 feet below, it is more than 
 4000 feet above the level of the sea ; its 
 waters, moreover, being an almost pure solu- 
 tion of common salt, are free from that pun- 
 gency and nauseous taste which characterize 
 those of the Dead Sea. The Pyramid lake, 
 already referred to, embosomed in the Sierra 
 Nevada mountains, with the singular pyra- 
 midal mount rising from its transparent 
 waters to the height of perhaps 600 feet, 
 and walled in by almost perpendicular preci- 
 pices, in some places 3000 feet high, has 
 nothing, we believe, similar to it within the 
 borders of the United States. The Boiling 
 Springs, in about 117° 30' W. Ion., and 39° 
 N. lat., are described by Fremont as boiling 
 up at irregular intervals with much noise. 
 The largest basin he represents as being se- 
 veral hundred feet in circumference, and 
 having a circular space at one end 15 feet in 
 diameter, entirely occupied with boiling 
 water. A pole 16 feet in length was entirely 
 submerged on thrusting it down near the 
 centre. The temperature of the water near 
 the edge was 206°. The same authority 
 describes an appearance similar to the mirages 
 of the great deserts of the Old World. In 
 travelling over the salt deserts of the Fremont 
 Basin, they saw their party reflected in the 
 air, probably, as Fremont suggests, from 
 saline particles floating in the atmosphere. 
 Near Brown's Hole, in the neighborhood of 
 Green river, in lat. about 41°, Ion. 109° W., 
 are a number of narrow caiions or gorges, 
 with nearly perpendicular walls from 600 to 
 800, and even 1500 feet in height, presenting 
 scenes of great wildness and grandeur. 
 
 Climate. — As elsewhere remarked, the cli- 
 mate of the great plateau between the Rocky 
 and Sierra Nevada mountains seems to par- 
 take of the characteristics of the great Tartar 
 plains of Asia. According to Orson Pratt, 
 the midsummer is dry and hot, the heat 
 ranging at midday from 90° to 105°, but with 
 cool mornings and evenings, refreshed with 
 1197 
 
UTA 
 
 UTA 
 
 mountain breezes. The winters are mild, 
 snow seldom falling more than a few inches 
 deep in the valleys, nor does it lie long. 
 Spring and autumn, though mild, are subject 
 to sudden changes, and the wind is very va- 
 riable, shifting almost every day to every 
 point of the compass. Rain seldom falls be- 
 tween April and October, but when heavy 
 showers do come, they are generally accom- 
 \)anied by thunder and hail, and sometimes 
 with strong winds. Dr. Bernhisel and Mr. 
 Snow say that the climate of Great Salt 
 Lake city, in lat. 40° 45' N., is milder and 
 drier tlian in the same parallel on the Atlan- 
 tic coast, and the temperature more uniform, 
 the thermometer rarely descending to zero. 
 During three years, according to observation, 
 the highest point attained by the thermome- 
 ter was 100° above, and the lowest 5° below 
 zero. The variation between the temperature 
 of day and night, in midsummer, is from 20° 
 to 40°. Frosts in Utah valley fall as late as 
 the last of May, and as early as the first of 
 September. 
 
 Soil and Produciions. — A very small portion, 
 comparatively, of Utah can ever be made 
 available in producing food for man or beast. 
 The few fertile spots are found in the valleys 
 watered by the pure streams flowing from the 
 neighboring mountains, and at the bases of 
 most of the mountains is a strip of fertile 
 land. The line of Mormon settlements occu- 
 py the valleys fromN. to S., lying near the 
 western base of the Wahsatch mountains. 
 These are highly fertile. Irrigation, however, 
 is necessary even here to successful husband- 
 ry; but large portions of the valleys them- 
 selves are too remote from streams to profit 
 by irrigation. 
 
 Bear, Great Salt Lake, Utah, Yuab, South, 
 Sevier and Land Pitch valleys, are the princi- 
 pal agricultural districts. The upper por- 
 tion of the valleys of the Green and Grand 
 rivers, is represented as "incapable of sup- 
 porting any population whatever. The Uni- 
 tah and Green river valleys, lyinglower down 
 on the tributaries of the Colorado, are, how- 
 ever, not so sterile." 
 
 Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, Indian 
 corn, and the garden vegetables of the Middle 
 States are the products of Utah. There is a 
 fine bunch-grass, which, owing to the dry- 
 ness of the climate, does not decay, that fur- 
 nishes fodder for the cattle during winter, 
 without being cured. The Indian corn and 
 vines are liable to be caught by early and 
 late frosts. The experiments in rearing 
 fruits do not appear yet to have been suffi- 
 ciently tested to pronounce definitely as to the 
 congeniality of the climate with their health- 
 ful production : peaches and other fruits have, 
 however, been raised. In 1850 there were in 
 Utah, 16,333 acres of improved land, divided 
 into 926 farms, producing 107,702 bushels 
 of wheat ; 210 of rye ; 9809 of Indian corn ; 
 10,900 of oats; 289 of peas and beans; 43,968 
 1198 
 
 of Irish potatoes; 60 of sweet do ; 1799 of 
 barley, and 332 of buckwheat ; 70 lbs. tobac- 
 co ; 9222 of wool; 83,309 of butter, and 
 30,998 of cheese ; live stock valued at 
 $546,968; market produce at $23,868:- 
 slaughtered animals, at $67,985 ; and 4805 
 tons of hay, besides small quantities of grass- 
 seeds, hops, flax, molasses, beeswax and 
 honey. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Timber is scarce throughout 
 this territory, except on the mountains, and 
 is principally composed of pine and fir trees. 
 There are some groves of cottonwood and 
 box-elder in the bottoms of the principal 
 streams, and a scrub cedar also in some of 
 the valleys. Wood, both for building and 
 fuel, is expensive. 
 
 Animals.— Ihis region is scarcely more 
 fruitful in animal than vegetable life, but elk, 
 deer, antelopes, grizzly bears, mountain 
 sheep, foxes, and wolves are found. Water- 
 fowl are abundant on the lakes, and trout and 
 very fine salmon in the mountain streams. 
 
 Manufactures. — Much progress in manufac- 
 tures is hardly to be expected in so youthful 
 a settlement ; but Mr. Pratt represents them 
 as starting up with vigor, particularly the 
 manufacture of flour, and the more necessary 
 implements of husbandry and housewifery, 
 and the cheaper stuflFs for clothing. The 
 great distance from supplies from abroad, and 
 the great cost of transport, must per force 
 encourage home manufactures. The census 
 of 1850 reports only 16 establishments, pro- 
 ducing each .$500 annually. Homemade ma- 
 nufactures were produced in the same year, 
 of the value of $1391. 
 
 Commerce. — The trade of Utah is pretty 
 much confined to traffic with the overland 
 emigrants to California. They find also a 
 ready sale for their live stock in the same 
 state. It is possible that a trade down the 
 Colorado river with California maybe opened 
 at some future day, as recent explorers re- 
 port that river navigable for steamers of light 
 draft above the Pao Virgen in New Mexico. 
 
 According to a correspondent of Colonel 
 Benton's, Captain Gunnison has discovered a 
 pass through the Eocky mountains, or a por- 
 tion of them called the Sierra Blanco, which 
 will form a much better route to California 
 than the one now traversed by Salt Lake city. 
 The route referred to would run through the 
 south portion of Utah, and passing Little Salt 
 lake, enter California by Walker's Pass, in the 
 S. E. part of that state. 
 
 Education. — The American spirit seems to 
 pervade the people of Utah on the all-import- 
 ant subject of education. According to Mr. 
 Pratt, "great attention is being paid to the 
 erection of school-houses, and the education 
 of youth. It is in contemplation to erect a 
 magnificent university, in which the higher 
 departments of science will be extensively 
 taught." 
 
 Religion. — According to the census report, 
 
UTA 
 
 UTI 
 
 there were 9 churclies in Utah in 1850 — it is 
 presumed all Mormon, though they are re- 
 ported under the heading of minor sects. 
 Number of individuals to each church, 1264 ; 
 value of church property, $5100. One-tenth 
 of their property is required by their canons 
 to be giveu to the church. Measures have 
 been taken for the erection of a vast temple 
 at Salt Lake City. 
 
 Government. — The government of Utah is 
 similar to that of other territories. See 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Hisiorj/. — The materials for a history of 
 Utah are very meagre. As has elsewhere 
 been stated, it was a part of the territory of 
 Upper California, acquired from Mexico by 
 the treaty of 1848, after the conclusion of the 
 late war with that country. Previous to 
 1847, when the Mormons commenced direct- 
 ing their steps thither, it had been in posses- 
 sion of the miserable tribes that gained a 
 most precarious living from its chui-lish 
 soil — undisturbed, except by the occasional 
 visits of exploring parties or roaming trap- 
 pers and hunters. 
 
 Utah, a county in the E. part of Utah Ter- 
 ritory, has an area estimated at above 6000 
 square miles. It is drained by Grand and 
 White rivers, and by Green river, which also 
 intersects it. Utah lake is situated in the 
 W. part. The soil in the western portion is 
 very fertile. In 1850 it produced 13,142 
 bushels of wheat; 5882 of potatoes; 17,970 
 pounds of butter, and 1127 tons of hay. It 
 contained 2 churches and 4 academies or other 
 schools. Capital, Prove City. Population, 
 2026 ; of whom 2000 were free, and 26, slaves. 
 
 Utah, a post-office of Lucas co., Ohio. 
 
 Utah, a post-ofEce of La Grange co., Ind. 
 
 Utah, a post-ofBce of Warren co., Illinois. 
 
 Utah Lake, in the N. central part of Utah 
 Territory, is in about lat. 40° 20' N., Ion. 112° 
 Yv'. ; it is the source of the Jordan river. 
 Length, about 30 miles ; greatest breadth, 
 10 miles. The water is said to be fresh. 
 
 Utah Lake, a post-office of Utah co., Utah 
 Territory. 
 
 Utica, a handsome city of Oneida county. 
 New York, on the Mohawk river, Erie canal, 
 and Central railroad, 95 miles W. N. W. from 
 Albany, 56 E. of Syracuse, and 383 from 
 Washington. Lat. 43° 6' 49" N., Ion. 75° 13' 
 W. It is pleasantly situated on the S. bank 
 of the Mohawk, and is regularly laid out. 
 The site is nearly level, with a gentle declivity 
 towards the N. The greater part of the pub- 
 lic buildings and mercantile houses are situ- 
 ated on Genesee street. The streets are wide, 
 and the houses mostly well built, of brick or 
 stone. Among the principal hotels are Bagg's 
 hotel, the National, the Franklin, the Central, 
 the Eagle, and the Broad-street House. A 
 new city hall, of Milwaukee brick, is in course 
 of erection on Genesee street. The city con- 
 tains about 20 churches, of the vario.us deno- 
 minations, several flourishing academies and 
 
 seminaries, 1 or 2 public libraries, and a mecha- 
 nics' association. Four daily and five weekly 
 newspapers are published here, besides seve- 
 ral monthly periodicals ; in addition to the 
 above, 4 weekly papers are issued from the 
 oiSces of the dailies. There are 5 banks, 
 with an aggregate capital of $1,610,000, and 
 several insurance offices. The state lunatic 
 asylum, situated 1 mile W. from the centre 
 of the city, consists of several large and ex- 
 pensive buildings of stone. The number of 
 patients on the 1st January, 1851, was 449, 
 of whom 226 were males, and 223, females. 
 The streets, stores, &c. are lighted with gas. 
 The Erie canal, here 70 feet wide, and the 
 Central railroad, pass through the centre of 
 the city, connecting it with Albany and Buf- 
 falo. The Chenango canal, 97 miles long, ex- 
 tends from Utica to Biughamton ; the Utica 
 and Black River railroad, commenced in 1853, 
 is in course of construction to Clayton, on the 
 St. Lawrence river, and another railroad is ex- 
 tending from Utica to Einghamton. Plank- 
 roads and turnpike-roads radiate towards all 
 parts of the surrounding country. Handsome 
 bridges cross the canal at several points in 
 the city. Utica is surrounded by a highly 
 productive and populous counti'y, and is a 
 place of extensive trade. The manufactures 
 of the city are also important and flourishing. 
 There are 2 cotton factories, several woollen 
 factories, 1 rolling mill, 1 large manufactory 
 of locks, employing about 200 hands, several 
 iron foundries and tanneries, and a manufac- 
 tory of railway cars. In 1794 there were only 
 3 or 4 houses in the place. It was incorporated 
 as a village in 1817, and as a city in 1830. Pop. 
 in 1820, 2972; in 1830,8323; in 1840, 12,782; 
 in 1850, 17,565, and in 1853, about 20,000. 
 
 Utica, a thriving post-village of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on French creek, and on 
 the Franklin canal, 75 miles N. from Pitts- 
 burg. It contains several mills, and manu- 
 factories of iron and wool. 
 
 Utica, a post-village in Hinds co., Missis- 
 sippi, 38 miles W. from Jackson. 
 
 Utica, a thriving post-village of Licking 
 CO., Ohio, on the railroad between Sandusky 
 and Newark, 12 miles N. from the latter. 
 Population in 1853, about 700. 
 
 Utica, a thriving post-village of Macomb 
 county, Michigan, on Clinton river, 20 miles 
 N. from Detroit, and 10 miles W. N. W. from 
 Mount Clemens. The river furnishes excel- 
 lent water-power for mills in which flour is 
 manufactured. Utica is situated in a rich 
 farming region, and has an active trade. It 
 contains several churches. Pop., about 1000. 
 
 Utica, a post-township in Clarke co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1538. 
 
 Utica, a pleasant post-village of Clarke co., 
 Indiana, on the Ohio river, 7 miles above 
 Louisville, in Kentucky, and 114 miles S. by 
 E. from Indianapolis. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Utica, asmall village of Fulton co., Illinois, 
 about 20 miles S. W. from Peoria. 
 
 1199 
 
UTI 
 
 VAL 
 
 (Jtica, a village of La Salle co., Illinois, on 
 the Illinois river and canal, 9 or 10 miles W. 
 from Ottawa. About $50,000 worth of pro- 
 duce was shipped here in 1852. 
 
 Utica, a small post-village of Livingston 
 CO., Missouri, on the right bank of Grand 
 river, 70 miles N. E. from Independence. 
 
 Utica, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. 
 
 Utica, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Utica, a township in the S. part of Winne- 
 bago CO., Wisconsin. Population, 630. 
 
 Utica Mills, a post-office of Frederick co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Utot, a post-office of De Kalb co., Georgia, 
 185 miles W. from Augusta. 
 
 Utter's Corners, a post-village of Wal- 
 worth CO., Wis., 45 miles S. E. from Madison. 
 It has a Methodist church, 1 store, and a hotel. 
 
 Uvalde, a new county in the S. W. part of 
 Texas, has an area of 1480 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Rio Frio, and bounded on 
 the W. by the Nueces river. This county is 
 not included in the census of 1850. County 
 seat not yet located. 
 
 Uwchlan, yook'lan, a post-township of 
 Chester co., Pennsylvania, about 9 miles N. 
 N. W. from Westchester. Population, 1528. 
 
 UxBEiDGE, a post-township of Worcester CO., 
 Mass., on the Blackstone river, and on the 
 Providence and Worcester railroad, contains 
 several small villages, the principal of which, 
 a station on the above railroad, 18 miles S. S. 
 E. from Worcester, has 2 or 3 churches, and a 
 bank. Population, 2457. 
 
 V 
 
 Tail's Cross Koads, a post-office of Mor- 
 row CO., Ohio. 
 
 Vail's Mills, a post-office of Fulton co., 
 New York. 
 
 Valatie, a post-village of Columbia co., 
 New York, at the junction of Valatie and Kin- 
 derhook creeks, about 20 miles S. by E. from 
 Albany. It contains manufactories of cotton 
 goods, machinery, and other articles. 
 
 Valcour Island, New York, situated in 
 Lake Champlain, about 6 miles S. from 
 riattsburg. 
 
 Valeene, a small post-village of Orange 
 CO., Indiana, 104 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Vale Mills, a post-office of Giles co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Valencia, a county in the S. E. part of New 
 Mexico, bordering on Texas. It is bounded 
 on the W. by the Pvio Grande, and drained by 
 several small affluents of that stream. Indian 
 corn and wheat are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced more corn, peas, beans, and 
 wine than any other in the territory. It 
 yielded in that year 157,795 bushels of corn ; 
 42,983 of wheat ; 8115 of peas and beans, and 
 1973 gallons of wine. It contained 7 churches. 
 Capital, Valencia. Population, 14,189. 
 
 Valencia, a village and capital of Valencia 
 1200 
 
 CO., New Mexico, on the left bank of the Pdo 
 del Norte, 80 miles S. S. W. from Santa Fe. 
 Valentia, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 Vallecito, a mining town of Calaveras co., 
 California, about 5 miles N. from the Stanis- 
 laus river ; average wages, six dollars a day. 
 Population in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 Valle Crucis, a post-office of Ashe co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Vallejo, val-yi'HO, or val-li'ho, the former 
 capital of California, is situated on the N. side 
 of the entrance of the strait connecting San 
 Pablo and Suisun bays. It was named in 
 honor of General Vallejo, who agreed to give 
 to the state a quantity of land and a large 
 sum of money towards the erection of the 
 public buildings, &c. The steamboats run- 
 ning between San Francisco and Sacramento 
 pass Vallejo on their route. 
 
 Vallens, a post-office of Summit co., Ohio 
 Valley, a township of Montour co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 3 miles N. from Danville. Pop., 760. 
 Valley, a post-office of Tazewell co., Va. 
 Valley, a post-office of Bexar co., Texas. 
 Valley, a post-office of Washington co.,Io. 
 Valley Falls, a manufacturing post-village 
 in Smithfield township. Providence co., Rhode 
 Island, 7 miles N. by E. from Providence. It 
 contains extensive manufactories of print 
 goods, 2 or 3 churches, and near 1000 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Valley Falls, a post-office of Marion CO. Va. 
 Valley Farm, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Valley Forge, a thriving post-village on 
 the line between Chester and Montgomery 
 counties, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of 
 the Schuylkill river, and on the Reading rail- 
 road, 6 miles above Norristown. It is situ- 
 ated at the mouth of Valley creek, and con- 
 tains a cotton factory. It is memorable for 
 the sufferings of Washington's army, during 
 the winter of 1777-8. 
 
 Valley Forge, a post-office of Jasper co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Valley Grove, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Valley Head, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Valley Head, a post-office of De Kalb co., 
 Alabama, about 200 miles N. by E. from 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Valley Place, a village of Harris co., 
 Georgia, 32 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Valley Prairie, a post-office of Barry co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Valleytown, a post-office of Cherokee co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Vallonia, a small post- village of Jackson 
 CO., Indiana, 74 miles S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Vallonia Springs, a post-office of Broome 
 CO. , New York. 
 
 Valparaiso, a post-village, capital of Por- 
 ter CO., Indiana, on the Chicago and Fort 
 Wayne railroad, and on Salt creek, 50 miles 
 S. E. from Chicago. It contains a court 
 
VAL 
 
 VAN 
 
 house, 2 or 3 churches, and a newspaper 
 office. 
 
 Valverde, a village In the interior of the 
 Territory of New Mexico, on the left bank 
 of the Rio del Norte. 
 
 Van Buren, a county in the N. central part 
 of Arkansas, contains 1260 square miies. It 
 is drained by Little Red river. The soil of 
 the river bottoms is fertile, and adapted to 
 cotton, Indian corn, and wheat. The forests 
 contain oak, hickory, ash, and other valuable 
 timber. In 1850 this county produced 1-54,505 
 bushels of corn; 12,631 of oats, and 13,555 
 pounds of butter. There were 174 pupils 
 attending public schools. Capital, Clinton. 
 Population, 2864; of whom 2761 were free, 
 and 103, slaves. 
 
 Van Buren, a county in the E. central part 
 of Tennessee: area estimated at 350 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Caney fork of 
 Cumberland river. The surface is mountain- 
 ous. The county is well timbered and con- 
 tains stone coal. The staples are Indian 
 corn, oats, and butter. In 1860 it produced 
 131,890 bushels of corn; 11,800 of oats; 
 23,886 pounds of butter, and 4634 of wool. 
 It contained 3 churches, 505 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 35 attending other schools. 
 A railroad is projected through the county. 
 Capital, Spencer. Population, 2674 ; of whom 
 2499 were free, and 175, slaves. 
 
 Van Bueen, a county in the S, W. part of 
 Michigan, bordering on Lake Michigan, con- 
 tains 683 square miles. It is traversed by 
 the Pawpaw river and its branches, and also 
 drained by Dowagiac river, and the South 
 branch of Black river. The surface is nearly 
 level, and the soil fertile. About half of the 
 county is heavily timbered, and the remain- 
 der consists of plains, with a' sparse growth 
 of oaks. Indian corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, 
 hay, pork, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 131,890 bushels 
 of corn; 75,083 of wheat; 84,388 of oats; 
 49,991 of potatoes, and 3582 tons of hay. It 
 contained 2 churches, 1 newspaper oiSce, and 
 1567 pupils attending public schools. AVater- 
 power is abundant on the streams, and the 
 Pawpaw is navigable from its mouth to the 
 county seat. It is intersected by the Michigan 
 Central railroad. Capital, Pawpaw. Popu- 
 lation, 5800. 
 
 Van Buren County, Missouri. See Cass. 
 
 Van Buren, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an area of 
 468 square miles. The Des Moines river 
 flows diagonally through the county in a 
 south-east direction, dividing it into nearly 
 equal parts. It is also drained by Fox river, 
 and by Indian, Chequest, and Lick creeks. 
 The surface is diversified by prairies and 
 forests. The soil is exceedingly rich and 
 well watered. Indian corn, oats, wool, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850, Van Buren 
 county produced a greater quantity of oats 
 and wool than any other of the state. There 
 4a 
 
 were 595,082 bushels of corn; 165,608 
 of oats ; 40,858 pounds of wool ; 173,097 of 
 butter, and 4168 tons of hay. It contained 
 7 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 2000 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Valuable mines 
 of stone coal have been opened in the county. 
 The streams afford water-power. Public 
 works are in progress for improving the na- 
 vigation of the Des Moines. The county is 
 traversed by a plank -road leading to Keokuk. 
 In respect to population, A''an Buren is the 
 third county in the state. Capital, Keosauque. 
 Population, 12,270. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-office of Aroostook co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-township of Onondaga 
 CO., New York, on the S. side of Seneca river, 
 intersected by the Rochester and Syracuse 
 railroad. Population, 8873. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Van Buren, a post- village of De Kalb co., 
 Alabama, 150 miles N. from Montgomery. 
 
 A^'an Buren, a post-village in Itawamba 
 CO., Mississippi, near Tombigbee river, about 
 200 miles N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-township in Crawford 
 CO., Arkansas. Population, 833. 
 
 Van Buren, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Crawford county, Arkansas, is finely 
 situated on the left (N.) bank of Arkansas 
 river, 160 miles W. N. W. from Little Rock, 
 and 5 miles E. from the Indian Territory. 
 It is one of the most commercial places in 
 the whole state — the annual sales amounting 
 to more than a million dollars. An exten- 
 sive jobbing business is done here, in sup- 
 plying the smaller places of the surrounding 
 country. It has a cotton factory in success- 
 ful operation, with an engine of 65 horse- 
 power, and a steam flouring mill making 50 
 barrels per day of the finest flour. The vil- 
 lage contains 4 churches, including 1 Metho- 
 dist and 1 Presbyterian, both fine brick edi- 
 fices. Two newspapers are published here. 
 Stone coal is found in the vicinity. Laid out 
 about 1841. Population in 1853, about 1600. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Newton co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 319. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Union co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 1242. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-village of Hardeman 
 CO., Tennessee, 172 miles from Nashville. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-office of Anderson co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Darke co., Ohio. 
 Population, 780. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Hancock co., Ohio. Population, 536. 
 
 Van Buren, a small post-village of Han- 
 cock CO., Ohio, about 100 miles N. N. W. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Montgomery 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1345. 
 
 Van Buren, a township forming the N. B. 
 extremity of Patnum co., Ohio. Pop., 172. 
 1201 
 
VAN 
 
 VAN 
 
 Van Btjren, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Shelby co., Ohio. Population, 629. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Wayne co., Michigan, intersected by Hu- 
 ron river. Population, 1470. 
 
 Van Bueen, a township in Brown co., In- 
 diana. Population, 717. 
 
 Van Bueen, a post-township in Clay co., 
 Indiana. Population, 867. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Daviess co., In- 
 diana. Population, 653. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Fountain co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1296. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Grant co., In- 
 diana. Population, 525. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana. Population, 822. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Madison co., 
 Indiana. Population, 407. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Monroe co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1026. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Pulaski co., In- 
 diana. Population, 336. 
 
 Van Buren, a township in Shelby co., In- 
 diana. Population, 817. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-office of De Kalb co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Van Buren, a post-village, capital of Rip- 
 ley CO., Missouri, on Current river, 140 miles 
 S. E. by S. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Van Bueen Centre, a post-village of On- 
 ondaga CO., New York, about 150 miles W. 
 by N. from Albany. 
 
 Van Buren Furnace, a post-office of She- 
 nandoah CO., Virginia. 
 
 Van Bueen Haeboe, a post-village of Chau- 
 tauque co.. New York, on Lake Erie, 5 miles 
 S. W. from Dunkirk. 
 
 Van Bueensbueg, a small post-village of 
 Montgomery co., Illinois. 
 
 Vancebueg, a post-village of Lewis co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 20 miles above 
 Maysville, contains several stores, and about 
 200 inhabitants. There is a quarry of slate 
 and of limestone in the vicinity. 
 
 Vancebueg, a post-village of Winnebago 
 county, Illinois, near the Chicago and Ga- 
 lena railroad, about 15 miles W. from Eock- 
 ford. 
 
 Vance's Ferry, a post-village of Orange- 
 burg district. South Carolina. 
 
 Vanceville, a small post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Van Clevesville, a post-office of Berke- 
 ley CO., Virginia. 
 
 Vancluse, a small village of Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Vandalia, a post-village of Montgomery 
 •CO., Ohio. Population, 228. 
 
 Vandalia, a post-village of Cass co., Mi- 
 chigan, has grown up since 1850. 
 
 Vandalia, a post-office of Owen co., Ind. 
 
 Vandalia, a post-village, capital of Fa- 
 yette CO., Illinois, and the former capital of 
 the state, is situated on the Kaskaskia river, 
 where it is crossed by the National road, 80 
 1202 
 
 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. It was laid 
 out in 1818, and remained the seat of go- 
 vernment until 1836, during which period it 
 continued to flourish, and the population in- 
 creased to 2000. After the removal of the 
 seat of government to Springfield, the pros- 
 perity of Vandalia declined, dnd the number 
 of inhabitants was reduced to 500, or less. 
 Within 3 or 4 years, however, an improvement 
 has taken place in the condition and pros- 
 pects of the village, and property has risen in 
 value nearly 50 per cent. At this point the 
 Central railroad intersects the Atlantic and 
 Mississippi railroad, now in progress. A 
 newspaper is published here. Population 
 in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 Vanderburg, a county in the S. W. part 
 of Indiana, contains 216 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the S. by the Ohio river, which 
 separates it from Kentucky. The surface is 
 mostly undulating, except the river bottoms, 
 which occupy about one-fifth of its area, and 
 are highly productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 408,075 bushels of corn; 
 19,079 of wheat ; 36,719 of oats, and 2337 tons 
 of hay. It contained 20 churches, 6 news- 
 paper offices ; 1280 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 180 attending academies or other 
 schools. An abundance of bituminous coal 
 is found. The Wabash and Erie canal, 459 
 miles in length, terminates at Evansville, and 
 the county is traversed by the Evansville and 
 Illinois railroad and the Evansville Straight 
 Line' railroad, (unfinished.) Organized in 
 1818, and named in honor of Henry Vander- 
 burg, who was a judge of the first court 
 formed in Indiana. Capital, Evansville. Po- 
 pulation, 11,414. 
 
 Vandergriff's, a post-office of Knox co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Van Deusenville, a post-village in Berk- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, on the Housatonic 
 river and railroad, 115 miles W. by S. from 
 Boston. The Albany Branch railroad ter- 
 minates at this place. 
 
 Vandyke's Mill, a post-office of Spencer 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Vanettenville, a post-village of Chemung 
 CO., New York, 15 miles E. N. E. from El- 
 mira. It contains 2 churches. 
 
 Van IIiLji, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tenn. 
 
 Van Hiseville, a post-office of Mercer 
 CO., New .Jersey. 
 
 Van Hook's Store, a post-office of Person 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Van Hornesville, a post-office of Herki- 
 mer CO., New York. 
 
 Vanlue, a thi'iving post-village of Hancock 
 CO., Ohio, on the Findlay Branch railroad, 
 about 90 miles N. N. AV. from Columbus. 
 Population, about 300. 
 
 Van Meter's, a small village of White co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Vannoy's Mill, a small post-village of 
 Pike CO., Missouri. 
 
VAN 
 
 YEN 
 
 Vann's Valley, a post-office of Floyd cc, 
 Georgia, about 15 miles S. W. from Rome. 
 
 Vann's Valley, a post-ofBce of Delaware 
 CO., Oiiio. 
 
 Van Rensselaer, a township in Ottawa 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 186. 
 
 Van Wert, a county in the W. part of 
 Ohio, bordering on Indiana, contains about 
 390 square miles. It is drained by the St. 
 Mary's and Little Auglaize rivers. The sur- 
 face is level, and covered with a great va- 
 riety of timber. The soil is a fertile loam, 
 with a substratum of blue marl, impervious 
 to water. The land requires draining in 
 some parts. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 67,175 bushels of corn; 31,900 of 
 wheat; 12,257 of oats, and 2371 tons of hay. 
 It contained 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and 1762 pupils attending public schools. 
 The Miami canal passes along the eastern 
 border of the county, which is intersected 
 by the Ohio and Indiana railroad. Organized 
 in 1820, and named in honor of Isaac Van 
 Wert, one of the militiamen who captured 
 Major Andre. Capital, Van Wert. Popula- 
 tion, 4813. 
 
 Van Wert, a post-village, capital of Pauld- 
 ing CO., Georgia, on the Euharlee creek, 150 
 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. It has 1 
 church, 1 academy, and 2 or 3 stores. 
 
 Van Wert, a post-village, capital of Van 
 Wert CO., Ohio, near the Ohio and Indiana 
 railroad, 136 miles N. W. from Columbus. It 
 is pleasantly situated on a sandy ridge ex- 
 tending E. and W. This ridge is raised about 
 20 feet above the plain, and forms an excel- 
 lent road. Van Wert contains several stores 
 and mills, and 2 newspaper offices. Laid out 
 in 1837. Pop. estimated at 1000. 
 
 Van Zandt, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Texas, has an area of about 620 
 square miles. It is drained by the sources 
 of the Neches, and bounded on the N. E. by 
 the Sabine river. The soil produces Indian 
 corn, sweet potatoes, and butter. In 1850 
 this county yielded 30,920 bushels of corn ; 
 8486 of sweet potatoes; 16,040 pounds of 
 butter, and 1646 of wool. Named in honor 
 of Isaac Van Zandt, member of the Texan 
 Congress. Capital, Jordan's. Pop., 1348, of 
 whom 1308 were free, and 40, slaves. 
 
 Varennes, a post-village in Anderson dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, about 100 miles N. W. 
 by W. from Columbia. 
 
 Varick, a post-township of Seneca co., 
 New York, extending from Cayuga lake on 
 the E. to Seneca lake on the W., about 165 
 miles W. by N. from Albany. Pop., 1872. 
 
 Variety Mills, a post-office of Nelson co., 
 Virginia, 112 miles W. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 Varmintown, a little village of Monmouth 
 CO., New Jersej', 15 miles S. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Vaen.v, a post-village of Tompkin? co.. New 
 York, on Fall creek, 5 miles E. from Ithaca. 
 It contains several mills and stores. 
 
 Varnell's, a station on the East Tennessee 
 and Georgia railroad, 9 miles N. by E. from 
 Dalton, Georgia. 
 
 Varoqtja, a post-village, capital of Badaxe 
 CO., Wisconsin, about 100 miles W. N. W. 
 from Madison. It was chosen as the county 
 seat in 1852. 
 
 Varysburg, a post-village of Wyoming co., 
 New York, on Tonewanda creek, 30 miles E. 
 by S. from Buffalo. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches and several mills. 
 
 Vassalborough, a post-village in Kenne- 
 bec CO., Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec 
 river, 14 miles N. by E. from Augusta. It is 
 the centre of an active trade, and by means 
 of a lock and a dam across the Kennebec at 
 Augusta, vessels are enabled to ascend the 
 river to this place. Population, 3099. 
 
 Vassab, a post-office of Tuscola co., Mich. 
 
 Vaughansville, a post-office of Newberry 
 district, Sou,th Carolina. 
 
 Vaughnsville, a post-office of Putnam CO. 0. 
 
 Vaughn Valley, a post-office of Ruther- 
 ford CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Vaugine, a township in Jefferson co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 1122. 
 
 Vauxhall, a little village of Essex co., 
 New Jersey, 7 miles W. from Newark. 
 
 Vealtown, a small village of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey, about 10 miles N. of Somerville. 
 
 Veasey, a township in Drew co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 576. 
 
 Vega, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa. 
 
 Velasco, a post-village of Brazoria co., 
 Texas, at the mouth of the Brazos river, 
 about 45 miles S. W. from Galveston, and 30 
 miles by water S. E. from Brazoria. It has 
 a landing for steamboats, but is said to be 
 not improving. 
 
 Venango, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 850 square miles. 
 Alleghany river flows through the middle of 
 the county in a S. W. direction ; French creek 
 (called by the Indians Venango creek) enters 
 that river near the county seat ; it is also 
 drained by Oil, Teonista, and Racoon creeks. 
 The surface is broken; the streams flow' 
 through narrow valleys, which ai-e separated 
 from the uplands by steep and rugged hills. 
 The soil of the uplands is moderately fertile, 
 and adapted to pasturage. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, and grass are the staples. In 1850 
 Venango county produced 98,189 bushels of 
 wheat; 109,042 of corn; 255,146 of oats; 
 319,870 pounds of butter ; 14,678 of maple 
 sugar, and 15,663 tons of hay. There were 
 31 saw mills, 9 flour and grist mills, 12 iron 
 furnaces, 1 iron forge, 2 woollen factories, 1 
 nail factory, 3 farming-implement manufac- 
 tories, and 6 tanneries. It contained 19 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 4643 pur 
 pils attending public schools. Iron ore, 
 stone coal, and limestone are the most va- 
 luable mineral products. The creeks furnish 
 copious and permanent motive-power. Alle- 
 ghany river is navigable for steamboats, and 
 1203 
 
YEN 
 
 VER 
 
 a brancli of the state canal extends from the 
 the county seat to Meadville. Organized in 
 1 800, and named from Venango creek. Ca- 
 pital, Franklin. Population, 18,310. 
 
 Venango, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Butler co.. Pa. Pop., 1473. 
 
 Venango, a small village of Butler co., Pa. 
 
 Venango, a post-township of Crawford co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by French creek, 12 
 miles N. by E. from Meadville. Pop., 1607. 
 
 Venango, a township of Erie co., Pa., 
 about 14 miles E. S. E. from Erie. Pop., 1019. 
 
 Venango Creek, Pa. See FaENCH Creek. 
 
 Venice, a post-township of Cayuga co.. 
 New York, intersected by the Lake Ontario, 
 Auburn, and Ithaca railroad, 16 miles S. 
 from Auburn. Population, 2028. 
 
 Venice, a post-office of Washington co.. Pa. 
 
 Venice, a post-village of Erie co., Ohio, on 
 Sandusky bay, and on the .Junction railroad, 
 2 miles W. from Sandusky city. It has water- 
 power and flouring mills. 
 
 Venice, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Seneca co., Ohio. Pop., 1830. 
 
 Venice, a township in the E. part of Shia- 
 wassee CO., Michigan, partly intersected by 
 the Shiawassee river. Population, 183. 
 
 Venice, a post-village of Madison co., 111., on 
 the Mississippi river, 6 miles above St. Louis. 
 
 Vera Cruz, a post-office of Wells co., Ind. 
 
 Verbank, a post-office of Dutchess co. , N. Y. 
 
 Verdierville, a post-office of Orange co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Verdon, a post-village of Hanover co., 
 Virginia, on Little river, 30 miles N. from 
 Richmond. It has a cotton factory. 
 
 Vergbnnes, a city of Addison county, Ver- 
 mont, on the Otter creek, 7 miles from its en- 
 trance into Lake Champlain, and on the Rut- 
 land and Burlington railroad, 22 miles S. from 
 Burlington. The creek is here about 500 feet 
 wide, and navigable for the lai'gest vessels on 
 the lake. Two islands opposite the city di- 
 vide the stream into three channels, which 
 have three distinct sets of falls, affording 
 an hydraulic power equal to the best in the 
 .state. During the war and non-intercourse 
 with Great Britain, extensive iron manu- 
 factories were put in operation at these 
 falls, and among other things produced was 
 177 tons of cannon-shot. In 1816 most of 
 the iron-works were suspended, and have 
 since only in part been resumed. Vergennes 
 enjoys admirable advantages for ship-build- 
 ing. The flotilla, commanded by Commo- 
 dore McDonough, at the battle in which the 
 British fleet on Lake Champlain were cap- 
 tured, September 11, 1814, was fitted out at 
 this place. The city is beautifully situated, 
 and contains 3 or 4 churches, a bank, a 
 newspaper office, and 18 or 20 stores. A 
 United States arsenal, the only military 
 establishment in the state belonging to the 
 general government, was erected here in 
 1828. The principal edifice (of stone) is 80 
 feet by 36, and 3 stories high, and with the 
 1204 
 
 others is enclosed by about 28 acres of 
 grounds. Arms and other munitions of war 
 to the value of about $85,000, belonging to 
 the United States, and of upwards of $30,000 
 to the State of Vermont, are constantly 
 stored in the buildings. Settled in 1766, by 
 Donald Mcintosh, who was a native of Scot- 
 land, and had been in the battle of Culloden. 
 Incorporated as a city October 23, 1783. Po- 
 pulation, 1378. 
 
 Vergennes, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Kent CO., Michigan, intersected by Flat 
 river. Population, 876. 
 
 Vergennes, a post-village of Jackson co., 
 Illinois, about 10 miles N. from Murphys- 
 borough. 
 
 Vermilion, a parish in the S. W. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 contains about 1850 square miles. It is 
 drained by Vermilion and Mermenteau 
 rivers. The surface is flat, and partly occu- 
 pied by prairies and marshes. The soil is 
 adapted to sugar and Indian corn. In 1850 
 this parish produced 871 hogsheads of sugar; 
 31,720 gallons of molasses, and 46,061 bushels 
 of corn. It contained 1 church, and 314 
 pupils attending public schools. The Ver- 
 milion is navigable by steamboats. Capital, 
 Vermilion Court House. Population, 3409 ; 
 of whom 2342 were free, and 1067, slaves. 
 
 Vermilion, a county in the W. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Illinois, contains about 
 290 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 E. by the Wabash, and drained by the Ver- 
 milion river. The surface is mostly level; 
 the soil varies from sandy to clayey, and is 
 very fertile. vVbout one-third of its area is 
 a beautiful prairie, which produces abundant 
 crops of wheat, corn, oats, grass, &c. In 
 1850 this county yielded 701,770 bushels of 
 corn; 45,144 of wheat; 90,711 of oats, and 
 2829 tons of hay. It contained 17 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, and 550 pupils attending 
 public schools. Extensive mines of coal and 
 iron ore are found. On the border of a 
 prairie in Helt township, there is a conical 
 mound, which is 60 feet high, and about 600 
 yards in circuit at the base. The county is 
 intersected by the Indiana and Illinois Cen- 
 tral railroad, unfinished. Capital, Newport. 
 Population, 8661. 
 
 Vermilion, a county in the E. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Indiana, has an area esti- 
 mated at 1200 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Vermilion river (affluent of the 
 Wabash) and by its branches, the Salt fork, 
 Middle fork, and North fork, which unite 
 near the middle of the county ; the Little 
 Vermilion river flows through the S. part. 
 The surface is generally level ; the soil is 
 deep, fertile, and durable. The county con- 
 tains a large portion of prairie, with plenty 
 of timber distributed along the streams. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, wool, butter, pota- 
 toes, and pork are the staples. In 1850 it 
 produced 1,475,195 bushels of corn; 46,301 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 •wheat; 168,976 of oats, and 178,586 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 25 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, 70 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 200 attending an academy. A 
 plank-road connects Danville with the Wa- 
 bash river and canal. A railroad is in pro- 
 gress through the county, leading to Spring- 
 field and Lafayette. Vermilion river afiFords 
 valuable water-power. Stone coal abounds 
 on the banks of the river. Capital, Danville. 
 Population, 11,492. 
 
 Vermilion, a post-office of Oswego co., 
 New York. 
 
 Vermilion, a township in the S. contral 
 part of Ashland co., Ohio. Population, 2018. 
 
 Veejiilion, a thiiving post-village and 
 shipping port of Erie co., Ohio, on Lake Erie, 
 at the mouth of Vermilion river, and on the 
 Junction railroad, 21 miles E. from San- 
 dusky city. The value of imports in 1851, 
 $150,000; of exports, $207,200; total, 
 $357,200. 
 
 Vermilion, a township in Vermilion co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1351. 
 
 Vermilion Bat, in the S. part of Louisiana, 
 communicates through Cote Blanche bay 
 with the Gulf of Mexico. Length about 20 
 miles. 
 
 Vermilion River, of Louisiana, rises near 
 Opelousas, and flows southward through 
 Lafayette and Vermilion parishes, into the 
 bay of its own name. It is bordered by fer- 
 tile prairies, and plantations of sugar and 
 cotton, and is navigable by small steamboats 
 about 80 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Vermilion Eiver, of Ohio, a small stream 
 ■which flows into Lake Erie, near the N. E. 
 extremity of Erie county. 
 
 Vermilion River, in the N. central part 
 of Illinois, falls into the Illinois river, 3 or 4 
 miles above Peru. 
 
 Vermilion PavER, of Illinois and Indiana, 
 is formed by three branches, the North, 
 Middle, and South, which unite near Dan- 
 ville, Illinois. It then flows south-eastward, 
 find enters the Wabash, about 8 miles below 
 Perryville, in Indiana. It is navigable to Dan- 
 ville, a distance of 30 miles. The Little 
 Vermilion river enters the Wabash, 4 or 5 
 miles below. 
 
 Vermilion River, of Minnesota Territory, 
 falls into the Missouri, about 30 miles in a 
 straight line N. W. from the mouth of Sioux 
 river. 
 
 Vermilionville, a post-village, capital of 
 Lafayette parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Ver- 
 milion, about 60 miles W. by S. from Baton 
 Rouge. The bayou is navigable by small 
 steamers. A newspaper is issued here. 
 
 Vermilionville, a township in the W. part 
 of Eaton co., Michigan, intersected by the 
 Big fork of Thornapple river. Population, 
 324. 
 
 Vermont, (named from the French, Ifonts 
 Verts, or Verts Monts, i. e. Green Mountains, 
 the principal mountain range in the state,) 
 
 the most north-western, and last settled of 
 the New England States. It lies between 
 about 42° 44' and 45° N. lat., and 71° 25' 
 and 73° 26' W. Ion., and is bounded N. by 
 Canada East; E. by New Hampshire, from 
 which it is separated by the Connecticut 
 river ; S. by Massachusetts, and W. by New 
 York and Lake Champlain. Length from N. 
 to S., about 150 miles, and greatest breadth 
 from E. to W., about 85, or about 35 in its 
 narrowest part at the south ; including an 
 area of about 10,212 square miles, or 
 6,535,680 acres, of which 2,601,409 were im- 
 proved, in 1850. 
 
 Population. — The population, like that of 
 the other New England States, is mainly com- 
 posed of the descendants of the English race. 
 Though the figures do not show a very rapid 
 increase in Vermont, her population has had 
 a steady growth ; while, at the same time, it 
 has contributed in a large ratio to peopling 
 other states with a portion of their most in- 
 telligent, virtuous, and enterprising citizens. 
 In 1790, Vermont had 85,416 inhabitants; 
 150,465, in 1800; 217,713, in 1810; 235,764, 
 in 1820; 280,652, in 1830; 291,948, in 1840; 
 314,120, in 1850, of whom 159,374 were 
 white males, 153,528 white females ; 366 
 colored males, and 343 colored females. This 
 population was divided into 68,475 families, 
 occupying 56,327 dwellings. Of the entire 
 population 232,086 were born in the state ; 
 48,830, in other states of the Union; 1546, 
 in England; 15,377, in Ireland; 1102, in 
 Scotland and Wales ; 14,470, in British Ame- 
 rica; 218, in Germany; 40, in France; 78, 
 in other countries, and 323, whose places of 
 birth were unknown — giving a ratio of about 
 lOJ per cent, of foreign birth, while Vermont 
 contributed about 63,000 inhabitants to other 
 states. In the year ending June 1, 1850, 
 there occurred in Vermont 3132 deaths, or 
 less than 10 in every thousand persons — the 
 smallest ratio in the United States. In the 
 same period, 3654 paupers received aid, of 
 whom 1611 were foreigners, at an expense 
 of nearly $33 for each pauper. Of 144 deaf 
 and dumb, 1 was colored; of 138 blind, none 
 were colored ; of 552 insane, none were colored, 
 and of 281 idiotic, one was colored. 
 
 Counties. — The state is divided into 14 
 counties, viz. Addison, Bennington, Cale- 
 donia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin, Grand 
 Isle, Lamoille, Orleans, Orange, Rutland, 
 Washington, Windham, and Windsor. Mont- 
 pelier is the capital. 
 
 Cities and Toivns. — Vermonthas no very large 
 towns, the principal are Burlington, with 6110 
 population ; Bennington, 3923 ; Brattleboro, 
 3816; Montpelier, 3757; Middlebury, 3517; 
 besides Rutland, St. Albans, St. Johnsbury, 
 Vergennes, Windsor, Newbury, Norwich, and 
 many others. 
 
 Face of the Country, Mountains, ^c. — The 
 Green mountain range traverses the whole 
 extent of this state from N. to S., dividing it 
 1205 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 into nearly equal portions. These mountains, 
 ■which give name to the state, attain their 
 greatest elevation (4359 feet) in Mount Mans- 
 field, 20 miles N. W. of Montpelier. South 
 of the capital the range separates into two 
 ridges, the higher, but more broken, taking a 
 nearly N. direction and the other extending N. 
 E. almost parallel -with the Connecticut, but 
 at some distance from it. This ridge, though 
 lower and of easier ascent than the western, 
 is continuous, while the western is broken by 
 the passage of the Onion, Lamoille, and Mis- 
 sisque rivers. From the point of separation 
 southward, the mountains are not divided by 
 the passage of any considerable stream. 
 They approach the western boundary in this 
 direction. Ascutney mountain, (3320 feet,) 
 near the Connecticut river, in Windsor coun- 
 ty, is famous for its picturesque views. The 
 other principal peaks are Killington's, near 
 Rutland, 3675 feet high ; the Camel's Hump, 
 17 miles W. of Montpelier, 4188 feet, and 
 the Nose and Chin, in Mansfield mountain. 
 The mountains are generally clothed with 
 the evergreen fir, spruce, and hemlock, and 
 hence their name. The southern part of the 
 range divides the rivers flowing into the Hud- 
 son from those emptying into the Connecticut; 
 a portion of the triangle between the north- 
 ern ridges is drained by Lake Memphrema- 
 gog, and the W. and N. W. portion by Lake 
 Cham plain. 
 
 Geology. — The greater portion of the state 
 is of primary formation, though the valleys 
 of the rivers are mostly alluvion, and the 
 shores of Lake Champlain transition form- 
 ation. On the western side of the moun- 
 tains the rocks are principally old red sand- 
 stone, graywacke, limestone, calciferous sand- 
 stone, and granular quartz, containing iron ore 
 and manganese; hornblende, mica slate, gra- 
 nite, and gneiss form the body of the moun- 
 tains ; serpentine occurs both in the south- 
 ern and northern part of the state. Along 
 the Connecticut is a continuous bed of clay 
 slate. A bed of granite crosses the Connec- 
 ticut at Bellows Falls, and also forms Ascut- 
 ney mountain. There is an extensive de- 
 posit of primitive limestone in Caledonia 
 county. The eastern slope of the mountains 
 is composed mostly of hornblende rock, gneiss, 
 granite, and clay slate. 
 
 Minerals. — Iron is found in abundance — 
 the best in the southern part of the state. 
 Vast quantities of copperas are made from 
 iron pyrites, or sulphuret of iron, in Straf- 
 ford. Of other metals there are found tita- 
 nium, oxide of manganese, lead, magnetic 
 iron ore, plumbago, and zinc. Granite suit- 
 able for building stone in abundance, and 
 vast be>3s of fine marble are found. The 
 marble quarries at Middlebury are particu- 
 larly celebrated. A black variety of this 
 beautiful building material is extensively 
 quarried at Swanton, on Lake Champlain. 
 A fine oilstone is manufactur&d into hones, 
 1206 
 
 from a small island in Lake Memphramagog. 
 Slate quarries are worked on the Connec- 
 ticut. Kaolin (porcelain clay) of excellent 
 quality, limestone, steatite, talc, and marl, 
 all exist in this state. Fine white marble is 
 found all along the base of the Green moun- 
 tains, for 50 miles above and below Rutland, 
 at which town an extensive trade in it is car- 
 ried on. Manganese and slate are mined 
 and quarried in the same vicinity. 
 
 Rivera, Lakes, and Islands. — The large and 
 beautiful Lake Champlain, so famous in the 
 brief history of our country, from the naval 
 events that have taken place on it, and the 
 battles on its shores, bounds the state on the 
 W. for 105 miles, (its entire length being 
 about 115, and breadth from 1 to 15 miles,) 
 separating it for that distance from New 
 York. Its shores are bold and picturesque, 
 though inferior to Lake George, whose waters 
 it receives. It is navigable for steamboats 
 of the largest class, and is in the main line 
 of travel from Montreal to New York. Lake 
 Memphremagog is the next in size on the N. 
 boundary, but lies mostly in Canada ; it is 
 about 30 miles in length, and 2 or 3 in width. 
 There are several smaller lakes, and among 
 them Dunmore, in the W., Austin and Bomba- 
 zine in the S.W., and Long Pond in the N. W. 
 The latter is somewhat celebrated for an ir- 
 ruption of its banks, in 1810, by which a large 
 extent of country was devastated, and trees and 
 dwellings swept away. An attempt had been 
 made to tap the lake when this disaster occur- 
 red. Vermont, though well watered, has no 
 large rivers with their courses entirely within 
 the state ; the Connecticut, however, washes 
 its eastern boundary for its whole extent. The 
 mountains dividing the state nearly through 
 the middle, the Connecticut river receives 
 the streams from the eastern, and Lake 
 Champlain and the Hudson those of the west- 
 ern slope, after short and for the most part 
 rapid courses. The Otter creek. Onion, La- 
 moille, and Missis-que, (or -quoi,) all empty 
 into Lake Champlain, after courses of from 
 70 to 100 miles each, and are the largest 
 rivers whose courses are within the state. 
 The rivers, abounding in falls and rapids, 
 are well adapted for mill sites; but are, on 
 the same account, navigable for but short 
 distances ; even the Connecticut itself is 
 only available for traffic by means of canals 
 and locks, by which boats ascend 250 miles 
 above Hartford. This river was once famous 
 for its abundance of salmon, but they have 
 disappeared; shad are, however, still taken. 
 The islands of North and South Hero, and 
 Lamoille island, in Lake Champlain, with 
 several smaller islands, constitute the coun- 
 ty of Grand Island. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Vermont 
 abounds in picturesque and sublime scenery, 
 and will well reward the lover of nature for the 
 toil and expense of perambulating its moun- 
 tains and valleys. Among the more striking 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 objects, in addition to the principal mountain 
 Bummits already referred to, are the falls 
 of the Clyde in Charleston, descent 100 
 feet in 40 rods; falls of the Winooski, 
 falls of the Missisque or Missisco, in High- 
 gate ; McConuell's falls, in the Lamoille 
 river, in Johnson ; falls of the Passumsic in 
 Lj'don ; the Great falls also on the Lamoille, 
 in Milton, descent 160 feet in 50 rods ; Bel- 
 low's falls in the Connecticut, in the S. E. 
 part of the state, is the grandest object of 
 the kind in Vermont; Black River falls, in 
 Springfield ; the falls of the Missisco, in Troy, 
 70 feet perpendicular, and the falls of Otter 
 creek, in Vergennes, are all picturesque ob- 
 jects. We question if any city in the Union, 
 at least E. of the Rocky mountains, can pre- 
 sent a grander or more beautiful panorama 
 than is to be witnessed from the cupola of 
 the Vermont University at Burlington. If 
 you look towards the west, you have beneath 
 you the beautiful town of Bui-lington, with 
 the no less beautiful lake Champlain, stretch- 
 ing N. and S. as far as the eye can reach, and 
 laving on the west the feet of the blue Adi- 
 rondack mountains of New York, which 
 stretch, ridge after ridge, beyond the reach 
 of vision. Turning to the E., you have the 
 Mansfield mountain (the highest in Vermont) 
 on the N. E., and Camel's Hump to the S. E., 
 all in clear perspective, while the whole 
 mountain range, of which they form a part, 
 shuts out the eastern horizon. Lake Wil- 
 loughby, N. of St. Johnsbury, is becoming a 
 fashionable resort for its picturesque scenery. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Vermont is se- 
 vere, and the winters long ; yet it is one of the 
 healthiest states in the Union. The extremes 
 of temperature ranged, in 1851, from 17° be- 
 low zero to 92° above. The cold of winter 
 is, however, more steady than in the other 
 New England States, and the springs are not 
 chilled by the raw winds from the Ocean, 
 especially W. of the mountains. Frosts fall 
 early in September, though the winters do 
 not regularly begin till December ; but when 
 they do set in, they generally continue to 
 April without much thaw. According to the 
 observations made by J. B.Wheeler, at Mont- 
 pelier, in 1851, there were 115 clear, 221 
 cloudy, 18 rainy, and 11 snowy days. During 
 the year there fell 7.75 feet of snow. For two 
 years, the most that fell in any one month was 
 50 inches in December, 1850, and 30 inches in 
 November, 1851. Mean noon temperature of 
 January, 21° ; February, 24°.2; March, 32.°4; 
 April, 41°.3 ; May, 51° 2 ; June, 57°.5 ; July, 
 63°.4; August, 60°.9; September, 57° ; Oc- 
 tober, 48°. 4; November, 30°. 3, and Decem- 
 ber, 17°. 9 ; mean for the year, 42°. 1 ; great- 
 est average heat in July, 78° ; least, 22. °6, 
 in December ; lowest average at sunrise in 
 December, 11°.7; warmest noon, June 30th 
 and September 10th, 84° ; coldest noon Janu- 
 ary 30, 8°. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — Though a mountain- 
 
 ous state, Vermont has a large portion of 
 cultivable soil, and the valleys of the rivers 
 have a rich, fertile, alluvial deposit. The 
 rougher and mountainous portions afford ex- 
 cellent pasture for cattle, and especially for 
 sheep, and Vermont produced more wool, live 
 stock, maple sugar, butter, cheese, hay, 
 hops, and Irish potatoes, in 1850, (in propor- 
 tion to population) than any state in the 
 Union. It also produced large quantities of 
 Indian corn, oats, wheat, rye, peas, beans, 
 fruits, grass-seeds, beeswax, and honey, be- 
 sides considerable barley, market products, 
 and wine, molasses, and silk cocoons. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1850, there were in 
 Vermont 2,601,409 acres of improved land, 
 which was divided into 20,687 farms, or 
 about 80 acres to each farm. On these were 
 produced 535,955 bushels of wheat ; 176,233 
 of rye; 2,032,396 of Indian corn; 2,307,734 
 of oats; 104,649 of peas and beans; 4,951,014 
 of Irish potatoes ; 42,150 of barley ; 209,819 
 of buckwheat ; 15,696 of grass seeds ; 
 3,400,717 pounds of wool; 12,137,980 of 
 butter; 8,720,834 of cheese; 288,023 of 
 hops; 6,349,357 of maple sugar; 249,422 of 
 beeswax and honey; 866,153 tons of hay; 
 value of slaughtered animals, $1,861,336 ; of 
 live stock, $12,643,228; of market products, 
 $18,853, and of orchard products, $315,255. 
 
 Forest Trees. — The principal forest-trees on 
 the mountains are hemlock, fir, and spruce ; 
 on the lower tracts, oak, pine, hickory, sugar 
 maple, elm, butterniit, beech, basswood, 
 and birch ; and in the swamps, cedar. 
 
 Manufactures. — Though Vermont is not so 
 extensively engaged in manufactures as most 
 of the other New England States, it has wa- 
 ter-power enough to supply the Union. In 
 1850 there were in the state 1835 manufac- 
 turing establishments, producing each $500 
 and upward annually. Nine of these were 
 cotton factories, employing $202,500 capital, 
 and 94 male and 147 female hands, consum- 
 ing $114,415 worth of raw material, and 
 producing 1,651,000 yards of stuffs, 53,050 
 pounds of yarn, valued at $196,100; 72 
 woollen, employing $886,300 capital, and 
 683 male and 710 female hands, consuming 
 $830,684 worth of raw material, and pro- 
 ducing 2,830,400 yards of stufls, valued at 
 $1,579,161 ; 37 forges, furnaces, &c., employ- 
 ing $415,920 capital, and employing 530 
 male hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $266,572, and producing wrought, cast, and 
 pig iron, valued at $692,817 ; $7000 were in- 
 vested in the manufacture of malt liquors, 
 consuming 2500 bushels of barley, and pro- 
 ducing 800 barrels of ale ; and 152 tanneries, 
 employing $346,256 capital, consuming raw 
 material worth $357,946, and producing 
 leather valued at $587,466. St. Johnsbury 
 is one of the most extensive manufactures of 
 patent weighing-scales in the United States. 
 Homemade manufactures of the value of 
 $510,998 were fabricated in 1850. 
 1207 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 Commerce. — All the commerce connected 
 with navigation in this state is carried on by 
 way of Lake Champlain. The exports of 
 Vermont for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 
 1852, amounted in value to $388,113, im- 
 ports to $192,593 ; tonnage entered, 60,488; 
 cleared, 57,579 ; owned in the state, 5656,|4 
 According to Andrews' invaluable report, the 
 Canadian trade of the Vermont district 
 amounted, in 1851, to $1,033,9'89, employing 
 695 vessels, with a tonnage of 91,967. 
 There were 3950 vessels entered in 1851 in 
 both foreign and coasting trade. The en- 
 rolled tonnage was 3240 tons of steam, and 
 692 tons of sailing vessels. The aggregate 
 value of the trade on both shores of the lake 
 amounted to $26,390,895, and the tonnage to 
 197,500. As the tonnage of the vessels en- 
 tering on the New York side was 4208 to 
 3932 on the Vermont side, the inference is, 
 that the greater moiety of the trade was in 
 the Champlain or New York district. The 
 lumber trade forms a large portion of the 
 commerce with Canada, but this probably 
 passes mostly down to the Hudson river. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Vermont is crossed 
 by two lines of railway from Boston to Bur- 
 lington, one, entering the state at the mouth 
 of the White river, and traversing its valley 
 with that of the Onion, meets the more 
 southern road (which enters the state at Bel- 
 lows' Falls, and coasts the shores of Otter 
 Creek river) about 6 miles E. of Burlington, 
 when the united roads pass on to Piouse's 
 Point, at the head of Lake Champlain, from 
 whence other roads lead to Montreal and 
 Ogdensburg. Branch roads connect Troy, 
 Schenectady,Bennington, Saratoga, and White- 
 hall with the Rutland road, at the village of 
 Rutland. A railroad from Portland to Mon- 
 treal passes through the N. E. of Vermont for 
 about 35 miles. Other roads, coasting the 
 Connecticut river below the mouth of the 
 Passumsic, connect St. Johnsbury and all the 
 lower towns on the Connecticut with Hart- 
 ford, New Haven, o-nd New York. In Ja- 
 nuary, 1853, this small state had 427 miles 
 of completed railway, enough to traverse its 
 entire extent nearly three times.— See Ap- 
 pendix. Two fine railroad bridges cross the 
 two arms at the head of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Education. — Vermont, in common with the 
 other New England States, pays great atten- 
 tion to her common schools: 90,110 pupils 
 attended her schools in the year 1850-51, at a 
 total cost of $217,402.33. Public money dis- 
 tributedfor the support of schools, $90,893.91. 
 There are 3 colleges with 218, and 2 medical 
 schools, with 194 students. — See Table of Col- 
 leges, Appendix. There is a large number of 
 flourishing academies throughout the state. 
 
 Public Institutions. — Among the benevolent 
 institutions stands conspicuous the Asylum 
 for the Insane, at Brattleborough. From the 
 time of its being opened in 1836, to August, 
 1851, it had received 1746 patients, of whom 
 1208 
 
 818 have been restored to the use of their 
 reason. The number of patients in the year 
 ending August 1st, 1851, was 335. The Ver- 
 mont state prison is at Windsor, and had 
 confined within its walls, September 1st, 
 1850, 91 prisoners, of whom 35 had been ad- 
 mitted within the year. Pteceipts, $7380.80; 
 expenditures, $7374.60. 
 
 Religious Denominatio7is. — Of the 564 
 churches in Vermont in 1850, there belonged 
 to the different sects of Baptists, 88 ; to the 
 Christians, 7 ; to the Congregationalists, 
 168; to the Episcopalians, 25; to the Free 
 Church, 1 ; to the Friends, 7 : to the Me- 
 thodists, 123; to the Presbyterians, 10; to 
 the Roman Catholics, 8 ; to the Reformed 
 Catholics, 1 ; to the Second Advent, 2 ; to 
 the Union Church, 88 ; to the Unitarians, 2 : 
 and to the Universalists, 84. There was 1 
 church to every 564 persons. Value of 
 church property, $1,213,126. 
 
 Government, Finances, ^c. — A governor, 
 lieutenant-governor, senate, and house of re- 
 presentatives, are each elected annually by 
 popular vote. The governor receives a salary 
 of $750 per annum, and the lieutenant-go- 
 vernor, who is ex officio president of the se- 
 nate, $4 per diem during the sessions of 
 the legislature. There are 30 senators 
 and 230 representatives, who each receive 
 $2 per diem during the sessions of the le- 
 gislature. Vermont is entitled to 3 mem- 
 bers in the national house of representa- 
 tives, and to 5 electoral votes for president. 
 The judiciary consists — 1. Of a supreme 
 court, composed of 3 judges, which holds a 
 session in each county annually ; 2. Of 
 county courts, which are held in 4 circuits ; 
 and 3. Of a court of chancery, which holds 
 two stated sessions annually in each county. 
 An appeal from the chancellor's court lies to 
 the supreme court. Salaries of judges, 
 $1375. The assessed value of real estate in 
 1850 was $71,671,651 ; estimated value, 
 $92,205,049. Public debt, none. Ordinary 
 expenses, about $80,000, exclusive of debt 
 and schools. In October, 1852, Vermont had 
 32 banks, with an aggregate capital of 
 $27,21,168; a circulation of $3,779,131.70; 
 and $176,379.66 in specie. 
 
 History.— Vevrcioni was first settled by some 
 emigrants from Massachusetts, at Fort Bum- 
 mer, now Brattleborough, in 1724. The 
 French erected a fort on the E. side of the 
 southern extremity of Lake Champlain, in 
 1731, but soon deserted and destroyed it. 
 Vermont was long claimed both by New York 
 and New Hampshire, which, though decided 
 by the king as belonging to New York, 
 created difficulties and troubles for the 
 settlers until the breaking out of the Revolu- 
 tion, which event gave Vermont an opportu- 
 nity to assume her place as an independent 
 state, though even then Congress had con- 
 siderable difficulty in inducing New York to 
 relinquish her claims and acquiesce in the ad- 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 mission of Vermont into the confederacy as an 
 independent state; this event, however, was 
 finallj' consummated, March 4th, 1791: In 
 this state took place tlie battle of Benning- 
 ton, August 16th, 1777, in which the British 
 were defeated in two engagements. Tlie sol- 
 diers of Vermont were distinguished iu the 
 Revolution under the sobriquet of the Green 
 Mountain boys. Vermont was the first new 
 member of the American confederacy added 
 to the original thirteen of the Revolution. 
 
 Vermont, a post-office of Chautauque co., 
 New York. 
 
 Vermont, a small post-village of Howard 
 CO., Indiana, on Wildcat river, 6 miles E. 
 from Kokomo. 
 
 Vermont, a post-township in Fulton co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1564. 
 
 Vermont, a thriving post-village of Fulton 
 CO., 111., about 60 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Vermont, a post-village in Cooper co., Mo., 
 about 40 miles W. N. W. from Jeiferson City. 
 
 Vermont Settlement, a post-village of 
 Will CO., Illinois, 36 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Veemontyille, a post-village of Eaton co., 
 Michigan, on the Thornapple river, about 80 
 miles W. S. W. from Lansing. 
 
 Vernal, a post-village of Wyoming co.. 
 New York, 38 miles E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Vernal, a post-village of Greene co., Miss. 
 
 Vernon, a new county in the W. part of 
 Missouri, bordering on the Indian Territory. 
 It is intersected by the Osage and South Grand 
 rivers, and also drained by the Deepwater and 
 Miami creeks. This county is not included 
 in the census of 1850. The soil and produc- 
 tions are similar to those of Cass and Bates 
 counties, out of which it was formed. County 
 seat not yet located. 
 
 Vernon, a post-township in Windham co., 
 Vermont, on the W. side of Connecticut river, 
 about 65 miles S. by W. from Concord, inter- 
 sected by the Connecticut River railroad. 
 Population, 821. 
 
 Vernon, a post-township of Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, intersected by the Hartford, Pro- 
 vidence, and Fishkill railroad, 15 miles B. by 
 N. from Hartford, and drained by the Hock- 
 anum and the Sankerooson, which afford 
 water-power. Besides the village at the cen- 
 tre, it contains the manufacturing village of 
 Rockville ; 4 churches, and various manufac- 
 tories of woollen and cotton goods, with an 
 aggregate capital of $500,000. Population 
 of the township, 2900. 
 
 Vernon, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Oneida co., New York, drained by Oneida 
 creek. Population, 3093. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 16 miles W. from Utica. It contains 3 
 or 4 churches, an academy, a newspaper 
 office, a bank, and several stores. Popu- 
 lation, estimated at 900. 
 
 Vernon, a township in the N. E. corner of 
 Sussex CO., New Jersey. Population, 2619. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village in the above town- 
 
 ship, about 40 miles N. N. W. from Trenton, 
 contains 2 stores, 2 mills, and a church. 
 
 Vernon, a township of Crawford co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of French creek, 
 about 3 miles W. from Meadville. Pop., 570. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village in Kent co., Dela- 
 ware, 32 miles S. S. W. from Dover. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village of Troup co., Geor- 
 gio, on the Chattahoochee river, 6 miles W. 
 from La Grange. 
 
 . Vernon, a post-village, capital of Washing- 
 ton CO., Florida, on Holmes' creek, which flows 
 through a fertile valley of the same name, 110 
 miles W. from Tallaliassee. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village in Autauga cc, 
 Alabama, on the Alabama river, 25 miles W. 
 from Montgomery. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village of Madison co., 
 Mississippi, on the Big Black river, 25 miles 
 N. N. W^ from Jackson. 
 
 Vernon, a post-office of .Tacksdn parish. La. 
 
 Vernon, a post- village of Hickman co., Ten- 
 nessee, on Piney creek, 50 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville. The creek affords extensive water- 
 power. 
 
 Vernon, a township in Clinton co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1468. 
 
 Vernon, a township in Crawford co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1276. 
 
 Vernon, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Scioto CO., Ohio. Population, 1105. 
 
 Vernon, a post-township in the N. E. part 
 of Trumbull co., Ohio. Population, 828. 
 
 Vernon, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Shiawassee co., Michigan, partly inter- 
 sected by the Shiawassee river. Pop., 674. 
 
 Vernon, a township in Hancock co., In- 
 diana. Population, 908. 
 
 Vernon, a township in Jackson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 604. 
 
 Vernon, a post-township in Jennings co., 
 Indiana. Population, 3023. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, capital of Jennings county, Indiana, on 
 the Madison and Indianapolis railroad, where 
 it is crossed by the Cincinnati and St. Louis 
 railroad, 66 miles S. S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 It is beautifully situated on the Vernon fork 
 of the Muscakituck river, by which it is al- 
 most entirely encircled. A newspaper ia 
 published here. Pop., estimated at 1000. 
 
 Vernon, a township of Washington co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1792. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village of Crawford co., Il- 
 linois, about 16 miles N. by W. from Vin- 
 cennes, in Indiana. 
 
 Vernon, a township of Lake co., Illinois. 
 Population, 959. 
 
 Vernon, a post-office of Van Buren co., lo. 
 
 Vernon, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Waukesha co., Wisconsin. Pop., 889. 
 
 Vernon, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, about 24 miles S. W. from Milwaukee, 
 contains 1 hotel and a wagon shop. 
 
 Vernon, a small post-town of Sutter co.. 
 California, is situated at the confluence of 
 1209 
 
VER 
 
 VIC 
 
 5?acramento and Feather rivers, on the main 
 road from Sacramento city to Shasta, about 
 105 miles N. N. E. from San Francisco. 
 
 Vernon Centre, a post-village of Oneida 
 CO. , New York, 105 miles W. by N. from Albany. 
 
 Vernon River, a small stream of Ohio, 
 which rises in the N. central part of the 
 " state, and flovping through Knox county, en- 
 ters the Walhonding river in Coshocton coun- 
 ty. It is also called Owl creek. 
 
 Verona, or Verona Centre, a post-village 
 in Verona township, Oneida county, New 
 York, on the Erie Canal, 13 miles W. by S. 
 from Rome. It contains several churches 
 and stores. Pop. of the township, 5570. 
 
 Verona, a post-village in Boone co., Ken- 
 tucky, 53 miles N. from Frankfort. 
 
 Verona, a village in Vanderburg co., In- 
 diana, on the right bank of the Ohio, 165 miles 
 S. W. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Verona, a post-township in the N. part of 
 Dane co., Wisconsin. Population, 364. 
 •- Verona Depot, a post-village of Oneida 
 CO., New York, on the Central railroad, 30 
 miles E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Verona Mills, a post-office of Oneida co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Veroqua, Wisconsin. See Varoqua. 
 
 Verplanck's, a post-village and station of 
 Westchester co., New York, on the Hudson 
 River railroad, about 40 miles from New York. 
 
 Verret lake, Louisiana, situated in As- 
 sumption parish, is connected by a short out- 
 let with Grand river and Lake Chetimaches. 
 Length, about 10 miles. 
 
 Versailles, a post-oifice of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Versailles, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Mo- 
 nongahela river, about 13 miles S. E. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 1659. 
 
 Versailles, a post-office of Rutherford co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Versailles, a beautiful post-village, capi- 
 tal of Woodford co., Kentucky, on the turn- 
 pike from Frankfort to Lexington, 13 miles 
 S. E. from the former. It is surrounded by 
 a rich and highly cultivated region, and con- 
 tains a handsome brick court house, a bank, 4 
 churches, a large seminary, a woollen factory, 
 and several bagging factories. It is supplied 
 with pure water issuing from a cave or na- 
 tural conduit, which extends under the foun- 
 dations of the houses. 
 
 Versailles, a village of Darke co., Ohio, 
 on the Bellefontaine and Indiana railroad, 
 about 90 miles N. from Cincinnati. 
 
 Versailles, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Ripley county, Indiana, on Laughery 
 creek, and on the Cincinnati and St. Louis 
 railroad, (in progress.) 70 miles S. E. from 
 Indianapolis. It is situated in a rich farm- 
 ing region, and has considerable trade, which 
 is facilitated by a plank-road leading, from 
 Madison to Greensburg. A weekly news- 
 paper is published here. 
 1210 
 
 Versailles, a post-village in Brown co. 
 Illinois, 60 miles W. by N. from Springfield. 
 
 Versailles, a post-village, capital of 
 Morgan county, Missouri, 40 miles W. S. 
 W. from Jefferson City. Laid out in 1836. 
 It is situated in a beautiful and fertile coun- 
 try, on one of the proposed routes of the Pa- 
 cific railroad. 
 
 Vershire, a post-township in Orange co., 
 Vermont, 25 miles S. E. by S. from Montpe- 
 lier. Population, 1071. 
 
 Vesper, a post-office of Onondaga co., N. Y. 
 
 Vespera, a small village of Tallahatchie co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Vestal, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Broome co., New York, on the 
 Susquehanna river. Population, 2054. 
 
 Vestal Centre, a post-office of Broome 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Vestal Furnace, a post-office of Broome 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Vesuvius Furnace, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., North Carolina, 162 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Veteran, a township of Chemung co., New 
 York, 10 miles N. by E. from Elmira, inter- 
 sected by the Canandaigua and Elmira rail- 
 road. Population, 2698. 
 
 Veto, a post-office of Washington co., 0. 
 
 Vevay, a township in the W. central part 
 of Ingham co., Michigan. Population, 781. 
 
 Vevay, a neat and thriving post-village, 
 capital of Switzerland co., Indiana, is beau- 
 tifully situated on the Ohio river, 70 miles 
 below Cincinnati. It was settled in 1813 by 
 a company of Swiss emigrants, who cultivate 
 the grape extensively and with success. The 
 navigation of the river and the fertility of 
 the adjoining country render it a place of 
 active business. Two newspapers are issued 
 here. Pop. in 1853, estimated at 1800. 
 
 Vickery's Creek, of Georgia, enters the 
 Chattahoochee in the N. E. part of Cobb 
 county. 
 
 Vickery's Creek, a post-village of For- 
 syth county, Georgia, 115 miles N. W. from 
 Milledgeville. 
 
 ViCKSBURG, a city and port of entry, capi- 
 tal of Warren county, Mississippi, is situated 
 on the Mississippi river, 400 miles above New 
 Orleans, and 50 miles W. from Jackson, with 
 which it is connected by the Vicksburg and 
 Brandon railroad. The situation is elevated, 
 the ground uneven, and the city is not 
 compactly built. It contains, besides the 
 county buildings, 4 or 5 churches, and seve- 
 ral academies for both sexes. Three news- 
 papers are published here. Vicksburg is the 
 most commercial place on the river between 
 Natchez and Memphis, and is an important 
 mart for cotton ; of which article about 
 100,000 bales are annually exported. The 
 greater part of this is received by railroad. 
 Steamboats ply regularly between this place 
 and New Orleans. The Vicksburg and Bran- 
 don railroad is to be extended eastward to 
 Selma, in Alabama. Another railroad has 
 
VIC 
 
 VIG 
 
 been surveyed from Vicksburg to Marshall, in 
 Texas, via Shreveport. The tonnage of this 
 port, June, 1852, was 215|| tons enrolled 
 and licensed and employed in steam naviga- 
 tion. The receipts of cotton by railroad for 
 3 years were as follows: in 1850, 49,722 
 bales; in 1851, C2,134, and in 1852, 88,732. 
 Population in 1840, 3104; in 1850, 3678. 
 
 VicKsviLLE, a post-office of Southampton 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Victor, a post-village in Victor township, 
 Ontario county, New York, on a branch of 
 the Central railroad, 20 miles S. E. from 
 Rochester. It contains several churches and 
 stores. Population of the township, 2230. 
 
 ViCTOE, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Clinton co., Michigan. Population, 277. 
 
 ViCTOKiA, a county in the S. part of Texas, 
 has an area of about 775 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Guadalupe river, bound- 
 ed on the S. W. by Coleto creek, and also 
 drained by Garcitas creek. The surface has 
 but little elevation above the sea ; the soil is 
 represented to be fertile. A portion of the 
 county is prairie. Cotton, sugar cane, and 
 Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county 3'ielded 54,110 bushels of corn; 1050 
 of sweet potatoes ; 270 bales of cotton, and 
 120 hogsheads of sugar. It contained 1 news- 
 paper office, and 71 pupils attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. Capital, Victoria. Po- 
 pulation, 2019 ; of whom 1448 were free 
 and 571, slaves. 
 
 ViCTOKiA, a post-village in Bolivar co. 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Victoria, a post-village, capital of Victoria 
 CO., Texas, on the left bank of Guadalupe 
 river, about 120 miles S. S. E. from Austin. It 
 contains 1 newspaper office, and several stores. 
 
 Victoria, a small post-village of Knox co., 
 Illinois, about 45 miles N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 Victoria, a post-office of Daviess co.. Mo. 
 
 Victory, a township in Essex co., Vermont, 
 about 45 miles N. E. of Montpelier. Pop., 168. 
 
 Victory, a post-village in Victory town- 
 ship, Cayuga co., New York, near the Lake 
 Ontario, Auburn, and Ithaca railroad, 22 
 miles N. by W. from Auburn. Population of 
 the township, 2298. 
 
 Victory, a post-office of Wajme co., Tenn. 
 
 Victory Mills, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 ViDALiA, a post-village, capital of Con- 
 cordia parish, Louisiana, on the right bank 
 of the Mississippi river, opposite Natchez, 
 and about 150 miles above Baton Rouge. 
 During the Spanish dominion it was called the 
 Post of Concordia. It contains 1 tavern, 
 and 1 newspaper office. 
 
 Vienna, a post-township in Kennebec co., 
 Maine, 22 miles N. W. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 851. 
 
 Vienna, a post-township in the N. W. part 
 of Oneida co., New York, onOneidalake. It 
 contains a village of the same name. Popu- 
 lation, 3393. 
 
 Vienna, a thriving village of Phelps town- 
 ship, Ontario co.. New York, on the Canan- 
 daigua outlet, at its junction with Flint 
 creek, and on a branch of the Central rail- 
 road, 7 miles N. N. W, from Geneva. It is 
 divided into East and West Vienna, and con- 
 tains 3 or 4 churches, several hotels, nume- 
 rous stores, and manufactories of flour, iron, 
 and other articles. Pop. estimated at 1600. 
 
 Vienna, a post-village of Warren co., New 
 Jersey, on Request river, about 48 miles N. 
 by W. from Trenton. 
 
 Vienna, a post-village of Dorchester co., 
 Maryland, on Nanticoke river, 68 miles S. E. 
 from Annapolis. 
 
 Vienna, a village in Forsyth co., North 
 Carolina, 115 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Vienna, a post-village, capital of Doo- 
 ley CO., Georgia, 95 miles S. W. from Mil- 
 ledgeville, is situated in a level region, con- 
 taining extensive pine forests. Pop. about 100. 
 
 Vienna, a post-village in Pickens co., Ala- 
 bama, on Tombigbee river, near the mouth 
 of Sipsey river, 135 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Vienna, a post-office of Jackson parish, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Vienna, a post-village of Clarke co., Ohio, 
 34 miles W. from Columbus. The post-office 
 is called Vienna Cross Roads. 
 
 Vienna, a post-township in the S. E. part 
 of Trumbull co., Ohio. Population, 1007. 
 
 Vienna, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Genesee co., Michigan. Population, 390. 
 
 Vienna, a post- village in Macomb co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Vienna, a post-township in Scott co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1654. 
 
 Vienna, a post-village of Scott co., In- 
 diana, on the JeiFersonville and Columbus 
 railroad, 8 miles W. from Lexington. 
 
 Vienna, a township in Grundy co., Illinois. 
 Population, 258. 
 
 Vienna, a post-village, capital of Johnson 
 CO., Illinois, 190 miles S. by E. of Springfield. 
 Population in 1853, about 200. 
 
 Vienna, a township in the N. part of Dane 
 CO., Wisconsin. Population, 253. 
 
 Vienna, a post-village in Spring Prairie 
 township, Walworth co., Wisconsin, 55 miles 
 S. E. from Madison. 
 
 Vienna Cross Roads, Ohio. See Vienna. 
 
 Vigo, a county in the W. part of Indiana, 
 bordering on Illinois, contains 400 square 
 miles. It is drained by the Wabash river. 
 The surface is level or gently undulating, 
 and is mostly occupied by majestic forests 
 and beautiful prairies. The land, with small 
 exceptions, is rich and well cultivated. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, pork, and beef are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county yielded 
 996,481 bushels of corn; 58,598 of wheat; 
 90,826 of oats, and 3978 tons of hay. It 
 contained 32 churches, 6 newspaper offices, 
 1259 pupils attending public schools, and 
 247 attending academies or other schools. 
 1211 
 
VIL 
 
 VIR 
 
 The county contains rich mines of coal, and 
 quarries of limestone and freestone. It is 
 intersected by the Wabash and Erie canal, 
 the Terre Haute and Richmond railroad, the 
 Evansville and Illinois railroad, and Alton 
 and Terre Haute railroad, meet at the 
 county seat. Organized in 1818, and named 
 in honor of Colonel Francis Vigo, a native 
 of Sardinia, and a citizen of Vincennes. Ca- 
 pital, Terre Haute. Population, 15,289. 
 
 Village, a township in Jackson co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 782. 
 
 Village, a village in Wapello co., Iowa, 80 
 miles S. W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Village Green, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., Pa., 4 miles W. N. W. fi'om Chester. 
 
 Village Speikgs, a post-office of Blount 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 ViLLAMONT, a township in Arkansas co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 162. 
 
 ViLLANOVA, a post-township of Chautauque 
 CO., New York, 15 miles E. S. E. from Dun- 
 kirk. Popdlation, 1538. 
 
 ViLLANOw, a post-oiEce of Walker co., 
 Georgia, 205 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Villa PacA, a pleasant post-village of 
 Carroll county, Georgia, 147 miles W. N. W. 
 from Milledgeville. It is a place of some 
 importance, on account of its gold mines, 
 and has several pounding mills in operation. 
 The amount of business done here in a year 
 exceeds $100,000. 
 
 Ville Platte, a post-office of St. Landry 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Villula, a small post-village of Russell 
 CO., Alabama, contains 2 stores. 
 
 ViNALHAVEN, a towuship of Waldo co., 
 Maine, occupying an island in Penobscot bay, 
 64 miles S. E. from Augusta. Pop., 1252. 
 
 Vincennes, a pleasant town, capital of 
 Knox county, Indiana, is situated on the left 
 bank of the Wabash river, 120 miles S. W. 
 from Indianapolis, and 56 miles N. from 
 Evansville. Lat. 38° 43' N., Ion. 87° 25' W. 
 Vincennes is the oldest town in the state, 
 and possesses more historical interest than 
 any other place in Indiana. It was settled 
 by a colony of French emigrants from 
 Canada, about the year 1735. For several 
 generations they were the only tenants of 
 these vast solitudes, excepting the tribes of 
 savages, with whom they lived on friendly 
 terms. It was the seat of the territoi'ial go- 
 vernment until 1813, when it was removed to 
 Corydon. Many of the present inhabitants 
 are of French descent. The situation is very 
 pleasant, having a large prairie in the vicinity, 
 the soil of which is highly productive. The 
 river is navigable by steamboats in this part 
 of its course. The Cincinnati and St. Louis 
 railroad (now in progress) here intersects 
 the Evansville and Illinois railroad. Vin- 
 cennes is the seat of a Catholic bishopric, 
 and has a large cathedral, and 6 or 8 Pro- 
 testant churches. It contains 2 banks, and 
 2 or 8 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1850, 2070. 
 1212 
 
 Vincent, a post-office of Chester co.. Pa. 
 
 ViNCENTTOWN, a post-viUage of Burlington 
 county. New Jersey, on the South branch of 
 Ptancocus creek, 5 miles S. S. E. from Mount 
 Holly. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 3 mills, 
 several stores, and about 100 dwellings, 
 which are chiefly on a single street. 
 
 ViNEGAK Hill, a post-office of Joe Daviess 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Vine Gkove, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Vineyakd, Vermont. See La Motte. 
 
 ViNETAKD, a post-office of Irwin co., Ga. 
 
 Vineyard, a township in Washington co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 711. 
 
 Vineyard Mills, a post-office of Hunting- 
 don CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Viney Grove, a post-office of Lincoln co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 ViNLAND, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Winnebago co., Wisconsin. Pop., 750. 
 
 ViNLAND, a small post- village of Winnebago 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Vinton, a county in the S. part of Ohio, 
 has an area of about 414 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Salt and Racoon creeks, 
 which flow nearly southward. The surface 
 is undulating and well timbered ; the soil is 
 highly productive. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, wool, and live stock are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 249,899 bushels 
 of corn; 27,099 of wheat; 45,161 of oats; 
 6357 tons of hay, and 33,788 pounds of wool. 
 There were 18 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 2358 pupils attending public schools. 
 Vinton county contains large deposits of 
 iron and stone coal, which have not been 
 worked hitherto, but have now become 
 easily accessible by means of the Marietta 
 and Cincinnati railroad, which passes through 
 them, and is nearly completed. Formed in 
 1850, by a division of five adjoining counties. 
 Capital, McArthurstown. Population, 9353. 
 
 Vinton, a village of Lowndes co.. Miss. 
 
 Vinton, a post-village in Gallia co., Ohio, 
 on a branch of Racoon creek, about 60 miles 
 S. W. from Marietta. 
 
 Vinton, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Vinton CO., Ohio. Population, 460. 
 
 Vinton, a small post-village, capital of 
 Benton co., Iowa, about 55 miles N. W. from 
 Iowa City. Its origin is very recent. 
 
 Viola, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa. 
 
 Violet, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Fairfield co., Ohio. Pop., 1344. 
 
 ViOLY, a post-office of Blount co., Ala. 
 
 ViRDEN, a post-village of Macoupin co., 
 Illinois, on the Chicago and Mississippi rail- 
 road, 50 miles N. N. E. from Alton. 
 
 Virgil, a post-village in Virgil township, 
 Cortland co.. New York, about 40 miles S. 
 from Syracuse. It contains several churches 
 and stores. Population of the township, 
 2410. 
 
 Virgil, a post-village of Fulton co., Illi- 
 nois, about 50 miles W. by S. from Peoria. 
 
vm 
 
 VIR 
 
 Virgil, a townsliip in Kane co., Illinois. 
 Population, 634. 
 
 Virginia, one of the original states of the 
 United States, is bounded on the N. by Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland ; E. by Maryland 
 and the Atlantic ocean ; S. by North Caro- 
 lina and Tennessee, and W. by Kentucky and 
 Ohio. It is separated from Ohio by the river 
 of the same name ; from Maryland by the 
 Potomac river, and from Kentucky partly by 
 the Cumberland mountains and the Big 
 Sandy river. Virginia is very irregular in 
 outline, with a narrow projection extending 
 N. between the Ohio river and the W. bound- 
 ary of Pennsylvania. It lies between 36° 30' 
 and 40°38'N. lat., and between 75° 10', and 
 83° 30' W. Ion., being about 425 miles in its 
 greatest length from E. to W., (but a line 
 through the middle would extend about 350 
 miles,) and 210 in breadth,'^exclusive of the 
 projection mentioned above, or 280 miles with 
 it, including an area of about 61,352 square 
 miles, or 39,265,280 acres, only 10,360,135 
 of which were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — The white population of Vir- 
 ginia is mainly of British origin, and until a 
 recent period was very slightly affected by ad- 
 mixture from other sources. The Virginians 
 have always prided themselves on their purity 
 of descent, and "one of the first families of 
 Virginia," has become a proverb. In 1790, 
 this state numbered 748,308 inhabitants ; 
 820,200 in 1800; 974,622 in 1810 ; 1,06-5,379 
 in 1820; 1,211,405 in 1830; 1,239,797 in 
 1840, and 1,421,661 in 1850; of whom 451,522 
 were white males; 443,752 white females; 
 25,843 free colored males; 27,986 females; 
 240,566 male slaves, and 231,962 female 
 slaves. This population was divided into 
 167,530 families, occupying 165,815 dwell- 
 ings. Of the white population, 872,823 were 
 born in the state ; 52,972 in other states ; 
 2998 in England; 11,643 in Ireland; 1120 
 in Scotland and Wales ; 235 in British Ame- 
 rica ; 5511 in Germany ; 321 in France ; 566 
 in other countries, and 585 whose places of 
 birth were unknown — giving about 2^ per 
 cent, of foreign births of the whole white po- 
 pulation. In the year ending .June 1st, 1850, 
 occurred 19,053 deaths, or about 13 persons 
 in every 1000; and in the same period, 5118 
 paupers received aid, of whom 185 were fo- 
 reigners, at an expense of nearly $30 for each 
 pauper. Of 711 deaf and dumb, 18 were 
 free colored, and 112 slaves; of 996 blind, 
 121 were free colored, and 339 slaves ; of 
 1026 insane, 46 were free colored, and 58 
 slaves, and of 1285 idiotic, 120 were free co- 
 lored, and 220 slaves. 
 
 Counties. — Virginia is divided into 140 coun- 
 ties, viz. Accomac, Alexandria, Albemarle, 
 Alleghany, Amherst, Amelia, Appomattox, 
 Augusta, Barbour, Bath, Bedford, Berkeley, 
 Boone, Botetourt, Braxton, Brooke,_ Bruns- 
 wick, Buckingham, Cabell, Carroll, Campbell, 
 Caroline, Charlotte, Charles City, Chester- 
 
 field, Clarke, Craig, Culpepper, Cumberland, 
 Dinwiddle, Doddridge, Elizabeth Citj^, Essex, 
 Fauquier, Fairfax, Fayette, Fluvanna, Floyd, 
 Franklin, Frederic, Giles, Gilmer, Gloucester, 
 Goochland, Grayson, Greenbrier, Greene, 
 Greensville, Halifax, Hampshire, Hancock, 
 Hanover, Hardy, Harrison, Henrj', Henrico, 
 Highland, Isle of Wight, Jackson, James City, 
 Jefferson, Kanawha, King George, King Wil- 
 liam, King and Queen, Lancaster, Lee, Lewis, 
 Logan, Loudon, Louisa, Lunenburg, Madison, 
 Marion, Marshall, Mason, Matthews, Meck- 
 lenburg, Mercer, Middlesex, Monongalia, 
 Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Nansemond, 
 Nelson, New Kent, Nicholas, Northumber- 
 land, Northampton, Norfolk, Nottaway, Ohio, 
 Orange, Page, Patrick, Pendleton, Pittsylva- 
 nia, Pleasants, Pocahontas, Powhatan, Pres- 
 ton, Prince Edward, Princess Anne, Prince 
 George, Prince William, Pulaski, Putnam, 
 Raleigh, Randolph, Rappahannock, Rich- 
 mond, Ritchie, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Piock- 
 ingham, Ru.ssell, Scott, Shenandoah, Smythe, 
 Southampton, Spottsylvania, Stafford, Surry, 
 Sussex, Taylor, Tazewell, Tyler, Upshur, 
 AVarren, Warwick, Washington, Wayne, West- 
 moreland, Wetzel, Wirt, Wood, Wyoming, 
 Wythe, York. Capital, Richmond. 
 
 Cities and Toivns. — The principal towns of 
 Virginia are Richmond, population, 27,482 : 
 Norfolk, 14,328, (including Portsmouth and 
 Gosport, nearly 23,000 ;) Petersburg, 14,010 ; 
 Wheeling, 11,391 ; Alexandria, 8752 ; Ports- 
 mouth, 8626 ; Lynchburg, 8071, and Frede- 
 ricksburg, 4062. 
 
 Face of the Country and Mountains. — No state 
 in the confederacy presents a greater variety 
 of surface than Virginia, from the mountains 
 of the interioi', and the rugged hills E. and W. 
 of them, to the rich alluvions of the rivers, 
 and the sandy flats on the seacoast. This 
 state has probably a greater extent of moun- 
 tainous country within its limits than anyone 
 E. of the Rocky mountains, though they do 
 not attain so great an elevation as in New 
 Hampshire and North Carolina. White Top, 
 in Grayson county, the highest land in Vir- 
 ginia, is elevated about 6000 feet above the 
 level of the sea. The state is usually divided 
 into four sections. First, the tide-water dis- 
 trict containing 37 counties, bordering on the 
 Atlantic and Chesapeake bay, is generally 
 level, not more than 60 feet above tide, even 
 in its highestparts. 2. Passing AV., we come 
 to a more elevated tract, called by some the 
 Piedmont (foot of the mountain) district, con- 
 taining 32 counties. This is more varied, as 
 well as more elevated in surface than the dis- 
 trict we have just left. 3. The valley dis- 
 trict, containing 19 counties, is entered by 
 ascending the Blue Ridge, (the outlier of the 
 great Alleghany chain on the E.,) which 
 passes from Maryland into Virginia, near Har- 
 per's Ferry, about 50 miles N. W. from Wash- 
 ington. This district is crossed by the differ- 
 ent ridges of the great Appalachian chain, 
 
 1213 
 
vm 
 
 VIR 
 
 known by various local names, and including 
 extensive valleys of fertile land betvreen 
 them ; and 4th, the Trans-Alleghany district, 
 containing 49 counties, and (as its name im- 
 plies) lying W. of the mountains. This por- 
 tion is mostly hilly and broken, or occupied 
 with outlying spurs of the Alleghanies. 
 
 The mountains extend across the mid- 
 dle of the state, in a S. W. and N. E. direc- 
 tion, and occupy a belt of perhaps from 80 
 to 100 miles in width. As before stated, 
 the Blue Ridge forms the eastern barrier 
 of the mountainous region, and the Lau- 
 rel, Greenbrier, and Great Flat Top moun- 
 tains the western. Between these last and 
 the Blue Ridge lie the Great North, Short, 
 Mill, Jackson's, Peters', Potts', Walker's, 
 Iron, North Branch, and Cheat mountains. 
 Next to White Top, the highest known summit 
 is the Peaks of Otter, between Bedford and 
 Botetourt counties, which is 4200 feet above 
 the level of the sea. The Cumberland moun- 
 tains are on the boundary between Kentucky 
 and Virginia. The valley district is in fact 
 a table-land, elevated from 1200 to 1500 feet 
 above tide-water. 
 
 Geology. — A tract of the tertiary forma- 
 tion occupies the S. E. part of Virginia, from 
 the sea and bay coast to a line slightly 
 diverging S. W. from the N. W. angle of King 
 George county, on the Potomac, passing near 
 Richmond, and leaving the state near the S. W. 
 angle of Brunswick county. This is succeeded 
 by a wide belt of primary formation, reach- 
 ing to the base of the Blue Ridge mountains. 
 Two narrow belts of new red sandstone, 
 having the same S. W. trend, come to the 
 surface in several parts of this great primary 
 bed. West of the Blue Ridge, a narrow rim 
 of Potsdam sandstone crops out, succeeded 
 by a zone of Black river, Birdseye and Tren- 
 ton limestone, having near the middle of it 
 the towns of Winchester, Staunton, and Lex- 
 ington. This in turn is followed by various 
 groups, (extending in the same direction to 
 the western mountain ridge,) viz. of gray 
 sandstone, Hamilton group, including Tully 
 limestone, (this group contains shales of va- 
 rious colors, greywacke, pyrites, producing 
 rock and limestone shales,) Helderberg lime- 
 stone, Portage and Chemung groups, (flag- 
 stones, shales, and thin bedded sandstones,) 
 Medina sandstone, (consisting of variegated 
 sandstones and marl, and giving origin to 
 brine springs,) and the carboniferous lime- 
 stone. The great Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 bituminous coalfield occupies the space 
 between the western slope of the moun- 
 tains and the Ohio river and the State of 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Minerals. — Virginia is rich in minerals of 
 the more useful sort, and some of the pre- 
 cious metals. Her list of mineral treasures 
 includes gold, copper, iron, lead, plumbago. 
 coal, salt, gypsum, (in vast beds,) porcelain 
 clay, fine granite, slate, marble, soapstone, 
 1214 
 
 lime, water-lime, and fire-clay. The most 
 productive gold mines are in Fluvanna and 
 Buckingham counties, and have proved rather 
 expensive working hitherto, but recent reports 
 from that district say that by the aid of the 
 quartz-crusher, at the WyckoflF mine, 102^ 
 pennyweights of fine metal was extracted 
 from about a ton of earth and rock. The 
 Marshall mine, in Spottsylvania county, is 
 said to have yielded $300,000. This gold is 
 extracted from a portion of an auriferous 
 region reaching from the Rappahannock river 
 to the Coosa, in Alabama. The copper mines 
 of Virginia, in the same district, are also be- 
 ginning to attract much attention, and com- 
 panies have been formed to extract the ore ; 
 but the greatest sources of wealth of Virginia, 
 as well as elsewhere, are her homelier mine- 
 rals, coal and iron, which exist in inexhausti- 
 ble quantities. Vast fields of bituminous 
 coal abound in the counties around Rich- 
 mond, and on the North Potomac and W. of 
 the Alleghany mountains. Large beds of an- 
 thracite are found also beyond the Great val- 
 ley. An inexhaustible supply of coal exists 
 on the Kanawha and its tributaries, and a 
 vein of cannel coal, far superior in thickness 
 to any found in England, has recently been 
 discovered in the same region. A great va- 
 riety of mineral springs, sulphur, warm and 
 chalybeate, are found in the Valley district, 
 about the middle of the state. Copious salt 
 springs abound in the Kanawha and in the 
 S. W. counties, and the completion of the 
 Virginia and Tennessee railroad, must greatly 
 enhance the value of these. 
 
 Bays, Rivers, and Islands. — There are no 
 large lakes in Virginia. Chesapeake bay, 
 which has its outlet in this state, though 
 more than half its length is in Maryland, 
 receives the waters of most of the rivers on 
 the Atlantic slope of Virginia, viz. the Poto- 
 mac, navigable for the largest ships to Alex- 
 andria, 100 miles from the bay; the Rappa- 
 hannock, navigable to Fredericksburg for 
 vessels of 140 tons ; the York and its branches, 
 navigable to Yorktown, 40 miles, for large 
 ships ; the James and its principal affluent, 
 the Appomattox, the former navigable to 
 Richmond, and the latter to Petersburg, for 
 vessels of 100 tons. The Chowan and Ro- 
 anoke, with their numerous affluents, rise in 
 the S. of the state, and find an outlet in Al- 
 bemarle sound, in North Carolina. The She- 
 nandoah, South and North branch, (affluents 
 of the Potomac,) drain the northern portion 
 of the valleys of the Alleghanies, and the 
 head-waters of the James, the central. The 
 Monongahela, Little Kanawha, Great Kanaw- 
 ha, Guj^andot, and Big Sandy rivers, drain the 
 N. W. slope of the state, and empty into the 
 Ohio. The Great Kanawha is navigable 60 
 miles for steamboats. The Holston and Clinch, 
 with their smaller branches,have their sources 
 in the S.AV. of Virginia, and pnss off into Ten- 
 nessee, to join the river of that name. There 
 
VIR 
 
 VIR 
 
 are a few small but unimportant islands off 
 the S. E. coast of Virginia. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Virginia 
 abounds in objects of this class. Among the 
 mountains of her central counties, between 
 the Blue Ridge on the E. and the Alleghany 
 on the W., are found the noted medicinal 
 springs of Virginia, the most celebrated of 
 which are Berkeley Springs,in Morgan county; 
 Capon, in Hampshire ; Shannondale, in Jeffer- 
 son; White Sulphur, in Fauquier ; Rawley's, 
 in Rockingham ; Augusta, in Augusta ; Bath, 
 Alum, Warm, and Hot Springs, in Bath ; 
 Alum, in Rockbridge; Dibbrell's, in iBote- 
 tourt ; White Sulphur and Blue Sulphur, in 
 Greenbrier ; Red, Sweet, Salt Sulphur, and 
 Red Sulphur, in Monroe, and White Sulphur 
 Springs, in Grayson county. The White Sul- 
 phur Spring (of Greenbrier county, the most 
 celebrated) is impregnated most strongly with 
 carbonic and nitrogen gases, and with sul- 
 phates of lime and magnesia, and carbonate 
 of lime ; the principal ingredients of the Salt 
 Sulphur Springs are sulphates of lime, soda, 
 and magnesia, and carbonates of lime and 
 magnesia, and of gaseous matter, nitrogen, 
 carbonic acid, and sulphuretted hydrogen ; the 
 Red Sweet Springs, sulphates of lime, magne- 
 sia, and soda, and carbonates of lime and 
 magnesium, and of gaseous matter, carbonic 
 acid and nitrogen ; and warm sulphur, mu- 
 riate of lime, sulphates of lime and magne- 
 sia, and carbonate of lime ; of gaseous matter, 
 nitrogen, carbonic acid, and sulphuretted hy- 
 drogen. Temperature, about 100° ; temper- 
 ature of the hot springs, 100° to 107°. In 
 all cases we only give the prominent ingre- 
 dients. There are also to be found in this 
 region, commencing at the north, the far- 
 famed passage of the Potomac through the 
 Blue Ridge, at Harper's Ferry, so eulogized 
 by Jefferson ; Wyers' or Wier's cave, Madi- 
 son cave, and the Chimneys, in Augusta coun- 
 ty; the celebrated Natural Bridge, in Rock- 
 bridge county; Peaks of Otter, in Bedford, 
 and White Top mountain, in Grayson county ; 
 the Buffalo Knob, in Floj'd county; the Natu- 
 ral Tunnel, in Scott county, through which a 
 stream passes under an arch of 70 feet in 
 elevation, with twice that thickness of super- 
 incumbent earth ; Peak Knob and Glass Win- 
 dows, (elevations of peculiar formation,) in 
 Pulaski county; the Hawk's Nest, on New 
 river, in Fayette county, and the Falls of the 
 Potomac, a few miles above Georgetown, Dis- 
 trict Columbia. AVhen Virginia's railroads 
 shall have been sufficiently completed to make 
 her springs, her mountains, her caves, water- 
 falls, natural bridges, &c. as accessible as 
 those of New York, she can scarcely fail to 
 share largely with that state the prosperity 
 that attends extensive travel of wealthy plea- 
 sure-seekers and valetudinarians. Though 
 Virginia has no Niagara, yet her springs are 
 situated among mountains abounding in pic- 
 turesque scenery, and are good resting-places 
 
 from whence to make excursions among the 
 mountains, or to visit the caves and other 
 objects of interest. Wier's cave, one of these 
 objects, 17 miles N. E. of Staunton, extends 
 about 2500 feet beneath the earth, and is 
 hung with sparkling stalactites. Madison, in 
 the same neighborhood, and BloAving and 
 Saltpetre caves, 40 miles N. W. of them, are 
 smaller, but interesting objects. But the 
 great natural lions of Virginia are the Hawk's 
 Nest, 9 miles from White Sulphur Springs, on 
 New river, where there is a perpendicular 
 cliff of 1000 feet above the river, declared by 
 Miss Martineau to have produced a greater 
 effect on her mind than Niagara itself; and 
 the world-renowned Natural Bridge, over 
 Cedar creek, in Rockbi'idge county, formed 
 probably either by the action of water during 
 the long course of ages on the subjacent rock, 
 or by some convulsion of the earth. The fis- 
 sure is about 90 feet wide ; the height of the 
 under side of the arch, 200, and of the upper 
 side, 240 feet above the water. High up on 
 this rock, carved by his own hand, the loftier 
 name of Washington, stands engraved. 
 Though less noted, the Peaks of Otter are 
 spoken off by Jefferson as affording one of 
 the grandest views in our country. Looking 
 from its summit (4300 feet) to the E. and S. 
 E., you have before you the whole extent of 
 country to the shores of the Atlantic. In Alle- 
 ghany county is the highest cataract in the 
 state, but the body of water is not great. In 
 Giles county is a small lake, elevated 3700 
 feet, which is 600 feet deep. But we can 
 only afford space to say that of the numerous 
 springs, the White Sulphur, in Greenbrier 
 county, is the most in repute, and of course 
 the most visited. The waters of the different 
 springs contain lime, sulphur, soda, magnesia, 
 iron, iodine, and phosphorus. 
 
 Climate. — There is necessarily from its to- 
 pography, great variety in the climate of 
 Virginia. In the low country, near the coast, 
 it is hot and unhealthy in summer, and bilious 
 and intermittent fevers prevail in autumn. 
 It is mild, however, in winter, but liable to be 
 visited by long droughts in summer. The 
 central or mountain counties have a cool and 
 salubrious temperature, with warm days, it 
 is true, but the nights are cool and refresh- 
 ing. V/est of the mountains, though some 
 degrees cooler than on the coast in winter, 
 the summers in parts are ver}^ hot. 
 
 Soil and Productions. — Washington pro- 
 nounced the central counties of Virginia to 
 be the finest agricultural district in the United 
 States, (of course, as he knew it,) and Daniel 
 Webster declared, in a public speech in the 
 Shenandoah valley, that he had seen no finer 
 farming land in his European travel, than in 
 that valley. Virginia, with a better sj'stem 
 of culture, has every element of industrial 
 greatness ; a climate equally removed from 
 the extremes of the north and the south ; a 
 soil with every variety, from the light sands 
 1215 
 
VIE 
 
 VIR 
 
 of the south-east, (favorable to the peach, 
 sweet potato, melon, and other fruits,) to the 
 rich alluvions of the river bottoms and moun- 
 tain valleys, favorable to wheat, Indian corn, 
 tobacco, and even, in some parts, to cotton 
 and rice ; mountain pastures, capable of sup- 
 porting large flocks of sheep, and herds of 
 cattle and swine ; the finest harbor on the 
 Atlantic coast; navigable rivers, abounding 
 in shell and fin fish, furrowing her plains and 
 valleys on the east and on the west, and 
 aifording, besides, immense water-power ; and 
 with the most useful minerals in abundance, 
 what needs she but for her people to will it, 
 to make her the leading state of the con- 
 federacy, and one of the most desirable to re- 
 side in ? The emigration that has commenced 
 from the North to the wornout lands of Vir- 
 ginia, is a proof of her advantages in agri- 
 culture. According to an address of E. Pi.uf- 
 fin, Esq., of Virginia, the tide-water lands of 
 that state have increased in value $17,000,000 
 in twelve years. In the culture of tobacco, 
 Virginia has always surpassed every other 
 state in the Union, and was also the first 
 state in which its culture was practised by 
 civilized men to any considerable extent. It 
 was even used for a time as the currency of 
 the country. Virginia is the second state in 
 the Union in the amount of flax produced. 
 The other great staples of Virginia are In- 
 dian corn, wheat, (of which it stands fourth 
 in amount,) oats, live stock, and butter. 
 She also produces largely rye, wool, peas, 
 beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, buckwheat, 
 fruits, market products, cheese, bay, grass- 
 seeds, flax, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey, 
 besides some rice, cotton, barley, wine, hops, 
 hemp, silk, and molasses. In 1850, Virginia 
 had 77,013 farms, occupying 10,360,135 acres 
 of improved land, (about 130 to each farm,) 
 and producing 11,232,616 bushels of wheat; 
 458,930 of rye; 35,254,319 of Indian corn; 
 621 ,581 of peas and beans ; 1,316,933 of Irish 
 potatoes; 1,813,671 of sweet potatoes; 214,898 
 of buckwheat; 53,155 of grass-seeds ; 52,318 
 of flaxseed; 56,803,218 pounds of tobacco; 
 2,860,765 of wool; 11,089,-359 of butter; 
 436,298 of cheese ; 999,450 of flax; 1,227,665 
 of maple sugar; 880,767 of beesAvax and 
 honey ; 369,098 tons of hay ; live stock, 
 valued at $33,656,659, (fourth in the Union ;) 
 orchard products, $177,137, and produce of 
 market gardens, ,$183,047. According to a 
 state census in 1851, there were produced 
 14,-516,950 bushels of wheat; 35,538,582 of 
 Indian corn; 53,333 of flaxseed ; 66,516,492 
 pounds of tobacco; 11,126,785 of butter; 
 2,850,909 of wool ; 1,223,905 of maple sugar ; 
 370,117 tons of hay; 4599 of hemp; and 
 wood, oysters, fish, peas, beans, potatoes, gar- 
 den vegetables, fruits, &c. worth $5,000,000, 
 making a total value of $86,000,000. 
 
 Manufactures. — As is generally the case in 
 the Southern States, Virginia is less engaged 
 in manufactures than in agriculture, though 
 1216 
 
 the former branch of industry is yearly claim- 
 ing more attention and enlisting more capi- 
 tal ; and Virginia, if true to herself in apply- 
 ing her vast natural resources of coal, iron, 
 copper, and abundant water-power, must 
 soon range herself among the manufacturing 
 states. There were in 1850, in this state, 
 4433 manufacturingestablishments producing 
 each $500 and upwards annually ; of which 
 27 were cotton factories, employing $1,908, 900 
 capital, and 1275 male and 1688 female hands, 
 consuming raw material worth $828,375, and 
 producing stuffs of the value of $1 ,486, 384; 121 
 woollen establishments, employing $392,640 
 capital, and 478 male and 190 female hands, 
 consuming $488,899 worth of raw material, 
 and producing stuffs valued at $841,013 ; 122 
 furnaces, forges, &c., employing $1,770,171 
 capital, and 3220 male hands, consuming raw 
 material worth $1,046,809, and producing 
 castings, pig iron, &c. valued at $2,451,335 ; 
 $100,915 capital were invested in the manu- 
 facture of malt and spirituous liquors, em- 
 ploying 123 hands, and producing 5500 bar- 
 rels of ale, beer, &c., and 879,440 gallons of 
 whiskey, wine, &c. There were 341 tanne 
 ries, employing $676,983 capital, consuming 
 raw material worth $498,926, and producing 
 leather valued at $894,877 ; and home- 
 made manufactures were produced, valued 
 at $2,156,312. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Though Virginia 
 has not kept pace with her older and larger 
 sister states in works of internal improve- 
 ment, she has at length become fully im- 
 pressed with their importance, and railroads 
 have been projected in every direction. In 
 January, 1853, she had 624 miles of railroad 
 completed, and 610 in course of construction. 
 The great Southern line, passing from Aquia 
 creek, through Fredericksburg, Richmond, 
 and Petersburg, has about 150 miles of its 
 track in this state. Roads are completed from 
 Winchester to Harper's Ferry ; from Alexan- 
 dria to Culpepper and Markham ; from Pe- 
 tersburg to City Point, and nearly to Farm- 
 ville ; from Richmond to Keesville, to Gor- 
 donville, and Charlottesville, and to Mechum's 
 river, a few miles E. of Staunton ; and from 
 Lynchburg to Salem. Most of these form 
 parts of one or other of the great lines cross- 
 ing the state, the principal of which are the 
 Virginia Central, intended to unite Richmond 
 with some point on the Ohio, at or near Guy- 
 andotte ; the Virginia and Tennessee railroad, 
 connecting Lynchburg (and indirectly Rich- 
 mond, Petersburg, and Norfolk) with Knox- 
 ville, in Tennessee, and, by uniting with other 
 lines, to Memphis and intermediate points ; 
 and the Southside railroad, to connect with 
 Charlotte, and from thence with Charleston, 
 South Carolina. A line connects Norfolk 
 with the great Southern railroad, at Weldon, 
 North Carolina. The Baltimore and Ohio has 
 a large portion of its track in this state, not 
 only after it leaves the Maryland boundary 
 
VIE 
 
 VIR 
 
 on the N. W., but it often takes the Virginia 
 side of the Potomac before reaching Cumber- 
 land. It has its terminus at Wheeling, in 
 this state ; but another branch to Parkers- 
 burg, much lower down on the Ohio, is in pro- 
 gress. According to the Richmond Times, 
 Virginia had, about the middle of the present 
 year, (1853,) 1027 miles of railroad com- 
 pleted, and 1413 more authorized by law. 
 Virginia was, we believe, among the very 
 first to propose opening a communication 
 with the AVest by canal, a project in which 
 Washington took great interest, if he was not 
 the projector, which we believe. In 1834 was 
 commenced the .James River and Kanawha 
 canal, designed to connect Richmond with the 
 navigable waters of the Great Kanawha. 
 This work is now completed from Richmond 
 through Lynchburg to Buchanan, a distance 
 of 196J miles, and is in progress to Coving- 
 ton, 30 miles farther west. This canal has 
 already cost $10,714,306. Dismal Swamp 
 canal is partly in this state. The legislature 
 has appropriated $4,000,000 and upwards 
 for railroad purposes. The state has invested 
 $9,480,159.48 in works of internal improve- 
 ment not completed, and $1,409,986.94 in 
 works which yield no income. 
 
 Commerce. — Compared with her advantages, 
 both as to harbors and rivers, as well as to 
 products, Virginia's direct foreign trade is 
 small, her commerce being mainly carried on 
 through the ports and the shipping of the 
 North. Her imports for the fiscal year 1852 
 amounted to $735,858, and her exports to 
 $2,721,707 ; nearly half of which was carried 
 in foreign bottoms. The tonnage entered 
 for the same year was 50,605, and cleared, 
 66,473 ; tonnage of several districts, 68,269||, 
 of which 14,643|| only was registered ton- 
 nage ; vessels built, 40, aggregate tonnage, 
 3,779i|, of which 10 were steamers, and the 
 rest schooners and smaller vessels. In 1852 
 there were inspected 51,806 hogsheads of to- 
 bacco, and exported, 13,771—6000 less than 
 in 1849. Rut the great trade of Virginia is 
 the coasting trade, which consists in the ex- 
 port of her tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, coal, 
 flour, wood, oysters, &c. In 1852 there were 
 delivered at Richmond by the different public 
 works, property valued at $10,660,422, of 
 which more than $7,000,000 were transported 
 by the James River and Kahawha canal. 
 There were inspected at Richmond 450,000 
 barrels of flour in 1853, of which 114,853 
 were exported to foreign ports. 
 
 Education. — Virginia has no general free 
 school system, but makes an appropriation 
 for the instruction of the poor. The appro- 
 priation for primary schools in 1852 was 
 $75,000, and the annuity to the University 
 of Virginia is $15,000. The number of public 
 schools in 1850 was 2654, and of academies, 
 579. The number of poor children in 126 
 counties was 72,876, of whom only 81,635 
 were sent to school, on whose education 
 4b 
 
 $68,135 were expended. Including the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia, there are 10 colleges in 
 the state, with an aggregate of 1039 stu- 
 dents, and 63,120 volumes on the shelves of 
 their libraries. Of these, the most flourish- 
 ing and most numerously attended is the 
 university, which had in 1853, more than 500 
 students. There are in Virginia also 3 theo- 
 logical seminaries, with an aggregate of 119 
 students, and 10,000 volumes in their libra- 
 ries ; 2 law schools, with 113 students ; and 
 3 medical schools, with 186 students. — See 
 Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — Of the 2336 
 churches in Virginia in 1850, there belonged 
 to the difi"erent sects of the Baptists, 639; to 
 the Christians, 16 ; to the Episcopalians, 
 167 ; to the Free Church, 107; to the Friends, 
 14; to the German Reformed, 9 ; to the Lu- 
 therans, 50; to the Methodists, 1002; to the 
 Presbyterians, 236 ; to the Roman Catholics, 
 17 ; and to the Union Church, 47. The rest 
 were divided among the Evangelists, Inde- 
 pendents, Jews, Mariners, Mennonites, Mo- 
 ravians, New Church, Seceders, Tunkers,. 
 and Universalists — making 1 church to every 
 608 inhabitants. Total value of church pro- 
 perty, $2,849,176. 
 
 Fuhlic Institutions. — At Staunton are the 
 Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, 
 and the Western Insane Asylum, both state 
 institutions. The Eastern Insane Asylum is 
 at Williamsburg, and the state penitentiary 
 at Richmond ; but we know of no statistics 
 of these institutions. 
 
 Government, Finances, S^c. — The executive 
 power is vested in a governor, elected by the 
 people for 4 years, and receiving a salary of 
 $5000 per annum. The governor cannot be 
 elected for two terms successively. A lieu- 
 tenant-governor, who is also president of the 
 senate, is elected in like manner and for the 
 same period, and receives $8 per day during 
 the sessions of the legislature. The secre- 
 tary of the commonwealth, the treasurer, 
 and auditor, are each elected for 2 years 
 by the legislature on joint ballot. Three 
 commissioners of public works, from as many 
 districts, are elected for 6 years, so that one 
 shall go out every second year. The senate, 
 apportioned on the basis of property and 
 taxation combined, consists of 50 members, 
 elected for 4 years, so that one-half shall go 
 out every second year. The house of repre- 
 sentatives, apportioned on the basis of white 
 population, consists of 152 members, chosen 
 for 2 years. The sessions of the legislature 
 are biennial. The legislature may not con- 
 tinue in session more than 90 days without 
 the consent of three-fifths of the members, 
 and then but for 30 days longer. A reap- 
 portionment must take place in 1865, and 
 every 10 years thereafter. The judiciary 
 consists — 1. Of a supreme court of appeals, 
 composed of 5 judges, elected by the voters 
 of each of the 5 sections into which the state 
 1217 
 
VIR 
 
 VIS 
 
 is divided, for 12 years ; 2. Of district courts, 
 composed of tlie judges of tlie circuits for 
 each section, and the judge of the supreme 
 court for that section ; 3. Of 11 circuit 
 courts, each presided over by a judge, elect- 
 ed by the people of his particular circuit, for 
 8 years. Every white male citizen, 21 years 
 old, a resident of the state for 2 years, and 
 of the county, city, or town in which he 
 votes for 12 months next preceding an elec- 
 tion, may vote. Virginia is entitled to 13 
 members in the national house of representa- 
 tives, and to 15 electoral votes for president. 
 According to the report of the second auditor 
 of the board of public works, the state debt 
 of Virginia was $18,041,775.50; but of this, 
 $8,121,500 is represented by productive in- 
 vestments. In 1852, the school fund was 
 $1,182,666 ; productive property, $7,060,665; 
 unproductive property, $6,052,266 ; ordinary 
 expenses, exclusive of debt and school, 
 $600,000; income for 1851-2, $1,129,526; 
 assessed value of property in 1850, 
 $381,376,660 ; estimated value, $-130,701,082. 
 The estimated value in 1852 was $465,000,000. 
 
 Banking Insiitutions. — The banks of Virginia 
 had in December, 1852, an aggregate capital of 
 $10,583,700 ; a circulation of $12,020,378.41 ; 
 and $3,238,874.98 in coin. 
 
 History. — Virginia is the oldest of the per- 
 manent settlements made by the English, 
 and the oldest of the thirteen states that con- 
 federated at the Revolution. It was settled 
 by a party of English, led by the celebrated 
 Captain John Smith, in 1607, and had in its 
 earlier career great difficulties to contend 
 with, in the shape of famine, disease, and the 
 hostilities of the natives, often incited to de- 
 predations by worthless settlers. Bacon's 
 rebellion, the most serious of these distui-b- 
 ances, broke out in the autumn of 1676. A 
 party who were discontented with Berkeley 
 for refusing to commission Bacon to lead 
 them against the savages who had invaded 
 the white settlements, slaughtering and 
 burning, as was their custom, chose Bacon 
 for their commander, despite the governor, 
 who, on Bacon's return from a successful 
 foray against the Indians, declared him a 
 rebel. The people rose again, put Bacon at 
 their head, and commenced a civil war 
 against the governor, in which Jamestown 
 was burnt, and the total defeat of the go- 
 vernor's party was only prevented by the 
 death of Bacon. Berkeley put to death many 
 of the adherents of Bacon's party. In 1677, 
 Virginia obtained a new charter, depriving 
 her of some of her former privileges, as a 
 punishment for the rebellion. It was, how- 
 ever, soon after annulled by Charles II. 
 on account of the discontents of the people. 
 In 1752, Washington, then a young man, was 
 sent by Governor Dinwiddle as an envoy to 
 the French commander at Fort Du Quesne, 
 (Pittsburg,) and two years after, at the head 
 of 400 men, defeated the French party at the 
 1218 
 
 Great Meadows, but was obliged to capitu- 
 late shortly after to nearly a quadruple force. 
 In 1755, Washington served as a colonel in 
 Braddock's army, and saved it from utter 
 ruin. Virginia took an active part in the 
 events leading to, and in the conduct of the 
 war of the Revolution, and gave to the army 
 and to the nation that illustrious chief whose 
 wisdom and firmness not onlj' conducted us 
 through the perils of a seven years' war, but 
 also contributed so greatly to establish our 
 government on a firm basis. Besides Wash- 
 ington, several eminent statesmen and offi- 
 cers were natives of Virginia ; among them 
 were Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the two 
 Lees, Patrick Henry, Chief-Justice Marshall, 
 and a number of others. On her soil oc- 
 curred several events of the Revolution; pro- 
 minent among them, the' surrender at York- 
 town in October, 1781, which in reality put 
 an end to the war. Washington died, De- 
 cember 14th, 1799. Alexandria capitulated 
 to the British, August 27th, 1814. Nat 
 Turner headed a negro insurrection in 1831, 
 in which a number of whites were mas- 
 sacred. V/ashington, Jefferson, Madison, 
 Monroe, and Tyler, all presidents of the 
 United States, were citizens of Virginia ; and 
 President Harrison also was a native of this 
 state, though not a citizen at the period of 
 his election. A constitution was formed in 
 1776, suited to the changed circumstances of 
 the state as a republic, which was remodelled 
 in 18S0, and again in 1851. 
 
 Virginia, a township in the S. W. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio. Population, 1226. 
 
 ViRGixiA, a small post-village of Cass co., 
 Illinois, 13 miles E. by S. from Beardstowu. 
 
 Virginia Grove, a post-office of Louisa 
 CO., Iowa, about 40 miles S. S. E. of Iowa City. 
 
 Virginia Mills, a post-office of Bucking- 
 ham CO., Virginia. 
 
 Virginia Mines, a post-village of Franklin 
 CO., Missouri, on theMaramec river, about 50 
 miles W. S. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Virginia Settlement, a small village of 
 Wayne co., Missouri. 
 
 Virginsville, a post-village of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, 68 miles E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Vischer's Ferry, a post-village of Sara- 
 toga CO., New York, about 16 miles N. by W. 
 from Albany. 
 
 Vista, a post-village of Westchester co., 
 N. Y., about 120 miles S. by E. from Albany. 
 
 Vista PaoGE, a post-office of Carroll pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Voak, a post-office of Yates co., N. Y. 
 
 VoGANSYiLLE, a post-offico of Laocaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Volcano, a post-village of Calaveras co., 
 California, 50 miles E. N. E. from Stockton. 
 
 Volga City, a post-office of Clayton co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 VoLiNiA, a post-township of Cass co., 
 Michigan, 10 miles N. by E. from Cassopolis. 
 Population, 607. 
 
VOL 
 
 WAG 
 
 VoLNET, a to-vrnship of Oswego co., New 
 York, on Oswego river, intersected by the 
 Oswego canal, 24 miles N. N. W. from Syra- 
 cuse. Population, exclusive of Fulton vil- 
 lage, 2966. 
 
 VoLNEY, a post-office of Logan co., Ky. 
 
 VoLUNTOWN, a post-township of Windham 
 CO., Connecticut, 56 miles E. S. E. from Hart- 
 ford. Population, 1064. 
 
 Volusia, a post-village of Chautauque co., 
 N. Y., about 340 miles W. by S. from Albany. 
 
 Volusia, a post-village of Marion co., Fla., 
 on St. John's river, a little above Lake George, 
 about 200 miles E. S. E. from Tallahassee. 
 
 VuE DE L'Eau, a post-office of Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 W 
 
 Wabash, an important river of Indiana 
 and Illinois, rises in Mercer county, Ohio, 
 near the W. boundary of the state. It flows 
 north-westward to Huntington, Indiana, then 
 pursues a westerly course to Carroll county; 
 from this point it flows south-westward, 
 passing by Lafayette and Attica, until it ap- 
 proaches within 8 or 10 miles from the W. 
 border of Indiana ; here it turns toward 
 the south, and passing by Covington and 
 Terre Haute, strikes the boundary of Indiana 
 and Illinois a few miles below the latter town. 
 From this point its general direction is S. S. 
 W., and it continues to form the boundary 
 between the two states until it enters the 
 Ohio, about 140 miles above the mouth of the 
 latter, in lat. 37° 50' N., and Ion. 8S° W. It 
 is the largest river which intersects the State 
 of Indiana, and the principal affluent of 
 the Ohio from the N. The whole length is 
 estimated at 550 miles, for more than 300 
 of which it is navignble by steamboats in 
 high water. The Wabash and Erie canal 
 follows the course of this river from Hunt- 
 ington to Terre Haute, a distance of 180 
 miles. Stonecoal is found nearly everywhere 
 along its banks, below Lafayette. 
 
 Wabash, a county towards the N. E. part 
 of Indiana, contains 420 square miles. It is 
 drained bj^ the Wabash, Salamonie, and Eel 
 rivers. The surface is pleasantly diversified 
 and the soil fertile. A large portion of the 
 county is covered with heavy timber. Wheat, 
 corn, oats, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county yielded 434,962 bushels of corn; 
 117,803 of wheat; 28,047 of oats, and 4107 
 tons of hay. It contains 11 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and 1366 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools. The county is intersected by the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, and by the Lake Erie, 
 Wabash, and St. Louis railroad, (unfinished.) 
 The streams furnish an extensive water- 
 power. Capital, V/abash. Pop., 12,138. 
 
 Wabash, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Illinois, bordering on Indiana, is among the 
 smallest counties of the state : area, 110 
 
 square miles. The Wabash river, from which, 
 its name is derived, forms its boundary on 
 the E. and S., and Bonpas creek flows along 
 the western border until it enters that river. 
 The county contains some prairie and is 
 partly covered with forests ; the soil is good. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 320,000 bushels of corn; 12,438 of wheat; 
 44,895 of oats, and 2222 tons of hay. It 
 contained 11 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 750 pupils attending public schools. The 
 rapids of Wabash river afi"ord abundant water- 
 power, near Mount Carmel, the county seat. 
 Population, 4690. 
 
 Wabash, a township in Darke co., Ohio. 
 Population, 309. 
 
 Wabash, a township in Adams co., Indiana, 
 Population, 410. 
 
 Wabash, a township in Fountain co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1300. 
 
 Wabash, a township in Gibson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 311. 
 
 AVabash, a township in Tippecanoe co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1196. 
 
 Wabash, a flourishing post-village, capital 
 of Wabash county, Indiana, on the river of 
 its own name, and on the Wabash and Erie 
 canal, 90 miles N. N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 It is situated in a rich farming countrj?, which 
 is rapidly improving. The Lake Erie, Wa- 
 bash, and St. Louis railroad will pass through 
 it, and the Cincinnati Western railroad is ex- 
 tending in this direction. Settled in 1835. 
 Two newspapers are published here. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 1800. 
 
 Wabash, a township in Coles co., Illinois. 
 Population, 746. 
 
 Wabash, a township in Cumberland co., 
 Illinois. Population, 123. 
 
 Wabash, a post-village of Wayne co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Little Wabash river, ' about 70 
 miles S. E. from Vandalia. 
 
 Wabash and Erie Canal. — See Table of 
 Canals, Appendix. 
 
 Wabashaw, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Minnesota, contains nearly a thousand square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. E. by the 
 Mississippi river, on the S. W. by the Miniska 
 river, and drained by the Waxi Oju. The 
 surface is undulating and the soil fertile. In- 
 dian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 1885 
 bushels of corn; 1000 of oats, and 7105 of 
 potatoes. Capital, Wabashaw. Pop., 243. 
 
 Wabashaw, a post-village, capital of Wa- 
 bashaw county, Minnesota, on the right bank 
 of the Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the 
 Chippewa river, 90 miles below St. Paul. 
 
 Wab.\.sh Valley, a post-office of Clark co,, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Wabinck river, Wisconsin, rises near the 
 centre of Waupacca co., and flowing S. E. 
 enters Wolf river. 
 
 Wacahootie, a post-office of Marion co. 
 Indiana. 
 
 1219 
 
WAC 
 
 WAK 
 
 Waccamaw, a river which rises in the S. 
 part of North Carolina, and flowing south- 
 westward tlirough Horry district, South Ca- 
 rolina, unites with the Great Pedee at George- 
 town. These rivers here form an estuary 
 called Winyaw bay. 
 
 Wachusett Mountain, in Princeton town- 
 ship, Worcester co., Massachusetts, has an 
 elevation of above 2000 feet. The view from 
 its summit is extensive, and exceedingly 
 picturesque. 
 
 Wachusset Village, a post-oifice of Wor- 
 cester, Massachusetts. 
 
 Waco, a post-village, capital of McLennan 
 CO., Tex., on the right bank of the Brazos river. 
 
 Wacoochee, a post-village of Russell co., 
 Alabama, 65 miles E. by N.from Montgomery. 
 
 Wacousta, a post-village of Clinton co., 
 Michigan, on the Looking-glass river, about 
 11 miles N. W. from Lansing. It has 2 mills, 
 and 2 stores. 
 
 Waco Village, a post-office of Milam co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Waddam's Groa'e, a post -township in 
 Stephenson co., Illinois. 
 
 Waddington, a post-village of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York, on the St. Lawrence river, 
 about 18 miles E. N. E. from Ogdensburg. It 
 contains stores and mills of various kinds. 
 
 Wade's, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. 
 
 Wadesborough, a flourishing post-village, 
 capital of Anson county, North Carolina, 120 
 miles S. W. from Raleigh, and 14 miles W. 
 from the Yadkin river. It is surrounded by 
 a productive cotton region, and is the centre 
 of an active trade. A company has been 
 formed to construct a plank-road from this 
 place to Cheraw, South Carolina, 24 miles 
 distant. The Bank of Wadesborough was 
 chartered in 1850-1, capital $200,000. Two 
 newspapers are published here. Incorpo- 
 rated in 1825. Population in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Wadesbokouch, a post-village of Callaway 
 CO., Ky., about 250 miles W. S. W. of Frank- 
 fort, was formerly the county seat. 
 
 Wadestown, a post-office of Monongalia co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Wadesville, a post-office of Clarke co., Va. 
 
 Wadham's Mills, a post-village of Essex 
 CO., New York, on Boquet river, 9 or 10 
 miles E. from Elizabethtown. 
 
 Wading PiIver, a small stream of Burling- 
 ton CO., New Jersey, flows southward into 
 Little Egg Harbour river. 
 
 Wading River, a post-village of Suffolk 
 CO., New York, near Long Island sound. 
 
 Wadley's Falls, a post-village in Strafford 
 CO., New Hampshire, 36 miles E. from Concord. 
 
 Wadswortii, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Medina co., Ohio. Popu- 
 lation, 1622. 
 
 Wadsworth, a post-village in the above 
 township, 12 miles S. E. from Medina. 
 
 Waertown, New Jersey. See Waretown. 
 
 Wagoner's Ripple, a post-office of Adams 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 1220 
 
 Wagontown, a post-village of Chester co., 
 Pa., 62 miles E. S. E. from Hai-risburg. 
 
 Wagram, a post-office of Accomack co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Wahaghbousy, a post-office of Mills co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Wahalack, or Waholock, a post-village 
 of Kemper co., Mississippi. 
 
 Wah-a-toy-a, or Spanish Peaks, a range 
 of the Rocky mountains, in the eastern part 
 of Utah Territory. Latitude about 37° 25' 
 N., Ion. 105° 10' W. 
 
 Wahkon, a new county in the W. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 760 square miles. 
 Missouri river forms its boundary on the W., 
 and the Little Sioux river flows through the 
 S. E. part. This county is not included in 
 the census of 1850. County seat not located. 
 
 Wahlahgas river, in the N. part of 
 Maine, has its origin in a chain of small 
 lakes in Piscataquis county, and flowing in a 
 general northerly course, falls into the Wal" 
 loostook river, near its union with the St. 
 Fran9ois. 
 
 Waholock. See Wahalack. 
 
 Wahoo, a post-office of Madison co.,Iowa. 
 
 Wahsatch Mountains, a range in the E. 
 central part of Utah Territory, extending 
 nearly N. and S. immediately W. of Green 
 river. The highest summits vary from 8000 
 to 11,000 feet in height. 
 
 Waii-ta-wah, a post-office of Adair co., lo. 
 
 Wailsborough, a post-office of B;>rtholo- 
 mew CO., Indiana. 
 
 Wait, a post-office of Washington co.. Me. 
 
 Waitsburg, a village of Pulaski co., Ken- 
 tucky, on the Cumberland river, at the head 
 of steamboat navigation, 96 miles S. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Waitsfield, a post-township in Washing- 
 ton CO., Vermont, 12 miles S. W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1021. 
 
 Wait's Pi.iver, a mill stream of Orange co., 
 Vermont, falls into the Connecticut river. 
 
 Wakasassa, a post-office of Levy co., Flo- 
 rida, on Wakassassa river. 
 
 Wakatomica, a post-office of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio, 65 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Wake, a county in the central part of 
 North Carolina : area, estimated at 950 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Neuse 
 and Little rivers. The surface is hilly ; the 
 soil is generally fertile. Indian corn, oats, 
 and cotton are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 681,390 bushels of corn; 
 80,087 of oats, and 2059 bales of cotton. 
 There were 8 corn and flour mills, 7 grist 
 mills, 11 saw mills, 1 iron foundry, 2 tan- 
 neries, and 16 tar and turpentine manu- 
 factories. It contained 33 churches, 10 
 newspaper offices, 2001 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 450 attending academies 
 and other schools. The rocks which under- 
 lie the surface are primary, including gra- 
 nite and plumbago. The county is inter- 
 sected by the North Carolina Central rail- 
 
WAK 
 
 WAL 
 
 road, and in part by the Enleigh and Gaston 
 railroad. Wake county is the most populous 
 in the state. It was formed in 1770, and de- 
 rived its name from the maiden name of 
 Governor Tryon's wife. Capital, Raleigh. 
 Population, 24,888; of whom 15,479 were 
 free, and 9409, slaves. 
 
 Wakefield, a post-township in Carroll co., 
 New Hampshire, 35 miles N. E. from Concord, 
 intersected by the Great Falls and Conway 
 railroad, contains Lovwell's or Lovell's pond, 
 celebrated in the early Indian wars. Popu- 
 lation, 1405. 
 
 Wakefield, a post-village in Washington 
 CO., Rhode Island, 30 miles S. by W. from 
 Providence, contains 1 or 2 churches, and 2 
 banks. 
 
 Wakefield, a post- village in Carroll co., 
 Maryland, 68 miles N. N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Wakefield, a post- village in Wake co.. 
 North Carolina, 25 miles N. E. by E. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Wakefield, a post-office of Outagamie co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Wakeman, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Huron co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Vermilion river, and the Cleveland, 
 Norwalk, and Toledo railroad. Pop., 704. 
 
 Wakeshma, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Kalamazoo co., Michigan. 
 Population, 128. 
 
 Wakulla, a small river of Florida, flowing 
 into an arm of Appalachee bay. 
 
 Wakulla, a county of Florida, bordering 
 on Appalachee bay, contains 576 square 
 miles. The Ocklockonnee river forms its W. 
 boundary, and it is drained by the Wakulla 
 and St. Mark's rivers, branches of the Appa- 
 lachee. The surface is somewhat uneven, 
 and partly covered with pine timber. Indian 
 corn, sugar, and cotton are cultivated. In 
 1850 this county produced 40,216 bushels of 
 corn, and 14,126 of sweet potatoes. There 
 were 2 turpentine distilleries, 1 newspaper 
 office, 20 pupils attending a public school, and 
 22 attending another school. The county is 
 traversed by a railroad connecting Talla- 
 hassee with St. Mark's, the county seat. 
 Population, 1055; of whom 1165 were free, 
 and 790, slaves. 
 
 Walbridgeville, a small village of Ben- 
 nington township, Bennington county, Ver- 
 mont, about 4 miles N. ^Y. of Bennington 
 Centre, on the Walloomscoik river. Besides 
 other manufactories it has 2 or 3 extensive 
 paper mills. 
 
 Walcott, a post-office of Greene co.. Ark. 
 
 Waldeeorough, a post-office of Livingston 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 W.\ldf,n, a post-township in Caledonia co., 
 Vermont, 22 miles N. N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 910. 
 
 Walden, a post-village of Orange co., New 
 York, on Wallkill river, about 90 mi'les S. by 
 W. from Albany. It contains several mills 
 and stores. 
 
 Walden, a township in Stephenson co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1160. 
 
 Walden's Ceeek, a post-office of Sevier co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Waldensville, a post-office of Schoharie 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Waldo, a county in the S. part of Maine, 
 has an area of about 812 square miles. The 
 navigable river Penobscot, and the bay of 
 this name, form the greater part of its east- 
 ern boundary, afiro-ding a great number of 
 excellent harbors, and invaluable advantages 
 for navigation and for fisheries. The surface 
 is generally undulating, and the soil mode- 
 rately fertile. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, 
 and grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 130,899 bushels of corn; 246,738 
 of oats; 232,340 of potatoes ; 69,552 tons of 
 hay, and 926,791 pounds of butter. There 
 were 47 cod and mackerel fisheries, 2 woollen 
 factories, 3 foundries, 18 grist mills, 12 lime- 
 kilns, 16 ship-yards, 18 stave and spoke manu- 
 factories, 4 wool-carding mills, 17 tanneries, 
 and 67 saw and planing mills. It contained 61 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices; 17,934 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 214 attending 
 academies or other schools. Capital, Belfast. 
 Population, 47,230. 
 
 Waldo, a post-township in Waldo co.. Me., 
 35 miles E. by N. from Augusta. Pop., 812. 
 
 Waldo, a small post-village of Delaware 
 CO., Ohio, on the Olentangy river, 36 miles N. 
 from Columbus. 
 
 Waldo, a post-village in a township of the 
 same name, in Marion co., Ohio, 36 miles N. 
 by W. from Columbus. Population, about 
 300 ; of the township, 773. 
 
 Waldo, a small post-village of Wright co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 Waldoboeough, a post-town and port of 
 entry of Lincoln county, Maine, at the en- 
 trance of Muscongus river into Muscongus 
 bay, about 55 miles N. E. by E. from Port- 
 land. The shipping of this district, (which 
 comprises several ports,) June 30, 1852, 
 according to the custom-house returns, ex- 
 ceeded that of any other in the state, the re- 
 gistered tonnage being 46,48 1J| tons, and 
 the enrolled and licensed, 66,226g^j tons; 
 total, 112, 707^1 tons. Of the enrolled and 
 licensed tonnage, 61,473|f tons were em- 
 ployed in the coast trade, 1785^4 tons in the 
 cod fishery, 1116|| tons in the mackerel 
 fishery, and 210^-| tons in steam navigation. 
 The shipbuilding of the district, both in re- 
 gard to the number of vessels admeasured, 
 and their aggregate burthen, according to 
 the same report, exceeded that of any other 
 in the United States, New York alone ex- 
 cepted. This department comprised 58 ves- 
 sels, viz. 31 ships, 6 brigs, 20 schooners, and 1 
 sloop, with an aggregate burthen of 27,793|| 
 tons. The town contains numerous storey, 
 several churches, and a bank. Population of 
 the township in 1830, 3115; in 1840, 3661, 
 and in 1850, 4199. 
 
 1221 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 Waldron, a post-office of Scott co., Ark. 
 
 Waldwic, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Iowa CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Wales, a post-township in Kennebec co., 
 Me., 17 miles S. W. from Angusta. Pop., 612. 
 
 Wales, a post-village in Hampden co., Mas- 
 sachusetts, G5 miles W. S. W^. from Boston, 
 contains 2 or 3 churches and several facto- 
 ries. Population of the township, 711. 
 
 Wales, a post-township of Erie co., New 
 York, about 22 miles E. S. E. from Buifalo. 
 Population, 2124. 
 
 Walios, a post-township in St. Clair co., 
 Michigan. Population, 189. 
 
 Wales, a small post-village of Ogle co., 111. 
 
 Wales Centre, a post-office of Erie co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Waleska, a post-office of Floyd co., Ga. 
 
 V/alesville, a manufacturing post-village 
 of Oneida co.. New York. 
 
 Walhondjng river, of Ohio, also called the 
 MomccAN, and White Woman river, is formed 
 by several forks, which unite near Loudon- 
 ville. It then flows south-easterly, and joins 
 the Tuscarawas at Coshocton- to form the 
 Muskingum. 
 
 Walhonding, a post-office of Coshocton co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Walker, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Georgia, bordering on Tennessee and Ala- 
 bama, has an area of 696 square miles. It is 
 drained by the sources of the Chickamauga 
 river, an affluent of the Tennessee, and by 
 the Chattooga river, an affluent of the Coosa ; 
 also by Peavine, Rocky, and other creeks. 
 The surface is traversed by several mountain 
 ridges, abounding in magnificent scenery. 
 The most considerable of these are called 
 Taylor's Pvidge, Pigeon, White-oak, and Look- 
 out mountains. The soil of the valleys is fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, and pota- 
 toes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 371,760 bushels of corn; 51,969 of 
 oats, and 40,501 of sweet potatoes. It con- 
 tained 1 iron furnace, 21 churches, and 984 
 pupils attending public schools. It abounds 
 in mineral springs and valuable minerals, in- 
 cluding stone coal, fine marble, limestone, 
 gypsum, and lead. The Red Sulphur Springs 
 and Gordon's Springs are watering-places of 
 some celebrity. The county is intersected by 
 the Western and Atlantic railroad. It was 
 named in honor of Freeman Walker, United 
 States senator from Georgia. Capital, La- 
 fayette. Population, 13,109, of whom 11,445 
 were free, and 1664, slaves. 
 
 Walker, a county in the N. W. part of Ala- 
 bama, has an area estimated at 800 square 
 miles. It is traversed by the Mulberry fork 
 of Black Warrior river. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, presenting many wild and pictu- 
 resque gorges : the highlands afford excellent 
 pasturage, and are separated by beautiful 
 and fertile valleys. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 592 bales of cotton; 202,476 bushels 
 of corn, and 27,806 of sweet potatoes. There 
 1222 
 
 were 4 co'lieries, 5 grist and saw mills, 1 pot-' 
 tery, and 1 tannei-y. It contained 19 churches, 
 and 45 pupils attending public schools. A 
 large part of the county is covered with 
 forests of pine, oak, and other timber. A 
 natural bridge has been found in this county, 
 which is said to rival that of Rockbridge, 
 Virginia. Capital, Jasper. Population, 5124; 
 of whom 4858 were free, and 266, slaves. 
 
 W^alker, a county in the E. central part of 
 Texas, contains about 950 square miles. The 
 Trinity river bounds it on the N., and the San 
 •Jacinto rises within its limits. The surface 
 is an alluvial plain. Much of the soil is very 
 fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 it produced 873 bales of cot- 
 ton ; 102,475 bushels of corn, and 6 hogs- 
 heads of sugar. It contained several churches, 
 2 newspaper offices ; 161 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 91 attending academies or 
 other schools. The Trinity river is naviga- 
 ble when the water is high, and the produce 
 of the county is exported by steamboats. 
 Named in honor of Robert J. Walker, secre- 
 tary of the treasury under President Polk. 
 Capital, Iluntsville. Population, 3964 ; of 
 whom 2663 were free, and 1301, slaves. 
 
 Walker, a post-township of Centre co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 10 miles E. from Belle- 
 fonte. Population, 1221. 
 
 Walker, a township of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Ju- 
 niata river, opposite Huntingdon. Popula- 
 tion, 1108. 
 
 Walker, a township of Juniata co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the left bank of the Juniata 
 river, intersected by the Pennsylvania Cen- 
 tral railroad, and by the Pennsylvania canal. 
 
 W^alker, a new township of McKean co., 
 Pennsylvania, 13 miles S. E. from Smethport. 
 
 Walker, a post-office of Wakulla co., Fla. 
 
 "Walker, a township in the W. part of Kent 
 CO., Michigan, intersected by Grand river. 
 Population, 823. 
 
 Walker, a township in Rush co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1030. 
 
 Walker's, a post-office of Colleton district, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Walker's, a post-office of Crittenden CO., Ky. 
 
 W^alkbr's Branch, a small village of Lin- 
 coln CO., Georgia. 
 
 W^vlker's Church, a post-office of Appo- 
 mattox CO., Virginia. 
 
 Walker's Creek, in the S. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, rises in Wythe co., flows north-east- 
 ward, and enters New river in Giles county. 
 
 Walker's Ford, a small village of Ran- 
 dolph CO., Georgia. 
 
 Walker's Grove, a post-office of Fulton 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Walker's Ironworks, a small village of 
 Wayne co., Tennessee. 
 
 Walker's Lake, in the south-western part 
 of Utah Territory, in lat. about 38° 45^ N., 
 Ion. 118° 20' W. It receives the waters of 
 AValker's river, but has no outlet. Length, 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 above 30 miles ; greatest breadth, about 10 
 miles. 
 
 Walker's Mills, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Pemisylvauia. 
 
 Walker's Mountain, Virginia. 
 
 Walker's Neck, a post-office of Brown co., 
 Illinois, about 75 miles W. by S. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 Walker's River rises in Calaveras co., 
 California, and flows first north-easterly, 
 passing into Utah Territory, then taking a 
 S. E. course, it falls into Walker's lake. 
 
 Waleersville, a thriving post-village of 
 Centre co., Pennsylvania, in Half-moon Val- 
 lej% 100 miles N. W. from Harrisburg, con- 
 tains 4 stores. 
 
 Walkf.rsville, a post-village in Frederick 
 CO., Maryland, 81 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Waleersville, a post-village of Union co.. 
 North Carolina, 191 miles S. W. from Raleigh. 
 
 Walkerton, a post-office of King and Queen 
 CO., Virginia, on the Mattapony river, SO miles 
 N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Walkertown, a small village of Chester 
 CO., Pa., on the Philadelphia and Columbia 
 railroad, 29 miles W. from Philadelphia. 
 
 Walkertowjj, a post- village of Forsyth co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Walkerville, a post-office of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wallabout Bat, King's co.. Long Island, 
 NeW' York, a semicircular bay setting up 
 from the East river, on the E. side of Brook- 
 lyn. See Brooklyn, p. 146. 
 
 Wallace, a post-office of Chester co., Pa. 
 
 Wallace, a post-office of Harrison co.,Va. 
 
 Wallace, a post-village in Jones co., 
 Georgia, 20 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Wallace, a township in Independence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 480. 
 
 W.\llace, a post-village in Fountain co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Wallace, a post-office of Iowa co.. Wis. 
 
 Wallace Creek, a post-office of Indepen- 
 dence CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Wallace's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Anderson co., Tennessee. 
 
 Wallaceville, a post-office of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wallaceville, a small village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Walden's Ridge, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Wallawalla river rises in the N. part of 
 Oregon, and flowing in a W. N. W. direction, 
 falls into the Columbia at Fort Wallawalla, 
 in Washington Territory. The emigrants' 
 route to Oregon City follows this river for 
 nearly its whole course. 
 
 Walled Lake, a post-office of Oakland co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Wallenpaupack Creek, in the N. E. part 
 of Pennsylvania, enters the Lackawaxeu a 
 few miles below Honesdale. 
 
 Waller, a small post-village of Ross co., 
 Ohio, 6 miles from Chilicothe. 
 
 Wallingfoed, a post-township in Piutland 
 CO., Vermont, intersected by the Western 
 Vermont railroad, 62 miles S. S. W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1688. 
 
 Wallingford, a post-village of New Ha- 
 ven county, Connecticut, on the Hartford 
 and New Haven railroad, 11 miles N. by E. 
 from New Haven. It has a beautiful situa- 
 tion on elevated ground, with broad, straight 
 streets, finely shaded. It contains 4 churches, 
 several stores, and a flourishing school. 
 Manufactures have recently been introduced, 
 and are now in a very thriving condition. 
 Population of the township, 2595. 
 
 Wallingford, a post-village of Will co., Illi- 
 nois, about 160 miles N. E. from Springfield. 
 
 V)''alling's Ferry, a post-office of Rusk 
 CO., Texas. 
 
 Wallkill river rises in the northern part 
 of New Jersey, flows in a N. N. E. course, 
 receiving the Shawangunk and Rondout 
 rivers, and falls into the Hudson, about 20 
 miles N. of Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Wallkill, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Orange co., New York, intersected by the 
 New York and Erie railroad. Pop., 4942. 
 
 Wallonia, a post-village of Trigg co., 
 Kentucky, on Muddy creek, 8 miles N. from 
 Cadiz, 
 
 Walloomscoik River rises in Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, and falls into the Hoosack 
 river, in New York. 
 
 Walloostook River, Maine, is formed by 
 two small branches, called the North-west 
 and the South-west branches, in Somerset 
 county, and flowing in a general north-east- 
 erly course, unites with the St. Fran9oi3 to 
 form the St. John's river. 
 
 Wall's ST0RE,a post-office of Amite CO. Miss. 
 
 Wallsvillb, a post-office of Luzerne co.,Pa. 
 
 Wallum Pond, a small village in Burrill- 
 ville township. Providence co., Rhode Island, 
 about 25 miles N. W. of Providence. It con- 
 tained 1 cotton mill, with 3-3 looms. 
 
 Walnford, a post-office of Monmouth co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Walnut, a post-office of Juniata co.. Pa. 
 
 Walnut, a township in Phillips co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 541. 
 
 V/alnut, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Fairfield co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Ohio canal. Population, 2130. 
 
 Walnut, a township in the S. part of Gal- 
 lia CO., Ohio. Population. 905. 
 
 V/alnut, a township in Pickaway co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1840. 
 
 Walnut, a township in Montgomery co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1059. 
 
 Walnut, a post- village in Jefferson co., 
 Iowa, 55 miles S. W. by W. of Iowa City. 
 
 Walnut Bend, a post-office of Phillips co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Walnut Bottom, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsj'lvania. 
 
 Walnut Bottom, a post-office of Henderson 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 1223 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 Walnut Camp, a small post-village of 
 Poinsett co., Arkansas. 
 
 Walnut Cove, a post- village of Stokes co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Walnut Ceeek, of Georgia, flows south- 
 ward from Jones co., and enterg the Ocmul- 
 gee river at Macon. 
 
 Walnut Ceeek, of Bastrop co., Texas, en- 
 ters the Colorado from the right, a few miles 
 below the county seat. 
 
 Walnut Ceeek, a post-office of Buncombe 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Walnut Ceeek, a post-township in the E. 
 part of Holmes co., Ohio. Population, 1077. 
 
 Walnut Ceeek, a post-office of Grant co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Walnut Field, a small village of Sullivan 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Walnut Flat, a post-village of Lincoln co., 
 Kentucky, has 1 church, and about 100 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Walnut Foeest, a post-village of Greene 
 CO., Missouri, about 115 miles S. S. W. fi'om 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Walnut Fork, a post-office of Jones co., lo. 
 
 Walnut Geove, a post-office of Morris co.. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Walnut Geove, a post-office of Kanawha 
 CO., Virginia, 330 miles W. by N. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Walnut Geove, a post-office of Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Walnut Grove, a post-village of Spartan- 
 burg district, South Carolina. 
 
 Walnut Geove, a post-office Walton co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Walnut Grove, a post-office of Blount co., 
 Alfbama. 
 
 Walnut Grove, a post-office of Independ- 
 ence CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Walnut Geove, a post-office of Overton 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Walnut Geove, a post-office of Knox co., 
 Illinois, about 45 miles N. W. from Peoria. 
 
 Walnut Grove, a post-office of Scott co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-office of Lee co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Georgia, 110 miles N. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-office of Rapides pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-office of Panola co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-office of Lafayette 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-office of Hamilton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-village of Marion 
 CO., Illinois, on the road from Salem to Ches- 
 ter, 12 miles from the former, has about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Walnut Hill, a post-office of Buchanan 
 CO., Missouri. 
 1224 
 
 Walnut Lane, a post-village of Yadkin 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Walnut Peak, a post-office of Tishemingo 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Walnut Post, a post-office of Lauderdale 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Walnut Ridge, a post-office of Phillips co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Walnut Ridge, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Walnut Springs, a post-office of Greene 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Walnut Valley, a post-office of Warren 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Walnut Valley, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Walnut Valley, a post-office of Madison 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Walpack, a township of Sussex co.. New 
 Jersey, on the Delaware river, about 70 miles 
 N. by W. from Trenton. It is drained by the 
 Flatkill river. Population, 783. 
 
 Walpole, a post-township in Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, on the E. side of Connecti- 
 cut river, 44 miles W. S. W. from Concord. 
 The Cheshire railroad runs along the Connec- 
 ticut, having a station at Walpole village. 
 There are also 2 other villages in this town- 
 ship. Population, 2034. 
 
 Walpole, a post-township and station in 
 Norfolk CO., Massachusetts, watered by Ne- 
 ponset river, 17 miles S. W. by S. from Bos- 
 ton. The Norfolk County railroad passes 
 through Walpole, a village in this township. 
 Population, 1929. 
 
 AValpole, a post-office of Hancock co.,Ind. 
 
 Walpole East, a post-office of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Walser's Mill, a post-office of Davidson 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Walshville, a post-office of Pitt co., N. C. 
 
 Walterboeough, a post-village, capital of 
 Colleton district, South Carolina, 99 miles S. 
 by E. from Columbia. It is situated in a 
 level and fertile district. 
 
 Waltham, a post-township in Hancock co., 
 Maine, 25 miles S. E. from Bangor. Popula- 
 tion, 324. 
 
 Waltham, a township in Addison co., Ver- 
 mont, on the E. side of Otter creek, 33 miles 
 W. S. W. from Montpelier. Population, 270. 
 
 Waltham, a beautiful and flourishing post- 
 village of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 
 on the Fitchburg railroad, 10 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston. It is built principally on one 
 extended street, upwards of a mile in length, 
 and contains numerous stores, several fine 
 churches, and a bank. Many of the inha- 
 bitants do business in Boston. Prospect Hill, 
 nearly 500 feet in height, a short distance 
 from the village, aff'ords an extensive view of 
 the surrounding country with Boston and 
 its harbor seen in the distance. Population 
 of the township in 1830, 1857; in 1840, 2504, 
 and in 1850, 44G4. 
 
 Waltham, a post-office of La Salle co., 111. 
 
WAL 
 
 WAP 
 
 Walthotirville, a post-village of Liberty 
 CO., Georgia, about 44 miles S. W. from Sa- 
 vannah, is the largest place in the county. 
 It has 2 flourishing academies, 2 churches, 
 and 2 stores. 
 
 Walton, a county in the N. central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 390 square miles. 
 The Appalachee river flows along its N. E. 
 border; it is intersected by the Alcovy, (Ulco- 
 fauhachee,) a branch of the Ocmulgee, and 
 also drained by Cornish, Bay, and other 
 creeks. The surface is elevated and uneven; 
 the soil is derived from primary rocks, and is 
 moderately fertile excefjting the higher ridges. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet 
 potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 5599 bales of cotton; 426,516 
 bushels of corn ; 92,660 of oats, and 103,178 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 13 flour mills, 
 12 saw mills, 3 distilleries, 3 coach manu- 
 factorios, and 3 tanneries. It contained 32 
 churches ; 680 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 160 attending academies orother schools. 
 The county contains an abundance of granite 
 and iron, and small quantities of gold have 
 been found in it. It is intersected in the south- 
 ern part by the Georgia railroad. Named in 
 honor of George Walton, who was governor 
 of Georgia in 1780. Capital, Monroe. Po- 
 pulation, 10,821, of whom 6912 were free, 
 and 3909, slaves. 
 
 Walton, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Florida, bordering on Alabama and on the 
 Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 1800 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Choctawhatchee river, and intersected by the 
 Yellow-water ; the southern border is washed 
 by Choctawhatchee bay, navigable by steam- 
 boats. The surface is nearly level, and partly 
 covered with pine ; the soil is generally poor. 
 Indian .corn, molasses, and potatoes are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 28,920 
 bushels of corn ; 12,375 of sweet potatoes, 
 and 2438 gallons of molasses. There were 
 45 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Uchee Anna. Population, 1817, of whom 1481 
 were free, and 336, slaves. 
 
 Walton, a post-village in Walton township, 
 Delaware co.. New York, on the Delaware 
 river, about 90 miles W. S. W. from Albany. 
 It contains several churches and mills. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 2271. 
 
 Walton, a post-oflice of Kanawha co.,Va. 
 
 Walton, a post-office of Newberry district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Walton, a post-village of Boone co., Ken- 
 tucky, 20 miles S.W. from Covington, contains 
 2 tobacco factories and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Walton, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Eaton co., Michigan. Population, 464. 
 
 Waltonham, a post-village in St. Louis co., 
 Missouri, 12 miles N. W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Walton's Ford, a post-oflice of Habersham 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Walt's Hills, a post-oSice of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Waltz, a township in Wabash co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1856. 
 
 Walworth, a county in the S. S. E. part 
 of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois, has an 
 area of 576 square miles. It is drained by 
 Honey, Sugar, and Geneva creeks, aflluents 
 of Pishtaka river, and by Turtle and White- 
 water creeks, affluents of Rock river. Lake 
 Geneva, in the S. part of the county, is 8 
 miles long, besides which there are 23 smaller 
 lakes. The surface is xmdulating and diver- 
 sified with forests, prairies, and "oak open- 
 ings." There are no steep hills, and but littl-e 
 waste land in the county. The soil is of lime- 
 stone formation, highlj' productive, and well 
 watered. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, barley, 
 hay, potatoes, butter, cattle, and swine are 
 the staples. By the census of 1850, Walworth 
 county produced more hay than any other 
 county in the state, and more wheat, corn, 
 and butter than any other excepting Piock 
 county, and more barley than any county in 
 the United States except Waukesha county, 
 Wisconsin. There were raised in that year 
 65.5,704 bushels of wheat; 215,242 of corn; 
 378,059 of oats; 31,599 of barley; 27,193 
 tons of hay, and 333,012 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 22 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 5140 pupils attending public schools. 
 This county is liberally supplied with water- 
 power. It is intersected by the Milwaukee 
 and Mississippi railroad, by the Piacine and 
 Janesville railroad, and has plank-roads lead- 
 ing to Milwaukee and Racine. Capital, Elk- 
 horn. Population, 17,862. 
 
 Walworth, a post-village in Walworth 
 township, Wayne co.. New York, 18 miles E. 
 from Rochester. It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 Population of the township, 1981. 
 
 Walworth, a post-township in the S. part 
 of AValworth co., Wisconsin. Pop., 987. 
 
 Walworth, a post-village in the above 
 township, 53 miles S. E. of Madison. 
 
 Wampsville, a post-village of Madison co.. 
 New York, on the Central railroad, 23 miles 
 E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Wanconda, a post-ofBce of Lake co., 111. 
 
 Wanekuna, a post-office of Winnebago co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Wantage, a township of Sussex co.. New 
 Jersey, bordering on New York, and inter- 
 sected by the Walkill river, about 52 miles 
 N. W. from Jersey City. Population, 3934. 
 
 Wapahkonetta, a post-village of Duchou- 
 quet township, capital of Auglaize co., Ohio, 
 on the Auglaize river, and on the Dayton 
 and Michigan railroad, 95 miles W. N. W. from 
 Columbus. The river is navigable for keel- 
 boats as high as this point. The Society of 
 Friends had a mission here for many years, 
 among the Shawnee Indians. The village 
 contains, besides the county buildings, 2 or 3 
 churches, aaid several stores. 
 
 Wapansee, a township in Grundy co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 217. 
 
 Wapello, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 1225 
 
WAP 
 
 WAR 
 
 Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. The 
 River des Moines flows diagonally through 
 the middle of the county, in a S. E. direction ; 
 it is also drained by Cedar and Avery's creeks. 
 The surface is slightly undulating ; the soil is 
 highly productive. Grain of various kinds, 
 grass, and pork are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 589.395 bushels of Indian 
 corn; 58,169 of wheat; 72,405 of oats; 
 24,388 pounds of wool, and 114,268 of butter. 
 It contained 2 churches, 2 newspaper oiEces, 
 and 1587 pupils attending public schools. 
 Stonecoal is found along Des Moines river, 
 and limestone underlies a part of the surface. 
 The river affords valuable water-power at the 
 county seat. Organized in 1842-3. Capital, 
 Ottumwa. Population, 8471. 
 
 Wapello, a post-village, capital of Louisa 
 county, Iowa, on the right bank of the Iowa 
 river, about 12 miles from its mouth, 42 miles 
 S. S. E. from Iowa City, and 5 miles W. from 
 the Mississippi river. The Iowa river is na- 
 vigable for steamboats during three months 
 in the year, and affords motive-power at this 
 place to a large floui-ing mill, saw mill, and 
 carding machine. A weekly newspaper is 
 published here. Laid out in 1839. Poi^ula- 
 tion in 1853, estimated at 800. 
 
 Wappanocca, a township in Crittenden co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 462. 
 
 Wappinger's Creek, of Dutchess co., in 
 the E. S. E. part of New York, falls into the 
 Hudson river, 8 miles below Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Wappinger's Falls, a post-office, Dutchess 
 CO., New York. 
 
 AYapsipinicon PavER, of Iowa. Rising near 
 the N. boundary of the state, it flows south- 
 eastward, and enters the Mississippi about 25 
 miles above Davenport. Length estimated at 
 200 miles. 
 
 Wapwallopen creek, of Luzei'ne co., Penn- 
 sjrlvania, flows into the Susquehanna. 
 
 Waqcoit, a post-office of Barnstable co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Wara.ju river, in the southern part of 
 Minnesota Territory, falls into St. Peter's 
 river, W. of Marrah Tankah Lake. Length, 
 about 80 miles. 
 
 Warblow, a small village of St. Clair co.. 
 Mo., about 90 miles S. E. from Independence. 
 
 Ward, a township in- Yell co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 124. 
 
 Ward, a township in the E. part of Hock- 
 ing CO., Ohio. Population, 823. 
 
 Ward, a township in Randolph co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 1399. 
 
 Wardborough, a post-office of Warren co„, 
 New York. 
 
 Wabdensville, a post-office of Hardy co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Wabdsborough, a post-township in Wind- 
 ham CO., Vermont, 93 miles S. by W. from 
 Montpelier, drained by branches of West 
 river. Population, 1125. 
 
 Ward's Cross Roads, a post-office of Wil- 
 Bon CO., Tennessee. 
 1226 
 
 Ward's Grove, a post-village in Jo Daviess 
 CO., Illinois, 140 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Wardville, a post-office of Johnson co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Ware, a county in the S. E. part of Geor- 
 gia, bordering on Florida, contains about 1600 
 square miles. It is traversed in the northern 
 part by Santilla river, and also drained by the 
 Little Santilla river and Hurricane creek. The 
 surface is level or flat, and extensively occu- 
 pied by swamps. The Okefinokee swamp in 
 the S. E. part is 30 miles long and 17 broad. 
 The soil is sandy and light. Cotton, sugar 
 cane, Indian corn, oranges, and figs flourish, 
 and the palmetto is indigenous in this region. 
 In 1850 this county produced 394 bales of 
 cotton ; 68,270 bushels of corn, and 44,552 of 
 sweet potatoes. It contained 15 churches, and 
 95 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Waresborough. Population, 3888 ; of whom 
 8600 were free, and 288, slaves. 
 
 Ware, a flourishing post-village in Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 64 miles W. by S. 
 from Boston, near Ware river and branches, 
 which affords good water-power. It is delight- 
 fully situated in the midst of varied and pic- 
 turesque scenery, and contains a bank, a news- 
 paper office, and several stores. Population 
 of the township in 1840, 1890 ; in 1850, 3785. 
 
 War Eagle, a post-township in Madison 
 CO., Arkansas. Population, 985. 
 
 Wareham, a post- village in Plymouth co., 
 Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod Branch rail- 
 road, 40 miles S. E. by S. from Boston. Con- 
 tains 1 bank and the Tremont ironworks. 
 Population of the township, 3186. 
 
 Warehouse Point, a thriving manufac- 
 turing post-village in East Windsor town- 
 ship, Hartford co., Connecticut, on the E. 
 side of Connecticut river, and on the New 
 Haven, Hartford and Springfield railroad, 14 
 miles N. by E. from Hartford. 
 
 Ware River rises near the centre of Mas- 
 sachusetts, in Worcester co., and falls into 
 the Connecticut river, in Hampden co. 
 
 Waresborough, a post-villnge, capital of 
 Ware co., Georgia, 163 miles S. E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville, is situated on the Brunswick and 
 Florida. railroad, (ucifinished,) and contains a 
 court house, tavern, and a store. 
 
 Waretown, orWAERTOWN, a village of Staf- 
 ford township, Ocean co., New Jersey, is situ- 
 ated on the shore of Barnegat bay, nearly 
 opposite the inlet of that name, about 12 
 miles S. by E. from Tom's River. It has 2 
 churches, 3 stores, and several elegant dwell- 
 ings. The inhabitants are largely engaged 
 in navigation. 
 
 Wabfieldbubg, a post-village in Carroll 
 CO., Maryland, 55 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Warfordsburg, a post-villnge of Fulton 
 CO., Pa., 85 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 War Gap, a post-office of Hawkins co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 AVar Hill, a post-office of Hall co., Ga. 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 Warmfork, a post-office of Oregon co., j\Io. 
 
 Warminster, a township of Bucks co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 8 miles S. from Doyles- 
 town. Population, 1007. 
 
 Warminster, a small post-village of Nel- 
 son CO., Virginia, on the James river, 100 
 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Warm Springs, called also Bath Court 
 House, a post- village, capital of Bath county, 
 Virginia, 170 miles W. N. W. from Richmond, 
 is situated in a narrow valley, between two 
 mountain ridges. The springs are much fre- 
 quented during the summer season by inva- 
 lids and others. The temperature of the 
 water at all seasons is 98°, without the slight- 
 est change. The largest spring is 40 feet in 
 diameter. Fine buildings have been erected 
 for the accommodation of visitors. These 
 improvements, together with the salubrity of 
 the air, and the romantic character of the 
 scenery, render this one of the most attrac- 
 tive watering-places in the state. The wa- 
 ter contains muriate of lime, sulphate of lime, 
 carbonate of lime, and sulphate of magnesia. 
 
 Warm Springs, a post-village of Buncombe 
 CO., North Carolina, on the French Broad 
 river, about 290 miles W. from Raleigh, and 
 near the E. base of the Iron mountain. This 
 is a popular and delightful place of resort, 
 and worthy the attention of the tourist. A 
 turnpike extends from the village toward 
 Greenville, South Carolina, passing along the 
 margin of the river, which is enclosed by 
 steep and lofty eminences. 
 
 Warm Springs, a post-village ' of Meri- 
 wether CO., Georgia, 36 miles N. N. E. from 
 Columbus. The spring at this place is one 
 of the greatest wonders inGeorgia. It has a 
 temperature of 90 degrees, and discharges 
 1400 gallons per minute. Fine bathing houses 
 have been erected here. 
 
 Warner, a post-township in Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, 16 miles W. by N. from 
 Concord, intersected by Warner river and the 
 Connecticut and Merrimack Paver railroad. 
 It contains 5 or 6 stores and a bank. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2038. 
 
 Warner's Landing, a post-office of Craw- 
 ford CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Warnersvillb, a small village of Colum- 
 bia CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Warnerville, a post-office of Schoharie 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Warnerville, a post-office of Meriwether 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Warnerville, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Warpole, a post-office of Wyandott co., 0. 
 
 Warren, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 New York, has an area of about 850 square 
 miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by 
 Lake George, (the southern portion of which 
 extends into it,) intersected by the Hudson 
 river, which forms part of the southern 
 boundary, and also drained bj' Schr'oon river. 
 These streams furnish valuable water-power. 
 
 The surface is uneven, and in many parts 
 mountainous, and usually covered with a 
 heavy gi'owth of timber. The soil is generally 
 of an inferior quality. Indian corn, potatoes, 
 and grass are the principal productions. In 
 1850 it yielded 95,410 bushels of corn; 
 150,176 of potatoes; 22,353 tons of hay; 
 464,175 pounds of butter, and 52,247 of wool. 
 There were 9 flour and grist mills, 54 saw 
 mills, 2 iron foundries, 1 woollen fictnry, 11 
 tanneries, and 9 cooper shops. It contained 
 30 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 5178 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 384 attending 
 academies or other schools. This county 
 abounds in excellent iron ore ; limestone, 
 blacklead, and marl are also found. Organ- 
 ized in 1813, having previously formed part 
 of Washington county, and named in honor 
 of General .Joseph Warren, who fell at the bat- 
 tle of Bunker Hill. Capital, Caldwell. Popu- 
 lation, 17,199. 
 
 Warren, a county in the N. W. part of 
 New Jersey, has an area of about 550 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. bj^ the Dela- 
 ware, and on the S. E. by the Musconetcong 
 river, and is drained by PaulinskiU and 
 Pequest rivers, and Pohatcoug creek, nffluents 
 of the Delaw.are. The streams of this county 
 afford valuable water power. The surface is 
 uneven and mountainous, with Scott's moun- 
 tain and the Jenny Jump mountain in the 
 S. E., and the Blue mountain in the N. W. 
 The soil is various; that of the valley is fer- 
 tilized by the decomposition of limestone 
 rock, mingling with sand, loam, and clay, 
 washed from the mountains, and is usually 
 highlj' productive ; on the more elevated por- 
 tions it is generally better adapted to grazing 
 than tillage. Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, 
 hay, and butter are the staples. In 1850, 
 this county produced 781,025 bushels of corn ; 
 198,760 of wheat; 224,176 of rye; 230,966 
 of oats ; 22,628 tons of hay, and 793,259 
 pounds of butter. The quantit}' of wheat was 
 the greatest produced by any county in the 
 state. There were 1 cotton factory, 12 dis- 
 tilleries, 6 woollen factories, 8 foundries, 2 
 furnaces, 44 flour mills, 28 grist mills, 86 
 saw mills, 4 plaster mills, 3 linseed-oil manu- 
 factories, 3 slate quarries, 7 tanneries, 16 
 cooper establishments, 1 cordage manufac- 
 tory, 21 manufactories of coaches, 42 of boots 
 and shoes, and 14 of cabinet- ware. It con- 
 tained 48 churches, 2 newspaper offices; 4295 
 pupils attending public schools, and 677 at- 
 tending academies or other schools. Mag- 
 netic iron ore, brown hematite, bog iron ore, 
 zinc, manganese, marble, soapstone, and roof- 
 ing slate are abundant. The Delfiware is 
 navigable for small boats along the W. bor- 
 der. The New Jersey Central railroad and 
 the Morris canal intersect this county. Or- 
 ganized in 1824, having been formed from 
 part of Sussex county. Capital, Belvidere. 
 Population, 22,358. 
 
 Warren, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 1227 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on New York, has 
 an area of 800 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Alleghany river, and drained 
 also by the Conewango, Brokenstraw, Teo- 
 nesta, and Kenjua creeks. The surface is 
 hilly and in some parts broken and rocky ; 
 the soil is generally good in the N. part of 
 the county, and along the large streams. 
 Lumber is the chief article of export ; the 
 pine, oak, and chestnut abound in the S. 
 part, and the beech and sugar-maple in the 
 N. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and 
 butter are the staples ; and some maple 
 sugar is also made. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 83,398 bushels of corn; 156,480 of 
 oats; 97,237 of potatoes; 20,990 tons of 
 hay, and 335,725 pounds of butter. There 
 were 143 saw mills, 7 flour and grist mills, 
 3 woollen factories, 2 iron foundries, and 4 
 tanneries. It contained 18 churches, 3 news- 
 paper oflices, 4008 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 40 attending an academy. The 
 creeks afford abundant motive-power. Small 
 boats navigate the Alleghany river. The 
 Sunbury and Erie railroad, and the Alle- 
 ghany Valley railroad will pass through the 
 county. Organized in 1819. Capital, War- 
 ren. Population, 13,G71. 
 
 Wakren, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Virginia, has an area of about 250 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Shenandoah 
 river, and also drained by the N. fork of the 
 same. The county occupies part of the great 
 vallej' bounded on the S. E. by the Blue 
 Piidge. The surface is hilly ; the soil mostly 
 good and well watered. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, hay, and live stock are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 145,354 bushels 
 of wheat; 128,875 of corn ; 25,906 of oats; 
 2119 tons of hay, and 64,185 pounds of 
 butter. There were 40 flour, grist, and saw 
 mills, 6 distilleries, and 3 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 13 churches, and 484 pupils attending 
 academies and other schools. Limestone, 
 copper, iron, and manganese are abundant. 
 It is amply supplied with water-power. The 
 wealth of the county has recently been in- 
 creased by several public works, viz. the Ma- 
 nassa's Gap railroad, extending to Alex- 
 andria; a plank -road from the county seat 
 to Winchester, and two or three turnpikes. 
 Organized in 1836. Capital, Front Royal. 
 Population, 6607 ; of whom 4859 were free, 
 and 1748, slaves. 
 
 Warren, a county in the N. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Virginia : area esti- 
 mated at 480 square miles. Warren river 
 forms its boundary on the N. W., Roan- 
 oke river flows through the N. E. part ; 
 it is also drained by Fishing creek. The 
 surface is undulating ; the soil fertile. To- 
 bacco is the chief article of export. In 
 5850 this county produced 349,502 bushels 
 of corn; 34,474 of wheat; 88,474 of oats; 
 2,430,730 pounds of tobacco, and 50,304 of 
 butter. There were 8 corn and flour mills, 
 1228 
 
 4 saw mills, 2 distilleries, and 3 tanneries. 
 It contained 21 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 1486 pupils attending public schools, and 261 
 attending academies or other schools. It is 
 intersected by the Raleigh and Gaston rail- 
 road and the Roanoke valley railroad. The 
 county contains valuable mineral springs. 
 Formed in 1779. Capital, Warrenton. Popu- 
 lation, 13,912 ; of whom 5045 were free, and 
 8867, slaves. 
 
 Warren, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of Georgia, has an area of 400 square miles. 
 The Ogeechee river forms its S. W. boundary, 
 and it is also drained by Rocky Comfort 
 creek. The surface is uneven ; the soil is 
 moderately fertile. Indian corn, sweet po- 
 tatoes, and cotton are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 428,364bnshels of corn; 
 123,825 of sweet potatoes, and 9994 bales of 
 cotton. There were 10 grist mills, 10 saw 
 mills, 1 woollen factory, and 2 tanneries. It 
 contained 27 churches, 470 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 121 attending academies 
 and other schools. Granite and soapstone 
 are abundant. The Ogeechee furnishes mo- 
 tive-power for mills. The county is intersect- 
 ed by the Georgia railroad. Capital, War- 
 renton. Population, 12,425, of whom 6317 
 were free, and 6108 slaves. 
 
 Warren, a county in the W. part of Mis- 
 sissippi, bordering on Louisiana, has an area 
 of about 725 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the W. by the Mississippi river, on the S. E. 
 by the Big Black, and intersected by the 
 Yazoo river. The surface is generally level 
 and low, except in the vicinity of Vicksburg, 
 where the Walnut Hills rise several hundred 
 feet above the river. The soil is alluvial and 
 very fertile, producing cotton and Indian 
 corn in profusion. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 451,875 bushels of corn; 71,374 of 
 sweet potatoes; 23,319 of peas and beans, 
 and 18,513 bales of cotton. It contained 11 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 708 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 65 attending aca- 
 demies or other schools. The county is in- 
 tersected by the Vicksburg and Brandon rail- 
 road. Capital, Vicksburg. Pop., 18, 120 ; of 
 whom 6024 were free, and 12,096, slaves. 
 
 Warren, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Tennessee : area estimated at 550 square 
 miles. Collins river flows through the coun- 
 ty into the Caney fork of Cumberland river, 
 and the Caney fork washes its N. E. border. 
 The surface is hilly or mountainous. Indian 
 corn, oats and cattle are the staples. In 1850 
 the county produced 474,705 bushels of corn ; 
 87,298 of oats ; 78,838 pounds of butter, and 
 16,454 of wool. It contained 10 churches, 
 780 pupils attending public schools, and 187 
 attending academies and other schools. A 
 railroad is in progress which will connect the 
 county with the Nashville and Chattanooga 
 railroad. Capital, McMinnville. Pop., 10,179; 
 of whom 8469 were free, and 1710, slaves. 
 
 Warren, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 Kentucky, contains 560 square miles. It is, 
 drained by Big Barren river, an affluent of 
 Green river, -wliicli flows along the northern 
 border. The surface is undulating, the soil 
 resting on a substratum of clay and limestone, 
 is well adapted to farming. The staples are 
 corn, wheat, tobacco, and pork. In 1850 this 
 county produced 1,031,545 bushels of corn; 
 33,473 of wheat, and 1,401,751 pounds of 
 tobacco. It contained 22 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 1100 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 140 attending academies or 
 other schools. The river has lately been im- 
 proved by the construction of dams and locks 
 which render it navigable at all times. The 
 limestone formation of this region presents 
 several extensive caverns ; and the county 
 contains numerous monumental mounds. It 
 is traversed by the Louisville and Nashville 
 railroad. Capital, Bowling Green. Popula- 
 tion, 15,123 ; of whom 10,806 were free, and 
 4317, slaves. 
 
 W.\RREN, a county in the S. W. part of 
 Ohio, has an area of 446 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Little Miami river, and 
 also drained by Caesar's, Todd's, and Clear 
 creeks. The Great Miami touches the N. W. 
 extremity of the county. The surface is 
 rolling ; the soil is of limestone formation, 
 remarkably fertile, and highly cviltivated. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, cattle, 
 and swine are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 1,886,836 bushels of corn ; 
 251,606 of wheat; 258,208 of oats; 14,201 
 tons of hay, and 592,746 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 60 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 
 4117 pupils attending public schools, and 625 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 rock which underlies this part of the state 
 is the blue limestone. The streams furnish 
 extensive water-power. The countj? is in- 
 tersected by the Cincinnati and Dayton rail- 
 road, by the Little Miami railroad, and in 
 part by the Zanesville and Wilmington rail- 
 road. Capital, Lebanon. Pop., 25,561. 
 
 Warren, a county in the W. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on Illinois, contains about 
 364 square miles. The Wabash river forms 
 the S. E. boundary. The surface is mostly 
 undulating, and nearly half of the county is 
 occupied by the Grand Prairie, the soil of 
 which is a sandy loam and highly productive. 
 The river is bordered by a strip of timber 
 about 6 miles wide, and by bluffs which vary 
 from 60 to 200 feet in height. The exports 
 consist of grain, pork, cattle, horses, and 
 mules. In 1850 this county produced 
 1.024,386 bushels of corn ; 21,068 of wheat; 
 95,442 of oats, and 5900 tons of hay. It 
 contained 8 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 
 1700 pupils attending public schools. Public 
 improvements : Lake Erie, Wabash and St. 
 Louis railroad, and the Wabash and Erie ca- 
 nal. Organized in 1828. Capital, Williams- 
 port. Population, 7387. 
 
 Warren, a county in the W. part of Illi- 
 
 nois, has an area of 540 square miles. It is 
 traversed by Henderson river, and also 
 drained by Ellison's and Swan creeks. The 
 surface is nearly level ; the soil highly pro- 
 ductive. The county contains extensive 
 prairies and is liberally supplied with timber. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, wool, and 
 pork are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 1,021,542 bushels of corn ; 122,645 of wheat ; 
 174,896 of oats ; 51,277 pounds of wool, and 
 8293 tons of hay. It contained 13 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, and 409 pupils attending 
 public schools. Stonecoal and limestone are 
 the most valuable minerals of the county. 
 It is intersected by the Military Tract rail- 
 road, and by the Peoria and Oquawka rail- 
 road. Capital, Monmouth. Pop., 8176. 
 
 Warren, a county in the E. part of 
 Missouri, contains about 400 square miles. 
 The Missouri river forms the boundary on 
 the S. S. W., and the county is drained 
 by Peruque, Massies, Smith's, Charette, 
 and Bear creeks. A range of bluffs ex- 
 tends along the river, leaving a fertile bot- 
 tom, from 1 to 5 miles in width. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 365,496 bushels of corn; 35,732 of wheat; 
 52,831 of oats ; 431,000 pounds of tobacco, 
 and 65,907 of butter. It contained 20 
 churches. Limestone and sandstone, suit- 
 able for building, are abundant. Capital, 
 Warrenton. Population, 5868 ; of whom 
 4925 were free, and 935, slaves. 
 
 Warren, a new county in the S. central 
 part of Iowa, has an area of 432 square 
 miles. It is traversed by South river, an 
 affluent of the Des Moines, and by the Prairie 
 branch of Middle river, and also drained by 
 Squaw, Otter, and other creeks. The sur- 
 face is divided between prairies and wood- 
 lands : the soil is productive. Indian corn, 
 butter, and wool are the staples. In 1850, 
 Warren county produced 23,920 bushels of 
 corn; 633 of wheat, 1242 pounds of wool, 
 and 5530 of butter. There were 115 pupils 
 attending public schools. Stonecoal is said 
 to be abundant. Capital, Indianola. Popu- 
 lation, 961. 
 
 Warren, a post-village, and one of the 
 capitals of Lincoln county, Maine, 38 miles 
 S. E. by E. from Augusta. It is a place of 
 considerable manufactures, and is located 
 favorably for navigation. A superior quality 
 of limestone is found in the vicinity in great 
 abundance. Pop. of the township, 2428. 
 
 Warren, a post-township in Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, 55 miles N. N. W. from Con- 
 cord, watered by the N. branch of Baker's 
 river, and intersected by the Boston, Con- 
 cord, and Montreal railroad. Pop., 872. 
 
 Warren, a post-township in Washington 
 CO., Vermont, 16 miles S. W. by S. from 
 Montpelier, drained by Mud river. Popu- 
 lation, 962. 
 
 W.^RREN, a manufacturing post-village in 
 1229 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 Worcester co., Massachusetts, on Chicopee 
 river, and on the Western railroad, 73 miles 
 W. by S. from Boston. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches and several stores. Population of 
 the township, 1776. 
 
 Warrkn, a post-village in Bristol co., 
 Rhode Island, on the E. side of Narraganset 
 bay, 10 miles S. by E. from Providence, has 
 a good harbor, contains several churches, 2 
 banks, an academy, and 1 newspaper office. 
 Population of the township, 3103. 
 
 Wakken, a pleasant post-village of Litch- 
 field CO., Connecticut, 40 miles W. from Hart- 
 ford, contains a church and a boarding- 
 school for boys. Population, 831. 
 
 Warren, a post-township forming the S. 
 extremity of Herkimer co., New York. Po- 
 pulation, 1756. 
 
 Warren, a township of Somerset co., New 
 Jersey, on the right bank of the Passaic 
 river, about 35 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. 
 Population, 2148. 
 
 Warren, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 1573. 
 
 Warren, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Franklin co., Pa. Pop., 616. 
 
 Warren, a thriving post-borough of War- 
 ren county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank 
 of the Alleghany river, at the junction of the 
 Conewango creek, and on the Sunbury and 
 Erie railroad, about 120 miles N. N. E. from 
 Pittsburg. It is handsomely situated on a 
 email plain 40 feet above the level of the 
 river. The streets are wide, straight, and 
 rectangular, and the houses are generally of 
 wood. The streams above named are navi- 
 gable for boats, and aiford extensive water- 
 power. It contains besides the county build- 
 ings, an academy, 2 newspaper offices, and 
 numerous mills. The Alleghany Valley rail- 
 road, when finished, will connect it with 
 Pittsburg. Population in 1850, 1013. 
 
 Warren, a post- village in Baltimore co., 
 Maryland, 45 miles N. from Annapolis. 
 
 Warren, a post- village of Albemarle co., 
 Virginia, on James river, about 88 miles 
 above Richmond. 
 
 Warren, a small post-village of Fannin 
 CO., Texas, on Red river, about 12 miles N. 
 W. from Bonham. 
 
 Warren, a post-township in Bradley co., 
 Arkansas. Popiilation, 679. 
 
 Warren, a post-village, capital of Bradley 
 CO., Arkansas, 3 miles W. from Saline river, 
 and about 100 miles S. by E. from Little Rock. 
 
 Warren, a township in the W. part of 
 Belmont co., Ohio, on the Ohio Central rail- 
 road. Population, 1917. 
 
 Warren, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Jefferson co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Wellsville and Wheeling railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 1918. 
 
 Warren, a post-township in the S. W. part 
 of Trumbull co., Ohio, situated on the Maho- 
 ning river. Population, 2957. 
 1230 
 
 Warren, a handsome post-villnge in the 
 above township, capital of Trumbull county, 
 on the Mahoning river, 160 miles N. E. from 
 Columbtts, and 60 miles from Cleveland. 
 The Pennsylvania and Ohio canal connects 
 it with Lake Erie and the Ohio river. Iron 
 ore and stonecoal are abundant in the 
 vicinity, and immense quantities of cheese 
 are exported from the county. The village 
 contained in 1851, 6 churches, 1 bank, 3 
 newspaper offices, 20 stores, 2 foundries, 2 
 machine shops, 1 oil mill, 1 fulling mill, and 
 2 flouring mills. Population in 1853, about 
 3000. 
 
 Warren, a township in Tuscarawas co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1140. 
 
 Warren, a township in the S. part of 
 Washington co., Ohio. Population, 1461. 
 
 Warren, a post-township forming the S.W. 
 extremity of Macomb co., Mich. Pop., 700. 
 
 Warren, a township in Clinton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 779. 
 
 Warren, a thriving post-village of Hunt- 
 ingdon CO., Indiana, on the Salamonie river. 
 85 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, 300. 
 
 Warren, a township in Marion co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1610. 
 
 Warren, a township in Putnam co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1084. 
 
 V/arren, a township in St. Joseph co., In- 
 diana. Population, 561. 
 
 Warren, a township in Warren co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1553. 
 
 Warren, a thriving post-village of Hen- 
 derson CO., Illinois, about 120 miles N. W. 
 from Springfield. It is the terminus of a 
 plank-road leading to Burlington, Iowa. 
 
 Warren, a' post-village in .lo Daviess co., 
 Illinois, 145 miles N. W. by W. from Chicng'i. 
 
 Warren, a township in Lake co., Illinois. 
 Population, 1007. 
 
 Warren, a post-township in Marion co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1720.' 
 
 Warren, a post- village in Marion co., Mis- 
 souri, 95 miles N. N. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Warren, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa. 
 
 Warren, a small post-village of Rock co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Warren, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Waushara co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Warrenham, a post-office of Bradford co,, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Warren River, a small stream, rises in 
 Bristol count}', Massachusetts, and falls into 
 Nnrraganset bay in Rhode Island. 
 
 Warrensburg, a post-township of Warren 
 CO., New York, on the Hudson river. Popu- 
 lation, 1874. 
 
 Warrensburg, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Schroon river, about 65 miles* 
 N. from Albany. It contains several churches 
 and mills. 
 
 Warrensburg, apost-village in Greene co., 
 Tennessee, on Nolichucky river, 235 miles E. 
 by S. from Nashville. 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 Warkensbcrg, a post-village, capital of 
 Johnson co., Missouri, on the Black river, 
 near the mouth of Post Oak creek, 98 miles 
 W. by N. from Jefferson City. Population in 
 1850, 241. 
 
 Warken's River, of North Carolina, is a 
 small stream which forms the boundary 
 between Warren and Granville counties, and 
 enters the Roanoke river from the S. near 
 the N. border of the state. 
 
 Warrensville, a post-office of Lycoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Warrensville, a post-village of Cuyahoga 
 CO., Ohio, 154: miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Warrensville, a post-village in Du Page 
 CO., Illinois, 30 miles W. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 Warrensville, a post-village in Mahaska 
 CO., Iowa, on Skunk river, 80 miles W. by S. 
 from Iowa City. 
 
 Warren Tavern, a post-office of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Warrenton, a beautiful town, capital of 
 Fauquier county, Virginia, on the turnpike 
 from Alexandria to Charlottesville, 100 miles 
 N. by W. from Richmond. It is surrounded 
 by a beautiful and productive country, and 
 has an active business. A branch railroad 
 connects the town with the Orange and 
 Alexandria railroad, 10 miles distant. War- 
 renton contains a handsome court house, 3 or 
 4 churches, 2 academies, and 2 newspaper 
 offices. Population, about 1500. 
 
 AVarrenton, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Warren county, North Carolina, on the 
 Gaston and Raleigh railroad, 24 miles W. S. 
 W. from Gaston, and 63 miles by railroad N. 
 N. E. from Pialeigh. It is situated near the 
 source of Fishing creek, a branch of Tar 
 river. It has, besides the county buildings, 
 2 or 3 churches, a newspaper office, and se- 
 veral stores. Population in 1850, 1242. 
 
 Warrenton, a post-village in Abbeville 
 district, S. C, 103 miles W. from Columbia. 
 
 Warrenton, a pleasant and flourishing 
 post-village, capital of Warren county, 
 Georgia, on Goulden's creek, 42 miles W. 
 from Augusta, and 3 miles S. from the 
 Georgia railroad, with which it is connected 
 by a branch railroad. The court house is 
 built of brick, and the jail of granite. It 
 contains 2 or 3 churches, 2 academies, and 5 
 dry-goods stores. 
 
 Warrenton, a post-village, capital of Mar- 
 shall CO., Alabama, a few miles S. from Ten- 
 nessee river, and 135 miles N. E. from Tus- 
 caloosa. It contains a court house and seve- 
 ral stores. 
 
 Warrenton, a post-village of Warren co., 
 -Mississippi, on the Mississippi river, 8 miles 
 below Vicksburg. It contains 4 stores. Po- 
 pulation, about 250. 
 
 Warrenton, a post-village of Wai'ren co., 
 Kentucky, on Barren river, about 150 miles 
 S. W. from Frankfort. The river has been 
 rendered navigable to this point. 
 
 Warrenton, a post-village of Jefferson co., 
 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, about 11 miles below 
 Steubenville. 
 
 Warrenton, a small post-village of Gibson 
 CO., Indiana, 14 miles S. from Princeton. 
 
 Warrenton, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Warren county, Missouri, 75 miles E. 
 N. E. from Jefferson City, and 14 miles N. 
 from the Missouri river. It contains a steam 
 flouring mill and saw mill, a msinufactory of 
 tobacco, and several stores. 
 
 Warrenton Springs, a post-office of Fau- 
 quier CO., Virginia. 
 
 Warrentown, a village of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Kiskiminetas river and 
 Pennsylvania canal, 47 miles by water E. N 
 E. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Warrenville, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Warrenville, a post-township in the N. 
 E. part of Cuyahoga co., Ohio. The Cleve- 
 land and Pittsburg railroad passes through 
 the township. Population, 1410. 
 
 Warrick, a county in the S. W. part of In- 
 diana, bordering on the Ohio river, contains 
 336 square miles. It is drained by Big Pigeon 
 and Little Pigeon creeks. The surface is 
 mostly undulating, and the soil productive. 
 In the vicinity of the Ohio especially the 
 land is very rich. The chief staples are 
 wheat, corn, oats, grass, and tobacco. In 
 1850 this county produced 415,061 bushels 
 of corn ; 88,479 of wheat ; 39,991 of oats, and 
 2074|- tons of hay. It contained 19 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, 985 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 40 attending an academy. 
 Coal is abundant, but not much used as yet. 
 The county is traversed by the Wabash and 
 Erie canal. Organized in 1813, and named 
 in honor of Captain Jacob Warrick, who fell 
 at the battle of Tippecanoe. Capital, Boone- 
 ville. Population, 8811. 
 
 Warrington, a post-township of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 6 miles S. W. from 
 Doylestown. Population, 761. 
 
 Warrington, a township of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 14 miles N. W. from 
 York. Population, 1510. 
 
 Warrington, apost-oflice of Escambia co., 
 Florida. 
 
 Warrington, a small post-village of Han- 
 cock CO., Indiana, about 12 miles N. E. from 
 Greenfield. 
 
 Warrior Creek, a post-office of Wilkes 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Warrior's Briidge, a small village of Choc- 
 taw CO., Alabama. 
 
 Warrior's Landing a small village of 
 Lewis CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Warrior's Mark, a post-township forming 
 the N. W. extremity of Huntingdon co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1188. 
 
 Warrior's Mark, a post-village in the 
 above township, about 105 miles W. N. W. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Warrior Stand, a post-office of Macon co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 1231 
 
WAE 
 
 WAR 
 
 Waesaw, a post-village in Warsaw town- 
 ship, and capital of Wyoming county, New 
 York, on Allen's creek, and on the Buffalo 
 and New York City railroad, 48 miles E. by 
 S. from Buffalo. The public buildings are 
 neat and'commodious. It contains 4 churches, 
 a bank, 2 hotels, a large Union school house, 
 a woollen factory, a carpet factory, and a 
 flouring mill. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. Settled in 1803. Population 
 of the township, 2624. 
 
 Warsaw, a township in the S. part of Fo- 
 rest CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Warsaw, a post-township of Jefferson co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N. E. from 
 Brookville. Population, 870. 
 
 Warsaw, a post-village, capital of Rich- 
 mond CO., Virginia, 70 miles N. E. from Rich- 
 mond, about 3 miles from the Rappahannock 
 river. It contains several stores and about 
 30 dwellings. 
 
 Warsaw, a post- village of Duplin co.. North 
 Carolina, on the railroad from Weldon to Wil- 
 mington, 55 miles N. from the latter. 
 
 Warsaw, a post-village in Forsyth co., 
 Georgia, near Chattahoochee river, 90 miles 
 N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Warsaw, a post-office of Sumter co., Ala. 
 
 Warsaw, a post-office of Franklin par.. La. 
 
 Warsaw, a pleasant post-village, capital 
 of Gallatin co., Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 
 50 miles below Cincinnati. It has a large 
 flouring mill and several tobacco factories ; 
 also 2 or 3 churches, and 1 newspaper office. 
 It was formerly called Fredericksburg. Po- 
 pulation, estimated at 1000. 
 
 Warsaw, a post-village of Coshocton co., 
 Ohio, on the Walhonding river and canal, 83 
 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Warsaw, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Kosciusko co., Indiana, on Tippecanoe 
 river, 110 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 A plank-road extends to Fort Wayne, and it 
 is also in the route of the railroad projected 
 between Fort Wayne and Chicago. Two news- 
 papers are published here. Pop. in 1853, 500. 
 
 Warsaw, a flourishing river port of Han- 
 cock county, Illinois, is finely situated on the 
 Mississippi river, at the foot of the Lower 
 Rapids, 115 miles W. N. W. from Springfield. 
 The site of the town is high and beauti- 
 ful, and its position is favorable for trade. 
 The largest steamers ascend the river to the 
 Lower Rapids. Warsaw does a large ex- 
 porting and importing business, and is ra- 
 pidly increasing in population. It is the W. 
 terminus of the Lafayette and Warsaw rail- 
 road, not yet finished. Plank-roads are being 
 extended into various parts of the country. 
 One newspaper is published here. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Warsaw, a post-village, capital of Benton 
 CO., Missouri, on the left or N. bank of Osage 
 river, 80 miles W. S. W. from Jefi'erson City. 
 It contains a court house, jail, a number of 
 stores, and 2 newspaper offices. 
 1232. 
 
 Warsaw Prairie, a post-office of Hender- 
 son CO., Texas. 
 
 Warthen's Store, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Ga., 134 miles N. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Wartrace Depot, a post-village of Bedford 
 CO., Tenn., on the Nashville and Chattanooga 
 railroad, 55 miles S. by E. from Nashville. 
 
 Wartsbtjrg, a small village of Morgan co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Warwick, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Virginia, containing about 50 square miles, 
 is situated on a peninsula between Chesa- 
 peake bay and the mouth of .James river, the 
 latter of which washes its W. border. The 
 surface is slightly diversified ; the soil is al- 
 luvial. The productions are wheat, Indian 
 corn, and sweet potatoes. In 1850 there 
 were raised 61,340 bushels of corn ; 10,252 
 of wheat, and 9844 of sweet potatoes. It 
 contained 2 churches, and 54 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Oysters and firewood 
 (oak and pine) are important articles of ex- 
 port. Capital, Warwick. Population, 1546, 
 of whom 641 were free, and 905, slaves. 
 
 Warwick, a post-township in Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts, 72 miles W. N. W. from 
 Boston. Population, 1021. 
 
 Warwick, a large and populous post- 
 township of Kent county, Rhode Island, bor- 
 dering on Narraganset bay, and intersected 
 by the Stonington and Providence railroad, 
 10 miles S. by W. from Providence. It con- 
 tains several manufacturing villages, 2 banks, 
 and a newspaper office. The flourishing vil- 
 lage of Apponaug is situated at the head of 
 an arm of the Narraganset, which sets up 
 nearly 5 miles from the bay, and affords fa- 
 cilities for navigation. About a mile from 
 this village is a huge rock, so nicely ba- 
 lanced upon another, that a boy 14 years of 
 age can set it in motion, producing a noise 
 heard sometimes to the distance of 6 and 
 even 8 miles. From the resemblance which 
 the noise thus produced has to a drum, the 
 rock has been denominated " Drum Rock." 
 Population of the township in 1830, 5529; in 
 1840, 6726; and in 1850, 7740. 
 
 Warwick, a post-village of AVarwick town- 
 ship. Orange co., New York, about 110 miles 
 S. by W. from Albany. It contains 2 or 3 
 churches, several stores, and about 500 in- 
 habitants. Pop. of the township, 4902. 
 
 Warwick, a township of Bucks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 5 miles S. from Doylestown. Po- 
 pulation, 1234. 
 
 Warwick, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 17 miles N. W. by N. from 
 West Chester. Population, 1391. 
 
 Warwick, a township of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Conestoga creek, about 9 
 miles N. by E. from Lancaster. Pop., 2252. 
 
 Warwick, a small village in the above 
 township, 20 miles N. from Lancaster. 
 
 Warwick, a small post-village of Cecil co., 
 Maryland, 73 miles N. E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Warwick, a small and handsome village, 
 
WAR 
 
 WAS 
 
 capital of Warwick co., Virginia, is situated 
 near the mouth of James river, about 80 
 miles E. N. E. from Richmond. 
 
 Warwick, a post-office of Dooly co., 6a. 
 
 Warwick, a township in the E. central 
 part of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Ohio canal. Population, 1195. 
 
 Warwick Neck, a point of land projecting 
 into Narraganset bay from Kent county, 
 Rhode Island. Near its southern extremity, 
 at the entrance to East Greenwich harbor, is 
 a lighthouse showing a fixed light. Lat. 41° 
 34' 12" N., Ion. 71° 27' W. 
 
 AVakwick Neck, a post-ofBce of Kent co., 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Washa, a lake of Louisiana, about 12 
 miles S. W. from New Orleans, is connected 
 by several bayous with the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Length, 12 miles. 
 
 Washbourne Prairie, a post-office of Barry 
 CO., Missouri, about 185 miles S. by E. from 
 Independence. 
 
 Washburn, a township in Scott co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 377. 
 
 Washburn, a post-office of Marshall co., 111. 
 
 Washington, a territory formed by act of 
 Congress in 1853, from the N. part of Ore- 
 gon Territory, occupies the extreme N. W. 
 portion of the domain of the United States. 
 It is bounded on the N. by the straits of 
 Juan de Fuca (which separate it from Van- 
 couver's island) and British America, E. by 
 the Rocky mountains, S. by Oregon, (the 
 Columbia river forming about half the bound- 
 ary line,) and W. by the Pacific ocean. It 
 lies (with the exception of a small bend in 
 the Columbia river,) between 46° and 49° 
 N. lat., and between 110° and 125° W. Ion. ; 
 being about 600 miles in its greatest length, 
 from E. to W., and about 209 in width from 
 N. to S., forming nearly a parallelogram, with 
 an area of perhaps 120,000 square miles, or 
 76,800,000 acres. 
 
 Population. — Of its population we have no 
 separate statistics. There are several tribes 
 of Indians who are friendly, and those on 
 Puget's sound may be said to be civilized. 
 They are in constant intercourse with the 
 whites, farming and raising potatoes, which 
 with the salmon constitute their food. 
 
 Counties. — There are 7 counties, viz. Clarke, 
 Island, Jefferson, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce, and 
 Thurston. 
 
 Towns. — Olympia, the capital, is situated 
 at the head of Puget's sound. The other more 
 important towns or settlements are Nesqually, 
 Steilacoom, New York, Seattle, PortTownsend, 
 and New Dungeness on Puget's sound, and Ad- 
 miralty inlet ; Pacific City, Cathlamet, Mon- 
 ticello. Fort Vancouver and Cascade City, on 
 the Columbia river; Cowlitz Farms and Wa- 
 bassport, on or near the Cowlitz river, and 
 Pennscove on Whidby's Island. 
 
 Face of the Country and Mountains. — The 
 same general description of the surface as 
 given in Oregon will apply to Washington, 
 4 c 
 
 except that the Blue mountain range is 
 more broken and scattered N. of the Co- 
 lumbia river. The principal peaks of the 
 Cascade Range in this division are Mount St. 
 Helen's, Mount Adams, Mount Rainier, and 
 Mount Baker. Mount Olympus, the highest 
 peak of the Coast Range, has an elevation of 
 8197 feet. Most of these peaks are clothed 
 with perpetual snow. Mount St. Helen's and 
 Mount Rainier have been respectively esti- 
 mated at 13,300 and 12,000 feet elevation. 
 
 Minerals. — There has been little opportu- 
 nity as yet to develop the mineral resources 
 of this new territory. Coal has, however, 
 been discovered on or near Bellingham bay, 
 accompanied by the new red sandstone, which 
 furnishes a find building material. 
 
 Rivers, Bays, Sounds, and Islands. — Wash- 
 ington shares with Oregon the great river 
 of the Pacific slope, the Columbia, which 
 enters the territory from British America and 
 crosses it first in a S. W., and then in a S. 
 direction, till it arrives a little below the 46° 
 N. lat. when it turns westwardly and forms 
 the S. boundary from the point just named 
 to its mouth in the Pacific ocean. This river 
 divides Washington Territory into two parts, 
 having the larger portion on the E. The 
 Okanagan from British America is its princi- 
 pal branch on the N., and Yakima in the 
 southern part of the territory: both of these 
 rivers enter the Columbia from the W. On 
 the E., proceeding in order southwardly, its 
 tributaries are the Flathead or Clarke's, Spo- 
 kane, Saptin or Lewis, and Wallawalla rivers. 
 The Clarke's and Lewis are large rivers, 
 having their sources in the Rocky mountains ; 
 all run in a N. W. direction. The Lewis and 
 Wallawalla have the principal part of their 
 courses in Oregon. The Spokane drains the 
 middle of the E. division ; McGillivray's or 
 Flatbow, drains the N. E. part of Washing- 
 ton, and joins the Columbia in British Ameri- 
 ca. The Cowlitz, the principal branch of the 
 Columbia W. of the Cascade Range, has a 
 course of perhaps 100 miles. Chekalis or 
 Chickalees, about 130 miles long, is the only 
 river of importance discharging its waters 
 directly into the Pacific from this territory, 
 except the Columbia. The Straits of Juan 
 de Fuca, between Washington and Vancou- 
 ver's Island, connect the Pacific ocean with 
 Admiralty inlet, Puget's sound, and Hood's 
 canal, all arms of a great bay extending 
 about 60 or 70 miles in a S. direction from 
 the Gulf of Georgia, and all navigable for 
 the largest ships, which may moor to the 
 very banks, such is the precipitousness of its 
 shores. Gray's harbor, an expansion at the 
 mouth of the Chekalis river, in about 47° N. 
 lat., has capacity for only a small amount of 
 shipping. The Columbia, though navigable 
 for ocean craft to the Cascades, is much 
 obstructed near its mouth by sandbars and 
 shallows, which make the navigation difficult, 
 and have caused the loss of many vessels. 
 1233 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 The rest of this, as well as other rivers in 
 Washington, are only navigable by boats and 
 canoes, being much obstructed by rapids and 
 falls. The principal of these are Kettle falls 
 in the Columbia river, just below the mouth 
 of Clarke's river. Shoalwater bay, S. of Gray's 
 harbor, opens into the Pacific by a narrow in- 
 let. Eellingham bay is an arm of the Gulf of 
 Georgia near the N. W. extremity of Wash- 
 ington. A large lake, surrounded by exten- 
 sive prairies, is reported to have been found 
 jsome 10 or 20 miles back from the bay. 
 Elliott bay is on the E. side of Admiralty 
 inlet. There are several lakes in Washing- 
 ton, mostly in the eastern portion, near the 
 foot of the Rocky mountains, among which 
 js Flathead lake, one of the sources of 
 .darkens rivei', and Lake Kullespelm, an ex- 
 pansion of the same river. The rivers of 
 Washington, particularly W. of the Cascade 
 mountains, having their sources in those 
 snowy summits, are liable to sudden floods, 
 which inundate the lowlands on their shores. 
 The rapids and falls abound in splendid sites 
 Sov mill seats. Cape Flattery, the entrance 
 ^£ Juan de Fuca straits, and Cape Dis- 
 appointment, within the entrance of the Co- 
 lumbia river, are the principal capes. There 
 jire no large islands on this coast. The most 
 imp'ortant is Destruction, or Isle of Grief, 
 about 40 miles S. of Cape Flattery. In 
 Admiralty inlet is Whidby's Island, about 40 
 miles long and covered with fertile prairies, 
 and noted for its deer. It has sufficient 
 timber, but a scarcity of water. North-west 
 of it are the Arroo Islands, so valuable for 
 their fisheries. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Washing- 
 ton shares with Oregon the grand scenery on 
 ihe Columbia, the Cascades, the Dalles, and 
 other interesting points. Here the lofty 
 summits of Mount St. Helen's, Mount Adams, 
 Mount Rainier, and Mount Baker rear their 
 snowy peaks from the Cascade Range, and 
 Mount Olympus from the Coast mountains. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Productions. — The climate 
 is verj similar to that of Oregon, with some 
 variations caused by difference of latitude 
 and local peculiarities. The same may be 
 said of the soil. The Cowlitz valley is the 
 most fertile portion of this territory, in 
 which agriculture has been attempted. The 
 Chekalis valley on the W. is said to have 
 400,000 acres of excellent prairie and heavily 
 limbered land. Tlie country immediately 
 nrouud Puget's sound is represented as sandy 
 and unfertile, but producing large fir and 
 cedar trees. On going, however, some dis- 
 ,' tance back from the sound, you come upon 
 fine prairies and forests, and small lakes 
 filled with fine fish and skirted with timber. 
 Whidby's Island is also vei-y fertile, but de- 
 ficient in water. There are reported to be 
 rich valleys on the streams flowing into Eel- 
 lingham buy. The valley of the Duwamish 
 river, which flows into Elliott bay, is very 
 123'! 
 
 fertile, and is rapidly settling. The lowlands 
 bordering on the streams are very produc- 
 tive, and covered densely with timber. Mr. T. 
 Winthrop, of New York, who left that region 
 in Sept., 1853, speaks of the country between 
 Puget's sound and the Cascade mountains as 
 heavily timbered, chiefly with fir, with some 
 scattered prairies and dry barrens, the latter 
 covered with pebbles of trajD rock, and sparsely 
 wooded with oak. Across the mountains, 
 the land is open prairie, well watered, with 
 small and thinly wooded valleys. The country 
 to the N. of this, belonging to the Flathe;^.ds, 
 Mr. W. reports as more abundant in timber 
 and well adapted to settlements. A corre- 
 spondent of the New York Tribune estimates 
 the arable land in Washington Territory W. of 
 the Columbia river, at 22,000 square miles. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Washington abounds in fine 
 timber. Here is the same species of gigantic 
 fir-tree which is found in Oregon and Cali- 
 fornia, attaining a height of 300 feet, or near 
 it. The hills and valleys in the E. part of 
 the territory, immediately W. of the Rocky 
 Mountains, are stated to be covered with a 
 heavy growth of the finest timber. The 
 forest-trees around Puget's sound are espe- 
 cially large, and comprise yellow fir, cedar, 
 maple, oak, ash, spruce, hemlock, and alder. 
 A recent correspondent states that there are 
 at least twelve saw mills at work, and eighteen 
 more in course of construction, nnd that there 
 is lumber enough ready to freight a dozen 
 ships. The cedar tree of this region is re- 
 presented as different in some respects from 
 either the red or white of New England, 
 though resembling both. 
 
 Animals. — The forests abound in game and 
 wild animals ; among the latter are tlie elk, 
 deer, bear, fox, otter, beaver, muskrat, and 
 rabbit ; and among birds, swans, geese, brant, 
 gulls, ducks, eagles, grouse, pheasants, part- 
 ridges, woodcock, hawks, ravens, nnd robins. 
 Perhaps no region on the globe more abounds 
 in fish than Washington. This is especially 
 true of Puget's sound and the adjoining wa- 
 ters. Cod, mackerel, halibut, heriing, and 
 flounders; and of shell-fish the oyster, crab, 
 clam, lobster, and many other species are 
 found. The salmon resort to the Columbia 
 and its tributaries in immense shoals. 
 
 Internal Tnrprovements. — The opening of a 
 road from AVallawalla on the Columbia river, 
 to Olympia on Puget's sound, is now ngitating 
 the public of Washington. The emigrants, 
 says Mr. Winthrop, partially succeeded last 
 summer (1853) in cutting a road through the 
 pnss of the Cascade mountains N. of Mount 
 Rainier. The exploring party under Go- 
 vernor Stevens have recently found, near the 
 sources of INIaria's river, a pass suitable for 
 a railroad, estimated to be 2500 feet lower 
 tha.n the South Pass of Fremont. The same 
 party state that they found on the W. side of 
 the Rocky Mountains, beautiful rivers, and 
 valleys of extraordinary fertility, covered 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 with a luxuriant growth of magnificent forest 
 trees. 
 
 Washington, a county forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Maine, has an area of about 
 2700 square miles. It is separated from New 
 Brunswick on the E. and N. E. hy the St. 
 Croix river, and bounded on the S. by the 
 Atlantic. It is drained by the Schoodic and 
 East and West Machias rivers, and contains 
 numerous lakes, the most important of which 
 are Schoodic and Bascankegun lakes. The 
 seacoast of about 50 m.iles extent abounds in 
 bays and inlets, which afford excellent har- 
 bors. The surface is undulating, and the 
 soil fertile, especially in the interior. Pota- 
 toes, oats, wool, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 144,183 bushels 
 of potatoes ; 85,710 of oats ; i20,942 tons of 
 hay ; 35,252 pounds of wool, and 401,508 of 
 butter. There were 12 grist mills, 2 plaster 
 mills, 1 rolling mill, 120 saw and planing, 
 and 19 shingle mills, 28 ship-yards, 2 ma- 
 chine shops, and 8 tanneries. It contain- 
 ed 46 churches, 3 newspaper offices, 12,946 
 pupils attending public schools, and 286 at- 
 tending other schools. The Calais and Bar- 
 ring and the Franklin railroads are within the 
 county ; the St. Croix is navigable along its 
 border to Calais, 28 miles from the mouth of 
 the river. Named in honor of the immortal 
 Washington. Capital, Machias. Pop., 88,811. 
 
 Washington, a county in the N. central 
 part of Vermont, has an area of about 580 
 square miles. It is watered chiefly by Onion 
 river and its branches, which furnish abun- 
 dant water-power. The surface is rough and 
 uneven, and in some parts mountainous. It 
 lies chiefly between the E. and W. ranges of 
 the Green mountains. The soil is generally 
 fertile. Potatoes, oats, maple sugar, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced446,551 bushels of potatoes; 208,554 
 of oats ; 54,959 tons of hay ; 970,368 pounds 
 of butter, and 765,429 of maple sugar. There 
 were 4 woollen factories, 8 foundries, 3 ma- 
 chine shops, 3 flour mills, 1 paper mill, 18 
 saw mills, 7 starch-works, and 5 tanneries. 
 It contained 42 churches, 6 newspaper offices, 
 7466 pupils attending public schools, and 
 281 attending academies or other schools. 
 The railroad connecting Concord and Bur- 
 lington passes through this county. Organ- 
 ized in 1810 under the name of .Tefferson, 
 whicii in 1814 was exchanged for that which 
 it now bears. Capital, Montpelier. Popula- 
 tion, 24,654. 
 
 Washington, a county forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Rhode Island, has an area of 
 about 340 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 E. by Narraganset bay, and S. by the Atlantic 
 ocean, and is drained chiefly by the Paw- 
 catuck river (forming part of its western 
 border) and its branches, which furnish va- 
 luable water-power. It has sevpral good 
 harbors, which afford great facilities for na- 
 vigation and the fisheries. The surface is 
 
 uneven, and in the W. part hilly. The soi. 
 is fertile, and well adapted to grazing. In- 
 dian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 142,581 bushels of corn; 50,339 of oats; 
 154,012 of potatoes; 16,041 tons of hn,y, and 
 162,449 pounds of butter. There were 22 
 cotton, and 24 woollen factories, 5 machine 
 shops, 2 grist and 8 saw mills, 4 shingle fac- 
 tories, 1 brass foundry, 1 ship-yard, 1 manu- 
 factory of silverware and jewelry and 5 tan- 
 neries. It contained 44 churches, and 3277 
 pupils attending public schools. The rail- 
 road connecting Stonington and Boston tra- 
 verses the county. Capital, South Kingston- 
 Population, 16,430. 
 
 Washington, a county in the E. part of 
 New York, bordering on Lake Champlain, con- 
 tains about 800 square miles. It is partly 
 bounded on the W. by the Hudson, and on 
 the N. W. by Lake George. It is drained by 
 the Hoosick, Pawlet, and Poultney rivers, with 
 Batten kill and Wood creek, which all afford 
 valuable water-power. The surface in the 
 N. part, around Lake George, is rough and 
 mountainous ; in the southern portions, mo- 
 derately uneven. The soil in the more level 
 parts is generally fertile ; in the N. well 
 adapted to grazing. Wool, Indian corn, oats, 
 potatoes,. and butter are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 510,205 bushels of corn ; 
 580,754 of oats; 526,203 of potatoes ; 89,752 
 tons of hay ; 457,053 pounds of wool, (the 
 greatest quantity raised in any count}'' of the 
 state except Ontario,) and 1,451,516 pounds 
 of butter. There were 20 flour and grist 
 mills, 51 saw mills, 7 iron foundries, 2 cotton 
 and 10 woollen mills, 2 iron 'furnaces, 2 paper 
 mills, and 1 planing mill. It contained 84 
 churches, 7 newspaper offices, 18,793 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 700 attending 
 academies or other schools. Iron ore, slate, 
 marble, water limestone, marl, and some 
 lead and copper, are among its mineral trea- 
 sures. Lake Champlain is navigable along 
 part of its border. The county is inter- 
 sected by the Champlain canal, by the Sara- 
 toga and Washington railroad, and the Rut- 
 land and Washington railroad. Washington 
 county received its present name in 1784, 
 having previously been called Charlotte. Ca- 
 pitals, Salem and Sandy Hill. Pop., 44,750. 
 
 Washington, a county in the W. S. W. part 
 of Pennsylvania, bordering on Virginia, hss 
 an area of 850 square miles. The Mononga- 
 hela forms its E. boundary ; Chartier's anJ 
 Ptacoon creeks rise in the county and flow 
 into the Ohio river ; the S. part is drained 
 also by branches of V/heeling and Tenmile 
 creeks. The surface is elevated and tra- 
 versed by deep ravines, formed by the water- 
 courses ; the uplands are generally undulat- 
 ing. The soil is almost uniformly produc- 
 tive, and is well cultivated. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, wool, cattle, and pork are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 1235 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 804,540 bushels of corn; 558,182 of wheat; 
 855,943 of oats; 41,2G9 tons of hay ; 933,167 
 pounds of wool, (the greatest quantity pro- 
 duced by any county of the United States,) 
 and 860,563 pounds of butter. There were 
 67 flour and grist mills, 19 collieries, 2 glass 
 factories, 19 saw mills, 2 boat-yards, 2 iron 
 foundries, 6 mamifactories of farming imple- 
 ments, and 25 tanneries. It contained 101 
 churches, 4 newspaper offices; 9181 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 284 attending 
 academies or other schools. Bituminous coal 
 is abundant ; limestone and sandstone are 
 the principal rocks. The county is liberally 
 supplied with water-power. The Mononga- 
 hela is navigable by steamboats along the 
 border. It is intersected by the National 
 road, and by the Ilempfield railroad, not yet 
 finished. Organized in 1781. Capital, Wash- 
 ington. Population, 44,939. 
 
 Washington, a county in the N. part of 
 Maryland, bordei'ing on Pennsylvania, has 
 an area of about 480 square miles. The Po- 
 tomac forms its S. W. boundary and sepa- 
 rates it from Virginia, and it is intersected 
 by Antietam, Conecocheague, and Licking 
 creeks. The surface is broken by hills of 
 moderate height, the Blue Pddge, or South 
 mountain, extending along the eastern bor- 
 der. The soils are of limestone and slate 
 formation ; the former is highly productive. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, rye, oats, hay, and but- 
 ter are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 809,093 bushels of wheat, (more than 
 any other county in the state,) 368,056 of 
 corn; 102,869 of oats, and 341,798 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 59 flouring mills, 3 
 woollen factories, 2 iron foundries, 2 iron 
 furnaces, and 1 rolling mill; also 63 churches, 
 9 newspaper oflices ; 3435 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 122 attending other schools. 
 Limestone and iron are the most valuable mine- 
 rals. The river and creeks furnish abundant 
 water-power, which is used in several cotton 
 factories, erected since 1850. The Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio canal passes along the bor- 
 der, and the Franklin railroad terminates at 
 llagerstown, the county seat. Population, 
 30,848; of whom 28,758 were free, and 2090, 
 slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county, coextensive with 
 the District of Columbia, which see. 
 
 Washington, a county in the S. S. W. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on Tennessee, has an 
 area of 484 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the North, Middle, and South forks of 
 Holston river, dividing it into three fertile 
 valleys, branches of the great valley of Vir- 
 ginia. The Clinch mountain forms the N. W. 
 boundary, and the county is traversed by 
 Walker's mountain. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 grass, and maple sugar are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 438,900 bushels of 
 corn; 69,204 of wheat ; 219,674 of oats, and 
 153,044 pounds of butter. There were 25 
 flour, grist, and saw mills, 5 salt-works, 2 
 1236 
 
 iron furnaces, and 2 tanneries. It contained 
 33 churches, 1512 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 194 attending academies or 
 other schools. This county is no less re- 
 markable for its valuable minerals than for 
 its fertile soil and excellent pastures. Lime- 
 stone, gypsum, iron, and stone coal are 
 abundant, and large quantities of salt are 
 procured on the N. E. border. The Virginia 
 and Tennessee railroad, is now in progress 
 through the county. Capital, Abingdon. Po- 
 pulation, 14,612; of whom 12,481 were free, 
 and 2131, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the E. part of 
 North Carolina, at the mouth of lloanoke 
 river : area estimated at 400 square miles. 
 Albemarle sound washes its N. border. The 
 surface is level, and much of it is covered by 
 swamps, which produce cypress and red 
 cedar. Indian corn, wheat, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 218,468 bushels of corn; 15,352 of wheat, 
 and 1103| tons of hay. There were 3 grist 
 mills, 6 saw mills, 5 shingle mills, and 1 
 ship-yard. It contained 9 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office ; 1178 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 139 attending academies or 
 other schools. Formed from Tyrrell in 1799. 
 Capital, Plymouth. Population, 5664 ; of 
 whom 3449 were free, and 2215, sl.aves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the E. central 
 part of Georgia, contains about 700 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by the 
 Oconee river ; the Ogeechee washes its north- 
 eastern border, and it is drained by the 
 Ohoopee river and Buifalo creek. The sur- 
 face in some parts is hilly, in others level. 
 The soil is calcareous and generally fertile. 
 Cotton, Indian corn, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 7445 bales of cotton; 446,730 of corn; 
 11,261 of oats, and 112,576 of sweet potatoes. 
 There were 2 coach manufactories, 1 flour 
 mill, and 1 tannery. It contained 31 
 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 450 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 115 attending 
 academies or other schools. Extensive caves 
 occur near the county seat, containing the 
 remains of huge animals, and fossils in end- 
 less variety : opal, jasper, agate, and chal- 
 cedony have been found near this locality, 
 and the county contains an abundance of 
 limestone and burrstone. It is intersected 
 by the Central railroad. Capital, Saunders- 
 ville. Population, 11,766 ; of whom 6028 
 were free, and 5738, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the W. part of 
 Florida, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 has an area of 1550 square miles. It is 
 bounded on the E. by the Appalachicola river, 
 on the W. by the Choctawhatchee, and inter- 
 sected by the Chipola river, and by Holmes' 
 creek. The Bay of St. Andrew's, on the 
 southern coast, forms a good harbor. The 
 surface is somewhat uneven ; the soil not 
 very productive. Indian corn, cotton, sugar, 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 and sweet potatoes .are cultivated. In 1850 
 this county produced 54,231 bushels of corn; 
 107 bales of cotton, and 16,477 bushels of 
 sweet potatoes. There were '2 tanneries, 1 
 saw mill, and 1 boot and shoe manufactory. 
 It contained 45 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Vernon. Population, 1950; 
 of whom 14-16 were free, and 504, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the W. S. \V. part 
 of Alabama, bordering on Mississippi, has an 
 area of about 960 square miles. The Tom- 
 bigbee river forms its entire E. boundary. 
 The surface is uneven. The soil is sandy, 
 and rather poor. Indian corn and cotton 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county pro- 
 duced 988 bales of cotton; 101,483 bushels 
 of corn; 85,339 of sweet potatoes, and 44,300 
 pounds of rice. There were 120 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. The Tombigbee is 
 navigated by steamboats on the E. border, 
 and the Mobile and Ohio railroad passes near 
 the W. border. Capital, Old Washington. Po- 
 pulation, 2713 ; of whom 1217 were free, and 
 149G, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the W. part of 
 Mississippi, bordering on the Mississippi, 
 which separates it from Arkansas, has an 
 area of about 1520 square miles. Sun- 
 flower river flows through the county. The 
 surface is a level plain ; the soil is alluvial 
 and fertile, but a part of it is subject to in- 
 undation. Cotton is the staple. In 1850 
 this county produced 26,178 bales of cotton; 
 424,600 bushels of corn, and 22,315 of sweet 
 potatoes. It contained 2 churches. Capital, 
 Greensville. Population, 8389 ; of whom 553 
 w^ere free, and 7836, slaves. "■ 
 
 Washington, a parish in the E. part of 
 Louisiana, bordering on Mississippi, contains 
 about 850 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 E. by Pearl river, and intersected by Bogue 
 Chitto. The surface is nearly level, or un- 
 dulating. The soil is sandy, and produces 
 the pine. Cotton and Indian corn are cul- 
 tivated along the streams. In 1850 there 
 were raised 693 bales of cotton; 69,790 
 bushels of corn, and 159,750 pounds of rice. 
 It contained 9 churches, and 500 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Capital, Franklin- 
 ton. Population, 3408 ; of whom 2371 were 
 free, and 1037, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the S. E. central 
 part of Texas, has an area of about 825 
 square miles. The Brazos river bounds it 
 on the E. and the Yegua creek on the N. 
 The surface is undulating; the soil is mostly 
 a deep and fertile loam. Cotton, Indian 
 corn, grass, sweet potatoes, and butter are 
 the staples. In 1850 it produced 4008 bales 
 of cotton; 161,743 bushels of corn; 23,99'9 
 of sweet potatoes ; 101,300 pounds of butter, 
 and 9 hogsheads of sugar. It contained 5 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 115 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 240 attending 
 academies or other schools. The live oak 
 and red cedt;r are abundant along the Bra- 
 
 zos river. Produce is exported by the river 
 in steamboats, which ascend to Washington. 
 This county is one of the oldest and most 
 thickly settled in Texas. The independence 
 of the republic was declared here in 1836. 
 Capital, Brenham. Population, 5973, of whom 
 3156 were free, and 2817, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the N. W. part 
 of Arkansas, bordering on the territory of 
 the Cherokee nation, contains about 900 
 square miles. It is drained by the branches 
 or head streams of the White river, and by the 
 Illinois, an affluent of the Arkansas. The sur- 
 face is diversified by hills and valleys, which 
 produce wheat, Indian corn, pasture, and 
 fruit in abundance. Many cattle and swine 
 are exported. In 1850 there were raised 
 557,757 bushels of corn; 34,472 of wheat; 
 136,086 of oats, and 103,498 pounds of 
 butter. The produce of corn, oats, and 
 wheat was greater than of any other county 
 in the state, and that of butter the greatest 
 with the exception of Pope county. There 
 were 3 flour and grist mills, 1 saw mill, I 
 cotton-ginning mill, and 5 tanneries. It 
 contained 14 churches, 915 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 116 attending other 
 schools. An active emigration is directed to 
 this county, which is already among the 
 most populous of the state. Capital, Fayette- 
 ville. Population, 9849 ; of whom 8650 were 
 free, and 1199, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the N.E. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina: 
 area, estimated at 500 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Nolichucky river, and the 
 Watauga river forms its N. E. boundary. 
 The surface is finely diversified by moun- 
 tains and valleys; the soil of the latter is 
 highly productive, well watered, and much 
 improved. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and 
 pork are the staples. Iron is exported from 
 the mines of the county, which are very ex- 
 tensive. In 1850 it produced 395,742 bushels 
 of corn; 201,568 of oats; 96,967 of wheat, 
 and 151,030 pounds of butter. It contained 
 14 churches, 1 newspaper office, 1625 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 250 attending 
 academies and other schools. The streams 
 furnish abundant water-power. It is tra- 
 versed by the East Tennessee and Virginia 
 railroad, unfinished. Washington county is 
 among the oldest in the state, having been 
 settled before the Revolution. Capital, Jones- 
 borough. Population, 13,861, of whom 12,931 
 were free, and 930, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county near the centre of 
 Kentucky, has an area estimated at 550 
 square miles. Chaplain's fork of Salt river 
 flows through the N. part of the county, and 
 also forms its boundary on the N. W. The 
 surface is undulating and well timbered ; the 
 soil is calcareous and fertile. Wheat, Indian 
 corn, hemp, and oats are the staples. The 
 chief exports are hemp, cattle, and pork. In 
 1850 this county produced 824,92-5 bushels 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 of corn; 28,G53 of wheat, and 117,651 of 
 oats. It contained 22 churches, 1325 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 170 attending 
 academies and other schools. The underly- 
 ing rock is a fine limestone, yaluable for 
 building. Organizedin 1792. Capital, Spring- 
 fiejld. Population, 12,194, of whom 9149 were 
 tree, and oOJ-5, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Ohio, bordering or Ohio river, which sepa- 
 rates it from Virginia, contains about 650 
 square miles. It is intersected by the Mus- 
 kingum and Little Muskingum rivers. The 
 surface is finely diversified ; the soil is pro- 
 ductive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and poi'k 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 79,615 bushels of wheat; 474,464 of corn; 
 J 30,433 of oats, and 540,392 pounds of to- 
 bacco. It contained 58 churches, 2 newspaper 
 ofSces, 5258 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 987 attending academies or other schools. 
 Bituminous coal is abundant, and iron ore is 
 found. Several railroads will intersect the 
 county, or terminate in it, viz. the Cincinnati 
 and Marietta, the Hillsborough and Belpre, 
 and the Columbus and Hocking Valley rail- 
 road. The strearas aiFord motive-power, which 
 is used extensively in manufactories. This 
 county has the distinction of being the oldest 
 in the slate : it was settled in 1786, by natives 
 of New England. Capital, Marietta. Popu- 
 lation, 29,540. 
 
 V^ASHiNGTON, a county in the S. part of 
 Indiana, contains 540 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Blue river and Lost river, and 
 bounded on the N. by the Muscakituck, and 
 the E. fork of White river. A range of hills, 
 called the "Knobs," extend near the E. bor- 
 der. The other portions of it are undulating, 
 and have a fertile soil. Cavernous limestone 
 and sandstone underlie the surface. The Lost 
 river of this county enters a subterranean 
 channel, and after flowing a considerable 
 distance, returns to the surface. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 756,001 
 bushels of corn ; 103,262 of wheat; 215,595 
 of oats, (the greatest quantity produced by 
 any county in the state,) and 6131 tons of 
 hay. It contained 40 churches, 4 newspaper 
 offices, 2575 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 90 attending academies or other schools. 
 The county is intersected by the New Albany 
 and Salem railroad. Organized in 1813. 
 Capital, Salem. Population, 17,040. 
 
 Washington, a county in the S. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 525 square miles. 
 The Kaskaskia river washes its N. W. bor- 
 der, and the county is drained by Elk, Beau- 
 coup, and Crooked creeks. The surface is 
 nearly level, r.nd consists partly of prairie, 
 and partly of timber land. The soil in some 
 parts is productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, cattle, and SAvine are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 467,690 bushels 
 of corn; 12,080 of wheat; 133,268 of oats, 
 1238 
 
 and 159,365 pounds of butter. It contained 
 11 churches, and 1000 pupils attending public 
 schools. The route of the Central railroad 
 passes through the county. Capital, Nash- 
 ville. Population, 6953. 
 
 Washington, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Missouri, has an area of 1000 square 
 miles. The Maramec river washes its N. W. 
 border. The Big river rises in the county, 
 and forms part of the N. E. boundary ; it is 
 also drained by the head streams of the Big 
 Black river, and by Courtois and Indian 
 creeks. The surface is generally hilly and 
 broken, and covered with forests. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the 
 staples of agriculture. In 1850 the county 
 produced 334,348 bushels of corn ; 30,279 of 
 wheat; 79,112 of oats, and 69,639 pounds 
 of butter. It contained 10 churches, and 
 400 pupils attending public schools. The 
 county is chiefly remarkable for its mineral 
 resources. Iron and lead are the most abun- 
 dant. The Iron mountain, on the S. E. bor- 
 der, is described as "literally a mountain 
 of magnetic iron ore," rising about 300 feet 
 above the plain, and measuring a mile and a 
 half across the summit. Numerous lead 
 mines have been opened near Potosi. Silver, 
 copper, plumbago, copperas, chalk, and lime- 
 stone are also found. A railroad is progress- 
 ing from St. Louis to the Iron mountain. Ca- 
 pital, Potosi. Population, 8811, of whom 
 7736 were free, and 1075, slaves. 
 
 Washington, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Iowa, has an area of 570 square miles. The 
 Iowa river washes the N. E. border, the 
 Skunk river intersects the S. W. part, and the 
 English river flows through the northern part 
 into the Iowa. The surface is diversified by 
 rolling prairies and groves of timber, which 
 are generally distributed along the large 
 streams ; the soil is good, and well watered. 
 Indian corn, wool, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 there were raised 277,205 bushels of 
 corn; 30,767 of wheat; 37,854 of oats, and 
 12,977 pounds of wool. It contained 3 
 churches, and 962 pupils attending public 
 schools. The streams of this county afford 
 motive-power for mills. A railroad is pro- 
 jected through the county from Keokuk to 
 Dubuque. Capital, Washington. Pop., 4957. 
 
 Washington, a county in the E. S. E. part 
 of Wisconsin, has an area of about 430 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Milwaukee river, 
 and also drained by Ossin and Rubicon rivers, 
 small affluents of Rock river, and by Cedar 
 and Sauk creeks. The surface is undulating 
 or nearly level ; the soil is based on limestone, 
 and is ver.y productive. Previous to the set- 
 tlement, which commenced in 1836, the county 
 was covered with dense forests. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, butter, cat- 
 tle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 123,806 bushels of wheat; 
 102,859 of oats; 34,524 of corn: 10,078 of 
 barley ; 123,252 of potatoes ; 3261 tons of 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 hay, and 171,822 poiinds of butter. It con- 
 tained 11 churches, 1 newspaper ofiice, and 
 17-18 pupils attending public schools. The 
 limestone which underlies the surface is a 
 good matei-ial for building. A mine of iron 
 ore has been opened in the township of Hart- 
 ford. The county is copiously supplied with 
 water-power. Public AVorks : Milwaukee and 
 Fond du Lac railroad. In 1850' the popula- 
 tion of the county was 19,485, but since that 
 time the limits have been reduced by the form- 
 ation of Ozaukee county. Capital, West Bend. 
 
 Washington, a county in the E. part of 
 Minnesota, contains about 370 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the S. by the Mississippi 
 river, and on the E. by the St. Croix, which 
 separates it from Wisconsin. The surface is 
 somewhat diversified, and the soil fertile. 
 Lumber, Indian corn, oats, barley, potatoes, 
 and hay are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 11,830 bushels of corn; 23,262 of 
 oats; 1196 of barley ; 9340 of potatoes, and 
 755 tons of hay ; the quantities of corn, oats, 
 barley, and potatoes being the greatest pro- 
 duced by any one county in the territory. It 
 contained 1 church. Capital, Stillwater. 
 Population, 1056. 
 
 Washington, the most southern county of 
 Utah Territory, bordering on New Mexico, 
 has an area estimated at above 10,000 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Kio Colorado, 
 and by the Rio San Juan and others of its 
 tributaries. This county was formed from 
 p.art of Iron county since 1850, and conse- 
 quently the census gives us no information 
 respecting it. 
 
 Washington, a county in the N. W. part 
 of Oregon, has an area estimated at above 
 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 E, by the Columbia and Willamette rivers, 
 and drained by a small affluent of the latter. 
 The soil is generally fertile. Wheat, oats, 
 potatoes, and butter are the staples. In 
 1850 the county produced 21,481 bushels of 
 wheat ; 3932 of oats ; 8075 of potatoes, and 
 26,085 pounds of butter. There were 128 
 pupils attending academies and other schools. 
 Population, 2651. 
 
 Washington, a post-township in Lincoln 
 CO., ]\Iaine, 22 miles E. S. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1756. 
 
 W.\shington, a post-township in Sullivan 
 CO., New Hampshire, 29 miles W. by S. from 
 Concord, drained by Ashuelot and Contoocook 
 rivers. Population, 1054. 
 
 Washington, a post-township in Orange 
 CO., Vermont, 18 miles S. E. by S. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 1348. 
 
 Washington, a post-village in Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Western railroad, 
 138 miles W. by N. from Boston. Population 
 of the township, 953. 
 
 Washington, a manufacturing post-village 
 in Litchfield co., Connecticut, 33 miles. W. by 
 S. from Hartford, contains 3 or 4 churches. 
 Population of the township, 1802. 
 
 Washington, a post-township of Dutchesa 
 CO., New York, about 70 miles S. from Albany 
 Population, 2805. 
 
 Washington, a township of Bergen co., 
 New Jersey, bordering on New York and on 
 the Passaic river, about 25 miles N. from 
 Jersey City. Population, 1804. 
 
 Washington, a township of Burlington co., 
 New Jersey, on the right side of the Little 
 Egg Harbor river, 45 miles S. by E. from 
 Trenton. Population, 2010. 
 
 Washington, a township of Camden co.. 
 New Jersey, about 20 miles S. S. E. from 
 Camden. Population, 2114. 
 
 Washington, a village of Middlesex co., 
 New Jersey, on the left bank of South river, 
 10 miles S. W. from Perth Amboy, contains 
 4 stores, and about 50 dwellings. Steam- 
 boats ply between this place and New York 
 during the summer. 
 
 Washington, a township of Morris co.. 
 New Jersey, 45 miles N. from Trentou. Po- 
 pulation, 2502. 
 
 Washington, a post-village of Morris co., 
 New Jersey. See German Valley. 
 
 Washington, a post-village of Warren co.. 
 New Jersey, about half a mile N. from the 
 Morris canal, contains 2 churches, several 
 stores, and about 50 dwellings. 
 
 Washington, a township of Berks co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 20 miles E. from Read- 
 ing. Population, 1154. 
 
 Washington, a township of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 16 miles N. by £. from 
 Butler. Population, 1003. 
 
 Washington, a township of Cambria co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the Pennsylva- 
 nia railroad, and by the Alleghany Portage 
 railroad, 13 miles W. from HoUidaysburg. 
 Population, 1691. 
 
 Washington, a township of Clarion co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 9 miles N. by W. from 
 Clarion. Population, 1227. 
 
 Washington, a township of Dauphin co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 21 miles N. by E. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 839. 
 
 Washington, a township of Erie co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 17 miles S. from Erie. 
 
 Washington, a township forming the N., 
 W. extremity of Fayette co., Pa., on the left 
 side of the Monongahela river. Pop., 1276. 
 
 Washington, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Franklin co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 2477. 
 
 Washington, a township of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N. from Wayues- 
 burg. Population, 914. 
 
 Washington, a small village of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Washington, a township of Indiana co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 8 miles N. W. from In- 
 diana. Population, 1111. 
 
 Washington, a township of Jefferson co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the route of the 
 Sunbury and Erie railroad, about 13 miles 
 E. from Brookville, 
 
 1239 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 Washington, a post-borough of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the E. bank of the Sus- 
 quehanna river, about 3 miles below Colum- 
 bia. It has 2 churches, and several stores. 
 Incorporated in 1827. Population in 1850, 
 582. 
 
 Washington, a township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Lehigh co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the left bank of the Lehigh river. Popula- 
 tion, 1493. 
 
 Washington, a township of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, intersected by the route of the 
 Sunbury and Erie railroad. Pop., 2138. 
 
 Washington, a township of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 9 miles S. from New 
 Berlin. Population, 1238. 
 
 Washington, a pleasant and flourishing 
 town, capital of Washington county, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the National road, and on the 
 Hempfield railroad, 25 miles S. W. from Pitts- 
 burg. The Hempfield railroad (not yet 
 finished) extends from Y/heeling to the 
 Central railroad at Greensburg. The town 
 is distinguished for its literary institutions, 
 and the elegance of its public buildings, 
 among which are the court house, a number 
 of well-built churches, a female seminary, a 
 bank, and the edifice of Washington College. 
 The latter is a flourishing institution, founded 
 in 1806. Threenewspapers are published here. 
 Incorporated in 1810. Pop. in 1850, 2662. 
 
 Washington, a township of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 24 miles E. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 2076. 
 
 Washington, a township of Wyoming co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 28 miles N. by W. from 
 Wilkesbarre. Population, 1675. 
 
 Washington, a township of York co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 16 miles W. from York. Po- 
 pulation, 1339. 
 
 Washington, a city, the jjolitical metropolis 
 of the United States, is finely located be- 
 tween the Potomac river, and a tributary 
 called the East branch. The Observatory 
 lies in 38° 53' 32" N. Lat., and 77° 3' W. Ion. 
 from Greenwich ; it is itself a meridian, and 
 many of our maps reckon their longitude 
 from this city. Its distances from the prin- 
 cipal cities of the United States are, on the 
 N. and N. E. from Baltimore, 38 miles; Phila- 
 delphia, 136; New York, 226; Albany, 376; 
 Boston, 432, and Portland, 542 miles ; on the 
 N. W., and W., from Buffalo, 376; Detroit, 
 526 ; Milwaukee, 700 ; Chicago, 763 ; San 
 Francisco, about 2000, (in an air line ;) St. 
 Louis, 856; Louisville, 590 ; Cincinnati, 497 ; 
 and Pittsburg, 223 miles ; and on the S. and 
 S. W., from Richmond, 122; Wilmington, (N. 
 C.) 416 ; Charleston, 544 ; Mobile, 1033 ; New 
 Orleans, 1203; and Nashville, 714 miles. 
 
 Population. — The resident population of 
 Washington in 1850 was 40,001. But this 
 number is greatly increased d uring th e session s 
 of Congress, by the accession not only of the 
 members and their families, but of visitors and 
 persons spending the winter or a portion of it 
 1240 
 
 here, for the purpose of enjoying the society 
 and gayety of the capital. Though the growth 
 of Washington has not been rapid, it has been 
 steady, and the city has increased within 
 the past few years in a considerably greater 
 ratio than heretofore. There seems no rea- 
 son to doubt, that as the nation grows in 
 wealth, and the public buildings and collec- 
 tions of art and science accumulate, (as 
 they are rapidly doing,) they will draw after 
 them persons of wealth, leisure, and literary 
 and scientific attainments, who will seek this 
 central point, (agreeable in its latitude for a 
 winter residence,) to spend their wealth, and 
 enjoy the advantages of the best society of 
 the republic congregated from all quarters, 
 and having the additional charm of variety 
 and novelty. 
 
 General Aspect. — Though not a seven-hilled 
 city, Washington has, as well as Rome, its Ca- 
 pitoline Hill, commanding views scarcely less 
 striking than that of the Eternal City. It is 
 situated on the left bank of the Potomac 
 river, between two small tributaries, the 
 one on the E., called the East Branch, and the 
 one on the W., called Rock creek. The latter 
 separates it from Georgetown. The general 
 altitude of the city plot is 40 feet above the 
 river, but this is diversified by irregular eleva- 
 tions, which serve to give variety and com- 
 manding sites for the public buildings. The 
 plot is slightly amphitheatrical, the Presi- 
 dent's House on the W. standing on one of the 
 sides, and the Capitol on the other, while the 
 space between verges towards a point near 
 the river. The President's House and the Ca- 
 pitol stand centrally with regard to the whole, 
 though situated at the distance of 1 mile from 
 each other, the former 44 feet above the Poto- 
 mac, and the latter 72 feet. The summit of 
 the hill on which the Capitol stands is the 
 commencement of a plain, stretching E , while 
 that to the N. of the President's House tends 
 westward. Perhaps, no better commenda- 
 tion can be given to the locality of Washing- 
 ton than that of its having been chosen by him 
 whose name it bears. When the streets shall 
 have been lined with buildings, few cities can 
 ever have presented a grander view than that 
 which will be offered to the spectator from 
 the western steps of the Capitol, looking 
 towards the President's House, with Penn- 
 sylvania Avenue stretching before him for 
 more than a mile, with a breadth of 160 feet, 
 the view terminated on the west by the colon- 
 nade of the Treasury buildings and the pala- 
 tial residence of the nation's chief magistrate. 
 On his left, towards the river, (itself more 
 than a mile in width,) is an extensive park, 
 enclosing the Smithsonian Institute, with its 
 picturesque towers, and the lofty column 
 reared to the memory of Washington. On 
 the right he will have beneath him the Gene- 
 ral Post-Office, the Patent-Ofiice, the City Hall, 
 and doubtless still more splendid public 
 and many sumptuous private dwellings, which 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 may have been erected ere another genera- 
 tion passes away. Nor would Washington 
 lack commercial facilities, but for the still 
 greater advantages possessed by its older 
 sister cities. Its natural advantages in this 
 respect are probably not surpassed by any ca- 
 pital in Europe ; but our country so abounds 
 in fine localities for commercial cities, that 
 those of Washington are thrown into the back- 
 ground. Its capabilities as a port may be 
 inferred from the fact that a navy-yard is lo- 
 cated here. The plan of the city is unique, 
 and every thing is laid out on a scale that 
 shows an anticipation of a great metropolis ; 
 and though these anticipations have not yet 
 been realized, they are entirely within the 
 probabilities of the future. The city plot^ 
 which lies on the W. border of the 60 square 
 miles which now constitute the District of Co- 
 lumbia, extends 4J miles in a N. W. and S. E. 
 direction, and about 2 J in a N. E. and S. W. di- 
 rection, covering an area of nearly 11 square 
 miles. A very small portion of this, however, 
 is as yet built upon. The whole site is tra- 
 versed by streets running E. and W. and N. 
 and S., crossing each other at right angles. 
 The streets that run N. and S. are numbered 
 E. and W. from North and South Capitol 
 street, (whose name will indicate its position,) 
 and are called, for example. East and West 
 Second or Third streets: while those running 
 E. and W. are numbered from East Capitol 
 street, and are named alphabetically, N. or 
 S., A, B, or C street, &c. The plot is again 
 subdivided by wide avenues, named from the 
 15 states existing when the site of the capital 
 was chosen. These avenues run in a S. E. 
 and N. W., or in a S. W. and N. E. direction, 
 often, but not always parallel to each other, 
 and their points of section forming large open 
 spaces. Four of these avenues and North 
 and South and East and West Capitol streets, 
 intersect each other at the Capitol grounds, 
 and 5 avenues and a number of streets at 
 the park around the president's house. It 
 will be readily seen, if this plan should be 
 filled up, that, combined with its undulating 
 grounds, surrounding hills, public buildings, 
 park, monuments, &c., it will give a cou^ 
 (Toeil unequalled for magnificence in modern 
 times. Pennsylvania Avenue, between the 
 Capitol and President's House, is the only one 
 that is densely built upon for any considerable 
 extent. The streets are from 70 to 110 feet in 
 width, and the avenues from 130 to 160 feet. 
 Public Buildings. — In this respect alone does 
 Washington at present fulfil the ideas enter- 
 tained of a great metropolis. The Capitol, Pre- 
 sident's House, Treasury Buildings, Patent- 
 Office, Post-Office, and Smithsonian Institute, 
 are structures that would grace any city. 
 First of these, in architectural merit and in 
 point of interest, is the Capitol, containing the 
 halls of the national legislature. Supreme 
 Court room, &c. This building is situated on 
 an eminence (looking towards the W.) of 72 
 
 feet above tide-water, and consists at present 
 of a centre building and two wings, making a 
 total length of 352 feet, and of 121 feet depth 
 at the wings. The central building contains a 
 rotunda 96 feet in diameter, and the same in 
 height, crowned by a magnificent dome 145 feet 
 from the ground. The wings are also surmount- 
 ed by flat domes. The eastern front, including 
 steps, projects 65 feet, and is graced by a 
 portico of 22 Corinthian columns, SO feet in 
 height, and forming a colonnade 160 feet in 
 length, presenting one of the most command- 
 ing fronts in the United States. The western 
 front projects 83 feet, including the steps, and 
 is embellished with a recessed portico of 10 
 columns. This front, though not so impos- 
 ing in itself as the eastern, commands the 
 finest view anywhere to be had in Washing- 
 ton, overlooking all the central and western 
 portion of the city, and all the principal pub- 
 lic buildings. Near the wfestern entrance to 
 the Capitol stands a monument, erected by 
 the officers of the navy to the memory of their 
 brother officers who fell in the war with Tri- 
 poli. It is of marble, rising out of a pool or 
 basin of water, and is 40 feet high. On the 
 steps of the E. front of the Capitol, among other 
 woi'ks of art, is a noble statue of Columbus, 
 supporting a globe in his outstretched arm. 
 The interior of the western projection con- 
 tains the library of Congress, a considerable 
 portion of which was burned in the winter of 
 1851-2. Previous to that event it numbered 
 50,000 volumes. It has been rebuilt fire-proof. 
 On entering the rotunda, the first objects 
 that strike the attention are the paintings 
 which adorn the walls. Of these, at'present 
 seven in number, four are by Trumbull, the 
 subjects of which are : 1. The Declaration 
 of Independence. 2. The Surrender of Gene- 
 ral Burgoyne. 3. The Surrender of Lord 
 Cornwallis. 4. General Washington resign- 
 ing his commission at Anapolis. The sub- 
 jects of the remaining pictures are the Em- 
 barkation of the Pilgrims from Leyden, by 
 Weir ; the Landing of Columbus, by Van- 
 derlyn, and the Baptism of Pocahontas, 
 by Chapman. Surrounding the rotunda are 
 a number of chambers, passages, committee 
 rooms, rooms for the President, members 
 of cabinet, &c. The Senate chamber is on 
 the second floor of the N. wing, of which, 
 however, it occupies less than half the 
 area, and is of a semicircular form, 75 feet 
 long and 45 high. A gallery for specta- 
 tors, supported by iron or bronze pillars, 
 surrounds the semicircle, and fronting the 
 president's chair, which stands in the mid- 
 dle of the chord of the semicircle. In the 
 rear of the president's chair is a loggia, un- 
 der a gallery supported by Ionic columns of 
 conglomerate or Potomac marble. In this gal- 
 lery sit the reporters, in front of the senators, 
 Avhile the spectators' gallery is at their backs 
 The hall of representatives is on the second 
 floor of the S. wing, and is also semicircular, 
 
 1241 
 
 r 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 but much larger than the Senate chamber, 
 being 9(5 feet long, 60 high, and surrounded by 
 24 Corinthian columns of Potomac marble, 
 with capitals of Italian marble. The galleries 
 are similar in their arrangement to those of 
 the Senate chamber. Over the speaker's 
 chair is placed a statue of Liberty, supported 
 by an eagle with spread wings. In front of 
 the chair, and immediately above the main 
 entrance is a figure representing History re- 
 cording the events of the nation. The Capi- 
 tol is now in process of being greatly en- 
 larged, the corner stone of the new portion 
 having been laid by President Fillmore, July 
 4th, 1851. The Supreme Court room is un- 
 der the Senate chamber. The whole cost of 
 the building, as it now stands, (1853,) was 
 $1,800,000, but the extension will cost several 
 millions more. The original structure was 
 commenced in 1793, and had not been com- 
 pleted, when, by an act of Vandalism, it was 
 bui'nt in 1814, and was not entirely finished 
 till 1828. The grounds around the Capitol are 
 handsomely laid out, and planted with trees 
 and shrubbery, presenting, during the spring 
 and summer, a scene of exquisite beauty. 
 Tlie extensions will comprehend two wings, 
 238 by 140 feet, which are to be surrounded 
 on three sides by colonnades, and to com- 
 municate on the fourth by corridors 44 feet 
 long, and 50 wide, with the main building. 
 The whole will be 751 feet long, and cover 
 an area of 3^ acres. The grounds around 
 the Capitol embrace from 23 to 30 acres, 
 forming an oblong on three sides, and a 
 semicircle on the W. About the centre of 
 the grounds, on the eastern front, is a colossal 
 statue of Washington, by Greenough. The 
 material of the Capitol is a porous stone, of a 
 light 3'ellow, painted white. On a beautiful 
 lawn of 20 acres, gently sloping towards the 
 Potomac, and elevated 44 feet above it, stands 
 the President's House. The grounds belong- 
 ing to this residence interrupt Pennsylvania 
 Avenue at a distance of about 1 mile N. ^Y. 
 from the Capitol. The President's Mansion has 
 a front of 170 feet by 86 feet deep, is 2 
 stories high, and built of freestone, painted 
 white. The N. front has a portico ornament- 
 ed with 4 Ionic columns facing Pennsylva- 
 nia Avenue, and 3 at the sides; under this, 
 carriages drive to deposit their visitors. The 
 Potomac front has a circular colonnade of 6 
 Ionic columns. In the centre of the N. lawn 
 is a statue of Jefferson, and across Pennsylva- 
 nia Avenue, also on theN. side of the building, 
 in the centre of Lafayette square, is a bronze 
 equestrian statue to General Jackson, placed 
 there in January, 1853. In the same en- 
 closure with the Executive Mansion are the 
 edifices appropriated to the State, Treasury, 
 War, and Navy departments. The State and 
 Treasury buildings are directly E. of the Pre- 
 sident's House, and those of War and Navy 
 W. of it. The State Department is a plain, 
 brick structure, 160 feet long, 55 wide, 
 1242 
 
 and two stories high, in which are employed 
 nineteen clerks, two messengers, and five 
 watchmen. The department contains a 
 large library of books, maps, charts, &c., 
 and in the copyright bureau are deposited 
 from 10,000 to 12,000 volumes of works copy- 
 righted in the United States. Immediately 
 S. of the State Department is the Treasury 
 Department, occupying an imposing edifice of 
 stone, 340 feet long, and 170 wide, and, when 
 comj^leted, will be 457 in length. The east 
 front (on the N. bend of Pennsylvania Ave- 
 nue, caused by the interruption from the park 
 around the President's House) has a colon- 
 nade of Ionic columns, 300 feet long, and, 
 when the north and south wings are added, 
 will number 42 columns. The N. and S. 
 ends of the' building will also have projecting 
 porticos. This edifice has about 150 apart^ 
 ments, in which are employed, besides the 
 secretary and his assistant, 3 auditors, 2 
 treasurers, 1 register, one commissioner of 
 customs, about 300 clerks, and perhaps 80 
 other employees. The building of the War 
 Department is precisely similar to that of the 
 State, and is the head-quarters of the ai'my 
 officers. In it are employed, besides officers, 
 92 clerks, and other employees. The Navy 
 Department, in the rear of the War, employs 
 more than 40 clerks, besides messengers, &c. 
 The Indian bureau is also in this building. 
 The Pension-Office is a very large but plain 
 structure, immediately west of the Navy De- 
 partment. About halfway between the Ca- 
 pitol and President's House, north from Penn- 
 sylvania Avenue, fronting E street, is the 
 structure occupied by the General Post-Office, 
 one of the finest edifices in Washington. It 
 is of white marble, 204 feet long, and 102 
 deep, contains over 80 rooms, and employs, 
 besides the postmaster-general, his 3 assist- 
 ants, more than 50 clerks, and the sixth au- 
 ditor, with over 100 clerks. Occupying the 
 square between 8th, 9th, and F and G streets, 
 is the building of the Department of the In- 
 terior, or Home Department, gencrallj^ called 
 (from one of its bureaus) the Patent-Office. 
 This edifice is not yet finished ; but, when 
 completed, will not be surpassed by any in 
 Washington for extent or elegance, if we 
 except the Capitol. Here are deposited mo- 
 dels of every machine or invention that is 
 patented; here also are at present the cabi- 
 nets of natural history collected by the ex- 
 ploring expedition, relics of Washington and 
 Franklin, presents from foreign potentates, 
 &c. Here are employed about 150 clerks, 
 and more than 20 subordinates. This build- 
 ing, which is partly of freestone and partly 
 of marble, has a central portico of 8 Doric 
 columns. Two blocks E. of the Patent-Office 
 is the City Hall, a stuccoed building, 200 feet 
 long, on Judiciary Square, devot 'd to city 
 councils, mayor's ofifice, courts, &c. South 
 from Pennsylvania Avenue, W. of the Capi- 
 tol, and S. E. from the President's House, 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 on a gently i-ising ground, in the midst of 
 the new park now being laid out, stands the 
 Smithsonian Institute, one of the noblest in- 
 stitutions and finest structui-es in Washing- 
 ton. The edifice is 450 feet long by 1 40 wide, 
 is built of red sandstone, in the Romanesque 
 or Norman style, embellished by 9 towers of 
 from 75 to 150 feet in height, and when viewed 
 from Capitol hill, has an imposing effect. In 
 the building will be provided a lecture room, 
 suihciently capacious to seat from 1200 to 
 2000 persons, a museum for objects of natu- 
 ral history "200 feet long, one of the best sup- 
 plied laboratories in the United States, a 
 gallery for paintings and statuary 120 feet 
 long, and a room capable of containing a li- 
 brary of 100,000 volumes, and actually num- 
 bering 21,701, in 1853; of which 4589 were 
 copyright works. This institution was endow- 
 ed hy James Smithson, Esq., an Englishman, 
 who left to the United States $515,169, (ac- 
 cording to the words of the will,) " to found 
 at Washington an establishment for the in- 
 crease and diffusion of knowledge among 
 men." Smithson died in 1829, and in 1846 was 
 commenced the structure which has been 
 built by the interest accumulating up to that 
 time, viz. $242,129. The fund yields an an- 
 nual income of more than $30,000. The 
 will makes no restriction as to the kind of 
 knowledge to be promulgated. Works on 
 ethnology and antiquities have already been 
 published by the institution. As soon as 
 the building is ready to receive it, the cabi- 
 nets collected by the exploring expedition 
 will be transferred thither. The officers of 
 the institution are the President and Vice- 
 President of the United States, members of the 
 cabinet, chief-justice, commissioners of the 
 Patent-Office, and the Mayor of Washington, 
 besides a board of regents, who elect a chan- 
 cellor, secretary, and executive committee. 
 The active literary and scientific duties of the 
 institution fall upon the secretary (at present. 
 Professor Henry) and his assistant secretaries, 
 (now Professor Jewett and Professor Baird.) 
 On the proposed new park, about halfway 
 between the President's House and the capi- 
 tol, has also been commenced a colossal 
 monument to Washington, to be erected by 
 voluntary contributions of the people. The 
 plan contemplates, as a base, a circular 
 temple, 250 feet in diameter and 100 feet 
 high ; from the centre of which is to rise a 
 shaft 70 feet square, to the height of 600 
 feet above the ground, and to be cased in 
 marble. The base is intended to be the 
 Westminster Abbey of the United States, to 
 contain the statues of the Revolutionary 
 worthies, and in the centre the remains of 
 Washington. The temple at the base will 
 be entirely surrounded by a colonnade of 30 
 pillars in the Doric style, 45 feet high and 12 
 in diameter, surmounted by an entablature 
 of 20 feet, which is in turn to be surmounted 
 by a balustrade of 15 feet in height. Each 
 
 state furnishes a block of native stone or other 
 material, (Michigan, copper,) with an inscrip- 
 tion, which is inserted in the interior, to be read 
 by all coming ages. A triumphal car, with 
 a statue of Washington, is to stand over the 
 grand entrance. The column has at pre- 
 sent (1853) only reached the height of about 
 150 feet. If completed according to the 
 original plan, this will form the most magni- 
 ficent monument erected in ancient or modern 
 times. The design, however, has been severely 
 criticised, and the great height of the column, 
 receding so suddenly from a wide base, has 
 been strongly objected to. The ^Tational 
 Observatory, one of the institutions most 
 creditable to the government, occupies a com- 
 manding site on the banks of tlie Potomac, 
 S. W. from the President's House. The Ob- 
 servatory is under the direction of Lieutenant 
 IMaury, of the navy. Besides the astronomi- 
 cal observations constantly made here, chro- 
 nometers, for the use of the na'vy, are tho- 
 roughly tested, researches made as to tides, 
 currents, &c.,and longitudes determined vnth 
 greater accuracy by the aid of the electric 
 telegraph. The largest telescope is a 14-feet 
 refractor; smaller telescopes are constantly 
 employed searching the heavens for comets. 
 Precisely at 12 o'clock mean time, eacli day, a 
 black ball is let fall from the flagstaff of the 
 Observatory, by which the inhabitants of Wash- 
 ington may regulate their time. The Arsenal, 
 on Greenleafs Point, at the junction of the E. 
 Branch wi th the Potomac, is one of til e principal 
 arsenals of construction in the United States. 
 
 About 1|- miles N. E. from the arsenal, 
 and the same distance S. E. of the Capitol, 
 on the East Branch, is the Navy- Yard, which 
 covers about 20 acres, enclosed by a wall. 
 This is one of the most extensive yards in 
 the Union, and employs more than 400 
 hands in the manufacture of anchors, chain 
 cables, steam engines and boilers, pyrotech- 
 nics, in brass and iron foundries, &c. &c. 
 The National Cemetei'y, or congressional bu- 
 r^'ing-ground, is situated about 1 mile E. of 
 the Capitol, on an elevation commanding 
 fine views of the surrounding country, which 
 is beautified with trees and shrubbery. Here 
 have been deposited, for a short time at least, 
 the remains of some of the most distinguished 
 men in the nation, and here are erected ceno- 
 taphs to all members of Congress dying while 
 in office. 
 
 The buildings of the Coast Survey do not 
 in themselves deserve any notice, but the 
 operations carried on here under the super- 
 intendence of Professor A. D. Bache, a name 
 well known to science, are of the most im- 
 portant nature. Here are transacted the 
 computing, drawing, engraving, electrotyping, 
 printing, instrument-making, &c., connected 
 with the coast surveys, and the construction 
 of standard weights and measures, &c. 
 
 Uoleh. — In a city thronged as Washington 
 is with visitors and a floating population 
 1243 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 hotels and boarding-houses must be nume- 
 rous, and the inducements are to make them 
 of the first class The most prominent are 
 Brown's, (which is very capacious, being the 
 largest in Washington, with a front of white 
 marble,) the National, Willard's, Gadsby's, the 
 United States, Potomac, Irving, and Tyler's 
 hotels, all of which are on Pennsylvania Avenue. 
 
 Libraries and Educational Institutions. — The 
 National Institute holds its meetings at the 
 Patent-Office, and has for its object the culture 
 of science generallj'. It has a library of 4000 
 volum.es, which is open to the public, besides 
 a cabinet of medals and coins. Peter Force, 
 Esq., has a private library^f 50,000 volumes: 
 a rare, if not the only, instance of so large a 
 private collection of books in our country. 
 Ml'. Corcoran, the wealthy banker, has a 
 fine gallery of paintings, which is open to 
 the public on Tuesdays and Fridays. The 
 National Medical College, established in 
 1823, is a flourishing institution, with a fa- 
 culty of 7 professoi's. The Columbia College 
 is located on high ground, just without the 
 city limits, , and directly N. of the President's 
 House, commanding a magnificent view of 
 the city, the Potomac, and the surrounding 
 country. This college was incorporated in 
 1821, and had in 1850 for its faculty, besides 
 the president, 12 professors and tutors, and 
 100 students on its lists. There were in 
 Washington in 1852, four free schools, sup- 
 ported at an annual expense of $12,000, be- 
 sides a great number of excellent private 
 academies, boarding, and day schools. 
 
 Churches. — There were, in 1852, about 40 
 churches in Washington, of which 4 were 
 Baptist, 4 Catholic, 5 Episcopalian, one 
 Friends' meeting-house, 2 Lutheran, 7 Me- 
 thodist, 6 Presbyterian, one Unitarian, and 
 about 6 colored churches. Among the finest 
 of the churches is Trinity; it is of mixed Go- 
 thic and Eastern ordeis, with a front of red 
 sandstone, situated on W. Third street. 
 
 Charitable Institutions. — On the same grounds 
 with the City Hall, a capacious edifice is being 
 erected for the hospital, which at present oc- 
 cupies a building on East street. A hospital 
 for the insane has also lately been commenced. 
 
 Public Squares and Paries. — We condense the 
 following from Miss Lynch's description of 
 AVashington: — -The opea waste lying between 
 the Capitol, the President's House, and the Po- 
 tomac, is about to be converted into a national 
 park, upon a plan proposed by the lamented 
 A. J. Downing. The area contains about 150 
 acres, and the principal entrance is to be 
 through a superb marble gateway, in the form 
 of a triumphal arch, which is to stand at the 
 western side of Pennsylvania Avenue. From 
 this gateway a series of carriage drives, forty 
 feet wide, crossing the canal by a suspension 
 bi-idge, will lead in gracefully curved lines 
 beneath lofty shade-trees, f naming a carriage 
 drive between 5 or 6 miles in circuit. The 
 grounds will include the Smithsonian Insti- 
 1244 
 
 tute and Washington's monument. The parks 
 round the President's House and the Capi- 
 tol have already been mentioned. Lafayette 
 park, on the N. side of Pennsylvania Avenue, 
 in front of the executive mansion, is laid out 
 and planted with shrubbery, &c., and con- 
 tains, as we have elsewhere stated, a bronze 
 equestrian statue of President .lackson. To 
 avoid the unpleasant angularity, caused by 
 the peculiar intersection of the streets, open 
 spaces are to be left at these points, which 
 are to be laid out and planted with trees, &c. 
 There are extensive grounds around the city 
 hall, called Judici.ary Square. 
 
 Railroads, ^c. — Washington communicates 
 with the S. and S. Yv\ by steamboat to 
 Aquia creek, 55 miles below Washington, and 
 thence by the Fredericksburg Richmond and 
 Potomac railroads. A branch road running 
 north to Baltimore connects with the B.alti- 
 more and Ohio railroad. 
 
 Ohjects of Interest in the Vicinity. — Fifteen 
 miles south of Washington, on the Potomac, 
 is .Mount Yernnn, once the home, and now 
 the tomb of Washington. Thirteen miles 
 above Georgetown are the Great Falls of the 
 Potomac, thought by many to equal, in wild- 
 ness and picturesque interest, any in the 
 country. The Little Falls, which have in all 
 a descent of 15 feet are otsly 3 miles above 
 Georgetown. The latter was a favourite lish- 
 ing resort of Daniel Webster. Measures are 
 being taken to supply AVashington Avith water 
 from one of these falls. ' 
 
 AVashington contains 10 banks and about 
 14 newspaper offices, 5 or 6 of vfhich issue 
 dailies. For manufactures and commerce, see 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 History. — The site for the capital was se- 
 lected at the original suggestion of President 
 AVashington, and by an act of Congress, July 
 IG, 1790, the District of Columbia was formed. 
 The corner-stone of the Capitol_was laid by 
 General AA'ashington himself, September 18th, 
 170-3, and in 1800 the seat of government was 
 removed hither from Philadelphia. The cen- 
 sus of 1800 gave the population at 3210, 
 Avhicii had increased to 8208, in 1810. In 
 1814, the city was taken by the British, when 
 the Capitol, President's House, and the library 
 of Congress were either wholly destroyed or 
 greatly injured by fire, and other public 
 works defaced. In 1820 the ponulation was 
 13,247 ; 18,827 in 1830, and 23,^364 in 1840. 
 In 1846 was passed the act establishing the 
 Smithsonian Institute; in 1850 the slave 
 trade was abolished in the District of Colum- 
 bia; and in 1851 the foundations were laid 
 for the extension of the Capitol. 
 
 AVashingtom, a post-village, capital of Rap- 
 pahannock county, A'^irginia, 120 miles N. AV. 
 from Richmond. It is beautifully situated at 
 the S. E. foot of the Blue ridge, and on one of 
 the branches of the Rappahannock river. It 
 contains 1 or 2 churches, 1 academy, and 
 several stores. Population, about 400. 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 Washington, a post- village, capital of 
 Beaufoi't county, North Carolina, on the left 
 banK of Tar river, 127 miles E. by S. from 
 llaleigh, tand about 40 miles from Pamlico 
 sound. Vessels drawing 8 feet of water 
 ascend to this village, and smaller boats to 
 Tarborough. It has 2 banks, capital 300,000, 
 several stores, and a newspaper office. Po- 
 pulation estimated at 1400. 
 
 Washington, a handsome post -village, 
 capital of Wilkes county, Georgia, is situated 
 on the dividing ridge between the Broad and 
 Little rivers, 53 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. 
 It has an active business, and contains a court 
 house, 4 churches, 1 bank, and a newspaper 
 office. A branch railroad about 20 miles long 
 extends southward to the Georgia railroad. 
 
 Washington, a post-village in Autauga co., 
 Alabama, on Alabama river, 12 miles W. by 
 N. from Montgomery. 
 
 Washington, a post-village of Adams co., 
 Mississippi, about 80 miles W. S. W. from 
 Jackson. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and 
 several seminaries. 
 
 Washington, a thriving post-village of St. 
 Landry parish, Louisiana, on the Courtableau 
 bayou, at the head of steamboat navigation, 
 and on the New Orleans Opelousas and West- 
 ern railroad, 7 miles N. from Opelousas. 
 
 Washington, a flourishing post- village of 
 AVashiagton county, Texas, on the right 
 bank of the Brazos river, at the mouth of 
 tlie Navasoto, 65 miles N. W. from Houston, 
 and 120 miles E. from Austin city. The 
 Independence of Texas was proclaimed in 
 1836, at this place, which was the capital of 
 the republic at the time of annexation to the 
 United States, and for several years pre- 
 vious. It is favorably situated for trade, 
 being at the head of steamboat navigation on 
 the Brazos. The river flows through a fer- 
 tile planting region, in which cotton, maize, 
 and rice are produced, and the live oak and 
 red cedar are abundant. It contained in 
 1851, 1 academy, 2 female schools, 20 stores, 
 and 3 newspaper ofBces. 
 
 Washington, a township in Conway co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 325. 
 
 Washington, a post-village, capital of 
 Hempstead county, Arkansas, 125 miles S. W. 
 from Little Rock. It has a court house, a 
 jail, a United States land-oflice, a male and 
 female seminary, and anewspaper office. Po- 
 pulation in 1850,469. 
 
 Washington, a township in Independence 
 CO., Arkansas. Population, 465. 
 
 Washington, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 519. 
 
 Washington, a township in Sevier co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 465. 
 
 Washington, a township in Washitaw co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 469. 
 
 Washington, a post- village, capital of Rhea 
 CO., Tennessee, on the right bank of the Ten- 
 nessee river, 134 miles E. S. E. from Nashville. 
 Washington, a post-village, capital of 
 
 Mason county, Kentucky, on the railroad 
 from Maysville to Lexington, oj miles S. W. 
 from the former. It is beautifully situated 
 in a rich and well-improved country. It 
 contains 3 churches. Population, about 700. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Auglaize co., Ohio. Population, 688. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Belmont co., Ohio, has 1 bank. Popula- 
 tion, 1532. 
 
 Washington, a township in the N. E. part 
 of Brown co., Ohio. Population, 987. 
 
 Washington, a township in the E. central 
 part of Carroll co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Carrollton Branch railroad. Pop., 1020. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. W^ part 
 of Clermont co., Ohio, bounded on the S. by 
 the Ohio river. Population, 2540. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. part of 
 Clinton co., Ohio. Population, 1216. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Columbiana co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1201. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Coshocton co., Ohio. Population, 998. 
 
 Washington, a township in the W. part of 
 Darke co., Ohio. Population, 1250. 
 
 Washington, a township in the N. part of 
 Defiance co., Ohio. Population, 428. 
 
 Washington, ' a post-village, capital of 
 Fayette county, Ohio, on Paint creek, and on 
 the Zanesville and Wilmington railroad, 37 
 miles S. W. from Columbus. It has several 
 churches, 1 academy, a newspaper office, 2 
 woollen factories, and several mills. Laid 
 out in 1811. Population, 569. 
 
 Washington, a township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Franklin co., Ohio. Scioto 
 river bounds it on the E. Population, 1270. 
 
 Washington, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Guernsey co., Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 2216. 
 
 AVashington, a post-village of Guernsey 
 county, Ohio, on the National road, 32 miles 
 E. by N. from Zanesville. It is situated in a 
 fertile country, and has an active business. 
 It contains 1 Catholic and 4 Protestant 
 churches, 1 bank, and a woollen factory. 
 Population, estimated at 1200. 
 
 Washington, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Hancock co., Ohio. Pop., 1222. 
 
 Washington, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Hardin co., Ohio. Population, 391. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. Vf. part 
 of Harrison co., Ohio, intersected by one of 
 the head branches of Tuscarawas river. Po- 
 pulation, 1255. 
 
 Washington, a township in Henry co., 
 Ohio. Population, 532. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. part of 
 Hocking co., Ohio. Population, 1640. 
 
 Washington, a township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Holmes co., Ohio, intersected 
 by Muddy fork of Walhonding river. Popu- 
 lation, 1468. 
 
 '245 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 Washington, a township in the N. part of 
 Jackson co., Ohio. Population, 756. 
 
 Washington, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Ohio. Fopulation, 646. 
 
 AVashington, a township in the N. part of 
 Liclving countj^ Ohio, intersected by the 
 Nortli forlc of Liclving river, and the Colum- 
 bus and Lake Erie railroad. Population, 
 1788. 
 
 Washington, a township in Logan co., 
 Ohio. Population, 668. 
 
 Washington, a township in Lucas co., 
 Ohio. Population, 1161. 
 
 Washington, a township in the W. part of 
 Mercer co., Ohio, partly intersected by the 
 Wabijsh river. Population, 456. 
 
 Washington, a township in the N. part of 
 Miami co., Ohio, intersected by the Miami 
 canal. It contains the village of Piqua. Po- 
 pulation, 4158. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. part of 
 Monroe co., Ohio. Population, 865. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Montgomery co., Ohio. Pop., 1825. 
 
 Washington, a township in the N. part of 
 Morrow co., Ohio, intersected by the Cleve- 
 land, Columbus, and Cincinnati railroad. 
 Population, 1187. 
 
 WAsnixGTON, a township in the central 
 part of Bluskingum co., Ohio, intersected by 
 Muskingum river. Population, 1380. 
 
 Washington, a township in the central 
 part of Paulding co., Ohio. Population, 155. 
 
 Washington, a township in the E. part of 
 Pickaway co., Ohio. Population, 1099. 
 
 Washington, a township in the N. central 
 part of Preble co., Ohio. Population, 3060. 
 
 Washington, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of P^ichland co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Clear fork of Walhonding river, and 
 the Colunjbus and Lake Erie railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 2003. 
 
 Washington, a village of Richland co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 AVashington, a township in the W. central 
 part of Sandusky co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo railroad. 
 Population, 1499. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. part of 
 Scioto, CO., Ohio, on the N. side of the Ohio 
 river, and the W. side of the Scioto, inter- 
 sected by the Ohio canal. Population, 706. 
 
 Washington, a township in Shelby co., 
 Ohio, intersected by the Miami river and the 
 Miami canal. Population, 1261. 
 
 Washington, a township in the E. part of 
 Stark CO., Ohio, intersected by the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad. Population, 2066. 
 
 Washington, a township in the S. part of 
 Tuscarawas CO., Ohio. Population, 1091. 
 
 Washington, a township in Union co., 
 Ohio. Population, 333. 
 
 Washington, a township in the E. part of 
 Van Wert co., Ohio, intersected by Little 
 Auglaize river and the Miami canal. Popu- 
 lation, 355. 
 
 1246 
 
 Washington, a township in the W. part of 
 Wood CO., Ohio, on the right side of Maumee 
 river. Population, 504. 
 
 Washington, a post-township in the N. W. 
 part of Macomb co., Michigan. Pop., 1452. 
 
 Wa.shington, a township in Adams co., In- 
 diana. Population, 548. 
 
 Washington, a township in Allen co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1305. 
 
 Washington, a township in Blackford co., 
 Indiana. Population, 470. 
 
 Washington, a township in Brown co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1249. 
 
 Washington, a township in Carroll co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1302. 
 
 AYashtngton, a township in Cass co., In- 
 diana. Population, 799. 
 
 Washington, a township in Clarke co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1101. 
 
 Washington, a township in Clay co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1426. 
 
 Washington, a township in Clinton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 770. 
 
 Washington, a post-township in Daviess co., 
 Indiana. Population, 2578. 
 
 Washington, a post-village in the above 
 township, capital of Daviess co., Indiana, on 
 the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, unfinished. 
 106 miles S. W. from Indianapolis, and S 
 miles E. from the Wabash and Erie canal. 
 It is the principal place of business in the 
 county, and contains 3 or 4 churches, a news- 
 paper office, and a land oiEce. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 1200. 
 
 Washington, a township in Decatur co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1994. 
 
 Washington, a township in Delaware co., 
 Indiana. Population, 757. 
 
 Washington, a township in Elkhart co., 
 Indiana. Population, 810. 
 
 Washington, a township in Gibson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 754. 
 
 Washington, a township in Grant co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1007. 
 
 Washington, a township in Greene co., In- 
 diana. Population, 420. 
 
 Washington, a township in Hamilton co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1810. 
 
 Washington, a township in Hendricks co.. 
 Indiana. Population, 1438. 
 
 Washington, a township in Jackson co., 
 Indiana. Population, 856. 
 
 Washington, a township in Jay co., In- 
 diana. Population, 345. 
 
 Washington, a township in Kosciusko co., 
 Indiana. Population, 733. 
 
 Washington, a township in Marion co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1830. 
 
 AVashington, a township in Miami co., In- 
 diana. Population, 966. 
 
 Washington, a township in Monroe co.. 
 Indiana. Population, 740. 
 
 AVashington, a township in Morgan co., 
 Indiana. Population, 2427. 
 
 AVashington, a township in Noble co., In- 
 diana. Population, 645. 
 
WAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 Washikoton, a township in Owen co., In- 
 diana. Topulation, 1708. 
 
 Washtngton, a townsliip in Parke co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1198. 
 
 Washington, a township in Pike co., Ind. 
 
 Washington, a township in Porter co., In- 
 diana. Population, 429. 
 
 Washington, a township in Putnam co., 
 Indiana. Population, 2129. 
 
 Washington, a township in Randolph co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1558. 
 
 Washington, a township in Ripley co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1195. 
 
 Washington, a township in Rush co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1075. 
 
 Washington, a township in Shelby co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1148. 
 
 Washington, a township in Starke co., In- 
 diana. Population, 88. 
 
 Washington, a township in Tippecanoe co., 
 Indiana. Population, 861. 
 
 Washington, a township in Warren co., In- 
 diana. Population, 796. 
 
 Washington, a township in Washington co., 
 Indiana. Population, 2098. 
 
 Washington, a township in Wayne co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1540. 
 
 Washington, a thriving post-village of 
 Wayne co., Indiana, on the railroad from 
 Richmond to Newcastle, about 12 miles N. W. 
 from the former. Population in 1850, 283. 
 
 Washington, a post-village in Tazewell co., 
 Illinois, 71 miles N. from Springfield. 
 
 Washington, a small village of Woodford 
 CO., Illinois, about 10 miles E. by N. from 
 Peoria. 
 
 Washington, a township in Buchanan co., 
 Missouri. Population, 4301. 
 
 Washington, a thriving post-village of 
 Franklin co., Missouri, is situated on the Mis- 
 souri river, 60 miles by the road W. from St. 
 Louis. It is the principal depot for the pro- 
 duce which is exported from the county. 
 
 Washington, a township in Lawrence co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1641. - 
 
 Washington, a township in Osage co., 
 Missouri. Population, 1093. 
 
 Washington, a post- village in Henry co., 
 Iowa, 60 miles S. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Washington, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Washington county, Iowa, is situated 
 on a prairie, about 30 miles S. S. W. from 
 Iowa City, and 7 miles N. from Skunk river. 
 The Dubuque and Keokuk projected railroad 
 passes through the place. It contains a 
 court house, and several stores. 
 
 Washington, a township near the central 
 part of Greene co., Wisconsin. Pop., 317. 
 
 Washington, a town of Yoloco . California, 
 has 4 hotels, 2 stores, and 3 laundries. 
 
 Washington Bdtte, a post-oflice of Linn 
 CO., Oregon. 
 
 Washsngton College, a post-office of 
 Washington co., Tennessee. 
 
 Washington Heights, a post-office of New 
 Fork CO., New York. 
 
 Washington Hollow, a post-village of 
 Dutchess CO., New York, 14 miles E. N. E. 
 from Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Washington Lake, of Yolo county, towards 
 the N. W. part of California, is about 3 miles 
 long by half a mile wide. 
 
 Washington Mills, a post-office of Oneida 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Washington South Yuba, a post-office of 
 Nevada co., California. 
 
 Washingtonvillb, a village of Orange co.. 
 New York, on the Newburg Branch railroad, 
 12 miles S. W. from Newburg. 
 
 Washingtonvillb, a village in the N. part 
 of Oswego CO., New York. 
 
 Washingtonvillb, a small post-village of 
 Montour co., Pennsylvania, about 75 miles 
 N. by E. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Washingtonville, a post-office of Balti- 
 more CO., Maryland. 
 
 Washingtonville, a small village of Co- 
 lumbiana CO., Ohio, 162 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Washita, formerly Ouachita (wosh'e-taw^), 
 a river of Arkansas and Louisiana, is formed 
 by three branches, the North, Middle, and 
 South forks, which unite in Montgomery 
 county, in the W. part of the state. It flows 
 in a general south-easterly course until it 
 crosses the N. boundary of Louisiana. Be- 
 low this its direction is nearly southward, 
 and it falls into Red river by three channels, 
 about 30 miles from its mouth. Its length 
 is estimated at above 500 miles. The por- 
 tion of tliis river below the mouth of the 
 Tensas is sometimes called Black river. It 
 is regularly navigated by large steamboats 
 to Camden, in Arkansas, about 300 miles 
 from its mouth, and smaller boats sometimes 
 ascend as far as Rockport. The chief towns 
 on its banks are Camden, on the right, and 
 Monroe, on the left bank. Branches. — The 
 Middle, or main branch, rises in Polk county 
 and flows eastward. The North, or Muddy 
 fork, rises in Yell county and flows S. E. 
 The South, or Brushy fork, rises near tha 
 E. border of Polk county and flows east- 
 ward. 
 
 Washita, a parish in the N. part of Lou- 
 isiana, contains 735 square miles. It is in- 
 tersected by Washita river, and drained by 
 Boeuf, and Bartholomew bayous. The sur- 
 face is diversified by pine-clad hills. The 
 soil in some parts is fertile, especially along 
 the river. The staples are cotton and Indian 
 corn. In 1850 the parish produced 3486 
 bales of cotton, and 128,000 bushels of corn. 
 There were 2 saw and planing mills, and 1 
 tin and sheet-iron ware manufactory ; 1 
 church, 1 newspaper office ; 604 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 15 attending 
 another school. The parish contains ex- 
 tensive forests of pine, oak, and hickory. 
 All of the streams above named are naviga- 
 ble by steamboats. A railroad is projected 
 through the parish from Vicksburg to Shrevo- 
 1247 
 
WAS 
 
 WAT 
 
 port. Capital, Monroe. Population, 5008 ; 
 of whom 2S00 were free, and 2708, slaves. 
 
 Washita, a county in the S. central part 
 of Arkansas, is intersected by the Washita 
 river, navigable by large steamboats. The 
 surface is diversified by hills of moderate 
 height. The soil is mostly sandy and fer- 
 tile. The staples are cotton and Indian 
 corn. In 18-50 it produced 3302 bales of 
 cotton; 290,696 bushels of corn; 56,988 of 
 peas and beans ; 75,291 of sweet potatoes, and 
 42,228 pounds of butter. It contained 2 ma- 
 chine shops, and 1 newspaper office ; 90 pupils 
 attending academies or other schools. Wa- 
 shita county is among the most populous of 
 the state, and is rapidly filling up with emi- 
 grants. Capital, Camden. Pop., 9591 ; of 
 whom 6289 were free, and 3304, slaves. 
 
 Washita City. See Ouachita Citt. 
 
 Washougal, a post-office of Clark co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Washtenaw, a countj' in the S. E. part of 
 Michigan, has an area of 720 square miles. 
 It is intersected by Huron river, and by the 
 North branch of the Raisin ; the East branch 
 of Grand river (called by the Indians, Wash- 
 tenong) rises in the county, which is also 
 drained by the sources of Macon river, and 
 by Saline and Stony creeks. The surface 
 is agreeably diversified with prairies, oak- 
 openings, (plains producing a scattered 
 growth of oaks free from underbrush,) and 
 dense forests. The soil is a deep and fertile 
 sandy loam. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, po- 
 tatoes, hay, wool, and pork are staples. In 
 1850 it produced 528,042 bushels of wheat; 
 389,218 of corn ; 211,465 of oats ; 40,387 tons 
 of hay, and 250,775 pounds of wool. The 
 produce of wheat, hay, and wool was greater 
 than that of any other county in the state 
 excepting Oakland. It contained 44 churches, 
 4 newspaper offices ; 8302 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 225 attending other schools. 
 The streams afford extensive watei"-power. 
 The county is intersected by the Michigan 
 Central railroad. Capital, Ann Ai-bor. Po- 
 pulation, 28,567. 
 
 Wassaic, a post-village and station of 
 Dutchess CO., New York, on the Harlem rail- 
 road, 85 miles from New York. 
 
 Wassau. See Wausau. 
 
 Wassemon River, Wisconsin. See Peka- 
 tonica. 
 
 Wassonville, a small post-village in the 
 N. part of Washington co., Iowa, situated on 
 or near the English river. 
 
 Watab, a small post-village of Benton co., 
 Minnesota, on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 
 100 miles above St. Anthony. It was laid out 
 in 1850, and has some trade with the Indians. 
 
 Watauga River, of North Carolina and 
 Tennessee, rises at the base of the Blue 
 Ridge, in Watauga county, North Carolina. 
 After passing through a mountain range, 
 which forms the W. boundary of that state, 
 it flows in a W. N. W. direction, and enters 
 1248 
 
 the Holston river in Tennessee, about 12 
 miles N. from_ Jonesborough. It is naviga- 
 ble by small boats from its mouth to Eliza- 
 bethtown, and 6 miles higher. The motive- 
 power which it affords is very abundant, and 
 is employed in the manufacture of iron. 
 
 AVatauga, a county in the N. W. part of 
 North Carolina, bordering on Tennessee : 
 area, estimated at 550 square miles. It is 
 drained by Watauga river, from which it de- 
 rives its name. The county is a moun- 
 tainous region, having the Stone or Tellow 
 mountain on the N. W. border. The soil in 
 the valleys is fertile, producing Indian corn 
 and pasture for cattle. In 1850 tliis county 
 produced 69,211 bushels of corn; 54,747 of 
 oats, and 2774 tons of hay. There was 1 
 iron forge. It contained 6 churches, and 
 520 pupils attending public schools. Organ- 
 ized in 1849. Capital, Boone. Population, 
 3400, of whom 3271 were free, and 129, slaves. 
 
 AVatauga Bend, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Tennessee. 
 
 V/atch Hill Point, the E. side of the 
 entrance to Fisher's Island sound, about 2 
 miles S. E. from Stonington, Connecticut. 
 On it is a revolving light 50 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lat. 41° 18' 12" N., Ion. 
 71° 52' ^N. 
 
 Watensaw, a post-office of Monroe co., Ark. 
 
 Watbrborough, a post-township in York 
 CO., Maine, 65 miles S. E. from Augusta. It 
 is intersected by the York and Cumberland 
 railroad, and drained by the head branches 
 of the Monsum and Little Ossipee rivers. 
 Population, 1989. 
 
 Watebborough, a post-village of Chau- 
 tauque co.. New York, on Conewango creek, 
 about 10 miles E. N. E. from Jamestown. 
 
 Watebborough Centre, a post-office of 
 York CO., Maine. 
 
 Watebbubg, a post-office of Tompkins co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Watebburt, a thriving post-village in 
 Washington co., Vermont, near Onion river, 
 and on the Vermont Central railroad, 12 miles 
 W. N. W. of Montpelier. A plank road here 
 intersects with the railroad, securing to the 
 place the trade of the back country. The 
 village contains 4 churches and 10 stores. 
 Population of the township, 2352. 
 
 Wateebury, a beautiful and flourishing 
 city of New Haven county, Connecticut, 
 on the Naugatuck railroad, and on the 
 route of the Hartford, Providence, and Fish- 
 kill railroad, which will be completed to 
 this place by July, 1854, about 28 miles S. 
 AV. from Hartford, 21 miles N. AV. by N. from 
 New Haven, 82 miles N. E. from New York, 
 It is delightfully situated in the Naugatuck 
 Valley, the site extending eastward from the 
 stream, up a graceful slope occupied with 
 numerous tasteful residences. The dwellings 
 generally are remarkable for their neatness, 
 and are usually adorned with shade-trees, 
 flower-gardens, aad shrubbery. In the cen- 
 
WAT 
 
 WAT 
 
 tre is a beautiful public square. There are 
 now 7 cliurclies in the city, several of which 
 are elegant structures. St. .John's, (Episco- 
 pal,) situated on the principal street, near 
 the upper part of Centre square, is one of 
 the most splendid church edifices in New 
 England. It is built of granite, in the Nor- 
 man style, and was dedicated in 18-18. A new 
 Methodist Episcopal church has been erected 
 the present season. It has two towers, and 
 makes a very fine appearance. The Second 
 Congregational Society are at the pre- 
 sent time (Nov., 1853) erecting a splendid 
 brick edifice. Among the other buildi'ngs 
 deserving of notice, may be mentioned the 
 Scovill House, a hotel of the first class, front- 
 ing Centre square ; Hotchkiss block, an ele- 
 gant brick row, in which are seven fine stores, 
 and several of the factory buildings. There 
 are 2 banks, the Waterbury bank, with a ca- 
 pital of over half a million, and the City bank, 
 recently established, also a savings' institu- 
 tion, and 2 building associations. Great at- 
 tention has of late been paid to the subject 
 of education ; and by a vote of the inhabit- 
 ants, the public schools are now free. A 
 commodious brick building has been erected 
 for a high-school, with arrangements to ac- 
 commodate over 200 pupils. The whole num- 
 ber of pupils in attendance upon the various 
 schools of the city, is about 1100. A flour- 
 ishing institution, called the Young Men's 
 Institute, now numbers 400 members, and is 
 provided with regular courses of lectures, 
 and a library of 600 volumes. There are 
 also several benevolent and other societies 
 in the place. Two newspapers are published, 
 one of which, The American, is of 9 years 
 standing. 
 
 Waterbury has long been distinguished for 
 its varied and extensive manufactures. The 
 business of making gilt buttons was com- 
 menced here as early as 1802, by Abel Por- 
 ter, Daniel Clark, and others. It was not 
 carried on to any considerable extent, how- 
 ever, till after the war of 1812, when the 
 proprietors, having procured suitable ma- 
 chinery from England, extended their ope- 
 rations — rolling brass and copper, and mak- 
 ing copper and brass wire, not only for their 
 own consumption but for the general ma,r- 
 ket. The second rolling mill and button fac- 
 tory was erected in 1824. At that time, the 
 whole amount of capital employed in manu- 
 factures in the town was less than $100,000. 
 There are now in operation 6 rolling mills, 
 and another in course of erection, employ- 
 ing a capital of from $100,000 to $300,000 
 each. There are also about 40 joint-stock 
 associations in the place, 8 of which have 
 each a capital of over $150,000, the others 
 from $12-5,000 down to $10,000, making in 
 the aggregate a capital of $4,400,000. Of 
 this $1,000,000 has been added since January, 
 1853. The raw copper annually used in 
 the mills for manufacturing rolled copper 
 4d 
 
 and brass, brass and copper wire, tubing, 
 German silver, plate brass, &c., is estimated 
 at 2300 tons, and a third of that amount of 
 spelter. The number of persons employed 
 in the factories is estimated at 3000. A vast 
 amount of metal is worked up into daguerreo- 
 type plates, brass butts, gilt and brass buttons, 
 brass kettles, hooks and eyes, pins, umbrella 
 trimmings, rings, &c. The pin factory here 
 is one of the most extensive in the country. 
 There are also manufactories of india-rubber 
 suspenders and webbing, Florentine or covered 
 buttons, felt cloth, pocket-cutlery, porcelain 
 ware, cotton gins, machinery, files, castings, 
 &c. The business prospects of Waterbury 
 were never more promising than at present. 
 Over 200 houses have been erected the past 
 season, and there is a probability of an en- 
 larged increase for years to come. Popu- 
 lation in 1830, 3071; in 1840, 36G8; in 1850, 
 5137 ; in 1853, estimated at 7000. 
 
 Watereb, a river of South Carolina: rising 
 in the W. part of North Carolina, it flows first 
 eastward and then southward, under the name 
 of Catawba, which it retains until it passes 
 R ocky mount, near the S. E. extremity of Ches- 
 ter disti-ict. South Carolina; then flowing S.E. 
 and S., it passes by Camden, and unites with 
 the Congaree at the S. E. extremity of Rich- 
 land district. The river formed is called the 
 Santee. Steamboats can ascend to Camden, 
 more than 200 miles from the sea. 
 
 Wateree Creek, of Fairfield dis.. South Ca- 
 rolina, enters the Wateree river from the right, 
 near the S. extremity of Lancaster district. 
 
 Wateree, a post-office of Richland district. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Waterford, a post-township in Oxford 
 CO., Maine, 54 miles W. by S. from Augusta. 
 Crooked river flows through its N. E. bor- 
 der. Population, 1448. 
 
 Waterford, a post-township in Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont, bounded on the S. E. by Connec- 
 ticut river, and intersected by the Connecticut 
 and Passumpsic Rivers railroad, 45 miles E. 
 N. E. from Montpelier. Population, 1412. 
 
 Waterford, a post-village in New London 
 CO. , Connecticut, near the coast, and on the New 
 Haven and New London railroad, 44 miles E. 
 by N. from New Haven. Population of the 
 tov/nship, 2259. 
 
 Waterford, a post-village of Saratoga 
 county. New York, is situated on the W. 
 bank of the Hudson river, a little above the 
 mouth of the Mohawk, and 10 miles above Al- 
 bany. A bridge across the Hudson connects 
 it with Lansingburg. The river is navigable 
 by means of lockage to this point. The Al- 
 bany Northern railroad, and the Champlala 
 canal pass through it. Waterford contains 
 several churches, an academy, a bank, a news- 
 paper office, several flouring mills, and a va- 
 riety of manufactories, in which cotton goods, 
 machinery, and other articles are made. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 2683 ; of the vil- 
 lage, about 2000. 
 
 1249 
 
WAT 
 
 WAT 
 
 Waterford, a township of Camden co., 
 New Jersey, about 37 miles S. by W. from 
 Trenton. Population, 1638. 
 
 Waterfoed, a post-township of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 15 miles S. by E. from 
 Erie. Population, 1545. 
 
 Waterford, a flourishing post-borough in 
 the above township, on the Sunbury and Erie 
 railroad, and on Le Boeuf creek, 15 miles S. 
 E. from Erie. It is surrounded by a fine 
 grazing country, and has considerable trade 
 in lumber and the products of the dairy. 
 The creek furnishes water-power for several 
 mills. A plank-road connects the town with 
 Erie and Meadville. Pop. in 1850, 498. 
 
 Waterford, a post-village of Juniata co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Tuscarora creek, 60 miles 
 W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Waterford, a small village of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, 55 miles E. by S. 
 from Pittsburg, 
 
 Waterford, a thriving post-village of Lou- 
 don CO., Virginia, on Kittoctan creek, 156 
 miles N. from Richmond, contains 2 churches 
 and several mills. Pop., estimated at 500. 
 
 Waterford, a post-village of Marshall co., 
 Mississippi, near the route of the Central 
 railroad, and 9 miles S. from Holly Springs. 
 
 Waterford, a post-village in Gibson co., 
 Tenn., 121 miles W. by S. from Nashville. 
 
 Waterford, a post-office of Spencer co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Waterford, a village of Knox co., Ohio, on 
 a branch of Vernon river, 12 miles N. W. from 
 Mount Vernon. It has 2 mills and 1 church. 
 
 Waterford, a post-township forming the 
 N. N. W. extremity of Washington co., Ohio, 
 intersected by Muskingum river. Pop., 1690. 
 
 Waterford, a small village of Berrien co., 
 Michigan, on the Pawpaw river, 10 miles E. 
 from Lake Michigan. 
 
 Waterford, a post-township in the central 
 part of Oakland co., Michigan. Pop., 1086. 
 ^ Waterford, a thriving village of Elkhart 
 
 CO., Indiana, on the Elkhart river, %\ miles 
 S. from Goshen. The water-power of the 
 river is used in a flouring mill, saw mill, and 
 carding machine. 
 
 Waterford, a post-oftice of La Porte co., 
 Ind., 6 miles S. by E. from Michigan City. 
 
 Waterford, a township in Fulton co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 205. 
 
 Waterford, a post-village of Fulton co., 
 Illinois, on Spoon river, about 50 miles N. 
 W. from Springfield. 
 
 Waterford, a thriving post-village of Ra- 
 cine county, Wisconsin, on the Pishtaka or 
 Fox river, 25 miles S. W. from Milwaukee, 
 with which it is connected by a plank-road. 
 It has valuable water-power, and contains 2 
 flouring mills, 3 saw mills, a woollen factory, 
 4 stores, and several hotels. Population in 
 3853, about 550. 
 
 Waterford Centre, a post-office of Oak- 
 land CO., Michigan. 
 
 Waterfordtillb, a village of Camden co., 
 1250 
 
 New Jersey, about 5 miles E. from Camden, 
 on Waterford creek, contains a glass factory. 
 
 Waterford Works, a post-office of Cam- 
 den CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village of Waterloo 
 township, and semi-capital of Seneca county, 
 New York, is pleasantly situated on both 
 sides of the outlet of Seneca lake, and on the 
 Auburn and Canandaigua Branch of the 
 Central railroad, 20 miles W. from Auburn. 
 It contains a beautiful court house, an aca- 
 demy, 1 Catholic and 5 Protestant churches, 
 a bank, a public hall, 1 newspaper office, 
 about 30 stores, 9 hotels, 3 foundries withi 
 machine shops, 6 flouring and grist mills, 1 
 steam cotton mill, 2 large manufactories of 
 shawls and woollen goods, 1 of morocco, and 
 a dry-dock and boat-yard. The outlet fur- 
 nishes water-power, and is used as part of 
 the Cayuga and Seneca canal. Incorporated 
 in 1824. Population in 1853, about 3500; 
 of the township in 1850, 3795. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-office of Sussex co., N. J. 
 
 Waterloo, a village of Franklin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, 58 miles S. W. from Harrisburg, 
 has about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village of Juniata co., 
 Pennsylvania, 69 miles W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Waterloo, a small village of Venango co. Pa. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village of Fauquier co., 
 Virginia, on the Rappahannock river, 63 
 miles W. S. W. from Washington. It con- 
 tains 2 stores and 1 mill. 
 
 Waterloo, a small village of Guilford co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village in Granville co., 
 North Carolina, 50 miles N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village in Laurens dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 65 miles N. W. by W. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village of Lauderdale 
 CO., Alabama, on the right bank of Tennessee 
 river, 26 miles W. from Florence. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village in Pointe Couple 
 parish, Louisiana, on the W. bank of Missis- 
 sippi river, 20 miles N. W. by W. from Baton 
 Rouge. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ky. 
 
 Waterloo, a township in the W. part of 
 Athens co., Ohio. Population, 1016. 
 
 Waterloo, a village of Fairfield co., Ohio, 
 on the Ohio and Erie canal, about 18 miles 
 S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Waterloo, a small village of Fayette co., 
 Ohio, on Deer creek, 100 miles E. N. E. from 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-office of Lawrence co., 0. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Jackson co., Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 1090. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-township in Fayette co., 
 Indiana. Population, 833. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village of Fayette co., 
 Indiana, on the W. fork of Whitewater river, 
 7 miles N. E. from Connersville. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village, capital of Monroe 
 
WAT 
 
 WAT 
 
 CO., Illinois, about 22 miles S. from St. Louis. 
 It contains a court house, and a newspaper 
 office. 
 
 Watekloo, a small post-village of Clark co., 
 Missouri, about 12 miles N. W. from Alexan- 
 dria, was formerly the capital of the county. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-office of Black Hawk co., 
 Iowa. 
 
 Waterloo, a township in the S. part of 
 Grand co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Waterloo, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Jefferson co.. Wis. Pop., 831. 
 
 Waterloo, a post-village in the above 
 township, 20 miles E. by N. of Madison, con- 
 tains 1 church, 2 hotels, 4 stores, 1 manufac- 
 tory of pumps, 1 of fanning mills, and 1 of 
 ploughs. Population, about 300. 
 
 Waterloo, a small village of Rockco., AVis. 
 
 Watermelon, a post-office of Tatnall co.Ga. 
 
 Watbrport, a post-office of Orleans co.,N.Y. 
 
 Waterproof, a flourishing post-village of 
 Tensas parish, Louisiana, on the right or W. 
 bank of the Mississippi river, 17 miles S. of 
 St. Joseph. It has a good landing. 
 
 Water Street, a village of Morris co., 
 New Jersey, on the Whippany river, about 45 
 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Water Street, a small post-village of 
 Huntingdon co., Pennsylvania, on the Juniata 
 river, 100 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
 Wateetown, a post-township in Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, intersected by the Fitch- 
 burg railroad, 8 miles W. by N. from Boston. 
 Charles river, which washes its southern bor- 
 der, affords water-power, and is navigable 
 for vessels of six feet draught. It contains 
 various manufactories, a United States ar- 
 senal, and Mr. Cushing's beautiful garden, 
 comprising 60 acres. The arsenal is situated 
 on the N. bank of the river, near the village, 
 and covers 40 acres of ground. The village 
 is very pleasant, and connected with the 
 Fitchburg railroad at West Cambridge by the 
 Watertown Branch railroad. Population in 
 1840, 1810; in 1850, 2837. 
 
 Watertown, a post-township in Litchfield 
 county, Connecticut, on the W. side of Nau- 
 gatuck river and railroad, 30 miles W. S. W. 
 from Hartford. The manufacture of silk 
 thread, umbrella trimmings, sewing machines, 
 hooks and eyes, &c. are carried on to some ex- 
 tent. Near its centre is a pleasant village. 
 Population, 1533. 
 
 Watertown, a flourishing post-borough, ca- 
 pital of Jefferson county. New York, is situated 
 in Watertown township, on the left or S. bank 
 of Black river, and on the Eome and Water- 
 town railroad, about 160 miles W. N. W. from 
 Albany, and 86 miles by railroad N. N. W. 
 from Utica. It is the southern terminus of 
 the Potsdam and Watertown railroad, 75 
 miles long, which connects with the Northern 
 railroad at Stockholm. It contains a stone 
 court house and jail, a state arsenal-of brick, 
 6 banks, with an aggregate capital of $600,000, 
 9 or 10 churches, and several academies. 
 
 Five or six newspapers are published in the 
 borough. The river, which is here 60 yards 
 wide, is crossed by a bridge. There is a fall of 
 about 24 feet opposite the town, and rapids for 
 3 or 4miles below, from which almost unlimited 
 water-power may be derived with facility. 
 The manufactories of this place are various 
 and extensive, producing woollen and cotton 
 goods, paper, flour, machinery, iron ware, 
 farming implements, leather, lumber, and 
 other articles. Laid out in 1805. Pop. of 
 the township in 1840, 5027 ; in 1850, 7201. 
 
 Watertown, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Washington co., Ohio. Pop., 1373. 
 
 Watertown, a township in the S. part of 
 Clinton co., Michigan, intersected by Look- 
 ing-glass river. Population, 315. 
 
 Watertown, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Jefferson co., Wisconsin. Pop., 1850. 
 
 Watertown, a city of Wisconsin, on the 
 line between Dodge and Jefferson counties, 
 on Rock river, and on the Fond du Lac and 
 Rock River railroad, 40 miles E. by N. from 
 Madison. It is finely situated on both sides 
 of the river, at the Great Bend, where its 
 course is changed from N. W. to nearlj' due 
 S. The rapids above the town have a fall of 
 24 feet, from which abundant water-power 
 may be derived. Watertown is the largest 
 place in the county. It contains several 
 churches, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, 1 bank, 
 2 select schools, 6 dry-good stores, about 20 
 other stores, and a variety of manufactories, 
 among which are 3 flouring mills, 4 saw 
 mills, 1 iron foundry with a machine shop, 1 
 pottery, 1 woollen factory, 4 manufactories of 
 farming implements, 6 of wagons, and 5 of 
 cabinet ware. A plank-road extends to Mil- 
 waukee, and railroads are in progress to Mil- 
 waukee and Madison. Settled in 1836. Po- 
 pulation in 1850, 1451 ; in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 Watervale, a post-village of Onondaga co., 
 NewYork, about 13 miles S. E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Water Valley, a post-office of Erie co. N.Y. 
 
 Water Valley, a post-office of Yallobusha 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 WaterVillage, apost-villageinCarrollCo., 
 New Hampshire, 48 miles N. E. from Concord. 
 
 Waterville, a flourishing post-village of 
 Kennebec co., Maine, on the right bank of 
 the Kennebec river, at the Ticonic falls, 
 (18 feet in height,) and at the northern ter- 
 minus of the Androscoggin and Kennebec 
 railroad, 82 miles N. N. E. from Portland. 
 The Kennebec and Penobscot railroad, now 
 in course of construction, will connect it 
 with Bangor, and it is also to be the ter- 
 minus of the Kennebec and Portland rail- 
 road. The water-power afforded by the 
 Ticonic falls and others in the vicinity is very 
 great, and might easily be made available to 
 almost any extent ; only a small part of it is 
 at present employed. There are here in ope- 
 ration numerous mills for grinding grain and 
 plaster, sawing lumber, carding, &o. There 
 are also various manufactories, principally 
 1251 
 
WAT 
 
 WAU 
 
 of macHinery, castings, and farming imple- 
 ments. An important trade is carried on 
 "with the surrounding country and through 
 the Kennebec river, which, by means of a 
 dam and locks at Augusta, is navigable to 
 the foot of the falls opposite. The village 
 contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 banks, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and about 30 stores. It is the 
 seat of V/aterville college, a flourishing insti- 
 tution, under the direction of the Baptists. 
 Population of the township in 1840, 2971 ; in 
 1850, 3966. 
 
 Waterville, a township in Grafton co., 
 N. H., 54 miles N. from Concord. Pop., 42. 
 
 Wateuville, a post-village in Lamoille co., 
 Vermont, about 40 miles N. W. by N. from 
 Montpelier, contains 1 church, 1 academy, 2 
 taverns, 2 stores, and a number of shops. 
 Population of the township, 758. 
 
 Wateeville, a thriving post-village of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, on the Naugatuck 
 river and railroad, 28 miles N. N. W. from 
 New Haven. It is chiefly noted for the manu- 
 facture of pocket cutlery. 
 
 Wateeville, a post-village in Sangerfield 
 township, Oneida county. New York, on a 
 branch of Oriskany creek, 45 miles E. S. E. 
 from Syracuse. It contains several churches, 
 an academy, a bank, and manufactories of 
 woollen goods, flour, machinery, and other 
 articles. 
 
 Wateeville, a village of Delaware co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Ridley creek, about 4 miles 
 S. by E. from Media. 
 
 Wateeville, a post-office of Lycoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wateeville, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Lucas co., Ohio. Population, 953. 
 
 Wateeville, a post-village in Lucas co., 
 Ohio, on the left bank of the Maumee river, 
 and on the Wabash and Erie canal, 14 miles 
 above Toledo. 
 
 Wateeville, a post-village of Waukesha 
 CO., Wisconsin, 18 miles W. from Milwaukee. 
 
 Wateevliet, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Albany co.. New York, on the 
 W. side of the Hudson river, opposite Troy. 
 It is intersected by the Erie canal, and by 
 three railroads which terminate at Albany or 
 Troy. Pop., including West Troy, 12,446. 
 
 Wateevliet, a post-ofiice of Berrien co., 
 Jlichigan. 
 
 Wateevliet Centee, a post-ofiice of Al- 
 bany CO., New York. 
 
 Watkins, New York. See Jeffeeson. 
 
 Watkinsville, a small village of Goochland 
 CO., Virginia, 36 miles W. from Richmond. 
 
 Watkinsville, a post-village, capital of 
 Clarke co., Georgia, 64 miles N. by W. from 
 Milledgeville. It contains a court house, 2 
 churches, 2 schools, and 2 stores. 
 
 Watkinsville, a post-village of Union co., 
 Ohio, 9 miles from Marysville. 
 
 Watonwan river has its source in a small 
 lake in the S. part of Minnesota Territory, and 
 running first N. E. and then easterly, empties 
 1252 
 
 itself into Blue Earth river, near 44° N. lat., 
 and 94° 12' W. Ion. Length, estimated at 
 80 miles. 
 
 Watson, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Lewis CO., New York. Population, 1138. 
 
 Watson, a township of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 18 miles W. by N. from Wil- 
 liamsport. Population, 270. 
 
 Watson, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Allegan co., Michigan. Population, 318. 
 
 Watson, a post-office of Marshall co.. Miss. 
 
 Watson's Beidge, a post-office of Moore 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Watsontown, a post-village of Northum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania, on the Yi'. branch 
 of the Susquehanna, 18 miles above Sunbury. 
 
 Watts, a new township of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 460. 
 
 Wattsboeough, a post-office of Lunenburg 
 CO., Virginia, 97 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Wattsbueg, a thriving post-borough of 
 Erie county, Pennsylvania, on French creek, 
 18 miles S. E. from Erie. It has several saw 
 mills and grist mills. A plank-road connects 
 it with Erie. Population, 227. 
 
 Watts Mills, a post-office Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Watts Mills, a post-office of Appanoose 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Wattsville, a post-office of Carroll co., 0. 
 
 Waubesepinicon, a village in Scott co., 
 Iowa, on V/^apsipinicon river, 60 miles E. by 
 N. from Iowa City. 
 
 Waucousta, a post-ofiBce of Fond du Lac 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 A¥auhatchee, a post-village of Dade co., 
 Georgia, 240 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Waukau, a post-village in Rushford town- 
 ship, Winnebago county, Wisconsin, on the 
 outlet of Ptush lake, about 60 miles N. E. of 
 Madison. It contains 3 hotels, 7 stores, and 
 5 mills. Population in 1853, 500. 
 
 Wauhoo, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind. 
 
 Waukeenah, a post-office of Jefi'erson co., 
 Florida. 
 
 Waukegan, formerly Littlefoet, a flou- 
 rishing post-village, capital of Lake county, 
 Illinois, on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, 
 and on the Chicago and Milwaukee railroad, 
 44 miles N. by W. from Chicago, and 50 
 miles S. from Milwaukee. The lake is about 
 80 miles wide opposite this place. The prin- 
 cipal part of the village is built on a bluff 
 which rises rather abruptly to the height of 
 50 feet, from which extensive views of water 
 scenery may be obtained. Between the bluff 
 and the shore there is a flat tract of ground 
 about 400 yards wide, which is occupied by 
 gardens, dwellings, and warehouses. Wau- 
 kegan is a place of active trade, and is ra- 
 pidly increasing in extent and business. 
 Steamboats make frequent and regular 
 passages from this town to Chicago, and 
 other ports on the lake. The number of 
 steamboat arrivals in 1850, was 1095. The 
 exports in 1851 were valued at $283,107, and 
 
WAU 
 
 WAV 
 
 the imports at G9,081 ; total, $352,183. It 
 contnined in tiiat year 6 churches, 1 academy, 2 
 book stores, 21 dry-goods stores, '2 newspaper 
 ofBces, 2 steam flouring mills, and one bank 
 shops. Pop. in 1850, 2949; in 1853, about 4500. 
 
 AVaukesha, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Wisconsin, contains 576 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Pishtaka or Fox river, and 
 by the Bark river, both of which rise within 
 its borders ; and it is sprinkled with nume- 
 rous small lakes, none of which is above 4 
 miles in length. The surface is undulating ; 
 the soil is calcareous and highly productive. 
 The greater part of the county consists of 
 prairies and oak-openings. Wheat, oats, bar- 
 ley, potatoes, and butter are the staples. The 
 produce of the county in 1850 was 312,658 
 bushels of wheat; 248,392 of oats; 119,154 
 of potatoes; 317,649 pounds of butter, and 
 52,369 bushels of barley, (the greatest 
 quantity raised in any county in the United 
 States.) It contained 19 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, 5435 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 156 attending academies and 
 other schools. The rock which is found near 
 the surface is the blue limestone, an excel- 
 lent building material. The county is tra- 
 versed by the Milwaukee and Mississippi and 
 the Milwaukee and La Crosse railroads, and 
 by numerous plank-roads. Capital, Wau- 
 kesha. Population, 19,258. 
 
 Waukesha, a township in the central part 
 of Waukesha county, Wisconsin. Pop., 2314. 
 
 Waukesha, formerly Prairieville, a flou- 
 rishing post-village, capital of Waukesha 
 county, Wisconsin, on the Pishtaka or Fox 
 river, and on the Milwaukee and Mississippi 
 railroad, 18 miles W. from Milwaukee, and 
 60 miles E. from Madison. Plank-roads 
 have been laid in several directions from the 
 village. These facilities for trade, together 
 ■with the water-power of the river, and the 
 fertility of the adjacent land, render this a 
 place of active business. It is situated at the 
 extremity of a beautiful prairie. The court 
 house and j ail are built of Yv^aukesha limestone, 
 a superior article, quarried in the immediate 
 vicinity. There are 6 churches, an academy, 
 1 or 2 newsjDaper offices, and an institution 
 styled Carroll College, incorporated in 1846. 
 The village contains 8 dry-goods stores, over 
 12 other stoves, an iron foundry, a machine 
 shop, and car factor^', 4 hotels, a flouring 
 mill, a carding mill, and 4 saddle and harness 
 shops. Incorporated in 1852. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 4000. 
 
 Wauksaik, a post-office of Cook co., 111. 
 
 Waupacca, a small river of Wisconsin, flows 
 into Wolf river in Waupacca county. 
 
 Waupacca, a county in the N. central part 
 of Wisconsin, contains 720 square miles. It 
 is drained by Waupaca, Wolf, and Embarras 
 rivers. The surface is uneven, and partly 
 occupied with forests. Organized .in 1851, 
 and therefore not included in the census of 
 1850. Capital, Mukwa. 
 
 Waupacca, a post-township near the central 
 part of Waupacca co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Waupun, a post-township in the S. part of 
 Fond du Lac co., Wisconsin. Pop., 882. 
 
 Waupun, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, on the line between Fond du 
 Lac and Dodge counties, and on the Fond du 
 Lac and Madison railroad, (unfinished,) 74 
 miles N. E. from Madison, is a place of im- 
 portance, as the site of the State prison. It 
 has 2 churches, 9 stores, and 2 mills. Popu- 
 lation in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Wausau, or Wassau, formerly Big Bull 
 Falls, a post-village, capital of Marathon co., 
 Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin river, 175 miles 
 N. from Madison. Large quantities of lumber 
 are procured here annually, and sent down the 
 river by rafts. It contains 5 stores, 4 flour 
 mills, and 9 saw mills. It has a migratory 
 population, estimated at from 300 to 600. 
 
 Waushara, a county in the central part of 
 Wisconsin, contains about 650 square miles. 
 It is drained by the Neenah, White, and 
 Pine rivers. Organized in 1852. Capital, 
 Sacramento. 
 
 Waushara, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Waushara co., Wisconsin, on 
 Neenah river. It contains the county seat. 
 
 Waushara, a post-village of Dodge co., 
 Wisconsin, 43 miles N. N. E. of Madison, 
 contains 2 churches, 3 hotels, 6 stores, and 2 
 mills. Population, 400. 
 
 AVautoma, a post-township near the central 
 part of Waushara co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Wauwatosa, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Milwaukee co., Wisconsin. Pop., 2500. 
 
 Wauwatosa, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the Milwaukee and Mississippi 
 railroad, 6 miles W. from Milwaukee, con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches, 2 hotels, 1 flour and 
 1 saw mill, and 4 stores. 
 
 Waveland, a pleasant post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Indiana, about 15 miles S. W. 
 from Crawfordsville. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Waverly, a thriving post-village of Tioga 
 CO., New York, on the Chemung river, and on 
 the New York and Erie railroad, 17 miles E. 
 S. E. from Elmira. It is an important railroad 
 station, with several hotels and stores. The 
 surveyed route of the North Pennsylvania 
 railroad terminates here. 
 
 Waverlt, a small village of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Waverly, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pa. 
 See Abington Centre. 
 
 Waverly, a small village of Troup co., Ga. 
 
 Waverly, a post-office of (Chambers co., Ala. 
 
 Waverly, a post-office of Lowndes co,. Mis. 
 
 Waverly, a post-village, capital of Hum- 
 phrey's CO., Tennessee, 66 miles W. from. 
 Nashville. It has several stores, and about 
 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Waverly, a thriving post-village of Peepee^ 
 townshijD, Pike co., Ohio, on the Ohio canal,, 
 and on the W. bank of the Scioto river, 61 
 miles S. from Columbus. Pop. in 1850, 643 
 1253 
 
WAV 
 
 WAY 
 
 Waveult, a post-township in the N. E. cen- 
 tral psirt of Van Buren co., Michigan, inter- 
 sected by the North branch of Pawpaw river. 
 Population, 186. 
 
 Waverly, a village of Morgan co., Indiana, 
 on the West fork of White river, 18 miles S. 
 S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Waverlt, a post-village of Morgan co., Illi- 
 nois, about 30 miles S. AV. from Springfield. 
 
 Waverlt, a thriving village of Lafayette 
 CO., Missouri, on the right bank of the Mis- 
 souri river, 23 miles below Lexington. Laid 
 out in 1843. Population in 1853, about 500. 
 
 Waverlt Hall, a post-ofSce of Harris co., 
 Georgia, about 10 miles S. E. from Hamilton. 
 
 Wawaesing, a post-township in the S. "W. 
 part of Ulster co., New York, intersected by 
 Rondout creek, and by the Delaware and Hud- 
 son canal. Population, 6459. 
 
 Wawewantet river, a small stream of Ply- 
 mouth CO., in the E. part of Massachusetts, 
 flows into Buttermilk bay. 
 
 Waw-pe-cong, a post-office of Miami co.,Ind. 
 
 Waxahachie creek, of Texas, flows S. E. 
 through the middle of Ellis co., and unites 
 with Pecan creek in Navarro county. 
 
 Waxahachie, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Ellis CO., Texas, about 20 miles W. from 
 Trinity river, and 190 miles N. by E. from 
 Austin city. It contained, in 1851, a church, 
 a flourishing school, a Masonic hall, and 2 
 dry-goods stores. Laid out in 1850. 
 
 Waxhaw creek, rises in North Carolina, and 
 flows S. W. through Lancaster district of 
 South Carolina, into Catawba river. 
 
 Waxhaw, or Waxsaw, a settlement in the 
 S. W. part of Union co., North Carolina, on 
 a creek of the same name. It is the oldest 
 and most wealthy settlement in the county, 
 and is noted as the birth-place of General 
 Andrew Jackson, who is said to have been 
 born one-quarter of a mile from the boundary 
 between North and South Carolina. 
 
 Waxhaw, a post-office of Lancaster dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Wat, a post-office of Ripley co., Indiana. 
 
 Watland, a post-township in Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, 16 miles "W. by N. from 
 Boston. Cochituate lake, from which Boston 
 is supplied with water, lies partly on its 
 southern boundary. Population, 1115. 
 
 Watland, a township in the N. W. part of 
 Steuben co., New York, intersected by the 
 Buffalo and Corning railroad. Pop., 2067. 
 
 Watland, a post-office of Allegan co.,Mich. 
 
 Watland Depot, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New Y'ork. 
 
 Watlandsetjrg, a post-village of Culpepper 
 CO., Virginia, on Crooked creek, 102 miles N. 
 N. W. from Richmond. It contains 2 mills. 
 
 Watland's Springs, a thriving village of 
 Lawrence co., Tennessee, 95 miles S. S. W. 
 from Nashville. The medicinal springs at this 
 place have lately attracted public attention. 
 
 Watmansville, a village of Upson co., 
 Georgia, 68 miles W. by S. from Milledge- 
 1254 
 
 ville. It has 2 cotton factories, which em- 
 ploy above 100 operatives. 
 
 Waymart, a post-borough of Wayne co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the turnpike from Easton to 
 Belmont, 9 or 10 miles W. by N. from Hones- 
 dale. Incorporated in 1851. Pop., 300. 
 
 Watne, a county in the N. W. central part 
 of New York, has an area of about 000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake On- 
 tario, and is drained by Clyde river, with its 
 two principal branches, Canandaigua Outlet 
 and Mud creek, and by several smaller 
 streams, which aiford valuable water-power. 
 The surface is undulating, and the soil very 
 fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, fruit, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 660,739 bushels of corn ; 614,041 of 
 wheat; 518,051 of oats ; 54,034 tons of hay, 
 and 1,307,867 pounds of butter. There were 
 24 flour and grist mills, 52 saw mills, 1 glass 
 factory, 8 machine shops, 3 iron furnaces, 1 
 cordage factory, 8 iron foundries, and 12 tan- 
 neries. It contained 68 churches, and 7 news- 
 paper offices ; 13,801 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 467 attending academies or 
 other schools. Iron ore, water limestone, and 
 gypsum are found ; also sulphur and weak 
 salt springs. It has a lake coast of about 35 
 miles, and comprises Sodus, East, and Port 
 bays, which aft'ord facilities for the lake trade. 
 It is intersected by the Erie canal, and by the 
 Rochester and Syracuse Direct railroad, and 
 the Sodus Point and Southern railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1823, having been formed out of 
 portions of Ontario and Seneca counties, and 
 named in honor of General Anthony Wayne. 
 Capital, Lyons. Population, 44,953. 
 
 W^AYNE, a county forming the N. E. extre- 
 mity of Pennsylvania, bordering on New 
 York, has an area of 700 square miles. The 
 Delaware river forms its boundary on the 
 east and north-east. It is also drained by 
 Lackawaxen, Dyberry, Starucca, and Equi- 
 nunk creeks. The surface is elevated and 
 hilly, having a high ridge, named Moosic 
 mountain, near the W. border. Lumber is 
 the chief article of export, a large part of the 
 county being covered with forests. Indian 
 corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and butter are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 50,577 
 bushels of corn; 96,094 of oats; 130,338 of 
 potatoes; 25,380 tons of hay, and 391,814 
 pounds of biitter. There were 99 saw mills, 
 9 flour and grist mills, 7 manufactories of 
 farming implements, and 1 of glass, and 10 
 tanneries. It contained 32 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices ; 3829 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 378 attending academies and other 
 schools. The surface rocks are sandstone 
 and red shale. The New Y'ork and Erie rail- 
 road passes along the E. border. The canal 
 and railroad of the Delaware and Hudson 
 Canal company traverse the county. Organ- 
 ized in 1798. Capital, Honesdale. Popula- 
 tion, 21,890. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the W. part of Vir- 
 
WAY 
 
 WAY 
 
 ginia, has an area estimated at 500 square 
 miles. Tiie Ohio river forms its boundary on 
 the N., separating it from Ohio, and the 
 Sandy river separates it from Kentucky on 
 the W. ; it is also drained by Twelvepole 
 creek. The surface is broken by numerous 
 hills or ridges, and mostly covered with 
 forests. The soil is productive. Indian corn, 
 oats, and grass are the staples. The high- 
 lands abound in stone coal. Ginsing is one 
 of the articles of export. In 1850 the county 
 produced 226,800 bushels of corn ; 27,785 of 
 oats, and 36,555 pounds of butter. There 
 were 6 savr mills, 1 wool-carding mill, and 2 
 tanneries. It contained 9 churches, and 203 
 pupils attending public schools. Formed in 
 1842, out of part of Cabell county. Cnpital, 
 Wayne Court House. Population, 4760 ; of 
 ■whom 4571 were free, and 189, slaves. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the E. central part of 
 North Carolina : area estimated at 450 square 
 miles. It is traversed by the Neuse river, 
 navigable for steamboats, and bounded on the 
 N. N. E. by the Contentned creek. The surface 
 is nearly level ; the soil is generally sandy, 
 and fertile near the river. Indian corn is the 
 staple of the farms ; tar, turpentine, and other 
 products of the pine are procured from the 
 forests and exported. In 1850 this county 
 produced 480,240 bushels of corn; 157,662 
 of sweet potatoes, and 20,709 of oats. There 
 were 4 saw mills, 51 tar and turpentine ma- 
 nufactories, and 10 turpentine distilleries. It 
 contained 23 churches, 2 newspaper ofnces ; 
 1498 pupils attending public schools, and 226 
 attending academies or other schools. It is 
 intersected by the Weldon and Wilmington 
 railroad, and the North Carolina Central rail- 
 road. Capital, Goldsborough. Pop., 13,486; 
 of whom 8466 were free, and 5020, slaves. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 750 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the N. E. by the Altamaha, 
 navigable by steamboats, and intersected 
 in the southern part by Santilla river. 
 The surface is nearly level, and mostly co- 
 vered with pine woods. The soil is sandy and 
 generally sterile. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet 
 potatoes, and pine lumber are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 87 bales of cotton; 
 21,545 bushels of corn, and 24,433 of sweet po- 
 tatoes. It contained 31 churches, 42 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 13 attending aca- 
 demies or other schools. Capital, Waynes- 
 ville. Population, 1499 ; of whom 1093 
 were free, and 406, slaves. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the E. S. E. part of 
 Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, has an 
 area of about 870 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Chickasawhay river. The sur- 
 face is uneven ; the soil is sandy, and is 
 said to be rather inferior. The county con- 
 tains forests of pine. Cotton and cattle are 
 the staples. In 1850 it produced 1217 bales 
 of cotton ; 84,280 bushels of corn, and 37,605 
 of sweet potatoes. There were 9 churches. 
 
 It is intersected b.y the Mobile and Ohio rail- 
 road. Capital, Winchester. Pop., 2892; of 
 whom 1499 were free, and 1393, slaves. 
 
 W.AYNE, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Alabama : area es- 
 timated at 750 square miles. The Tennessee 
 river washes the N. W. border; it is also 
 drained by Cypress and Pieinses creeks. The 
 surface is hilly, and the soil productive. In- 
 dian corn, grass, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 458,148 bushels 
 of corn; 41,070 of oats; 47,912 pounds of 
 butter, and 11,649 of wool. It contains 16 
 churches, 825 attending public schools, and 
 65 attending other schools. The surplus pro- 
 duce of the county is exported by steamboats 
 on the Tennessee river. The Nashville and 
 South Western railroad is projected through 
 the county. Iron ore is found. Capital, 
 Waynesborough. Population, 8170; of whom 
 7240 were free, and 930, slaves. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the S. part of Ken- 
 tucky, bordering on Tennessee : area esti- 
 mated at 700 square miles. It is drained by 
 Beaver and Otter creeks, and South fork, 
 affluents of Cumberland river, which forms 
 its northern boundary. The surface is di- 
 versified with hills and valleys ; the latter 
 of which have a fertile soil, based on lime- 
 stone. Horses, mules, cattle, and hogs are 
 the chief articles of export. In 1850 this 
 county produced 495,409 bushels of corn ; 
 104,498 of oats, and 24,501 pounds of wool. 
 It contained 16 churches, and 1484 pupils 
 attending public schools. Extensive beds of 
 coal and iron ore are found. The Cumberland 
 river is navigable for about 8 months in the 
 year, and the county is liberally supplied with 
 water-power. Organized in 1800. Capital, 
 Monticello. Population, 8692 ; of whom 
 7862 were free, and 830, slaves. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the N. E. central part 
 of Ohio, has an area of 550 square miles. It 
 is traversed from N. to S. by Killbuck creek, 
 and the Muddy fork of the Walhonding river, 
 and also drained by Chippewa river and Su- 
 gar creek. The surface is generally rolling. 
 The soil is a deep clayey loam, remarkably 
 fertile, and under good cultivation. Wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, hay, wool, butter, and live 
 stock are the staples. By the .census of 
 1850 this county produced more oats tha,n 
 any other county in the state, and more 
 wheat and butter than any other county ex- 
 cepting Stark. There were raised in that 
 year 571,377 bushels of wheat; 827,460 of 
 corn; 427.319 of oats; 41,722 tons of hay; 
 1,027,923 pounds of butter, and 25,511 of 
 wool. It contained 70 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices; 13,927 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 240 attending academies or 
 other schools. Large mines of stonecoal 
 have been opened in the eastern, and quar- 
 ries of limestone in the southern part of the 
 county. It is intersected by the Pennsylvania 
 and Ohio, the Cleveland and Zancsville, and 
 1255 
 
WAY 
 
 WAY 
 
 the Cleyeland Medina and Tuscarawas rail- 
 roads. Capital, Wooster. Pop., 82,981. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Michigan, bordering on Lakes Ei-ie and St. 
 Clair, and on Detroit river, which separates 
 it from Canada West : area about 600 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by Huron 
 river, and also drained by Rouge river, and 
 its North, Middle, and South branches, and 
 by Campbell's and Brownstown creeks. The 
 general surface is level, excepting the west- 
 ern part, which is rather undulating. The 
 soil contains a large proportion of clay, and 
 is very productive. Nearly all the surface 
 was originally covered with dense forests. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, oats, potatoes, hay, and 
 butter are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 106,876 bushels of wheat; 283,559 
 of corn; 234,007 of oats; 130,442 of potatoes, 
 and 28,187 tons of hay. It contained 50 
 churches, 9 newspaper offices ; 7083 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 80 attending 
 other schools. Limestone of fine quality is 
 procured in the S. E. part, near Detroit river ; 
 sulphur springs are also found in the same 
 vicinity. The Eouge river and its branches 
 furnish motive-power for mills. The county 
 is intersected by the Central railroad, by the 
 Detroit and Pontiac railroad, and by several 
 plank-roads. Wayne county is the most po- 
 pulous and important in the state. Capital, 
 Detroit. Population, 42,756. 
 
 Wayne, a county iu the E. part of Indiana, 
 bordering on Ohio, contains 400 square miles. 
 It is drained by the several forks of White- 
 water river. The surface is agreeably diver- 
 sified by gentle undulations. The soil is 
 mostly a rich loam based on clay and lime- 
 stone, and is so highly cultivated that this is 
 regarded the model county of the state. The 
 principal articles of export are wheat, flour, 
 corn, oats, pork, beef, and the products of 
 the dairy. In 1850 this county produced 
 1,398,455 bushels of corn ; 163,667 of wheat ; 
 207,295 of oats, and 11,377 tons of hay. It 
 contained 68 churches, 5 newspaper offices ; 
 8467 pupils attending public schools, and 
 230 attending academies or other schools. 
 Blue limestone underlies the surface. The 
 county is abundantly supplied with water- 
 power, which is extensively used in manufac- 
 tures. The Whitewater canal extends from 
 this county to the Ohio river. The other public 
 improvements are the Indiana Central, the 
 Bichmond and Newcastle, and the Hamilton, 
 Eaton and Richmond railroads, and the 
 National road. Wayne county is the most 
 populous and wealthy in the state. Capital, 
 Richmond. Population, 25,320. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the S. E. part of Illi- 
 nois, has an area of 670 square miles. It is 
 intersected in the E. part by the Little Wa- 
 bash river, in the S. W. part by the Skillett 
 fork of that river, and also drained by Elm 
 creek. The county is extensively covered 
 with forests, arid contains prairies of mode- 
 1256 
 
 rate size. The soil is productive. Indiap 
 corn, oiits, potatoes, cattle, pork, and butter 
 are the staples. In 1850 it produced 301,935 
 bushels of corn; 28,613 of oats, and 458 tons 
 of hay. It contained 21 churches. Capital, 
 Fairfield. Population, 6825. 
 
 Way'ne, a county in the S. E. part of Mis- 
 souri, has an area of 750 square miles. It is 
 traversed by the St. Francis, Big Black, and 
 Castor rivers, all of which flow south-east- 
 ward, and also drained by Beaver, Brushy, 
 and Big creeks. The soil in some parts is 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cat- 
 tle, and swine are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 253,138 bushels of corn ; 
 10,072 of wheat; 21,678 of oats, and 221 
 tons of hay, It contained 5 churches, and 
 250 pupils attending public schools. Capital, 
 Greenville. Population, 4518; of whom 4158 
 were free, and 360, slaves. 
 
 Wayne, a county in the S. part of Iowa, 
 bordering on Missouri, has an area of 500 
 square miles. It is drained by the S. fork 
 of Chariton river, and by the sources of Me- 
 dicine and Locust creeks, which flow south- 
 ward. This county is said to be fertile and 
 well watered, but deficient in timber. In- 
 dian corn, oats, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850, it produced 14,415 bushels of corn ; 
 3126 of oats, and 2940 pounds of butter. The 
 S. fork of the Chariton aflPords motive-power 
 for mills. Organized about the year 1850. 
 Capital, Springfield. Population, 340. 
 
 Wayne, a post-township in Kennebec co., 
 Maine, 12 miles W. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 1367. 
 
 Wayne, a post-township of Steuben co.. 
 New York, on Crooked lake, 12 miles N. E. 
 from Bath, contains a village of the same 
 name. Population, 1347. 
 
 Wayne, a township of Armstrong co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 12 miles E. from Kit- 
 taning. Population, 1348. 
 
 Wayne, a township of Clinton co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the right bank of the Susque- 
 hanna river, about 5 miles E. from Lock 
 Haven. Population, 398. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Crawford co., Pennsylvania, inter- 
 sected by the Pennsylvania canal. Popu- 
 lation, 882. 
 
 Wayne, a post-township of Erie co.. Penn- 
 sylvania, about 27 miles S. E. by S. from 
 Erie. Population, 1122. 
 
 Way'ne, a township of Greene co,, Penn- 
 sylvania, about 10 miles S. from Waynes- 
 burg. Population, 1258. 
 
 Wayne, a township of Lawrence co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Beaver river, and intersected 
 by the Beaver and Erie canal, 14 miles N. 
 from Beaver. Population, 756. 
 
 Wayne, a township of Mifflin co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by the Juniata river 
 and the Pennsylvania railroad, about 19 miles 
 S. W. from Lewistown. Population, 1201. 
 
 Wayne, a township of Schuylkill co., Penn- 
 
WAY 
 
 WAY 
 
 sylvania, about 10 miles S. W. from Potts- 
 Tille. Fopulation, 1968. 
 
 AVatne, a post-office of Phillips co., Ark. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the W. part of Adams 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1G82. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Ashtabula co., Ohio. Population, 899. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Auglaize co., Ohio. Pop., 671. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the S. part of Bel- 
 mont CO., Ohio. Population, 1918. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the N. part of Butler 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1502. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the N. E. part of 
 Champaign co., Ohio. Population, 1429. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Clermont co., Ohio, intersected by 
 'the Hillsborough and Cincinnati railroad. 
 Population, 1394. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the E. part of Clin- 
 ton CO., Ohio. Population, 1435. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the S. part of Co- 
 lumbiana CO., Ohio. Population, 977. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Darke co., Ohio. Pop., 1162. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Fayette co., Ohio. Pop., 1243. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the W. part of Jef- 
 ferson CO., Ohio, intersected by the Steubens- 
 ville and Indiana railroad. Pop., 1801. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the W. part of ICnox 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 1152. 
 
 Wayne, -a township in the W. part of Mon- 
 roe CO., Ohio. Population, 1177. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Montgomery CO., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Miami canal. Population, 1090. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the S. central part 
 of Muskingum co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 Muskingum river. Population, 1440. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the S. part of Picka- 
 way CO., Ohio, on the W. side of the Scioto 
 river, intersected by the Ohio canal. Pop. 644. 
 
 AVayne, a township in Scioto co., Ohio. 
 Population, 219. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Tuscarawas co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Cleveland, Medina and Tuscarawas 
 railroad. Population, 2342. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of W;irren co., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Little Miami railroad. It contains the 
 villages of Waynesville and Corwin. Pop., 
 4081. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the central part of 
 Wayne co., Ohio, bordering on the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad. Population, 2079. 
 
 Wayne, a township in the N. part of Cass 
 CO., Michigan, intersected by the Michigan 
 Central railroad. Population, 682. 
 
 Wayne, a post-office of Wayne co., Mich. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Allen co., Indiana, 
 intersected by several railroads. It contains 
 Fort Wayne, the county seat. Pop-., 5282. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Bartholomew co., 
 Indiana. Population, 789. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Fulton co., Indiana. 
 Population, 590. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Hamilton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 955. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Henry co., Indiana. 
 Population, 2075. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Jay co., Indiana. 
 Population, 513. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Kosciusko co., In- 
 diana. Population, 734. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Marion co., Indiana. 
 Population, 2323. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Montgomery co., 
 Indiana, 1249. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Noble co., Indiana. 
 Population, 624. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Owen co., Indiana. 
 Population, 1138. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Randolph co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1136. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Wayne co., Indiana, 
 intersected by the Central railroad and others. 
 It contains the village of Richmond. Popu- 
 lation, 4959. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Stephenson co., Illi- 
 nois. Population, 444. 
 
 Wayne, a township in Buchanan co., Mis- 
 souri. Population, 336. , 
 
 Wayne, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Lafayette co., Wisconsin. Popu- 
 lation, 336. 
 
 Wayne, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Washington co., Wisconsin. Po- 
 pulation, 714. 
 
 Wayne Centre, a post-office of Dupage co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Wayne City, a village of Jackson co., Mis- 
 souri, on the right bank of the Missouri 
 river. It is the landing-place for Independ- 
 ence, from which it is 4 or 5 miles distant. 
 
 Wayne Court House, capital of Wayne co., 
 Virginia, 275 miles in a direct line W. from 
 Richmond. Laid out in 1842. 
 
 Wayne Four Corners, a post-office of 
 Steuben co.. New York. 
 
 Waynesborough, a pleasant post-borough 
 of Washington township, Franklin county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the turnpike leading from 
 Mercersburg to Baltimore, 57 miles S. W. 
 from Harrisburg. It is one of the principal 
 towns of the county, containing a number 
 of fine churches, and a newspaper office. 
 The houses are chiefly built of stone. The 
 surrounding country is of limestone forma- 
 tion, fertile, and highly cultivated. Popula- 
 tion in 1850, 1019. 
 
 Waynesborough, a post-village of Augusta 
 county, Virginia, on or near the Central rail- 
 road, and on the South river, at the W. base 
 of the Blue Ridge, 108 miles W. N. W. from 
 Richmond. The village contains 2 or 3 
 churches, and an academy. Population- esti- 
 mated at 600. 
 
 Waynesborough, a post-village of Wayne 
 county. North Carolina, on the left bank of 
 1257 
 
WAY 
 
 WAY 
 
 the Neuse river, below the mouth of Little 
 river, and on the North Carolina railroad, 51 
 miles S. E. from Ealeigh, and about 1 mile 
 W. from the Weldon and Wilmington rail- 
 road. It was formerly the county seat. Two 
 or three newspapers are issued here. 
 
 Watnesborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Bm-ke county, Georgia, 30 miles S. from 
 Augusta. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, 2 churches, an academy, and 
 several stores. A railroad extends from this 
 village to the Central railroad at Millen, and 
 in the opposite direction to Augusta. 
 
 Watnesborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Wayne co., Tennessee, 90 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville, is situated in a hilly and fertile 
 country, and has several stores. 
 
 Waynesburg, a village of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, 48 miles W. by N. from Phi- 
 ladelphia, with which it is connected by a 
 turnpike. 
 
 Waynesburg, a thriving town of Franklin 
 township, and capital of Greene county, 
 Pennsylvania, 45 miles S. by W. from Pitts- 
 burg. It is situated in a pleasant valley, 
 which has a fertile soil. It contains a hand- 
 some court house, 5 or 6 churches 1 seminary 
 one bank, and a college under the direction of 
 the Cumberland Presbyterians. Two news- 
 papers are published here. Population, in 
 1850, 862; in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Watnesburg, a small village of MiiHin co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Waynesbtjrg, a post-village of Lincoln co., 
 Kentucky, 64 miles S. from Frankfort, has 3 
 stores. 
 
 Waynesbtjrg, a post -village of Sandy 
 township. Stark county, Ohio, on the Sandy 
 and Beaver canal, 12 miles S. JS. from Canton. 
 It is surrounded by a rich country, from 
 which large quantities of wheat are ex- 
 ported. Population estimated at 800. 
 
 Watnesburg, a thriving village in Con- 
 gress township, Wayne co., Ohio, 18 miles N. 
 W. from Wooster. 
 
 Watnesburg, a small village of Decatur 
 CO., Indiana, 14 miles S. W. from Greenfield. 
 
 Watnesfield, a post-village of Auglaize 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Watnesfield, a township of Lucas co., 
 Ohio, on the left side of Maumee river, and in- 
 tersected by the Wabash and Erie canal. It 
 contains Maumee city, the county seat. Po- 
 pulation, 2371. 
 
 Waynestille, a post-village, capital of 
 Haywood county. North Carolina, on the 
 Western turnpike, 285 miles W. from Pi.a- 
 leigh. It is situated between the Blue 
 Ridge and Iron mountain, in an elevated and 
 hilly region. 
 
 Waynesville, a post-village, capital of 
 Wayne co., Geoi'gia, 176 miles S. E. from 
 Milledgeville. It has a church, academy, 
 and 1 store. 
 
 Waynesville, a thriving post-village of 
 Wayne township, Warren county, Ohio, on 
 1258 
 
 the Little Miami river, and near the railroad 
 of that name, 37 miles N. N. E. from Cincin- 
 nati. It is a place of active trade, and has 
 a newspaper oiSce, a woollen factory, and 
 several mills in operation. Laid out in 1802. 
 Population in 1850, 756. 
 
 Waynesville, a post-village of De Witt 
 CO., Illinois, near the Chicago and Mississippi 
 railroad, 12 miles N. W. of Clinton. It has 8 
 or 10 stores, and about 450 inhabitants. 
 
 Waynesville, a small post-village, capital 
 of Pulaski county, Missoui-i, on a fork of the 
 Gasconade river, 80 miles S. from Jefferson 
 City. It has an active trade in pine lumber. 
 
 Watnetown, a small post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Indiana, 10 miles W. N. W. from 
 Crawfordsville. 
 
 WATN3iANViLLE,apost-officeof LTpsonco.Ga. 
 
 Wayport, a small village of Monroe co., 
 Indiana, 8 miles N. from Bloomington. 
 
 Wea Creek, of Indiana, enters the Wabash 
 river from the S., 4 miles below Lafayette. 
 
 Wea or Weaton, a village in Tippecanoe 
 CO., Indiana, near the Wabash river, on the 
 "W abash and Erie canal, 70 miles N. W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Weakley, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Tennessee, bordering on Kentuckj^ : area 
 estimated at 600 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by several forks of Obion i-iver. The 
 surface is nearly level ; the soil is fertile. 
 Indian corn, tobacco, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 736,930 bushels 
 of corn; 2,228,990 pounds of tobacco, and 
 85,464 of butter. It contained 9 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, 83 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 40 attending otlier schools. 
 The Nashville and Mississippi railroad will 
 pass through the county, and the Mobile and 
 Ohio railroad near the western border. Ca- 
 pital, Dresden. Population, 14,608 ; of whom 
 11,538 were free, and 3170, slaves. 
 
 Weaklei', a post-olfice of Smith co., Texas. 
 
 Weare, a post-township in Hillsborough 
 CO., New Hampshire, 14 miles S. W. from 
 Concord, intersected by the Merrimack and 
 Connecticut Paver railroad. It contains the 
 villages of East Ware and North Ware, both 
 on the railroad, and various manufactories. 
 Pop., 2435. 
 
 Weare's Cove, a post-office of Sevier co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Weasel, a village of Essex • co., New 
 Jersey, on the right bank of the Passaic 
 river, 60 miles N. E. from Trenton, contains 
 about 40 dwellings. 
 
 Weatiierly, a post-office of Carbon co., Pn, 
 
 Weathersfield, a post-township in Wind- 
 sor CO., Vermont, 65 miles S. by E. from IMont- 
 pelier, on Connecticut river, intersected by 
 the Black river, which affords water-power. 
 It contains the manufacturing village of Per- 
 kinsville and 2 or 3 others. Ascutney moun- 
 tain is situated on its northern boundary. 
 Population, 1851. 
 
 Weathersfield, a township in the S. part 
 
WEA 
 
 WEE 
 
 of Trumbull co., Ohio, intersected by the Ma- 
 honing river. Populatiou, 1717. 
 
 Weatueesfield, a thriving village of 
 Henry co., Illinois, 55 miles N. N. W. from 
 Peoria. 
 
 Weatheesfield Centke, a post-office of 
 Windsor co., Vermont. 
 
 Weaveesville, a post-village of Northamp- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, 100 miles E. N. E. 
 from Harrisburg. 
 
 Weaveesville, a post-office of Fauquier 
 CO., Va., 114 miles N. by W. from Richmond. 
 
 Weaveeville, or Weaveesville, a post- 
 town of Trinity co., California, near one of 
 the branches of Trinity river. Population 
 in 1853, about 2500. The votes polled Sep- 
 tember 7th of this year amounted to 545. 
 
 Webb, a county in the S. part of Texas, 
 bordering on the Rio del Norte river, which 
 separates it from Mexico, has an area of 
 about 3135 square miles. The Nueces river 
 forms its boundary on the N. The land is 
 adapted to cotton, sugar-cane, and corn, but 
 its cultivation is hindered by frequent inroads 
 of the Indians. The chief business of the 
 inhabitants is the raising of horses and 
 cattle. This county is not included in the 
 census of 1850. Named in honor of Judge 
 James Webb, formerly of Florida. Capital, 
 Laredo. 
 
 Webbee's Peaieie, a post-office of Travis 
 CO., Texas, 18 miles E. by S. from Austin. 
 
 Webb's Beook, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Webb's Foed, a post-office of Rutherford 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Webb's Mills, a post-office of Chemung 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Webb's Mills, a post-office of Ritchie co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Webb's Peaikie, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Webbsville, a small village of Newton co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Webee, a county in the N. W. part of Utah 
 Territory, has an area estimated at about 
 12,000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
 N. by Oregon, and on the W. by California, 
 and is drained by Bear river, and other 
 smaller streams. A large portion of the 
 Great Salt lake lies within its borders. In 
 1850 it produced 5505 bushels of wheat; 
 1413 of potatoes, and 5796 pounds of butter. 
 It contained in that year 2 academies. Capi- 
 tal not yet established. Population, 1186. 
 
 Webee Riveb, rises in Salt lake county, 
 Utah, and flowing first N. W. and then S. W., 
 falls into the Great Salt lake. It forms part 
 of the boundary between Davis and Weber 
 counties. 
 
 Webstee, anewcounty of Iowa, comprising 
 the late counties of Risley and Yell. It lies a 
 little N. and W. of the central part of the 
 state, and is 48 miles long, and 24 wid-e, with 
 an area of 1150 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Des Moines river, and the Ligard and 
 
 Boone branches of the same stream. The 
 centre of the county is about 145 miles N. W. 
 from Iowa city. The population is unknown, 
 the county having been formed since the 
 census of 1850. 
 
 Webstee, a post-township in Lincoln co., 
 Maine, 20 miles S. W. from Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 1110. 
 
 Webstee, a post-township in Worcester co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Norwich 
 and Worcester railroad, 55 miles W. S. W. from 
 Boston. The principal villages are Webster 
 and North Webster, both on the railroiid. 
 The streams afford excellent water-power, 
 which is largely employed in manufactures. 
 Population of the township in 1840, 1043 ; in 
 1850, 2371. 
 
 Webstee, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Monroe co.. New York, on 
 Lake Ontario. Population, 2446. 
 
 Webstee, a small post-village of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela 
 river, 20 miles S. W. from Greensburg. 
 
 Webstee, a post-village of Jackson co., 
 North Carolina, on a small branch of the 
 Tennessee river. 
 
 Webstee, a post-office of Winston co.. Miss. 
 
 Webstee, a post-office of Breckenridge 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Webstee, a small post- village of Dai-ke co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Webstee, a township in Wood co., Ohio. 
 Population, 237. 
 
 Webstee, a post-township in the N. part 
 of AVashtenaw co., Michigan, partly inter- 
 sected by the Huron river. Population, 924. 
 
 Webstee, a village of Kosciusko co., In- 
 diana, on Tippecanoe river, about 120 miles 
 N. by E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Webstee, a post-office of Wayne co., Ind. 
 
 Webstee, a post-office of Hancock co., 111. 
 
 Webstee, a post-office of Oregon co.. Mo. 
 
 Webstee, a small village of Washington 
 CO., Missouri, about 75 miles S. W. from St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Webstee, a small town of Sacramento co., 
 California, on the right bank of the Sacra- 
 mento river, about 20 miles below Sacramento 
 city. 
 
 Webstee's Mills, a small post-village of 
 Fulton CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Weedowee, a post-village, capital of Ran- 
 dolph CO., Alabama, at the confluence of the 
 Tallapoosa and Little Tallapoosa rivers, 
 about 150 miles E. from Tuscaloosa. The 
 county seat was located here quite recently. 
 
 Weed's Coenees, a post-office of Walworth 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Weedspoet, a post-village in Brutus town- 
 ship, Cayuga co.. New York, on the Erie 
 canal, and the Rochester and Syracuse Di- 
 rect railroad, 24 miles AV. from Syracuse. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches, and a number 
 of stores and warehouses. 
 
 Weeks' Mills, a post-office of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 1259 
 
WEE 
 
 WEL 
 
 Weelaunee, a post-office of Winnebago co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Weeping Willow, a post-office of Davis 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 Weewakatkee creek, Alabama, flows south- 
 westward through Coosa county into Coosa 
 river. 
 
 Weewakatille, a post-village in Talla- 
 dega, CO., Alabama, 107 miles E. from Tus- 
 caloosa. 
 
 Weegeh, a post-office of Belmont co., Ohio. 
 
 Wegatchie, a post-office of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Weguioc a post-office of Jasper co., Ind. 
 
 Wehadkee, a post-office of Randolph co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 Weiioga, a post-office of Benton cc/., Ala. 
 
 Weie's Bridge, a post-village and watering 
 place of Belknap county. New Hampshire, on 
 Lake Winnipiseogee, on the Boston, Concord, 
 and Montreal railroad, 30 miles N. E. from 
 Concord. 
 
 Weisenburg, a post-township of Lehigh 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles W. from 
 Allentown. Population, 1762. 
 
 Weisesburg, a post-village in Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland, 50 miles N. by W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Weisspokt, a post-village of Carbon co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river, 3 or 4 
 miles below Mauch Chunk. 
 
 Welaka, a post-village of Putnam co., 
 Florida, on St. John's river. 
 
 Welborn, or Welbourn, a township in 
 Conway co., Arkansas. Population, 544. 
 
 Welch's Mills, a post-office of Cabarrus 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Welchtille, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Welcher's Mill, a post-office of Roane 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Weld, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Maine, about 44 miles N. W. from Augusta. 
 Popiilation, 995. 
 
 A¥eldon, a thriving post-village of Halifax 
 county, North Carolina, on the right bank of 
 Roanoke river, at the head of steamboat navi- 
 gation, 95 miles N. E. from Raleigh. Four 
 railroads meet here, viz. the Wilmington and 
 Raleigh, the Seaboard and Roanoke, the Gas- 
 ton and Raleigh, and the Petersburg railroad. 
 Two newspapers are published. A canal has 
 been made around the falls, by which bat- 
 teaux can ascend to Danville. 
 
 Weldon River, rising in the S. part of 
 Iowa, flows southward through Decatiir co., 
 into Missouri, and enters the Crooked fork of 
 Grand river, in Grundy county, near Trenton. 
 
 Weld's Ferry, or Weld's Landing, a 
 post-village in Dubuque co., Iowa, on the 
 YI. bank of Mississippi river, 12 miles N. by 
 W. from Dubuque. 
 
 Wellborn, a post-village, capital of Cof- 
 fee CO., Alabama, about 70 miles in a direct 
 line S. by E. from Montgomery. It is a new 
 place, and contains but few dy^ellings. 
 1260 
 
 Wellborn's Mills, a post-office of Hous- 
 ton CO., Georgia. 
 
 Weller, a township in Richland co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1290. 
 
 Welleesburg, a thriving post-village of 
 Somerset co., Pennsylvania, on the plank- 
 road from Cumberland to West Newton, 128 
 miles W. S. W. from Harrisburg. Popula- 
 tion, about 250. 
 
 Wellerville, a post-office of Crawford 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Wellfleet, a post-township of Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the northern part of 
 the peninsula of Cape Cod, 65 miles by water 
 and 100 by land S. E. from Boston. The vil- 
 lage is situated on the W. side of the penin- 
 sula, at the head of Wellfleet Bay, which 
 affords good anchorage for vessels being pro- 
 tected from the sea by several islands. The 
 mackerel fishery is more extensively carried 
 on here than at any other port of Massachu- 
 setts, Gloucester only excepted. In 1851, 79 
 vessels (tons, 5411) and 852 men and boys 
 were employed in the mackerel fishery alone ; 
 the inspections for the year amounted to 
 11,367J barrels. Pop. of the township, 2411. 
 
 Wellington, a post-township in Piscata- 
 quis CO., Maine, 50 miles N. by E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 600. 
 
 Wellington, a small post- village of Mor- 
 gan CO., Georgia, about 110 miles W. from 
 Augusta. 
 
 AVellington, a post-township in the S. W. 
 part of Lorain co., Ohio, intersected by the 
 W. branch of Black river. Pop:, 1556. 
 
 Wellington, a post-village and railway 
 station in the above township, on the Cleve- 
 land and Columbus railroad, 36 miles S. W. 
 from Cleveland. 
 
 Wellington, a post-office of Lake co.. 111. 
 
 Wellington, a post-village in Lafayette 
 CO., Missouri, on the S. bank of Missouri 
 river, 115 miles N. W. from Jefi'erson City. 
 
 Wells, a county in the E. N. E. part of 
 Indiana, contains 380 square miles. It is 
 intersected by the Wabash river. The sur- 
 face is undulating or nearly level, and the 
 soil is fertile. There are a few small prairies 
 in the county : the other parts produce the 
 oak, hickory, beech, ash, and sugar-maple. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 148,565 bushels of corn; 50,289 of wheat; 
 20,089 of oats, and 2757 tons of hay. It 
 contained 9 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 and 1510 pupils attending public schools. 
 It is traversed by the Fort Wayne and Muncie 
 railroad, not yet finished. Capital, Bluffton. 
 Population, 6152. 
 
 Wells, a post^township of York co., INIaine, 
 bordering on the Atlantic and intersected by 
 the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth railroad. 
 Population, 2945. 
 
 Wells, a post-township in Rutland co., 
 Vermont, 68 miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 804. 
 
WEL 
 
 WES 
 
 Wells, a post-township of Hamilton co., 
 New York, about 81 miles N. N. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 486. 
 
 Wells, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Bradford co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 1113. 
 
 Wells, a small village of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wells, a new township of Fulton co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 420. 
 
 Wells, a township of Jefferson co., Ohio, 
 on the W. side of Ohio river, opposite Wheel- 
 ing. It is intersected by the Central Ohio, 
 Marietta and Cincinnati, and several other 
 railroads. Population, 1822. 
 
 Wells, a township in Laporte co., Indi- 
 ana. Population, 638. 
 
 Wellsborough, a post-borough, capital 
 of Tioga county, Pennsylvania, 145 miles N. 
 by W. from Harrisburg. It is neatly built, 
 and contains a stone court house, several 
 churches, and an academy. Two or three 
 newspapers are issued here. Laid out in 
 1806, and incorporated in 1830. Population 
 in 1850, 620. 
 
 Wellsburg, a post-village of Chemung 
 CO., New York, on the Chemung river, and 
 on the New York and Erie railroad, 276 
 miles from New York city. 
 
 Wellsburg, a small village of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania, 26 miles S. W. from Erie. 
 
 Wellsburg, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Brooke co., Virginia, is beautifully 
 situated on the Ohio river, 16 miles above 
 Wheeling. It contains 5 churches, 2 acade- 
 mies, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, 1 manu- 
 factory of cotton, 2 of glass, 1 of woollen 
 goods, 2 of stone ware, 6 flour mills, and 1 
 paper mill. Rich mines of coal are woi-ked 
 in the vicinity. Pop. in 1853, about 3000. 
 
 Wellsburg, a small post-village of St. 
 Charles co., Missouri, about 38 miles W. N. 
 W. from St. Louis. 
 
 Wells' Corners, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Wells' Corners, a post-office of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wellscott, a post-office of Union co., Ga. 
 
 Wells' Depot, a post-office of York co., 
 Maine, on the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth 
 railroads, 28 miles S. W. from Portland. 
 
 Wells' Mills, a thriving post-village of 
 Appanoose co., Iowa, on the Chariton river, 
 several miles S. E. from Centreville. 
 
 Wells' River, in the AV. central part of 
 Vermont, rises in Caledonia county, and falls 
 into the Connecticut river in Orange county. 
 It affords some fine mill seats. 
 
 Wells' River, a thriving post-village of 
 Orange co., Vermont, on the right bank of the 
 Connecticut, at the mouth of Wells' River, 
 and on the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers 
 railroad, 30 miles E. by S. from Montpelier. 
 The Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers rail- 
 road will here cross the Connecticut. It is a 
 place of active trade, and contains a bank 
 
 and various manufactories, for which Wells' 
 River affords good water-power. 
 
 Wellstille, a post-village of Scio town- 
 ship, Alleghany county. New York, on the 
 E. bank of the Genesee river, and on the New 
 York and Erie railroad, 367 miles from New 
 York city. A plank-road connects it with 
 Coudersport in Pennsylvania. The railroad 
 station is called Genesee. The inhabitants 
 are extensively engaged in the lumber trade. 
 Pop., about 600. 
 
 Wellsvillb, a post-office of York co., Pa. 
 
 Wellsville, a thriving post-village of 
 Yellow Creek township, Columbiana county, 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, 52 miles below Pitts- 
 burg. It is at the terminus of the Pittsburg 
 and Cleveland railroad, which is to be ex- 
 tended southward to Wheeling. It has an 
 active trade, and contains several steam mills. 
 A newspaper is issued here. Population in 
 1850, 1546. 
 
 Wellville, a post-office of Nottoway co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Welshfield, a post-office of Geauga co., 0. 
 
 Welsh Run, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 AVelton, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa. 
 
 AVendell, a post-township in Sullivan co., 
 New Hampshire, 33 miles N. AV. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 789. 
 
 AVendell, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Vermont 
 and Massachusetts railroad, about 40 miles 
 N. by E. from Springfield. Population, 920. 
 
 AVendell's Depot, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Vermont and 
 Massachusetts railroad, 40 miles W. by N. 
 from Fitchburg. 
 
 AVenham, a post-township of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected hj the Eastern 
 railroad, 21 miles N. byE. from Boston. The 
 manufacture of boots and shoes is an import- 
 ant branch of business. AV^enham pond fur- 
 nishes large quantities of ice for exportation. 
 Population, 977. 
 
 AVenlock, a township in Essex co., Ver- 
 mont, 55 miles N. E. of Montpelier. Pop., 26. 
 
 Wentworth, a post-township in Grafton 
 CO., New Hampshire, intersected bj' the Bos- 
 ton, Concord, and Montreal railroad, 50 miles 
 N. N. W. from Concord. Population, 1197. 
 
 Wentworth, a post-village, capital of 
 Rockingham co., North Carolina, 106 miles 
 N. AV. from Raleigh. Pop., about 300. 
 
 Wentworth, a post- village in Lake co., 
 Illinois, on Des Plaines river, 40 miles N. N. 
 AV. from Chicago. 
 
 Wentworth's Location, a post-township 
 in Coos CO., New Hampshire. Population, 55. 
 
 AVertemberg, Pennsylvania. See AVur- 
 temberg. 
 
 AVesaw, a township in the S. AV. part of 
 Berrien co., Michigan. 
 
 AVescosville, a post-office of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 AVesley, a post-township in Washington 
 126] 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 CO., Maine, 120 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. 
 Population, 829. 
 
 Wesley, a post-village of Venango co., 
 Pennsylvania, 60 miles N. from Pittsburg. 
 
 Wesley, a small village of Haywood co., 
 Tennessee, 190 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. 
 
 Wesley, a small village of Tipton co., Tenn. 
 
 Wesley, a post-village of Hickman co., Ky. 
 
 Wesley, a post-township in the W. part of 
 Washington co., Ohio. Population, 1560. 
 
 Wesley, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 16 miles W. from Marietta. 
 
 Wesley, a post-village in Ftilton co., In- 
 diana, 107 miles N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Wesley Chapel, a post-office of Tippe- 
 canoe CO., Indiana. 
 
 Wesley City, a post-village of Tazewell 
 CO., Illinois, on the left bank of the Illinois 
 river, 4 miles below Peoria. The produce 
 shipped here in 1852, was estimated at 
 $150,000. 
 
 Wesleyville, a post-village of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Ridge road, 5 miles E. 
 from Erie, and 2 miles from the lake. Po- 
 pulation, about 200. 
 
 Wesobulga, a post-office of Piandolph co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 West, a township of Huntingdon co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 8 miles N. from Huntingdon, 
 intersected by the Pennsylvania or Central 
 railroad. Population, 1464. 
 
 West, a township forming the W. S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Columbiana co., Ohio, intersected 
 by the Sandy and Beaver canal, and the Cleve- 
 land and Pittsburg railroad. Pop., 2110. 
 
 West Acton, a post-village of Acton town- 
 ship, Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the 
 Boston and Fitchburg railroad, 27 miles N.W. 
 from Boston. 
 
 West Addison, a post-village of Steuben 
 CO., New York, a.bout 230 miles W. by S. from 
 Albany. 
 
 West Albany, a village of Orleans co., 
 Vermont, about 35 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Montpelier. 
 
 West Albhro, a post-office of Grand Isle 
 CO., Vermont, on Lake Champlain, opposite 
 Rouse's Point, and on the Vermont Central 
 railroad, 77 miles N. W. from Montpelier. 
 
 West Alexander, a post-village of Preble 
 CO., Ohio, on the Dayton turnpike, and on 
 Twin creek, 90 miles W. from Columbus. It 
 has some water-power. 
 
 West Alexandria, a post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania, on the National 
 road, 17 miles W. S. W. from Washington. 
 
 West Almond, a post-township of Alle- 
 ghany county, New York, about 78 miles S. 
 by W. from Rochester. Population, 976. 
 
 West Alton, a post-village in Belknap co., 
 New Hampshire, near the Cocheco railroad, 
 25 miles N. E. by N. from Concord. 
 
 West Amesbury, a post-village of Ames- 
 bury township, Essex co., Massachusetts, 
 near the Merrimack river, 41 miles N. N. E. 
 from Boston. 
 1262 
 
 West Amwell, a township in Hunterdon 
 CO., New Jersey, about 15 miles N. W. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 West Andoa'er, a post-village of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Northern rail- 
 road, 33 miles N. W. by N. from Concord. 
 
 West Andovee, a post-office of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 West Anson, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Maine. 
 
 West Arlington, a post-village in Ben- 
 nington CO., Vermont, 100 miles S. S. W. 
 from Montpelier, 
 
 West Ashford, a post-office of Windham 
 CO., Connecticut, 30 miles E. N. E. of Hartford. 
 
 West Auburn, a post-office of Susquehanna 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Aurora, a post-office of Erie co. , N. Y. 
 
 West Ausable, a post-office of Clinton co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Avon, a post-office of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 West Bainbridge, a post-office of Che- 
 nango CO., New York. 
 
 West Baldwin, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Baltimore, a post-village of Mont- 
 gomery CO., Ohio. 
 
 West Barnstable, a post-village in Barn- 
 stable CO., Massachusetts, 65 miles S. E. from 
 Boston. 
 
 West Baree, a post-office of Orleans co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Baere, a post-office of Huntingdon 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 AVest Barre, a post-office of Fulton co., 0. 
 
 West Batavia, a post-office of Genesee 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Baton Rouge, a parish in the S. E. 
 central part of Louisiana, on the W. bank of 
 the Mississippi river : area about 240 square 
 miles. The surface is a level plain, which is 
 partlj' subject to be overflowed. The arable 
 land is mostly confined to the m.argin of the 
 river, which is elevated a few feet above the 
 general surface. The soil produces sugar 
 and Indian corn in abundance. In 1850 
 there were raised 7920 hogsheads of sugar ; 
 518,870 gallons of molasses, and 151,750 
 bushels of corn. There were two saw and 
 planing mills and 7 coopering shops. It con- 
 tained 2 churches, 250 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 50 attending academies or 
 other schools. Population, 6270 ; of whom 
 1920 were free, and 4350, slaves. 
 
 West Beaver, a township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Union co., Pennsylvania 
 Population, 1192. 
 
 West Beaver, a small village of Union co. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Beaver, a post-office of Columbiana 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 West Becket, a post-office of Berkshire 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 West Bedfoed, a post-village of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio, 73 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 West Bedford, a villsige iu White co., Ind., 
 95 miles N. W. by N. from Indianapolis. 
 
 West Bend, a post-o£6ce of Polk co., Mo. 
 
 West Bend, a township in the central 
 part of Washington co., Wisconsin. Pop. 672. 
 
 West Bend, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, and capital of Washington 
 county, Wisconsin, on the Milwaukee river, 
 and on the Milwaukee and Fond du Lac 
 plank-road, about 20 miles W. from Lake 
 Michigan, and 35 miles N. N. W. from Mil- 
 waukee city. The river affords fine water- 
 power. The village is situated in a rich farm- 
 ing district, which is improving rapidly, and 
 is on the ^lilwaukee and Fond du Lac railroad, 
 (unfinished;) it contains 1 or 2 churches, 
 2 mills, and numerous stores. Population in 
 185o, about 600. 
 
 Vi'EST Bergen, a post-village of Genesee 
 CO., New York, on the Rochester and Buffalo 
 railroad, 22 miles W. S. W. from Rochester. 
 
 West Berkshire, a post-ofBce of Franklin 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 West Berlin, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Berlin, a post-office of St. Clair co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 West Bethany, apost-office of Genesee co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Bethel, a post- village of Oxford co., 
 Maine, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence rail- 
 road, 74 miles N. W. by N. from Portland. 
 
 West Bethlehem, a township of Washing- 
 ton CO., Pennsjdvania, about 32 miles S. by 
 W. from Pittsburg. Population, 2114. 
 
 West Bloomfield, a post-village of Ontario 
 county. New York, situated in West Bloom- 
 field township, on the Canandaigua and Ni- 
 agara Falls railroad, 16 miles W. from Canan- 
 daigua. It contains several churches. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1698. 
 
 West Bloomfield, a post- village of Essex CO. 
 New Jersey, about 6 miles N. W. from Newark. 
 
 West Bloomfield, a post-township in the 
 S. central part of Oakland co., Michigan, in- 
 tersected by the Michigan Central railroad. 
 Population, 1086. 
 
 West Bolton, a post-office of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 Westborotjgh, a post-township of Wor- 
 cester CO., Massachusetts, intersected by the 
 Boston and Worcester railroad, 32 miles W. 
 by S. from Boston. The village is pleasantly 
 situated on the railroad, and contains 3 
 churches and several stores. It is noted for 
 the manufacture of sleighs ; boots and shoes 
 are also manufactured to some extent. A 
 State Reform School is located in the town- 
 ship, on the borders of a beautiful sheet of 
 water, about 2 miles west from the village. 
 The institution occupies a spacious brick edi- 
 fice, standing in the midst of extensive and 
 highly cultivated grounds. The garden com- 
 prises the slope between the building and the 
 water's edge. During the year 1852, the ca- 
 pacity of the institution was greatly increased 
 
 by extensive additions made to the main 
 building. [See Public Insiiliiiicns, page 677.) 
 A capacious water-cure establishment is at, 
 present being fitted up about half a mile E. 
 of the Reform School, between it and the vil- 
 lage. A handsome building for a high-school 
 is now in course of erection here. Pop. 2371. 
 
 AVestborough, a post-village of Clinton co., 
 Ohio, on the Cincinnati and Hillsborough 
 railroad. 
 
 AVest Boscawen, a post-office of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 West Boxford, a post-office of Essex co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 West Boylston, a post-township in Wor- 
 cester CO., Massachusetts, 40 miles W. by N. 
 from Boston, intersected by the Fitchburg 
 and Worcester railroad. Population, 1749. 
 
 AVest Bradford, a township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 6 miles AV. from 
 AVest Chester. Population, 1585. 
 
 West Braintree, a post-office of Orange 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 AVest Branch, a post-village of Oneida co., 
 New York, on a branch of the Mohawk river, 
 10 or 11 miles N. from Rome. 
 
 West Branch, a township of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 24 miles E. S. E. from 
 Coiidersport. Population, 92. 
 
 AA'est Brandywine, a township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles AV. by N. 
 from AA''est Chester. 
 
 AVest Brattlbborough, a post-village in 
 Windham co., Vermont, 115 miles S. from 
 Montpelier. 
 
 AVest Brewster, a post-office of Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts, 
 
 AVest Bridgeton, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 AVest Bridgewater, a post-township in 
 Plymouth co., Massachusetts, on Fall River 
 railroad, 26 miles S. from Boston. Pop., 1447. 
 
 West Brighton, a post-office of Monroe 
 CO., New York. 
 
 AVesterook, a township in Cumberland 
 county, Maine, intersected by the Presump- 
 scot river, which affords extensive water- 
 power, employed in manufacturing. It con- 
 tains severp,! villages, the principal of which 
 is Saccarappa, on the York and Cumberland 
 railroad, 7 , miles N. by W. from Portland. 
 The township contains 1 bank. Pop., 4852. 
 
 Westbrook, a post-village in Middlesex 
 CO., Connecticut, on Long Island sound, and on 
 the New Haven and New London railroad, 28 
 miles E. of New Haven. It contains 3 or 4 
 churches, 8 stores and an academy. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 1202. 
 
 Westbrook, a post-office of Delaware co., 
 New York. 
 
 Westbrook, a post-office of Bladen co.,N.C. 
 
 West Brookfield, a post-township of Wor- 
 cester CO., Mass., on theAVestern railroad, 09 
 miles AV. by S. from Boston. Pop., 1344. 
 
 West Brookfield, a post-office of Stark 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 1263 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 West Brookville, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine, 52 miles E. from Augusta. 
 
 West Brookville, a post-ofiice of Sullivan 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Brownsville, a post- village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania, on the Mononga- 
 hela river, opposite Brownsville. Pop., 477. 
 
 West Brunswick, a township in the S. E. 
 part of Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, inter- 
 sected by the Eeading railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1693. 
 
 West Buffalo, a township of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 24 miles S. by W. from 
 V/illiamsport. Population, 1007. 
 
 West Buffalo, a small village of Union 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 AYest Buffalo, a post-office of Scott co., lo. 
 
 West Burlington, a post-office of Otsego 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Burlington, a small post-village of 
 Bradford co., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Westbury, a post-office of Wayne co., N. Y. 
 
 West Butler, a post-office of Wayne co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Buxton, a post-office of York co.. Me. 
 
 West Cairo, a post-office of Allen co., Ohio. 
 
 West Caln, a township of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 16 miles W. by N. from 
 West Chester. Population, 1508. 
 
 West Cajibridge, a post-township of Mid- 
 dlesex county, Massachusetts, 6 miles N. W. 
 from Boston. The principal village is on the 
 Fitchburg railroad, from which diverges the 
 Lexington and West Cambridge Branch rail- 
 road. It is built principally on one extended 
 street, and contains 3 or 4 churches and 
 several stores. Population in 1840, 1363 ; 
 in 1850, 2202. 
 
 West Camden, apost-officeof Waldo co. Me. 
 
 West Camden, a post-village of Oneida 
 CO., New York, on the Watertown and Piome 
 railroad, 25 miles W. N. W. from Rome. 
 
 West Cameron, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Camp, a post-vill.ige of Ulster co., 
 New York, on the W. bank of the Hudson 
 river, 42 miles below Albany. 
 
 West Campton, a post-office of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, 45 miles N. by W. from 
 Concord. 
 
 West Canaan, a post-office of Grafton co.. 
 New Hampshire, on the Northern railroad, 
 56 miles N. W. from Concord. 
 
 West Canaan, a post-village in Madison 
 CO., Ohio, 22 miles W. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 West Canada Creek, of Herkimer county, 
 in the N. E. central part of New York, after 
 forming a small part of the boundary between 
 Oneida and Herkimer counties, falls into the 
 Mohawk river at Herkimer. The noted 
 Trenton falls are on this stream. 
 
 West Candor, a post-office of Tioga co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Carlisle, a post-village of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio, about 64 miles E. N. E. from Co- 
 lumbus, it has several hundred inhabitants. 
 1264 
 
 West Carlton, a post-village in the N. 
 part of Orleans co., -New York. 
 
 West Cayuta, a post-village of Chemung 
 CO., New York, 15 miles N. N. E. fromElmira. 
 
 West Charleston, a post-village in Penob- 
 scot CO., Maine, 70 miles N. E. by N. from 
 Augusta. 
 
 West Charleston, a post-village in Or- 
 leans CO., Vermont, near Clyde river, 55 
 miles N. E. by N. from Montpelier. 
 
 West Charleston, a post-village of Miami 
 CO., Ohio, about 11 miles S. by E. from Troy. 
 
 West Charlton, a post-village of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, about 30 miles N. N. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 West Chazy, a small post-village in Cham- 
 plain township, Clinton co.. New York, on the 
 Plattsburgh and Montreal railroad, 10 miles 
 N. from Plattsburg. 
 
 West Chelmsford, a post-office of Middle- 
 sex CO., Massachusetts, 25 miles N. W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 West Cheshire, a post-office of New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, about 17 miles N. from New 
 Haven. 
 
 Westchester, a county in the S. E. part 
 of New York, bordering on Connecticut and 
 Long Island sound, has an area of about 500 
 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the 
 Hudson, and is drained by Croton, Bronx, and 
 Harlem rivers, which turn numerous mills. 
 The surface is hilly, and in the N. W. broken 
 by the highlands. The soil is generally very 
 fertile. Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 445,333 bushels of corn; 279,158 of oats ; 
 439,941 of potatoes ; 79,646 tons of hay, and 
 1,547,504 pounds of butter. There were 37 
 flour mills, 1 7 saw mills, 2 patent-medicine ma- 
 nufactories, 10 iron foundries, 8 carpet facto- 
 ries, 3 cotton and 3 woollen factories, and 3 
 chemical works. It contained 122 churches. 
 5 newspaper offices, 8975 pupils attendingpub- 
 lic schools, and 1181 attending academies and 
 other schools. Large quantities of marble 
 are found in Mount Pleasant, and some cop- 
 per has been discovered. The Hudson river 
 is navigable for ships along the entire bor- 
 der. The Hudson River railroad, the Har- 
 lem railroad, and the New York and New 
 Haven railroad, all pass through this county, 
 and the aqueduct which supplies the city of 
 New York with water from' the Croton river, 
 partly intersects it. Organized in 1788. 
 Seats of justice, White Plains and Bedford. 
 Population, 58,263. 
 
 Westchester, a post-village in New Lon- 
 don CO., Connecticut, 25 miles S. E. from 
 Hartford. 
 
 Westchester, a post-village of New York, 
 in the township and county of its own name, 
 12 miles N. E. from New York. It contains 
 several churches. Sloops ascend Westchester 
 creek to this village. Pon. of the township, 
 2492. 
 
 West Chester, a post-borough, capital of 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, is finely situ- 
 ated on elevated ground, 26 miles W. from Phi- 
 ladelphia. This place is remarkable for the 
 beauty of its situation, the excellence of its 
 schools, and the elegance of its public build- 
 ings. The private houses are nearly all 
 built of brick, and much taste is displayed in 
 the embellishment of the adjoining grounds. 
 The court house is a beautiful and substan- 
 tial edifice, recently erected, in the Co- 
 rinthian style, with six noble columns in 
 front. Opposite to this is the Chester County 
 Bank, a Doric structure of white marble, 
 which would be creditable to any city in the 
 Union. The town also contains several fine 
 churches, a cabinet of natural sciences, and 
 a horticultural hall. Some of these are built 
 of a kind of stone found in the vicinity, which 
 has a greenish tint, and is admirably adapted 
 to the Gothic style of architecture. The bank 
 has a capital of $225,000. The educational 
 institutions include an academy and a number 
 of boarding schools, which are generally well 
 conducted and flourishing. Bolmar's boarding 
 school for boys is a very large and extensively 
 patronized institution. The buildings and 
 other improvements probably cost $50,000. 
 The town is supplied with good water from a 
 spring in the vicinity, and is lighted with gas. 
 Three newspapers are published here. A 
 branch railroad connects West Chester with 
 the Philadelphia and Columbia railroad, and 
 a more direct railroad to Philadelphia is in 
 course of construction. Population in 1850, 
 3172 ; in 1853, about 4500. 
 
 West Chester, a post-village of Butler 
 CO., Ohio, 106 miles W. S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 West Chestek, a township in Porter co., 
 Indiana. Population, 360. 
 
 West Chesterfield, a post-office of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 West Claremont, a post-office of Sullivan 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 West Clarksville, a post-office of Alle- 
 ghany CO., New York. 
 
 West Climax, a post-office of Kalamazoo 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 West Colesville, a post-office of Broome 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Columbia, a thriving post-village of 
 Mason co., Virginia, on the Ohio river, 160 
 miles below Wheeling. It owes its growth 
 and importance to the valuable salt springs 
 recently found here : 5 or 6 wells have been 
 sunk, and several furnaces put in operation. 
 Laid out about 1850. 
 
 West Concord, a post- village of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, on the Northern rail- 
 road, with a station on the Merrimack and 
 Connecticut Rivers railroad, 3 miles N. W. 
 from Concord. It contains manufactories of 
 cottons, flannels and other articles. 
 
 West Concord, a post-village in Concord 
 
 township, Essex CO., Vermont, on Moose river, 
 
 about 37 miles N. E. by E. from Montpelier, 
 
 and 7 miles E. from the depot at St. Johns- 
 
 4 E 
 
 bury. The Moose river afi'ords excellent 
 water-power. This village has risen out of the 
 woods within the last 6 years, and is now the 
 largest and most flourishing in the county. 
 It contains an iron foundry, an extensive ma- 
 chine shop, a pail factory, shingle and clap- 
 board machines, large grain and lumber mills, 
 a church, and 2 stores. 
 
 West Concord, a post-office of Erie co., N.Y. 
 West Conesus, a post-office of Livingston 
 CO., New York. 
 
 WestConequenessing, a township of Butler 
 CO., Peunsylvania, about 12 miles W. fi'om 
 Butler. Population, 1376. 
 
 West Constable, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Corinna, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Cornwall, a post-affice of Addison; 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 West Cornwall, a thriving post-village in 
 Cornwall township, Litchfield co., Connecticut, 
 on the Housatonic river and railroad, about 
 37 miles W. by N. from Hartford. It contains 
 1 or 2 churches, a blast furnace and a num- 
 ber of manufactories. 
 
 West Creek, a post-office of Ocean co., N. J. 
 West Creek, a post-township in Lake co., 
 Indiana. Population, 411. 
 
 West Cumberland, a post-office of Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine. 
 
 West Dale, a village of Delaware co., 
 Pennsylvania, on Crum creek, and on the 
 Philadelphia and West Chester railroad^ 10 
 miles W. S. W. from Philadelphia. 
 
 West Danby, a post-office of Tompkins co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Danville, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 West Davenport, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Day, a post-village of Saratoga ca., 
 New York, on Sacondaga river, about 50 
 miles N. by W. from Albany. 
 
 West Dedham, a post-village in Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Norfolk Countj-- 
 railroad, 12 miles S. W. from Boston. 
 
 West Deer, a township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 14 miles N. by E. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 1716. 
 
 West Dennis, a post-village in Dennis town- 
 ship, BarnstaJale co., Massachusetts, near the 
 western shore of Cape Cod peninsula, about 
 75 miles S. by E. from Boston. The inhabit- 
 ants of Dennis are extensively engaged in 
 the mackerel fisheries. In 1851, 47 vessels 
 (tons, 3096) and 858 men and boys were em- 
 ployed in this species of industry. During 
 the year, 10,029^ barrels of mackerel were 
 inspected. 
 
 West Derby, a post-village of Derby town- 
 ship, Orleans co., Vermont, on the E. shore 
 of Memphremagog lake, and Banks of Clyde 
 river, about 55 miles N. E. by N. from Mont- 
 pelier. 
 West Donegal, a township of Lancaster 
 1265 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Lancaster and 
 Harrisburg railroad, about 20 miles W. N. W. 
 from Lancaster. Population, 1156. 
 
 West Dover, a post-office of Piscataquis 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Dover, a post-office of Windham co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 West Dresden, a post-office of Yates cc, 
 New York. 
 
 West Drtden, a post-village of Tompkins 
 CO., New York, about 170 miles W. by N. from 
 Albany. 
 
 West Dublin, a small village of Fulton 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Dummeeston, a post-office of Wind- 
 ham CO., Vermont. 
 
 West Durham, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Duxbury, a post-office of Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 West Earl, a township of Lancaster co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Conestoga creek, about 
 11 miles N. E. from Lancaster. Pop., 1672. 
 
 West Eaton, a post-office of Madison co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Eaton, a post-office of Wyoming co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Westecunk, a village of Ocean co.. New 
 Jersey, on Little Egg Harbor bay, 50 miles 
 S. E. from Trenton, contains 2 stores. 
 
 West Et>meston, a post-village of Otsego 
 CO., New York, 28 miles S. from Utica. 
 
 West Elizabeth, a post-village of Jeffer- 
 son township, Alleghany co., Pennsylvania, 
 on the left bank of the Monongahela river, 
 20 miles by water S. from Pittsburg, and 
 opposite Elizabeth borough. Glass is manu- 
 factured here. Pop. in 1851, about 500. 
 
 West Elkton, a small post-village of 
 Preble co., Ohio, on Elk creek. 
 
 West Ellert, a post-office of Chautauque 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Ely, a post-village of Marion co., 
 Missouri, about 90 miles N. N. E. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 West Ejibden, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West End, a post-office of Bedford co.. Pa. 
 
 West Enfield, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Enfield, a post-office of Grafton co.. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 West Enosburg, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 Westerloo, a post-township of Albany co.. 
 New York, about 20 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 2860. 
 
 Westerly, a thriving post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Rhode Island, on the Pawcatuck 
 river, the boundary between Rhode Island and 
 Connecticut, and on the Stonington and Pro- 
 vidence railroad, 45 miles S. W. from Provi- 
 dence. The inhabitants are extensively en- 
 gaged in cotton and other manufactures. 
 Ship building and the coast trade is also car- 
 ried on, for which the river affords facilities, 
 1266 
 
 being navigable for vessels of from 40 to 50 
 tons burden. The village contains 3 or 4 
 churches, 3 banks and about 15 stores. Po- 
 pulation of the township, in 1840, 1912 ; in 
 1850, 2763. 
 
 Westerman's Mills, a post-office of Balti- 
 more CO., Maryland. 
 
 Western, a township of Oneida co.. New 
 York, 110 miles W. N. W. from Albany, inter- 
 sected by the Black River canal. Pop., 2516. 
 
 Western, a post-office of Powesheik co., lo. 
 
 Western Ford, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., Va., 240 miles N. W. from Richmond. 
 
 Westernport, a post-village of Alleghany 
 CO., Maryland, on the Potomac river, 24 miles 
 S. W. from Cumberland. 
 
 Western Saratoga, a post-village of Union 
 CO., Illinois, 142 miles S. from Springfield, 
 owes its rise to a medicinal spring which at- 
 tracts numerous visitors in the warm season. 
 
 Western Star, a post-office of Summit co., 
 Ohio, 122 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Westernville, a post-village of Oneida 
 CO., New York, on the Mohawk river, and on 
 the Black River canal, 8 or 9 miles N. N. E. 
 from Rome. 
 
 Westerville, a post-village of Franklin 
 CO., Ohio, 14 miles N. E. from Cobimbus. 
 
 West Exeter, a post-office of Otsego co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Fairfield, a post-office of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Fairlee, a post-township of Orange 
 CO., Vermont, 29 miles S. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 596. 
 
 West Fairview, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Westfall, a post-township of Pike co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, about 68 
 miles E. by N. from Wilkesbarre. Pop. 567. 
 
 West Fallowfield, a township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 20 miles W. by S. 
 from West Chester. Population, 2290. 
 
 West Fallowfield, a township of Craw- 
 ford CO., Pennsylvania, about 14 miles S. W. 
 from Meadville, intersected by the Beaver 
 and Erie canal. Population, 654. 
 
 West Falls, a post-office of Erie co., N.Y. 
 
 West Falmouth, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 West Falmouth, a post-office of Barnsta- 
 ble CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 West Farmington, a post-office of Ontario 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Farms, a post-township of Westches- 
 ter CO., New York, borders on the East river, 
 and is intersected by the Harlem railroad. 
 Population, 4436. 
 
 West Farms, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Bronx river, at the head of sloop 
 navigation, 12 miles N. by E. from New York. 
 It contains 3 or 4 churches, and several fac- 
 tories and mills. 
 
 West Fayette, a post-office of Seneca co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Feliciana, a parish of Louisiana, 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 bordering on Mississippi, and on the E. bank 
 of Mississippi river, contains 480 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Bayou Sarah. The 
 surface is gently undulating ; the soil is fer- 
 tile. Cotton, sugar, and Indian corn are the 
 staples. In 1850 the parish produced 18,291 
 bales of cotton ; 4767 hogsheads of sugar ; 
 395,612 gallons of molasses, and 360,585 
 bushels of corn. There were 8 sugar mills, 
 93 grist mills, 24 saw and planing mills, and 
 1 coach manufactory. It contained 7 churches ; 
 170 pupils attending public schools, and 130 
 attending other schools. The parish is inter- 
 sected by a railroad from Woodville to the 
 Mississippi river. Capital, St. Francisville. 
 Population, 13,245, of whom 2579 were free, 
 and 10,666, slaves. 
 
 Westfield, a post-township in Orleans co., 
 Vermont, 44 miles N. from Montpelier. Po- 
 pulation, 502. 
 
 Westfield, a flourishing post-village of 
 Hampden co., Massachusetts, on the West- 
 field river, and on the Western railroad, 10 
 miles W. N. W. from Springfield. It is de- 
 lightfully situated in a plain bordered with 
 beautiful hills. In the centre is a fine public 
 square, around which are situated the prin- 
 pal stores. The village contains 2 or 3 
 churches, a town house, 2 banks, 2 newspa- 
 per offices, and one of the state normal 
 schools. The inhabitants are engaged in 
 manufactures of various kinds, the principal 
 of which are whips. Population in 1840, 
 3526; in 1850, 4181. 
 
 Westfield, a post-village in Westfield town- 
 ship, Chautauque co., New York, on Chau- 
 tauque creek, and on the Buffalo and State 
 Line railroad, 57 miles W. S. W. from Buffalo, 
 and 1 or 2 miles from Lake Erie. It contains 
 3 or 4 churches, an academy, 2 banks, anews- 
 paper ofBce, several flouring mills, and other 
 factories. Population of the township, 3100. 
 
 Westfield, a township of Richmond co., 
 New York, forms the S. W. extremity of Sta- 
 ten Island, and contains Richmond, the county 
 seat. Population, 2943. 
 
 Westfield, a village of Burlington county, 
 N. J., about 22 miles S. W. from Trenton. 
 
 Westfield, a township of Essex co., New 
 Jersey, 13 miles W. S. W. from Newark. Po- 
 pulation, 1575. 
 
 Westfield, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the New Jersey Central rail- 
 road, 36 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Westfield, a post-township of Tioga co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 16 miles N. W. from 
 Wellsborough. Population, 1348. 
 
 Westfield, a township in the S. part of 
 Medina co., Ohio. Population, 1122. 
 
 Westfield, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Morrow co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the East branch of Whetstone river, 
 and by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincin- 
 nati railroad. Population, 1414. 
 
 Westfield, a post-township in Hamilton 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 215. 
 
 Westfield, a post-village of Hamilton co., 
 Indiana, 6 miles W. from Noblesville. 
 
 Westfield, a small post-village of Clarke 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Westfield, a post-office of Fayette co., lo. 
 
 Westfield, a post-township in the N. E. 
 part of Marquette co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Westfield, a small village of Sauk co.. Wis. 
 
 Westfield River is formed by the junction 
 of its North, Middle, and West branches, 
 which unite in Hampden county, in the W. 
 part of Massachusetts, and falls into the Con- 
 necticut near Springfield. The railroad from 
 Springfield to Albany passes along this stream 
 for about 20 miles. Branches. — The North 
 branch rises in Hampshire county, as also 
 does the Middle branch, which flows into it ; 
 the West branch rises in Berkshire ; the North 
 branch, after uniting with the Middle, joins 
 the West branch in Hampden county. 
 
 West Findlet, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Washington co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 1213. i 
 
 West Fitchbueg, a post-village of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, ontheVermontand Massa- 
 chusetts railroad, 43 W. N. W. from Boston. 
 
 West Florence, a post-village of Preble 
 CO., Ohio, on Fourmile creek, 100 miles W. by 
 S. from Columbus. 
 
 Westford, a post-township in Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, 31 miles N. W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1458. 
 
 Westford, a post- village in Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, near the Stony Brook rail- 
 road, 27 miles N. W. by W. from Boston, con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches and an academy. Po- 
 pulation of the township, 1473. 
 
 Westford, a post-village in Windham co., 
 Connecticut, on Mount Hope river, 30 miles 
 N. E. by E. from Hartford. 
 
 Westford, a post-township of Otsego co.. 
 New Yoi'k, 8 miles S. E. from Cooperstown. 
 Population, 1423. 
 
 WestFork, apost-office of Overton CO. Tenn. 
 
 West Fort Ann, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., New York. 
 
 West Fowler, a post-ofSce of St. Lawrence 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Foxborough, a post-office of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 West Franklin, a post-ofGce of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Franklin, a post-village in Posey 
 CO., Indiana, on the N. bank of Ohio river, 
 170 miles S. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 West Freedom, a post-office of Waldo co., 
 Maine. 
 
 West Freeman, a post-office of Franklin 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Fulton, a post-office of Schoharie 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Fulton, a post-village of Itawamba 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 West Gaines, a post-office of Orleans co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West GALWAY,apost-ofiice of Fulton CO. N.Y. 
 1267 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 Yt'EST GaelaisD, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Geneseb, a post-village of Alleghany 
 co.,N. Y., about 70 miles S. S. E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Yv'est Genesee, a townsliip in Genesee co., 
 Michigan. Population, 232. 
 
 West Georgia, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 West Gilboa, a post-office of Schoharie 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Gilead, a village of Morrow county, 
 Ohio, on the railroad which connects Cleve- 
 land with Columbus, 42 miles N. from the 
 latter. It was laid o,ut in 1851, and contains 
 several warehouses. 
 
 West Girard, a village of Erie co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on Elk creek, 17 miles S. W. from 
 Erie, and 2 miles from Lake Erie. 
 
 West Glenburn, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Gloucester, a post-office of Cum- 
 berland CO., Maine. 
 
 West Gloucester, a manufacturing post- 
 village of Gloucester township, Providence 
 county, Rhode Island, on the route of the 
 proposed Woonsocket Union railroad, about 
 22 miles N. W. from Providence. 
 
 West Glover, a recently sprung up village 
 in Glover township, Oi'leans co., Vermont, 
 about 35 miles N. E. by N. from Montpelier. 
 It contains a church, an unusually fine school- 
 house, and several mills. 
 
 West Gorham, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Goshen, a post-village of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut, about 35 miles W. by N. from 
 Hartford. It contains a Methodist church 
 and several mills and factories. 
 
 West Goshen, a township of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, contains West Chester, the 
 county seat. The Philadelphia and West Ches- 
 ter railroad terminates in it. Pop., 4112. 
 
 West Gouldsborough, a post-office of 
 Hancock co., Maine. 
 
 West Granbt, a post-office of Hartford co., 
 Connecticut. 
 
 West Granville, a post-village in Hamp- 
 den CO., Massachusetts, 110 miles W. S. W. 
 from Boston. 
 
 West Great Works, a post-office of Pe- 
 nobscot CO., Maine. 
 
 West Greece, a post-office of Monroe co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Greenfield, a post-office of Saratoga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Greenfield, a township in La 
 Grange co., Indiana. Population, 457. 
 
 West Greenville, sometimes called Green- 
 ville, a thriving post-borough of Mercer 
 county, Pennsylvania, on Shenango creek, 
 on the Erie Extension canal, and on the 
 Pittsburg and Erie railroad, (unfinished,) 75 
 miles N. by W^ from Pittsburg. It contains 
 several churches and manufactories, in which 
 steam and water-power are used. Population 
 iu 1850, 1036. 
 1268 
 
 West Greenwich, a post-township in Kent 
 CO., Rhode Island, 22 miles W. N. W. from 
 Newport. The streams afford water-power, 
 employed for cotton and other mills. Popu- 
 lation, 1350. 
 
 West Greenwich Centre, a post-office of 
 Kent CO., Rhode Island. 
 
 West Greenwood, a post-office of Steuben 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Groton, a post-village of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Peterborough and 
 Shirley railroad, 39 miles W. N. W. of Boston. 
 
 West Groton, a post-office of Tompkins 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Grove, a post-office of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Hadlet, a post-office of Saratoga co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Halifax, a post-office of Windham 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 West Hamilton, a small village of La Porte 
 CO., Indiana, on the Michigan Southern rail- 
 road, 4 or 5 miles N. E. from La Porte. 
 
 Westham Locks, a post-office of Henrico 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 W^est Hampden, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Hampton, a post-township in Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 95 miles W. from 
 Boston. Population, 602. 
 
 West Hanover, a post-township of Dauphin 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 11 miles N. E. from 
 Harrisburg. Population, 897. 
 
 West Harford, a post-office of Susque- 
 hanna CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Harpeth, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 West Harpswell, a post-office of Cumber- 
 land CO., Maine. 
 
 West Hartford, a post-village of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, on the White river which affords 
 water-power, and on the Vermont Central 
 railroad, 56 miles S. E. from Montpelier. 
 Manufacturing is carried on here to some 
 extent. 
 
 West Hartford, a post- village in Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut, 5 miles W. from Hartford. 
 
 West Hartland, a post-office of Somerset 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Hartland, a post-village in Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, 25 miles N. W. from 
 Hartford. It contains a Congregational 
 church. 
 
 West Harwick, a post-office of Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 West Haven, a post-township in Rutland 
 CO., Vermont, on Lake Champlain, 60 miles 
 S. W. by S. from Montpelier. Pop., 718. 
 
 West Haven, a post-village of New Haven 
 county, Connecticut, on the New York and 
 New Haven railroad, 5 miles S. W. from New 
 Haven. It contains a church and an academy. 
 
 West Haverford, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Hawley, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 West Hebron, a post- village of Washington 
 CO., New York, 22 miles S. from Whitehall. 
 
 West Hebron, a post-village in McHenry 
 CO., Hlinois, 70 miles N. W. by N. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 West Hemlock, a township of Montour co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 18 miles N. E. from Sun- 
 bury. Population, 193. 
 
 West Hempeield, a township of Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 river, about 10 miles W. by N. from Lancas- 
 ter. It is traversed by the Philadelphia and 
 Columbia railroad. Pop., 2724. 
 
 West Hennepin, a small village of Bureau 
 county, Hlinois, on the Hlinois river, nearly 
 opposite Hennepin. 
 
 West Henrietta, a post-ofBce of Monroe 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Hills, a post-office of Suffolk co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Hinsdale, a village of Cattaraugus 
 CO., New York, about 50 miles S. S. E. from 
 BuflFalo. 
 
 West Hoboken, a small post-village of 
 Hudson CO., New Jersey, 2 miles N. from Ho- 
 boken Landing. 
 
 West Hurley, a post-office of Ulster co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Jefferson, a post-village in Lincoln 
 CO., Maine, 16 miles S. E. from Augusta. 
 
 West Jefferson, a thriving post-village of 
 Madison co., Ohio, on the National road, and 
 on the Columbus and Xenia railroad, 15 miles 
 W. from Columbus. It has 1 or 2 churches and 
 1 academy. Population, 436. 
 
 West Jersey, a post-office of Stark co.. 111. 
 
 West Junius, a post-office of Seneca co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Kendall, a post-office of Orleans co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Kill, a post-village of Greene co.. 
 New York, about 60 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 It contains several mills. 
 
 V/est Killingly, or Danielsonville, a 
 flourishing post- village in Killingly township, 
 Windham county, Connecticut, on the W. side 
 of Quinebaug river, and on the Norwich and 
 Worcester railroad, 32 miles N. E. by N. 
 from Norwich. It contains 2 churches, 1 news- 
 paper office, Ibank with a capital of $100,000, 
 5 cotton mills, 1 woollen mill, 1 batting mill, 
 1 iron foundry, 1 planing mill, 16 dry-goods 
 and grocery stores, 3 drugstores, besides other 
 establishments. Pop., about 2500. 
 
 West Kinderhook, a post-office of Tipton 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 West Lackawannock, a township in the 
 S. W. part of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 1123. 
 
 West Lafayette, a post-office of Coshoc- 
 ton CO., Ohio. 
 
 West Lancaster, a post-village of Fayette 
 CO., Ohio, near Rattlesnake creek, 12 miles 
 N. W. from Washington, the county se;!t. 
 
 Westland, a post-village in Halifax co.. 
 North Carolina, 86 miles N. E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Westland, a township in the S. E. part 
 of Guernsey co., Ohio. Population, 1126. 
 
 Westland, a post-office of Hancock co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 West L.4. wrens, a post-office of Otsego co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Lebanon, a post-office of York co.. 
 Maine. 
 
 WestLebanon, apost-village andimportant 
 railway station of Grafton co.. New Hamp- 
 shire, on the left bank of the Connecticut, 
 at the confluence of Muscomy river, 69 miles 
 N. W. from Concord. The Northern railroad 
 connects at this point with the Vermont Cen- 
 tral and the Connecticut and Passumpsic 
 Rivers railroads. 
 
 West Lebanon, a post-village of Indiana 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 35 miles in direct line E. 
 by N. from Pittsburg. 
 
 West Lebanon, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 West Lebanon, a post-village in Warren 
 CO., Indiana, 80 miles N. AV. by W. from Indi- 
 ana.polis. 
 
 West Le Roy, 1l post-office of Calhoun co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 West Levant, a post-office of Penobscot 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Lexington, a post-village in the W. 
 part of Greene co.. New York. 
 
 West Leyden, a post-village of Lewis co.. 
 New York, 35 miles N. by W. from Utica. 
 
 West Liberty, a post-village in Ohio 
 county, Virginia, about 10 miles N. E. from 
 Wheeling. 
 
 West Liberty, a post-office of Liberty co., 
 Texas. 
 
 V/est Liberty, a post-village, capital of 
 Morgan co., Kentucky, on Licking river, 107 
 miles E. by S. from Frankfort. It has a court 
 house, 2 churches, and several stores. 
 
 West Liberty, a village of Crawford co., 
 Ohio, 66 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 West Liberty, a thriving post-village and 
 station in Liberty township, Logan co., Ohio, 
 on the Mad River and Lake Erie railroad, 48 
 miles N. N. E. from Dayton. It has a valu- 
 able water-power furnished by Mad river, and 
 contains a newspaper office. Pop. in 1851, 
 600. 
 
 West Liberty, a post-office of Muscatine 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 West Lima, a township in La Grange co., 
 Indiana. Population, 306. 
 
 West Littleton, a post-office of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 West Lodt, a post-office of Seneca co., 0. 
 
 West Lowville, a post-office of Lewis co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Lubec, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Macedon, a post-office of Wayne co.. 
 New York. 
 
 West Madawaska, a post-office of Aroos- 
 took CO., Maine. 
 
 West Mahoning, a township forming the 
 1269 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 N. W. extremity of Indiana co., Pennsylva- 
 nia. Population, 1030. 
 
 West Manchester, a post-ofiRce of Alle- 
 ghany CO., Pennsylvania. See 3Ianchester. 
 
 West Manchester, a township of York 
 CO., Pennsylvania. Population, 1361. 
 
 West Marlborough, a township of Ches- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania, about 11 miles S. W. 
 from West Chester. Population, 1130. 
 
 West Martinsburg, a post-village of Lewis 
 CO., New York, about 60 miles E. N. E. from 
 Oswego. 
 
 West Medford, a post- village of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Lowell 
 railroad, 5 miles N. N. W. fi*om Boston. 
 
 West Medway, a post-office of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 West Mendon, a village of Monroe co., 
 New York, on Honeoye creek, 16 miles S. 
 from Rochester. 
 
 West Meredith, a post-office of Delaware 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Meriden% a flourishing post-village 
 of New Haven co., Connecticut, on the Quinne- 
 piac river, and on the Hartford and New 
 Haven railroad, 17 miles N. by E. from New 
 Haven, and half a mile West from the old 
 village. It contains a large and beautiful 
 church, a high-school with a handsome build- 
 ing delightfully situated, an insurance office, 
 a newspaper office, and several fine stores. 
 In the village and vicinity are numerous ma- 
 nufactories, among which may be mentioned 
 a large establishment for making ivory combs, 
 a foundry, and a machine shop. Tinware and 
 various kinds of hardware are extensively 
 manufactured. Pop. in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 West Middleborough, a village in Ply- 
 mouth CO., Massachusetts, about 40 miles 
 from South Boston. 
 
 West Middleburg, a post- village of Logan 
 CO., Ohio, 56 miles N. W. by N. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 West Middlesex, a post-office of Mercer 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Middletown, a post-borough of 
 Y/ashingtonco., Pennsylvania, about 13 miles 
 N. W. from Washington, the county town. It 
 contains several stores. Pop. in 1850, 326. 
 
 West Milford, a post-township of Passaic 
 CO., New Jersey, bordering on New York, 
 about 40 miles N. W. from Jersey City. Po- 
 pulation, 2624. 
 
 West Milford, a post-office of Harrison 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 West Millbury, a post-office of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 40 miles W. S. W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 West Mill Creek, a post-office of Erie co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Mill Grove, a post-office of Wood 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 West Milton, a post-office of Strafford co., 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 West ^Iilton, a post-village of Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont. 
 1270 
 
 West jMilton, a post-village of Saratoga 
 CO., New York, 31 miles N. from Albany. 
 
 West Milton, a small village of Union co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Milton, a post-office of Miami co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 West Minot, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Westminster, a post-township of Windham 
 CO., Vermont, on the W. side of the Connec- 
 ticut river, 82 miles S. by E. from Montpe- 
 lier. The principal village is delightfully si- 
 tuated on the right bank of the Connecticut, 
 and on the Vermont Valley railroad, 4 miles 
 S. from Bellows Falls. The main street, 
 which is perfectly level, crosses a tableland 
 about a mile in diameter, considerably ele- 
 vated above the river, and also above the 
 meadows by which it is approached on the 
 N. and S. ; the whole enclosed by a semicircle 
 of hills which touch the Connecticut about 2 
 miles above and below the village. In early 
 times the courts of justice and several sessions 
 of the legislature were held here. Pop., 1721. 
 
 Westminster, a post-village of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Vermont and Mas- 
 sachusetts railroad, 48 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston. It contains 3 or 4 churches and seve- 
 ral stores. Population of the township 1914. 
 
 W^ESTMiNSTER, a post-villagc in Windham 
 CO., Connecticut, near Little river, 40 miles 
 E. by S. from Hartford. 
 
 Westminster, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Carroll CO., Maryland, is situated near 
 the source of Patapsco river, 58 miles N. N. 
 W. from Annapolis. It contains a court house, 
 2 newspaper offices, 2 churches, 2 banks, and 
 a number of stores. The Westminster Branch 
 railroad connects it with the Baltimore and 
 Susquehanna railroad. Pop. in 1850, 835. 
 
 Westminster, a post-village of Guilford 
 CO., North Carolina, 98 miles W. by N. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Westminster, a post-village of Allen co., 
 Ohio, 92 miles N. W. from Columbus. Pop., 
 300. 
 
 Westbiinster, a post-office of Shelby co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Westminster West, a post-village of Wind- 
 ham CO., Vermont, 95 miles S. by E. from 
 Montpelier. 
 
 West Monroe, a post-township of Oswego 
 CO., New York, on Oneida lake, 20 miles N. 
 by E. from Syracuse. 
 
 Westmore, a township of Orleans co., Ver- 
 mont, about 40 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 152. 
 
 Westmoreland, a county in the S. W. part 
 of Pcnnsjdvania, contains about 1000 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the N. W. by the 
 Alleghanj'^ river, on the N. E. by the Cone- 
 maugh and Kiskiminetas, and intersected by 
 the Youghiogheny river ; it is drained also 
 by the Loyalhanna river, and by Jacobs and 
 Big Sewickly creeks. The surface in the S. 
 E. is mountainous, and in the other parts di- 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 versified by hills of moderate height. A high 
 ridge, cnlled Laurel Hill, forms the S. E. 
 boundai'y, and Chestnut Ridge extends across 
 the county in a N. E. and S. W. direction. 
 Excepting these ridges, the soil is nearly all 
 arable, fertile and well watered, producing 
 wheat of superior quality. Indian corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 839,711 bushels 
 of corn; 608,476 of wheat; 1,161,656 of 
 oats; 48,024 tons of hay, and 1,711,854 
 pounds of butter. There were 92 flour and 
 grist mills, 74 sawmills, 23 salt furnaces, 12 
 coalmines, 28 manufactories of cabinet ware, 
 14 of farming implements, 10 woollen facto- 
 ries, 8 wool-carding mills, 8 iron foundries, 5 
 fui'naces, and 55 tanneries. It contained 101 
 churches, 4 newspaper offices, 13,112 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 181 attending 
 academies or other schools. Beds of stone- 
 coal, from 3 to 9 feet in thickness, extend 
 over nearly the whole area. Iron ore is pro- 
 cured in the S. E., and salt in the N. part. 
 Limestone and slate are among the principal 
 rocks. The Central railroad passes through 
 the county, and the Hempiield railroad, not 
 yet finished, has its eastern terminus at the 
 county seat. The Pennsylvania canal passes 
 along the northern border. Organized in 
 1773, and named from Westmoreland county, 
 England. Capital, Greensburg. Pop., 51,726. 
 
 Westmokeland, a county in the E. part 
 of Virginia, bordering on the Potomac river, 
 which separates it from Maryland, has an 
 area of about 170 square miles. It occu- 
 pies part of the northern neck, a peninsula 
 formed by the Potomac and Rappahannock 
 rivers, the former of which washes the coun- 
 ty on the N. E., and the h\tter on the S. W. 
 It is penetrated by inlets from the Potomac, 
 named Nomini bay, and Pope's and Monroe 
 creeks. The surface is somewhat diversified 
 by hills, and partly covered with forests of 
 pine and cedar. The soil near the rivers is 
 fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are 
 cultivated. The waters abound with fish 
 and oysters, and firewood is one of the chief 
 exports. In 1850 this county produced 
 209,115 bushels of corn ; 82,774 of wheat, 
 and 7897 of oats. It contained 1 wheelwright 
 establishment, 2 coach and 1 saddle manufac- 
 tory, and 1 tannery; 13 churches, and 300 
 pupils attending public schools. Westmore- 
 land county is distinguished as the birth- 
 place of two presidents of the republic, Wash- 
 ington and ]\Ionroe, and also of Richard 
 Henry Lee. The spot on which Washington 
 was born, half a mile from the Potomac, 
 is marked with a stone bearing this inscrip- 
 tion, " Here, on the 11th of February, (0. S.,) 
 1732, George Washington was born." Capi- 
 tal, Westmoreland Court House. Pop., 8080 ; 
 of whom 4523 were free, and 3567, slaves. 
 
 Westmoreland, a post-township, in Che- 
 shire CO., New Hampshire, on the east side 
 of Connecticut river, and intersected by the 
 
 Cheshire railroad, about 52 miles S. W. by W. 
 from Concord. Population, 1678. 
 
 Westmoreland, a post-township of Oneid.i 
 CO., New York, 12 miles W. from Utica. Po- 
 pulation, 3291. 
 
 Westmoreland Court Hocse, a village, 
 capital of Westmoreland co., Virginia, 65 
 miles N. E. from P^ichmond. 
 
 Westmoreland Depot, a post-ofSce of 
 Cheshire co., New Hampshire. 
 
 Westmorelandville, a post-ofSce of Lau- 
 derdale CO., Alabama. 
 
 West Nanticoke, a post-office of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Nantmeal, a township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 15 miles N. W. from 
 West Chester. Population, 1803. 
 
 West Needham, a post-village in Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Wor- 
 cester railroad, 15 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 West Newark, a post-office of Tioga co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Newbury, a post-township of Essex 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the south side of Mer- 
 rimack river, about 34 miles N. by E. from 
 Boston. Population, 1746. 
 
 West Newfield, a post-office of York co., 
 Maine. 
 
 West Newport, a post-office of Orleans 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 West Newstead, a post-office of Erie co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Newton, a thriving post-village in 
 Middlesex co., Massachusetts, on the Boston 
 and Worcester railroad, 9 miles W. from Bos- 
 ton. It contains a state normal school for 
 young ladies. 
 
 West Newton, a thriving post-borough of 
 Westmoreland co., Pennsylvania, on the right 
 bank of the Youghiogheny river, and on the 
 Hempfield railroad, about 25 miles S. E. from 
 Pittsburg. It is at the terminus of a plank- 
 road leading to Cumberland, Maryland. 
 
 AVest Newton, a post-office of Allen co., 0. 
 
 West Niles, a post-office of Cayuga co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Norfolk, a post-village of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut, 35 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Hartford. 
 
 West Northwood, a post-offioe of P\,ock~ 
 ingham co., New Hampshire. 
 
 West Northfield, a post-office of Frank- 
 lin CO., Massachusetts,. 
 
 AVest Nottingham, a townsliip forming the- 
 S, W. extremity of Chester co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 721. 
 
 AVest Oqden, a post-otHoe of Lenawee co.,. 
 Michigan. 
 
 AVeston, a, posc-township in Aroostook co.,. 
 Maine, 135 miles N. E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 293. 
 
 Westoj^, a post-village in Windsor co.. 
 Vermont, 68 miles S. from Montpelier, con- 
 tains 2 or 3 churches, and a number of ma- 
 nufactories. Population of the township, 950. 
 1271 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 Weston, a post-township in Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Fitchburg 
 and the Boston and Worcester railroads, 12 
 miles W. from Boston. Population, 1205. 
 
 Weston, a post-village in Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, 55 miles S. W. from Hartford, 
 contains 1 or 2 churches and an academy. 
 Population, 1056. 
 
 Weston, a post-office of Steuben co., N. Y. 
 
 Weston, a post-village of Somerset co., 
 New Jersey, on the left side of the Millstone 
 river, about 22 miles N. N. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Weston, a post-village, capital of Lewis 
 county, Virginia, on the W. fork of Monon- 
 gahela river, 278 miles N. W. from Pdchmond. 
 The hills in this vicinity abound in coal. 
 Weston is connected by turnpike with Fair- 
 mont. Thevillage has 1 bank. Pop. about 300. 
 
 Weston, a post-township in the W. part 
 of Wood CO., Ohio, on the W. side of Maumee 
 river. Population, 546. 
 
 Weston, a post- village of Jo Daviess co., Il- 
 linois, on Apple creek, 15 miles S. E. from 
 Galena. It has lead mines in the vicinity. 
 
 Weston, a flourishing post-village and 
 river port of Platte county, Missouri, on the 
 Missouri river, 200 miles by the road W. N. 
 W. from Jefferson City, and 3 miles above 
 Fort Leavenworth. It is one of most im- 
 portant and commercial towns on the Mis- 
 souri river. The frontier position of Weston 
 renders it a favorable starting point for the 
 emigrants to California, &c. : the vast extent of 
 this emigration, for a few years past, has great- 
 ly increased the activity of trade, and opened 
 a ready market for cattle, provisions, &c., 
 at excessively high prices. One or two news- 
 papers are published here. First settled in 
 1838. Population in 1851, about 2500. 
 
 West Oneonta, a post-office of Otsego co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Onondaga, a post-office of Onondaga 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Ossipee, a post-village of Carroll co., 
 New Hampshire, on the right bank of a small 
 stream falling into Ossipee lake, 42 miles N. 
 by E. from Concord. 
 
 West Otis, a post-village of Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, llOmilesW.byS. from Boston. 
 
 West Pabsonfield, a post-village of York 
 CO., Me., 80 miles S. W. by W. from Augusta. 
 
 West Pawlet, a post-village of Rutland 
 CO., Vermont, about 30 miles S. W. from Rut- 
 land. It contains a Baptist and an Episcopal 
 church. 
 
 West Penn, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Schuylkill co., Pennsyl- 
 vania. Population, 2411. 
 
 West Pennsborouoh, a township of Cum- 
 berland CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Cumberland Valley railroad, about 8 miles 
 W. from Carlisle. Population, 2040. 
 
 West Peebysburg, a post-office of Catta- 
 raugus CO., New York. 
 
 West Pebth, a post-office of Fulton co., 
 New York. 
 
 1272 
 
 West Pebu, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Westphalia, a post-township in the W. 
 part of Clinton co., Michigan. Pop., 618. 
 
 Westphalia, a post-village of Osage co., 
 Missouri, on Marais creek, about 15 miles 
 S. E. from Jefferson City. 
 
 West Philadelphia, a post-borough or dis- 
 trict of Philadelphia co., Pennsylvania, on 
 the W. bank of the Schuylkill, opposite Phila- 
 delphia, with which it is connected by two 
 bridges. The corporate limits include nearly 
 two miles of river front, and extend westward 
 a i^ile or more. The ground is high and 
 undulating, and affords good sites for build- 
 ings. Washington or Market street extends 
 E. and W. through the middle of the town, and 
 meets the river at Market-street Bridge. 
 About a quarter of a mile from the river the 
 Lancaster turnpike and the Darby road 
 diverge obliquely from Market street, the 
 former tending towards the W. N. W. and the 
 latter towards the S. W. Parallel with Mar- 
 ket street on the S. are Chestnut or James 
 street. Walnut or Andrew street. Locust, 
 Spruce, and Pine streets. The new town 
 hall on Washington street is a 5-storied brick 
 building, with an iron front. The beautiful 
 villages of Hamilton and Mantua are included 
 in the corporate limits. Numerous elegant 
 residences have been erected within a few 
 years. The town is lighted with gas and 
 supplied with good water from the Schuylkill, 
 raised by 2 steam engines to the top of an 
 iron stand-pipe situated on Blockley or Sixth 
 street, in the N. part of the district. The pipe 
 is 5 feet in diameter, and 130 feet high, or 
 230 feet above the level of the river, and is 
 composed of thick boiler plates of wrought 
 iron.- The works are capable of supplying 
 1,000,000 gallons daily, and can raise the 
 water 100 feet above the highest ground in 
 the district, and more than 200 feet above the 
 lowest. The tower will be surrounded by a 
 spiral stairway of iron in order that the public 
 may enjoy the delightful view which the 
 summit commands. In the W. part of the 
 district is situated the Pennsylvania Hospital 
 for the Insane, a fine stone edifice, opened in 
 1841. The main building, together with the 
 wings, present a front of 436 feet, the central 
 part of which is ornamented with an elegant 
 Doric portico. The interior arrangements 
 are unsurpassed for convenience, and the 
 institution is under excellent management. 
 See Philadelphia, page 914. The depot of 
 the AVestchester railroad is to be established 
 here. A variety of manufactures are pro- 
 duced in the borough, of which the following 
 are the principal articles, locomotives, iron 
 castings, white lead, chemicals, glass, and 
 cotton goods. Population in 1850, 5,577. 
 
 West Pieepont, a post-office of Ashtabula 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 West Pike, a post-office of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 West Pikeland, a township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 9 miles N. from 
 Westchester. Population, 881. 
 
 West Pike Pv,un, a township of Washing- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, about 30 miles S. from 
 Pittsburg. Population, 1166. 
 
 West Pittsfield, a post-village of Berk- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, about 50 miles N. 
 W. from Springfield. 
 
 West Plains, a post-village of Oregon co., 
 Missouri, about 140 miles S. by E. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 West Plattsbueg, a post-office of Clinton 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Plymouth, a post-village of Grafton 
 CO., New Hampshire, 40 miles N. by W. from 
 Concord. 
 
 West Point, the site of the United States 
 Military Academy, is situated in Cornwall 
 township, Orange co., New York, on the right 
 bank of the Hudson, 52 miles N. of the city 
 of New York. The natural strength of the 
 place led to its selection for a fortress in the 
 Revolution, and Fort Putnam, erected at that 
 period, crowns a hill of 598 feet elevation 
 above the river, commanding a view pro- 
 bably equal in picturesqueness to any in the 
 highlands. The buildings of the academy 
 occupy a plateau elevated 188 feet above the 
 Hudson, and covering an area of about one 
 mile in circuit, with ample room for the ne- 
 cessary structures, for military evolutions, 
 and the practice of gunnery. The approach 
 from the river on the E. is interrupted by a 
 nearly perpendicular bank or wall, while on 
 the W. and S. W. the place is defended by a 
 rampart of high and rugged hills. The same 
 causes that render It so strong as a fortress 
 make it, in point of scenery, second to none in 
 the country. As the visitor sits in the piazza 
 of the hotel which stands on the brow of the 
 third terrace, he has before him towards the 
 N. the finest known pass in any river in the 
 world; while the whole N. W. and S. W. hori- 
 zon is shut out from the view by highlands and 
 mountains of from 600 to 1500 feet in height. 
 Towards the E. are beautiful promenades 
 on the summit of the rocks that overlook the 
 river. The view from the ruins of old Fort 
 Putnam is perhaps unequalled in its peculiar 
 beauties. The Catskill and other mountains 
 may command more extensive prospects, but 
 none have such a river as the Hudson imme- 
 diately at their feet, or such a pass as that 
 through the highlands within the scope of 
 distinct vision. Fort Putnam is on a spur of 
 the highlands, extending towards the S. or S. 
 W., and surrounded on three sides by deep 
 ravines and steep descents. On the plateau 
 named above, were Fort Clinton and the other 
 works that constituted the fortress at the 
 period of the Revolution, defended by re- 
 doubts on the summits of the hills, of which 
 Fort Putnam was the chief. Arnold was in 
 command of this fortress when, in 1780, he 
 entered into a base conspiracy with Major 
 
 Andre to surrender it into the hands of the 
 British. Plere, too, the patriot Kosciusko 
 held a command, and a small plateau or ledge 
 on the side of the precipice leading down to 
 the river is known as Kosciusko's garden. 
 At the top of the stairs descending to thi."? 
 garden is a cenotaph to his memory, (a con- 
 spicuous object ascending the river,) erected 
 by the cadets of 1828, at an expense of $5000. 
 The Military Academy was established by 
 Congress in 1802, and is wholly supported by 
 the general government. The education given 
 is gratuitous, so far as money is concerned ; 
 but each cadet must give 8 years' service to 
 the government, unless sooner released. The 
 corps of cadets must not exceed 250 at any 
 one time, and the candidates for admission 
 must not be under 14 or over 21 years of age. 
 The corps must spend three months of each 
 year in encampment. The course of study, 
 which is full and thorough in the mathe- 
 matics and all that pertains to the military 
 art, embraces 4 years. This institution has 
 sent forth a body of able engineers, under 
 some of whom valuable topographical surveys 
 have been made of our new and unsettled 
 territory. During the Revolution, a heavy 
 chain was stretched across the river, which 
 is here very narrow, to prevent the passage 
 of the enemy's ships. 
 
 West Point, a post-village in Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 West Point, a thriving post-village in 
 Troup county, Georgia, on both sides of the 
 Chattahoochee river, at the junction of the 
 La Grange railroad with the Montgomery 
 and West Point railroad, 87 miles S. W. from 
 Atlanta, and about 40 miles above Columbus. 
 It has an active business, and is a depot 
 for the cotton which is exported from the 
 vicinity. 
 
 West Point, a post-office of Lowndes co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 West Point, a post-office of White co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 West Point, a thriving post-village of 
 Lawrence co., Tennessee, 95 miles S. W. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 West Point, a post-village in Hardin 
 CO., Kentucky, on the Ohio, at the mouth of 
 the Salt river, 20 miles S. W. from Louisville. 
 It has an extensive boat-yard and several 
 stores. 
 
 West Point, a post-village of Colum- 
 biana CO., Ohio, 158 miles K. E. from Co- 
 lumbus. 
 
 West Point, a thriving post-village, of Tip- 
 pecanoe CO., Indiana, 10 miles S. W. from 
 Lafayette. It is pleasantly situated on the 
 border of AVea prairie. Population esti- 
 mated at 500. 
 
 West Point, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Stephenson co., Illinois, intersected by 
 the Illinois Central railroad. Population, 
 250. 
 
 West Point, a post-village in the above 
 1273 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 township, 135 miles N. W. by W. from Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 West Point, a post-villnge of Cass co., 
 Missouri, about 24 miles S. W. from Har- 
 risoitville. It has some trade with the In- 
 dians. 
 
 West Point, a beautiful post-village of 
 Lee CO., Iowa, on the Dubuque and Keokuk 
 railroad, (projected,) 24 miles N. of Keokuk. 
 It is pleasantly situated in a populous and 
 fertile farming district, and contains an 
 academy and 6 stores. Pop., about 1000. 
 
 West Point, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Columbia co., Wisconsin. Po- 
 pulation, 197. 
 
 West Poland, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Westport, a township in Lincoln co., 
 Maine, occupying an island at the mouth of 
 the Sheepscot river, 28 miles S. by E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 761. 
 
 Westpoet, a post-village in Cheshire co., 
 New Hampshire, on the Ashuelot railroad, 50 
 miles S. W. by W. from Concord. 
 
 Westport, a post-township in Bristol co., 
 Massachusetts, 55 miles S. from Boston. The 
 village is situated on both sides of the Acoa- 
 sett river, near its entrance into the mouth 
 of Buzzards' bay. It contains 3 or 4 churches 
 and several stores. The inhabitants are ex- 
 tensively engaged in the whaling business. 
 Population, 2795. 
 
 Westport, a post-township in Fairfield co., 
 Connecticut, on Long Island sound, inter- 
 sected by the New York and New Haven rail- 
 road, 28 miles S. W. from New Haven. The 
 village is situated on the railroad, and on 
 both sides of the Saugatuck river, about 2^ 
 miles from its mouth. It is the seat of an 
 active and rapidly increasing business, and 
 contains 2 or 3 churches, 1 bank, and about 
 15 stores. Population, 2651. 
 
 Westport, a post-township of Essex co.. 
 New York, on the W. side of Lake Cham- 
 plain. Population, 2352. 
 
 Westport, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, on Lake Champlain, about 110 miles N. 
 by E. from Albany. It contains several 
 churches, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. 
 
 Westport, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Westport, a post-village of Oldham co., 
 Kentucky, on the Ohio river, 43 miles W. N. 
 AV. from Frankfort, was formerly the county 
 seat. 
 
 Westport, a post-village in Decatur co., 
 Tnd., 60 miles S. E. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Westport, a small village of Parke co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash river and canal, 75 
 miles W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Westport, a thriving post-village of Jack- 
 son CO., Missouri, 4 miles S. from the Mis- 
 souri river, and 175 miles W. by N. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Westpoet, a township near the central 
 part of Dnne co., Wisconsin. Pop., 202. 
 1274 
 
 Westpoet Point, a post-office of BrisM 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 Westport River, a small stream of Bristol 
 county, in the S. S. E. part of Massachusetts, 
 discharges its waters into the Atlantic, a 
 few miles E. of the Rhode Island boundary. 
 
 West Potsdabi, a post-office of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York. 
 
 West Poultney, a thriving post-village of 
 Rutland co., Vermont, about 60 miles S. W. 
 from Montpelier. It contains a bank, 4 or 5 
 stores, and a flourishing institution called the 
 Troy Conference Academy, founded in 1834. 
 The buildings are of brick, 4 stories high, and 
 arranged to accommodate 200 pupils in the 
 boarding department, and an additional 200 
 in the department of instruction. The insti- 
 tution enjoys a high rank, and the number 
 of pupils annually instructed ranges from 300 
 to 400. Cost of the buildings and grounds 
 about $40,000. 
 
 West Prairie, a post-village in Stoddard 
 CO., Missouri, about 28 miles W. N. W. from 
 New Madrid. 
 
 West Providence, a township of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 9 miles E. from 
 Bedford. Population, 1410. 
 
 West Quoddt Head, Maine, a point at the 
 W. entrance of Passamaquoddy bay. 
 
 West Randolph, a post-office of Orange 
 CO.. Vermont. 
 
 West Redding, a post-office of Fairfield 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 West Richmond, a post-village of Ontario 
 CO., N. Y., about 220 miles W. from Albany. 
 
 West Ripley, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Maine. 
 
 West River, rises in Windsor county, in the 
 S. S. E. part of Vermont, and running in a S. 
 E. course, falls into the Connecticut river. 
 
 West River, a small stream in New Haven 
 count}', in the S. part of Connecticut, falls 
 into Long Island sound at New Haven. 
 
 West River, a post-office of Anne Arundel 
 CO.. Maryland. 
 
 West River, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 AVest River, a township in Randolph co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1192. 
 
 West Rochester, a post-office of Windsor 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 West Rosendale, a post-office of Fond du 
 Lac CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 West Roxbury, a post-township of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, intersected by the Ded- 
 ham Branch railroad, 6 miles S. W. from Bos- 
 ton. It was taken from Roxbury in 1852, 
 and contains the villages of West Roxbury and 
 Jamaica Plains. 
 
 West Rumney, a post-village of Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, on the right bank of Baker's 
 river, and on the Boston, Concord and Montreal 
 railroad, 59 miles N. W. by W. from Concord. 
 
 West Rupert, a post-village of Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, on the Rutland and Washington 
 railroad, 38 miles S. W. from Rutland. 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 West Rush, a post-village of Monroe co., 
 New York, on the Canandaigua and Niagara 
 Falls railroad, 31 miles E. from Batavia. 
 
 West Rushville, a post-village of Fair- 
 field CO., Ohio, on the Zanesville and Mays- 
 ville turnpike, about 148 miles E. JSf. E. from 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 West Rutland, a thriving post-village in 
 Rutland co., Vermont, on Otter Creek, and 
 on the Riitland and Washington railroad, 4 
 miles W. N. W. from Rutland. In the vicinity 
 are extensive marble quarries of the finest 
 quality, the vrorking of which affords employ- 
 ment to about 500 persons. The annual 
 product amounts in value to about $500,000. 
 
 West Rutl.and, a post-village of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, about 60 miles W. from 
 Boston. 
 
 West Saleji, a post-township, part of Mer- 
 cer CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Beaver and Erie canal, about 15 miles N. W. 
 from Mercer. Population, 2571. 
 
 West Salem, a post-office of Wayne co., 0. 
 
 West Salem, a post-office of Morgan co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 West Salisbuey, a post-ofiBce of Addison 
 CO., Vermont. 
 
 West Sand Lake, a post-village of Rensse- 
 laer CO., New York, about 10 miles E. from 
 Albany. 
 
 West Sandwich, a post- village in Barn- 
 stable CO., Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod 
 Branch railroad, 55 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 
 West Schuyler, a post-office of Herkimer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Scituate, a post-village in Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, 22 miles S. E. from Boston. 
 
 West Sedgewick, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Seneca, a post-office of Erie co., N.Y. 
 
 West Shandaken, a post-office of Ulster 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Shongo, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Sidney, a post-village of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, 7 miles N. by W. from Augusta. 
 
 West's Mills, a post-office of Franklin co., 
 Maine. 
 
 West Somers, a post-village of Westchester 
 CO., New York, about 115 miles S. from 
 Albany. 
 
 West Somerset, a post-office of Niagara 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Southold, a post-office of Suffolk 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Spring Creek, a post-office of War- 
 ren CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 West Springfield, a thriving post-village 
 of Hampden co., Massachusetts, on the West- 
 ern railroad, 100 miles W. by S. from Boston, 
 and 100 miles S. E. from Albany. It is situ- 
 ated on the left bank of the Connecticut, op- 
 posite Springfield, with which it is connected 
 by 2 bridges, (one for the Western railroad,) 
 and several steam-ferries. The streets are 
 broad and finely shaded with lofty elms. 
 
 Westfield river, which enters the Connecticut 
 a short distance below, affords water-power. 
 Population of the township, 2979. 
 
 West Springfield, a post-village of Erie 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Conneaut creek, 26 
 miles S. W. from Erie. 
 
 West Springfield, a post-office of Shelby 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 West Stafford, a parish and post-office 
 of Stafford township, Tolland co., Connecti- 
 cut, about 25 miles N. E. from Hartford. 
 
 West Stephentown, a post-officfl of Rens- 
 selaer CO., New York. 
 
 West Steeling, a post-office of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts. 
 
 West StewartstOwn, a post-office of Coos 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 West Stockbridge, a post-township of 
 Berkshire co., Massachusetts, bordering on 
 New York, by railroad 160 miles W. from 
 Boston. Three railroads meet at the State- 
 line station, viz., the West Stockbridge, the 
 Western, and the Hudson and Berkshire rail- 
 roads. The principal village on the Stock- 
 bridge railroad, it contains 2 or 3 churches, 
 and about 1000 inhabitants. In the township 
 are extensive beds of iron ore and inexhaust- 
 ible quarries of marble. Population, 1713. 
 
 West Stockholm, a post-village of St. Law- 
 rence CO., New York, about 80 miles E. from 
 Ogdensburg. 
 
 West Suffield, a post-office of Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 West Sullivan, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Sutton, a post-village in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 45 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Boston, contains 2 or 8 churches, and several 
 stores. 
 
 West Sumner, a post-office of Oxford co., 
 Maine. 
 
 West Sumnerston, a post-office of Wind- 
 ham CO., Vemnont. 
 
 West Swanzey, a post-office of Cheshire 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 West Taghkanic, a post-office of Columbia 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Theresa, a post-office of Jefferson 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Thornton, a post-office of Grafton 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 West Tisbury, a post-village in Duke's co., 
 Massaobusetts, 75 miles S. S. E. from Boston, 
 contains 2 or 3 churches, and several stores. 
 
 West Topsham, a post-office of Orange co., 
 Vermont. 
 
 Westtown, a post-village of Orange co., 
 New York, about 60 miles N. W. from New 
 York. 
 
 Westtown, a township of Chester co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 23 miles W. from Phila- 
 delphia. It contains a large and flourishing 
 boarding-school for pupils of both sexes, 
 under the direction of the Society of Friends. 
 The buildings are surrounded by grounds in 
 the highest state of improvement, and cover- 
 1275 
 
"WES 
 
 WES 
 
 ing an area of about 600 acres. The view 
 from the summit of the principal building is 
 rem arkablj^ beautiful and picturesque. There 
 are in the institution accommodations for 
 about 2-50 scholars. Population of the town- 
 ship, 789. 
 
 West Townsend, a post-village of Middle- 
 sex CO. , Massachusetts, on a branch of Nashua 
 river, and on the Peterboro' and Shirley rail- 
 road, 47 miles N. W. from Boston. It is the 
 seat of a flourishing female seminary. 
 
 West T(Jw^■SEND, a post-office of Sandusky 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 West Townshend, a post-village of Wind- 
 ham CO., Vermont, about 30 miles N. E. from 
 Bennington. 
 
 West Township, a post-office of Albany co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Trenton, a post-village in Hancock 
 CO., Maine, 70 miles E. by N. from Augusta. 
 
 West Troupsbueg, a post-village of Steu- 
 ben CO., New York, 28 miles S. W. from Bath. 
 
 West Trot, a post- village of Albany co., 
 New York. See Troy. 
 
 West Turin, a township forming the S. ex- 
 tremity of Lewis CO., New York, bordering on 
 Black river. Population, 3793. 
 
 West Tyre, a post-office of Seneca co., N.Y. 
 
 West Union, a post-office of Steuben co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Union, a post-village, capital of Dodd- 
 ridge CO., Virginia, on Middle Island creek, 
 and on the turnpike from Winchester to Par- 
 kersburg, 300 miles N. W.| from Richmond. 
 Lumber is exported from this vicinity by flat- 
 boats and rafts. 
 
 West Union, a village of Ma,rshall county, 
 Virginia, 12 miles S. E. from'AVheeling. 
 
 West Union, a post-office of Pickens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 West Union, a post-village, capital of 
 Adams co., Ohio, on the Maysville andZanes- 
 ville turnpike, 84: miles in a direct line S. 
 S. W. from Columbus. It is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on a ridge, several hundred feet above 
 the level of the Ohio. The court house is a sub- 
 stantial stone edifice, built by Ex-governor 
 Metcalf, of Kentucky, who bears the soubri- 
 quet of "Stone Hammer," from the occupa- 
 tion of his early life. Two newspapers are 
 published here. Laid out in 1804. Popula- 
 tion in 18-50, 462. 
 
 West Union, a thriving post-village of Fay- 
 ette CO., Indiana, 6-5 miles E. S. E. from In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 West Union, a post-village in Knox co., 
 Indiana, 110 miles S. AV. by W. from Indi- 
 anapolis. 
 
 West Union, a small village of Parke co., 
 Indiana, on the Wabash and Erie canal, 68 
 miles W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 West Union, a thi'iving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Fayette co., Iowa, 60 miles N. W. from 
 Dubuque, and 40 miles W. from Clayton, the 
 nearest landing on the Mississippi. 
 
 West Unity, a post-office of Williams co.,0. 
 1276 
 
 West Van Buren, a post-office of Aroos- 
 took CO., Maine. 
 
 West Van Buren, a township in La Grange 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 434. 
 
 West Vermilion, a post-office of Erie co.,0. 
 
 West Vienna, a post-village of Oneida co.. 
 New York, 125 miles W. N. W. from Albany. 
 
 West View, a post-village of Augusta co., 
 Virginia, 6 miles W. from Staunton. It has 
 2 stores. 
 
 West View, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Westville, a thriving post-village in New 
 Haven township and county, Connecticut, 
 about 2 J miles N. from the state house. It is 
 surrounded with varied and romantic scenery, 
 being situated at the southern base of West 
 Rock, which presents a steep and rugged 
 precipice nearly 400 feet in height. The in- 
 habitants are extensively engaged in manu- 
 factures of various kinds, chiefly of hard- 
 ware. Pop. in 1850, 871 ; in 1853, about 1100. 
 
 Westville, a township of Franklin co., 
 New York, 8 miles N. N. W. from Malone. 
 Population, 1301. 
 
 Westville, a post-village of Otsego co., 
 New York, about 65 miles W. from Albany. 
 It has several mills and stores. 
 
 Westville, a small village of Gloucester 
 CO., New Jersey. 
 
 Westville, a post-village, capital of Simp- 
 son CO., Mississippi, 40 miles S. S. E. from 
 Jackson. 
 
 Westville, a post-village of Champaign 
 CO., Ohio, 48 miles W. from Columbus. 
 
 Westville, a small village of Columbiana 
 CO., Ohio, 165 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Westville, a thriving post- village of Preble 
 CO., Ohio, on the Western turnpike, 104 miles 
 W. by S. from Columbus. The post-office is 
 New Westville. 
 
 V/estvillb, a post-village of Laporte co., 
 Indiana, on the New Albany and Salem rail- 
 road, 12 miles S. from Michigan city. 
 
 West Vincent, a post-township of Chester 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N. from 
 West Chester. Population, 1350. 
 
 West Walworth, a post-office of Waj'ne 
 CO., New York. 
 
 West Wardsborough, a post-office of Wind- 
 ham CO., Vermont. 
 
 West Waeeham, a post-village in Plymouth 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the Cape Cod Branch 
 railroad, near Buzzard's bay, 45 miles S. S. E. 
 from Boston. In the village and vicinity are 
 numerous manufactories of ironware. 
 
 West Warren, a small village of Monon- 
 galia CO., Virginia. 
 
 West Washington, a post-office of Lincoln 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 West Waterville, a post-village in Ken- 
 nebeck co., Maine, on the Androscoggin and 
 Kennebec railroad, 14 miles N. from Augusta. 
 
 West Webster, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 New York. 
 
 West Wheeling, a village of Belmont co., 
 
WES 
 
 WET 
 
 Ohio, on the Ohio river, oijposite "Wheeling. 
 Several railro;ids meet at this point. Popu- 
 lation in 1850, 438. 
 
 WestWhitelant), a post-township of Ches- 
 ter CO., Pennsj'lvania, intersected by the Phi- 
 ladelphia and Columbia railroad, and by the 
 Chester Valley railroad, about 5 miles N. from 
 West Chester. Population, 1141, 
 
 West Williamsfield, a post-office of Ash- 
 tabula CO., Ohio. 
 
 West Willington, a post-office of Tolland 
 CO.. Connecticut. 
 
 West Wilton, a village of Franklin co., 
 Maine, about 30 miles N. W. from Augusta. 
 
 West V/inchester, a manufacturing post- 
 village of Cheshire co., New Hampshire, on 
 the Ashuelot railroad, near Ashuelot river, 50 
 miles S. W. from Concord. 
 
 West Windham, a post-office of Rocking- 
 ham CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 West Windham, a post-village of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 152 miles N. by E. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 AVest Windsor, a post-village of Broome 
 CO., New York, about 180 miles W. S. W. from 
 Albany. 
 
 West Windsor, a township of Mercer co., 
 New Jersey, about 17 miles S. W. from New 
 Brunswick. Population, 1596. 
 
 West Windsor, a post-village of Richland 
 CO., Ohio, 67 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 West Windsor, a post-office of Eaton co., 
 IMichigan. 
 
 AV'est Winfield, a post- village of Plerkimer 
 CO., New York, ab«ut 15 miles S. by E. from 
 Utica. 
 
 West Winstead, Litchfield CO., Connecticut. 
 See Winstead. 
 
 Westwood, a small post-village of Wood- 
 ford CO., 111., about 33 miles E. from Peoria. 
 
 West Woodstock, a post-village in Wood- 
 stock township, Windham co., Connecticut, 
 about 44 miles N. E. by E. from Hartford. It 
 contains 1 church. 
 
 West Woodville, a post-village of Cler- 
 mont CO., 0., 89 miles S. W. from Columbus. 
 
 WestWorthington, apost-village of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, about 100 miles W. 
 from Boston. 
 
 West Wrentham, a post-village of Norfolk 
 CO., Massachusetts, about 30 miles S. W. by 
 S. from Boston. 
 
 West Wynton, a post-office of Calhoun co., 
 Florida. 
 
 West Yarmouth, a post-village in Barnsta- 
 ble CO., Massachusetts, 60 miles S. E, from 
 Boston. 
 
 West York, a post-office of St. Joseph co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 West Yorkshir]!;, a post-office of Cattarau- 
 gus CO., New York. 
 
 West Zanesville, Ohio. See Zanesville. 
 
 Wet Glaize, a post-office of Camden co., 
 Mo., about 52 miles S. S. W. from Jefferson. 
 
 Wetherdville, a post-office of Baltimore 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 Wethersfield, a post-township of Hart- 
 ford CO., Connecticut, on the i-ight bank of 
 Connecticut river, aboiit 3J miles S. from 
 Hartford. Large quantities of onions and 
 some tobacco are raised here for exportation. 
 The village stands in a beautiful plain bor- 
 dering the river, and has broad streets finely 
 shaded with elms. It contains 3 churches, 
 an academy, a female seminary, and a num- 
 ber of handsome dwellings. Wethersfield is 
 the seat of the Connecticut State Prison. 
 See Connecticut, page 275. 
 
 Wethersfield, a post-township of Wyo- 
 ming CO., New York, 8 miles S. W. from War- 
 saw. Population, 1489. 
 
 Wethersfield, a post- village in Henry co., 
 Illinois, near the Central Military Tract rail- 
 road, 110 miles N. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Wethersfield Springs, a post-village of 
 Wyoming co.. New York, about 250 miles W. 
 from Albany. It has several churches and 
 stores. 
 
 Wetumpka, a flourishing city and river 
 port of Coosa county, Alabama, is situated 
 on the Coosa river, at the head of navigation, 
 14 miles N. from Montgomery, and about 10 
 miles from the Alabama river. The situation 
 is advantageous both for trade and for manu- 
 factures. The Alabama is one of the best 
 streams in the Union for steamboat naviga- 
 tion ; it is never closed by ice like the north- 
 ern rivers, nor obstructed by snags and saw- 
 j'ers like those of the south-west. The fall 
 of the Coosa is sufficient to alford an abund- 
 ant water-power, which, however, has not 
 been improved to much extent. Wetumpka 
 is the principal market for the cotton pro- 
 duced in Coosa county and several adjoining 
 counties. About 30,000 bales were shipped 
 here in 1851. The city has 4 or 5 churches, 
 several flourishing seminaries, a newspaper 
 office, and is the seat of the State penitentiary. 
 A plank-road extends from this place to the 
 Tennessee river, near Gunter's Landing, which 
 is about 150 miles distant. Population in 
 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Wetumpka Creek, of Alabama, enters the 
 Euchee creek in Russell county. 
 
 Wetzel, a new county in the N. W. part of 
 Virginia, bordering on Pennsylvania, and on 
 the Ohio river, which separates it from the 
 State of Ohio : area, about 250 square miles. 
 It is drained by Fishing creek and branches. 
 The surface is exceedingly hilly ; the soil of 
 the river bottoms is excellent, and of the up- 
 lands moderately fertile. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 124,198 bushels 
 of corn; 12,162 of wheat; 22,266 of oats; 
 1440 tons of hay, and 46,327 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 5 saw mills, 2 saddlery shops, 
 and 78 pupils attending public schools. The 
 county contains stone coal. The Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad passes along the N. E. bor- 
 der. Formed a few years ago out of part of 
 Tyler county. Capital, New Martinsville. 
 1277 
 
WEV 
 
 WHE 
 
 Population, 4284, of whom 4267 were free, 
 and 17, slaves. 
 
 Weverton, a flourishing post-village of 
 Frederick county, Maryland, is situated on 
 the Potomac river, and on the Baltimore and 
 Ohio railroad, 80 miles W. from Baltimore, 
 and 2 miles from Harper's Ferry. It stands 
 near the foot of the Blue Ridge, and is sur- 
 rounded by highly picturesque scenery. The 
 abundant water-power of the river is em- 
 ployed in manufactories of cotton, wool, nails, 
 and files. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal 
 passes through the place. It originated about 
 1848. Population in 1852, about 2500. 
 
 WExroKD, a new unorganized county in the 
 N. W. part of Michigan, contains about 576 
 square miles. It is intersected by the ]\Ia- 
 nistee river. The surface has but little ele- 
 vation above Lake Michigan. This county is 
 not named in the census of 1850. 
 
 Wexfoed, a post-office of Alleghany co. , Pa. 
 
 Wexfoed, a post-office of Allomakee co.,Io. 
 
 Weyauwego, a township in the S. part of 
 Waupacca co., Wisconsin, contains a post- 
 village of the same name. 
 
 Weybridge, a post-township of Addison 
 CO., Vermont, on the S. side of Otter creek, 
 about 35 miles S. W. by W. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 804. 
 
 Weybeidge Lower Falls, a post-office of 
 Addison co., Vermont. 
 
 Weymouth, a post-township of Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, bordering on Boston harbor, 
 and intersected by the South Shore branch 
 of the Old Colony railroad, 12 miles S. S. E. 
 from Boston. Two estuaries or arms of Bos- 
 ton harbor, called Fore and Back rivers, 
 afford facilities for navigation. There are 
 several pleasant villages in the township, the 
 principal of which are Wej'mouth Landing, 
 or Washington Square, and South Weyraoutla. 
 The former, at the head of Fore river, is a 
 place of active trade, having several hundred 
 tons of shipping, and a bank with a capital 
 of $100,000. The manufacture of boots and 
 shoes is extensively carried on. Population 
 in 1840, 3738; in 1850, 5369. 
 
 Weymouth, a post-township of Atlantic co.. 
 New .Jersey, about 55 miles S. from Trenton. 
 Population, 1032. 
 
 Weymouth, a thriving post-village in Ha- 
 milton township, Atlantic co.. New Jersey, 
 about 6 miles N. W. of May's Landing. It 
 has a church, 2 mills, and about 40 houses. 
 
 Weymouth, a post-office of Medina co., 0. 
 
 Whale's Back, a small island at the E. 
 side of the entrance to Portsmouth harbor, 
 New Hampshire. On it is a lighthouse 68 
 feet high, containing two fixed lights, one 10 
 feet above the other. Lat. 43° 2' 30" N., Ion. 
 70° 42' 45" W. 
 
 Whaleysville, a thriving post-village of 
 Worcester co., IMaryland, on the Pocomoke 
 river, 115 miles S. E. by E. from Annapolis. 
 It is a place of active business, and contains 
 3 stores. 
 
 1278 
 
 V/hallonsburg, a post-office of Essex co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Wharton, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Texas, has an area of 1080 square miles. It 
 is intersected by the Colorado river, bounded 
 on the N. E. by the San Bernard, and drained 
 by Mustang and Sandy creeks. The surface 
 has but little elevation. The soil produces 
 cotton, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and 
 sugar-cane. In 1850 this county yielded 
 103,700 bushels of corn; 35,690 of sweet po- 
 tatoes ; 2892 bales of cotton ; 2235 pounds of 
 butter, and 317 hogsheads of sugar. Named 
 in honor of the Wharton family of Texas. 
 Capital, Wharton. Population, 1752, of whom 
 510 were free, and 1242, slaves. 
 
 Wharton, a township of Fayette co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 11 miles S. E. from Union- 
 town. The National road intersects the 
 township. Population, 1853. 
 
 Wharton, a post-township of Potter co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 40 miles N. W. from Lock 
 Haven. Population, 232. 
 
 Wharton, a post-village, capital of Whar- 
 ton CO., Texas, on the Colorado river, 50 miles 
 by stage route N. from Matagorda. 
 
 Wharton, a post-office of Noble co., Ohio. 
 
 Whartonsburg, a post-village of Wyandott 
 CO., Ohio, on the Mad River and Lake Erie 
 railroad, about 60 miles S. W. from Sandusky. 
 
 Whately, a post-township in Franklin co., 
 Massachusetts, on Connecticut river, and in- 
 tersected by Connecticut River railroad, 88 
 miles W. by N. from Boston. Pop., 1101. 
 
 Whaypaw, a small river of Marathon co., 
 Wisconsin, which flows into Wisconsin river, 
 on its right bank. 
 
 Wheatfield, a township of Niagara co.. 
 New York, intersected by the Canandaigua 
 and Niagara Falls railroad, and the Buffalo 
 and Niagara railroad, 12 miles N. from Buf- 
 falo. Population, 2659. 
 
 Wheatfield, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Indiana co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Pennsylvania canal. Population, 2387. 
 
 Wheatfield, a township of Perry co., Penn- 
 sylvania, intersected by the Pennsylvania rail- 
 road and canal, 6 miles E. from Bloomfield. 
 Population, 678. 
 
 Wheatfield, a post-township in the cen- 
 tral part of Ingham co., Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 231. 
 
 Wheatland, a post-township of Monroe 
 CO., New York, on the Genesee river, 15 
 miles W. S. W. from Rochester. It is tra- 
 versed by the Genesee canal. Pop., 2916. 
 
 Wheatland, a post-office of Loudon co.,Va. 
 
 Wheatland, a township in the E. part of 
 Hillsdale co., Michigan. Population, 1358. 
 
 Wheatland, a post-office of Ionia co., Mich. 
 
 Wheatland, a township in the N. W. part 
 of Will CO., Illinois, intersected by Des Plaines 
 river and the Illinois and Michigan canal. 
 Population, 749. 
 
 Wheatland, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Kenosha co., Wis. Pop., 1193. 
 
WHE 
 
 Will 
 
 Wheatland, a post-Tillage in the above 
 township, about 70 miles S. E. from Madison. 
 
 Wheatland Centre, a post-office of Hills- 
 dale CO., Michigan. 
 
 Wheatley, a post-office of Fauquier co.,Va. 
 
 Wheaton, a post-village of Dupage co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Galena and Chicago railroad, 25 
 miles W. from Chicago. 
 
 Wheat Ridge, a post-office of Adams co., 0. 
 
 Whbatville, a post-office of Genesee co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Wheeler, a post-office of Steuben co., N. Y. 
 
 Wheelersburg, a post- village of Scioto co., 
 Ohio, near the Ohio river, 9 miles E. from 
 Portsmouth. Pop. in 1853, about 700. 
 
 Wheeling, a city and port of entry of Vir- 
 ginia, and capital of Ohio county, is finely 
 situated on the E. bank of the Ohio river, 
 and on both sides of Wheeling creek, 92 
 miles below Pittsburg, 365 miles above Cin- 
 cinnati, 850 miles N. W. from Richmond, and 
 about 630 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Lat. 40° 7' N., Ion. 80° 42' W. The site is a 
 narrow alluvial tract, overlooked by precipi- 
 tous hills, and extending about 2 miles along 
 the river. Wheeling is the most important 
 place on the river between Pittsburg and Cin- 
 cinnati, and in respect to trade, manufac- 
 tures, and population, the most considerable 
 town of Western Virginia. It contains a fine 
 court house, about 14 churches, 2 academies, 
 3 banks aggregate capital above $1,400,000, 
 and a savings' institution. Four or five news- 
 papers are published here. The town is sup- 
 plied with water raised from the river by 
 machinery. The National road crosses the 
 river at Zane's Island, opposite the city, by 
 a beautiful wire suspension bridge, the span 
 of which is one of the longest in the world, 
 measuring 1010 feet. The height of the 
 towers is 153 feet above low-water mark, 
 and 60 feet above the abutments. The bridge 
 is supported by 12 wire cables, each 1380 
 feet in length and 4 inches in diameter. The 
 cost of this structure is estimated at $210,000. 
 Wheeling is the western terminus of the Bal- 
 timore and Ohio railroad, 380 miles long, 
 finished in 1853, and of the Hempfield rail- 
 road, which joins the Pennsylvania railroad 
 at Greensburg. The Cleveland and Pitts- 
 burg railroad is to be extended from Wells- 
 ville to this city, and the Central Ohio, and 
 the Cincinnati and Marietta railroad, when 
 finished, will open a direct communication 
 with the Western States. In 1852, 38 steam- 
 boats were owned in this place, with an ag- 
 gregate tonnage of 6843 tons. During the 
 same year, 10 steamboats and 2 other ves- 
 sels were built, with a burthen of 1746 tons. 
 The hills which rise in the immediate vici- 
 nity contain inexhaustible beds of coal, which 
 supply fuel at a small expense to the nume- 
 rous manufactories of Wheeling. In 1850 it 
 contained 4 iron foundries, 3 forges, 3 manu- 
 factories of nails, 5 of glass ware, 2 or 3 of 
 cotton goods, 3 of paper, 1 of steam engines, 
 
 1 of silk goods, and 2 of wire. Flour, wool- 
 len goods, whitelead, and other articles are 
 also produced here. Wheeling became the 
 capital of the county in 1797. In 1802 it 
 contained about 70 houses. Population in 
 1820, 1567; in 1830, 5221; in 1840, 7885; 
 and in 1850, 11,391, exclusive of West 
 Wheeing, which had 438 inhabitants. 
 
 Wheeling, a post-village in Holmes co., 
 Mississippi, near Big Black river, 75 miles 
 N. N. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Wheeling, a township in the N. part of 
 Belmont co., Ohio. Population, 1218. 
 
 Wheeling, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Guernsey co., Ohio, intersected 
 by Wills creek. Population, 1159. 
 
 Wheeling, a small post-village of Dela- 
 ware CO., Indiana, on the Mississinewa river, 
 about 15 miles N. N. W. from Muncie. 
 
 Wheeling, a post- village of Cook co., Illi- 
 nois, on the Des Plaines river, about 25 miles 
 N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 Wheeling, a post-office of Madison co., lo. 
 
 Wheeling Creek rises by two branches, 
 the North and South forks, in Washington 
 and Greene counties, Pennsylvania, and falls 
 into the Ohio river at Wheeling, Virginia. 
 
 Wheeling's Ford, a village in Cass co., 
 Iowa, on Nishnabatona river, about 200 miles 
 W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 Wheeling Valley, a post-office of Mar- 
 shall CO., Virginia. 
 
 Wheelock, a post-township in Caledonia 
 CO., Vermont, 29 miles N. E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 855. 
 
 Wheelock, a post-office of Robertson co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Wheelock, a post-office of Choctaw Na- 
 tion, Arkansas. 
 
 Whetstone, a post-village of Pickens dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Whetstone, a township in the W. part of 
 Crawford co., Ohio. Population, 1657. 
 
 Whetstone, a post-office of Morrow co., 0. 
 
 AVhetstone River, Ohio. See Olentangy 
 River. 
 
 Whidby's Island, a large island at the N. 
 W. extremity of Washington Territory, E. of 
 Vancouver's Island. It is near 50 miles long, 
 and from 3 to 10 miles wide. It contains a 
 number of extensive and fertile prairies, and 
 is becoming settled rapidly. The only objec- 
 tion to it is the scarcity of water, which, 
 however, can always be obtf\ined by digging. 
 Whidby's Island is included in Island coun- 
 ty, of which the seat of justice is at Penn's 
 Cove, a thriving settlement near the middle 
 of the island. 
 
 Whigville, a post-office of Noble co., O. 
 
 Whigville, apost-officeof Lapeer CO., Mich. 
 
 Whippany, or Whipponong, a manufac- 
 turing village of Morris county. New Jersey, 
 on Whippany river, about 52 miles N. by E. 
 from Trenton. It contains 2 churches, 1 
 clothing, 5 cotton, and 3 paper mills, and 3 
 stores. Population, estimated at 800. 
 1279 
 
WHI 
 
 WHI 
 
 Whippy Swamp, a post-village of Beaufoi-t 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Whipstown, a post-office of Perry co., 0. 
 
 Whiskey Run, a township in Crawford co., 
 Indiana. Population, 930. 
 
 Whitakep.'s Bluff, a post-office of Wayne 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Whitcomb, a post-office of Franklin co., Ind. 
 
 White, a county situated in the N. E. cen- 
 tral part of Arkansas, contains 1050 square 
 miles. It is intersected by Little Red river 
 and Bayou des Arc, affluents of White river, 
 which forms the E. boundary of the county. 
 The surface is occupied by forests of cypress, 
 cedar, ash, walnut, &c., and by plantations 
 of Indian corn and cotton. In 1850 this 
 county produced 110,935 bushels of Indian 
 corn ; 5596 of oats ; 262 bales of cotton, and 
 14,235 pounds of butter. White river is na- 
 vigated at all seasons, on the border of the 
 county, by steamboats, in which staves and 
 other lumber are exported. Capital, Searcy. 
 Population, 2619, of whom 2311 were free, 
 and 308, slaves. 
 
 White, a county in the E. central part of 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 700 
 square miles. The Caney fork of Cumber- 
 land river forms its boundary on the S. and 
 W., and it is also watered by Falling Water 
 and other creeks. The surface is hilly, and 
 partly covered with forests. Indian corn, 
 grass, and pork are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 599,015 bushels of 
 corn; 59,407 of oats; 119,508 pounds of 
 butter, and 23,537 of wool. It contained 
 21 churches, 1 newspaper office, 2500 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 58 attending 
 other schools. The streams furnish water- 
 power for mills. The South-western railroad 
 is in progress through the county. Capital, 
 Sparta. Population, 11,444 ; of whom 10,230 
 were free, and 1214, slaves. 
 
 White, a county in the N. W. part of In- 
 diana, contains about 500 square miles. It 
 is drained by the Tippecanoe river, which 
 aifords abundant water-power. The surface 
 is nearly level, and the soil highly produc- 
 tive. About two-thirds of the area is occu- 
 pied bj' prairies, some of which are dry and 
 undulating. The staples are wheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, and grass. In 1850 this county 
 produced 373,013 bushels of corn ; 32,930 of 
 wheat ; 36,266 of oats, and 3917 tons of hay. 
 It contained 8 churches, 1 newspaper office, 
 and 1600 pupils attending public schools. It 
 is intersected by the New Albany and Salem 
 railroad. Organized in 1834. Capital, Monti- 
 cello. Population, 4761. 
 
 White, a county in the S. E. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Indiana, has an area of 
 about 500 square miles. It is bounded on 
 the E. by the Wabash river, intersected by 
 the Little Wabash, and also drained by 
 the Skillet fork of the Little Wabash. The 
 county is well timbered, and has several 
 small prairies. The soil is excellent. Wheat, 
 1280 
 
 oats, tobacco, cattle, and pork are among 
 the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 708,815 bushels of corn; 15,293 of wheat; 
 54,278 of oats, and 146,369 pounds of but- 
 ter. It contained 19 churches, and 1000 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. The Wabash 
 river is navigable by steamboats on the bor- 
 der. The Little Wabash affords valuable 
 water-power at Carmi. It is traversed by 
 the Wabash Valley railroad, (unfinished.) A 
 plank-road extends from Graysville to Albion. 
 Named in honor of Colonel White, who for- 
 merly resided in this section of the state. 
 Capital, Carmi. Population, 8925. 
 
 White, a township forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Cambria co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 667. 
 
 White, a township of Indiana co., Penn- 
 sylvania, contains Indiana, the county seat. 
 Population, 2251. 
 
 White, a township of Ashley co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 648. 
 
 White, a township of Newton co., Arkan- 
 sas. Population, 242. 
 
 White, a township of Pike co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 205. 
 
 White, a township of Polk co., Arkansas. 
 Population, 326. 
 
 Whiteash, a post-office of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Whitebkeast River, a small stream of Ma- 
 rion CO., Iowa, falls into the Des Moines river. 
 
 Whitebreast, a post-office of Clark co.,Io. 
 
 Whitechimnf:ys, a post-office of Caroline 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Whiteolay Creek a branch of Christiana 
 creek, rises in Chester co., Pennsylvania, 
 and unites with the other branches about 6 
 miles W. from Wilmington. 
 
 Whitecottage, a post-office of Shelby co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Whitecottage, a post-office of Muskingum 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Whitecottage, a post-office of Harrison 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 White Creek, of Missouri, flows southward 
 into the river One Hundred and Two, near 
 the S. border of Nodaway co. 
 
 White Creek, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton CO., New York, situated in Whitecreek 
 township, and on a creek of that name, 33 
 miles N. N. E. from Albany. It contains 2 or 
 3 churches and several stores. Population 
 of the township, 2994. 
 
 Whitecross, a post-office of Orange co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Whiteday, a post-office of Monongalta cc, 
 Virginia. 
 
 Whiteday Glades, a post-office of Marion 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Whitedeer, a post-village of Lycoming 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 78 miles N. from Harris- 
 burg. 
 
 Whitedeer, a township forming the N. E. 
 extremity of Union co., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Susquehanna river. Population, 1537. 
 
will 
 
 will 
 
 WniTEDEER Mills, a post-office of Union 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 White Earth Riyee, of Missouri Terri- 
 tory, rises in British America, and crossing 
 the N. boundary of the United States, joins 
 the Missouri in about 103° 10' W. Ion. 
 Length about 200 miles. 
 
 White Eye Plains, a post-office of Coshoc- 
 ton CO., Ohio. 
 
 White Eyes, a township in the E. part of 
 Coshocton CO., Ohio. Pop., 1132. 
 
 Whitefield, a township in Lincoln co., 
 Maine, intersected by Sheepscot river, which 
 affords good water-power, 12 miles S. E. from 
 Augusta. Population, 2158. 
 
 Whitefield, a post-township in Coos co.. 
 New Hampshire, 88 miles N. from Concord. 
 Population, 857. 
 
 Whitefield, a post-office of Oktibbeha co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Whitefield, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 AVhiteford, a post-office of Lucas co., 0. 
 
 Whitefobd, a township forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Monroe co., Michigan, intersect- 
 ed by the Erie and Kalamazoo railroad. Po- 
 pulation, 696. 
 
 Whitegate, a post-office of Giles co., Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Whitehall, a flourishing post-village of 
 Washington co.. New York, is beautifully 
 sitiiated in Whitehall township, at the head or 
 S. extremity of Lake Champlain, and on the 
 Saratoga and Washington railroad, 77 miles 
 N. by E. from Albany. The Champlain canal 
 terminates here, connecting the village with 
 Troy. Five steamboats ply daily to the ports 
 on the lake during the summer. Pawlet 
 river and Wood creek enter the lake at this 
 place, and furnish extensive water-power. It 
 contains 4 or 5 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper 
 offices, and has an extensive trade with Ca- 
 nada. Machinery, woollen goods, flour, lum- 
 ber, and other articles are manufactured. A 
 railroad is projected from this place to Platts- 
 bnrg. Population of the township, 4726 ; of 
 the village, about 4000. 
 
 Whitehall, a post-office of Hunterdon co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Whitehall, a small village of Columbia 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 AVhitehall, a small village of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Whitehall, a post-office of Montour co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Whitehall, a post-office of Baltimore co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 V/hitehall, a small post-village of Frede- 
 rick CO., Virginia. 
 
 AVhiteHx\ll, a post-village in Mecklenburg 
 CO., North Carolina, 166 miles W. S. W from 
 Pialeigh. 
 
 Whitehall, a thriving village of Wayne 
 CO., North Carolina, on the Neuse river. 
 Turpentine is shipped here in steamboats. 
 
 Whitehall, apost-officeof Madison co.,Ky, 
 4 F 
 
 Whitehall, a post-office of Owen co., Ind. 
 
 Whitehall, a thriving post-village of 
 Greene co., Illinois, is situated on a prairie 
 of its own name, about 60 miles W. S. W. 
 from Springfield. 
 
 Whitehallville, a post-office of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 White Hare, a small post- village of Cedar 
 CO., Missouri, about 110 miles S. S. E. from 
 Independence. 
 
 White Haven, a flourishing post-borough 
 of Denison township, Luzerne co., Pecnsyl- 
 vania, on the Lehigh river, 25 miles above 
 Maueh Chunk. A railroad 20 miles long 
 connects it with Wilkesbarre. The town car- 
 ries on an active trade in coal and lumber. 
 In 1850, 40,000,000 feet of lumber were 
 shipped at this place. 
 
 White Haven, a post-village in Somerset 
 CO., Maryland, on the Wicomico river, 70 
 miles S. E. from Annapolis. 
 
 Whitehead, a small island, lying S. W. of 
 the W. entrance to Penobscot bay. On it is a 
 white fixed light, 58 feet above the level of 
 the sea, having a bell attached to it weighing 
 1000 lbs. In foggy weather this is struck 
 three times a minute. Lat. 43° 52' N., Ion. 
 69° 2' W. 
 
 White Hill, a village of Burlington co., 
 New Jersey, on the Delaware, contains 10 or 
 12 dwellings. 
 
 White Hill, a post-office of Union co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 White Hill, a post-office of Giles co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 AVhitb House, a post-village of Hunterdon 
 CO., N. .J., on Pvockaway creek, and on the 
 New Jersey Central railroad, about 30 miles 
 N. by E. from Trenton, contains a church, a 
 mill, 2 stores, and an academy. 
 
 White House, a post-office of Cumberland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 White House, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg CO., Virginia. 
 
 White House, a post-office of Randolph 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 White House, a post-office of Henry co., 
 Georgia, 7 miles N. E. from McDonough. 
 
 White House, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 White House, a post-office of Williamson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 AVhite Lake, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 New York. 
 
 White Lake, a post-township in the W. 
 central part of Oakland co., Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 904. 
 
 Whiteley, a post- township of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 7 miles S. E. from 
 Waynesburg. 
 
 Whiteley, a small post-village of Greene 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Whiteley's, a post-office of Newton co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Whiteleysburo, a village in Kent co., De- 
 laware, 16 miles S. W. from Dover. 
 1281 
 
win 
 
 WHI 
 
 Whitelick Ckeek, Indiana, rises in Boone 
 CO., and flowing southward, enters the W. 
 fork of White river, 7 miles above Martins- 
 ville. 
 
 Whitemaksh, a post-township of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Pennsylvania, intersected by the 
 Philadelphia and Norristown railroad, 6 
 miles S. E. from Norristown. Pop., 2408. 
 
 Whitemarrh, a post-office of Columbus 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 White Mills, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 AVhite Mountain, a post-office of Coos co.. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 White Mountains, the name of a group 
 in the N. central part of New Hampshire, 
 being included chiefly within the limits of 
 Coos and Grafton counties. The principal 
 summit. Mount Washington, rises 6234 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The other sum- 
 mits are, ]\Iount Adams, having an elevation 
 of about 5760 feet ; Mount Jefi'erson, 5660 
 feet ; Mount Madison, 5420 feet ; Mount 
 Monroe, 6310 feet; Mount Franklin, 4850 
 feet ; and Mount Lafayette, 4720 feet. For 
 a more particular description, see New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 White Oak, a post-office of Ritchie co., Va. 
 
 White Oak, a small village of Polk co., N.C. 
 
 White Oak, a village of Fairfield district, 
 South Carolina, on the Charlotte and South 
 Carolina railroad, 46 miles N. from Columbia. 
 
 White Oak, a post- village of Columbia co., 
 Georgia, 28 miles AV. from Augusta. 
 
 White Oak, a post-office of Hopkins co., 
 Texas. 
 
 White Oak, a township in Franklin co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 1052. 
 
 White Oak, a post-office of Humphreys 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 White Oak, a small village of Bath co., Ky. 
 
 White Oak, a township in the S. W. part 
 of Highland CO., Ohio. Population, 1012. 
 
 White Oak, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Ingham co., Michigan. Population, 508. 
 
 White Oak, a township in Jefferson co., 
 Indiana. Population, 512. 
 
 Whits Oak Batou, of Texas, flows east- 
 ward through Titus co., and enters Sulphur 
 fork of Pved river, at the N. E. extremity of 
 that county. 
 
 White Oak Creek, of Georgia, flows 
 •through Meriwether county into Flint river. 
 
 White Oak Cbeek, in the N. part of Ten- 
 ■nessee, enters New river on the E. border of 
 Fentress county. 
 
 White Oak Creek, of West Tennessee, 
 'flows eastward and enters Tennessee river 
 in Hardin county. 
 
 White Oak Creek, of Ohio, rises in High- 
 land CO, and enters the Ohio river about 8 
 miles below Pdple}'. 
 
 V/hite Oak Grove, a post-office of Dubois 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 White Oak Groye, a small post-village of 
 Ogle CO., Illinois. 
 12€2 
 
 White Oak Groa'e, a post-office of Greene 
 CO., Missouri, about 128 miles S. S. W. from 
 Jefi'erson City. 
 
 White Oak Hill, a post-office of Fleming 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 White Oak Point, a post-office of Warren 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 White Oak Springs, a small village of 
 Sullivan co., Tennessee. 
 
 White Oak Springs, a small post-village 
 of Brown co., Illinois. 
 
 White Oak Springs, a township in the S. 
 part of Lafayette co., Wisconsin. Pop., 482. 
 
 White Oak Springs, a post-village in the 
 above township, about 60 miles S. W. from 
 Madison, contains 1 hotel, 4 stores, and about 
 300 inhabitants. Lead ore abounds in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 White Path, a post-office of Gilmer co., Ga. 
 
 White Pigeon, a post-township in the S. 
 part of St. Joseph co., Michigan. Pop., 795. 
 
 White Pigeon, a thriving post-village in 
 the above township, on the creek of the 
 same name, and on the Michigan Southern 
 railroad, 120 miles E. from Chicago. It is 
 surrounded by a productive farming region, 
 and has an active business. Population in 
 1853, about 600. 
 
 White Plains, a post-village, semi-capital 
 of Westchester county. New York, situated in 
 White Plains township, on the Harlem rail- 
 road, 26 miles N. N. E. from New Yoi'k. It 
 contains, besides the county buildings, 5 or 
 6 churches and several seminaries. A noted 
 battle of the Revolution was fought in the 
 vicinity, Oct. 28th, 1776. Population of the 
 township, 1414. 
 
 White Plains, a post-office of Brunswick 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 White Plains, a post-office of Cleveland 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 White Plains, a small village of Anderson 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 White Plains, a post-village of Greene 
 CO., Georgia, about 80 miles N. N. E. from 
 Milledgeville. It has a church and several 
 stores. 
 
 White Plains, a post-village of Benton 
 CO., Alabama, in Chocolocco valley, 7 miles 
 E. by S. from Jacksonville. 
 
 White Plains, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 White Pond, a post-office of Barnwell 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 White Post, a post-village of Clarke co., 
 Virginia, 12 miles S. E. from Winchester, is 
 pleasantly situated a few miles from the 
 Blue Ridge. 
 
 AVhitr Post, a post-township in Pulaski 
 CO., Indiana. Population, 1G8. 
 
 White River, rises in Addison county, 
 Vermont, and fiowing in a winding course 
 through Windsor county, falls into the Con- 
 necticut river. On the N. it receives three tri- 
 butaries, called the First, Second, and Third 
 branches, which afford some fine mill seats. 
 
WHI 
 
 WHI 
 
 White River, of Arkansas and Missouri, 
 is formed by three small branches which 
 rise among the Ozark mountains, and unite 
 a few miles E. from Fayetteville, Arkansas. 
 It flows first north-easterly into Missouri, 
 and after making a circuit of about 100 
 miles, returns into Arkansas, and pursues a 
 south-easterly course to the mouth of Black 
 river, which is its largest affluent. From 
 this point its direction is nearly southward, 
 until it enters the Mississippi, 15 miles 
 above the mouth of the Arkansas. The 
 whole length probably exceeds 800 miles. 
 It is navigable by steamboats, in all stages 
 of water, to the mouth of Black river, 350 
 miles, and during a large portion of the year 
 they can ascend to Batesville, about 50 miles 
 higher. The navigation is not obstructed by 
 ice in ordinary seasons. Below Batesville 
 the channel is about 4 feet deep throughout 
 the year. The country through which it 
 flows is generally fertile, and adapted to In- 
 dian corn and cotton. Pine forests are found 
 on its banks above Batesville, and cypress 
 swamps along the lower part of its course. 
 
 Branches. — James fork rises near the E. 
 border of Green county, Missouri, and flow- 
 ing south-westerly, enters the White river in 
 Taney county. Big North fork rises in the 
 S. part of Missouri, and flows southward 
 through Fulton county, Arkansas, into the 
 main stream. Bryant's fork enters the Big 
 North fork in Ozark county, Missouri. Little 
 North fork rises in Ozark county, Missouri, 
 and enters White river in Marion county, 
 Arkansas. Buffalo fork rises in Newton 
 county, Arkansas, and enters White river 
 from the right at the S. E. extremity of Ma- 
 rion county. All of these are more properly 
 affluents than branches. 
 
 White River, of Michigan, rises in Newaygo 
 CO., and flows south-westward through Oceana 
 CO. into Lake Michigan. 
 
 White River, of Indiana, is formed by two 
 branches, called the East and West fork, 
 which unite at the S. W. extremity of Daviess 
 county, 5 miles N. E. from Petersburg. After 
 a south-westerly course of 40 or 50 miles, it 
 falls into the Wabash, 100 miles (by water) 
 from its mouth, and nearly opposite Mount 
 Carmel, Illinois. 
 
 Branches. — The West fork, which is the 
 longest branch, rises in Randolph county, 
 near the E. border of the state, and pursues 
 a south-westward course of about 300 miles 
 nearly through the middle of the state. The 
 chief towns which it passes from its source 
 downward are Muncie, Anderson, Indiana-, 
 polis, Martinsville, and Bloomfield. It flows 
 through a fertile farming region, the surface 
 of which is nearly level. In high water, 
 boats of light draught ascend this branch to 
 Martinsville, about 200 miles from the mouth 
 of White river. The East fork, called also 
 Driftwood fork, rises in Henry county, and 
 flowing south-westward, passes by Newcastle, 
 
 Shelbyville, Columbus, and Rockford. Its 
 length is estimated at 250 miles. It is navi- 
 gable by flat-boats to Rockford during a few 
 months of the year. This stream is com- 
 monly called Blue river, until it passes the 
 mouth of Sugar creek, near Edinburg. 
 
 White River, of Utah, rises in San Pete 
 CO., and flowing westerly, falls into Green 
 river, in Utah county. 
 
 White River, a township in Benton co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 385. 
 
 White River, a post-office of Desha co., Ark. 
 
 White River, a township in Independence 
 CO., Arkansas. Population, 1098. 
 
 White River, a township in Izard co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 221. 
 
 White River, a township in Marion co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 261. 
 
 White River, a township in Prairie co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 99. 
 
 White River, a township in Washington 
 CO., Arkansas. Population, 605. 
 
 White River, a township in Gibson co., In- 
 diana. Population, 781. 
 
 White River, a township in Hamilton co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1492. 
 
 White River, a township in Johnson c©., 
 Indiana. Population, 1547. 
 
 White River, a post-office of Morgan co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 White River, a township in Randolph co., 
 Indiana. Population, 2260. 
 
 White River Junction, a post-office of 
 Windsor co., Vermont. 
 
 White Road, a post-office of Forsyth co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 White Rock, a post-office of Yancey co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 White Rock, a post-office of Navarro co., 
 Texas. 
 
 White Rock, a township in Franklin co., 
 Arkansas. Population, 159. 
 
 White Rock, a post-village in Ogle co., 
 Illinois, 90 miles W. by N. from Chicago. 
 
 White Rock Creek, of Texas, rises in 
 Houston county, and flows into the Trinity 
 river from the left in Trinity county. 
 
 White Rook Creek, of Dallas county, 
 Texas, enters the Trinity river from the left, 
 a few miles below Dallas Court House. 
 
 Whitesborough, a handsome post-village 
 in Whitestown township, and semi-capital of 
 Oneida county, New York, on the Mohawk 
 river, the Erie canal, and on the Central rail- 
 road, 4 miles N. W. from Utica. It contains 
 churches of 4 or 5 denominations, 1 or 2 
 academies, a bank, and several factories. 
 Incorporated in 1829. Population of the 
 village estimated at 2200; population of the 
 township, 6810. 
 
 Whitesburg, a post-village of Madison co., 
 Alabama, on the right bank of the Tennessee 
 river, 11 miles S. from Huntsville. 
 
 Whitesburg, a post-village, capital of 
 Letcher co., Kentucky, on the N. fork of the 
 Kentucky river, 150 miles S. E. from Frank- 
 1283 
 
WHI 
 
 fort. It contains a court house, and 2 
 churches. 
 
 White's Cobners, a post-office of Erie co., 
 New York. 
 
 White's Corners, a post-office of Potter 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 White's Creek, a post-office of Bladen co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Whitesides, a county in the W. N. W. part 
 of Illinois, has an area of about 700 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mis- 
 sissippi river, which separates it from Iowa, 
 intersected by Rock river, and also drained 
 by Elkhorn and Rock creeks. The county 
 contains extensive prairies, among which 
 groves of timber are distributed. The soil 
 is very productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, and hay are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 211,027 bushels of corn; 
 149,661 of wheat; 70,654 of oats ; 8950 tons 
 of hay, and 118,963 pounds of butter. It 
 contained 4 churches, and 1364 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools. Rock river furnishes valu- 
 able water-power. The Mississippi and Rock 
 River Junction railroad will pass through the 
 county. Organized in 1839, and named in 
 honor of General Samuel Whitesides, who 
 was distinguished as a captain of rangers in 
 the war of 1812. Capital, Stirling. Popula- 
 tion, 5361. 
 
 Whiteside's Corners, a post-office of Sa- 
 ratoga CO., New York. 
 
 White Springs, a post-office of Hamilton 
 CO., Florida. 
 
 White's Salines, a post-office of 'White co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 White's Store, a post-office of Chenango 
 CO., New York. 
 
 White's Store, a post-office of Anson co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 White's Store, a small village of York dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 White Stone, a post-office of Lancaster co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Whitestown, Oneida co.. New York. See 
 Whitesborough. 
 
 Whitestown, a post-office of Butler co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 White Sulphur, a post-office of Green co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 AVhite Sulphur, a post-office of Scott co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, a post-village of 
 Greenbrier county, Virginia, on the route of 
 the Covington and Ohio railroad, (unfinished, ) 
 205 miles W. from Richmond, and 9 miles E. 
 from Lewisburg. This is the most celebrated 
 watering-place in Virginia, or perhaps in any 
 of the Southern States. It is situated in a 
 valley 6 or 8 miles W. from the top of the 
 Alleghany mountains, and is surrounded by 
 highlands and charming scenery. The prin- 
 cipal stream discharges about 18 gallons 
 per minute, at a uniform temperature. Ac- 
 cording to the analysis of Professor Rogers, 
 100 cubic inches of water contains 65.54 
 1284 
 
 WHI 
 
 grains of solid matter, composed of several 
 salts in the following proportions : — 
 
 Sulphate of lime 31.680 
 
 Sulphate of magnesia 8.241 
 
 Sulphate of soda 4.050 
 
 Carbonate of lime 1.530 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 0.506 
 
 Chloride of magnesium 0.071 
 
 Chloride of calcium 0.010 
 
 Chloride of sodium 0.226 
 
 Protosulphate of iron 0.069 
 
 Sulphate ofalumine 0.012 
 
 Earthy phosphates, a trace. 
 Azotized organic matter, blended with a 
 large proportion of sulphur, about 5 grains. 
 
 The village contains several fine hotels and 
 rows of cottages, among which are Virginia 
 row, Baltimore row, South Carolina row, 
 Alabama row, Louisiana row, &c. The ac- 
 commodations are sufficient for 1200 or 1500 
 persons. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, a post-village of 
 Merriwether co., Georgia, 118 miles W. by S. 
 from Milledgeville. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, a post-office of 
 Limestone co., Alabama. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, a small village 
 of Lauderdale co., Mississippi. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, a post-village of 
 Catahoula parish, Louisiana, about 200 miles 
 N. W. from Baton Rouge. It is a place of re- 
 sort for invalids, and contains 2 large board- 
 ing houses, 1 church, and 2 stores. First 
 settled in 1846. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, a small village 
 of Bath CO. , Kentucky. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, a small village 
 of Union co., Kentucky. 
 
 Whitesville, a post-village of Alleghany 
 CO. , New York, 25 miles S. S. E. from Angelica. 
 It contains 2 or 3 churches. 
 
 Whitesville, a post-office of Halifax co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Whitesville, a post-village, capital of 
 Columbus CO., North Carolina, 100 miles S. 
 by W. from Raleigh. The Wilmington and 
 Manchester railroad passes through it, 44 
 miles from Wilmington. 
 
 Whitesville, a small village of Effingham 
 CO., Georgia, on the Central railroad, 30 miles 
 N. W. from Savannah. 
 
 Whitesville, a post-village of Harris co., 
 Georgia, 27 miles N. from Columbus, has 150 
 inhabitants. 
 
 AYhitesville, a village in Dnval co., Flo- 
 rida, 155 miles E. S. E. from Tallahassee. 
 
 Whitesville, a post-village in Wilkinson 
 CO., Miss., 125 miles S. W. by S. from Jackson. 
 
 Whitesville, a thriving post- village of 
 Hardeman co., Tennessee, about 6 miles 
 from Hatchee river, and 12 miles N. W. from 
 Bolivar. 
 
 Whitesville, a post- village of Daviess co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Whitesville, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Whitesville, a post-office of Andi-ew co., 
 Missouri. 
 
WHI 
 
 WHI 
 
 White Top, a post-office of Grayson co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 White Top, a post-office of Sullivan co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 White Top Mountain. See Iron Moun- 
 tain. 
 
 Whiteville, a small post- village of Fayette 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Whitewater, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Whitewater, a post-office of Pike co., Ala. 
 
 Whitewater, a township in the W. part of 
 Hamilton co., Ohio, intersected by the Miami 
 river and Whitewater canal. Pop., 1567. 
 
 AVhitewater, a township in Franklin co., 
 Indiana. Population, 1512. 
 
 Whitewater, a post-office of Wayne co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Whitewater, a small village of Cape 
 Girardeau co., Missouri. 
 
 Whitewater, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Walworth co., Wisconsin. 
 Population, 1252. 
 
 Whitewater, a neat and thriving post- 
 village in the above township, on the Mil- 
 waukee and Mississippi railroad, where it is 
 crossed by the Wisconsin Central railroad, 38 
 miles S. E. from Madison, and 50 miles W. S. 
 W. from Milwaukee. An affluent of Rock river 
 furnishes water-power here, which is employed 
 in flouring and saw mills. ■ The village is situ- 
 ated in a rich farming district, and has an 
 active business. It contains 5 churches, an 
 iron foundry, and a pottery. Laid out in 
 1840. Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Whitewater Creek, of Georgia, flows 
 southward and enters Flint river on the W. 
 border of Pike county. 
 
 Whitewater River, of Indiana and Ohio, 
 is formed by two branches, the East fork 
 and West fork, which rise in the E. part of 
 Indiana, and flowing nearly S., unite at 
 Brookville. After a south-easterly course 
 of a. few miles it enters Ohio, and falls 
 into the Miami 6 miles from its mouth. The 
 main stream is about 100 yards wide, and 
 the whole length, including the longest branch 
 near 100 miles. 
 
 Whitewater River, of Missouri and Ar- 
 kansas, rises in the N. part of Cape Girardeau 
 county, Missouri, and flowing first south-east- 
 terly and then southerly, divides itself into 
 two arms, called East and West Whitewater ; 
 then mingling its waters with those of Lake 
 St. Mary, it receives the Castor river, and 
 after being joined by the outlet of Lake Pe- 
 misco, it falls into Big lake communicating 
 with the St. Francis by Little river. Entire 
 length estimated at above 250 miles. See 
 Castor River. 
 
 Whitewoman River, Ohio. See the Wal- 
 
 HONDING. 
 
 Whitfield, a new county in the N. W. part 
 of Georgia. It is drained by the Connasauga 
 river, a branch of the Oostenaula. The 
 surface is mountainous. ^ The soil and pro- 
 
 ductions resemble those of Murray county. 
 The county was formed about the year 1852, 
 by a division of Murray and Walker coun- 
 ties, and named in honor of the celebrated 
 George Whitefield. It is intersected by the 
 Western and Atlantic, and in part by the East 
 Tennessee and Georgia railroad. Capital, 
 Dalton. 
 
 Whitfield, a post-office of Lincoln co., Me. 
 
 Whitford, a township forming the S. W. 
 extremity of Monroe county, Michigan, part- 
 ly intersected by the Erie and Kalamazoo 
 railroad. Population, 696. 
 
 Whiting, a post-township in Washington 
 CO., Maine, on Machias bay, 180 miles E. by 
 N. from Augusta. Population, 470. 
 
 Whiting, a post-township in Addison co., 
 Vermont, on Otter creek, and the Rutland 
 and Burlington railroad, 44 miles S. W. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 629. 
 
 Whitingham, a post-township in Windham 
 CO., Vermont, 112 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. It contains a mineral spring, disco- 
 vered in 1822, and extensive beds of lime- 
 stone, the burning of which affords employ- 
 ment to a large number of persons. Popu- 
 lation, 1380. 
 
 Whitinsville, a post-village in Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, 40 miles W. from Boston. 
 
 Whitley, a county in the S. E. part of 
 Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee : area 
 estimated at 560 square miles. It is drained 
 by the Cumberland river. The surface is 
 hilly and broken. Indian corn is the staple, 
 and pork the principal export. The county 
 contains extensive beds of coal and iron 
 ore. In 1850 it produced 312,918 bushels 
 of corn ; 3609 of wheat ; 62,678 of oats ; 
 11,674 pounds of tobacco; 13,916 of wool, 
 and 48,889 of flax. It contained 42 churches, 
 and 1197 pupils attending public schools. 
 The falls of the Cumberland river in this 
 county present one of the most remarkable 
 objects in the state, having a perpendicular 
 descent of 68 feet. It is intersected by the 
 Danville and Knoxville railroad, (unfinished.) 
 Capital, Williamsburg. Population, 7447 ; of 
 whom 7246 were free, and 201, slaves. 
 
 Whitley, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Indiana, contains 326 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Eel river, an affluent of the 
 Wabash. The surface varies from level to 
 undulating ; the soil is mostly a fertile sandy 
 loam. The county contains several small 
 prairies. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 126,049 bushels of corn; 46,669 of wheat; 
 20,040 of oats, and 2501 tons of hay. It con- 
 tained 6 churches. It is traversed by the 
 Fort Wayne and Chicago, and the Auburn 
 and Eel River Railroads. Organized in 1842. 
 Capital, Columbia. Population, 5190. 
 
 Whitley Court House, Kentucky. See 
 Williamsburg. 
 
 Whitley Court House, Indiana. See Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 1285 
 
WHI 
 
 WIL 
 
 Whitley's Point, a small village of Cum- 
 berland CO., Illinois. 
 
 Whitley's Point, a post-office of Moultrie 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Whitleyville, a post-office of Jackson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Whitlocksville, a village of Westchester 
 CO., New York, near the Croton river and 
 Harlem railroad, 44 miles N. N. E. from New 
 York. 
 
 AYhitmibe's, a post-office of Newberry co., 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Whitney's Corners, a post-office of Jeffer- 
 son CO., New York. 
 
 Whitney's Point, a post-office of Broome 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Whitney's Valley, a post-village of Alle- 
 ghany CO., New York, on the Buffalo and New 
 York City railroad, 78 miles E. S. E. from 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Whitneyville, a post-office of Washington 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Whitneyville, a pleasant village of New 
 Haven co., Connecticut, about 3 miles N. from 
 New Haven. A stream flowing through the 
 village affords water-power, which is exten- 
 sively employed for the manufacture of rifles, 
 and other fire-arms, for the United States 
 government. 
 
 Whitneyville, a post-office of Kent co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Whitpaine, a township of Montgomery 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 5 miles E. N. E. from Nor- 
 ristown. Population, 1351. 
 
 WiiiTSONTOwN, a small village of Franklin 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Whittington, a post-village in Hot Springs 
 CO., Arkansas, about 40 miles W. by S. from 
 Little Rock. 
 
 Whittlesey, a post-village in Medina co., 
 Ohio, 100 miles N. E. by N. from Columbus. 
 It contains 1 steam flouring mill and several 
 saw mills. 
 
 Whittle's Mills, a post-office of Mecklen- 
 burg CO., Virginia. 
 
 Whitton's Ferry, a small village of Cole 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Why Not, a post-office of Lauderdale co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Wick, a post-office of Tyler co., Va. 
 
 WicKAHOE, a small village of Lenoir co.. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 WiCKFOED, a thriving post-village of Wash- 
 ington CO., Rhode Island, on an arm of Nar- 
 raganset bay, about 10 miles from the ocean, 
 20 miles S. by W. from Providence, and 3 
 miles E. from the Stonington and Providence 
 railroad. It has a good harbor, and con- 
 siderable shipping is employed in the coast 
 and West India trade. The village contains 
 3 01 4 churches, 2 banks, and between 30 and 
 40 stores. 
 
 WicKLiFFE, a post-office of Lake co., 0. 
 
 WicKLiFFE, a post-office of Crawford co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 WicKLiFFE, a post-office of Jackson co., lo. 
 1286 
 
 Wicomico, a small river -which rises in 
 Sussex county, Delaware, and flows south- 
 westward through Somerset county, Mary- 
 land, into Fishing bay, an arm of the Chesa- 
 peake. It is navigable to Salisbury. 
 
 Wicomico Church, a post-office of North- 
 umberland CO., Virginia, 98 miles N. E. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 WicoNisco creek, of Dauphin co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows into the Susquehanna river. 
 
 WicoNisco, a post-village and township of 
 Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, on Wiconisco 
 creek, about 33 miles N. from Harrisburg. 
 Large quantities of coal are taken from the 
 Bear mountain, near this village, and are 
 transported by railroad to the Susquehanna 
 river. Population of the township, 1316. 
 
 Wideman's, a post-office of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 WiLBRAHAM, a post-vlllage in Hampden 
 CO., Massachusetts, about 3 miles from the 
 Western railroad, and 10 miles E. from Spring- 
 field. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and the 
 Wesleyan Academy, an institution of high re- 
 pute, founded in 1824. Population of the 
 township, 2127. 
 
 Wilcox, a county in the S. W. central part 
 of Alabama, has an area of 940 square miles. 
 The Alabama river flows through the county, 
 and it is also watered by Pine Barren creek. 
 The surface is uneven, and partly occupied 
 by prairies and forests of pine. The soil is 
 generally fertile, producing cotton and In- 
 dian corn. In 1850 there were raised 18,709 
 bales of cotton ; 673,446 bushels of corn, and 
 131,975 of sweet potatoes. There were 2 
 tanneries and 1 saw mill. It contained 9 
 churches, 153 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 299 attending academies or other schools. 
 The Alabama river is navigable by large 
 steamboats through the county during the 
 whole year. Capital, Camden. Pop., 17,352; 
 of whom 5517 were free, and 11,835, slaves. 
 
 Wilcox, a post-office of Choctaw co., Miss. 
 
 Wilcox's Store, a post-village of Casey 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 WiLcoxviLLE, a post-village in Schuyler 
 CO., Illinois, near the Illinois river, 55 miles 
 N. W. by W. from Springfield. 
 
 Wildcat, a post-office of Whitley co., Ky. 
 
 Wildcat, a township in Tipton co., In- 
 diana. Population, 211. 
 
 Wildcat Creek, of Indiana, rises in How- 
 ard county, and flows westward into the Wa- 
 bash, 4 miles above Lafayette, after a course 
 of about 75 miles. 
 
 Wilderness, a post-office of Spottsylvania 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Wilderness, a small post-village of Clark 
 CO., Alabama. 
 
 Wild Haws, a post-village of Izard co., 
 Ark., about 20 miles N. E. from Mount Olive. 
 
 Wild Rice River, a stream of Minnesota, 
 rising in about 45° 53' N. lat., and 97° 7' AV. 
 Ion., floTts N. N. E. and falls into the Red 
 River of the North. Length, near 100 miles. 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 Wiley's Cove, a post-office of Searcy co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 WiLETViLLE, a post-office of Desha co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Wilkes, a county in the N. W. part of 
 North Carolina : area estimated at 550 square 
 miles It is intersected by the Yadkin river. 
 The surface is mountainous, especially to- 
 wards the N. W. border, which extends near 
 tlie summit of the Blue Ridge. The soil of 
 the valleys is fertile, and the land is mostly 
 adapted to pasturage. Indian corn is the 
 staple. In 1850 this county produced 408,150 
 bushels of corn; 68,882 of oats, and 108,812 
 pounds of butter. There were 4 tanneries 
 and 1 linseed-oil mill, 48 churches, and 2419 
 pupils attending public schools. The coun- 
 ty contains extensive beds of iron ore. Or- 
 ganized in 1777, and named in honor of John 
 Wilkes, who, as a member of the British Par- 
 liament, opposed the oppressive measures of 
 the government towards the American colo- 
 nies. Capital, Wilkesborough. Population, 
 12,099; of whom 10,957 were free, and 1142, 
 slaves. 
 
 Wilkes, a county in the N. E. part of Geor- 
 gia, contains 390 square miles. It is drained 
 by Broad and Little rivers, and by Dry fork 
 and Fishing creeks. The surface is undu- 
 lating, and the soil is various. The county 
 contains some wornout land. Cotton, corn, 
 wheat, oats, and potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 12,024 bales of 
 cotton; 418,176 bushels of corn; 133,213 of 
 oats, and 59,525 of sweet potatoes. The 
 quantity of oats was the greatest produced 
 by any county in the state. There were 3 
 wheelwright shops and 4 tanneries. It con- 
 tained 17 churches, 1 newspaper office; 326 
 pupils attending public schools, and 125 at- 
 tending other schools. Wilkes county contains 
 iron ore, granite, quartz, and other minerals 
 of the primary formation. A branch railroad 
 is in progress from the Georgia railroad to 
 the county seat. Formed in 1777. Capital, 
 Washington. Population, 12,107; of whom 
 3826 were free, and 8281, slaves. 
 
 WiLKESBARKE, a post-township of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania, contains Wilkesbarre, the 
 county seat. Population, 5751. 
 
 WiLKESBARKE, a thriving post-borough in 
 the above township, capital of Luzerne co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the North 
 branch of the Susquehanna, 110 miles N. 
 E. from Harrisburg. It is situated in the 
 beautiful and fertile valley of Wyoming, and 
 commands a fine view of river and moun- 
 tain scenery. It contains, besides the county 
 buildings, several churches and academies, a 
 bank, and 2 or 3 newspaper offices ; also a 
 large iron furnace, and other factories. A 
 bridge across the river connects the borough 
 with Kingston. The Lehigh and Susque- 
 hanna railroad extends southward '20 miles 
 to Whitehaven. The North Pennsylvania 
 railroad, now in progress, will connect Wilkes- 
 
 barre directly with Philadelphia and Western 
 New York. Another railroad is projected to 
 the Delaware Water-Gap. The trade of the 
 borough is facilitated by the North Branch 
 canal, and by a plank-road leading to Scran- 
 ton. Large quantities of anthracite coal are 
 procured from the beds which surround the 
 town, and which are among the thickest in the 
 state. An extensive rolling mill was erected 
 here about 1840, but its operation was sus- 
 pended a few years since. Incorporated in 
 1806. Population in 1850, 2723. 
 
 Wilkesborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Wilkes CO., North Carolina, on the Yadkin 
 river, near its source, 170 miles W. by N. 
 from Raleigh. Population, about 200. 
 
 Wilkesborough, a post-village in McLean 
 CO., Illinois, 60 miles N. E. by N. from Spring- 
 field. 
 
 WiLKESBUKG, a post-officc of Covingtou CO., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 WiLKESviLLE, a small village of Gallia co.,0. 
 
 WiLKESviLLE, a post-towuship forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Vinton co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by the Cincinnati Hillsborough and 
 Belpre railroad. Population, 1037. 
 
 WILKESVILLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Vinton co., Ohio, about 75 miles S. S. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 WiLKiNS, a post-township of Alleghany co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 9 miles E. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 3019. 
 
 WiLKiNs, a post-office of Union co., Ohio. 
 
 WiLKiNSBURG, a post-village of Wilkins 
 township, Alleghany CO., Pennsylvania, on the 
 Pennsylvania railroad, 7 miles E. from Pitts- 
 burg. It has atnumber of stores, and about 
 700 inhabitants. 
 
 Wilkinson, a county in the central part of 
 Georgia, has an area of 435 square miles. It 
 is bounded on the N. E. by the Oconee river, 
 intersected by Commissioner's and Big Sandy 
 creeks, and also drained by Cedar and Tur- 
 key creeks. The surface is somewhat undu- 
 lating, and extensively covered with forests 
 of pine. On the Oconee and several creeks 
 the land is productive, but the pine lands are 
 not of the first quality. The soil is described 
 as a mixture of gray sandy and "mulatto 
 land." Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and 
 sweet potatoes are the staples. In 1850 this 
 county produced 4920 bales of cotton ; 323,976 
 bushels of corn; 17,615 of oats, and 99,490 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 23 churches, 
 1 newspaper office, and 460 pupils attending 
 public schools. The county is intersected by 
 the Central railroad. It contains one sulphur 
 and chalybeate spring. Named in honor of 
 General James Wilkinson, of Maryland. Ca- 
 pital, Irwinton. Population, 8212 ; of whom 
 5467 were free, and 2745, slaves. 
 
 Wilkinson, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Mississippi, bordering on Louisi- 
 ana, has an area of about 700 square miles. 
 The Mississippi river forms its boundary on 
 the W. and the Homochitto on the N. The 
 1287 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 surface is uneven ; the soil is highly produc- 
 tive, and is mostly occupied by plantations 
 of cotton and Indian corn. In 1850 the 
 county produced 504,795 bushels of corn ; 
 19,450 of oats ; 33,720 of sweet potatoes, and 
 26,381 bales of cotton. It contained 13 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 400 pupils at- 
 tending public schools, and 169 attending 
 academies and other schools. The county is 
 partly intersected by the West Feliciana rail- 
 road. Capital, Woodville. Pop., 16,914 ; of 
 whom 3654 were free, and 13,260, slaves. 
 
 Wilkinson, a township in Desha co., Ar- 
 kansas. Population, 265. 
 
 Wilkinson's Landing, a small village of 
 Perry co., Missouri. 
 
 WiLKiKsoNviLLE, a post-villago in "Wor- 
 cester CO., Mass., 39 miles AY. from Boston. 
 
 WiLKiNSONViLLE, a village in Chesterfield 
 CO., Virginia, 32 miles S. W. from Richmond. 
 
 WiLKiNsoNviLLE, a post-viUagG in Union 
 district, South Carolina, 98 miles N. W. by N. 
 from Columbia. 
 
 Will, a county in the E. N. E. part of Illi- 
 nois, bordering on Indiana, has an area of 
 1236 square miles. It is intersected by the 
 Kankakee and Des Plaines rivers, branches 
 of the Illinois. The surface is generally 
 level, and destitute of timber, excepting 
 small groves. The soil is very fertile, and 
 much of it is under cultivation. The soil of 
 the prairies is a deep, sandy loam, adapted 
 to Indian corn and grass. In 1850 the county 
 produced 527,903 bushels of Indian corn ; 
 230,885 of wheat; 334,360 of oats; 32,043 
 tons of hay, and 319,054 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 14 churches, 3 newspaper offices ; 
 3472 pupils attending public schools, and 200 
 attending other schools. Quarries of build- 
 ing stone are worked near the county seat. 
 The Des Plaines river furnishes water-power. 
 The county is intersected by the Illinois and 
 Michigan canal, by the Chicago branch of the 
 Central railroad, the Chicago and Missis- 
 sippi, and by the Chicago and Rock Island 
 railroad. Named in honor of Conrad Will, 
 for many years a member of the Illinois 
 legislature. Capital, Joliet. Population, 
 16,703. 
 
 Willam'ette, or Wahlamutte river, in the 
 W. part of Oregon Territory, rises in Lane 
 county, near the foot of the Cascade Range, 
 and flowing first N. W., and then in a northerly 
 direction for about 150 miles, falls into the Co- 
 lumbia river about 8 miles below Fort Vancou- 
 ver. It is navigable for vessels of the largest 
 class to Portland, 15 miles. Above the falls, 
 which are 25 miles from its mouth, it is said to 
 be navigable for small steamboats 60 miles. 
 Commencing at the mouth of this river, and 
 proceeding uiDwards, we have on the W. side 
 the Tuality, (twol'e-te,) Yam Hill, Rickreal, 
 (rick're-awl,) Luckimiute, Mary's, and Long 
 Tom rivers, all rising in or at the base of the 
 Callapooya moiuitains. Turning and de- 
 scending on the right bank, we pass McKen- 
 1288 
 
 zie's. Sexton's, Coup^, Sandyam, Pudding, 
 Clackamus, and jMilwaukee rivers, having their 
 sources on the slopes of the Cascade Range. 
 The chief towns on its banks are Marys- 
 ville, Salem, Oregon City, and Portland. The 
 valley of the Willamette is exceedingly beauti- 
 ful and fertile, and is regarded as the garden 
 of Oregon. One of the most remarkable fea- 
 tures of this valley is the buttes, (pronounced 
 buts or butes,) high, conical hills, which are 
 generally insulated. Near the mouth of 
 Coup6 river there are two buttes, called Pis- 
 gah and Sinai, which are half a mile apart 
 at their bases, and rise about 1000 feet above 
 the plain, with a level country all around 
 them for 20 miles. From one part of Willa- 
 mette valley, near the Rickreal, seven peaks 
 of the Cascade Range, crowned with ever- 
 lasting snow, may be seen at once. Length, 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 AViLLAMETTE FoBKS, a post-office of Linn 
 CO., Oregon. 
 
 WiLLBAE, a post-office of Wilkes co., North 
 Carolina. 
 
 WiLLET, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Cortland co., New York, about 130 
 miles W. by S. from Albany. Pop., 923. 
 
 WiLLET, a post-office of Green co.. Wis. 
 
 WiLLBTTViLLE, a post-officc of Highland 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Williams, a county forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Ohio, bordering on Indiana and 
 Michigan, has an area of about 480 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the St. Joseph's 
 and Tiffin rivers. The surface is level or 
 undulating ; the soil is fertile. The western 
 part consists of "oak-openings," plains which 
 produce a sparse growth of oaks. Indian 
 corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, and pork are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 105,992 
 bushels of corn; 84,322 of wheat; 37,440 of 
 oats, and 15,821 of potatoes. It contained 2 
 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 2040 pupils 
 attending public schools. It is traversed by 
 the route of the Toledo and Chicago railroad. 
 Capital, Bryan. Population, 8018. 
 
 Williams, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Northampton co., Pennsylvania, 
 at the confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh 
 rivers, immediately below Easton. Popula- 
 tion, 2684. 
 
 Williams, a post-office of Christian co., 
 Kentucky, 15 miles N. from Hopkinsville. 
 
 WiLLiAMSBOKOUGH, a post-village in Gran- 
 ville CO., North Carolina, about 50 miles N. 
 by E. from Raleigh. 
 
 Williamsburg, a district in the S. E. part 
 of South Carolina, has an area of 1170 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. W. by Santee 
 river, on the N. E. by Lynch' s creek and the 
 Great Pedee, and intersected by the Black 
 river. The surface is level, and partly over- 
 spread vrith pine forests ; the soil is gene- 
 rally sandy. The most fertile land is on the 
 banks of the rivers. Cotton, rice, Indian 
 corn, oats, and sweet potatoes are the sta- 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 pies. In 1850 this district produced 4298 
 bales of cotton; 354,543 pounds of rice; 
 239,713 bushels of corn; 7498 of oats, and 
 143,052 of sweet potatoes. It contained 17 
 churches, and 378 pupils attending public 
 schools. It is intersected by the North-east- 
 ern railroad, (unfinished.) The Santee river 
 is navigable by steamboats along the border 
 of the district. Capital, Kingstree. Popu- 
 lation, 12,447 ; of ■whom 3939 were free, and 
 8508, slaves. 
 
 WiLLiAMSBtJKG, a post-township in Piscata- 
 quis CO., Maine, 80 miles N. N. E. from Au- 
 gusta. Population, 124. 
 
 Williamsburg, a post-village in Hampshire 
 CO., Massachusetts, 95 miles W. by N. from 
 Boston. It contains 3 or 4 churches, and 
 several manufactories. Population of the 
 township, 1537. 
 
 Williamsburg, a city of King's county, 
 Long Island, on the E. side of the East river, 
 immediately opposite to New York city. The 
 site is elevated, with a surface diversified with 
 gentle undulations, and rising gradually as it 
 recedes from the river. Like Brooklyn, which 
 is immediately south, and with which it will 
 doubtless soon be compactly joined by the ra- 
 pid extension of both cities, it owes its growth 
 and prosperity to its proximity to New York, 
 a large portion of its residents doing business 
 in that city during the day. Four ferries 
 connect it with the metropolis, two running 
 from the foot of Grand street, and two from 
 the foot of South Seventh street. Williams- 
 burg is regularly laid out, the streets ex- 
 tending parallel to the river, are numbered 
 from the water. First, Second, Third street, 
 &c. Those running E. and W. are named 
 from Grand street, the great dividing line of 
 the city ; for example, the first N. of Grand 
 street is called North First street, the first S. 
 is named South First street, the second, South 
 Second street, and so on, as far as South 
 Eleventh street, next to which comes Division 
 avenue, the dividing line between this city 
 and Brooklyn. Bushwick creek separates the 
 city from the township of Green Point. Grand 
 street and South Seventh, already mentioned, 
 are the principal thoroughfares. First street 
 also is an active business street. The houses 
 of Williamsburg are neatly and well built, 
 though generally not more than two stories 
 high. Many of the dwellings, however, es- 
 pecially in the newer portions of the town, 
 are large and very handsome buildings. 
 
 Williamsburg contains 15 churches, among 
 which are 3 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 
 Episcopal, 2 Catholic, 1 Baptist, 1 Univer- 
 salist, 1 Congregational, 1 Dutch Reformed, 
 and 1 German Lutheran. Of these, the 
 most worthy of notice are — the First Baptist 
 church, at the corner of Fifth and South 
 Fifth streets, a very handsome edifice of free- 
 stone, in a commanding situation, with the 
 front facing East river; the Catholic church, 
 a fine brick building, on Second street, be- 
 
 tween South Second and South Third streets, 
 and the First Presbyterian, a handsome brick 
 edifice, with a steeple and clock; like the two 
 preceding, it is a conspicuous object from the 
 river. The Universalist church, at the corner 
 of Fourth and South Fifth streets, is a mas- 
 sive and imposing structure, with a square 
 tower, and enclosed by grounds which are 
 highly improved. The city contains 3 banks, 
 1 savings' institution, and 6 newspaper offices, 
 three of which issue dailies. Among the in- 
 stitutions may be mentioned a Bible society, 
 organized in 1845, and a medical society, es- 
 tablished in 1852. The city is lighted with 
 gas, and a company has recently been organ- 
 ized to supply it with water. 
 
 Williamsburg contains a variety of manu- 
 factures and several ship-yards. The build- 
 ings of the camphene manufactories along 
 the river are conspicuous objects to one ap- 
 proaching from the water. This place was 
 incorporated as a village in 1827, at which 
 time there was but one ferry communicating 
 with New York ; in 1851 it was chartered as 
 a city. Population in 1840, 5094 ; in 1845, 
 11,338; in 1850, 30,780, and in 1853, from 
 45,000 to 50,000. 
 
 Williamsburg, or Penn's Neck, a village 
 of Middlesex county, New Jersey, contains 2 
 churches. 
 
 Williamsburg village. New Jersey. See 
 Cedar Creek. 
 
 Williamsburg, a flourishing post-borough 
 of Blair county, Pennsylvania, on the Juniata 
 river, and on the Pennsylvania canal, 157 
 miles E. from Pittsburg. It contains 4 or 5 
 churches, 1 woollen factory, 1 pottery, and 
 several mills. 
 
 Williamsburg, a small village of North- 
 ampton CO., Pennsylvania, about 70 miles N. 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Williamsburg, a city, capital of James 
 City county, Virginia, 60 miles E. from Rich- 
 mond, and 68 miles N. W. from Norfolk. It 
 is situated on a level plain between James 
 and York rivers, 6 miles from each. It is the 
 oldest incorporated town in the state, and is 
 interesting in historic associations. It was 
 the seat of the royal government previous to 
 the Revolution, and afterwards capital of the 
 state until 1779. William and Mary College, 
 founded at this place in 1692, is the oldest 
 literary institution in the Union, excepting 
 Harvard University, and is at present in a 
 flourishing condition. The library contains 
 about 5000 volumes, and the students in at- 
 tendance generally number from 100 to 150. 
 Williamsburg is the seat of the Eastern Lu- 
 natic Asylum, which stands deservedly high 
 for its neatness, order, and comfortable ac- 
 commodations. It has about 200 patients, and 
 a handsome edifice, with all the modern im- 
 provements in arrangement. The town con- 
 tains 3 churches. Episcopalian, Baptist, and 
 Methodist. First settled in 1632. Population, 
 estimated at 1500. 
 
 1289 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 WiLLiAMSBUSG, a post-vlllage in Iredell 
 CO., N. C, 157 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 AViLLiAMSBUEG, a post-village, capital of 
 Covington co., Mississippi, on an affluent of 
 Leaf river, 60 miles S. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Williamsburg, a post-office of Henderson 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 WiLLiAMSBUEG, a Small Tillage of Owen co., 
 Eentuck3^ 
 
 WiLLiAMSBUEG, a post-village, capital of 
 Whitley county, Kentucky, on the Cumberland 
 river, and on the route of the Danville and 
 Knoxville railroad, 125 miles S. S. E. from 
 Frankfort, has 1 church and several stores. 
 Fourteen miles below, the river presents a 
 perpendicular fall of 60 feet, which is one of 
 the most remarkable objects in the state. 
 
 Williamsburg, a post-township in the E. 
 part of Clermont co., Ohio. Pop., 1884. 
 
 Williamsburg, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the E. fork of Little Miam.i river, 
 28 miles E. of Cincinnati, was formerly the 
 county seat, and has several hundred inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Williamsburg, a small village of Guernsey 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 AViLLiAMSBURG, a thriving village of Noble 
 CO., Ohio, near the Central Ohio railroad, about 
 40 miles E. from Zanesville. 
 
 Williamsburg, a pleasant village of John- 
 son CO., Indiana, on Nineveh creek, 8 miles 
 S. from Franklin. 
 
 Williamsburg, a post-village of Wayne co., 
 Indiana, on a branch of Whitewater river, 
 about 72 miles E. by N. of Indianapolis. Po- 
 pulation, about 300. 
 
 V/illiamsburg, a post-village in De Kalb 
 CO., Illinois, about 60 miles W. by N. from 
 Chicago. 
 
 Williamsburg, a small village of Shelby 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Williamsburg, a post-village in Callaway 
 CO., Missouri, 40 miles N. E. from Jeiferson 
 City. 
 
 Williamsburg, a small village of Macon 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Williams' Centre, a post-village of Wil- 
 liams CO., 0., 171 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Williams' College Grant, a township of 
 Aroostook co., Maine. Population, 224. 
 
 Williams' Cross Roads, a small post-vil- 
 lage of Choctaw CO., Alabama. 
 
 WiLLiAMsriELD, a post-township forming 
 the S. E. extremity of Ashtabula co., Ohio. 
 Population, 982. 
 
 Williamson, a county in the central part 
 of Texas, has an area of about 1050 square 
 miles. It is traversed from W. to E. by San 
 Gabriel river, and also drained by Brushy 
 creek. The surface is diversified by prairies 
 and woodlands. Indian corn, sweet potatoes, 
 butter, cattle, -horses, and sheep are the sta- 
 ples. In 1850 this county produced 57,015 
 bushels of corn ; 2458 of sweet potatoes ; 
 58,950 pounds of butter, and 8499 of wool. 
 Named in honor of Judge Robert M. William- 
 129G 
 
 son, member of Congress of the republic of 
 Texas. Capital, Georgetown. Pop., 1568, of 
 whom 1413 were free, and 155, slaves. 
 
 Williamson, a county in the central part 
 of Tennessee : area estimated at 650 square 
 miles. It is drained by the head branches 
 of Harpeth river. The surface is uneven ; 
 the soil highly productive and extensively 
 cultivated. Indian corn, wheat, tobacco, cot- 
 ton, and pork are the staples. In 1850 the 
 county produced 1,697,570 bushels of corn; 
 223,193 of oats; 43,854 of wheat; 5314 bales 
 of cotton, and 1,302,209 pounds of tobacco. 
 It contained 49 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 
 309 pupils attending public schools, and 475 
 attending academies and other schools. Se- 
 veral turnpikes pass through the county, 
 which is intersected by the Nashville and 
 New Orleans railroad. This is among the 
 most populous counties of the state. Capi- 
 tal, Franklin. Population, 27,201, of whom 
 14,837 were free, and 12,864, slaves. 
 
 Williamson, a county in the S. part of 
 Illinois, has an area of 390 square miles. It 
 is intersected by Big Muddy river, and also 
 drained by the S. fork of Saline river. The 
 county consists partly of prairie and partly 
 of timbered land; the soil is productive. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, cattle, and 
 swine are the staples. In 1850 it produced 
 235,729 bushels of corn; 6376 of wheat; 
 33,164 of oats, and 59,131 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 8 churches, and 360 pupils at- 
 tending public schools. Stone coal is abun- 
 dant. Capital, Marion. Population, 7216. 
 
 Williamson, a post-township of Wayne co., 
 New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop., 2380. 
 
 Williamson, a post-village in the above 
 township, 26 miles E. by N. from Rochester. 
 
 Williamson, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Williamson, a post-office of Owen co., Ind. 
 
 Williamson's Mills, a post- village of Lex- 
 ington district. South Carolina. 
 
 V/illiamsonville, a post-office of Macon 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Williams' Place, a post-office of Livings- 
 ton CO., New York. 
 
 AYilliamsport, a flourishing town, capital 
 of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, is beau- 
 tifully situated on the left bank of the West 
 branch of Susquehanna river, and on the Sun- 
 bury and Erie railroad, 90 miles N. from Har- 
 risburg, and 179 miles N. W. from Philadel- 
 phia. The Williamsport and Elmira railroad 
 is open from this place to Ralston, 25 miles. 
 Williamsport is a favorite place of resort in 
 summer, on account of its healthy situation, 
 and the beautiful scenery which surrounds it. 
 It contains a fine brick court house, a large 
 academy of the same material, 5 churches, 1 
 bank, with a capital of $100,000, and many 
 handsome dwellings. Two newspapers are 
 published here. The West Branch canal, 
 which passes through the town, affords a 
 ready access to the best markets, and large 
 
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 quautities of lumber and grain are shipped 
 at this place. The creeks in the vicinity fur- 
 nish good water-power ; the hills contain coal 
 and iron ore. Population in 1850, 1615 ; in 
 1853, about 2500. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, Pennsylvania. See Monon- 
 GAHELA City. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a post-village of Washing- 
 ton county, Maryland, on the Potomac river, 
 at the mouth of Conecocheague creek, 9 miles 
 S. W. from Hagerstown. The Chesapeake and 
 Ohio canal passes through the place. It con- 
 tains a bank, with a capital of $135,000, and 
 numerous stores. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a post-villagc in Hardy co., 
 Virginia, 165 miles N. W. by N. from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, or Pruntttown, Capital of 
 Taylor co., Virginia, on the E. fork of the 
 Monongahela, about 210 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. It is the seat of Rector College, 
 founded in 1889, and contains 2 churches. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a village of Wood co., Vir- 
 ginia, on the Ohio river, opposite Marietta, 
 Ohio. Population, about 250. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a post-office of Pointe Cou- 
 ple parish, Louisiana. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a post-village of Maury co., 
 Tennessee, on Duck river, about 40 miles S. 
 W. from Nashville. Population, about 250. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a thriving village of Co- 
 lumbiana CO., Ohio, on the Sandy and Beaver 
 canal, 163 miles N. E. from Columbus. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a post-village of Pickaway 
 CO., Ohio, about 10 miles W. by S. from 
 Circleville. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a Small village of Richland 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 WiLLiAMSPORT, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Warren co., Indiana, on the right 
 bank of the Wabash river, 75 miles N. W. 
 from Indianapolis. It has an active trade, 
 which is facilitated by the Wabash and Erie 
 canal. The railroad which is progressing 
 from Toledo to Danville, in Illinois, will pass 
 through this place. A newspaper is pub- 
 lished here. 
 
 ' Williams' River, in the E. S. E. part of 
 Vermont, rises in Windsor co., and falls into 
 the Connecticut about 3 miles above Bel- 
 lows falls. 
 
 Williams' Store, a post-ofSce of Berks 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Williams' Store, a post-office of Harde- 
 man CO., Tennessee. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTON, a post-ofEce of Anderson 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTON, a village in Barbour co., 
 Ala., 65 miles S. E. by E. from Montgomery. 
 ^ WiLLiAMSTON, a towuship in the central 
 part of Dodge co., Wisconsin. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a township in Orange co., 
 Vermont, 11 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 1452. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a pleasant post-village of 
 Berkshire co., Massachusetts, about 120 miles 
 
 N. W. by W. from Boston. It is the seat of 
 Williams College, a flourishing institution, 
 tion, founded in 1793. The institution com- 
 prises 4 brick buildings for the accommodation 
 of the students, a library building, an astro- 
 nomical and a magnetic observatory, and a 
 chemical laboratory. The three last have 
 been completed within a few years. Impor- 
 tant additions have recently been made to the 
 chemical and philosophical apparatus. The 
 institution is endowed to the amount of about 
 $75,000. See Table of Colleges, Appendix. 
 Population of the township, 2626. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a post-viUagc of Oswego 
 CO., New York, on the Watertown and Rome 
 railroad, 28 miles N. W. from Rome. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 1121. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, or Squankum, a post-vil- 
 lage of Camden co.. New Jersey, 11 miles S. 
 E. of Woodbury, contains 2 churches, 3 
 stores, and several glass-works. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a Small village of Laneas- 
 ter CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a thriving post-village, ca- 
 pital of Martin co.. North Carolina, on the 
 right bank of the Roanoke river, 100 miles 
 E. from Raleigh. The surrounding country 
 is partly occupied by cypress swamps, which 
 supply an article of export. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a post-villago, capital of 
 Grant co., Kentucky, on the turnpike from 
 Covington to Lexington, 37 miles S. from 
 Cincinnati. It contains a brick court house 
 and 4 churches. Population, about 450. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a thriving post-viilage of 
 Hancock co., Ohio, about 15 miles S. from 
 Findlay. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a thriving post-village of 
 Ingham co., Michigan, on Cedar river, about 
 20 miles E. from Lansing. It contains seve- 
 ral stores, flouring mills, and saw mills. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, about 600. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a village of Clay co., In- 
 diana, on the National road, 14 miles E. N. 
 E. from Terre Haute. 
 
 WiLLiAMSTOWN, a post-villago of Decatur 
 CO., Indiana, 45 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 WiLLiAMSViLLB, a post-village in Windham 
 CO., Vermont, on the South branch of West 
 I'iver, about 100 miles S. by E. from Montpe- 
 lier. The South Branch affords water-power. 
 
 AViLLiAMSviLLE, a post-village of Erie co., 
 New York, on Ellicott's creek, 8 miles N. E. 
 from Buffalo. It contains 1 Catholic and 3 
 Protestant churches, 3 or 4 stores, several 
 flouring and saw mills, a carding machine, 
 and a large tannery. Pop. in 1853, about 1000. 
 
 WiLLiAMSviLLE, a village of Essex co.. New 
 Jersey, 5 miles N. W. of Newark. 
 
 WiLLiAMsViLLE, a post-office of Elk CO., Pa. 
 
 William sviLLE, a post-village in Kent co., 
 Delaware, 22 miles S. W. from Dover. 
 
 Willi amsville, a post-ofiiceof Bath co.,Va. 
 
 WiLLiAMSviLLE, a post-viUage of Person 
 CO., North Carolina, on an affluent of Dan 
 river, 65 miles N. N. W. from Raleigh. 
 1291 
 
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 WiLLiAMsviLLE, a post-office of Dickson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 WiLLiAMSviLLE, a post-village of Delaware 
 CO., Oliio, 14 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 WiLLiGTOWN, a small Tillage of Green co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 WiLLiMANSETT, a post-village in Hampden 
 CO., Massachusetts, on the left bank of Con- 
 necticut river, and on the Connecticut River 
 railroad, 75 miles W. by S. from Boston. 
 
 WiLLiMANTic river rises in Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, and unites with Shetucket river, 
 in Windham county. 
 
 AViLLiMANTic, a flourishing post-borough 
 in Windham county, Connecticut, on the Wil- 
 limantic river, where the Providence, Hart- 
 ford, and Fishkill railroad intersects the New 
 London, Willimantic, and Palmer railroad, 32 
 miles E. by S. from Hartford. It is also on 
 the route of the Air-line railroad from New 
 York to Boston, about 120 miles N. E. from 
 the former, and 80 miles S. W. from the lat- 
 ter. The Willimantic is here a large stream, 
 and has a fall of more than 100 feet in the 
 distance of a mile, affording an extensive 
 hydraulic power, about one-third of which is 
 at present used. There are now in opera- 
 tion at these falls 8 mills, most of which are 
 for the manufacture of cotton goods. In ad- 
 dition to the other advantages of the place, 
 is an abundance of building stone, of an ex- 
 cellent quality, found in the vicinity. The 
 borough contains 4 churches, a newspaper 
 office, upwards of 20 stores, and 5 or 6 re- 
 fectories. Population in 1853, about 3500. 
 
 Willing, a post-oflice of Alleghany co., N.Y. 
 
 WiLLiNGBOROUGH, a towuship of Burlingtou 
 CO., New Jersey, on the left side of the Dela- 
 ware river, about 7 miles N. W. from Mount 
 Holly. Population, 1596. 
 
 WiLLiNGTON, Piscataquis co., Maine. See 
 Wellington. 
 
 WiLLiNGTON, a post-village in Tolland co., 
 Connecticut, near the New London, Wil- 
 limantic, and Palmer railroad, 24 miles E. 
 by N. from Hartford. It contains a Congre- 
 gational and a Baptist church, and several 
 stores. Population of the township, 13-39. 
 
 WiLLiNGTON, a post-village in Abbeville 
 district, South Carolina, near Savannah 
 river, 90 miles W. by S. from Columbia. 
 
 WiLLiNK, a post-village of Erie co., New 
 York, 16 miles S. E. from Buffalo. 
 
 Willink's Cheek, of Niagara co., New 
 York, falls into the W. end of Lake Ontario. 
 
 WiLLisBiTKG, a post-ofiSce of Washington 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Willis River, a small affluent of James 
 river, Virginia, rises in Buckingham county. 
 Flowing eastward and north-eastward, it 
 crosses Cumberland county, and falls into 
 James river near Cartersville. It is navi- 
 gable by boats from its mouth to Curdsville, 
 above 30 miles. 
 
 Willis' Store, a post-village of Appling co., 
 Ga., about 100 miles S. E. from Milledgeville. 
 1292 
 
 Williston, a post-township in Chittenden 
 CO., Vermont, intersected by the Vermont 
 Central railroad, 30 miles W. N. W. from 
 Montpelier. The village contains 2 or 3 
 churches, a town house, and an academy. 
 Population, 1669. 
 
 Williston, a post-office of Potter co.. Pa. 
 
 Williston, a post-village of Barnwell dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, on the South Carolina 
 railroad, 99 miles W. N. W. from Charleston. 
 
 Williston, a village in Callaway co., Ken- 
 tucky, 255 miles S. W. by W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Willistown, a township of Chester co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 7 miles E. by N. from 
 West Chester. Population, 1463. 
 
 WiLLOUGHBT, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Lake co., Ohio, on the S. 
 shore of Lake Erie. Population, 2081. 
 
 WiLLOUGHBY, a plcasaut post-village in the 
 above township, on Chagrin river, and on the 
 Cleveland and Erie railroad, 18 miles N. E. 
 from Cleveland. The female seminary of this 
 place is a flourishing institution. The vil- 
 lage contains a medical university, and 2 or 3 
 churches. 
 
 WiLLOUGHBT Lake, a village and fashion- 
 able resort of Orleans co., Vermont, on a 
 lake of the same name, and on the great 
 thoroughfare just opened from Boston vicL St. 
 Johnsbury to Stanstead, in Canada East. Wil- 
 loughby lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 
 nearly 5 miles in length, celebrated for its 
 romantic scenery, about 35 miles N. E. by N. 
 from Montpelier. 
 
 Willow Creek, a post-office of Marion dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Willow Creek, a post- village of Lee co., 
 111., about 80 miles W. by S. from Chicago. 
 
 Willow Creek, a post-office of Marquette 
 CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 Willow Dale, a post-office of Trumbull 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Willow Grove, a post-village of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Pennsylvania, on the turnpike lead- 
 ing from Philadelphia to Easton, 13 miles N. 
 from the former. It contains 3 good hotels, 
 2 stores, and about 12 dwellings. The medi- 
 cinal springs found at this place are much 
 resorted to during the summer season. 
 
 Willow Grove, a post-office of Sumter dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Willow Grove, a post-office of Coweta co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Willow Grove, a post-office of Sumner co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Willow Grove, a small village of Critten- 
 den CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Willow Hill, a post-office of Jasper co.,Ill. 
 
 Willow Island, a post-office of Pleasant 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Willow River, Wisconsin. See Hudson. 
 
 Willow River, a small stream of St. Croix 
 CO., Wisconsin, flows southwestward, and en- 
 ters St. Croix Lake at Hudson. 
 
 Willow Spring, a post-office of Russell co., 
 1 Virginia. 
 
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 Willow Spring, a post-villagp of Claiborne 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Willow Springs, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Lafayette co., Wisconsin. Pop., 615. 
 
 WiLLOAv Springs, a post-village in the above 
 township, near the Pekatonica river. 
 
 Willow Street, a post-office of Lancaster 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Willow Tree, a post-office of Greene co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wills, a township in the E. central part 
 of Guernsey co., Ohio. Population, 2216. 
 
 WiLLSBORouGH, a post-townsMp of Essex 
 CO., New York, on the W. side of Lake Cham- 
 plain. Population, 1932. 
 
 WiLLSBOROUGH, a post-village in the above 
 township, on Boquet river, about 140 miles 
 N. by E. from Albany. It contains several 
 stores and iron-works. 
 
 AViLLs' Creek, of Alabama, flows south- 
 westerly through De Kalb co., then turns to 
 the S. E., and enters Coosa river, near 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Wills' Creek, of Ohio, rises in the S. E. 
 part of the state, flows northwestward 
 through Guernsey co., and enters the Musk- 
 ingum river, about 10 miles S. from Coshocton. 
 
 Wills' Creek, a post-office of Coshocton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Willshirb, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Van Wert co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by St. Mary's river. Pop., 1220. 
 
 WiLLSHiRE, a post-village in the above 
 township, on the St. Mary's river, 133 miles 
 W. N. W. from Columbus, contains 1 church, 
 2 stores, and several mills. It was settled in 
 1822, by Captain James Eiley, with whose 
 sufferings in Africa the public are familiar. 
 
 Wills' Mountain, a ridge extending from 
 the S. W. part of Bedford co., Pennsylvania, 
 E. of Wills' creek, into Alleghany co., in 
 Maryland. 
 
 Willson's Mill, a village of Henry co., 
 Iowa, on Skunk river, 55 miles S. by W. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Wills' Point, a post-office of Benton co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Wilmington, a post-township of Windham 
 CO., Vermont, 110 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. One newspaper is published here. 
 Population, 763. 
 
 Wilmington, a post-township of Middlesex 
 CO., Massachusetts, intersected by the Boston 
 and Lowell, the Boston and Maine, the Sa- 
 lem and Lowell railroads, and a branch rail- 
 road, 16 miles N. W. by N. from Boston Po- 
 pulation, 874. 
 
 Wilmington, a post-township of Essex so.. 
 New York, SO miles S. W. from Plattsburg. 
 It contains a village of the same name. Po- 
 pulation, 1218. 
 
 Wilmington, or New Wilmington, a town- 
 ship of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania, about 30 
 miles N. from Beaver. Population, 1478. 
 
 Wilmington, a township of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 547. 
 
 Wilmington, a city and port of entry of 
 New Castle county, Delaware, is situated on 
 Christiana creek, immediately above its junc- 
 tion with the Brandywine, 2 miles from the 
 Delaware river, 28 miles S. W. from Phi- 
 ladelphia, 70 miles E. N. E. from Baltimore, 
 and 108 from Washington. Lat. 39° 41' N., 
 Ion. 75° 28' W. The Philadelphia, Wilming- 
 ton, and Baltimore railroad passes through the 
 place. The upper part of the city is built on 
 the southern slope of a hill, the summit of 
 which is about 110 feet above the tide level, 
 and commands an extensive view of the Dela- 
 ware river and of the city itself. Wilmington 
 is regularly planned, with wide and straight 
 streets, and is generally well built of brick. 
 The streets running parallel to the Christiana 
 are numbered (commencing near the creek) 
 First, Second, Third, &c. up to Fifteenth street. 
 The principal thoroughfare of business is 
 Market street, which extends from the Chi-is- 
 tiana to the Brandywine, rather more than a 
 mile, intersecting the other streets at right 
 angles, and terminated by handsome bridges 
 at each end. King's, French, Orange, Ship- 
 ley, and other streets are parallel with Mar- 
 ket street. The city contains 19 churches, 
 namely, 4 Methodist, 8 Episcopal, 2 Presby- 
 terian, 2 Baptist, 2 Friends, 1 German Lu- 
 theran, 1 Eoman Catholic, and 4 African ; 
 also a town-hall, a large hospital, situated on 
 high ground in the N. W. part of the town, 
 and a Catholic college, which is a handsome 
 brick building. A new custom house is now 
 in course of construction, for which an appro- 
 priation of .$250,000 was made at the last 
 session of Congress. There are 4 banks, with 
 an aggregate capital of $846,000, a savings' 
 institution, and several insurance companies ; 
 4 or 5 newspapers are published here. Wil- 
 mington has long been distinguished for 
 its boarding-schools, of which there are 5 
 in the city : they are generally well con- 
 ducted and liberally patronized. The streets, 
 stores, &c., are lighted with gas, and the 
 town is supplied with good water from the 
 Brandywine. 
 
 Wilmington is the most populous town in 
 the state, and is chiefly remarkable for its 
 manufactures, of which the following are the 
 most important productions : steam engines, 
 railway cars, railroad wheels, iron steam- 
 boats, locomotive and car springs, mill ma- 
 chinery, galvanized roofing, and other iron, 
 cotton and woollen goods, powder, flour, car- 
 riages, and farming implements. There are 
 about 7 iron ' foundries, 3 large machine 
 shops, 2 cotton factories, several manufac- 
 tories of woollen goods, 1 of farming im- 
 plements, and 1 paper mill. The powder 
 mills of Dupont & Co., about 2 miles from 
 the town, have long been widely known. 
 There are 7 large flouring mills on the Bran- 
 dywine in this vicinity, which annually grind 
 about one million bushels of wheat. In 
 1853, 218 persons were employed in the ma- 
 1293 
 
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 nufacturing of cotton; 215 in that of cast 
 iron and brass ; 675 in that of wrought iron, 
 steel, and machinery ; 181 in the coach manu- 
 factories ; 178 in those of patent-leather, and 
 168 in building and repairing vessels of me- 
 dium tonnage, for which the creek is navi- 
 gable. Five turnpike-roads extend into the 
 interior of the state, and a railroad, 5 miles 
 long, connects the town with New Castle. The 
 shipping of the district, June 30th, 1852, ac- 
 cording to the custom house returns, amount- 
 ed to an aggregate of 7010f f tons, enrolled 
 and licensed, of which 6883 |f were employed 
 in the coast trade, and 137|f in steam navi- 
 gation. During the year, 23 vessels, (2 of them 
 steamers,) with an aggregate burthen of 
 2923|f tons, were admeasured. Population 
 in 1830, 6628; in 1840, 8367; in 1850, 
 13,979; and April 1, 1853, it amounted to 
 16,163, of whom 13,976 were whites, and 
 2187, colored. 
 
 Wilmington, a small post- village of Fluvan- 
 na CO., Virginia, on the Rivanna river, 55 
 miles W. by N. from Richmond. 
 
 Wilmington, a city, port of entry, and ca- 
 pital of New Hanover county. North Caro- 
 lina, is situated on the left or E. bank of 
 Cape Fear river, just below the entrance of 
 its N. E. branch, 34 miles from the sea, 135 
 miles S. E. from Raleigh, 180 miles N. E. 
 from Charleston, and 416 from Washington. 
 Lat. 34° 11' N., Ion. 78° 10' W. It is the 
 largest and most commercial place in the 
 state, the business and population having 
 been greatly increased by the construction 
 of the Wilmington and Raleigh railroad, 
 which extends N. to Weldon, on the Roanoke 
 river, 162 miles, and forms part of the 
 great highway of travel North and South. 
 The city has about $500,000 invested in this 
 work, which cost $2,500,000, and is now in 
 excellent condition. Another railroad has 
 recently been opened from V/ilmington to 
 Manchester, in South Carolina, where it con- 
 nects with the Camden Branch railroad. The 
 length of this line is 156 miles, and the cost 
 $1,800,000, of which $500,000 were sub- 
 scribed by the citizens of Wilmington. A 
 plank-road is extending from this city to- 
 wards Onslow county. The town contains 
 
 8 banks, with an aggregate capital of 
 $1,150,000. Five or six newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. More than 20 steam engines 
 are employed in the manufactories of this 
 place, among .which are seven steam saw 
 mills, and 2 planing mills, with a capital of 
 $275,000, producing annually about 30 mil- 
 lion feet of lumber ; 3 rice mills ; 10 turpen- 
 tine distilleries, woi-king about 25 stills, ca- 
 pital estimated at $100,000; and several 
 machine shops. Four mail steamers keep up 
 a daily communication with Charleston, and 
 
 9 steamboats and 20 towboats ply from this 
 port to Fayetteville. The whole number of 
 steamboats on the river in 1852 was 19. 
 
 1291 
 
 Exports for 1852, from January to December, 
 inclusive. 
 
 lumber, feet 32.336,889 
 
 Timber. " 3,409,016 
 
 Turpentine, bbis 96^667 
 
 Spirits of ditto, " 96,843 
 
 Resin, " 339,200 
 
 Tar, " 19,659 
 
 Pitch, « 7,806 
 
 Peanuts, bushels 93,255 
 
 Cotton goods, bales 4,136 
 
 Value of coastwise exports $3,991,561 
 
 " foreign ditto 549,107 
 
 $4,540,668 
 
 It is expected that the extensive deposits 
 of coal in Chatham county, will, by means of 
 the Deep river improvement, now in progress, 
 find an outlet here, and open a new source 
 of wealth. The shipping of the district, 
 June 30th, 1852, according to the custom 
 house returns, amounted to an aggregate of 
 8385f f tons registered, and 7093|^ tons en- 
 rolled and licensed. Of the latter, all was em- 
 ployed in the coast trade, and 2985|f tons in 
 steam navigation. The foreign arrivals for 
 the year were 304, (tons, 101,353,) of which 
 159 (tons, 55,731,) were by American vessels. 
 The clearances for foreign ports were 208, 
 (tons, 39,267) of which 139 (tons, 26,206) 
 were by American vessels. The foreign and 
 coastwise arrivals for 1852, exclusive of the 
 Charleston steamers and North Carolina 
 coasters, were 753. During the year ending 
 June 30th, 1852, 4 schooners, with an aggre- 
 gate burthen of 474|| tons, were admeasured. 
 In 1819 a great fire occurred, which con- 
 sumed about 200 buildings, and property va- 
 lued at $1,000,000. Population in 1830, 
 about 3000; 1840, 4744; in 1850, 7264, and 
 in 1853, about 10,000. 
 
 Wilmington, a post-township in Union cc, 
 Arkansas. Population, 866. 
 
 Wilmington, a small post-village of Union 
 CO.; Arkansas, on the Washita river, about 
 100 miles in a direct line S. from Little Rock. 
 
 Wilmington, a village in McCracken co., 
 Kentucky, 255 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Wilmington, a flourishing post-village in 
 Union township, capital of Clinton co., Ohio, 
 on Todd's fork of Little Miami river, 72 
 miles S. AV. from Columbus. It is pleasantly 
 situated on undulating ground, and is well 
 built. It is one of the principal stations on 
 the Zanesville Wilmington and Cincinnati 
 railroad, now in construction. Wilmington 
 contains, besides the county buildings, 5 or 6 
 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Laid 
 out in 1810. Population in 1850, 1238. 
 
 Wilmington, a post-village of Deai-bora 
 CO., Indiana, 6 miles S. W. from Lawrence- 
 burg, was formerly the county seat. It con- 
 tains the county seminary. Population in 
 1850, 287. 
 
 Wilmington, a township in De Kalb co., 
 Indiana. Population, 800. 
 
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 Wilmington, a post-township in Will co., 
 Illinois. Population, 1346. 
 
 Wilmington, a post-village of Will co., Il- 
 linois, on the Kankakee river, 152 miles N. 
 E. from Springfield. It contains a woollen 
 factory and several stores. 
 
 Wilmington Island, of Chatham county, 
 Georgia, at the mouth of the Savannah river, 
 enclosed on the N. E. and N. W.. by small 
 outlets of the Savannah river. Length, 5 
 miles ; greatest breadth, about 4 miles. 
 
 WiLMORE, a post-office of Cambria co.. Pa. 
 
 Wilmot, a post-township in Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire, 30 miles N. W. from 
 Concord. Population, 1272. 
 
 Wilmot, a township of Bradford co., Penn- 
 sylvania. Population, 550. 
 
 Wilmot, a post-office of Noble co., Ind. 
 
 AViLMOT, a small post- village of Boone co., 
 Illinois, about 22 miles N. E. from Rockford. 
 
 Wilmot, a post-village of Kenosha co., 
 Wisconsin, on Pishtaka, or Fox river, about 
 25 miles W. from Kenosha. 
 
 Wilmot Flat, a post-office of Merrimack 
 CO., New Hampshire. 
 
 Wilmurt, a post-township of Herkimer 
 CO., New York, about 90 miles N. W. from 
 Albany. Population, 112. 
 
 WiLNA, a post-township of Jefferson co.. 
 New York, about 150 miles N. W. from Al- 
 bany. It is drained by Black River and con- 
 tains the village of Carthage. Pop., 2993. 
 
 WiLNA, a post-village in Houston county, 
 Ga., 50 miles S. W. by S. from Milledgeville. 
 
 WiLSEYViLLE, a post-village of Tioga co.. 
 New York, on the railroad between Ithaca 
 and Owego, 14 miles N. from the latter. 
 
 Wilson, a county in the N. central part of 
 Tennessee, has an area estimated at 550 
 square miles. The Cumberland river forms 
 its entire N. boundary, and it is also drained 
 by creeks which flow into that river. The 
 surface is diversified by hills of moderate 
 height. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and 
 extensively cultivated. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 oats, and tobacco are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 1,543,869 bushels of 
 corn; 210,172 of oats; 1,237,305 pounds of 
 tobacco; 253,259 of butter, and 51,813 of 
 wool ; the greatest quantity of that article 
 raised in any county of the state. It con- 
 tained 45 churches, 2 newspaper offices ; 
 3452 pupils attending public schools, and 70 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 county is intersected by a turnpike-road 
 leading to Nashville. Cumberland river is 
 navigable by steamboats along the border. 
 A large cotton factory is in successful ope- 
 ration at Lebanon, the county town. Popu- 
 lation, 27,443; of whom 20,316 were free, 
 and 7127, slaves. 
 
 Wilson, a post-township in Piscataquis co., 
 Maine, 70 miles N. by E. from Augusta. 
 
 Wilson, a post-township of Niagara co.. 
 New York, on Lake Ontario. Pop., 2955. 
 
 Wilson, a thriving post-village and ship- 
 
 ping port in the above township, is situated 
 on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Tuscarora 
 creek, 15 miles N. N. W. from Lockport. It 
 contains 3 churches, a large and flourishing 
 seminary, 5 stores, 1 steam flouring mill, 2 
 steam lumber mills, 2 hotels, 1 iron foundrj', 
 1 cabinet shop, and numerous other mechanic 
 shops. Wilson Collegiate Institute, situated 
 in this place, employs 6 teachers, and has 
 375 pupils. The library, together with the 
 philosophical apparatus, cost $12,000. Here 
 is a good harbor, which has been improved. 
 Population in 1853, about 800. 
 
 Wilson, a post-office of Edgecombe co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Wilson, a post-village, capital of Yadkin 
 CO., North Carolina. It was laid out about 
 the year 1851, when the county was formed. 
 
 Wilson, a post-office of Anderson co., Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Wilson, a small post-village of Marion co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Wilson, a township in Will co., Illinois. 
 Population, 269. 
 
 Wilson, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Sheboygan co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Wilson's Creek, of South Carolina, flows 
 into Saluda river, near the N. extremity of 
 Edgefield district. 
 
 Wilson's Creek, a post-village of Abbe- 
 ville district, South Carolina. 
 
 Wilson's Creek, a post-office of Graves 
 CO., Kentucky. 
 
 Wilson's Cross Roads, a post-office of 
 Williamson co., Tennessee. 
 
 V/ilson's Depot, a post-office of Dinwiddle 
 CO., Virginia, on the South Side railroad, 28 
 miles W. from Petersburg. 
 
 Wilson's Mills, a post-office of Oxford 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Wilson's Mills, a post-office of Venango 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wilson's Station, a post-office of Clinton 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Wilsonville, a post- village of Pike co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Wallenpaupack creek. 
 
 Wilsonville, a post-village in Highland 
 CO., Virginia, 135 miles N. W. by W. from 
 Richmond. 
 
 Wilsonville, a post-village in Shelby co., 
 Alabama, 80 miles N. N. W. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 Wilsonville, a post-office of Cocke co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 AVilsonville, a post-village in Spencer 
 CO., Kentucky, 35 miles S. W. by AV. from 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Wilton, a post-township of Franklin co., 
 Maine, on the S. side of Sandy river, about 
 30 miles N. W. from Augusta. Pop., 1909. 
 
 Wilton, a post-village in Hillsborough co., 
 New Hampshire, at the terminus of the AVil- 
 ton railroad, and near the Peterborough and 
 Shirly railroad, 30 miles S. S. AV. from Con- 
 cord. Population of the township, 1161. 
 
 AVilton, a post- village of Fairfield co., 
 1295 
 
WIL 
 
 WIN 
 
 Connecticut, on the Danbury and Norfolk 
 railroad, about 30 miles S. W. by W. from 
 New Haven. It contains 2 churches, an aca- 
 demy and several stores. Population of the 
 township, 2066. 
 
 Wilton, a post-township of Saratoga co.. 
 New York, intersected by the Saratoga and 
 Washington railroad, about 38 miles N. from 
 Albany. Population, 1458. 
 
 Wilton, a village of Granville co.. North 
 Carolina, 34 miles N. from Raleigh. 
 
 Wilton, a post-office of Pike co., Ark. 
 
 Wilton's Uppeb, Mills, a village in Wilton 
 township, Franklin county, Maine, on Wilton 
 river, about 28 miles N. W. from Augusta. 
 It contains 2 taverns, 2 churches, 2 saw mills, 
 1 large flour mill, 2 starch manufactories, and 
 a number of other establishments. 
 
 Wilt's Spur, a post-office of Patrick co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 WiNAMAC, orWiNNAMEC, a post-village, ca- 
 pital of Pulaski CO., Indiana, on Tippecanoe 
 river, and on the projected Fort Wayne and 
 Mississippi railroad, 100 miles N. N. W. from 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 WiNANsviLLE, a village of Greene co.. New 
 York, 30 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 WiNCHENDON, a post-towuship of Worcester 
 CO., Massachusetts, intersected by the Che- 
 shire railroad, 54 miles W. N. W. from Boston. 
 It is drained by Miller's river, which affords 
 water-power. Cotton and other manufactures 
 are produced to some extent. Pop., in 1840, 
 1754; in 1850, 2445. 
 
 AViNCHESTEE, a thriving post-village in 
 Cheshire co.. New Hampshire, on the Ashue- 
 lot river and railroad, about 55 miles S. W. 
 from Concord, contains 3 or 4 churches, 1 
 bank, a number of mills and factories, chiefly 
 woollen, and 2 newspaper offices. Population 
 of the township, in 1840, 2065; in 1850, 3296. 
 
 Winchester, a post-township of Litchfield 
 CO., Connecticut, about 30 miles N. W. of 
 Hartford. It contains the village of Winsted, 
 the northern terminus of the Naugatuck rail- 
 road. Population, 2179. 
 
 Winchester, a thriving town, capital of 
 Frederick county, Virginia, 150 miles N. N. 
 W. from Richmond, and 71 miles W. by N. 
 from Washington. It is pleasantly situated 
 in a beautiful and fertile country, which forms 
 part of the great valley of Virginia. With 
 the exception of Wheeling, it is the largest 
 town in the state W. of the Blue Ridge, which 
 is about 20 miles distant. The plan of the 
 town is regular : the houses are built in a 
 compact and substantial manner, and mostly 
 of brick and stone. The town is supplied 
 with excellent water, which is brought in iron 
 pipes from a spring half a mile distant. This 
 place is the terminus of the Winchester and 
 Potomac railroad, 30 miles long, which con- 
 nects with the Baltimore and Ohio railroad 
 at Harper's Ferry ; and it has a number of 
 turnpike-roads rndiating in every direction, 
 which attract a large amount of trade and 
 1296 
 
 travel. Winchester contains about 12 
 churches, 1 academy, 2 banks, (aggregate 
 capital, $680,000,) 2 newspaper offices, and 
 a Lyceum. Population in 1850, 4500. 
 
 Winchester, a small village of Lenoir co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Winchester, a post-office of Union co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Winchester, a post-office of Macon co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Winchester, a post-village, capital of 
 Wayne CO., Mississippi, on Chickasawha river, 
 15 miles E. S. E. from Jackson. 
 
 Winchester, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Franklin county, Tennessee, on a small 
 branch of Elk river, and on the Winchester 
 and Alabama railroad, 2 miles S. from the 
 Nashville and Chattanooga railroad, and 84 
 miles S. E. from Nashville. A branch of the 
 railroad first named connects this place witli 
 Huntsville in Alabama. Since the commence- 
 ment of these roads, the population of the 
 village has rapidly increased. The tunnel 
 which has been cut through Cumberland 
 mountain, in Franklin county, for the passage 
 of the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad, is 
 one of the most magnificent works of the kind 
 in the world. It extends 2200 feet through 
 the solid rock, in which there is scarcely a 
 break to be found. Winchester has 1 bank 
 and 2 flourishing female schools. 
 
 Winchester, a post-village, capital of 
 Clarke county, Kentucky, on the Lexington 
 and Big Sandy railroad, now in progress, 45 
 miles E. S. E. from Frankfort. It has an 
 active trade, and contains 3 churches, 2 aca- 
 demies, and 2 hemp factories. 
 
 Winchester, a township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Adams co., Ohio. Pop., 1693. 
 
 Winchester, a thriving post-village of 
 Adams co., Ohio, 80 miles S. S. W. from Co- 
 lumbus. Population, about 500. 
 
 Winchester, a post-village of Guernsey co., 
 Ohio, about 35 miles E. N. E. from Zanesville. 
 
 Winchester, a village of Jackson co., 
 Ohio, 83 miles S. S. E. from Columbus. 
 
 Winchester, a thriving village of Preble 
 CO., Ohio, on Twin creek, about 40 miles N. 
 from Cincinnati. 
 
 Winchester, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Randolph county, Indiana, on White 
 river, and on the railroad from Bellefontaine 
 to Indianapolis, 75 miles E. N. E. from the 
 latter. It is surrounded by a rich farming 
 district, and it is connected by plank-roads 
 with Richmond and Fort Wayne. This is a 
 point on the Cincinnati and Fort Wayne rail- 
 road, (unfinished,) and on the projected air- 
 line from Indianopolis to Union. Large 
 flouring mills and saw mills have lately been 
 erected here. The village contains several 
 churches, and 1 newspaper oflice. Population 
 in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 Winchester, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Scott county, Illinois, on Sandy creek, 
 51 miles W. by S. from Springfield. The in- 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 habitants are chiefly employed in manufac- 
 tures, for which the creek affords motive- 
 power. Good limestone, stonecoal, and pot- 
 ter's clay are found at this place. It contains 
 a number of fiour mills, saw mills, tanneries, 
 and potteries. Pop., estimated at 1000. 
 
 Winchester, a post- village of Clark co., 
 Missouri, 10 miles S. W. from Alexandria. 
 
 Winchester, a post. village of Van Buren 
 CO., Iowa, about 70 miles S. by W. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Winchester, a post-township in the N. 
 part of Winnebago co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Winchester, a post-village of Umpqua co., 
 Oregon, on the left bank of the Umpqua 
 river, about 135 miles S. by W. from Salem. 
 
 Winchester Centre, Litchfield co., Con- 
 necticut. See Winsted. 
 
 Winchester Springs, a post-office of 
 Franklin co., Tennessee. 
 
 Wind Creek, a small post-village of Talla- 
 poosa CO., Alabama. 
 
 Wind Gap, a post-village of Northampton 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. N. W. from 
 Easton. Here is an opening through the 
 Blue mountain. 
 
 Windham, a county forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Vermont, has an area of about 
 850 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the Connecticut river, and drained by the 
 Deerfield and West rivers, and other smaller 
 streams, which afford abundant water-power. 
 The surface is uneven, and in the W. part 
 mountainous. The soil along the Connecti- 
 cut river is fertile, but in the western por- 
 tions is better adapted to grazing than tillage. 
 Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and grass are 
 the staples. In 1856 this county produced 
 210,141 bushels of corn; 160,393 of oats; 
 338,295 of potatoes; 84,749 tons of hay, and 
 1,144,653 pounds of butter. There were 11 
 woollen factories, 1 cotton factory, 3 iron 
 foundries, 3 machine shops, 6 flour mills, 3 
 grist mills, 5 paper mills, 26 saw mills, and 
 21 tanneries. It contained 65 churches, 5 
 newspaper offices, 8773 pupils attending pub- 
 lic schools, and 615 attending academies and 
 other schools. Large quantities of fine-grained 
 granite are found in this county. Along the 
 eastern border the Connecticut is navigable 
 for small boats by means of canals around the 
 different falls and rapids that occur in this 
 portion of the river. The railroad connecting 
 Hartford and Burlington passes through 
 the county. Organized in 1789, under the 
 name of Cumberland. Capital, Newfane. 
 Population, 29,062. 
 
 Windham, a county forming the N. E. ex- 
 tremity of Connecticut, has an area of about 
 620 square miles. It is drained by the Qui- 
 nebaug, Shetucket, Willimantic, and Nat- 
 chaug rivers, and other smaller streams, 
 which supply motive-power to numerous mills. 
 The inhabitants are largely engaged in ma- 
 nufactures. The surface is uneven and in 
 some parts rough and rocky. The soil along 
 4 a 
 
 the streams is vez-y fertile, but in other por- 
 tions of the county is often of an inferior 
 quality. Indian corn, potatoes, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county produced 
 240,276 bushels of corn ; 297,098 of pota- 
 toes ; 56,138 tons of hay ; 599,004 pounds of 
 butter, and 817,073 of cheese. There were 
 48 cotton and 15 woollen factories, 1 iron foun- 
 dry, 4 cordage manufactories, and 1 calico- 
 printworks, 185 boot and shoe manufactories, 
 5 machine shops, 14 grist, 2 paper, and 32 
 saw and planing mills, 9 tanneries, 4 coach, 
 1 pin, and 2 hardware manufactories. It 
 contained 67 churches, 3 newspaper offices. 
 7742 pupils attending public schools, and 528 
 attending academies and other schools. The 
 county is intersected by the railroads con- 
 necting Norwich with Worcester, and New 
 London with Palmer. Organized in 1726, 
 having been formed out of portions of Hart- 
 ford and New Loudon counties. Capital, 
 Brooklyn. Population, 31,079. 
 
 Windham, a post-township in Cumberland 
 CO., Maine, intersected by the Presumpscot 
 river, which affords water-power, 48 miles S. 
 W. from Augusta. Population, 2380. 
 
 Windham, a post-township in Rockingham 
 CO., New Hampshire, intersected by the Man- 
 chester and Lawrence railroad, 38 miles S. 
 S. E. from Concord. Population, 818. 
 
 Windham, a post-township in Windham 
 CO., Vermont, 75 miles S. from Montpelier. 
 Population, 763. 
 
 Windham, a post-village in Windham co., 
 Connecticut, near the New London, Willi- 
 mantic, and Palmer railroad, about 30 miles 
 E. by S. from Hartford, contains 2 churches, 
 1 bank, and an academy. Population of the 
 township, 4503. 
 
 Windham, a post-township of Greene co.. 
 New York, about 36 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 Population, 2048. 
 
 Windham, a post-township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 14 miles N. N. E. from 
 Towanda. Population, 957. 
 
 Windham, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Wyoming co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 549. 
 
 Windham, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Portage co., Ohio. Population, 808. 
 
 Windham Centre, a post-village of Greene 
 CO., New York, near Schoharie creek, about 
 35 miles S. W. from Albany. 
 
 Wind Hill, a post-office of Montgomery 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 W^iND Lake, a post-office of Racine co., Wis. 
 
 WiNDRiDGE, a post-office of Greene co.. Pa. 
 
 Wind River Mountains, the name given to 
 a portion of the Piockj' mountains on the E. 
 border of Oregon Territory, near the sources 
 of Green river. Fremont's Peak, one of the 
 highest summits of the Rocky mountains, is 
 situated in this range. 
 
 Windsor, a county in the S. E. central part 
 of Vermont, has an area of about 1040 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Coa- 
 1297 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 necticut, and is traversed by the White river 
 and other smaller streams, which furnish 
 abundant water-power. The surface is gene- 
 rally uneven, and in the W. part mountain- 
 ous. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, pota- 
 toes, wool, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850, the county produced 312,581 bushels 
 of corn; 613,297 of potatoes; 118,865 tons 
 of hay; 1,741,228 pounds of butter, and 
 589,305 of wool. The quantity of corn, hay, 
 and butter was the greatest produced by 
 any county in the state. There were 3 cot- 
 ton, and 22 woollen factories, 3 foundries, 4 
 machine shops, 7 flour mills, 3 grist mills, 12 
 saw mills, 17 manufactories of boots and 
 shoes, 7 of farming implements, and 17 tan- 
 neries. It contained 79 churches, 4 news- 
 paper offices, 1845 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 340 attending other schools. 
 Steatite and limestone are found here. The 
 Connecticut river is navigable, by means of 
 canals round the falls, along the E. border. 
 The county is intersected by the Rutland 
 railroad, and also by the railroad connecting 
 Concord and Montpelier. Organized in 1781. 
 Capital, Woodstock. Population, 38,320. 
 
 Windsor, a post-township in Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, 11 miles E. by S. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1793. 
 
 Windsor, a township in Hillsborough co.. 
 New Hampshire, 23 miles S. W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 172. 
 
 Windsor, a beautiful and flourishing post- 
 village of Windsor county, Vermont, at the 
 union of the Sullivan and the Vermont Cen- 
 tral railroads, 77 miles S. S. E. from Mont- 
 pelier. The site comprises the western verge 
 of an alluvial meadow about a quarter of a 
 mile wide, bordering on the Connecticut, and 
 terminated on the S. and S. W. by Millbrook, 
 and by Pulkhole Brook on the N. and N. W. 
 The scenery is exceedingly varied and pic- 
 turesque, the view embracing Ascutney 
 mountain, only 3 miles distant. The village 
 is handsomely and somewhat compactly 
 built. The streets are beautifully shaded, 
 and many of the dwellings are enclosed by 
 highly ornamented grounds. The principal 
 avenue is very serpentine, making as many 
 as four considerable angles in passing from 
 the northern to its southern limit, the eff"ect 
 being that not more than one-third of the 
 village can be seen from any one point of 
 view. Windsor is the seat of the Vermont 
 State Prison, besides which it contains a 
 bank, 2 newspaper offices, a seminary for 
 young ladies and gentlemen, 3 or 4 churches, 
 and 10 or 12 stores. It carries on an active 
 trade by the Connecticut, and is also in the 
 centre of one of the finest agricultural and 
 wool-growing sections of the state. For the 
 purpose of securing an available water-power, 
 a dam, 360 feet in length and 42 in height, 
 ■was constructed across Millbrook in 1835, 
 about half a mile from its entrance into the 
 Connecticut. The entire fall is 60 feet in one- 
 1298 
 
 third of a mile. In 1814, Windsor and West 
 Windsor were incorporated as two distinct 
 towns, reunited in 1815, and incorporated a 
 second time in 1848. Population, 1928. 
 
 Windsor, a post-village in Berkshire co., 
 Massachusetts, 110 miles W. by N. from Bos- 
 ton, contains several churches. Population 
 of the township, 897. 
 
 Windsor, a post-township of Hartford 
 county, Connecticut, bounded on the E. by 
 the Connecticut river, and intersected by the 
 Farmington river, 6 miles N. from Hartford, 
 The first English settlement in the state was 
 made here in 1633, by Captain William 
 Holmes and others, who came from the Ply- 
 mouth colony in Massachusetts. The town- 
 ship contains three handsome and thriving 
 villages, viz. Windsor, Windsor Locks, and 
 Poquannock. Almost all the inhabitants of 
 that portion of the township which was first 
 settled reside in Windsor village, situated on 
 the right bank of the Connecticut, and on the 
 New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield rail- 
 road. It is built principally on a single 
 street upwards of 2 miles in length, parallel 
 with the river, and beautifully shaded. AVind- 
 sor has been the birth-place of several emi- 
 nent men, among whom may be mentioned 
 Roger Wolcott, governor of Connecticut, and 
 Oliver Ellsworth, for nearly four years chief- 
 justice of the supreme court of the United 
 States. Population in 1840, 2283 ; in 1850, 
 3254. 
 
 Windsor, a post-village in Windsor town- 
 ship, Broome co.. New York, on the Susque- 
 hanna river, about 120 miles W. S. AV.from 
 Albany. It contains several churches and 
 stores. Population of the township, 2645. 
 
 Windsor, a post-office of Mercer co., N. J. 
 
 Windsor, a township of Berks co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 15 miles N. from Reading. 
 Population, 1105. 
 
 Windsor, or Upper Windsor, a post-town- 
 ship of York CO., Pennsylvania, about 9 milea 
 S. E. from York. Population, 1711. 
 
 Windsor, a post- village, capital of Bertie 
 CO., North Carolina, on the Cashie river, an 
 affluent of the Roanoke, 120 miles E. from 
 Raleigh. The river is navigable for sloops as 
 high as this village. Windsor contains 1 or 
 2 churches and 5 stores. 
 
 Windsor, a post-village of Walton co., Ga., 
 about 80 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Windsor, a post-township forming the S. 
 W. extremity of Ashtabula co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by Grand river. Population, 1033. 
 
 Windsor, a thriving post-village in the 
 above township, 186 miles miles N. E. from 
 Columbus. 
 
 Windsor, a township in the E. central part 
 of Lawrence co., Ohio. Population, 1001. 
 
 Windsor, a township in the S. E. part of 
 Morgan co., Ohio, intersected by Muskingum 
 river. Population, 1592. 
 
 Windsor, a small village of Morgan co., 0. 
 
 Windsor, a post-township in the E. part 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 of Eaton co., Michigan, intersected by Grand 
 river. Population, 253. 
 
 Windsor, a post-village in Randolpli co., 
 Indiana, near White river, 60 miles N. E. hy 
 E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 WiNDSOE, a village in Bureau co., Illinois, 
 110 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Windsor, a post-office of Heury co.. Mo. 
 
 Windsor, a post-village in Windsor town- 
 , ship, Dane co., Wisconsin, on Token creek, 
 10 miles N. E. from Madison. 
 
 Windsor, a village of Sierra co., Califor- 
 nia. Population, 210. 
 
 Windsor Locks, a post-village of Windsor 
 township, Hartford county, Connecticut, on 
 the right bank of the Connecticut river, 
 where it is crossed by the New Haven, Hart- 
 ford and Springfield railroad, 13 miles N. by 
 E. from Hartford. A canal, navigable for 
 boats of 85 tons burthen, has been cut around 
 the rapids in the Connecticut at this place, 
 at a cost of about $300,000, furnishing an 
 immense hydraulic power for manufacturing 
 purposes. This village has come into exist- 
 ence within the last 10 or 12 years, and con- 
 tains extensive paper mills, iron and steel 
 works, machine shops, cotton mill, foundry, 
 &c. Population in 1853, about 1200. 
 
 WiNDSORViLLE, a post-office of Hartford 
 CO., Connecticut. 
 
 WiNESBURG, a post-village of Holmes co., 
 0., about 54 miles N. N. E. from Zanesville. 
 
 WiNFiBLD, a post-township of Herkimer 
 CO., New York, 15 miles S. by E. from Utica. 
 Population, 1481. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-office of Union co.. Pa. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-office of Carroll co., Md. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-village, capital of Put- 
 nam county, Virginia, on the Great Kanawha 
 river, 31 miles from its mouth, and 333 miles 
 W. by N. from Richmond. It has grown up 
 since 1848. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-office of Columbia co., Ga. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-office of Clarke co.. Miss. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-village, capital of Scott 
 CO., Arkansas, about 120 miles W. from Little 
 Rock. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-office of Tuscarawas co.,0. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-township in Lake co., In- 
 diana. Population, 245. 
 
 WiNFiBLD, a post-office of Dupage co.. 111. 
 
 WiNFiELD, a post-office of Henry co., Iowa. 
 
 Wing, a township in the W. part of Lucas 
 CO., Ohio. Population, 261. 
 
 WiNGviLLB, a township in the E. part of 
 Grant co., Wisconsin. Population, 1044. 
 
 WiNGviLLE, or MoNTFORT, a post-villagc 
 in the above township, 18 miles N. E. from 
 Lancaster. It contains 1 church, 2 stores, 
 and about 30 dwellings. 
 
 WiNHALL, a post-township in Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, 80 miles S. by W. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 762. 
 
 Winn, a new parish in the N. central part 
 of Louisiana, contains about 980 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the W, and S. W. by 
 
 Saline creek and Red river, and intersected 
 by the Dugdemona river. Organized in 1853. 
 
 AVinnamac, Indiana. See Winamac. 
 
 Winnebago, a county in the N. part of Il- 
 linois, bordering on Wisconsin, has an area 
 of 500 square miles. Rock river flows through 
 the county from N. to S. receiving in its pas- 
 sage the Pekatonica from the W., and the 
 Kishwaukee from the E. The surface is un- 
 dulating, and presents a succession of beau- 
 tiful prairies and woodlands ; the prairies 
 are highly productive, and mostly under cul- 
 tivation. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, pork, 
 and hay are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 316,586 bushels of wheat ; 281,452 
 of corn ; 188,333 of oats, and 14,444 tons of 
 hay. It contained 9 churches, 1 newspaper 
 office, and 2610 pupils attending public 
 schools. Limestone of good quality is abun- 
 dant along the banks of Rock river. The 
 county is liberally supplied with water- 
 power, which is employed in mills and facto- 
 ries. It is intersected by the Galena and 
 Chicago railroad, and by a branch of that 
 road leading to Beloit, Wisconsin. Named 
 from the Winnebago tribe of Indians. Capi- 
 tal, Piockford. Population, 11,773. 
 
 Winnebago, a new county in the N. part 
 of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area 
 of about 430 square miles. It is drained by 
 the head waters of the Mankato and Tewapa 
 Tankiyan rivers, tributaries of St. Peter's 
 river. This county is not included in the 
 census of 1850. County seat not located. 
 
 Winnebago, a county in the N. E. central 
 part of Wisconsin, contains about 430 square 
 miles. Lake Winnebago, from which the 
 name is derived, bounds it on the E., and it is 
 drained by the Neenali and Wolf rivers, navi- 
 gable by steamboats. There are also several 
 smaller lakes in the county. The surface is 
 neai'ly level, and is diversified hj prairies and 
 tracts of timber; the soil is calcareous and 
 very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and 
 lumber are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 57,072 bushels of wheat ; 34,722 of 
 corn, and 77,795 pounds of butter. It con- 
 tained 2 newspaper offices, and 1798 pupils 
 attending public schools. The rock found 
 near the surface is limestone. A canal is in 
 progress from the Neeuah river to the Wis- 
 consin, which will open steam navigation from 
 Green Bay to the Mississippi. Several plank- 
 roads pass through the county, and a railroad 
 is projected from Oshkosh to Milwaukee. Or- 
 ganized in 1842. Capital, Oshkosh. Popu- 
 lation, 10,167. 
 
 Winnebago, a post-office of Bureau co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Winnebago, a township in the E. part of 
 Winnebago co., Wisconsin. Population, 1627. 
 
 Winnebago Lake, Wisconsin, the largest 
 lake in the state, is comprised within the 
 limits of Winnebago, Calumet, and Fond du 
 Lac counties. The line of its greatest length 
 runs nearly due N. and S., having an extent 
 1299 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 of about 28 miles ; greatest breadth, 10 or 11 
 miles ; area, about 212 square miles. The 
 depth is unequal, but quite sufficient for pur- 
 poses of navigation. On the E. side the shore 
 presents a remarkable feature for an extent 
 of 15 miles, consisting of a wall of rocks, laid 
 together as if placed by the hand of art. This 
 ■wall generally rises about 5 feet above the 
 surface of the water, and in some places ex- 
 tends hundreds of feet below. The surface 
 of Lake Winnebago is estimated to be 160 
 feet above that of Lake Michigan. Five 
 steamboats were employed in its navigation 
 in 1852. The Neenah or Fox river enters the 
 lake about midway between its extremities, 
 and flowing from the N. end, discharges its 
 waters into Green bay of Lake Michigan. 
 
 Winnebago Marsh, Wisconsin, on Rock 
 river, near its source, situated principally 
 within the limits of Dodge county, is about 
 14 miles long, and above 5 miles wide. It is 
 perhaps the largest marsh in the state. The 
 river, in passing through it, is often divided 
 into several channels, which it is sometimes 
 impossible to trace through the high, rank 
 grass. 
 
 Winnebago Rapids, a small village of Win- 
 nebago CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 WiNNECONNA, a post-villago in Winneconna 
 township, Winnebago co., Wisconsin, on Fox 
 river, near the mouth of Wolf river, 14 miles 
 N. W. from Oshkosh, with which it is con- 
 nected by a plank-road. Population of the 
 township, 1948. 
 
 WiNNEGANCE, a post-olBce of Lincoln co., 
 Maine. 
 
 Winneshiek, a new county in the N. N. E. 
 part of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an 
 area of about 600 square miles. It is inter- 
 sected by the Upper Iowa and the North fork 
 of Turkey river, affluents of the Mississippi. 
 This county is represented as well watered 
 and well timbered ; the soil is particularly 
 adapted to grazing. Named from a chief of 
 the Winnebago Indians. Capital, Decorah. 
 
 Winneshiek, a post-office of Winneshiek 
 CO., Iowa. 
 
 WiNNicuT, a small river of Rockingham co., 
 New Hampshire, unites its waters with the 
 Piscataqua river. 
 
 WiNNiPisEOGEE, prouounced and sometimes 
 spelled Win^nipesock'ee, (written also Winne- 
 pesocket,) a large and beautiful lake of New 
 Hampshire, lying between Carroll and Belk- 
 nap counties. Its form is very irregular. 
 The entire length is perhaps 23 miles ; great- 
 est breadth, near 10 miles. Its waters are 
 remarkably pure, and very deep. It is said 
 to be fed principally by springs at its bottom. 
 It contains a multitude of islands, which, 
 with the romantic beauty of its banks and 
 the magnificence of the surrounding moun- 
 tains render the scenery of this lake in the 
 highest degree beautiful and picturesque. 
 Lake Winnipiseogee is 472 feet above the 
 level of the sea. Its waters flow through two 
 1300 
 
 small lakes into the Winnipiseogee river, 
 which joins the Merrimack. 
 
 Winnipiseogee River, in the central part 
 of New Hampshire, forms the outlet of the 
 lake of the same name, and running through 
 Great bay, in Belknap county, it unites with 
 the Pemigewasset to form the Merrimack, 
 after constituting part of the boundary be- 
 tween Merrimack and Belknap counties. It 
 affords some excellent mill seats, having a 
 fall of about 232 feet from the lake to its 
 junction with the Pemigewasset river. 
 
 Winnsborough, a post-village, capital of 
 Fairfield district. South Carolina, on the 
 Charlotte and South Carolina railroad, 38 
 miles N. from Columbia. It is situated in a 
 fertile farming district. The railroad, which 
 has lately been completed, connects it Avith 
 Columbia and with Catawba river. ' The vil- 
 lage has several churches and academies, 1 
 bank, and is the seat of the Furman Theologi- 
 cal Seminary, under the direction of the Bap- 
 tists. Two periodicals are published here. 
 
 Winnsborough, a small post-village, capi- 
 tal of Franklin parish, Louisiana, 200 miles 
 N. W. from Baton Rouge. 
 
 Winona, a post-office of Trimble co., Ky. 
 
 Winona, a post-office of Wabasha co., Min- 
 nesota Territory. 
 
 WiNOOSKi River, Vt. See Onion River. 
 
 WiNoosKi, a post-village on both sides of 
 the Winooski river, li miles N. E. from Bur- 
 lington, Chittenden county, Vermont. The 
 Winooski divides the townships of Burling- 
 ton and Colchester, making the village of 
 Winooski partly in each. The stream, which 
 is crossed at this place by a substantial 
 covered bridge, has a fall of about 20 feet. 
 In consequence of the extensive hydraulic 
 power thus afforded, numerous manufactories 
 have sprung up, to which the village chiefly 
 owes its importance. 
 
 WiNSLOw, a post-township in Kennebec co., 
 Maine, 19 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Po- 
 pulation, 1796. 
 
 WiNSLOw, a post- village of Camden co.. New 
 Jersey, on a branch of Great Egg Harbor 
 river, 46 miles S. by E. from Trenton, con- 
 tains a church, 3 glass factories, and 50 or 60 
 dwellings. 
 
 WiNSLOW, a township of Jefi'erson co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 13 miles S. S. W. from 
 Brookville. 
 
 WiNSLOW, a post-village in Pike co., Indi- 
 ana, 146 miles S. W. by S. from Indianapolis. 
 
 WiNSLOW, a post-township forming the N. 
 W. extremity of Stephenson co., Illinois. Po- 
 pulation, 384. 
 
 WiNSLOW, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, 135 miles W. N. W. from Chicago. 
 
 WiNSOR and Brown's Mill, a small manu- 
 facturing village in W^est Gloucester town- 
 ship. Providence co., Rhode Island, about 20 
 miles W. by N. from Providence. 
 
 WiNSPEAR, a post-office of Erie co., N. Y. 
 
 Winsted, a post-village, the largest and 
 
WIN 
 
 WIS 
 
 most prospevons of Litclifield co., Connecti- 
 cut, is situated at the northei'n terminus of 
 the Naugatuck railroad, 62 miles N. by E. 
 from Bridgeport. A lake, covering a surface 
 of 1500 acres, has its outlet at the W. end of 
 the village, through which the stream pur- 
 sues a winding course for two miles, having 
 a fall in this distance of more than 200 feet ; 
 thus affording a succession of never-failing 
 water-power. The village contains 2 forges 
 for making iron, an iron foundry, 3 exten- 
 sive scythe factories, 2 machine shops, 3 
 tanneries, a pin factory, cutlery establish- 
 ment, flouring mill, clock factory, and manu- 
 factories of fire-irons, joiners' tools, nuts, 
 &c. It has also a bank, recently established, 
 "with a capital of over $100,000, 4 churches, 
 and 9 or 10 stores. Among the other edifices 
 of the place may be mentioned the " Beards- 
 ley Hotel" and "Camp's Building" as worthy 
 of notice for their size and elegance. There 
 are two post-offices in the village, named 
 "Winchester," and "West Winsted." The 
 Society of Winsted comprises about one-third 
 ©f the teiTitory, and three-fourths of the 
 population of Winchester township. 
 
 Winston, a county in the E. central part 
 of Mississippi, has an area of about 750 
 square miles. It is drained by the head 
 streams of Pearl river. The surface is un- 
 dulating or nearly level ; the soil is produc- 
 tive. Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. 
 In 1850 it produced 326,408 bushels of corn ; 
 34,221 of oats ; 87,173 of sweet potatoes, and 
 18,249 pounds of beeswax and honey. It 
 contained 14 churches, 1 newspaper office ; 
 310 pupils attending public schools, and 65 
 attending other schools. Named in honor of 
 Colonel Fountain Winston. Capital, Louis- 
 ville. Population, 7956 ; of whom 5188 were 
 free, and 27^8, slaves. 
 
 Winston, a post-office of Alleghany co.,Md. 
 
 Winston, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of Forsyth co.. North Carolina, 120 miles W. 
 by N. from Raldgh, is separated from Salem 
 by a single street. It was laid out in 1850, 
 ivhen the county was organized. 
 
 Winston, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala. 
 
 Winston, a post-office of Weakley co.,Tenn. 
 
 Winston, a post-office of Dent co.. Mo. 
 
 Winstonville, a small village of Winston 
 CO., Miss., 16 miles S. E. from Louisville. 
 
 Winteuiiam, a post-office of Amelia co.,Va. 
 
 Winter Harbor, a post-office of Hancock 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 WiNTBRPOCK, a post-office of Chesterfield 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 WiNTEESEAT, a post-village of Abbeville dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 WiNTERSET, a post-village, capital of Madi- 
 son county, Iowa, on the road leading from 
 Fort Des Moines to Council Bluffs, 150 miles 
 W. by S. from Iowa City. 
 
 WiNTERSviLLE, a post-village of Jefferson 
 CO., Ohio, 140 miles E. by N. from Columbus. 
 
 WiNTERsviLLE, post-officc of Decatur co.Ind. 
 
 WiNTHKOP, a post-township of Kennebec 
 CO., Maine, intersected bj'^ the Androscoggin 
 and Kennebec railroad, about 12 miles W. by 
 N. from Augusta. The principal village is 
 situated at the S. end of a large pond, the out- 
 let of which affords water-power, and on the 
 railroad, 53 miles N. by E. from Portland. It 
 is a place of active business, and contains a 
 bank. Pop. in 1840, 1915; in 1850, 2154. 
 
 WiNTHROP, a post-office of Middlesex co. 
 Connecticut. 
 
 WiNTHROP, a post-office of Kane co.. 111. 
 
 AViNTON, a post-village, capital of Hertford 
 county, North Carolina, on the right bank of 
 the Chowan river, 115 miles N. E. from P.,a- 
 leigh. It contains a court house, 2 stores, 
 and 1 steam saw mill. The river is naviga- 
 ble for sloops, in which staves and tar are 
 exported. 
 
 WiNTON, a post-office of Butler co., Ohio. 
 
 WiNTAW Bay, of South Carolina, is an es- 
 tuary formed by the confluence of the Pedee, 
 Black, and Waccamaw rivers, (which unite a 
 little above Georgetown,) and communicating 
 with the Atlantic about lat. 33° 10' N. Length, 
 14 miles ; mean breadth, 2 miles. Large ves- 
 sels can ascend to Georgetown. 
 
 WiOTA, a post-village of Lafayette county, 
 Wisconsin, on Pekatonica river, and 37 miles 
 E. N. E. from Galena. It has 4 stores, and 
 about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 WiRETOWN, a post- village of Ocean co., 
 New .Jersey, 51 miles S. E. from Trenton. 
 
 Wirt, a county in the N. W. part of Virgi- 
 nia, has an ai'ea estimated at 200 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Little Ka- 
 nawha river, and also drained by Hughes' 
 river and Reedy and Spring creeks. The 
 surface is hilly and well timbered ; the soil 
 mostly fertile. Indian corn, oats, hay, and 
 live stock are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 98,291 bushels of corn; 22,910 cf 
 oats; 1097 tons of hay, and 25,230 pounds of 
 butter. There were 2 grist mills and 7 saw 
 mills. It contained 13 churches, and 600 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. The North- 
 western Virginia railroad, when finished, will 
 connect the county with the Ohio river. 
 Formed a few years ago, and named in honor 
 of William Wirt, formerly attorney-general 
 of the United States. Capital, Wirt Court 
 House, or Elizabethtown. Population, 3353, 
 of whom 3321 were free, and 32, slaves. 
 
 Wirt, a post-township of Alleghany co., 
 New York, about 82 miles W. S. W. from Ro- 
 chester. Population, 1544. 
 
 Wirt Court House, or Elizabethtown, a 
 post-village, capital of Wirt co., Virginia, on 
 the Little Kanawha river, about 300 miles N. 
 W. from Richmond. 
 
 Wirtemberg, a small village of Perry co., 
 Missouri. 
 
 WiscASSETT, a post-town, port of entry, 
 
 and one of the capitals of Lincoln co., Maine, 
 
 on the right bank of Sheepscot river, about 
 
 12 miles from the ocean, and 45 miles E. N. 
 
 1301 
 
WIS 
 
 WIS 
 
 E. from Portland. The inhabitants are ex- 
 tensively engaged in foreign commerce, the 
 coast trade, and the fisheries, the river afford- 
 ing excellent facilities, being navigable for 
 the largest vessels, and seldom obstructed 
 •with ice. The shipping of the district, June 
 30, 1852, amounted to an aggregate of 6303|| 
 tons registered, and 14,41()|-i tons enrolled 
 and licensed— total, 20,720if tons. Of the 
 enrolled and licensed tonnage, 8447|f tons 
 ■were employed in the coast trade, 4673|4 
 tons in the cod fishery, and 6o6|^ tons in the 
 mackerel fishery. During the year, 1 ship, 
 6 brigs, and 9 schooners, with an aggregate 
 burthen of 2461 S| tons, -were admeasured. 
 Besides the county buildings, the town con- 
 tains several churches, a bank, and 10 or 12 
 stores. Population of the township, 2343. 
 
 Wisconsin, (Neekoospara of the Indians,) 
 an important river of Wisconsin, rising in a 
 small lake called Vieux Desert, near the N. 
 boundary of the state ; it flows nearly south- 
 ward to the Winnebago Portage, in Columbia 
 county. Below this point, which is 114 miles 
 by land from its mouth, the river pursues a 
 south-westerly course until it enters the Mis- 
 sissippi, 4 miles below Prairie du Chien. The 
 whole length is estimated at 600 miles. It is 
 600 yards wide at its mouth, and 400 yards 
 at the portage. Shifting sandbars render the 
 navigation rather difficult, but small steamers 
 ascend as high as to Portage City, (about 200 
 miles by the course of the river,) and a canal 
 is in course of construction from that place 
 to the Neenah or Fox river, which will open 
 uninterrupted navigation from the Mississippi 
 to Lake Michigan, via Green bay. The Nee- 
 nah river approaches within a mile and a 
 half of the Wisconsin, at Winnebago Portage. 
 The Wisconsin is the largest river that inter- 
 sects the state. In the upper part of its 
 course it is bordered by extensive forests of 
 pine timber, of which large quantities are 
 sent to market. The Little Wisconsin enters 
 the main stream from the right, near the 
 centre of Marathon county. 
 
 Wisconsin, one of the recently settled 
 states of the American confederacy, is bound- 
 ed on the N. by Minnesota, Lake Superior, 
 and the northern peninsula of Michigan, 
 (from which it is separated in part by the 
 Mennemonee and Montreal rivers,) on the E. 
 by Lake Michigan, S. by Illinois, and W. by 
 Iowa and Minnesota Territory, from the 
 former of which it is separated by the Mis- 
 sissippi, and from the latter (in part) by the 
 St. Croix river. It lies between 42° 80' and 
 4G° 55' N. lat., (if we exclude some small 
 islands belonging to the state in Lake Supe- 
 rior,) and between 87° and 92° 50' W. Ion., 
 being about 285 miles in extreme length from 
 N. to S., and about 255 in its greatest breadth 
 from E. to W., including an area of about 
 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres, 
 of which 1,045,499 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — This flourishing scion of the 
 1S02 
 
 West has had a growth unexampled even m 
 that thriving region, having increased from 
 30,945 in 1840, to a population of 305,391 in 
 1850; of whom 164,221 were white males; 
 140, 344 white females; 365 free colored males; 
 and 216 free colored females. The population 
 was divided into 33,517 families, occupying 
 32,962 dwellings. Of the entire population, 
 63,015 only were born in the state; 134,897 
 in other states of the confederacy; 8277 in 
 British America ; 34,519 in Germany; 775 in 
 France; 18,952 in England; 21,043 in Ire- 
 land ; 3237 in Scotland ; 4319 in Wales ; 4 in 
 Spain; 4 in Portugal; 45 in Belgium; 1157 
 in Holland; 9 in Italy; 61 in Austria; 1244 
 in Prussia ; 71 in Russia ; 8651 in Norway; 
 146 in Denmark; 88 in Sweden; 3545 in 
 Prussia; 1 in Sardinia; 1 in Greece; 17 in 
 Asia; 1 in x\frica ; 9 in Mexico; 11 in Cen- 
 tral America ; 6 in South America ; 20 in 
 West Indies ; 1 in Sandwich Islands ; 191 in 
 other countries, and 784 whose places of birth 
 were unknown — showing nearly 35 per cent. 
 of foreign birth, and exhibiting a greater va- 
 riety than is usual even in the very diversified 
 population of the other parts of the Union. 
 It will be observed that a new element, or at 
 least in much greater proportion than else- 
 where, has been introduced by the emigration 
 of considerable bodies of Norwegians, being 
 about two-thirds of the whole number of that 
 nation born in the United States. The emi- 
 gration from Germany and Wales is also in 
 greater proportion than in the other states. 
 
 Counties. — Wisconsin is divided into 43 
 counties, viz. Adams, Bad Axe, Brown, Ca- 
 lumet, Chippewa, Columbia, Crawford, Dane, 
 Dodge, Door, Fond du Lac, Grant, Green, 
 Iowa, Jefferson, Kenosha, Kewaunee, La 
 Crosse, Lafayette, Lapointe, Manitoowoc, Ma- 
 rathon, Marquette. Milwaukee, Oconto, Outa- 
 gamie, Ozaukee, Pierce, Polk, Portage, Ra- 
 cine, Richland, Rock, St. Croix, Sauk, Sha- 
 wana, Sheboygan, Walworth, Washington, 
 Waukesha, Waupacca, Waushara, and Win- 
 nebago. Capital, Madison. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Towns are springing up 
 in Wisconsin as if by magic, and a region 
 that but a few years ago was mostly an In- 
 dian hunting ground, is now dotted over with 
 them. The principal of these are Milwaukee, 
 population, 20,061; Racine, 5111; Kenosha, 
 3455 ; Janesville, 3451 ; Waukesha, 2313 ; 
 Platteville, 2197, and Fond du Lac, 2014. 
 Besides these there are Beloit, jMadison, Green 
 Bay, Ozaukee, Mineral Point, Oshkosh, Wa- 
 tertown, Sheboygan, and Manitoowoc, having 
 populations of from 2000 to 4000 each. 
 
 Face of the Country. — Wisconsin may be de- 
 scribed generally as an elevated rolling prai- 
 rie, from 600 to 1200 feet above the level of 
 the sea. The highest portion of this plateau 
 is on the N., and forms the dividing ridge 
 between the waters flowing S. W. into the 
 Mississippi, and those flowing N. into Lake 
 Superior. The southern slope is again in- 
 
WIS 
 
 WIS 
 
 terrupted about the middle of the state by 
 another ridge, giving origin to a second slope, 
 drained by Rock river and its branches. This 
 state has no mountains, properly so called. 
 The descent towards Lake Superior is very 
 abrupt, and the rivers full of rapids and falls, 
 which interrupt navigation, but afford valua- 
 able mill sites. There is a third ridge or eleva- 
 tiou in the S. E., dividing the watercourses of 
 Lake Michigan from those of Green bay. 
 Just below the second ridge, a depression 
 crosses the state, forming the bed of the Nee- 
 nah or Fox river and the Lower Wisconsin. 
 When the rivers are unusually full, these ac- 
 tually communicate, though running in oppo- 
 site directions, the one to the Mississippi, 
 and the other to Lake Michigan. Limestone 
 underlies most of the southern part of the 
 state — the cliif limestone in the mineral dis- 
 tricts, and the blue elsewhere. The northern 
 part seems to be composed of primitive rocks, 
 for the most part of granite, slate, and sand- 
 stone. Commencing a little S. of the Wis- 
 consin, and along the Mississippi, as far back 
 as the falls of its tributaries, sandstone, be- 
 tween layers of limestone, is the prevailing 
 rock, and forms the cliffs on the Mississippi, 
 below St. Anthony's falls, for 35 miles. The 
 rivers in this region are much obstructed by 
 shifting beds of this sand. From Lake Mi- 
 chigan westward to the other sections named, 
 is a limestone region, . in many parts well 
 timbered, while in others a considerable por- 
 tion is prairie. Underlying the blue lime- 
 stone is a brown sandstone, which crops out 
 on the sides of the hills, but no lead lias ever 
 been found in it. A section through Blue 
 Mound would give the following result, de- 
 scending vertically : — Hornstone, 410 feet ; 
 magnesian lime, or lead-bearing rock, 169 
 feet ; saccharoid sandstone, 40 feet ; sand- 
 stone, 3 feet ; lower limestone, (at the le^el 
 of the Wisconsin,) 190 feet. The elevations 
 of different parts of the southern section of 
 the state are given by Chancellor Lathrop, 
 at Blue Mounds, 1170; head waters of the 
 Rock river, 316; egress of the same river 
 from the state, 128, and the portage between 
 the Fox aad Wisconsin rivers, at 223 feet 
 above the level of Lake Michigan and the 
 Wisconsin river. 
 
 Geology. — Following the map accompany- 
 ing the geological work of Professor Owen, 
 on the States of Iowa and Wisconsin, and 
 the Territoi'y of Minnesota, we should say 
 that about half the northern part of the State 
 of Wisconsin, resting on Lake Superior, and 
 having its apex near the 44th degree of N. lat., 
 and about the middle of the state, (taken in 
 an E. and W. direction,) is covered by drift, 
 overlying the Potsdam sandstone of New York, 
 and metamorphic strata, with occasional pro- 
 trusions of granite and other igneous rocks. 
 Beyond this triangle, on the S. E. and S. W., 
 the sandstone comes to the surface in a broad 
 belt, having between it and the Mississippi, 
 
 (from the St. Croix to the Wisconsin river,) 
 a second belt of lower magnesian limestone, 
 with the sandstone occasionally laid bare in 
 the valleys of the streams. This same form- 
 ation is continued on the S., (following the 
 Wisconsin river on both sides,) and on the E., 
 coasting the sandstone belt to its full extent. 
 The limestone is followed in turn by another 
 zone of white sandstone, containing beds of 
 shells. Next succeeds the lead-bearing 
 group of upper magnesian limestone, extend- 
 ing into Illinois and Iowa on the S. and W., 
 and on the E. running up into the peninsula 
 formed by Green bay and Lake Michigan, 
 having a triangle of the Niagara limestone 
 between it and Lake Michigan on the S. E. 
 On the shores of Lake Superior are two beds 
 of red clay and marl, separated by ridges of 
 drift from 300 to 600 feet high. East of this, 
 and just where the northern boundary leaves 
 the lake, parallel groups of conglomerate red 
 sandstone and slates, trap, and metamorphic 
 slates, with beds of magnetic iron ore, gra- 
 nite, and quartzose rocks come to the surface. 
 Minerals. — Part of the great lead region 
 extending from Illinois and Iowa is included in 
 the S. W. part of Wisconsin, and is no less rich 
 in the quantity and quality of its ore than in 
 the other states where it lies. The lead is here 
 intermingled with copper and zinc in consi- 
 derable quantities, together with some silver. 
 In Lapointe, Chippewa, St. Croix, and Iowa 
 counties, copper is found ; in Dodge county, 
 and on the Black river and other branches 
 of the Mississippi, good iron ore occurs. The 
 other metallic substances are magnetic iron, 
 iron pyrites, and graphite or plumbago. The 
 non-metallic earths are agate, cornelians, 
 (found on the shores of the small lakes,) bitu- 
 men, peat, marble of fine quality, lime, quartz, 
 some gypsum, saltpetre, sulphates of barytes, 
 porphyry, and coal in small quantities. A 
 vein of copper ore was discovered in 1848, 
 near the Kickapoo river, which yields about 
 20 per cent, of copper, but to what extent' 
 the bed runs has not been ascertained. Mines 
 were also worked at the falls of Black river 
 and in its vicinity, but they have been aban- 
 doned. Facts do not justify any expectation 
 of great deposits of copper in the N. W. part 
 of the state. A great bed of magnetic iron 
 ore lies south of Lake Superior, near Tyler's 
 fork of the Bad river, in strata of metamorphic 
 slate. In 1850, 569,921 pigs of lead were 
 shipped from Dubuque and Mineral Point; 
 but 778,460 in 1845,. Beautiful varieties of 
 marble have been recently discovered, or 
 made known to the public in the N. part of 
 Wisconsin. According to Messrs. Foster 
 and Whitney's report, they are found on 
 the Michigamig and ]\Ienomonee rivers, and 
 afford beautiful marbles, whose prevailing 
 color is light pink traversed by veins or 
 seams of deep red. Others are blue and 
 dove-colored, beautifully veined. These are 
 susceptible of a fine polish, and some on the 
 1303 
 
WIS 
 
 WIS 
 
 Menomonee are within navigable distance 
 from New York. 
 
 Lakes and Riners. — Besides the great Lakes 
 Superior and Michigan, which lave its north- 
 ern and eastern shores, Wisconsin has a num- 
 ber of small lakes. The principal of these 
 is Lake Winnebago, S. E. from the middle of 
 the state. It is about 28 miles long and 10 
 miles wide, and commvinicates with Green 
 bay, (a N. W. arm of Lake Michigan,) through 
 the Fox, or ISTeenah river. These small lakes 
 are most abundant in the N. W., and are 
 generally characterized by clear water and 
 gravelly bottoms, often with bold picturesque 
 shores, crowned with hemlock, spruce, and 
 other trees. They aiford excellent fish. In 
 the shallow waters on the margins of some 
 of them grows wild rice, an important article 
 of food with the savages of this region. The 
 rivers which traverse the interior flow gene- 
 rally in a S. W. direction, and discharge their 
 waters into the Mississippi. The latter river 
 runs along the S. W. border of Wisconsin for 
 more than 200 miles. Commencing at the S., 
 we have, in the following order, Wisconsin, Bad 
 Ase, Black, and Chippewa rivers. Of these 
 the most important is the Wisconsin, which 
 has a course of probably 200 miles, almost di- 
 rectly S. when it flows nearly west for about 
 100 more. The Chippewa is about 200, and 
 the Black 150 miles long. The Rock, Des 
 Plaines, and Fox river (of Illinois) drain the 
 S. E. slope of the state, and pass off into Il- 
 linois. The Fox, or Neenah, is the outlet of 
 Winnebago lake, and connects it with Green 
 bay. The Y»'olf, from the N., is the main 
 feeder of the same lake. The Menomonee, 
 emptying into Green bay, and the Montreal, 
 into Lake Superior, are rapid streams, which 
 are valuable for mill sites. They form part 
 of the N. E. boundary. The Menomonee has 
 a descent of 1049 feet. The St. Louis, (con- 
 sidered as the primary source of the St. Law- 
 rence,) coasts this state for 20 or 30 miles 
 on the N. W., and is full of rapids and falls 
 in this part of its course. These rivers are 
 not generally favorable to navigation without 
 artificial aid. The Wisconsin may be ascend- 
 ed by steamboats to the rapids, where it ap- 
 proaches a tributary of Lake Winnebago, 
 within a mile and a half, where a canal is 
 being constructed, which, when completed, 
 will open an entire inland navigation from 
 New York to the Upper Mississippi. The 
 Rock river is sometimes at high water ascend- 
 ed by boats to within the limits of Wisconsin. 
 The Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and St. Croix 
 are important channels for floating timber 
 to market from the pine regions in the N. 
 AV. of the state. The rivers flowing into 
 Lake Superior are small, and though unfa- 
 vorable for commerce, their rapid courses 
 make them valuable for mill sites. Colonel 
 Long estimates that the Chippewa, Black, 
 Wisconsin, and Rock rivers are respectively 
 capable of a steamboat navigation of 70, 60, 
 1304 
 
 180, and 250 miles, but at present they are 
 a good deal obstructed by shifting sands and 
 rapids. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Wisconsin, 
 though young in political existence, is not 
 behind her sister states in objects of interest, 
 not merely for the utilitarian, but for the 
 lover of the picturesque, and even the an- 
 tiquary. Scattered over her undulating 
 plains are found earth-works, modelled after 
 the forms of men and animals, that are evi- 
 dently the work of a race different from 
 those who possessed the country at the pe- 
 riod of the arrival of the Europeans. At 
 Aztalan, in Jefferson county, is an ancient 
 fortification, 550 yards long, 275 wide, with 
 walls 4 or 5 feet high, and more than 20 feet 
 thick at the base. Another work, resembling 
 a man in a recumbent position, 120 feet long 
 and 30 across the trunk, is to be seen near 
 the Blue Mounds ; and one resembling a 
 turtle, 56 feet in length, at Prairieville. 
 These artificial works are generally without 
 order, but sometimes have a systematic ar- 
 rangement, with fragments of pottery often 
 scattered around. Some are so defaced as 
 to make it difficult to trace the animal re- 
 semblances referred to, while others are dis- 
 tinctly visible. One is said to have been 
 discovered near Cassville, resembling the ex- 
 tinct mastodon. Among the most striking 
 natural objects are the Blue Mounds, in Dane 
 county, the highest of which has an elevation 
 of 1170 feet above the Wisconsin, and is a 
 prominent landmark in this country of 
 prairies. Platte and other mounds in the 
 S. W. of the state, have various elevations 
 of from 60 to more than 100 feet. Devil's 
 lake, covering an area of 600 ncres, occupies 
 the summit of a mound 300 feet high. This 
 state shares with Minnesota the beautiful 
 lake Pepin, an expansion of the Mississippi, 
 mostly walled in by precipitous shores, which 
 rise at Maiden's Rock to 400 feet, (200 of 
 which are perpendicular magnesian limestone 
 rock,) to 600 below the outlet of the lake, 
 and 330 above its commencement. These 
 heights are merely given as examples, not as 
 the on]j ones there are. Almost all the 
 rivers of Wisconsin abound in rapids and falls. 
 The most remarkable of these are a series of 
 cascades or cataracts in the St. Louis river, 
 extending through a space of sixteen miles, 
 and terminating about 20 miles from its 
 mouth. The entire descent is about 320 
 feet. The fall, however, at any one pitch is 
 not more than 140 feet ; but there are two 
 others of 50 and 80 feet respectively. Qiiin- 
 nessec falls in the Menomonee river have one 
 perpendicular pitch of 40 feet, and an entire 
 descent of 134 feet in one mile and a half, 
 besides several other rapids, where the river 
 tosses and dashes through narrow and tortu- 
 ous defiles. Among the other falls, are St. 
 Croix, Chippewa, and Big Bull falls in 
 the Wisconsin. The river bluffs present 
 
WIS 
 
 WIS 
 
 grand and picturesque views in many places, 
 particularly at Mount Trempleau, on the 
 Mississippi, in La Crosse county, where the 
 rocks rise 500 feet perpendicularly above 
 the river, — in Richland county, on the Wis- 
 consin, where the banks are from 150 to 200 
 feet high, — and in Sauk county, where it 
 passes throu2;h a narrow gorge between 
 cliifs of from 400 to 500 feet elevation. This 
 state abounds in picturesque objects, in water- 
 falls, rapids, bluffs, and beautiful lakes, with 
 clear water and gravelly bottoms. Grandfa- 
 ther Bull falls, the greatest rapids in the AVis- 
 consin river, are in about 45° N. lat., and 
 are a series of small cascades or rapids, 
 breaking through a ridge of 150 feet perpen- 
 dicular height, for the distance of one mile 
 and a half. In this vicinity are a number of 
 chalj'beate springs. On the same river, near 
 the 44th parallel of N. lat. is Petenwell Peak, 
 an oval mass of rock, 900 feetlongby 300 wide, 
 and 200 in elevation above the neighboring 
 country, of which it commands an extensive 
 view. About 70 feet of this, at the top, is 
 composed of perpendicular rock, split into 
 towers, turrets, &c. A few miles below this 
 is Fortification rock, which rises to the height 
 of 100 feet or more above the general level, 
 being perpendicular on one side, while on the 
 other it descends by a succession of terraces to 
 the common level. At the Dalles the Wisconsin 
 is compressed for 5 or 6 miles between red 
 sandstone hiils, from 25 feet to 120 feet 
 high, and an average of 100 feet asunder. 
 Between the Dalles and the mouth of the 
 river, the bluffs are of every variety of height 
 under 400 feet. 
 
 Climate. — This thriving state, which has 
 surpassed every other, except California, in 
 the unexampled rapidity of its growth, is 
 the theme of almost unmingled praise of the 
 tourist and the emigrant from every part of 
 Europe and America. Its beautiful lakes, 
 rolling prairies, swelling uplands, and "oak 
 openings," (i. e. lands covered with a scat- 
 tered growth of oak,) fertile soil, its fine 
 angling, abundance of game, and healthy 
 climate, tempt thither alike the permanent 
 settler, the sportsman, and the lover of the 
 picturesque. The climate, though severe, 
 and the winters long, is more regular and 
 more free from those frequent and unhealthy 
 changes that prevail farther south. The 
 lakes, too, exert a mitigating influence, the 
 temperature being 6i° higher on the lake 
 than on the Mississippi side. The lake 
 shore is also more moist, but the state gene- 
 rally is drier than in the same parallels far- 
 ther east. From records kept between 1835 
 and 1845, it appears the Milwaukee river 
 was closed on an average from November 
 22d to March 26 ; and steamboats arrived at 
 Mineral Point from February 26 to April 16, 
 closing from November 16 to December 4. 
 The diseases consequent upon clearing lands 
 are less frequent, it is said, in this than other 
 
 new states, owing to the open nature of the 
 country in the oak openings. The number of 
 deaths in the year ending June, 1850, were 
 2884, or less than 10 in every thousand per- 
 sons — while Massachusetts had about 20. 
 
 Soil a?id Productions. — The country south 
 of the middle is a fine agricultural region. 
 In the mineral district, W. of the Pekatonica, 
 the country is broken, but, what is unusual 
 in mining tracts, generally well adapted to 
 farming, and especially grazing. But pro- 
 bably tiie best agricultural section is that E. 
 of the Pekatonica, which has more prairie 
 land, though even here is a considerable por- 
 tion of timbered land on the rivers and 
 streams. The agricultural capabilities of 
 the northern part of the state, around tho 
 head waters of the Black and Chippewa 
 rivers, and the sources of the rivers empty- 
 ing into Lake Superior, are small, the sur- 
 face in part being covered with drift and 
 boulders, and partly with ponds and marshes. 
 The agricultural staples of this state are wheat, 
 Indian corn, oats, Irish potatoes, butter, and 
 live stock, besides considerable quantities of 
 rye, wool, beans, peas, barley, buckwheat, 
 maple sugar, beeswax, honey, cheese, and 
 hay, with some sweet potatoes, tobacco, 
 fruits, wine, grass-seeds, hops, flax, and 
 hemp. There were in 1850, 20,177 farms in 
 Wisconsin, containing 1,045,499 acres of im- 
 proved land; andin 1850, there were produced 
 4,286,131 bushels of wheat; 8,414,672 of 
 oats; 1,988,970 of Indian corn; 1,402,077 
 of Irish potatoes; 3,633,750 pounds of but- 
 ter; 610,976 of maple sugar; 275,662 tons 
 of hay ; and live stock to the value of 
 $4,897,385. For further particulars, see 
 Table of Agricultural Products, Appendix. 
 
 Forest Trees. — -There are vast forests of 
 pine on the Upper Wisconsin, the Wolf river, 
 and the tributaries of the Mississippi, N. of 
 the Wisconsin. The other forest trees are 
 spruce, tamarac, cedar, oak of different spe- 
 cies, birch, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, 
 ash, hemlock, poplar, sycamore, and sugar- 
 maple. The oak openings already described 
 form a pleasing feature in the landscapes of 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 The wild animals are black bears, prairie 
 wolves, gray wolves, foxes, woodchucks, and 
 the gopher, which is found only on the west 
 side, near the Mississippi river. The last 
 named animal is very destructive to the 
 roots of fruit-trees. 
 
 Manufactures. — This youthful state has not 
 yet had time (nor is it yet her most profit- 
 able resource) to test her manufacturing ca- 
 pabilities. In 1850 there were 1273 esta- 
 blishments, each producing $500 and upwards 
 annually, of which 16, with a capital of 
 $131,350, and employing 288 male hands, 
 were engaged in the manufacture of iron, 
 consuming raw material worth $95,186, and 
 producing 4343 tons of pig, iron castings, 
 &c., valued at $243,195 ; and 9 woollen ma- 
 1305 
 
WIS 
 
 WIS 
 
 Dufactories, employing $31,225 capital, and 
 25 male hands, consuming raw material 
 ■worth $32,630, and producing 87,992 yards 
 of stuff, and 74,350 pounds of yarn, worth 
 a total value of $87,992 ; and $98,700, in- 
 vested in manufacturing malt and spirituous 
 liquors, consuming 91,020 bushels of barley, 
 29,900 of Indian corn, 9200 of rye, and 28 
 tons of hops, and producing 127,000 gallons 
 of whiskey, &c., and 31,320 barrels of ale, 
 beer, &c. The numerous rivers and streams 
 of Wisconsin, with their frequent rapids and 
 falls, afford great facilities for mill sites of 
 every sort, and her forests and iron for ship 
 and steamboat building. Mr. Hunt, in his 
 Gazetteer, estimates the manufacture of pine 
 lumber at 400,000,000 feet,besides which large 
 quantities of oak and basswood are sawed 
 into scantling, plank, lath, &c. He also 
 gives the number of barrels of flour manu- 
 factured at 100,000, (independent of all 
 kinds of mill stuffs in abundance,) of paper, 
 800,000 pounds, and of shot, 100,000 pounds 
 annually. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — A canal is being 
 constructed from the Wisconsin to the Fox 
 river, with funds arising from the sale of 
 land appropriated by the national govern- 
 ment, though under state supervision. Tliis, 
 when completed, will open an uninterrupted 
 inland navigation from New Orleans to New 
 York. In January, 1852, there were 20 miles 
 of railway completed, and 421 in course of 
 construction. Plank and trunk roads are 
 also being laid from the lake depots towards 
 the interior. The Milwaukee and Mississippi 
 railway was completed, October, 1853, to 
 Janesville ; a railroad is nearly finished to 
 connect Fond du Lac and Janesville ; the 
 Milwaukee and La Crosse railroad, extend- 
 ing from Milwaukee to the Mississippi river, 
 is in progress ; one also from Racine to Janes- 
 ville is in course of construction ; and one is 
 nearly completed from Milwaukee to Chicago, 
 along the lake shore. Many other railways 
 are in course of construction, and a great 
 number are projected : and in this youthful 
 and vigorous state, as action follows thought 
 with but small intervals, they will no doubt 
 soon be commenced. 
 
 Com.me.rce. — Wisconsin enjoys great facili- 
 ties for internal trade, communicating by the 
 great lakes with Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania, New York, and the Canadas, 
 and by the Mississippi and its tributaries 
 with various parts of the Mississippi valley, 
 and even with the Atlantic ports through the 
 Gulf of Mexico. There were 9 vessels built 
 in Wisconsin in 1852, with a tonnage of 
 555||. The entire tonnage of the state for 
 the same year was 6931^4. Tonnage entered, 
 1,250,000; cleared, the same. The entire 
 commerce of the district of Milwaukee (in- 
 cluding the ports of Sheboygan, Port Wash- 
 ington, Kenosha, and Racine,) was, imports 
 of the value of $19,500,713, and exports, 
 1306 
 
 $4,564,779. The leading articles of export 
 were wheat and other grains, flour, hides, 
 wool, lead, lumber, brick, ashes, beef, pork, 
 &c. According to an article in De Bow's 
 Review for January, 1853, there were in 
 1851-2 exported from the St. Croix, Chip- 
 pewa, and Black rivers, in the N. W. part 
 of Wisconsin, 61,000,000 feet of lumber; 
 23,000,000 feet of logs; square timber, lath, 
 shingles, &c., valued at $30,000 ; and furs and 
 peltries worth .$200,000 ; making the value 
 of exports for the western part of the state, 
 $1,170,000. The ports of Wisconsin in the 
 district of Mackinac probably add at least a 
 value of $5,000,000 to the trade of Wiscon- 
 sin. The total lumber trade of 1852 has 
 been given at 21 1,000.000 feet, viz. from Black 
 river, 15,000,000; Chippewa, 28,500,000; 
 Green bay, 28,000,000 ; Manitoowoc, 
 24,500,000 ; St. Croix, 20,000,000 ; Wiscon- 
 sin, 70,000,000; and Wolf river, 25,000,000. 
 The total valuation of lead exported from 
 Galena (nine-tenths of which, according to 
 Hunt's Gazetteer of Wisconsin, was from 
 that state) and the ports on Lake Michigan, 
 was $3,459,075 ; besides considerable quan- 
 tities shipped from points on the Mississippi 
 and Wisconsin rivers. The largest shipment 
 of lead within the eleven years preceding 
 1852 was 51,114,829 pounds; the lowest, 
 29,424,329 pounds. 
 
 Education. — In the year ending August, 
 1851, there were 111,431 children in Wiscon- 
 sin, of whom 79,869 attended school. There 
 were in August, 1852, in the state, 2763 
 school districts, in which were 1664 school 
 houses, mostly frame or log, and valued at 
 $261,986.32. The capital of the school fund 
 in December, 1852, was $819,200.50. It is 
 expected that erelong the lands appropriated 
 for the support of schools will form a fund 
 of from $3,000,000 to $5,000,000. Public 
 instruction is under the charge of a state su- 
 perintendent, receiving $1000 per annum. 
 There have been granted for the support of a 
 state university, 46,080 acres of land. There 
 are also other colleges and academies sup- 
 ported by private subscriptions, which are 
 promising institutions. — See Table of Colleges, 
 Appendix. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — In Wisconsin the 
 most numerous religious body is the Roman 
 Catholics, who have 57 churches ; Methodists, 
 54 ; Congregationalists, 33 ; Baptists, 28 ; 
 Presbyterians, 21; Episcopalians, 19; and 
 Lutherans, 18. Besides these, there are some 
 Christians, Dutch Reformed, Free, Union, 
 Universalists, &c., — giving 1 church to every 
 1250 inhabitants. Value of church property, 
 $350,600. For full particulars, see Table of 
 Religions, Appendix. 
 
 Public Institutions. — The Wisconsin Insti- 
 tute for the Education of the Blind was 
 opened at Janesville in 1850, and the number 
 of pupils in December, 1851, was 16. It is 
 supported by a tax of one-fifteenth of a mill 
 
WIS 
 
 WOL 
 
 on every dollar. A state prison has been 
 erected at Waupun, in Fond du Lac county. 
 There were 35 public libraries, containing 
 an aggregate of 7163 volumes, and 2163 vo- 
 lumes in school libraries in 18-30. 
 
 Government, Finances, Banks, ^"c. — The go- 
 vernor is elected by the people for 2 years, 
 and receives $1250 per annum. Wisconsin 
 has also a lieutenant-governor, elected for a 
 like period, who is ex officio president of the 
 senate, and receives $5 a day during the 
 session of the legislature. The senate con- 
 sists of 25 members, and the house of repre- 
 sentatives of 82 ; the former elected by the 
 people for 2 years, and the latter annually. 
 The state has an emigrant officer resident in 
 New York city. The judiciary consists — 1. 
 Of a supreme court, composed of 3 judges; 
 2. Of circuit courts, which hold two sessions 
 a year in each county; and 3. Of county 
 courts and justices of the peace. (Except to 
 issue writs of mandamus, quo warranto, &c., 
 the supreme court is only an appeal court, 
 and has no jury trials.) All judges are 
 elected by the people, the supreme and cir- 
 cuit judges for 6 years, and the county 
 judges for 4. The supreme judges receive 
 salaries of $2000, and the circuit judges 
 $1500 per annum each. The assessed value 
 of property in Wisconsin in 1850 was 
 $26,715,525; estimated value, $42,056,595, 
 and $46,262,254 in 1852. State debt in 
 1862, none. Annual expenses, exclusive of 
 schools and debt, $20,000. There was but 1 
 bank in January, 1852, with a capital of 
 $225,000, a circulation of $250,000, and 
 $100,000 in coin. 
 
 History. — Wisconsin was visited at a very 
 early period by the French missionaries and 
 discoverers, and a settlement made by the 
 French in the latter part of the seventeenth 
 century. There was no considerable influx 
 of emigration, however, till quite recently ; 
 but it is likely to repay amply for its tardi- 
 ness, by the unexampled rapidity with which 
 emigration flows thither, invited by its rich 
 soil, valuable minerals, beautiful lakes, and 
 rolling prairies. Wisconsin was formed into 
 a territory in 1836, and admitted into the 
 Union as an independent state in 1848. 
 
 WiscoY, a post-office of Alleghany co., N.Y, 
 
 Wiseman, a post- village of Boone co., Mis- 
 souri, about 16 miles N. N. W. from Jeffer- 
 son City. 
 
 WisENBURG, Pa. See Weisenbueg. 
 
 WissAHiCKON, or WissAHiccoN creck, of 
 Montgomery and Philadelphia counties, Penn- 
 sylvania, enters the Schuylkill river about 
 6 miles above Philadelphia. The scenery 
 along the banks of this stream is exceed- 
 ingly wild and romantic. It is a favorite 
 place of resort of the citizens of Philadelphia, 
 who wish to breath the pure air and enjoy 
 the beauties of the country. 
 
 Witoher's Cross Roads, a post-ofiice of 
 Smith CO., Tennessee. 
 
 WiTHAMSviLLE, a post-village of Clermont 
 CO., Ohio, about 16 miles E. from Cincinnati. 
 
 WiTHLACOOCHEE, a Small river of Georgia 
 and Florida, rises in Irwin co., Georgia, and 
 flowing southward into Florida, enters the 
 Suwanee at the S. W. extremity of Hamilton 
 county. 
 
 WiTHLACOOCHEE, a Small river in the pe- 
 ninsula of Florida, forms the boundary be- 
 tween Marion and Levy counties on the 
 right, and Benton county on the left, until it 
 flows into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Wittenberg, a post-office of Somerset co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wittenberg's, a post-office of Alexander 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 WiTTENS, a post-office of Monroe co., Ohio. 
 
 Wittsburg, a post-office of St. Francis Co., 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Wittsville, a post-office of Jefl"erson co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Wobuen, a post-township of Middlesex co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Boston and 
 Lowell railroad, 10 miles N. N. W. from Bos- 
 ton, and by the Middlesex canal, which, by 
 means of locks, overcomes a rise in this part 
 of its course of 45 feet. This, with the out- 
 let of several ponds in the vicinity, afi'ords 
 an abundant and well-improved waterpower. 
 The principal village, called Woburn Centre, 
 is delightfully situated on elevated ground, 
 and contains 8 or 4 churches, and Warren 
 Academy, a flourishing institution founded in 
 1828. A branch railroad communicates with 
 the Boston and Lowell railroad, at Winches- 
 ter, 2 miles distant. Population of the town- 
 ship in 1840, 2993; in 1850, 3956. 
 
 Wolcott, a post-village in Lamoille co., 
 Vermont, on Lamoille river, about 25 miles 
 N. by E. from Montpelier. It contains 1 church, 
 1 tavern, 1 woollen factory, 1 grist mill, and a- 
 number of other establishments^^. Population 
 of the township, 909. 
 
 Wolcott, a post-township in New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, 22 miles S. W. from Hart- 
 ford, intersected by Mad river. Pop., 603. 
 
 Wolcott, a post-township forming the N. 
 E. extremity of Wayne co., New York, on 
 Lake Ontario. Population, 2751. 
 
 Wolcott, or Wolcott Village, a flourish- 
 ing village in the above townshi]), about 160 
 miles W. by N. from Albany, on a small 
 stream emptying into Lake Ontario. It con- 
 tains 4 churches, 7 stores, 2 taverns, 2 saw 
 mills, 1 woollen factory, and 1 tannery. 
 
 AVolcott's Mills, a post-office of La Grange 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Wolcottville, a flourishing post-village of 
 Litchfield county, Connecticut, on the Nauga- 
 tuck river and railroad, 25 miles W. from 
 Hartford, and 110 miles N. N. E. from New 
 York. It contains a Congregational, an 
 Episcopal, and a Methodist church, 7 stores, 
 and numerous manufacturing establishments, 
 among which may be mentioned a brass 
 foundry, rolling mill and battery, a large 
 1307 
 
WOL 
 
 WOO 
 
 woollen mill, a knitting factory, a papier- 
 mache factory, 2 manufactories of musical 
 instruments, one of locks, and one of car- 
 riages. The mill of the Union Manufactur- 
 ing Company is a fine building, five stories 
 high. Wolcottville was founded about the 
 year 1810, by the late Honorable Frederick 
 Wolcott. Its growth for the last few years 
 tas been very rapid. Population in 1853, 
 about 1200. 
 
 Wolcottville, a thriving village of La 
 Grange co., Indiana, on the North fork of 
 Elkhart river. 
 
 Wolf, a township of Lycoming co., Penn- 
 sylvania, about 14 miles E. from Williams- 
 port. Population, 982. 
 
 Wolf, a post-office of Knox co., Ohio. 
 
 Wolf Bayou, a post-office of Independence 
 CO., Arkansas. 
 
 Wolfborough, a post-township in Carroll 
 CO., New Hampshire, 30 miles N. E. by E. 
 from Concord. It is intersected by Smith's 
 river, which falls into Winnipiseogee lake, 
 bordering the township on the S. W. The 
 village is situated near the bridge, across the 
 river, and contains a hotel. Pop., 2038. 
 
 Wolf Creek, in the S. W. part of Virginia, 
 rises in Tazewell county, flows north- east- 
 ward, and forms the boundary between Giles 
 and Mercer counties, until it enters the 
 Kanawha or New river. 
 
 Wolf Creek, in the N. part of Tennessee, 
 rises in Fentress county, and enters Obed's 
 river near the N. border of Overton county. 
 It furnishes valuable motive-power. 
 
 Wolf Creek, of Montgomery county, Ohio, 
 flows into the Miami river near Dayton. 
 
 Wolf Creek, of Summit co., Ohio, is an 
 affluent of Tuscarawas river. 
 
 Wolf Creek, of Missouri, rises in Sullivan 
 county, and flowing southward falls into the 
 Chariton river from the right, a few miles S. 
 E. from Keytesville. 
 
 Wolf Creek, of Iowa, flows into the Cedar 
 river from the right, in Black Hawk county. 
 
 Wolf Creek, a post-township forming the 
 S. E. extremity of Mercer co., Pennsylvania. 
 Population, 2038. 
 
 Wolf Creek, a post-office of Pickens co., 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Wolf Creek, a post-office of Choctaw co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Wolf Creek, a post-office of Lenawee co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 Wolf Island, a post-office of Mississippi 
 CO., Missouri. 
 
 Wolf Lake, a post-oflice of Noble co.,Ind. 
 
 Wolf River, a small stream of Mississippi, 
 flows through Hancock and Harrison counties 
 into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Wolf River, a small stream of Mississippi 
 and Tennessee, rises in Tippah county of the 
 former state, and enters the Mississippi river 
 at the city of Memphis. Its general course 
 is W. N. W. Length near 100 miles. 
 
 Wolf River, of Wisconsin, rises in the N. 
 1308 
 
 E. part of the state, and flowing nearly 
 southward, forms the W. boundary of Oconto 
 county for about 100 miles, and enters Nee- 
 nah or Fox river in Winnebago county. A 
 little above its mouth it expands into Pewau- 
 gan lake, several miles in diameter. The 
 Indian name of the river is Pewaugonee. 
 This river is navigable by steamboats about 
 150 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Wolf River, a post-office of Fayette co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Wolf Run, a post-office of Lycoming co..Pa. 
 
 WoLFSviLLE, a post-office of Frederick co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 WoLFSviLLB, a post-village in Union co., 
 N. C, 178 miles S. W. by W. from Raleigh. 
 
 WoLHOLLA, a small village of Pickens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 WoMELSDORF, a post-borough of Heidelberg 
 township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 turnpike from Reading to Lebanon 14 miles 
 W. from the former. It is surrounded by 
 fertile and well-cultivated farms, and is one 
 of the largest towns of the county. It con- 
 tains an academy and a number of stores. 
 Population in 1850, 947. 
 
 WoNANSQUATOCKET river, a mill stream of 
 Providence co., Rhode Island, falls into Nar- 
 raganset bay. 
 
 Wood, a county in the N. W. part of Vir- 
 ginia, bordering on the Ohio river, which 
 forms its boundary on the N. and W., se- 
 parating it from the State of Ohio : area 
 about 420 square miles. It is intersected 
 by the Little Kanawha, and also drained by 
 Hughes river and French and Lee's creeks. 
 The surface is hilly and broken ; the soil 
 generally fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, 
 hay, butter, and live stock are the staples. 
 In 1850 it produced 251,715 bushels of corn ; 
 18,790 of wheat; 59,584 of oats; 3166 tons 
 of hay, and 73,885 pounds of butter. There 
 were 8 saw mills, 2 iron foundries, 3 tanne- 
 ries, and 1 sash manufactory. It contained 
 22 churches, 293 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 130 attending other schools. 
 Extensive beds of stone coal are found. It is 
 intersected by two turnpike-roads, and by 
 the North-western Virginia railroad, (not yet 
 finished.) Capital, Parkersburg. Popula- 
 tion, 9450; of whom 9077 were free, and 373, 
 slaves. 
 
 Wood, a new county in the N. E. part of 
 Texas, has an area of about 775 square 
 miles. The Sabine river forms its S. W. 
 boundary, and it is intersected by the Lake 
 fork of that river. The county contains a 
 large proportion of prairie. It is not included 
 in the census of 1850. Named in honor of 
 Colonel Wood, second governor of the state. 
 Capital, Quitman. 
 
 Wood, a county in the N. N. W. part of 
 Ohio, contains about 600 square miles. The 
 Maumee river, navigable by steamboats, 
 forms its N. W. boundary; it is intersected 
 by Portage river, and also drained by Beaver 
 
woo 
 
 woo 
 
 and Toussaint creeks. The surface is nearly 
 level, ■with a slight declivity towards the N. 
 E. The land when properly drained is very 
 productive. The county is heavily timbered. 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 it produced 171,285 bushels 
 of corn; 36,933 of wheat; 65,122 of oats, 
 and 158,345 pounds of butter. It contained 
 10 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 2526 pupils 
 attendiTig public schools, and 350 attending 
 academies or other schools. The county is 
 intersected by the Dayton and Michigan rail- 
 road, the .Junction or Lake Shore railroad, and 
 by several plank-roads which terminate at 
 Perrysburg, the capital. The salubrity of this 
 egion has been improved by the clearing and 
 V. iltivation of the land. Population, 9157. 
 
 Wood, a township in Clarke co., Indiana 
 Papulation, 1447. 
 
 WooDBEBBT, a post-village of Bedford co., 
 Pennsylvania, 15 miles N. N. E. from Bed- 
 ford, contains several stores. 
 
 WooDBEKRY, a township of Blair co., Penn- 
 sjdvania, about 10 miles E. from HoUidays- 
 burg. Population, 1450. 
 
 WooDBERET, a post-otficc of Meriwether co. , 
 Georgia. 
 
 WooDBERRT, a post-office of Butler co., Ky. 
 
 WooBBiNE, a post-oiSce of Carroll co., Md. 
 
 WooBBiNE, a post-office of "Whitley co., Ky. 
 
 WooDBOBOUGH, a post-officc of Grayson co., 
 Texas. 
 
 WooDBOURNE, a post-village of Sullivan 
 CO., New York, on Neversink river, about 100 
 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 
 WooDBOUBNE, a post-viUage in Knox co., 
 Tennessee, 202 miles E. by S. from Nashville. 
 
 WooDBRiDGE, a township in New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, 6 miles N. W. from New 
 Haven. Population, 912. 
 
 WooDBRiDGE, a post-towuship of Middlesex 
 CO., New Jersey, on Staten Island sound, 
 about 38 miles N. E. from Trenton. Popu- 
 lation, 5141. 
 
 WooDBBiDGE, a Small village of Fayette 
 CO., Pennsylvania, 190 miles W. by S. from 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 WooDBBiDGE, a township in the S. part of 
 Hillsdale co., Michigan, intersected by a 
 branch of Little St. Joseph's river. Popula- 
 tion, 404. 
 
 WooDBKiDGE, a post-village of Cedar co., 
 Iowa, near Cedar river, 16 miles N. E. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 WooDBURN, a post-village of Jefferson co., 
 Georgia, about 70 miles E. N. E. from Mil- 
 ledgeville. 
 
 WooBBURN, a post-office of Warren co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 WooDBURN, a thriving post-village of Ma- 
 coupin CO., Illinois, on the road from Alton to 
 Springfield, 15 miles from Alton. 
 
 Woodbury, a post-township in Washington 
 CO., Vermont, 14 miles N. E. by,N. from 
 Montpelier. Population, 1070. 
 
 Woodbury, a post township of Litchfield 
 
 county, Connecticut, about 25 miles N. N. W. 
 from New Haven. It is drained by Pomise- 
 raug river and branches, which affords water- 
 power. The village in the ceivtve is more 
 than a mile in length, abounding in elegant 
 residences, and surrounded with beautiful 
 scenery. It has 3 or 4 churches, several 
 stores, and a bank recently established. 
 Hardware, woollen, and India-rubber goods 
 are manufactured in the township, which also 
 contains the village of Hotchkissville. Popu- 
 lation in 1840, 1948 ; in 1850, 2150 
 
 Woodbury, a post-village, capital of Glou- 
 cester CO., New Jersey, on Woodbury creek, 
 9 miles S. from Philadelphia. It contains 3 
 churches, 2 public libraries, a newspaper of- 
 fice, and an academy The creek is naviga^ 
 ble by small boats to this place. Population 
 estimated at 1000. 
 
 Woodbury, a former township of Bedford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, now divided into South, 
 Middle, and North Woodbury. 
 
 Woodbury, a post-village, capital of Can- 
 non CO., Tennessee, 50 miles E. S. E. from 
 Nashville. 
 
 Woodbury, a small village of Richland 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Woodbury, a post-village of Wood co., 
 Ohio, 105 miles N. W. from Columbus. 
 
 Woodbury, a post-village of Hamilton co., 
 Indiana, 22 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Woodbury, a post-township of Cumber- 
 land CO., Illinois. Population, 656. 
 
 Woodbury, a post-village of Cumberland 
 CO., Illinois, on one of the head branches of 
 Embarras river, and on the National road, 
 about 100 miles S. E. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Woodbury, a small post-village of Wright 
 CO., Missouri, about 90 miles S. S. W. from 
 Jefferson City. 
 
 Woodcock, a post-township in the N. cen- 
 tral part of Crawford co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 2288. 
 
 Woodcock, a post-borough in the above 
 township, and 8 miles N. E. from Meadville. 
 Population, (1851,) 300. 
 
 Wood Creek, of Oneida co.. New York, 
 empties itself into the E. end of Oneida lake. 
 
 Wood Creek, of Washington co.. New 
 York, falls into the head of Lake Champlain, 
 at Whitehall. 
 
 WooDEORD, a county in the N. central part 
 of Kentucky, has an area estimated at 280 
 square miles. The Kentucky river forms its 
 entire boundary on the S. W., and the South 
 fork of Elkhorn washes itsN. E. border. " The 
 surface is gently undulating ; the soil is cal- 
 careous, deep, and exceedingly fertile. The 
 chief articles of export are horses, cattle, 
 mules, swine, and hemp. In 1850, this 
 county produced 812,490 bushels of corn; 
 2958 tons of hemp, and 45,586 pounds of 
 wool. It contained 23 churches, 327 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 362 attending 
 academies and other schools. The Lexington 
 and Frankfort railroad passes through the 
 1309 
 
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 county, and the Kentucky river is navigable 
 hj steamboats on the border. The surface 
 rock is Trenton limestone, a good material 
 for building. The county is heavily timbered 
 v^ith hickory, ash, sugar-maple, and black 
 ■walnut, which here attain a large size. Form- 
 ed in 1788, and named in honor of General 
 William Woodford, who was taken prisoner 
 at the siege of Charleston, in 1780. Capital, 
 Versailles. Population, 12,423, of whom 
 6047 were free, and 6376, slaves. 
 
 Woodford, a county in the N. central part 
 of Illinois, has an area of 500 square miles. 
 It is bounded on the W. by the Peoria Lake, 
 an expansion of Illinois river, and drained by 
 Mackinaw and Crow creeks. The surface 
 presents no great inequalities ; the soil is fer- 
 tile. The prairies are said to be more exten- 
 sive than the forests. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, potatoes, and pork, are the staples. In 
 1850, Woodford county produced 404,244 
 bushels of corn; 76,770 of wheat; 50,727 of 
 oats, and 4553 tons of hay. It contained 5 
 churches, 750 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 50 attending other schools. Stonecoal is 
 found. The Illinois river is navigable along 
 the border. The Central railroad, when fin- 
 ished, will pass through the county. Capital, 
 Metamora. Pop., 4416. 
 
 Woodford, a post-township of Bennington 
 CO., Vermont, about 115 miles S. W. by S. 
 from Montpelier. It contains extensive de- 
 posits of iron ore and yellow paint or ochre. 
 Population, 423. 
 
 Woodford, a village of Woodford co., Illi- 
 nois, 80 miles N. by E. from Springfield. 
 
 Woodgrove, a small village of Eowan co., 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Woodgrove, a post-office of Morgan co., 0. 
 
 WooDHOUSE, a post-office of Meriwether 
 CO., Georgia, 102 miles W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 WooDHULL, a post-township of Steuben co., 
 New York, 25 miles S. S. W. from Bath. Po- 
 pulation, 1769. 
 
 WooDHULL, a post-township forming the 
 S. W. extremity of Shiawassee co., Michigan. 
 Population, 259. 
 
 WooDiNGTON, a post-office of Darke co., 0. 
 
 Wood Island, at the entrance of Saco 
 river, Maine. On the E. side is a revolving 
 light, 45 feet above the level of the sea, lat. 
 43°27'N., Ion. 70° 15' W. 
 
 Woodland, a post-office of Clearfield co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Woodland, a post-office of Barren, co., Ky. 
 
 Woodland, a post-township forming the 
 N. E. extremity of Barry co., Michigan. Po- 
 pulation, 377. 
 
 Woodland, a post-office of Lawrence co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 WooioLAND, a township in the N. part of 
 Carroll co., Illinois, intersected by Plum 
 river. Population, 395. 
 
 Woodlands, a post-office of Marshall co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 1310 
 
 WooDLAWN, a post-office of Cecil co., Md. 
 
 WooDLAWN, a post-office of Appomattox 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 WooDLAWN, a post-village of Gaston co., 
 North Carolina, 173 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 WooDLAWN, a post-village of Edgefield dis- 
 trict. South Carolina, 98 miles W. by S. from 
 Columbia. 
 
 WooDLAWN, a post-village of Murray co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 YV^ooDLAWN, a post-office of Itawamba co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 WooDLAWN, a small post-village of Washita 
 CO., Arkansas, 15 miles W. from Camden. 
 
 WooDLAWN, a small village of Shelby co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 WooDLAWN, a post-office of Monroe co., 
 Missouri, about 70 miles N. from JeS'erson 
 City. 
 
 WooDPORT, a post-office of Victoria co., 
 Texas. 
 
 Woodridge's Store, a post-office of Chris- 
 tian CO., Kentucky. 
 
 AVooD River, a mill stream of Rhode Is- 
 land, rises in Kent county, and unites with 
 Charles river, in Washington county, to form 
 the Pawcatuck river. 
 
 Woodruff's, a post-office of Spartanburg 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Woodruff's Creek, of Michigan, rises in 
 Oakland co., and flows south-westward into 
 Portage lake, the water of which is dis- 
 charged through the Huron river. 
 
 Wood's, a post-office of Perry co., Tenn. 
 
 WooDSBOROUGH, a Small post-village of Fre- 
 derick CO., Maryland, 70 miles N. W. from 
 Annapolis. 
 
 WooDSBORODGH, a post-village of Shelby 
 CO., Alabama, 64 miles E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 WooDSBOROUGH, a post- village of Montgom- 
 ery CO., Illinois, 66 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Wood's Corners, a post-office of Hillsdale 
 CO., Michigan. 
 
 Wood's Creek, a small stream of Tuolumne 
 CO., California, rises among the hills at the 
 foot of the Sierra Nevada, and flowing in a 
 general south-west course, falls into the Tuo- 
 lumne river. 
 
 Wood's Cross Roads, a post-office of Glou- 
 cester CO., Virginia. 
 
 V/oodsdale, a post-office of Person co., 
 North Carolina, 62 miles N. N. W. from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Wood's Diggings, a post-office of Tuolumne 
 CO., CalifornLa. 
 
 Woodsfield, a post- village of Centre town- 
 ship, and capital of Monroe co., Ohio, 120 
 miles E. from Columbus. It is pleasantly 
 situated on high ground, and is surrounded 
 by a hilly region. It contains 1 academy and 
 a printing office. On the border of the vil- 
 lage is a natural circular mound, 60 feet high. 
 Population in 1853, about 600. 
 
 Wood's Hill, a post-office of Roane co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
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 Wood's Hole, a post- village in Barnstable 
 CO., Massachusetts, at the S. W. extremity of 
 the peninsula of Cape Cod, about 70 miles S. 
 by E. from Boston. The harbor is well pro- 
 tected by islands, and is of sufficient depth 
 for ships of the largest class. It is much fre- 
 quented by vessels in tempestuous weather. 
 Wood's Hole is a favorite place of resort to 
 invalids and persons in quest of sea air. It 
 contains a church and a good hotel. 
 
 Wood Shop, a post-office of Dale co., 
 Alabama. 
 
 WooDSONViLLB, a post-office of Hart co., 
 Kentucky, on Green river, opposite Mum- 
 fordsville, the county seat. It has 1 church 
 and several stores. 
 
 Wood's Station, a post-village of Walker 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Woodstock, a post-township in Oxford co., 
 Maine, intersected by the Atlantic and St. 
 Lawrence railroad, 35 miles W. from Augusta. 
 Population, 1012. 
 
 Woodstock, a post- township in Grafton co., 
 New Hampshire, 50 miles N. by W. from Con- 
 cord. Population, 418. 
 
 Woodstock, a post-township in Windsor 
 CO., Vermont, 55 miles S. by E. from Mont- 
 pelier. Population, 3041. 
 
 Woodstock, the capital and largest village 
 of Windsor county, is situated in the above 
 township, on both sides of the O.uechee or Otta 
 Quechee river, near the junction of the North 
 branch with the main stream. It is sur- 
 rounded with one of the finest agricultural 
 regions of the state, for which it is the chief 
 centre of trade. Its manufactures are also 
 extensive and varied. By the construction 
 of dams across the Quechee, the stream 
 has been made to furnish an extensive hy- 
 draulic power. The public buildings are a 
 court house, an imposing structure, adorned 
 with a portico, and surmounted by a lofty 
 tower, a jail, the Vermont Medical College, 
 and churches of 5 denominations. The medi- 
 cal institution was founded by Dr. Joseph A. 
 Gallop, in 1827, under the name of the "Cli- 
 nical School of Medicine," but not incorpo- 
 rated until 1835, at which time it received 
 the title it now bears. In 1852, 90 students 
 attended its lectures. In the centre of the 
 village is a beautiful park, around which are 
 situated the finest buildings. Two newspapers 
 are published in Woodstock, which also con- 
 tains a bank and about 20 stores. Popula- 
 tion in 1853, about 1500. 
 
 Woodstock, a post-township of Windham 
 CO., Connecticut, about 40 miles N. E. by E. 
 from Hartford. It is drained by a branch of 
 Quinnebaug river, called Muddy Brook, which 
 affords water-power, employed for cotton, 
 woollen, and other manufactures. There are 
 3 pleasant villages in the township, viz. Old 
 Woodstock, North Woodstock, and West Wood- 
 stock. Old Woodstock has a handsome green 
 in the centre, and contains 1 or 2 churches, 
 an academy, and a bank. Population, 3381. 
 
 Woodstock, a post-township of Ulster co., 
 New York, 50 miles S. S. W. from Albany. 
 It contains a small village of the same name. 
 Population, 1650. 
 
 Woodstock, a post-village in Howard co., 
 Maryland, 50 miles N. W. from Annapolis. 
 
 Woodstock, a beautiful post-village, capi- 
 tal of Shenandoah co., Virginia, is situated 
 on the Valley turnpike, one mile from the 
 North fork of the Shenandoah river, and 160 
 miles N. W. from Richmond. The surround- 
 ing country is fertile, and finely diversified. 
 The village contains 3 or 4 churches, a news- 
 paper office, 1 academy, a Masonic hall, and 
 numerous stores. Population, about 1200. 
 
 Woodstock, a post-village in Cherokee co., 
 Georgia, 115 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 Woodstock, a beautiful village of Ogle- 
 thorpe CO., Georgia, about 55 miles N. N. E„ 
 from Milledgeville. It contains 1 church, a 
 high-school, and a steam mill. 
 
 Woodstock, a post-village of Champaign 
 CO., Ohio, on the Columbus, Piqua and Indiana 
 railroad, 32 miles N. W. from Columbus. Po- 
 pulation in 1853, 300. 
 
 Woodstock, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Lenawee co., Michigan. 
 Population, 949. 
 
 Woodstock, a small village of Cass co.,Ill. 
 
 Woodstock, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of McHenry co., Illinois, on the railroad con- 
 necting Chicago with Janesville and Fond du 
 Lac, 68 miles N. W. from Chicago. It is the 
 largest village of the county. Population in 
 1851, about 600. 
 
 Woodstock, a township in Schuyler co., 
 Illinois. Population, 696. 
 
 Woodstock Mills, a small village of Cam- 
 den CO., Georgia. 
 
 Woodstock Mills, a post-office of Nassau 
 CO., Florida. 
 
 WooDSTOWN, a post-village of Salem co., 
 New Jersey, on the North bank of Salem 
 creek, 55 miles S. W. by S. from Trenton. It 
 contains 5 churches, 6 stores, 3 schools, and 
 about 150 dwellings. 
 
 WooDSviLLE, a post-village of Mercer co., 
 New Jersey, 13 miles N. from Trenton. 
 
 WooDVALE, a post-office of Fayette co.,Pa. 
 
 WooDviEW, a post-office of Morrow co., 0. 
 
 WooDviLLE, or WooDsviLLE, a post-village 
 in Middlesex co., Massachusetts, near the 
 Boston and Worcester railroad, 30 miles W. 
 S. W. from Boston. 
 
 WooDviLLE, a post-village in Litchfield co., 
 Connecticut, 40 miles W. from Hartford. 
 
 WooDviLLE, a post-village of Jefferson co.. 
 New York, on Sandy creek, about 50 miles N. 
 from Syracuse. It has several stores and mills. 
 
 WooDViLLE, a thriving post-village of But- 
 ler CO., Pennsylvania, 20 miles N. from Pitts- 
 burg. 
 
 WooDviLLE, a post-village of Rappahan- 
 nock CO., Virginia, on the turnpike from 
 Sperryville to Fairfax, 115 miles N. W. from 
 Richmond. Population in 1853, about 300. 
 
 1311 
 
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 WooDviLLE, a small post-village of Bertie 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 WooDviLiiE, a post-yillage in Perquimans 
 CO., North Carolina, 205 miles E. N. E. from 
 Ptaleigh. 
 
 WooDviLLE, a small Tillage of Abbeville 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 WooDviLLE, a post-village in Greene co., 
 .Georgia, on the Athens branch of the Georgia 
 railroad, 4-5 miles N. by E. from Milledgeville. 
 
 WooDviLLE, a village of Henry co., Ala., 
 on the Chattahoochee river. It has 2 stores. 
 The post-office is called "Open Pond." 
 
 WooDviLLB, a post-village of Jackson co., 
 Alabama, near Paint Rock river, about 160 
 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 WooDviLLE, a post-village, capital of Wil- 
 kinson CO., Mississippi, 35 miles S. from 
 Natchez, and 15 miles E. from the Mississippi 
 river. It is connected by railroad with St. 
 Fraucisville, on the river, 29 miles S., and has 
 considerable trade. There is a cotton fac- 
 tory in successful operation here. Woodville 
 contains 3 churches, 2 academies, 1 bank, 
 and 2 newspaper ofSces. 
 
 Woodville, a post-village, capital of Tyler 
 CO., Texas, 108 miles in a direct line N. by E. 
 from Galveston. 
 
 Woodville, a post-office of Haywood co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Woodville, a post-township forming the 
 N. W. extremity of Sandusky co., Ohio, inter- 
 sected by Portage river. Population, 1237. 
 
 Woodville, a post-village in the above town- 
 ship, on the Portage river, and on the West- 
 ern Reserve and Maumee turnpike, 120 miles 
 N. by W. from Columbus. It contains 2 
 churches. 
 
 Woodville, apost-office of Wayne co.,Mich. 
 
 Woodville, a small post-village of Jackson 
 CO., Indiana, about 9 miles W. S. W. from 
 Brownstown. 
 
 Woodville, a village of Lawrence co., In- 
 diana, on the New Albany and Salem railroad, 
 10 miles S. from Bedford. 
 
 Woodville, a post-village in Adams co., 
 Illinois, 95 miles W. N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 Woodville, a small village of Fulton co., 
 Illinois, about 50 miles W. from Peoria. 
 
 Woodville, a small village of Jackson co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Woodville, a post-village in Macon co., 
 Jlissouri, on the South fork of Salt river, 80 
 miles N. by W. from Jefferson City. 
 
 Woodville Depot, a post-office of Albe- 
 marle CO., Virginia. 
 
 WooDWAED, a post-office of Centre co.. Pa. 
 
 Woodward, a township of Clearfield co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 14 miles E. by S. from 
 Clearfi'eld. Population, 390. 
 
 WooDWAUD, a township of Clinton co., 
 Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna, opposite 
 Lockhaven, the county seat. Pop., 476. 
 
 Woodwardsville, a post-office of Essex co.. 
 New York. 
 
 Woodwardsville, a village of Burlington 
 1312 
 
 CO., New Jersey, contains 2 churches, 2 stores, 
 4 mills, and about 70 dwellings. 
 
 Woodworth's, a post-office of Granville 
 CO., North Carolina, 61 miles N. from Raleigh. 
 
 WooDYARDS, a post-office of Athena co., 
 Ohio. 
 
 Woolwich, a post-township in Lincoln co., 
 Maine, on the E. side of Kennebec river, 25 
 miles S. from Augusta. Population, 1420. 
 
 Woolwich, a township of Gloucester co., 
 New .Jersey, on the Delaware river, 11 miles 
 S. W. from Woodbury. Population, 3265. 
 
 WooNSOCKET, a flourishing post-village of 
 Sraithfield and Cumberland townships. Pro- 
 vidence CO., Rhode Island, on both sides of 
 the Blackstone river, and on the Providence 
 and Worcester railroad, at the North-eastern 
 terminus of the proposed Woonsocket Union 
 railroad, 16 miles N. by W. from Providence. 
 At present it comprises one principal and 
 several smaller villages, viz. Woonsocket, 
 Beron, Hamlet, Jencksville, Globe, and Union 
 villages, all included under the general 
 name of Woonsocket. There are now in 
 operation at this point, 19 cotton mills, in 
 which are 73,304 spindles, and 1641 looms, 
 annually consuming 6185 bales of cotton, 
 and 11,300 gallons of oil, producing 276,538 
 yards of cloth per week ; also 5 woollen mills, 
 with 9770 spindles, 227 looms, and 22 sets 
 of cards, turning out 33,000 yards of cloth 
 per week, and constiming annually 600,000 
 bales of wool, and 10,000 gallons of oil — 
 preparations are being made the present 
 season to increase the above to the extent of 
 288 looms, and 10,000 spindles— also 8 ma- 
 chine shops, 2 iron foundries, 1 gas manu- 
 factory, sash, blind, and planing works, 1 
 spool-thread factory, 1 manufactory of sew- 
 ing-silk and silk fringes, 1 of gold pencils 
 and jewellery, 1 of musical instruments, 4 
 of tin-plate and stoves, 3 of scythe-stones 
 connected with an extensive quarry in the 
 immediate vicinity, and 2 marble-yards, be- 
 sides numerous other establishments. 
 
 There are in Woonsocket 7 churches, 1 
 high-school, 1 newspaper office, 6 banks, 1 
 savings' institution, 80 stores, 3 hotels, and G 
 livery stables, containing about 50 horses. 
 Annual amount of freiglit, 19,631 tons; va- 
 lue of goods manufactured and merchandise 
 sold, ,$2,292,670. An eminence in the rear 
 of Beron afi'ords a beautiful view of the town. 
 Many of the most elegant dwellings occupy, 
 in groups, the extensive swells of high- 
 land which extend in every direction above 
 the valley of the river. Patriot Buildings 
 (printing) is a fine specimen of architectural 
 beauty. Woonsocket has telegraphic com- 
 munication with Pawtucket and Providence. 
 Its position on the route of the New York 
 and Boston Air-line railroad is favorable to 
 a rapid increase of business, and before many 
 years the village will, without doubt, contain 
 a large population. Population in 1853, 
 about 6500. 
 
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 WoosTER, a post-townsliip in the S. cen- 
 'tral part of AVayne co., Ohio. Pop., 4122. 
 
 WoosTEK, a flourishing town in the above 
 township, capital of Wayne Co., Ohio, is situ- 
 ated on Killbuck creek, and on the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad, 90 miles N. E. from 
 Columbus, and 52 miles S. by W. from Cleve- 
 land. It is well built, and surrounded by a 
 beautiful and undulating country, of which 
 it commands an extensive view. Wooster is 
 the centre of an active trade, and is improv- 
 ing rapidly since the construction of the rail- 
 road, which forms part of a continuous line 
 from Philadelphia to Indiana, &c. It con- 
 tains 8 churches, 1 bank, 1 female seminary, 
 and 2 newspaper offices. Carriage making 
 is carried on here extensively. Laid out in 
 1808. Population in 1840, 1913 ; in 1850, 
 2797 ; in 1853, about 4000. 
 
 WoosTEK, a flourishing village of Scott 
 CO., Indiana, about 80 miles S. by E. from 
 Indianapolis. Population in 1853, 300. 
 
 "Worcester, the largest county in Massa- 
 chusetts, occupies the central part of the 
 state, extending across the entire breadth 
 from N. to S., and has an area of about 1500 
 square miles. It is drained by the head wa- 
 ters of Miller's, Chickopee, Thames, Black- 
 stone, Nashua, and other smaller rivers, 
 which afford motive-power to a great number 
 of grist and saw mills. The surface is undu- 
 lating, with some hills. The soil is strong 
 and productive. Indian corn, potatoes, and 
 grass are the staples. In 1850 this county 
 produced 476,107 bushels of corn; 733,261 
 of potatoes ; 145,094 tons of hay ; 1,881,823 
 pounds of butter, and 2,584,245 of cheese. 
 The quantity of hay was the greatest pro- 
 duced by any county in the United States 
 except Oneida county, New York, and that 
 of corn, potatoes, butter, and cheese, was 
 each the greatest produced by any county in 
 the state. There were 63 cotton, 1 linen, 
 and 48 woollen factories, and 40 manufac- 
 tories of combs, 1 of carpets, and 23 of cards, 
 15 of edge tools, 69 of cabinet ware, 142 of 
 boots and shoes, 14 of farming implements, 
 2 of cars, 33 of clothing, 11 of coaches, 7 
 iron foundries, 1 iron forge, 1 brass foundry, 
 28 machine shops, 14 paper, 104 saw, 2 pow- 
 der, and 17 grist mills, 4 gunsmiths, 5 ma- 
 nufactories of piano-fortes, 17 of saddles and 
 harness, 20 of sash and blinds, 30 tanneries, 
 30 tin and sheet-iron works, 37 wheelwright- 
 ing establishments, and 17 wooden ware ma- 
 nufactories, 6 quarrying, 8 stone and marble 
 working establishments, 16 of hats and caps, 
 and 16 brick-yards, 7 chandleries, 12 cur- 
 rying establishments. It contained 205 
 churches, 15 newspaper offices ; 28,058 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 1046 at- 
 tending academies and other schools. The 
 Blackstone canal extends from Worcester, 
 near the centre of the county, to Providence, 
 Rhode Island. The county is traversed in 
 every direction by railroads, the principal of 
 4h 
 
 which are the Western, the Providence and 
 Worcester, the Norwich and Worcester, the 
 AVorcester and Nashua, and the Fitchburg 
 railroads. Organized in 1731, and named 
 from Worcester, a county in England. Capi- 
 tal, Worcester. Population, 130,789. 
 
 Worcester, a county forming the S. E. 
 extremity of Maryland, bordering on De- 
 laware, and on the Atlantic ocean, has an 
 area of about 700 square miles. It forms 
 part of the peninsula extending into the sea, 
 between Chesapeake and Delaware bay. 
 Sinepuxent sound washes the S. E. border 
 of the county, which is drained by Pocomok-s 
 and St. Martin's rivers. The surface is level. 
 The soil is moderately fertile. Indian corn, 
 oats, hay, and butter are the staples. It 
 produced in 1850, 721,768 bushels of corn; 
 87,798 of oats; 13,800 tons of hay, and 
 68,039 pounds of butter. It contained 1 iron 
 furnace, 17 grist mills, 17 saw mills, and 3 
 coach manufactories. There were 60 churches, 
 and 1 newspaper office ; 1719 pupils attend- 
 ing public schools, and 200 attending acade- 
 mies or other schools. The Pocomoke is 
 navigable by sloops to the county seat, and 
 St. Martin's river for a distance of 12 miles. 
 Organized in 1742. Capital, Snow Hill. Po- 
 pulation, 18,859 ; of whom 15,415 were free, 
 and 3444, slaves. 
 
 Worcester, a post-township in Washing- 
 ton CO., Vermont, 11 miles N. from Montpe- 
 lier. Population, 702. 
 
 Worcester, a city and seat of justice of Wor- 
 cester county, Massachusetts, is delightfully 
 situated in the centre of one of the richest 
 and most productive agricultural regions of 
 the state, 45 miles W. S. W. from Boston, 43 
 miles N. N. W. from Providence, 45 miles S. 
 S. W. from Nashua, and 58 miles E. N. E. from 
 Springfield. Lat. 42° 16' 17" N., Ion. 71° 48' 
 13" W. From this point diverge five import- 
 ant railroads, viz. the Western railroad, which 
 connects with the railway system of the South 
 and West; the Worcester and Nashua, com- 
 municating through other railroads with the 
 valley of the St. Lawrence ; the Boston and 
 Worcester road, one of the first constructed 
 in the state, having been opened in 1835; the 
 Providence and Worcester, and the Norwich 
 and Worcester railroads, both of which have 
 steamboat communication with New York. 
 To this network of railroads Worcester is 
 cliiefly indebted for her late rapid increase in 
 wealth and population. The city is situated 
 partly in a valley environed by beautiful hills, 
 and partly on an elevation which rises sud- 
 denly towards the W., aff"ording delightful 
 sites for residences. It is handsomely laid 
 out with streets of convenient breadth, usu- 
 ally intersecting each other at right angles. 
 Main street, the principal thoroughfare and 
 seat of business, is a broad straight avenue, 
 nearly two miles in length, and beautifully 
 shaded. On it are several of the churches, 
 the banks, court house, city hall, and the 
 1813 
 
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 largest hotels. On the E. side of the south- 
 ern part of this street, is a spacious green, 
 fronting which are two handsome churches, 
 and a third, the Old South church, stands 
 within the enclosure. The town is well built, 
 principally of brick, and contains some of the 
 finest residences in New England. 
 
 Among the institutions may be mentioned 
 the American Antiquarian Society, founded 
 in 1812, by the munificence of the late Isaiah 
 Thomas, L.L.D., the editor of the first folio 
 Bible published in the United States. The 
 hall consists of a centre building, about 50 
 feet by 40, adorned with a neat Doric portico 
 and two wings, each 28 feet long, and 21 wide. 
 In it is deposited the society's library, of 
 above 12,000 volumes, an extensive cabinet 
 of antiquities, and numerous specimens of 
 early printing. The State Lunatic Asylum, 
 established here in 1832, occupies an eleva- 
 tion E. of the city. It comprises several 
 buildings, the principal of which is 76 feet 
 long, 40 wide, and 4 stories high, with two 
 wings, each 96 feet by 36, and 3 stories high. 
 Other wings are joined to these, the whole 
 forming a complete square, enclosed by spa- 
 cious and beautifully ornamented grounds. 
 This institution is considered as one of the 
 best in the country for the treatment of luna- 
 tics. Of the 2306 insane persons admitted 
 during 13 years, over 1000 were discharged 
 cured. The number of inmates, November, 
 1851, was 466, of whom 208 were paupers. 
 The Roman Catholic College of the Holy 
 Cross, formerly located here, was destroyed 
 by fire, July 14th, 1852. On a commanding 
 elevation, about three-fourths of a mile from 
 the centre of the town, stands the Orcas In- 
 stitute, a seminary of a high character for 
 young ladies. The building, an elegant struc- 
 ture, is in a peculiar and striking style of 
 architecture, and surrounded by delight- 
 ful rural scenery. The public schools of 
 Worcester are usually referred to as the mo- 
 del schools of New England. The citizens 
 of this town were among the first to adopt 
 what is commonly known as the graded sys- 
 tem, comprising high-schools, grammar, inter- 
 mediate, and primary schools. In the high- 
 schools of Worcester, the pupils are instructed 
 in all the branches usually pursued in col- 
 leges. The newspaper press comprises about 
 12 publications, 2 or 3 of which are dailies. 
 
 The manufactures of Worcester are various 
 and extensive. Among the leading articles 
 produced are cotton and woollen goods, car- 
 peting, hollow-ware, castings, pistols, wire, 
 railroad cars, agricultural implements, tin 
 ware, sash and door blinds, paper, saddles, 
 harness, trunks, locks, sieves, card presses, 
 musical instruments, mechanics' tools, plated 
 ware. One establishment for the manufacture 
 of wire, turns out about 500 tons of the various 
 sizes, including card, reed, cotton-flyer, an- 
 nealed, broom, buckle, and spring wire, also 
 all kinds of round, flat, or oval, adapted to 
 1314 
 
 various machine purposes. The telegraph 
 wire manufactured at this establishment is 
 made from foreign extra-refined iron, and is 
 of a very superior quality. At the extensive 
 factory of Messrs. Allen & Thurber, about 
 100 men are employed in the manufacture of 
 pistols, each of which goes through some 25 
 hands before it is finished. About 15,000 
 pistols are turned out annually. The com- 
 mercial facilities of Worcester have been 
 immensely increased by the construction of 
 the numerous railways conducting to it. 
 Previous to the opening of the Boston and 
 Worcester railroad, the cost of transporting 
 merchandise from the seaboard to Worcester 
 was $10 a ton, and the time required two 
 days. Since that event, freight has been re- 
 duced to $2 a ton, and the time to less than 
 three hours. 
 
 The financial institutions of Worcester are 
 five banks, the condition of which, September, 
 1852, was as follows : — Amount of circulation, 
 $645,832; Amount of specie, $59,787.20; 
 proportion of circulation to one dollar of spe- 
 cie, $10.69.9; amount of circulation and de- 
 posits, $996,162.46; proportion of circulation 
 and deposits to one dollar of specie, $16.62.9, 
 The city has also a savings' institution. 
 The assessed value of real and personal 
 property in Worcester, since the year 1800, 
 has been as follows, viz. in 1800, $296,542; 
 1810, $1,476,383; 1820, $2,015,750; 1830, 
 $2,747,800; 1840, $4,288,950; '45, $6,004,050; 
 '49, $10,750,282; '51, $11,925,055, and in '52, 
 $12,575,566. The assessment of 1852 shows 
 an increase over the previous year of $650,511. 
 The rate of taxation in 1851 was $6.75 on 
 $1000 ; in 1 852 it was $6. 50, being a reduction 
 of 25 cents on the thousand dollars. Ste- 
 phen Salisbury paid the heaviest tax, which 
 amounted to $3830, and his property was 
 assessed at $589,000. By the assessment of 
 1849, ninety-one persons in Worcester owned 
 property each to the value of $20,000 and 
 upwards, and 99 persons to the value of 
 $10,000 and upwards. The amount of ap- 
 propriations by the city for all purposes iu 
 1851, was $75,500, and in 1852, $85,700. 
 Worcester was settled in 1713, and incorpo- 
 rated a city in 1 848. Its Indian name was 
 Quinisigamond. Population in 1800, 2411 ; 
 1820, 2962; 1830, 4172; 1840,7492; 1850, 
 17,059, and by a local census in 1853, 20,771. 
 
 Worcester, a post-village of Otsego co.. 
 New York, in Worcester township, about 55 
 miles W. by S. from Albany. It contains 
 several stores and mills. Population of the 
 township, 2047. 
 
 Worcester, a post-township of Montgo- 
 mery CO., Pennsylvania, about 7 miles N. 
 from Norristown. Population, 1453. 
 
 Worcester, a village in McDonough co., 
 Illinois, 90 miles N. W. from Springfield. 
 
 WoRMLEYSBURG, a post-viUago of Cumber- 
 land CO., Pa., on the W. bank of Susquehanna 
 river, about 1 mile S. W. from Harrisburg. 
 
WOR 
 
 WRI 
 
 "WoETH, a new county in the N. part of 
 Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area 
 of about 430 square miles. It is drained by 
 Lime and Shell Rock creeks, branches of 
 English river, which rise in two small lakes 
 in the northern part of the county. It is not 
 included in the census of 1850. County seat 
 not located. 
 
 Worth, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Jefferson co., Pennsylvania. Po- 
 pulation, 326. 
 
 Worth, a post-township of Mercer co., 
 Pennsylvania. Population, 1015. 
 
 Worth, a post-office of De Kalb co., Ala. 
 
 Worth, a post-office of Marion co.. Ark. 
 
 Worth, a post-office of Perry co., Ohio. 
 
 Worth, a post-office of Tuscola co., Mich. 
 
 Worth, a post-office of Dubois co., Ind. 
 
 Worth, a township in Hancock co., Indiana. 
 Population, 718. 
 
 Worth, a post-office of Cook co., Illinois. 
 
 Worthin, a post-office of Henry co., Ind. 
 
 WoRTHiNGTON, a post-towuship of Hamp- 
 shire CO., Massachusetts, 100 miles W. from 
 Boston. Population, 1134. 
 
 WoRTHiNGTON, a post-village of Armstrong 
 county, Pennsylvania, 6 miles W. from Kit- 
 tanning, is situated in an iron region, and has 
 1 or 2 furnaces in the vicinity. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a post-villagc of Marion co., 
 Virginia. Population, about 200. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a post-village in Muhlen- 
 burg CO., Kentucky, near Greene river, 155 
 miles S. W. by W. from Frankfort. 
 
 WoRTHiNGTON, a neat post- village in Frank- 
 lin CO., Ohio, on the Columbus and Worthing- 
 ton plank-road, 9 miles N. from Columbus. 
 It contains 3 churches, an academy, and a 
 seminary for girls. Population about 500. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a township in Richland co., 
 Ohio, 14 miles S. E. of Mansfield. Popula- 
 tion, 2003. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, post-office of Greene co. , Ind. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, a pOSt-officC of JacksOn CO., 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 WoRTHSViLLE, a post-village of Johnson co., 
 Indiana, on the railroad from Madison to In- 
 dianapolis, 12 miles S. S. E. from the latter. 
 
 WoRTHviLLE, a post-office of Jefferson co., 
 New York. 
 
 WoRTHViLiE, a post- village of Butts co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 WoRTHviLLE, a post-office of Carroll co.,Ky. 
 
 Wrangleborough, a village. New Jersey. 
 See Unionville. 
 
 Wrentham, a post-township in Norfolk co., 
 Massachusetts, intersected by the Norfolk 
 County railroad, 23 miles S. W. by S. from 
 Boston. It is drained by branches of Charles 
 and Neponset river, which afford excellent 
 water-power. The manufactories consist 
 chiefly of straw bonnets, and cotton goods. 
 The principal villages are Eagle Factory 
 village, Sheppardsville, one near the, centre 
 of the township, and another in the N. part. 
 Population, in 1840, 2915 ; in 1850, 3037. 
 
 Wright, a county in the S. part of Mis- 
 souri, contains about 950 square miles. The 
 Gasconade river and the Osage fork of the 
 same rise in the county and flow northward ; 
 it is also drained by the sources of the James, 
 Bryant's, Finley, and North forks of White 
 river. The surface is uneven ; a portion of 
 the soil is productive. Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, cattle, pork, and butter are the staples. 
 Peltry and beeswax are among the exports. 
 In 1850 this county produced 194,695 bushels 
 of corn; 32,730 of oats ; 8631 of wheat, and 
 67,265 pounds of butter. It contained 1 
 church. The county is amply supplied with 
 water-power. Lead, copper, and iron are 
 said to be abundant in the vicinity of Harts- 
 ville, the county seat. Population, 3387 ; 
 of whom 3305 were free, and 82, slaves. 
 
 Wright, a new county towards the N. part 
 of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. 
 It is intersected in the E. by the Iowa river, 
 and in the W. by Boone river. This county 
 is not included in the census of 1850. Named 
 in honor of Silas Wright, of New York. 
 County seat not located. 
 
 Wright, a township in Guernsey co., Ohio. 
 Population, 1030. 
 
 Wright, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Hillsdale co., Michigan, inter- 
 sected by St. Joseph's river of the Maumee. 
 Population, 574. 
 
 Wright, a post-township in the E. part of 
 Ottowa CO., Michigan. Population, 521. 
 
 Wright, a post-township in Greene co., In- 
 diana. Population, 793. 
 
 Wright's Bluff, a post-office of Sumter 
 district. South Carolina. 
 
 Wrightsborough, a small post-village of 
 Columbia co., Georgia, on Town creek, 40 
 miles W. from Augusta. 
 
 Wright's Corners, a post-village of Ni- 
 agara CO., New York, about 60 miles W. from 
 Rochester. 
 
 Wrightstown, a post-village of Burlington 
 CO., New Jersey, about 20 miles S. S. E. from 
 Trenton. 
 
 Wrightstown, a post-township in Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 9 miles S. E. from 
 Doylestown. Population, 821. 
 
 Wrightstown, a post-township forming 
 S. E. extremity of Brown co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Wrightsville, a post-office of Clinton co., 
 New York. 
 
 Wrightsville, a village of Monmouth co., 
 New Jersey, about 5 miles from Allentown. 
 
 Wrightsville, a post-village of Warren 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Little Brokenstraw 
 creek, 225 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Po- 
 pulation, about 400. 
 
 Wrightsville, a flourishing post-borough 
 of Hellam township, York county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the right (W.) bank of the Susque- 
 hanna, opposite Columbia, and 11 miles E. 
 N. E. from York. A branch railroad ex- 
 tends from this place to York. A fine 
 bridge, about 1 mile long, upon which the 
 1315 
 
WRI 
 
 WYO 
 
 railroad is laid, crosses the river at this 
 point. A good turnpike leads to York and 
 Ghambersburg ; and the Tidewater canal ex- 
 tends from Wrightsville to Havre de Grace, 
 Maryland. About 10,000,000 feet of lumber 
 are annually brought here and seasoned 
 for the Philadelphia inarket, and for other 
 towns along the railroad. Population in 
 1860, 1310. 
 
 Wrightsville, a post-office of Pontotoc 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Weightsville, a small village of Monroe 
 CO., Tennessee. 
 
 Wrightsville, a post-village of Koane co., 
 Tennessee, 154 miles E. by S. from Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 AVuRTEMBUBG, a post-offico of Lawrence 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 WuRTSBOROUGH, a post-villagc of Sullivan 
 county. New York, on the Delaware and 
 Hudson canal, about 90 miles S. S. W. 
 from Albany. It has several churches and 
 stores. 
 
 Wyaconda, a small river, which rises in 
 the S. part of Iowa, and flowing S. E. through 
 Scotland, Clark, and Lewis counties of Mis- 
 souri, enters the Mississippi at La Grange. 
 
 Wtaconda, a post-office of Scotland co.. Mo. 
 
 Wyaconda Creek, of Missouri, flows east- 
 ■ward through Carroll county, into the Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 Wyalusing creek, of Pennsylvania, enters 
 the N. branch of the Susquehanna in Brad- 
 ford county. 
 
 Wyalusing, a post-township of Bradford 
 CO., Pennsylvania, about 10 miles S. W. from 
 Towanda. Population, 1275. 
 
 Wyalusing, a post-village of Grant coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, on the Mississippi river, about 
 100 miles W. from Madison, has an excel- 
 lent steamboat landing, and contains 1 ho- 
 tel and 2 stores. 
 
 Wyandot, a county in the N. W. central 
 par*' of Ohio, contains about 400 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Sandusky 
 river, and also drained by the Tymochte and 
 Brokensword creeks. The surface is level. 
 About one-third of the county is prairie, and 
 the remainder well timbered. The soil is 
 uniformly productive, and adapted to corn or 
 grass. Many cattle and sheep are raised. 
 In 1850 it produced 349,094 bushels of corn ; 
 75,447 of wheat, and 10,165 tons of hay. 
 It is intersected by the Mad River and Lake 
 Erie railroad, and by the Ohio and Indiana 
 railroad, the latter of which is not finished. 
 The Findlay Branch railroad also terminates 
 in this county. This part of the state was 
 possessed by the Wyandot Indians, from 
 whom the name is derived. Formed in 1845, 
 by a division of Hardin, Crawford, Hancock, 
 and Marion counties. Capital, Upper San- 
 dusky. Population, 11,292. 
 
 Wyandot, an unorganized county in the 
 N. part of jMichigan : area estimated at 576 
 souare miles. It is traversed from S. to N. 
 1316 
 
 by Cheboygan river, an affluent of Lake 
 Huron, and contains Long and Crooked lakes. 
 The census of 1850 furnishes no returns for 
 this county. 
 
 Wyandot, a post-village of Wyandot co., 
 Ohio, about 50 miles N. from Columbus. 
 
 Wyandot, a post-office of Tippecanoe co., 
 Indiana. 
 
 Wyatt, a post-village of Lafayette co., Mis- 
 sissippi, on the Tallahatchie river, 14 miles 
 N. N. W. from Oxford. Wyatt is the largest 
 place in the county except Oxford, and has 
 an active business. Cotton is shipped here in 
 steamboats during high water. 
 
 Wye Mills, a post-office of Talbot co., 
 Maryland. 
 
 Wye river, of Maryland, an inlet of Che- 
 sapeake bay, forming part of the boundary 
 between Queen Anne and Talbot counties. 
 
 Wykertown, a post-office of Sussex co., 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Wyliesburg, a small post-village of Char- 
 lotte CO., Virginia, 18 miles S. from Marys- 
 ville. 
 
 Wtnant, a post-office of Shelby co., Ohio. 
 
 Wynant's Kill, of Rensselaer co.. New 
 York, falls into the Hudson 2 miles below 
 Troy. 
 
 Wynantskill, a post-village of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York, on a creek of the same name, 
 7 miles E. N. E. from Albany. 
 
 Wy'nantsville, a post-office of Rensselaer 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Wyncoop Creek, a post-office of Chemung 
 CO., New York. 
 
 Wynn, a post-office of Franklin co., Ind. 
 
 Wyocena, a post-township in the central 
 part of Columbia co., Wisconsin. Pop., 406. 
 
 Wy'ocena, a post- village in the above town- 
 ship, 30 miles N. from Madison. Pop., 150. 
 
 Wyoming, a county in the W. part of New 
 York, has an area of about 600 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the S. E. by the 
 Genesee river, and drained by the head 
 waters of Allen's, Tonnewanda, Bufi"alo, and 
 Cattaraugus creeks, which turn numerous 
 grist and saw mills. The surface is undu- 
 lating ; the soil is generally a moist sandy 
 or gravelly loam, adapted to either grain or 
 grass. Wheat, oats, wool, and grass are the 
 staples. In 1850 this county produced 
 331,639 bushels of wheat; 543,977 of oats; 
 75,067 tons of hay ; 1,200,297 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 380,472 of wool. There were 29 
 flour and gristmills, 42, saw mills, 6 carding 
 and fulling mills, 10 machine shops, 6 iron 
 foundries, 6 woollen factories, and 15 pot and 
 pearlash factories. It contained 69 churches, 
 2 newspaper offices; 11,027 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 396 attending academies 
 or other schools. It is intersected by the 
 Genesee Valley canal, and by the Buffalo and 
 New York City railroad ; and in part by the 
 Batavia and Attica branch of the Central, 
 and the Attica and Alleghany railroad. Or- 
 ganized in 1851, having been formed from 
 
WYO 
 
 WYT 
 
 part of Genesee county. Capital, Warsaw. 
 Population, 31,981. 
 
 Wyoming, a county in the N. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, has an area of 400 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the North Branch 
 of Susquehanna, and also drained by the Ma- 
 hoopeny, Bowman's, and Tunkhannock creeks. 
 The surface is broken by spurs of the Alle- 
 ghany mountains, forming bluffs along the 
 river near 1000 feet in height. The most con- 
 siderable ridges are called Mahoopeny, Bow- 
 man's, Tunkhannock, and Knob mountains. 
 The soil in general is moderately fertile. In- 
 dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the 
 staples. Lumber is an important article of 
 export. In 1850 this county produced 116,349 
 bushels of corn ; 62,734 of wheat ; 88,632 of 
 oats; 9788 tons of hay, and 211,215 pounds 
 of butter. There were 42 saw mills, 12 flour 
 and grist mills, 4 manufactories of agricul- 
 tural implements, and 1 of coaches. It con- 
 tained 8 churches, 2 newspaper ofBces, and 
 2440 pupils attending public schools. It is 
 traversed by the North Branch canal, by the 
 Lackawanna and Western railroad, and by 
 the route of the North Pennsylvania railroad. 
 Formed in 1842, out of part of Luzerne, and 
 named from the Wyoming valley. Capital, 
 Tunkhannock. Population, 10,655. 
 
 Wyoming, a new county in the S. W. part 
 of Virginia, has an area of 880 square miles. 
 The Guyandotte river and the Tug fork of 
 Sandy river rise in the county, and flow west- 
 ward, the latter forming its boundary on the 
 S. W. The surface is mountainous, and 
 mostly covered with forests. A ridge, called 
 the Great Flat-top mountain, extends along 
 the south-eastern border. The soil is said to 
 be good, and adapted to wool-growing. In- 
 dian corn, oats, butter, and peltry are the st:i- 
 ples. In 1850 it produced 47,506 bushels of 
 corn: 8765 of oats, and 17,197 pounds of 
 butter. It contained 2 churches. Wyoming 
 was formed out of part of Logan county. Ca- 
 pital, Wyoming Court House. Population, 
 1645; of whom 1584 were free, and 61, 
 slaves. 
 
 Wyoming, a post-village of Middlebury 
 township, Wyoming co.. New York, on Allen's 
 creek, 44 miles E. from Buffalo. It contains 
 3 churches, a flourishing academy, 4 stores, 
 a flouring mill, a furnace, and a water-cure 
 establishment. 
 
 Wyoming, a thriving post-village of Luzerne 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the 
 Susquehanna river, 4 miles above Wilkes- 
 barre, is situated in the fertile valley of its 
 own name. Several new buildings have been 
 erected within a few years. 
 
 Wyoming, a post-village in Dinwiddle co., 
 Virginia, near Nottaway river, 50 miles S. by 
 W. from Piichmond. 
 
 Wyoming, a small village of Bath co., Ken- 
 tucky, on Licking river, at the mouth of Slate 
 creek, has 2 stores and 2 mills. 
 
 Wyoming, a township in the W. part of 
 
 Kent CO., Michigan, partly intersected by 
 Grand river. Population, 543. 
 
 AVyoming, a small village of White co., In- 
 diana, on Tippecanoe river, about 12 miles 
 N. by E. from Monticello. 
 
 Wyoming, a township in Lake co., Illinois. 
 Population, 808. 
 
 Wyoming, a post-village in Stark co., Illi- 
 nois, on Spoon river, 95 miles N. by W. from 
 Springfield. 
 
 Wyoming, a village in Muscatine co., Iowa, 
 on Mississippi river, 40 miles S. E. by E. from 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Wyoming, a post-township in the N. part 
 of Iowa CO., Wisconsin. Population, 206. 
 
 Wyoming Court House, capital of Wyoming 
 CO., Virginia, about 250 miles W.' from Rich- 
 mond. A small place, of recent origin. 
 
 Wyoming Mountain, Pennsylvania, in Lu- 
 zerne county, extends 15 or 20 miles along 
 the S. E. bank of the Susquehanna. Its 
 height is somewhat above 1000 feet. 
 
 Wyota, Y/isconsin. See Wiota. 
 
 Wysox, a post-township of Bradford co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 3 miles N. E. from To- 
 wanda. Population, 1167. 
 
 Wysox, a township in the S. E. part of Car- 
 roll CO., Illinois. Population, 630. 
 
 Wythe, a county in the S. S. W. part of 
 Virginia, has an area estimated at 520 square 
 miles. It is intersected by the Kanawha or 
 New river, and also drained by Reed, Crip- 
 ple, and Walker's creeks, and by the sources 
 of Holston river. The greater part of the 
 county is an elevated valley or plateau be- 
 tween the Iron mountain on the S. and Walk- 
 er's mountain on the N. W. Walker's moun- 
 tain is a sublime feature in the scenery of 
 this region. The soil is good, well watered, 
 find particularly adapted to grazing. In 1850 
 this county produced 280,652 bushels of In- 
 dian corn; 72,738 of wheat; 155,207 of oats; 
 and 213,010 pounds of butter. There were 3 
 iron furnaces, 2 iron forges, 2 lead furnaces, 
 1 nail factory, and 3 tanneries. It contained 
 30 churches ; 294 pupils attending public 
 schools, and 200 attending academies or other 
 schools. The most abundant minerals are 
 iron ore, lead, stone coal, limestone, and gyp- 
 sum. Some silver is found in connection with 
 the lead. The county is intersected by the 
 Virginia and Tennessee railroad. Formed in 
 1790, and named in honor of George Wythe, 
 one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence. Capital, Yv^ytheville. Population, 
 12,024; of whom 9839 were free, and 2185, 
 slaves. 
 
 Wythe, a post-ofiice of Hancock co., 111. 
 
 Wytheville, formerly Evansham, a neat 
 and thriving post-village, capital of Wythe 
 CO., Virginia, on the main road from Balti- 
 more to Nashville, 248 miles W. S. W. from 
 Richmond. It is situated in an elevated val- 
 ley or plateau, among the Alleghany moun- 
 tains. It has considerable trade, and con- 
 tains 5 or 6 churches, 1 bank, with a capital 
 1317 
 
XEN 
 
 YAN 
 
 of $130,000, and 2 newspaper offices. The 
 Virginia and Tennessee railroad passes 
 through the place. Pop., estimated at 900. 
 
 X 
 
 Xenia, a handsome and flourishing town 
 of Xenia township, capital of Greene county, 
 Ohio, on the Little Miami railroad, 65 miles 
 N. E. from Cincinnati, and 61 miles W. S. W. 
 from Columbus. The town is regularly 
 planned and well built, and contains many 
 handsome residences. The court house is 
 one of the finest buildings of its class in the 
 state. The surrounding country has an un- 
 dulating surface, and a fertile soil, and is 
 liberally supplied with water-power, and 
 with excellent limestone. Xenia has an ac- 
 tive trade, and the prosperity of the place 
 has been much augmented by the construc- 
 tion of railroads in various directions. Be- 
 sides the line above named, the following 
 railroads connect at this place; — the Colum- 
 bus and Xenia ; the Lebanon and Xenia ; and 
 the Delaware and Xenia ; the last two being 
 unfinished. The Dayton, Xenia and Belpre 
 railroad will connect i*t with Dayton and 
 Chillicothe. It contains several churches, 1 
 bank, and 2 newspaper offices. Population 
 of the township in 1850, 7055 ; of the village 
 in 1853, estimated at 3500. 
 
 Xenia, a small post-village of Clay co., 111. 
 
 Y 
 
 Yadkin, a large river of North Carolina, 
 rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge in Cald- 
 well county. Its direction at first is E. N. E. 
 until it approaches the E. border of Surry 
 county, below which it flows in a south south- 
 easterly course, and entering the State of 
 South Carolina about 10 miles above Cheraw, 
 takes the name of the Great Pedee, (which 
 see.) The Yadkin is a beautiful and rapid 
 stream, and rolls down a large volume of 
 water, but the current is obstructed by nume- 
 rous shoals and rocky rapids. The Narrows 
 of the Yadkin, near the mouth of Uharee 
 river, is one of the most remarkable natural 
 objects in the state, and worthy of the at- 
 tention of tourists. The waters, which a 
 little above were spread over a channel from 
 400 to 600 yards wide, are here compressed 
 within a mountain gorge, which varies from 
 60 to 100 feet in width, and is about 1 mile 
 long, and 40 or 50 feet deep. Gold mines 
 are worked in several places along this river. 
 
 Yadkin, a county in the N. W. part of 
 North Carolina: area estimated at 310 
 square miles. The Yadkin river, from which 
 it derives its name, forms its northern bound- 
 ary, and Deep creek flows through it. The 
 surface is diversified ; the soil produces In- 
 dian corn, oats, and pastures. Iron ore is 
 1818 
 
 found in the county, formed from Surrey 
 in 1850-51. Capital, Wilson. 
 
 Yale, a post-office of Jasper co., Illinois. 
 
 Yallobusha, or Yalabusha, a river in the 
 N. part of Mississippi, rising in Chickasaw 
 county, flows first nearly westward and then 
 south-westerly to Leflore, on the W. border 
 of Carroll county, where it unites with the 
 Tallahatchee river to form the Yazoo. During 
 high water, i. e. in winter, it is navigable by 
 steamboats to Grenada, a distance of 90 
 miles. 
 
 Yallobusha, a county in the N. central 
 part of Mississippi, has an area of about 940 
 square miles. It is intersected by the navi- 
 gable river Yallobusha, from which it de- 
 rives its name, and also drained by its afflu- 
 ent the Loosascoona. The surface is nearly 
 level; the soil is very fertile, especially in 
 the swamp lands near the W. border. Cotton 
 and Indian corn are the staples. In 1850 
 this county produced 14,314 bales of cotton; 
 640,775 bushels of corn; 59,335 of oats, and 
 65,824 of beans and peas, the greatest 
 quantity produced by any county in the 
 United States except Hinds county, Missis- 
 sippi. It contained 38 churches, 2 news- 
 paper offices, and 1137 pupils attending 
 academies and other schools. It is inter- 
 sected by the Mississippi Central railroad, 
 now in progress. This county is a part of 
 the tract called the Chickasaw Cession, 
 which was ceded by the Indians to the state, 
 and settled by the whites about 1836. Capi- 
 tal, Coffeeville. Population, 17,258; of whom 
 8661 were free, and 8597, slaves. 
 
 Yam Hill, a county in the N. W. part of 
 Oregon, has an area estimated at above 750 
 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the 
 Willamette river, and on the W. by the 
 Pacific ocean. The soil in the E. part is 
 fertile. Wheat, oats, wool, butter and 
 cheese are the staples. In 1850 the county 
 produced 22,452 bushels of wheat; 5988 oif 
 oats; 33,101 pounds of wool; 34,505 of 
 butter, and 9785 of cheese. The quantity 
 of wool was the greatest produced by any 
 county of the state. There were 138 pupils 
 attending academies or other schools. Po- 
 pulation, 1513. 
 
 Yancey, a county in the W. part of North 
 Carolina, bordering on Tennessee : area esti- 
 mated at 380 square miles. It is intersected 
 by Nolachucky river. The county is a 
 mountainous region between the Blue Ridge 
 on the E., and the Iron mountain on the N. 
 W. Black mountain, near the S. E. border, is 
 ascertained to be 6476 feet above the sea. 
 The soil of the lower parts is fertile. Indian 
 corn, grass, and potatoes are the staples. In 
 1850 it produced 284,016 bushels of corn; 
 122,544 of oats, and 87,542 pounds of butter. 
 There were 4 saw mills, 2 tanneries, and 1 
 cabinet-ware manufactory. It contained 28 
 churches, and 1600 pupils attending public 
 schools. Capital, Burnsville. Population, 
 
YAN 
 
 YAZ 
 
 8205; of whom 7859 were free, and 346, 
 slaves. 
 
 Yancey's Mills, a post-office of Albemarle 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Tanceyville, a thriving post-village, capi- 
 tal of Caswell county, North Carolina, on 
 County Line creek, 75 miles N. W. from Ra- 
 leigh. It contains, besides the county build- 
 ings, a bank and several stores. Popula- 
 tion in 1851, about 600. 
 
 Yanhanna, a post-office of Georgetown dis- 
 trict. South Carolina. 
 
 Yankee Grove, a post-office of Cedar co.,Ia. 
 
 Yankee Hill, a post-office of Menard co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 Yankee Jim's, a post-village of Placer co., 
 California. Population in 1853, about 850. 
 
 Yankee Settlement, a small post-village 
 of Delaware co., Iowa, about 80 miles N. by 
 E. from Iowa City. 
 
 Yankee Springs, a post-township in the 
 W. part of Barry co., Michigan. Pop., 292. 
 
 Yankeetown, a post-office of Darke co., 0. 
 
 Yantic river, of New London co., Connec- 
 ticut, unites with the Shetucket at Norwich 
 to form the Thames. It affords valuable 
 water-power. 
 
 Yantic, a flourishing manufacturing post- 
 village of New London co., Connecticut, on 
 the Yantic river, at the falls, and on the 
 New London, Willim antic, and Palmer rail- 
 road, 16 miles N. from New London. 
 
 Yaphank, a post-office of Suffolk co., N. Y. 
 
 Yaquima, or Yakima river, in the W. cen- 
 tral part of Washington Territory, rises on 
 the slope of the Cascade Range, and falls 
 into the Columbia river, about 15 miles 
 above the mouth of Lewis river. 
 
 Yaquima Bay, on the Pacific, in Polk co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 Yarborottgh, a post-office of Bossier pa- 
 rish, Louisiana. 
 
 Yardleysville, a post-village of Bucks 
 CO., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river, 
 128 miles E. from Harrisburg, contains seve- 
 ral stores. 
 
 Yardville, a post-office of Mercer co., N.J. 
 
 Yarmouth, a post-township of Cumberland 
 CO., Maine. 
 
 Yarmouth, a post-township in Barnstable 
 county, Massachusetts, extends across Cape 
 Cod, 70 miles S. S. E. from Boston. The 
 inhabitants are largely engaged in the manu- 
 facture of salt and in the fisheries. In 1851, 
 14 vessels and 169 men and boys were em- 
 ployed in the mackerel fishery. The quantity 
 of mackerel inspected during the year, was 
 3235 barrels. Population, 2595. 
 
 Yarmouth Port, a post-villageinthe above 
 township, situated on the N. shore of the 
 peninsula. It contains 2 or 3 churches, a 
 bank, and a newspaper office. 
 
 Yates, a county in the W. central part of 
 New York, has an area of about ;320 square 
 miles. It is bounded on the E. by Seneca 
 lake, and partly on the W. by Canandaigua 
 
 and Crooked lakes, the latter of which ex- 
 tends into it, and is principally drained by 
 the outlet of Crooked lake and Flint creek, 
 which afford valuable water-power. The sur- 
 face is undulating or hilly. The soil is gene- 
 rally a fertile sandy loam. AVheat, Indian 
 corn, oats, and grass are the staples. In 
 1850 this county produced 483,159 bushels 
 of wheat; 177,636 of corn ; 221,021 of oats; 
 34,673 tons of hay, and 537,634 pounds of 
 butter. There were 18 flour and grist mills, 
 28 saw mills, 5 iron foundries, 4 coach fac- 
 tories, 2 distilleries, 1 linseed-oil factory, 
 and 8 tanneries. It contained 44 churches, 
 3 newspaper offices, 6607 pupils attending 
 public schools, and 115 attending academies 
 or other schools. It is traversed by the 
 Canandaigua and Elmira railroad, and in 
 part by the Crooked Lake canal. Organ- 
 ized in 1823, having been formed from part 
 of Ontario county, and named in honor of 
 Governor Yates, of New York. Capital, Penn 
 Yan. Population, 20,590. 
 
 Yates, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Orleans co., New York, on Lake 
 Ontario. Population, 2242. 
 
 Yatesvillb, a post-office of Yates co., N.Y. 
 
 Yatesville, a post-office of Lunenburg co., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Yaton, or Yatton, a post-village in Wash- 
 ington CO., Iowa, near English river, 16 miles 
 S. by W. from Iowa City. 
 
 Yattayabbee Creek, of Henry co., Ala- 
 bama, flows into the Chattahoochee river. 
 
 Yazoo river, of Mississippi, is formed 
 by the Tallahatchie and Yallobusha rivers, 
 which unite at Leflore, in Carroll county. It 
 then pursues a very serpentine course, the 
 general direction of which is S. by W., and 
 empties itself into the Mississippi, 12 miles 
 above Vicksburg. The length of the main 
 stream is stated to be about 290 miles. It is 
 a deep, narrow, and sluggish stream, tra- 
 versing an alluvial plain of extreme fertility, 
 which is mostly occupied by plantations of 
 cotton. It is probably not surpassed in na- 
 vigable qualities by any river of equal size. 
 Steamboats navigate it from its mouth to its 
 origin in all stages of water, and in all sea- 
 sons of the year. The Tallahatchie, the 
 largest branch, is perhaps as long as the 
 Yazoo itself, and is navigable by steamboats 
 more than 100 miles. 
 
 Yazoo, a county in the W. central part of 
 Mississippi, has an area of about 760 square 
 miles. The Big Black river forms its bound- 
 ary on the S. E., and the Yazoo river, from 
 which the name is derived, bounds it on the 
 W. and N. W. The surface is a level, alluvial 
 plain, the soil of which is exceedingly fer- 
 tile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staples. 
 In 1850 this county produced 22,0.52 bales of 
 cotton; 556,505 bushels of corn, and 128,272 
 of sweet potatoes. It contained 14 churches , 
 543 pupils attending public schools, and 84 
 attending academies or other schools. The 
 1319 
 
YAZ 
 
 YEL 
 
 Yazoo river is navigable by steamboats at all 
 seasons, ■with few exceptions, through its 
 whole extent. The Mississippi Central rail- 
 road passes near the E. border. Capital, 
 Yazoo City. Population, 14,418, of whom 
 4069 were free, and 10,349, slaves. 
 
 Yazoo City, a flourishing post-village, ca- 
 pital of Yazoo county, Mississippi, on the 
 river of the same name, 50 miles N. N. W. 
 from Jackson. It is situated in a rich cotton 
 growing region, and has considerable busi- 
 ness. About 50,000 bales of cotton are re- 
 ceived here annually and shipped to New 
 Orleans by steamboats, which navigate the 
 river in all stages of water. The village con- 
 tains several churches and 2 newspaper offices. 
 Population in 1853, about 2000. 
 
 Yegua Creek, of Texas, an affluent of the 
 Brazos, is formed by three branches, the 
 First, Second, and Third Yegua, which unite 
 on the N. boundary of Washington county. 
 It follows that boundary until it enters the 
 river, about 5 miles N. E, from Independence. 
 
 Yell, a county situated in the W. central 
 part of Arkansas, contains 970 square miles. 
 It is intersected by the Fourche La Fave and 
 Petit Jean rivers, and the Arkansas washes 
 its N. E. border. The surface is diversified; the 
 soil mostly productive. Wheat, Indian corn, 
 cotton, and cattle are the staples. In 1850 
 there were raised 127,335 bushels of corn; 
 5208 of wheat, and 68,575 pounds of butter. 
 It contained 11 cotton-ginning mills, 2 saw 
 mills, and 4 tanneries. There were 200 pu- 
 pils attending public schools. Magazine 
 mountain, of this county, is estimated at 
 2000 feet high. Capital, Danville. Pop., 
 3341, of whom 2917 were free, and 424, slaves. 
 
 Yell county, Iowa. See Webster. 
 
 Yellow Branch, a post-office of Campbell 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Yellow Breeches Creek, in the S. part of 
 Pennsylvania, forms part of the boundai-y 
 between York and Cumberland counties, and 
 enters the Susquehanna river about 4 miles 
 below Harrisburg. It affords permanent mo- 
 tive-power. 
 
 Yellow Bun, a post-office of Ross co., 0. 
 
 Yellow Bush, a post-office of Chickasaw 
 CO., Mississippi. 
 
 Yellow Creek, of Pennsylvania, unites 
 with Black Lick creek, in Indiana county. 
 
 Yellow Creek, of Alabama and Missis- 
 sippi, flows south-westward and enters Luxa- 
 patilla creek, in Lowndes county, Mississippi. 
 
 Yellow Creek, in the E. part of Ohio, flows 
 through Jeff"erson county, and enters the Ohio 
 river 2 or 3 miles below Wellsville. 
 
 Yellow Creek, of Missouri, rises in Sulli- 
 van county, and flowing southward enters 
 Grand river from the left, on the AV. border 
 of Chariton county. 
 
 Yellow Creek, a post-office of Lumpkin 
 CO., Georgia. 
 
 Yellow Creek, a post-office of Tishemingo 
 CO. Mississippi. 
 1320 
 
 Yellow Creek, a post-office of Knox co., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Yellow Creek, a township in the S. part 
 of Columbiana co., Ohio, on the W. side of 
 Ohio river, intersected by the Cleveland and 
 Pittsburg railroad. Population, including 
 Wellsville, 2359. 
 
 Yellow Creek, a post-office of Stephenson 
 CO., Illinois. 
 
 Yellow Creek, a small village of Chariton 
 CO., Missouri, about 85 miles N. W. from Jef- 
 ferson City. 
 
 Yellow Creek, of Allomakee co., Iowa, 
 falls"into the Mississippi river. 
 
 Yellow Creek Furnace, a post-office of 
 Montgomery co., Tennessee. 
 
 Yellow Head Grove, a small post-village 
 of Will CO., Illinois. 
 
 Yellow Jacket Creek, of Troup county, 
 Georgia, enters the Chattahoochee river, seve- 
 ral miles W. from La Grange. 
 
 Yellow Lake, in Alexandria township, 
 Jeff'erson co.. New York, is about 3 miles long. 
 
 Yellow Medicine River, of Minnesota 
 Territory, rises in about 44° 30' N. lat., and 
 96° 40 W. Ion.; flowing at first easterly, and 
 afterwards north-easterly, it falls into St. 
 Peter's river, in about 44° 44' N. lat., and 95° 
 26' W. Ion. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Yellow Mountain, a post-office of Yancey 
 CO., North Carolina. 
 
 Yellow River, Georgia, a branch of the 
 Ocmulgee, rises in Gwinnett county, and flow- 
 ing southward, unites with the other branch 
 a few miles S. from Covington. 
 
 Yellow River, of Wisconsin, rises in the 
 N. part of the state, and flowing south-west- 
 ward, falls into Chippewa river, near the mid- 
 dle of Chippewa county. 
 
 Yellow River, a post-office of Gwinnett 
 CO., Georgia, 21 miles E. N. E. from Atlanta. 
 
 Yellow River, a post-office of Slarshall 
 CO., Indiana . 
 
 Yellow Spring, a post-office of Blair co., 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Yellow Spring, a post-office of Hampshire 
 CO., Virginia. 
 
 Yellow Spring, a post-office of Johnson 
 CO., Indiana. 
 
 Yellow Springs, Pennsylvania. See Ches- 
 ter Springs. 
 
 Yellow Springs, a post-office of Claiborne 
 CO., Tennessee, 238 miles from Nashville. 
 
 Yellow Springs, a post-village of Greene 
 county, Ohio, on the Little Miami railroad, 
 74 miles N. E. from Cincinnati. Near the 
 village is a chalybeate spring, which dis- 
 charges about 100 gallons per minute. Va- 
 luable limestone quarries are worked in the 
 vicinity. Population, about 250. 
 
 Yellow Springs, a post-village of Des 
 ^loines co., Iowa, 15 miles N. by AV. from 
 Burlington. 
 
 Yellowstone river, the largest, though 
 not the longest affluent of the IMissouri, has 
 its source in Sublette's lake, in about 43° 40' 
 
YEL 
 
 YOR 
 
 N. lat., and 110° W. Ion. Flowing in a gene- 
 ral north-easterly course, it falls into the Mis- 
 souri, in about 48° 5' N. lat., and 104° W. 
 Ion. At its mouth it is about 800 yf-'is wide. 
 Length, estimated at 1000 miles, for 700 or 
 800 miles of which it is said to be navigable. 
 
 Yellowstone, a post-office of Paulding co., 
 Georgia. 
 
 Yellowstone, a post-office of Lafayette co., 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Yellowstone, a post-office of Hawkins co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Yellow-water, a small river of Alabama 
 and Florida, rises in Covington county, Ala- 
 bama, and flows south-westward through Flo- 
 rida into Pensacola bay. 
 
 Yellville, a small post-village, capital of 
 Marion co., Arkansas, about 125 miles N. by 
 W. from Little Rock. 
 
 Yelvington, a post- village in Daviess co., 
 Ky., 156 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. 
 
 Ynouski, a post-office of Kalamazoo co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 YocK-NA-PA-TAL-FA, a crcek of Mississippi, 
 rising near the E. border of Lafayette county, 
 flows westward and enters the Tallahatchie 
 river, near the S. boundary of Panola county. 
 
 YocoNY, a post-office of Itawamba co., 
 Mississippi. 
 
 YocDM Station, a post-office of Lee co.,Va, 
 
 YocuMTOWN, a post-village of York co., 
 Pennsylvania, 21 miles S. from Harrisburg. 
 
 YoHOGANT, a post-office of Westmoreland 
 CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Yolo, a county towards the N. W. part of 
 California, has an area estimated at above 
 1400 square miles. It is bounded on the E. 
 by the Sacramento river, partly on the S. W. 
 by Puta river, and on the W. by the Coast 
 range of mountains, and is drained by Cache 
 creek, which flows into Clear lake. The sur- 
 face in the E. part is generally level, or but 
 slightly uneven, and in the W. rough and 
 mountainous. The soil in the level portions, 
 especially in the valley of the Sacramento, 
 is very fertile. Barley, potatoes, hay, wood, 
 cattle, and horses are the staples. In 1852 
 it produced 126,076 bushels of barley ; 11,950 
 of potatoes ; 6238 tons of hay, and $19,370 
 worth of wood. There were 9116 beef cattle, 
 and 1808 horses. Gold is found in this 
 county, but is not very abundant : it is princi- 
 pally imbedded in quartz rock. The Sacra- 
 mento river is navigable along the E. border. 
 Capital, Fremont. Population, 1307. 
 
 YoNCALLA, a post-office of Umpqua co., 
 Oregon. 
 
 YoNGUESviLLE, a post-officc of Fairfield 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 YoNKERS, a thriving post-village in Yon- 
 ker's township, Westchester county. New York, 
 on the E. bank of Hudson river, and on the 
 Hudson river railroad, 17 miles N. by E. from 
 New York. It contains churche's of 4 or 5 
 denominations, several seminaries, a good ho- 
 tel, and numerous stores and factories. It has 
 
 several landings for steamboats and vessels 
 sailing on the river. Many merchants and 
 others engaged in New York have fine country 
 seats in the village and vicinity. Population 
 in 1853, estimated at 4000. Population of 
 the township in 1850, 4160. 
 
 York, a county forming the S. W. ex- 
 tremity of Maine, has an area of about 820 
 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the 
 Saco and Ossipee rivers, on the S. E. by the 
 Atlantic ocean, and the Salmon Falls river 
 runs along its S. W. border, separating it 
 from New Hampshire. The seacoast has 
 many good harbors, and ship building is car- 
 ried on to some extent. This county has se- 
 veral streams, which afford valuable water- 
 power. The surface is rough and uneven, 
 and the soil on the seacoast rocky, but in 
 some portions of the interior it is more fer- 
 tile. Indian corn, potatoes, wool, and grass 
 are the staples. In 1850 the county pro- 
 duced 227,046 bushels of corn; 511,773 of 
 potatoes, (the greatest quantity produced in 
 any county in the state ;) 78,559 tons of hay; 
 1,058,704 pounds of butter, and 75,571 of 
 wool. There were 4 manufactories of cotton, 
 11 of woollen, 10 of shingles, 34 of boots and 
 shoes, and 1 of wooden ware, 3 foundries, 2 
 machine shops, 62 saw and planing mills, 21 
 grist mills, 14 ship-yards, and 31 tanneries. 
 It contained 134 churches, 4 newspaper 
 offices, 20,099 pupils attending public schools, 
 and 610 attending academies or other schools. 
 The county is intersected by the Portland, 
 Saco, and Portsmouth railroad, and by the 
 route of the York and Cumberland railroad, 
 unfinished. Named from York, a county ir 
 England. Capital, Alfred. Pop., 60,098. 
 
 York, a county in the S. S. E. part of 
 Pennsylvania, bordering on Maryland, has 
 an area of 925 square miles. The Susque- 
 hanna river forms its entire boundary on the 
 N. E. ; it is also intersected by Conewago 
 and Codorus creeks, and bounded on the N. 
 W. by Yellow Breeches creek. The surface 
 is diversified by minor mountain ridges, 
 called South mountain, Conewago, and Pigeon 
 hills. The soil is generally good, and part 
 of it is excellent, and highly cultivated. 
 Grain, potatoes, hay, tobacco, cattle, horsef', 
 pork, and iron are the staples. In 1850 this? 
 county produced 578,828 bushels of wheat; 
 707,151 of corn; 582,817 of oats; 124,867 
 of potatoes; 50,760 tons of hay; 418,555 
 pounds of tobacco, (the greatest quantity 
 produced by any one county of the state,) 
 and 1,082,579 of butter. There were 115 
 flour and grist mills, 40 saw mills, 3 paper 
 mills, 1 steel furnace, 9 iron foundries, 2 iron 
 forges, 8 woollen factories, 1 cotton factory, 7 
 manufactories of farming implements, 45 
 distilleries, and 37 tanneries. It contained 
 98 churches, 7 newspaper offices, 10,582 pu- 
 pils attending public schools, and 315 attend- 
 ing academies and other schools. The creeks 
 furnish extensive motive-power. Quarries 
 1321 
 
YOR 
 
 YOR 
 
 of limestone, slate, and sandstone, suitable 
 for building, are worked. The Baltimore and 
 Susquehanna railroad connects at York with 
 the York and Cumberland railroad. The 
 York and Wrightsville and the Hanover 
 Branch railroads are included in the county. 
 Organized in 1749. Capital, York. Popu- 
 lation, 57,450. 
 
 York county, Virginia, is situated in the 
 ' S. E. part, at the entrance of York river into 
 Chesapeake bay, which together form its N. 
 E. boundary. The area is 70 square miles. 
 The surface is nearly level or undulating, 
 and much of the soil is fertile. The staples 
 are Indian corn, wheat, oats, and butter. In 
 1850 the county produced 148,335 bushels 
 of corn; 27,650 of wheat ; 25,951 of oats, 
 and 14,118 pounds of butter. It contained 
 10 pupils attending a public school, and 140 
 attending academies or other schools. Large 
 numbers of oysters are propagated in York 
 river, and exported to the Northern cities. 
 Capital, Yorktown. Pop., 4460, of whom 
 2279 were free, and 2181, slaves. 
 
 York, a district in the N. part of South 
 Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, has 
 an area of about 600 square miles. The Ca- 
 tawba forms its boundary on the E. and N. 
 E., the Broad river on the W., and it is 
 drained by Buffalo, Allison's, King's, and 
 Fishing creeks. The surface is hilly or 
 mountainous. The most remarkable eleva- 
 tion is King's mountain, on the northern 
 border, near which a victory was gained by 
 the American troops over the British in 1780. 
 The soil in some parts is productive. Cotton, 
 Indian corn, wheat, oats, and sweet potatoes 
 are the staples. In 1850 this district pro- 
 duced 9986 bales of cotton; 690,447 bushels 
 of corn; 64,755 of wheat; 106,315 of oats, 
 and 39,586 of sweet potatoes. There were 
 10 grist and 3 saw and planing mills, 1 iron 
 foundry, and 5 tanneries. It contained 
 26 churches, 1 newspaper office, 168 pupils 
 attending public schools, and 260 attending 
 academies and other schools. This district 
 contains iron ore of fine quality and in great 
 abundance ; gold is found in one or two lo- 
 calities ; a rich deposit of manganese has re- 
 cently been discovered at the foot of King's 
 mountain, and limestone underlies a consider- 
 able part of the surface. It is intersected by 
 the Charlotte and South Carolina railroad, 
 and in part by the King's Mountain railroad. 
 Capital, Yorkville. Population, 19,538, of 
 whom 11,426 were free, and 8007, slaves. 
 
 York, a post-village and port of entry of 
 York county, Maine, is situated on the N. or 
 left bank of York river, about 45 miles S. W. 
 from Portland, and 9 miles N. E. from Ports- 
 mouth. It is regularly laid out with streets 
 intersecting each other at right angles, and 
 is the seat of considerable business. It has 
 some commercial advantages, the harbor be- 
 ing commodious, and the river navigable to 
 this point (H miles from the ocean) for ves- 
 1322 
 
 sels of 250 tons burthen. The shipping 
 of the district, June 30th, 1852, amounted 
 to an aggregate of 1503|| tons enrolled and 
 licensed. Of this, 1232 J^ tons were employed 
 in the coast trade, 172|| tons in the cod 
 fishery, and the remainder in the mackerel 
 fishery. York was incorporated in 1653, 
 and for many years was the capital of the 
 county. Population, 2980. 
 
 York, a post-township of Livingston co., 
 New York, on the Genesee river, 6 miles N. 
 W. from Geneseo. Population, 2785. 
 
 York, a wealthy post-borough of York 
 township, capital of York county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, on Codorus creek, 10 miles S. W. from 
 the Susquehanna river, 28 miles S. S. E. 
 from Harrisburg, 24 miles W. by S. from 
 Lancaster, 48 miles N. from Baltimore, and 
 92 miles from Philadelphia, with all which 
 towns it is connected by railways. Numerous 
 turnpikes, extending in various directions, 
 connect this place with the principal towns 
 of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The Balti- 
 more and Susquehanna railroad joins here 
 with the York and Cumberland, and the York 
 and Wrightsville railroad. The town is 
 neatly and substantially built, and contains 
 many fine residences and public buildings. 
 The most remarkable among the latter is the 
 court house, a large edifice of granite, re- 
 sembling a Grecian temple : it cost $150,000. 
 Several of the churches are adorned with 
 lofty spires. It contains 2 banks, with an 
 aggregate capital of $320,000. Four news- 
 papers are published here. York is sur- 
 rounded by a populous and fertile farming 
 region, which is well watered and highly 
 cultivated. The Codorus creek has been 
 made navigable from this place to its mouth 
 by a number of dams and side-cuts. In 1777 
 the Continental Congress met at this place, 
 while Philadelphia was occupied by the Bri- 
 tish army. Laid out in 1741. Population 
 of the borough in 1850, 6863; of the town- 
 ship, exclusive of the borough, 1960. 
 
 York, a post-village in Fayette co., Ga., 
 87 miles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. 
 
 York, a small post-village of Walker co. Ala. 
 
 York, a townshii^ forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremity of Athens co., Ohio, intersected by 
 Hocking river. Population, 1391. 
 
 York, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Belmont co., Ohio, on the W. side 
 of Ohio river. Population, 1312. 
 
 York, a township in Darke co., Ohio. Po- 
 pulation, 499. 
 
 York, a township in the N. central part 
 of Medina co., Ohio. Population, 1211. 
 
 York, a township forming the N. W. ex- 
 tremitj' of Morgan co., Ohio, on the W. side 
 of Muskingum river. Population, 1207. 
 
 York, a township forming the S. E. ex- 
 tremity of Sandusky CO., Ohio, intersected by 
 the Sandusky and Indiana, and the Cleve- 
 land, Norwalk, and Toledo railroads. Popu- 
 lation, 1811. 
 
YOR 
 
 YOU 
 
 YoKK, a township in the central part of 
 Tuscarawas co., Ohio. Population, 1303. 
 
 YoKK, a post-township forming the N. W. 
 extremity of Union co., Ohio. Pop., 831. 
 
 York, a township in the S. E. part of Van 
 Wert CO., Ohio, intersected by the Little 
 Auglaize river. Population, 875. 
 
 York, a post-township in the S. E. part of 
 Washtenaw co., Michigan. Population, 1360. 
 
 York, a post-office of Gibson co., Indiana. 
 
 York, a township in Noble co., Indiana. 
 Population, 565. 
 
 York, a township in Steuben co., Indiana. 
 Population, 489. 
 
 York, a township in Switzerland co., In- 
 diana. Population, 1523. 
 
 York, a small village of Clarke co., 111. 
 
 York, a small post- village of Crawford co., 
 Illinois, on the Wabash river, 142 miles E. S. 
 E. from Springfield. 
 
 York, a post-office of Dane co., Wisconsin. 
 
 Yorka, a post-office of Leake co.. Miss. 
 
 York Centre, a post-office of Du Page co., 
 Illinois. 
 
 York Haven, a village of York co., Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Susquehanna river, about 16 
 miles below Harrisburg. It is situated at the 
 foot of the Conewago falls or rapids, which 
 afford some water-power. 
 
 York Mills, a small village in the western 
 part of Hunterdon co., New Jersey, about 
 10 miles W. N. W. from Flemington. 
 
 York North Ridge, a post-office of San- 
 dusky CO., Ohio. 
 
 York River, the name given to an inlet or 
 arm of the sea, in York co., Maine. Length, 
 about 7 miles. 
 
 York River, in the E. part of Virginia, is 
 formed by the union of the Pamunkey and 
 Mattapony rivers, at the S. E. extremity of 
 King William county, and flowing in a south- 
 easterly direction, falls into Chesapeake bay 
 nearly opposite Cape Charles. It is so broad 
 through its whole course as to present rather 
 the appearance of a bay than of a river. Its 
 whole length is about 40 miles, and at its 
 mouth it is probably not less than 8 miles in 
 width. This river divides New Kent, James 
 City, and York counties on the right, from 
 King and Queen and Gloucester counties on 
 the left. 
 
 Yorkshire, a post-village of Yorkshire 
 township, Cattaraugus co.. New York, on 
 Cattaraugus creek, about 85 miles S. S. E. 
 from Buifalo. It has several stores. Popu- 
 lation of the township, 2010. 
 
 York Sulphur Springs, a small post-vil- 
 lage of Adams co., Pennsylvania, 23 miles S. 
 W. from Harrisburg. This is an agreeable 
 summer retreat. 
 
 YoRKTOWN, a post-township of Westches- 
 ter CO., New York, on Croton river, 45 miles 
 N. by E. from New York. Pop., 2273. 
 
 YoRKTOWN, a port of entry and capital of 
 York county, Virginia, is situated on the 
 right bank of York river, 11 miles from its 
 
 mouth, and 70 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. 
 It was settled in 1705, and was once flourish- 
 ing. There are now about 40 houses. The 
 shipping of the district, June 30th, 1852, 
 amounted to an aggregate of 5981 1| tons en- 
 rolled and licensed, and all employed in the 
 coast trade. During the year, 2 vessels of 
 246i| tons burthen were built. This locality 
 was the theatre of one of the most important 
 events in American history — the surrender 
 of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington, 
 which occurred on the 19th October, 1781. 
 
 YoRKTOwN, a post-office of De Witt co., 
 Texas. 
 
 YoRKTOWN, a thriving post-village of Dela- 
 ware CO., Indiana, at the junction of White 
 river and Buck creek, and on the Bellefontaine 
 and Indianapolis railroad, 52 miles N. E. from 
 Indianapolis. It contains 2 churches and 
 several mills. 
 
 YoRKTOwN, a post-office of Bureau co., IlL 
 
 YoRKViLLE, a post-village of New York, on 
 the Harlem railroad, 5 miles N. from the City 
 Hall, is a suburb of New York city. It con- 
 tains several churches and factories. 
 
 YoRKViLLE, a thriving post-village, capital 
 of York district. South Carolina, 86 miles N. 
 from Columbia. It is the northern terminus 
 of the King's mountain railroad, which con- 
 nects with the Charlotte and South Carolina 
 railroad at Chesterville. The surrounding 
 country abounds in valuable minerals. York- 
 ville contains a court house, several churches, 
 1 or 2 academies, and a newspaper office. 
 
 YoRKviLLE, a post- village of Pickens co., 
 Alabama, 186 miles W. N. W. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 YoRKViLLE, a thriving post-village of Gib- 
 son CO., Tennessee, 145 miles W. from Nash- 
 ville. It contains several stores. 
 
 YoRKviLLE, a post-office of Kalamazoo co., 
 Michigan. 
 
 YoRKviLLE, a post-village of Dearborn co., 
 Indiana, about 84 miles S. E. from Indiana- 
 polis. Population in 1851, 300. 
 
 YoRKViLLE, a village of Kendall co., Illi- 
 nois, on Fox river, opposite Bristol, and 52 
 miles S. W. from Chicago. 
 
 YoRKviLLE, a post-village of Racine co., 
 Wisconsin, on the plank-road between Ra- 
 cine City and Elkhorn, 10 miles W. from the 
 former. 
 
 YouGH Glades, a post-office of Alleghany 
 CO., Maryland. 
 
 YouGHioGHENT, ySh^-ho-gA'nc, a river which 
 rises in Preston co., Virginia, and flowing 
 through Maryland into Pennsylvania, enters 
 the Monongahela 18 miles S. E. from Pitts- 
 burg. It is rendered navigable by dams from 
 its mouth to the Ohiopyle falls, a distance of 
 60 miles by water. Here the river has a per- 
 pendicular descent of 20 feet. Entire length, 
 about 150 miles. 
 
 Young, a township in the S. part of Jeffer- 
 son CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 Young, a township of Indiana co., Penu 
 1323 
 
YOU 
 
 / YUB 
 
 sylvania, about 38 miles E. by N. from Pitts- 
 burg. Population, 1513. , ,. 
 
 Young, a post-office of McDonough co., 111. 
 
 Young Cane, a post-office of Union co., 
 Georgia, 172 miles N. by W. from Milledge- 
 ville. 
 
 Younger's, a post-office of Boone co., Mo. 
 
 Young Hickory, a post-office of Muskingum 
 CO., Ohio. 
 
 Young Hickory, a small post-village of 
 Will CO., Hlinois. 
 
 Young Hickory, a post-office of Washing- 
 ton CO., Wisconsin. 
 
 YouNGMANSTOWN, Pennsylvania. See Mif- 
 
 FLINSBURG. 
 
 Young's Cross TJoads, a post-office of 
 Granville co.. North Carolina, 68 miles from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Young's Point, a post-office of Madison 
 parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Young's Settlement, a post-office of Ba- 
 Itrop CO., Texas. 
 
 Young's Store, a post-office of Laurens dis- 
 trict, South Carolina. 
 
 Youngstown, a post-village in Porter town- 
 ship, Niagara co.. New York, near the mouth 
 of Niagara river, about 30 miles N. W. by N. 
 from Buffalo. It contains 2 churches, 5 stores, 
 and 1 steam flouring mill. It possesses the 
 advantages of a very fine natural harbor, (the 
 mouth of Niagara river,) which is open at all 
 seasons of the year. The several lines of 
 steamboats on Lake Ontario touch here, and 
 a considerable foreign and coasting trade is 
 carried on at this point. It is the northern 
 terminus of the Lake Ontario and Niagara 
 Falls railroad. Population in 1853, 800. 
 
 Youngstown, a post-village of Westmore- 
 land CO., Pennsylvania, 11 miles E. from 
 Greensburg, has 2 churches. Population, 
 estimated at 500. 
 
 Youngstown, a small village of Adams co., 
 Ohio, on the plank-road from Locust Grove to 
 Ripley, 21 miles from the latter. 
 
 Youngstown, a flourishing post-village of 
 Youngstown township, Mahoning co., Ohio, is 
 beautifully situated on the Mahoning river, 
 and on the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, 175 
 miles N. E. from Columbus. It is the largest 
 village in the county, having several churches 
 and a bank. Coal and iron ore are abundant 
 in the vicinity. There are 8 iron furnaces 
 and 1 or 2 rolling mills in operation here. 
 The Cleveland and Mahoning railroad will 
 pass through or near it. Population of the 
 township, 2802. 
 
 YouNGsviLLE, a post-office of Sullivan co.. 
 New York. 
 
 YouNGSviLLE, a thriving post-village of 
 Warren co., Pennsylvania, on the Broken- 
 straw creek, and on the route of the Sunbury 
 and Erie railroad, 10 miles W. from AVarren. 
 
 YouNGsviLLE, a post-village in Tallapoosa 
 CO., Alabama, 50 miles N. E. from Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 YouNGsviLLB, a post-officc of Adams co.,0. 
 1324 
 
 YouNGWOMANSTOWN, a post-viUagc of Clin- 
 ton CO., Pennsylvania, on the W. branch of 
 Susquehanna river, 18 miles N. W. from Lock 
 Haven, the county seat. 
 
 YouNTsviLLE, a post-village of Montgonery 
 CO., Indiana, near Sugar creek, about 50 milts 
 W. N. W. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Ypsilanti, a post-township in the E. part 
 of Washtenaw co., Michigan, intersected by 
 Huron river. Population, 3051. 
 
 YrsiLANTr, a thi-iving post-village in the 
 above township, on the Huron river and the 
 Central railroad, 30 miles W. by S. from De- 
 troit. It is one of the largest places in the 
 county, is situated in a rich and populous 
 farming district, and has extensive water- 
 power. Ypsilanti contains several churches, 
 2 newspaper offices, the state normal school, 
 and manufactoi-ies of wool, iron, flour, &c. 
 Population in 1853, estimated at 2500. 
 
 Yreka, a post-town of Siskiyou co., Cali- 
 fornia, on an affluent of the Shasta river, 
 about 300 miles N. from San Francisco. At 
 the election, September 7th, the number of 
 votes polled was 533. Population in 1853, 
 estimated at 2500. 
 
 YuAB, or Juab, a new county in the W. 
 part of Utah Territory, has au area esti- 
 mated at above 12,000 square miles. It is 
 drained by the Carson and Nicollet rivers, 
 flowing into lakes of their own names, which 
 are included within the county. The sur- 
 face is broken by the Humboldt River moun- 
 tains near the centre, and by the Wahsatch 
 mountains in the E. part. The census of 
 1850 gives us no information respecting this 
 county, which was formed since that year. 
 Capital, Nephi City. 
 
 Yuba river, of Yuba county, towards the 
 N. part of California, is formed by the union 
 of three branches, viz. the North, Middle, and 
 South Yuba, which rise among the hills at the 
 foot of the Sierra Nevada. It flows in a 
 general S. W. course nearly through the cen- 
 tre of the county, and falls into Feather river 
 near Marysville. The principal mining ope- 
 rations of the county are on this river. 
 
 Yuba, a county towards the N. part of Cali- 
 fornia, bordering on Utah Territory, has an 
 area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the W. by Feather river, and partly on 
 the S. by Bear river, and is drained by the 
 Yuba river with its North branch and several 
 creeks, which afl'ord valuable water-power. 
 The surface in the E. part is mou.ntaiu- 
 ous, being crossed by the Sierra Nevada, but 
 in the W. portion it is level, or but slightly 
 uneven. The soil in the more level portions, 
 especially along the streams, is very fertile. 
 Barley, oats, hay, melons, lumber, cattle, 
 mules, horses, and swine are the staples. In 
 1852 this county produced 312,876 bushels 
 of barley; 14,377 of oats ; 4008 tons of hay; 
 1,000,000 watermelons, and 9,050,000 feet of 
 lumber. There were 2472 beef cattle; 1749 
 mules ; 1601 horses, and 2500 hogs. The capi- 
 
YUB 
 
 ZIM 
 
 tal employed in quartz mining was $121,400 ; 
 in placei' mining, ,$710,900 ; in river mining, 
 $1,687,150 and in merchandise and trade, 
 $1,939,600. The amount invested in2 quartz 
 mills was $22,000; in 18 saw mills, $81,000, 
 and in a flouring- mill, $8000. Gold is abun- 
 dant in this county ; principally in the beds 
 of the streams, although large quantities are 
 found in- placers. Quicksilver is also found, 
 and about one ounce of the pure metal is 
 obtained from a pound of rock. This county 
 derived its name from the Yuba river, whose 
 whole course lies within it. Capital, Marys- 
 ville. Topulation, 22,005. 
 
 Yuba, a post-office of Hancock co., Illinois. 
 
 Yuba Citt, a post-town of Sutter co., Cali- 
 fornia, is situated on the W. bank of Feather 
 river, nearly opposite the mouth of Yuba 
 river, 140 miles N. N. E. from San Francisco. 
 Its proximity to several mining localities 
 renders it a depot for supplies. 
 
 Z 
 
 Zabriski, a post-office of De Witt co., 111. 
 
 Zachary, a post-office of Marshall co., Ala. 
 
 Zackville, a post-ofiice of Wirt co., Va. 
 
 Zanesfield, a post-village of Logan co., 
 Ohio, on Mad river, and on the Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania railroad, 50 miles N. W. from 
 Columbus. It has good water-power. Po- 
 pulation in 1851, 300. 
 
 Zanesville, a handsome and flourishing 
 city of Ohio, and seat of justice of Muskingum 
 county, is situated on the National road, and 
 on the Muskingum river, 80 miles from its 
 mouth, and opposite the mouth of the Licking 
 river. It is 54 miles E. from Columbus, and 
 179 miles E. N. E. from Cincinnati. Lat. 39° 
 57' N., Ion. 81° 57' W. It is situated on the 
 left bank of the river, which is a fine naviga- 
 ble stream, flowing through a beautiful, po- 
 pulous, and highly productive valley. The 
 plan of the town is regular, the streets are 
 wide, adorned with many fine buildings, and 
 lighted with gas. The position is naturally 
 advantageous for trade, and in respect to 
 improved means of communication, Zanes- 
 ville is not behind the progress of the age. 
 Steamboats can ascend from the Ohio to this 
 point, and several of them make regular pas- 
 sages between Zanesville and Cincinnati. 
 The Central Ohio railroad connects it with 
 Columbus on one hand and Wheeling on the 
 other, the western division being now in ope- 
 ration ; the Zanesville Wilmington and Cin- 
 cinnati, about 130 miles long, terminates 
 here, and connects with the Cleveland Zanes- 
 ville and Cincinnati, which is about 100 
 miles long, and is in course of construction. 
 The second line is nearly or quite finished. 
 Since the commencement of these works 
 the value of real estate has been much in- 
 creased, and the city exhibits an aspect of new 
 prosperity. The attention of capitalists is 
 
 attracted to the advantages for manufactur- 
 ing which are presented herein the abundant 
 water-power of the river, and in the rich coal 
 mines of the adjacent hills. The water of the 
 river is distributed through the town from a 
 reservoir, which contains nearly a million 
 gallons. The Central Ohio Railroad Com- 
 pany have erected an iron bridge over the 
 Muskingum. It is 538 feet in length, and 
 contains 67 tons of wrought, and 130 tons of 
 cast iron. The city is connected by bridges, 
 with three suburbs on the W. bank of the 
 river, namely, Putnam, South Zanesville, and 
 West Zanesville. The former has a flourish- 
 ing female seminary, an academy, and above 
 2000 inhabitants. Five or six newspapers 
 and periodicals are published here. Zanes- 
 ville contains 14 churches, and a number 
 of well-organized public schools. It has 
 also a free school, supported by a fund 
 of from $300,000 to $500,000— .lo'hn Mcln- 
 tire, one of the first settlers of the place, 
 having bequeathed nearly all his estate 
 for the education of the poorer children of 
 Zanesville for ever. A suitable building has 
 been erected, and the school is numerously 
 attended. The town contained, in 1851, 2 
 banks, (capital, $200,000,) 1 cotton factory, 
 2 woollen factories, 1 nail factory, 2 glass 
 works, 5 iron foundries, 1 paper mill, 5 flour- 
 ing mills, 2 oil mills, and 5 newspaper offices. 
 Zanesville was laid out in 1799. The seat of 
 the state government was removed from Chil- 
 licothe to this place in 1810, and remained 
 about 2 years, when Columbus was selected 
 as the permanent capital. Population, in 
 1850, 10,355. 
 
 Zanesville, a post-village of Montgomery 
 CO., Illinois, 35 miles S. from Springfield. 
 
 Zanville, a post-office of Daviess co., Ind. 
 
 Zavalla, a post-office of Jasper co., Texas. 
 
 Zebulon, a pleasant post-village, capital 
 of Pike CO., Georgia, 50 miles N. W. from Ma- 
 con, was selected as the seat of justice in 
 1825. It contains a court house, jail, 2 
 churches, and 2 academies. 
 
 Zebulon, a post-village of Pike co., Ar- 
 kansas, about 90 miles S. W. by W. from 
 Little Rock. 
 
 Zelienople, a pleasant post-village of But- 
 ler CO., Pennsylvania, on Conequenessing 
 creek, 220 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. 
 It has several stores. Pop., about 500. 
 
 Zenas, a post-village of Jennings co., Indi- 
 ana, 65 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. 
 
 Zeno, a post-office of York district. South 
 Carolina. 
 
 Zero, a post-office of Jasper co.. 111. 
 
 ZiLWAUKiB, a flourishing post- village of Sa- 
 ginaw CO., Michigan, on the Saginaw river. It 
 has 4 steam saw millfe, one of which employs 
 60 saws. A plank-road, 35 miles long, con- 
 nects this place with Flint, in Genesee county. 
 Population, in 1851, 500. 
 
 Zimmerman, a post-office of Greene co., O. 
 
 ZiMMEEMANSTOWN, a Small village of 
 1325 
 
ZIO 
 
 ZUN 
 
 Schuylkill co., Pennsylvania, about 16 miles 
 W. from Pottsville. 
 
 ZioN, a post- village of Centre co., Pennsyl- 
 vania, in Nittany valley, 5 miles N. E. from 
 Bellefonte. 
 
 ZioN, a post-ofEce of Cecil co., Md. 
 
 ZioN, a post-village of Iredell co., North 
 Carolina, 155 miles W. from Raleigh. 
 
 ZiON, a post-o£Bcejif Grant co., Indiana. 
 
 ZioN Hill, a post-office of Amite co.. Miss. 
 
 ZiON Hill, a post-office of Hamilton co., 
 Tennessee. 
 
 ZioN Seminary, a post-office of Coving- 
 ton CO., Mississippi. 
 
 ZiONViLLE, a post-village of Lehigh co., 
 Pennsylvania, about 40 miles N. N. W. from 
 Philadelphia, contains 2 churches. 
 
 ZoAR, a post-office of Erie co., New York. 
 
 ZoAR, a thriving post-village of Tuscarawas 
 -county, Ohio, on the Ohio canal. 111 miles E. 
 '^. E. from Columbus, was settled in 1818 by 
 a community of Germans. They are noted 
 for industry and morality, and have a com- 
 munity of property. The village, which is 
 remarkable for simplicity and neatness, con- 
 tains a store, a woollen factory, 2 furnaces, 
 and several mills. They also own 9000 acres 
 of land. The affairs of the community are 
 managed by an agent and 3 trustees, who are 
 elected by popular vote. 
 
 ZoAR Bridge, a post- village of New Haven 
 CO., Connecticut, on the Housatonic river, 18 
 miles N. W. by W. from New Haven. 
 326 
 
 ZoLLARSviLLE, a Small post-villagc of Wash- 
 ington CO., Pennsylvania. 
 
 ZuNi, zoon-yee, a pueblo, or Indian town, 
 of Socorro county. New Mexico, 120 miles W. 
 of the Rio Grande, and 170 miles S. W. from 
 Santa Fe, lat. 35° 2' N., Ion. 107° 56' W. It 
 is on a small river of the same name, which 
 flows into the Chiquito Colorado, (i. e. "Little 
 Colorado,") a tributary of the Colorado of 
 the West. The houses are built of stone, 
 plastered with mud. They are terrace- 
 shaped, each story, of which there are gene- 
 rally three, being smaller laterally, so that 
 one answers in part for the platform of the 
 one above. There are no doors or windows 
 in the lower story : the ascent is on the 
 outside by means of ladders, which may be 
 drawn up so as to cut off all communica 
 tion from below. This is a common mode of 
 building here, affording security against the 
 attacks of enemies. The inhabitants, about 
 2000 in number, cultivate the country in the 
 vicinity to a considerable extent, and have 
 large herds of sheep and droves of horses. 
 Business transactions are carried on by bar- 
 ter, there being no money in use. There is 
 in the town a Catholic church, built of adobes, 
 100 feet long and about 28 wide. The interior 
 of the church is nearly destitute of furniture 
 or ornament of any kind. 
 
 ZuNi Mountains, a detached range in the 
 central part of New Mexico, in lat. about 35° 
 N., Ion. 108° 20' W. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 TABLE OF RELIGIONS AND CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Churches in 3Iaine. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist, Regular.... 
 " Free Will.. 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends or Quakers 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 184 
 
 99 
 
 9 
 
 165 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 171 
 
 7 
 
 $3i 
 99. 
 
 ■ is: 
 
 526, 
 52, 
 25, 
 14, 
 
 259, 
 
 ,021 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Second Advent 
 
 Swedenborgian or New 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 6,650 
 150 
 
 > 640 
 26,087 
 10.144 
 19,893 
 
 304,477 
 
 20,700 
 200 
 
 8,000 
 108,670 
 103,000 
 120,150 
 
 ,712.152 
 
 Churches in New Hampshire. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular.., 
 " Free Will 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 Methodist 
 
 95 
 
 85 
 23 
 172 
 11 
 2 
 15 
 99 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 34,721 
 
 27,900 
 7,240 
 
 79,656 
 
 4,425 
 
 750 
 
 4,700 
 
 32,340 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $214,600 
 
 104,156 
 
 30,350 
 
 527,340 
 
 41,400 
 
 4,000 
 
 15,200 
 
 175,290 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic.. 
 Second Advent... 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 6,500 
 1,450 
 1,100 
 
 10,450 
 8,380 
 
 14,280 
 
 233,892 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 71,000 
 20,000 
 3,000 
 39,350 
 72,800 
 83,100 
 
 $1,401,586 
 
 Churches in Vermont. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations . 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 74 
 12 
 
 2 
 7 
 
 168 
 25 
 1 
 7 
 
 123 
 
 27,137 
 
 4,200 
 
 600 
 
 2,220 
 
 76,122 
 
 10,525 
 
 100 
 
 2,550 
 
 45,010 
 
 $138,692 
 
 13,150 
 
 2,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 451,084 
 
 81,500 
 
 300 
 
 5,500 
 
 221,850 
 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 88 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 4,100 
 
 300 
 
 4,305 
 
 400 
 
 34.550 
 
 1,000 
 
 13,325 
 
 17 500 
 
 " Free Will 
 
 
 500 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 
 42,200 
 300 
 
 Christian 
 
 
 Congreeational 
 
 
 122,800 
 32,000 
 
 
 
 Free 
 
 
 71 750 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 564 
 
 226,444 
 
 $1,213,126 
 
 
 
 Churches in Massachusetts. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Free Will.. .. 
 
 " Six Principle 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 German Protestant... 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Liberal 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 1328 
 
 244 
 
 16 
 2 
 
 29 
 439 
 
 53 
 3 
 
 37 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 108,489 
 
 5,226 
 
 425 
 
 11,020 
 
 237.237 
 
 23,595 
 
 1,000 
 
 13,823 
 
 230 
 
 200 
 
 350 
 
 450 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $1,412. 
 46: 
 
 i: 
 
 84; 
 
 3,279. 
 
 697. 
 
 Hi 
 
 108, 
 
 1, 
 
 1, 
 
 2, 
 
 11. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Re.storationist 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 Second Advent... 
 
 Shaker 
 
 Swedenborgian . . . 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 255 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 162 
 
 117 
 
 94.011 
 
 7,785 
 
 1,200 
 
 30,315 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,0.50 
 
 1,340 
 
 1,810 
 
 92,938 
 
 49.364 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 934,380 
 
 82,500 
 
 4,000 
 
 477,500 
 
 3.950 
 
 5.500 
 
 66,000 
 
 9,550 
 
 2,320,147 
 
 643,875 
 
 682,908 110.205.284 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1329 
 
 Churches in Rhode' Island. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular - 
 
 " Free Will 
 
 " Seventh Day 
 " Six Principle 
 " Associate 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 30,440 
 
 4,236 
 
 2,950 
 
 2,105 
 
 400 
 
 ■2,500 
 
 11,703 
 
 11,606 
 
 611 
 
 6,370 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $312,200 
 
 29,700 
 
 14,800 
 
 7,100 
 
 2,500 
 
 24,300 
 
 178,550 
 
 248,600 
 
 5,000 
 
 57,800 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Jewish , 
 
 Mariners , 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Koman Catholic. 
 Second Advent... 
 Swedenborgian. . . 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 300 
 
 700 
 
 9,310 
 
 7,300 
 
 250 
 
 325 
 
 2,450 
 
 2,950 
 
 2,230 
 
 221 98,736 $1,252,900 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 1,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 102,900 
 
 72,500 
 
 150 
 
 4,400 
 
 5.000 
 
 127,000 
 
 65,000 
 
 Churches in Connecticut. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 African , 
 
 2 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 252 
 100 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 
 400 
 
 43,884 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 950 
 
 127,320 
 
 44,350 
 
 325 
 
 1,025 
 
 400 
 
 $1,300 
 
 404,534 
 
 500 
 
 1,000 
 
 5.600 
 
 1,657,185 
 
 778,875 
 
 800 
 
 7,150 
 
 3,200 
 
 
 178 
 17 
 12 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 5 
 22 
 
 56,625 
 7,500 
 9,015 
 200 
 250 
 1,850 
 1,750 
 8,905 
 
 351,550 
 88 700 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 
 " Disciples of Christ 
 
 
 97,500 
 500 
 
 " Seventh Day 
 
 
 
 
 1 000 
 
 
 
 28,400 
 42 000 
 
 
 
 Free 
 
 
 90,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 719 
 
 305,249 
 
 $3,664,894 
 
 
 
 Churches in New York. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Free Will 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Seventh Day... 
 
 " Church of God 
 
 Bethel 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational , 
 
 Covenanter 
 
 Dutch Reformed 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Free Protestant 
 
 Friends 
 
 German Protestant 
 
 German Reformed 
 
 Indian 
 
 52 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 62 
 
 214 
 
 4 
 
 232 
 
 275 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 132 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 500 
 
 307,419 
 
 17,105 
 
 3,150 
 
 6,300 
 
 300 
 
 1,500 
 
 20,000 
 
 102,430 
 
 1,250 
 
 131,025 
 
 138,946 
 
 4,600 
 
 300 
 
 49,314 
 
 1,150 
 
 600 
 
 100 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 2,155,800 
 
 59,260 
 
 13,700 
 
 22,000 
 
 1,600 
 
 14,000 
 
 79,650 
 
 779,304 
 
 4,000 
 
 3,542,850 
 
 4,110,824 
 
 28,700 
 
 800 
 
 309,380 
 
 8,000 
 
 ' 15,000 
 
 50 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Methodist.... 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Protestant Catholic 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Seceder 
 
 Second Advent 
 
 Shaker 
 
 Swedenborgian 
 
 True Reformed 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian , 
 
 UiuTersalist 
 
 Total... 
 
 4 
 
 1215 
 
 3 
 
 662 
 
 r 
 
 174 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 74 
 
 22 
 
 110 
 
 4084 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 5,600 
 
 37,870 
 
 1,000 
 
 478,145 
 
 482 
 
 369,314 
 
 500 
 
 122,588 
 
 1,460 
 
 150 
 
 1,300 
 
 450 
 
 300 
 
 27,379 
 
 10,225 
 
 52,470 
 
 1,895,211 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 126,000 
 
 252,200 
 
 2,050 
 
 2,885,543 
 
 4,347,206 
 
 2,700 
 
 1,569,875 
 
 9,400 
 
 100 
 
 23,000 
 
 1,400 
 
 2.000 
 
 110,300 
 
 292,075 
 
 327,100 
 
 21,096,707 
 
 Churches in New Jersey. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Seventh Day 
 
 Bethel 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Dutch Reformed 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 Independent 
 
 103 
 4 
 1 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 1,200 
 41,625 
 
 1,600 
 250 
 
 2,835 
 
 3,500 
 39,146 
 19,447 
 
 2,400 
 
 26,545 
 
 300 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $2,200 
 
 319,000 
 
 15,600 
 
 1,500 
 
 10,400 
 
 37,700 
 
 460,430 
 
 473,409 
 
 7,600 
 
 207,100 
 
 1,000 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Mormon 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 Second Advent... 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 7 
 
 312 
 
 1 
 
 146 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2,900 
 109,350 
 
 200 
 81,400 
 9,335 
 
 200 
 
 800 
 1,450 
 
 450 
 1,000 
 
 807 344,933 $3,540,436 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 28,512 
 
 683,850 
 
 400 
 
 1,175,250 
 
 99,385 
 
 600 
 
 1,800 
 
 6,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 6,800 
 
 41 
 
1330 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Churches in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Free Will 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Seventh Day.. 
 
 " Church of God 
 
 Bethel 
 
 Bible Christian 
 
 Calviuistic Methodist.. 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 CoTenanter 
 
 Dutch Reformed 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Evangelical 
 
 Evangelist 
 
 Free 
 
 ftiends 
 
 Frontzite 
 
 German Reformed 
 
 German Gospel 
 
 Harmonite 
 
 Independent 
 
 Jewish 
 
 12 
 
 252 
 9 
 
 28 
 4 
 
 27 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 19 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 135 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 142 
 1 
 206 
 1 
 1 
 
 15 
 7 
 
 2,425 
 
 105 558 
 
 2,800 
 
 9,625 
 
 1,700 
 
 8,475 
 
 1,100 
 
 350 
 
 200 
 
 6,400 
 
 3,100 
 
 6,290 
 
 4,640 
 
 67,324 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,000 
 
 6,400 
 
 61,274 
 
 150 
 
 105,562 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 5,000 
 
 3,175 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $4,750 
 
 718,170 
 
 5,900 
 
 22,725 
 
 41,000 
 
 23,600 
 
 6,800 
 
 5,400 
 
 500 
 
 24,400 
 
 17,250 
 
 41,200 
 
 79,500 
 
 1,483,700 
 
 2,800 
 
 5,000 
 
 15,050 
 
 662,287 
 
 400 
 
 648,110 
 
 1,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 67.150 
 
 45,700 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Mincase 
 
 Presbyterian.... 
 
 Protestant 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Seceder 
 
 Second Advent 
 
 Swedenborgian 
 
 Salem 
 
 Schwenkfelder 
 
 .Seaman's 
 
 Shoemaker.... 
 
 Tunker , 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian , 
 
 Universalist 
 
 United Brethren in Christ 
 
 United Reformed 
 
 U.V. Church 
 
 497 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 751 
 
 2 
 
 139 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 261,102 
 
 150 
 
 23,870 
 
 341,126 
 
 3,567 
 
 300 
 
 356.581 
 
 1,700 
 
 89,251 
 
 3,710 
 
 550 
 
 1,475 
 
 452 
 
 1,000 
 
 900 
 
 350 
 
 6,100 
 
 28,300 
 
 1.630 
 
 8,920 
 
 4,650 
 
 770 
 
 • 263 
 
 Total 3449 1,541,765 11,301,265 
 
 Churches in Delaware. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African... 
 
 Baptist.... 
 Episcopal. 
 Friends... 
 Methodist 
 
 2 
 12 
 21 
 
 9 
 106 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 250 
 2 975 
 7,650 
 3,636 
 29,300 
 
 "Value of 
 Property. 
 
 16,800 
 
 78,900 
 
 24.900 
 
 127,845 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 Union 
 
 Total 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 10,100 
 
 1,630 
 
 200 
 
 55,741 
 
 Churches in Maryland. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Church of God 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Friends 
 
 German Reformed , 
 
 Jewish , 
 
 Lutheran.... 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Methodist..... 
 
 43 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 133 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 479 
 
 14,250 
 
 1,700 
 
 860 
 
 60,105 
 
 7,760 
 
 14,800 
 
 1,400 
 
 26,800 
 
 850 
 
 181,715 
 
 Value of 
 Property, 
 
 $119,710 
 
 11,000 
 
 2,100 
 
 610,877 
 
 114,050 
 
 197,800 
 
 41,000 
 
 287,950 
 
 2,000 
 
 837,665 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Moravian or United Bre- 
 thren 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 188 
 
 23,235 
 31,100 
 14,100 
 4,2f.0 
 l,0CO 
 1,000 
 
 385,103 
 
 $3,915,384 
 
 Churches in Virginia, 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Seventh D.ay... 
 
 " Church of God 
 
 Christian 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Evangelist 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 German Reformed 
 
 Independent 
 
 Jewish. , 
 
 1 
 
 591 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 167 
 
 1 
 
 107 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 300 
 
 225,039 
 
 16,.30O 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 4,900 
 
 73,884 
 
 100 
 
 35,02^ 
 
 6,300 
 
 3,800 
 
 900 
 
 600 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $1,500 
 
 649,493 
 
 37,575 
 
 350 
 
 500 
 
 7,595 
 
 527,150 
 
 150 
 
 61,900 
 
 18,825 
 
 16,200 
 
 3,900 
 
 4,0CO 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Mariners 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 New Church 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Seceder 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 2329 
 
 50 
 1 
 6 
 1002 
 1 
 1 
 236 
 
 17 
 2 
 8 
 
 47 
 1 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 18,750 
 
 525 
 
 2,250 
 
 815,763 
 
 39 
 
 100 
 
 101,625 
 
 7,9:0 
 
 900 
 
 4,400 
 
 13,250 
 
 200 
 
 833,191 $2,846,626 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1331 
 
 Churches in North Carolina. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property, 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Freewill 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Anti-Mission 
 
 Christian 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 German Reformed.... 
 
 533 
 14 
 10 
 16 
 29 
 47 
 51 
 30 
 15 
 
 181,922 
 4,450 
 
 4,eoo 
 
 4,765 
 
 ii,eoo 
 
 14,970 
 
 14,545 
 
 12,620 
 
 5,725 
 
 $191,173 
 3,125 
 4,600 
 2,660 
 10,575 
 112,100 
 16,860 
 7.575 
 17,200 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Presbj'terian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Total 
 
 47 
 727 
 7 
 143 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 
 19,650 
 214,937 
 2,084 
 62,730 
 1,400 
 200 
 1,200 
 
 29,025 
 284,930 
 
 170,030 
 
 6,900 
 
 100 
 
 65(» 
 
 557,288 I $855,393 
 
 Churches in South Carolina. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular... 
 " Free Will 
 " Disciples.. 
 
 Congregational. . .'. 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Free Protestant... 
 
 Friends , 
 
 Independent 
 
 Jewish 
 
 407 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 
 71 
 5 
 2 
 1 
 6 
 3 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 163,545 
 
 200 
 
 2,060 
 
 2,000 
 
 28,540 
 
 1,560 
 
 1,100 
 
 500 
 
 1,720 
 
 2,400 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $287,938 
 
 100 
 
 5,825 
 
 70,000 
 
 015,450 
 
 1.700 
 
 50,500 
 
 600 
 
 1,875 
 
 83,700 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Mariners 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Seceder 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalis t 
 
 Total 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 467 
 
 125 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 14,750 
 
 500 
 
 159,920 
 
 64,465 
 
 6,030 
 
 3,300 
 
 700 
 
 650 
 
 1163 453,930 $2,140,346 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 109,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 311,168 
 
 471,125 
 
 78,316 
 
 12,050 
 
 30,000 
 
 5,600 
 
 Churches in Georgia. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Valne of 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Free Wi!J 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Anti-Mission 
 
 " Primitive 
 
 Bible Christians 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 253,744 
 
 260 
 
 100 
 
 26.569 
 
 29,400 
 
 1,200 
 
 i;710 
 
 '260 
 
 8,975 
 
 1,580 
 
 $346; 
 
 Friends 
 
 Independent 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Union 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 735 
 
 92 
 8 
 
 16 
 3 
 
 600 
 
 175 
 
 2,825 
 
 233,143 
 
 39,996 
 4,250 
 7,250 
 
 400 
 
 100 
 
 34.850 
 
 393,743 
 
 218,805 
 79,600 
 21.100 
 1.000 
 
 $1,269,134 
 
 Churches in Florida. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 
 37 
 8 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 8,400 
 
 2,000 
 
 3,810 
 
 400 
 
 18,010 
 
 $23,140 
 
 2,500 
 
 37,800 
 
 400 
 
 65,260 
 
 
 14 
 2 
 5 
 
 5,700 
 1,000 
 1 860 
 
 31,500 
 
 
 
 1,200 
 
 T 5? fidft 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 152 
 
 41,170 1 $165,400 
 
 
 
 Churches in Alabama. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 •' Free Will 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Anti-Mission 
 
 Christian 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Independent 
 
 2 
 
 421 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 600 
 
 141,950 
 
 225 
 
 400 
 
 16,305 
 
 3,550 
 
 6,220- 
 
 1,800 
 
 400 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 .$6,000 
 
 210.342 
 
 245 
 
 1,500 
 
 16.210 
 
 6,1 Co 
 
 76,300 
 
 2,300 
 
 6,0C0 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 631 
 150 
 5 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 Accommo 
 dations. 
 
 200 
 150.676 
 58,705 
 5,200 
 1,125 
 1.000 
 250 
 
 388,605 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 250 
 
 276,939 
 
 222,775 
 
 300,000 
 
 1.650 
 
 6,000 
 
 400 
 
 $1,1.'!2,076 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Churches in Mississippi. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 
 292 
 2 
 
 42 
 8 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 93,829 
 
 400 
 
 10,821 
 
 2,350 
 
 4,550 
 
 700 
 
 $174,842 
 
 400 
 
 10,950 
 
 9,950 
 
 66,800 
 
 i;850 
 
 
 406 
 
 135 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 112,983 
 
 47.166 
 
 3,000 
 
 180 
 
 240.265 
 
 
 
 183,085 
 
 
 
 66,000 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 910 
 
 275,979 
 
 $754,542 
 
 
 
 Churches in Louisiana. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 71 
 1 
 2 
 
 12 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 15,085 
 300 
 1,500 
 4,410 
 675 
 150 
 500 
 600 
 
 $29,470 
 1,000 
 61,000 
 57,900 
 10,430 
 12,000 
 4,000 
 20,000 
 
 Methodist 
 
 106 
 
 17 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 30,260 
 9,510 
 
 37,240 
 1,500 
 1,350 
 1,000 
 
 236,500 
 
 
 
 149,300 
 
 Christian 
 
 
 1,045,650 
 
 
 
 47,000 
 
 Free 
 
 
 8,220 
 100,000 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 278 
 
 104,080 
 
 $1,782,470 
 
 
 
 Churches in Texas. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist, Kegular, &c 
 
 30 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 88 
 
 8,075 
 100 
 1,025 
 1,600 
 1,300 
 28,985 
 
 $19,790 
 
 150 
 
 15,100 
 
 7,100 
 
 1,000 
 
 56,095 
 
 
 1 
 15 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 6,100 
 6,760 
 
 350 
 
 2,000 
 19,070 
 79 700 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tree 
 
 
 625 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 $200,530 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Churches in Ohio. 
 
 ■ Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Associate 
 
 Baptist, Kegular 
 
 " Free Will 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Church of God. . . . 
 
 Bethel 
 
 Bible Christians 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Come outer 
 
 Dutch Reformed 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 ETaiigelical 
 
 Evangelist 
 
 Emanuel 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 German Reformed 
 
 Germau United Protestant 
 
 German Evangelist 
 
 Gorman Protestant 
 
 Indepeudenir 
 
 "Israel Georg* of Bro- 
 therly Love"' 
 
 384 
 
 22 
 
 130 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 79 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 94 
 71 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 300 
 
 2,950 
 
 133,418 
 
 5,300 
 
 42,680 
 
 2,700 
 
 250 
 
 1,775 
 
 30,190 
 
 41,920 
 
 300 
 
 1,150 
 
 31,975 
 
 2,100 
 
 200 
 
 450 
 
 5,100 
 
 30,866 
 
 26,315 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 900 
 
 125 
 
 200 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 8,975 
 
 491,915 
 
 10,100 
 
 93,865 
 
 2,850 
 
 350 
 
 2,725 
 
 56,155 
 
 207,880 
 
 500 
 
 2,600 
 
 367,425 
 
 15,900 
 
 200 
 
 2,000 
 
 9,5.50 
 
 82,175 
 
 71,860 
 
 15,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 75 
 
 3,000 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Mormon 
 
 Minease 
 
 Mission 
 
 New Light 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Reformed Protestant., 
 
 River Brethren 
 
 Second Advent 
 
 Shakers 
 
 Swedenborgian 
 
 Separatists of Zoar 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universal ist 
 
 Zion 
 
 Total. 
 
 3 
 
 259 
 
 9 
 
 1520 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 659 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 48 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 
 1 
 
 3735 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 1,300 
 
 90,348 
 
 1,730 
 
 539,840 
 
 696 
 
 5,500 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 2,100 
 
 271,499 
 
 76,215 
 
 500 
 
 800 
 
 250 
 
 1,300 
 
 700 
 
 251 
 
 4.550 
 
 18,646 
 
 650 
 
 20,765 
 
 550 
 
 1,398,803 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 
 Churches in Indiana. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular... 
 " Free Will 
 " Di.sciples.. 
 
 Benevolent 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Dutch Reformed... 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 German Reformed, 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 348 
 11 
 53 
 2 
 1S2 
 2 
 4 
 24 
 10 
 85 
 
 115,948 
 
 3,350 
 
 17,0.35 
 
 472 
 
 64,266 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,025 
 
 7,300 
 
 2,750 
 
 43,015 
 
 550 
 
 18,000 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $182,760 
 4,800 
 
 24,025 
 730 
 
 88,640 
 8,000 
 1,650 
 
 74,000 
 5,700 
 
 59,555 
 3,500 
 
 36,825 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 New Light 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic.. 
 
 Seceder 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist , 
 
 Total 
 
 745 
 2 
 7 
 
 267 
 63 
 3 
 6 
 5 
 1 
 15 
 
 256,372 
 
 382 
 
 1,060 
 
 103,432 
 
 25,115 
 
 1.300 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,250 
 
 260 
 
 5,050 
 
 1896 672,312 $1,491,685 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 482,400 
 
 1,G45 
 
 324,170 
 
 107,725 
 
 1,650 
 
 3,100 
 
 2,350 
 
 600 
 
 17,800 
 
 Churches in Illinois. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Baptist, Regular... 
 
 •' Free Will 
 
 " Disciples.. 
 
 " • Separate.. 
 
 " United 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Concord 
 
 Covenanter 
 
 Dutch Reformed... 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Evangehcal 
 
 Evangelist 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 
 Accommo- 
 
 Value of 
 
 
 dations. 
 
 Property. 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 $200 
 
 229 
 
 80,650 
 
 184,145 
 
 4 
 
 1,050 
 
 3,450 
 
 23 
 
 6,920 
 
 13.400 
 
 1 
 
 450 
 
 450 
 
 8 
 
 2,550 
 
 2,650 
 
 67 
 
 30,764 
 
 42,950 
 
 46 
 
 15,576 
 
 89,250 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 1 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 2 
 
 875 
 
 2,700 
 
 27 
 
 14,000 
 
 78,350 
 
 4 
 
 680 
 
 2.700 
 
 5 
 
 3,950 
 
 2,000 
 
 2 
 
 750 
 
 6,400 
 
 6 
 
 1,550 
 
 2,340 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 German Reformed. 
 
 Independent 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Mormon 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Protestant 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Swedenborgian 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total... 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 389 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 198 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 1 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 180 
 
 1,100 
 
 16,440 
 
 176,474 
 
 224 
 
 80 
 
 81.529 
 
 330 
 
 29,000 
 
 140 
 
 1,225 
 
 8,875 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,300 
 
 1167 478,902 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 310 
 
 3,.500 
 40.120 
 327,290 
 
 150 
 
 395,130 
 
 1,800 
 
 220.400 
 
 800 
 
 2.2.50 
 
 32,050 
 
 9,000 
 
 11,500 
 
 $1,475,985 
 
 Churches in Missouri. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Free Will.. . 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 Boatman's 
 
 Christian , 
 
 Church of Christ 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Evangelist 
 
 Free 
 
 German Protestant.. 
 German Evangelical 
 
 Independent 
 
 Jewish 
 
 244 
 1 
 
 28 
 1 
 
 51 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 1 
 6 
 2 
 1 
 
 Aecommo- Value of 
 dations. Property. 
 
 65,322 
 
 100 
 
 6,435 
 
 500 
 
 19,370 
 
 100 
 
 4,200 
 
 1,100 
 
 2,350 
 
 800 
 
 1,200 
 
 800 
 
 400 
 
 $141,840 
 
 50 
 
 12,590 
 
 15,000 
 
 43,210 
 
 200 
 
 135,600 
 
 17,700 
 
 4,400 
 
 2,000 
 
 4,800 
 
 600 
 
 7,000 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 1 
 
 108 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7,260 
 
 200 
 
 67,360 
 
 500 
 
 41,750 
 
 300 
 
 300 
 
 26,102 
 
 2,350 
 
 2,100 
 
 260 
 
 34,560 
 
 
 420 
 
 Methodist 
 
 280,245 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 285,970 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 494.575 
 
 
 6,200 
 
 
 70,000 
 
 
 500 
 
 Total 
 
 
 773 
 
 241,139 
 
 $1,558,590 
 
 
 
 Churches in Arkansas. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 
 55 
 1 
 
 11 
 6 
 2 
 1 
 
 11,030 
 
 560 
 
 2,050 
 
 1,100 
 
 3.50 
 
 200 
 
 $15,855 
 
 100 
 
 - 3,615 
 
 2,300 
 
 4,250 
 
 200 
 
 
 73 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 14,250 
 7,300 
 1.400 
 1,800 
 
 27.070 
 
 " Free Will 
 
 
 28,275 
 
 
 
 6,660 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Free 
 
 185 39.930 
 
 $89,315 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1334 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Churches in Kentucky. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Freewill 
 
 " Discipies 
 
 " Anti-Mission 
 
 Christian 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 tierman Protestant.., 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Lutheran , 
 
 1 
 
 611 
 
 17 
 
 142 
 
 19 
 
 112 
 
 17 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 200 
 
 219,825 
 
 5,360 
 
 58,125 
 
 7,150 
 
 48,040 
 
 7,050 
 
 8,777 
 
 200 
 
 600 
 
 2,850 
 
 V.ilue of 
 Property. 
 
 $150 
 
 416,900 
 
 4,600 
 
 138,205 
 
 11,950 
 
 165,725 
 
 112,150 
 
 13,100 
 
 2,500 
 
 13,000 
 
 21,300 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Protestant 
 
 Kepuhlican 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Shaker 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Uuiyersalist 
 
 Total 1818 
 
 Accommo- Valne of 
 dations. Property. 
 
 522 
 
 167,860 
 
 462,955 
 
 222 
 
 99,006 
 
 492,303 
 
 15 
 
 3.050 
 
 8,600 
 
 11 
 
 3,200 
 
 4,900 
 
 48 
 
 24,240 
 
 330,910 
 
 3 
 
 2,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 31 
 
 11,600 
 
 18,000 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 15,000 
 
 6 
 
 2,000 
 
 10,650 
 
 672,033 $2,260,098 
 
 Churches in Tennessee. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 African 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 •' Free Will 
 
 " Disciples 
 
 " Baptized Saints... 
 
 " Anti-Mission 
 
 Christian 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 1 
 
 44.S 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 133 
 
 57 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 400 
 140.445 
 
 2,800 
 
 6,600 
 
 350 
 
 38,620 
 
 17,800 
 
 7,810 
 
 6,900 
 
 1,600 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $1,000 
 
 223,389 
 
 3.000 
 
 12,900 
 
 60 
 
 30,075 
 
 48,295 
 
 85,300 
 
 6,665 
 
 1,300 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Methodist , 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Protestant Evangelical 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Tunker , 
 
 Union 
 
 (Not specified) 
 
 Total 
 
 12 
 831 
 357 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 15 
 1 
 
 3,400 
 
 240.353 
 
 132,717 
 
 200 
 
 1,300 
 
 500 
 
 3,900 
 
 1,000 
 
 Valne of 
 Property. 
 
 2,600 
 
 378,511 
 
 365,531 
 
 150 
 
 45,000 
 
 300 
 
 3,800 
 
 1,000 
 
 606,695 $1,208,876 
 
 Churches in Michigan. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular... 
 " Free Will 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Dutch Reformed... 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 17,115 
 
 500 
 
 350 
 
 10,500 
 
 1,575 
 
 8,425 
 
 700 
 
 1,400 
 
 3,205 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $82,150 
 1,900 
 1,000 
 
 59,550 
 6,250 
 
 82,800 
 3,000 
 4,850 
 
 12,625 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Mariners 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Union 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 103 
 
 1 
 67 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 33,610 
 
 200 
 
 22,530 
 
 15.972 
 
 800 
 
 1,210 
 
 118,892 
 
 Valne of 
 
 Property. 
 
 15,000 
 
 142,650 
 
 500 
 
 142,650 
 
 159,775 
 
 1,400 
 
 7,100 
 
 $723,200 
 
 Churches in California. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accoramo- 
 datious. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 
 1 
 
 400 
 
 1,400 
 
 500 
 
 $5,000 
 15,300 
 8,000 
 
 
 17 
 
 7,300 
 
 230 000 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 9,600 
 
 $258,300 
 
 
 Churches in Oregon. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 100 
 500 
 500 
 
 $2,000 
 
 6,200 
 
 22,000 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 200 
 1,833 
 
 5,000 
 41,320 
 
 Congregational 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 9 
 
 3,133 
 
 $76,520 
 
 
 
 Churches in Neio Mexico. 
 
 Churches in Utah. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Roman Catholic .. 
 
 146 
 
 76,100 
 
 $188,200 
 
 
 9 
 
 4,200 
 
 $5,100 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1335 
 
 
 Churches in District of Columbia. 
 
 
 
 
 Denomiuatious. No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist 6 
 
 3,460 
 
 6,400 
 
 200 
 
 1,000 
 
 10,460 
 
 $29,300 
 
 57,500 
 
 1,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 71,900 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 5.000 
 
 7,100 
 
 600 
 
 73,000 
 105,300 
 
 Episcopal 8 
 
 
 Friends 1 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 Lutheran 2 
 
 Total 
 
 Methodist 16 
 
 46 
 
 34,120 
 
 $363,000 
 
 
 
 Churches in Iowa. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Valne of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 
 11 
 2 
 3 
 8 
 
 14 
 4 
 5 
 1 
 
 2,617 
 180 
 700 
 
 2,125 
 
 4,725 
 670 
 
 1,550 
 200 
 
 $15,890 
 
 5.50 
 
 3,100 
 
 6,300 
 
 21,5.50 
 
 5,000 
 
 6,300 
 
 800 
 
 
 4 
 50 
 24 
 17 
 2 
 1 
 
 1,000 
 
 12,197 
 
 6,656 
 
 3,990 
 
 450 
 
 200 
 
 6.950 
 
 43;450 
 
 28,350 
 
 28.250 
 
 7,100 
 
 1,600 
 
 " Freewill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 146 
 
 37,259 
 
 SI 7 5,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 Churches in Wisconsin. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Baptist, Regular 
 
 " Freewill 
 
 " Seventh Day, 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Dutch Keformed 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 ETangelical 
 
 Free 
 
 Lutheran. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Norwegian 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic, 
 
 Trinity 
 
 Union 
 
 XJniversalist 
 
 Welsh 
 
 Total 
 
 Accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 15,008 
 
 7,928 
 
 250 
 
 6,000 
 
 23,717 
 
 275 
 
 400 
 
 300 
 
 300 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 62,430 
 
 ""425 
 
 35,800 
 
 66,085 
 
 3,000 
 
 800 
 
 3,000 
 
 500 
 
 78,532 $850,000 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 P.s,ptist 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregational 
 
 Dutch Reformed 
 
 EpLssopal 
 
 Free , 
 
 Friends 
 
 *German Reformed. 
 
 .Jewish 
 
 * Lutheran , 
 
 Mennonite 
 
 Methodist 
 
 fMoravian 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Swedeuborgian 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universal ist 
 
 Minor Sects 
 
 Total 
 
 No. of 
 Churches. 
 
 8,791 
 812 
 
 1,674 
 324 
 
 1.422 
 361 
 714 
 327 
 31 
 
 1,203 
 
 no 
 
 12,467 
 
 31 
 
 4,5S4 
 
 1,112 
 
 15 
 
 52 
 
 619 
 
 243 
 
 494 
 
 325 
 
 3.130,878 
 
 296.050 
 
 795.177 
 
 181,986 
 
 625.213 
 
 108,605 
 
 282,823 
 
 156,932 
 
 16,575 
 
 531,100 
 
 29,800 
 
 4,209,333 
 
 7,92S 
 
 2,040.316 
 
 620,950 
 
 5,070 
 
 35,075 
 
 213.552 
 
 137,367 
 
 205.462 
 
 115,347 
 
 35.711 i 13.740,639 
 
 Average 
 accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 356 
 365 
 475 
 561 
 440 
 300 
 396 
 479 
 534 
 441 
 272 
 337 
 
 445 
 558 
 3.38 
 674 
 345 
 665 
 415 
 354 
 
 Total value of 
 Church Property. 
 
 110,931,382 
 
 845,810 
 
 7.973,962 
 
 4,096,730 
 
 11,261,570 
 
 252,255 
 
 1,709,867 
 
 865,880 
 
 371,600 
 
 2.867,886 
 
 94,245 
 
 14,636,671 
 
 14',369,'8S9 
 
 8,973,838 
 
 108,100 
 
 46,025 
 
 690,065 
 
 3,208,122 
 
 1,707,015 
 
 741,980 
 
 8.=i,973,292 
 
 Average 
 value of 
 Property. 
 
 $1,244 
 1,041 
 4,763 
 
 12,644 
 
 2,395 
 2,953 
 11.987 
 2;383 
 856 
 1,174 
 
 3.135 
 8,069 
 7,206 
 885 
 1.114 
 13,449 
 3,.576 
 2,283 
 
 * The German Reformed and Lutheran denominations use the same buildincc in many places. 
 
 t A great error has been committed in the census with regard to the Moravian churches. It appears that the 
 ■'United Brethren in Christ" have been confounded wi'.h the Moravian sect, who,=e proper title is the " Protestant 
 Episcopal Church of the United Brethren." The number of Moravian churches given in the census is 331! The 
 data for correcting the above table in this re.'!pect were farnif-hed by competent authority, and our statement may 
 be relied on as substantially correct. It should be observed, that instead of giving the accommodations we havo 
 given the aetual number of members iu tlie diiTerent thurcbt).-!. 
 
133(J 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 1341 
 
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1342 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 1343 
 
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1344 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
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 1345 
 
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 APPENDIX. 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 1347 
 
 MILITARY POSTS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Taken, hy permission, from the American Almanac, for 1854. 
 
 Note. — The garrisons of the posts marked thus * are given in the list as they will be after certain changes now 
 (November 1, 1853) being made are completed. 
 
 Posts. 
 
 State or Territory. 
 
 Fost-Of&ce. 
 
 Permanent Commanders. 
 
 Garrison. 
 
 Department op the 
 East. 
 
 
 
 Garri.son withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Bvt. Maj. J. B. Scott, 4th art.... 
 Not garrisoned. 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Bvt. Maj. Morris, 4th art 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Capt. J. P. McCown, 4th art 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Bvt. Col. Gardner, 1st art 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Col. Crane, 1st artillery 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Bvt. Col. Dimick, 1st artillery... 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Bvt. Maj. J. A. Haskin, 1st art.. 
 Capt. I. Vogdes, 1st artillery... 
 
 Capt. Pratt. 2d artillery 
 
 Bvt. Maj. Arnold, 2d artillery... 
 Bvt. Col. Munroe, 2d artillery... 
 
 f Bvt. Brig. Gen. J. Bankhead, } 
 \ 2d artillery. / 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Lieut. Col. Erving, 2d artillery.. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Capt. Clarke. 4th artillery 
 
 Bvt. Maj. T. Williams, 4th art.. 
 G arrisou withdrawn. 
 
 Bvt. Lieut. Col. Bragg, 3d art... 
 Col. H. Wilson, 7th infantry.... 
 Bvt. Maj. D. P. Whiting, 7th inf 
 Bvt. Maj. T. H. Holmes, 7th inf 
 Capt. Simmons, 7th infantry... 
 
 Col. Fauntleroy, 1st drag 
 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 
 Capt. J. B. S. Todd, 6th inf. 
 
 Bvt. Col. Francis Lee. 6th inf... 
 Bvt. Maj. S.Woods, 6th inf 
 
 Maj. A. Cady, 6th infantry 
 
 Lieut. Garnett, 6th infantry.... 
 Capt. Wharton, 6th infantry... 
 Garrison withdrawn. 
 Major La Motte, 6th infantry... 
 
 
 Fort Preble 
 
 do 
 
 Portland 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire... 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 Fort Independence 
 
 
 4th artillery. 
 
 do 
 
 Fort Adams 1 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 
 
 FortWolcott j" 
 
 New London 
 
 
 
 
 4th artillery. 
 4tli artillery. 
 
 fFort Columbus") 
 
 Fort Wood Y 
 
 Fort Lafayette J 
 
 New York Harbor, 
 New York, 
 
 { 3::::::::;::::::::l 
 
 i clo J 
 
 Youngstown 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 do 
 
 Sacket's Harbor... 
 
 
 Plattsburg Barracks.... 
 Fort Mifflin 
 
 do 
 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 do 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1st artillery. 
 
 
 do 
 
 Fort Washington.. 
 Old Point Comfort 
 
 SmithvUle 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina.... 
 do 
 
 1st artillery. 
 
 Fort Johnson I 
 
 Fort Caswell j 
 
 
 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 do 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 1st artillery. 
 
 Castle Pinckney \ 
 
 Fort Sumter J 
 
 Oglethorpe Barracks.... 
 
 do 
 
 Savannah. 
 
 Indian River 
 
 Key West 
 
 1st artillery. 
 1st artillery. 
 2d artillery. 
 2d artillery. 
 2d artillery. 
 
 2d artillery. 
 
 Key West Barracks 
 
 
 *Fort Meade 
 
 do 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 Fort Pickens "| 
 
 do 
 
 
 Fort McRee J 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 St. Augustine 
 
 New Smyrna 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Baton Rouge 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Baton Rouge Barracks 
 Fort Pike 
 
 2d artillery. 
 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Newport 
 
 Saut Ste. Marie 
 
 Mackinac 
 
 FortGratiot 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Michigan 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Missouri 
 
 do 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Minnesota Ter 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Nebraska Ter 
 
 Oregon Route 
 
 do 
 
 Santa Fe Route.... 
 Texas .- 
 
 
 New Orleans Barracks.. 
 
 Newport Barracks 
 
 Fort Brady 
 
 4th artillery. 
 4th artillery. 
 
 
 Dbpaetment op the 
 West. 
 
 
 Fort Smith 
 
 Fort Smith 
 
 Fort Towson 
 
 Fort Washita 
 
 do 
 
 Fort Leavenworth 
 
 Fort Scott 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Fort Ripley 
 
 Fort Snelling 
 
 Trav.de Sioux 
 
 ( Via Fort Lea- 1 
 \ venworth. Mo. f 
 j Via Independ-I 
 \ ence, Mo. / 
 Via Austin, Iowa., 
 f Via Fort Lear \ 
 \ venworth. Mo. J 
 Via Waco, Texas... 
 
 
 
 
 Fort Washita 
 
 
 
 
 Fort Leavenworth 
 
 Fort Scott 
 
 1 drag, and 4 art 
 
 Fort Dodge 
 
 
 
 
 Fort Snelling 
 
 
 Fort Ridgely 
 
 Fort Kiley 
 
 6th infantry. 
 6 th infantry. 
 
 
 
 
 6th infantry. 
 
 
 
 
 2 drag, and 5 inf. 
 
 
 
 t Six companies of the 3d artillery are at Fort Columbus, preparatory to embarkation for the Pacific. 
 Tember 1st, 1853. 
 
 No- 
 
1348 APPENDIX. 
 
 MILITARY POSTS IN THE UNITED ST AT'ES— Continued. 
 
 Posts. 
 
 State or Territory. 
 
 Post-Office. 
 
 Permanent Commanders. 
 
 Garrison. 
 
 Depaeimext of Texas. 
 Fort Merrill 
 
 Texas 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Via Corpus Christi 
 
 do 
 
 Brownville 
 
 liio Grande City... 
 
 Laredo 
 
 Via San Antonio... 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 rVra Waco 
 
 Via San Antonio... 
 
 p\Io. 
 Via Independence, 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Via San Diego 
 
 Capt. Duncan, rifles 
 
 4ivt. Col. W. W. Loring, rifles... 
 
 Maj. Porter, 4th artillery 
 
 Lieut. Col. Seawell, 8th iuf 
 
 Col. Gustavus Loomis, 6th inf.. 
 Lieut. Col. Bainbridge, 1st inf.. 
 
 Capt. King, 1st infantry 
 
 Maj. G. B. Crittenden 
 
 Mounted rifles. 
 
 Fort Ewell 
 
 Mounted rifles. 
 
 
 4th artillery. , 
 Sth infantry, j 
 5th infantry. 
 1st infantry. 
 1 st infantry. 
 
 Einggold Barracks 
 
 
 Fort Clark 
 
 
 
 Bvt. Col. C. A. May, 2d drag 
 
 Capt. Grainger, 1st infantry.... 
 Bvt. Lt. Col. Bomford, Sthinf ... 
 Bvt. Lt. Col. Hardee, 2d drag... 
 
 Capt. Sibley, Sth infimtry 
 
 Bvt. Lt. Gol. Alexander, Sth inf. 
 
 Capt. Macrae, Sd infantry 
 
 Bvt. Maj. Brooks, 3d infantry.. 
 Bvt. Lieut. Col. Chandler, Sd i'nf. 
 Maj. E. Backus, 3d inf 
 
 
 Fort Terrett 
 
 
 Fort AIcKanett 
 
 
 
 2 drag, and 8 inf 
 2 drag, and 5 int 
 Sth infantry. 
 
 1 drao- 2 art 3 inf 
 
 Clear Fork of Brazos... 
 El Paso del Norte 
 
 Department op New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Fort Marcy 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 3d infantry. 
 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 California 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 AVashington Ter... 
 Oreeon 
 
 do 
 
 Washington Ter... 
 
 
 1 &2 drao- & 3 inf 
 
 
 Bvt. Maj . K endrick, 2 art 
 
 2 art. and 3 inf 
 
 Fort Massachusetts 
 
 Maj. G. A. H. Blake, 1st drag... 
 
 1 drag, and 3 inf. 
 1st dragoons. 
 
 1st dragoons. 
 2d infantry. 
 
 Albuquerque 
 
 Cantonment BurgTvin.. 
 
 Departjient op the 
 Pacieic* 
 
 Bvt. Brig. Gen. Garland. 
 Lieut. Ransom, 1st drag 
 
 Bvt. Maj.Heintzelman, 2d inf 
 
 
 Eancho de Jurupa 
 
 Fort Miller 
 
 Via San Diego 
 
 Stockton 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 Eenicia 
 
 Cottonwood 
 
 FiaYuka 
 
 Via San Francisco 
 
 Vancouver 
 
 Dalles of Columbia 
 
 Fort Orford 
 
 Nesqually 
 
 West Point 
 
 Capt.C. S. Lovel,2dinf. 
 
 2d infantry. 
 2d infantry. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maj. Day, 2d inf. 
 
 2d infantry. 
 2d and 4th inf. 
 
 
 Maj. Wright, 4th inf 
 
 
 Capt. Judah, 4th inf 
 
 
 Fort Humboldt 
 
 Bvt. Lt. Col. Buchanan, 4th inf.. 
 Lieut. Col. Bonneville, 4th inf.. 
 Maj. Rains, 4th inf. 
 
 4th infantry. 
 4th infantry. 
 4th infantry. 
 1st dragoons. 
 7 th infantry. 
 
 Fort Vancouver 
 
 Fort Dalles 
 
 Fort Orford 
 
 Steilacoom 
 
 MiLiTAKy Academy. 
 
 Bvt. Maj. Larnard, 4th inf 
 
 Bvt. Col. Lee, Engineers. 
 
 Bvt. Maj. Sprague, Sth inf. 
 Bvt. Maj. Ruff, mtd. rifles. 
 Bvt. Lt. Col. Hoffman, 6th inf. 
 
 RECRtnTiNQ Depots. 
 Fort Columbus 
 
 New York 
 
 New York 
 
 Jefferson Barracks 
 
 
 Newport Barracks 
 
 Newport 
 
 
 
 
 MILITARY COMMANDS.f 
 
 Department of the East. 
 
 The country east of the Mississippi river; head-quarters at Baltimore, Md. Brevet Major-Gen. John E. Wool, 
 Commander. 
 
 Department of the West. 
 
 The country west of the Mississippi river, and east of the Rocky Mountains, except the Departments of Texas 
 and New Mexico; head-quartsrs at St. Louis, Mo. Brevet Major-Gen. David E. Twiggs, Commander. 
 
 Department of Texas. 
 
 The State of Texas, except the country north of the 33d degree of north latitvide ; head-quarters at Corpus 
 Christi, Texas. Brevet Major-Gen. Persifor F. Smith, Commander. 
 
 Department of New Mexico. 
 
 The Territory of New Mexico, except the country west of the 110th degree of west longitude ; head-quarters at 
 Albuquerque, New Mexico. Brevet Brig. Gen. John Garland, Commander. 
 
 Department of the Pacific. 
 
 The country west of the Rocky mountains, except the Territory of Utah and the Department of New Mexico ; 
 head-quarters at San Francisco, California. Brevet Brig. Gen. E. A. Hitchcock, Commander. 
 
 * Orders have been given for the relief of the 2d infantry. 
 
 f The former arrangement of Jlilitary Geographical Divisions and Departments was abolished, and these Military 
 Ccmaiands were substituted therefor, by a General Order dated October 31, 1853. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1349 
 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Name of Raili-oad, and Places connected. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Androscoggin, from Leeds Station, on the Androscoggin and 
 Kennebec K. R., through Farmington to W. Central Maine 
 
 Androscoggin and Kennebec, from Portland to Waterville... 
 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrence, from Portland to Montreal. Total 
 length, 292 miles; length and cost to Lsland Pond 
 
 P>angor and Piscataquis, from Bangor to Old Town 
 
 Bath Branch, from Brunswick to Bath 
 
 Belfast and Moosehead Lake, from Belfast to Mocsehead Lake 
 
 Belfast and AVaterville, from Belfast to Waterville 
 
 Buekfield Branch, from Mechanic Falls to Buckfield..... 
 
 Calais and Baring, from Calais to Baring 
 
 Calais and Baring Branch 
 
 Damariscotta, from Damariscotta Village to the head of navi- 
 gation on Damariscotta river 
 
 European and N. American, from Portland to Halifax, N. B.* 
 
 Great Falls and South Berwick, from Great Falls to S.Berwick 
 
 Franklin, from Machiasport to Whitneyville 
 
 Kennebec and Portland, from Portland to Augusta 
 
 Lewiston and Topsham, fi-om Lewiston to Topsham 
 
 Newport and Dexter, from Newport to Dexter 
 
 Penobscot and Kennebec 
 
 Portland,Saco and Portsmouth,from Portland to Portsmouth 
 
 Boston and Maine. See No. 55. 
 
 Sebago Branch 
 
 York and Cumberland, from Portland to Great Falls 
 
 Vassalborough and China, from Vassalborough to China.... 
 
 Old Town and Lincoln, from Old Town through Lincoln to 
 theTalley oftheSt.John 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrence See No. 3. 
 
 Ashuelot, from Keene to South Vernon 
 
 Boston and Blaine. See No. 55. 
 
 Boston, Concord and Montreal, from Concord to Wells River 
 Junction 
 
 Bristol Branch, from Franklin to Bristol 
 
 Cheshire, from South Ashburnhamto Bellows I-alls 
 
 Cocheco, from Dover to Alton Bay 
 
 Concord, from Concord to Nashua 
 
 Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers, formerly Concord and 
 Claremont, from Concord to Claremont 
 
 Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers, formerly New Hamp- 
 shire Central, from Manchester to Henniker 
 
 Contocook Valley, from ContocookvUle to IlUlsboro' Bridge. 
 
 Eastern. See No. 65. 
 
 Great Falls Branch, from Rollingsford to Great Falls 
 
 Great Falls and Conway,from Great Falls toMilton 
 
 Manchester and Lawrence, from Manchester to Lawrence... 
 
 Northern, from Concord to West Lebanon 
 
 Portsmouth and Concord, from Portsmouth to Concord 
 
 Sullivan, from Bellows Falls to Windsor 
 
 AVhite Jlountains, from Wells river to Littleton 
 
 Wilton, from Wilton to NasbvUle 
 
 Worcester and Nashua, See No. 103. 
 
 Nashua and Lowell. See No. 80. 
 i 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrence. See No. 3. 
 
 Bennington Branch of the Western Vermont Railroad 
 
 Brattleborough Branch, from Grout's Corner to Brattleboro' 
 
 Burlington Branch, from Essex Junction to Burlington 
 
 Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers, from White River 
 Junction to Derby Line 
 
 Rutland and Burlington, from Bellows' Falls to Burlington 
 
 Rutland and Washington, from Rutland to Castleton 
 
 JUssissque Bay, from tlie Vermont Central to Island Pond.. 
 
 Vermont and Canada, from Essex Junction to Rouse's Point 
 
 Vermont Valley, from Bellows' F'alls to Brattleborough 
 
 Western Vermont, from Bennington to Rutland 
 
 Vermont Central, from Windsor to Rouse's Point 
 
 Miles 
 com- 
 pleted. 
 
 20 
 55 
 
 149 
 12 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 61 
 
 120 
 11 
 32 
 46 
 24 
 53 
 
 1.56 
 
 Miles 
 in pi'O- 
 gross. 
 
 Total 
 length. 
 
 149 
 12 
 9 
 80 
 40 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 114 
 
 120 
 11 
 32 
 46 
 24 
 53 
 
 156 
 
 When finished. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1850. 
 
 July IS, 1853. 
 Dec. 10, 1846. 
 
 Dec. 20, 1852. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1851. 
 Nov. 1, 1852. 
 
 Nov. 22, 1S42. 
 
 Dec. 3i, 1850. 
 
 May 30, 1853. 
 
 Nov. 20, 1849. 
 Oct. 15, 1849. 
 Nov. 10, 1846. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1851. 
 Dec. 5, 1850. 
 
 Oct. 1. 1843. 
 Nov. 30, 1849. 
 Dec. 19, 1849. 
 Nov. 9, 1849. 
 Aug. 23, 1852. 
 Dec. 4, 1850. 
 
 Sept. 29, 1851. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1851. 
 Nov. 1, 1851. 
 Aug. 16, 1852. 
 Dec. 15, 1850. 
 Dec. 20, 1851. 
 June 25, 1852. 
 
 $2,064.45S 
 
 5,150,278 
 350,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 270.000 
 1,000,000 
 
 1,459,384 
 
 496,985 
 
 2,540,217 
 3,002,094 
 1,409,098 
 
 600,000 
 219,450 
 
 60.000 
 
 300,000 
 
 717,543 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 673,500 
 
 600,000 
 
 1,500.000 
 6,577,467 
 25O,0CO 
 700.000 
 1,500,000 
 1,000,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 * The commencement of this road was celebrated at St. John's on the 14th of September last, (1853.) It is also 
 understood that the company are prepared- to commence building from Bangor to Unity, a distance of 32 miles, 
 with one line extending to Waterville, IS mDes, and another to Augusta, 30 miles ; making the whole distancn 
 from Portland to Bangor, by the former route, 137^ miles, and by the latter, 122 miles. No survey has yet been 
 made from Bangor to the state line. 
 
1350 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 Amherst and Belchertown. See No. 117. 
 Berkshire. See No. 111. 
 
 Boston, Barre and Gardner, from Gardner to Barre 
 
 Boston and Lowell, trom Boston to Lowell 
 
 Boston and Haine, from Boston to Berwick Junction 
 
 Boston and Vrovidence, from Boston to Providence 
 
 Bo.stou and Worcester, from Boston to Worcester 
 
 Cape Cod Branch, from Middleborough to Sandwich 
 
 Charles Eiver Branch, from Boston to Newton Upper Falls. 
 
 Charles River 
 
 Cheshire. See No. 27. 
 
 Connecticut Eiver, from Springfield to South Vernon 
 
 Danvers and Georgetown, from Danvers to Georgetown 
 
 Dedham Branch of the Boston and Providence Railroad 
 
 Dorchester and Milton Branch, from Neponset to Milton 
 
 Upper Mills 
 
 Eastern, from Boston to Berwick Junction.... 
 
 Essex, from Salem to Lawrence 
 
 Fall River, from Fall Eiver to South Braintree 
 
 Fitehburg, from Boston to Fitchburg 
 
 Fitchburg and Worcester, from Fitchburg to Worcester 
 
 Grand Junction 
 
 Gloucester Branch, from Beverly to Gloucester 
 
 Harvard Branch, from Somerville to Harvard 
 
 Hudson and Berkshire. See No. 140. 
 
 Lexington and W.Cambridge,fromW.Cambridge to Lexington 
 
 Lancaster and SterUng Branch, from S. Acton to FeltonvUle 
 
 Lowell and Lawrence, from Lowell to Lawrence 
 
 Marlborough Branch, from Fentonville to Marlborough 
 
 Marblehead Branch, from Salem to Marblehead 
 
 Medford Branch, from Maiden to Medford 
 
 Medway Branch, from North Wrentham to Medway 
 
 Nashua and Lowell, from Nashua to Lowell 
 
 New Bedford and Taunton, from New Bedford to Taunton.. 
 
 Newburyport, from Newburyport to Bradford 
 
 New London. WOlimantic and Palmer. See No. 117. 
 New Haven, Hartford and Springfield. See No. 111. 
 New York and Boston Air-line. See No. 118. 
 
 Norfolk County, from Blackstone to Dedham 
 
 Norwich and Worcester. See No. 120 
 
 Old Colony, from Boston to Plj-mouth 
 
 New Haven and Northampton. See No. 115. 
 Bridgewater Branch, from South Abington to Bridgewater. 
 Peterboro' and Shirley, from iJroton to Mason Tillage, N. H. 
 Pittsfield and North Adams, from Pittsfield to North Adams 
 
 Providence and Bristol 
 
 Salem and Lowell, fr'om Salem to Lowell 
 
 Saugus Branch, from the Eastern Railroad to Ljtqu 
 
 South Bridge and Blackstone 
 
 South Reading Branch, from South Reading to Salem 
 
 South Shore, from Braintree to Cohasset 
 
 Stockbridge and Pittsfield 
 
 Stony Brook, from Groton to Chelmsford 
 
 Stoughton Branch, from Stoughton to Canton 
 
 Taunton Branch, from Taunton to Mansfield 
 
 Troy and Greenfield (continued to Boston.) 
 
 A'ermont and Massachusetts, from Fitchburg to Greenfield. 
 
 Ware liiver 
 
 Western, from Worce.ster to Albany 
 
 W. Stockbridge, from the State Line Station to W.Stockbridge 
 Worcester and Nashua, from Worcester to Nashua 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 New York and Boston Air-line. See No. 118. 
 Providence and Plainfiekl,from Providence to Plainfield.Conn, 
 Providence and Stonington, from i'rovidence to Stonington. 
 Providence and Worcester, from Providence to Worcester... 
 Woonsocket Union, from the W. to the N. E. line of the state 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Collinsville Branch, from Plainville to Collinsville 
 
 Danbury and Norwalk. from Danbury to Norwalk 
 
 Hartford, Providence and Fishkill 
 
 Housatonic, including the Berkshire Railroad, from Bridge- 
 port to Pittsfield 
 
 Middletown Branch, from Berlin to Middletown 
 
 Naugatuck, from its junction with the New Y'ork and New 
 Haven Railroad toWinsted 
 
 New Haven, Hartford and Springfield 
 
 New Haven and Northampton 
 
 Miles 
 pleted. 
 
 155 
 
 3 
 
 46 
 
 11 
 21 
 50 
 
 110 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 62 
 4* 
 
 Miles 
 in pro- 
 gress. 
 
 Total 
 length. 
 
 When finished. 
 
 26 
 
 June 24,1835. 
 
 74 
 
 July 24 
 
 1843. 
 
 4r^ 
 
 June 11.1835. 
 
 45 
 
 July a. 
 
 1835. 
 
 28 
 
 Jan. 31,1848. 
 
 12 
 
 Dec. 15, 
 
 1852. 
 
 50 
 
 Nov. 1, 
 
 1847. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 May 1, 
 
 1847. 
 
 67 
 
 Nov. 9, 
 
 1840. 
 
 21 
 
 Mar. 1, 
 
 1849. 
 
 42 
 
 June 9, 
 
 1845. 
 
 50 
 
 Mar. 5, 
 
 1845. 
 
 14 
 
 Feb. 11 
 
 1850. 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Dee. 31, 
 
 1849. 
 
 6 
 
 Sept. 1, 
 
 1846. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 Julyl, 
 
 1848. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 Oct. 8, 
 
 1838. 
 
 20 
 
 July 2, 
 
 1840. 
 
 15 
 
 May 23, 1850. 
 
 26 
 
 April 23,1849. 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 Nov. 10 
 
 , 1845. 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 Feb. 5, 
 
 1848. 
 
 19 
 
 Oct. 8, 
 
 184.6. 
 
 17 
 
 Aug. 5, 
 
 1850. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Sept. 1, 
 
 1850. 
 
 12 
 
 Jap. 1, 
 
 1849. 
 
 22 
 
 Jan. 1, 
 
 1850. 
 
 13 
 
 Julv 1, 
 
 1848. 
 
 4 
 
 April 7 
 
 1845. 
 
 12 
 
 Aug. 8, 
 
 1844. 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 155 
 
 Dec. 21, 
 
 1841. 
 
 .3 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 1848. 
 
 46 
 
 Dec. 15 
 
 1848. 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 Nov. 10, 1837. 
 
 43 
 
 Oct. 20 
 
 1847. 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Dec. 31 
 
 18.51. 
 
 24 
 146 
 
 Slay 26, 1852. 
 
 110 
 
 Feb. 12 
 
 1840. 
 
 10 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 1851. 
 
 57 
 
 Oct. 31 
 
 1849. 
 
 62 
 
 Nov. S( 
 
 , 1841. 
 
 45 
 
 Nov. 30, 1850. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Coniinued. 
 
 1351 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 Miles 
 com- 
 pleted 
 
 Miles 
 in pro- 
 gress. 
 
 Total 
 length. 
 
 When finished. 
 
 CONNECTICUT— ConiinwetZ. 
 New Haven and New London, from N. Haven to N.London 
 New London, AVillimantic and Palmer, (including the Am- 
 herst and Belchertown.) from New London to Palmer 
 
 New York and Boston Air-line, from New York to Boston.. 
 New York and New Haven, from New York to New Haven 
 
 Norwich and Worcester, from Norwich to Worcester 
 
 New London and Stonington, from N. London to Stonington 
 Housatonic Branch 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 New York and Erie, from Jersey City and Piermont to Dun- 
 kirk 
 
 Albany and Schenectady, from Albany to Schenectady 
 
 Utica and Schenectady, from Utica to Schenectady 
 
 Syracuse and Utica, from Syracuse to Utica 
 
 Kochester and Syracuse, direct 
 
 Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls, from Rochester to 
 
 Niagara Falls 
 
 Buffalo and Rochester, from Buffalo to Rochester 
 
 Auburn and Canandaigua Branch of Central Railroad, from 
 
 Syracuse to Rochester 
 
 Schenectady and Troy Branch of the New I'ork Central 
 
 New Y'ork Central Railroad, composed of the 8 last-named 
 
 lines. Consolidated in 1853 
 
 Buffalo and New York City, from Buffalo to Hornellsville... 
 Buffalo and Conhocton Valley, or Buffalo, Corning and New 
 
 York, from Corning to Batavia 
 
 Buffalo and State Line, from Buffalo to the Pennsylvania line 
 
 Canandaigua and Elmira, from Canandaigua to Elmira 
 
 Canandaigua and Niagara Falls 
 
 Hudson River, from New York to Albany and Troy 
 
 Harlem, from New York to Chatham Four Corners 
 
 Hudson and Berkshire, from Hudson to West Stockbridge. 
 
 Long Lsland, from Brooklyn to Greenport 
 
 Cayuga and Su.squehanna, from Ithaca to Owego 
 
 Northern, or Ogdensburg, from Ogdensburgto Rouse's Point 
 
 Oswego and Syracuse, from Oswego to Syracuse 
 
 Rome and Watertown, from Rome to Cape Vincent 
 
 Potsdam and Watertown, from Watertown to Northern 
 
 Railroad at Stockholm 
 
 Buffalo and Niagara Falls, from Buffalo to Niagara Falls.... 
 
 Albany Northern, from Albany to Eagle Bridge 
 
 Albany and Susquehanna, from Albany to Binghamton 
 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga, from Troy to Saratoga 
 
 Saratoga and Washington, from Saratoga to Castleton 
 
 Saratoga and Schenectady, from Saratoga to Schenectady... 
 
 Troy and Bennington. See No. 41. 
 
 Sackett's Harbor and Ellishurg, from Sackett's Harbor to 
 
 Pierrepont Manor 
 
 Sodus Point and Southern, from Sodus Point to Hall's Co]> 
 
 ners 
 
 Troy and Greenfield (continued to Boston.) 
 
 Rutland and Washington. See No. 46 
 
 Plattsburg and Montreal, from Plattsburg to Montreal 
 
 Syracuse and Binghamton, fi-om Syracuse to Binghamton... 
 
 Utica and Binghamton, from Utica to Binghamton 
 
 Utica and Black River, from Utica to Clayton 
 
 Lake Ontario, Auburn and Ithaca, from Fairhaven to Ithaca 
 
 and Owego Railroad 
 
 Attica and Alleghany, from Attica to the Pennsylvania line 
 Buffalo and Alleghany Valley, from Buffalo to the preceding 
 Erie City and New I'ork, from Erie (Pa.) to the New York 
 
 and Erie Railroad 
 
 Corning and Olean, from Corning to Olean 
 
 Buffalo and Pittsburg, from Buffalo to Alleghany Valley. 
 
 Projected. 
 Newburg Branch of New York and Erie, from Newburg to 
 
 Chester 
 
 Rochester and Lake Ontario, from Rochester to L. Ontario.. 
 
 Genesee Valley, from Rochester southward 
 
 Skaneateles and Jordan, from Skaneateles to Jordan 
 
 Troy and Greenbush, from Troy to Greenbush 
 
 Saratoga and Sackett's Harbor. Projected. 
 
 Corning and Blossburg, from Corning to Blossburg 
 
 Lebanon Springs, from Bennington to Chatham Four Corners 
 
 Plattsbvtrg and Whitehall. Projected 
 
 Batavia and Attica Branch 
 
 Buffalo and Lockport, from Buffalo tb Lockport 
 
 Niagara Falls and Lake Ontario, from Youngstown to Sus- 
 pension Bridge 
 
 464 
 17 
 
 104 
 
 20 
 
 504 
 91 
 
 50 
 150 
 130 
 34 
 95 
 35 
 118 
 35 
 97 
 
 34 
 
 464 
 17 
 78 
 53 
 
 104 
 20 
 
 504 
 91 
 
 67 
 97 
 150 
 130 
 34 
 95 
 35 
 118 
 35 
 97 
 
 75 
 22 
 32 
 153 
 25 
 52 
 22 
 S2 
 
 60 
 62 
 80 
 95 
 108 
 
 80 
 74 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 41 
 50 
 100 
 14 
 22 
 
 June 20, 1852. 
 Sept. 1, ISoO. 
 Dec. 31, 1849. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1850. 
 
 July 15, 1851. 
 Sept. 24, 1831. 
 Aug. 1, 1836. 
 July 3, 1839. 
 
 July 1, 1852. 
 Deo. 20, 1842. 
 
 June 1, 1839. 
 Deo. 20, 1842. 
 
 1853. 
 1853. 
 
 Feb. 23, 1852. 
 1851. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1851. 
 Jan. 19, 1852. 
 Dec. 10, 1841. 
 Aug. 5, 1844. 
 Nov. 15, 1844. 
 Oct. 1, 1850. 
 Dee. 31, 18.-?5. 
 Aug. 19, 1851. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1837. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1836. 
 Oct. 24, 1845. 
 Nov. 30, 1832. 
 Aug. 16, 1852. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1852. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1848. 
 
 $1,380,610 
 1,151,111 
 4,978,487 
 
 275,000 
 
 31,301,806 
 1,740,450 
 3,971,156 
 2,570,982 
 
 1,375,000 
 2,268,976 
 
 681,047 
 
 24,974,423 
 1,500,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 3.500,000 
 
 10,.345,S05 
 
 6,102,935 
 
 823.331 
 2,339,939 
 
 617,313 
 5,250,000 
 
 588.678 
 2,000,000 
 
 440,219 
 330,000 
 
 4,350,000 
 723,565 
 
 1,889,800 
 462,131 
 700,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 500,00e 
 
1352 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 Np;\V YORK— Ccmtimied. 
 
 New York aad Western, from New York City, through 
 
 Belhi and Norwich, to Auburn in 'Western New York... 
 
 Blohawk Valley 
 
 West Side, from ^ew York to Albany 
 
 Rome, Clayton., and Ogdensburg. Projected. 
 Whitehall and Plattsblirg. Projected. See No. 173. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Belridere and Delaware, from Trenton to Belvidere. Nearly 
 finished 
 
 Burlington and Mount Holly, from Burlington to Mt. Holly 
 
 Camden and Amhoy, from Camden to Amboy 
 
 Camden and Amboy Branch, from Trenton to New Bruns- 
 wick 
 
 Miles 
 com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Camden and Atlantic, from Camden to Ahsecom 
 
 Camden and Cape May. Projected. 
 
 New Jersey, from Jersey City to New Brunswick 
 
 New Jersey Central, from Elizabethport to Easton 
 
 Morris and Essex, from Newark to Delaware Water Gap.... 
 
 Freehold Branch of the Camden and Amboy 
 
 Flemington Branch 
 
 Trenton Branch, from Trenton to Bordentown 
 
 Philadelphia and Trenton, from Philadelphia to Trenton.... 
 
 Union, formerly Kamapo and Paterson, from Jersey City to 
 the Erie KaOroad at Sufferns ; now used by the Erie Rail- 
 road Company 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Pennsj'lvania Central, from Harrisburg to Pittsburg 
 
 Philadelphia and Reading, from Philadelphia to Pottsville.. 
 Philadelphia and Columbia, from Philadelphia to Columbia 
 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
 
 Philadelphia and Trenton. See No. 193. 
 
 Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown 
 
 "\A'est Chester Branch of the Philadelphia and Columbia 
 
 Lancaster and Harrisburg, ii-om Dillerville to Harrisburg... 
 
 Cumberland Valley, from Chambersburg to Harrisburg 
 
 Franklin, from Chambersburg to Hagerstown 
 
 ("Baltimore and Susquehanna, from York to Baltimore 
 
 < connects with the 
 
 (York and Cumberland, from York to Harrisburg 
 
 Alleghany Portage, from Hollidaysburg to Johnstown 
 
 Alleghany Valley, from Pittsburg to Ceres, or to the New 
 
 York state line 
 
 Beaver Meadow, from Mauch Chunk to coal mines 
 
 Blairsville Branch of Central RaUroad 
 
 Carbondale and Honesdale. from Carbondale to Honesdale.. 
 
 Chester Valley, from Downingtowu to Norristown 
 
 Columbia Branch, from Columbia to the Lancaster and Har- 
 risburg Railroad 
 
 Corning and Blossburg. See No. 171. 
 
 Catawissa, WUliamsport and Erie, from Milton to Easton... 
 
 Cornwall and Pine Grove, from Lebanon to Pine Grove 
 
 Chartier's Valley, from Pittsburg to Washington 
 
 Danville and Pottsville. Little used 
 
 Dauphin and Siisquehanna ; 
 
 Delaware, Lehigh and Wyoming, from Wilkesbarre to the 
 
 Delaware Water Gap 
 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, from Great Bend to 
 
 the Delaware Water Gap 
 
 Erie and North East 
 
 Erie and Cleveland, from Erie to Cleveland 
 
 Germantown Branch 
 
 Harrisburg and Lancaster. See No. 201. 
 
 Hempfield. from Wheeling to Greensburg 
 
 Hazleton and Lehigh, from Hazleton coal mines to Lehigh 
 
 river 
 
 Huntingdon and Broad Top, from Huntingdon to Broad Top 
 
 IMountaiu 
 
 Hollidaysburg Branch of the Central Railroad.. 
 
 Lebanon Valley, from Reading to Harrisburg 
 
 Lehigh and Susquehanna, h'om Wilkesbarre to Whitehaven 
 
 Little Schuylkill, from Port Clinton to Tamaqua 
 
 Lykens Valley, ft-om Lykens to Slillersburg 
 
 Mahanoy and Wiconisco, from Mahanoy to Wiconisco 
 
 Mauch Chunk, with branches to the coal mines 
 
 Mine Hill, from Schuylkill Haven to Fremont 
 
 Mount Carbon (near Mauch Chunk) 
 
 Norristown, Doylestown and New Hope, from Norristown 
 
 to New Hope Projeclod 
 
 248 
 95 
 
 Miles 
 in pro 
 
 gress. 
 
 100 
 25 
 
 Total 
 length 
 
 300? 
 
 78 
 
 248 
 95 
 82 
 98 
 
 35 
 
 56 
 22 
 67 
 
 25 
 28 
 
 176 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 25 
 
 110 
 
 19 
 
 95 
 
 9 
 
 When finished. 
 
 Deo. 31, 1850. 
 July 6, 1831. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1840. 
 
 ^75,000 
 4,327,498 
 
 520.000 
 1,200,000 
 
 June 30, 1836. 680,000 
 July 2, 1862. 2,744,000 
 Dec. 26, 1851. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1833. 
 
 1853 
 Dec. 31, 1840. 
 Sept. 20, 1832. 
 July 19, 1837. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1832. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1846. 
 Oct. 14, 1840. 
 Oct. 10, 1S40. 
 Nov. 30, 1846. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1840. 
 Nov. 30, 1833. 
 
 500,000 
 
 13,600,000 
 17,14] ,987 
 4,204,969 
 6,818,832 
 
 550,000 
 
 250.000 
 
 1,702,528 
 
 1,265,143 
 
 600,000 
 
 3,370,282 
 
 700,000 
 
 Oct. 31, 1837. 150,000 
 
 Nov. 25, 1851. 50.000 
 
 Oct. 24, 1837. 600,000 
 1853. 
 
 Dec. 16, 1832. 
 
 1852. 
 Nov. 30, 1852. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1840, 
 
 Dec. 1, 1840. 
 Nov. 2, 1831. 
 Dec. 31, 1837. 
 Nov. .30, 1850. 
 June 17, 1827. 
 Dec. 26, 1836. 
 Nov. 24, 1830.1 
 
 750,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 326,500 
 170,000 
 180,000 
 300,000 
 896,817 
 70,000 
 
APPENDIX. 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Coniinurd. 
 
 1353 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 i>JitiNiiYL\A^l A— Continued. 
 
 Mill Creek, from Port Carbon to the coal mines 
 
 >Cesquehonitig 
 
 North Pennsylvania, formerly the Philadelphia, Easton and 
 
 Water Gap, from Philadelphia to the New York and Erie 
 
 Kailroad at Waverly 
 
 North-western Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, from 
 
 Blairsville to Newcastle 
 
 Pennsylvania Coal Company's, from the Lackawanna river 
 
 to the Lackawaxen 
 
 Pittsburg and Erie, from Pittsburg to Erie 
 
 Pittsburg and Steubenville, from Pittsburg to SteubenvUle 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania, from Pittsburg to Crestline. See 
 
 No. 413. 
 Pittsburg and Connellsville, from Pittsburg to Connellsville 
 Pittsburg and ^N'ashington, from Pittsburg to Washington. 
 
 Philadelphia City 
 
 Philadelphia and Sunbury, fi'om Philadelphia to Sunbury. 
 
 In progress...., 
 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore, from Philadelphia to Baltimore. 
 
 Projected. 
 
 Room Run 
 
 Schuylkill Valley and Branches 
 
 Sunbury and Erie, from Sunbury to Erie ■. 
 
 Sunbury and Shamokin, from Sunbury to Shamokin 
 
 Susquehanna, from Harrisburg to Sunbury 
 
 Strasburg 
 
 Trevorton and Mahanoy 
 
 West Chester and Philadelphia Direct 
 
 Williamsport and Elmira, from Williamsport to Elmira 
 
 York and Wrightsville, from York to WrightsvUle 
 
 Venango 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Delaware Central, from Dona to Seaford 
 
 Newcastle and Frenehtown, from Newcastle to Frenchtown 
 Wilmington and Newcastle, from Wilmington to Newcastle 
 Philadelphia, "WiLmington and Baltimore. See No. 198. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio, from Baltimore to Wheeling 
 
 Washington Branch, from Baltimore to Washington 
 
 Baltimore and Susquehanna. See No. 20'1. 
 
 Westminster Branch of the above 
 
 Annapolis and Elk Ridge, from Annapolis to Washington 
 
 Branch 
 
 Frederick Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 
 Philadelphia, \Vilmington and Baltimore. See No. 198. 
 Franklin, from Hagerstown to Chambersburg. See No. 203. 
 Baltimore and Philadelphia. See No. 247. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac 
 
 Petersburg and Roanoke, from Petersburg to Weldon 
 
 Richmond and Petersburg, from Richmond to Petersburg... 
 
 Virginia Central, from Richmond to Covington 
 
 Richmond and Danville, from Richmond to Danville 
 
 South Side, from Lynchburg to Petersburg 
 
 Seaboard and Roanoke, from Portsmouth to Weldon, N. C. 
 
 Virginia and Tennessee, from Lynchburg to Tennessee line 
 
 Winchester and Potomac, from Winchester to Harper's 
 Ferry 
 
 Manassas Gap, from the Orange and Alexandria Railroad 
 to the Valley of Virginia 
 
 Orange and Alexandria, from Alexandria to Gordonsville... 
 
 Alexandria and Lynchburg, from Gordonsville to Lynchburg 
 
 Warrenton Branch, from the Orange and Alexandria Rail- 
 road toWarrentou 
 
 Appomattox, from Petersburg to City Point 
 
 North-western, from Parkersburg to the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad 
 
 GreenvUle and Roanoke, from Hicksford to Gaston 
 
 Clover Hill, in Appomattox county 
 
 Petersburg and Norfolk. Projected , 
 
 Covington and Ohio, from Covington to Guyandotte 
 
 Roanoke Valley, from Clarksville to the Gaston and Raleigh 
 Railroad 
 
 Blue Kidge .^ 
 
 Chesterfield, from Richmond to the coal mines 
 
 Alexandria, Loudon and Hampshire 
 
 Tuckahoe and James River 
 
 Miles 
 com- 
 pleted 
 
 3S0 
 38 
 
 107 
 73 
 62 
 SO 
 60 
 
 Total 
 leug'tii. 
 
 21G 
 
 SO 
 
 47 
 
 140 
 
 35 
 
 272 
 IS 
 62 
 7 
 15 
 26 
 75 
 13 
 
 380 
 38 
 
 64 
 22 
 195 
 157 
 120 
 SO 
 205 
 
 lo- 
 go 
 so 
 
 10 
 9 
 
 120 
 21 
 15 
 
 When finished. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1832. 
 Dec. 19, 1840. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1836. 
 Nov. 30, 1832. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1840. 
 Nov. 2-3, 1850. 
 
 Dec. 19, 1840. 
 
 Sept. 20,1832. 
 
 Jan. 1, 1853. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1846. 
 
 Dee. 26, 1840. 
 Oct. 31, 1833. 
 Dec. 20, 1840. 
 
 Nov. 24, 1836. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1850. 
 
 Dec. 20, 1833. 
 Aug. 15, 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 July 6, 1832. 
 Sept. 15,1852. 
 
 180.000 
 50,000 
 
 40,000 
 300,000 
 
 160,000 
 400,000 
 
 19,542,307 
 1,650,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 1,531,238 
 1,163,928 
 1,100,000 
 
 2,106,467 
 1,454,171 
 4,500,000 
 
 284,438 
 220,000 
 
 150,000 
 100,000 
 
1354 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 KORTH CAllOLINA. 
 
 Wilmington and Raleigh, from Wilmington to Weldon 
 
 Gaston and Kaleigh, from Gaston to Kaleigh 
 
 Wilmington and Manchester, from Wilmington to Man- 
 chester. Nearly finished 
 
 North Carolina Central, from Goldshorough to Charlotte.... 
 
 Charlotte and South Carolina, from Charlotte to Columbia. 
 
 Roanoke Valley. See No. 286. 
 
 Goldshorough and Beaufort (extension of the North Caro- 
 lina Central) 
 
 Salisbury Branch of the Central Railroad, from Salisbury to 
 the Tennessee line 
 
 FayetteTille and Western 
 
 Gaston and Weldon, from Gaston to Weldon 
 
 Wilmington and Weldon. See No. 291. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 South Carolina, from Charleston to Hamburg 
 
 Columbia Branch of the above, from Columbia to Branchville 
 
 Greenville and Columbia, from Greenville to Columbia 
 
 Camden Branch, from Camden to the Columbia Branch 
 
 Spartanburg and Union, from Spartanburg to the Greenville 
 
 and Columbia Railroad 
 
 King's Mountain, from Vorkville to Chesterville 
 
 Cheraw and Darlington, from Cheraw to Florence 
 
 Abbeville Branch of the Greenville and Columbia 
 
 Anderson Branch of the same 
 
 Laurens, from Laurens Court House to Newberry 
 
 Charlotte and South Carolina, from Charlotte to Columbia. 
 
 See No. 295. 
 Wilmington and Manchester. See No. 29.3. 
 North Eastern, from Charleston to the Wilmington and 
 
 Manchester Railroad 
 
 Rabun Gap, from the Greenville and Columbia Railroad to 
 
 KnoxvUle 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Georgia Central, from Savannah to Macon 
 
 Georgia, from Augusta to Atlanta 
 
 Jlacon and Western, from Atlanta to Macon 
 
 Western and Atlantic, from Atlanta to Chattanooga 
 
 Muscogee, from Columbus to iort Valley 
 
 Southwestern, from Macon to Oglethorpe 
 
 Atlanta and Lagrange, from Atlanta to West Point 
 
 Waynesborough and Augusta, or Burke County Railroad, 
 
 from Augusta to the Central Railroad at MOlen 
 
 Athens Branch of the Georgia Railroad 
 
 East Tennessee and Georgia, from Dalton to Knoxville 
 
 Rome Branch, from Rome to Kingston 
 
 Milledgeville and Gordon, from Milledgeville to Gordon 
 
 Washington Branch of the Georgia Railroad 
 
 Eatonton, from Eatonton to Milledgeville 
 
 Warrenton Branch of the Georgia Railroad 
 
 Brun.swick and Florida, from Brunswick to Pensacola 
 
 Air-line, from Savannah to Albany or Pensacola. Projected 
 
 Rabun Gap. See No. 311. 
 
 Macon and Warrenton. Projected 
 
 FLOPJDA. 
 Tallahassee and St. Mark's, from Tallahassee to St. Mark's.. 
 Brunswick and Florida, from Brunswick to Pensacola. See 
 
 No. 327. 
 Alabama and Florida. See No. 338. 
 Savannah and Pensacola. See No. 328. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Alabama and Tennessee River, from Sehna to Gunter's 
 Landing 
 
 Montgomery and West Point, from Montgomery to W. Point 
 
 Memphis and Charleston, from Memphis to the Nashville 
 and Chattanooga Railroad 
 
 Mobile and Ohio, from MobUe to Cairo 
 
 Alabama and Mississippi, from Selma to Brandon, Miss...... 
 
 Girard and Mobile, from Girard to Mobile 
 
 Winchester and Alabama, from the Nashville and Chatta- 
 nooga Railroad, near Winchester, to Huntsville 
 
 Tnscumbia and Decatur, merged in the Memphis and 
 Charleston 
 
 Alabama and Florida, from Montgomery to Mobile or Pen- 
 facola. Projected 
 
 Wills' Valley, from Chattanooga to Gadsden. Projected 
 
 137 
 
 67 
 
 143 
 
 37 
 
 191 
 170 
 101 
 140 
 71 
 50 
 
 Miles 
 
 Total 
 
 gress. 
 
 length. 
 
 
 162 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 156 
 
 223 
 
 223 
 
 
 110 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 137 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 143 
 
 
 37 
 
 42 
 
 70 
 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 31 
 
 50 
 
 103 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 191 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 140 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 110 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 
 4 
 
 130 
 
 130 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 SO 
 
 
 26 
 
 145 
 
 200 
 
 
 88 
 
 188 
 
 281 
 
 461 
 
 494 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 52 
 
 220 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 leo 
 
 
 80 
 
 "When finished. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1850. 
 Dee. 31, 1850. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1833. 
 1853. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1851. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1843. 
 Oct. 13, 1843. 
 Dec. 26, 1844. 
 Nov. 19, 1850. 
 
 1853. 
 Dec. 20, 1851. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1853. 
 Deo. 31, 1840. 
 
 Oct. 23. 1850. 
 Nov. 24, 185L 
 
 Nov. 30, 1846. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1851. 
 
 12,500,000 
 1,606,000 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 983,412 
 
 ^Includ'g 
 branch's 
 [7,002,396 
 
 1,000,000 
 500,000 
 
 3,378,132 
 3,100,000 
 1,596,283 
 3,000,000 
 
 743,525 
 
 800,000 
 
 200,000 
 350,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 1,330,960 
 
 fEst.from 
 
 10 to 15 
 
 I millions. 
 
 650,000 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Coniinued. 
 
 1*5 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 ALABAyiA— Continued. 
 Tennessee and Alabama, from Nashville to Tennessee riTer. 
 
 See No. 375 
 
 Tuscaloosa Branch of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. 
 Mobile and New Orleans. See No. 348 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Mississippi Central, from Canton to the Tennessee line 
 
 New Orleans, Jackson and Northern, from New Orleans to 
 Florence, Alabama. (Capital, $8,000,000.) 
 
 Mobile and Ohio, from Mobile to Cairo 
 
 JTemphis and Charleston. See No. 331. 
 
 Vicksburg, Jackson and Brandon, or Southern, (to be ex- 
 tended eastward to Selma) 
 
 Alabama and Mississippi, from Sebna to Brandon. See 
 No. 3.32. 
 
 West Feliciana, from Woodville to Bayou Sarah 
 
 Natchez and Malcolm, from Natchez to Malcolm 
 
 Raymond Branch of the Vicksburg, Jackson and Brandon.. 
 
 Southern. See No. 344. 
 
 MobUe and New Orleans 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Mexican Gulf, from New Orleans to Proctorsville 
 
 New Orleans and Carrollton, from N. Orleans to Carrollton. 
 
 Milneburg and Lake Pontchartraiu, from Milneburg to Lake 
 Pontchartrain 
 
 New Orleans, Opelousas and Western. Is under contract 
 from New Orleans to Washington, (173 miles,) and will 
 be extended to Texas. Organized May, 1852, with a capi- 
 tal of SG,000,000 
 
 West Feliciana, from Woodville to Bayou Sarah. See No. 345. 
 
 Clinton and Port Hudson, from Clinton to Port Hudson 
 
 New Orleans, Jackson and Northern, from New Orleans to 
 the Tennessee river at Florence, Alabama. See No. 342.... 
 
 Vicksburg, Louisiana and Texas, (about 200 miles in La.) 
 
 New Orleans and Mobile. See No. 348 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Central Texas, from Galveston to Red river 
 
 San Antonio and Mexican Gulf, from San Antonio to Saluria 
 Henderson and Bolivar Point, from Henderson to Bolivar 
 
 Point 
 
 Houston and Austin, from Houston to Austin 
 
 Henderson and Fulton, from Henderson to Fulton. 
 
 Harrisburg and Brazos, from Harrisburg to Brazos 
 
 Galveston and Houston, from Galveston to Houston. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Memphis and Little Rock, from Memphis to Little Rock 
 
 Little Kock and Fulton, from Little Rock to Fulton....; 
 
 Little Rock and Fort Smith 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 Nashville and Chattanooga, from Nashville to Chattanooga 
 Memphis and Charleston, from Memphis to the Nashville 
 
 and Chattanooga Railroad. See No. 333. 
 
 Memphis and Louisville, (185 miles in Tennessee.) 
 
 Nashville and Henderson, from Nashville to Henderson 
 
 Nashville and South-western, from Nashville to the Ten- 
 nessee river. Projected. 
 
 Nashville and Louisville, from Nashville to LouisvOle 
 
 Nashville and Mississippi River 
 
 East Tennessee and Georgia, from Knoxville to Dalton. See 
 
 No. .318. 
 East Tennessee and Virginia, from Knoxville to state 
 
 line 
 
 Chattanooga and Cleveland, from Chattanooga to Cleveland 
 McMinnville and Manchester, from McMinnville to Florence 
 Winchester and Alabama. See No. 336. 
 
 Nashville and Memphis, from Nashville to Memphis 
 
 Nashville and Southern, connects with the New Orleans, 
 
 Jackson and Northern Railroad at Florence or Tuscumbia 
 Mobile and Ohio. See No. 343. 
 Memphis Clarksville and Louisville, from Memphis to 
 
 Bowling Green. Projected 
 
 South-western, from McMinnville to Danville. See No. 390. 
 Rabun Gap. from Knoxville to South Carolina. See No. 311. 
 Tennessee and Alabama, appears 'to be the same as the 
 
 Nashville and Southern. See No. 375 
 
 Knoxville and Danville.- See No. 388*. 
 
 Miles 
 com- 
 pleted. 
 
 151 
 
 Miles 
 ,n pi-o- 
 
 410 
 
 461 
 
 30 
 135 
 
 72 
 
 150 
 180 
 
 120 
 
 Total 
 length. 
 
 112 
 135 
 
 410 
 494 
 
 155 
 150 
 140 
 
 353 
 150 
 
 ISO 
 180 
 
 120 
 30 
 
 220 
 112 
 
 When finished. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1846, 
 
 Dec. 31, 1851 
 
 27 
 6 
 
 Oct. 31, 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 1850 
 1851 
 
 6 
 
 April 16 
 
 1831 
 
 173 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 Nov. 30 
 
 1850 
 
 410 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 
 
 450 
 150 
 
 
 
 200 
 200 
 
 
 
 $950,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 3,246,881 
 
fl3'56 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 KAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Louisville and Frankfort, from Louisville to Frankfort 
 
 Louisville and Nashville. See No. 365. 
 
 Louisville aud Memphis. See No. 362 
 
 Louisville and Coving-ton, from Louisville to Covington 
 
 Shelby, from Louisville to Frankfort 
 
 Covington and Lexington, from Covington to Lexington.... 
 
 Maysville and Lexington, from Maysville to Paris 
 
 Maysville and Big Sandy, from Maysville to Big Sandy 
 
 Lexington and Big Sandy, from Lexington to the mouth of 
 the Big Sandy 
 
 Lexington aiid Danville, from Lexington to Danville..'. 
 
 Lexington and Frankfort, from Lexington to Frankfort 
 
 Louisville and Newport, from Newport to the Louisville and 
 Frankfort Railroad 
 
 Louisville and Danville, from Louisville to Danville. 
 
 Henderson and Nashville. See No. 363 
 
 Memphis, Clarksville and Louisville. See No. 372. 
 
 Mobile and Ohio, from Mobile to Ohio. See No. 339. 
 
 Danville and Knoxville, from Danville to Knoxville 
 
 Danville and Nashville, from Danville to Nashville 
 
 South-western extends from Danville through Middle Ten- 
 nessee, and connects with the Nashville and Chattanooga 
 Railroad, near Winchester 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Mad River and Lake Erie, from Sandusky to Dayton 
 
 Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark 
 
 Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati, from Cleveland to 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, from Cincinnati to Day- 
 ton 
 
 Little Miami, from Cincinnati to Springfield 
 
 Columbus and Xenia, from Columbus to Xenia 
 
 Dayton and Western, from Dayton to state line 
 
 Diijton and Michigan, from Dayton to Toledo 
 
 Dayton Short Line, from Dayton to Cincinnati 
 
 Greenville and Miami, from Greenville to Miami 
 
 Springfield and Xenia, from Springfield to Xenia 
 
 Springfield, Mount Vernon and Pittsburg, from Springfield 
 to Loudonville 
 
 Bellefontaine and Indiana, from Gallon to Union 
 
 Columbus, Piqua and Indiana, from Columbus to Union. 
 Nearly finished 
 
 Central Ohio, from Columbus to Wheeling 
 
 Steuben ville and Indiana, from Steuben ville to Columbus... 
 
 Columbus and Bellefontaine, from Columbus to Bellefon- 
 taine. 
 
 Columbus and Parkersburg, or Columbus and Hocking 
 Yalley 
 
 Ohio and Mississippi or Cincinnati and St. Louis. Nearly 
 half finished. See No. 469 
 
 Cincinnati and Marietta, from Cincinnati to Wheeling, 
 (stock subscribed $3,717,000.) 
 
 Cincinnati, Hillsborough and Belpre 
 
 Cincinnati, Union and Fort Wayne, from Union to Fort 
 Wayne. See No. 481 
 
 Cincinnati Western, from Cincinnati to New Castle in Ind. 
 
 Cincinnati and Fort Wayne. Under contract 
 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania, from Pittsburg to Crestline 
 
 Ohio and Indiana, from Crestline to Fort Wayne. Nearly 
 finished 
 
 Cleveland aud Pittsburg, from Cleveland to the Ohio at 
 Wellsville 
 
 Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula, from Cleveland to 
 Ashtabula 
 
 Cleveland and Mahoning, from Cleveland to New Castle 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Cleveland, Zanesville and Cincinnati, formerly Akron 
 Branch, from Hudson to Zanesville 
 
 Cleveland, Norwalk and Toledo, from Grafton to Toledo 
 
 Cleveland, Medina and Tuscarawas, from Grafton to 
 Wheeling 
 
 Zanesville, Wilmington and Cincinnati, from Zanesville to 
 Morrow 
 
 Junction Ohio or Lake Shore from Toledo to Cleveland 
 
 Air-line from Toledo to Chicago 
 
 Toledo .and Illinois, from Toledo to the west line of Ohio, or 
 to Fort Waj'ne 
 
 Hamilton, Eaton and Richmond, from Hamilton to Rich- 
 mond 
 
 153 
 116 
 
 187 
 40 
 
 100 
 71 
 
 Miles 
 in pro 
 gress. 
 
 125 
 36 
 
 72 
 150 
 
 130 
 52 
 
 90 
 336 
 
 237 
 140 
 
 100 
 110 
 
 110 
 
 220 
 
 353 
 100 
 50 
 96 
 50 
 90 
 
 125 
 36 
 28 
 
 72 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 153 
 116 
 
 60 
 84 
 55 
 36 
 150 
 52 
 37 
 20, 
 
 110 
 
 118 
 
 102 
 130 
 130 
 
 90 
 
 336 
 
 237 
 200 
 
 65 
 
 75 
 
 150 
 
 187 
 
 145 
 
 100 
 71 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 87 
 
 130 
 
 no 
 
 220 
 
 AVhen finished. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1851 
 
 Dec. 31, 1840. 
 
 Dec. 10, 1847 
 Nov. 11, 1851 
 
 April 1, 1851 
 
 Sept. 30, 1851 
 Oct. 15, 1847. 
 Feb. 28, 1850, 
 Nov. 30, 1852. 
 
 Oct. 20, 1852 
 Nov. 19, 1852, 
 
 Nov. 10, 1852. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 $1,200,000 
 
 3,156,228 
 
 1,235,326 
 551,226 
 
 4,110,148 
 2,800,000 
 
 3,655,000 
 
 2,659,653 
 
 2,634,157 
 
 1,257,714 
 
 925,000 
 
 2,400,000 
 740,000 
 400,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 4,500,000 
 4,000,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 
 
 1357 
 
 No. 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Plaies connected. 
 
 Miles 
 pieced. 
 
 Miles 
 in pro- 
 gress. 
 
 Total 
 leugth. 
 
 "When Buished. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 42G 
 
 427 
 428 
 419 
 
 OniO—Gmiinued. 
 
 Dayton, Xenia and Belpre, from Dayton to Chillicotlie 
 
 Coiumbus and Hockino- Yalley. See No. 408. , 
 
 Scioto and Ilockinsj Valley, from Portsmouth to Newark... 
 
 Sandusky and Indiana, from Sandusky to Tiffin 
 
 45 
 33 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 280 
 
 250 
 25 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 SO 
 70 
 
 ItiO 
 30 
 
 90 
 
 125 
 33 
 16 
 
 150 
 70 
 
 112 
 40 
 
 280 
 
 250 
 25 
 32 
 
 160 
 
 210 
 
 30 
 
 150 
 225 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 Nov. 24, 1851. 
 
 Dec. 31,1851. 
 
 Sept. 30, 1851. 
 Nov. 30, 1840. 
 Oct. 31, 184:0. 
 
 
 430 
 4.'^1 
 
 Pittsburg-, Maysville and Cincinnati, from Cambridge to 
 Maysville 
 
 
 432 
 
 Cincinnati, Lebajion and Xenia. With an extension to 
 
 
 433 
 
 
 
 434 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 $8,614,193 
 
 6,430,246 
 300,000 
 
 435 
 43fi 
 
 Michigan Southern, from Monroe to Chicago, (including 
 the Northern Indiana) 
 
 437 
 
 
 350,000 
 
 438 
 
 
 
 439 
 440 
 441 
 
 442 
 
 443 
 
 444 
 445 
 446 
 447 
 448 
 
 Detroit and St. Louis, straight line. Projected. 
 
 Port Huron and Lake Michigan 
 
 Cincinnati, New Castle and Michigan, from Grand Haven 
 
 to Indiana. 
 Jai;ksou Branch of the Michigan Southern, will connect 
 
 Jackson with the Michigan Southern, or Toledo, (under 
 
 Fort Wayne and Northern, from Fort Wayne to Grand 
 
 Kapids .'. 
 
 Indjanapolis and Grand Rapids. Projected 
 
 Cincinnati and Mackinaw. Projected. 
 Dayton and Lansins. Projected. 
 
 Constantine Branch of Michigan Southern 
 
 
 449 
 450 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Madison and Indianapolis, from Madison to Indianapolis... 
 
 New Albany and Salem, from New Albany to Michigan 
 city 
 
 Central Indiana, from Indianapolis to state line 
 
 Indianapolis and Cincinnati, formerly Lawrencebvirg and 
 Upper Mississippi, from Lawrenceburg to Indianapolis... 
 
 Indianapolis and Bellefontaine, from Indianapolis to 
 Union... 
 
 Terra Haute and Richmond, from Terre Haute to Indian- 
 apolis 
 
 86 
 
 262 
 72 
 
 90 
 
 84 
 
 72 
 50 
 
 77 
 
 40 
 
 27 
 20 
 16 
 24 
 64 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 30 
 
 50 
 32 
 
 150 
 64 
 
 86 
 
 287 
 
 72 
 
 90 
 
 84 
 
 72 
 50 
 50 
 107 
 50 
 72 
 
 27 
 20 
 16 
 24 
 64 
 
 243 
 
 165 
 
 1.50 
 
 200 
 
 Dec. 31, 1848. 
 
 2,000,000 
 5,210,000 
 
 451 
 452 
 
 453 
 
 454 
 
 4n'i 
 
 1853. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1853. 
 
 Feb. 16, 1852. 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 456 
 
 4=17 
 
 Terre Haute and Yincennes, from Terre Haute to Vincennes 
 
 1,860,000 
 
 458 
 
 459 
 
 New Castle and Richmond, from New Castle to PJchmond... 
 
 Dec. 20, 1851. 
 Nov. 19, 1851. 
 Oct. 24, 1860. 
 Dec. 24, 1852. 
 Nov. 30, 1852. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1851. 
 
 
 460 
 
 461 
 462 
 
 463 
 
 Shelbyville and Knigbtstown, from Shelbyville to Enights- 
 
 town 
 
 Rushville and ShelbyvUle, from RushvOle to Shelbyville.... 
 Shelbyville Lateral 
 
 540.000 
 400,000 
 320,000 
 500.000 
 
 464 
 
 465 
 466 
 
 Lafayette and Indianapolis, from Lafayette to Indianapolis. 
 
 Northern Indiana, and Michigan Southern, from Chicago to 
 Monroe. See No. 435 
 
 Cincinnati, Logansport and Chicago, from Chicago to An- 
 derson 
 
 Fort AVayne and Chicago, from Fort Wayne to Chicago. 
 Capital ^2 500 000 
 
 1,000,000 
 2,500,000 
 
 467 
 
 Fort Wayne and Sovithern, from Fort Wayne to the falls of 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio and Indiana, from Fort Wayne to Crestline. See. No. 
 
 414. 
 Cincinnati and Fort Wayne, from Cincinnati to Fort Wayne. 
 
 See No. 412 
 
 
 468 
 
 
 150 
 
 336 
 
 290 
 
 150 
 
 90 
 
 125 
 
 336 
 100 
 90 
 
 290 
 90 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 469 
 
 
 
 470 
 471 
 
 Gosport Branch of'New Albany and Salem. 
 Ohio and Mississippi, from Cincinnati to St. Louis. Nearly 
 half finished 
 
 
 472 
 473 
 474 
 
 '175 
 
 Indiana South Western from Indianapolis to Vincennes 
 
 Aurora and Indianapolis Broad Gatige 
 
 Indiana and Illinois central, from Indianapolis to Hannibal 
 in Missoviri 
 
 
 476 
 
 F,vansvil]e and Indianapolis Straight Line, from Evansville 
 to Union 
 
 
1.58 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 1 N DIAN A — Continued. 
 
 Lake Erie, Wabash and St. Louis, from Fort Wayne to 
 Danville, Illinois 
 
 ,Tunction, from Hamilton, 0., to Connersville or Indianapolis 
 
 LoiiaDsport and Pacific, from Logansport to Middleport in 
 Illinois 
 
 Cincinnati Western. See No. 411. 
 
 Marion and Mississinewa Valley, from Union to Marion 
 
 Marion and Chicago, from Marion to Chicago 
 
 Vincennes and Indianapolis, from Vincennes to Indianapolis 
 
 Cincinnati Union and Fort Wayne, from Fort Wayne to 
 Union 
 
 Crawfordsville, Logansport and Northern Indiana. 
 
 Fort Wayne and Mississippi, from Fort AVayne to New Bos- 
 ton, to be extended thence to Council Bluffs. 
 
 Fort Wayne and Northern. See No. 443. 
 
 Indianapolis and Grand Rapids. See No 444. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Alton and Terre Haute, from Alton to Terre Haute 
 
 Chicago and Mississippi, from Chicago to Alton 
 
 Chicago and Galena Union, from Chicago to Freeport 
 
 Chicago and Rock Island, from Chicago to Rock Island 
 
 Chicago and Milwaukee, or Lake Shore 
 
 Chicago and Fort Wayne. See No 466 
 
 Chicago, Logansport and Cincinnati. See No. 465. 
 
 Aurora and Chicago Extension from Aurora to the Central 
 Military Tract Railroad 
 
 Central Illinois, from Cairo to Peru, with Branches to 
 Chicago and Dubuque 
 
 Illinois and Wisconsin from Chicago to Janesville or to the 
 south line of Wisconsin. 
 
 Chicago, St. Charles and Mississippi Air-line 
 
 Lake Shore. See No. 490. 
 
 Central MUitary Tract, including the Northern Cross from 
 Quincy to the Central Railroad in La Salle county 
 
 Beloit Branch of the Galena and Chicago 
 
 Savannah Branch from Savannah to Freeport 
 
 Mississippi and Rock River Junction, from Fulton to Syca- 
 more 
 
 Fox River Valley Branch of Chicago and Galena from Elgin 
 to Geneva 
 
 Wabash Valley, or Paducah and Vincennes 
 
 Sangamon and Massac, from Springfield to Ohio River 
 
 Indiana and Illinois Central from Hannibal in Missouri to 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Peoria and Oquawka, from Peoria to Burlington, Iowa 
 
 Extension of the Peoria and Oquawka from Peoria to Middle- 
 port 
 
 Peoria and Bureau Valley, from Peoria northward. 
 
 Atlantic and Mississippi from Terre Haute to St. Louis 
 
 Lafayette and Warsaw, from Lafayette to Warsaw 
 
 Sangamon and Morgan, (forming part of the Great Western 
 Central) from Springfield to Naples 
 
 Alton and New Albany. Projected. 
 
 Alton and Jacksonville. Projected. 
 
 Ohio and Mississippi from Cincinnati to St. Louis. See No. 
 469. 
 
 Michigan Central. See No. 434. 
 
 Michigan Southern. See No 435. 
 
 Belleville and Illinoistown 
 
 Joliet and Terre Haute, from Joliet to Terre Haute 
 
 St. Charles Branch of the Galena and Chicago 
 
 Chicago, Sterling and Mississippi. Projected. 
 
 Belleville and Murphysboro, from Belleville to Central 
 Railroad 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Pacific from St. Louis to Independence 
 
 St. Louis and Iron Mountain. Projected 
 
 St. Louis and Northern 
 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph 
 
 South-western Branch of Pacific from St. Louis to Spring- 
 field and Neesho 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Lyonslowa Central, from Lyons to Council Bluffs 
 
 Dubuque and Keokuk, from Dubuque to Keokuk 
 
 Burlington and Missouri River. Projected. 
 Davenport and Iowa City. Projected. 
 St. Louis and Northern. See No. 518. 
 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 132 
 
 125 
 
 257 
 
 120 
 
 
 1R0 
 
 155 
 
 25 
 
 180 
 
 
 92 
 
 92 
 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 56 
 
 
 56 
 
 120 
 
 
 700 
 
 40 
 125 
 
 290 
 80 
 
 Total 
 length. 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 150 
 100 
 
 180 
 21 
 35 
 
 40 
 125 
 200 
 
 160 
 240 
 
 14 
 150 
 
 7 
 
 280 
 
 63 
 
 200 
 
 210 
 
 300 
 180 
 
 When finished. 
 
 $17,500,000 
 
 Oct. 20, 1851. 
 
 Nov. 26, 1850. 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 8,000,000 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 
 
 1359 
 
 Name of Railroad, and Places connected. 
 
 Milea 
 com- 
 pleted. 
 
 .^'"*'=' Total 
 ^° P^^- length. 
 
 When finistied. 
 
 525 
 
 527 
 528 
 
 529 
 530 
 
 532 
 533 
 534 
 635 
 
 536 
 537 
 538 
 539 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Milwaukee and Mississippi, to Prairie du Chien 
 
 Milwaukee and Chicago or Lake Shore. Nearly finished. 
 
 See No. 490 
 
 Milwaukee and La Crosse, from Milwaukee to La Crosse. 
 
 In progress 
 
 Milwaukee and Green Bay, from Milwaukee to Green Bay. 
 Rock River Talley Union, from Fond du Lac to Janesville 
 
 or to the North line of Illinois 
 
 Racine, Janesville and Mississippi. In progress 
 
 Mineral Point, Branch of Galena and Chicago. Nearly 
 
 finished 
 
 Milwaukee, Fond du Lac and Oshkash, from Milwaukee to 
 
 Oshkash 
 
 Madison and Beloit, from Madison to Beloit. In progress... 
 Kenosha and Beloit. Has been surveyed. 
 
 Madison and Janesville, from Madison to Janesville 
 
 Wisconsin Central, is to extend from the South line of the 
 
 state ilorthward, through Walworth, Jefferson, and Dodge 
 
 counties. 
 Illinois and Wisconsin, from Chicago to Janesville, or to the 
 
 South line of Wisconsin 
 
 Milwaukee and Watertown. Nearly finished 
 
 Milwaukee and Fond du Lao Air-line. Projected 
 
 Madison and La Crosse, from Madison to La Crosse 
 
 South-western, or Southern Wisconsin, from Janesville to 
 
 Galena. 
 
 130 
 92 
 
 200 
 92 
 210 
 
 90 
 160 
 
 32 
 
 90 
 45 
 
 95 
 46 
 60 
 115 
 
 LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL CANALS IN THE UNITED 
 STATES, NOW IN USE. 
 
 Name of Canal, and Places connected. 
 
 length 
 
 Name of Canal, and Places connected. 
 
 length. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Erie, from Albalny to Buffalo 
 
 Champlain, from Albany to Whitehall 
 
 Chenango, from Dtica to Binghamton 
 
 Black River, from Rome to Booneville 
 
 Chemung, from Seneca lake to Knoxville 
 
 Cayuga and Seneca, from Erie canal to Seneca lake 
 
 Oswego, from Syracuse to Oswego 
 
 Crooked Lake, from Dresden to Crooked lake 
 
 Genesee Valley, from Rochester to Danville. To 
 
 be extended to the Alleghany river 
 
 Delaware and Hudson, from Honesdale to Eddy- 
 
 ville 
 
 Sodus, from Sodus bay to the Erie canal, about... 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Morris, from Jersey City to Easton 
 
 Delaware and Earitan, from New Brunswick to 
 
 Bordentown 
 
 Salem 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Pennsylvania, from Columbia to Pittsburg 
 
 Susquehanna Division, from Duncan's Island to 
 
 Northumberland....: 
 
 North Branch, from Northumberland to Wya- 
 
 lusing 
 
 West Branch, from Northumberland to Far- 
 
 randsvOle 
 
 Delaware Division, from Easton to Bristol 
 
 Beaver and Erie, from Beaver to Erie 
 
 Schuylkill Navigation, from Phila. to Port Carbon 
 Lehigh Navigation, from Easton to Whitehaven 
 
 or Stoddardsville, about 
 
 Union, from Reading to Middletown .-. 
 
 Tidewater, from Wrightsville to Havre de Grace. 
 Franklin IJranch of the Beaver and Erie 
 
 364 
 73 
 96 
 87 
 33 
 21 
 38 
 
 108 
 16 
 
 102 
 
 43 
 3or4 
 
 40 
 
 124 
 
 75 
 
 60 
 
 136 
 
 108 
 
 84 
 82 
 45 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Delaware and Chesapeake, from Delaware City to 
 Chesapeake bay 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 Chesapeake and Ohio, from Georgetown to Cum- 
 berland 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 James River and Kanawha, from Richmond to 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 Dismal Swamp, from Norfolk to New Lebanon... 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 Santee, from Cooper to Santee river 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Ohio, from Portsmouth toCleveland 
 
 Miami, from Cincinnati to the Wabash and 
 
 Erie 
 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania, from Akron to Beaver... 
 
 Walhonding, from Roscoe to Rochester 
 
 Hocking, from Athens to Carroll 
 
 Sandy and Beaver, from Bolivar to the Ohio 
 
 river 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Wabash and Erie, from Toledo to Evansville 
 
 Whitewater, fom Cambridge to Cincinnati 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 Illinois and Michigan, from Chicago to Piru 
 
 196 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 309 
 181 
 
 76 
 
 100 
 
1360 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 INDEX TO THE TABLE OF RAILROxiDS. 
 
 No. 
 
 AbbeTill.3 Brancli, (S. C.) 307 
 
 Akron Branch 418 
 
 Alabama and Florida 338 
 
 Alabama and Mississippi 33'4=^ 
 
 Alabama and Tennessee River 331 
 
 Albany and Schenectady 124 
 
 Albany and Susquehanna 149 
 
 Albany ^'ortheru 148 
 
 Alexandria and Lynchburg 278 
 
 Alexandria. Loudon and Hampshire 289 
 
 Alleghany Portage 206 
 
 Alleghany A' alley 207 
 
 Alton and Chicago 487 
 
 Alton and Jacksonville 510 
 
 Alton and New Albany 509 
 
 Alton audTerre Haute 486 
 
 Amherst and Belchertown 117 
 
 Anderson Branch, (S.C.) 308 
 
 Androscoggin 1 
 
 Androscoggin and Kennebec 2 
 
 Annapolis and Elk Ridge 265 
 
 Appomattox 280 
 
 Ashuelot 24 
 
 Athens Branch... 320 
 
 Atlanta and La Grange 318 
 
 Atlantic and Mississippi 506 
 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrence 3 
 
 Attica and Alleghany 160 
 
 Auburn andCanandaigua 130 
 
 Auburn and Eel River 475 
 
 Augusta and Waynesborough 319 
 
 Aurora Branch of the Galena and Chicago 491 
 
 Aurora Extension 491 
 
 Aurora and Indianapolis Broad Gauge 473 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio 262 
 
 Baltimore and Philadelphia 247 
 
 Baltimore and Susquehanna 204 
 
 Bangor and Piscataqviis 4 
 
 Batavia and Attica 174 
 
 Bath Branch 5 
 
 Beaufort and Goldsborough 296 
 
 Beaver Meadow 208 
 
 Belfast and Moosehead Lake 6 
 
 Belfast and Waterville 7 
 
 Bellefontaine and Indiana 403 
 
 Belleville and Hlinoistown 511 
 
 Belleville and Murphysborough 515 
 
 Beloit and Kenosha 533 
 
 Beloit and Madison 632 
 
 Beloit and Milwaukee 
 
 Beloit Branch of the Galena and Chicago 496 
 
 Belvidere and Delaware ISI 
 
 Bennington Branch 41 
 
 Berkshire Ill 
 
 Binghampton and Syracuse 156 
 
 Binghampton and Utica 157 
 
 Blairsville Branch 209 
 
 Blue Ridge 287 
 
 Boston and Lowell 54 
 
 Boston and Maine 55 
 
 Bo.ston and Providence 66 
 
 Boston and Worcester 57 
 
 Boston, Barre and Gardner 53 
 
 Bo.ston, Concord and Montreal 25 
 
 Boston and New York Air-line 118 
 
 Brattleboi'ough Branch 42 
 
 Bristol Branch 26 
 
 Brunswick and Florida 327 
 
 Buckfield Branch 8 
 
 Buffalo and Alleghany Valley 161 
 
 BulTalo and Conliocton Valley 134 
 
 Buffalo and Lockport 175 
 
 Buffalo and New York City 133 
 
 BulTalo and NiagaraFalls 147 
 
 Buffalo and Pittsburg 164 
 
 Buffalo and Rochester 129 
 
 Buffalo and State Line 135 
 
 Buffalo, Corning and New York 134 
 
 No. 
 
 Burlington and Missouri River 523 
 
 Burlington andMount Holly 182 
 
 Burlington Branch 43 
 
 Calais and Baring 9 
 
 Calais and Earing Branch 10 
 
 Camden and Amboy 183 
 
 Camden and Amboy Branch 184 
 
 Camden and Atlantic 185 
 
 Camden and Cape Jlay 186 
 
 Camden Branch of South Carolina 303 
 
 Canandaigua and Elmira 136 
 
 Canandaigua and Niagara Falls 137 
 
 Cape Cod Braneh 58 
 
 Carlxindale and Honesdale 210 
 
 Catawissa, Williamsport and Erie 213 
 
 Cayuga and Susquehanna 142 
 
 Central Delaware 259 
 
 Central Georgia 312 
 
 Central Illinois 492 
 
 Central Indiana 451 
 
 Central Military Tract 495 
 
 Central Michigan 4.34 
 
 Central Mississippi 341 
 
 Central New Jersey 188 
 
 Central New York 132 
 
 Central New Hampshire 31 
 
 Central North Carolina 294 
 
 Central Pennsylvania 195 
 
 Central Ohio 405 
 
 Central Texas 355 
 
 Central Virginia 270 
 
 Central "Wisconsin 535 
 
 Charles River 60 
 
 Charles River Branch 59 
 
 Charleston and Memphis 333 
 
 Charlotte and South Carolina 295 
 
 Chartiers Valley 215 
 
 Chattanooga and Cleveland 372 
 
 Cheraw and Darlington 306 
 
 Cheshire 27 
 
 Chesterfield, (Va.) 288 
 
 Chester Valley 211 
 
 Chicago and Galena 488 
 
 Chicago and Fort Wayne 466 
 
 Chicago and Milwaukee 490 
 
 Chicago and Mississippi 487 
 
 Chicago and Rock Island 489 
 
 Chicago, Logansport and Cincinnati 465 
 
 Chicago and Marion 481 
 
 Chicago, St. Charles and Mississippi Air-line 494 
 
 Chicago and Toledo Air-line 423 
 
 Chicago, Sterling and Mississippi 514 
 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton 394 
 
 Cincinnati, Hillsborough and Belpre 410 
 
 Cincinnati and Dayton Short Line 399 
 
 Cincinnati and Indianapolis 452 and 468 
 
 Cincinnati and Fort Wayne 412 
 
 Cincinnati. Lebanon and Xenia 432 
 
 Cincinnati and Marietta 409 
 
 Cincinnati and Mackinaw 445 
 
 Cincinnati, Newcastle and Michigan 441 
 
 Cincinnati and Portsmo\ith 
 
 Cincinnati and St. Louis, or Ohio and Mississippi 471 
 
 Cincinnati, Union and Fort Wayne 483 
 
 Cincinnati Western 411 
 
 Cincinnati and Indianapolis Short Line 468 
 
 Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati 393 
 
 Cleveland and Erie 221 
 
 Clovt'land and Mahoning 417 
 
 Cleveluii.l. Norwalk and Toledo 419 
 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg 415 
 
 Cleveland, Me-lina and Tuscarawas 420 
 
 Clcvtl;ijiil. raiiiesville and Ashtabula 416 
 
 Cleveland, /.nne^ville and Cincinnati 418 
 
 Clinton and I'ort Hudson 353 
 
 Clover Hill 283 
 
 Cooheco 28 
 
 Collinsville Branch 108 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1361 
 
 No. 
 
 Columbia Branch, (Pa.).. 212 
 
 Columbia Branch, (S. C.) 301 
 
 C!olumbus and Xenia.: 396_ 
 
 Columbus and Bellefontaine 407" 
 
 Columbus and Hocking Valley, or Columbus and 
 
 Barkersburg 408 
 
 Columbus, Piqua and Indiana 404 
 
 Concord 29 
 
 Concord and CI aremont 30 
 
 Connecticut River 61 
 
 Connecticut and Passumpsio Rivers 44 
 
 Connersville Junction 478 
 
 Constantine Branch 448 
 
 Contocook Valley 32 
 
 Corning and Blossburg 171 
 
 Coming and Olean 163 
 
 Cornwall and Pine Grove 214 
 
 Covington and Lexington 380 
 
 Covington and Ohio 285 
 
 Crawfordsville, Logansport and Northern Indiana.... 484 
 
 Cumberland Valley 202 
 
 Damariscotta 11 
 
 Danburyand Norwalk 109 
 
 Danvers and Georgetown 62 
 
 Danville and Richmond 271 
 
 Danville and Knoxville 389 
 
 Danville and Lexington 384 
 
 Danville and Louisville 387 
 
 Danville and Nashville 389 
 
 Danville and Pottsville 216 
 
 Dayton and Michigan 398 
 
 Dayton Short Line 399 
 
 Dayton and Western 397 
 
 Dayton, Xenia and Belpre 426 
 
 Dayton and Lansing 446 
 
 Dauphin and Susquehanna 217 
 
 Davenport and Iowa City 524 
 
 Dedham Branch 63 
 
 Detroit and Pontiac 436 
 
 Detroit and St. Louis Straight Line 488 
 
 Delaware Central 259 
 
 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western 219 
 
 Delaware, Lehigh and Wyoming 218 
 
 Dorchester and Milton 64 
 
 Dubuque and Keokuk 522 
 
 Eastern 65 
 
 East Tennessee and Georgia 321 
 
 East Tennessee and Virginia 371 
 
 Eatonton 325 
 
 Elmira and Canandaigua 136 
 
 Elmira and Williamsport 257 
 
 Erie and Cleveland 221 
 
 Erie and Kalamazoo 437 
 
 Erie and North-east 220 
 
 Erie City and New York 162 
 
 Erie, (N.Y.) , 123 
 
 Essex 66 
 
 European and North American 12 
 
 Evansville and Illinoia 455 
 
 Evansville and Indianapolis Straight Line 476 
 
 Fall River 67 
 
 Fayetteville and Western 298 
 
 Findley Branch 429 
 
 Fitchburg 68 
 
 Fitchburg and Worcester 69 
 
 Flemington Branch 191 
 
 Fond du Lac and JanesvUle. See Kock Kiver Valley 
 
 Union. 
 
 Fond du Lac and Milwaukee , 537 
 
 Fort Wayne and Chicago 466 
 
 Fort Wayne and Cincinnati 483 
 
 Fort Wayne and Mississippi 4S5 
 
 Fort Wayne and Northern 443 
 
 Fort Wayne and Southern 467 
 
 Fox River Valley 499 
 
 Franklin, (Me.) 14 
 
 Franklin, (Pa.) 203 
 
 Frederick Branch 266 
 
 Freehold Bj-anch 190 
 
 Fremont and Indiana 431 
 
 Galena and Chicago Union 488 
 
 Galveston and Houston 361 
 
 Galveston and Red River 355 
 
 Gaston and Raleigh 292 
 
 Gaston and Weldon '. 299 
 
 Genesee Valley * 167 
 
 Georgia 313 
 
 4l 
 
 No. 
 
 Georgia Central 312 
 
 Germautown Branch 222 
 
 Gerard and Mobile 335 
 
 Gloucester Branch 71 
 
 Goldsborough and Beaufort 296 
 
 Gosport Branch of the New Albany and Salem 470 
 
 Grand Junction 70 
 
 GreatFalls and Conway 34 
 
 Great Falls Branch 33 
 
 Great Falls and South Berwick .-. 13 
 
 Great Western Central 508 
 
 Greenville and Columbia 302 
 
 Greenville and Roanoke 282 
 
 Greenville and Miami 400 
 
 Hamilton, Eaton and Richmond 425 
 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph 519 
 
 Harlem 139 
 
 Harrisburg and Brazos 360 
 
 Harrisburg and Lancaster 201 
 
 Hartford, Providence and Fishkill 110 
 
 Harvard Branch 72 
 
 Hazleton and Lehigh 224 
 
 Hempfield 223 
 
 Henderson and Bolivar Point 3-57 
 
 Henderson and Fulton 359 
 
 Henderson and Nashville 367 
 
 Hollidaysburg Branch 226 
 
 Housatonic Ill 
 
 Housa tonic Branch 122 
 
 Houston and Austin 358 
 
 Houston and Galveston 361 
 
 Hudson and Berkshire 140 
 
 Hudson River 138 
 
 Huntingdon and Broad Top 225 
 
 Illinois Central 492 
 
 Illinois Coal 
 
 Illinois and Wisconsin 493 
 
 Indiana and Illinois Central 474 
 
 Indiana and Ohio. See Ohio and Indiana. 414 
 
 Indiana Central 451 
 
 Indiana South-western 472 
 
 Indianapolis and Cincinnati 452 
 
 Indianapolis and Bellefontaine 453 
 
 Indianapolis and Evansville Straight Line 476 
 
 Indianapolis and Grand Rapids 444 
 
 Indianapolis and Lafayette 464 
 
 Indianapolis and Madison 449 
 
 Indianapolis and Peru 459 
 
 Iron, (Ohio.) 433 
 
 Iron Mountain and St. Louis 517 
 
 Ithaca and Owego 142 
 
 Jackson Branch, (Mich.) 444 
 
 Jacksonville and Alton 510 
 
 Janesville and Fond du Lac. See Rock River Valley. 528 
 
 Janesville and Madison 534 
 
 Janesville and Racine 529 
 
 Jeffersonville 457 
 
 Joliet and Terre Haute 512 
 
 Junction, (Ohio.) 422 
 
 Junction, (Ind.) 478 
 
 Kennebec and Penobscot 18 
 
 Kennebec and Portland 15 
 
 Kenosha and Beloit 633 
 
 King's Mountain 305 
 
 Knoxville and Danville 388* 
 
 Knightstown and Shelbyville 460 
 
 Lackawanna and Western, now Delaware, Lacka- 
 wanna and Western 219 
 
 Lacrosse and Milwaukee 526 
 
 Lafayette and Indianapolis 464 
 
 Lafayette and Warsaw 507 
 
 Lafayette, Indiana and Bloomington, the same as the 
 above. 
 
 Lagrange and Atlanta 318 
 
 Lake Erie, Wabash, and St. Louis 477 
 
 Lake Ontario, Auburn and Ithaca 159 
 
 Lake Shore, (111. and Wis.) 490 
 
 Lake Shore, (Ohio.) 422 
 
 Lancaster and Harrisburg 201 
 
 Lancaster and Sterling Branch 74 
 
 Lansing and Dayton 446 
 
 Laurens, (S.C.) 309 
 
 Lawrence and Manchester 35 
 
 Lawrenceburg and Mississippi 452 
 
 Lebanon Springs 172 
 
 Lebanon Valley 227 
 
 Lehigh and Susquehanna 228 
 
1362 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 No. 
 
 r,ewiston and Topsham 16 
 
 Lewiston Branch, (N. Y.) 
 
 Ijexington and Big Sandy 383 
 
 Ijexington and Covington 380 
 
 Lexington and Danyille 384 
 
 Lexington and Franlsfort 385 
 
 Lexington and Mnysville 381 
 
 Lexington and West Cambridge 73 
 
 Little Miami 395 
 
 Little Rock and Fort Smith 364 
 
 Little Rook and Fulton 363 
 
 Little Rock and Memphis 362 
 
 Little Schuylkill 229 
 
 Lockport and Buffalo 175 
 
 Logansport and Pacific 479 
 
 Long Island 141 
 
 Louisville and Covington 378 
 
 Louisville and Danville 387 
 
 Louisville and Frankfort...* 377 
 
 Louisville and Memphis 366 
 
 Louisville and Nashville 369 
 
 Louisville and Newport 386 
 
 Louisville, Clarksville and Memphis 376 
 
 Lowell and Boston 54 
 
 Lowell and Lawrence 75 
 
 Lyken's Valley 230 
 
 Lynchburg and Alexandria 278 
 
 Lyons Iowa Central 521 
 
 McMinnville and Manchester 373 
 
 Macon and Western 314 
 
 Macon and Warrrenton 329 
 
 Madison and Beloit 532 
 
 Madison and Indianapolis 449 
 
 Madison and Janesville 534 
 
 Madison and La Crosse 538 
 
 Mad River and Lake Erie 391 
 
 Mahoning and Cleveland 417 
 
 Mahanoy and Wiconisco 231 
 
 Manassas Gap 276 
 
 Manchester and Lawrence 35 
 
 Manchester and ?fIcMinnville 373 
 
 Manchester and Wilmington 293 
 
 Marblehead Branch 277 
 
 Marion and Chicago 481 
 
 Marion and Mississinewa Valley 480 
 
 Marlborough Branch 76 
 
 Mauch Chunk 232 
 
 Maysville and Big Sandy 382 
 
 Maysville and Lexington 381 
 
 Medford Branch 78 
 
 Medway Branch 79 
 
 Memphis and Charleston 333 
 
 Memphis and Little Rock 362 
 
 Memphis and Louisville 366 
 
 Memphis and Nashville.. 374 
 
 Memphis, Clarkesville and Louisville 376 
 
 Merrimack and Connecticut Rivers 30 and 31 
 
 Mexican Gulf. 349 
 
 Michigan Central 4.34 
 
 Michigan Southern 435 
 
 Middletown Branch 112 
 
 MUledgeville and Gordon 323 
 
 Milneburg and Lake Pontchartrain 351 
 
 Milwaukee and Chicago 490 
 
 Milwaukee and Fond Du Lac 537 
 
 Milwaukee, Fond du Lac and Oshkosh 531 
 
 Milwaukee and Green Bay. 527 
 
 Milwaukee and LaCrcsse.... 526 
 
 Milwaukee and Watertown 536 
 
 Mine Hill 233 
 
 Mineral Point Branch 530 
 
 Mississippi Central 341 
 
 Mississippi and Rock River Junction 498 
 
 Mobile and Girard 335 
 
 Mobile and New Orleans 348 
 
 Mobile and Ohio 343 
 
 Mohawk Valley 178 
 
 Montgomery and West Point 332 
 
 Montreal and Plattsburg 155 
 
 Morris and Essex 189 
 
 Mount Carbon 234 
 
 Muscogee .... 316 
 
 Nashua and Lowell 80 
 
 Nasliville and Alabama. See Nashville and South- 
 western. 368 
 Nashville and Chattanooga 365 
 
 No. 
 
 Nashville and Henderson 367 
 
 Nashville and LouisvOle 369 
 
 Nashville and Memphis 374 
 
 Nashville and Mississippi 370 
 
 Nashville and New Orleans, or Nashville and 
 
 Southern 376 
 
 Nashville and South-western 368 
 
 Natchez and Malcolm 346 
 
 Naugatuck 113 
 
 New Albany and Salem 450 
 
 New Bedford and Taunton 81 
 
 Newburg Branch 165 
 
 Newburyport 82 
 
 Newcastle and Frenchtown 260 
 
 Newcastle and Richmond 458 
 
 New Hampshire Central 31 
 
 New Haven and New London 116 
 
 New Haven and Northampton 115 
 
 New Haven, Hartford and Springfield 114 
 
 New Jersey 187 
 
 New Jersey Central 18S 
 
 New London and Stonington.! 121 
 
 New London, Wiliimantic and Palmer 117 
 
 New Orleans and Carrollton 350 
 
 New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain 351, 
 
 New Orleans and Mobile 348 
 
 New Orleans, Jackson and Northern 342 
 
 New Orleans, Opelousas and Western 352 
 
 Newport and Dexter..... 17 
 
 Newtown Branch 
 
 New York and Boston Air-line 118 
 
 New York and Erie 123 
 
 New York and New Haven 119 
 
 New York and Western 177 
 
 Niagara Falls and Lake Ontario 176 
 
 Norfolk and Petersburg 284 
 
 Norfolk County 83 
 
 Norristown, Doylestown and New Hope 2.35 
 
 North Carolina Central 294 
 
 North-eastern, (S.C.) 310 
 
 Northern, (N. H.) 36 
 
 Northern, (N. Y.) 143 
 
 Northern Indiana 435 
 
 North Pennsylvania 238 
 
 Noi-th-western Pennsylvania 239 
 
 North-western Virginia 281 
 
 Norwich and Worcester 120 
 
 Oakland and Ottawa 438 
 
 Ogdensburg or Northern 143 
 
 Ohio and Indiana 414 
 
 Ohio and Mississippi 471 
 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania 413 
 
 Ohio Central 405 
 
 Old Colony 84 
 
 Old Town and Lincoln 23 
 
 Olean and Corning 163 
 
 Orange and Alexandria 277 
 
 Oswego and Syracuse 144 
 
 Ottawa and Oakland 438 
 
 Pacific, (Mo.) 516 
 
 Padueah and Vincennes 409 
 
 Parkersburg and Columbus 408 
 
 Paterson and Ramapo. See Union. 194 
 
 Pennsylvania Central 195 
 
 Pennsylvania Coal Company's 240 
 
 Penobscot and Kennebec 18 
 
 Peoria andOquawka 503 
 
 Peoria and Bureau Valley 505 
 
 Peru and Indianapolis 459 
 
 Peterborough and Shirley 86 
 
 Petersburg and Nca-folk 284 
 
 Petersburg and Richmond 269 
 
 Petersburg and Roanoke 268 
 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore 247 
 
 Philadelphia and Colunniia 197 
 
 Philadelphia and Reading 196 
 
 Philadelphia and Sunbury 246 
 
 Philadelphia and Trenton 19.'J 
 
 Philadelphia and Westchester Direct 2.5!< 
 
 Philadelphia City .' 245 
 
 Philadelphia, Easton and Water Gap, changed to 
 
 North Pennsylvania 238 
 
 Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown 199 
 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 198 
 
 Pittsburg and Cleveland 416 
 
 Pittsburg and C'onnellsville 243 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1363 
 
 No. 
 
 Pittsburg and Erie '.',41 
 
 Pittsburg and Steubeuville 24;2 
 
 Pittsburg and Washington 244 
 
 Pittsburg, Maysville and Cincinnati 430 
 
 Plaintield now New Haven and Northampton 115 
 
 Port Huron and Lake Michigan 440 
 
 Portland, Saco and Portsmouth 19 
 
 Portsmouth and Concord 37 
 
 Portsmouth and Eoanoke. See Seaboard and Ro- 
 anoke. 
 
 Potsdam and Watertown 146 
 
 Providence and Boston 56 
 
 Providence and Bristol 88 
 
 Providence and Plainfield 104 
 
 Providence and Stonington 105 
 
 Providence and Worcester 106 
 
 EabunGap 311 
 
 Kacine, Janesville, and Mississippi 529 
 
 Ealeigh and Gaston 292 
 
 Raleigh and Wilmington 291 
 
 Kamapo and Paterson. See Union 194 
 
 Raymond Branch 347 
 
 Reading. See Philadelphia and Reading 196 
 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga 150 
 
 Richmond and Danville..., 271 
 
 Richmond and Newcastle 458 
 
 Richmond and Petersburg 269 
 
 Richmond, Eaton and Hamilton 125 
 
 Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac 267 
 
 Roanoke Valley..... 286 
 
 Rochester and Bxiffalo 129 
 
 Rochester and Lake Ontai-io 166 
 
 Rochester and Syracuse Direct... 127 
 
 Rochester, Lockport and Niagara Falls 128 
 
 Rock Island and Chicago 489 
 
 Rock River Valley Union 528 
 
 Rome and Watertown 145 
 
 Rome Branch (Ga.) 322 
 
 Rome, Clayton and Ogdensburg 180 
 
 Room Run 248 
 
 RushvDle and Shelbyville 461 
 
 Rutland and Burlington 45 
 
 Rutland and Washington 46 
 
 Sackett's Harbor and Ell isburg 158 
 
 Sackett's Harbor and Saratoga 170 
 
 Saint Andrew's and Quebec 
 
 St. Joseph and Hannibal 519 
 
 St. Charles Branch 513 
 
 St. Lawrence and Atlantic 3 
 
 St. Louis and Cincinnati 471 
 
 St. Louis and Iron Mountain 517 
 
 St. Louis and Northern 518 
 
 Salem and Lowell 89 
 
 Salisbury Branch of the North Cai'olina., 297 
 
 San Antonio and Mexican Gulf. 356 
 
 Sandusky and Indiana 428 
 
 Sandusky and Mansfield 392 
 
 Sangamon and Morgan .' 608 
 
 Saratoga and Sackett's Harbor 170 
 
 Saratoga and Schenectady 152 
 
 Saratoga, and Washington 151 
 
 Saugus Branch 90 
 
 Savannah and Pensacola Air-line 328 
 
 Savannah Branch 497 
 
 Schenectady and Albany 124 
 
 Schenectady and Troy 131 
 
 Schuylkill Valley 249 
 
 Scioto and Hocking Valley 427 
 
 Seaboard and Roanoke 273 
 
 Sebago Branch 20 
 
 Shelby (Ky.) 379 
 
 Shelbyville and Rushville 461 
 
 Shelbyville and Knightstown 460 
 
 Shelbyville Lateral 462 
 
 Skaueateles and Jordan 168 
 
 Sodus Point and Southern 154 
 
 Southbridge and Blackstone 91 
 
 South Carolina 300 
 
 Southern Mississippi 344 
 
 South Side 272 
 
 South Shore 93 
 
 South-western of Georgia 317 
 
 South-western of Kentucky and Tennessee 390 
 
 South-western of Wisconsin 539 
 
 South-western of Missouri .'. 520 
 
 South E.eadiug Branch..... 92 
 
 No. 
 
 Spartanburg and Union 304 
 
 Springfield and Xenia 401 
 
 Springfield, Mount Vernon and Pittsburg 402 
 
 Steubeuville and Indiana 406 
 
 Stockbridge and Pittsfield 94 
 
 Stonington and Providence 105 
 
 Stony Brook 95 
 
 Stoughton Branch 96 
 
 Strasburg 253 
 
 Sullivan 38 
 
 Sunbury and Erie 250 
 
 Sunbiu-y and Shamokin 251 
 
 Susquehanna 252 
 
 S3'racuse and Binghamton 156 
 
 Syracuse and Oswego 144 
 
 Syracu.se and Rochester 127 
 
 Syracuse and Utica 126 
 
 Tallahassee and St. Mark's 330 
 
 Taunton and New Bedford 81 
 
 Taunton Branch 97 
 
 Tecumseh Branch ■. 447 
 
 Tenne.ssee and Alabama. See Nashville and Southern 375 
 
 Terre Haute and Alton 486 
 
 Terre Haute and Alton, called, also, Terre Haute and 
 
 Richmond 454 
 
 Terre H.aute and Joliet 512 
 
 Terre Haute and Vincennfes 456 
 
 Texas Central 355 
 
 Toledo and Chicago Air-line 423 
 
 Toledo and Illinois 424 
 
 Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland 419 
 
 Trenton Branch 192 
 
 Trenton and Philadelphia 193 
 
 Trevorton and Mahanoy 254 
 
 Troy and Bennington 41 
 
 Troy and Boston 98 
 
 Troy and Greenbush 169 
 
 Troy and Greenfield 98 
 
 Troy and Schenectady 131 
 
 Tuscaloosa Branch 340 
 
 Tuscumbia and Decatur 337 
 
 Union, (N.J.) 194 
 
 Utica and Binghamton 157 
 
 Utica and Black River 158 
 
 Utica and Syracuse 126 
 
 Utica and Schenectady 225 
 
 Vassalborough and China 22 
 
 Venango 258 
 
 Vermont Central 51 
 
 Vermont and Massachusetts 99 
 
 Vermont Valley '. 49 
 
 Vermont and Canada 48 
 
 Vicksburg, Louisiana and Texas 354 
 
 Vicksburg and Brandon 344 
 
 Vincennes and Indianapolis 482 
 
 Vincennes and Paducah 500 
 
 Vincennes and Terre Haute 456 
 
 Virginia Central 270 
 
 Virginia and Tennessee 274 
 
 AVabash Valley 600 
 
 Ware River 100 
 
 Warrenton Branch, (Va.^ 279 
 
 Warrenton Branch, (Ga.) 324 
 
 Warrenton and.Macon .329 
 
 Warsaw and Lafayette 607 
 
 Washington Branch, (Md.) 263 
 
 Washington Branch, (Ga.) 324 
 
 Watertown and Rome 145 
 
 Watertown and Potsdam.., 146 
 
 Waynesborough and Augusta 319 
 
 Weldon and Wilming-ton 291 
 
 Weldon and Gaston 299 
 
 Western, (Mass.) 101 
 
 Western and Atlantic 315 
 
 Western Vermont 50 
 
 Westchester and Philadelphia 255 
 
 West Chester Branch 200 
 
 West Stockbridge 102 
 
 West Side 179 
 
 West Feliciana 345 
 
 Westminster Branch 264 
 
 Whitehall and Plattsburg 173 
 
 White Mountains 39 
 
 Williamsport and Elmira 256 
 
 Wills Valley 339 
 
 Wilmington and Raleigh 291 
 
1364 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 No. 
 
 Wilmington and Manchester 293 
 
 Wilmington and Newcastle 261 
 
 Wilmington and Weldon 291 
 
 Wilton 40 
 
 Winchester and Potomac 275 
 
 Winchester and Alahama 336 
 
 Wisconsin Central S35 
 
 Woousocket Union 107 
 
 Worcester andjS'ashua. 103 
 
 No. 
 
 Xenia and Columhus 396 
 
 Xenia and Delaware 432 
 
 Xenia, Lebanon and Cincinnati 432 
 
 Xenia and Springfield 401 
 
 York and Cumberland, (Me.> 21 
 
 York and Cumberland, (Pa.) 205 
 
 York and Wrightsyille 257 
 
 ZanesTille, Wilmington and Cincinnati v 421 
 
 RATES OF POSTAGE WITHIN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 For a single letter sent, not exceeding 3000 
 miles, if prepaid 3 cents. 
 
 If not prepaid 5 cents. 
 
 Sent over 3000 miles, if prepaid 6 cents. 
 
 If not prepaid 10 cents. 
 
 For such a letter, conveyed wholly or in part 
 by sea to or from a foreign country, (except all 
 cases where different rates have been or shall 
 be established by postal arrangements,) sent 
 not exceeding 2.500 miles 10 cents. 
 
 Sent over 2.500 miles 20 pents. 
 
 For a double letter there shall be charged 
 double the above rates ; tbr a treble letter, treble 
 the above rates, &c. Every letter or parcel not 
 exceeding half an ounce (avoirdupois) in weight 
 is a single letter, and every additional weight of 
 half an ounce or of less than half an ounce is 
 charged with an additional single postage. 
 When advertised, one cent additional is charged 
 on each letter. For a letter delivered by a car- 
 rier, there is an additional charge of not exceed- 
 ing one or two cents. 
 
 For drop letters (not to be mailed) each 1 cent. 
 
 For all letters or package {ship letters) con- 
 veyed by any vessel not employed in conveying 
 the mail 2 cents. 
 
 To this charge of 2 cents is added 4 cents, 
 when the letters are not transmitted through 
 the mail, but are delivered at the post-office 
 where deposited; and the ordinary r.ates of 
 United States postage are added when the letter 
 is transmitted throvigh the mails. 
 
 Each newspaper, periodical, unsealed circu- 
 lar, or other article of printed matter, not ex- 
 ceeding three ounces in weight, to any part of 
 the United States 1 cent. 
 
 For every additional ounce or fraction of an 
 ounce 1 cent. 
 
 If the postage on any newspaper or periodical is paid 
 quarterly or yearly in advance, at the office where the 
 same is either mailed or delivered, then half the above 
 rates are charged. Newspapers and periodicals not 
 weighing over one and a half ounces, circvilated in the 
 State where published, are likewise charged but half of 
 the above rates. 
 
 Small newspapers and periodicals, published monthly 
 or oftener, and pamphlets not containing more than 
 sixteen octavo pages each, when sent in single packages 
 
 weighing at least eight ounces, to one address, and pre- 
 paid by affixing postage stamps thereto, shall be charged 
 only half a cent for each ounce or fraction of an ounce, 
 notwithstanding the postage calculated on each separate 
 article of such package would exceed that amount. The 
 postage on all transient matter, unless prepaid, shall be 
 charged double the first-mentioned rates. 
 
 Books, bound or unbound, not weighing over four 
 pounds, shall be deemed mailable matter, and shall pay, 
 
 For all distances under 3000 miles per ounce.. 1 cent. 
 
 For all distances over 3000 mUes 2 cents. 
 
 Fifty per cent, shall be added in all cases when not 
 prepaid. All priuled matter chargeable by weight shall 
 be weighed when dry. The publishers of newspapers 
 and periodicals may send to each other from their re- 
 spective offices of publication, free of postage, one copy of 
 each publication; and may also send to each actual 
 subscriber, inclosed in their publications, bills and re- 
 ceipts for the same, free of postage. The publishers of 
 weekly newspapers may send to each actual subscriber 
 within the county where their papers are printed and 
 published one copy thereof free of postage. 
 
 No printed matter shall be sent at the above rates, 
 unless either without any wrapper, or with one open at 
 the ends or sides, so that the character of the matter miiy 
 be seen without removing the wrapper ; or if any written 
 or printed communication is put on the same after its 
 publication, or upon the cover or wrapper, except the 
 name and address of the person to whom the same is 
 sent ; or if any thing else is enclosed in such printed paper. 
 If these conditions are not complied with, letter postage 
 shall be charged. 
 
 The establishment of private expresses for the con- 
 veyance of any letters, packets, or packages of letters, or 
 other matter transmittible in the United States mail 
 (newspapers, pamphlets, magazines, and periodicals ex- 
 cepted,) from one city, town, or other place, to any other 
 city, town, or place in the United Statep, between wliich 
 the United States mail is regularly transported, is pro- 
 hibited. Contractors may carry newspapers out of the 
 mails for sale or distribution among subscribers. A 
 penalty of $5000 is imposed on any person taking letters 
 through or over any part of the United States, for the 
 purpose of being sent out of the United States without 
 the payment of postage. 
 
 letters addressed to different persons cinnot be en- 
 closed in the same envelope or package, under a penalty 
 of ten dollars, unless addressed to foreign countries. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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011 272 296 8