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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
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 The Library of Co ngrfls^ 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/reliablebookofouOOchad 
 

No. 14. 
 
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 Wea at the New To* Pos.Omee a S Secon.-Cla, Hatte, Co Pyrigh , £J *y " T M . x™. 
 
 DY ne/iR.r CI1ADWICK. 
 

The Reliable Boole of Out-Door Games. 
 
 Edited by HENRY CHADWICK. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting The Reliable Book of Otjt- 
 Doob Games to the American public, it is only 
 necessary to state that it is a work designed for 
 the special use of American boys, and as such 
 presents the chapters on instruction in our 
 national game of baseball as its chief attrac- 
 tion. It would be beyond the reach of a hand- 
 book of this kind to cover all of the field games 
 of ball in vogue ; and, therefore, only the most 
 prominent games have been selected for this 
 book. 
 
 The editor of this book is so well known as 
 the leading authority on our national game, as 
 also a writer practically familiar with the prom- 
 inent sports of the period, that it is needless to 
 state that the instructions given will be those of 
 an established authority as well as of a popu- 
 lar writer. 
 
 One of the characteristics of nearly all of 
 the handbooks of sports hitherto published, is, 
 that they are most of them reprints of the 
 works of English writers on the subject, and 
 as such are not sufficiently comprehensive for 
 the use of our American youths of the period. 
 Our boys, though they do not want scientific 
 treatises for their handbooks, want in them a 
 full explanation of all the leading points of 
 play of the game written about, and this th^y 
 want done in a manner which is not ODly within 
 the comprehension of the youngest school boy, 
 but which also is suited to the cultivated intel- 
 ligence of a well-educated college youth. It is 
 this style of handbook the editor has aimed to 
 write, and especially so as regards the lengthy 
 chapter on baseball. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In this existing era of brutality in sports, it 
 is a pleasure to point to the fact that the most 
 prominent of our field games of ball are 
 rightfully excluded from the list of sports of the 
 period which are subject to brutal features in 
 the playing of them. Our American national 
 game of Baseball stands pre-eminent in this re- 
 spect, as does the English national game of 
 Cricket. Moreover, both these great games of 
 ball require attributes of physical courage, en- 
 durance and pluck, together with the moral 
 requirements of control of temper, cool judg- 
 ment and presence of mind to excel in them td 
 a marked degree. In fact, they are manly 
 sports in every respect, and yet are admirably 
 adapted for the healthful enjoyment of school 
 boys and young collegians. The field games of 
 ball, too, of lacrosse and football, are games 
 which might be made worthy of being included 
 in the list of field sports deprived of brutal 
 characteristics, were some of the customs of 
 
 both games eliminated from them by stringent 
 rules. Unluckily, however, both lacrosse and 
 football, as too frequently played, still retain 
 features in the existing method of playing 
 them which afford too many opportunities for 
 brutality not to make them objectionable for 
 boys ; the football of the period, under American 
 college rules, being little else than a contest in 
 wrestling and unfair pugilistic slugging, which 
 materially deprives it of the manly methods 
 which should characterize the game under 
 model rules. As to lawn tennis, that is a field 
 game of ball which is a school of courtesy in 
 itself, while it requires a degree of physical 
 activity and endurance to excel in it which 
 makes it a manly sport for experts. Croquet, 
 too, is a game of the same class, with the excep- 
 tion that it does not require the endurance 
 of fatigue, or the great activity essential in 
 tennis. As to handball, that is the game of 
 games for training one to excel in all the other 
 held games of ball, and especially in baseball 
 and cricket. 
 
 Of course the sport of sports for American 
 boys is our national game, which is now the es- 
 tablished favorite game of ball of the American 
 people, and occupies a position in public esti- 
 mation which no other field sport in vogue ap- 
 proaches. The game has attained its present 
 position of popularity, not only from its adapta- 
 bility to our peculiar national characteristics, as 
 regards its possession of special points of at- 
 traction ; but also from its value as a field sport 
 which presents sufficient excitement in itself to 
 draw thousands of spectators without the in- 
 trinsic aid of betting as its chief point of inter- 
 est, the latter attraction being something which 
 pertains to nearly every other popular sport. 
 Then, too, it should be borne in mind that base- 
 ball first taught us Americans the value of phys- 
 ical exercise as an important aid to perfect 
 work in cultivating the mind up to its highest 
 point. It is to the introduction of baseball as a 
 national pastime, in fact, that the growth of 
 athletic sports in general in popularity is largely 
 due ; and the game pointed out to the mercan- 
 tile community of our large cities that " all work 
 and no play " 'is the most costly policy they can 
 pursue, both in regard to the advantages to 
 their own health and in tho improvement in the 
 work of their employes, the combination of 
 work and play yielding results in better work 
 and more satisfactory service than was possi- 
 ble under the old rule. Thus the game has 
 acted like a lever in lifting into public favor all 
 athletic sports. 
 
 It is this game which has been made the fea- 
 ture of this work, and it of course occupies more 
 space than that of all the other games of ball 
 contained in the book. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 BASEBALL. 
 
 HOW TO LEARN THE GAME. 
 
 In learning to play baseball there are two 
 questions to be considered ; first, as to your 
 desire to play the game for recreative exercise 
 only ; and, secondly, in regard to your having as- 
 pirations to excel as a professional expert. To 
 learn to play baseball solely for the enjoyable 
 exercise the game affords, requires but'little 
 study or effort ; as an hour or two's reading of 
 a standard Work on the game will instruct you 
 in regard to its theory ; while an afternoon's 
 play, with an amateur team will suffice to give 
 you all the practical knowledge necessary. But 
 to learn the game with a view of eventually be- 
 coming a trained professional exemplar of base- 
 ball is altogether a different matter ; as it not 
 only requires the attentive study of every rule 
 of play, and of those special* applications of 
 the rules known as " points " in the game, to- 
 gether with perfect familiarity with each and 
 every rule ; but it also involves a regular course 
 of physical training to fit you for a home posi- 
 tion in a professional team, the latter being a 
 task which involves steady and persevering ap- 
 plication, fatiguing exertion, plenty of nerve 
 and pluck, thorough control of temper, great pow- 
 ers of endurance, and, withal, the physical apti- 
 tude to excel in one or the other— if not in all — 
 of those special departments of the game known 
 &s pitching, baiting, base-running and fielding. 
 
 One of the attractive features of the game of 
 baseball is the simplicity of its theory ; and yet, 
 to play the game up to its highest point of ex- 
 cellence requires as great a degree of mental 
 ability, and the possession of as many manly 
 physical attributes as any known game of ball. 
 Ordinarily a party of- juveniles, ranging from 
 eight to twelve years of age, can easily play a 
 game of baseball, and get a great deal of enjoy- 
 ment out of it; but to piay the game up to its 
 highest point of excellence requires men of 
 pluck, nerve and presence of mind, courage- 
 ous fellows, having their wits about them ; for 
 when it is played up to its highest mark there is 
 nothing boyish about it whatever. 
 
 THE THEORY OF THE GAME. 
 
 The theory of the game of baseball is simply 
 as follows : 
 A level space of ground of three or more acres 
 
 in extent having been secured, the parties to 
 the contest proceed to measure off a " diamond " 
 field, having equal sides of thirty yards, and 
 on three of the corners of this "diamond" are 
 placed the base bags, the home base being dis- 
 tinct from the other bases, the latter base being 
 placed at the head of the field. The pitcher's 
 position is near the center of the diamond field, 
 and the batsman's position on each side of the 
 home base. So much for the lines of the dia- 
 mond field itself. The contesting sides com- 
 prise eighteen players in all, there being nine 
 positions in the field, viz., the pitcher and 
 catcher, technically known as the " battery " 
 players; the four infielders, which comprise 
 the* three base players and the shoH-stop ; and the 
 three outfielders, which include the left, center 
 and right field players. The diagram on the op- 
 posite page shows the lines of the " diamond " 
 field of a baseball ground and the positions of 
 the players. 
 
 HOW THE GAME IS PLAYED. 
 
 The diamond field having been laid out, the 
 sides chosen for the game, the choice of in- 
 nings tossed for, and the umpire selected, and 
 all being in readiness to begin to play, the um- 
 pire calls " play ball," and the captain of the 
 side winning the choice of innings proceeds to 
 send his men into the field, and the opposing 
 batsmen go to the bat in the order written 
 down in the score book. Just here the rules 
 governing the action of the attacking force— the 
 nine players in the field — at once come into play, 
 the pitcher being the first player to start the 
 game, which he does by delivering the ball to 
 the bat while standing legally within the lines 
 of his position. He is required by the rules 
 governing the delivery of the ball to the bat to 
 send in every ball " over the home base," and 
 within the range of the batsman's kneo and his 
 shoulder. Every time the pitcher fails to de- 
 liver the ball over the base he incurs the penalty 
 of a " calledball," and four such called balls sends 
 the batsman to first base ; the batsman then 
 becoming a base runner by this act. If, on the 
 other hand, the batsman fails to strike at every 
 ball sent in over the home base, and not higher 
 than the line of the batsman's shoulders nor 
 lower than the line of his knees, the bats- 
 man incurs the penalty of having " strikes " 
 
1^ BASEMAN. 
 
 O UMPIRE 
 • CATCHER 
 
 ^-"BASEMAN 
 
 2"J>BASEMAN. 
 
 MONT FIELDER. 
 
 ££/?F/£lO£R. 
 
 CENTER f /ELDER, 
 
 called on bim by tbe umpire ; and after three 
 such strikes have been called he is obliged to run 
 to first base, and he can then be put out by the 
 catcher catching the ball on which the third 
 strike was called on the fly ; or by the ball being 
 held at first base before the runner reaches it, 
 before some part of his person touches that base. 
 Should the batsman hit the ball so that it strikes 
 the ground in front of or on the foul lines, it is a 
 fair hit ball, and he immediately becomes a base 
 runner, as in the case of the calling of balls ; but, 
 in such case, he can be put out either by a catch 
 of the hit ball before it touches the ground, 
 viz., on the fly— or by his failing to touch first 
 base before the ball is held by the fielder at first 
 base. In case, however, the batsman hits the 
 ball so that it goes to foul ground, while he is 
 also liable to be put out on the fly catch of such 
 ball he cannot offset the foul hit by the advantage 
 of trying to earn a base on such hit, as he can 
 on a fair hit ball, as no bases can be run or 
 runs scored on a hit foul ball. When the base 
 runner has secured his right to hold first base, 
 
 either by a base hit or an error on the part of a 
 fielder, his next effort is to secure the other three 
 bases and thereby score a run. This he _ does 
 either by being forwarded by the good hitting of 
 those who follow him at the bat ; by stealing 
 bases — viz., running to the next base before he 
 can be thrown out there— or by a series of one or 
 more costly errors by the fielders. It will be 
 seen, therefore, that the bataman can be put out 
 by a fair catch of the ball he hits ; or by a catch 
 of a foul ball, or by striking out. In addition, 
 too, he can.be put out simply by stepping out- 
 side of the boundary lines of his position while 
 in the act of striking at a pitched ball, or by bat- 
 ting at a wild pitched ball or any ball, in fact, in 
 such a way as intentionally to prevent the 
 catcher from catching or fielding the ball; tho 
 former out being termed afoul strike, and the lat- 
 ter an out from inteiferingioiih the catcher. Thru, 
 too,tho batsman can be decided out ifhe takes Ium 
 position at the bat out of the regular « 
 batting, provided ho hits a fair ball before the 
 error is discovered. Thus it will be seen that 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 the batsman can be put out in six different 
 ways ; viz., first by a, fly catch of a fair ball : sec- 
 ondly, by a similar catch of a foul ball ; thirdly, 
 by a foul strike ; fourthly, by hindering the 
 catcher ; fifthly, by batting out of the regular 
 order, and sixthly, by failing to hit the ball after 
 three strikes. After the batsman has become a 
 base runner, he is liable to be put out by the ball 
 being held by a fielder at first base before reach- 
 ing it ; by his being touched by the ball in the 
 hands of a fielder while off a base ; by failing to 
 keep within the base path in running from home 
 -base to first base ; by failing to avoid interfering 
 with a fielder to catch a fly ball ; by purposely 
 preventing a fielder from fielding a thrown ball ; 
 by running three feet outside of the base lines 
 between each base while trying to avoid being 
 touched with a ball in the hands of a fielder ; by 
 being hit by a fairly batted ball in running from 
 base to base ; by failing to return to a base he 
 had left before the fairly hit or foul hit ball is 
 caught on the fly ; by his running on to fair 
 ground after over running first base, and his 
 failing, in such case, to return to the base before 
 he is touched by the ball in the hands of a 
 fielder ; by his being forced out, that is, by the 
 ball being held on the base he is obliged to run 
 to by the act of the batsman in making a fair 
 hit. It will be seen, therefore, that the base 
 runner can be put out in ten different and 
 ■"istinct ways by the field side or attacking 
 I ^J.26 in the game. It would thus appear, at a 
 casual glance, that the batsman's chances of se- 
 curing a run are very small, considering that he 
 has to encounter sixteen distinct risks of outs as 
 batsman and base runner, while having but 
 three chances afforded him to make a run, viz., 
 by his own safe hit at a fair ball ; his being for- 
 warded as a base runner by the safe hitting of 
 the batsman following him, or by his skill in 
 stealing a base ; all his other chances for scor- 
 ing arising from the errors of the opposing side, 
 either in the form of bases given on called balls, 
 wild pitched balls, passed balls or pitchedballs hit- 
 ting the batsman, or by missed third strikes. All 
 such errors of the pitcher and catcher being 
 known as battery errors, and, in addition to these. 
 by dropped fly balls, wildly thrown balls, muff eat 
 or fumbled batted balls, or miss catches of thrown 
 balls, all known as fielding errors. When these 
 offsetting drawbacks are counted in it will be 
 seen that the chances for run-getting by the bat- 
 ting side or defence force are not so very much 
 less than are the chances for putting out the bat- 
 ting side by the attacking force. Still, under the 
 rules existing up to the date of the baseball 
 campaign of 1892, the attacking side decidedly 
 had the best of it. 
 
 THE NINE PLAYERS AND THEIR DUTIES. 
 
 The nine players of the attacking or field 
 force in the game include the battery^ players, 
 viz., the pitcher and catcher —the four infielders, 
 viz., the first, second and third basemen and the 
 short stop and the three outfielders, which are the 
 left, center and right fielders. The main reliance 
 of the attacking force is, of course, on the effect- 
 ive work of the pitcher and catcher, which two 
 players should work together as a team to in- 
 sure the utmost success in their positions. The 
 most effective of pitchers would fail if not ably 
 supported behind the bat by his catcher, and 
 
 the finest of catchers would be comparatively 
 useless unless facing a first class pitcher. But 
 in their combined work together in the playing 
 of strategic points— known as " headwork "— as 
 a team they become a very potent factor in win- 
 ning games. Then, too, the success of the at- 
 tacking force depends largely upon the infield 
 team, a quartette of fielders which need to play 
 together as a team as much as the battery play- 
 ers ; the first baseman acting as the receiver of 
 the majority of balls fielded in by the other two 
 base players and the short stop, while the second 
 baseman occupies the key position of the infield, 
 inasmuch as tie not only has to cover his own po- 
 sition, but also that at right short ; while the 
 third baseman's duties involve the longest dis- 
 tance of throwing to first base of the infield, as 
 also the catching of difficult high foul fly balls. 
 The short stop is the rover of the diamond field ; 
 he backing up every position, besides covering 
 his own portion of the field, thus playing fre- 
 quently as a second baseman and also as a third 
 baseman. 
 
 The three outfielders should especially work 
 together as a team, each man being on the move 
 the moment the ball is batted to any part of the 
 outfield, the one nearest the flying ball being 
 left to catch it, while the others move so as to be 
 ready to assist in throwing the ball in, or to be 
 in readiness to field the ball in case the catch 
 be missed. The left and center fielders have 
 the most frequent chance for catches, while the 
 right fielder occupies the position requiring the 
 most " headwork " in play, as, under the modern 
 rule of play, right field hitting is a strong point 
 for the batting force to play, and short fly balls 
 are sent in that direction more frequently than 
 to left or center. 
 
 The four infielders not only require to be espe- 
 cially well up in fielding hard hit bounding balls, 
 or " daisy cutters " — sharp hits close along the 
 surface of the field— but they also need to be very 
 accurate throwers forsbort distances, say from 
 thirty to fifty yards ; while the outfielders need 
 to be not only first class judges of high fly balls, 
 but also long distance throwers, from seventy- 
 five to a hundred yards at least. 
 
 THE PITCHING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The pitcher of a nine requires to be a player 
 who in doing the work of his position possesses 
 that most important essential of first-class work, 
 thorough command of the ball in delivery. Having 
 complete mastery of the ball, and being in full 
 control of his temper — another very important 
 requisite— the secondary requirements of speed 
 in delivery, and the ability to curve the ball to 
 the required extent, come into play with telling 
 effect ; but without control of the ball and of the 
 player's temper, the other essentials fail to off- 
 set the loss of the two great points of excellence 
 in pitching. 
 
 Next to the full command of the ball comes 
 the ability to use the horizontal curves of the 
 ball in its progress to the bat to the best ad- 
 vantage, and this can only be done where the 
 pitcher can send each curved ball ovei~ the plate, 
 or so near over that the batsman is deceived in 
 judging the line of the ball. The third element 
 of success in pitching is speed, and this, too, 
 like the handling of the several curves, finds its 
 advantage only when the ball, when swiftly 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 pitched, is under full control in directing it ; 
 wild pitching, whether with curves or without 
 them, being very costly in " battery " errors. 
 
 One rule every pitcher would find it advan- 
 tageous to follow is that of sending in the ma- 
 jority of the halls over the " plate "—viz., the 
 home base. This obliges the batsman to act 
 quickly. Especially is this a point to play when 
 a runner is on first base. All " points " of this 
 character constitute strategic skill, or headwork 
 in fielding, and the most skillful strategic work 
 in the box is seen when batsmen are thoroughly 
 deceived in judging the line of the ball's de- 
 livery. 
 
 DELIVERING THE BALL TO THE BAT. 
 
 The appended cuts show how the pitcher has 
 to stand — under the revised code of rules of 1893 
 — when about to deliver the ball to the bat. 
 
 In figure A the pitcher 
 is seen standing in his po- 
 sition in right form, ready 
 to throw to the bat as re- 
 quired by the new rules. 
 If, while standing with his 
 foot on his position, as in 
 figure A. he takes any step 
 whatever, he must deliver 
 the ball to the bat, other- 
 wise he makes a balk. The 
 step taken is shown in 
 figure B. It will be seen 
 that the pitcher, when 
 about to deliver the ball to 
 the bat— as is shown in 
 figure B— has hiB pivot foot 
 on the space of ground — 
 12 inches long and 4 inch- 
 es wide — which consti- 
 tutes the pitcher's "box" 
 under the new code, and 
 within this space his pivot 
 foot must stand when he 
 takes his forward step in 
 delivery, and of course he 
 can take but one such 
 step. If he desires to 
 throw to any base except 
 the home base to catch a runner off the base, 
 he must first stand outside the "box" space, 
 and when so standing he can take any step he 
 likes. But before he can throw to the batsman 
 he must place his foot on the "box" space, 
 otherwise he makes a balk in throwing to the 
 batsman. 
 
 The new rules governing the delivery of the 
 ball to the bat are as follows : 
 
 Rule 5. The pitcher's boundary shall be 
 marked by a white rubber plate 12 inches long 
 and 4 inches wide, so fixed to the ground as to be 
 even with the surface, at the distance of 60 feet 
 6 inches from the outer corner of the home plate, 
 so that a line drawn from the center of the home 
 plate to the center of the second base will give 
 6 inches on either side. 
 
 Rule 27. The pitcher's position. The pitcher 
 shall take bis position facing the batsman with 
 both feet squarely upon the ground, one foot in 
 front of and in contact with the pitcher's plate, 
 defined in Bule 5. He shall not raise either foot 
 unless in the act of delivering the ball, nor 
 make more than one step in such delivery. He 
 
 shall hold the ball before delivery /airZu in front 
 of his body and in sight of the umpire. When the 
 pitcher feints to throw the ball to a base he must 
 resume the above position and pause momen- 
 tarily before delivering the ball to the bat. 
 
 The rules defining the delivery of fair and 
 unfair balls to the bat are as follows : 
 
 Rule 28. A fair ball is a ball delivered by the 
 
 Eitcher while standing wholly within the lines of 
 is position, and facing the batsman, the ball so 
 delivered to pass over the home base, not loioer 
 than the batsman's knee, nor higher than his 
 shoulder, provided a ball so delivered that 
 touches the bat of the batsman in his po- 
 sition shall be considered a batted ball, and in 
 play. 
 
 Rule 29. An unfair ball is a ball delivered 
 by the pitcher, as in Rule 28, except that the ball 
 does not pass over the home base, or does pass 
 
 Fig. B. 
 
 over the home base above the batsman's shoul- 
 der or belovj the knee. 
 
 THE THEORY OF THE CURVE. 
 
 The theory of imparting a curve to the ball as 
 it goes horizontally through the air from the 
 pitcher's hand to4he bat is very simple. 
 
 The position when in the act of delivering a 
 curved ball is shown in the appended cut, which 
 presents a picture of the California statue en- 
 titled " The Ball Thrower," the player who posed 
 for it being Douglas Tilden, of California. It 
 shows him holding the ball ready to give it the 
 rotary motion which develops the horizontal 
 curve in delivery. 
 
 The theory of the curve in delivery is based 
 on the fact that there is a retarding effect pro- 
 duced on that side of the ball which passes 
 through the air quicker than that of the other 
 side ; and to produce this retarding effect the 
 ball must be made to rotate on its axis hori- 
 zontally as it passes through the air, the re- 
 tarding of the ball causing the curve. It will 
 be seen that the chief difficulty in producing 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 the curve lies in the power to give the hall the 
 required twist or rotary motion. This can only 
 be acquired by constant practice and under the 
 direction of an experienced curve pitcher. 
 
 One of these latter "artists of the box," Mr. J. 
 Howard Subers, thus instructs novices in the 
 art of curved pitching as follows : 
 
 Out-Curve. — This is the most common, and 
 without which the average pitcher cannot hope 
 to be effective. 
 
 It comes straight from the hand and then 
 curves away from the batsman. This curve may 
 be obtained by holding the ball firmly in the 
 right hand with the tips of the first two fingers 
 and thumb ; close the other two fingers in the 
 palm of the hand. 
 
 Use the underhand throw and bring the hand 
 forward half-way between the waist and shoul- 
 
 slide across (not over the tip) the fingers and 
 out between the first finger and thumb., 
 
 In-Shoot — Is almost as common as the " out- 
 curve." It comes straight for a distance, and 
 then curves in toward the batsman. 
 
 It is produced by holding the ball in the right 
 hand with the first three fingers pressed to the 
 seam of the ball, and the thumb resting lightly 
 on top of the ball. 
 
 Use a straight arm, throw level with the 
 shoulder, allowing the ball to glide out across 
 
 the tips of the fingers with the palm of the hand 
 facing the left. 
 
 A loft-handed pitcher, by following the above 
 directions for an "out-curve," will produce the 
 " in-sboot," because the ball will revolve in the 
 opposite direction. The same may also be said 
 if a left-handed pitcher follows the above rules, 
 for the "in-shoot" he will produce the "out- 
 curve." 
 
 Drop Ball. — It comes straight from the pitch- 
 er's hand and drops to the ground a short dis- 
 tance from the batsman. Hold the ball as for 
 an " in-shoot," with the tips of the fingers firmly 
 on the seam. 
 
 Use the underhand throw, which carries the 
 hand between the waist and knee, allowing the 
 ball to roll off the tips of the fingers with the 
 
 der, releasing the ball with tne palm upwards 
 and the thumb drawn back, allowing the ball to 
 
 palm of the hand upward and the fingers point- 
 ing toward the catcher. 
 
 THE BATTING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Skillful work in handlingtho batin baseball i* 
 far more rare in the game now than is effective 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 pitching or fine fielding, simply because custom, 
 in the methods of practicing the game, gives 
 every advantage for improvement in the field- 
 ing department and none at all to that of the 
 batting. The -weakest phase of batting, too, 
 is that which has been most encouraged under 
 the existing scoring rules, up to the close of the 
 season of 1892. In the preliminary practice in- 
 dulged iu before commencing match games, 
 the fielders have the best practice and the bats- 
 men none at all. While this kind of thing pre- 
 vails how can batting improve ? All the practice 
 the batting side has in the preliminary half hour 
 before the match game begins, is in batting high 
 balls into the air to give" the fielders chances 
 for catches, this being technically termed 
 " fungo " hitting. It is worse than useless for 
 batting practice, as it trains the eye of the bate- 
 man to gauge a ball falling perpendicularly to 
 the bat, and instead of judging the ball com- 
 ing to the bat on a horizontal line, as in the reg- 
 ular delivery of the ball from the bat in a match 
 game ; the result is that batsmen learn to bat 
 balls in the air instead of batting them to the 
 ground. 
 
 TEAM WORK AT THE BAT. 
 
 This great essential in successful batting is 
 only accomplished when the batting side go to 
 the bat solely to bat base runners around the 
 diamond, and not when their chief efforts are 
 devoted to making a record of total bases scored 
 by their hits. " Team work " at the bat in- 
 volves united effort on the part of the defense 
 side in the game to handle their bats so as to 
 
 forward runners on the bases ; and this is best 
 accomplished when single base hits are made, 
 for then the least fatigue is encountered in run- 
 ning bases. Long showy hits to the outfield 
 affording chances for catches do not count in 
 "team work at the bat." It is only the placed 
 ball from the bat that tells then. To place a 
 ball from the bat is to hit it to any specified or 
 desired part of -the field. It ia the very oppo- 
 site of the weak fungo hit, and it is the acme of 
 skill at the bat. 
 
 THE POSIT/OH AT THE BAT. 
 
 In learning to bat correctly, getting the right 
 position in the very beginning is very essential. 
 Here are two cuts illustrative of a good and bad 
 position in batting. 
 
 The bat should be poised over the shoulder 
 just prior to striking at the ball, so as to insure a 
 good aim in swinging it forward to hit at the 
 ball ; and the forward swing should be made so 
 as to meet the ball on the line of its delivery, 
 and not in such a half circle as to swing under 
 the line of the ball, thereby hitting it in the air, 
 but rather so as to hit it down to the ground. 
 To hold the bat forward of the batsman's per- 
 son is to oblige him to make a double swing of 
 the bat, one backward and the other forward, 
 thereby weakening tho aim of the stroke. In 
 standing within the lines of the position, stand 
 so as to allow your back foot to act as a pivot, 
 with the forward foot free to move, so as to give 
 special direction to the forward swing, either to 
 the right or center field, as occasion may re- 
 quire. 
 
 BATTING FOR THE RUNNER. 
 
 To bat so as to forward base runners from 
 base to base by your hit, should bo the sole 
 object of the team-worker at the bat. When 
 no runner is on the bases he can either go 
 in tor a single hit, or for a hard hit liner to 
 the outfield yielding two or three bases. 
 But leading off for a home run hit does not 
 
 Eay in the long run. Of course, when the 
 ases are filled then it is worth the risk 
 to try for a homer, especially when two 
 
 THE CORRECT POSITION. 
 
 THE BAD POSITION. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 men are out, and no sacrifice hit can then be 
 made. 
 
 The mainobject of the batsman, when he goes 
 in at the bat to forward a runner around the 
 bases, should be to placethe ball ; that is, to hit it 
 to some particular part of the field best calcu- 
 lated to help the runner to one or more bases. 
 The best placed ball in such case is, of course, a 
 hit to right field, on which side of the diamond 
 the fewest fielders stand ready to field the ball, 
 as there are but the first baseman and right 
 fielder to attend to a right field hit, while a hit 
 to the left or left center is covered by the third 
 baseman, the left fielder, the shorb stop and the 
 second baseman. Sometimes a good judge of a 
 batsman will cover right short field in expecta- 
 tion of a place hit, but generally there are but 
 two men to cover such a hit ball. 
 
 SAFE HITS. 
 
 No ball hit high in the air is a " safe hit," 
 every chance offered the field aide for a catch 
 showing the weakest kind of batting, oven if it 
 be a showy long bit to the outfield, known as 
 the fungo hit, viz., a hit offering a chance for a 
 catch to an -outfielder. Any hit which sends the, 
 ball to the fielders, either on the bound or close 
 along the surface of the ground— as in the case 
 of a "daisy cutter" — is superior to the fungo 
 hit, even if it be direct to the fielder, as it may 
 have an ugly twist imparted to it by the stroke 
 of the bat. 
 
 A safe tap of the ball to short outfield, too far 
 out for any infielder to get under, and yet not 
 far enough out to admit even of a running catch 
 by an outfielder, is a place hit, and It is one re- 
 quiring close calculation of the pitching, and 
 judgment in gauging the forward swing of the 
 bat so as to ensure safety from an outfield catch. 
 Of course the perfect tap hit is that which sends 
 it on a short line over the infielders' heads and 
 then direct to the ground. 
 
 Next to the safe tap in place hitting comes 
 that most difficult of all hits, the base hit bunt. 
 This hit requires the most skillful handling of 
 the bat in making it bunt the ball, not hit it, 
 that is, letting the ball simply rebound from the 
 bat as it is held for the ball to hit it. The point 
 in this play is to hit the ball direct to the ground 
 in such a way as to deaden its motion. Another 
 good bunt is to let the ball rebound from the 
 bat so as to rise just above the height of the 
 batsman, and to fall to the ground on fair 
 ground, and rebound to foul ground. This kind 
 of hit invariably earns a base. Bunting is, of 
 course, only likely to be successful when the 
 catcher is not close up behind the bat. 
 
 Next to the bunt comes the sacrifice hit. Now, 
 no skillful batsman goes to the bat purposely to 
 make a sacrifice hit, for that would be as bad as 
 to hit " fungoes." His object every time should 
 be a base hit ; but when a runner is on the base, 
 his efforts in trying for a base hit should be to 
 make the attempt to hit tor a base in such a way 
 as to ensure a sacrifice hit if the base hit should 
 fail. A sacrifice hit is only made when the bail 
 from the hit goes to the field in such a way as to 
 oblige the fielder to throw it to first base, thereby 
 safely forwarding the runner. There is an ex- 
 ception to this rule when one man only is out, 
 and that is in the case of a long hit to the out- 
 
 field, which, if the ball bo caught, enables the 
 runner to steal a base on the catch, this being 
 known as a sacrifice fly . But this play is now 
 useless under the new code. 
 
 Batting in baseball " up to date " may be said 
 to be a neglected art. Not one batsman in a 
 hundred ever thinks of studying the art of bat- 
 ting. Headwork batsmen like Ward, O'Bourke, 
 Ewing, Anson and a few others, make efforts 
 that way, but the majority take up their bats 
 and go in for slugging at the ball with all 
 their might, trusting to chance as to where the 
 ball will go, their single idea being to send it as 
 far out iu the field as possible, only a small 
 minority taking their stand at the bat well 
 posted in all the points of team work at the bat, 
 ready to match strategic skill in handling the 
 ash point for point against headwork pitch- 
 ing from the " box." In studying the art of bat- 
 ting, an important point is that of learning the 
 bearings of the natural swing of the bat in meet- 
 ing the ball, and the different results which fol- 
 low a swift and a slow stroke in measuring the 
 forward ewing of the bat, a swift stroke meeting 
 the ball forward of the base, and a slow stroke 
 backward of it. The lines of these various 
 strokes are seen in the appended cut. 
 
 This point of studying up the bearings of the 
 forward swing of the bat, combined with the 
 point of facing for position, make up the art of 
 batting. This facing for position isa subject 
 calling for some study of the rules which govern 
 it. Just as a man stands at the bat, just so will 
 the regular or forward swing of the bat meet 
 the ball, all things, of course, being equal, viz., 
 the rapidity of the forward swing being in pro- 
 portion to the speed of the delivered ball. But 
 the general direction of the ball, from a regular 
 and proportioned swing of the bat, is governed 
 by the manner in which the batsman stands 
 when prepared to strike at the ball— that is, in 
 proportion as be "faces" for the right, the. 
 center or the left. As a general rule, in order to 
 send a ball to the right he should face almost as 
 if the first baseman was going to pitch the ball 
 to him, and not to the pitcher. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 Here is a cut showing how the batsman should 
 stand when facing for a right field hit. 
 
 
 THE ART OF BASE RUNNING. 
 
 Base running in baseball has come to be as 
 much of an art almost as strategic pitching, 
 and it is certainly one of the most important 
 elements of success in the game. Your team 
 may include one of the best " batteries " — 
 pitcher and catcher— in the profession, and also 
 have an excellent supporting team in the field ; 
 but without the strong point of excellence in 
 base running in your team, a third of its strength 
 will be wanting at the least. Effective pitch- 
 ing is a great aid to success, so is skillful bat- 
 ting ; but it is equally as necessary to a success- 
 ful issue of the contest after a base has been 
 obtained by a good hit, that other bases should 
 be secured by skillful running of bases. It is 
 a difficult task to get to first base safely in the 
 face of the effectual fire from a first-class club 
 " battery," backed up by good support in the 
 field ; but it is still more difficult when the base 
 is safely reached, to secure the other three 
 bases. The fact is, a greater degree of intelli- 
 gence is required in the player who would 
 excel in base running than is needed either in 
 fielding or in batting. Any soft-brained heavy 
 weight can occasionally hit a ball for a home 
 run, but it requires a shrewd, intelligent player, 
 with his wits about him, to make a successful 
 base runner. Indeed, base running is the most 
 difficult work a player has to do in the game. 
 To coyer infield positions properly, a degree of 
 intelligence in the player is required which the 
 majority do not as a general rule possess ; but 
 to excel in base running such mental qualifica- 
 tions are required as only a small minority are 
 found to possess. Presence of mind, prompt 
 action on the spur of the moment, quick, ess of 
 perception, and coolness and nerve are a.nong 
 the requisites of a successful base runner. Play- 
 ers habitually accustomed to hesitate to do this, 
 that or the other, in attending to the varied 
 points of a game, can never become good base 
 runners. There is so little time allowed to judge 
 
 of the situation that prompt action becomes a 
 necessity with the base runner. He must 
 " hurry up " all the time. Then, too, he must 
 be daring in taking risks, while at the same 
 time avoiding recklessness in running. Though 
 fast running is an important aid in base run- 
 ning, a fast runner who lacks judgment, cool- 
 ness, and, in fact, " headwork " in his running, 
 will not equal a poor runner who possesses 
 the nerve and intelligence required for the 
 work. The great point in the art of base run- 
 ning is to know when to start, and to start 
 promptly when the favorable opportunity is 
 offered. 
 
 THE NEW RULES OF THE GAME. 
 
 The code of playing rules of the National 
 League of Professional Ball Clubs governs every 
 professional club in the country for 1893. The 
 revision made by the committee of rules of the 
 league, and adopted March 8, 1893, resulted in 
 the following code of playing rules which con- 
 tain many important changes made in the code 
 of 1892. 
 
 THE PLAYING RULES OF PROFESSIONAL 
 BASEBALL CLUBS. 
 
 AS ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL LEAGUE AND 
 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PROFES- 
 SIONAL BASEBALL CLUBS. 
 
 THE BALL GROUND. 
 
 Rule 1. The ground must be an inclosed 
 field, sufficient in si^e to enable each player to 
 play in his position as required by these rules. 
 
 Rule 2. The infield must be a space of 
 ground thirty yards square. 
 
 the bases. 
 
 Rule 3. The bases must be : 
 
 Sec. 1, Four in number, and designated as 
 first base, second base, third base and home 
 base. 
 
 Sec. 2. The home base must be of whitened 
 rubber twelve inches square, so fixed in the 
 ground as to be even with the surface, and so 
 placed in the corner of the infield that two of i| r 
 sides will form part of the boundaries of sa*" 
 infield. 
 
 Sec. 3. The first, second and third bases 
 must be white canvas bags, fifteen inches square, 
 and filled with some soft material, and so placed 
 that the center of the second base shall be upon 
 its corner of the infield, and the center of the 
 first and third bases shall be on the lines run- 
 ning to and from second base and seven and 
 one-half inches from the foul lines, providing 
 that each base shall be entirely within the foul 
 lines. 
 
 Sec. 4. All the bases must be securely fas- 
 tened in their positions. 
 
 THE FOUL LINES. 
 
 Rule 4. The foul lines must be drawn in 
 straight bines from the outer corner of the home 
 base, along the outer edge of the first and third 
 bases, to the boundaries of the ground. 
 
 THE POSITION LINES. 
 
 Rule 5. The pitcher's boundary shall be 
 marked by a white rubber plate twelve inches 
 long and four inches wide, so fixed in the ground 
 
10 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF- OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 as to be even with the surface at the distance of 
 sixty feet six inches from the outer corner of 
 the home plate, so that a line drawn from the 
 center of the home base and the center of the 
 second base shall give six inches on either side. 
 
 Rule 6. The catcher's lines must be drawn 
 from the outer corner of the home base, in con- 
 tinuation of the foul lines, straight to the limits 
 of the ground back of the home base. 
 
 Rule 7. The captain's or coacher's line-must 
 be a line fifteen feet from and parallel with the 
 foul lines, said lines commencing at a line par- 
 allel with and seventy-five feet distant from the 
 catcher's lines, and running thence to the limits 
 of the grounds. 
 
 Rule 8. The player's lines must be drawn 
 from the catcher's ' lines to the limits of the 
 ground, fifty feet distant from and parallel with 
 the foul lines. 
 
 Rule 9. The batsman's lines must be straight 
 lines forming the boundaries of a space on the 
 right, and of a similar space on the left of the 
 borne base, six feet long by four feet wide, ex- 
 tending three feet in front of and three feet be- 
 hind the center of the home base, and with its 
 nearest hue distant six inches from the home 
 base. 
 
 Rule 10. The three feet lines must be drawn 
 as follows : From a point on the foul line from 
 home base to first base, and equally distant 
 from such bases shall be .drawn a line on foul 
 ground, at a right angle t/asaid foul line, and to 
 a point, three feet distant from it ; thence run- 
 ning parallel with said foul lino, to a point three 
 feet distant from the first base ; thence in a 
 straight line to the foul line, and thence upon 
 the foul line to point of beginning. 
 
 Rule 11. The lines designated in Rules 4, 
 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 must be marked with chalk or 
 other suitable material, so as to be distinctly 
 seen by the umpire. They must all be so marked 
 their entire length, except the captain's and 
 player's lines, which must be so marked for a 
 distance of at least thirty-five yards from the 
 catcher's lines. 
 
 THE BALL. 
 
 bai 
 
 tnRuLE 12. The ball : 
 a F sec. 1. Must not weigh less than five or more 
 ,, than five and one-quarter ounces avoirdupois, 
 and measure not less than nine, nor more than 
 nine and one-quarter inches in circumference. 
 The Spalding League Ball or the Reach Ameri- 
 can Association Ball must be used in all games 
 played under these rules. 
 
 Sec. 2. For each championship game two 
 balls shall be furnished by the home club to the 
 umpire for use. When the ball in play is bat- 
 ted over the fence or stands, on to foul ground 
 out of sight of the players, the other ball shall 
 be immediately put into play by the umpire. As 
 often as one of the two in use shall be lost, a new 
 one must be substituted, so that the umpire 
 shall at all times, after the game begins, have 
 two for use. The moment the umpire delivers 
 a new or alternate ball to the pitcher it comes 
 into play, and shall not be exchanged until it, 
 in turn, passes out of sight on to foul ground. 
 At no time shall the ball be intentionally discol- 
 ored by rubbing it with the soil or otherwise. 
 
 Sec. 3. In all games the ball or balls played 
 with shall be furnished by the home club, and 
 the last ball in play becomes the property of 
 
 the winning club. Each ball to be used 
 in championship games shall be examined, 
 measured and weighed by the secretary of the 
 association, enclosed in a paper box and sealed 
 with the seal of the secretary, which seal shall 
 not be broken except by the umpire in the pres- 
 ence of the captains of the two contesting nines 
 after play has been called. 
 
 Sec. 4. Should the ball become out of shape, 
 or cut or ripped so as to expose the yarn, or in 
 any way soinjured as to be — in the opinion of 
 the umpire— unfit for fair use, the umpire, upon 
 being appealed to by either captain, shall at 
 once put the alternate ball into play and call for 
 a new one. 
 
 THE BAT. 
 
 Rule 13. The bat : 
 
 Must be made wholly of hard wood, except that 
 the handle may be wound with twine, or a gran- 
 ulated substance applied, not to exceed eighteen 
 inches from the end. 
 
 It must be round, not exceed two and one- 
 half inches in diameter in the thickest part, and 
 must not exceed forty-two inches in length. 
 
 THE PLAYEBS AND THEIE POSITIONS. 
 
 Rule 14. The players of each club in a game 
 shall be nine in number, one of whom shall act 
 as captain, and in no case shall less than nine 
 men be allowed to play on each side. 
 
 Rule 15. The players' positions shall be 
 such as may be assigned them by their captain, 
 except that the pitcher must take the position 
 as defined in Rules 5 and 18. 
 
 Rule 16. Players in uniform shall not be per- 
 mitted to occupy seats among the spectators. 
 
 Rule 17. Every club shall adopt uniforms 
 for its players, but no player shall attach any- 
 thing to the sole or heel of his shoes other than 
 the ordinary baseball shoe plate. 
 
 PLAYEBS' BENCHES. 
 
 Rule 18. The players' benches must be furn- 
 ished by the home club, and j>laced upon a 
 portion of the ground outside of, and notnearer 
 than twenty feet to the players' lines. One such 
 bench must be for the exclusive use of the vis- 
 iting club and one for the exclusive use of the 
 home club, and the players of the competing 
 teams shall be required to occupy their respect- 
 ive benches during the progress of the game. 
 
 THE GAME. 
 
 Rule 19. Section 1. Every championship 
 game must be commenced no later than two 
 hours before sunset. 
 
 Sec. 2. A game shall consist of nine innings 
 to each contesting nine, except that, 
 
 (a) If the side first at bat scores less runs in 
 nine innings than the other side has scored in 
 eight innings, the game shall then terminate. 
 
 (b) If the side last at bat in the ninth inning 
 scores the winning run before the third man is 
 out, the game shall terminate. 
 
 A TIE GAME. 
 
 Rule 20. If the score be a tie at the end of 
 nine innings to each side, play shall only be 
 continued until the side first at bat shall have 
 scored one or more runs than the other side, in 
 an equal number of innings, or until the other 
 side shall score one or more runs than the side 
 first at bat. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 1.1 
 
 A DRAWN GAME. 
 
 Rule 21. A drawn game shall be declared by 
 the umpire when he terminates a game on ac- 
 count of darkness or. rain, after five equal in- 
 nings have been played if the score at that time 
 is equal on the last even innings played ; but if 
 the side that went second to the bat is then at 
 the bat and has scored the same number of runs 
 as the other side, the umpire shall declare the 
 game drawn without regard to the score of the 
 last equal innings. 
 
 A CALLED GAME. 
 
 Rule 22. If the umpire calls "game" on ac- 
 count of darkness or rain at any time after five 
 innings have been completed, the score shall 
 be that of the last equal innings played, unless 
 the side second at bat shall shall haved scored 
 one or more runs than the side first at bat, in 
 which case the score of the game shall be the 
 total number of runs made. 
 
 A FORFEITED- GAME. 
 
 Rule 23. A forfeited game shall be declared 
 by the umpire in favor of the club not in fault, 
 at the request of such club, in the following 
 cases : 
 
 Sec. 1. If the nine of a club fail to appear 
 upon a field, or beiug upon a field fail to begin 
 the game within five minutes after the um- 
 pire has called " play," at the hour appointed 
 for the beginning of the game, unless such de- 
 lay in appearing or in commencing the game be 
 unavoidable. 
 
 Sec. 2. If, after the game has begun, one side 
 refuses or fails to continue playing, unless such 
 game has been suspended or terminated by the 
 umpire. 
 
 Sec. 3. If, after play has been suspended by 
 the umpire, one side fails to resume playing 
 within one minute after the umpire has called 
 " play." 
 
 Sec. 4. If a team resorts to dilatory practice 
 to delay the game. 
 
 Sec. 5. If, in the opinion of the umpire, any 
 one of these rules is wilfully violated. 
 
 Sec. 6. If, after ordering the removal of a 
 player, as authorized by Rule 56, Sec. 5, said 
 order is not obeyed within five minutes. 
 
 Sec. 7. In case the umpire declares a game 
 forfeited, he shall transmit a written notice 
 thereof to the president of the association 
 within twenty-four hours thereafter. 
 
 NO GAME. 
 
 Rule 24. "No Game " shall be declared by 
 the umpire if he shall terminate play on account 
 of rain or darkness, before five innings on each 
 side are completed except in a case when the 
 game is called, the club second at bat shall have 
 more runs at the end of its fourth inning than 
 the club first at bat has made in its five innings. 
 Then the umpire shall award the game to the 
 club having made the greatest number of runs, 
 and it shall be a game, and be so counted in 
 the championship record. 
 
 substitutes. 
 
 Rule 25. Section 1. In every championship 
 game each team shall be required to have pres- 
 ent on the field, in uniform, one or more substi- 
 tute players. 
 
 Sec. 2. Any such player may be substituted 
 
 at any time by either club, but no player thereby 
 retired shall thereafter participate in the game. 
 Sec. 3. The base runner shall not have a 
 substitute run for him, except by consent of the 
 captains of the contesting teams. 
 
 CHOICE OF INNINGS— CONDITION OF OROUND. 
 
 Rule 26. The choice of innings shall be 
 given to the captain of the home club, who shall 
 also be the sole judge of the fitness of the 
 ground for beginning a game after raia. 
 
 THE PITCHER'S POSITION. 
 
 Rule 27. Th9 pitcher shall take his position 
 facing the batsman with both feet square on the 
 ground, and in front of tho pitcher's plate, but 
 in the act of delivering the ball one foot must 
 be in contact with the - pitcher's plate defined in 
 Rule 5. He shall not raise either foot, unless 
 in the act of delivering the ball, nor make more 
 than one t^tep in such delivery. He shall hold 
 the ball, before delivery, fairly in front of his 
 body, and in sight of the umpire. When the 
 pitcher feigns to throw the ball to a base he 
 must resume the above position and pause mo- 
 mentarily before delivering the ball to the bat. 
 
 THR DELIVERY OFJTHE BALL— FAIR AND UNFAIR 
 BALLS. 
 
 Rule 28. A fair ball is a ball delivered by 
 the pitcher while standing in his position, and 
 facing the batsman, the ball so delivered to 
 pass over the home base, not lower than the 
 batsman's knee, nor higher than his shoulder. 
 
 Rule 29. An unfair ball is a ball delivered 
 by the pitcher, as in Rule 28, except that the 
 ball does not pass over the home base, or does 
 pass over the home base above the batsman's 
 shoulder or below the knee. 
 
 BALKING. 
 
 , A balk shall be 
 
 1. Any motion made by the pitcher 
 the ball to the bat without deliver- 
 
 Rule 30 
 
 Section 
 to deliver 
 ing it. 
 
 Sec. 2. 
 so long as 
 
 Sec. 3. 
 the bat by 
 defined in 
 
 The holding of the ball by the pitcher 
 to delay the game unnecessarily. 
 Any motion in delivering the ball t 
 the pitcher while not in the posL 
 Rule 27. 
 
 DEAD BALLS. 
 
 Rule 31. A dead ball is a ball delivered to 
 the bat by the pitcher that touches any part of 
 the batsman's person or clothing while standing 
 in his position without being struck at ; or any 
 part of the umpire's person or clothing, while on 
 foul ground, without first passing the catcher. 
 
 Rule 32. In case of a foul strike, foul hit 
 ball not legally caught out, dead ball oi 
 runner put out for being struck by a fair hit 
 ball, the ball shall not bo considered in play 
 until it is held by the pitcher standing in his 
 position. 
 
 BLOCK BALLS. 
 
 Rule 33. Section 1. A block is a batted or 
 thrown ball that is stopped or handled by any 
 person not engaged ii i the game. 
 
 Sec. 2. Whenever I block occurs the umpire 
 shall declare it, and baso runners may run the 
 bases without being put out until the ball has 
 been returned to xud held by tho pitcher stand- 
 ing in his position, 
 
12 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 Sec. 3. In ease of a block if the person not 
 engaged in the game should retain possession 
 of the ball, or throw or kick it beyond the reach 
 of the fielders, the umpire shall call " time," 
 and require each base runner to stop at the 
 last base touched by him until the ball be re- 
 turned to the pitcher standing in his position. 
 
 THE BATSMAN'S POSITION— OEDEE OF BATTING. 
 
 Rule 34. The batsmen must take their posi- 
 tions within the batsmen's lines, as defined in 
 Rule 9, in the order in which they are named in 
 the batting order, which batting order must be 
 submitted by the captains of the opposing teams 
 to the umpire before the game, and when ap- 
 proved by him this batting order must be fol- 
 lowed, except in the case of a substitute player, 
 in which case the substitute must take the place 
 of the original player in the batting order. After 
 the first inning the first striker in each inning 
 shall be the batsman whose name follows that 
 of the last man who has completed his turn 
 — time at bat— in the preceding inning. 
 
 Rule 35. Section 1. When their side goes 
 to the bat the players must immediately return 
 to the players' bench as defined in Rule 18, and 
 remain there until the side is put out, except 
 when batsman or base runner ; provided that 
 the captain and one assistant only may occupy 
 the space between the players' lines and the 
 captain's lines to coach base runners. 
 
 Sec. 2. No player -of the side at bat, except 
 when batsman, shall occupy any portion of the 
 space within the catcher's lines, as defined in 
 Rule 6. The triangular space behind the home 
 base is reserved for the exclusive use of the 
 umpire, catcher and batsman, and the umpire 
 must prohibit any player of the side "at bat" 
 from crossing the same at any time while the 
 ball is in the hands of or passing between the 
 pitcher and catcher while standing in their po- 
 sitions. 
 
 Sec. 3. The players of the side "at bat" 
 must occupy the portion of the field allotted 
 them, but must speedily vacate any portion 
 thereof that may be in the way of the ball, or any 
 fielder attempting to catch or field it. 
 
 the batting eules. 
 } n t,ULE 36. A fair hit is a ball batted by the 
 batsman, standing in his position, that first 
 touches the ground, the first base, the third 
 base, any part of the person of a player, um- 
 pire or any object in front of or on foul lines, or 
 batted directly to the ground by the batsman, 
 stanrling in his position, that (whether it first 
 touches foul or fair ground) bounds or rolls 
 within the foul lines, between home and first, 
 or home and third bases, without interference by 
 *> a player. 
 \ Rule 37. A foul hit is a ball batted by the 
 batsman, standing in his position, that first 
 touches the ground, any part of the person of a 
 player, or any object behind either of the foul 
 lines, or that strikes the person of such bats- 
 man, while standing in his position, or batted 
 directly to the ground by the batsman, stand- 
 ing in his position, that (whether it first touches 
 foul or fair ground) bounds or rolls outside the 
 foul lines, between home and first or home 
 and third bases without interference by a 
 player. Provided, that a foul hit not rising 
 above the batsman's head and caught by the 
 
 catcher playing within ten feet of the home base, 
 shall be termed a foul tip. 
 
 BALLS BATTED OUTSIDE THE GEOUNDS. 
 
 Rule 38. When a batted ball passes outside 
 the grounds, the umpire shall decide it fair 
 should it disappear within, or foul should it 
 disappear outside of the range of the foul lines, 
 and Rules 36 and 37 are to be construed accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 Rule 39. A fair batted ball that goes over 
 the fence shall entitle the batsman to a home 
 run, except that should it go over the fence at a 
 less distance than two hundred and thirty-five 
 feet from the home base, when he shall be en- 
 titled to two bases, and a distinctive line shall 
 be marked on the fence at this point. 
 
 STEIKES. 
 
 Rule 40. A strike is 
 
 Section 1. A ball struck at by the batsman 
 without its touching his bat ; or 
 
 Sec. 2. A fair ball legally delivered by the 
 pitcher, but not struck at by the batsman. 
 
 Sec. 3. Any obvious attempt to make a foul 
 hit. 
 
 Rule 41. A foul strike is a ball batted by the 
 batsman when any part of his person is upon 
 ground outside the lines of the batsman's po- 
 sition. 
 
 THE BATSMAN IS OUT. 
 
 Rule 42. The batsman is out : 
 
 Section 1. If be fails to take his position at 
 the bat in his order of batting, unless the error 
 be discovered and the proper batsman takes his 
 position before a fair hit has been made ; and in 
 such case the balls and strikes called must be 
 counted in the time at bat of the proper bats- 
 man. Provided, this rule shall not take effeot 
 unless the out is declared before the baliis de- 
 livered to the succeeding batsman. 
 
 Sec. 2. If he fails to take his position within 
 one minute after the umpire has called for the 
 batsman. 
 
 Sec. 3. If he makes a foul hit other than a 
 foul tip, as defined in Rule 37, and the ball be 
 momentarily held by a fielder before touching 
 the ground, provided it be not caught in a field- 
 er's hat or cap, or touch some other object than 
 a fielder before being- caught. 
 
 Sec. 4. If he makes a foul strike. 
 
 Sec. 5. If he attempts to hinder the catcher 
 from fielding or throwing the ball by stepping 
 outside the lines of his position, or otherwise 
 obstructing or interfering with that player. 
 
 Sec. 6. If, while the first base be occupied by 
 a base runner, three strikes be called on him by 
 the umpire, except when two men are already 
 out. 
 
 Sec. 7. If, after two strikes have been called 
 the batsman obviously attempts to make a foul 
 hit, as in Section 3, Rule 40. 
 
 BASE RUNNING RULES. 
 
 WHEN THE BATSMAN BECOMES A BASE EUNNEB. 
 
 Rule 43. The batsman becomes a base run- 
 ner : 
 
 Section 1. Instantly after he makes a fair 
 hit. 
 
 Sec. 2. Instantly after four balls have been 
 called by the umpire. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 13 
 
 Sec. 3. Instantly after three strikes have been 
 declared by the umpire. 
 
 Sec. 4. If, while he be a batsman, his person 
 — excepting hands or forearm, which makes it. 
 a dead ball— or clothing be hit by a ball from the 
 pitcher, unless — in the opinion of the umpire — 
 he intentionally permits himself to be so hit. 
 
 Sec. 5. Instantly after an illegal delivery of a 
 ball by the pitcher. 
 
 BASES TO BE TOUCHED. 
 
 Eule 44. The base runner must touch each 
 base in regular order, viz., first, second, third 
 and home bases ; and when obliged to return 
 (except on a foul hit) must retouch the base or 
 bases in reverse order. He shall only be con- 
 sidered as holding a base after touching it, 
 and shall then be entitled to hold such base 
 until he has legally touched the next base in 
 order, or has been legally forced to vacate it for 
 a succeeding base runner. 
 
 ENTITLED TO BASES. 
 
 Rule 45. The base runner shall be entitled, 
 without being put out, to take the base in the 
 following cases : 
 
 Section 1. If, while he was batsman, the um- 
 pire called four balls. 
 
 Sec. 2. If the umpire awards a succeeding 
 batsman a base on four balls, or for being hit 
 with a pitched ball, or in case of an illegal 
 delivery— as in Rule 43, Sec. 4— and the base 
 runner is thereby forced to vacate the base 
 held by him. 
 ; Sec. 3. If the umpire calls a " balk." 
 
 Sec. 4. If a ball delivered by the pitcher pass 
 the catcher and touch the umpire or any fence 
 or building within ninety feet of the home base. 
 
 Sec. 5. If upon a fair hit the ball strikes 
 the person or clothing of the umpire on fair 
 ground. 
 
 Sec. 6. If he be prevented from making a 
 base by the obstruction of an adversary. 
 
 Sec. 7. If the fielder stop or catch a batted 
 ball with his hat, or any part of his dress. 
 
 BETUBNING TO BASES. 
 
 Rule 46. The base runner shall return to his 
 base, and shall be entitled to so return without 
 being put out : 
 
 Section 1. If the umpire declare foul tip (as 
 defined in Rule 37) or any other foul hit not 
 legally caught by a fielder. 
 
 Sec. 2. If the umpire declares a foul strike. 
 
 Sec. 3. If the umpire declares a dead ball, 
 unless it be also the fourth unfair hall, and he 
 be thereby forced to take the next base, as pro- 
 vided in Rule 45, Sec. 2. 
 
 Sec. 4. If the person or clothing of the 
 umpire interferes with the catcher, or he is 
 struck by a ball thrown by the catcher to inter- 
 cepts base runner. 
 
 WHEN BASE BUNNEBS ABE OUT. 
 
 Rule 47. The base runner is out : 
 Section 1. If, after three strikes have been 
 declared against him while batsman, and the 
 catcher fail to catch the third strike ball, he 
 plainly attempts to hinder the catcher from 
 fielding the ball. 
 
 Sec. 2. If, haviDg made a fair hit while bats- 
 man, such fair hit ball be momentarily held by 
 
 a fielder, before touching the ground, or any 
 object other than a fielder : Provided, it be 
 not caught in a fielder's hat or cap. 
 
 Sec. 3. If, when the umpire has declared 
 three strikes on him, while batsman, the third 
 strike ball be momentarily held by a fielder be- 
 fore touching the ground : Provided, it be not 
 caught in a fielder's hat or cap, or touch some 
 object other than a fielder before being cauglu. 
 
 Sec. 4. If, after three strikes or a fair hit, he 
 be touched with the ball in the hand of a fielder 
 before he shall have touched first base. 
 
 Sec. 5. If, after three strikes or a fair hit, 
 the ball be securely held by a fielder, whilo 
 touching first base with any part of his person, 
 before such base runner touches first base. 
 
 Sec. 6. If, in running the last half of the dis- 
 tance from home base to first base, while the 
 ball is being fielded to first base, he runs out- 
 side the three feet lines, as defined in Rule 10, 
 unless to avoid a fielder attempting to field a 
 batted ball. 
 
 Sec. 7. If, in running from first to second 
 base, from second to third base, or from third to 
 home base, he runs more than three feet from a 
 direct line between such bases to avoid being 
 touched by the ball in the hands of a fielder ; but 
 in case a fielder be occupying the base runner's 
 proper path, attempting to field a batted ball, 
 then the base runner shall run out of the path, 
 and behind said fielder, and shall not be de- 
 clared out for so doing. 
 
 Sec. B. If he fails to avoid a fielder attempt- 
 ing to field a batted ball, in the manner de- 
 scribed in Sections 6 and 7 of this rule, or if he 
 in any way obstructs a fielder attempting to field 
 a batted ball, or intentionally interferes with a 
 thrown ball : Provided, that if two or more field- 
 ers attempt to field a batted ball, and the base 
 runner comes in contact with one or more of 
 them, the umpire shall determine which fielder is 
 entitled to the benefit of this rule, and shall not 
 decide the base runner out for coming in con- 
 tact with any other fielder. 
 
 Sec. 9. If, at any time while the ball is in 
 play, he be touched by the ball in the hands of 
 a fielder, unless some part of his person is 
 touching a base he is entitled to occupy : Pro- 
 vided, the ball be h Id by the fielder after touch- 
 ing him ; but (exception as to first base), in 
 running to first base he may overrun said bas6 
 without being put out for being off said base 
 after first touching it, provided ho returns at 
 once and retouches the base, after which he 
 may be put out as at any other base. If, in 
 overrunning first base, he also attempts to run 
 to second base, or, after passing the base he 
 turns to his left from the foul line, he shall 
 forfeit such exemption from being put out. 
 
 Sec. 10. If, when a fan or foul hit ball (other 
 than a foul tip as referred to in Rule 37) ia 
 legally caught by a fielder, such ball is legally 
 held by a fielder on the base occupied by the 
 base runner when such ball was struck (or the 
 base runner be touched with the ball iu the hands 
 of a fielder), before he retouches said base after 
 such fair or foul hit ball was so caught: Pro- 
 vided, that the base runner shall not be out in 
 such case, if, after -the ball was legally caught as 
 above, it be delivered to the bat by the pitcher 
 before the fielder holds it on said base, or 
 touches the base runner with it ; but if the base- 
 runner in attempting to reach a base, detaches 
 
u 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 it before being touched or forced out, he shall 
 be declared safe. 
 
 Sec. 11. If, when a batsman becomes a base 
 runner, the iirst base, or the first and second 
 bases, or the first, secoud and tbirdbasos.be oc- 
 cupied,any base runner so occupying a base shall 
 cease to be entitled to hold it, until any followic g 
 base runner is put out, and may be put out at 
 the next base or by being touched by the ball in 
 the hands of a fielder in the same manner as in 
 running to first base, at any time before any 
 following base runner is put but. 
 
 Sec. 12. If a fair hit ball strike him before 
 touching the -fielder, and in such case no base 
 shall be run unless forced by the batsman be- 
 coming a base runner, and no run shall be 
 scored, or any other base runner put out. 
 
 Sec. 13. If when running to a base or forced to 
 return to a base, he fail to touch the intervening 
 base or bases if any, in the order prescribed in 
 Eule 44, he may be put out at the base he 
 fails to touch, or by being touched by the ball 
 in the hands of a fielder, in the same manner as 
 in running to first base. 
 
 Sec. 14. If, when the umpire calls " play," 
 after any suspension of a game, he fails to re- 
 turn to and touch the base he occupies when 
 "time "was called before touching the next 
 base. 
 
 WHEN BATSMAN OE BASE BUNNEE IS OUT. 
 
 Eule 48. The umpire shall declare the bats- 
 man or base runner out, without waiting for -an 
 appeal for such decision, in all cases where such 
 play6r is put out in accordance with these rules, 
 except as provided in Eule 47, Sections 10 
 and 14. 
 
 COACHING RULES. 
 
 Eule 49. The coachers are restricted to 
 coaching the base runner only, and are not al- 
 lowed to address any remarks except to the 
 p base runner; and then only in words of neces- 
 sary direction ; and shall not use language which 
 will in any manner refer to or reflect upon a 
 player of the opposing club, or the spectators, 
 and not more than two coachers, who may be 
 one player participating in the game aud any 
 other player under contract to it, in the uni- 
 form of either club, shall be allowed at any one 
 time. To enforce the above the captain of the 
 opposite side may call the attention of the 
 umpire to the offence, and upon a repetition of 
 ■ the same the offending player shall be debarred 
 from further coaching during the game. 
 
 THE SCORING OF EUNS. 
 
 Eule 50. One run shall be scored every time 
 abase runner, after having legally touched the 
 first three bases, shall touch the home base be- 
 fore three men are put out by (exception). If 
 the third man is forced out, or is put out before 
 reaching first base, a run shall not be scored. 
 
 THE UMPIRE. 
 
 Eule 51. The umpire shall not be changed 
 during the progress of a game, except for reason 
 of illness or injury. 
 
 HIS POWERS AND JURISDICTION. 
 
 Eule 52. Section 1. The umpire is master 
 of the field from the commencement to the 
 termination of the game, and is entitled to the 
 
 respect of the spectators, and any person offer- 
 ing any insult or indignity to him must be 
 promptly ejected from the grounds. 
 
 Sec. 2. He must be invariably addressed by 
 the players as Mr. Umpire : and he must compel 
 the players to observe the provisions of all 
 the playing rules, and he is hereby invested 
 with authority to order any player to do or 
 omit to do any act as he may deem necessary, 
 to give force and effect to any and all of such 
 provisions. - 
 
 SPECIAL DUTIES. 
 
 Eule 53. The umpire's duties shall be as 
 follows : 
 
 Section 1. The umpire is the sole and abso- 
 lute judge of play. In no instance shall any 
 person except the captains of the competing 
 teams bo allowed to address him or question 
 his decisions, and they can only question him 
 on an interpretation of the rules. No manager 
 or any other officer of either club shall be per- 
 mitted to go on the field or address the umpire, 
 under a penalty of a forfeiture of a game. 
 
 Sec. 2. Before the commencement of a game 
 the umpire shall see that the rules governing 
 all the materials of the game are strictly ob- 
 served. He shall ask the captain of the home 
 club whether there are any special ground 
 rules to be enforced, and if there are, he shall 
 see that they are duly enforced, provided they 
 do not conflict with any of these rules. 
 
 Sec. 3. The umpire must keep the contesting 
 nines playing constantly from the commence- 
 ment of the game to its termination, allowing 
 such delays only as are rendered unavoidable 
 by accident, injury or rain. He must, until the 
 completion of' the game, require the players of 
 each side to promptly take their positions in the 
 field as soon as the third man is put out, and 
 must require the first striker of the opposite 
 side to be in his position at the bat as soon as 
 the fielders are in their places. 
 
 Sec. 4. The umpire shall count and call every 
 "unfair ball" delivered by the pitcher, and 
 every " dead ball," if also an unfair ball, as a 
 "ball," and ho shall also count and call every 
 "strike." Neither a "ball" nor a "strike" 
 shall be counted or called until the ball has 
 passed the home base. He shall also declare 
 every " dead ball," "block," "foul hit," "foul 
 strike " and " balk." 
 
 CALLING "PLAY" AND "TIME," 
 
 Eule 54. The umpire must call "play" 
 promptly at the hour designated by the home 
 club, and on the call of "play" the game 
 must immediately begin. When he calls " time " 
 play shall be suspended nntil he calls " play " 
 again, and during the interim no player shall 
 be put out, base be run or run be scored. The 
 umpire shall suspend play only for an accident 
 to himself or a player (but in case of accident to 
 a fielder, "time" shall not be called until the 
 ball be returned to and held by the pitcher, 
 standing in bis position), or in case rain falls so 
 heavily thatf the spectators are compelled by 
 the severity of the storm to seek shelter, in 
 which case he shall note the time of suspension, 
 and should such rain continue to fall thirty 
 minutes thereafter, he shall terminate the game; 
 or to enforce order in- case of annoyance from 
 spectators. 
 
THE MELTABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 15 
 
 Rule 55. The umpire is only allowed, by the 
 rules, to call "time " in case of an accident to 
 himself or a player, a "block," as referred to in 
 Rule 33, Sec. 3, or in case of rain, as defined 
 by the rule. 
 
 INFLICTING FINES. 
 
 Rule 56. The umpire is empowered to in- 
 flict fines of not less than $5 nor more than $25 
 for the first offence on players during the prog- 
 ress of a game, as follows : 
 
 Section 1. For indecent or improper lan- 
 guage addressed to a spectator, the umpire or 
 any player. 
 
 Seo. 2. For the captain or coacher wilfully 
 failing to remain within the legal bounds of his 
 position, except upon an appeal by the captaiu 
 from the umpire's decision upon a misinterpre- 
 tation of the rules. 
 
 Sec. 3. For disobedience by a player of any 
 other of his orders or for any other violation of 
 these rules. 
 
 Sec. 4. In case the umpire imposes a fine on 
 a player, he shall at once notify the captain of 
 the offending player's side, and shall transmit a 
 written notice thereof to the president of the 
 Association or League within twenty-fours 
 thereafter, under the penalty of having said fine 
 taken from his own salary. 
 
 Sec. 5. ' The umpire shall, under no circum- 
 stances, remove a player from the game except 
 upon a repetition of the offences prescribed in 
 Sees. 1, 2 and 3. 
 
 field rules. 
 
 Rule 57. No club shall allow open betting or 
 pool selling upon its ground, nor in any build- 
 ing owned or occupied by it. 
 
 Rule 58. No person shall be allowed upon 
 any part of the field during the progress of the 
 game, in addition to the players in uniform, the 
 manager on each side and the umpire ; except 
 such officers of the law as may be present in 
 uniform, and such officials of the homo club as 
 may be necessary to preserve the peace. 
 
 Rule 59. No umpire, manager, captain or 
 player shall address the spectators during the 
 progress of the game, except in case of neces- 
 sary explanation. 
 
 Rule 60. Every club shall furnish sufficient 
 police force upon its own grounds to preserve 
 order, and in the event of a crowd entering the 
 field during the progress of a game, and inter- 
 fering with the play in any manner, the visiting 
 club may refuse to play further until the field 
 be cleared. If the ground be not cleared within 
 fifteen minutes thereafter, the visiting club may 
 claim, and shall bo entitled to, the game by a 
 score of nine runs to none (no matter what 
 number of innings have been played.) 
 
 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Rule 61. " Play " is the order of the umpire 
 to begin the game, or to resume play after its 
 suspension. 
 
 Rule 62. " Time " is the order of the umpire 
 to suspend play. Such suspension must not ex- 
 tend beyond the day of the game. 
 
 Rule 63. " Game " is the announcement by 
 the umpire that the game is terminated. 
 
 Rule 64. " An inning " is the term at bat of 
 the nine players representing a club in a game, 
 and is completed when three of such players 
 have been put out as provided in these rules. 
 
 Rule 65. " A time at bat " is the term at bat 
 of a batsman. It begins when he takes his po- 
 sition, and continues until he is put out or be- 
 comes a base runner ; except when, because of 
 being hit by a pitched ball, or in case of an il- 
 legal delivery by the pitcher, or in case of a sac- 
 rifice hit purposely made to the infield, which, 
 not being a base hit, advances a base runner 
 without resulting in a put out, except to the 
 batsman, as in Rule 43. 
 
 Rule 66. " Legal" or "legally " signifies as 
 required by these rules. 
 
 SCOKING. 
 
 Rule 67. In order to promote uniformity in 
 scoring championship games the following in- 
 structions, suggestions and definitions are made 
 for the benefit of scorers, and they are re- 
 quired to make all scores in accordance there- 
 with. 
 
 Section 1. The first item in the tabulated 
 score, after the player's name and position, 
 shall be the number of times he has been at the 
 bat during the game. The time or times when 
 the player has been sent to base by being hit by 
 a pitched ball, by the pitcher's illegal delivery, 
 or by a base on balls, shall not bo included in 
 this column. 
 
 Sec. 2. In the second column should be set 
 down the runs made by each player. 
 
 Sec, 3. In the third column should be placed 
 the first base hits made by each player. A base 
 hit should be scored in the following cases : 
 
 When the ball from the bat strikes the ground 
 within the foul lines, and out of reach of the 
 fielders. 
 
 When a hit ball is partially or wholly stopped 
 by a fielder in motion, but such player cannot 
 recover himself in time to handle tho ball be- 
 fore the striker reaches first base. 
 
 When a hit ball is hit so sharply to an infielder 
 that he cannot handle it in time to put out the 
 batsman. In case of doubt over this class of 
 hits, score a base hit, and exempt the fielder 
 from the charge of an error. 
 
 When a ball is hit so slowly toward a fielder 
 that he cannot handle it in time to put out the 
 batsman. 
 
 That in all cases where a base runner is re- 
 tired by being hit by a batted ball, the batsman 
 should be credited with a base hit. 
 
 When a batted ball hits the person or clothing 
 of the umpire, as defined in Rule 37. 
 
 Sec. 4. In the fourth column shall be placed 
 sacrifice bits, which shall be credited to tho 
 batsman, Who, when but one man is out ad- 
 vances a runner a base on a fly to the outfield or 
 a ground hit, which results in putting out tho 
 batsman, or would so result if handled without 
 error. 
 
 FIELDING. 
 
 Sec. 5. The number of opponents put out by 
 each player shall be set down in the fifth column. 
 Where a batsman is given out by the umpire for 
 a foul strike, or where the batsman fails tn bar 
 in proper order, the put out shall bo scored to 
 the catcher. 
 
 Sec. 6. The number of times the player as- 
 sists shall bo sot down in the sixth column. An 
 assist should be given to each player win 
 
16 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 dies the ball in assisting a run out or other play 
 of the kind. 
 
 An assist should be given to a player who 
 makes a play in time to put a runner out, even 
 if the player who could complete the play fails, 
 through no fault of the player assisting. 
 
 And genorally an assist should be given to 
 each player who handles or assists in any man- 
 ner ih handling the ball from the time it leaves 
 the bat until it reaches the player who makes the 
 put out, or in case of a thrown ball, to each 
 player who throws or handles it cleanly, and in 
 such a way that a put out results, or would re- 
 sult if no error were made by the receiver. 
 
 EBBOBS. 
 
 Sec. 7. An error shall be given in the seventh 
 column for each misplay which allows the striker 
 or base runner to make one or more bases 
 when perfect play would have insured his being 
 put out, except that " wild pitches," " bases on 
 balls," " bases on the batsman being struck by a 
 pitched ball," or case of illegal pitched balls, 
 balks and passed balls, shall not be included in 
 said column. In scoring errors of batted balls 
 see Section 3 of this rule. 
 
 STOLEN BASES. 
 
 Sec. 8. Stolen bases shall be scored as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Any attempt to steal a base must go to the 
 credit of the base runner, whether the ball is 
 thrown wild or muffed by the fielder, but any 
 manifest error is to be charged to the fielder 
 making the same. If the base runner advances 
 another base he shall not be credited with a 
 stolen base, and the fielder allowing the advance- 
 ment is also to be charged with an error. If a 
 base runner makes a start and a battery error is 
 made, the runner secures the credit of a stolen 
 base, and the battery error is scored against 
 the player making it. Should a base runner 
 overrun a base and then be put out, ho shall re- 
 ceive the credit for the stolen base. If a base 
 runner advances a base on a fly out, or gains 
 two bases on a single base hit, or an infield out, 
 or attempted out, he shall be credited with a 
 stolen base, provided there is a passible chance 
 and a palpable attempt made to retire him. 
 
 EABNED BUNS. 
 
 Sec. 9. An earned run shall be scored every 
 time the player reaches the home base unaided 
 by errors before chances have been offered to 
 retire the side. 
 
 THE SUMMAEY. 
 
 Bule 68. Tho summary shall contain : 
 
 Section 1. The number of earned runs made 
 by each side. 
 
 Sec. 2. The number of two-base hits made by 
 each player 
 
 Sec. 3. The number of three-base hits made 
 by each player. 
 
 Sec. 4. The number of home runs made by 
 each player. 
 
 Sec. 5. The number of bases stolen by each 
 player. 
 
 Sec. 6. The number of double and triple 
 plays made by each side, with the names of the 
 players assisting in the same. 
 
 Sec. 7. The number of men given bases on 
 called balls by each pitcher, 
 
 Sec. 8. The number of men given bases 
 from being hit by pitched balls. 
 
 Sec. 9. The number of men struck out. 
 
 Sec. 10. The number of passed balls by each 
 catcher. 
 
 Sec. 11. The number of wild pitches by each 
 pitcher. 
 
 Sec. 12. The time of game. 
 
 Sec. 13. The name of the umpire. 
 
 INDEX TO RULES AND REGULATIONS. 
 
 BULE 
 
 The ground 1 
 
 The infield 2 
 
 The bases 3 
 
 Number of. (l) 3 
 
 The home bases (2) 3 
 
 First, second and third (3) 3 
 
 Position (4) 3 
 
 Foul lines 4 
 
 Pitcher's lines. 5 
 
 Catcher's lines . 6 
 
 Captain's lines 7 
 
 Player's lines. 1 8 
 
 Batsman's lines 9 
 
 Three feet lines 10 
 
 Lines must be marked 11 
 
 The ball 12 
 
 Weight and size (1) 12 
 
 Number of balls furnished (2) 12 
 
 Furnished by homo club (3) 12 
 
 Beplaced if injured (4) 12 
 
 The bat ■ 13 
 
 Material of. (1) 13 
 
 Shape of (2) 13 
 
 the playees and theie positions. 
 
 Number of players in game 14 
 
 Players' positions 15 
 
 Players not to sit with spectators 16 
 
 Club uniforms 17 
 
 The pitcher's position 27 
 
 The batsman's position 34 
 
 Order of batting 35 
 
 Where players must remain. (1) 35 
 
 Space reserved for umpire (2) 35 
 
 Space allotted to players " at bat" (3) 35 
 
 The players' benches 18 
 
 the game. 
 
 Time of championship game (1) 19 
 
 Number of innings (2) 19 
 
 Termination of game (a) 19 
 
 The winning run (b) 19 
 
 A tie game 20 
 
 A drawn game 21 
 
 A called game 22 
 
 A forfeited game 23 
 
 Failure of the nine to appear (1) 23 
 
 Befusal of one side to play (2) 23 
 
 Failure to resume playing (3) 23 
 
 If ateam resorts to dilatory practice(4) 23 
 
 Willful violation (5) 23 
 
 Disobeying order to remove player (6) 23 
 
 Written notice to president (7.) 23 
 
 No game ." 24 
 
 Substitutes 25 
 
 One or more substitute players. . .(1) 25 
 
 Extra player (2) 25 
 
 Base runner (3) 25 
 
 Choice of innings 26 
 
 A fair ball. 28 
 
 An unfair ball 29 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 17 
 
 RULE 
 
 Abalk 30 
 
 Motion to deceive (1) 30 
 
 Delay by holding (2) 30 
 
 Pitcher outside of lines (3) 30 
 
 A dead ball 1 31 
 
 A foul strike 31 
 
 Block balls 33 
 
 Stopped by person not in game. . .(1) 33 
 
 Ball returned (2) 33 
 
 Base runner must stop (3) 33 
 
 The scoring of runs 50 
 
 A fair hit 36 
 
 A foul hit 37 
 
 Batted ball outside of grounds 38 
 
 A fair batted ball 39 
 
 Strikes 40 
 
 Ball struck at by batsman, (1) 40 
 
 A fair ball delivered by pitcher. . .(2) 40 
 
 Attempt to make a foul hit (3) 40 
 
 A foul strike 41 
 
 The batsman is out 42 
 
 Failure to take position at bat in or- 
 der (1) 32 
 
 Failure to take position within one 
 
 minute after being called (2) 42 
 
 If he makes a foul hit (3) 42 
 
 If he makes a foul strike (4) 42 
 
 Attempt to hinder catcher (5) 42 
 
 Three strikes called by umpire ... (6) 42 
 If ball hits him while making third 
 
 strike (7) 42 
 
 Attempted foul hit after two strikes(8) 42 
 
 The ' atsman becomes a base runDer 43 
 
 After a fair hit (1) 43 
 
 After four balls are called (2) 43 
 
 After three strikes are declared. . .(3) 43 
 
 If hit by ball while at bat (4) 43 
 
 After illegal delivery of ball (5) 43 
 
 Bases to be touched 44 
 
 Entitled to base 45 
 
 If umpire calls four balls (1) 45 
 
 If umpire awards succeeding bats- 
 man base (2) 45 
 
 If umpire calls balk (3) 45 
 
 If pitcher's ball passes catcher (4) 45 
 
 Ball strikes umpire (5) 45 
 
 Prevented from making base (6) 45 
 
 Fielder stops ball (7) 45 
 
 Returning to bases 46 
 
 If foul tip (1) 46 
 
 If foul strike (2) 46 
 
 If dead ball (3) 46 
 
 Ball thrown to intercept base run- 
 ner (4) 46 
 
 Base runner out 47 
 
 Attempt to hinder catcher from field- 
 ing ball (1) 47 
 
 If fielder hold fair hit ball (2) 47 
 
 Third strike ball held by fielder. . . (3) 47 
 Touched with ball after three 
 
 strikes (4) 47 
 
 Touching first base (5) 47 
 
 Bunning from home base to first 
 
 base (6) 47 
 
 Running from first to second base.(7) 47 
 
 Failure to avoid fielder (8) 47 
 
 Touched by ball while in play (9) 47 
 
 Fair or foul hit caught by fielder. (10) 47 
 
 RULE 
 
 Batsma; V ^cornea a base runner.(ll) 47 
 Touched by hit ball before touching a 
 
 fielder (12) 47 
 
 Running to base (13) 47 
 
 Umpire calls play." (14) 47 
 
 When batsman or base runner is out 48 
 
 Coaching rules 49 
 
 THE UMPIRE. 
 
 Umpire's power 51-52 
 
 When master of the field (1) 52 
 
 Must compel observance of playing 
 
 rules (2) 52 
 
 Special duties 53 
 
 Is sole judge of play (1) 53 
 
 Shall see rules observed before com- 
 mencing game (2) 53 
 
 Must keep contesting nines play- 
 ing (3) 53 
 
 Must count and call balls (4) 53 
 
 Umpire must call play 54 
 
 Umpire allowed to call time 55 
 
 Umpire is empowered to inflict fines 56 
 
 For indecent language (1) 56 
 
 Willful failure of captain to remain 
 
 within bounds (2) 56 
 
 Disobedience of a player (3) 56 
 
 Shall notify captain (4) 56 
 
 Repetition of offences (5) 56 
 
 FIELD RULES. 
 
 No club shall allow open betting 57 
 
 Who shall be allowed in the field 58 
 
 Audience shall not be addressed 59 
 
 Every club shall furnish police force 60 
 
 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Play 61 
 
 Time 62 
 
 Game 63 
 
 An inning 64. 
 
 A. time at bat 65 
 
 Legal 66 
 
 Scoring 67 
 
 Batting (1) 67 
 
 Buns made (2) 67 
 
 Base hits (3) 67 
 
 Sacrifice hits (4) 67 
 
 Fielding , . .(5) 67 
 
 Assists .(6) 
 
 Errors (7) 
 
 Stolen bases (8) 
 
 Runs earned.. c (9) 
 
 The Summary 6* 
 
 Number of earned runs (1) 6f 
 
 Number of two base hits (2) P 
 
 Number of three base hits (3) ( 
 
 Number of home runs (4) 0~ 
 
 Number of stolen bases (5) 68 
 
 Number of double and triple plays(6) 68 
 
 Bases on called balls (7) 68 
 
 Bases from being hit (8) 68 
 
 Men struck out (9) 68 
 
 Passed balls (10) 68 
 
 Wild pitches (11) 68 
 
 Time of game (12) 68 
 
 Name of umpire (13) 68 
 
18 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB 6'AMES. 
 
 CRICKET. 
 
 HOW TO PLAY THE GAME. 
 
 Twenty-two players constitute a full comple- 
 ment of contestants in a cricket match, eleven 
 playing on each side, one eleven composing the 
 attacking force in the game who occupy the po- 
 sitions in the field, while the other side attends 
 to the defence, they sending two men to the bat 
 at one time, one at each wicket, and the batting 
 side remain in until they are all put out in reg- 
 ular order, save one man, who is left to carry 
 his bat out, which he may do after a long innings 
 and a good score, or without having struck at a 
 siugle ball. There are eleven regular positions 
 occupied in the field, viz., the bowler, the wicket 
 keeper, and the long stop, all fixed positions, as a 
 rule ; though in facing swift bowling the wicket 
 keeper also frequently stands back from the 
 wicket and attends to tho long stop's duties, 
 thereby saving a man for the "slips." There 
 are two bowlers, too, in an eleven, one at each 
 wicket, each acting as a fielder when not bowl- 
 ing at his end. The assisting corps of fielders, 
 outside of the three leading positions, are those 
 who stand at point, cover point, short leg~ and 
 long leg ; at the slips, at midwicket, and at long 
 field,. 
 
 The American youth will understand the po- 
 sitions by comparing them with those on the 
 baseball field. Thus the bolder and the wicket 
 keeper in cricket act as the "battery" of tho 
 ball field ; that is, as pitcher and catcher. The 
 long stop is an extra catcher who stops balls 
 passing the wicket keeper. Point stands simi- 
 larly to the first baseman, &nA midwicket to that 
 of short stop, with short leg acting as third base- 
 man ; cover point is located similarly to the 
 right fielder, though not so far out, while long 
 field stands where the center fielder does, and 
 long leg at left field back of the foul line. The 
 slips are positions which find no counterpart in 
 baseball, as they stand back of the foul lines, 
 ready to field balls " tipped " or " slipped " 
 from the bat back of the foul line; while the 
 fielders at " square leg " and " short leg " look 
 fter balls hit back of the foul line on the loft, 
 positions on a cricket field are, of course, 
 rially changed at the command of the cap- 
 of the eleven, or at the request of the 
 
 ivlers. Thus, if a bowler is going to bowl for 
 -tches he will place men in position in long 
 ild, equivalent to right center and left field, 
 
 d two more as left short and right short, 
 
 ) midwicket positions, this, of course, lessen- 
 -g the number of fielders back of the line of the 
 batsman's wicket. But if he is going to bowl 
 fast, he strengthens his force behind the wicket 
 in the slips, and withdraws them from in front. 
 The diagram on the opposite page shows the 
 leading positions in the field, as also the direc- 
 tion of the several hits made in the game, and 
 the terms applied to them. 
 
 When the umpire, standing behind the bowl- 
 er's wicket at the bowler's end, calls "play"— 
 the other umpire standing on a line with the 
 batsman's wicket, near short log's position, to 
 judge run outs — the bowler proceeds to bowl an 
 
 over, that is, a certain number of balls in suc- 
 cession, from four to six, according as the match 
 is a two or three days' contest or a one day's 
 match. The object of the bowler is to bowl 
 down his opponent's wicket, or, failing in that, to 
 get him to hit the ball in tho air for a catch. The 
 object of the opposing batsman is, of course, first 
 to defend his wicket, and in so doing strive to 
 hit tho ball safely enough to the field to escape 
 being put out by a catch, and to run to the op- 
 posite wicket before he can be thrown out there, 
 in which case he scores a run. The batsman, 
 in cricket, has the option of hitting at the ball 
 for run getting, or of simply blocking it in 
 defence, he not being obliged to run when ho 
 hits the ball, as a batsman in baseball has to do. 
 
 When the bowler, at the starting end, finishes 
 his bowling " over," the bowler at the other end 
 takes the ball and begins his over, and this 
 change in the bowling necessitates the chang- 
 ing of the positions in the field ; those who stand 
 back of the batsman's wicket in the first " over " 
 crossing to similar positions back of the oppo- 
 site wicket, these changes of positions occurmg 
 after every over is called. The batsmen, of 
 course, do not change their ends only after a hit 
 is made and a run scored. 
 
 The bowler, in delivering the ball to the bat, 
 can only bowl it, that is, he can neither throw it 
 overhand or underhand, ox jerk it. But he can 
 pitch it to the bat, or bowl it underhand to the 
 bat or overhand, but no kind of throw is al- 
 lowed the bowler, the umpire penalizing the 
 bowler for a violation of the regular rules by 
 calling " no ball " after each ball thus illegally 
 delivered. The umpire also penalizes the bowler 
 in all cases of balls pitched out of the legitimate 
 reach of the batsman, and " wide " of the wicket 
 by calling wide; each "no ball" or "wide" 
 counting as a run scored, whether the batsmen 
 run between wickets or not, and just an many 
 runs as can be made on such balls increase the 
 cost of the penalties. 
 
 The batsman can be put out in cricket in 
 seven different ways : first, by being bowled 
 out; second, by being caught out; third, by being 
 run out between wickets, and fourth, by being 
 stumped out; then, too, he is out if he handles 
 the ball while standing at tho wicket or after bat- 
 ting the ball ; and he is out if he prevents the 
 bowled ball from hitting the wicket by placing 
 his leg in the way of tho bowled ball. He is also 
 out if he steps in front of the batting crease 
 while the ball is in play, and he fails to get back 
 before the bails of his wicket are knocked off. 
 Thus it will be seen that the batsman can be dis- 
 posed of in seven different ways, not counting 
 willful interference with a fielder in fielding a 
 ball. 
 
 Ten of the eleven men only can be put out by 
 the opposite side, one man of the batting side 
 always being left to carry his bat out, a very 
 creditable point of play to make if he has 
 chances afforded him to score runs and he ac- 
 cepts them. Two innings on each side consti- 
 tutes a game, and the side scoring the largest 
 aggregate of runs in these two innings wins the 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 19 
 
 LONG SLIP 
 
 COV £/f 
 
 SHORT LEG 
 
 UMP/RE. 
 
 •■ to thl LEFT or r*e STRMq. 
 
 UMPIRE. • bowie* 
 
 LONG F/ELO O/V 
 
 game. Iu one day matches, if two innings on 
 each side are not played to a fiuish, then the 
 score of the first innings decide the contest, 
 the runs in the incompleted innings not count- 
 ing. 
 
 There is no limit as to time in playing the two 
 innings on each side in a match game, except 
 by mutual agreement ; consequently a two in- 
 
 nings a side match may he decided in one day, 
 two days or three days. In Australia they have 
 frequently occupied the best part of four days 
 in playing a first-»lass match. It is the length 
 of time in playing a match which is the great 
 distinctive feature between cricket and baseball, 
 the former requiring as many days for a match 
 as the other does hours. 
 
20 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK: OF OTJT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 THE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE GAME. 
 
 THE BOWLING. 
 
 There are three special departments in the 
 game of cricket, viz., bowling, batting and field- 
 ing. Of these the bowling is the most import- 
 ant, for there can he no thoroughly good cricket 
 playing without special excellence in the bowl- 
 ing department. The elements of success in 
 bowling are : First, thorough command of the ball 
 in delivery, so as to secure a good length. Sec- 
 ond, the hcadwork in strategic skiU sufficient to 
 outwit the batsmen. Third, the speed requisite 
 to give full effect to the attack on the wicket, 
 and the control of the ball in causing it to rotate 
 on its axis after leaving the bowler's hand ; this 
 latter point of play causing the dangerous 
 "break back," or "work in" of the ball at an 
 eccentric angle from its rebound from the 
 ground to the wicket; the former darting in at 
 a tangent on the "off" stump of the wicket, 
 and the latter curving in on the leg stump. 
 
 THE BATTING. 
 
 The batsman at cricket has a double duty to 
 perform, inasmuch as he has not only to bat so 
 as to score runs, but he has first to look to the 
 thorough defence of his wicket. What with the 
 speed of the bowled ball in delivery, allowing 
 but a moment to judge the pitch of the ball, and 
 the uncertain angle of the rebound of the ball 
 from the ground to the wicket, occasioned by 
 the bias or " twist " imparted to it by the bowler's 
 hand, the task of defending the wicket is no 
 light one in itself ; while to do this well, and at 
 the same time to be on the watch to hit every 
 ball, which is at all off the wicket, for run get- 
 ting, adds to the difficulties the batsman has to 
 encounter. 
 
 THE BATSMAN'S POSITION. 
 
 The batsman is legally entitled to stand any- 
 where back of the line in front of the wicket, 
 known as the popping crease. While he is 
 back of this line he is safe from being stumped 
 out or run out; but the moment he steps in 
 front of the line he is outside of the citadel 
 and open for capture. 
 
 In standing at the wicket he should stand 
 with his bat] t as shown in the appended cut. 
 
 A GOOD POSITION, 
 
 and not in such bad form as is seen in the fol- 
 lowing cut. 
 
 A BAD POSITION. 
 
 The wicket keeper's position is shown in the 
 following cut. 
 
 The diagram on the opposite page shows the 
 lines of the batsman's position, as also that of 
 the bowler. 
 
 The batsman can defend his wicket only with 
 his bat, and not with any part of his person, 
 especially his legs, in which latter case he is 
 given out "leg before wicket." But if he be 
 standing outside of his ground or position when 
 the ball is in the hands of the wicket keeper, 
 and the bails of his wicket be knocked off before 
 he can get back again, or place his bat, in hand, 
 within the line of his position, he is out. 
 
 The bowler, too, must keep back of the line of 
 his position when in the act of delivering 
 the ball, or otherwise he will be penalized by 
 having " no ball " called on him by the umpire 
 at his end. So long as his front foot be kept 
 back of the bowling crease he cannot be "no 
 balled," unless he jerks the ball, or throws it to 
 the wicket, either by an underhand or overhand 
 throw. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOo^ GAMES. 
 
 21 
 
 
 fi/ttCH£S ACROSS' 
 
 
 
 BOWLERS 
 
 
 
 GROUND.* 
 
 1 
 
 
 / 
 
 BOWLING- 
 
 
 
 C PEASE. 
 
 --.— 1 
 
 <— 
 
 6 FEET ; 
 
 
 
 B INCHES. 
 
 :■>> 
 
 / 
 
 BATSMAN'S j 
 BLOCK 
 
 GROUND. 
 
 POPPING 
 
 UNLIMITED ^IN LENGTH. 
 
 GOLDEN RULES FOR CRICKET. 
 
 The following rules for cricket are known 
 in England as Lillywhite's "Golden Rules 
 for Young Crickets," and they are to be com- 
 mended for their valuable bints, as well as for 
 tbeir brevity. 
 
 I. Go when you are told by your captain 
 cheerfully, whether first or last on the list ; it is 
 his fault, and not yours, if you are put in the 
 wrong place. 
 
 II. Think only of winning the match, and 
 not of your own innings or average ; sink self 
 andplay for your side. 
 
 III. Make up your mind that every ball may 
 take your wicket, and play very steady for the 
 first over or two, even if the bowling is not first- 
 rate ; if prepared for defense you are doubly 
 prepared to hit a loose ball. 
 
 IV. Except under special circumstances 
 (Vide Rule XIV.) never run a sharp run, or run 
 one instead of two ; or two instead of three, for 
 the sake of getting the next hit. 
 
 V. Be equally anxious to run your partner's 
 runs, and every bye you safely can (although 
 the byes do not appear to your name in the score) 
 as you are to run for your own hits. 
 
 VI. When the bowling is very quick, and 
 long stop is a long way behind, arrange with 
 your partner, if possible, to run a bye for every 
 ball, until you drive your opponent to take a 
 man from the field to back up behind the bowler, 
 to save overthrows from long stop. This will 
 probably occasion the withdrawal of one man 
 from the slips. 
 
 VII. If the field get wild, take every advan- 
 tage you can by drawing for overthrows ; if the 
 field once begin throwing at the wickets their 
 discipline is gone. In carrying out this and 
 Rule VI., great judgment is required, as you 
 are backing your steadiness against your 
 enemies' anxiety. 
 
 VIII. Remember the batsman has five things 
 to trust to, viz., bis brains, his eyes, his arms, 
 his legs and his tongue, and he must use them 
 all. 
 
 IX. The striker ought to be stone blind to 
 every ball which passes his wicket, or is hit be- 
 hind his wicket ; he is a blind man, and the non- 
 striker is the blind man's dog, and ought to lead 
 him straight. The same rule applies to the non- 
 striker in respect to balls driven past him or 
 out of his sight. 
 
 X. The man who has the ball in sight ought 
 to keep his partner informed of his movements. 
 Ex.grat., the non-striker (who ought to back 
 up directly the ball is out of the bowler's hand) 
 should cry "not yet," if the run for a hit be- 
 hind the wicket or bye is not certain ; and then 
 cry "hold" if there is no run; or "one," 
 " two "or " three," as the case may be, if there 
 is a bye, or a hit past the field. So for a hit to 
 deep middle off or middle on out of non-strik- 
 er's sight, the striker ought to cry " go back," if 
 there is no run, or-" one," etc., as the case may 
 be, if there is a run. After the first run made 
 the player whose wicket is most in danger has 
 the call. 
 
 XL In the case of a bit within view of both 
 batsmen, such as a ball hit slowly to deep cover 
 point, either batsman has the right to say "no" 
 if called, for both wickets are in equal danger. 
 
 XII. After drawing your partner past recall, 
 you are bound to go, and run yourself out if noc- 
 essary, be you who you may. 
 
 XIII. No matter what you think of the um- 
 pire's decision, if ho gives you out go away and 
 make the best of it. 
 
 XIV. If the batsman is well set, and making 
 a score, and a few runs are wanted, and there is 
 a weak tail to the eleven, he is right when a 
 fresh man comes in in trying to "jockey the 
 over," and get the ball ; this is not selfishness, 
 as he is throwing away a chance of a " not out," 
 and may pull the match out of the fire. 
 
 XV. If the bowling is very slow and the bats- 
 man makes up his mind to go in at it, he should 
 not give the bowler a hint by any movement 
 what he is after, but stand like a statue till the 
 ball is out of the bowler's hand. 
 
 XVI. If the batsman does go in and means 
 hitting, let him go far enough and right in to- 
 ward the pitch of the ball, so as to catch it at full 
 pitch or half volley, and hit with all his might 
 and main ; if stumped, be may just as well be 
 four yards off his ground as four inches. 
 
 XVII. If a batsman either does not know, or 
 will not practice the rules of running, his part- 
 ner is quite at liberty to use his own judgment, 
 and to turn round and look after the byes, hits 
 behind wickets, etc,, and if a bad runner insists 
 on running himself out, his partner may let him 
 commit suicide as soon as he pleases. 
 
 XVIII. Never keep your partner in doubt by 
 prowling about outside your wicket, moving 
 backward and forward over the crease like a 
 
'12 
 
 THE R ENABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 dancing bear, or a mute outside a gin shop, 
 doubtful whether he is going in or out. 
 
 RULES OF CRICKET. 
 
 1. The ball muBt weigh not less than five 
 ounces and a half nor more than five ounces 
 and three-quarters. It must measure not less 
 than nine inches, nor more than nine inches 
 and one-quarter in circumference. At the be- 
 ginning of each innings either party may call for 
 a new ball. 
 
 2. The bat must not exceed four inches and 
 one-quarter in the widest part ; it must not be 
 more than thirty-eight inches in length. 
 
 3. The stumps must be three in number ; 
 twenty-seven inches out of the ground; the 
 bails eight inches in length ; the stumps of equal 
 and of sufficient thickness to prevent the ball 
 from passing through. 
 
 4. The bowling crease must; be in a line 
 with the stumps ; six feet eight inches in 
 length ; the stumps in the center ; with a 'return 
 crease at each end toward the bowler at right 
 angles. 
 
 5. The popping crease must be four feet from 
 the wicket, and parallel to it, unlimited in 
 length, but not shorter than the bowling crease. 
 
 6. The wickets must be pitched opposite to 
 each other by the umpires at the distance of 
 twenty-two yards. 
 
 7. It shall not be lawful for either party dur- 
 ing the match, without the consent of the other, 
 to alter the ground by rolling, watering, cover- 
 ing, mowing, or beating, except at the com- 
 mencement of each innings, when the ground 
 may be swept and rolled, unless the next side 
 going in object to it. This rule is not meant to 
 prevent the striker from beating the ground 
 with his bat near to the spot where he stands 
 during the innings, nor to prevent the bowler 
 from filling up holes with sawdust, etc., when 
 the ground is wet. 
 
 8. After rain the wickets may be changed 
 with the consent of both parties. 
 
 9. The bowler shall deliver the ball with one 
 foot on the ground behind the bowling crease, 
 and within the return crease, and he shall bowl 
 one " over " before he change wickets, which he 
 shall be permitted to do twice in the same in- 
 nings ; and no bowler shall bowl more than two 
 overs in succession. 
 
 10. The ball must be bowled ; if thrown or 
 jerked the umpire shall call no ball. 
 
 11. The bowler may require the striker at the 
 wicket from which he is bowling to stand on that 
 side of it which he may direct. 
 
 12. If the bowler shall .so toss the ball over 
 the striker's head, or bowl it so wide that in the 
 opinion of the umpire it shall not be fairly 
 within the reach of the batsman, the umpire 
 shall adjudge one run to the party receiving the 
 innings, either with or without an appeal, 
 which run shall be put down to the score of wide 
 balls ; such balls shall not be reckoned as one of 
 the four halls ; but if the batsman shall by any 
 means bring himself within reaeh of the ball, 
 the run shall not be adjudged. 
 
 13. If the bowler delivers a "no ball," or a 
 " wide ball," the striker shall be allowed as 
 many runs as he can get, and he shall not be 
 put out except by running out. In the event of 
 no run being obtained by any other meauSj then 
 
 one shall be added to the score of " no balls " or- 
 " wide balls," as the case may be. All runs ob-~ 
 tained for " wide balls " to be scored to " wide 
 balls." The names of the bowlers who bowl 
 "wide balls" or "no ball," in future to be 
 placed on the score, to show the parties by 
 whom either score is made. If the ball shall 
 first touch any part of the striker's dress or per- 
 son (except his hands)— and a run be scored— 
 the umpire shall call " leg VJye." 
 
 14. At the beginning of each inniugs t!ie urn- 
 piro shall call "play ;" from that time to the 
 end of each innings, no trial ball shall be 
 allowed to any bowler. 
 
 15. The striker is out if either of the bails be 
 bowled off, or if a stump be bowled out of the 
 ground. 
 
 1G. Or, if the ball, from the strokes of the bat, 
 or hand, but not the wrist, be held before it 
 touch the ground, although it be hugged to the 
 body of the catcher. 
 
 17. Or, if in striking, or at any other time 
 while the ball shall be in play, both his feet shall 
 be over the popping crease, and his wicket 
 put down, except his bat be grounded with- 
 in it. 
 
 18. Or, if in striking at the bail he hit down 
 his wicket. 
 
 19. Or, if under pretence of running, or oth- 
 erwise, either of the strikers prevent a ball from 
 being caught, the striker of the ball is out. 
 
 20. Or, if the ball be struck and ho wilfully 
 strike it again. 
 
 21. Or, if in running the wicket be struck 
 down by a throw, or by the hand or arm (with 
 the ball in hand) before his bat (in hand) or some 
 part of his person be grounded over the popping 
 crease. But if both bads be off, a stump must 
 be struck out of the ground. 
 
 22. Or, if any part of the striker's dress 
 knocks down the wicket. 
 
 23. Or, if the striker touches or takes up the 
 ball while in play, unless at the request of the 
 opposite party. 
 
 24. Or, if with any part of his person he stops 
 the ball, which in the opinion of the umpire at 
 the bowler's wicket, shall have been pitched in 
 a straight line from it to the striker's wicket, 
 and would have hit it. 
 
 25. If the players have crossed each other, 
 he that runs for the wicket which is put -down 
 is out. 
 
 26. A ball being caught, no run shall be reck- 
 oned. 
 
 27. A striker being run out, that run which 
 he and hrs partner were attempting shall not be 
 reckoned. 
 
 28. If a lost ball be called, the striker shall 
 be allowed six runs ; but if more than six shall 
 have been run before "lost ball" shall have 
 been called, then the striker shall have all which 
 have been run. 
 
 29. After the ball shall have been finally set- 
 tled in the wicket keeper's or bowler's hand, it 
 shall be considered dead ; but when the bowler 
 is about to deliver a ball, if the striker at his 
 wicket go outside of the popping crease before 
 such actual delivery, the said bowler may put 
 him out unless (with reference to the 21st 
 law) his bat in hand, or some part of his person, 
 be within the popping crease. 
 
 _ 30. The striker shall not retire from bis 
 Wicket and return to it to'coniplete his innings, 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 23 
 
 after another has been in, without the consent 
 of the opposite party. 
 
 31. No substitute shall in any case bo allowed 
 to standout or tun between wickets for another 
 person without the consent of the opposite 
 party; and in case any person shall be allowed 
 to run for another, the striker shall be out if 
 either he or his substitute be off the ground in 
 manner mentioned in laws 17 and 21, while the 
 ball is in play. 
 
 32. In all cases where a substitute shall be 
 allowed, the consent of the opposite party shall 
 also be obtained as to the person to act as sub- 
 stitute, and the place in the field which he shall 
 take. 
 
 33. If any fieldsman stop the ball with his 
 hat, the ball shall bo considered dead, and the 
 opposite party shall add five runs to their score ; 
 if any run they shall have five in all. 
 
 34.' The ball having been hit, the striker may 
 guard his wicket with his bat or any part of his 
 body except his hands, that the 23d law may not 
 be disobeyed. 
 
 35. The wicket keeper shall not take the ball 
 . for the purpose of stumping, until it has passed 
 
 the wicket ; he shall not move until the ball be 
 out of the bowler's hand ; he 3hall not by any 
 noise incommode the striker, and if any part of 
 his person be over or before the wicket, al- 
 though the ball hit it, the striker shall hot be 
 put out. 
 
 THE UMPIRES' DUTIES. 
 
 36. The umpires are the solo judges of fair 
 and unfair play, and all disputes shall be deter- 
 mined by them, each at his own wicket ; but in 
 case of a catch, which the umpire at the wicket 
 bowled from, cannot see sufficiently to decide 
 •upon, he may apply to the other umpire, whose 
 opinion shall be conclusive. 
 
 37. The umpires in all matches shall pitch 
 fair wickets, and the parties shall toss up for 
 choice of innings. The umpires shall change 
 wickets after each party has had one in- 
 nings, i 
 
 38. They shall allow two minutes for each 
 striker to come in, and ten minutes between 
 each innings. When the umpire shall call 
 " play," the parties refusing to play shall lose 
 the match. 
 
 39. They are not to order a striker out unless 
 appealed to by their adversaries. 
 
 40. But if one of the bowler's feet bo not on 
 the ground behind the bowling crease and within 
 the return crease when he shall deliver the ball, 
 the umpire at his wicket, unasked, must call 
 "no ball." 
 
 41. If either of the strikers run a short run, 
 the umpire must call "one short." 
 
 42. No umpire shall be allowed to bet. 
 
 43. No umpire is to be changed during a 
 match, unless with the consent of both parties, 
 except in violation of 42dlaw ; then either party 
 may dismiss the transgressor. 
 
 44. After the delivery of four balls the umpire 
 must call " over," but not until the ball shall 
 be finally settled in the wicket keeper's or 
 bowler's hands— the ball shall then be consid- 
 ered dead ; nevertheless, if an idea be enter- 
 tained that either of the strikers are out, a ques- 
 may be put previously' to, but not after, the de- 
 livery oi the next ball. 
 
 45. The umpire must take especial care to 
 
 call " no ball " instantly upon delivery; "wide 
 ball " as soon as it shall pass the striker. 
 
 46. The players who go in second shall fol- 
 low their innings, if they have obtained 80 runs 
 less than their antagonists, except in all matches 
 limited to one day's play, when the number 
 shall be 60 instead of 80. 
 
 47. When one of the strikers shall have been 
 put out, the use of the bat shall not be allowed 
 to any person until the next striker shall come in. 
 
 SINGLE WICKET. 
 
 That phase of cricket known as "single 
 wicket," is just suited for occasions when out- 
 ing parties cannot well raise contesting sides 
 for a game of cricket to the required extent of 
 eleven players on each side. Single wicket can 
 be played with three on a side, while four are 
 sufficient. The rules of the game as published 
 in " Chadwick's American Cricket G-uide" are 
 given below for the information of young cricket 
 readers : 
 
 THE PLAYERS. 
 
 1. When there shall be less than five players 
 on a side bounds shall be placed twenty-two 
 yards each in a line from the off and leg stump. 
 
 [In this case stumps are placed in the ground 
 distant twenty- two yards from the outer stumps 
 of the wicket, and in a direct lino with the line of 
 the wicket. The ball, to be fairly hit, must touch 
 the ground in front of the line formed by these 
 boundary stumps and the wicket.] 
 
 A FAIR HIT. 
 
 2. The ball must be hit before the bounds to 
 entitle the striker to a run, which run cannot be 
 obtained unless he touch the bowling stump 
 or crease in a line with his bat, or some part of 
 his person, or go beyond them, returning to 
 the popping crease as at double wicket, accord- 
 ing to the 21st law. 
 
 [According to this rule the batsman in single 
 wicket cannot scoi'e a run by a hit unless, after 
 hitting a ball, he run down to the bowler's 
 stump and touch it—or run round it— and get 
 back into his own ground at the wicket before 
 his wicket be put down.] 
 
 3. When the striker shall hit the ball one of 
 his feet must be on the ground, and behind the 
 popping crease, otherwise the umpire shall call 
 " no hit." 
 
 [The striker in hitting the ball must have one 
 foot on the ground within the lines of his posi- 
 tion, or the umpire must call " no hit," in which 
 case no run can be scored. He cannot, there- 
 fore, step forward to meet the ball as in double 
 wicket.] 
 
 LESS THAN FIVE PLAYERS. 
 
 4. When there shall be less than five players 
 on a side neither byes nor overthrows shall be 
 allowed, nor shall the striker be caught out bo- 
 hind the wicket, nor stumped out. 
 
 [When more than five players take part in the 
 play on each side, the rules of the double wicket 
 prevail, except as refers to thero being two 
 wickets and two batsmen.] 
 
24 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 BETUENING THE BALL. 
 
 5. The fieldsman must return the ball so that 
 it shall cross the play between the wicket and 
 bowling stump, or between the bowling stump 
 and the bounds ; the striker may run until the 
 ball be so returned. 
 
 [The boundary of the field referred to in the 
 words "crossing the play" is marked by the 
 lines from the bowling stump to the boundary 
 stumps, this space forming an equilateral tri- 
 angle.] 
 
 MAKING A DOUBLE BUN. 
 
 6. After the striker shall have made one 
 run, if he start again, be must touch the bowl- 
 ing stump and turn before the ball cross the play 
 to entitle him to another. 
 
 [In the case of attempting a double run, if 
 before the striker touch the bowler's stump the 
 
 ball be thrown in so as to cross either of ihe 
 boundary lines of the play no run can be 
 scored.] 
 
 7. The striker shall be entitled to three runs 
 for lost ball, and the same number for ball 
 stopped with hat, with reference to 28th and 33d 
 laws of double wicket. 
 
 8. When there shall be more than four play- 
 ers on a side there shall be no bounds. All hits, 
 byes and overthrows shall be allowed. 
 
 9. The bowler is subject to the same laws as 
 at double wicket. 
 
 10. Not more than one minute shall be al- 
 lowed between each ball. 
 
 It will be seen by the above rules that the 
 batsman cannot step out of his ground to hit 
 the ball, as he can in double wicket. This is an 
 important difference. Two players can engage 
 in single wicket, but it is hard work for the 
 fielder. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES, 
 
 25 
 
 LACROSSE, 
 
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 The modern Canadian game of lacrosse— a 
 game which stands next, in the order of manly 
 field sports, to the old English game of cricket 
 and our American national game of baseball— 
 was evolved from the American Indian sport of 
 " Bagataway ;" a rough game in which the 
 y ^ n § Ind ian warriors were trained to endurance 
 of fatigue and were prepared for close combats 
 when on the warpath. With the aboriginals 
 hundreds of players took part in the game, the 
 goals frequently being a mile apart. It is now 
 nearly half a century since the white residents 
 ol Canada took up the game as a companion 
 8 -Pii. t0 cricket and football, and then it was 
 that the contestants in a match were limited to 
 twelve players on each side, and a special code 
 ot rules adopted which eliminated the rough 
 features of the Indian method of playing it. 
 Since that time the rules have been improved 
 considerably. The " father of lacrosse " in the 
 United States may be said to be Mr. J. E. Flan- 
 nery, of New York, who, from its first introduction 
 
 to the metropolis at the old Capitoline Ground, 
 Brooklyn, in the sixties, has done more to foster 
 the game than any other one individual. 
 
 Lacrosse is a game, as played under the rules 
 of the American Lacrosse Association, which 
 has no superior in the opportunities it affords 
 for pedestrian exercise, combined with great 
 endurance, pluck, nerve, courage and great 
 agility of movement. Moreover, it is a scien- 
 tific game, one affording great opportunities for 
 strategic skill. The game is played by twelve 
 players on each side, one player from each team 
 occupying the position respectively of "goal 
 keeper," '•' points," " cover points," " centers," 
 " home fielders " and defence fielders generally, 
 each occupant of these positions standing near 
 to each other, the one as an attacking party and 
 the other as that of the defence. When the 
 game begins the bill is placed on the ground by 
 the umpire, and the two center fielders face 
 each other as shown in the app nded cut, and 
 at the call of "play" each struggles to gain 
 
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26 
 
 TEE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 possession of the ball by means of their crosse 
 sticks or bats, and then all of the twelve players 
 on the one side strive either to run with the ball 
 lying on their crosses, until they get within 
 reach of their opponents' goal, when they en- 
 deavor to throw the ball between the goal posts, 
 which, if they succeed in doing, they win a goal, 
 and the majority of goals scored within a given 
 time decides the contest. The twelve on the 
 other side not only strive to prevent their op- 
 ponents from scoring, but also endeavor to score 
 goals themselves. Here is a diagram showing 
 the positions in the field which the players on 
 each side occupy when the game begins, each 
 player having an opposing player by his side, 
 twenty-four players taking part in the contest, 
 each carrying a crosse ; besides which there is 
 an umpire at each goal to decide as to the ball's 
 passing between the posts, and a referee to de- 
 cide all other points in . dispute, together with 
 two captains or " coachers," whose duty it is to 
 instruct the twelve players in strategic points of 
 play, but who neither' of them carry a crosse 
 stick or are allowed to touch the ball or a 
 player. 
 
 THE FIELD POSITION. 
 
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 GOAL KE£Pfft 
 
 The game is so full of opportunities for the 
 employment of strategic points of play that it 
 would require pages to describe them in full. 
 
 One of the great merits of lacrosse as an ex- 
 ercise is that it develops the muscles evenly, 
 as the action is not confined to any one particu- 
 lar set of muscles. Then, too, it makes a youth 
 
 active and teaches him to think and act quickly. 
 Another feature of the game is, that every player 
 of each side is called upon in one way or other 
 to do active work in the field, thus keeping the 
 whole team in action. Moreover, the theory of 
 the game is simple and readily understood, and 
 the sport is inexpensive in its equipments, and it 
 can also be played on any ordinary turf field. 
 Here is a picture showing the goal posts and 
 the goal keeper. 
 
 The first essential in the make up of a lacrosse 
 player is that he should be an expert pedes- 
 trian, good in "sprint" running, and one who 
 can do a hundred yards in a dozen seconds. 
 Another requisite is thorough control of temper, 
 combined with nerve and pluck and-the ability 
 to endure fatigue ; for though a goal can be 
 taken in a few minutes, it frequently happens 
 that a tough contest will use up the best part of 
 an hour before a goal is scored. 
 
 The first lesson in lacrosse playing is, of 
 course, that of learning to use the crosse, and 
 the novice begins his work withpracifte in pick- 
 ing up the ball with the end of his stick. This 
 seems simple enough, but the novice will find 
 it quite a task, and one requiring patient prac- 
 tice. First he must pick it up readily while 
 walking, then while on the run, and this latter 
 feat it is which will test his ability most. Then 
 he must learn to carry the ball on his crosse and 
 keep it balanced there while the stick is moved 
 up and down and in and out to avoid the efforts 
 of an opposing player to knock the ball off the 
 crosse. Next comes the art of catching the ball 
 on his crosse, and this needs a great deal of 
 practice, as the ball so readily rebounds from 
 the net of his crosse. He must not only be ex- 
 pert in catching high falling balls, but also in 
 holding with his stick sharp line balls which 
 come to him horizontally, as they do when 
 thrown sharply to the goal. In catching the 
 ball the stick must be allowed to yield to the 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 27 
 
 falling motion of the ball, or it will rebound out 
 of the net. After learning to pick the ball up, 
 and to catch it, the novice next turns his atten- 
 tion to the art of throwing it from his crosso, and 
 this is not the easy task imagined, as the player 
 frequently has to throw with speed immediately 
 after a catch or a pick up. Tho throwing, too,- 
 is divided up into swift, high long throws, short 
 and swift line throws, arid just a tossing throw. 
 Of course, accuracy of aim in throwing is a desid- 
 eratum, especially when making short throws to 
 the goal. Then, too, one has to throw at times 
 when running at full speed, and also to make 
 throws over one's back, and to the riglit or lefV 
 as occasion may require. So it will be seen that 
 throwing in lacrosse is quite an art. The 
 medium distance throw is made when the ball 
 
 must not be fastened so as to form a pocket, 
 lower down the stick than the end of the length 
 strings. The length strings must be woven 
 to within two inches of their termination, so 
 that the ball cannot catch in the meshes. 
 
 2. No kind of metal, either in wire or sheet, 
 nor screws or nails to stretch things, shall be al- 
 lowed upon the crosse. Splices must be made 
 either with string or gut. 
 
 3. • Players may change their crosse during a 
 match. 
 
 THE BALL. 
 
 4. The ball to be used in all match games 
 must be of sponge rubber. In each match a new 
 ball must be used, furnished by the home team. 
 It shall become the property of the winning team. 
 
 W'p^ffl^&fffiffiz&P!/ , JfifiMst*****.- ■■„ * 
 
 
 rests on the middle of the net ; the long distance 
 throw being made when it is near the end of the 
 net. A hundred yard throw is a good one, but 
 a throw of 148 yards has been accomplished. 
 An essential for the novice is to begin practice 
 with a good lacrosse stick. 
 
 One of the most attractive feature' of the 
 game is skilful strategic work in passing the ball 
 from one player— hard pressed by an active op- 
 ponent—to another player of your own side. 
 Next comes the art of dodging an attacking op- 
 ponent while running with the ball on your 
 crosse. In fact the game is full of points which 
 would require lengthy chapters to describe. As- 
 a field sport for young collegians it is greatly 
 superior to football, as the latter game is now 
 played. 
 
 THE RULES OF. LACROSSE 
 
 THE CROSSE. 
 
 1. The crosse may be of any length to suit 
 the player ; woven with catgut, which must not 
 be bagged. ("Catgut" is intended to mean 
 rawhide gut or clock strings ; not cord or soft 
 leather. ) The netting must be flat when the ball 
 is not on it. In its widest part the crosse shall 
 not exceed one foot. A string must be brouf?ht 
 through a hole at tho side of the tip of the turn, 
 to prevont the point of the stick catchiug an 
 opponent's crosse. A leadiug string resting 
 upon the top of the stick may be used, but 
 
 5. The ball shall be of the size of the "ball 
 marked No. 40 regulation, by the manufacturers. 
 
 THE GOALS. 
 
 6. The goals must be at least 125 yards from 
 each other, and in any position agreeable to the 
 captains of both sides. The top of the flag poles 
 must be six feet above the ground, including any 
 top ornament, and six feet apart. In matches 
 they must be furnished by the challenged party. 
 
 7. No attacking player must be within six feet 
 of either of the flag poles, unles the ball has 
 passed cover point's position on the field. 
 
 8. The referee shall be selected by the cap- 
 tains. His authority shall commence from the 
 time of his appointment. 
 
 9. When "foul" has been called by either cap- 
 tain, the referee shall immediately call " time," 
 after which the ball must not be touched by 
 either party, nor must the players move from the 
 positions iu which they happen to be at tho mo- 
 ment, until the referee has called " play." If a 
 player should be in possession of the ball when 
 " time " is called, he must drop it on the ground. 
 If the ball enters goal after "time" has been 
 called, it shall not count. 
 
 10. When game is claimed and disallowed, 
 the referee shall order the ball to be faced for, 
 from where it is picked up ; but in no case must 
 
28 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 it be closer to the goals than ten (10) yards in 
 any direction. 
 
 UMPIRES. . 
 
 1. There shall he one umpire at each goal. 
 They shall stand behind the flags when the 
 ball 'is near or nearing their goal. In the event 
 of game being claimed, the umpire at the goal 
 shall at once decide whether or not the ball has 
 fairly passed through the flags, his decision 
 simply being "game" or "no game," without 
 comment of any kind. He shall not be allowed 
 to express an opinion, and his decision shall in 
 all cases be final, without appeal. 
 
 2. No person shall be allowed to speak to an 
 umpire, or in any way distract his attention, 
 when the ballis near or nearing the goal. 
 
 3. In the event of the field captains failing to 
 agree upon the umpires, after three nomina- 
 tions have been made by each party, it shall be 
 the duty of the referee to appoint one or more 
 umpires as may be required, who shall not be 
 one of the persons objected to, who must be 
 duly qualified, as required by this rule. 
 
 CAPTAINS. 
 
 Captains to superintend the play shall be ap- 
 pointed by each side previous to the commence- 
 ment of a match. They shall be members of 
 the club by whom they are appointed, and no 
 other. They may or may not be players in the 
 match ; if not, they shall not carry crosse, nor 
 shall they be dressed in lacrosse uniform. They 
 shall select umpires and referees, as laid down 
 in these rules, toss for choice of goals, and these 
 alone shall be entitled to call " foul " during a 
 match. They shall report any infringement of 
 the laws during a match to the referee. 
 
 NAMES OF PLAYERS. 
 
 The players on each side shall be designated as 
 follows : " Goal keeper," who defends tho goal ; 
 " point,*" first man out from goal; " cover point," 
 in front of point ; " center," who faces ; " home," 
 nearest opponents' goal ; others shall be termed 
 "fielders. 
 
 THE GAME. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 1. Twelve players shall constitute a full 
 team. 
 
 2. The game must be started by the referee 
 facing the ball in the center of the field between 
 a player on each side. The ball shall be laid 
 upon the ground between the sticks of the 
 players facing, and when both sides are ready 
 the referee shall call " play." The players fac- 
 ing shall have their left side toward the goal 
 they are attacking, and shall not be allowed to 
 use a left handed crosse. 
 
 3. A match shall be decided by the winning 
 of the most goals in every match, unless other- 
 wise agreed upon. Games must in all cases be 
 won by putting the ball through the goal from 
 the front side. 
 
 4. Either side may claim at least five min- 
 utes' rest, and not more than ten, between each 
 game. 
 
 5. After each game players must change 
 
 6. No change of players must be made 
 after a match has commenced except for reason 
 of accident or injury during the game. 
 
 Z. Should any player be injured during a 
 match and compelled to leave the field, the op- 
 posite side shall drop a man to equalize the 
 teams. Iu the event of any dispute between 
 field captains as to the injured player's fitness 
 to continue the game, the matter shall at once 
 be decided by the referee. 
 
 No player shall wear spiked soles or boots, 
 and any player attempting to evade this law 
 shsll be ruled out of the match. 
 
 The ball must not be touched with the hand, 
 save in cases of Eules xii. and xiii. 
 
 The goal keeper while defending goal within 
 the goal crease, may put away with his hand, or 
 block the ball in any manner with his crosse or 
 body. 
 
 Should the ball lodge in any place inaccesible 
 to the crossse, it may be taken out with the hand, 
 and the party picking it up must "face" with 
 his nearest opponent. 
 
 Balls thrown out of bounds must be " faced" 
 for at the nearest spot within the bounds, and 
 all players remain in their places until the ball 
 is "faced." The referee shall see that this is 
 properly done, and when loth sides are ready 
 shall call " play." The bounds must be defi- 
 nitely settled by the captains before the com- 
 mencement of the match. 
 
 Should the ball be accidentally put through a 
 g^al by one of the players defending it, it is 
 game for the side attacking the goal ; should it 
 be put through the goal, by one not actually a 
 player, it shall not count. 
 
 Should the ball catch on the netting the crosse 
 must be struck on the ground to dislodge it. 
 
 The following shall constitute fouls, and be 
 punished as such by the referee : 
 
 1. No player shall grasp an opponent's crosse 
 with his hands, hold it with his arms or between 
 his legs, nor shall any player more than six feet 
 from the ball hold his opponent's crosso with 
 his crosse, run in front of him or interfere in any 
 way to keep him from the ball until another 
 player reaches it. 
 
 No player with his crosse or otherwise shall 
 hold, deliberately strike or trip another, nor 
 push with his hand, nor wrestle with his legs so 
 as to throw an opponent. 
 
 No player shall hold the ball in his crosse with 
 his baud or person, or lay or sit on it. 
 
 No player shall charge into another after he 
 has thrown the ball. 
 
 The crosse or square check which t consists of 
 one player charging into another with both 
 hands on the crosse so as to make the crosse 
 strike the body of his opponent, is strictly for- 
 bidden. 
 
 No player shall interfere in any way with an- 
 other who is in pursuit of an opponeut in pos- 
 session of the ball. 
 
 " Shouldering " is allowed only when the play- 
 ers are within six feet of the bail, and then from 
 the side only. No player must, under any cir- 
 cumstances, run into or shoulder an opponent 
 from behind. 
 
 The referee sh-Jl be the judge of fouls, and 
 shall call time to decide them only at the re- 
 quest of the captains or the men appointed by 
 them. 
 
 When a foul is allowed by a referee, the player 
 fouled shall have the option of a free " run " or 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 29 
 
 " throw " from the place where the foul occurred. 
 For thia purpose 8,11 players within ten feet of 
 said player shall move away to that distance, all 
 others retaining their positions. But if a foulis 
 allowed within twenty yards of the goal, the man 
 fouled shall move back that distance from 
 
 foal before taking the run or throw allowed 
 im. 
 
 If a foul is claimed and time called, and then 
 not allowed, the player accused of fouling shall 
 be granted a free "run " or " throw " under the 
 conditions above mentioned. 
 
 No player shall throw his crosse at a player or 
 or aj the ball, under any circumstances ; and 
 such action will be considered a " foul." Should 
 a player lose his crosse during the game bo shall 
 consider himself " out of play," and shall not 
 be allowed to touch the ball in any way until he 
 again recovers it. Kicking the ball is absolutely 
 prohibited to players without a crosse. 
 
 Any player considering himself purposely in- 
 jured during the play must report to his cap- 
 tain, who must report to the referee, who shall 
 warn the player complained of. 
 
 For deliberate fouls which occasion injury to 
 opponents, or affect the result of the game, for 
 the first offence the referee shall have power to 
 suspend the player committing it, for the rest 
 of the game (not match); for a second offence, 
 the referee may remove the offending player and 
 compel his side to finish the match short 
 handed. 
 
 Any player deliberately striking another, or 
 raising his hand to strike, shall be immediately 
 ruled out of the match. 
 
 In the settlement of any dispute, whether by 
 the umpires or referee, it must be distinctly un- 
 derstood that the captains, with one player each, 
 to bo selocted by them, have the right to speak 
 on behalf of their respective clubs ; and any 
 proposition or facts that any player may wish 
 brought before the referee must come through 
 the captains, or players selected by them. 
 
 In event of a flag pole being knocked down 
 during the match, and the ball put through 
 what would be 1" e goal if the flag pole were 
 standing, it shall count game for the attacking 
 side. 
 
80 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 FOOTBALL. 
 
 ffilii«BS' 
 
 The old English game of football was origin- 
 ally designed as an exciting and invigorating 
 open field game for English college students 
 and school boys, to be played during the inter- 
 regnum of the cricket season from late autumn 
 to early spring each year ; but of late years it 
 has degenerated into the roughest and most 
 dangerous of all our field games of ball, it hav- 
 ing led to more deaths on the field and more 
 permanent bodily injuries than all other known 
 field sports put together, not even excepting 
 the dangerous sport of fox hunting. Football, 
 as played under the old Gaelic rules, is one of 
 the liveliest of field games, but as played under 
 the English Rugby School rules, or even accord- 
 ing to the English Football Association rules, it 
 loses half its value as a sport, and becomes 
 chiefly a game in which wrestling, and. even 
 fighting, are amongst its main features ; espe- 
 cially is this the case when played under the 
 modern code of the American College football 
 rules, which include the worst features of the 
 Rugby game and the least attractive methods of 
 the Association game. The English Association 
 rules forbid the bail being handled in the game ; 
 while the Rugby rules make the running with 
 the ball in hand the most striking feature 
 of the game ; the American college game being 
 a mixture of the two English games. The fact 
 that in one season, in the decade of the eighties, 
 the football season in England was made a rec- 
 ord year for the fatal casualties which occurred 
 on the field in football games, illustrates the 
 dangerous nature of the modern method of 
 playing the game ; as, in the year referred to, 
 no less than 140 accidents occurred in football 
 in England, of which over forty resulted fatally, 
 while the others ended in injuries lasting a life- 
 time, in the form of broken limbs and shoulder- 
 blades, ruptures and other injuries of a like 
 character. For the past five years in the United 
 States not a football season has passed without 
 deaths from injuries sustained on the college 
 fields; while serious injuries have been as fre- 
 quent as the games played, and all this because 
 the brutal wrestling and fighting features of the 
 
 college game have not been eliminated from 
 the rules, and strategic points of play in kick- 
 ing the ball introduced to replace the rough 
 wrestling and pugilistic features of the modern 
 college game. As football is now played under 
 college rules it is absurd to call the game foot- 
 ball, the only real football game now in vogue 
 in this country being that known as the Gaelic 
 game. According to the rules of the Gaelic foot- 
 ball clubs of the metropolis — numbering over a 
 dozen clubs— the only way of forwarding a ball 
 to a goal is by kicking it, or batting it with the 
 hand. 
 
 The ball is not allowed to be held in the 
 hand and thrown, or be carried on the run as 
 in the college football game, consequently all 
 the wrestling and fighting characteristics of the 
 American college game, as also that of the game 
 played under the English Rugby rules, and 
 with the dangerous scrimmages of the Associa- 
 tion rules, are eliminated, and football in reality 
 is substituted. In the Gaelic game, after the 
 ball has been caught, the player catching it 
 may kick it in any way he chooses ; but in 
 making a field kick the ball must be kicked from 
 the ground. 
 
 Another method of forwarding the ball pe- 
 culiar to the Gaelic game is that of bounding 
 it forward by short bounds while it is hit by 
 the hand, this method requiring great agility 
 and rapid running. There is so much activity 
 in a game of Gaelic football that every man on a 
 team has an opportunity to exert, himself, and 
 there is no room for a poor player, whose weak 
 points can be detected at once. 
 
 The manner in which the ball is put into play 
 is decidedly interesting. The opposing players 
 form in two parallel lines at the center of the 
 field, each man holding the hand of a player on 
 the other side. The referee stands at one end 
 of the line and tosses the ball up in the air, so 
 that it will fall about the center of the line. 
 Thereupon the players let go of hands with great 
 alacrity, and the play begins with a furious 
 rush. 
 
 Players are not allowed to wear iron nails or 
 projectiles in their shoes, and the rules regard- 
 ing fouls are quite strict. Pushing from behind, 
 butting with the head, tripping or holding, are 
 all deemed foul, and the referee has the power 
 to order an offending player to cease playing for 
 such length of time as he may see fit, with the 
 added penalty that the team of the disciplined 
 player may not put a substitute in his place. 
 Tho referee may also, in his discretion, allow a 
 free kick for infractions of the rules. 
 
 When the amount of hard kicking that is done 
 is considered, it seems remarkable that the 
 players escape with so few injuries. It is a fact, 
 however, that Gaelic players are seldom injured 
 except through collisions when running. The 
 players wear knee breeches, leaving the calf of 
 the leg bare. A good wing player should be able 
 to run one hundred yards in eleven seconds, 
 and the speedy running occasionally results in 
 serious collisions. The ball used 'is perfectly 
 round and about thirty inches in circumfer- 
 ence. 
 
 According to the rules of the game a full team 
 
'V 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 31 
 
 consists of twenty-one players, and when full 
 teams are put in the field, the rules also require 
 that the ground shall be 196 yards long and 140 
 yards wide. As that sized ground is not easy to 
 find in this country, the number of players has 
 been cut down to fifteen, and the largest possi- 
 ble grounds have been selected, and it is set 
 forth that no ground be less than 140 yards long 
 and 84 yards wide. The ground on which the 
 college game is played is 110 yards long and 
 53 yards wide. The officials of the game 
 consist of a referee and two umpires, and when 
 the latter disagree, the referee's decision is 
 final. „ 
 
 The goal posts are twenty-one feet apart 
 and there is a cross bar eight feet from the 
 ground. Then there are two posts set in the 
 ground twenty-one feet from the goal posts. To 
 score a goal the ball must be driven between the 
 goal posts and beneath the cross bar. When the 
 ball is sent between the goal posts but over th6 
 cross bar it counts a point, as does also the driv- 
 ing of the ball between the goal posts and the 
 stakes set twenty-one feet away. When no goals 
 are scored the game is decided on the points 
 made, but one goal will beat any number of 
 points. 
 
 When the ball is driven over a goal line out- 
 side of all the posts, the goal keeper has a free 
 kick, and this part of the game always excites 
 enthusiasm. The ball is placed on the ground 
 
 in front of the goal line, and the goal keeper, 
 who is usually selected for his size and kicking 
 ability, takes a position back of the line and 
 makes a cyclonic rush at the ball, delivering a 
 resounding kick that usually sends the sphere 
 well towards the opposite goal. 
 
 The time of play is one hour, with an inter- 
 mission of ten minutes at half time ; and when 
 the sturdy exponents of the game have kicked 
 and pounded the leather for an hour, with the 
 accompanying running and struggling, they are 
 in condition to be thankful for a rest. It is a 
 game that requires great strength and vitality 
 in the players. 
 
 The games of football as played in this coun- 
 try include the contests played under the 
 American College code, the English Association 
 code, and the rules governing the Gaelic game, 
 the latter of which is the favorite with the Irish 
 and Scotch residents, the Association being the 
 Englishman's best game, and the College game 
 the society football fad, and the rougher it is 
 and the greater the chance of seeing the wrest- 
 ling and fighting features, the more attractive 
 in drawing gate money it seems to be. As an 
 attractive, gentlemanly sport, college football 
 does not compare with lacrosse for a field game ; 
 while it is not to be mentioned by the side of 
 cricket or baseball. 
 
 The field for the American college game is 
 laid out as follows : 
 
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32 
 
 TEE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUf-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 THE PLAYING RULES. 
 
 The balls used in football are in form as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 It will be seen that one is oval and the other 
 round ; the former is used in the college game 
 and the latter in the Association and Gaelic 
 game. 
 
 A perusal of the appended rules of play will 
 post the novice up in the game sufficiently to 
 answer all ordinary purposes. The headings are 
 given in alphabetical order and include most of 
 the technical terms in vogue. 
 
 The " backs " are the players who form the 
 first three lines of defense from the goal ; and 
 they consist of the " backs " proper, who are the 
 pla'yers standing nearest the goal line ; the 
 " halfbacks," who stand in front of the " backs," 
 and the " quarter backs," who stand next to the 
 line of rushers. 
 
 BEHIND. 
 
 "Behind" a player means between himself 
 and his own goal line. 
 
 BOUNDS. 
 
 The ball is considered as ou„ of the field di- 
 rect, and out of bounds, when it touches the 
 boundary line on each side between the two 
 goals, and goes into " touch " or out of "bounds." 
 
 There are two catches made in football— viz., 
 a "fair catch," made from a kicked ball, and a 
 catch made from a " thrown " ball, either when 
 in the act of "passing" the ball while in the 
 field, or when it is thrown out from " touch." A 
 fair catch under our college rules can only be 
 made, however, from a place kick, a drop kick, 
 a " throw forward," a " knock on "—that is, bat- 
 ting the ball with the hand — by an opponent, or 
 from a " punt out or on ;" and such catch en- 
 titles the player making it to kick the ball from 
 a " drop " or a " punt," or to " place " the ball, 
 provided the catcher makes a mark with his 
 heel at the spot where he stood when he made 
 the catch ; and also provided no other player of 
 his side touches the ball after the catch has 
 been made. When the ball is thrown out from 
 "touch," however, no fair catch qan be made 
 from it. Under tho Eugby rules a fair catch can 
 be made from a " punt on " as well as a " punt 
 out." No fair catch can be made in " touch," 
 however, from either a punt out or on. 
 
 CHAEGING. 
 
 The act of charging is that of rushing forward 
 to kick the ball, or to " tackle " a player having 
 possession of it. 
 
 CBOSS BAB. 
 
 The cross bar is tho piece of wood which con- 
 nects the two goal posts at the height of ten feet 
 from the ground, and over ^hioh the ball must 
 be kicked to count a goal. 
 
 CAPTAINS. 
 
 Under the Rugby code the captains on each 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 33 
 
 team act as umpires, unless the latter are spe- 
 cially appointed for a match. 
 
 COUNTING TIME. 
 
 Time is to be counted on every delay in the 
 game which is intentional or palpably unnec- 
 essary. 
 
 DEAD BALLS. 
 
 The ball is considered as " dead " — under our 
 college rules — first, when a player holding it 
 cries "down;" secondly, after a "goal" has 
 been scored ; thirdly, after a " touch down " has 
 been made ; fourthly, after a safety touch down 
 has been made ; and fifthly, after a fair catch has 
 been " heeled." In addition, under the Rugby 
 code, the ball is regarded as dead whenever it 
 lies motionless on the ground. Under all rules 
 it is dead when it goes out of bounds into 
 "touch." 
 
 DISQUALIFIED. 
 
 The referee is obliged, under the American 
 rules, to disqualify every player whom he has 
 twice warned for intentional off-side play, or for 
 irk ntional tackling in touch, or for any other 
 flagrant violation of the rules. 
 
 This is the term used to give the fielder hold- 
 ing the ball exclusive possession of it and to 
 free him from being "tackled." Thus, if a 
 player holding the ball or running with it be 
 "tackled," if he fails to cry "down," and does 
 not at once put the ball down when freed from 
 tackling, he can immediately be tackled again, 
 and the ball can be taken from him. 
 
 DRIBBLING. 
 
 "Dribbling" is the act of kicking the ball 
 along the ground, and it is a feature in the 
 Rugby game. 
 
 DROP KICK. 
 
 A " drop kick," or " drop," is made by letting 
 the ball fall from the hands and kicking it the 
 moment it rises from the ground. In other 
 words, it is a bound kick. 
 
 This is a term used in the English Association 
 code, indicative of the goals. Thus "ends," or 
 goals, are only changed at the end of each " half 
 time." 
 
 FIELD OF PLAY. 
 
 The " field of play " is the space of ground 
 bounded by the " touch " lines on each side of 
 the field and the goal lines at each end. 
 
 FORWARDS, 
 
 The " forwards " are the lino of fielders who 
 stand on the rush line facing the players of the 
 opposing side in the center of the field when the 
 game begins. Under the American rules there 
 are but six " forwards " — as they are called here 
 —these forming the front lines of the defence. 
 
 FOULS. 
 
 A " foul " is made whenever an opponent, 
 while offside, interferes with a player trying to 
 
 make a " fair catch ;" or if a player intentionally 
 lays hands on an opponent, or interferes with 
 him when he does not have the ball in his pos- 
 session. Also when he enters a scrimmage 
 from his adversaries' side, or, being in a scrim- 
 mage, gets in front of the ball. The penalty for 
 a foul is a " down " for the other side. 
 
 FREE KICK. 
 
 A " free kick " is a kick at the ball in any way 
 the player kicking at it chooses, provided the 
 ball is lying on the ground. This is peculiar to 
 the English association rules, and is not men- 
 tioned in the American code. 
 
 FULL BACKS. 
 
 The " full backs " are the two players stand- 
 ing nearest tho goal. 
 
 The goals of a football ground are the two 
 posts and the cross bar located at each end of 
 the field. The posts require to be at least twenty 
 feet high, and they are placed eighteen feet six 
 inches apart, with the cross bar joining them at 
 the height of ten feet from the ground. 
 
 A goal can be scored either from a " place 
 kick " or. " punt out" after a touch down has 
 been made ; also by any kick made from the 
 " field direct," except a " punt " or fly kick. A 
 goal counts as equal to six points when obtained 
 from a touch down, but only as five from a field 
 kick ; and in case of a tie in goals scored, a goal 
 kicked from a touch down takes precedence 
 over a goal kicked from the field direct. 
 
 GOAL GROUND. 
 
 The goal ground is that portion of the field 
 lying back of the line of the goal posts, and 
 within the boundary lines of "bounds" or 
 " touch." 
 
 HEELED. 
 
 A ball is said to have been "heeled" when 
 the player catching it has marked the spot 
 where he stands with his heel after catching the 
 ball. 
 
 This brutal custom — the v act of kicking . 
 fielder in the shins — is prohibited in all football 
 rules now, but it used to be a feature of English 
 football play. 
 
 HALF BACKS. 
 
 The "halfbacks" are the three players form- 
 ing the second line of defence out from the 
 goal. 
 
 HALF TIME. 
 
 The "half time" of a match — under our col- 
 lege rules — is forty-five minutes from the kick 
 off, and all delays from accidents, or to con- 
 sult the rules in disputes, are to be deducted 
 and not counted in the time. 
 
 HELD. 
 
 A ball is " held " the moment a player, having 
 been " tackled," has been obliged to say 
 " down." 
 
 IN TOUCH. 
 
 This term is applied to the space of ground 
 on each side of the boundary line of the field 
 
84 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR (7 AMES. 
 
 proper. In other words, the moment the ball 
 goes out of bounds it is in " touch." 
 
 A "kick off" is made only at the commence- 
 ment of each game, after a goal has been made, 
 and at the beginning of each half time. It is 
 made by a " place kick " and from the center of 
 the field. In the second half it is made by the 
 side losing the goal. 
 
 A "kick out" is made whenever the ball is 
 kicked out from any baft of the field within 
 " touch " and back of the twenty-five yard line, 
 and outside of the goal line. The " kick out," 
 can only be made by a bound or " drop kick." 
 If when* kicked out it pitches out of bounds and 
 in " touch," the ball must be brought back, and 
 again kicked out until it pitches within the field. 
 An exception to this latter clause is when it 
 touches the person of an opponent. 
 
 KNOCKING ON. 
 
 To " knock " the ball is to bat it with the hand. 
 The act of " knocking on," is that of batting the 
 ball forward toward your opponents' goal; and 
 whenever the ball is thus knocked on, unless a 
 fair catch be made from it, the ball has to be 
 brought back to the place where the knock was 
 
 MAUL IN GOAL. 
 
 " Mauling " is a peculiar attribute of modern 
 football, and the term of " maul in goal" ap- 
 plies to the act of tackling an opponent in his 
 own goal ground. When the player holding the 
 ball is attacked by fielding opponents while in 
 the field direct, he is there " tackled ;" when he 
 is similarly attacked while in his owti goal 
 ground he is "mauled." A maul in goal oc- 
 curs when both sides are struggling to get pos- 
 session of the ball close to the goal line, and the 
 opposite side endeavor to crowd the party de- 
 fending the goal over the line so as to touch the 
 ball down " in goal." 
 
 Only the player or players who are touching 
 he ball with their hands when it croases the 
 goal line can continue in the maul in goal ; and 
 when a player releases his hold of the ball he 
 cannot again join in the maul. When a player, 
 too, is tackled inside the goal line, only the 
 player who first tackles him on goal- ground 
 can join in the maul, unless two tackle him sim- 
 ultaneously. 
 
 When a player is declared " off s^e" by the 
 referee he is out of the game until placed " on 
 side " again. But no player can be " off side " 
 in his own goal ground. A player becomes " off 
 side" if he enters a scrimmage from his oppo- 
 nent's side ; or, being in a scrimmage, he gets in 
 front of the ball ; or does so when the ball has 
 been kicked, touched, or is being run with by 
 any of his own side between himself and his 
 own goal line. He is, however, at once put " on 
 side" when the ball has been kicked by an oppo- 
 nent, or has touched the person or dress of an op- 
 ponent ; and also when one of his own side runs 
 in front of him, either while having the ball in 
 hand, or after he has kicked it while behind 
 
 him. A player cannot be off side but twice dur- 
 ing a game. 
 
 ON SIDE. 
 
 A player is " on side " at all times when not 
 actually " off side." 
 
 PLACE KICK. 
 
 This is a kick made after the ball is held in 
 position by a fielder while the ball is close to 
 the ground. 
 
 PUNT. 
 
 A " punt " kick is made by letting the ball fall 
 from the hands and kicking it before it touches 
 the ground. It is a kick " on the fly." 
 
 PUNT OUT. 
 
 A " punt out " is made after a " touch down," 
 or after a " touch in goal," by a player from his 
 opponent's goal ground. No opponents can 
 approach within ten feet of the player making 
 the punt out until the ball has been kicked. 
 
 A "punt on " is made when the ball from a 
 " punt out " has been fairly caught. A "punt 
 on," too, can be made from " touch." 
 
 A "poster" is a ball that strikes the goal 
 post and goes either to one side or the other of 
 the post. Under our college rules if the ball 
 touches the post or cross bar on the inside, and 
 afterwards goes between the posts and over the 
 cross bar, it counts as a goal. 
 
 Under the Eugby rules a ball going directly 
 over the goal posts is a " poster," and such can- 
 not count a goal. 
 
 A ball is passed when it is thrown of tossed 
 from one fielder to another on the same side. 
 But it cannot be done unless the ball passed is 
 thrown toward the home goal and not toward 
 that of the opposing side. 
 
 QUARTER BACKS. 
 
 The "quarterback" is the player who first 
 receives the ball from the "snap back" out 
 of a scrimmage. The player who holds the ball 
 in position in a scrimmage with his foot is the 
 " snap back," and the player he snaps the ball 
 back to is the quarter back, who either passes it 
 to a half back or runs with it himself, as he 
 thinks best. 
 
 The "referee" in a match decides all dis- 
 puted points in a match, calls "play" and 
 " time " and he is the sole judge offair and un- 
 fair play— he alone deciding whether players are 
 "off side" or not, and whether a ball has 
 been thrown foul. He is generally appealed to 
 by the captains and umpires. His decision is 
 final. 
 
 A "run in "is made when a player getting 
 possession of the ball runs with it for bis oppo- 
 
T$IE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 nents' goal ground, and so in running he can 
 cross the goal line anywhere. 
 
 Under the Rugby rules a " touch down " made 
 from such a run is not called a "touch down," 
 as in our college rules, but is termed a " run in." 
 
 EUSHEBS. 
 
 This is the title given the "forwards" of a 
 team under our college rules. The "rushers" 
 of an eleven comprise the front line of the at- 
 tacking force, and stand in the center of the 
 field at the " kick off." 
 
 SAFETY TOUCH DOWNS. 
 
 These are'" touch downs " only recognized as 
 points by the American college rules, they not 
 counting in the Rugby rules. A " safety touch 
 down " is made whenever a player, guarding his 
 own goal, receives the ball from a player of his 
 own side, either from its being " passed " to him 
 or from a snap back in a scrimmage, or from a 
 kick, and afterward deems it advisable to touch 
 it down in his own goal. But if the ball be 
 kicked over the goal line by an opponent and he 
 then touch it down, no safety touch is charged. 
 But should he carry the ball over his own goal 
 line and touch it down it is a safety touch down. 
 These sa/ety touch downs, in the American 
 code, count two points each, and when no other 
 points are scored the game is decided by the 
 acore of safety touch downs in the score of a 
 match. 
 
 SCRIMMAGE. 
 
 The " scrimmage," or " scrummage "—as the 
 Rugby rules have it— is a slang word which cus- 
 tom has applied as a technical term descriptive 
 of the crowding of the players together in a foot- 
 ball match when a scuffle or struggle for pos- 
 session of the ball ensues. Under our college 
 rules a scrimmage occurs when a player of the 
 side holding the ball in the field of play puts 
 the ball down on the ground, and places his 
 foot upon it in readiness to kick it back— called 
 " snapping " it— to the player behind him — the 
 " quarter back ;" and the moment he does this 
 the ball becomes into play. Under the Rugby 
 code, however, a " scrummage " occurs when 
 the player holding the ball while in the field of 
 play puts it down on the ground in front of him, 
 \ when all the players on each side close around 
 him and strive to "dribble" or kick the ball 
 from out of the crowd. A "scrimmage" or 
 "scrummage "can only occur in the field of 
 > play, and neither out of bounds or in " touch," 
 or back of the goal line, or in " touch in goal." 
 
 SNAP BACK. 
 
 The " snap back " is the player designated to 
 kick the ball back out of a scrimmage. The posi- 
 tion is not recognized in the Rugby rules, as 
 finder the code all the.players in a " scrimmage " 
 ire temporary snap backs. 
 
 The rule governing the score of a game in the 
 
 merican college code provides that six points 
 
 ^11 be scored for a goal obtained by a touch 
 
 vn ; five points for a goal a from a field 
 
 ; four points for a touch down not yielding 
 
 lal ; and two points for a safety touch down. 
 
 TACKLING. 
 
 " Tackling " in football is the act of wrestling 
 with a player for the possession of the ball. A 
 player "tackling" an opponent can grasp him 
 round the .waist, but not below the hips ; but ho 
 cannot trip him up or kick at him. Under the 
 Rugby rules, however, tackling below the waist 
 is allowed. 
 
 TAKING OUT TIME. 
 
 The referee is required to deduct all time in a 
 match which is lost by unnecessary delays. 
 
 TEAMS. 
 
 A team in football comprises eleven men 
 under the American code and fifteen under the 
 English rules. This is exclusive of the umpire 
 or "judges." 
 
 THEOWING. 
 
 Throwing the ball from one player to another 
 is allowed in football under certain restrictions. 
 
 TOUCH DOWN. 
 
 A player makes a "touch down"— under our 
 college rules— whenever he puts the ball down 
 while it is in his opponents' goal ground; or if 
 the ball be back of the goal line and he has his 
 hand on it and has stopped it so that it remains 
 dead. But no touch down can be scored from 
 "touch" or "touch in goal" — that is, either 
 from a ball going out of bounds or within the 
 corner space known as " touch in goal." Under 
 the Rugby rules a touch down can be made by 
 putting the bail down in "touch in goal" 
 ground. Such touch down yielding a " try at 
 goal." 
 
 TOUCH IN GOAL. 
 
 " Touch in goal" is the name given the space 
 of ground located at each corner of the goal end 
 of the field, and it begins at the line of " touch " 
 which divides it from the goal ground, and is 
 also bounded by the goal line itself. 
 
 Tripping an adversary up is foul play under 
 all the recognized codes of rules governing foot- 
 ball. 
 
 TEY AT GOAL. 
 
 After a " touch down " has been made, the 
 side making it is entitled to a " try at goal " — 
 that is, the ball is placed near the ground and a 
 player is assigned to kick it between the goal 
 posts. Under the Rugby code of rules " try at 
 goal " counts in the score when goals are not 
 otherwise kicked. After a touch down— under 
 our college rules— a try at goal can be made 
 either from a "place kick" or from a "punt 
 out"— viz., a fly kick. 
 
 Each eleven in a match is entitled to an um- 
 pire or special advocate to plead the side's inter- 
 ests before the referee. Such umpire acts also 
 as a field director in the ma>ch, just as a field 
 captain does in lacrosse. 
 
 The official code of rules of the Inter-Col- 
 legiato Association are to be had on application 
 to Mr. Walter C. Camp, the Superintendent of 
 Athletics at Yale College, New Haven. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 ^.Jtie appended diagram shows bow the op- played under the university rules of Harvard, 
 posing teams " line up " in an American game I Yale, and Princeton : 
 
 Left End. O 
 
 Left Half Back. O Left Tackle. O 
 
 Left Guard. O 
 
 Full Back. O Quarter Back. O Center. O 
 
 Right Guard. O 
 
 r Right Half Back. O Right Tackle. O 
 
 Right End. O 
 
 O Right End. 
 
 O Right Tackle. o Right Half Back. 
 
 O Right Guard. 
 
 O Center. O Quarter Back. o Full Back, 
 
 O Left Guard. 
 
 O Left Tackle. o Left Half Back. 
 
 O Left End. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 37 
 
 HANDBALL. 
 
 The old English game of Fives, known in Ire- 
 land and America as handball, has become very 
 popular in this country of late years. While it 
 is best played in an enclosed court built for 
 the purpose, it is nevertheless an open air 
 game, as it can be readily played — though 
 under rather disadvantageous circumstances — 
 with the side of a brick houses or wall, and a 
 smooth piece of ground adjoining as the open 
 court. But in a regular handball court, like 
 the model court of the Brooklyn Handball Club, 
 of which the world's champion player, Phil 
 Casey, is proprietor, the game is a scientific one, 
 affording a fine held for the most skillful 
 strategy, while the utmost agility, power of en- 
 durance, nerve, pluck and determination are re- 
 quired in an expert exemplar of the game. 
 With the regulation handball tough hands are 
 required to act as bats iu the game, and novices 
 would do well to wear leather gloves at first. 
 But the game can be played to advantage, 
 simply as a recreative exercise, with a soft rub- 
 ber ball. It is an admirable game for the 
 training of ball players, as it exercises the 
 hand and the eye, as also the very mus- 
 cles which are brought into play in baseball and 
 cricket. Here is the code of rules governing 
 the regular game. 
 
 1. A game of handball shall consist of 
 twenty-one aces, to be played with a ball not 
 more than ten inches in diameter. 
 
 2. A game to be played by two persons shall 
 be called a single-handed game; by four persons, 
 a double game. 
 
 3. When a match is made, be it double or 
 single, the players (after entering the court) 
 shall toss for the first hand, the winner to have 
 one hand only in the first inning. 
 
 4. The winner of the toss shall stand iuside 
 the line, called the ace line (which is supposed 
 to be in the center of the court), and he must 
 bound the ball on the floor, striking it with his 
 hand against the front wall, and he shall 
 serve it to the player or players behind the ace 
 line. 
 
 5. The striker failing to strike the ball over 
 the ace line three times in succession is a hand 
 out. 
 
 6. If the striker, when serving the ball, 
 strikes either side wall before striking the 
 front wall, it is a hand out. 
 
 7. If the striker or his partner stops the 
 ball intentionally before it bounds, after leaving 
 the front wall, it is a hand out. 
 
 8. If the striker or his partner stops the ball 
 intentionally while on its way to the front wall, 
 it is a hand out. 
 
 9. If a ball struck by the player should strike 
 the striker or his partner, it is a " hinder," and 
 it shall be played over again. 
 
 10. When a ball is served short to the player 
 he has the privilege of striking it with his hand 
 or foot ; if struck with the foot and vfc fails to go on 
 the front wall, it does not score for the striker ; if 
 struck with the hand, and it fails to strike the 
 front wall, it is an ace for the striker. 
 
 11. A ball that is served short to the player, 
 and he strikes it with his foot upon the front 
 wall, the striker, after returning it on the wall, 
 has the privilege of preventing the player from 
 striking it again. 
 
 12. If a ball is struck with the foot, and as- 
 sisted by the hand to the front wall, it is foul. 
 
 13. When a player is about to strike the ball, 
 and his opponent jostles him or gets in his way 
 intentionally, it is an ace or a hand out. 
 
 li. When a ball is served to the player he 
 shall strike it on the fly or first bound ; failing 
 to do so counts an ace for the striker. 
 
 15. In a match for a prize, the contestants 
 are allowed one minute for refreshments at the 
 expiration of each game before commencing 
 another. The one failing to respond to the call 
 of time loses the match. 
 
 16. In a double match the striker's partner 
 shall stand with his back against either side of 
 the wall inside of the ace line until the ball 
 leaves the front wall ; failing to do so is foul. 
 
 17. If a ball served to the player goes over 
 the back board or strikes the gallery before 
 bounding on the floor, it is foul. 
 
 18. The striker shall call time before serving 
 the ball, and shall not serve the ball before the 
 player or players are outside of the ace line. 
 
 19. In all cases when a ball is taken foul and 
 the players play it or not, it shall be decided as 
 a foul ball. 
 
 20. In striking the ball the player shall not 
 touch the ball with any part of his person other 
 than the hand or foot, under forfeit of an ace or 
 hand out. 
 
 21. If a striker, in serving the ball, strikes 
 himself or his partner with the ball, and it goes 
 over the ace line, it is at the option of the player 
 whether he plays to it or not, as it can be called 
 a hinder. 
 
 22. In case there are only boundary lines 
 drawn, and no side walls, if the ball after strik- 
 ing the front wail rebounds outside the side 
 boundary line, such ball is foul, and not to be 
 played to. 
 
 23. All disputed balls shall be decided by a 
 referee chosen by the players, whose decision 
 in all cases shall be final. 
 
38 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 LAWN TENNIS. 
 
 The most simple field game of ball in vogue is 
 unquestionably lawn tennis. In theory it is as 
 easy to learn as one's A B G, a child of ten years 
 of age being able to comprehend it ; and yet, in 
 playing the game up to the highest mark, it re- 
 quires not only considerable powers of physical 
 endurance, with great agility of movement, but 
 it also affords ample opportunities for skillful 
 strategic play, requiring considerable headwork 
 to excel in it. But its chief attraction lies in the 
 fact that it is a game both sexes can engage in 
 with healthful and enjoyable results, as also the 
 youngest class of boys, as well as adults. Then, 
 too, the fact that it can be played on any kind of 
 lawn or any park common also commends it to 
 popular favor. But, of course, to play the game 
 as it should be played, finely constructed lawn 
 courts are essential for a full development of 
 the science of the game. 
 
 There may be said to be two codes of rules 
 governing the playing of lawn tennis, the one 
 code being that applicable to the popular 
 method of play, in which the contestants go in 
 chiefly for open air recreative exercise ; 
 
 for the use of the juniors, and the class of 
 votaries of tennis who crowd the park commons 
 on summer outing occasions. 
 
 In regard to tennis courts or fields there are 
 two kinds which are in general uye, viz., the 
 clay surface courts and the turf field courts. For 
 ordinary purposes the clay courts suffice ; the 
 turf field requires costly attention to keep the 
 surface of the field level, and the grass well cut 
 and rolled. One can, of course, play lawn tennis 
 on just such poor fields as the commons at Cen- 
 tral Park, New York ; Prospect Park, Brooklyn ; 
 Fairinount Park, Philadelphia, or the new Sub- 
 urban Park at Boston afford ; but that only ad- 
 mits of the game being played for mere recre- 
 ative exercise, and not for the scientific attrac- 
 tions it presents. 
 
 THE TENNIS COURT. 
 
 The courts for tennis are of two kinds, the one 
 for two-handed games and the one for sides of 
 four each, as follows : 
 
 The rules governing the dimensions for the 
 single game court are appended. 
 
 78 
 B 
 
 G N 
 
 L E 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 F I 
 
 I 
 
 ] 
 
 I D 
 
 39 
 
 while the other code is that governing the con- 
 tests for the championship ol the National 
 Tennis Association, such as occur annually at 
 Newport, B. I., and other like centers of the 
 game. The latter code is not within the scope 
 of this chapter on tennis, which is designed more 
 
 1. The court is 78 feef long and 27 feet wide. 
 It is divided across the middle by a net, the 
 ends of which are attached to two posts, A and 
 B, standing three feet outside of the court on 
 either side. The height of the net is three feet 
 six inches at the posts, and three feet in the 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 89 
 
 middle. At each end of the court, parallel ivith 
 the net, and 39 feet from it, are drawn the base 
 lines D E and F G, the ends of which are con- 
 nected by the side lines D F and E G. Half way 
 between the side lines, and parallel with them, 
 is drawn the half court lines I H, dividing the 
 space on each side of the net into two equal 
 parts, the right and the left courts. On each 
 side of the net, at a distance of 21 feet from it, 
 and parallel with it, are drawn the service lints 
 KLandMN. 
 
 The rules applicable to the lines of the double 
 cl. re follows : 
 
 of the net; the player who first delivers the ball 
 shall be called tho server, and the .other the 
 striker-out. 
 
 5. At the end of the first game the striker- 
 out shall become server, and the server shall 
 become striker-out ; and so on alternately in all 
 the subsequent games of the set, or series of 
 sets. 
 
 6. The server shall serve with one foot on 
 the ground immediately behind the base line. 
 The other foot may be anywhere except touch- 
 ing the base line on the ground within the court. 
 He shall deliver the service from the right to 
 
 < 
 
 
 i 1-2 feet. 
 
 For Singles. 
 
 27 feet. 
 
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 33 
 
 
 
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 THE PLAYING RULES FOR 1893. 
 
 The first two rules of the game apply to the 
 formation of the lines of the single-handed 
 game court. The remaining rules are as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 3. The choice of sides, and the right to serve 
 in the first game shall be decided by toss ; pro- 
 vided that, if the winner of the toss chooso the 
 right to serve, the other player shall have choice 
 of sides, and vice versa. If one player 
 choose the court, the other may elect not to 
 86i /e. 
 
 i. The players shall stand on. opposite sides 
 
 the left courts, alternately ; beginning from the 
 right. 
 
 7. The ball served must drop- between the 
 service line, half court line, and side line of the 
 court, diagonally opposite to that from which it 
 was served. 
 
 8. It is a fault, if the server fail to strike the 
 ball, or if the ball served drop in the net, or be- 
 yond the service line, or out of court, or in the 
 wrong court ; or if the server do not stand as di- 
 rected by law 6. 
 
 9. A ball falling on a line is regarded as fall- 
 ing in the court bounded by that line. 
 
 10. A fault cannot be taken. 
 
40 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 11. After a fault the server shall servo again 
 from the same court irom which he served that 
 fault, unless it was a fault because he served 
 from the wrong court. 
 
 12. A fault cannot he claimed after the next 
 service is delivered. 
 
 13. The server shall not serve till the strikor- 
 out is ready. If the latter attempt to return the 
 service he shall be deemed ready. 
 
 14. A service or fault delivered when the 
 striker-out is not ready counts for nothing. 
 
 15. The service shall not be volleyed, i. e., 
 taken, before it has touched the ground. 
 
 16. A ball is in play on leaving the server's 
 racket, except as provided for in law 8. 
 
 17. It is a good return, although the ball 
 touch the net ; but a service, otherwise good, 
 which touches the net, shall count for nothing. 
 
 18. The server wins a stroke if the striker-out 
 volley the service, or if he fail to return the ser- 
 vice or the ball in play ; or if he return the ser- 
 vice or the ball in play so that it drops outside 
 of his opponent's court ; or if ho otherwise lose a 
 stroke, as provided by law 20. 
 
 19. The striker-out wins a stroke if the server 
 serve two consecutive faults ; or if he fail to re- 
 turn the ball in play ; or if he return the ball in 
 play so that it drops outside of his opponent's 
 court ; or if he otherwise lose a stroke, as pro- 
 vided by law 20. 
 
 20. Either player loses a stroke if the ball 
 touch him or anything that he wears or carries, 
 excepthis racket in the act of striking ; or if he 
 touch the ball with his racket more than once ; 
 or if he touch the not or any of its supports 
 while the ball is in play ; or if he volley the 
 ball before it has passed the net. 
 
 21. In case a player is obstructed by any ac- 
 cident, not within his control, the ball shall be 
 considered a " let," but where a permanent 
 fixture of the court is the cause of the accident 
 the point shall be counted. The benches and 
 chairs placed around the court shall be consid- 
 ered permanent fixtures. 'If, however, a ball in 
 play strikes a permanent fixture of the court, 
 (other than the net or posts) before it touches 
 the ground, the point is lost ; if after it has 
 touched the ground, the point shall bo counted. 
 
 22. On either player winning his first stroke, 
 the score is called 15 for that player ; on either 
 player winning his second stroke, the score is 
 called 30 for that player ; on either player win- 
 ning his third stroke, the score is called 40 for 
 that player ; and the fourth stroke won by either 
 player is scored game for that player, except as 
 below. If both players have won three strokes, 
 the score is called deuce ; and the next stroke 
 won by either player is scored advantage for 
 that player. If the same player wins the next 
 stroke, he wins the game ; if he loses the next 
 stroke the score returns to deuce ; and so on 
 until one player wins the two strokes immedi- 
 ately following the score of deuce, when the 
 game is scored for that player. 
 
 23. The player who first wins six games wins 
 the set, except as below. If both players win 
 five games the score is called games all; and the 
 next game won by either player is called ad- 
 vantage game for that player. If the same 
 player wins the next game, he wins the set ; if 
 he loses the next game, the score returns to 
 games all ; and so on, until either player wins the 
 two games immediately following the score of 
 
 games all, when he wins the set. But the com- 
 mittee having charge of any tournament may in 
 their discretion modify this rule by the omis- 
 sion of advantage sets. 
 
 24. The players shall change sides at the end 
 of every set, but the umpire, on appeal from 
 either player before the toss for choice, shall di- 
 rect the players to change sides at the first, 
 third, fifth, and every succeeding alternate 
 game of each set, if in his opinion either side 
 have a distinct advantage, owing to the sun, 
 wind or other cause ; but if the appeal be made 
 after the toss for choice, the umpire can only 
 direct the players to change sides at the 
 end of the first, third, fifth and every suc- 
 ceeding alternate game of tho odd or deciding 
 set. If the players change courts in the altern- 
 ate games throughout the match as above, they 
 shall play in the first game of each set after the 
 first in the corner in which they respectively did 
 not play in the first game of the set immedi- 
 ately preceding. 
 
 25. When a series of sets is played, the 
 player who served in the last game of one set 
 shall be striker-out in the first game of the 
 next. 
 
 26. In all contests the play shall be continu- 
 ous from the first service until the match be 
 concluded, provided, however, that between all 
 sets after the second set, either player is en- 
 titled to a rest, which shall not exceed seven 
 minutes, and provided further that in case of an 
 unavoidable accident, not within the control of 
 the contestants, a cessation of play, which shall 
 not exceed two minutes, maybe allowed between 
 points, but this proviso shall be strictly con- 
 strued, and the privilege never granted for the 
 purpose of allowing a player to recover his 
 strength or wind. 
 
 The umpire in his discretion may at any time 
 postpone the match on account of darkness or 
 condition of the ground or weather. In any 
 case of postponement the previous score shall 
 hold good. Where the play has ceased for more 
 than an hour, the player who" at the cessation 
 thereof was in the court first chosen, shall have 
 the choice of courts on the recommencement of 
 play. He shall stay in the court he chooses for 
 the remainder of the set. 
 
 The last two sentences of this rule do not ap- 
 ply when the players change every alternate 
 game as provided by Eule-24. 
 
 27. The above laws shall apply to the three- 
 handed and four-handed games, except as be- 
 low : 
 
 28. For the three-handed and four-handed 
 games the court shall be 36 feet in width, 4 1-2 
 feetinsjide the side lines, and parallel with them 
 are d?awn the service side lines. The service 
 lines are not drawn beyond the point at which 
 they meet the service side lines. 
 
 29. For the three-handed game the single 
 player shall serve in every alternate game. 
 
 30. In the four-handed game, the pair who 
 have the right to serve in the first game shall 
 decide which partner shall do so ; and the op- 
 posing pair shall decide in like manner for the 
 second game. The partner of the player who 
 served in the first game shall serve in the third, 
 and the partner of the player who served in the 
 second game shall serve in the fourth, and the 
 same order shall be maintained in all the subse- 
 quent games of the set. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 41 
 
 31. At the beginning of the next set either 
 partner of the pair which struck out in the last 
 game of the last set may serve ; and the same 
 privilege is given to their opponents in second 
 game of the new set. 
 
 32. The players shall take the service alter- 
 nately throughout the game ; a player cannot 
 receive a service delivered to his partner; and 
 the orfler of service and striking out once estab- 
 lished shall not be altered, nor shall the striker- 
 out change courts to receive the sorvice till the 
 end of the set. 
 
 33. If a player serve out of his turn, the um- 
 pire, as soon as the mistake is discovered, shall 
 direct the player to serve who ought to have 
 served. But all strokes scored before such dis- 
 covery shall be counted. If a game shall have 
 been completed before such discovery, then the 
 service in the next alternate game shall be de- 
 livered by the player who did not serve out of 
 his turn, and so on in regular rotation. 
 
 34. It is a fault if the bail served does not 
 drop between the service line, half-court line 
 and service side line of the court, diagonally op- 
 posite to that from which it was served. 
 
 35. It is a fa'alt if the ball served does not 
 drop as provided in law 33, or if it touches the 
 server's partner or anything he wears or car- 
 ries. 
 
 36. There shall be a referee for every tourna- 
 ment, whose name shall be stated in the circu- 
 lar announcing such tournament. He shall 
 have general charge of the matches under the 
 
 instructions and advice of the managing com- 
 mittee, with such power and authority as may 
 be given him by these rules and by said com- 
 mittee. He shall notify tho committee in case 
 he intends to leave the grounds during the 
 matches, and the committee shall appoint a 
 substitute to act, with like powers during his 
 absence. There shall be an umpire for each 
 match, and as many linesmen as the players de- 
 sire. The umpire may act as linesman also. 
 The umpire shall have general charge of the 
 match and shall decide upon and call sets, and 
 also decide whether the player took the ball 
 on the first or second bounce. The umpire 
 shall also decide any question or interpretation 
 or construction of the rules that may arise. The 
 decision of the umpire upon any question of 
 fact, or where a discretion is allowed to him 
 under these rules, shall be final. Any player, 
 however, may protest against any iuterpretation 
 or construction of the rules by the umpire, and 
 appeal to the referee. The decision of the 
 referee upon such appeal should be finai. 
 
 The court shall be divided between the lines- 
 men, and it shall be their only duty to decide, 
 each for his share of the court, where the ball 
 touched the ground, except, however, the lines- 
 men for the base lines, who shall also call foot 
 faults. The linesmen's decision shall be final. 
 If a lineman is unable to give a decision because 
 he did not see or is uncertain of the fact, the 
 umpire shall decide or direct the stroke to be 
 played again. 
 
42 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 CROQUET. 
 
 The once extremely popular lawn game of 
 croquet, which of late years has been crowded 
 out by lawn tennis, has within the past year or 
 two come into favor again with those of our 
 young people of both sexes who find tennis 
 rather more active for them than they wish. 
 The ordinary game of croquet is very easily 
 played, and it is not costly in its material, while 
 any ordinary piece of level turf will suffice for a 
 croquet field. But what is known as the " scien- 
 tific game" is a very different kind of sport, and 
 one affording an ample field for the most skill- 
 ful strategy, as well as thorough command of 
 the mallet in driving the ball. In fact, this 
 style of croquet may be regarded as a lawn game 
 of billiards, as far as its strategic points of play 
 are concerned. 
 
 To play the ordinary picnic ground game of 
 croquet, all that is required is a common set 
 of mallets, balls, hoops, pegs, etc., and a level 
 space of turf about fifty feet wide by seventy 
 feet long. Each player of each side in the game 
 takes a mallet and one or more balls. The play- 
 ers are divided into two sides and play in rota- 
 tion, each one being followed by one on the 
 opposite side. The player, when his turn comes 
 round, strikes his ball once. If he makes a 
 point, he strikes it again ; if his ball hit or 
 "roquet" another, he places it in contact with 
 the latter, and strikes his own ball so as to move 
 them both— this is called "taking croquet." He 
 can strike his own ball again after taking cro- 
 quet. 
 
 The object of the game is to make all the 
 points (the hoops and pegs) in proper order, and 
 that side wins which first does so with all its 
 balls. Thus it is not only the object of each side 
 to make the points itself, but also to prevent the 
 opposite side progressing. The game may be 
 played with six or eight balls, by a like number of 
 players ; but this number makes the game much 
 too long, the best plan being to use only four 
 balls, either with four players or with two players, 
 each of whom takes two balls. The latter is the 
 most general, and affords by far the best game. 
 If more than four players want to play, it is bet- 
 ter to make two sets of four, one beginning at 
 each end, than to make one game of eight. The 
 materials of the game are the hoops, the pegs, 
 the balls, the chips, and the mallets. The latter 
 are the most important part of the croquet set 
 next to the balls. The technical terms used in 
 the game include the following : 
 
 To roquet (pronounced rokay). To hit with 
 one's own ball any other ball for the first time 
 in the turn, or for the first time after making a 
 point. The player is entitled to croquet the ball 
 he roquets. 
 
 To croquet (pronounced crokay). To croquet, 
 or take croquet, the player places his own ball 
 in contact with the one' he has just roqueted, 
 and then strikes his own ball with his mallet. 
 
 In play.— In hand. When a player strikes his 
 ball at the beginning of the game it is "in play." 
 When he has made a roquet with it, it is "in 
 hand" until croquet is taken. After the croquet 
 it is " in play" till the next roquet is made. 
 
 Striker. The player who is in the act of play- 
 ing, or has the right to play. 
 
 Player or next player. The adversary's ball 
 which is next to play. 
 
 Bead ball. The adversary's ball which has just 
 been played. 
 
 Object ball. The ball at which you aim your 
 own, or off which you take croquet. 
 
 Break. The play by which a number of points 
 are made in the same turn. Thus, if three 
 points are run in proper order, it is a break of 
 three points. 
 
 Boner. A ball that has made all the points ex- 
 cept the winning peg. 
 
 Out andin, The player who has the command 
 of the balls is said to be "in," or to " have the 
 break." while the other side is " out." 
 
 Wiring. When a ball is so placed that a hoop 
 or peg lies directly between it and another ball, 
 it is said to be " wired" for the latter. 
 
 In regard to the rules of the game, it may bo 
 said that there is only one regular code in use, 
 and that applies to the playing of the scientific 
 game played under the rules of the American 
 National Croquet Association, which holds its 
 annual tourneys on the model asphalt court of 
 the Norwich (Ooim.) club. For the ordinary 
 game there are two sets of rules, one applicable 
 to "loose croquet" and the other to "tight 
 croquet." The latter game has superseded the 
 former, and we give below the latest code gov- 
 erning the method of play known as loose cro- 
 quet. The best setting for the hoops is that 
 shown in the diagram on the opposite page. The 
 starting spot is one foot from the first hoop. The 
 distances are : The pegs in center line of ground 
 one-fifth of the length of the ground from top 
 and bottom boundaries ; the corner hoops the 
 same, ancKabout one-fourth of the width of the 
 ground from pegs ; the other hoops up center 
 line of ground, one-fifth of the length of the 
 ground. 
 
 , It may perhaps be useful to those whojbave 
 small grounds to give the proportions be'tween 
 the size of the ground and the distances between 
 the hoops in setting No. 3 : Pegs in center line 
 of ground, one-fifth of the length of the ground 
 from top and bottom boundaries. Corner hoops 
 the same, and about one-fourth of the width of 
 the ground from pegs. Hoops up center line of 
 ground, one-fifth of the length of the ground 
 from pegs and each other. 
 
 The recognized method of naming the hoops 
 is by threes, as shown in the diagram, thus : 
 first "hoop, second hoop, third hoop, hoops three 
 to peg, two to peg, one to peg, etc. 
 
 The number of points to be made by each ball 
 in this setting is fourteen. The winning peg is 
 always included in the number. 
 
 RULES OF THE GAME. 
 
 1. The mallets may be of such size and shape 
 as may suit the tastes of the players. 
 
 2. At the beginning of a game the player must 
 place his ball on a straight line equidistant 
 from the starting post and the middle of the 
 first arch. 
 
 3. The ball must be struck, and not pushed, 
 and always with the face of the mallet. 
 
 4.. The balls are to be played in the order of, 
 starting. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 43 
 
 5. If a player play out"bf his turn be loses bis 
 next turn ; "but if not discovered until be lias 
 made the second stroke, he will be entitled to 
 finish his run. 
 
 6. If the player play with the wrong ball, or 
 make a roquet with the wrong ball, he must re- 
 place the ball or balls and lose his turn. 
 
 7. If a ball fails to make the first arch, it is in 
 the game, but it cannot roquet another ball un- 
 til it has passed through the first arch. A ball 
 may by one stroke be driven through more than 
 one arch. A ball is not through an arch if a 
 straight edge when laid across the two sides of 
 an arch from whence the ball came, touches the 
 ball without moving the arch. If a roquetted 
 
 play of the roquetting ball is finished at the 
 place of contact with the roquetted ball (pro- 
 vided a ricochet is not made), and should the 
 ball, before stopping, make an arch or hit a 
 stake, it cannot bo counted. A ball may roquet 
 or croquet another ball through an arch or 
 against a post, which will be counted. 
 
 13. In a ricochet, if the ball makes an inter- 
 mediate arch or turning post, the arch or turn- 
 ing post will be counted. In a ricochet the balls 
 must be croquetted in the order in which they 
 were roquetted, before proceeding with another 
 stroke. 
 
 14. When a ball is croquetted, if it hit another, 
 the ball so hit must be replaced. 
 
 ball stops so that any part of the roquetting ball 
 is placed within the arch that it is for, in making 
 the croquet, the roquetting ball must return out 
 of the arch before it can pass through. 
 
 8. A ball after passing through an arch or 
 arcbes, or hitting the turning post by one stroke, 
 is entitled to another stroke. 
 
 "9. If a ball after passing through an arch, or 
 hitting the turning post, roquets another ball, it 
 must croquet that ball, after which it is dead on 
 that ball, and has no right to roquet it again 
 until after another arch or the turning post is 
 made. 
 
 When a ball roquets another ball, it must cro- 
 quet it before proceeding with another stroke, 
 to which it is then entitled. A croquet cannot 
 be waived. 
 
 10. A stroke counts if the ball is moved. 
 
 11. A croquet is made if the croquetted ball 
 is moved. 
 
 12. When a ball roquets another ball, the 
 
 15. When a ball, in croquetting, escapes from 
 the hand or foot, if it hit another ball, the ball 
 so hit and the croquetting ball, whether it hit or 
 not, must be replaced, when the player is en- 
 titled to proceed with another stroke." 
 
 16. A ball is entitled to play upon a ball, upon 
 which it is dead, for the purpose of roquetting 
 another ball, or making an at'ch or post, but the 
 ball upon which it was dead, so hit, must be re- 
 placed before iDroceeding with another stroke. 
 A ball is entitled to carrom from an arch or post 
 in making a roquet arch or post. 
 
 17. When a stroke is made, and the ball or 
 balls pass outside the boundary line and hit the 
 boundary rail of the ground, the atroke is finished 
 at the point of contact with the bouudary rail, 
 and if the ball or balls, before stopping, return 
 within the boundary line and hit another ball 
 or make an arch, or hit a post, it will not be 
 counted, but the balls will remain as they are. 
 
 18. When a ball is struck or driven outside 
 
u 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 the boundary line, it must be placed just within 
 the boundary lino, at a|right angle from the boun- 
 dary rail, and in case of a roquet, the roquetted 
 ball must be placed at a sufficient distance 
 within the boundary line to allow the cro- 
 quetting ball to be placed just within the 
 boundary line, before proceding with the cro- 
 quet. 
 
 19. When a stroke is made and the ball passes 
 outside the boundary line and stops at a right 
 angle behind another ball, just within the boun- 
 dary line, the player has the option of placing 
 his ball on either side of the other ball, at a dis- 
 tance of the diameter of a ball. When balls are 
 replaced within the boundary line, they must be 
 placed at a distance of a diameter of a ball from 
 each other. 
 
 20. When a stroke is made by a ball outside 
 of the boundary line, or a roquet is made upon 
 a ball outside of the boundary line, the play will 
 thereupon cease, and the player will lose his 
 turn. Should a player croquet a ball and then 
 make an arch and hit the croquetted ball within 
 the boundary line before the croquetted ball has 
 stopped, the" play will cease, and the player will 
 be debarred from making another stroke in that 
 inning. 
 
 21. A player playing upon a ball upon which 
 
 he is dead (except as hereinbefore provided) 
 will lose his turn and play, and the ball so hit 
 must be replaced. If such play is not discovered 
 until after the second stroke is made, the player 
 will continue his run, and the balls will remain 
 as they are at the close of the run. 
 
 22. A rover cannot be put out by an opponent's 
 ball, or by a ball that is not a rover. To put a 
 rover out of the game, the rover must hrt the 
 starting post, or be roquetted or croquetted 
 against it by a partner's rover ball. 
 
 23. It a rover roquets a partner's rover ball 
 against the starting post, the ball so roquetted 
 is out of the game and must be removed, and 
 the roquetting rover must make his next stroke 
 from where his ball stops, or where it is brought 
 inside the boundary line. 
 
 24. Previous to making a stroke the ball must 
 not be displaced by picking it up or intention- 
 ally moving it. After a roquet is made, the ro- 
 quetted ball, if within the boundary line, must 
 not be displaced by picking it up or intention- 
 ally moving it in making the croquet. A person 
 offending against this rule will lose his succeed- 
 ing play. 
 
 25. The game is finished and won by the 
 rover's side who first succeeded in hitting the 
 starting post. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 
 
 45 
 
 ARCHERY. 
 
 This field sport is admirably adapted for the 
 class of youths who find the ordinary field 
 games too active for them, as it ia sufficiently 
 recreative in its character to be interesting, and 
 is greatly invigorating as an out-door exercise, 
 giving active play to the muscles of the arms 
 and chests, and involving considerable walking 
 to and fro from the butts. It is rather an ex- 
 pensive sport for youths, however, as the para- 
 phernalia of an archer's outfit is costly — that is, 
 if he desires to excel in the art, and thereby 
 possesses himself of the best materials. A per- 
 fectly finished yew or snakewood bow, with its 
 complement of model arrows, walks into a fifty 
 dollar bill in a very destructive manner ; and 
 when the demand for three bows and three sets 
 of arrows — one each for long range shooting, 
 for short range, and for common practice — is 
 satisfied, and the necessary appliances are 
 added, but little will be left of a bill of twice 
 that amount. Archery club expenses, too, are 
 no small item. In fact, the sport is for people 
 of means and leisure, and it therefore can but 
 attain only a certain degree of popularity, and 
 chiefly in the large and wealthy cities of the 
 country. 
 
 Standing in front of a circular target thirty 
 yards distant and watching the movements of a 
 praticed archer as he grasps his bow, places an 
 arrow in position, and then with comparative 
 ease, sends it flying into the center of the 
 " gold," the whole movement, with its final re- 
 sult, looks so simple, so easy of attainment, that 
 a casual observer would be apt to think the 
 sport rather too much of boys' play for men to 
 engage in. But when the novice tries his hand 
 at this apparently simple act, and realizes by 
 practical experiment what difficulties beset him, 
 and what a number of things he has to learn to 
 do before he himself can hit any part of the 
 target at all, his respect for the sport is very 
 apt to increase in the ratio of the obstacles he 
 meets with in the test of its merits. "It looks 
 so easy, you know." But it isn't easy at all. On 
 the contrary, it gives a man of brains some- 
 thing to reflect upon, something to study up, 
 and to analyze as to cause and effect ; and with 
 this naturally comes hearty respect for the art, 
 and also a love of it for the excitement it yields. 
 Any novice in archery will tell you what a thrill 
 
 of pleasure he feels when, after weeks of disap- 
 pointing practice, blunders in handling the 
 bow, in "nocking" his arrows, of getting into 
 "bad form," in taking up his position to 
 shoot, and experiencing all the little shocks to 
 one's amour-propre which a novice is heir to — 
 when, after all this, he strikes " good form," 
 and sees his arrow enter the magic circle of the 
 gold, and that not by chance, but by the skill 
 which his mastery of the art yields, his excla- 
 mation is, "By Jove, I did not think there was 
 so much in it !" and this is the idea which every 
 learner naturally expresses when he has once 
 passed the outer works of the citadel of archery. 
 Well has the best American writer on archery 
 expressed it in the title he gave his admirable 
 work, " The Witchery of Archery." 
 
 To aim with a bow is very different from aim- 
 ing with a gun or a rifle. In the one case you 
 shoulder your rifle, and running your line of 
 Bight along the barrel, you literally take delib- 
 erate aim. In doing this, the steadier your 
 nerve the truer your aim ; but " the mind intent " 
 has little, comparatively, to do with it. It is a 
 combination of keen sight, steady nerve, and 
 straight aim. But with the bow it is different. 
 Here the mental work to be done is everything. 
 In archery the word aim, in the familiar sense of 
 the word as applied to a rifle, is inapplicable. 
 Experience teaches the practiced archer to aim 
 with his mind, as it were. You intuitively feel 
 that you have your bow in the right position to 
 send the arrow flying to the center of the tar- 
 get. Moreover, you look solely at the "gold" 
 center of the target in shooting with a bow, 
 and never at your bow or the arrow, as it lies 
 on your hand with the bow arched ready for 
 the final " loose." It is this feeling your aim, in- 
 stead of seeing it, that is a peculiarity of the art 
 of archery. This comes only by the familiarity 
 of constant practice. Mr. Maurice Thompson, 
 one of the best American writers on archery, 
 says in this regard: "Do not attempt to aim. 
 Do not even think of guiding your arrow with 
 your eye. The only way to become a good bow 
 shot is to learn to guide your shaft by feeling — 
 namely, by your sense of direction and distance. 
 Yours eyes must bo glued, so to speak, on the 
 target. This is one great rule of archery. Any 
 other will lead to slovenly, wild, and irregular 
 shooting." 
 
 In no sport you can engage in does the old 
 saying that "practice makes perfect" apply 
 with such force as to archery. Skill in long 
 range shooting with a bow is only attainable by 
 continuous and persevering practice. There 
 are so many little but important details to be 
 attended to, which habit alone can train one 
 into, that any regular rule is inapplicable. It ia 
 all very well to put it down in your book of in- 
 structions that the young archer must do this, 
 that, and the other ; but it is practical experi- 
 ence in the field that alone will enable him to 
 overcome the obstacles he must encounter, with 
 any degree of success. The details to be made 
 familiar with before you can send your first ar- 
 row into the target even, are enough to engage 
 all one's attention outside of attaining the degree 
 of mental schooling which results from your 
 
*6 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 learning to shoot straight. To hold your bow 
 firmly with your left haud, as if it were in a vise, 
 is the first letter of the archer's alphabet. The 
 second is to bend your bow to the arrow's head 
 properly, and the third, to "loose" the cord 
 from the finger of your right hand at the right 
 moment. This is the ABC of archery. Then 
 comes the placing of the arrow in posi- 
 tion ; seeing that it is "nocked "in the right 
 place on the string ; that the " coek-feather " 
 is uppermost, and that the tips of your fin- 
 gers are properly on the string, etc. When 
 the familiarity of constant practice has made 
 " the right form " for all these details a regular 
 habit, then you will be prepared for the mental 
 study of the situation, and then comes " the 
 headwork of archery," so to speak ; and just as 
 you are able to excel in this will you become a 
 skillful archer. 
 
 The rules governing archery contests in this 
 country are as follows : 
 
 The " Field Captain " shall have entire control 
 of the ranges, targets and order of shooting, and 
 he shall appoint a "Target Captain" for each 
 target, who shall direct the order of shooting at 
 bis -target. 
 
 Each " Target Captain " shall appoint a 
 " Scorer " and a " Herald " to act at his target. 
 The a Scorer " shall keep a record of each arrow 
 shot, upon blanks provided for the purpose 
 by the association. The "Herald" shall an- 
 nounce the result of each shot. 
 
 An arrow must remain in the target until the 
 value of the "hit "is recorded, otherwise the 
 " hit " shall not be counted. 
 
 The targets shall be four feet in diameter and 
 placed on easels, the center of the " gold " being 
 four feet from the ground. 
 
 The " gold" shall be 9 6-10 inches in diame- 
 ter and each ring shall be 4 8-10 inches in width. 
 
 The value of colors shall be : Gold, 9 ; red, 7 ; 
 blue, 5 ; black, 3 ; white, 1. 
 
 In case an arrow cuts two colors, it shall count 
 as having hit the inner one. 
 
 All disputes shall be referred for decision to 
 the captain of the target where they arise. 
 
 Every archer shall shoot with arrows bearing 
 his distinctive mark, and every arrow leaving the 
 bow shall be deemed as having been shot, un- 
 less the archer can reach it with his bow while 
 standing inside the line from which he is shoot- 
 ing. 
 
 No person, unless competing for prizes, shall 
 be allowed within the bounds of the archers' 
 grounds during the progress of the shooting. 
 
 BOUNDS AN© DISTANCES. 
 
 Matches shall be shot at one of the following 
 " rounds," each archer shooting three arrows at 
 an end : 
 
 The " York Bound " consisting of— 
 72 arrows at 100 yards 
 48 " " 80 " 
 24 " " 60 " 
 
 144 arrows. 
 The " American Bound," consisting of— 
 30 arrows at 60 yards 
 30 " " 50 " 
 30 " " 40 " 
 
 90 arrows. 
 The " Columbia Bound " (for ladies), consist- 
 ing of— 
 
 24 arrows at 50 yards 
 24 " " 40 " 
 24 " " 30 " 
 
 . 72 arrows. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 ii 
 
 BADMINTON. 
 
 The game of badminton is simply a new 
 phase of the old fashionable pastime of battle- 
 dore and shuttlecock. In fact, it is a weak 
 variation of lawn tennis, the essential difference 
 being that in badminton a shuttlecock is used 
 instead of a light ball, the former being served 
 and returned under similar provisions, except 
 that the shuttlecock must be returned " on the 
 fly," no rebound from the ground beiug allowed. 
 Moreover, badminton can be played in a large 
 parlor, and by six or eight players. But the 
 lawn is its proper place. 
 
 The dimensions of the court for badminton 
 must be guided in a great measure by the capa- 
 bilities of the players, though the best size is 
 one 28 feet long by 20 feet broad. The courts 
 should be divided in the following way : At each 
 end of the ground are two courts 10 feet square, 
 while the center is formed by a piece of neutral 
 ground 3 feet long by 20 feet broad. On each of 
 the outer lines of the neutral ground and in 
 the center are placed the posts which support 
 the net. The net, which is 1 foot deep, is 
 suspended at a height 5 1-2 feet from the 
 ground, firmly held by guy ropes, as in lawn 
 tennis. 
 
 The rackets used in badminton are smaller 
 
 I than those used in lawn tennis, the best size 
 1 being from 24 to 26 inches in length. The shut- 
 tlecock is made in different fashions and of dif- 
 ferent kinds for various purposes. The All 
 England Badminton Club uses a loaded shut- 
 tlecock 2 1-2 inches in length. 
 
 In badminton all the variety of balls produced 
 on the rebound of the ball in lawn tennis arc 
 lost sight of, as the shuttlecock, if not hit while 
 in the air, counts a miss to the player missing 
 it and against his side. 
 
 The neutral ground and the divisioos of the 
 respective courts are only observed in the serve 
 or first hit ; after that the partners may stand 
 where they please on their own side of the net. 
 The shuttlecock must be -served so that it falls 
 clear over the net without touching the net 
 ropes or posts, or, if it falls short of the proper 
 courts, into the neutral ground. In all cases a 
 shuttlecock pitching on any of the boundary 
 lines is regarded as a fault, as if it had fallen 
 outside of the boundary lines. In all other re- 
 spects with regard to the players and the faults, 
 the same rule guides badminton as lawn tennis. 
 A shuttlecock falling on tbe lines in services ia 
 termed a fault, and two faults produce '' hand 
 out." 
 
 BATTLEDORE AND SHUTTLECOCK. 
 
 This is a game suitable for the playground, 
 the lawn, or the parlor, but it is best played on 
 a lawn. The best materials for the game are 
 those sold at the sporting goods stores ; but 
 a common battledore can be readily made with 
 a hickory stick and a piece of hoop, and a shut- 
 tlecock with a cork and a few short feathers. 
 The form of the battledore and shuttlecock is 
 
 | shown in the appended illustration The game 
 I is played by two players, each having a 
 battledore, and each bats the shuttlecock 
 from one to the other, the player failing to re- 
 turn it when it is batted to him within possible 
 reach, losing a point in the game. A game con- 
 sists of twenty points, and the best two out of 
 three games gains the match. 
 
48 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 MINIATURE YACHTING. 
 
 ■■*- -- - 
 
 The building of miniature yachts, together 
 with the rigging and sailing of them on xhe park 
 ponds of our large cities, has come to be as fa- 
 vorite a paBtime with American boys as it is on 
 the park ponds in London. It affords the most 
 exciting kind of sport to the boys, and in itself 
 is a recreation which presents an ample field 
 for the development of mechanical skill and 
 ingenuity in the construction of the little ves- 
 sels, besides which it fosters a love of yachting, 
 and it is very instructive in affording' informa- 
 tion in the building of model yachts and in the 
 method of sailing them. At the Brooklyn Pros- 
 pect Park the sixty acre lake is set apart for the 
 use of owners of miniature yachts, and it is sur- 
 prising how many " old salts" there are, who 
 have for years been to sea in the mercantile 
 marine, and who take interest in these minia- 
 ture yacht races, teaching the boys how to sail 
 their yachts, besides helping them to construct 
 them. At Conservatory Lake at Central Park, 
 New York, too, these little yachts are allowed to 
 sail. 
 
 The sport has come from England, where 
 miniature yachting is quite a feature of the 
 sportB of London boys. In fact, the little yacht 
 
 regattas which take place on the Serpentine 
 Lake in Hyde Park each summer are quite im- 
 portant events. The Royal Model Yacht Club 
 is presided over by the Prince of Wales, and the 
 royal family generally have taken great interest 
 in the proceedings on these occasions. Some 
 of the yachts belonging to this club are valued 
 at £1,000, and yet they do not exceed five feet 
 in length. The regattas are sailed for twelve 
 guinea cups, and the events are quite exciting 
 at times. There are over a dozen of these 
 Model Yacht Clubs in London ; and the leading 
 club, learning of the establishment of a similar 
 organization in New York not long ago, sent a 
 communication over to New York desiring in- 
 formation looking to an international contest 
 with miniature yachts. The subject may seem 
 a trifling one at a cursory glance, but the influ- 
 ence of these miniature yacht associations in cul- 
 tivating a taste for nautical knowledge, and es- 
 pecially in giving opportunities for testing new 
 models, is such as to make the organizations 
 worthy of support and encouragement. 
 
 Had we space, we could give a lengthy chap- 
 ter on the subject of the construction and sail- 
 ing of miniature yachts. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 49 
 
 QUOITING. 
 
 The game of quoits ia a healthy out-door 
 sport for boys, ana one, at times, full of excite- 
 ment ; but there is the drawback to it that it 
 exercises one set of body muscles too much 
 when it is indulged in as a regular pastime, it 
 being like bowling in this respect. The game 
 of quoits for young people is simple enough. 
 A pair of iron quoits for each player, a space of 
 ground about 100 by 25 feet, aud two small cir- 
 cular beds of clay or soft turf, about a yard in 
 diameter, suffices, a " hub" — an iron spike im- 
 bedded in the center of the clay or turf arch — 
 being the object aimed at by the players. In 
 playing the game, the following rules are ob- 
 served : 
 
 1. The distance to be eighteen yards from 
 center of " hub" or pin, the player to stand not 
 moro than three feet from the mott played 
 from. 
 
 2. Each player shall select his own size of 
 quoit. 
 
 3. The pin, or "hub," must be at an angle of 
 45 degrees and one-half inch above the level 
 with the clay. 
 
 4. Measurement to be made from the center 
 of " hub" to the nearest visible part of quoit. 
 
 5. A referee shall be appointed, whose deci- 
 sion shall be considered final. 
 
 6. The lead to be decided by a toss, the one 
 getting the first pitch to lead at the other end, 
 playing alternately. 
 
 7. In case of a tie, two opposing quoits being 
 equal, it shall be declared a draw. 
 
 8. Points of game : Two or four hand, twenty- 
 one points ; six hand, fifteen points ; eight 
 hand, eleven points. 
 
 When the sides have been chosen, the first 
 player stands level with one of the " hubs," 
 and taking a step forward with his left foot de- 
 livers the quoit by a swinging movement of the 
 arm from behind him to the front. The quoit 
 must fall and remaiu with its convex side upper- 
 most, either imbedded in the earth or clay or 
 else lying flat with the concave side on the 
 ground. If it rolls along the ground and then 
 stops, it does not count, unless the cause of its 
 rolling was a collision with some other quoit 
 already delivered, or unless, after having been 
 properly thrown, it is knocked out by another 
 afterward played. The proper rule is that each 
 player should play his two quoits in succession, 
 and then bo followed by the adversary ; but in a 
 party of four it is usual for each player to have 
 only one quoit. When all the quoits are thrown 
 the score is taken by measuring the distance 
 from the " hub" to the nearest part of the near- 
 est quoit, and the side which has thrown best 
 scores one or two, according as his one or .two 
 quoits are nearer than any one thrown by the 
 other side. But every " ringer" or quoit, which 
 falls over the hub and remains with the hub 
 i inclosed within its ring, counts two. 
 
 POLO. 
 
 The game of polo is simply " hockey " or 
 " shinney," played while on horseback. It is, of 
 course, a sport only available for wealthy peo- 
 ple, for the ponies or "mustangs" trained for 
 the game are expensive animals, and each 
 player requires to have two at command, not 
 only to relieve the animal from over fatigue in 
 a match, but also in case accidents happen. 
 The ground required for this sport must be 
 larger in size than a field which would do for 
 " hockey ;" and it should be level turf, without 
 swampy places or intersecting roads. A space of 
 120 yards in length and 70 in width is the small- 
 est that should be used ; and it is far better if a 
 ground can be secured of double that size. In 
 the middle of it, at each of the two ends, will be 
 placed the goals, as at football ; and it is, of 
 course, the object of each side to drive the ball 
 between the posts marking the adversary's 
 goal. 
 
 The great attraction of polo, which has made 
 it popular among those who can afford to play 
 it, is to be found in the horsemanship which is 
 required of the players, as well as in the diffi- 
 culty met with in hitting the ball. The stroke 
 is made with a long club like a mallet, whereas 
 in hockey it is hooked, and projects only on one 
 side, so that the ball may be either driven forci- 
 bly forward, or partly drawn and partly pushed 
 along the ground. Polo is, in short, almost dia- 
 metrically opposite in system to hockey, in 
 which dribbling is the most important part of 
 
 the game, and proficiency in keeping with the 
 ball and following it all over the field is the chief 
 qualification of a first-rate player. Thore are 
 two strokes common in polo — the forward and 
 the back-handed, and the latter is extremely 
 useful when the ball is flying toward the goal, 
 and a defender thereof, galloping after it, over- 
 takes it in time, and by one clever back-hit 
 sends it away far behind his back toward his 
 friends. The rules of polo do not usually in- 
 clude any restrictions as to off side, and thus a 
 skillful player will so place his ball as to elude 
 the enemy and find its way toward one of his 
 own side. There are generally eight players on 
 each side ; and they should be distinguished by 
 a contrast of color in their costume, as it would 
 be otherwise impossible in the heat of action to 
 know friend from foe. 
 
 As for the ponies used in polo, the chief 
 requisites are that they should be swift, both in 
 a straightforward course and at a turn, afraid 
 of nothing, and obedient to the slightest move- 
 ment of the rider. These, it may be thought, 
 are rather heavy demands to make ; and, in 
 effect, a good polo pony ought to be worth a 
 handsome price, and much more handsome 
 than he generally fetches in the market. For an 
 animal which is really good for polo must be 
 good for almost everything else, and more es- 
 pecially for teaching a youngster how to ride, 
 and how to beoonie in all respects a good horse- 
 
50 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 BOWLS. 
 
 These is no lawn game in which a ball is used 
 which will compare in exciting interest, alike to 
 the spectator as well as the player, with the old- 
 time English game of bowls, which has been 
 practiced for several years past "by the society 
 people at Dunnellen, N. J., where two clubs 
 have been in successful operation. This game 
 is a very ancient one, and at one time was in 
 high repute. In former days kings of England 
 did not disdain to play at bowls ; and in the im- 
 provements made by bluff King Harry VIIL, at 
 the palace of Whitehall, " divers fair tonnice 
 courts and bowling alleys " are mentioned. The 
 game has been traced back to the thirteenth 
 century, to the time of King John and Henry 
 III. How long before those days it existed there 
 is no means of ascertaining. There is no doubt 
 that almost every English village green was oc- 
 casionally used as a bowling alley, on which the 
 rustics disported themselves, and seeking the 
 "bubble reputation " with the ball, if not with 
 the cannon. 
 
 Playing at bowls is excellent practice, for the 
 dexterous use of the wooden ball will teach that 
 inva.luable mode of delivering in the cricket 
 field that causes the ball to run along the grass 
 swiftly, steadily, and excruciatingly, baffling the 
 oldest batsman, and topping off the bails from 
 his stumps in a manner curious to behold. 
 Bowling greens are simple and perfectly level 
 tracts of smooth turf; but a very good game 
 may be played on a selected spot on a common 
 or field, where the grass is short, and the 
 ground tolerably level, or, in rainy weather, in a 
 hall or room. 
 
 A small bowl, perfectly round and called the 
 
 are several on a side the usual plan is to bowl 
 from opposite ends of the green, the jack being 
 placed in the middle. 
 
 The balls for bowling are not exactly spheri- 
 cal, but are flattened slightly at two ends, mak- 
 ing the ball a spheroid, like the earth. If, 
 after both sides have delivered their balls, two 
 of one side are nearer than any balls of the 
 other side, the side whose balls are nearest to 
 the jack counts two ; if more balls are nearer 
 than any of their opponents', they count a 
 higher number in proportion. The art in bowl- 
 ing consists in knocking away the opponents' 
 balls from their position near tho jack, or in 
 carrying off the jack itself from among the op- 
 ponents' balls, and in bowling nearer than any 
 other without disturbing ball or jack. In gen- 
 eral, bowls are marked with a circular spot on 
 one side, which is less rounded than the other ; 
 and in bowling this side should be held inward. 
 A circular motion, or bias, can thus be given to 
 the ball. Great practice is required before any 
 player can excel at bowls. 
 
 The regular game is played with hard lig- 
 num vitse balls, turned in such a manner as to 
 make them diverge from a straight line when 
 bowled on the green, and turn in toward the 
 jack, or ball, which the bowler aims for. In fact, 
 the regular game is quite a scientific sport, and 
 presents a field for a great display of skill. The 
 game as modernized for young players, differs 
 from the regular game materially, and it is this 
 latter game of bowls only which we have includ- 
 ed in our list of sports for this work. Eor this 
 a special court is laid down, in form as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 „_.* ;'* £ FROW "TEE" TO^E" [_?E - __, 
 
 2L|50feetlnlengtll 
 
 J 
 
 jack, is placed on the ground. The bowlers, 
 each armed with two balls, which are numbered 
 to distinguish them from each other, take up 
 their positions at a certain distance from the 
 jack, and each in turn bowls toward it, he whose 
 balls come nearest counting one. When there 
 are more than two players sides are formed, the 
 balls being played alternately, and the side ODe 
 of whose balls comes nearest counting one point. 
 The number of points which must be made to 
 win the game varies, but is generally fixed at 
 twenty. Wnen only two play they may stand 
 side by side to deliver their bowls ; when there 
 
 To lay down a bowling court like the above, a 
 level piece of hard surface ground is necessary, 
 and it would be well to sink the level of the 
 court about four or six inches below the surface, 
 boarding the sides of the court. When a regu- 
 lar court is not laid out in this way, the game 
 can be easily played on a croquet or tennis lawn, 
 the only points to he laid down being the " tees " 
 at the two ends, and the lines behind which the 
 bowlers are to stand when bowling. A small 
 quoit is laid down in the center of the circle at 
 each end, and this forms the " tee." This court 
 would be marked out as follows : 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 THE RULES. 
 
 1. From one to five players on a side can 
 take part in the game, each player rolling two 
 balls, one each alternately with the opposite 
 player. 
 
 2. The balls used are to he regular croquet 
 balls, marked in such a way as to distinguish 
 those of each side of the contest. 
 
 3. The bowler must deliver each ball with 
 both feet back of the bowler's line, and after it 
 leaves his hand, unless accidentally dropped, 
 shall be considered as bowled. 
 
 4. Twenty-one aces constitute a game, and 
 the best three games out of five a match. 
 
 5. When all the balls on both sides have 
 
 been bowled the " end " is completed, and the 
 side having the ball nearest the " toe " counts 
 one ace. Should such a side have more than 
 one ball nearer the " tee " than any bail of the 
 opposite side, an additional ace is counted for 
 each such additional ball. 
 , 6. A ball bowled so as to settle in the center 
 of the " tee " quoit counts two aces, provided it 
 remains in that positiou until the completion of 
 the end, not otherwise. 
 
 7. Each side shall bowl in regular order as 
 named before beginning play, and there shall 
 be no change made in such order until the close 
 of a game. 
 
 8. Any player bowling out of his turn shall 
 have his ball taken off the court until the close 
 of the end, 
 
52 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB, GAMES. 
 
 PLAYING BASEBALL ON THE ICE. 
 
 A game of baseball played by a party of skat- 
 ers on a good field of ice is very lively sport ; 
 such a game, however, is played under differ- 
 ent rules to those governing the field game, es- 
 pecially in the delivery of the ball to the bat, 
 and in running the bases. The ordinary rules 
 governing the batsmen and pitcher are not so 
 strictly observed as in the field game, the im- 
 possibility of obtaining a good footing make the 
 operation of pitching and batting rather difficult. 
 In running the bases in a game on the ice on 
 skates, all that is necessary for the baso runner 
 to do is to cross the line of the position, after 
 which he cannot be put out until he has re- 
 turned to the base and again leaves it. The 
 bases are marked on the ice in the form of lines 
 three feet in length, each line marked at right 
 angles with the base lines from base to base, 
 and three feet each side thereof. This line 
 forms the base, and on this line the base player 
 must stand when he holds the ball, in order to 
 put a player out. The baso runner makes his 
 base if ho crosses the line of the base before be- 
 ing touched, or before the ball is held on the 
 
 The following is the diagram of the " dia- 
 mond " for a game on an ice field. 
 
 After hitting a ball on which the batsman can 
 only make one base, he should start from the 
 home base so as to turn to the right in crossing 
 the lines of the base ; but in cases where his 
 hit entitles him to two or more bases, then he 
 should start eo as to turn to the left. If he turns 
 
 to the left after skating over the base line, he at 
 once ceases to be exempt from being put out in 
 returning to the base he had overrun. 
 
 In putting players out the regular rul'js -pre- 
 vail, except in regard to outs on catches, affair 
 ball caught on the first bound putting the bats- 
 man out. 
 
 In calling strikes and balls the umpire must 
 call a strike on every ball within fair reach of 
 the bat, no matter whether high or low, the bats- 
 man not being allowed to designate the height 
 of the ball. In calling balls he must call a ball 
 on each and every ball out of fair reach of the 
 bat, and also on every thrown ball, as only a 
 square pitch or toss of the ball is allowed in the 
 game. Six called balls give a base. The essen- 
 tials for a successful game of ball on the ice 
 include a large space of good clear ice ; a non- 
 elastic and soft ball ; a fair day, not windy or too 
 cool ; a field cleared of spectators, and two par- 
 ties of good, plucky skaters. Under these fav- 
 orable circumstances, a really exciting display 
 would be the result. The ball requires to be 
 non-elastic and soft, because a light blow will 
 send it a good distance, and a hard ball sent 
 swiftly to the hands on a cold day is very pain- 
 ful, and likely to result in severe injuries. The 
 pitching also should never be swift in a game on 
 ice. The ball should simply be tossed in to the 
 bat ; by this means more frequent chances are 
 given to the field for outs, and the game is made 
 active and lively instead of tedious, as it would 
 otherwise be. 
 
 6 feet. 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOE GAMES. 
 
 53 
 
 BRUTALITY IN SPORTS. 
 
 HENRY CHADWICK'S PAPER AT THE OLD BROOKLYNITES' 
 
 MEETING. 
 
 Foe the benefit of young votaries of /mil 
 games, we give below tbe lecture on " Brutality 
 in Sports," delivered by Mr. Chadwick before 
 the Society of Old Brooklynites, at their annual 
 meeting on the night of May 4, 1893, at the Sur- 
 rogate's Court, in Brooklyn. We clip from the 
 Eagle's report of the lecture as follows : 
 
 " Mr. Henry Chadwick was tben introduced, 
 and he read a paper upon ' Brutality in Sports.' 
 
 "Mr. President and Members of our Society ■ 
 In this paper which I am about to read to you I 
 propose taking a brief glance at the existing 
 sports of the period and the change in public 
 opinion which has taken place of late years in 
 regard to out-door sports in this country, and 
 also to make a few. remarks on the influence of 
 the press on sports and the abuses which ex- 
 ist in connection with them, and in doing this I 
 trust, at least, to interest you, if I do not induce 
 you to indorse my views on the important influ- 
 ence the sports of a people have on the devel- 
 opment of national character. The contrast 
 between the American people of the present 
 day and those of even twenty-five years ago, as 
 regards their participation in out-door sports, 
 is very striking. In the bygone days our people 
 were the butt of the English, especially on ac- 
 count of our neglect of physical exercise and 
 recreation for the idol worship of the almighty 
 dollar. Now things are different. We have not 
 only acquired the English taste for manly exer- 
 cise and held sports, but we are beginning to 
 rival them in matters of sports in which they 
 have held sway for centuries. It began with the 
 brilliant success of the yacht America in 1851 ; 
 it was assisted by the achievements of the Amer- 
 ican chess champion, Morphy, several years 
 later. Since then, step by step, have we worked 
 our way up in this race for supremacy in the 
 arena of manly sports, until now we are begin- 
 ning to rival them in their hitherto undisturbed 
 monopoly of championship honors in athletics, 
 in rowing, rifle shooting, the turf and in field 
 sports generally. What is the result of this 
 change in the character of our people in this 
 respect? The answer is, beneficial in every 
 way. Improvement iu the national physique 
 has been manifest, for one thing ; a wider sphere 
 for rational social enjoyment is another result, 
 especially as regards the pleasure the fair sex 
 enjoy in participating in sports from which 
 American ladies were debarred twenty years 
 ago. Look at the throng of women skaters on 
 our park lakes in winter. See the crowded 
 women's stands at the baseball grounds of the 
 leading cities, and the fashionable assemblages 
 of the faii"Bex at the jockey club events at our 
 best race courses, not to mention the out-door 
 sport clubs, now so fashionable, together with 
 the archery, lawn tennis and croquet meetings 
 and the riding and walking club parties. If 
 these had been the only English customs we 
 had imported, it would have been well ; but 
 with some of these sports have come habits of 
 English " snobbery" and an observance of Eng 
 
 lish caste distinctions, utterly foreign and an- 
 tagonistic to true American manhood and wom- 
 anhood. These have, of course, somewhat off- 
 set the advantages of the other imported cus- 
 toms. But these only characterize the silly mi-/ 
 nority of the wealthy parvenu class, and, after 
 all, are matters of minor import. 
 
 " There is one subject in connection with the 
 sports of our people which is worthy of special 
 remark, and that is, the beneficial influence of 
 out-door recreation on our laboring classes. The 
 proprietors of the great manufacturing establish- 
 ments of England have, of late years, been 
 taught to practically realize the truth of the old 
 saying that 'all work and no play makes Jack 
 a dull boy.' By actual experience they have 
 discovered the interesting fact that they can 
 get better and more workout of their employees 
 by allowing them certain hours for recreation 
 than they could under the old horse in the mill 
 system of one unceasing round of daily labor;. 
 That eminent sanitarian philosopher, the late 
 Sir Edwin Chadwick— my elder brother— several 
 years ago called attention to the fact that regu- 
 lations in large factories which admitted of 
 stated periods for daily relaxation from labor 
 for purposes of recreation, led to the most bene- 
 ficial results, one effect being that the em- 
 ployees, after such relaxation from toil, did it 
 better than they had ever done before under 
 the old rule of -constant labor from morning 
 until night. His extensive analysis of the re- 
 sults of the old system, and the experiments he 
 inaugurated to test the advantages of a judicious 
 combination of a few hours of recreation with 
 those appointed for the daily labor, resulted in 
 reformatory measures being adopted in most 
 of the large manufacturing establishments of 
 England, and with the very best effect. He had 
 previously proved the statement that educated 
 labor was infinitely more profitable than that of 
 uneducated, and the new system of allowing 
 employees and workmen certain hours of each 
 day or each week for recreation was but another 
 step taken in the march of improvement toward 
 the physical and moral regeneration of the in- 
 dustrial classes of society. A few years ago a 
 certain short-sighted class of American em- 
 ployers engaged in quite a crusade against the 
 national game of baseball, on the absurd plea 
 that the game prevented their employees from 
 attending to their business. The fallacy of this 
 opinion was soon made plain to them, however, 
 and since then they have changed their idea on 
 the subject, and now commercial baseball nines, 
 encouraged by sensible employers, form tho 
 majority of the amateur class of the metropolitan 
 baseball fraternity. To attend to business is, of 
 course, the first duty of an employee, whether 
 he be a clerk in a banking house or a factory 
 hand. But neglecting business for pleasure is 
 one thing ; combining necessary recreation with 
 labor is quite a different thing. When employers 
 arbitrarily use their power to deprive their 
 clerks or hands of a proper modicum of out-door 
 
u 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 recreation they get rid of an imaginary evil at 
 the cost of a positive one. 
 
 " Recreation and excitement young men will 
 have ; it is a necessity with them, and if they 
 cannot get it healthily one afternoon a week on 
 the ball fields they will seek it unhealthily at 
 night in drinking- saloons or at gambling-tables ; 
 and from these latter dissipations to those of a 
 lower depth the gradatiou is easy. Experience 
 haa proved conclusively that it' is far less costly 
 in the long run to allow your clerk to have an 
 afternoon each week for exercise on the ball 
 held than, by depriving him of this special re- 
 laxation, drive him to the excitement of nightly 
 dissipation. Kept down to the grindstone of 
 every day work without a due share of recreation 
 out of doors, young men will naturally enough 
 not only do their work grudgingly and with a dis- 
 position to shirk all they can of it, but they will 
 revenge themselves at night by plunging into 
 dissipations which are ever at command of the 
 reckless pleasure seeker. Let me now indulge 
 in a few remarks, appropriate to my subject, on 
 the influence of the press on sports. In regard 
 to the encouragement to be given by the press 
 to the existing furore for outdoor sports, it haa 
 been wisely said by a very able English writer, 
 that ' those exercises which in their nature and 
 operation have a direct tendency to draw the 
 bands of society closer together by friendly in- 
 tercourse, which substitute the feats of men for 
 the freaks of the fop, hardihood for effeminacy, 
 dexterity for luxurious indolence, and which are 
 free from taint of cruelty, oppression and selfish- 
 ness, are entitled to especial encouragement and 
 consideration in a matter so important as that of 
 selecting a sportive science for the people.' 
 The influence of the daily press on sports is very 
 great, and it has an important bearing on the 
 question of the conservation of the moral forces 
 in public life. No better illustration of the fact 
 can be presented than that shown by the evil 
 effect of the press notoriety given the doings of 
 that most brutal class of our metropolitan com- 
 munity, prize fighters and their followers and 
 patrons. It is to this notoriety, in fact, that the 
 present revival of their degrading conflicts is 
 entirely due. Were the publicity given the 
 movements of these blackguards and roughs 
 confined to the journals which make prize fights 
 a specialty of their columns, the evil effect would 
 not be so extended. But when the daily papers 
 throughout the country, and especially the so- 
 called ' moral dailies ' of the metropolis, take up 
 the subject and aid in giving these roughs the 
 free advertising which enables them to flourish, 
 the evil done becomes widespread and perni- 
 cious in the extreme.. There is now but one 
 daily paper in the metropolis which does not 
 give aid and comfort to the prize fighters and 
 pool gamblers, and help to promote brutality in 
 sports, and that exception is the New York Tri- 
 bune— all honor to Mr. Whitelaw Eeid for it, say 
 I. It is not so much that the papers give col- 
 umns of descriptive reports of the prominent 
 prize fights of the period, but it is the gratuitous 
 advertising they give theso beatle browed brutes 
 in the form of paragraphs of their personal 
 movements. The one; ' i news, tho other is not. 
 Then, too, the space devoted to vicious sports 
 drives out the reports of sports which are manly 
 and honest. 
 
 " Just here I desire to commend to your spe- 
 cial notice, as also to the serious consideration 
 of the gentlemanly class of athletic clubs of the 
 metropolis -sadly in the minority, I regret to 
 say— the appended paragraph from the address 
 delivered by Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, at the 
 opening of the Manhattan Athletic Club's new 
 home, some years ago. The advice then given 
 is needed now in athletic circles. The colonel 
 said : ' There is one thing to be avoided by all 
 athletic club?, and that is anything that tends to 
 brutalize, dull or destroy the finer feelings. 
 Nothing is more disgusting, more disgraceful, 
 than pugilism— nolhing more demoralizing than 
 an exhibition of strength, united with ferocity, 
 and where tho very body, developed by exercise, 
 is mutilated and disfigured. Sports that can by 
 no posibility give pleasure except to the un- 
 feeling, the hardened and the really brainless 
 should be avoided. No gentleman should coun- 
 tenance rabbit coursing, the fighting of dogs, 
 the shooting of pigeons, simply as an exhibition 
 of skill. All these things are calculated to de- 
 moralize and brutalize, not only the actors, but 
 the lookers on. Such sports are savage, fit only 
 to be participated in and enjoyed by the canni- 
 bals of Central Africa. Find what a man en- 
 joys, what he laughs at, what he calls diversion, 
 and you know what he is. Think of a man 
 calling himself civilized who is in rapture at a 
 bull fight, who smiles when he sees the hounds 
 pursue and catch and tear to pieces the timid 
 hare, and who roars with laughter when he 
 watches the pugilists pound each other's faces, 
 closing each other's eyes, breaking jaws and 
 smashing noses. Such men are beneath the 
 animals they torture, on a level with tho pug- 
 ilists tbey applaud. Gentlemen should hold 
 such sports in unspeakable contempt. No man 
 finds pleasure in inflicting pain.' I commend 
 these remarks as well worthy the pulpit utter- 
 ances of such of our local clergymen as the Rev. 
 Dr. Storrs, the Rev. Dr. Hall, the Rev. Lyman 
 Abbott and the Rev. Mr. Behrends, not forget- 
 ting Dr. Talmage. And now let me say a few 
 words on fair play in sports. The most marked 
 feature of true manliness of character is a love 
 of fair play. It is a jewel in the crown of man- 
 hood, and without it all sports degenerate into 
 low and dishonest struggles to win by trickery 
 and deception Instead of by honorable efforts to 
 excel. A love of fair play is inherent in the 
 breast of every man worthy of the name, and all 
 such detest to see unfair play exhibited on any 
 field whatever, but especially in games where 
 athletic skill is the chief attraction, for on such 
 fields it is that fair play shines its brightest. 
 Without referring to any other line of sports, 
 sufficient examples can be found in the aiena of 
 baseball to fully illustrate the nature of fair 
 play and its opposite. When two contesting 
 nines enter upon a match game of baseball, they 
 do so with the implied understanding that the 
 struggle between them is to be one in which 
 their respective skill in handling the ball and 
 the bat, and in running bases, is alone to be 
 brought into play, unaided by such low trickery 
 as is comprised in the acts of cutting the ball, 
 tripping up base runners, willful collisions with 
 infielders and other especially mean tricks of tho 
 kind characteristic of corner lot loafers in their 
 ball games. All these so-called points are be- j 
 
THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR a AMES. 
 
 55 
 
 yond the pale of fair and manly play, and rank 
 only as among the abuses of the game. 
 
 " A recognized and legitimate feature of all 
 field sports is the laying of wagers on the result 
 of any particular contest. A man having faith 
 in the ability of a certain horse to win a race ; 
 or in that of a particular club's team to play a 
 better game than its rival ; or of a competitor 
 in any contest to excel his opponent, willingly 
 backs up his opinion with' his money and a 
 wager is the result. It is a fair pitting of one 
 opinion against that of another. But this wager- 
 ing, to be legitimate, must be done on the 
 square. When it comes to be a bet made in all 
 honesty of purp jse on the one side, while on the 
 other it is made on the basis of a private knowl- 
 edge of the fact that the competing horse, or 
 team, or contestant is purposely to lose, it be- 
 comes a fraudulent transaction, and one, too, 
 of the very lowest rascality. Compared with 
 such knavery as this picking a man's pocket 
 becomes venial. When a professional pick- 
 pocket goes for a man's watch or bis pocketbook, 
 he does so with the doors of a state's prison cell 
 staring him in the face. Against this chance he 
 hazards the skill of his profession and the nerve 
 and deftness his years of experience have given 
 him. Bad as this skdl in theft is, there is a dar- 
 ing and a pluck about it which presents a 
 measure of venialness of the act. But the knave 
 who bets on ahorse race or a contest in athletics 
 on the basis of a tip privately given him as to 
 which horse or which man has been fixed to lose 
 the race or match, is guilty of a phase of pocket 
 picking of the very lowest sneak thieving order. 
 The latter steals in the dark and with all immu- 
 nity from punishment save that of the contempt 
 of the honest portion of the community, whose 
 opinion he does not care a straw for. It is really 
 astonishing how many people there are who are 
 ready to jump at an opportunity to bet on a sure 
 thing of this character and to win a man's money 
 on a solid race or a fixed contest, who would be 
 hi'ghly indignant were anybody to call them by 
 their true titles for their knavery, viz., that of 
 the lowest character of sneak thieves. Last, 
 but not least in importance, comes a brief refer- 
 ence to that curse of all sports, pool gambling. 
 There is no greater enemy to honest sport now 
 in existence than pool selling. Since it has been 
 in vogue it has demoralized everything in the 
 way of sport with which it haB come in contact. 
 
 The great attraction to the public at large in all 
 sports and pastimes is to see an honest contest. 
 When this is wanting, all other elements fail to 
 attract. Experience has unquestionably shown 
 that the influence of pool selling on sports gen- 
 erally has been demoralizing in "the extreme. 
 While the system, carried out in its integrity, 
 may be one calculated to assist in a fair man- 
 agement of the betting business, it unfortunately 
 presents such facilities for knavish work as to 
 make it too great a temptation to be resisted by 
 those of weak moral instincta. 
 
 " Before closing I must say a few words about 
 our glorious national game. Unreflecting' and 
 prejudiced individuals, who never look beneath 
 the surface of things, may regard baseball as a 
 very good thing for boys, perhaps, or even for 
 men, wherewith to while away an idle hour or 
 two on a summer's holiday. But those who in- 
 telligently investigate subjects in regard to 
 cause and effect, who look beyond the mere sur- 
 face of things for important results, find in the 
 game of baseball the means to an end which in 
 earlier times in the history of our progress tow- 
 ard refinement were searched for in vain. It 
 has taught Americans the value of physical 
 culture as an important aid to perfect work in 
 cultivating the mind up to its highest point. It 
 is to the introduction of baseball as a national 
 pastime, in fact, that the growth of athletic 
 sports in general in popularity is largely due. 
 Thus, it will be seen, that the game of baseball 
 has acted like a lever in lifting into public favor 
 all athletic sports. A great deal is said about 
 the special attractions of this and that leading 
 sport of the day. The turfman thinks there is 
 nothing approaching the excitement of a horse 
 race, which from the start to the finish occupies 
 but a few minutes of time. The rower regards 
 a three mile shell race as the very acme of sport- 
 ing pleasures, while the yachtsman looks upon 
 all other contests as of trifling importance com- 
 pared with that ending in the winning of his 
 club regatta cup, and so on through the whole 
 category of sports of the field, the forest and 
 the river. But if any one can present to us a 
 sport or pastime, a race or a contest which can 
 in all its essentials of stirring excitement, dis- 
 plays of manly courage, nerve and endurance, 
 and its unwearying scenes of skillful play and 
 alternations of success equal to our national 
 game of ball, I should like to see it." 
 
56 
 
 THE RELIABLE ROOK OF OXIT-ROOR GAMES. 
 
 EDITORIAL COMMENTS. 
 
 In the selection of games for this work we I 
 have omitted several which have hitherto been 
 included in boys' books of games, for the reason 
 that in their construction and characteristics 
 they are in no way calculated to improve a boy 
 either physically or otherwise. We have elimi- 
 nated all sports and games marked by anything 
 of a cruel or brutal nature; as unworthy of a 
 work/intended for the promotion of true manli- 
 ness of character and of gentlemanly conduct. 
 What is not manly is not gentlemanly, and any- 
 thing that inculcates brutality or any phase of 
 cruelty is not manly. Boys' sports should be 
 part of their school education in preparing them 
 to be manly in the moral attributes of truth, 
 honor, kindliness, and a charitable considera- 
 tion for the failings of humanity, as well as in 
 the manliness of a well-trained physique. Es- 
 pecially should the mastering of quick tempers 
 be rogarded in this matter of mental training by 
 recreative exercise. 
 
 There is one thing in connectien with the sub- 
 ject of youthful sports which merits special at- 
 tention, and that is the tendency of the boys of 
 the period to forego such pastimes and to replace 
 them with habits of their leisure hours, which 
 are at war alike with health and morality. Far 
 too many of our American boys jump from the 
 games of their early school days, even before 
 they have reached their teens, into the vicious 
 ways of fast young men. For this reason pa- 
 rents and guardians cannot do better than to 
 foster a love of out-door games among their boys, 
 if only as a means of keeping them out of the 
 mischievous habits they are so prone to indulge 
 in when not at their school desks or actively en- 
 gaged in physical recreation suitable to their 
 age. It is a sad sight to see boys of from twelve 
 to fifteen years of age with cigarettes in their 
 mouths, canes in their hands, and with preco- 
 cious appetites for stimulants, visiting, during 
 their leisure hours, race-courses, pool-rooms, 
 variety-saloons, and other vicious places of pub- 
 lic amusements, when they should be either on 
 their regular playground, enjoying their boyish 
 games, or out in the fields participating in a 
 higher class of youthful sports. There is a 
 sort of electric battery of physical force in the 
 composition of boys of healthy physiques, which 
 must be allowed 'an avenue of escape or evil 
 consequences are likely to ensue ; and it is 
 better to guide the direction of this explosive 
 material than to allow it to have its own way in its 
 working off. In other words, it is not judicious 
 to allow wild play to a boy's excess of animal 
 spirits ; nor is it advisable to check the overflow 
 too suddenly. Train up your boys in the way 
 they should go— alike on the playground or the 
 field of sport as in the school of morality— and 
 maturity will assuredly find them the right kind 
 of men for progressive humanity. 
 
 In thisvork we have given no special rules for 
 training to excel in any particular sport or 
 branch of athletic exercises, inasmuch as this 
 book is intended only for games and sports cal- 
 culated to aid in promoting physical culture as 
 an important ally of mental education. In re- 
 gard to training, an ;' "iportant question arises 
 which bears upon the encouragement of physical 
 
 exercise and recreation in our colleges, and that 
 is the question concerning the amount of time 
 required for the purpose ot special training for 
 particular sports in our colleges and laige 
 schools, fjertain sports are engaged in by col' 
 legiane, tn^l strenuous efforts are made to excel 
 all ottei' '.olleges in them, without due regard 
 being paid to the loss of time in training in- 
 volvad in getting into winning form as com- 
 petitors in matches. The fact that young men 
 go to college to advance themselves in the higher 
 branches of education is too frequently lost sight 
 of, and valuable time is wasted in training for 
 special excellence in some one particular sport, 
 which ought to be devoted to study. While the 
 question of physical education, in combination 
 with that of mental culture, should not be lost 
 sight of, it is certainly very necessary that the 
 former should be made subordinate to the inter- 
 ests of the latter. In taking up this question of 
 the time wasted in training, the college faculty 
 fail to judiciously discriminate in the matter, ana 
 they too often apply a general rule to the sub- 
 ject when only a single sport is involved. For 
 instance, there is a great difference in the time 
 required for traiuing to excel in ball games — 
 such as baseball, cricket, lacrosse, and football 
 —and that needed to get into winning form as 
 one of the " university crew," or as a competitor 
 in a running or walking match in the inter-col- 
 legiato contests ; it being impossible" to excel in 
 either one or other of tbe latter sports without 
 devoting an amount of time to necessary train- 
 ing which greatly trespasses on the hours re- 
 quired each day for diligent study. To get into 
 "form "in any of the ball games, it is only 
 necessary to occupy the ordinary leisure time 
 of a student's daily life ; and the out-door work 
 involved is of a character advantageous as 
 healthful recreation and desirable in a sanitary 
 point of view. But to train properly for a posi- 
 tion in the racing crow of a college, or as the 
 champion athlete of the university, on the other 
 hand, involves not only exceedingly arduous 
 labor, but a loss of time which necessarily inter- 
 feres with the more important class duties 
 of the college. Moreover, aside from the 
 loss of time in training, there is the terrible 
 strain upon the system, involved alike in 
 the rowing and running matches, which is never 
 incurred in the ball gameB. This important 
 difference in the matter of time used in training 
 should be more duly considered by the govern- 
 ing powers of our colleges than it is, otherwise 
 an injustice will be done to a class of out-door 
 sports for collegians which are admirably 
 adapted for healthful recreation, while not at 
 all infringing on the hours required for study. 
 
 There are no sports or games engaged in by 
 either men or boys which surpass in interest 
 and pleasure those in which a ball or balls are 
 used. From the simple ball game of the play- 
 ground up to the most scientific of all games of 
 ball, cricket, a variety of sports are presented 
 which gives the palm to the ball as a means of 
 recreative exercise. The majority of ball games 
 call for the exercise of considerable mental 
 powers as well as of physical ability to excel in 
 
TEE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 
 
 6*7 
 
 them. Especially ia this the case in cricket, 
 baseball and lacrosse. A manly physique is 
 not more necessary to attain the honors of vic- 
 tory in contests at tuese games than are the 
 mental powers of judgment, courage, nerve, 
 pluck, and control of tempei*. Games requir- 
 ing such attributes necessarily become valuable 
 aids in education. 
 
 The Kansas City Star says : " It is something 
 remarkable that ball players never suffer from 
 the heat. ' The hotter the weather the better 
 the game,' is a baseball proverb. 'The only 
 case I recall where a professional ball player 
 was overcome with heat,' says Manning, 'was 
 that of Mike Dorgan, years ago. Ball players 
 get to ignoring the sun. A majority of them 
 tear the lining out of their caps and expose 
 themselves to the burning sun for two hours 
 with only one thickness of cloth to protect their 
 heads. They become used to it, and the active 
 exercise of the game keeps up a perspiration. 
 I think ball players suffer less from hot weather 
 than almost any one else.' " 
 
 "For a team to refuse to finish a game once 
 begun, or to leave the field upon any pretext or 
 provocation whatever, is an insult and injury to 
 the club upon whose ground such a transaction 
 takes place, a blow at the sport, and a fraud 
 upon the spectators who pay their money to see 
 a full game, uninterrupted by aught save the 
 elements. The precedent set by the Board of 
 Directors of the League for 1893 will serve as a 
 healthy notice that in future the penalty of the 
 law will be exacted in all such cases ; it ougnt 
 also to serve as a deterrent to unreasonable, 
 reckless or bull-headed managers or captains. 
 If it doesu't, their clubs will have to settle with 
 the League first and probably with them after- 
 wards." 
 
 The old ball game, used for field exercise 
 only, known as "Fungo," is played with a 
 round bat and a common ball. One player acts 
 as the batsman while all the others are fielders. 
 The batsman takes the ball in one hand, tosses 
 it up in the air, and as it falls hits it -'on the 
 fly" to the out-field, and if it be caught by any 
 fielder on the fly the batsman goes to the field 
 and the fielder who caught the ball becomes the 
 batsman. The batsman is out also if he sends 
 the ball to the fielders on the bound, or if he 
 strikes at the ball three consecutive times with- 
 out hitting it, in which case the fielder next in 
 turn goes to the bat. Usually the latter receives 
 the ball when thrown in from the field, and 
 passses it to the batsman. The game simply 
 affords good practice to out-fielders in catching 
 the ball, it being comparatively useless as good 
 practice for batting. 
 
 There is another exercise game of ball known 
 as " Two Old Cat," which is a variation of fungo, 
 and a preliminary step to the regular game of 
 baseball. It is generally played by nine play- 
 ers, one of whom acts as pitcher," another as 
 catcher, three others as base players, another 
 as short stop, and the last thr^e as out-fielders. 
 The pitcher is only allowed to pitch the ball to 
 the bat, r.o kind of throw in the delivery of the 
 ball being permitted; and he acts as'pitcher 
 until the batsman is put out, when the catcher 
 
 goes in to the bat, and the pitcher becomes the 
 catcher, and each of the occupants of the other 
 seven positions advance one position, the retir- 
 ing batsman going to right field. The batsman 
 can be put out on a fly catch of a fair or a foul 
 ball, and on foul-bound catch, and also on three 
 strikes. He can also be put out after hitting a 
 fair ball on the bound, if the ball be held at first 
 base before the batsman reaches it. Should he 
 make his base after such a hit, however, he is 
 entitled to take the bat again, or he can resign 
 it in favor of any player he chooses. Of course 
 the game is played on a diamond field, roughly 
 laid out so as to mark the several base posi- 
 tions. 
 
 "Trap Ball," too, is another exercise game, 
 which is played with a " trap," which is a solid 
 piece of wood shaped something like a shoe, 
 and having a movable tongue or spoon. Before 
 playing it, it is as well to fix the trap by sinking 
 the heel in the ground. Innings being tossed 
 up for, the winner places the ball in the spoon 
 of the trap, touches the tongue of the trap with 
 his bat, and. as the ball rises, strikes it away aa 
 far as he possibly can. If he makes more than 
 two unsuccessful efforts at striking the ball, or 
 touches the tongue more than twice without 
 being able to hit the ball, he is out, and the 
 next player takes his innings, which order of 
 succession should be settled beforehand. If 
 one of the fielders can catch the ball before it 
 falls to the ground, the striker loses his in- 
 nings; but if it is not caught, the fielder who 
 stops it must bowl it from the spot where he 
 picked it up, toward the trap ; if it touches the 
 trap, the striker is out ; but if, on the contrary, 
 it misses, the batsman counts one toward his 
 game. 
 
 A great objection on the part of the players 
 has always existed in regard to the column of 
 errors in the score. Hitherto the trouble has 
 been to record errors without giving them the 
 prominence they n&w hold in the score, and the 
 only way to do this is to change the three 
 columns showing the figures of chances offered 
 and accepted, over the put-outs, assistances and 
 errors, into two columns, giving the figures of 
 total chances offered and total accepted by each 
 fielder. This really gives the figures of errors, 
 but not in the objectionable form now used. 
 
 There is no possible advantage accruing from 
 going in first at the bat which is not equally at 
 command in the second part of the first inning, 
 while the advantage of having an opportunity to 
 recover lost ground by being last at the bat in a 
 game, more than offsets whatever there is to be 
 gained by taking the first crack at the new ball. 
 
 The St. Louis Sayings in an editorial on hon- 
 esty in sports, says : " Gambling on sporting 
 events of any character has had more to do with 
 the downfall of the aport that made gambling 
 possible than any other factor. This applies 
 almost exclusively, however, to sporting events 
 that can be ' cooked,' and not to fair, open con- 
 tests of sport. If all sports could be protected 
 from the gambler like baseball, all sports would 
 be as popular as baseball. The player who 
 throws one game of baseball knows it is 100 to 1, 
 ave, 1,000 to 1, that he will be detected, and 
 
S3 
 
 THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 
 
 once detected his baseball days are ended. He 
 is blacklisted, and all the money and influence 
 in the world would not remove his name from 
 that list. If this were done at tbe race tracks with 
 horses and their owners, the public would soon 
 recognize that it was ' getting a run for its 
 money,' and the sport would increase in popu- 
 larity correspondingly." 
 
 The rules applicable to' the batting depart- 
 ment of the existing code afford no criterion of 
 skill whatever in estimating the work of the 
 batsman each season, the average being worth- 
 
 less as showing how much a batsman has done 
 during a championship campaign to win games 
 by sending in runs by bis batting. As it is now, 
 the batsman who has the highest record of base 
 hits and two and three baggers, bears off all 
 the honors, though he may not ha'se sent in a 
 run or forwarded a runner by his batting in half 
 the games he has played, while the batsman 
 who by single hits and sacrifices has not only 
 forwarded runners and sent in runs in every 
 game by his batting, stands low in the aver- 
 ages. This is simply one of the absurdities of 
 the existing code. 
 
 APPENDIX TO BASEBALL PLAYING 
 
 RULES. 
 
 In interpreting Rule 27 of the playing code, 
 the words in the rule " when the pitcher feigns to 
 throw the ball to the base " must be regarded 
 as admitting of a side or backward step in mak- 
 ing the feint to throw, but when a step directly 
 forward is made, or any motion is made indica- 
 tive of such step, the pitcher must throw to the 
 bat, or he commits a balk. 
 
 The interpretation of the rule which makes the 
 touching of a fly ball a catch — even if the ball 
 be dropped— only applies to infield hits, and 
 then only when a force out play is possible from 
 the touched or dropped fly ball, which is touched 
 
 or dropped by any fielder except one of the 
 three outfielders. But when a force out play is 
 not possible from the touched or dropped fly 
 ball, then the missed catch counts as an error, 
 and not as a catch. A force out play from a fly 
 ball, hit so as to be caught or touched by an 
 infielder, can only be made after the fly ball has 
 first touched the ground before being handled. 
 A sacrifice hit is made in accordance with 
 Eule 67, Section i; but no sacrifice hit absolves 
 the batsman from the charge of a time at bat, 
 unless it be one made from a hit to an infielder. 
 See Rule 65. 
 
9 
 
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 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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