Class Book. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIR osm -~f~t I /^ HISTORY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 1609-1909. From the Earliest Discoveries to the HUDSOX-FULTO.V CELEBR.4TI0y Together with Brief Biogr.4phies of Men Represextative of the Business Interests of the City BY JOHN WILLIAM LEONARD -"SS^-:-." &^'. ^^'-' Seal of Ne\v Amsterdam New York THE JOURNAL OF COMMERCE AXD COMMERCIAL BULLETIN 1910 VXiWM^ -^ . 3 V 5 ^ C:'^ ?^' ^ Copyright, 1910, by JOSEPH & SEFTON New York, N. Y. c I have read somewhere — in Dionysius of HaHcarnassus, I think -that History is Philosopliy teaching by Examples. — Hexry St. John — On the Study ami Use of History. History is the essence of innumerable biographies. — Carlyle — Essa\ on History. In a word, we may gather out of History a policy no less wise than eternal ; by the comparison and application of other men's fore- passed miseries with our own like errors and ill deservings. — Sir Walter Raleigh — History of tJic World. INTRODUCTION PREFACE ^^ HE CITY OF NEW YORK has recently celebrated with much 5^ enthusiasm the tercentenary of the discovery of its site by civilized man. Its citizens have been brought into retrospective mood, and not only residents, but many outsiders, have been aroused to a new interest in the story of the birth, growth and present preeminence of New York among- American cities. Therefore, it has been deemed an appropriate time for the production of a history which is neither too voluminous to be available to the average reader, nor so abbreviated as to be inadequate. It has been the aim, in planning' and writing the present volume, not only to tell a true and interesting story, but also to make the narrative explain and illustrate the factors that have led up to the present greatness of our metropolis; giving its record of crude and misdirected beginnings, of the men and events which have helped or retarded its earlier and later growth, and of the integers and personalities of its present greatly expanded importance and its metropolitan interests. In the earlier portion of this history there will be found much recorded which relates to the Province of New Netherland at large, rather than to the local happenings of New Amsterdam. At that time the two were, at many points, inseparably connected, and the provincial problems, worked out in the city, controlled its destinies and affected its interests in so many ways, that the story of the province becomes equally that of the city. After the Revo- lution this closeness of relation greatly diminishes, and State and national questions only impinge upon the civic story to the extent of the participation of the city in them. Wherever clarity in the narration of historical events involves interpre- tation of character or motives, the endeavor has been made, in this volume, to be just. Judicial fairness in historical criticism is greatly benefited by per- spective, and it is more possible to fairly interpret those events which occurred before our own time than those which, because of nearness, each observer must see from his individual angle. For this reason the events of the city's earlier history are dealt with in a more critical spirit than those of later days, and there has been no endeavor to attempt, in this history, the interpretation of any events so recent as to be in the realm of present controversy. Even as to the events of the city's earlier days, the estimate of motive and charac- ter is difficult, because many things which, in the evolution of ethics, we have come to regard as outrageous, were then looked upon with complacency, if not with approval. HISTORY OF XEU' YORK A] any books have Ijcen written about the history of New York, but it has Ijeen twenty years since one was published coyering the general history of the city front its beginning" to that date. That pu])lication, The ]\Ieniorial History of the City of New York, in f<:iur large ^'olunles, was ably edited by General James Grant \\'ilson. It is a collection of monographs, by several authors, on the various periods and subjects, and is very valuable to the special student of New York history, but too voluminous for the purposes of the more casual reader. Other older and shorter histories by AI. J. Laml), Alary L. Booth, William L. Stone and others, seem, in our day, when there is so much historical material available w^hich w'as not then accessiljle to these authors, scarcely ade- quate for those who desire a history which shall combine a fair degree of com- pleteness of historical detail with conciseness of statement. Besides these, there are many volumes relating to phases and periods of the history of the City of New York, of which by far the most valuable, and in fact, the ablest, most exhaustive and most scholarly contribution to the history of the city \vhich has vet been made is the recently published two-volitme History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century, l)y Airs. Schuyler van Rensselaer, LL.D. Every writer dealing with the early history of the City of New York must be indebted to the careful and painstaking work of J. R. Brodhead, E. B. O'Callaghan and B. Fernow in the collection and compilation of the docu- ments relating to the Dutch, Colonial and early State periods, including the ten volumes (and additional index volume) of New York Colonial Documents Procuretl in Holland, England and France by J. R. Brodhead (edited by O'Callaghan), and the other three volumes, edited by B. Fernow; the Docu- mentary History of the State of New York, l)y O'Callaghan. four volumes; and the History of the State of New York, by Brodhead (two volumes). The History of New Nelherland, or New York Under the Dutch, by O'Callaghan, also contains much valuable material. The story of New York as given in the ]iresent voktme has been prepared after an extensive reading and study of many documents and numerous vol- umes, including" 1)esides all those mentioned above, scores of others bearing on the city's history. The History of the City of New York, by D. T. X'alentine, has furnished valual)le material, as have the Alanuals, of various dates, by the same author; the Alanual of the Reformed Church in America, by Rev. Dr. Edward T. Corwin, has also proven very useful, as has Historic New- York, edited l)y Goodwin, Royce and Putnam ; New York Old and New, Ijy R. R. Wilson (two volumes) ; Nooks and C(M-ners of Old New York, by Charles Hemstreet; Janvier's In Old New York; Inness' New Amsterdam and Its People; Satterlee's Political History of the Province of New York; also, for the Revolutionary period, John Fiske's History, various lives of Washington, and The Declaration of Independence — Its History, by John EI. Hazelton. PREFACE General histories of the United States, by Bancroft, Schouler, McMaster and others ; Rise of the Dutch Repubhc, and innumerable standard reference books have been consulted, as well as a large number of pamphlet monographs, family histories, articles in historical journals, and, for the latest period, the files of New York newspapers. To all of the publications mentioned and to many others less extensively consulted, the respectful acknowledgments of the author of this present volume are due. Accuracy has been regarded as the first and highest essential of the vol- ume, and wherever the authorities or documents have seemed to l^e in conflict, there has been an earnest endeavor to get at the truth. It is believed that the story of the city, as here narrated, is as dependable as it can be made by careful search and just appraisal of the documents available for the purpose. While condensation has been imperative and much of minute detail which might make interesting reading has been passed by, there has been constant efifort to record, in due proportion, all facts of real historical importance. It is unfortunately true that there is a great lack of knowledge of the history of the city among its inhabitants. Many of the best educated, who could pass a good examination in the histories of the cities of Rome or Athens, know practically nothing of that of their own city. Some very cultured New Yorkers have been heard to atlmit that the only history of New York they have ever read is that of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, Esq., of happy memory. Pleasant as that satire is, as a literary recreation, it is to be feared that Irving's narrative is responsible for the more than ignorance w4iich manv New Yorkers have of their city's history, due to misconceptions of the char- acter of the early burghers inspired by his quaint and fanciful story. "We are citizens of no mean city ;" of one, indeed, the development of which is the greatest marvel of urban growth in recorded history. To con- tribute in a worthy and illuminating way to the elucidation of the how and why of its evolution is the aim and purpose of the present book. The portion of the book devoted to the biographies of men identified in the most definite and constructive way with the interests and activities which contribute in the most important degree to the city's material greatness will, it is believed, prove no less interesting than the historical narrative. The names of those whose careers are detailed in that part of the volume have been selected with discriminating care, and are thoroughly representative. New York is still a growing city, and as the years go by and the news of to-day becomes the historical reminiscence of to-morrow, the printed records grow in value. This volume has aimed to bring the record, in a concise but worthy and dependable form, down to this present date. John W. Leonard New York, September 30, igio HISTORY OF XEW YORK TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Preface vii Table of Chxtexts 2 List of Illustrations i J Errata 15 CHAPTER I Early discoveries of Columbus, the Cabots and Americus \'espucius — Letjends of Norse. Irish and Welsh discoveries in pre-Columbian times — A'errazano in Xew York Bay — His letter to Francis I — Estevan Gomez's visit to Sandy Hook — Hudson's discovery, its ]uir- pose, its story and its end — His subsequent career and death 17-26 CHAPTER II Results of Hudson's discovery — Early Dutch visitors to [Manhattan — Voyages of Christiaensen, Block and others — The Captain Argall m\tli — Fort Nassau founded -up the Hudson — The United New Xetherlantl Company and its charter — -The Indian aborigines, their tribal divisions, homes, habits, government and religion -"-34 CHAPTER III New ventures toward New Netherland — The L'nited New Netherlaiid charter expires — Several voyages licensed — West India Company or- ganized — The I'ilgrims want to go — English claim to the country — Walloon faiuilies come to New Netherland — Early directors of the colony — New Netherland gets a seal 33-3S CHAPTER I\' Peter Minuit, first director-general of New Netherland, arrives and appoints his Council — Buys Manhattan Island from the Indians — Scarcity of records of the period, and why — Minuit corresponds with Governor Bradford of Plymouth Colony — Development of Fort Clrange (now Albany) — Patroonships established — English claims to New Netherland — Minuit returns to Holland — Industries established — Social and religi(pus conditions — Domine Michaelis and the Re- formed Dutch Church — Ailininistration of I^.astiaen Janszen Crol as director-general 39-45 CHAPTER \' Wouter van Twiller, third director-general — His officers and his Coim- cil — Arrival of The William and conduct of \'an Twiller — Accounts of his administration — Some of his grants — The "Anneke Jans Farm"' — Van Twiller's quarrels with Domine Bogardus and \*an Dincklagen, and his recall 47-5- TABLE OF COXTEXTS CHAPTER VI PAGE Administration of Wilhelm Kieft, fourth director-general — Its autocratic character— Trouble with the Swedes and New Englanders— Efforts at colonization — Dutch immigration and land grants — Kieft arouses resentment of the River Indians — The Twelve Men organized— In- flux of men of many nations — Outbreak of the Indians — Massacre of Indians at Pavonia followed by open war — The Commonalty elects the Eight Men — Indian massacres in the Bronx region and on Long Island — The Eight Men memorialize the West India Company and the States-General, and turn upon Kieft — He is recalled — His dis- sensions with Domine Bogardus, Melyn and Kuvter 53-68 CHAPTER \TI General Pieter Stuyvesant, fifth director-general — His record and char- acter — His Council and officials appointed — He sides with Kieft — Departure of Kieft. Bogardus, Kuyter, Melyn and others — Wreck of the ship and death of Kieft and Bogardus — The Nine Men chosen, and what they did — Trouble with the English — Complaints against Stuyvesant — His contest with the Nine Men — Melvn and Kuyter return — The "Petition" and "Remonstrance" carried to Holland, and their reception — English settlers support Stuyvesant — The Hartford Treaty — Stuyvesant plants a fort and settlements on the Delaware — The Amsterdam Chamber orders a "suitable burgher government" for New Amsterdam 69-82 CHAPTER XIU Stuyvesant appoints burgomasters, schepens and other officers — Organi- zation of courts — Magistrates complain to the West India Company directors — Aleetings complain of grievances and oppressions and adopt a "Remonstrance" and "Petition," much to Stuyvesant's rage — Threats of invasion from England — Stuyvesant captures Forts Casi- mir and Christina on the Delaware and ends Swedish dominion in America — Indians perpetrate massacres at Pavonia, Staten Island and Harlem, ami destroy nnich property — Disputes and conflicts with English settlers and with the Colony of Connecticut — Indian trou- bles renewed, ending with almost complete destruction of Esopus tribe by force under Alartin Cregier — Great and small burgher-right established in New Amsterdam — Land frauds and political plots of Baxter and Scott — Turmoil on Long Island — King Charles grants the Duke of York all the land from the Connecticut River to Dela- ware Bay, and appoints a commission to inquire into the state of New England, and under that disguise sends a fleet to New Nether- land — The expedition, headed by Colonel Richard Nicolls, demands and receives the surrender of New Amsterdam 83-96 CHAPTER IX Rich.ard Nicolls, first English governor, ajipoints English officials for province, which becomes New York, the same name also being given to the city — Nicolls prepares a code which he calls "the Duke's HISTORY OF NEW YORK PAGE Laws" — Appoints Thomas Willett first ma_vor of New York, with two English and three Dutch aldermen — Duke of York gives awa)- the region west of the Hudson, which becomes New Jersey — War between England and Holland, which ends in the treaty of Breda — Nicolls tires of his charge and asks to he relieved — Stuyvesant before the States-General — Goes to England in behalf of himself and Dutch residents — Returns and becomes resident of New York — Colonel Francis Lovelace becomes governor and Colonel Nicolls returns to England 97-103 CHAPTER X Antecedents of Governor Francis Lovelace, second English governor — Appoints a Council — Improvement of trade and shiiibuilding after the treaty — The governor estaljlishes the Merchants' Exchange, also a postal service to Hartford and Boston — Commerce languishes be- cause of restrictive navigation laws — War between England and Hol- land — While Lovelace is at New Haven, Dutch fleet, under Evertsen and Benckes, enters harbor and demands surrender of New York — The Dutch enter ; Captain Anthony Colve becomes governor, changes the name of New York to "New Orange," and inaugurates Dutch city government — Lovelace is taken to Holland, leaving heavy debts — Colve gives a good administration 104-109 CHAPTER XI New York restored to England by Treaty of Westminster — Sketch of Sir Edmund Andros, third English governor — His Council — Restores citv government to English fomi — Ca])tain John Manning, who sur- rendered fort, taken by Dutch to Fayal — Returns to New York and is court-martialed — Retires to island in East River, which his daugh- ter, Mrs. Blackwell, inherits, and which is still known as I'.lackwell's Island — Colve's confiscations set aside — Dutch, after some denuir, take oath of allegiance — Rev. Nicolaus van Rensselaer causes trou- ble between the Dutch Church and the governor — He is finallv de- posed — The \ an Rensselaer famih' — The people ask f(ir an Assem- bly — Andros visits England and is appointed vice admiral — Returns and gives Mayor's Court jurisdiction as an admiralty court — Andros claims jurisdiction over New Jersey, but is overruled — Andros again goes to England, leaving Lieutenant Brockholls in charge — Dispute about the customs laws and Captain Dyre, collector, is accused of treason and finally sent to England, where his case is dismissed — Disputes in the colony — Colonel Dongan is appointed governor by the Duke of York 111-121 CHAPTER XII Colonel Thomas Dongan, fourth English governor ; his career — He estab- lishes a General Assembly — Some of its members — It enacts a Char- ter of Liberties and Privileges, and other laws — Charles II dies, the Duke of York becomes King James II, and New York becomes a TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE royal province — Second Assembly called — Governor Dongan grants a charter to the city — Its provisions — Sir Edmund Andros is com- missioned captain general and governor in chief of New England — The Provincial Charter of Liberties is vetoed by James — Governor Dongan treats with the Indians — The jurisdiction of Andros is ex- tended over New York and New Jersey, and Dongan resigns his authority to Andros, retiring to Staten Island — He is charged with being in a "Papist" conspiracy — His later life 123-133 CHAPTER XIII Lieutenant-Governor I'rancis Nicholson left in charge by Andros — Like Dongan, he is a Catholic, and there is much anti-Catholic feeling — End of Stuart rule and accession of William and Alary stirs the colo- nists — Andros arrested and im|)risoned in Boston — Conflict of parties — Large party arrayed against the Stuart-appointed Council and Gov- ernor Nicholson — a large meeting requests Jacob Leisler to take com- mand of the fort — He does so and later refuses to deliver the money in the fort to Lieutenant-Governor Nicholson — The conflict between the appointees of James II and the Leisler party — Committee of Safety elected, and ask Leisler to act as lieutenant governor — French and Mohawks march on Schenectady and massacre the inhabitants — Leisler sends relief, calls an Assembly, and equips a fleet to join the movement on Quebec — Major Ingoldesby, with soldiers, arrives and demands possession of the fort, which Leisler denies him — Governor Sloughter arrives and Leisler, as well as the members of his Council, are arrested — He and his son-in-law, Jacob Milborne, are tried, sen- tenced and executed for treason ; others also convicted — Governor Sloughter's administration, after four months, ends with his death, and Major Richard Ingoldesljy acts as lieutenant governor ad iii- teritii 135-144 CHAPTER XIV Colonel Benjamin Fletcher, appointed governor, arrives — Aligns himself with the anti-Leislerians — Feeling against the Jacobite Council — Other Leislerian prisoners released — Bolting and baking monopoly of New York City abolished — Fletcher holds a grand Indian coun- cil — The King's Farm is leased for Trinity Church, and afterward granted to it — Its first rector — Fletcher given the government of Pennsylvania and Delaware, in addition to New York — Secures William Bradford, who comes to New York from Philadelphia, as the first printer in New York — Fletcher's leniency toward pirates and smugglers, and excessive grants of land — He is recalled and the Earl of Bellomont is appointed governor 145-151 CHAPTER X\' Career of the Earl of Bellomont — He is of Leislerian sympathies — His acquaintance with Robert Livingston, and his connection with the career of Captain Kidd as a privateer — Bellomont fights illegal trad- HISTORY OF XEJ]- YORK PAGE inj^f — Restores the Leisler ])roperties tn the heirs, and organizes a new Council — Secures passage of a bill by the Assembly vacating the excessive Fletcher grants and angers Domine Dellius and the rector uf Trinitv — The earl, also governor of Massachusetts, spends fourteen months in Boston — Captain Kidd, the privateer, having turned pirate, comes to America and is taken before Bellomont, is sent to England for trial, convicted and hanged — Xew City Hall built in WM Street — T'ellomont dies in Xew York 152-160 CHAPTER XM Lord Cornljurv becomes governor — Lord Macaulay's estimate of his character — He sides with the aristocrats and dismisses the Leisle- rians from the Council — Seizes Presbyterian property and gives it to Episcopalians — Takes money appropriated for fortifications and con- verts it to his own use — The Assembly thereupon makes its grants conditional upon their right to appoint their own treasurer — Ccrn- bury persecutes nonconforming ministers, but secures the fee simple grant of the Queen's Farm and Queen's Garden for Trinity Church — The Assembl}" formulates charges against the governor, and he is recalled — His absolute badness 161 -168 CHAPTER XMI Jiihn, Lord Lovelace, becomes governor, and finds his way to New York via Flushing and a rough land and ferry journey through a Decem- ber storm — Serves less than six months and dies of pneumonia — Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldesby serves as governor until the arrival of General Robert Hunter, appointed by Queen Anne ti^ the place — He brings a colony of Palatines and settles them in the colony — Makes a friend of Colonel Lewis Morris — Organizes troops and ves- sels to attack Canada, England being at war with France — Hostili- ties end with the peace of L'trecht — Slaveholding in Xew York — Governor Hunter establishes a court of chancery — George I succeeds Anne on English throne — Hunter retires from the governorship and secures it for a friend, William Burnet 169-176 CHAPTER XVIII Governor Burnet selects a Council and calls the old Assembly — Starts his administration favorably, and eight months after arrival marries into a prominent Dutch faiuily — Burnet secures legislation to stop the traffic of French traders in Xew York, and takes steps to encourage trade with the Indians — Establishes a trading post at Oswego — Social life, trade and public finance in the early Eighteenth Century — Some opposition to Burnet, led by Adolph Philipse and Stephen DeLancey — He is transferred as governor of Massachusetts, but dies soon after — I-'irst newspaper in Xew York established — Colonel John Montgomerie becomes governor of Xew York — Settles the boundary line between Xew York and Connecticut — Prepares and promulgates a new charter for Xew York — Serves acceptably for over three years, and dies in Xew Y — Formation, career and downfall of the Tweed Ring — Escape, recapture and death of Tweed — Panic of 1873 — Blowing up of Hallets" Point Rocks at Hell Gate — Seventh Regiment Armory TABLE OF COXTEXTS H PAGE built — Egyptian Olielisk in Central Park — Political strife between Stalwarts and Half-P>reeds — Conkling and Piatt resign from Xew York Senate 381-39" CHAPTER XXXV Completion of Brooklyn Bridge — Grant & Ward failure — The Jeaimette and Greeley Arctic expeditions — Death of General Grant — Yacht contests for the America's Cup — Fatal blizzard and death of Roscoe Conkling — Washington Memorial Arch erected — Columbus Ouadri- centennial Celebration — Panic of 1893 — The Gravesend election frauds — The Lexow investigation — Creation of Greater Xew York — Raines law hotels — Exciting elections of 1896 and 1897 — \'an Wyck elected mayor — X^ew York's share in the Spanish-American War — Carnegie branch libraries provided for — Seth Low elected mayor — Prince Henry of Prussia visits Xew York — Colonel George B. Mc- Clellan elected mayor in 1903, and again, for a four-year term, in 1905 — Charles E. Hughes elected governor — The Lusitania and Mauretania begin voyages — Panic of 1907 — Oueensborough Bridge opened — Commander Peary discovers the Xorth Pole — Dr. Cook and his claims — Judge William J. Gaynor elected ma_\or — Attempt to assassinate Mayor Gaynor — Pennsylvania tunnels opened to traffic — 398-421 CHAPTER XXXVI Description of Xew York Harbor — Hudson River, its traffic and canal connections — A'arious names of Hudson River — Inception of Hud- son-Fulton Celebration — Earliest methods of traffic on the river — Impetus given by the introduction of steam — Hudson-Fulton Cele- bration Commission — The features, parades, illuminations and details of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration 423-432 CHAPTER XXX\ II Beginnings of commerce in Xew Xetherland — Barter with Indians — Wampum and Ijeaver skins as currency — Coins in early use in colo- nial Xew York — Rosa Americana coinage and private tokens — Xew York bills of credit and Continental currency — Trade under Dutch occupancy and English rule — Privateering and the slave trade — Commerce in the Seventeenth Century — Some of the exports and imports — Effect of the Stamp Act and Xonimportation Agreements — Revival in trade after the Revolution — Depressing effect of Xapo- leon's Decrees, British Orders in Council, and the Embargoes of Jefferson and Madison — Trade during the present century — Railroad systems of Xew York City — Horse car lines — Development of rapid transit — Water supply of Xew York — The Croton supply and the new Catskill water supply project — Gas lighting — Electric service in Xew York — Development of the telegraph and telephone in Xew York City — Greater Xew York in the Thirteenth Census 433-468 Biographies and Portr.mts 470-937 Index 939 12 HISTORY OF XEW YORK LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Landing of Henry Hudson from the Half- Woon 24 Indian Village of the Manna-hatas 24 Old Dutch Cottage in New York, 1679... ,50 Indians Bringing Tribute 34 Council of Tawasthena 38 The Old Fort Amsterdam, built by Peter Minuit, 1626 41 New Amsterdam (New York) about 1667 46 Wrath of Van T wilier 48 Massacre of Indians at Pavonia 61 Seal of New Netherland, 1623-1664 67 Pieter Stuyvesant (portrait) 68 Old New York (New Amsterdam), 1659 70 Seal of Petrus Stuyvesant 82 The Stadt Huis, built in 1642 84 The Stuyvesant Mansion 87 Early Street Scene, Broad Street and Exchange Place 96 Seal of New Orange no Old drawing of "Ye New Ingen arrived from London" no Old Dutch Church in Garden Street, erec- ted in i6g6 121 Map of New York City, 1728 122 New York Bay from Staten Island, over fifty years ago 134 Old Dutch House in Broad Street, built i6g8 141 Old Dutch House in Pearl Street, built 1626, demolished 1828 141 Trinity Church, 1737 (rear view) 148 Home of Captain William Kidd. 1698.... 151 City Hall, Wall Street, erected 1700, de- molished 1812 160 French Protestant Church (Pine Street, near Nassau) 168 New York in 1674 176 Middle Dutch Church, Nassau and Cedar Streets 186 Old Brooklyn Ferry House in 1746 204 St. George's Chapel in Beekman Street, erected 1752 208 King's College, 1756 213 Burns' Coffee House, Broadway, opposite Bowling Green, 17C10 218 Old Lutheran Church in Frankfort Street, erected 1767 222 Brick Church in Beekman Street, 1768... 224 Government House, "Whitehall" ; erected in 1786 236 Fraunces' Tavern, built 1727 241 Tammany Hall, 1789 . . . 243 Old Jail, erected before the American Revolution 248 Rhinelander's Sugar House, 1763; used as a British prison during the Revolution. 254 Departure of the "Polly" for England.... 257 Old view of Jamaica Village, Long Island 264 Southwest view of New York from Bed- loe's Island 267 P.\GE Franklin House. 1760; residence of Wash- ington when inaugurated, 1789 269 Old Sugar House in Liberty Street, prison of the Revolution 276 The Bridewell and a portion of Broad- way, 1805 282 Plan of New York and Long Island in the Revolution 285 No. I Broadway in Revolutionary Times. . 286 Alexander Hamilton, aide-de-camp (por- trait) 290 Methodist Church in John Street in Olden Times 29s Federal Hall and Verplanck Mansion (Wall Street) : . . . 296 New York Harbor. 1790, showing Gov- ernor's House in background 299 Manhattanville from Claremont 301 No. 2 Broadwav, corner Marketfield Street, 1798 . . .' 303 White Conduit House, built about 1782.. . 306 New York Hospital, Broadway between Duane and Anthony (Worth) Streets, built about 1773 308 Tannnany Hall (second home), erected lSi2 310 Southern view of Halls of Justice in Cen- tre Street, 1812 311 Old view of City Hall 313 The Clermont, Robert Fulton's first Amer- ican steamboat 316 View of Wall Street, 1825 319 The Stone Bridge at Canal Street and Broadway 322 Map of the City of New York, prepared for the Model of New York 324 St. Paul's Church and Broadway Stages, 1827 327 Early view of Broadway from the Park. . 330 Mount Washington Collegiate Institute about 1820 331 Corner of Broadway and Murray Street, 1820 2i2 Castle Garden, a fort in 1812 334 Corner of Broadway and Grand Street, 1824 336 Old Merchants' Exchange ii7 Gothic Hall, Broadway, 1827 338 Junction of Broadway and the Bowery Road 2,39 Grace Church and Vicinity, 1828 339 Old Custom House . 34° Tontine Coffee House, as it appeared in 1812 342 Broadway, 1836 343 Northern view of Navv Yard at Brooklyn, 1835 344 The House of Refuge, erected 1824, burned 1838 .346 Broadwav Homestead of Mavor Varian, 1839 ■ •' 347 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 13 PAGE Receiving Reservoir, Croton Celebration, .1842 348 Distributing Reservoir 348 Aqueduct Bridge 349 Park Fountain, Croton Celebration, 1S4J. 349 Columbia College, 1840 351 Old Post Office, formerly Middle Dutcb ' Church, Nassau and Cedar Streets 352 Broadway Theatre, 1859 353 The Tabernacle, with entrance on Broad- way, 1846 354 Free Academy, Twenty-third Street and Lexington Avenue 355 Old St. Luke's Hospital 356 St. Paul's and the Astor House 358 Former Jewish Hospital, 1852 359 Orphan Asylum. Seventy-fourth Street and Bloomingdale Road 361 Deaf and Dumb Asylum 362 South Dutch Church in Murray Street. 1837 363 Old Baptist Church, Broome and Eliza- beth Streets 364 Old Scotch Presbyterian Cliurch. Grand and Crosby Streets 365 Sailors' Snug Harbor in i860 366 Early view of American Museum 368 City Hall, Trinity Church and Grace Church (early view) . ., 370 Barnum's Museum and St. Paul's Church 371 Bellevuc Hospital (old view) 373 Old Roman Catholic Cathedral in Third Street 375 Cooper Institute, Mercantile Library and Bible House (old view) 379 Northwestern view of Brooklyn ( old vie w ) 380 Trinity Church (old view) 382 Booth's Theatre 384 Old Building of New York Society Library 386 Old Building of New York Historical Society 389 PAGE Old Custom House 392 Old view Harlem Lane, from Central Park to Manhattanville 396 Views of Old Estates and Buildings : Gargle Estate, Sixtieth Street and Tenth Avenue 398 Caster Estate, near Thirty-si.xth Street on Le.xington Avenue 399 Old Dutch Farm House, Seventh Ave- nue and Fiftieth Street 401 Keyser Estate, Fourth (Park) Avenue and Fortieth Street 402 Old Country Inn ("Croton Cottage"), Fifth Avenue and Fortieth Street.... 404 Old Residence, Madison Avenue and Fourth Street 406 Audubon Estate on the Bank of the Hudson 407 Steinway Hall . ., 409 Broad Street, looking North 411 Hudson Terminal Building 415 College of the City of New York 419 New Pennsylvania Railroad Station 421 Trinity Building 422 Singer Building 425 Columbia University and Campus 430 Another view of New Pennsylvania Rail- road Station 432 Custom House 435 Metropolitan Building 437 Hilliard Building 440 New York Stock Exchange Building 445 New York Public Library 452 Trinity Church, from the rear 455 New York Chamber of Commerce 456 New York Post Office Building, Eighth Avenue, Thirty-first and Thirty-second Streets 460 City Investing Building 464 New Municipal Building 467 Blair & Company Building facing 468 PORTRAIT ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE AcHESON, Edward Goodrich 726 Adriance, Adrian Dexter , 704 Amerman. William Henrv Houghton. .. 658 Amory. John James 719 Anyon, James Thornley 893 Appelbaum, Misha E 702 Assmann, Frederick Marten 720 Astor, Colonel John Jacod 504 Auger, Charles Louis 780 Baeb, George W 640 Babbitt, Benjamin Talbot 868 Bache, Jules Semon , 519 Bakewell, Allan Campbell 721 Baldwin, William Delav.\n 665 Behr. Herman 886 Benedict, Lemuel Coleman 572 Blair, John Insley 570 Bliss, Cornelius Newton 772 Boas, Emil Leopold 642 Boker, Carl F 716 Burden, M.vtthew Ch.aloner Durfee.... 760 BoRG, Sidney Cecil 546 Braker, Henry Jones 851 Brixey, Richard De Wolfe 728 Brown, Gerald Rudderow 830 Brown, Simon H 8g6 Bryan. Benjamin Butters 580 Cannon, James Graham 538 Carnegie, Andrew 476 Carty, John J 682 Chapman, Henry Stanton 794 Claflin. John 744 Clapp, Edw.\rd Everett 523 Clark, John Mitchell 701 Clift, Edward Henry 790 CoMSTocK, Louis K , 710 Cone, Ceasar 763 Connor, Washington Everett 564 CoNovER. Samuel S 559 Cook, Henry F 889 Copeland, Charles C 802 14 HISTORY OF XEW YORK PAGE CoREETT. Marshall Joseph 654 CoRBix, Flovd Stewart 826 Corey. William Ellis 666 CoRTELYOu, George Brlxe 618 CowLES, David Smith 888 Cozzens, Stanley Thayer 784 Cromwell, William Nelson 922 Cruikshank, Warren 814 Dale, Chalmers 020 Degxon, Michael John 892 De Kay, John Wesley 862 De Leon, Edwin Warren 625 De Lima, Elias S. A 396 DiNKEL. George 811 DoHERTY, Henry Latham 600 Dommerich, Louis F 747 DofGLAS, William Harris 645 Drewry, William Powell 77i Driggs, Marshall Sylvanus 632 Du Bois, Cornelius 5C9 Duval, George L 649 Eaton. Frederick Heber 674 Elkus. .^bram 1 935 Elliott, Mortimer F 912 Emanuel, John Henderson, Jr 592 Emery, Joseph H 789 Faber, Eberhardt 877 Fairchild, Samuel William 841 Fearey, Frederick Tysoe 696 Feustman, Leon Philip 713 Flagler, Henry Morrison 49- Fleischer, Nathan 712 Fleitmann. Frederick Theodore 768 Fleitm.ann. William Medlicott 769 Flint, Charles Ranlett 057 Forstman, C. Julius 796 Gaillard, William Eyre Gibson 818 Gary, Elbert Henry 496 Gennerich, George 856 GiBB, Arthur 775 GiBB, Henry Elmer 75' Gildersleeve, Oliver 650 Goodrich, Edward Ismon 791 Gray, William Steele 849 Green, Warren Luqueer 8S2 Grosjean, Florian 7i^ Guggenheim, Daniel 910 Haggin, James Ben .Ali 548 Hasslacher, Jacob Pius Maria 842 Hathaway, Charles 552 Hay, George Taber 652 Hayden, Charles 574 Hegema.v, Benjamin Arrowsmith, Jr... (192 Hendrickson. Charles Le Roy 936 Higgins, .Andrew Foster O26 Hill, James Jero.me 608 HiLLiARD. John Gerald 634 Hornblower. Willia.m Butler gi i Horowitz, Louis J 611 HoRTON, Harry Lawrence 534 Hulbert, Henry Carlton f^83 Hungerford, Uri T 717 Hunt, Beekman 629 Hyde, Benjami.n Talbot Babbitt 873 page Jackson, Frank W ■;;i2 Jacobus, David Schenck 690 Jennings, Robert E 670 Jones, Thomas Nathaniel 660 Josephthal, Louis Maurice 527 JuHRiNG, John C 855 Kee.ve, James Robert 926 Kep.ver, John B 806 Kelly, John A 638 Kieckhefer, Ferdinand A. W 680 Kimball, Francis H 898 King. Willard Vinton 542 KiNGSLEY, Darwin Pearl 622 Klipstein, August 837 KuNHARDT, Henry Rudolph 656 Leach, .Arthur Burtis 554 L'Ecluse, Milton Albert 832 LiSMAN, Frederick J 537 Lounsbery, Richard Purdy... 586 LUTTGEN, WaLTHER 568 >L\BEN, John Campbell 669 Mc.Alpi.v, General Edwin .Augustus.... 616 McCarty, .Anthony J 659 McCuRDY, Robert Henry 556 McCuTCHEN, Charles Walter 858 ^L^CKAY. George Devereux gi8 McKenzie, William 808 McKiNNEY, Colonel Robert Cochran ... 676 Mann, Samuel Vernon, Jr 599 Marqusee, Julil's 878 ^Lvrshall, Waldo Hall 722 Meany, General Edward P 914 MiLLIKEN, SeTH MeLLEN 782 Moore, Charles .Arthur 662 Moore. William Henry 604 Montgomery, Richard Malcolm 825 Morgan. John Pierpont 470 Morgan, Samuel Tate 860 morgenthau, maximilian 83i Morton, Levi Parsons 482 NoYES, Charles F 821 Oakma.n, Walter G 544 Olcott, Eben Erskine 603 Oppenheim, .Ansel 582 Paris, John W 828 Parker, Robert Meade 880 Pass ava.vt, Oscar von 756 Peters, Ralph 614 Phillips. David Lewis 824 Poor, Edward E 758 Poor, James Harper 752 Poor, Ruel Whitcomb 594 Pope, James Edward 718 Potter, Orlando Bro.nson 491 PouLSON, Niels 698 Prentiss, Henry 901 Pyne, Percy Rivington, 2d 560 Raven, .Anton .Adolph 630 Rea. Samuel 612 Read. George Rowland 816 Reichhelm, Edward Paul 708 Riker, John Jackson 838 LIST OF II.LUSTRATIOXS !■') PAGE Rockefeller, John Davison 486 Rogers. Robert 714 Rowland, William 646 Rowley, Henry 850 Ryle, William 770 Salomon, William 528 Sanderson, Henry 578 ScHiFF, Jacob Henry 516 SCHNIEWIND, HeINRICH ErNST, Jr 798 Schuyler, Charles Edward 822 Seligman, Isaac Newton 524 Sells, Elijah Watt 895 Sherman, John Taylor 766 Siegbert. Louis 804 Simmons, Charles Herbert 709 Simon, Herman 776 S.TOSTROM. P. Robert G 786 Smith. Francis Marion 846 Smith, George Carson 902 Smith, George Theodore 590 Smith, Lenox 694 Snow. Elbridge Gerry 495 SooYSMiTH, Charles 743 Speyer, James 521 Speiden, Clement Coote 844 Spiegelberg. William 1 805 Spreckels, Claus August 866 Stanton, John Robert 908 Stein way. Charles Herman 741 Steinway. Henry Engelhard y:KA Steinway, William 738 Stettinius, Edward R 904 Stilson. .'\rthur Theodore 706 page Stoehr, p. R. Eduard 778 Stone, Isaac Frank 843 Sturhahn, Carl F 637 Sulzberger. Ferdinand 916 Tate, Joseph 577 Taylor. William H 906 Tener, Hampden Evans 563 Tesla, Nikola 724 Thalmann, Ernst 530 Thomas, Seth Edward 890 TiLFORD, Frank 852 Tod, Andrew Kinnaird 894 ToMLiNS, William Maddox, Jr 865 Topping. John Alexander 672 Towne, Henry R 686 Turner, Thomas Morgan 764 Vail, Theodore Newton 510 Van Cortlandt, Robert B 532 Vanderlip, Frank .Arthur 540 Veit, Richard Ch arle.s 607 ViETOR, George Frederick 754 Wassermann. Edward 5:67 Weidmann, Jacob 800 Wells, Edward Hubbard 688 Weston. Edward 930 Whitman. Clarence 748 VViLLcox. William Goodenovv 515 Wing. John D 834 Wright. Joseph H 792 Young, George Washington 585 ERRATA Page 54. 93. 129, 191. 192. 194. 196, 197, 205, 3S9. 403, line 13, for "Fifteentli" read "Sixteentli." line 10 from bottom, for "he named" read "they named." line 5 from liottom. for "Nicoll's" read "NicoUs' ", and from Ijottom, for "he" read "Nicolls." line 4. for "De JMyer" read "De Aleyer." line 8 from bottom, for "Zender" read "Zenger." line 16 from bottom, for "Zender" read "Zenger." line 2 from bottom, for "Bradford" read "Bradley." line 2 from l)ottom. for "Bradford" read "Bradle}'." line 16 from bottom, for "C.jovernor" read "Goiuerneur.'' line I, for "United States" read "Great Britain." line 15 from Ijottom, for "Richard B" read "Richard D." line 2 from bottom, for "Thomas L" read "Thomas F." hue 3 C H .-J P T E R N E THE DISCOVERY OF MANHATTAN ISLAND AND THE HUDSON RIVER \\'hen CViluniljiis sailed westwanl with his caravels it was not a new- continent which he hoped to discover, hut a new wav to an old one. A'asco di Gama, the Portuguese navigator, had found a way hy water to India, having rounded the Cape of Storms, which later was rechristened the Cape of Good Hope, hut the way was long, and the ships of that day were small. Geogra- phers had. even in the days of Greek philos()])hy, reasoned out that the earth was a sphere, though there were widely di\-ergent views as to its size, some of the greatest authorities believing that its circumference was forty thousand miles, while others reckoned it much smaller. In Colunihus' day the prevailing scientific 0])inion \vas that from the Canary Islands, which was the meridian from which longitude was then cal- culated, it was only about nine thousand miles to the eastern coast of "the Indies," or "far Cathay," the treasures of which the kings and merchants of Europe were alike anxious to tap, and as the conformation of the eastern coast of Asia was only slightly known, it might prove to be even a less dis- tance a wav. In that faith the Genoese navigator, Columbus, after desperate effort to interest other monarchs, finally gained the ear and aid of Ferdinand and Isabella, and sailed toward the setting sun, flying the flag of Castile and Arragon. When he found land, in 141 )-. he thought it was the Indies and so named it, the islands retaining the name of "West indies" to this day. In 1499 he found the mainland of South America, still thinking he had reached India, and in that belief he died. He was not the first to see the main- land, however, the X'enetian l)rothers Cabot, flying the English flag, and the Florentine, Americus Vespucius. having both found the coast of North America in 149S. It is the latter from wh(^m the continent takes its name, though whether he or the Cal)ots first saw the mainland is a c|uestion that still remains in the realm of controversy. The stories of pre-Columl)ian dis- covery by Eric the Red and otiier Norsemen are doubtless true, as are, per- haps, the traditions of an even earlier knowledge of the Western Continent by the Irish, and of a Twelfth Century A-isit by Welsh adventurers. But the results of these visits had l)een forgotten and unutilized for centuries, and do not dim the lustre of the achievement of Columbus antl his immediate succes- sors in the opening up of the New World to commerce and to civilization. Vespucius and the Cabots, perhaps, knew it was a new continent they had found, although the fact was not fully conceded for nearly half a century; ]s lUSTORV OF XF.W YORK hill ihcv, and after ihcni other navigators, believed that some cleavag'e in the continent would he found, by means of wliich thev would discover a passage to Cathav. Among those who explored various parts of the North and South American coast lines the Spanish and Portuguese were most numerous, but it was under the French flag that the h'lorenline navigator, Giovanni Verrazano, made the disc(.)very of what is now known as New ^ ork Bay. Verrazano was a skillful sailor, whose training- had been obtained on the Mediterranean, in 15_'3 he entered the service of Francis I of France, in the profession, then deemed honorable, though dangerous, of a privateer, and engaged in capturing Spanish ships returning from Mexico with treasure taken from Montezuma. Fater that year he jirojected a voyage "for the dis- coverv of Cathav." He started with four shi])s, two of which he lost in a severe gale which drove him back to port, and after making re])airs he started again. The other ship soon returned, its ca])tain having (juarreled with Ver- razano, who imrsued the voyage alone in the ship Dolphin, going first to a small island south of .Madeira, whence he started toward the West. January 17, 1524 ((). S. ). For fear of encountering anil being captured by tlie vessels of Spain or Portugal, which countries claimed the entire New World under the decree of P'ope /Me.xander, \'errazano kept north of the much-traversed r()ute taken l)y the shi|)s of those countries bound to or from Cuba and Mexico, and steering- due west, reached the continental coast at about latitude 34 ' north, on March 7, 1524. lie sailed s(.)uth fiftv leagues, in order to connect his reckoning with the verified discoveries of the l^^rtuguese, then went on a northerly course, striking the land again at a point near where the City of Charleston, South Carolina, now stands. llis vovage northward followed the coast line, and about that voyage an account, nuich fuller than that of most travelers of that era, is contained in a "Letter" written by that navigator to his i);itron. I'rancis 1, and a ma]i, the most correct made in the .Sixteenth Centur\-. of the .Vtlantic Coast from the Cai)e of Florida to Cape ISreton. b^rnm his time to the ])resent there have been those who have cast doubt upon this X'errazano. and one of the latest American encvclop;edias continues the .attitude of ske])ticism, but the intrinsic merit of the n.arrative and the most searching tests of modern criticism have put the facts of the voyage of this explorer bevond doubt. N'errazano's letter is ;ui interesting one. but the stor\" cannot be recited here. exce])t in brief reference. He peered into the mouths of C'hesa])eake P)ay and of Delaware Bay and thence i)roceeded to New ^'ork Bay. which he entered, lie tells how he found a "pleasant situation among some little steep hills through which a river of great size, and deep at its mouth, forced its wav to the sea." blinding a good anchorage in what we now know as the ]-RRKAZASO AND GOMEZ Narrows, he concluded not to venture u|) the ri\er with liis one ship, so he took the boat, and with his men pulled up for halt a league or so, coming into a "beautiful lake" which is now known as New York Bay. Verrazano and his followers found many of the natives in thirtv or more canoes, who came to look with wonder and evident admiration u])on the first white men thev had ever seen. They were friendly and unafraid, and showed the visitors the best landing place for their boat. On the surrounding shores, well wooded but now leafless except for here and there an evergreen pine, he and his men saw the smoke of numerous wigwams, and he estimated the size of the lake as about three leagues in circumference, which is not far wrong. He spoke appreciatingly of the beauties of the scene, but as he was seeking a passage to India, he saw that his oliject could not be reached b\' wav of a lake formed at the mouth of a swift river. So he returned to the shi]) without g'oing to Manhattan, and earlier than he would have done had it not been that a "vio- lent contrary wind" blew in from seaward, making it necessary to go l)ack to his ship and get her out into open water. His description of the region fits no other part of the coast. He landed on the shore of Staten Island, and probably Long Island, from New York Bay, and afterward up the coast, which he described with accuracy. A triangular island ( Block Island ) which he discovered, he named Luisa, after the French king's mother. New York Bay he had named San Germano, evidently out of compliment to his patron's palace of St. Germaine. Verrazano's career after this vo^-age is not certainly known. He went on another voyage, and one account says was cap- tured by Spaniards and executed, while another says that he landed on a coast inhabited l)v cannibals, by whom he was captured and roasted antl eaten in sight of his conn^ades. The next visitor after Verrazano was Estevan Gomez, who was a Portu- guese but in the service of Spain. There was held a nautical congress at Badajos, in 1524, in which the question of a new expedition to the Indies was discussed. Gomez was an experienced navigator, but had lost much of his prestige by leaving Magellan in the strait now named for that explorer, in 1 5 19, when he was serving as chief pilot of the expedition, and returning to Sj^ain. As a result of the congress, however, Gomez, who seemed ^'ery enthu- siastic about his ability to find his way to Cathay by some passage he would discover to the north, was outfitted by the Spanish king, aided by some mer- chants, and in January or February, 1525, went to Cuba and then north as far as the Maine Coast. Fie returned about the end of the same year. No outlet to Cathay was found and Gomez, on his return, met with much ridi- cule, for he brought liack little knowledge of the country l)e\-ond the statement that he found there many trees and fruits "similar to those of Spain," which excited little interest in the mind of the Spanish merchants, who dreamed of HISTORY OF XElf YORK "the treasures of (")rnius and of Ind," or of lands which, Hke [Mexico and South America, yielded ,q-old. gems and spices. Gomez left no detailed description of his voyage; l)Ut failing to tind his passage to Cathay he loaded his ship with Indian captives to be sold into slavery in Europe. His voyage was the foundation of a map prepared by Ribeiro, the famous cosmographer, in 1521). Upon this map Sandy Hook, much too large, appears under the name "Cabo de Arenas" (the Cape of Sands), while Long Island is much toc) small, and the stream between it and Staten Island is marked "Rio de Sanct Antonio." Without further reference to the vo3-age of Gomez, or of the voyagers who followed him in cruises along the eastern coast of North America from Newfoundland to Florida, it suffices to say that none seems to have paid any special attention to New York Bay or the Hudson River, during the Fifteenth Century. The Seventeenth Century, however, was full of events which were of importance to the future of this region, the first and historically the greatest of these being the visit to these shores, in i6oc), of Henry Hudson, an Eng- lishman, but at the time commanding the (|uaint Dutch vessel, the Helve ^Nlaen (Half-iNIoon), in the service of the Dutch East India Company. The recent tercentennial celebration of the achievement of Hudson was not inappropriately undertaken, nor was the tribute to the importance of his work, which that celebration implied, unworthily bestowed. For while it is true that at least one previous party of Europeans — \'errazano and his com- panions — had looked upon and admired the rippling" waters and surrounding hills of New York Bay, and had brought back some historically valuable information full eighty-five years before, and that Estevan Gomez and some other navigators had noted Sandy Hook upon their maps, it was Hudson's voyage that led to the settlement of the country and fixed the character of its future population. Had X'errazano's visit been practically followed up by the monarch to whom he addressed his famous "Letter," New York might be, under the name of "Nouveau Paris," an Occidental transplantation of Gallic blood and characteristics: or if Gomez had been ])raised for what he did dis- cover, rather than ridiculed for his failure to capture the ii:;jiis fatmis of a western outlet to Cathay, the region between New England and the English settlements in \'irginia might have been jjarceled out into baronial estates to haughty Spanish hidalgos. But Henry Hudson came, and because of his coming", the country was settled by peojile of the (iermanic rather than the Latin races. Two years before Hudson came with his Half-Moon, the English had Itegun the settlement of Virginia at Jamestown, an event the tercentenary of which was appropriately commemorated by the holding of the Jamestown Exposition, in HjO/. This was not the first English settlement in North HnxRv nri>si>\ seeks cathay -n America, but the earlier southern settlement on the Carohna Coast, made under the auspices of Sir W'aUer Raleg'li, had been wiped out by disease or massacre. After the voyages made l)y the Cabots for Eng-land and Spain, of \"errazano for France, of Gomez for Spain, John Rut for England and Jean Allefonsce for France, several others passed u]) and down the coast from Florida to Newfoundland and further north, seeking vainlv for the much desired western short-cut to Cathay. E\'en at the beginning of the Seventeenth Century the hope that the new route to India might be found in the temperate zone was not entirely abandoned; but it became more and more the belief of navigators that the new route must be found throug'h Arctic waters, either by a Northeast or a Northwest Passage. Acting upon this opinion some expeditions had gone out which, while they ended in disaster, yet developed nothing to disprove the existence of an Arctic passag'e, east or west. It is in connection with another Arctic attempt that Henry Hudson first appears in the brief recorded career which has jjjaced him on the roll of fame as one of the world's most distinguished historic navigators. Of Henry Hudson's early life nothing is definitely known. It is said that a man of the same name was in the em])loy of the Muscovv Company in the early half of the Sixteenth Century, and from this has been built uj) a theory that the navigator was a son or grandson of that Hudson, and that, like some other sons of employees of that company, he had been brought up in its service, there learnings the art of navigation. However much or little basis there may be for this possible but by no means proven story, it is as a man already a master of the art of navigation that we have the first glimpse of his actual career which has found its way into recorded history. In the employ of the 3*Iuscovy Compan}' of London, Henry Hudson sailed northward in the ship Hopeful, April iq, 1607, bent upon the endeavor to reach the (Jrient through some channel in the Arctic seas. He penetrated as far as Spitzbergen, or within ten degrees of the Pole, then returned to Lon- don, unsuccessful, so far as regards the object of his voyage, but convinced that success, under better climatic conditions, was possible. He went again in 1608, once more representing' the Muscovy merchants of London, but again unsuccessful in his f|uest, though adding much to the world's knowledge of the regions around Nova Zembla. where, during the half century before, sev- eral expeditions had come to grief. Though the possibility of a more southern passage had not l)een entirely abandoned bv Hudson and other navigators, it seemed less probable than one further north; and to find an Arctic passage to the Indies had now become the greatest obiect of geographical ambition. Not only the Muscovy Company, Hudson's English employers, but also France and Holland, had their eye on the coveted goal. The States-General of Holland held out a reward of twenty- HISTORY OF XFJl' YORK five thousand rt(.>rins as an inducement for success in Arctic exploration. In the two vovages just mentioned. Hudson, while he had not succeeded in accom- plishino- his object, had gone further toward success than any of his predeces- sors in that field of adventure, and was evidently the man best fitted to com- mand an enterprise of this kind. The Seventeenth Centurv was Holland's Golden Age; and the year 1609 was one of especially marked importance in the commercial history of the Neth- erlands, as in January of that year the Bank of Amsterdam was established by decree of the municipality. The Dutch merchants of that day were the most enterprising in the world; the discovery of the Northern Passage was their most eager aml)iti(in, and as Henrv Hudson's was the name that filled the ear as the greatest Arctic navigator of his day, it is not at all surprising that on January 8, 1609, he was in conference with a committee of two mem- bers from the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company, with Jodocus Hondius, a citizen of Amsterdam who had formerly lived in London, as interjjreter and witness. This was not the first interview that ?Iudson had with the company, but at the previous one the directors had desired him to postpone the voyage for a year. Hutlson was a man with whom activity was a necessity. He was as impatient as he was intrepid, and was nnt of the temjierament to brook a year of idleness. The French ambassador at Amsterdam, hearing that Hudson's services had not been engaged, hastened to advise his roval master, Henry IV, of the fact, and to counsel the securing of his ser\-ices at the head of a French expe- dition. The directors of the Dutch b^ast India Company, hearing of the French negotiations, hastened to close with Hudson, and then occurred the conference just referred to, at which a contract was signed. It stipulated that the directors were to equip a vessel of sixty tons l;)urden for a voyage to the North around the northern extremity of Nova Zembla. contintnng eastward on that latitude until Ikulson could turn to the Sduth and steer for India. For this voyage the directors were to pay the navigator the sum of eight hundred florins (or $,^20), as well for his outfit as for the support of his wife and children, and the contract said: "in case he do not come back ( which God pre- vent ) the directors shall further pay his wife two hundred florins (v$So) in cash." In the event of the success of his (|uest, the directors promised to reward him in their discretion. After neari\- three months of ])reparation, the Halve INIaen, or Half- Moon, was fully e(|uii)ped, and on April 4, 1609, sailed from Amsterdam. Two days later tlie vessel ])assed out from the Zuvder Zee, through the channel between Texel and North Flolland into the North Sea. After about a month of sailing it was found impracticalile to reach Nova Zembla, because of the ice, HEXRV HUDSOX NF..IC//I-S Xlill' YORK BAY and Hudson called his crew of twenty men too-ether. The Northeast Passage havino- proved to be impracticable at this time, he had a mind to try a western route, either northward through Arctic Seas via Davis' Strait, or by a more southward route which was rumored to exist at about latitude 40 ' north, as indicated by a map in his possession furnished ])v his friend, Ca|)tain John Smith of \"irginia. The crew preferred the northern route, but Hudson, either deliberately or because of stormy weather, took the southerly route ; because the next thing known of him is that he landed on the coast of New France, in latitude 44'^, and replaced his foremast with one cut new from the hitherto untroubled forest. From there he went southward until he came to Cape Cod, and then went southeast until he reached Chesapeake Bay. Thence he coasted northward, intent on the discoverv of the rumored passage, or strait, supposed to exist at or about 40' north latitude. He entered Delaware Bay. then went north again, keeping in sight of the New Jersey coast, and September 2, 1609, cast his anchor in the Lower Bay of New York, in sight of "high hills'" (the Navesinks). It was, according to his narrative, "a verv good land to fall in with, and a pleasant land to see." There the ship remained for ten days, with occasional changes of position, sending out boats to make soundings and find channels, and dealing, with much caution, with the natives, who constantly flocked around the ship. One boat went u]) the Narrows to explore the bay be3'ond, and on this trip one of the crew, named Coleman, lost his life, being shot through the throat with an arrow. On September 12 the Half-AIoon itself was steered into the oi^ening and anchored about two leagues beyond the Narrows, at a point near the site of the present Battery Park. Hie next day began the famous ascent and descent of the river which now bears the explorer's name. The story, which has often been repeated, is derived from the personal journal of Henry Fludson and from the logbook of the Half-Moon, kept by his English mate, Robert Juet, the other mate being a I^utchmaii. Hudson and his men were duly impressed by the beauty of this magnifi- cent river, the scenery and surroundings of which still rank with the world's foremost beautv s])ots, and were then even more glorious in wealth of primeval forest and green-clad with the luxurious foliage of summer time. The cli- mate of late September and early October along the Hudson is usually glorious, so that the Half-Moon adventurers saw it at its best. The run on September 13 was to an anchorage a little al)ove Spuyten Duyvil Creek, and on the 14th, when for the first time the Half-Moon had a fair wind, they traveled past the Palisades for thirtv-six miles up the stream, and on the next day they went twenty leagues higher. After that the way became more ditifi- cult, the \-essel grounding occasionally on mudbanks or in sandy shallows. On the i8th Hudson made a visit ashore. He came to the habitation of an old 24 HISTORY OF XJIJI- YORK °s s ^ A - 5° w « H > s \ O '5 2 f Si >• r 2 E w 2 o •? M o 2 Q •- HUDSON AT MAXXA-HATA chief, which was a circular house with an arched mof covered with 1)ark. The chief had a feast ])re|)are(l in his honor, and the menu inckided freshly killed ])io-eons and a fat dot^', roasted; but the ex])lorer does not say that he partook of the last-mentioned item of the meal. He was much impressed by the large supplies and excellent quality of vegetable itroducts he saw about the chief's house, and the richness of the soil thereabout, which he declared was the most fertile he had ever seen. September ig was a fair, hot day. A run of two leagues was made, and then the voyagers put in their time trading with the Indians, from whom they purchased, at trifling cost, valuable beaver and otter skins ; and these trans- actions were among the most interesting items of the report of the expedition made to its commercial promoters in Amsterdam. On the 20th the boat was sent ahead to make soundings and on the following day some of the chief men among the natives were invited to the Half-Moon, were taken into the caltin and treated to wine and aqua vitac, so that one of them l>ecame drunk, which was a new experience with these people. The story of this introduction of "tire-water" passed into a legend with the Indian people. On the 22d twenty- seven miles were made; but the stream was getting shallower and narrower and the hope that this might prove to be a strait between two oceans had to be abandoned. The descent of the river was begun on the 23d, and took about as much time as the ascent. On the 24th some of the men went ashore and gathered a good supply of chestnuts. The magnificent forest attracted attention on the two days following and several specimen logs were taken aboard as evidence of the richness of the country in shipbuilding timbers. On the 27th the Half- Moon stuck upon a muddy bank in the vicinity of Xewburg. Contrary winds made progress slow, but finally a good day's run took them out of the Highlands channel on October i. Late in that day an Indian was caught stealing. He climbed Iiy the rudder to the cabin wintlow and stole out Juet's pillow, two shirts and two bandoleers. The master's mate shot the Indian, killing him ; the ship's boat was manned and sent to reco\-er the stolen goods. The Indians swam out to the boat and one of them tried to upset it. The cook took a sword and cut off one of the Indian's hantls, and he was drowned. The next dav, at a point seven leagues further down the river, an Indian who had been kidnaped on the upward journey but had escaped, came to seek his revenge, with companions. They made an attack on the ship's company with bows and arrows, which fell harmless to the deck. The crew answered with a volley from six nuiskets, ^\•hich killed two or three natives. Then about a hundred Indians came to a point of land to shoot at the crew again, but Juet, firing from a falcon (small cannon), killed two of them and the others fled. The Indians manned a canoe to return to the attack. When it came within HISTURY of Mill' YORK rano-e Juet leveled another falcon, which shot through the canoe, sinking it, and several of the Indians struggling in the water were killed bv amither dis- charge of muskets. Six miles below the scene of this encounter the Half-]\Ioon anchored at a point about opposite the Elvsian Fields of Hoboken, for Juet speaks of its being ofT a clitT "that looks of the color of white-green, on that side of the river whicli is called ' Manna-hata.' " As Octolier 3 was a stormv dav. there was trouljle with the anchorage, but they remained in safety in the Upper Bay, and October 4 dawned fair, with a favorable wind. The Half-]Mr)on cleared the Narrows, and steered a course direct to Europe, being the first direct packet from the jiort of Xew York. Some of Hudson's officers favored wintering in Xewfountlland and making a dash through Da\'is' Strait to India in the fol- lowing' spring; but Hudson feared that a mutinv might occur unless he steered the ship homeward. November 7, 1609, the Half-2\Ioon arrived in Dart- mouth, and when the English authorities found that this Dutch vessel had an English captain they detained the ship in that harbor. After some delay Hud- son was permitted to send his reports to the Dutch luist Intlia Company in the spring of 1610, and the Elalf-lNIoon was released and arrived in Amsterdam in July, 1610: but it is thought that Hudson was not permitted to go there, as there is no record of his having done so before A]n-il, \(>io. when he left Eng- land in behalf of an association of English Q-entlemen to search for a North- west Passage. On June 10 he reached the strait \\-hich ])ears his name and from there passed into the bay which has also I)een named for him ; and spent three months in exploring its coasts and islands. ILarly in November his vessel was frozen in. A winter of great suffering, with a scant supplv of jirovisions fol- lowed, and serious dissensions occurred. In June, 161 1, the mutineers seized and bound Hudson, his son, and seven others of the ship's companv, put them into a small boat and set them adrift, never to be heard from again. A few of the survivors of those on board the shij) finally reached England. Thus ended the career of Henry Hudson, who in four years of heroic adventure had made a place for himself on the world's roll of fame, and had rendered important service to commerce by finding and describing the site of what, in three hundred years, has b.ecome the second largest city in the world and is ])rol)ably destined to l)ecome the first. CHAPTER T ir UNITED NEW NETHERLAND COMPANY EARLY DUTCH COMMERCE WITH THE INDIANS The directors of the Dutch East Imha Conipanv were disappointed al the faikire of Hudson and the Half-Moon to achieve the precise oljject of his journey. This was liecause tlieir charter hniited their operations to the East Indies, and they were officially unaljle to take advantag'e of the discoveries made hy Hudson on the eastern coast of America, their ch;irter exi)resslv forhidding them to take part in commerce with tlic coasts and countries Ixirderim;- on the Atlantic. But the report of Henrv Hudson hore fruit in Amsterdam. An organi- zation of merchants was formed, and they dispatched a vessel, under command of the Dutch mate of the Half-Moon, and ])art of her crew shipped for this second voyage. A cargo of cheap and inex])ensive articles was taken for the ]iurposes of trade, and a fine return cargo of bea\-er and other furs was secured. The eminent success of this enterprise led to other adventures, and in 1612 the association dispatched two vessels, the Fortune and the Tiger, on a trading- voyage to the Mauritius River, as the present Hudson River had l)een named, after Count Maurice of Nassau, the Stadtholder of the Republic of the United Netherlands. These vessels were commanded hy Hendrick Christiaensen and Adriaen Block, and in 1613 or 1614. three other vessels, under Captains \'ol- kertsen, DeWitt and Mey made successful transatlantic voyages with valuable commercial results. Christiaensen and Block, u]i(in their return to Hol- land, brought with them, besides their cargo of furs, two sons of chiefs; and the exhibition in zAmsterdam of these two Indians, to whom the names of \'alentine and Orson were given, stinntlated interest in America throughout the Netherlands. Christiaensen and Block returned with the two Indians, and continued in the trade, and decided that it would be well to place it upon a more permanent basis by one of them remaining in America. So several rude houses of boards, roofed with bark, were built at a spot said to be the site of 29 Broadway. From this headquarters Christiaensen would make visits to all favorable points in the surrounding countrv. Some early English accounts contain a story, now regarded as fictitious, to the effect that in November, 161 3, Manhattan Island was visited by an armed English vessel. Because of John Cabot's coasting- voyage in I4• w 2 W o < O o H D Q Q ►J o 77//: X.lMIi Ol' -M.IXH.ITTAX" .'il entsen r>rou\ver, John Clenientsen Kies and Cornells \'olckertsen, merchants of the city of lloorn, owners of the ship called the Fortune, whereof Cornells Jacohsen May was skipper, all now united Into one company," and recltlnsf the pul)llcatlon of their g-eneral charter of the preceding- March, conferred upon the company the privilege of exclusive trade for four vovages within the term of three years with "the new lands hetween New France and A^lrginia, the sea-coasts of which lie hetween the 40th and 45th degrees, north latitude, now^ named New Netherland," this l)elng the first official designation of the countrv hy that name. The Indians of America, east of the Mississippi, were of two great divi- sions, hut of numerous "nations" or tribes. Near the coast they were of the Algonquin stock, which was also dominant in the region of the St. Lawrence River. To this stock belonged the natives of the seaboard section including the site of the present Greater City of New \'ork, among- whom were the Indians who fought Fludson on his return from his uji-river trip. To this grand division belonged all the "Waf^ajiachki or Men of the East," the Hurons of the Canadian region, the Lenni-Lenape, west of the Hudson, and the Mohican Sirc'oiioys and others east of it. The subtribe on the Jersev side was that of the Saiihikans, while on the east side, in a district now comprising the boroughs of Manhattan and Bronx and some adjacent territory, were the Rcck- ginvaicojies. a stibtrlbe of the Lczvaiioys. and on Long Island were the Mafoii- zcacks ( or ^Montauks ) , and those seen by Hudson in New-ark Bay were the Raritans ; the two last-named being subtrlbes or chieftaincies of the Lenni- Lenape. Up the river, Hudson and the later explorers found tribes of the Mciig- zi'cs, better known as the Iroquois, or Five Nations (Mohawks, Oneldas, Senecas. Cavugas and Onondagas), afterward augmented to Six Nations by admission of the Tuscaroras. They were a warlike and jiowerful people, with whom the trl])es to the east were unable to cope. Right here it may be well to say that the name "Manhattan" as applied to the natives of either the territory in the present city, or any others, is a misnomer. Hudson's report speaks of "that side of the river called Manua- liata." Edward Manning Ruttenber. in a chapter contributed to the excellent Memorial History of New York (edited by James Grant Wilson) discusses the derivation of the word "Manna-hata" from its Algonquin origin, and finds that its root syllables mean noble and beautiful landscape or object, or something- of slnnlar import, and thus represents an exclamation or eulogistic expression. The names, in various forms of spelling, of "Manhattans," "Manhattce," "INIanatthanes." etc., as applied to the natives of this region were of Dutch and not native origin. Yet the name persisted in spite of lin- guistic and ethnological inaccuracy and is constantly used by the earlier HISTORY OF Mill- YORK autliurilies, including' scmie who have wasted much energy and ingenuity to give a philological reason for the name. Of the variiius local sul)tril)es the i\I(»ntauks of Long Island were the finest physical specimens and the handsomest in their attire, as is attested hy A'errazano's letter of 1524. Hudson writes of them that "many of the people came on hoard, some in mantles of feathers and some in skins of divers sorts of good fiu's;" and the earl\- Dutch accounts of the native peo])le of the region are full of admiration of the virile attractiveness of the men and the heautv of the women. The men were hroad-shouldered, full-chested, slender-waisted and had well-formed, symmetrical limhs, l)lack hair and eyes, snow-white teeth, and a mild and i;)leasant expression. The graceful and |)leasing appearance, and the modest demeanor of the women is mentioned hv all the earlv accounts. Both sexes of the Indians were chaste in their lives, clean in their con- versation, hospital)le in their treatment of each other and of strangers and visitors. Their lives were simple and healthful, and they had few diseases. One of the Dutch writers comments on the "grossness" of their food, because he savs "thev drank water: having no other beverage." If thev had never changed their hal)its in this respect they would have taken a much better place in the jiages of modern history. They ate the flesh of all kinds of fish and g;ame, baking it in hot ashes; their bread was made of Indian C(irn and baked in the same way. Thev also cultivated and used several kinds of beans, sf|uashes and other garden products. The men were hunters, fishermen and soldiers. The women did the gardening, and made the clothing of skins, the mats, and the ornaments wherewith they arraved themselves and the men and children of their families, displaying great skill and excellent taste in artistic adornment; while in the care of their homes thev were industrious and faith- ful workers. If ever there was a suffragette agitation among these early res- idents of Manhattan, it had won its fight before the coming of the white men, lor women had a full sliare in tribal g'overnment. These Indians of the coast held an inijiortant economic and fiscal posi- tion, for theirs were the mint and treasurv of the Indian world. In other words, they made the circulating medium, made of two kinds of shells; the white beads called "wamjnim" being made from the little pillars found inside the conch shells thrown U]) bv the waves semi-annualh', and the more precious black beads, called siicki. made from the pur|)le laver inside the shell of the (|uahoug". The ])arity of this double-standard currency was long maintained at a ratio of two to one, and the Dutch and English settlers of New Nether- lands and Xew England having only a very small supply of European cur- rencv. adopted this circulating medium, establishing an exchange value of three purjile or black beads or six white beads as the e(|uivalent of a Dutch stiver or an I'Jiglish pennv. THE FIJ-E .\.4TJ0NS .4XD THE HUROXS 33 The natives lived in long narrow houses about twenty feet wide and often more than one hundred and fifty yards long, the walls formed of tall and supple hickory saplings driven into the ground at convenient intervals on both sides and arched together at the top and made fast. The sides and roof were covered with a kind of primitive lathing made fast to the poles and the whole was covered with bark. This long structure was made to accommodate many families, sometimes fourteen to eighteen. One fire in the centre served them all, a hole being left in the roof for the escape of the smoke. As to household furniture, there were no l)ureaus, tables, chairs, Ijufifets, wardrobes or bedsteads; but each family had its allotted section of the house and its own mats upon which to enjoy the comforts of home. Several of these houses would be erected in some convenient opening in the woods or the side of a hill, near a stream or spring, and the village would be surrounded by a stock- ade as a defense against attack from without. In war they used as weapons the bow and arrows, tipped with flint, or, occasionally, with copper; spears similarly tipped, stone hatchets, and war clubs; while a primitive shield of tough leather was tised for ]:)rotective purposes. The face was painted in many colors, and their warfare was con- ducted most vigorously. Their government was democratic. Every man and woman had a voice in it. Each subtribe had its chief, who had a council composed of experienced warriors and aged fathers of families. The larger organization of tribes was governed in a similar manner, with a tril)al cliief, and counselors chosen from the chiefs of the subtribes. Above this was an organization of the nation, headed by a king or sagamore, whose counselors were selected by the coun- selors and chiefs of tribes. In case of assault or murder, the injured family had the right to judge and to punish, or could accei)t anything that satisfied them in settlement of the offense or grant a pardon if they decided to do so. There was a religion which was in essence the same with all of these tribes. Thev belie^'ed in a God who lived beyond the stars, and a life l^eyond, where they would continue a life similar to that passed on this earth ; but their principal concern in a su])ernatural way was about the iM'il Si)irit, who had to be appeased before an)' success could be secured. They iiad a good deal of astronomy mixed up with their religion, the various constellations having much to do with their success in life, and the stars and the moon con- trolled their destiny and ruled over their fortune. In a general way these matters of description apply not only to the various tribes and chieftiancies whom the Dutch grou]ied together under the name of "the [Manhattans," but also to the more warlike and aggressive Iro- quois. The Five Nations had so overawed these tribes that they willingly l)aid tril)ute rather than further contend against the Iroquois. The northern *^ t O-i HISTORY OF XKir ]'ORK branch n\ iW Al^'onquin stock, the Ilurons of the Canadian country, had never reached the state of subjection to the Five Nations as had the Mohic- ans, the Lenni-I,ena])e and their congenor tribes, Init stiH had l)een worsted in many encounters; l)ut after the coming o\ the h^rench t(i Canada, the Hurons had made an alUance with the white men, and a few luiropeans wlio under Champlain liad marched with the Huron warriors against the Five Nations had si^read sudden death and destruction Ijy a wea]ion which the Iroquois had never seen, to the complete surprise and discomfiture of tlie hitherto victorious Five Nations. •^-* INDIANS BRINGING TRIBUTE r' C H A r T E R T II REE PIONEER WORK IN NEW NETHERLAND EARLY SETTLEMENT ON MANHATTAN ISLAND After the charter of the United New Netherland Company expired, sev- eral attempts were made to extend its monopoly of trade hy a renewal of the o-rant from the States-General. The individnal merchants who composed the com])anv continued to control most of the commerce to Manhattan, although no attemi^t was made to obstruct or interfere with the other merchants and associations eng-aged in the trade. Up the river. Fort Nassau continued to be the centre from which a dozen or more Dutch traders pushed their opportu- nities for securing furs, which, from time to time, they sent down the river to Manhattan to be shipped to Holland. The trade to New Netherland assumed such proportions as to become a much-coveted prize, for a uKMiopoly of which various parties were contending. The Dutch Fast India Com])any was the model upon which it w;is hoped to found a new West India Company with a similar valuable monopoly in \nierica, the agitation for which had begun in 1604. For such a monopoly there were several aspirants, among whom one of the most notable was a com- pan\- headed by Henry Eelkens, who was a relative of that Jacob Eelkens who had charge of the trading post at Fort Nassau, on North River, as the "Groot River" of Hudson had come to be called, the name "Mauritius"" lasting only a few vears. The United New Netherland Company's charter having lapsetl by limita- tion, each ship dispatched from Holland required the special permission of the authorities. Such ])ermission was obtained by Henry Eelkens and associates in October, 161 8, for a voyage of the ship Sell lit (Shield), from Amster- dam to the North River. Cornelis Jacobsen Mav, whose former ad\'enture in the ship Fortune, in 161 5, has already been noted, made another voyage in August, 1620, in the ship Glad Tidings to the James River in \'irginia. He seems to have mixed U]) this voyage with his former one to the Delaware Bay region in a report and claim which he made for a charter based on the dis- coverv of new countries, under the general charter of March, 1614. one of the provisions of which was that such a discovery should be reported within four- teen daws from the discoverer's return to Holland. Henry Eelkens made a vigorous opposition to the application of May's principals for a charter, and withstood the efforts of the States-General to reconcile the opposing factions, and the charter was refused. This contention had considerable effect in brino-ine to a head the movement for a charter for a national association, which was granted and executed June 3, 1621, to the "West India Company."" 3C HISTORY OF XEJV YORK Meanwhile the directors of the United Xew Netherland Company, who continued in the trade with the North River, had become convinced that the future success of New Netherland must depend upon colonization. The Dutch did not readily respond to any project which involved permanent expatriation, and the desire of the directors for colonists seemed unlikely to be gratified so far as the Hollanders themselves were concerned. John Robinson and his flock of Eno-lish Nonconformists, because of their views on church govern- ment, had been compelled to leave England rather than submit themselves to the intolerant demands of conformity on the part of the State Church, enforced bv the crown. Thev had settled in Leyden, four hundred families strong, and under the liberal policy of the Dutch government they had perfect liberty of conscience. They were, however, English in their habits and ideas, and though enjoying religious liberty, still found their surroundings in many respects vmcongenial. Believing in congregational independency, they were not much more sympathetic with the Presbvterianism of the Dutch Reformed Church than the Episcopalianism of the Church of England. They desired some place of settlement where they had not only liberty, but power; and where they might remove their children from contact or possible sympathy with any antagonistic ecclesiastical ideas. During their twelve years in Holland John Robinson and his people had fref|uently turned their attention to the possibilities of America as a final ha\en and home. They had several times attempted to arrange with the London Company and the Plymouth Company, but found no inducement in that direction. Then they came in touch with the United New Netherland Company, which promised them, if the consent of the States-General could be secured, to give them free transportation to New Netherland, and to furnish every familv with a sufficient number of cattle for its needs. The company wanted the api)ro\-al of the States-General because of the hostility of King James and his government to these religious refugees. The States-General had been made aware of this hostility several times through the British Embassy at The Hague, and the liberality of the Dutch government in har- boring the Pilgrims was verv distasteful to James. Another matter wliich entered into the deliberations of the States-General was a ])(ilitical one. The English claim which afterward appeared in several printed volumes, had already been advanced, in all ])robal)ilitv, in diplomacy, to the effect that because Henry Hudson was an Englishman, the country claimed bv the Dutch as New Netherland was, in fact, English soil. If the story of Argall's demand at Manhattan be true, it was doubtless known to the Dutch government. Therefore the States-General, to keep out of complica- tions, declined the request of the New Netherland directors, and refused to permit the Pilgrims to colonize Manhattan. Only a short time afterward U'ALLOOX EMIGRAXTS TO NEW NETHEREAXD 37 about half of the Pilgrims at Leyden sailed on the Speedwell, from Delfshaven, and the same year began at Plymouth Rock the colonization of New England. Several voyages were licensed by the States-General in 1620 and 1621, not only to the Mauritius or North River, but also to the South River (now Delaware River ) which Cornells Hendricksen had visited several years before. This activity was accentuated by the chartering of the Dutch West India Company into a definite claim of sovereignty over a three-hundred mile strip between the northern and southern English settlements. Therefore Sir Dudley Carleton, ambassador of James I at The Hague, exchanged various communica- tions and finally, in February, 1622, addressed a formal communication, in French, protesting against the continuance of Dutch trade, or the planting of Dutch colonies in the region in which the title of King James I was, said the address, "notorious to every one." It concluded with the statement that the king had commanded him to apply to the States-General and to rec|uire of them in the king's name that the six or eight ships now ready to sail for the countrv in question should be detained and that further prosecution of the colonial enterprise should l)e forbidden. It was only a month or two after this protest that occurred the most important movement so far made toward peopling the new colony. There were located in Amsterdam a community of Protestant Walloons, or natives of the southern provinces of Belgium. In their native provinces they had been subjected to persecution for their Protestant principles, and for that reason they had settled in Holland; becoming identified with the Dutch church and in every way reputable citizens of Amsterdam. These Walloons, though having few of the reasons for desiring to emigrate which impelled the Pil- grims to leave the Netherlands for the rocky coast of Massachusetts, were not restrained by the ties of birth from leaving their adopted home in Amsterdam for another in New Netherland. Therefore they made applica- tion to the States of Holland for leave to go and settle in New Netherland. The application was referred to the Dutch West India Company, and the Amsterdam Chamber, which was probably the only one that then had its capi- tal fully subscribed, took up the matter. After about eleven months of nego- tiation and preparation, fifty or sixty families embarked on the ship New Netherland, of two hundred and sixty tons burden, in March, 1623, under command of Cornelison May, appointed b}- the Amsterdam Chamber to be captain of New Netherland. The vessel arrived ofif Manhattan Island in May following. The ship went up the river to the mouth of the Tawasentha River, where the small Fort Nassau was located; but as it was thought desirable to build a larger fort for the protection of the new colony, a site four miles up the ri\'er was chosen, where Fort Orange was built at what is now the prin- cipal business section of Alban}'. Adriaen Joris was left in charge of this set- 38 HISTORY OF XEir YORK tlenient with ci,L;"litcen W'allonn families, and as Joris was a sea captain likely to be awav at intervals on vovages to Holland, Daniel Kriekenbeeck was des- ii^'nated to command the fort and colony in his absence. Jacob Eelkens, who liad l)een in char.Q'e of Fort Nassau since it was established in 1014, had, on one of his numerous tradinj^ expeditions gone over to the Connecticut A'alley. He seized Seg'uin, an Indian chief, and took him to the fort, and he demanded more than a hundred fathoms of wampum for tlie sachem's ransom — a most exorl^itant demand. The Indians paid the ])rice, Init for a long time were suspicious of all Dutch traders, with the result of a decided slump in the fur trade. One immediate consef|uence was the dismissal of Eelkens from the ser\'ice of the Dutch West India Company. Captain May in the same year went down the river in the X"ew Nether- land. A few families were left on Manhattan Island, and the ship was taken down the coast to the South (or Dela- ware) River, where on Timmer's Kill, near the site of the present town of Crloucester, New jersev, he built a fort, which he named Fort Nassau, about four miles south of Philadelphia. In June, 1623, tlie West India Companv having I)een fulh- organized, there sailed under its aus])ices an expedition of three ships, the (Jrange Tree, the Eagle, and the Love, which all bronght over more Walloon families, some for the settlements on the North Ri\er and the others for b'^ort Nassau on ."-iouth River. In this same year of 1623 the States-Ciener.al gave jjrovincial status to New Netherland ])v granting it a seal with the de\ice of a shield, bearing a beaver, proper, surmounted bv a count's coronet and ^urronnded li_\- the ^\•ords ".S'/t^/V///;/; Xo:'i Bcli:i;ii:" The term oi Cornelis May having e.x])ired in 1(124, W ilham X'erbulst was a])]iointe(l director ot New Netherland for the term of one \'e w z S < Q OS W H < w 2 CHAPTER FIVE NEW AMSTERDAM UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIRECTOR-GENERAL WOUTER VAN TWILLER \\'outer van Twiller. third of the (hrectors-general of New Xetherland, was a nephew of the patroon Kihaen van Rensselaer. He had l^een in New Netherland before, probably in connection with the selection of the lands about Fort Orange, for his relative, in 1629. \\'hen appointed director-general he sailed for Fort Amsterdam on the ship Soxiihcrg (Salt Mountain), which reached its destination in April, 1633. Jan van Remund, who had succeeded De Rasieres as secretary a year or two before the recall of Peter Alinuit, and had made the complaints which had led to Minuit's dismissal, was sent back as secretary, in the Soutberg, with Van Twiller ; but part of its former duties had been separateil from that office and were conferred upon Cornells van Tienhoven, who came on the same vessel, with the title of Bookkeeper of \\'ages. There also came Domine Everardus Bogardus, a clergyman sent by the company to take the place of Michaelius ; and Adam Roelantsen, who was the first schoolmaster officially sent to Fort Amsterdam, although the school itself had alreadv lieen established by Domine ]\Iichaelius. This school has continued to exist ever since, except for the interruption of the Revolu- tion, and is now known as the School of the Collegiate Reformed Church in the City of New York. Mrs. Van Rensselaer calls attention to the fact, that as it was "founded two vears before the Boston Latin School, it is the oldest school in the United States." The other jiassengers on the Soutberg included a coni])any of one hundred and four soldiers, and the four members of Van Twiller's council — Captain John Jansen Hesse. }ilartin Gerritsen. Andreas Hudde and Jacques Bentyn. Conrad Notelman. who had served as schout- fiscal, or sheriff, under Crol. was retained in that office. One of the incidents of the voyage of the Soutlierg had been the capture of a Spanish bark, or caravel, laden with sugar. One of the partners in the patroonship of Swanendael on the South (Delaware) River was David Pieterz de \'ries. of Hoorn, who was an explorer and mariner of distinction. After the massacre of the first colony on the South River he had tried to plant another at the same place, first going to the land and making satisfactory arrangements with the Indians. But he found settlers shv about going to a place where their predecessors in settlement had been butchered, and after a visit to Virginia, where he was pleasantly received by the governor. Sir John Harvey, he sailed north, and anchored off the island of Manhattan. April 16, 1633, and at once made the acquaintance of the director-general, \'an Twiller, who had arrived a few days before, and 4,S HISTORY OF XEIJ- YORK to whom also lie had brought some goats and a ram as a present from the governor of Virginia. Two days later an English ship. The William, sailed through the Nar- rows and anchored in New York Bay, off Fort Amsterdam. The vessel, owned by a company of London merchants, was commanded by Jacob Eelkens, who had formerly been the agent of the Dutch West India Company at Fort Nassau. Eelkens, incensed at his dismissal, had entered the English service and had now arrived with the intention of sailing up the river to trade with WRATH OF VANTWILLER the natives. Dc \'ries tells us that Eelkens made \'an Twiller acquainted with his jiurpose to the effect that he had come to the possessions of the English king to trade on Hudson's River which had been discovered by Henry Hud- son, a subject of His Late Majesty, James L and set forth the other points of the argument for English sovereignty. \'an Twiller replied that the river was udt Hudson's, but the Mauritius River, and that all the surrounding regions were the possessions of their High Mightinesses the States-General and the Prince of Orange, their Stadtholder. He ordered the Orange colors to be displayed from the flagstaff at Fort Amsterdam, and three shots to be fired in honor of the jirince. Eelkens in defiance ran the English ensign to the fore, and fired three shots in honor of King Charles, then weighed anchor and sailed up the river. JACOB EELKIXS SHXT HOME WITHOUT .1 C.IRCO 49 De \'ries stands high as a veracious chronicler, and he tells how Van Twiller broke out in a rage; but instead of using his forces to intercept the intruder, he called upon the people of Fort Amsterdam to assemble on the riverbank just outside the fort, then, ordering a cask of wine to be brought, he called upon them to drain a bumper to the confusion of The William and its commander and to the success of the Prince of Orange. However satis- factory this may have been to Van Twiller, it disgusted De Vries, who had made several voyages to the East Indies, where similar encroachments of the English had met a very dififerent reception. He berated Van Twiller for cow- ardice, and said that had he had the command he would have made Eelkens obey "by the persuasion of some iron beans sent him from our guns, and would not have allowed him to go up the river." He suggested that there was yet time to defeat the plans of Eelkens. The well-armed Soutberg, which had brought the director-general from Amsterdam, was still at anchor- age, and a force of over one hundred soldiers was under his command. Why not pursue The William and prevent the success of its errand? Van Twiller, after several days' deliberation, sent under command of Crol, the former director-general, a pursuing" force up the river, including a part of the soldiers, but not the man-of-war; the expedition including a pinnace, the caravel captured by the Soutberg and a hoy. Eelkens had established him- self on an island near Fort Orange and was carrying on a successful trade with the Indians. The Fort Orange settlers beat the Indians who came to trade with Eelkens, so far as they could catch them, but offered no personal resistance to Eelkens himself. When the soldiers from Fort Amsterdam arrived he had collected a large supply of furs, ready to load the vessel. The soldiers forced Eelkens to stop trading operations, made the English sailors put the furs on board The William, convoyed that vessel to Fort Amster- dam, and when thev arrived there Eelkens was made to give up the peltries and return to England without a cargo. The owners of The William complained to the English Government and a claim for damages was made through the Dutch ambassador to the States- General, by whom it was referred to the West India Company. The whole matter again came up for argument, the result being a request by the West India Company that the two governments should amicably settle the dispute by agreeing upon a boundarv line between New Netherland and New Eng- land. In anticipation of this being done, Van Twiller bought from the Indians large areas of land, including the tract which now includes the City of Hart- ford, and other lands within the region claimed by the Dutch by right of dis- covery. This action met with opposition from the Pl\'mouth and Massachu- setts colonists, who sent companies to settle on the Connecticut lands. The details of these disputes, or of those which arose in the South in regard to 50 HISTORY OF XHW YORK Eno-lish claims to the land occupied by the Dutch on the Delaware have only an incidental connection with the history of the City of New York. Thev were ^'ery real and \-ery troulilesome to Van Twiller. The director-^-eneral had somewhat improved the settlement, and espe- cially the fort, which was nnlinished at the time of his arrival. This he repaired and rel)uilt, adding one or more stone bastions. Inside the fort, on what is now Pearl Street between Broad and Whitehall Streets, he built a wooden church, into which Domine Bogardus" congregation moved from the room (^ver the horse-mill; and a house and stable for the Domine; l)uilt a house for the coo]K-r, the smith, and the corporal; another house for the mid- wife — all of these being- servants of the companv, antl also built a bakery, a stal^le for the goats which the Governor of X'irginia had sent, and which increased cjuite rapidly ; and he threw a bridge across the creek which flowed through the centre of the town. Conrad Xotelman, the schout-fiscal, was su])erseded in i'>34 b\" JAilibertus van Dincklagen, who was a doctor of laws, and afterward proved a serious trouble to Director-General \'an Twiller. That official was not a person calculated to build up a new colony to greatness. He was much addicted to wine, and De X'ries, who while trading much all over New Netherland, made his head(|uarters at Fort Amsterdam, has told of many orgies in which \'an Twiller took part which ended in drunken quarrels. He and his companions took care of themselves in the way of grants, the director taking not onlv Nut Island, since called Governors Island, but also several islands in the East River, then called Hell Gate, and with .Vndreas Hudde, a councilor; W'olfert Gerritsen. a relalive of Councilor Gerritsen ; and the trumpeter at the fort, Jacol) van Corlaer, he obtained pos- session of fifteen thousand acres, now comprised in the town of Flatlands on Long Island, and later called New Amersfoot l)v another settler, after the town in the province of Utrecht, from which he came. The title to the fif- teen thousand acres was ])urchased from the Indians, but was not confirmed by the West India Company, which was not notified of the transaction. In Manhattan several farms or hou^ccrics were granted to families by \'an Twiller. One of these comprising thirt\--one morgens (about sixty acres) was granted to Roelof janssen, who with his wife and children, had been sent out to Rensselaerswyck in 1630. He removed to Manhattan rmcl secured the grant, which was located in the region north of the conii)anv's Bouwerie No. 1, and south of the swampy ground on which Canal Street was afterward laid out. He died soon after the grant was made, and his wife, commonly known as Annetje or Anneke Jans, mherited the farm. She was a daughter of the official midwife, for whom a house was built at the fort. She did not remain a widow A-er\- long, for Domine Bogardus, who was a widower, mar- ried her, and the farm was popularly known as the Domine's Bouwerie. This CHAKACrER OF U'OVTER J'AX IIVILLIIR :A grant was afterward contirmed to Mrs. Anneke Bog-ardus In- Governor Stuy- vesant, in 1654, after the shipwreck and death of the Domine, to whom she had liorne four children to add to the family of four she had borne her first husband. After the English captured the province the grant was confirmed to her heirs, who sold it in 1671 to Colonel Lovelace, though one of the heirs failed to join in the conveyance. It was then joined to the King's Farm ( formerly known as the Company's Bouwerie Xo. i ) , adjoining, and with it was presented in 1703 to Trinity Church. Under the name of "Anneke Jans" farm" it became the subject of numerous lawsuits in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Jacobus \-an Corlaer, who had obtained the first recorded patent on Long Island, also received one in the most eastern part of Manhattan, still to be identified by the name of "Corlaer's Hook," which survives, and another in the fertile flatlands then known as Muscoota, but later by the name of Har- lem Flats. It was the first plantation in Harlem and the site of the town of Harlem founded in later vears. Near that Corlaer grant was one settled by Henry and Isaac de F(irest, sons of Jesse de Forest. They came to Fort Amsterdam on the ship Rensse- laerswyck in 1637, Henry de Forest being mate and supercargo of that ship. Their lands included part of what is now Mount ^lorris Park. Henry de Forest died soon after receiving the land, but Isaac, who became a resident of New Amsterdam, was the father of fourteen children, and is the progen- itor of all the American De Forests, among whom many have attained dis- tinction in New York and elsewhere. In 1^)38 the De Forest brothers were joined by their sister and her husband, Jean la Montague, a French physi- cian, \\-ho was the founder of the well-known La ^Montague family of New ^'ork, and who soon after his arrival took a prominent jilace in the govern- ment of New X'etherland. \^an Twiller a])pears in the light of history to have been a very incom- petent governor. He lacked, in the first place, the training for executive position. His uncle, Kiliaen van Rensselaer, wrote to him frequently, giving him good advice, but he was neglectful of many things. He seldom reported to the companv, he was too fond of wine, he neglected the buildings he had erected for the company, cultivated the company's Bouwerie No. i for his own benefit, used the company's negroes in the cultivation of his private tolxicco plantation, and used his office to enrich himself. De \'ries makes much of his cowardice with the English ship The William; but it may have been prudence rather tlian cowardice which inspired him then, 'as he was under explicit instructions from the company to avoid armed con- flicts with those nations which were at peace with the Netherlands. Van Twiller on behalf of the company had bought l)ack all of the patroonships in HISTORY OF XEIF YORK New Xetherland exce])t that of Rensselaerswyck, which belonged to his uncle, in whose interests his enemies charged him with exhibiting too much zeal. Another source of weakness to Van Twiller was his quarrel with Domine Bogardus. The latter was a very different sort of pastor from Michaelius, who seemed to have the temperament, as he had the experience to fit him for the building up of a church in a new place. Bogardus had a violent temper, and Van Twiller had no special respect for the cloth. Among the complaints against \'an Twiller which reached the company some of the strongest came from the Domine. Still stronger was the report made by Lubbertus van Dincklagen, who had succeeded Conrad Notelman as schout-fiscal, to which ofiice he had brought excellent abilities and legal training. He protested against the conduct of \^an Twiller, who was so incensed that he refused to pay the salary of the schout-fiscal and finally dismissed him and sent him back to Holland. This proved to be the undoing of the director, for Van Dincklagen made complaint against Van Twiller before the States-General. He was referred l)ackward and forward, but his legal ability enabled him to compel a hearing and prove his charges, with the result that the directors sent a letter of recall to Van Twiller, and on September 2, 1637, Wilhelm Kieft was commissioned his successor. It was several years, however, before Van Dincklagen collected his salary from the company. Van Twiller was not without his good points; his dealings with the Indians were marked by firnmess and justice, and he showed in these transac- tions that he was capable of good administration; but his local official acts and his personal conduct justify historians in placing him among the most incom- petent and least honorable of men ever intrusted with important governmental powers. CHAPTER SIX THE ADMINISTRATION OF WILHELM KIEFT AS DIRECTOR-GENERAL TROUBLE WITH THE INDIANS Wilhelni Kieft, the new governor, sailed for New Netherland in Septem- ber, 1637, but wintered in Bermuda and did not arrive in the colony until March, 1638. The settlement had come to be called "New Amsterdam" instead of "Fort Amsterdam," though the fort remained as the chief feature of the town. Kieft found the town to be in bad shape. The fort and build- ings erected by Van Twiller were badly in need of repairs; only one of the three windmills was in working- order ; the companv's employees were engaged in smuggling', and its cattle had been sold to up-river settlers and their lands had gone out of cultivation ; and most of the vessels were leaky or for other reasons out of commission. Cornelis van Tienhoven, who had been Bookkeeper of Wages under Van Twiller, was promoted Koopman or Secretary of the Province. Ulrich Lupoid, who had served as schout-fiscal since Van Dincklagen had been sent to Holland, continued in that office until the arrival, in 1839, of Cornelis van der Huyghens, sent out to be schout-fiscal by the company, at which time Kieft appointed Lupoid commissary of stores. Kieft arranged the government of the province on a more autocratic plan than that followed by his predecessors in the director-generalship. He was permitted to choose councilors for him- self, and chose only one, the newly arrived Huguenot physician. Dr. Jean la Montague, who had one vote in council, the director-general retaining two votes. Van Twiller, though summoned home by the company, did not return to Holland for more than a year. He leased the company's Bouwerie No. i from Governor Kieft, from whom he also secured a grant of a hundred mor- gens of land near the Bossen Bouwerie, and leased from Jacobus van Corlaer his Long Lsland "flat-lands." He returned to Holland in 1631), but long- retained his ]^roperty in New Netherland, where Governor Kieft acted as his agent. Domine Bogardus remained at his post in New Amsterdam. \'an Dinck- lagen, in Holland, had taken reports to Amsterdam about Bogardus, not much more complimentary than those he had carried about Van Twiller. The Domine wrote to the officials of the Classis of Amsterdam asking- leave to go to the Fatherland to defend himself against the charges of the deposed schout- fiscal, but the reply came for him to remain at his post, "so that the Church of God mav increase more and more everv day." HISTORY OF XEjr YORK Prior to the administration of Governor Kieft there are no official records now existino- except a few land patents. The records of the administrations of Alinuit, Crol and \'an Twiller were doubtless taken to Amsterdam by the latter when he sailed thither in 1631); as Kiliaen van Rensselaer in a letter of that date claimed that \'an Twiller had shown all his books and papers to the directors of the com])anv in disproof of \'an Dincklagen's charges against him ; and an affidavit of Cornelis Melyn tells about getting from \'an Twiller, in 1840, written information with a copy of the deed or bill of sale connected with the purchase of Staten Island by Governor Alinuit. These most ancient of official papers were possiblv included in the waste-paper sale in Amsterdam, in 1828, of which mention has formerlv been made. The earliest ordinances of Kieft's council of two, preserved in the State archives, relate to the traffic in furs, which was forbidden to all free persons except as the Charter of Freedoms prescribed, while employees of the com- ]>anv, high and low. were absolutely prohibited from taking any part in the ftir trade, and the selling of guns or ammunition to Indians was declared to be a capital otfense. The ordinances were not only directed against these manifestly public ofifenses, but also included regttlations against the absence of sailors from their ships after nightfall; fixing hours for beginning and ceas- ing dailv work and prohibiting idleness and slackness during the working hours ; establishing a passport system, which ])rohibited all persons from leav- ing the island without written permission ; restricting the liquor traffic : and ordinances against rebellion, theft, perjury, slander, "carnal intercourse with heathens, blacks or other persons;" and establishing an excise and inspection system for tobacco. Kieft's first international complication came in the establishing of a Swedish settlement on South River by a colony led by Peter Alinuit, former Director-General of New Netherland, and Samuel Blommaert, who had for- merlv claimed a ])atroonshii) on Fresh ( Connecticut ) River, and had been interested in Swanendael. These Hollanders, in the service of Sweden, lirought a large ])arty of traders and colonists, and bitilt a trading post and a fort near the present site of Wilmington. Delaware, which he named Chris- tina, in honor of the Swedish queen. This Swedish colonv was successful, and established a large trade in furs, in spite of the i)rotest of Governor Kieft. As they did not heed that ])rotest, he appealed to the company, which in turn made the intrusion of the Swedes into the southern part of Xew Netherland known to the States-General ; but that bodv did not feel like offending Swe- den, and ])evond making a ])rotest did nothing. So the Swedish colonv of Xew Sweden continued and John Prinz ])ecame its governor in 1642. To the north the New Englanders had pushed down to the Connecticut River recfion and had established themselves at Hartford, New Haven, and DUTCH IMMIC.RATIOX AXD LAXD GRAM'S elsewhere, and were dis]mtin,<;- witli the Dutcli the possession of the eastern end of Lono- Island. Kieft disputed the Eno-Hsh advance, step by ste]), but was unable to dislod,8:e the intruders; and the En8;lish became so numerous in that region that the States-General did not deem it wise to put much energy into its diplomatic protests. The company had s])ent some time in the endeavor to create a ])laii for the further colonization of New Netherland. Several had l)een fornmlated and tinally one was promulg'ated by the company. It was a great impro\'e- ment as a colonizing programme over the jiatroon svstem, which had proved a failure, except that at Rensselaerswyck, and that had been of little benefit to any except the patroon. The new charter did awav with the company's monopoly in the fur trade, permitting" anv free person to engage in it on condi- tion of payment of a moderate duty, but retaining a monoi»l_\- of transporta- tion to and from New Netherland. Any inhabitant of the Republic or of a friendly country might take up lands, and could carrv to the colonv (though only in the company's ships ) cattle, merchandise and property ; but in addition to freight dues they were to pav in Holland ten ])er cent, of the value of all merchandise sent from there, and at New Amsterdam fifteen ])er cent, upon all colonial products exported. As a stimulus to agriculture the director-general was to bestow upon everv immigrant as much land as he could pro])erly culti- vate, with a provision for the giving of deeds, and for paying ground rent to the company after the land had been occupied for a specified period. The effect of this more liberal charter was to stimulate immigration; no longer entirely confined to Hollanders and Walloons, although these were still the chief additions to the population. Even before the new charter was pro- mulgated, Kieft issued patents to grants made by his predecessor, to which manv others were added as the colony grew. De Vries, the explorer and his- torian, again arrived in New Amsterdam in December, 1638, l)ringing a colonv which he settled on Staten Island, and afterward settled on Manhattan Island, two Dutch miles above the fort. Andreas Hudde received a grant of one hundred morgens on the northern end of the island, and was to pay a ground rent of a pair of capons annually, and one-tenth of the increase of the stock after ten years. Van Twiller, greediest of land grabbers, secured a grant at Sapohanican (later, and until recently, called Greenwich A'illage). on North River, besides leasing one of the company's bouweries. Abraham Isaacksen Planck (or ver Planck ) who was a son of the schout of Rensselaers- wyck, obtained a grant for Paulus Hoek, east of Ahasimas (Jersey City), which was a part of the lapsed patroonship of Pavonia. for 550 guilders ; and in the same neighborhood Kieft also leased a company farm to Jan Evertsen Bout for a rental of one-fourth of its produce and another to a man named Teunissen, who not only cleared and fenced the land and stocked it liberally ,i(; HISTOK)' OF NEJV YORK with cattle, hogs, sheep and g'oats, but also ])lante(l orchards and built a brew- house. The secretary of the colony, Van Tienho\-en, leased a bouwerie oppo- site Dr. La Montagne's plantation of Vredendael ( between Eighth .\venue and the Harlem River). In 163S Jochem Pietersen Kuyter. who was a Dane, and who had seen much military service in the East Indies, came to New Amsterdam under a special permit, in an armed ship which he chartered for the occasion, bringing with him his family, manv herdsmen and a large number of cattle. He secured a ])lantation in the neighborhood of the De Forest and La ?\Iontagne grants in what was then called Aluscoota, but afterward Harlem Elats. He called his grant Zci^cndall. or "Valley of Blessing." Kuyter brought with him h'nas Bronck. a brother Dane, who was the first settler of the region across the Harlem. He secured a tract of land opposite Kuyter's and extend- ing back to a river which the Indians called Ali-qiia-hung. l)ut which soon became known, after its first settler, as the Bronx River. Bronck called his plantation Emmaus, but the settlers soon called it Bronck's Land. This name afterward disa])peared in the name Alorrisania, but the river is still Bronx, and the same name is attached to the ra|)idly growing borough of New York Citv north of the Harlem. He was a Lutheran in religion, and a man of education. He built a stone mansion, with a tile roof, a spacious barn. a tobacco house, and various outhouses, and put his farm in a fine state of cul- tivation. It was in his house where the peace treaty with the U'cckqiiacs- gccks was signed, in 1642. Cornelis ?vlel\'n, a wealthy man who had formerly I)een in the tanning business in Amsterdam, and who had yisited New Netherland as supercargo of a vessel, in order to make inspection of the country, secured, on his return to Holland, permission to settle as a patroon on Staten Island. He brought his family and dependents and a lot of cattle. De Vries, who thought he should have the whole island, objected, but afterward gave his consent that Melyn should have a grant bordering on the Narrows; and later, under orders from Amsterdam, he was given a patent for all of the island excejit a portion actually covered by De \'ries' bouwerie. A patent was also issued to Myndert van der Horst, in 1641, on Achtcr L'o! (Newark Bay) which included the Vallev of the Hackingsack River, extending north to a plantation which Cap- tain De \'ries had established and had named Vriesendall. De \'ries, in his narrative, describes this land which he had bought from the Indians as being "a beautiful region called Tappaen, on the west bank of the river, a few miles north of Fort Amsterdam." Governor Kieft, in 1640, caused an ordinance to be i:)assed reciuiring every man at and around Fort Amsterdam to supply himself with a gun or a cutlass and side arms and be ready at any moment to report at appointed KIEFT AROUSES RESEXTMENT OF RU'ER LXDIAXS 57 places, with their corporals, for service: this beino- the first militia regailation for New Netherland. At this time there were only fifty regular soldiers (detached from the Dutch army) at the fort, under command of an ensign, Hendrick van Dyck. In the colony, until the accession of Kieft, a policy of conciliation had been pursued, almost uniformly, by the colonial authorities and people. Kieft's orders from the company were to maintain these good relations, but it was the governor's nature to be harsh and arbitrary, and at the very first opportunity he stirred uj) trouble with the savag-es. Claiming recompense from friendl\- River Indians on the ground that the Dutch had ])rotected them from the Mohawks, Kieft, falsely stating that he was instructed by the company so to do, tried to collect tribute in corn or service from them; a demand which the affected Indians vigorously contested. In 1840, Kieft. hearing of certain depredations, accused the Raritan Indians of Staten Island, and sent soldiers to demand satisfaction, although the fact was that the ravages were the work of white men. The soldiers killed several Indians and cruelly maltreated others. It was in retaliation for this outrage that the Raritans destroyed houses and crops on De Vries' plantation the following year, and killed four of his men. Kieft then declared that the entire tribe of the Raritans should be exterminated, trying to incite the River Indians to kill them by offering a bounty for each Raritan head. The next trouble with the Indians had its origin in a crime which had been committed fifteen years before. In 1626, soon after the arrival of Direc- tor-General Minuit, three of his negro servants robbed and killed an Indian in Manhattan, near the Kalck Hock ("Collect") Pond. The Indian's tribe, the Weckquaesgecks, demanded satisfaction, but Minuit did not pav bhiod- money for the Indian's death nor punish the murderers. An Indian boy, nephew of the man who was killed, was present at the murder, and g'rew up with the purpose of vengeance. From the home of the tribe in what is now \\'estchester County, he came to Manhattan and killed an old farmer and wheelwright known as Claes Cornelissen Swits ("the Swiss"), who had leased a small farm which was ])art of Jacob van Corlaer's bouwerie, south of the Harlem River, and then escaped across the river. Kieft sent a message to the sachem of the tribe demanding that the nuirderer should be surrendered to him for punishment ; but that chief replied endorsing the deed of the young- brave and expressing regret that he had not killed twenty white men instead of one. This defiant response alarmed Kieft. His attitude toward the Indians had Iteen exactly contrary to the policy of the company. He had run the col- ony and the city autocratically, and the responsibility was therefore his ; and now he was accused of attempting to create a condition of war to further his own ends, meanwhile he carefully guarding his own safety, being so cowardly that he had not slept outside the fort for a single night during his residence. HISTORY OP XEir YORK He therefore, as a plan by which he could in a measure relieve himself of responsibility, summoned all heads of families to a meeting at the fort. At this meeting, which was held August 29, 1641, there assembled men from Manhattan, Pavonia, Staten Island and Long Island, who elected twelve men to represent what they called the "Gcinccudc (or Commonaltv ) of New Amsterdam." This action is important because it begins the history of repre- sentative government in what is now Xew ^'ork Citv with the adjacent Jersey side as an integral part of it. The men chosen were: David Pietersen de Vries ; Jacques Bentyn ( who had served on \'an Twiller's cotmcil ) ; Jan Jan- sen Damen (or Dam), stepfather of Jan \"inje, the first white child born in Manhattan; Hendrick jansen, a tailor; !Maryn Adriaensen, who had previouslv been master tobacco inspector for several years at Rensselaerswyck; Abram Pietersen Molenaar; Frederik Lubbertsen, a seaman ; Jochem Pietersen Kuv- ter; Gerrit Dircksen; Joris Rapelje; Abram Planck; and Jacob Stofifelsen, who had served as overseer of negroes and commissary for the company. This bodv, thereafter known as the Twelve Men, organized bv choosing Captain De \'ries as president. As soon as they had organized Kieft laid before them the matter of the murder of Swits, and asking whether it should l^e avengetl by declaring war on the Indians. De \'ries argued the impolicv of war at that time. He called attention to the fact that the Dutch settlement was s])arse and widely scat- tered, that the settlers had cattle running at pasture in the woods, and farms which were unprotected ; that there was nothing to lie gained from a war with the Indians, and that Kieft's policies were the cause of his people being mur- dered at the colony which he ( De \'ries ) had started, in 1640, on Staten Island. Furthermore, he contended, the West India Company had enjoined its colonists to kee]) peace with the Indians. Kieft would not listen to coun- sels of peace, but the Twelve [Men ]X'rsisted that he should make two or three attempts to sectire the stuTcnder of the nuuxlerer peacefullv before they would consent to a declaration of war. Finalh', in January, \(\^2, they consented to an attack on the Weckcpaesgecks, if the governor would accompany the expedition to prevent disorder. Then the Twelve Men took up other dis- cussions, demanding as a safeguard against autocracy that the Governor's Council should be increased to at least five jjcrsons, of whom four should be members of the Twelve ]\Ien; and ])ointing out that even the smallest village had its elective board of not less than five schcpcns: and also advocated that as in Holland, two of the councilors should retire annually in accordance with the estal)lished custom of the Fatherland for securing rotation in office. They also demanded a proper organization of the militia, and named several commercial regulations which thev deemed requisite to the welfare of the Commonaltv of Xew Amsterdam. Then Kieft, while expressing mild approval .V£ff .\'ET}{RRL.-i.\LrS C0SM0F0LIT.4X POPVLATIOS 59 of some of their proposals (none of which he carried out), showed that lie had org-anized the Twelve Men merely for his own convenience: for he told them that they had only been elected l)y the Commonalty to advise with him in re,s:ard to the murder of Swits. In Fel^-uary he notified the Twelve Men that tliey must not meet or call any kind of assemblage of the people except at his command. In the matter of the Swits murder he waited until March, when he sent Ensign Van Dyck with eighty men to attack the Weckquaes- gecks. Kieft did not go along as advised by the Twelve Men, and the expe- dition did not reach the Indian village, because the guide lost his way. The eighty men. however, made such a trail that the Indians, coming across it were dismayed and sued for peace, and in the house of Jonas Bronck they made a treaty of peace with the white men. They promised to deliver up the assassin of Swnts, and although they never fulfilled that part of the pact, there was peace until the next year. As the result of the liberalizing of the charter of New Netherland bv the West India Company not only many Hollanders, but also people of other nationalities were induced to become settlers in and around New Amsterdam. Father Jogues, the first Jesuit missionary sent from Canada to the Iroquois, who was in New Amsterdam during the administration of Governor Kieft, said that eighteen languages were spoken there, the inhabitants including Dutchmen, Flemings. Walloons, Frenchmen. Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, English, Scotch, Irish, Germans, Poles, Bohemians, Portuguese and Italians. The English who came to New Netherland largely came from New England, especially Massachusetts, where the Puritans had no tolerance for any religion except their own. Some of the so-called unorthodox had gone to Rhode Island, led by Roger Williams, in 1638. Thence also went Anne Hutchinson and her husband; and she. after her husband's death, became fearful that ^Massachusetts or Plymouth would absorb Rhode Island, and moved with her household into the tolerant territory of the Dutch. Several others, under l^an as Anabaptists or Antinomians in New England, also came. Mrs. Flutchinson settled a place north of Bronck's, at a point then known as Annie's Neck, now Pelham Neck in Pelham Bay Park; Rev. Mr. Throgmor- ton (or Throckmorton) with thirty-five families of Anabaptist refugees from Salem. Mass., received a plantation (part of the present town of Westchester ) just l)elow Mrs. Hutchinson and northeast from Bronck's land, from which the Throgmorton tract was separated l^y a plantation settled by Thomas Cor- nell, whose descendants have borne an important place in New York history, including Alonzo B. Cornell, governor from 1880 to 1882, and Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell University. Even more of the English settlers made homes on Long Island. Rev. Francis Doughty, with associates, received a large grant at Mespat (now 60 HISTORY OF XEJl' YORK Newtown, L. I.). Lady Deborah Moody, who had fled from England to Massachusetts, and had lieen a prominent member of the Church at Salem, was admonished by the Cliurch for expressing doubts as to the validity of infant baptism ; and later, being excommunicated for these views, left Massa- chusetts, and with a party of friends came to X'ew X'etherland, settling on the site of the present town of Gravesend. John Underbill, who also came to Xew Amsterdam to escape from the rigorous church discipline, was a valuable acquisition, because he had done cfticient service as an officer iia the Pequot War and other expeditions against the Indians. Another English resident of New Amsterdam was Isaac Allerton, who had been one of the passengers on the [Mayflower, had served as assistant governor at Plymouth, and engaged as a merchant, owning a large fleet of fishing boats, and founding the town of Marblehead. Commercial losses caused him to remo\-e to Xew Amsterdam, where he was for ten years engaged as consignee of English vessels that traded in this port, and engaged in the tobacco trade. He had a warehouse near the present site of Fulton Market. Indian troubles broke out again in January, 1643, when a Hackingsack Indian, having primed himself with liquor, shot and killed a Dutch colonist who was thatching a barn at Van der Horst's ])lantation, near the Hacking- sack and North Rivers. The sachems of his tribe went to Fort Amsterdam and oft'ered to make a liberal payment of l)lood-money. but Kieft refused it, saying the matter could only be settled bv surrender of the murderer at the fort. The chiefs answered that he had absconded and gone to the Tankitekes, and it was beyond their power to deliver him ; and further, blamed the whole trouble on the selling of liquor to the Indians by the Hollanders. Kieft at once made a demand upon the chief of the Tankitekes to deliver up the mur- derer, but the answer was a jeering one. Not long after, the River Indian tribes were invaded by the Iroquois; about eighty or ninety of whom came down the river, each with a gun on his shoulder, to demand tribute from the W'eckquaesgecks of the Westches- ter region and of the other Indians who lived around Captain De Vries' bouwerie at Tappaen. These Indians, less warlike and not nearly so well armed as the invaders, were greatly alarmed, and four or five hundred of them, having great confidence in Captain De \'ries, who had been uniformly kind and upright in his dealings with them, fled to his bouwerie, where there were only five white men, while others took refuge in New Amsterdam and were kindly received by the people. De Vries asked Kieft for a guard of sol- diers, but was refused. After al)out two weeks some fresh alarm scattered the Indians, some of whom went to Pavonia across North River and others to Corlaer's Hook, in the northeast corner of Manhattan on the East River. MJSS.-ICRF. OF IXDIAXS AT PAJ'OXI.I 61 On February 24. 1643, Captain De X'ries was sitting at table with the governor, when Kieft told him that he had a mind to "wipe the mouths" of the Indian fugitives. It appeared that Secretary \'an Tienliovcn had drawn, and Damen, Andriaensen and Planck of the Twelve Men, had signed a docu- ment (ostensibly the work of the Twelve) asking Kieft to begin the work of retaliation against the Indians. De Vries protested that the three members of the board who had signed this document were not authorized to speak for the Twelve, which board Kieft himself had dissolved a full }'ear before. But although De \"ries pressed the matter strongly, and though Coun- cilor La Montague and Do- mine Bogardus were equallv urgent, Kieft was bent on war. He sent one of his sergeants with a troop of soldiers from the fort with orders to destrov the Indians at Pavonia, and ordered Maryn Adriaensen with a band of volunteers to go to Corlaer's Hook and at- tack the refugees assembled there. The soldiers, who went to Pavonia in the dead of night of February 25-26, massacred eightv Indians as thev roused them from sleep, took infants from their mothers, hacking them to pieces and throwing them into the river, and doing their work in the most brutal fashion; and the same scenes were enacted on Corlaer's j)lantation, where is now a ])ark, Adri- aensen's men killing forty Indians. When the soldiers returned from Pavonia Kieft greeted them cordially, thanking them for their work. Some of the settlers on Long Island asked leave to attack the Indians of that region, who had always been friendly, and though Kieft gave orders not to molest those Indians without provocation, parties of lawless Dutch and English took advantage of the conditions and went on a tour of pillage of the wigwams which the Indians had left at Pavonia, and also of the farms of the friendly Long Island Indians. All these acts coming together so infuriated the red men that eleven tribes, including River Indians and some of those on Long Island united in a retaliatory campaign of open war. Settlers through all the region from the Raritan River north to the Housatonic were killed, their houses burned, MASSACRE OF INDIANS AT PAVONIA 6V HISTORY OF Xliir )'0/?A' their farms devastated, and their women and chikh^en earried off into the forest. Some, warned in time, deserted their farms and flocked inttestecl ai^'ainst such sumniarv action. So Alelvn was sunininl\- a part of the excise monev was lieing turned to municipal use, the magistrates notified Stuvvesant that either he must turn over the entire excise to citv use or thev would resign in a body. But Stuyvesant would not vield : nor would he accept the resignation of the magistrates. These and other acts of the governor caused the magistrates to make an ap])ea] to the directors of the company, not only for the surrender of the excise, but also for the right to elect .r_ ^ -j= _ ., --. -. ^^...:-LM ^j:ML^ ... the city schout ; to Ivayc a citv seal; to ' ^ " " impose taxes; to lease the ferry to Breuckelen ; for arms and amnumi- tion for cit}' defence, and for the ]iower to administer the affairs of the citv on a basis similar to that of the government of Amsterdam. There was a considerable amount of i)iracy and ])rivateering g'oing on along the .\llantic Coast about that time, ;ind Xovember 26, 16; v a meet- ing gathered in the Stadf Huis, after a call b\- Governor Stuvvesant, at which were present two members of the go\-crnor"s council, two city mag- istrates of Xew Amsterdam, and delegates from the English towns of Gravesend, Mushing and Middle- bm"g. riie English delegates, on the initiatixe of George Baxter, of GraA'csend, made the point that the councilors had no right to be present, and as the citv luagistrates agreed w ith them, the coiincih^rs retired from the meeting. The English com- plained bitterlv of the raids of Thomas IVaxter, of Rhode Island, and others, who were coming constantlv bv sea and land to rob or le\v tribute on the set- tlers; ;ind thev declared thev would p;i\ no taxes if thev could get no ])rotec- tion; and tliex' also declared that the\' wdiild make a union of their own for ])rotective i)urposes if the 1 )utch would not unite with tliem. The m.agis- trates declined to commit themselves to an\ course unless the other Dutch THE "STADT HUIS" Iluilf ill !b4J Kifft's time. Later imljlic school ; finally Citv Hall until 1700 Til II MEETINGS LV THE. ST. IDT 1 1 VIS 85 settlements would unite with them. Stuyvesant expressed displeasure at the exckision of the councilors, which he said "smelt of rebellion ;" but there was no member of the governor's council present at the adjourned meeting held December lo, 1653, at which the Dutch towns of New Amsterdam, Breucke- len, Amersfoort ( Flatlands ) and Alidwout (hdatl)ush), and the English towns of Flushing, Newtown (Middleburg), Gravesend and Hempstead were repre- sented, there being nineteen delegates, ten Dutch and nine English. As the output of this meeting, George Baxter drafted for the convention "The Re- monstrance and Petition of the Colonies and \'illages in this New Netherland Province,"" which was ])resented to the governor and cnuncil. This document set forth as specific grievances, that the Indians were restless and dangerous because they had received insufficient compensation for their lands; that as Stuyvesant had acted with a council from which he had excltuled lawful members, the land grants he had made were of citiestionable validity ; that .some of his grants to single individuals were grosslv excessive in area; that autocratic ordinances of which the people had little or no information were used as instruments of oppression ; that officials were appointed without the consent or nomination of the people; and that the government was an arbitrary one which was not founded u[)on the consent, knowledge or election of the Commonalty, and therefore "odious to every free-born man,"' and further declared that laws which might be good in com- numities in the Old World might fre(|uently be found inapplicable to a com- munity in America. The governor and council were stated to be represen- tatives of the company, which only held such powers as were given to it by the States-General, who were supreme in the United Netherlands and all its dependencies. An explicit answer to each grievance enumerated was demanded of the governor. The Amsterdam ChamlK-r of the West India Company had contended that it was supreme in the affairs oi New Netherland ; and Stuyvesant claimed that his commission made him supreme, often speaking of the people of the province as his "subjects."' The ideas and specific demands of this "Remonstrance and Petition" made him furious; and he denounced the meeting as illegal and unauthorized, and ordered the delegates to disperse and not to meet again under jjcnalty of arbitrary correction. Various docu- ments crowded on the authorities in HoHand, especiallv the Amsterdam Chamber, in regard to the disputes between the governor and the various numicipalities in the province. Meanwhile, Nicasius de Sille was sent by the company to be first councilor to the governor and Cornells van Ruyven to be secretary of New Netherland. Invasion of New Netherland was threatened from England, in 1654, and Oliver Cromwell sent four shijjs with two hundred sailors, which were to HISTORY OF XJiir YORK join ;i force from Xew England to take Xew Xetherland for the English; ])Ut while the Xew England forces were being gathered news of peace l^etween the luiglish and Dntch stopped the further progress of the expedition. At the conclusion of peace the Amsterdam Chamber found the oppor- tunity to answer the petitions which had been sent in the previous year. It assumed its old attitude of displeasure that appeals should be made to Holland against the decision of the constittited authorities in X'ew X^etherland. But concessions were made. They were to have a schout of their own instead of that ofifice being given to the schout-tiscal of the pnwince. They were to have a citv seal, and could have the receipts of the excise if thev wottld pay the municipal salaries, and were given additional powers of taxation. The Amsterdam Chamber had selected Jochem T^ietersen Kuyter to be the city schout, but he had been killed by the Indians; so Sttiyvesant named Jacques Cortelvott for the position. He declined, and \ an Tienhoven continued to act. Stti\vesant and the magistrates soon had another dispute. The governor insisted that they had not paid for fortifying the city, and that they should pav for the support of the soldiers who had been sent from Holland as well as its own officials. The magistrates said thev would supi^ort a schotit (who must be their own), the burgomasters. schei)ens, a secretary, a court messenger and such other official servants as the city might need; one minister, one precentor, who shotild also serx'e as a schoolmaster, and one beadle. Thev would not support the soldiers, and thought the entire province should contribute to the defenses of the capital; btit, if the magistrates were empowered to levy a property tax, they wonld contribtUe 3000 gaiilders, or a fifth, toward the cost of fortifying the city. Stuyvesant again took possession of the receipts from the tapsters' excise and made threats of an annual tax on cattle, land and other property; but did not put this threat into exectition. Trouble arose between Xew X'etherland and Xew Sweden. Governor Rising, who had succeeded Governor I'rinz in X'ew Sweden, turned the Dutch Garrison out of Eort Casimir and made a proclamation to the efifect that all Dutch in that territory nnist come under the Swedish jurisdiction. The news of this action created a sensation in Xew Amsterdam, and a Swedish ship which came mto the lower harbor without a pilot was seized and confiscated b\- Sttivvesant. The governor, who was tinder instructions to be careful in his relations with X'ew Sweden, wrote io the ^^'est India Company for instructions. Meanwhile, starting" on Christmas lA-e, \(>^4. he took a trip to H.irbadoes to tr\' and establish trade with that island. Cnfortunatelv, he arrived at a time when, under the new llritish navigation laws, an embargo was Laid on all ff)reign x-essels in the port; and it was four months before he was permitted to leave for Xew Amsterdam, where he arrived in Jvily, 1655. XEIJ- XETHERLAND VERSUS NEW SWEDEN 87 During his absence the council had appointed successors to the magistrates whose terms had expired; Olofif Stevensen being appointed l)urgomaster in place of ]\Iartin Cregier, and Johannes de Peyster and Jan \'inje being two of the four schepens appointed. Soon after Stuvvesant's return, he received orders from the company to proceed against the Swedes in the Delaware River, as a re]jrisal for the seizure of Fort Casimir bv Governor Rising, and sent him a ship for the expedition. The forces were in two companies, of which one was commanded bv Stuvvesant and the other by Nicasius de Sille, chief councilor. Monday, September 6, they reached Delaware Bay and within a day or two the\- had recaptured Fort Casimir. captured Fort Christina, made the people acknowl- edge allegiance to H()lland, and took many of them to Manhattan. With this expedition was ended the last vestige of Swedish dominion on the American Continent, While .Stuyvesant was away Avith every able-bodied soldier from the fort, "and a maiority of the burghers, the River Indians broke out. Nineteen hundred of them had gathered on the Xorth River and OA'er se\'en hundred had landed 011 Manhattan. It was thought at first that they were on their way to Long Island, l)tit manv of them appeared in the city. The follow- ing morning an Indian wounded Hendrick xnn Dyck with an arrow, and after that the btirghers armed, under the advice of Cornells van Tienho\'en, and a few on iDoth sides were killed. The Indians left the city and crossed to Pavonia, where thev ])iumed everv house, killed almost everv man and took the women and children captive. Thence they went to Staten Island, destroyed the eleven bouweries of the island and killed twenty-three people out of the ninety liA'ing on these bouweries. Two boitweries near the Harlem, one being the Kuyter ])ouwerie, were raided and the inhabitants killed; and several others on Long Island. Within the three days a number of colonists, variously stated at from fifty to one hundred, were killed; one hundred and fifty were captured, among- whom was Cornells Melyn. Hundreds were rendered homeless and destitute bv the savages, their recently gathered crops having- been destroyed; the propertv loss altogether being valued at a hundred thousand guilders. The Indians did not attack the city, chiefly because they had so many prisoners. THE STUYVESANT MANSION SS . HISTORY OF XEll' VORK Wlien the governor returned he ordered that no vessel should leave the harbor, nor any able-bodied man go away from the city except on order. Guards were stationed in the outlying settlements and negotiations were opened with the Indians, who exchanged seventy prisoners for some powder and shot. Stuyvesant consulted with his council about Indian affairs. Van Tienhoven, as usual, was for war; but De Sillc and La Montague as well as the governor himself, thought that the I)est plan was increased vigilance. After that no Indian was permitted to remain overnight in New Amsterdam. The English, resident in New Netherland as well as those bevond, began to create another trottblesome problem. Thomas Pell, who had lieen a gentleman of the bedchamber to Charles I, had brought a party from Fair- field in the colony of New Haven in 1654; bought some land from the Indians, although they had already sold it to the Dutch, and declared his ])artv to be under the protection of the Conmion wealth of England. Several criminals who fled from Manhattan had been harbored by them, and in 1656, Stuyvesant arrested these colonists, forced them to acknowledge his juris- diction, and gave them authority to organize a burgher government on the Dutch plan. In 1657 they took an oath of allegiance to the government of New Netherland as long as thev should reside within its limits. The English called the town Westchester. During the absence of Governor Stuyvesant in Barljadoes, George Baxter, who had for many years been English secretary to Governors Kieft and Stuyvesant, with James Hubbard as associate, endeavored to inaugurate an insurrection in Gravesend, hoisting the English flag and claiming for them- selves and their associates the rights of English subjects. The council placed Baxter and Hubbard under arrest and for a year they were imprisoned. Sir Henry Moody, of Gravesend, asking their release, Hubbard was freed on an understanding of good behavior. Baxter, pledging his propertv that he would not try to escape, was transferred from the cell in the fort to the debtor's room in the Stadt Huis. Fle made his escape from there to Long Island and thence to New England. His property, which was sold i)v the council for his debts, included a farm which embraced the i>resent site of P)ellc\'ue Ilos])ital. Stuyvesant's destruction of Swedish sovereignty on the Delaware River had cost him a good deal of money; and soon there came a troublesome claim by Governor Fendall of Maryland, that the region recently occupied by the Swedes was included in Lord Baltimore's patent, and there was some show of forcible assertion of the claim ; which, however, never culminated in anything very serious, though it was a part of the general discussion of the rights of Dutch and English in the New World. There was a desire on the part of New England for an extension of its borders west and south ; and there was a party in England which desired es])ecially that there should be no foreign power f.OXG ISLAND SENDS DELEGATES TO HARTFORD 89 wedged in between New England and Virginia. Tlie discussion killed for awhile after the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, and after Charles II came to the throne in 1660, the West India Company tried, through the States- General, to procure a settlement of the c[uestion of boundary between New England and New Netherland ; which, however, was not pushed by the ambas- sadors of the United Netherlands in London. In April, 1662, Governor John Winthrop of Connecticut secured the charter for that colony. It gave to that colony the territory of New Haven colony, nnich of the mainland of New Xetherland, Long Island, Manhattan and Staten Island. This charter, which was proclaimed at Hartford in October, 1662, created a great sensation. The New Haven colonists were incensed at the idea that the identity of their colony was merged in that of Connecticut. The English towns in Long Island both in the eastern and western jxirtions, sent delegates to the assembly at Hartford, upon the invitation of the authorities of Connecticut, James Hubbard being the delegate from Gravesend. A protest against these proceedings was sent by Stuyvesant to Hartford, who said that this nullification of the Hartford Treaty gave New Netherland the right to claim its original territories, which included everything as far as the Fresh River; but the only answer he got from the Connecticut authorities was a warning to him not to interfere with anyone in their colony, which, they claimed, included Westchester. A settlement had been made up the river in the Esopus district, and a town was established there which was called ^^'iltwyck and is now named Kingston. The settlers had been driven out by the Indian uprising in 1655, but returned in 165S. The Indians again made trouble, and in 1659 killed several settlers and besieged the others in a stockade they had made, until Stuyvesant arrived with reinforcements. The following vear, after surprising and capturing some Esopus Indians, treaties were made with them and also with the Indians near Manhattan, the Mohegans and Mohawks. The Esopus region built up with settlers, but in June, 1663, the Esopus Indians, partly liecause Stuyvesant had sent some oi his captives of 1660 to be sold in slavery in Curacoa, rose in another raid on the settlements and killed or captured about seventy of the Dutch. Stuyvesant collected a volunteer force which, led by Martin Cregier, almost wiped out the Esopus tribe. In the years which had passed there had been an accession of rights and privileges to the citizens. In April, 1657, burgher-right was granted to the people of the city entitled to it, this ordinance being the first city charter. In Amsterdam, Holland, a distinction was made between the Great and Small bur- gher-right. It was a class distinction, though one had equal commercial privi- leges with the other ; but the great burghers were exempt from arrest upon the order of an inferior court, and they only could hold important offices. HISTORY OF XEW YORK The holders of the Great Burgher-Rio-lit included all members of the pro- vincial government, all former and present magistrates of the city, all clergy- men and militia officers, all male descendants of such persons, and any other persons, approved by the magistrates, who would pay fiftv guilders for the privilege. The Small Burgher-Right included all persons born in the city, all who had lived there for a year and six weeks before the date of the ordinance, and all who had married the native-l)orn daughters of burghers; also any other person, acceptable to the magistrates, who would pay twenty guilders for the right. After 1658. as a consequence of frequently reiterated demands, the magistrates were permitted to nominate their own successors. In 1660 the demand for their own schout was acceded to, thotigh not by the election of the magistrates, but by appointment of the ^^'est India Company; the first city schout being Peter Tonneman, who was also a member of the governor's council. The office of city treasurer, established in 1657, was first held by Oloff Stevensen van Cortlandt. Connectictit continued to l)oldy claim Long Island and much of the main- land. Stuyvesant, who had tried to get ^lassachusetts and New England generally to reaffirm the Hartford Treaty, but had been put oft' several times, and who found most of the Long Island P^nglish who had formerly been his chief supporters, now expousing, with more or less boldness, the English side of the controversy, began to be more and more insistent that the \\'est India Com])anv must secure from the States-General a settlement of the boundary question. George Baxter was taking an acti\e part in the endeavor to secure action from England detrimental to the Dutch sovereignty over New Netherland. \\'ith him was associated Captain John Scott. The latter was a son of an English officer who had been killed in the service of Charles I, and had been, so he said, sent out to Massachusetts and bound out as a servant because, when a young boy he had been caught cutting the bridles and girths of a Parliamentary troo}). After his term of service had expired he became an adventurer, claimed to have bought land nn Lung Island from the Indians ■and .sold large tracts to various individuals, giving deeds wliich were after- ward declared vend b}- the courts. He was representative to England, in 1 060, of the Atherton Company; composed of prominent men of Connecticut and Massachu.setts, who claimed title to lands on the western shore of Narra- gan.sett Bav, which they claimed under a dubious patent of 1643, ^^'^'^ which was really included in the Providence Plantations. He was constantly identified with crooked land transactions. He got the ear of the King's Council for Plantations, which advised with him, as well as with George Baxter and Samuel Maverick, author of the "Brief Description of New England," who had written letters to Clarendon suggesting the conquest of Xew Xetherland. cEORGE BAXTfJi .IX P JoUX SCoTT MAKE TROUBEE 01 Stuyvesant only had a few soldiers at the fort in the autumn of 1663, as the Indian troubles at Esopus were not yet over, but hndina,- that some of Captain Scott's emissaries were trying to buy up land on the mainland back of Xavesink, he sent Captain Cregier with a small force to expel them. Captain Scott himself went to Long Island as the representative of Connecticut, having been sworn in as one of three agents to incorporate the Long Island towns with Connecticut; but when he found that the inhabitants of Hempstead, Jamaica, Newtown, Flushing and Gravesend were averse to Puritan rule and had come to an agreement to ask for se])arate government under the Crown of England, he fell in with their views, and then informed them of the plan to make the Duke of York the proprietor of all Xew Xetherland : this l)eing the plan under discussion bv the King's Council for Plantations. So when the English towns asked him to act as their "president" until the Duke of York should come into possession, he agreed as readilv as though he was not under oath to serve the interests of Connecticut. He had a troop of almost two htmdred men which New Haven had provided for him. and with them seized the blockhouse at New LTtrecht and made hostile demonstrations at Midwout and Amersfoort. Three envovs sent by Stuvvesant to meet him, as the agent of Connectictit, in order to come to an understanding of the matters in dispute, were met with threats and rudeness; but after some dis- cussion said he would return .in April with his commission, and that the Duke of York would soon be in possession of all New Netherland. Long Island continued to be in a turmoil. English adventurers, pretending to have new grants from the Indians, drove Dutch settlers in various parts of the island from their lands, and the Five Dutch Towns issued a Remonstrance to the go\'ernor and cotmcil, demanding prompt relief from the West India Company; failing which, thev said thev would be com- ])elle(l "to their heart's grief" to submit to another government in order to seciu-e the protection which was so urgentlv needed. The governor sub- mitted this Remonstrance to the magistrates, who rej^lied that it was the burglicrs' duty to protect and defend New Amsterdam, and the duty of the ccinipany's soldiers to i)rotect the villages and the open countrv ; and they offered to tise all the revenues and raise a larg- loan to make New Amsterdam secure, if the governor would surrender to them the tapsters' excise, which he agreed to do. Thereupon the city borrowed 27,300 guilders. In February, 1664, Scott, acting as president of the English towns and in the name of King Charles and of the Duke of ^'ork "as far as His Highness is therein concerned" signed an agreement that those towns should remain under the king of England, without let or hindrance from the Dutch authorities, while the Dutch towns and bouweries should remain under the States-General for twelve months and longer until His ^Majesty and the HISTORV OP XFJr ]'ORK States-General should fully determine the whole difficulty about Long Island and places adjacent. In January the West India Company had warned the States-General of the fact that its province was likely to be lost to the English unless prompt action were taken; that the colonists were uneasy because their titles came from the company, which had only its general trading charter to go upon ; and that the boundaries had never been legally defined. The States-General thereupon confirmed the right of the West India Company to the province of New Netherland bv an act under its great seal, and at the same time ratified the Hartford Treaty of 1650, asking King Charles to do the same and thereby settle all pending disputes. When King Charles received the demand of the States-General con- cerning the ratification of the Hartford Treaty, he also had a report from a committee of three members of the Council for Plantations which had been appointed to receive complaints about Xew Netherland and report upon the best method for capturing it. They said that three ships with about three hundred soldiers woidd ije enough for the puri)ose, as plenty of Englishmen from the other colonies would help, and one-third of the people of Long Island were English. If necessary, Indians could ])robably be engaged as auxiliaries. The Duke of York was patroon of the Roval African Company, and therefore was in direct conflict, on the West Coast of Africa, with the Dutch West India Company. In Eebruarv, 1664, the duke borrowed from his brother, the king, two men-of-war, and sent out Robert Holmes with a small squadron to attack the ]iosts of the company on the \\'est African coast. ( )n March 12. 1644, the king gave to the Duke of \'ork a charter covering part of Maine, Martha's X'incvard, Nantucket, Long Island and all the land from the Connecticut River to Delaware Bay. This infringed to some extent upon other royal charters, notaljlv that of Connecticut, but entirely ig^nored the existence of New Netherland. Preparati(_)ns for an expedition to the ilomain granted l)v this doctiment were put in motion, the king giving his brother £4000 toward the cost; and the duke ap])ointed to take charge of these possessions Colonel Richard Nicolls, to whom he gave a commission as deputv governor, and secured for liini authority from the king to raise forces for the adventure, of which he was given full command. To give the expedition an appearance compatible with ])eaceful intentions, the king ap])ointed Colonel Nicolls, Colonel Sir Robert Carr, Colonel .^ir Roliert Cartwright and Samuel Ma\erick as a commission to inquire into the state of New England, to receive the com- plaints of the people, and to settle the ])eace and seciu'ity of the country; and this was given out publicly as the sole purpose of the exjjedition, which sailed in May, 1664, including three men-of-war and a transport. The sc]uadron mounted ninety-two guns and carried four hundred and fifty men. 77//: KIXG'S FLEET APPROACHES NEW AMSTERDAM 03 While these preparations were soing- on in England, Stuyvesant had endeavored in every possible way to strengthen the defences of Xew Amsterdam and to persuade or conciliate the disat¥ected Long Islanders, who through Captain Scott's representations fully expected an English force. That individual had carried things with such a high and independent hand that he had come into conflict with the Connecticut authorities. Not only had he repudiated the authoritv of Connecticut bv deserting its cause while he was supposed to be acting as its sworn agent, but he had taken upon him- self the authoritv of an independent ruler, without having any commission to show. So he was arrested on the authoritv of Governor Winthroi^, taken to Hartford, and there tried and convicted on ten counts for the crimes of forgery, perjury, calumny, sedition, treachery, usurpation and defamation of the king, and was fined and imprisoned for these offences. Governor Winthroj) with two hundred men went to Long Lsland in June, deposing Scott's magistrates and appointing his own. Stuvvesant, who with \'an Ruyven, A'an Cortlandt and others from New Amsterdam, went out to meet Governor AA'inthrop, found him entirely unwilling to make anv terms, claiming that the Indians who sold Long- Island to the Dutch had no title to it, and that the title of Connecticut to that island was clear. Earlv in ]n\y, Thomas W'illett received news from Boston that an English fleet was on its way to capture N'ew Netherland, and so informed Governor Stuyvesant; but later advices received bv the governor from the companv, said that the English fleet was to sail but that its mission was to establish bishops in New England. This letter so pacified the governor that when he heard at the end of July, that there was danger to Fort Orange, because of a war which had broken out between the Mohawks and the Alohegans, he went up the river to try to secure the white settlement from suflfering bv the conflict. In early August the English fleet reached Boston Harbor and the work of recruiting began. X'olunteers were enlisted from Massachusetts and Con- necticut, and Governor W'inthrop went to the western end of Long- Island, with other representatives of Connecticut to await the arrival of the fleet, and found there Thomas W'illett, not as the all\- of the Dutch as heretofore, but as the agent of Plvmouth Colonv. News of the approach of the invaders having reached Manhattan, mes- sengers were hurried to Fort Orang-e who brought the governor back on August 2^. where he set all the people to work on the defences of the city. The following day. The (niinea, Nicoll's flag"ship, anchored in Gravesend Bay (then called Nayack), where it waited for its companions and the transports l)ringing the New England troops. On August 29 he captiu'ed a blockhouse which had been established on Slaten Island to defend the Narrows; blockatled that inlet and issued a proclamation offering- safety and good treatment to all HISTORY OF Xliir VURK whii wduld (juictl\- suliniit. The luig'lish Liin,y,' Islanders gathered, readv to offer anv re(iuired assistance, or to share in the plunder if there should be resistance and ca])ture. There were less than one hundred and fifty soldiers at the fort and about two hundred and fifty civilians capable of bearing arms in the cit\". The Dutch on the bouweries outside of the city could not desert their own homes and families to help in the defence of the city, and the English of New Amsterdam were all hostile to the continuance of the Dutch government, except John Lawrence, who asked permission to remain neutral, and Thomas Hall, who was in entire accord with the Dutch cause. Domine ■\Iegap(_>lensis, his son, and two of the city magistrates went as a delegation from Stuvvesant to Colonel NicoUs, and to ask him why he had l^rought a hostile fleet in front of the citv. The English commander received them civilly, and sent a letter explaining his commission antl pledging pro- tection to all who would vield obedience to him as governor. This and several other messages of similar import, one coming with a delegation under a white flag, among whom was Governor W'inthrop of Connecticut, Thomas W'illett of Plymouth, and others, came to Stuyvesant, who tried to keep their import from the people, but was compelled by clamorous demands of the burghers to disclose. There was a general feeling that resistance to the invaders would l)e futile, l;)ut Stuvvesant gave no sign of surrender ; sending, however, a letter which set forth, in a clear manner, the right of the Dutch to this region, proposing that anv hostilities should be ])ostponed until the Iwundaries of their respective realms, which were now in\-olved in diplomatic correspondence and he doubted not had bv this time been settled by the king and the States-General, should be communicated from Europe. Xicolls refused to argue, but gave the g-overnor forty-eight hours to accept his terms. At Gravesend on September 4, i()04, the Long Lsland Englishmen assembled to meet the English commissioners, and Nicolls made public the Duke of \'(irk's i)atent and his own commission as deputy governor, and Governor W'inthrop publicly proclaimed that Connecticut resigned all claim to Long- Island and recognized that of the Duke of A'ork. The English regulars landed at Gravesend and thence marched to the Ferrv, where the New Englanders had encamped with a large number of English from the eastern end of Long Island, under command of Ca])tain John Young". Two of the frigates came up the ba\- under full sail, and passing close to the walls of Fort Amsterdam came to an anchor l)etween ALuihattan and Nutten (Governor's) Island, with their guns all on one side readv to jxiur a broadside into the city if anv resistance should be oft'ered. Stuyvesant, in the city, was for resistance. He wrote again to Nicolls saving that he was readv to stand the storm or arrange an accommodation. Nicolls rei)lied that if he would raise the white flag on the fort he might STUVJ'ESAXT SURRBXDERS NEIV AMSTERDAM 95 del)ate the "terms. The burghers hearing of this reply, thronged alxait the g()\ernor, urging him to \ield, but he declared he would rather die. .\ formal written remonstrance and petition was prepared, setting forth the horrors wliich would coiue if the cil\- sliould I)e invested and sacked by the enemy; meaning the destruction of fifteen hundred people of whom only two hundred and fifty were ca])able of bearing arms. It was signed by all the most prominent officials and burghers, who urged him not to reject the offers of a foe who was generous in his j^ledges, but to arrange for an honorable and reasonable capitulation. Stuyvesant yielded at last, and Nicolls consented to treat with him, and pledged himself to redeliver the city and fort if the Powers should agree upon that procedure; and on Saturday, Se])tember 6, six Dutch and six English delegates met outside the city, at Stuyvesant's own bouwerie house and drew up in English the "Articles of Capitulation of the Surrender of New Nether- land." The next day the articles were read to the burghers in the church after the second service, the otiicial copy, signed by Colonel Nicolls was delivered to Governor Stuyvesant and ratified by him; bv De Sille, the schout- fiscal of New Netherland; Martin Cregier, the chief militia officer of the province; Peter Tonneman, the city schout; Burgomaster \'an der Grist; Jacobus P>acker, president of the Board of Schepens, and by the schepens Timotheus Gabry, Isaac Greveraet and Nicholas de Meyer. On September 8 (new style) or .\ugust 2i) (old stvle) the town and fort were delivered, Colonel Xicolls was installed l)v the burgomasters and proclaimed as deputy governor for the Duke of York. New Amsterdam became New York and Fort Amsterdam w as changed to Fort James. Petrus Stuyvesant was, in 1665, called by the States-General to Holland to report upon his administration. Fie arrived there in October and was detained until 166S, when, after due consideration of the papers submitted by him and the directors of the West India Company, he was permitted to return to America. He retired to his farm or bouwerie, which occupied the area now bounded by the East River, Sixth Street, Third Avenue and Sixteenth Street, and there he died in tlie earlv part of 1672. Flis body lies in the vaults of St. Mark's Church. He was a strong, self-willed character ; jiersonally, honorable and honest, a ripe scholar and able soldier; but officially, autocratic and often austere. FIc served his company with zeal and faithfulness, which was ill requited, for the company was grasping and niggardly, and ill sustained his efforts to give good government to New Netherland. Partly because of the limitation of his resources by the company, and partly from his inherent antipathy to anything savoring of democracy, he was very unpopular in the early part of his administration, but after the estal>lishment of burgher-right, and ])ar- ;h; HISTORY Of XHir VORK ticularlv after tlie removal from office of the malevolent Tienhoven, he g'ained the respect of the people; and in his retirement he was an atTable, influential gentleman, a good citizen and churchman, and looked up to with honor and alTection. He has l^een idealized into a character far different from that he reallv bore. He was often wrong and many times unjust, letting his temper distort his iudgment. Some of his errors were those of his time and others were temjjeramental : l)Ut he was a man of good intentions as well as undoubted ])ower. w o H £ C H .4 P T E R NINE NEW NETHERLAND BECOMES NEW YORK GOVERNOR RICHARD NICOLLS AND THE DUKE'S LAWS Richard Nicolls, the first English guvernor, was a man of his word, and gave good treatment and protection to the colony which had surrendered to him. He was born at Ampthill in Bedfordshire, in 1624. His father, who was a lawyer, married a daughter of Sir George Bruce; and their son, after attending Oxford University, became a soldier, and commanded a troop of horse in the Royalist Army during the Civil War. \Mien the Stuarts fled to the Continent he went with them, and was thereafter of the personal entour- age of James, Duke of York, with whom he fought in French armies. If a man is known by the company he keeps, the association of Governor Nicolls, through life, with James Stuart, forms a strong presumption against his personal character ; and the pretext and methods of organization of the expe- dition against New Netherland w'ould in our day, be deemed absolutely piratical. But the standards of ethics in the Seventeenth Century were greatly difTerent from those which prevail in the Twentieth. Of the morale of his personal life nothing is recorded, but Nicolls was true to his promises to the people of New Amsterdam, and at once found his way to their good will. Prior to the surrender of the city many of the worst element of the English of Long Island had gathered as volunteers at the Ferry, on the Breuckelen side, making threats and prophecies of plunder when New Amsterdam should be captured. But there was no looting or distvu^bance ; and the Long Island and New England troops were dismissed by Governor Nicolls with promises of rewards for all who had taken up arms for their king and country. The Dutch officials wrote to the West India Comi)any, giving an account of the surrender and placing the blame on the company for its failure to furnish the colonv with protection. Governor Stuyvesant also w-rote a separate account, showing how impossible it would have been for him to olTer anything like an adequate resistance to the English forces. These reports went with the directors on the ship Gideon, which, with a pass from Governor Nicolls, also carried back the Dutch soldiers who had formed the garrison at Fort Amsterdam. Governor Nicolls appointed English officials, and gave the office of secre- tary of the province to Captain Matthias Nicolls, of Islip, Northamptonshire: \\-ho, though of identical familv name, was not a relative of the g^overnor. He was a lawyer by profession, and came from England with Governor 08 HISTORY OF XEJf YORK Nicolls. Delavall, another Englishman, became collector of the port, and Englishmen were also appointed as provincial councilors. In the local government, however, the Dutch city officials were left to continue their functions and administer justice as before the surrender, until the governor should make other and permanent arrangements. An expedition under Colonel Cartwright was sent up the river, now called the Hudson, and received the submission of Esopus, Fort Orange (the name of which he changed to Albany ) , and Rensselaerswyck, which was accomplished without friction; while another expedition, under Sir Robert Carr, went to the Delaware River, and, after a stubborn resistance, captured Amstel, the name of which was changed to Newcastle. Nicolls had a commission which covered all the teritorv given to James, Duke of ^'ork, and included everything to the Connecticut River. This con- flicted with the grant to Connecticut so as to cover half the territory of that province. The conflict of title was brought to the attention of Nicolls, and he represented to the duke the injustice which would be done by insisting on the strict letter of the grant. He received permission to adjust the boundaries and fixed the present line of boundary between New York and the provinces of Connecticut and ^lassachusetts. In renaming places in the province, Governor Nicolls constantly had in mind the purpose of honoring his royal master, the Duke of York and Albany. The province and the city were both named "New ^ork," Long Island was called "Yorkshire,"' and divided, like the English countv so named, into East and West Ridings. Fort Orange became "Albany," and the region west of the Hudson River he called "Albania." Diplomatic correspondence between England and the United Netherlands carried the relations of the two countries to the straining point ; and in Feb- ruary, 1665, the Parliament granted King Charles, for war purposes, the sum of £2,500,000, which was the largest grant that had ever been bestowed upon an English so\ereign; and the Citv of London lent him large sums in addition to the national grant. The whole countrv seemed to be anxious for war. Meanwhile Nicolls had been carrying on the work of reconstruction in New Netherland. His position was that of a governor of a royal, proprietary province. LI is letter of instructions from the Duke of York, by which his course was necessarily limited, has never been published and, so far as known, is not now in existence; but its general character is known bv the references made to it during Governor Nicolls' work of reconstruction. It was thor- oughly autocratic, in harmony with the spirit of the Stuarts, and under it the governor, representing the royal proprietor of the ])rovince, was vested with all legislative and executive functions and was to appoint all judges. The THOMAS WlLLIirr. FIRST ATIVOR Of XEir YORK 99 governor required all the Dutch inhabitants to renew the titles to their lands in the name of the Duke of ^'ork. He i)repared a code of laws, which he endeavored to make conform to the instructions of the duke, and at the same time tried to make it as little as possible displeasing to the ])eople. In jjre- ])aring this code, which became popularh- known as "the Duke's Laws," he consulted the various New England codes, incorporating such good features as could be retained without establishing a democratic system. Perfect liberty of conscience was to be maintained in religious matters; there was to be a Court of Assize in New ^'ork City, and trials were to be by jury of the vicinage ; each person nuist pay taxes according to his property ; to make titles secure they must be recorded in New York. Aliens were required to take the oath of allegiance before they could hold ])roperty, and all the Dutch inhabitants did so after stipulating for and securing a statement that nothing in the Oath of Obedience should be held to invalidate any of the provisions of the Articles of Surrender, Peter Stuy- vesant being the first, followed by all the leading citizens, and then by prac- tically all the able-bodied men of Manhattan. On June 12. 1665, Governor Nicolls issued a proclamation which changed, all at once, the form of the local government. It began: "I, Richard Nicolls, do ordain that all the inhabitants of New York, New Harlem and all other parts of the Manhattans Island are one bodv politic and corporate under the government of a mayor, alderman and sheritif, and I do appoint for one whole year commencing from the date hereof and ending the 12th dav of June, 1666, Mr. Thomas W'illett to be mayor." This document was the end of Dutch government on the Island of Manhattan, and burgomaster, schout and schepen gave way to the English plan of mayor, alderman and sheriff; and the Dutch idea of trial bv arbitratiim was succeeded l)v the English institution of trial by jury. The change was further emphasized by the requirement that the English language must henceforth be used in civic affairs. Thomas Willett, appointed to be the first mayor of New \'ork, had been an influential business man in New Amsterdam, but had retired to his farm at Rehoboth, in Plvmouth Colony. Tlie reason for recalling liim to New ^'ork was that Nicolls, making in(|uiry with the view of pleasing the Dutch citizens of New York, had decided that he was the Itest man for the office, not onlv because of his popularity, but also for the reason that he had a more intimate ac([uaintance with tlie character and customs of the Netherlanders than anv other Englishman available for the place. Allard Anthony, who had been schout under the Dutch regime, was appointed sheriff; and of the five aldermen appointed by the governor two were English, John Lawrence and Captain Thomas Delavall, and three were Dutch. Oloff Stevensen van Cortlandt, Johannes van Brugh and Cornelis van Ruyven. 100 HISTORY OF NFAV YORK Although New Harlem was thus made a part of the "body corporate" of the Citv of New York, its people, a year later, asked and received, in 1666, ' amended in 1667, a charter, confirming the titles of the inhabitants to their particular lots and estates, and as a body their common lands and riparian rights. This document while giving them the privileges of a town, declared it to be, at the same time, a part of the city. It thus had a Town Court, subject to appeal to the Mayor's Court, which at stated times sat in New Harlem to take cognizance of appealed cases. Very much to the chagrin of Governor Nicolls, he found that his province had been cut in two even before he entered upon his duties as governor. The Duke of York, in June, 1664, had given the part of his province, which he had named Albania, to the two court favorites. Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. Philip Carteret, a kinsman of Sir George was sent out as deputy governor of the province, which the duke had named Nova Caesarea, or New Jersey; in memory of the service which Sir George Carteret had performed when, as governor of the island of Jersey, he had held that island against the enemies of King Charles until he had received the king's command to surrender it. Both of the grantees had been ardent royalists and were nmch favored by Charles 11 and his brother James, Duke of York. It was from Philip Carteret that the news of this grant came to Governor Nicolls. Carteret, on landing near Chesapeake Bay, sent messengers to Nicolls. telling him of the fact, and at the same time informing him of the beginning of the war between England and the Netherlands. Nicolls wrote to the Duke of York and later to the Secretary of State, Lord Arlington, protesting against the dismemberment of the province. He pointed out to them the importance of keeping both sides of the river and harbor under one local government, and suggested that the Carteret and Berkeley grant be either revoked or so modified that it should include both banks of the Dela- ware instead of the country near Manhattan. This last suggestion had some effect; for in 1668 the Duke of York made an efifort to accomplish the pro- posed change, l)Ut nothing ever came of it. In July, i')ri5, Philip Carteret established Elizabethtown, so named in honor ni Lad\- Carteret, wife of Sir George Carteret the proprietor, and granted a new charter to the Dutch town of Bergen. The war declared in March, 1665, ])v Charles II against Holland began actively in June of that year: when the English gained a naval victorv over the Dutch in the battle of Lowestoft. Louis XI\' of France had endeavored to bring about peace, but had failed ; and after the death of the King of Spain, in September, 1665, Louis, anxious to acquire the Spanish Netherlands, in order to secure acquiescence in his ambition by the Republic, made a JJ'JR SCJRE ENDED BY TREATY OF BREDA 101 declaration of war against England. Even before the declaration of war, the jNIarquis de Tracy, viceroy over New France, had furnished a cause of irritation to the province of Xew York by pursuing the Mohawks into its territory, in which an expedition led by the Sieur de Courcelles, governor of Canada, made several incursions, destroying the towns of the Mohawks. The Netherlands navy, after the defeat at Lowestoft, was refitted and sent once more against the English coast, and several engagements followed, in some of which the Dutch, and in others the English, were victorious. The visitation of the Great Plague, in 1665, and the Great Fire of London, in 1666, depleted the resources and exhausted the treasury of the English. In the spring of 1666 a secret treaty between Louis XIV of France and Charles II of England, in which the latter agreed not to oppose the designs of Louis on the Spanish Netherlands, if the French king would withdraw his assistance from the Dutch navy, narrowed the contest to the Dutch and English. Negotiations for peace were begun at Breda in the spring of 1667; and while they were pending De Ruyter took a fleet into the Medway, where he destroved the king's shipyards and many of the best vessels, and also blockaded the mouth of the Thames, destroying many vessels. For some reason the victory was not followed up as it might have easily been, by pushing the fleet up the river and taking London. But even as it was, the disgrace of the English was complete. Pepy's Diary shows how it was regarded by the people; though if Charles had any feeling on the subject it did not at least diminish the wildness of his orgies, which even the Plague and the Fire had not been sufiicient to disturb. The treaty of Breda was finally signed July 21, 1667. Under it each country was to keep all territories of which it stood possessed on the loth of May of that year. This gave the English New York, while the Dutch secured the spice island of Pularoon in East Indies, and in the west the island of Tobago; as well as Surinam, in Guiana. According to values as they were then computed, the Dutch had secured the best end of the bargain. ^^"hile the war scare was on. Governor Nicolls was in momentary expecta- tion of an attack by the Dutch which should wrest New York from the English. He made all efforts he could to get the city in order to repel a possible invasion. But, until late in 1666, he had received no support from the home government, either in supplies or soldiers ; the only English ships that had entered the harbor had come from Virginia or New England. In the fall season of 1666 Nicolls recei\-ed some supplies, which had been sent b}- way of Boston, for his soldiers, and also received from the king a gift of £200. Even before the war began, Nicolls had expressed a desire to be relieved of his province, the cares and conflicts of which he found to be a heavy burden. In many ways he had succeeded admirably. He had gained the lo-.' IlISTORV OF XlUr ]'Uh'K personal respect of tlie Dutch residents, and wliere his acts did n^t ])lease them thev were the outcome of the hmitations placed uj)on his ]X)\ver hy the policies of the duke, his master. Representative government he could not give them, because, like the other Stuarts, James, Duke of York, was opposed to everv semblance of democracv. But his selections of officers were carefully made, and gave satisfaction in spite of the autocratic method of their appointment. lie had done evervthing', consistent with his instructions, which an ILnglish governor could do, for these Xetherlanders ; and those in Manhattan had become extremely well affected toward him. At Esopus and Albany he had not gained ,so strong a hold u])on the ])eo])le ; although even there, after a personal visit, he made friends. But when England and Holland were on a war footing Xicolls felt that the Xetherlanders would not let their ]^ersonal feeling for him outweigh their patriotic regard for the h'atherland, and that, in case of a Dutch invasion, they would probabl}' be with the enemy. They had no reason to feel otherwise; for no benefits had come to them from English rule. Stuyvesant had originally been a martinet and was always somewhat autocratic in his bearing, but through numerous petitions anil remonstrances the people of X^ew X'etherland had ol)tained a fair measure of self-government, which had been wi])ed out bv the English concpiest. Xeither had there l)een anv im])rovement in trade. Fhe luiglish navigation laws were very strict in their protective policy to kee]) trade l)etween the colonies and I'Au^opean countries confined to English liottoms; but while the war weiU on, onlv one or two English shi])s found their way to Manhattan. Even the coastwise trade with \"irginia and X'ew England had ])ractically ceased l)ecau-e of the depredations of jirivateers, and tlie fear of an expected Dutch fleet. In lune, ]()6y. the Dutch fieet found its wav to \"ir- ginia and, sailing into the James Kiwr, captured a large numlier of tobacco- laden merchant ships. So large was the bootv that it re(|uired all the effort of the fleet to take the vessels to Holland; and this fact, doubtless, saved Xew N'ork from its greatlv dreaded visitation. For want of aid during this period of great need, X'^icolls sj)ent all oi his own money, used his credit to its limit in Xew \'ork and Boston, and drew liills of exchange amounting to £2000 against his English estate. He often asked to be recalled, doubting his own abilit\- as an executive, and the suffi- ciency of his resources, for he was not a rich man. The official announce- ment of the peace treaty of Breda reached Colonel Xicolls at the same time with a royal order releasing him from his office when his successor should arrive. With the news of the peace, Peter Stuvvesant returned to Xew ^'ork. He went to .\msterdam before the war Iiec'an, and had meanwhile been STUVJ'ESANT BEFORE THE STATES-GENERAL 103 engaged in a controversy with the Dutch West India Conii)any before the States-General, in regard to his action in permitting the surrender of the city and fort of New Amsterdam. The Breda treaty ended the controversy, in whicli, now that New ^'ork had been definitely ceded to England, the Dutch West India Company displayed no further interest. Stuyvesant, who had felt the proprieties would not permit him to live in New York under the English while his own action in the surrender of New Amsterdam was under fire, was relieved of all scruples now that the English possession of the province was confirmed by the new treaty ; and he determined to return to New York and make his home there. He went to England and in behalf of himself and the Dutch residents of New York asked that the Articles of Surrender be confirmed bv the Duke of York and the king in council, and especially Article VI of that document, which guaranteed free trade between Manhattan and Holland; and in reply received permission from the king and dtike that three Dutch ships might freely trade with the province of New York for a period of seven years. He carried this welcome news to New \'ork, where his wife and family had remained during all the troublous times, and where he remained a distinguished citizen until his death. The ofiicial proclamation of the jieace was made on New Year's day, 1668, in front of the Stadt Huis. About the same time. Governor Nicolls allowed it to be known that his term as governor would soon end. The news was heard with deep regret by Dutch as well as English. He had ably dis- charged his duties which were difficult, because he had to conform to instructions which ran counter to the desires of lioth the Dutch and English residents; but with all his limitations he won the confidence and affections of the people. In the early summer, the new go\'ernor. Colonel Francis Lovelace, came to New York. Nicolls remained for a few months to help his successor learn the situation, and August 26, 166S, Colonel Nicolls sailed for England. CHAPTER TEN NEW YORK UNDER GOVERNOR LOVELACE RECAPTURE BY THE DUTCH FORT ORANGE Colonel Francis Lovelace, the second governor of New York, was of a good English family, although his parentage is a matter about which the statements of tlie historians vary. Most of the earlier accounts speak of him as a son of that Sir Richard Lovelace who was elevated to the peerage by Charles Baron Lovelace, of Hurley, in Berkshire; but later and probablv more accurate accounts point to him as a son of Sir William Lovelace, of Woolwich, Kent, who was killed in the war with the Netherlands, and of Anne, daughter of Sir William Barnes, also of Woolwich. Sir William had six children, five sons and one daughter, of whom Colonel Lovelace was the second son, his elder brother being Richard Lovelace, the poet. Samuel Maverick, who was the chief adviser to Clarendon in colonial matters, had recommended Lovelace to head the expedition undertaken by Nicolls in 1664. When Nicolls" wish to be relieved of his duties was received. King Charles advised his brother James to appoint Lovelace to the place. Lovelace, as a strong royalist, had left England during the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, and had lived for a time on Long Island. After Oliver's death he returned to England, and his activitv as a partisan of the Stuarts led to his incarceration in the Tower, bv order of Richard Cromwell. On the Restoration he became a participant in royal favor, and was appointed by Charles II to be a groom of the bedchamber. He had few resources, and one of the principal reasons for his recommendation to appointment was the hope of Charles that he might retrieve his fortune in New York; for the colonies were looked upon as a legitimate field of ex])loitation by the favorites of the court. Lovelace was by no means so strong a character as Governor Nicolls; but his disposition was kindly, and he patterned his administration as nearly as possible after that of his predecessor. \\'hen he took office he retained Matthias Nicolls as secretary of the province and \'an Ruyven as collector of the port. His council was com])osed of Secretarv Nicolls, Cornelis Steenwyck, mayor of the city, and Thomas \\'illett. former mayor for two terms. Between Willett's two terms Thomas Delavall had served a term as mayor. Trade improved in New York after the close of the war by the treaty of Breda. Samuel Maverick, who had lieen a member of the Royal Com- mission of 1664, settled in New York City in 1666. The property of the LOJ-ELACE ESTABLISHES THE MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE 105 West India Company, whicli lay along the Heere Weg, the name of which Governor Nicolls had changed to Broadway, had been confiscated, and Nicolls had secured from the duke, in behalf of Maverick, a deed to a house and grounds on that thoroughfare. Some of Maverick's correspondence with Nicolls after the latter had returned to England, is published in the Colonial Documents, and gives a valuable insight into the doings in New York under the Lovelace administrations. Among other things he records the building of two ships, one of 120 tons, on Manhattan Island named the Good Fame of New York, for Governor Lovelace, and another of 70 tons at Gravesend; and also tells of the discovery of cod-banks about two or three leagues frcnn Sandy Hook "on which in a few hours, four men took eleven or twelve hun- dred excellent good cod the last time they were out," which early fish story still holds good, for the fishing banks mentioned continue to be a valuable source of supply. In 1 67 1 Governor Lovelace issued an order that each Friday, between eleven and twelve o'clock, all merchants and artificers of the city should meet near the bridge across the canal (Heere Gracht), assembling there as in an exchange, to confer about their several afifairs; and ordering that they should gather and disperse at the sound of a bell, and without disturbance. It is an interesting fact, that this first Inisiness exchange in New York used for its place of assembly the identical spot where the "curb market" now creates excitement day by day. Governor Lovelace ordered that a "sworn postman" should start once each month for Boston, going by way of Hartford and returning within the thirty days, carrying letters and other small portable packs. The first trip was to ha^'e begun January i, 1673, but there was a long wait for letters from Albany and it was January 22 before he finally started from the secretary's office at the fort, and mounted his horse for the first official postal trip out of New York. The route began up Broadwav and from thence over what is now known as Park Row, the Bowerv, Fourth Avenue to L^nion Square, Broadway to Madison Square, thence by an irregular road to the Harlem River at Third Avenue and 130th Street, and along a route which was approximately identical with the present Third Avenue to 163d Street and continuing along the thoroughfare still called Boston Road. The whole of this route was for many years known as the Boston Post Road. At the fort letters were received, postage being prepaid, and were kept in a locked box until the postman started on his next trip. Domine 2\Iegapolensis died in 1670, after twenty-seven years of faithful service as minister of the Dutch Church, and his son went to Holland; so the care of the Dutch Church was in the hands of Domine Drisius, who was in failing health, and all the help he had was that given liy .Egidius Lu}ck, 106 HISTORY OF XI- IT YORK a young man wlio was teacher of the Latin school which liad been established during the governorship of Governor Stuvvesant. So urgent were the pastoral needs, that the city magistrates offered a salary of one thousand guilders and a convenient house to a competent preacher, and this offer went to the Classis of Amsterdam with the iruarantee of Governor Lovelace; and in response. Rev. Wilhelmus van Nieuwenhuvsen was sent out. The "Duke's Laws," promulgated by Governor Nicolls, provided that the majority vote of a town should select the church which should be supported by general taxation; and this, in New York, was the Dutch Church. There was, however, toleration for all denominations; all of the Protestant sects freely practised their religious rites, and even George Fox, the Quaker, preached without hindrance at Flushing, in 1672. Commerce fell off in New York during the administration of Governor Lovelace, not through any fault of his, but because of the restrictions imposed by the English navigation laws. There was also much dissatisfaction in the towns of Long Lsland, where the English towns were composed of people who had come from New England, where the democratic "town meeting" system gave everv man a voice in local affairs; and these people complained of the lack of freed()ni im])ose(l bv the o]ieration of the "Duke's Laws." The eastern towns of Long Island were so dissatisfied that they petitioned the king to let them become a part of Connecticut. Lovelace had much of his attention focused on the aft'airs of the province outside of Manhattan. In i()/2. when war began lietween England and Ibilland, he received a warning from the home go\-ernment to ])Ut the province in a state effective for defense. The declarali' ■ ^•iz- the confiscatory policy of Colve were far less content with English rule than they had been when the English, under Nicolls, had first taken the island. One reason for this had been, that when Stuyvesant was director-general. New Netherland had been under the rule of the West India Company, which had denied to the burghers many of the liberties and rights which had been theirs in the Eatherland, while exacting constant tribute from their commerce and industry. When Colve recaptured the province, however, they had hoped, as direct subjects of the States-General, to receive the benefit of Dutch civil and religious liberty, and burgher government such as was enjoyed by the people of the Nether- lands ; and which they much preferred to the Dttke's Laws, even when admin- istered by such well-intentioned governors as Nicolls and Lovelace. In 1675 the governor and Council passed an ordinance which, after reciting the fact that there had been recent changes in the government, and that other oaths had been imposed upon the inhabitants of New York, stated that all persons intending to remain in New York must take oaths of allegiance and fidelity to the King of England and the Duke of York, at such times and places as might be appointed by the magistrates in the various places throughout the province. In response to this, eight of the foremost Dutch citizens, Cornells Steenwyck, Johannes de Peyster, Johannes van Brugh, William Beekman, Jacobus Kip, Anthony de Milt, .Egidius Luyck and Nicholas Bayard, expressed their willingness to take the oath on condition that Governor Andros should confirm the pledge of Governor Nicolls, to the effect that the capitulation of August, 1664, was not in the 114 HISTORY OF XliJJ- YORK least Iji'iikeii li\' an\' wurds ur e-xpressinns in said oath; and when (juestioned l)\- the ^'dverndr, declared that they onh- wished to he assured of future freedmn of reliyidn, and of exemption front the dutv of fi^-hting" against their own nation in time of war. Andros declared that thev must take the oath without conditions; and upon their again declining to do so issued to the sherili a warrant for their arrest, on the chargx' nf heing factious and seditious persons who were endeavoring to foment disturhance and rehellion. The eight men ])etitioned the mavor and aldermen to intercede with the governor on their hehalf. that the\- Ije not com|)elled to take the oath or to bear arms against Dutchmen; hut the flavor's Cotirt recommended that they be held in hail of £200 each, for trial at the next session of the Court of Assize, and this was done. Pending the meeting of the Assize Court the eight men. through Steen- wyck. sent a petition to the States-(.ieneral of the United Xetherlands, asking that through their ambassador their case should l)e laid before Iving Charles, and to urge that the Dittch residents of New ^'ork shottld l)e allowed the privileges which were given them l)v the ca|)itulation of 1674, and wdiich they belie\'ed to have l)een conlirmed bv the Sixth Article of the Westminster Treaty of 1<>J4, restoring the status quo. The Dutch ambassador Ijrought the matter to the notice of the Duke of ^'ork, but lie said he had no knowledge of any previous concession to the Dutch residents on the basis of anv ca])itu- lation. Tile duke did, however, through Sir |i;)hn W'erden, remind Antlros of his desire that all the residents of New ^'ork sliould be treated with all pos- sible humanity and gentleness, consistent with the |)reservation of the honor and safety of the ])rovincial government. The Assize Court met in (October, and the burghers were arraigned. De IV'yster took the oath without further protest, Imt the others went to trial on charge of unlawfully refusing to swear allegiance ; and also with violating one of the navigation acts which forbade aliens to trade in an\' of Tlis Majesty's plantations. They were found guilty upon both counts, and their property was attached, but tlnallv taking the prescribed oath, the proceedings were dismissed. Another case wliicb caused discontent among the Dutch inhabitants was connected with tlieir fear that luiglish rule would mean a loss of religious libert}-, and the placing of them under the rule of liishops. With Andros had come Rev. Nicolaus wm Rensselaer, youngest son of Killaen \-an Rensselaer, the first i>atro(in (if Rensselaerswyck, and brother of Johannes van Rensselaer, second ])atroon. T.oth of these ]:)atroons remained in Amsterdam; the patroon- ship being managed successively l)v Jan Bai)tist and Jeremias van Rensselaer, sons of the first ])atroon. Nicolaus, who had studietl for the ministry, in Holland, had been licensed there accordiuii- to the ndes of the Reformed XICOLAUS r.-lX REXSSELAER MAKES TROUBLE 115 Church. Becoming a protege of the Stuarts, he went witli them to England, at the Restoration, and received orchnation at the hands of a hislio]) of the Church of England, becoming pastor of a Dutch congregation in West- minster. When Andros came to America, the young pastor came with a letter from the Duke of York, recommending him to Andros for ap])()intment to any benefice that might become vacant at New N'ork or Albany. Andros, to whom anv recommendation of the duke appealed with the force of a command, sent him to Albain' with a letter to Dnmine Schaats, directing him to receive \'an Rensselaer as a colleague. Domine Schaats ])rotested against the irregu- larity of the proceeding, but sulMuitted; but soon accused him of false preach- ing, and a church trial, at Albany, found him guilty of heresy. Domine \'an Xieuwenhuvsen of the church at New York, had ])reviously, while Wan Rensselaer was in the city during the progress of the burghers' trial, refused him ])ermission to administer the sacrament of baptism in his church, saying that he was not a lawful minister of the Reformed Church ; that he had been "palmed ofif" on the church at Albany, but not legally called to that charge. Van Rensselaer had appealed to the governor and Council, and Van Nieuwenhuysen had submitted a written statement of his ecclesias- tical view, which he and his Consistory argued at length before Andros and the Council. The Domine disclaimed any aspersions against Anglican orders, but declared that without a pledge to conform to its practices, no minister could lawfully administer the sacraments in a Reformed Church. The case ended bv a written pledge of conformitv to the usages of the Dutch Com- nuinion on the part of A'an Rensselaer. After his return to Albany, Van Rensselaer offended again by some dubious expressions from the pulpit, by which the congregation felt scandal- ized; and a complaint was lodged against him in 1676, by Jacob Leisler, wlio was a deacon in the church at New ^'ork, and Jacob Milborne, an luiglishman then resident in Albany; with the result that the Mayor's Court of Albanv imprisoned him. V\)(m tliis he a])])ealed to the governor, who ordered his release, and directed that Leisler and jNIilborne should give bonds to show good cause for his arrest. Leisler refused to do this and was himself ordered under arrest. The case then came up Ijefore the governor and Council, with the result that the case was referred Ixack to the Albany magistrates, and settled l)v a compromise, Leisler and ]\Iilborne Ijeing com- l)elled to pav the costs of the suit. \\'hile thus officially settled, the parishioners were by no means satisfied with the ministrations of Van Rensselaer, against whom there were strong l)ersonal, as well as ecclesiastical objections; and they were much relieved wlien, a year later, he was deposed bv Governor Andros for bis notoriously offensive manner of livina'. IJi; HISTORY OF XEJl' YORK Nicolaus van Rensselaer hatl ])reviously petitioned Andros to appoint him director of Rensselaerswyck, in place of his brother Jeremias, who had recently died. Jeremias' widow, who was a daughter of Oloff Stevensen van Cortlandt, and her brother. Stephanas van Cortlandt, resisted the application, but finally agreed to joint control, which continued for several years until the death of Domine Van Rensselaer; when Kiliaen, son of Jan Baptist van Rensselaer, and Kiliaen, son of Jeremias van Rensselaer, became joint admin- istrators ; the first-named Kiliaen ranking as the third patroon and first lord of the manor of Rensselaerswyck, until his death in 1687: when the other Kiliaen, his cousin, became the fourth patroon and second lord of the manor. He and his brother Hendrick. both sons of Jeremias and the daughter of Olofif Stevensen van Corltandt, were ancestors of the entire American family of Van Rensselaer. At the time of King Philip's War, Governor Andros oiTered his aid to the authorities in Mew England; but they were more afraid of recognizing the authority of the Duke of York than they were of the Indians, for the duke was insisting upon the Connecticut River as his boundary. Andros, how- ever, did valual)le, if unsolicited, service by entering into a pact with the Iroquois, which kept them from siding with King Philip. Several town ofiicials and individuals on Long Island, and elsewhere in the province, were arrested during this period upon charges of seditious acts and words, evincing widespread discontent. The main cause of disaffection was, that the oft-repeated recjuests for an assembly were not granted. Letters from the duke to Governor Andros indicated that the requests had been sent to England with the rec(^mmendation of the governor that they be granted. But James was a Stuart, and the Stuarts had experiences with Parliaments, which made them averse to establishing representative government in royal colonies. In his letters he told the governor that the assembly idea seemed to him to be dangerous and likely to create disturbances, but declared himself readv to reconsider the subject if the governor persisted in his recommen- dations. As there were private matters which made it advisable for Governor Andros to visit England, he received permission to do so; and in November, 1677, he sailed, leaving matters in tlic province in charge of Lieutenant Brockholls, first councilor. Lie was given a cordial reception at C(iurt. and knighted by Charles, as an approval of his services in the government of New York. He left England May 2/. 1678, and after a long vo}'age in a New England merchant ship reached New York August 7. When he left England it was thought that a new war was imminent, Charles having con- cluded a Treaty of Alliance with the States-General of Holland, and Par- liament having voted him a large sum of monev to make war. as an allv of .IXDROS FAILS TO HOLD NEW JERSLY 117 Holland, against Louis XI\'\ But when this coalition threatened, Louis determined to make peace with the Netherlands and in August the Peace of Nimeguen was concluded. But in May, when Sir Edmund Andros sailed, war seemed certain : and the duke, who was Lord High Admiral on colonial seas, had given Sir Edmund a commission to serve as vice admiral within the borders of his government, and to establish an admiralty court in New York. One of his first acts, therefore, after his return to New York, was to confer admiralty jurisdiction upon the Mayor's Court. New Jersey, which had been divided into two parts, that bordering on Delaware Bav and River being called West Jersey, over which Sir Edmund Andros assumed fiscal control, while the other portion, accessible through the Bay of New York, was administered by Sir George Carteret, with the seat of government at Elizabethtown. The duke, who had given and afterward re\oked a patent to Berkeley to the portion called West Jersey, and had sim- ilarly granted East Jersey to Sir George Carteret, was trying to get back control of Jersey ; and as Andros' commission included New Jersey, as well as New York, Nantucket and Pemaquid, he was instructed to assert the authority of the duke in East, as well as West Jersey. After the death of Sir George Carteret, in 1680, Philip Carteret, who was governor of East Jersey, was instructed to use no authority without the sanction of Governor Andros. Ignoring the inhibition, Philip Carteret was arrested and thrown into jail ii. New York. But though Andros presided over the court, and its memljers were his appointees, the jury acc^uitted Governor Carteret, who, however, was compelled to give bonds to exercise no authority until the matter was decided in England. The duke submitted the entire matter to Sir William Jones, the most eminent lawyer in the United Kingdom at that time. He decided the case fully and unequivocally against the duke's contention, with the result that the duke confirmed Governor Carteret's authority, forbidding the gov- ernment of New York to interfere with him, and giving new grants both for East and West Jersey which separated them entirely from the jurisdiction or supervision of New York. Several complaints had been sent to England about the administration of Andros, and the duke sent John Lewin to New York with a commission as special agent and a summons to Governor Andros to return at once to England, leaving his government in charge of Lieutenant Brockholls. The duke and his secretary both sent friendly letters to Sir Edmund. Lewin was also commissioned to prepare a fiscal report in regard to investigation as to the revenues of the government, the trade of all parts of the province, and similar matters When Lewin reached New York, in October, 1680, Sir Edmund was in Boston in connection with some negotiations concerning the Indians; but as lis HISTORY Of \r.ir ]'()RK soon as he returned he gave notice of Lewin's commission, to all the courts of the province: did what he could to aitl Lewin in his investigation, held a meeting- with all the justices, in Xovemher, receiving from each a report of the condition of his district. Leaving Lieutenant Brockholls in charge, wath the title of Commander (ieneral of the Province, and a special commission as chief of the militia; and giving Lady Andros a power of attorney to attend to his private affairs, he sailed for Kngland, leaving Xew \'()rk, Januarv ii, i6Si. Lie ]irohahlv expected to return to his governorship, and for two years and a half Commander Brockholls reigned in his stead; hut Sir Ldmund Andros was made an officer of the king's household; sent for Ladv Andros, and did not return to America until 1686, when he was appointed bv King James II to the office of Governor (ieneral of the Dominion of Xew England .Andros has been written ilown in hisl(.)r\-. In' most authorities, as a tvrant ; hut the more modern view modifies to a considerable extent, the estimate of him given by the earlv Xew luigland historians. He was a soldier and a royalist, with a very strict \'iew of obedience to his superiors, and of a like obedience to himself bv his inferiors. But he was a lieliever in and a practiser of religious tolerance, and while manv of his acts were dis- tasteful to ihe peo|)le, it was not because he was tvrannical on his own initiati\'e, but for the reason that he was obedientlv carrving out the orders of his royal master. He pleaded with some insistence for permission to establish an asseml)ly in Xew York, and was, no doubt, instrumental in the creation of one, under his successor. In control of the Indian situation he showed mas- terlv aljilitv; and in a complete reorganization of the militia, the repairing of the fort and strengthening the defenses of the harbor of Xew A ork, and augmentation of the public revenue, he showed superior ([ualilies of executi\'e skill. The complaints against Andros which had led to his recall, were chiefly to the efiect that he had given preference to Dutch o\-er English traders; added to charges in connection with the Carteret matter, before mentioned. An examination of the charges, which .\ndros courted, led to liis complete exoneration, and a roval compliment upon the success of his administration; his a])i)ointment as a "Gentleman of the King's I'ri\\- I'hamber." Commander Brockholls found the task which (io\ernor Andros had left him a difficult one; and was not a sufiicientlv strong man to co])e with it suc- cesslullw The customs rates made his first trouble. The\' had been estab- lished, under the orders of the duke, for three vears, in i')74, and renewed in \(>J/ for a second i)erio(l, which expired in X'ovember, 16S0. The duties were collected as betore, without a formal order 1)\- .\ndros, and when he went away he left no instructions to Brockholls, except that all things should con- tinue as thev then were. C.IPTJIX DVRH ACCUSED OF TREASUX li:i Brockholls went up the ri\'er to All)an_\-; Cajjtain William Dyre, who was collector of customs as well as mayor of the city, was ill of a fever. A vessel came from London, and unloaded her goods, which were taken by the consignees and placed in their warehouses without any declaration to the Custom House. When asked about the matter, each of the merchants made the plea that the customs law had expired bv limitation, and refused to pay any duties. When Brockholls returned he called all the a\'ailable members of the Provincial Council together. Matthias Nicolls, the secretary, was away in England: and John West, the lawyer who was filling his clerical positions, was not a C(xmcilor; so the only advice which Brockholls had, was that of Councilors William Dervall, Stephanus van Cortlandt and Frederick Philipse; all of whom were merchants. They decided that they had no power or authority to continue the collection of customs duties without orders from home. By this time other goods had arrived, and had lieen detained by Col- lector Dyre, for unpaid duties. Following the decision of the Council, to which Commandant Brockholls made no demur, the merchants affected sued Collector Dyre for unlawful detention of their goods; and on IMay 31, 1681, the Mayor's Court ordered him to deliver the goods to the consignees. On the same day a number of merchants, headed by Samuel Winder of Staten Island, filed with the Provincial Council a charge of high treason for having collected duties after the rates had exi^ired. The commander, in Council, sent this charge to the flavor's Court for further consideration. The mayor, who was also the defendant, was absent from the court, as were also the sheriff' and two aldermen when this charge was presented. Those present were William Beekman, the deputy ma}'or ; Peter Jacobsen ; Sanuiel Wilson, and James Graham. They considered the matter, and returned as their unani- mous opinion in which thev informed the commander, thai their court had no power to punish capital crimes, in which class was the crime of high treason, with which Captain Dyre was charged. Furthermore, as Captain Dyre was a member of the Provincial Council, was mayor of the city, and chief member of their court thev could not further examine or meddle with it. The onus of further action l^eing cast uj^on him. the commander, in Council, committed Dyre for trial at the regular autumn session of the Court of Assizes; but at Dyre's re(|uest, changed the order, to ha\e the matter come up at a special session to be at once convened. The cmirt, which convened on June Ji), and was in session four days, was composed of Commander I'rockholls, his three councilors, the alderman of the city, John Young, high sheriff of Yorkshire; twelve justices of the peace from the three ridings of Yorkshire; Thomas Delavall, justice of the peace of Esopns; John ^^'est, who, besides being clerk of the court, sat as justice of r,'(i HISTORY OF .V£/f VORK the peace for Peniaqnid and otlier parts eastward. The grand jin^y of twenty- fotir were all English, except one Dutchman, Cornelis Steenwyck. They found a trite bill against Captain Dyre for high treason. The court ordered the defendant into custody as the king's prisoner, and Commander Brock- holls demanded from him that he siuTender his commission and the seal of the city; which request Dyre, on the ground that he had received them from Governor Andros, declined to do. When he was brought into court for trial, on July i, and the indictment was read to him, Dyre pleaded "not guilty;" and then, after a score of witnesses for the prosecution had been examined, he demurred to the jurisdiction of the court, on the ground that like its members, he had received his commission from the Duke of York; and that one part of the government could not proceed against another part. This seemed to impress the court, which ordered that Captain Dyre be sent to England for trial ; and that his chief accuser, Samuel \\'inder, give a recognizance of £5000 to prosecute him in the English courts; and a committee of five was appointed to draft a letter to the secretarv of state, giving an account of the proceedings against Captain Dyre, and stating that the court was sending him to England to be tried because he, like the members of the court, held a commission from the Duke of York; and because the charge against him was that of high treason. Dyre, together with the letter to the secretary of state, were sent to England by the shi]:i Hope. On the same \essel went a petition from the coitrt and the grand jury, to the duke, setting forth the burdens under which the colony labored while the people were denied the rights enjoyed by Englishmen at home or in other colonies; and asking for a government con- sisting- of a governor, council, and an assembly to ])e chosen by the free-, holders. Before any reply to this document could have been received, a cr)mmission came fri mi Governor Andros to Brockholls, making him receiver general to collect the duke's revenues. Upon the strength of this, Brockholls ordered excise to be collected at Albany. An luiglishman of that place refused to pay, and the matter was referred to a jury, which found that there was no law requiring excise to be paid, unless the orders of the governor were to be esteemed as law. in which latter case thev would find for the plaintiff; and upon that question they referred the case to the higher authorities in Xew York. All around there was a spirit of discontent and revolt. Brockholls, in letters to Andros. complained that the government had l)een su])\erie(l and the social condition was one of confusion, disorder, and contempt of authority ; and he also told of the general outcry for an assembly. Even the Provincial Council was inharmonious, and Brockholls deposed William Derxall from its membershii), leaving" Van Cortlandt and Philipse as his onl\' councilors. John l.ewin. the duke's agent, had continued his COLLECTOR DYKE'S CASE DISMLSSllP \-n investigations, and had much incensed the officials, by ignoring- them and taking de])ositions mider oath without any authority from the provincial or local government ; and on that charge Lewin was summoned, on complaint of Councilor Philipse. before the Mayor's Court, over which the deputy mayor, William Beekman, presided. Lewin admitted the charge, and the court drew up a declaration, which they forwarded to the duke, declaring that notwith- standing their willingness to aid the agent, he had ignored them, and had preferred to get his information in a clandestine and extrajudicial manner, and that his methods had stirred up scandal and disorder. Lewin soon after re- turned, with his report, to England. The complaints against Sir Edmund Andros and Captain Dyre were referred to George Jef- freys (afterward the ill-famed chief justice, but then solicitor general for the duke ) , and to John Churchill, then the duke's attorney-general, but later the great Duke of Marlborough. They examined Matthias Nicolls, secretary of the Province of New York; Lewin, the duke's agent, and several others ; and not only acquitted them, but commended them iDoth for efficient service. This, howe\x'r, did not include the high treason charge against Dyre; which languished, because Winder did not appear to prosecute. After wait- ing a long while, Dyre having in the meantime been released on bonds, the case was dismissed. With reference to the customs the duke wrote to Brockholls, bidding him to continue them by some temporary order, and also promised that he would take steps toward the amelioration of conditions in New York. Meanwhile he desired him to keep all magistrates in their places, even though their terms might expire, until further orders from England. Rut in spite of the duke's orders, the New York merchants paid no more customs duties until thev were imposed by a representative assembly. Relief to the strained conditions came with Colonel Thomas Dongan, whom the duke appointed to be governor of New York, with authority to create an assembly. OLD DUTCH CHURCH IN GARDEN STREET Erected in 1696 r.'; HISrORV Of Mil!' ]'OKK ^V fv, •J « *< J*" •' = *J «» = «ia ^ 5^ ,/ \ * llllpu CHAPTER T ir E L r E THOMAS DONGAN, THE FIRST NEW YORK ASSEMBLY, AND THE CHARTER OF LIBERTIES AND PRIVILEGES The new governor, Colonel Thomas Dongan, was a member of a promi- nent Irish Catholic family. He was the youngest son of Sir John Dongan, Baronet of Castletoun, in the County of Kildare; and his older brother, William, who had been created Baron Dongan and Viscount Claine. in the peerage of Ireland, became Earl of Limerick in 16S5, on the accession of James II to the throne. His mother's l)rother, Richard Talbot, was the l)oon companion of the Duke of York in his younger days, and having become Earl of Tyrconnel, was appointed by James, after his accession to the throne, as viceroy of Ireland, to carry out the i)lans of the king to drive the Protestant religion out of Ireland. Colonel Dongan, who was born in 1634, was bred to the profession of arms, chiefly in France, whither his family had gone after the beheading of Charles 1, in i(')4(j. He received a commission from Louis Xl\" in an Irish regiment made up of adherents of Charles I, becoming its colonel in 1674, and taking part in the campaigns against the X'etherlands. After the Treaty of Nimeguen, in 167K, when Charles II ordered home all British subjects serving under the b^rench crown, he left that service, in spite of liberal offers if he would remain in the armv of Louis XIV. For his lovaltv to the Stuarts, and his refusal to continue in the French arm\-, he was commanded to leave b'rance in forty-eight hours; Louis at the same time refusing to pay the sum of sixty-five thousand livres which was due him for arrears of pay, and for recruits. \\'hen he reached London, the Duke of ^'ork and the king bntli honored him. He was given an appointment as colonel in the English army, in 1678, and to compensate him for his losses in France, an annual pension of £500 was settled upon him ; and he served for two years as lieutenant governor of Tangier, returning in 1680. He made a short visit to Ireland, then went to London at the invitation of the Duke of \'ork, to whom he became sociallv attached. When it had been determined that .Sir I{dmund Andros was not to go l)ack to New York as governor, the duke selected Dongan to be his successor; and his commission as such was dated September 30, 1682, although he did not arrive in New York for nearly a year later. James, in selecting Dongan, probably had in view plans for the extension of the Catholic religion in the province; Imt he was, doubtless, actuated by a reali- 1-^i HISTORY OF XLW YORK zalion that this man had many special (iuahfications for the place. His experience in Tangier had given him some knowledge of administration ; he was a soldier of excellent training and record; and he had a knowledge of the French and Dutch languages, which would give him certain advantage in connection with complications o\er Indian and other questions which had arisen between New York and Canada : and in governing the Dutch residents of New York. Governor Dongan reached Nantasket. Massachusetts, August lo, 1683, and made the journe}- from there overland ; from Boston he and his consider- able retinue were accompanied by several Boston gentlemen and a troop of Boston militia. Crossing the Sound, he found much discontent among the people in the towns of eastern Long Island, who had ever since their separation from Connecticut, maintained a continuous agitation for a repre- sentative assembly. These he assured with the statement, that no laws or rates for the future should be established, except by the action of a General Assembly; and on Saturday, Augtist 25, 1683, he arrived in New York. The following Monday he met the Common Council and other officers at the City Hall, which was then in Coenties Slip, and published his com- mission ; also announcing the duke's instructions that he should give and confirm to the city all the rights and privileges now enjoyed, and stich others as might be necessary. The records say that the magistrates escorted the governor back to the fort, and on Tuesday he dined with the corporation at the City Hall, where he also met several of the "old magistrates and ancient inhabitants." At the time of Dongan's arrival. New York had about four thousand inhabitants. The coming of the new governor practically stopped the dissen- sions in the province. The duke had given instructions for the reappoint- ment of Anthony Brockholls as chief councilor, and of Frederick Philipse and Stephanus van Cortlandt, and other "eminent inhabitants," not exceeding ten in number. The duke also ordered that John Spragge, who came with Governor Dongan, should succeed John West as secretary, and that Lucas Santen should take the place of \\'i]liam Dyre as collector and receiver general. Governor Dongan added John ^'oung to the membership of the Council and later Lewis Morris, whn was also a member of the Council of Fast Jersey. Although the duke's written orders in regard to the government of the province were quite explicit, they contained no word in regard to religion; a feature which caused nmch anxiety among the inhabitants, and particularly the Dutch. The pastor of the Dutch Church at this time was Domine Selyns, who had served congregations on Long Island and at the Bouwerie Village, but had returned to Holland in 1664. He had served parishes in the Father- OOJ'F.h'XOR noXG.IX C.lfJS .IX ASSHMrU.]' 125 land, and had resisted all invitations to retnrn to New Netherland ; hut when on Domine Van Nieuwenhiiysen's death, there had come a call from the New York Church, he had accepted, and came to the city in 1682. He, with the other earnest Protestants, had heard with misgiving- that the new governor was a Roman Catholic; which feeling was much accentuated when it was found that the private chaplain who came with Governor Dongan, Father Thomas Harvey, of London, was a Jesuit priest. To the governor went the good domine, with some trepidation, and asked as to the plans he had in regard to freedom of religion. He came awa\' from the interview fully reassured, the governor saying that the orders of the duke contemplated full liberty of conscience; and much impressed with the knowledge, refinement and modesty of the new ruler of New York. Besides Domine Selyns, who held two services in the church on Sunday, there was a French congregation which met after Selvn's second service; its pastor being Domine Pierre Daille. who had been a professor in the Huguenot College at Saumur. France. and had been sent out by the Bishop of London to serve the French congre- gation. Immediately after Selyn's morning service. Rev. John Gordon, a presbyter of the Church of England, who had been sent out by the Bishop of London to serve as chaplain of the garrison at Fort James, held a service in English everv Sundav for members of the Anglican Communion. These four services in one church building represented a degree of intersectarian toler- ance which could be found in no other part of old or New England at that time. Governor Dongan, pursuant to the duke's orders, called for the election of a General Assembly, which convened October 17. 1683. It was to have been composed of eighteen members, but onlv seventeen responded. The journal of the proceedings of this important body is lost, so that it cannot be told who was the absent member. Matthias Nicolls, one of the four members from Manhattan, was chosen speaker of the Assembly, and among the other members were Henry Beekman and William Ash- ford of Esopus ; Giles Goddard of Pemaquid. and Samuel Mulford of Easthampton, L. I., who was one of the two members from the East Riding of Yorkshire. John Lawrence, of the- city, was a member either of this assembly or the second one. which met in 1685, and probably of both; and William Nicolls, who was a son of Matthias Nicolls, and a lawyer, was also, in all probability a member from the city; for he claimed in after years to have been author of the principal act of the assembly which was entitled "The Charter of Liberties and Priviledges Granted by His Royal Highnesse to the Inhabitants of New-Yorke and Its Dependencies." This was a bold and progressive pronouncement for those days ; its first declaration being that "the supreme legislative authority under His Majesty and Roval Highness James, Duke of York, Albany, etc., Lord Proprietor of V>i) HISTORY OF NEW YORK the said province, shall forever lie and reside in a Governor, Conncil and the people met in General Assembly." This is notable as being the first time "the people" were ever mentioned in a legislative declaration of the ruling powers in government. This charter guaranteed to everv freeholder the right to vote freely for members of assembl_\ ; ]irovided for the holding of a session of the General Assemblv once in three vears at least; forlxade the governor to take any action without the advice of his council ; provided for the districting of the province into twelve counties, and specified the numlier of their reiiresen- tatives. The other provisions of the charter took the character of a bill of rights and e\i(lentl\- had their inspiration in the FV-tition of Rights, which received the assent of Charles I in 1628: guaranteeing against arbitrary taxation, arbitrarv arrest, martial law, the billeting of soldiers and marines in the time of peace, and granting the ancient English rights of trial by jury, and of grand inquest in grave criminal or ca])ital cases. It ]irovided for religious libertv of all classes of Christians, providing that "no person or persons which profess faith in God bv Jesus Christ shall at any time be any ways, molested, punished, disquieted or called in question for any difference of opinion or matter of religiotis concernment, who do not actually disturb the civil ]X'ace of the ])rovince." Each town miglit bv a two-thirds vote, establish any communion it pleased, and all inhabitants were then oltliged to contribute to the su])port of that communion, whether they chose to set up other churches in the town or not. The "Charter of Liberties and Privileges" was passed by the Assemblv, October 26, 1683, assented to bv the governor and Council October 30th, and thus became a law, subjecl onlv to the veto of the Duke of ^'ork. The Assembly also passed a revenue bill, which provided for an excise on liquors, export and import duties ; and this bill, jiroclaimed bv the governor November i, stopped all cavil about the rights of the duke's collector. The Assemblv passed an act creating twelve sliires or counties. Duke's County comprised Martha's X'ineyard and Nantucket ; Cornwall County was the Pemaquid region in Maine; and the other ten counties, which, with some changes in boundary are still in existence, were X'ew York, Richmond, King's, Queen's, Suffolk, Westchester, 1 )utcliess. Orange, Ulster and •Albany. Also a naturalization law; a law for registration of land papers having to do with pro])erty worth £50 or more; and other Acts relating to courts, to criminal otTenses, to rewarding the killers of wolves; an act fixing the allowance to representatives, at ten shillings a da\- for each day of service and for sixteen da}'s of travel, to be paid b\- tlie respective counties. In all there were fifteen bills which were passed; and C'aptain Mark Talliott, appointed as a s])ecial messenger for the purpose, left earl\- in December, carrying copies of these enactments to London for the approval of the duke XI'.W YORK BECOMES A ROYAL PROJ'IXCE 137 and the king. Tlie documents were first submitted U> the (kike's advisers, and then to those of Charles, who were much more critical, jjreparing" a document of '"( )hservations" with regard to the charter in which several objections were eml)odied, covering every ]irovision of the charter except that ])ro\-i(Iing for religious liberty; the chief implications of these criticisms Iteing that the charter emphasized too much the power of the ])eo])le, and minimized too much the authoritv of the govern: )r in council. Charles 11 died Februarv 6, 1685, and the Duke of York liecame King- James II. Xew Ynvk was no longer a pruprietarv, Ijut a roval ])r(i\'ince. So the "Observations," intended to be advisorv t(j Charles, went to James, March 3, 16S5; and the king decided not to confirm the charter. This did not invali- date the charter, but left it in full and binding effect until the king should take up the matter again and veto the bill, should he desire to do so. The accession of James II was celebrated in Xew York on A])ril 2^^, 16R5, the date of the coronation of the new king and his (|ueen. Alary of Modena, the militia parading in honor of the event. The governor in council, meeting May 12, drew up an address to the king, to whom Governor Dongan personallv addressed a letter of congratulation. The legislature had met in a second session in October, 1684, Matthias Nicoll again being speaker, and Robert Hammond lieing clerk, in place of John Spragge. It made thirty-one laws, chiefly in relation to legal matters and the procedure of courts, but also including laws in regard to marriage; regulating l)rewing; one forl)idding slaves and bond servants to engage in trade, and prohil)iting all persons from trusting them for drink or other com- modities, and authorizing justices to impress men, horses and boats, to capture and return slaves who should escape from bondage. Following the custom in England, where the tenure of the House of Commons expired at the death of the king. Governor Dongan dissolved the Assembly, but immediately after its dissolution, he issued writs to the sheriffs of each of the twelve counties, in accordance with the law passed in 1683, for the election of a new assembly. This assemblv met in October, 1685, and passed some laws concerning the courts, and. penalizing drunkenness, Sabbath breaking and profanity, \\hich were approved by the governor, and others which he vetoed. The speaker of this assembly was William Pinhorne, an English merchant. No list of the members has been preserved. William Beekman was succeeded, under Dongan's appointment, by Cornelis Steenw}-ck as mayor, in 1683, and James Graliam, a Scotchman, was appointed to the office of city recorder, John ^^'est Ijeing continued as clerk. In October, 1684, occurred the first election for aldermen, assistants, con- stables and assessors. One of those elected was Nicholas Stuyvesant, second son of Governor Stuyvesant. As provided ])y law, the magistrates submitted 1-Js HISTORY or Xliir ]'ORK to the g'overnnr a list of seven names from which a mavor should lie chosen, and he selected Gahriel ]\Iinvielle, a I-'rench merchant, who had married a daughter of John Lawrence. In Octoher, 1685, Nicholas Bavard became mayor of the citv. Althoug'h in Xew Xetherland burgher government for the citv had been granted Iw (Governor Stuyvesant at the command of the West India Com- pany, and it had been organized in i')53, it was a city without a charter, and one absolutel_\- under the autocratic supervision, first of Stuyvesant, and afterward of the English governors. During thirty-three years there had been a demand for representative government and a charter; but neither the Dutch A\'est India Companv nor the Duke of ^'ork were in favor of anv large measure of pojiular go\'ernment. To (Governor Dongan was left the honor of giving to Xew York its first charter, ever since prized by the city as a part of its inheritance of freedom. The charter, which bears date April 22, 1686, is in the City Hall, preserved in a tin box, which also contains the later Montgomerie Charter. The charter runs from "Thomas Dongan, Lieutenant-Governor and Vice Admiral of X'ew York and its Dependencies, under His Majesty James (the second) ]>y the Grace of God, of England, Scotland, France and Ireland. King and Defender of the Faith, Supreme Lord and I'roprietor of the Colony and Province of X'^ew York and its Dependencies in America." It recites that Xew York is an ancient city within said province, and that the citizens of the said citv have ancientlv been a body politic and corporate and have enjoyed divers and sundry rights, liberties, privileges, etc. ; not onlv from divers governors and commanders in chief of said province, but also of the several governors and directors of the "Xether-Dutch X^ation," while the same was under their power and subjection; also that divers lands, tenements and hereditaments, etc., had been granted to the citizens and inhabitants of that citv ; sometimes liv the name of schout, burgomasters and schepens of the city of Xew Amsterdam, sometimes bv the name of the mayor, aldermen and com- monaltv of the citv of X^ew York and other names; and had built several enumerated pulilic buildings, bridges, wharves and docks; had established a ferry, and that the inhabitants of the city and "Manhattan's Island" held various lands, messuages, etc., from and under His Most Sacred Majesty. All these enumerated rights, lilierties, privileges, lands and properties were bv the charter confirmed to the ma}-or, aldermen and commonalty of the citv of X'ew York. The charter .aLo provided that the mayor, aldermen and commonaltv of the citv of X'ew N'ork shotild form a Imdy corporate and politic, to be composed of a mavor. recorder, town clerk, six aldermen and six assistants; that there should also be a chamlierlain or treasurer, one sheriff, one coroner, one clerk of the market, one high constable and seven subcon- PROriSIOXS OF THE DOXGAX CHARTER lt?9 stables and one marshal or sergeaiit-at-niace. Nicholas Bayard, then nia\'or, was designated as mayor; James Graham, recorder; John West, town clerk; Andrew Brown, John Robinson, William Beekman, John Delavall. Abraham de Pevster, and Johannes Kip, aldermen; Nicholas de Myer, Johannes van Brug'h, John de Brown, Tennis de Key, A])raham Corbit, and Wolfert Webber, assistants; Peter de Lanoy, chamberlain; John Knight, sheriff; Jarvis Mar- shall, marshal; and directed that the high constable should be appointed by the mayor. The charter provided for the annual election in each of the six wards of the cit\', on the feast day of St. Michael the Archangel, of one alderman, one assistant and one constable for each ward, and mie constable for each division of the out ward. Besides the confirmation of the title of the city to all of its property then held, it also gave the city title to all the waste, vacant, and unappropriated lands on "Manhattan's" Island, extending to low water mark; and all waters, rivulets, coves, creeks, ponds, water courses in the city and island, and all hunting, fishing and mining privileges ; for which an annual quitrent of one beaver skin per vear was to be ])aid. The indorsement on the back of the charter, of these quitrent payments until 1773, is an interesting detail of the original document now in the City Hall. Excepted from the transfer were Fort James, a piece of ground l)v the gate called the Governor's Garden, and, without the gate, "the King's Farm, with the swamp next to the same land by the Fresh Water," the latter being the property granted in 1705 to Trinity Church. The charter gave the mayor, recorder and aldermen the right to hold a court of common pleas for cases of debt and other personal actions. It went into numerous details in reference to the powers and duties of the municipalit}'. The document was prepared with great care, and dealt in a liberal and enlightened sjiirit with corporate and private rights. Though dated April 22. it was actually signed by the governor April 27, 1G86. x'Mbany recei\'ed a charter Julv 22, folli^wing, with Peter Schuyler as its first mavor. In England trouble was ])rewing for the colonies in America. James and his advisers had devised plans for closer royal control of these coliinies. To carry out this idea the eastern colonies had been consolidated into the "Terri- tory and Dominion of New England in America," of which Sir Edmund Andros was commissioned as "Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief." A new commission was also issued to Dongan, dated June 10, 1686, creating him the king's Captain General and Governor in Chief over his "Province of New York and the territories depending thereon in North America." Instructions from the king, dated Mav 2(), 1686, reached Dongan with his new commission. Thev included a veto of the Charter of Liberties and Privileges, passed by the General Assembly of New York, in 1^)83, and 130 HISTORY OF XEW YORK tleclaring' its repeal ; but contiiuiiug in force all other laws of the province. The instructions also were, that all legislative power should be in the hands of the governor and Council; and at a meeting on December 9, 1686, the Council decreed that the revenue, and all other laws passed since 1683, except those which His [Majesty liad repealed, should continue in force until further consideration; and on January 20, 1687, issued a proclamation declaring the dissoltttion of the General Assembly of the Province of New York. The king's instructions further chargx'd the governor that "as nnich as great inconvenience may arise bv the libertv of ])rinting within our Province of Xew ^'ork" he should provide that no i)erson sh(iuld keep anv printing press or do any printing" without his special leave or license. Still another pro- vision contained an inhibition against trading in the river of New York by East Jerseymen or others, and rerjuired that all goods passing up the Hudson River should pay duties at New A'ork. The latter provision was intended to remedy a condition which was found very prejudicial to the welfare of New ^'ork, from which nmch trade was deflected, because by land and sea goods found their way to New Jersey, where there was neither excise, customs or export duties. B\- this time New York had grown to an important city of eighteen thousand inhabitants. In Feliruar_\-, 1687. Dongan made a comprehensive report to the Plantations Committee in London, descriptive of the city and the entire i)rovince; its conditions and prolilems. He said that it was his belief that not more than twenty English, Scotch or Irish families, had arrived in New York from England; but that many French families had come from St. Christopher's and from England, and manv Dutch families from Holland; in fact the foreigners in the Pro\'ince of New York so outnumbered the native-l)orn sul)jects of His ]\Iajesty that he recommended the adding of the government of New York to that of the neighboring colonies in order that a more equal balance might be kept between the natural born and foreign elements, the latter being the prevailing part in New York. As to the distribution of the population religiously, he said: "New York has a cli.aplain lielonging to the fort, of the Church of England; secondlv a Dutch Calvinist; third, a I'rench Cah'inist; and a fourth a Dtitch Lutheran. Here lie not many of I^ngland ; a few Roman Catholics; abundance of Quaker l)reachers. men and women — Singing Quakers, Ranting" Quakers. Sabbata- rians, anti-!>abbatarians ; some Anabaptists, some Independents, some Jews; in short of all sorts of opinions there are some, and the most part of none at all." Dongan's view was that the Jersev Provinces and Connecticut should be annexed to New York, and Pemaciuid to Massachusetts. When Sir Edmimd Andros came to take his g"o\-crnment of New England, he asked Connecticut In surrender lier charier and become part of New England, to which Pemaquid GOJ'ERXOR IHJXCAX .IXD THE IXIU.IXS 1-1 had been added. Governor Dongan conleiided that having' lost Pemaqnid, he should be C(.inipensated liy llic annexation of Connecticut to New York; but as the king decided the question, Andros took into his hands the government of Connecticut, October 31, 1687; annexing it to Massachusetts and other colonies of New England under the rule of Andros as captain general. Dongan's attention was much taken up, during this period, with the Indian problem, and French aggression in the Indian Country, which he handled in a masterly way. The French had pursued the Iroquois Indians in New York territory, had seized fifty Indians and sent them to France to serve in the galleys. Dongan held a conference with the Indians, at Albany, in August; and agreed to supply them with arms and amnuinition. though he would not agree to aid them with white troops. The French had threatened to destroy Schenectady and Albany; and Dongan determined to spend the winter in Albany, leaving Major Brockholls in charge of his duties in New York City, and admitting James Graham as a member of the council. I'»efore he left he ai)i)ointed Stephanus van Cortlandt to be mayor of the city, and in September had sent John Palmer to England to lay before the king the Indian situation, and the conduct of the French in Canada. Dongan held to the view, originally formulated by Governor Andros, that the Five Nations were British subjects, and this theory being adopted by King James, he wrote, November 10, 1687, instructing Dongan to defend and protect the Iroquois Indians from the Canadians, to build all necessary forts, to employ the militia of New York, and to call on all the neighboring English colonies for aid. On the other hand, the French king complained to James of the actions of Dongan ; and James, who was anxious to be on good terms with Louis, consented to an agreement by which English and French commanders in America were directed to commit no act of hostility against the territories of either of the king-s. Notwithstanding this agreement, the French became troublesome in the spring, and in May, 16S8, Dongan again went up the river with a force of soldiers to watch the enemy ; api)ointing Stephanus van Cort- landt, Frederick Philipse and Nicholas Bayard to take charge of provincial matters as temporarv administrators. James, the king, had in the meanwhile been working on the problems of consolidation of his dominions in America. The New England colonies were assuming an independent attitude; were wedded to ideas of representative government ver\- obnoxious to a Stuart, for it was throitgh such ideas at hoine that James" father had lost his head. Dongan's recommendation about New Jerse}- and Connecticut had made an impression on him, but Connecticut had alreadv been joined to New England l)v Sir Edmund Andros. He there- fore decided to ioin New York and New Jersev to the other colonies absorljed i:;-.' n/STOR]' OF XIIW YORK I)V Xew ]ui_^iand. and issued a new Cdiiiniission to Sir Ednnind Andros, March 23, 16SS, to lie governor general of the entire "Territory and Dominion of Xew England, covering all of I'ritish Xorth America from Pas- samaquoddv to Delaware llav and across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, onlv excei^ting "'ijur Province of Pennsylvania and Country of Delaware."" The king wrote, A]M"il 22, 16SX, to Governor Dongan instructing him to turn over to Governor-General Andros the seals and records of the Province of Xew York, when he should come to the city to receive them. This letter reached Dongan in July, lie ordered tlie letter read in council and spread upon the records of the province, Init continued to go\-ern. the prox'ince for some weeks afterward; his last oHicial act on the record heing a law made by him and promulgated Augitst 2, 16SS, prohibiting shoemakers to use '"the mystery of tanning hides."" When Governor- General Andros arrixed, August 11, 16SS, he was received Ijy an infantry regiment commanded by Colonel Xicholas Payard, and a troop of horse. Governor Dongan then resigned his authoritv to Andros. Dongan, in compensation for his l)ss of his go\-ernorship, was offered bv the king the command of a regiment with llie rank of major general: ])Ut the offer was declined by him, because he had a great liking for Xew \'ork, and propertv interests in the cit\' and neighl)orhood whicli re(|uired his attention. He had a home in the city, and a Iteautiful garden, of several acres, fronting on Broadway, l)etween Alaiden Lane and Ann Street; where he spent manv of his leisure hours among his fl(iwers. Fie had also ])urchased, in I'lSj, a manor house willi about twentv-five th'>usand acres ot land on Staten Island, which he formed into the "Lordship and ]\lanor of Cassiltowne,'" named after his father"s estate at Castletoun in the County of Kildare. He is also said to h.ixe owned several plots on ^Manhattan Island, and some land on ALirtha"s X'ineyard. After the flight of King James to l-'rance, a rumor was prevalent in X'ew York that some of the Jacol)ins in Xew ^'ork had plotted to seize the coliiuv; and because of Dongan"s well-known loyalt}- to tlie Stuarts, and the fact that he was a Riiman Catholic in religion, a rumor was abroad that he was at the head of a conspiracv to burn the citv; and that he was harboring a band of "Papist"" co-conspirators on his Staten Island estate. There were no concealed Papists, and there was no consi)iracy; but when Jacob Leisler assumed control of Xew \'ork he hatl Dongan"s hunting-lodge on Staten Island searched for arms. Four guns found there were regarded as evidence of guilt, and Dongan went into hiding, lie had a brigantine in the bay and had hoped to sail in it for England, Init the weather was l)ad and so he made his wav overland to Xew Lf^idon, where he was joined bv Sir Ednnind Andros. He afterward returned to Llempstead, Long Island, but warrants GOJ'ERXOR DOXG.IX KHTURXS TO EXGL.-IXD 133 having" been issued for him and other corehgii mists, in lOyo, he went to Xew lersey and thence by sea to Boston, from which place he sailed to England, in 1 691. His brother, Earl of Limerick (created 1685), followed James to France and died at Saint Germain, in if)i)S; but his estates were confiscated and g-iven to the Earl of Athlone; so Thomas Dongan succeeded to his l)rother"s litle without the estates. The estates were afterward restored to him upon condition that he should redeem them l)y paying those who had purchased ])arts of the estate from the luirl of Athlone. This charge, and his l)rother's debts, left him a very meager income, and only a portion of the amounts due him for advances made when governor of Xew York, and for his arrears of pension. He died in London, Deceml)er 14, 1715, and he lies buried in the churclivard of the parish church of St. Pancras in that citw Llis property in America had been in charge of agents, Init he later had transferred it to his nephews Thomas, John and \\'alter Dongan. His nephew Thomas sold the farm at Hempstead to pay the governor's debts, and the three brothers retained the Staten Island ]:)roperty, which descended to the heirs of Walter Dongan, because his l^rothers died without issue. Governor Dongan's administration was marked by many excellencies and few defects that were chargeal)le to him personally. He was generous and tolerant, just and uriiane, desirous not onlv to be a faithful servant of his roval master, but also to promote the ])eace and happiness of the people under his government, whose rights and lil^erties he respected and upheld. Xone of the roval governors excelled him in the essential ciualities of states- manship and administrative ability. 134 H/STORV OF XEJJ- YORK o o < < >• z M < WD s O b >• < Qi o > u z CHAPTER THIRTEEN END OF STUART RULE IN NEW YORK THE LEISLER TROUBLES, AND GOVERNOR SLOUGHTER'S ADMINISTRATION When Sir Edmund Andros arrived in Xcw York, August 15, i(>SS, the change of governors created no dissatisfaction, because he was personahy a very popular man. It did not jilease the people, however, that the Province of New York should be merged with the other colonies as a part of Xew England. Andros A\as, however, well received during his short stay, which was ended bv Indian troubles on the frontier between New York and Canada. When he left New York he went to Albany to resume his old friendship with the Iroquois, and to give the Indians assurance of cor)perati()n against the French. Lieutenant-Governor Francis Nicholsrjn, who had been left in charge at Boston, was sent for by Andros to go to Albany and take part in these negotiations; and when they were completed Andros ordered Nicholson to New York, and himself went to Boston, where his presence \\-as needed because of Indian troubles in Maine. Lieutenant-Governor Nicholson arrived at New York, October i, 1688, and took up the reins of government, aided by the council, which was com- posed of Frederick Philipse, Stephen \an Cortlandt, Nicholas Bayard and Joseph Dudley. Nicholson was favorabl}- received, Init many of the people were, soon afterward, considerably alarmed when Father Thomas Harvey, the Jesuit priest who had come from England as the private confessor and chaplain of Governor Dongan, was permitted to equip an apartment with images of saints, and to minister publicly to Roman Catholic worshii:)]iers. King James had aroused Protestant resentment in England by his acts aiming at the reestablishment of Roman Catholicism in England. In America the feeling against him was especially strong in the New England colonies, A\4iere anything that favored Catholicism was frowned upon, and there was, in fact, little toleration in that region for any religion or sect except Congre- gationalism. In New York, as has been shown, there had been great toler- ance, and under Dongan, himself a Catholic, none of the Protestant denomi- nations had anvthing to complain of, so far as any hostility on the part of the provincial government was concerned. Dominant factors in the go\"- ernmental policy of James II were the desire to reestal^lish the Catholic Church as the State Church of England, and the upbuilding of kingly as opposed to parliamentary power. Of a piece with his policy at home was that applied to the colonies, as manifested by his diss'^huinn of the New i:i(i HISTORY OF XEir YORK York Assenibl}- and combining all power in the governor in council, and by his consolidation of New England under one government, with Sir Edmund Andros in viceregal charge. (3n November 5, 168S, William of Orange landed in England at Torbay; in the following month James 11 fletl to I'rance, and Februarv 13. i6Sg, William and ]\lary were proclaimed king and queen of Great Britain. When the news reached lioston there was "a buzzing among the people,"" so Andros said: that the buzzing became a roar, and in two days grew to a revohition; and on Ai>ril 18, 1689, he was deposed and imprisoned. The following vear he was sent to England under charges made by a committee of colonists, but it was thought impolitic to pursue the matter further, and he was ne\-er lirought to trial. lie became governor of Virginia from i6<;2 to 1608, and of the island of Jersey from 1704 to 1706, and died in London in 1714. The administration of Andros as governor- eeneral of X"ew England has been condemned bv historv; but it was an administration of ol)edience to a royal master; the hand was the hand of Andros, but the acts were the acts of James. In his i)revious government of Xew ^'ork his administration was that of a benevolent autocrat and left him personallv popular with the people, and later, in A'irginia, he was a po])ular ?rnor. The news of A\'illiam"s landing, and the flight of James, reached Xew York 1)}- wa}' of Boston. The people of X"ew "^'ork were of \-arious shades of religious belief, bttt thev were in a large majoritv Protestant. The anti- Catholic movement, from their standpoint, crystallized about the persons of James II and Louis XI Y. James had taken away their representative gov- ernment and had consolidated their province with X^ew England, much against their will, and was now rumored to be in a "Popish"" plot with Louis XIA': one of the supposed details of which included the cajiture of Xew ^'ork bv the French and Indians under the Count de Frontenac. Such rumors were especially alarming to the Huguenots, who formed a consid- eral)le ])art of the population of X"ew York; for the events following the revocation of the Edict of Xantes, onl\- four vears before, were firmly fixed in their memories. Besides the matter of religion, there was one of nationality. The popu- lation of the province was chiefly Dutcli, and so of the city, in even hirger pro])ortion. A\"illiam of Orange was a great name with i.)eople of that nati(.)n- alitA-. To ])ass from the rule of James to that of William was, with the Dutch settler, almost an ideal culmination. As for James II, he had few friends outside of the lieutenant governor and councilors, who were all his own appointees. Being such appointees they could not abandon his authority until the\- knew that another had succeeded him uijon the throne; and the JACOB LEISLER CALLED TO LEAD 13- news of the landing of William and the flight of James did not, they felt, absolve them from their allegiance. They were, therefore, placed in an unenviable position during the time following the news of these events and that when the tidings of the joint con)nation of William and Mary arrived in New York. The news was unofficial, but convincing, and there was much excitement in the city. The people generally were rejoiced at the Protestant accession, antl jileased on their own account, because James, the embodiment of autocracv, was no longer to be their sovereign. Lieutenant-Governor Nicholson and his council, ch'K attack, made matters more (liriieult. In Xovember, Leisler sent his son-in- law, lacob Alilborne, with an armed force to render sncli assistance in the defense of Albany as mig-ht be necessary. i)rovided that Leisler's anthority was recognized In' placing the fort under command of Alilborne. The Jacoliite (ifticeholclers refused, and Milborne returned. Earl\- in December the Committee of Safety requested Leisler to take the duties of lieutenant governor and to ap])oint ;i council to act with him until definite instructions should be received from King William. Acting ui)on this re(|uest he chose eight members of the Committee of Safet\- to be his council, including Peter Delanoy, Dr. Samuel Staats. llenrv Jansen and Johannes A'ermih'e, from the county and city of Xew \'ork ; Ca])tain Gerardus Beeckman, M.D., from Kings; Samuel Edsall, from Uueens, and William Lawrence from ( )range. In m.any of the histories of this period, Leisler has been |)ictured as a traitor and a demagogue, whose support came onlv from the rabble: but his councilors were citizens of rejuite and standing, and among them were the ancestors of families who have stood and still stand with the best in New York and other States. The council thus constituted was the most democratic in its organization that hatl \et been appointed in New ^'ork; having been called with the understanding that the acts of a majoritv were to be the acts of all. A1)0Ut the time of the organization of this council, there came from William and Marv a letter, dated July 4, lOStj, addressed "to b^rancis Nicholson, Es([uire, C)ur Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief in Our Proyince of New York, and in his absence, to such as, for the time being, take care for preserving the peace and administering the laws." As Nicholson was gone, Leisler took this as giving him authority, un.til superseded. ( )n January 22, lOijO, Nicholas Bayard, who had continued his agitation against Leisler, was arrested, and im])risoned in the fort. Two davs later he wrote a letter addressed "To the lion. Jacob Leisler, lvs(|., Lieutenant-Go\ernor of the Province of New York, and the lion. Council," stating that he is sick, acknowledges his error, craves pardon and humbly petitions for release from ])rison. The ])etition was not granted, ancl P>a_\;ird remained in the jail for a \'ear, nursing his yengeance. Bayard's recognition of Leisler in his ])etition, however unwillingly made, was soon followed bv similar action on the ])art of the authorities at Albau}', who, facing an Indian uprising, gladlv welcomed Jacob ]\lilborne and his troops, tbciugli it in\-ol\ed recognition of Leisler and his government. The Count de h'rontenac, who had been reappointed governor of Canada by Louis NI\\ in ( )ctober, if)S(), entered upon a course of aggression against New ^'ork. Canada had suffered nuich by the invasion of Indians from New ^'ork, and I'rontenac's roval master had detinitelv taken the side of lames 77//: SCIII-XllCT.mV M.ISSACRI- 1 IL 5? _)l ■■■•t> - .1^^ :-/ ■y.jipMr l-J " frp^i gc»s ■::':. '*; :^ <; ' r-«wir r flii' f kali '" r . - ■ '^ \vx% ■;"• h»^\ against William and was at war with luigland. iM-untcnac, thoui^h sevcnty years of age, planned an active campaign against the British colonies by land and sea. Vhe first mo\-ement was to mobilize the Mohawks who had been converted h\ the [esuits and who had settled near [Montreal. This force, with numerous Frenchmen, was put in marching order, and after a march of twenty da_\s through the deep snow, approached Schen- ectady, which was a Dutch village in the vicinity of Al- bany, first settled by Arent van Curler in i66i. It con- sisted of about forty houses, enclosed in a palisade ; but in the dead of winter amid heavy sn(iw, the inhabitants had no apprehension of danger. The gates had been left open and all the inhabitants were asleep ^^■hen, on the night of Feb- ruarv 8, K^xp, the French and Indian invaders entered by the gates and divided into several small bands, to make a simultaneous attack. At the signal of the shrieking war-whoop doors were broken open and the terrilile massacre began. Sixty men, women and children were killed, twenty-seven were taken prisoners, while the torch was apjilied to every house. Those who escaped from the invaders fled, half naked, sixteen miles through a blinding snowstorm to Alliany, where many arrived with tlieir limbs so frost-bitten that they had to be amputated. From Albany went the news, by cjuick courier, to Leisler ; and the French Huguenots of New York were almost panic-stricken at the news of the massacre and burning of Schenectady, because they knew that Fronte- nac's success, if continued to New York, would mean the utmost disaster for them; for the deep hostility of Louis XIY toward French Protestants was well known. Leisler showed himself equal to the situation, for as soon as the story of the burning of Schenectady reached him, he hurried a force of one hundred and sixty men to Albany and, that being done, sent ten delegates to confer with the other colonies and devise plans to rei^el the French invaders. He called a Provincial Assembly — the second of its kind, the earlier one having been long before abolished by order of Janies — to provide means for the war, and his delegations to the other colonies bore fruit, in answer to bis OLD DUTCH HOUSE IN BROAD STREET Built, 1698 OLD DUTCH HOUSE IN PEARL STREET Built, 1626. Demolisherl, 1S2.S IIISTURY OF Xliir ]'URK call, in the convening' in Xew ^Ork, in Alay. of the tirst Colonial Congress, which apportioned to each of the colonies the number of troops each should fiu'nish, of which the quota of Xew York was four hundred men. Leisler also equipped, and dispatched against Ouehec, the first tieet of men-of-\\"ar that had been sent from the port of Xew \'ork : and according to De Peyster, spent a large part of his own estate in this public enterprise. Leisler was democratic in his principles, and intiuenced the sul)sequent history of X'ew York, by his recognition of the idea of a representative assembly as the seat of legislative authority, and the source of taxation: for alth(iugh Leisler was overthrown, the Provincial Asseniblv was continued. While Leisler was thus caring for the interests of the province, events occurred in England which were soon to bring him disaster. King- William commissioned Colonel Henry Sloughter to be governor of X^ew York, and ordered Major Ingoldesb}-, with an independent company of British regulars, to come to X'ew York for the defense of the province. These two officials were on separate ships, but were parted in a storm and Major Ingoldesb}', \vith his troops, arrived three months earlier than did the new governor. When [Major Ligoldesbv reached X"ew York Bay, in Jt'^nuary, 1691, his first visitors were Philipse. \ an Cortlandt and others of the anti-Leislerians, who stated their side of the case. Ingoldesby had no credentials or authority either from the king or Governor Sloughter to decide upon Leisler's claims to hold the place of lieutenant governor, under the king's letter, before men- tioned, as well as l)y the election of the Committee of Ten, which he believed gave him tlie right to act until his successor should present his credentials. Therefore \'\'hen Major Ligoldesbv demanded of him the possession of the fort. Leisler replied, requesting to see his orders either from the king or the governor. Ligoldesbv, ignoring this request, sent the brusque reply: "Pos- session of LLs Majesty's fort is what I demand." Leisler replied that as he had seen no credientials, he would not deliver the fort, but that he would l)rovide all courtesy and accommodation for his troops. The people finding a controversv between their ])opular governor and this new-arrived soldier who had, as an introduction, been consorting with the nutch-^)J. Two Dutch clergvmen, Re\'. Henricus Selvns of Xew ^'ork, and Rev. John Peter Xucella, of Kingston, Xew York, toiik a principal ]iarl in the exercises. The Church of England congregation afterward held one ser\-ice in the Dutch Church, and on March 13, i6(^S, ibev held tlieir first service in the Trinity Church ])uilding. Mr. \'esev held the rectorship of the church until his tleath, July iS, 174'x He was also ap])ointed commissarv to the X'enerable Societ\- for the Pro|);igation of the Ciospel, and in tliat capacitv planted twenty-two Anglican chtu'ches in his jurisdiction. \'ese\- Street was named in his honor. iV'sides being appointed Ciovernor of the I'rovince of Xew \ ork, special commissions yave Colonel Fletcher authoritv over the militia of Connecticut TRINITY CHURCH, 1737 Utar view) XEJ]' YORK'S riRST PRIXTER 149 and Rhode Island and East and West Jerseys; and also as fnll anthority over Pennsylvania and Delaware as o\-er New York. Fie met with a reljtiff when he went to Connecticttt, and none of the X^ew England colonies wonld furnish troops to Governor Fletcher id ])rosecnte the war against Canada. He went to Philadelphia, in Ajjril, 161)3, ^'^ assume the government, which was at once surrendered to him ; sunnnoned the Asseml)ly of Pennsylvania and demanded money to defray the expenses of the expedition against the French in All)any. The result was that the assembly passed a bill for a tax of a pennv in the pound for the supi)ort of the government and a poll-tax of six shillings, which yielded v$7oo. Fletcher a]ipointcy Alayor Johannes de Peyster, followed l)v several dinner ])arties at the honses of the leading families. It was only about a week after his arri^•al that the new governor had an o])portunity to indicate his attitude with reference to enforcement of the customs and navigation laws, when the ship h^ortune. Captain Moston, arrived in the harbor with East India goods in an "unfree" bottom. The governor found that the goods were being landed in boats, without any attempt to collect customs duties. Lord Bellomont ordered Chidley Brooke, the collector, to seize the goods, but that functionary replied that it was none of his business to do so, as he had no boat to b()ard the ship, and made other excuses; but after several days' delay the command of the governor became more imjierative, and Brooke seized the last of the boats with goods worth £1000, out of £20,000 in all. Finding that other violations of customs laws were also permitted, the earl removed him from office. The evident intention of the earl to enforce the law alarmed the mer- chants who, under Fletcher, had been permitted unchecked to deal with smugglers and to cheat the revenue, though the most prominent of these merchants were members of the Council or held other important posts under the provincial or city governments, and bound l)y oaths and ethics to u])hold the law. The twenty-one merchants who owned the lading of the Fortune made a loud outcry. The governor's course would ruin the town and drive away trade, and his action with reference to the Fortune had already driven awav £100,000 in trade, they said. Lord Bellomont had discovered that while the trade of the city had more than doubled in the past ten years, there had been an actual decrease in customs revenue. Ofticials, supine or corru])t, had let abuses grow, and merchants had grown rich on illicit traffic. The vigorous cotu^se of the governor, by which the Fortune and another vessel had been condemned by the Court of Admiralty, wdiile ships bound for Madagascar (where pirates disposed of their stealings) were asked by the governor to give security not to trade with pirates. The ships having failed to furnish the securit}-. the governor delaved issue of the clearances, and called tsey, the rector of Trinity. Fletcher, after the news had come to him that the Earl of Bellomont had been appointed to succeed him, had leased to his closest friend. Colonel Caleb Heathcote, what was described as "the pleasantest part of the King's Garden," and also leased, for a term of seven years, the King's Farm, which was a perquisite of the governor and adjoining his residence. These leases the bill nullified, further providing that the King's Garden and the King's Farm shotikl not be leased by any governor for a longer period than his own term of office. Domine Dellius was not only aggrieved by the rescinding of his grants, but because the Assembly had also passed a bill suspending him from his min- istrv. On the charges made which led to his suspension the earl seems to have l)een misled, fur the Domine went to Amsterdam and was thoroughly exoner- ated by the Classis there: but the contention in favor of the land grants, which the Domine took to England, was not successful. The earl and the Assem- bly were so palpably in the right there, that while the efforts of the land-grab- bers delayed, they did not prevent the ajjproval of the bill. The rector of Trinity, Rev. William \'esey, was very much wrought up by the action of the Assembly and the earl. He left the earl and his family out of their wonted place in the prayer "for all those in authority," and prayed every Sundav for Domine Dellius by name, that God A\ould give him a safe voyage and deliver him from his enemies. He wr(ite to the bishop of London, asking him to aid in securing the recall of the earl, but the bishop advised him to make his submission to the governor. He did as advised, and was told bv the earl to behave himself decently and discreetly for the future and he would be his friend. The Earl of ISellomont was governor of Massachusetts as well as of New York, and after proroguing the Assembly, May i6, 1699, he went to Boston, remaining fourteen months and giving an administration to Massachusetts which was so thoroughly satisfactory that he became one of the most popular of the colonial aovernors. ].->s JIJSTOR]' nr XRW YORK Less than two iiiontlis after his arrival in Boston the governor made a ca]itnre which was the cnhnination of the war against piracy he had from his first arrival carried on withont faltering. The story of his connection with the commission of Captain William Kidd as a ])rivateer has already been told. He and Robert Livingston were snreties on Kidd's bond as a privateer officer. After he left Xew Ylundere(l the P.anian merchants, and in May, 169S. he took the Ouidagh Merchant to Madagascar. The fact of piracy was so well authenticated that on X^ovember 23, 1698, orders were sent to the governors of all British colonies to apprehend him if he came within their jurisdiction. In A])ril, 1699, he arrived in the West Indies in the Ouidagh Merchant, which he made fast in a lagoon on the island of Saona, sotttheast of Havti. Fnnn there he went north in a 55-ton sloop, the San Antonio, with forty men. At Oyster Bay, Long Island, he took aboard James Emott, a prominent Xew York lawyer, w'hom he landed on Rhode Island, sending him to the earl at Boston to reqitest a safe condtict. Kidd's wife and little datighter went aboard the sloop at Block Island, and thence he went to (iardiner's Island, leaving part of his treasure with the owner of the island, who afterward turned it over to the attthorities. Mr. Emott, in his errand to the earl, could get from him no more than a message to Kidd that "if what Mr. Emott said was true" Captain Kidd might come ashore. Kidd arrived in Boston, Julv i, 1699, ^•I'J ^'^''^s taken before the council and interrogated. Llis replies were so unsatisfactory that he and sev- eral of his men were arrested and sent to England, where he was charged with pirac\- and the burning of houses, besides several nun^ders and lirutali- ties. The specific charge ti])on which lie was found guilt\- was the nmrtler of one of his men. William Moore, and he and nine of his accomplices were hanged at Execution Dock, London, Mav 24, 1701. DEATH OF THE EARL OF BELLOMOXT 159 In England an attempt was made to impeach Lord Chancellor Somers for passing- Kidd's commission under the Great Seal, and also the first lord of the Admiralty, the Earl of Orford; and Lord Bellomont's name was freel\- used bv the agents of Bellomont's enemies in London, but a complete investi- gation vindicated Bellomont and the others who had fitted out Kidd as a pri- vateer. The Earl of Bellomont returned to New York by sea from Boston, arriv- ing Julv 24, 1700, and continued his attacks on piracy and illegal trading with much \-ig()r. So, although strongly opjwsed in his policy by powerful com- mercial interests he, with the assistance of Thomas Weaver, who had become collector, succeeded so well that the pirates found no shelter in New York. The session of the General Asseml)ly which followed soon after the gov- ernor's return did nothing of special benefit to Xew York, the only notable measure passed by it being to prohibit Roman Catholic priests and Jesuits from coming into the province, under severe penalties. After the session the earl went to a conference with Indians at Albany. He returned to New York in Ixid health, but in February, 1701, he had a severe attack of the gout, and on March 5 he died. As with other rulers over countries divided by partisan rancor, there ha^•e been many estimates of the character and services of the Earl of Bellomont. The latest verdict of history is strictly favorable with reference to his govern- ment of New York, as it has been from the first with regard to his acts as they relate to New England. He was honest, fearless and zealous, and while not immune from error, was nearly always just in his judgments. He be- lieved in representative government and upheld it : believed in justice and worked with disinterested enthusiasm to right the wrong done b}- Leisler's death and attainder. He was probably wrong about Dellius so far as the Domine's character was concerned. Dellius had been a great enemy of Leisler, and a favorite of Sloughter and Fletcher, but he seems to have been a faithful pastor and he certainly did good service in teaching and restraining the Indians. On the other hand his land grants were far more than any man should have been given, and the earl did a patriotic service in persuading the Assembly to re- voke them; for from Leisler's time on, Dellius attended more to civic than to ecclesiastical matters. During the earl's administration the most notable Imilding erected in New York was the new City Hall, built in 1699-1700. The old "Stadt Huys," built in 1642, had become so dilapidated that it had Ijeen abandoned by the courts and the Common Council. The property on the north side of Wall Street was owned, in alternate sections, by Colonel Nicholas Bayard and Abraham de Pevster. Mr. De Pevster, who was the earl's most faithful Klo HISTORV OF \l-ir YORK friend and adviser during his entire administration, gave the land, and Lord Ijellimiont permitted some material from the old fort to be used. The et)rner- stone was laid in 1699, In- David Provoost, mayor of the city, in which otihce he succeeded Johannes de Peyster, his brother-in-law. Domine Selyns, pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church, who died in July, 1701, after a pastorate in that church of nineteen years, was not friendly to the earl's administration, having been pastor to most of the anti-Leislerian leaders. In 1699, the infirmity of Domine Selvns becoming apparent, Gaultherius Du L'xiis, twenty-eight years old, was called as his assistant, and two vears later succeeded him, and was a ]jrominent figure in church and ci\-ic ati'airs during a pastorate of fifty-two years. 1 . 'i^ 'H'lifi- CITY HALL, WALL STREET Erected in 17011. Demolishe.i in I SI 2 CHAPTER SIXTEEN ADMINISTRATION OF LORD CORNBURY NEW YORK'S WORST GOVERNOR Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornhury, who was appointed governor of New York by King William, was grandson of the first Earl of Clarendon, prime minister and lord chancellor of England under Charles II. His father, the second earl, was brother-in-law to King James II, and the son was, therefore, first cousin to Princess Anne, later Queen. He was edu- cated in Geneva, and in 1688 married a daughter of Lord O'Brian. Lord Macaula}-, in his History of England, describes Lord Cornbury as a man so mentally inferior as "almost in verge on intellectual imbecility," while he was absolutely lacking in principle, dissolute in his life, arrogant in his demeanor and violent in temper. His kinship to James II secured him place and preferment, and he held a commission in the household troops of that monarch. He held the confidence of the king as one devoted to his person and his cause, and he was supposed to be one of the most loyal of the Jacobites, but when William of Orange approached the city of Salisbury, Lord Cornbury was one of the first to abandon his uncle's standard, carrying three cavalry regiments out of the army of James to that of William. There was no matter of principle involved in this action, the only motive of which was the desire to be on the winning side, and this act of desertion was regarded, even in that day of easy political morals, as absolute and despicable treachery. It was for this act that William rewarded Lord Cornburv with appointment as governor of New York, to which office he was commis- sioned in September, 1701. He did not sail, however, until the following March, two daj's before the death of the king, and he arrived in New York May 3, 1702. Upon his arrival, after having his commission publicly read and taking the usual official oaths before Chief Justice Atwood, he received the seal of the province from Lieutenant Governor Nanfan, who had administered the affairs of the province since the death of the Earl of Bellomont. Lord Cornbury thereupon administered the oaths of office to those members of the Council who had been specifically named in his instructions. In the first important matter that came up for the governor's action, he aligned himself squarely with the anti-Leislerian, or aristocratic faction. This was in connection with Nicholas Bayard, then in jail under conviction for high treason. During the last part of Bellomont's administration the Leislerians were in full power, a majority of that party having been elected 16-^ HISTORY OF NEW YORK to the General Assembly, and others having been appointed members of the Provincial Council when Bellomont dismissed councilors from the other party who would not support his endeavors to suppress piracy, or to vacate excessive land grants. After Bellomont's death the Leislerians became more stronglv partisan in their actions, and determined to avenge the acts of their opjjonents in general, and of Nicholas Bayard in particular, who had brought about the death of Leisler and Milborne. Chief lustice William Atwood had been sent from England to be head of the court in New York, where he arrived July 24, 1701. He had been selected because he was reputed to be an expert in admiralty law and therefore especially qualified to punish pirates and violators of the naviga- tion laws, in which direction Chief Justice Smyth, whom he succeeded, had not given much support to Lord Bellomont's efforts. The accession of Atwood, who at once aligned himself with the Leislerians, and the loss of office by Smyth, who had been their friend, added greatly to the dis- comfiture of Bayard and associates. The lieutenant governor, John Nanfan, was a relative of Ladv Bellomont, and in sympathy with the Leislerians. On the other hand, Thomas Noell, anti-Leislerian, was elected mayor at the annual election in October, 1701. In three of the wards the alder- manic candidates of both parties claimed election. The Leislerian claim- L ants were sworn in bv De Remer, the retirmg mayor, but Noell, when himself sworn in, refused to recognize them, and the city government came to a standstill. Bavard and his friends saw little hope of return to power unless Lord Cornburv ( whose appointment had been announced, but whose arrival was delaved) could be won to their side. So addresses to the king, to Par- liament, and to Lord Cornbury were prepared, setting forth the Bayard view of the government of the colony under the late governor, the present lieutenant governor and other officials in which some statements were made which were considered sufficiently strong to base an indictment against Bavard and against Alderman John llutchins, one of his satellites, for high treason. The indictment was founded on an act which, in 1601, after Leisler's execution for high treason. Bayard had himself prepared and had passed 1)y the legislature and approved by the king. It prescribed the ])ains, jienalties and forfeitures of high treason for those who should in any ])ossil)le wav endeavor "'by force of arms or otherwise to disturl:) the peace, good and (|uiet of their ^Majesties' government as now established." Asked for his oi)inion, Attorney-General Broughton, who had come from England with Chief Justice Atwood, said he believed no crime had l)een conunitled l)y Bayard, and therefore declined to take part in the prosecution, whereupon ]\Ir. Weaver was ap]:)ointed solicitor-general for BAYARD SENTENCED TO DEATH, THEN RELEASED 163 the government and tried the case before the cotirt, composed of Chief Justice Atwood. with De Peyster and Walters as lay judges. After the jury had been out a long time they returned a verdict of guilty, and Bayard was sentenced to death by Judge Atwood. He asked for a reprieve, but was told by the lieutenant governor that unless he confessed his guilt he would be executed. Bayard made several equivocal expressions of sorrow and half-confession, but finally, learning that his death warrant was to be signed he sent the recjuired confession, which, however, he afterward con- tended, was merely to gain respite until Lord Cornbury should arrive, and upon receiving this confession Lieutenant Governor Nanfan granted a reprieve "until his Majesty's pleasure could be known." When Governor Cornbury arrived he reversed all the proceedings against Bayard, and restored him to liberty. When the anti-Leislerians petitioned, soon after- ward, that Abraham de Peyster, Robert Walters and Dr. Samuel Staats, members of the Provincial Council, should be punished for their activity in the "late troubles," Lord Cornbury thoroughly aligned himself with the Bayard faction, dismissing these gentlemen from the council without a hearing, and appointing Dr. Gerardus Beeckman, Rip van Dam, Killiaen van Rensselaer and Thomas Wenham to membership in that board. This arbitrary act of the governor incensed a large number of the people, and the New York Assembly, resenting it, passed an act to indemnify those who had sustained losses during the Revolution, which became known as the "Leisler Act." When the act was reported to the Lords of Trade in London they sent a peremptory order to Lord Cornbury that the Assembly should not be permitted to take such action. A confirmation of Lord Cornbury's commission from Queen Anne was received Wednesday, June 17, 1702, with orders to proclaim her queen, which was done the following day in New York, and on the following Mon- day at Burlington, N. J., whence he went to Philadelphia and proclaimed the queen there the next day. On his return he found an epidemic (probably yellow fever) raging in the town. In alarm he went with his family to Jamaica, L. L, but foimd no place fit for his occupancy. The best house in the village was occupied by Rev. Mr. Hubbard, the Presbyterian minister, having been built for him by his congregation. William Smith's "History of New York" tells us that: "His Lordship begged the loan of it for the use of his own family, and the clergyman put himself to no small inconvenience to favor the governor's request ; but, in return for the generous benefaction. His Lord- ship perfidiously delivered the parsonage-house into the hands of the Episcopal party, and encouraged one Cardwel, the sheriff, a mean fellow, who afterward put an end to his own life, to seize upon the glebe, which he sur- veyed into lots and farmed for the benefit of the Episcopal Church." 164 HISTORY OF XEW YORK The action here referred to was executed July 4. 1704, by the sheritt on an order from Cornbury, whose plea was that the church and parsonage having" been btiilt with public money it cotild Ijelong only to the Church of England. As a matter of fact the church had been planned b}- Xew England Puritans resident in Jamaica, who had raised sufficient money to purchase the ground and to partly build the foundation of the church. They were the insti- gators of the "Ministerial Act" of i6qi, under which the church was finished and the vearlv salary of the minister was paid. The congregation built the manse and the Rev. 'Sir. Hubbard, whom they called to the pastorate, ministered to the people and remained unmolested until Lord Cornbur}- suddenly developed a degree of fanatical zeal for "the Church of England as by law established," though it had, in fact, never been established in Xew York. Moreover, in 1691, when the "Ministerial Act" was passed, there were no Episcopalians in Jamaica. In fact there were less than a score of that faith there when Corn- bury had the Presbyterians ousted in 1704. The Presbyterians, contending that the governor exceeded his authority, occupied the church after being notified by the sheritl. until on one Sunday afternoon, when the service was in progress, a party of Episcopalians, tmder Cornbury's advice, broke down the doors of the church and drove the worshipers into a neighboring orchard, where Z\Ir. Hubbard concluded his sermon. Rev. William Urquhart, clergyman of the Church of England, was put in possession of the church and parsonage, and the salary of the Presbyterian pastor was paid to him. After his death, in October, 170c;, his daughter, who married a dissenting minister, continued to occupy the parsonage with her husband until 171 1, but was then ousted by Governor Htinter at the reqttest of the Episcopalians, and an Anglican minister again installed, and the wrangling continued, the church being occupied for different periods by the contending denominations, while a fight was kept u]) in the cotirts which did not finally settle the matter until 182S, when the decision was given in favor of the Presbyterians, who thereafter remained in peaceable possession. During the administration of Cornbtiry. the province was in a state of perpetual expectation of an attack from the French fleet which had l^een assaulting the British possessions in the West Indies. This had some good effect in inciting the colonial government to the repair and increase of the defenses of the city. Fifteen hundred pounds was appropriated to fortify the Narrows, but went astray of its purpose, Lord Cornbury taking the money and using it to build a country seat on Xutten or Governor's Island, for himself and his successors. There was mtich discontent expressed when this diversion of funds became known, and considerable alarm when the news came of the arrival of a French privateer of fourteen guns oft' Sandy Hook, following news that French vessels, oft' the capes of \'irginia. had recently captured THE ASSEMBLY OPPOSES CORN BURY 165 seven merchantmen. All able-bodied citizens of New York were set to work throwing up earthworks for the defense of the city, while Captain Richard Davis manned the Triton's Prize, which was the new name of a lately captured French man-of-war. He came up with the Frenchman at early dawn next day, July 26, 1706, and engaged the privateer until sunset, when in a dead calm the French vessel was carried out of range and sight by the use of the sweeps, and made its escape. Captain Davis, who had received an ugly wound in the neck during the engagement, returned and reported all present danger passed. The next dav a report that ten large French ])rivateers had passed inside of Sandy Hook created a panic, which was allayed by the later information that the ten French vessels were prizes captured by Captain Adrian Clavear, who was bringing them into port. For a time ever}- incoming vessel was figured as a hostile Frenchman, until it came close to land. When the panic had sulxsided the people began to talk earnestly about the governor's criminal perversion of funds ; the City Council ordered that the aldermen should solicit subscriptions, each in his ward, for the fortification of the Narrows, and the Assembly, in view of Cornbury's misfeasance, insisted on appointing its own treasurer to receive and disburse anv moneys the legis- lature might order to be raised for public purposes. This legislature was very bold and had passed an act to establish a free grammar school under con- trol of the corporation of the city ; a provision which was very obnoxious to Cornbury, who did not believe in the education of the masses. He is said to have been dissuaded from open opposition or veto by Rev. William Vesey the rector of Trinity. The Assembly was a thorn in Cornbury's side, for it had very democratic ideas of its rights and ])owers. Even worse, from the Cornbury standpoint, was the Legislature of New Jersey, which refused point- blank to accede to his requests to grant him a salary of £2000 per annum for twenty years ; and when he immediately dissolved the Assembly and called for the election of a new one in the spring of 1706, for the specific purpose of increasing and renewing his salary, he found the new bodv even less appre- ciative of his proposition than the old one. When the New York Assembly made the right to appoint its own treas- urer a condition precedent to the granting of supplies for specific purposes, Cornbury tried to have it remove the condition ; but finding it obdurate, and fearing he would have no supplies voted, he referred the matter to the home government. Much to his chagrin the reply endorsed the action of the Assembly and ordered him to ]wrmit the General Assembly to name its own treasurer, and this order was accompanied by a letter expressing a hope that his lordship would lay before the Assembly an account of all moneys raised by acts of Assembly whenever they should desire the same, and counseled him to moderate and persuasive conduct in dealing with the Assemblv. When the 166 HISTORY OF NEW YORK order of the home autliorities was transmitted to the Assembly it appointed Colonel Abraham de Peyster to the office of treasurer, and appropriated £3000 for the defense of New York. Katherine, Lady Cornbury, died nn Sunday, August 11, 1706, in the thirty-fifth year of her age. She had 1)een in poor health from her arrival in New York, sufifering from a pulmonar\- complaint. She had been married to Lord Cornbury eighteen years and had seven children, of whom only one son and two daughters survived her. Rev. John Sharp, chaplain of the fort, con- ducted the obsequies and preached her funeral sermon, and she was buried in Trinity Church. Cornbury was a man of dissolute hal)its, and after his wife's death he became more dissipated. But he was regular in his attendance at church, posed as the devoted champion of the Church of England, and to emphasize his zeal was as severe as possible in his dealings with dissenters. Rev. John Hamp- ton, of Maryland, and Rev. Francis Makemie, of Virginia, being on their way to Boston, and calling upon the governor, were invited to dine with him, and did so. The few Presbyterians in New York had no church, so the next day (being Sunday), Rev. Mr. Mackemie preached to them in the house of a shoe- maker named Jackson, and Rev. Mr. Hampton conducted services in the Pres- byterian Church at Newtown, Long Island, ^^'hen Cornbury heard of their preaching he ordered the sheriff of Queens County to arrest the two clergy- men, and bring them before him. When this was done, the governor told them that the law would not permit him to countenance strolling preachers "who might be Papists in disguise." for all he knew to the contrary, and that they had no right to preach in New York without his consent. ]\Iakemie claimed that having qualified in Virginia he was entitled to preach anywhere in the queen's dominions, and the controversy, wliich became very warm, was ended by the two clergymen being sent to the citv jail, where, because Roger Mom- pesson, then chief justice, was out of the city, they languished for seven weeks. At that time the great majority of the people of New York were of the Reformed Dutch Church, and there was a French Huguenot church in Pine Street, erected in 1704, with a congregation made up of refugees, while the few Presbyterians mentioned and a not very much larger number of English Episcopalians made up the rest of the churchgoing population. Even the lat- ter were not pleased at Cornbury's arbitrary action, while those of the other denominations were greatlv exercised at his tyranny. Rev. Mr. Makemie, while in the jail, managed to have conveyed to Bos- ton and printed the sermon which he had preached at Newtown, with a dedi- cation to those who heard it. This sermon, with the title, "A Good Conver- sation," now one of the most rare of our historic pamphlets, was an able and evangelical discourse entirely free from controversial matter, and it caused the fe TRINITY CHURCH ACQUIRES THE QUEEN'S FARM 167 entire community, without respect of denominational alignment, to recognize the great injustice done to Messrs. Makemie and Hampton. They were ac- quitted at the trial, hut with great inconsistency were condenmed to pay the costs of the action. During Cornbury's administration Trinity Church acquired its title to the great properties which it has since held, at that time known as the "Queen's Farm" and the "Queen's Garden." The Queen's (formerly "King's") Farm was a tract of sixty-two acres, the present boundaries of which are the Hud- son River, Christopher Street, Bedford Street, West Houston Street, Sullivan Street, Canal Street, West Broadway, Barclay Street, Broadway to Fulton Street, and on that street west to the river again. The tract was granted to Roeloff Jansen by Governor Wouter van T wilier, in 1636. Jansen died a few months after recei\-ing the grant, leaving his widow, Annetje Jansen (name corrupted into "Annetje Jans"), with four children. The widow married Do- mine Everardus Bogardus in 1638, and had four other children by him. Bo- gardus was drowned September 27, 1647, and in 1654 the property, then popu- larly known as "the Domine's Bouwerie" was confirmed by patent from Gov- ernor Stuyvesant to the widow, and again confirmed by the English govern- ment in 1664. It was conveyed in 1671, by the heirs, to Governor Lovelace, and was afterwards known as the King's Farm ; and it was the failure of Cor- nelius Bogardus, one of the heirs, to join in this conveyance, wdiich brought the liMig-continued "Anneke Jans" litigation, which was only ended a decade or two ago. The farm was leased to Trinity Church by Governor Fletcher, but the lease was terminated by the Earl of Bellomont. Mr. Vesey, the rector of Trinity, had set his heart on securing the property for the church, in per- jietuity, and Lord Cornburv who made great outward jirofession of zeal for the Church of England, secured from Queen Anne, in 1705, a grant, by let- ters patent under the great seal of the Province of New York, "to the Rector and Inhabitants of the City of New York in Communion with the Church of England," which included not only the Queen's Farm, but also another tract, known as the Queen's Garden, a tract south of Trinitv Church, extending west from Broadway to low water mark on the Hudson River. The act of the queen and Lord Cornbury in making this grant was very obnoxious to the great majority of the people of New York, although it was only one of many of the grievances which the citizens of New York held against that disgraceful personage. The New York Assembly appointed a Committee on Grievances, which made out a formidable list of tyrannies, arbitrary exac- tions, and peculations of the governor, which thev sent to the home govern- ment, accompanied by many petitions from citizens of New York and New Jersey asking for his recall. Lord Cornburv. thoroughly alarmed, called his Council together and had them pass a resolution exonerating him from all the 168 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK charges of corruption; but, the showing made against the governor was too strong to be overcome by this finding of his satelhtes, and Lord Cornbury was deposed from the governorship. John, Lord Lovelace, Baron of Hurley, was appointed governor as his successor. Cornl)ury was a weak, efifeminte, immoral man. a political adventurer without conscience or character. He amused himself in all kinds of sensual pleasures, and had so little personal dignity that he delighted to don female attire and walk around the fort thus dressed, in view of the soldiers of the garrison. The fact that he did so is mentioned in nearlv all the narratives of his doings, and the only guess that has been hazarded as a possible reason for this conduct is that, so attired, his phvsical resemblance to his cousin, the queen, was made very evident. As an administrator there is scarcely any- thing to his credit. He was a bribe-taker, he appropriated public funds to his own use, was thoroughly seltish and dishonest, dissolute in his conduct, and absolutely depraved. WHien he was no longer governor he was thrown in jail for his private del)ts, for he scarcelv ever had paid a personal bill, but upon the death of his father he paid his del)ts and left for England to take his seat in the House of Lords as the third Earl Clarendon. The verdict of history is practicallv unanimous, that he was the worst governor Xew York ever had. FRENCH PROTESTANT CHURCH Erected in the year 1704 in the iircsent Pine .'Street nenr Nassau Street CHAPTER SEVENTEEN ADMINISTRATIONS OF LORD LOVELACE AND GENERAL HUNTER SETTLEMENT OF THE PALATINES IN NEW YORK John, Lord Lovelace, Baron of Hurley, who was appointed as successor to Lord Cornbury in the office of g-overnor of New York and New Jersey, was appointed March 2>>, 1708, but did not embark at once, because he was engaged in the war then going on under the Duke of Marlborough, in Flan- ders. Finally, in October, 1708, he embarked in Her Majesty's ship Kings- ale, with his wife. Lady Charlotte, dauo;hter of Sir John Clayton, and three little sons, John, Wentworth and Nevil Lovelace. The fleet of which the Kingsale formed a part was dispersed by a heavy December gale, from which the Kingsale herself took refuge in Buzzard's Bay, whence, after the storm sub- sided, she steered through Long Island Sound, the navigation of which, in the ice of a winter of exceptional severity, was found so difficult that the captain made a landing at Flushing, Long Island. From there, after a rough land journey to the ferry at Breukelen, Gov- ernor Lovelace and his family made a miserable passage by open boat, on De- cember 18, 1708, to New York, where he was recei\'ed by Lord Cornbury and the Council. Lord Lovelace and two of his children caught colds on their trip from Flushing to New York, from which tliey never recovered; but in spite of ill health the new governor went gracefully through the inaugural ceremonies and a dinner which Lord Cornbury and the Cotmcil had provided for him. The members of the new council appointed by Lord Lovelace were Colo- nel Peter Schuyler, president, Dr. Gerardus Beeckman, Rip van Dam, Thomas Wenham, Chief Justice Mompesson, Adolph Philipse (son of Frederick Phil- ipse), John Barljerie, William Peartree. With the incoming of the new gov- ernor the Provincial Assembly was dissolved and writs were issued for the election of a new one, which met April 6, 1709, and elected William Xicoll speaker of the Assembly, an office which he held during six i)receding and ten later sessions, after which he declined reelection because of failing health. The royal instructions given by the Lords of Trade to Lord Lovelace did not dit¥er much from those which had been given to his i)redecessor. Lord Cornbury had used them oppressively to raise appropriations which he had applied, in large degree, to his own use. Lord Lovelace asked the Assembly to provide funds for the expenses of the go\ernment and to extinguish the debt which had been piled up by his predecessor. He also asked for a special ap- propriation for the fitting out of a sloop to attend Her Majesty's men-of-war in their cruisings on the New York coast, declaring his willingness to have his i;o HJSTORV OF .\7-;ff VORK own salary taxed for the last-named purpose. He called their attention to the act which passed the Provincial Assenil.)l}- in 1702, which had provided for the raising of a specific annual revenue for the term of seven vears, and w'hich would expire in the then current year, and asked them to renew the grant for another like term. But the Assembly remembered Cornbury's exac- tions, and while they liked Lo\-elace. they decided that the onlv safe methud was to vote re\enue for the go\ernment year by }ear and in specific appropria- tions for designated purposes. This principle was afterward maintained and the stand taken bv the Assemblv then, was the beginning of a contest between the representatives of the crown and the representatives of the people. Lord Lovelace, however, did not contend, his health being very bad all winter because of the cold he had caught on the journey from Flushing to New York. His son, \\^entworth, had died in April, and his oldest son, John, was seriously ill when Lord Lo\'elace died of pneumonia, AL»}' 6, 1709, the boy following two weeks later. Tn his short service as governor. Lurd Lovelace had made a most favor- able impression upon the citizens of Xew A'ork, and his death was the occa- sion of general sorrow among the peo])le. Rev. William A'esey ]ireached his funeral sermon on ]\Iay 12th. The berea\-ed Lady Lovelace returned to Eng- land with her third son. Lord Nevil Lovelace, in whom the baronage of Llur- ley became extinct upon his death without issue or male relatives, in 1S36. Ada, daughter of Lord I5yron, was, through her mother, a descendant from an elder branch of the Lovelace family in a female line, and the name was re- vived by conferring ujjon her husband. Lord ( )ckham, in 1S38, the title of Earl of Lovelace, which is now (loio) held ]>\ his son bv a second wife. T^ieutenant Governor Ligoldesby became acting governor until an order came for his removal, when he resigned the government into the hands of Dr. Gerardus Beeckman, who was then acting as president of the Council in the absence of Colonel Peter Schuyler who was then with the troops engaged against the I*"rench and Indians on the frontier. Dr. Beeckman filled the ofiice until the arrival on June 14, 17 10, of the new governor. General Rob- ert Hunter, who was ;i scion of the old Scotch familv of the Hunters of llunterston. I'Zntering the army and serving with the Duke of ALarlborough, he rose to the rank of major general. He was well known as a courtier, scholar and wit, and was a friend of Dean Swift and also of .\.ddison, who, being secretary of state, appointed him governor of \"irginia, in 1707. On his way outward to \'irginia the shi]:i which carried him was captured by a French privateer, and he was carried to France and im|)risoned until 1709, when he was exchanged for the bishop of Ouebec. When he arrived in London he was ofl:"ered by Queen Anne a commission as governor of Jamaica, but as news came of the death of Lord Lovelace he was offered a choice be- COLOXIZIXG THF. PALATINES 1-1 tween Jamaica and New York, and chose the latter. His council, the mem- bers of which were named in his "Instructions," were Peter Schuyler, Dr. Samuel Staats. Robert \\'alters. Dr. Gerardus Beeckman. Rip van Dam, Caleb Heathcote, Killian van Rensselaer. Rooer Mompesson, John Barberie, Adol- phus Philipse, Abraham de Peyster and Da^'id Provost. Governor Hunter brouoht with him the most notable accession to the population of New York made during- that period, comprisino- three thousand people from the Lower Palatinate of the Rhine. That principality had strongly espoused the Lutheran faith and had for that reason become victim to the fanatic rage of Louis XI\', who ravaged their land on the pretext that they had harbored heretics; burning cities, towns, granaries, homes, vineyards and grow- ing crops, treating the inhabitants with inhuman cruelty, and carrying ofif everything valuable they did not destroy by the torch. A few of these Palatines, headed by their pastor, Joshua Kocherthal, made their way to London and petitioned Queen Anne to include some of then- peo- ple in a company which was soon to be sent out to America; and as the peti- tioners produced evidences alike of their own worth and of their distressful condition, their appeal was favorably received and the queen granted the re- quest, giving them lands free of tax or quitrent, free transportation, seed, agricultural tools and furniture, and provided for their support until their first harvest should be gathered. They were settled on a grant of 2190 acres, above the Highlands of the Hudson, on the west bank of the river, where the city of Xewburg now stands. There they created a thriving community, clearing the lands, bridging the streams, making roads, creating a town and building a church, for which Queen Anne provided a bell. As soon as the colony was in good running order Pastor Kocherthal re- turned to London, and after reporting to the queen, who approved of his pro- posal to add to the number of his compatriot co-religionists, he went to Ger- many, where he brought together three thousand more victims of the persecu- tion of Louis Quatorze, whom he conveyed, by way of Rotterdam, to London. The number was rather staggering: Anne had expected scarce one-tenth as many, and the undertaking to provide for this larger body on the same scale of liberality, as for the smaller band which had preceded them was a much more luirdensome proposition. Some of her advisers suggested sending them to Jamaica, but that did not appear advisable, for climatic and other conditions. It so happened that General Hunter, who was in London, preparing to go to his government of New York, to which he had been appointed, had been consulting with the Admiralty upon a project to secure from the American colonies the supply of naval stores, shij) timbers and masts, for which Norway had been the source of supply. He was deliberating upon this problem when the other one, about the Palatines, was presented, and after some thought he HISTORY OF XEJV YORK presented a pro.qram for the solution of botli. It was simply to take the Pala- tines to America, under a contract to coniljine the production of naval stores and timber material with their homemaking, to settle on the lands allotted to them and not leave them without the approval of the governor, and to manu- facture tar and other naval stores until, at the agreed rate of five pounds per ton, they had repaid the amount advanced them : and as soon as that was done, each settler was to receive forty acres of land to be free of tax or quitrent for fwt years. The voyage was tempestuous. A boat passing from one ship to another was capsized and its occupants drowned, and a sickness carried away others, so that the fleet arrived in New ^"ork with 470 less of the emigrants than had started from London. The locating of the Palatines was finally ac- complished with much difiiculty, and after Governor Hunter had advanced large sums in the project he found great troulile in securing a refund from the home government, which had changed in partisan complexion since he had left England. (Governor Hunter made a friend and adviser of Colonel Lewis Morris, a leading landowner of New Jersey and New York, who was the son of Richard Morris, an officer in Cromwell's Army, who emigrated about 1670 and bought a manor twelve miles square, north and east of the Harlem River, to which he gave the name of Morrisania. He was a wise and judicious counselor to the governor, for whom he had a great friendship. He named after the governor one of his sons, Robert Hunter Morris, who later became chief justice of Pennsylvania. Though Governor Hunter was a devoted member of the Church of England, he became mixed up with religious dissensions due to the intem- perate zeal of Rev. William Vesey, who charged the governor with too much friendliness for dissenters, making bitter complaint to the bishop of Lundon and Earl of Clarendon; and getting other clergymen and laymen to make similar com])laints, all of which were fully answered in letters which the governor and Colonel Lewis Morris sent in refutation, and no harm came to the governor from these attacks. The governor was busy in 171 1 , raising troops and getting appropria- tions from the Assemblies of New York and X^ew Jersey, for the partici- l)ation in the united l)ut, as it proved futile, attack u])ijn Canada. The New N'lirk Assembly raised f 10, 000 and the New Jersey Assembly £5000 for the purpose. The army, which, headed by Lieutenant General Nichol- son, mustered at .\]])any, included Colonel Ingoldesby's regiment of regu- lars completed from ilu- New [ersev troops and three hundred Palatines, who were drafted for the purpose: Colonel Schuvler's New York regiment, filled out with Palatines and Indians; Colonel W'hiting's regiment, raised in C'onnecticut ; and a detachment from the b'i\-e Nations and their allies, LEADIXG SL-IVRHOLDERS OF NEW YORK 173 making an army of 2310 men. A fleet was organized in tlie colonies, under command of Admiral Walker, to cooi)erate with Her Majesty's fleet for the capture of Ouehec, and a message was received from Walker by Gov- ernor Hunter, dated from the uKiuth of the St. Lawrence River, on Au- gust 14th, stating that they were on their way to Quebec and asking for more supplies because of the possibility that the fleet might be icelocked for the winter and The Feversham and transports were sent forward with large supplies of provisions. In September a despatch from General Hill on Her Majesty's ship Windsor told how in a heavy fog on August 22, 171 1, through the ignorance of the pilots shipped at Boston, the fleet had gone on the north shore, losing eight transports and a thousand men, be- sides a full-laden provision ship. Following this disaster the admirals and captains decided that in view of the incompetence of the Boston pilots the ascent of the river must be abandoned as impracticable. General Hill asked Hunter to inform General Nicholson of the news, leaving it to his option whether or not to go on or return with his troops. Nicholson felt that, under the circumstances, he had better postpone the campaign, and the tr(^ops came back. The fleet returned to England, arriving after the loss of another ship, the Edgar, seventy guns, with four hundred men, by an explosion. The war between England and France had a listless course from that time until ended in 1713 by the Peace of Utrecht. The importation to New York of African slaves, which had been in- augurated bv the West India Company was continued under the English regime. The census of New York City, dated June 5. 1712, showed a pop- ulation of 4848 white and 970 black people. A slave mart had been established on Wall Street and the more aristocratic families had each from three to fifteen slaves. Some statistics have been preserved and are cjuoted in Wilson's Memorial History of New York, which says that "in 1704 Widow Van Cortlandt owned nine slaves; Colonel De Peyster, the same; Rip van Dam, six; the widow of Frederick Philipse, whose household com- prised only herself and child, seven; Balthazar Bayard, six; Mrs. Stuy- vesant, five; Captain Morris, seven; while William Smith, of the Manor of St. George, had twelve." In 1712 the town was aroused by a conspiracy of negro slaves, of whom twenty-three met in an orchard, armed with swords, guns, knives and hatchets, planning to capture the town. Cufl^ee, the negro slave of one Vantilburgh, was assigned by the conspirators to start the attack by setting fire to his master's outhouse which he did, then joining the others as they hastened to the fire. When the building began to blaze and citizens hurried to the scene, the negroes fired upon them, killing several. The report of the muskets revealed the conspiracy and a general alarm was given. Governor Hunter promptly ordered a detach- ]-A HISTORY OF XEJJ' YORK ment of soldiers to the scene, and at the first roll of the drums the con- spirators scattered into the adjacent woods. The militia was called out to l)eat the woods and all the conspirators were taken except six, who com- mitted suicide rather than be captured. At the trials, as reported by Gov- ernor Hunter, "twentv-seven were condemned and twenty-one executed; some were burnt, others hang'ed, one broke on the wheel, and one hung alive in chains in the town, so that there has been the most exemplary punishment inflicted that could be thought of." It seems at least to have l)een effective, for there was no further slave uprising for three decades. The Palatines who had come with Hunter caused a great deal of trou- ble with their mistakes and misfortunes. Land-grabbing speculators pre- vented them from getting desirable lands, and laid claims to the various locations thev selected, and the matter was not settled until after the close of the Hunter administration. jacobus van Cortlandt was mayor of New York in 1710, Colonel Caleb Heathcote was mayor from 171 1 to 1713, and John Johnston was mayor from 1713 to 1720. He was a merchant and vessel owner. Among the noteworthv immigrants of the Hunter period were William Smith, who came in 1716 and whose son, \\'illiam Smith, was later notable as historian of New York; James Alexander, who came the same year from Scotland, was a good lawyer and was later appointed by Hunter surveyor general of New Jersey and later attorney-general of New York. He married Mrs. Provoost, a New "S'ork lady, and by lier had a son. AX'illiam, who fell heir to the Earldom of Stirling and afterward figured prominently in the American Revolution. Chief Justice Mompesson died in 171 5, and Colo- nel Lewis Morris was appointed in his stead. General Robert Hunter was one of the best and ablest of the royal governors of New York. He dealt justly according to his light, and wisely within the liounds of his limitations. One of these limitations was con- tained in the instructions given him by the British Colonial Office, which insisted that the Assembly should make grants for long terms. The Assemblv consistently stood for the plan of annual estimates and appro- priations, and u])oii that issue were constantly out of accord with the gov- ernor, until in 1715, with the aid of his friend and adviser, Lewis Morris, he succeeded in securing the election of an Assembly which was more tracta- ble, and which was largelv dominated by Morris, who was a member. This Assemblv readilv acceded to the governor's request for a revenue grant run- ning for three years. Soon after his arrival, in 171 1, Governor Hunter had made an innova- tion bv establishing a Court of Chancery, with himself as chancellor, which had met with strenuous objections from the Assembl}', as the chancery HUXTER RETIRES FROM THE GOVERNORSHIP i:5 jurisdiction had. previous lo that, been in the hands of the governor and Council, jointlv. The legislatures had always contended against the assumption of the right to establish courts as a matter of royal preroga- tive, but the Lords of Trade decided in favor of the governor's right to establish the court. Governor Hunter made many concessions to popular o])inion, which added to his prestige in the province. He permitted the naturalization of the Dutch inhabitants, imposed taxes on British imports for the benefit of the province, and levied tonnage duties on foreign vessels. He appointed Colonel Lewis Morris, who was an able lawyer, to be chief justice of New York and New Jersey, in 171 5, and in addition to judicial duties he con- tinued in his seat in the Assembly. On August 2, 1714, Queen Anne died, and George, Elector of Han- over, was proclaimed king, as George L The news did not reach New York until October 7, and a day or two afterward King George was pro- claimed with appropriate ceremonies, and the fort's name was changed from Fort Anne to Fort George. It was at the close of Governor Hunter's term, in 1710. that the Pres- byterians built their first church in New York City, on a plot which they had bought for church and cemetery in the previous year, in Stoutten- berg's Garden which fronted on the north side of Wall Street, between what is now Nassau Street and Broadway. The building was torn down in 1748 to make room for a larger structure, of stone, which continued as the First Presbyterian Church until 1844. The first pastor was Rev. James Anderson. Governor Hunter notified the General Assembly of his retirement, making a speech in which he felicitated the legislators on the fact that par- tisan rancor, which had been rampant on his accession to the governorship, had entirely disappeared, and wishing the province a great and prosperous future: and Robert Livingston, speaker of the Assembly, re])lied, speaking of the governor and his administration in the most eulogistic terms. Governor Hunter had many reasons for wishing to return to England. He was sufl^ering tortures from sciatica, of which, as he declared in a letter to Secretary Popple of New Jersey, "I have no hope of Ease on this Side. having try'd all remedys. Christian and Pagan. Palenical, Chymical and Whimsical, to no purpose. Aix-la-Chappelle is all my present Comfort." His wife had an inheritance in England, which he wished to secure for his children, and he had expended large sums out of his own funds for the benefit of the Palatines, for which he had made great but futile efforts to secure reimbursement from the British Government, but hoped for better success through personal importunit\-. He had arranged for his return i:(i HISTORV Of Xliir )'ORK carefully and secretly, chiefly in correspondence with his friend, William Burnet, son of Gilbert Burnet, a distinguished divine, who, as bishop of Salisbury from 1689 to 171 5, bad lieen a powerful factor in seating- Wil- liam and Marv on the r)ritish throne, and making- certain the Protestant succession. A\'illiam Burnet had incurred great losses through the bursting of the historic South Sea Bu1)ble, and was desirous of securing some more lucra- tive post than that of comptroller-general of customs for Great Britain, which he then held at a salary of £1200 per annum. That post, with resi- dence in London, seemed to Governor Hunter, in spite of its smaller com- pensation, an attractive one to step into from the governorship of New York. So the two arranged to exchange offices, and as both of them had much influence at court their arrangement was officiall}- ratified. William Burnet was commissioned captain general and governor in chief of New York and New Jersey, and General Hunter took the comptroller-general appointment. He lived in London from 1719 to 1727, associating with that brilliant literarv coterie of which Steele and Swift were then the shining lights (Addison dying in 1719). He was a contributor to The Spectator, author of the famous letter on "Enthusiasm," which was attributed by some to Swift and bv others to Shaftsbury, and was also the reputed author of a farce called "Androboros." In July. 1727, ( ieneral Hunter was appointed gov- ernor of Jamaica, which office he held until his death on that island, ^Larch II. 1734- NEW YORK IN 1674 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM BURNET AND JOHN MONTGOMERIE FIRST NEWSPAPER AND MONTGOMERIE CHARTER When William Burnet came to New York as governor, in 1720, he was thirty-two years of age and a w^idower, his wife, who was a daughter of Rev. Dr. George Stanhope, dean of Canterliury, having died leaving- a son, Gil- bert, who was five years old when he came with his father to New York. The governor arrived September 16, 1720, and published his commission the next day. Making a quick investigation he found that the party which had been politically unfriendly to Governor Hunter had increased in strength since his departure, during which time the government had been administered by Peter Schuvler, senior member of the Council, as acting governor. Governor Burnet therefore determined, instead of the usual course pursued by new governors. of calling for the election of a new Assembly, to summon again the old body which had got along so harmoniously with Governor Hunter. George Clarke, who had been secretary of the province from 1703, made strong objections to this course, but the governor was determined, and the Assembly, called together at Fort George, immediately made a grant for the support of the Provincial Government for fv\t years, and he secured similar action from the legislature of New Jersey. The Council organized by Governor Burnet consisted of Peter Schuyler, Abraham de Peyster, Robert Walters, Gerarclus Beeckman, Rip van Dam, Caleb Heathcote, John Barberie, Adolph Philipse, John Johnston, Francis Har- rison, Thomas Byerly and George Clarke. Peter Schu)'ler and Adolph Philipse, with some others were very earnest in their advocacy of the calling of a new Assembly, and the friction was such that on the request of the gov- ernor, transmitted to the authorities in London, they were removed from the Council, and Dr. Cadwallader Golden and James Alexander, both fast friends of Governor Burnet, were appointed members of the Council in their stead. At the request of Robert Livingston, who, because of his advanced years, wished to resign his place as secretary for Indian ai¥airs, his son Philip was, on the recommendation of Governor Burnet, appointed in his stead. Governor Burnet, in addition to the affairs of state, found pleasant per- sonal occupation, and as the result of it, in aliout eight months after his arrival in the province, he married, in May, 1721, Anna Maria van Home. She was born in New York in January, 1702, being the daughter of Abraham and Mary (Provoost) van Home, and granddaughter of David Provoost. Her father, who was a Dutchman whose knowledge of English was very irS HISTORY OF XEIV YORK limited, was one of the wealthiest merchants of Xew York, and had a bolting- mill and baking- house in Wall Street. When Colonel Abraham de Peyster became incapacitated from further service in the Council, in ij22, the governor secured the appointment of his father-in-law. Abraham van Home, to the place, and he remained a member of the Council until his death, in 1741. Burnet found a serious problem in the increasing traffic of French traders from Canada with the Indians in the province of Xew York. Boitnd up with the incursions of these traders and of Jesuit missionaries was a national desire to so attach the Indians to the French that at some opportune time they would allv themselves with the French to capture the province from the Eng- lish. As the French traders procured in Xew York the goods which they after- w-ard sold to the Indians, Burnet conceived the idea that the most effective way to stop French aggression was to prohibit the sale to the French of merchan- dise, such as the Indians desired, and to open up ways for the Indian needs to be su])plied bv traders who were stil^jects of King George, at ])rices with which the French could not compete. As part of his plan he put a bill through the legislature, by the efforts of Lewis Morris, which ]irohibited all sales of goods to the French under a penalty of forfeiture of the articles so sold and a fine of £100 additional. The Xew York merchants who had been engaged with ])rofit in the sale of goods to the Montreal traders made vigorous protest, and laid the matter before the British Lords of Trade, which suggested a modificatiDu, but otherwise fully sustained the governor, and in 1726 an act was passed which imposed a tax of thirty shillings per piece on sales to the French of "strouds," as the kind of English cloth in demand among the Indians was called, from the citv of Stroud, in Kent, where it was woven. The same goods, if sold to English traders, were taxed only fifteen shillings per piece. To push his ])olicy Governor Btn-net depended not only on legislation, but also on active efforts to encourage the colonials to engage more vigorously in Indian trade. He held various conferences with the Indians and sectired their friendshi]); obtained legislation from the Assemblv authorizing the renewal of the stockades amund Albany and Schenectady, which were in a state of decay, and permitting the Albany authorities to erect two new blockhouses for home protection. He established a trading post at Oswego in 1722, thus for the first time i)lanting the English flag on the Great Lakes. This, while not nmch liked by the Troqtiois. or Six X'^ations, turned out a \ery ])rofitable policy for the English. Peter Schuyler, Jr., son of the ex-president of the Council, with eight other young traders, established a great business. The new duties enabled them to sell goods much more cheaply than the b'rench traders, and the busi- ness in furs greatly increased, though at first there was a considerable falling off of the business of some merchants who had been supph'ing Montreal traders. SOa.lL LIFE UXPER GOJ'ERXOR BUKXET 179 The social life of New York City was bright and gay- The governor was a handsome man of excellent manners, genial and affable, and his wife was a social favorite; so the governor's mansion at Fort George at the Battery was the scene of man}- noteworthy gatherings of the best colonial society. Manv of the wealthier classes maintained elaborate establishments, and Secre- tary Clarke and a few others owned spinets, those queer little jingle-boxes which were the crude forerunners of the pianoforte. "Likely negro men and wenches" fetched from £45 to £60; and besides those already in the colony or brought from the other colonies there were directly imported from Africa 703 negro slaves during the seven years from 1720 to 1726. The negro slave market established in 1709 at the foot of Wall Street was still in operation. As a consequence of the ordinance passed in 1708 to permit Broadway residents to plant trees in front of their houses, that thoroughfare presented a very attractive appearance all the way to the Common, where at the upper end of the present City Hall Park, there was a famous spring of excellent water over which a large pump had been placed. The well-water downtown was of execrable quality, so the people secured water for their tea from this ])unip. which men carried in carts and sold to customers. This "Tea-Water Pump" was one of the leading institutions of the city until the early part of the Nineteenth Century. Not far from the pump was the public gallows. While tea was a favorite beverage, it did not displace a general liking for stronger waters. Everybody drank, not onl\- of the beer and hard cider made at home, Init also of rum imported largely from Jamaica and retailed at two shillings and ninepence the gallon, and of wine brought from Madeira, while some of the Dutch residents continued to prefer Schiedam schnapps. Trade increased considerably both in imports and exports, but particu- larlv the latter. Imports for the period, 171 7-1 723 averaged £21,254, and from 1723 to 1727 averaged £27,480 vearly, while the exports, which averaged £53.389 from 1 71 7 to 1723, averaged £73,000 per annum from 1723 to 1727, notwithstanding the obstruction to commerce caused by frequent captures of vessels by the pirates who infested the neighboring seas and coasts. Municipal finances were very sim])le in those days. The receipts of the city for the seven years from 1721 to 1727 inclusive, were £317'^, and the dis- bursements for the same period were £2187. There was due the city in 1728 a total of £1384, and there had never been a i^enny of bonded debt. The resources of the citv were increased in 1728 by a lease, on better terms, of the ferry ])rivilege between the citv and Long Lsland, the term being- for five years, and the rental £258 yearly. The City of New York claimed this right of ferriage exclusivelv, and the legislature backed that view of the matter, though the little Dutch village of Breukelen, a mile inland, asked for the right to estal)lish a ferrv of its own, which was not granted. ISO HISTORY OF XFJV YORK Opposition to the governor was for the first few vears confined to the dis- missed councilors, Peter Schuyler and Adolph Philipse, and a few who sup- ported them in their demand for a new legislature, but there were many who objected to the active assumption by the governor of the functions of chan- cellor. A case came up in reference to Rev. Louis Rou, pastor of the flourish- ing Huguenot congregation, L'Eglise du Saint llsprit. It had a stone build- ing in Pine Street, and after Mr. Rou succeeded James Laborie in the pas- torate, in i/io, it increased in membership so that several years later Rev. J. J. Moulinars was called as assistant pastor. In the autumn of 1724 the Consistory of the church dismissed the pastor, appointing Mr. Moulinars t^^ the place. Mr. Rou protested against dismissal and was backed by many of his parishioners, and the council, after a hearing, declared the dismissal was irregular and unlawful, but as the Consistory declined to reinstate the pastor he filed a bill in chancery to compel them tn produce their contract with him. Governor Burnet, acting as chancellor, overruled a plea by the Consistory to the jurisdiction of the court, whereupon the suit was drop- ped, Mr. Rou was reinstated and those of the defeated faction left the church, and charged their defeat to Governor Burnet, who was an inti- mate friend of the victorious pastor. The most powerful of the disgruntled faction was Stephen DeLancey, who was a man of much influence in local and provincial afifairs. Adolph Philipse, who had a bill in chancery dis- missed by the governor, for want of equity, found in this ruling new cause for enmity, and both he and DeLancey were open in their expressions of ill will against the governor. At the meeting of the Assembly, in 1725, Adolph Philipse was elected speaker and Stephen DeLancey was one of the new members chosen to fill vacancies. \\'hen DeLancey presented himself to c^ualify for the place. Gov- ernor Burnet unwisely refused to administer the oaths to him until he had proved his citizenship. Later, after consulting Chief Justice Morris, the governor receded from this position, but his action in the matter had in- creased DeLancey's hostility. After a few weeks session in which several bills intended to embarrass the governor and Chief Justice Morris were passed the Assembly adjourned. In the spring it met again, but instead of renewing the appropriation for five years, as asked by the governor, they only provided for three years, so he dissolved the Assembly, which had been in ofiice for eleven years. In 1726 he called a new one, which proved no less intractable, except that they approved his Indian policy, and his propo- sition to build a stone fortress at the mouth of the Onondaga River. Gov- ernor Burnet, being thus empowered, set about the work at once and the French, after erecting a fort at Niagara, sent a demand to New York that the fort at Osweo-o be abandoned. BURXET SEXT TO MASSACHUSETTS 181 Burnet, on the accession of George II, ordered the election of a new Assembly, which convened September 30, 1727, and adjourned November 25 following. There had been no friction between the Assembly and the governor about legislation, although it was dominated by Philipse and De- Lancey, but there had come, meanwhile, the tidings that the new monarch had appointed a new governor for New York, and so the opportunity seemed ripe to give Burnet a volley. On the last day of the session, be- fore the Assembly adjourned, it adopted resolutions denouncing the Court of Chancery set up by the governor, and declaring a purpose to pass an act at the next session declaring all the acts, proceedings and decrees of that court null and void, coupled with denunciations of the tyranny and violent measures of the court. The governor, greatly incensed, dissolved the Assembly. He had reason to be indignant, for whatever may be said of the merits of the contention that a court should not have been created without the consent of the legislature, as a matter of political ethics, it is still true that as the law then stood it was on the side of the governor's right to do as he did; and the criticism of the governor's acts as chancellor was entirely untruthful and unjust, for his rulings seem to have been marked by an endeavor to judge rightly. Burnet and his friends, when the news came that he was to be trans- ferred to the governorship of Massachusetts, tried to have the order changed, but the word came back that he had been chosen, because of his abilities "to manage the troublesome people of Massachusetts," and the king's service required that he should make the sacrifice; so he made no further effort. He was in great sorrow at this period, for after Mrs. Burnet had borne him a son on the morning of August 7, 1727, she be- came very ill, and she and her child were buried together, after a few days, in the chapel within the fort. He had three other children, William, Thomas and Mary, by this wife, who survived their mother. Though he had enemies, Governor Burnet was liked by a majority of the people in New York, and was very popular in New Jersey. In Massa- chusetts he had a controversy with the Assembly in endeavoring to have that body carry out the king's instructions in the matter of appropria- tions, but did not succeed in inducing the legislature to accede. His term was short, for he died of pneumonia September 7, 1729. At the time of his death he had only been in Massachusetts a few months, for although his successor in New York, Colonel John Mont- gomerie, had been appointed August 12. 1727, he did not reach Xew York until April 15, 1728. During the administration of Governor Burnet as governor, the city had three mayors: first, Richard Walters, an Englishman, who was a mer- 1S5 HISTORY OF XHJV YORK chant, and son-in-law of Jacob Leisler, and was mayor from 1720 to 1725; then Johannes Jansen, who after nine years' service in the Common Coun- cil was elected mayor in 1725. serving one year. He was succeeded by Robert Lurting, who served from 1826 to 1735. He was of Enolish liirth, came to New York as a voung man, became a successful merchant and married the widow of a rich merchant named Richard Jones. In the history of the administration of Governor P.urnet no event is more important, historically, than the fact that it saw the inauguration of the newspaper in New York City. AA'illiam Bradford, born in Leicester, England, in 165S, learned the printing trade in that country, and being a Quaker, was brought by W'illiam Penn to America in 1682, and was thus one of the founders of Philadelphia. In 1685 he established in Philadel- phia the first printing press south of New England and the third in the colonies, and in 1691 was tried for seditious libel, but acquitted by the jurv. Governor Fletcher, after his acquittal, invited him to New York, where he arrived in 1693, and was appointed public printer for the province of New York at a salary of £50 per annum, and later was also appointed printer to the government of New Jersey. He printed, besides |)ublic laws and documents, many of the early books and pamphlets of the colonies, and had desired to start a newspaper several years before, under Gover- nor Burnet, he was permitted to do so. On October 16, 1725, he issued the first number of the New York Gazette, the fourth news])a])er in the colo- nies. William L. Stone, in the monograph chapter written in 1893 on the "Newspapers and Magazines of New York," in (General Wilson's Memo- rial History of New York City, says of this publication: "Bradford's Gazette was printed on a half sheet of foolscap, with large and almost worn-out type. There is a large volume of these papers in the New York Society Library, in good preservation, and a few numbers also in the New York Historical Society. The advertisements do not average more than three or four a week, and are mostly of runaway negroes. The ship news is diminutive enough, now and then a ship and some half-dozen sloops arriving and leaving in the course of a week. Such was the daily news- paper published in the metropolis of America one hundred and sixty-eight years ago!" John Montgomerie, who succeeded Burnet in the governorship of New York, was a Scot from Dumfries-shire. He had been reared to the profes- sion of arms and reached the rank of colonel, but he became a member of Parliament, and attached to the court of George, Prince of Wales, as groom of the bedchamber. He became an intimate and favorite of the prince, who, u|)on his accession to the throne, ga\e Montgomerie his choice of various positions, and he selected that of governor of New ^'ork and New Jersey. THE MOXTGOMERIE CHARTER 183 When he arrived in New \'ork in April, 1728, he went through the usual ceremonies of induction, and followed the estahlished custom of calling the Indian chiefs together and telling them how much His Majesty George II loved them, making them \ari(ius presents to ])r()\e it. He called a new Assembly, and as he was not insistent in his demands for any- thing, he secured a liberal grant, running for five years, with less trouble about the matter than any of his predecessors. The new governor was a man of good uK^ral character, but intellec- tuallv dull and temperamentally indolent. He had the virtue of modesty, however, and was fullv aware of his limitations. Therefore he decided not to preside over the Court of Chancery, although under the law that was one of the functions of his oiTice as chief magistrate. But he gave the \erv excellent reason that he lacked both knowledge and ability for the proper performance of the duties of the office, an example of reasonable- ness which might often have been followed with great benefit to the coun- trv, but which has seldom been imitated in the history of American offi- cialdom. Soon after Montgomerie"s arrival the boundary line between New York and Connecticut, which in some of its detail had still remained a subject of dispute, was settled by actual survey upon the lines which are still retained. But the most important thing which occurred during the administration of Montgomerie and bears his name, is the Montgomerie Charter of the City of New York. The city had been governed under the charter of 1686, known as the "Dongan Charter," which had been promul- gated by Governor Dongan and signed by the Duke of York; and under a supplemental charter relating to ferr_\- i)rivileges, granted by Lord Corn- bury in 1708. There was some question as to the strict legality of the Dongan instrument, which was a proprietary charter, and had not been ciinfirmed bv the crown after the accession of the Duke of York to the throne under the title of James II. Needs of the city had from time to time been developed which did not seem to be sufficiently covered by the existing charters and, therefore, the corporation laid before the governor and his council, August 6, 1830, a petition for the issue of a royal charter by His Majesty George II. in which certain grants and privileges, addi- tional to those embodied in the existing charters, were outlined. This ]ietition was referred to a committee headed by James Alexander, a mem- lier of the Council, who had been surveyor general and attorney-general, and who was during the next quarter of a century to take a leading place among those who made the history of New York. After a week the com- mittee reported, with some amendments in the form and substance of the charter, which was unaniniouslv aj^proved by the Council and then trans- 184 HISTORY OF XE]V YORK mitted to England for consideration of the authorities there. It was ap- proved there and received the king's seal, and was forniallv presented to the city February ii, 1731 (O. S., or February 22d, N. S.). exactly one year to a day, before the birth of George Washington. The presentation was made to the city officials headed by Robert Lurting, who was named in the charter as mayor, at whose nomination John Cruger, one of the aldermen, was appointed deput}- mayor by the governor. Francis Harrison, the recorder, read a verv flattering address, to the governor, full of praise of his "just and wise administration," and of his bountiful goodness in permitting the city to receive this valuable charter. The charter was very thorough in its provisions, covering practically every detail necessary for the thorough and efticient government of the city. The mayor continued to be appointed by the governor of the province and afterward by the governor of the State, until 1834; but the Montgomerie Charter still applies in many of its provisions as a part of the organic law of the city, and still merits the comment made upon it in 1836 by Chan- cellor Kent, who said of it in a treatise on "The Charter of the City of New York, with Notes Thereon": "This last charter is entitled to our respect and attachment for its venerable age and the numerous blessings and great commercial prosperity which have accompanied the due exercise of its powers," and further adds, "It remains to this day with much of its origi- nal form and spirit, after ha\ing received by statute such modifications and such a thorough enlargement in its legislative, judicial and executive branches, as were best adapted to the genius and wants of the people, and to the astonishing growth and still rapidly increasing wealth and magni- tude of the city." It was only a few months after the promulgation of this important charter that Governor Montgomerie's term was ended by his death. He had been ill only a few days, and as his demise seemed imminent the Council was summoned during the night, and the governor gave clear in- structions that until the next governor should come from England the member of the Council who had served the longest should be acting gov- ernor and president of the Council. The go\-ernor died at five o'clock on the morning of July i. 1831, and an hour later the Council met in formal session and recognized President Rip van Dam as governor pro tciu. CHAPTER NINETEEN THE VAN DAM INTERREGNUM AND THE COSBY ADMINISTRATION-ZENGER'S "JOURNAL" AND THE FIGHT FOR A FREE PRESS Van Dam was a Dutchman, thonoh a native of Albany, at which place his father was an Indian trader when it was called Fort Oranoe and the province New Netherland. Claes Ripse van Dam was a successful business man and his son Rip was brought up in the Dutch settlement in which he was born. The date of his birth is not accurately known, but is some date be- tween 1662 and 1670. He came to New York City when he entered upon his business life and engaged in the West India trade, first as a captain and after- wards as owner of vessels. During the Leisler troubles he was on the side of the old Council, his signature appearing on one of the petitions against Leisler. He had accumulated a large fortune in trade, had married a wife of Dutch extraction who bore him fifteen children, and until his mature manhood his social relations were almost exclusively Dutch. Of him and Abraham van Home, the father-in-law of Governor llurnet, a contemporary writer, says: "If they understand the common discourse, "tis as much as they do." When Bellomont was enforcing the English navigation laws with much vigor, Van Dam was one of those hardest hit and loudest in complaint, as he was one of those whose vessels were seized, and he was one of the most vigorous opponents of the earl's policy. He was one of the signers of a peti- tion sent bv the New York merchants to the king, protesting against Bello- mont's acts. The agitation of that period led him into politics, and he pro- cured election to the Assembly, in 1699. That body was strongly favorable to Bellomont, and A"an Dam led the opposition party, and during the ad ijitcriiii administration of Lieutenant Governor Nanfan, he had been in harmou}- with the party of Nicholas Bayard. He thus was found in harmony with the new governor, Lord Cornbury, who took the same side and dismissed Abraham de Peyster, Robert Walters and Dr. Samuel Staats from the Council, appointing new members in their place, of whom one was Rip van Dam. He had con- tinued in the Council under Cornbury and the succeeding governors for twenty-nine years, and the death of Montgonierie found him the senior mem- ber, and as such entitled to the executive ofiice until the king should send a successor. The fact that a Dutchman was once more governor was very pleasing to the large citizenry of Netherlander origin in New York, and although in earlier years he had been inimical to many of his compatriots, who had espoused the 18G HISTORY OF XHIJ' YORK Leislerian side, the animosities and alignments of that period had largely dis- appeared, and he was a prominent and active memher of the Reformed Dntch Church. \'an Ham. taking otiice July i, jyj\i. had a peaceful administration of thirteen months, heing- thoroughly familiar with the needs of the province and encountering no partisan opposition. Dttr- ing this interregnum the French, disre- garding the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, built a fort at Crown Point, near the southern end of Lake Champlain. and \'an Dam. hearing of this hostile move, sent the news to the Assembly, to which he later sent a letter from Governor Belcher, of [Massachusetts, on the same subiect. The completion of a new Dutch church, while A'an Dam was the executive, was a notable event of the administration, and the occasion was commemorated by making a plate of the building and dedi- cating the plate to Governor \'an Dam, who was an ardent Reformed Church man. It was located on a large plot of ground on the east side of Nassau Street, extending from Cedar to Liberty Streets. X'aluable, from a historical standpoint, was a census of the inhaliitants of the province of Xew York, made by the sheriffs of the ten counties (New York. Albany. Queens, Suft'olk, W'estches- tor. Lister, Kings. Orange, Richmond and Dutchess), taken during the administration of \\an Dam. The total population of the province was 50.280. of whom 43,058 were white and 7231 were black. Race suicide had not become a common social crime in those days, for there were lf^^)l6 of the whites and 2446 of the blacks who were under ten years of age: 10,243 white boys, 6673 white girls; 1402 black boys and 1044 black girls. Of the older people there were, over ten years of age, 14.613 white males and 11.529 white females; and of blacks (nearly all slaves). 2fj32 males and 1853 females. In the City of New York the total population was S622 (4556 males and 4066 females), of which 7045 (3771 males and 3274 females) were white, and 1577 (785 males and 792 females) were black, chiefly slaves. Of the white population. 4876 (2628 males and 2250 females) were over ten years of age. and 2167 (1143 boys and 1024 girls) were children under ten years of age. Of the blacks. 1206 (599 males and 607 females) MIDDLE DUTCH CHURCH Nassau and Cedar Streets COLOXEL COSBY BECOMES GOJ'ERNOR 187 were over ten years of age, and 371 (18O boys and 185 girls) were under ten years of age. These figures are deduced from an interesting table copied from an original contemporaneous document belonging to the late General J. Watts de Peyster, and published in General Wilson's Memorial History of the Citv of New- York. New York had the largest total population, having forty- nine more people than Albany County, but the latter had 255 more white popu- lation than New York, and Suffolk, also, is credited with twenty-nine more whites than New York. Suffolk also returns 715 Indian population, and is the only one of the counties in which the sheriff attempted to count the aborigines. On February 4, 1732, the Lords of Trade notified \^an Dam that His Majesty had appointed Colonel William Cosby to succeed the late Governor Montgomerie, and the new governor arrived in August, 1732, to begin what proved to be a short, but nevertheless a ttirbulent administration. The old fight for popular rights against the extreme assertion of royal prerogative, which had been entirely quelled by the good-humored non-assertiveness of Montgomerie and the wisdom of V^an Dam, was renewed with a vigor which kept it alive until it Inirned out in the fires of the Revolution. William Cosby, an Irishman, was born about 1695, had entered the army, in which he had attained the rank of colonel in the Roval Irish Brigade, and had served as governor of Minorca and the Leeward Islands. Having married Grace, the sister of the Earl of Halifax, his wife held the courtesy title of "Lady," and Colonel Cosby w^as one of the friends and proteges of the Duke of Newcastle, and was a man of influence in the corrupt court circle where practically e\'ery leading man of the go\'ernment "had an itching palm to sell and mart his ofiice for gold to undeservers." It was the golden age of bribery and corruption in Britain, and Cosby was fullv iml)ued with the spirit of that era. Lender that system a colonial appointment was looked upon as an oppor- tunity for amassing a fortune by fair means or foul, and Colonel Cosby had a keen eve for the main chance. W'ith him came to New York his wife, Lady Cosby, his son, and his two daughters. Arriving at ten o'clock in the evening, he was met by the soldiery of the fort and city, by the members of the Council and the city corporation, and many of the gentry and merchants. The next day he was escorted in state to the City Hall in Wall, at the head of Broad Street, on the site now occupied by the United States Subtreasury, and after he had read his commission and assumed his office he was escorted in like pomp to the governor's house, in the fort. Those in New York who had come to regard themselves as "people of quality," who were fond of gayety and brilliant functions, were elated that so fine a courtier, so closely allied to the English aristocracy and the ruling faction at the British court, had come to reign over them. Dinners and balls. 188 HISTORY OF NEW YORK which in lavisli hospitahty and splendor had never been surpassed, if equaled, in the colony, were frequent features of the social reign of Governor and "My Lady" Cosby. The governor's son, William, was pro- vided for with a lucrative post in the New Jersev government. The daughters were both attractive figures in social life, and the elder had been an acknowledged belle in the king's court, so popular that she had left many suitors behind. One of these was Lord Augustus Fitzroy, son of the Duke of Grafton and grandson of the first duke, who was a natural son of Charles IL He was so smitten with her charms that he quickly followed her to New York, arriving in October, and sued for her hand. But the governor, though evidently delighted w'ith the semiroyal suitor, whom he entertained royally, was careful. His Grace the Duke, at home, might not be favorable, for the Grafton dukedom was of so high a rank that a union even with so notable a family as that of Cosby might be regarded as a mesalliance. But he was duly olisefjuious to My Lord Augustus, who was a pleasant, cultured young Briton, and was feted by the governor and the corporation. He was given the freedom of the citv, the certificate of his freemanship being received by him from the "worshipful" hands of the mayor in a gold box. on which the arms of the citv were engraved, which honor he accepted in a graceful little speech. The governor remained unresponsive to the pleadings of the distin- guished lover, but "love laughs at locksmiths." In this case the two lovers were inside the fort walls, and a clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Campbell, out- side, who climbed over the wall without challenge, and married the pair without license of the authorities or consent of the bride's father. Rumor, which sometimes hits the mark, credited Lady Cosby with managing the whole affair, but the governor was as righteously indignant against the clergyman for performing an illicit, though perfectly legal marriage, and prosecuted him for it, but he was not given any punishment of importance, and Cosby was proud of the added importance given to his family by this connection. A son of this marriage afterward became Duke of Grafton, and ancestor of the succeeding dukes. The social splendors surrounding the gubernatorial court shone bril- liantly against a dark background of ignorance, wretchedness and slavery in the lower ranks of society. In the population of less than nine thou- sand there were, besides the fifteen hundred black slaves, several hundred whitr Ixindslaves. who were fre(|ucntly sold from tlic same auction block as tlie negroes and other merchandise. Thus an advertisement in the New ^'ork Gazette of September ii, 1732, during the heydey of the Cosby fes- ti\ities, advertises as "just arrived from Great Britain, and to be sold on Ixiard the shij) Alice and Elizabeth. Captain Faire, commander, several likely AW'lsh and English servant-men, most of them tradesmen." It goes SOCIAL SPLENDORS AND WHITE SLAFERV 189 on to say that these are to be seen at Air. Hazarcrs, in New York, where are also to be sold "several negro girls and a negro boy, and likewise good Cheshire cheese." These "Welsh and English" slaves were criminals, ban- ished from their native land for crimes, while negroes were stolen from Africa or bought from traders on the AVest Coast who had brought them from the interior of the Dark Continent. Under such conditions of slave and convict labor, the more industrious and intelligent class of workmen would not come to the colony, and that is the reason why the population of New York grew so much more slowly than the surrounding provinces. In New England, too, there was a more democratic spirit and a greater measure of self-government, for there the town meeting had been estab- lished in full power, while in New York the government was aristocratic, and the governor ruled with almost despotic power. Coarse manners, civic wrong and iniustice were the rule, while liquor was consumed in large quantities by people of all classes and Madeira wine and Jamaica rum were articles of common consumption and were served at all social gatherings. Pirates, African slavers and bad men of the sea from all nations made New York their rendezvous. Governor Cosby's Council consisted of Rip van Dam, the president; George Clarke, Francis Harrison, James Alexander, Cadwallader Colden, Abraham van Home, Archibald Kennedy, James DeLancey and Philip van Cortlandt, all of whom had served under Montgomerie and Van Dam; and two additional members, Daniel Horsmanden and Henry Lane were ap- pointed by Cosby. Before leaving England, Governor Cosby had for sev- eral months after his appointment exercised himself to prevent the pas- sage of a sugar bill which would have been very inimical to the colonial trade, and succeeded in defeating this bill in the House of Lords, and for this and other services he received £2400 before he left. After the Council was organized for business Cosby produced a royal order for an equal division of the salary, emoluments and perquisites of the office of governor, between Van Dam and Cosby, from the date of the latter's commission until he assumed the duties of the office, and at once made a demand on Van Dam that he should give him half of the amount, less than £2000, which he had received during his incumbency of the gov- ernorship. A^an Dam refused, except on the condition that Cosby should in return pay him half of the perquisites he had received in England. Van Dam's refusal was so evidently just and the demand for his salary was so evidently an act of oppression that the stand of the popular jiresident was backed by the approval of a large majority of the inhabitants. Cosby, whose cupidity was only exceeded by his fatuous obstinacy, determined to prosecute A'an Dam to recover the money he claimed, and 190 HISTORY OF XEW YORK to effect this he had recourse to the most unpopular moans he could have devised. He revived that triliunal, hated by the populace, the Court of Chancery. The legality of such a court had been denied by many of the ablest lawyers, and as the governor was, under the constitution of the court, also c.v officio its chancellor, it was regarded as an instrument of oppression. In the case of Van Dam, however, he could not sit as a judge in his own suit, so he appointed James DeLancey, Adolphus Philipse and Chief Justice Lewis Morris to sit as equitv judges in the trial of \'an Dam, in an Exchequer Court. Cosbv was sure of DeLancey and Philipse, but Alorris he knew nothing about, except that he was the head of the ju- diciary of New York and New Jersey. \'an Dam was intensely popular, especially with the Dutch citizens, and he had increased in favor with the ])eople, l)ecause for more than a vear before he had ruled the colony with justice and wisdom. Party spirit was aroused to a white heat by the new attack on the people's liberties, which thev felt to be implied in the prosecution of \"an Dam. The charge was the improper withholding of public moneys, and Van Dam was defended by James Smith and James Alexander, men who then and thereafter stood at the front of the New ^'ork Bar. They took a bold and defiant stand, objected to the jurisdiction of the court as an illegal tribunal, declaring that neither the governor, the Rioyal Council or the king himself had anv right to establish courts not auth<^rized by the Assembly of New York. Chief Justice ^ylorris, to the surprise and consternation of his colleagues, at once delivered an opinion in favor of this plea to the ju- risdiction, and although DeLancey and Philipse gave opposing opinions overruling the chief justice, the case went no further, no testimony on the merits was introduced and the Court of Exchef|uer went out of business. V"an Dam had won his fight, the public was elated and Cosby was in a rage. The beaten governor wrote to the Duke of Newcastle in a short time after the trial, asking for the removal of James Alexander, whom he de- clared to be a man of "very bad character," and asked that a Captain Dick l)e appointed in his place. Of course the strictures ujjon Alexander were pure inventions, but Cosby pursued all whom he could not control, with implacable hatred. He wrote in a most insulting manner to Chief Justice ^b>rris, asking him for a copy of his opinion in the \ an Dam case, inti- mating that it was treasonable and that it had Iteen corruptly ])rocured. Morris had the o|)inion printed and sent the governor a reply to his letter, which was couched in the most dignified and eft'ective language, and a bold declaration of the independence of the judiciary. Lnable to make any an- swer to this, the governor appointed \-oung James DeLancey chief justice in ])lace of Morris; and DeLancev, besides assunnng the chief justiceship, COSBY DEPOSES CHIEF JUSTICE MORRIS I'M became the leader of the court party. With him were Chirke, only second in seniority in the Council to \'an Dam; Francis Harrison, who was a lawyer of distinction; and a majority of the Council. Cosby kept up the social whirl at the governor's mansion in the fort, and continued a correspondence with the court circle in London. Many of the wealthier people maintained their alliance with the Cosby ]xarty, and others, who liked to be counted as of the aristocracy, flocked to the balls and din- ners that were given by the governor, and listened with eagerness to the charming gossip there retailed, about My Lord This and My Lady That, and the latest London scandal, in which the names of dukes, marquises, earls and viscounts were freely used. The legislature, which had been called together after the governor's arrival, was the old Assembly of Montgomerie's time, and although he had received for his services in the sugar bill matter £2400 in London, he de- manded more. The Assembly, though the revenues were low and the province was in debt because of expenditures for the defense of the frontier, reluctanctly made a special grant of f 1000, besides fixing his salary at £1500. The legislature asked to be dismissed, but Cosby did not wish to risk an election, so in spite of the generosity (as salaries went in the colonies in those days) of these grants, and other allowances for expenses and per- quisites, Cosby sneered at the smallness of his income, and proceeded to increase his income by selling offices and special privileges, unless he was greatly slandered. The legislature was not jx-rmitted to meet, so Cosby and his Council had things their own way, and had the chief justice to back them up. There was a newspaper, Bradford's (iazette, but Bradford was also public printer and therefore a satellite of the governor, and his paper was closed to any complaint against the actions of the ruling party. Cosby was working in every way possible to discredit Van Dam and Alexander, hoping for permission from the Lords of Trade to dismiss them from the Council. So these men, with Morris and other brilliant and rising men — the Livingstons, Cadwallader Colden of the Council, and more, decided to establish a journal that should be free from official anchorage. For editor and printer they secured John Peter Zender, a German, who had come out to New York as a boy, on a free passage granted by Queen Anne. He had learned the printing art in Bradford's office. To him was entrusted the preparation and issue of The New ^'ork Weekly Journal, a small folio sheet printed from old and worn type, on poor i)aper. with indifferent jiress work and slovenly proof reading, the first number of which appeared No- vember 5, 1733. Except mechanically it was as good a paper as its con- temporary, the Gazette, and it had as large an advertising patronage. In V.>-; HISTORY OF NEW YORK its contributed articles it was ]:)rilliant and startling. Essavs. under the uoiii dc guerre of "Cato," and lesser literary productions, were supplied from a club of talented men who met weekly and compared notes on the forthcoming number of the paper. Through all tlie essays runs the one motif: the Lil)ertv i>f the Press. Trite as the theme is to us of the Twentieth Century, it had the bloom of novelty when, in \o\-ember, 1733, Zenger put forth the first number of his Journal. It is true that ninety-nine years before, England's noblest pen had produced the deathless "Areopagitica" on the same theme. But Milton's prose was scarcely known in the province of New York. The press had little libert}' in England or its colonies, and in New York or the other colonies there had been little printed comment on the shortcomings of those in authority. In these essays were, for the first time in America, candid discussions of the principles of lilierty. Discussions of the abstract question of the respect due to a governor (unnamed ) who has turned rogue, and done a thousand things for which a small rogue would deserve a halter; of wasteful luxury in court entertain- ments ; of s}-cophantic officials ; and of a thousand other things like those going on in New York, and manv wittv sallies directed at the court party and particularly at Francis Harrison, made the Journal extremely popular, not only at home, but also abroad through Connecticut to Boston, and south to Philadelphia and Charleston, in which latter city it inspired the estab- lishing of another journal to take \.\\) the same refrain of libertv and popular rights. Thus beyond its local l)earing, which was important, the little paper of John Peter Zender was a spark which raised the flame of desire for lib- erty that in a half century should drive out all royal governors, and all the liosts of sycophants and timeservers in their train. A letter found in the house of Tames Alexanfler. threatening ruin to him and all his family, created a sensation. x'\lexander and his friends, carefully examining the letter, concluded that it was in the handwriting of Francis Harrison, and the Journal made the news public. The matter was presented to the grand jury, which refused to indict on the evidence of a similarity of handwriting. Meanwhile Harrison had denied furiously the charge against him and had gone to the Journal office, threatening to whip the editor. Meanwhile the wrath of Cosby against the Journal and the literary coterie behind it grew darker and deeper, and had its reflection in the expressed "highest wish" to see Alexander and Smith both on a gallows at the fort gate. Cadwallader Colden. gentleman, scholar and litterateur, figured in the governor's correspondence with England as an "infamous MORRIS ELECTED TO THE .-ISSEMBLV I'l:! fellow, not to l)e trusted." AIr)rris, whd had been ousted from the judiciary by the governor, had retired to his estate of ]\Iorrisania, but in 1733, there being a vacancy in the Assembly from Westchester, he Itecame a candidate for the place. Against him the governor's party put up William Forster. Esq., formerly schoolmaster, but now, by the grace of Cosbv (and, common report had it, the sum of one hundred ])istoles to him in liand ])aid), clerk of the peace and justice of the Common Pleas for the Count\- of Westchester. Besides the insinuation about the hundred pistoles, he was said to be a Jacobite. The story of the election as told in Zenger's paper is full of life and figure: fifty voters watching all night at the polling ])lace at East Chester to guard against fraud by the governor's agents. Large cavalcades massing at New Rochelle in such numbers that after being entertained lavishlv at the houses of sympathetic partisans, many of them, for whom there was no sleeping room, bivouac in the street around a big bonfire. Joined at davbreak bv seventy more voters from the lower end of the county, a brisk ride takes them all to Westchester, where they move to the polling place, in order led by two trumpeters and two violinists, mounted: then In' four free- holders bearing banners inscribed "King George" and, on the reverse, "Liberty and Law." Then followed the candidate. Lewis Morris, and two color bearers, and following, three hundred of the principal freeholders of the county, the whole procession entering the town of East Chester at sun- rise. The counter jfrocession was headed Ijy the candidate, Forster, two freeholders bearing colors: James DeLancey, chief justice, and Frederick Philipse, second judge. Following were one hundred and seventy free- holders. Forster was greeted with cries of "Xo Pretender!" After about an hour's wait the liigh sherifi: appeared. The electors gathered to their groups. Morris had an undoubted majority, but the other side demanded a poll. A (Juaker ])resented himself, one of the largest jM-operty owners. The high sheritt refused to receive his vote unless he would take the usual oath, which he would not do. [Morris and his friends claimed he had a right to vote on affirmation, but the high sheritt, a Cosbv appointee, backed by DeLancey, refused to permit thirty-seven Quakers to vote: but all in vain, for Morris carried the poll by a large majority. A few days after, when Alorris entered New York, riding down from Morrisania to Xew York, it was made an occasion of general rejoicing. Met by a large number of the lead- ing citizens and merchants, greeted by salutes from every vessel in the har- bor, he was conducted in procession (large numbers of the populace follow- ing) until the Black Horse Tavern was reached, and there a banquet was spread, where the triumph of ]\Iorris and the things he stood for was cele- brated. 1!I4 HISTORY 01- Xllir YORK The Assembly met in April, 1734, and took up the subject of impending- danger from France, which was then engaged, in combination with Spain and Sardinia, against the German emperor. England had sent a fleet to Lis- bon to protect the autonomy of Portugal against the ambitions of Spain. Busy in Europe, there was no reinforcement from the Mother Country of the British frontier in America, where the French were Inisy in intrigue with the Iroquois to secure their cooperation against the English. The garrison at Oswego was evidently in danger and the French frontier forts were Ijeing manned more strongly. With the English navy busy in European waters there was great danger of a sea attack upon New York itself. All the news from Europe was of increasing hostilities, and the Assembly, united for the common defense, made liberal grants for the defense of New York, Albany and Schenectad}-. The majority of the Assembly was controlled by Go\-er- nor Cosby in a vote to sustain the legality of the Court of Chancery, against which William Smith made a brilliant but futile address, but Morris was suc- cessful in securing the passage of a bill declaring- the affirmation of the Friends or (Quakers equivalent to an oath. Laws taxing slaveowners a shilling a head for slaves, and imposing duties on all ships entering the har- bor except those owned in New York, were enacted, and then the Assembly asked the governor to order its dissolution. Cosby refused, for he could count on controlling the present body to a considerable extent, while with the recent ex]ierience in Westchester in mind, he had great occasion to fear the people in the election of an entirely new Assembly. tie had a taste of the i)opular view of his administration when on Michaelmas Dav ( Se]item1)er 21;), 1734, the freeholders of the city met in their respective wards, as directed by the charter, and voted for aldermen and assistant aldermen for the seven wards of the city. Both parties had candi- dates in each ward: the tight was hot and heavy, though the forces were nu- merically uneven, for only one of the governor's adherents was elected. The sweeping \ictory was celebrated by the victors with glee, and by Zenger's journal with pertinent essays, flamlioyant songs and biting satires, while Cosby denied that he had been affected by the election, yet schemed for some means to revenge himself v- ernor could be, and the gayety of the gubernatorial court was far from being as brilliant as in the days of his predecessor, but he was more of a practical politician. So he cajoled adherents of the popular party with intimations of favor and possible offices and in such ways secured many a vote which he would otherwise have lost. In spite of the plots and blandishments of the new governor the popular party grew in power. At the annual election on September 2(j, 1736, nearly all the aldermen elected were of the popular party, and the familiar names, Stuyvesant, Pintard, Roosevelt, Bayard, and Beekman appear in its member- HISTORY OF XBW YORK ship. The contest was spirited and acrinioninns, hnt the popular i)artv, with the aid of Zeng-er's \^^eekly Journal, was victorious all along- the line. Lewis Morris, returning victorious from England, was given a rousing reception bv the citizens. The Assembly, at its October meeting, recognized Clarke as lieu- tenant governor and published his commission. Tt passed an act to safeguard the revenue against misapplication by the lieutenant governor or Council; which so incensed Clarke that he dissolved it after it having been in existence for nine years, first being called together b\ Governor Biumet and continuing with- out change except as it had been necessary to elect to fill vacancies. The new election called by Clarke gave the people an opijortunitv to exjiress them- selves, and parl\- s])irit ran high. Bribes and promises were used in ])rofusion by the court party and every possible de\-ice of political tricker\' was tried, but the op])osition was successful in all the counties. James Alex.ander was elec- ted from the cit}' and Colonel Lewis Morris, |r., from Westchester, and onlv a few of the court i)arty were elected. Clarke, beaten at everv turn, had political sagacitv enough to rerdize that he could accom])lish nothing with the AssembK- In- an attitude of hos- tility. A bill was lirottght into the first session, held in June, 1737, liy Colo- nel Morris, to regulate elections; and others bv Alexander, for the jiromotion of commerce and manufactttres. At the Septeml)er session the Assemblv adopted an address to the lieutenant governor outlining a reform i)rogram. which incltided fre(|uent elections, deprecated the la\'ish grants of its ])rede- cessors, and the wastefulness and peculations of ])reviotts administrations, which were the cause of the low state of the ]irovincial ftmds; declared that it wotild grant no monev which was n(it jirotected from misapplication by the g'o\'ernor, nor for anv ])eriod longer than one \ear, and ho])ed that there \\'ould lie an end to the disregard and contcni])! which had been shown by former governors to ])revious assemblies. Clarke, to whom the independent spirit shown in the address was very re])Ugnant, nevertheless received it with good grace, and thanked the AssembK- for the address. The lieutenant governor a^ked the Assembl}- for ;i fixed rexenue for his entire term of office, but though they voted him the then liberal salarv of £i5So, they limited the taxes to one }-ear. This so angered Clarke that he summoned the Assemblv before him, and declaring that this limitation was an act of dislovaltv, he dissolved the house. The new Assembly, which met in J\Larch, 1731). was even less friendly to the lieutenant go\-ernor than its predecessor, its meml)ership being largelv the same in ])ersonnel as the one he had dissolved, with some additions to the ])opular majority, for not onlv the membership, but the electors, also, had been incensed at the arbitrarv dissolution of the previous Assembly. So the new one cut down the governor's salarv to £1300, and although Clarke strongly urged a revenue in gross for the officials to use at discretion, the\- insisted on THE NEGRO PLOT OP 1J41 201 an annual ap])ropriation for s])ecific i)urposes. War had Ijeen declared between England and Spain, zA.dniiral A'ernon had appeared off the coast with an Enolish fleet and captured Porto Bello. and France, which had been wait- ing- for such ()])portunit\-, took this occasion to declare as her settled ])olicy that she would not consent to any English settlement on the mainland of South An;erica, and dispatched two squadrons to that coast. Xew "S'ork, with war threatening', found its Assembly liberal in voting suj^plies for defense against Erance. While there was no lack of loyalty, the municipality took a sturdy stand against the im]iressnient of seamen in the harbor of Xew York. H. ]\r. S. Tartar appeared in the harbor and the captain having asked for men, the lieutenant governor and his Council ordered that thirty men lie im- pressed in New^ ^'ork City, but Paul Richard, the mayor, declared that he would permit no impressment within the li])erties of the city, and by firmness carried his point. The lieutenant governor's wife, Anne Hyde Clarke, who was much be- loved for her virtues and her charities, died in 1740 and was buried in the vaults of Trinity Church, where her motlier had been buried two years before by the side of Lady Cornbury. The Assembly meeting of that year was jiro- ductive of good legislation. The militia system of the province was remodeled, courts were set up for the trial of petty suits, and measures were taken for the promotion of the Indian trade. The Assembly still adhered to its doctrine of an annual proyision for the provincial government. John Cruger had been appointed mayor in Octolier, I73<). and served until 1744. Pie was of Eng- lish birth, came to Xew ^'ork in boyhood, and in i6y8 was employed as super- cargo of a slave shii). Later he engaged in business as a merchant in the Bristol trade, becoming very successful in commerce and having a handsome and elegantly ai)])ointed home in Broad Street. Pie was elected alderman of the Dock Ward in 1712 and served by successive elections until 1734. The Xegro Plot of 1741 was the most serious event, local to the city, occurring during the Clarke administration. Slavery, the worst l)lot upon American history, was never worse in its aspects than it was in the City ot New \'ork at that time. The negro slaves, who constituted one-fifth of the population, had for the most part been caught wild in Africa. The laws for these savages, who had no concejition of law% were ferocious in the extreme. The whipping post and torture were used for the punishment of tri\ial offenses. So when several fires occurred in the early part of that year it be- came rumored that the}' were a part of a negro plot. A robbery committed Fe1)ruary 28th, was traced to the house of a person of low character named Hughson, who harbored there negroes who drank, gambled and made the place the depository for goods they had stolen. Hughson had an indentured serv- ant named Mary Burton. Hughson and his wife and Mary were under arrest 202 HISTORY OF \ EW YORK on account of the rol)l)cry, the latter as a witness. When some tires occurred, in March. Mary gave the authorities a story which seemed to chnch as facts the rumors of a negro conspiracy. In fact, she averred that the wliole thing had l)een arranged at the house of Hughson, who, with his wife, and another maidservant were particcps criminis. The plot was, to destroy all the white inhahitants exce]it a few who were in league with the negroes. Hughson was to be king, and Csesar, a negro, was to be governor. She added day l)y day to her story, im])licating more i)eople. Arthur Price, a servant held on a larceny charge, also gave testimony which seemed to corroborate the Berton woman, as did Peggy Salinburgh, a courtesan. The tales told by these informers increased in luridit\-, l)ut the town and the magistrates were wrought U]) by them. Mary I'urton, had at first said that Hughson, his wife and Peggy were the onh- white persons at the meetings of the conspir- ators, but she added the name of John Ury, a teacher, who being a noniur- ing clergyman of the Church of England, was suspected of Romanist ten- dencies. She declared that Mr. Ury was a Jesuit, and later "confessed" that Curry, a dancing master, was also in the plot. The jail was full and several apartments in the City Hall were also used for detention purposes. ]\Iary pjurton received the £ioo reward offered for proof of the plot. Twenty- six white persons were arrested, and of these, Hughson, his wife, the maid and John Ury were executed, the latter solemnlv declaring his alisolute innocence; and of the one Inmdred and sixty negroes arrested, thirteen were burned at the stake, eighteen hanged, seventv-one transported and the remain- der discharged. Mary continued her "confessions," which soon began to take in ])eople of unquestioned respectability. Although at the time, the best people in the community Hrml\- believed in the existence of a plot and the judges were doubtless sincere (Judge Horsmanden publishing in a ponderous ((uarto •m account of the case), there is little doubt that the whole of the evidence in the case was manufactured, and that the ])oor wretches who were executed were in fact the victims of ])0]nilar hvsteria. A dav of thanksgiving for de- li\'erance from the plot was appointed and dniv ol)served. When the Assembly met. in SejUember, 1740, it had refused a request of the lieutenant governor to vote monev for the ex]")edition against Spain, de- claring that England should pav for its own wars; and also tal)led a sugges- tion that they should rebuild or rei)air Trinit\- Church, of which Rev. Henry r>arclav was then the rector. In A])ril, 1741, Mr. Clarke oi)ened the session with a s])eech, in which he declared his belief that the colonists were bediming disloyal and desired to throw off their allegiance to the British crown. lie deprecated the unseemlv displays of independence which were being made, and urged upon them a dutiful obedience to the king and his representati\es and the need for |)ermanent appropriations instead of doling out the mone\- annualK'. GEORGE CLfXTOX BECOMES GOFERXOR 203 This l)roiight a written reply whieh denied any spirit of disloyalty or desire of severance from the Rnglish crown, but it declared ag-ainst voting the nionev of the province to aid luigland in its wars, especially as the parent countrv had ])urdened the colony in many ways. Loyal the province was. hut it would raise its revenues and spend its money in its own way. The winter of 1740-1741 was unusually severe and known for many vears as "the hard winter." The Hudson was frozen from shore to shore. Changes of importance had come to New York politically. Lewis Mor- ris, the former chief justice of New York, had become governor of New jersey, and his name is still commemorated by the name of an important county of that State: but he was still interested in New York affairs, and his son, Cnlduel Alorris, was an influential leader in the Assembly and in the councils of the ]K)pular party. Lieutenant Governor Clarke was superseded in 1743 by the arrival of George Clinton, who had been appointed in 1741 as governor. Soon after his succes.sor's arrival, September 22. 1743, Clarke went to England, where, with a fortune of f 100.000, he bought a fine estate in Cheshire, on which he lived until his death, at a ripe old age. in 1763. He had used his oi)i)ortunities to secure valuable grants in exceptionally good locations and his descendants became stibstantial and honored citizens of New York. Commodore George Clinton was the youngest son of Francis, sixth Earl of Lincoln, and at the time of his appointment as governor of New ^'ork was uncle of the then earl. He was relative, by marriage, of the Duke of Newcas- tle, second in power in the W'alpole administration, which then ruled British afifairs. He had entered the navy, in which he attained distinction, reaching the rank of ca])tain in 1716. He was promoted to commodore in 1732 and appointed go\-ernor of Newfoundland, serving until 1737. when he was trans- ferred to the Mediterranean fleet. He was commissioned governor of New \'ork ALay 21. 1741. Init did not arrive in New York for more than two years afterward, assuming the duties of the office in September. 1743. Through tlie influence of the Duke of Newcastle he was promoted to the rank of rear- admiral of the Red Squadron, in Decemlier. 1743. ^^'ith Governor Clinton came his wife and several young cliildren. Clinton, who as a naval officer was something of a martinet and a man of dogged will, was chosen as one al)le to cope with the ttu^bulent and. from the standpoint of officialdom, none too loyal meml)ers of the New ^ ork Assem- bly, who were asserting their right to run things, and not only to demand of governors and crown officials strict accountal)ility for expenditures, but also to limit revenue grants to a single year. During the Clarke administration the lieittenant governor had l)een unalile to cope with the spirit of independ- ence, which had deepened vear by year after the Zenger trial. 204 HISTORY OF XIUV YORK OLD BROOKLYN FERRY HOUSE IN 1746 Governor Clinton realized the fact that he was handicapped l)y lack of knowledge of New York affairs, so he looked ahout for some man whose record was inspiring, as an aid to his plan to establish more strongly the roval prerogative. Chief Justice DeLancey had ])een the chief supporter of Cosby and the leader of the court l)arty. He was at the head of the judiciary and was, withal, a man of much al)il- ity and great energy. So the chief justice became the trusted adviser and fidus . I chutes of the new governor. l)eLancc\- and others ad\"ised the new governor to dissolve the old and call a new Asseml)!y. This he did, with the result that the new l)(jdy was ccjmposed of the same individuals as the old one, with the excei:)tion <,( se\en clianges, and the election had been a very (piiet one. The Assembly began its session X^ovember 8, 1743, and Ijecause war threatened, was asked for re\-enue for the public defense, also ff a new governor, besides |)r(i\iding for the governor's civil list. The go\-ernor claimed that during the time which had inter\ened between the date of his commission and his departure from England he had sedubiusly labored for the benetit of the jirovince and the Assembly allowed him f 1000 as com])ensation for his time and ex])enses in that con- nection, in addition to his salar\- of £1500 as governor, £'>50 as fees, and £Soo for the lro(|uois. The other appropriations were sjiecitic salaries to certain officers named; and this, together with the careful limitation of all ap])ropriations to one vear, lirought back adverse comment from the British Board of Trade. Clinton insisted on strengthening the fortihcations in the Xorth, and in his visit to the Indians he claimed to ba\'e discovered that there was much corruption on the part of the Albanv Indian commissioners, who afterward joined with the Xew ^'ork ])oliticians in making the g-Qvernor's w;iv difticult. DeLancey, whose commission, first given bv Governor C(^sl)v, was ])v its terms revocable by the governor at will, ])ersua(led the governor to execute a new commission, walid during good beha\'ii)r, which was executed .September 14, 1744. I'rom the time of the execution of this commission, DeLancev began to develop indiffVrence, which later became hostilitv to the governor and his plans. .S7A^ PETF.R JJ'ARRF.X MAKFS .1 CAPTVRf. 205 After the declaration of war l)et\vecn the United States and France, New England, led hv Massachusetts, planned an expedition against the fortress of l.ouishurg, on the Island of Cape Breton. When the plan for the expedition was outlined hy Governor Shirley to the Massachusetts legislature, that body at first exhibited some reluctance because of the boldness of the enterprise, 1)ut finally adopted his suggestion and sent circular letters to the governors of all the provinces south t<> Pennsylvania, asking for aid in the cause. Pennsvl- vania \'Oted £4000 currency to purchase ]>rovisions. New Jersey furnished £2000 towartl the expedition but declined to furnish any men, and the New^ York Assembly voted £3000 currency, which Governor Clinton supplemented with a goodly amount of provisions bought by private subscription, and ten eighteen- pound guns from the public magazine, and his patriotism was rewarded bv a resolution of thanks from the General Court of Massachusetts. Commodore Warren, who had been in command in the West Indies, took command of the attacking fleet, and secured the surrender of the fortress and town of Louis- burg and the island of Cape Breton, by the French, June 17, 1745, after a siege of forty-eight days. Commodore Warren captured the \"igilant, French man-of-war of sixty-four guns, with five hundred men and a large quantity of stores for the garrison, and this he brought to New York. The commodore was knighted as Sir Peter Warren, and besides his prominence in the navy, became a person of influence in relation to New \'ork aflrairs, in which he liecame interested in behalf of Chief Justice DeLancey, who was his brother- in-law. The Assembly, which was in constant antagonism to Governor Clin- ton, appointed Warren's private secretary as its agent in London, without any consultation with Clinton and with instruction to be guided by Sir Peter Warren. This action, together with all his other troubles, the governor laid to DeLancey, and he wrote letters to the hunie authorities bewailing the fatal error he had made in giving DeLancey a new commission which had prac- tically a life tenure, and asking the Board of Trade to recall the commission. At the same time Sir Peter was working with the same authorities for the ajipointment of his brother-in-law to the office of lieutenant governor of New York, in which he succeeded, the commission l)eing issued in 1747 and sent to Clinton, who withheld it for several years. Just what was the origin of the break between Clinton and DeLancey is not absolutely known. Smith, author of the earliest historv of New York and a son of the distinguished lawyer James Smith, says it grew out of a quarrel between the governor and the jurist when both were overheated with wine. DeLancey's version of the case has not been preserved, but Clinton ascribed it to the alleged fact that the chief justice was back of the effort of the Assembly to take the appointing power from the governor. :.'i)(; IIISTURY OF XJill' YORK When DeLancev ceased to W the close friend and confidant of Clinton, the governor promoted to that relation Cadwallader Colden, who was espe- ciall}- oltnoxious to DeLancey, to Judge Daniel Horsmanden, former Mayor Paul Richard, and the other political intimates of DeLancev. Thus there had come about this remarkable transformation: DeLancev, who had been the brains of the court party under CosI)y and the head of the hostile court organized to convict Peter Zenger, had now allied himself with the popular party, which tried to place restrictions on the governor, while Cadwallader Colden, who had been one of the shining lights of the popular party and a constant contributor to Zenger's Journal, now occupied the identical relation of closest ad\iser to Clinton, which DeLancey had formerly held toward Cosby. Sir Peter Warren owned extensive estates in New ^'ork, which were under the management of his nephew, William Johnson, afterward famotts in Indian administration. He was born in County Meath, Ireland, in 171 5, was educated for mercantile pursuits, and on coming to iVmerica went to the Mohawk Valley, abotit twenty-five miles from the j^resent town of Schenec- tady, settling on a tract of land there and devoting himself to the improvement and colonization of his uncle's lands, and at the same time engaging in trade with the Indians of the Six Nations. Me attained close friendship and great influence with them, and acquired thorough familiarity with their languag'e and customs. Go\ernor Clinton, who distrusted the Dutch Indian commis- sioners at Albany, ap])ointed him colonel of the Six Nations, in 1744, and \.wo vears later, upon the resignation of Colonel Schuyler, he was appointed com- missary of New \'ork for Indian affairs. It does not appear that in the appointment of the ne])hew of the distinguished Admiral Sir Peter Warren to these important ]X)sitions the governor had any idea of securing his influence at the English court, or in fact any other object than to secure the best pos- sil)le administration (.)f Indian affairs. .\t an\- rate. Sir Peter continued to be the friend at court of Chief Justice DeLancev, and Governor Clinton relied upon Johnson im])licitlv as an ad\'iser in his relations with the Indians. The Dtttch commissioners at .Vlbany, who had always been the intermediaries of transactions between the Indians and the government of New ^'ork, resented this alliance and strengthened the Asseniblv by their sufiport, in the contest between the governor and the legislative bodv. Johnson continued his work with the Indians and at one time during Clinton's administration was able to effect the settlement of a difficulty between the Indians and the colonists. The Assembly, from session to session, asserted and reasserted its princi- ple in regard to annual and specific a]ipro])riations, although year by year Clinton urged that body to grant a revenue for the king's government for at least five years. To these recjuests the Assembly sent a negative reply, one CIJXTOX .IT ir.lR WITH PELAXCIIV •-'"^ of these responses stating-: "From recent experience we are fully convinced that the method of an annual support is most wholesome and salutary, and are confirmed in the opinion that the faithful representatives of the i)eople will never depart from it." Clinton's reports to the home authorities were hurdened with complaints ahout Chief Justice Del.ancey, with requests that his connuission as lieutenant g-overnor should be withdrawn, and he conferred upon Cadwallader Colden. The governor wished to go to Mngland on leave of absence, but was unwill- ing to go and leave DeLancey in charge. Clinton had secured a majority of the Council bv suspending Daniel Horsmanden, Paul Richard anrl Stephen Bavard, and only DeLancey and Philip Livingston of the hostile faction were now in the Council. Among the new members supporting the governor were Tames Alexander, John Chambers, William Johnson, and Edward Holland, the latter being mayor of Xew ^'ork. Adolphus Philipse having died, John Chambers was appointed second justice of the supreme court. Bradley, the attorney-general who had prosecuted Zenger, died in August, 1751, and Clin- ton tried to secure the place for William Smith, appointing him to the office ad interim and recommending him to the home authorities, who, however, appointed to the ])lace William Kempe, who arrived November 4, 1752. A few weeks later Clinton received from the Lords of Trade a letter rep- rimanding him for the factious tone of his letters, and telling him that he must abandon the idea of Colden as his successor, and himself remain in New York until relieved. In June, 1753. an Indian congress met in New ^'ork City, at which a]j])eared the Indian chiefs who had prevented the lroi|uois from alliance with the h^rench and saved New York from becoming part of I-'rench Canada : and these Indians consulted with the Council, which showed them the city, and promised them presents. Soon afterward news came that Sir Danvers ( )sborn had been apiiointed governor, and in October the new governor arrived. Clinton delivered to De- Lancey his commission as lieutenant governor, and afterward was at his country seat at Flushing, L. I., making his preparations for leaving the coun- try. He went back to England in November, became a member of Parlia- ment, was advanced in rank to admiral of the fleet in 1757, and then was appointed governor of Greenwich Hospital, in which office he continued until he died, July 10, 1761. During the administration of Clinton, New York developed in business, having a large commerce with the other colonies as well as with Europe. The population in 1749 was 13,200, of whom over 2000 were slaves. Dey Street was opened in 1750 and Beekman Street in 1752. The water stipply was in- creased by the digging of two new wells, one on John Street, near Broadway, and the other by the Spring Garden, near the Drivers' Inn, which occupied ■J (IS 1 11 STORY Of AVflC YORK the ])resent site of the Astor House. The first Alerchants" Mxchange was erected at the foot of Broad Street in 1752. The Presb\terian church in Wall Street was rel)uilt in 1747, a Moravian church was l)uilt in Fair Street, now Fulton Street, in 175 1, and in 1752 St. George's chapel was erected by Trinity Church at the corner of Clift and Beekman Streets. John Peter Zenger died in 1746, and his paper was continued bv his wife and son. William Bradford, the first printer and newspaper pro])rietor of Xew York, died in 1752, and was buried in Trinity churchyard. Clinton's administration was an unsuccessful one, for the reason that he was temperamentally unfitted for the duties he had to fulfill. Fie lacked self- reliance, trusting first DeLancey, then Colden; and he had to contend with factious opposition where he had been used to autocratic rule. He was not free from avarice, and took every possible opportunity to add to his posses- sions, but he was probably not corrupt as some of his enemies claimed. He failed to make a success of his government because he held out for a back- ward step in the direction of the assertion of the king's prerogative. His obstructionist zeal increased the determination of the jjeoj^le, and made the Assembly more and more assertive of the principles of popular government. ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL IN BEEKMAN STREET Eructdi 111 175J CHAPTER T jr E N T Y - N E SIR DANVERS OSBORN, JAMES DeLANCEY SIR CHARLES HARDY, CADWALLADER GOLDEN PERIOD OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Sir Danvers Osborn, third baronet, was born at the family seat of Chick- sands Priory, Bedfordshire, England, November 17, 1715. His father was eldest son of the second baronet and had married Sarah Byng, daughter of Admiral Sir George Byng, who in 1721 was created Viscount Torrington, and sister of the unfortunate Admiral John Byng, who in 1757 was shot for "error in judgment in retreating before the French at Minorca," but whose exe- cution has been denounced by many historians. "The Honorable Sarah Osborn," as the mother of Sir Danvers Osborn was entitled, was a woman of superior attainments. Her husband died soon after the son was born, and when the latter was five years old his paternal grandfather died and the little boy succeeded to the title. His mother had the management of the estates of the baronetcy during his long minority. When he was twenty- five years old he married Lady Mary Montagu, sister of the Earl of Halifax, who bore him two sons, and died a day or two after the birth of the second. "His grief over her death seemed inconsolable and he led a restless and wandering life," according to letters of his mother, which under the title of "Political and Social Letters of a Lady of the Eighteenth Century," edited by her descendant, Miss Emily F. D. Osborn, were published in 1891. Ac- cording to the same authority he was elected to Parliament as a countv mem- Ijer from Bedford; raised a troop of men and led them in person during the rebellion of the Young Pretender in 1745, and in 1750 went to Nova Scotia for six months on a visit to the governor. Lord Cornwallis. He had times of brooding reflection, which seemed to afl:"ect him dee])ly, and seemed to find time hang heavily on his hands. Finally through the influence of his brothei-- in-law, Lord Halifax, then president of the Board of Trade and Plantation^, he was appointed governor of New York. It was hoped that new scenes and active duties would restore his spirits and give his mind (>ccu])ations that would divert him from his melancholy. A])])ointed in July, he sailed from Portsmouth, August 22, 1753, in H.ALS. Arundel, and arrived in New York harbor, October 6, 1753, and landed the next day, which was Sunday. Gov- ernor Clinton was at Flushing, but came in the next day and had a confer- ence with the new governor, at the official residence at the fort. Both attended a public dinner given by prominent citizens that evening, and as the governor's mansion was undergoing rei)airs. Sir Danvers was entertained at the house of Mr. Joseph Murray, who was a member of the Council, and ■.'](( HISTORV OF Miir YORK whose wife was a cousin of the late Lady Osborn. She was a daughter of the late Governor Cosby, whose mother was a sister of the second Earl of Halifax. Governor Clinton made a formal call on Sir Danvers, at Air. Murray's, on Tuesdav the ns had been confided in these later years. The per.sonal marshaling of forces had continued much the same as to individuals, but the forces had changed sides. DeLancey, in his dealings with the Assembly, had the advantage of knowing his ground, and of personal acquaintance and influence with the membershi]). The Assembly expected him as governor to present to them the royal demands, and he did so, acquainting the Assembly with the purport of Osborn's instructions. He was not disappointed when the Assembly told him that the principle of annual grants and specific appropriations would be adhered to. In comnnmicating this stand to the authorities in London, De- Lancey stated that it would be useless to dissolve the Assembly on that ground, for the principle thus re])resented reflected public opinion in the colony, and a dissolution on that ground would insure the reelection of the same men. He reported also tlial he had been successful in securing from the Assembly a decision not to meddle with the executive part of tlie government which, he says, "T had convinced them was an encroachment on His ALijesty's preroga- tive, the executive power being solelv in the crown." The apjiroach of war ])etween the I'rench and Lnglish in America being foreshadowed, the Board of Trade and F'lantations recommended the holding of an intercolonial convention to "confirm and strengthen the ancient friend- shi]) of the Five Xations," and consider plans for a permanent union among the colonies. This convention, which met at Albanv, June H), 1754, was pre- THE FOUXDIXG OF K/XG'S COLLEGE 2V sided over by Governor DeLancey, and was participated in by commissioners from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland and New York. Connecticut had three delegates, Rhode Island and ^laryland two each, and the nther colonies four each. After con- ferences with the Indians, embellished with the usual exchange of ornate ora- tions, and arrangements for the particijiation of the Indian tribes in the war, a plan of intercolonial union was presented by Benjamin Franklin, a com- missioner from Pennsylvania, who had been placed at the head of a committee charged with that sul)ject. It i)rovided for a grand council of the colonies with a president general, to manage Indian al^airs, authorize new settlements, nominate all civil officers, impose taxes, enlist and pay troops, and construct forts, all of its acts to be valid unless vetoed by the crown within three years. This was adopted by the convention, but afterward being submitted for ratifi- cation was unanimously rejected by the crown and royal governors, l)ecause it gave too much power to the colonies, and I)y the colonial legislatures, l^ecause it gave too much power to the crown. William Johnson, who had become the leading authority and executive in connection with Indian m;atters, was the most influential of the New ^'ork delesfates to the Albanv convention. KING'S COLLEGE, 1755 One of the earliest happenings in the city after DeLancey became actively lieutenant governor was the founding of King's College. The matter had been canvassed for several years, the Assembly having, in 1746. authorized public lotteries for the establishment of a college in the province of New \'ork These lotteries had, by 185 1, brought proceeds amounting to £3443 i8s and this sum was turned over to a board of trustees, of whom seven of the ten were members of the Church of Eng-land. The influence of these led to an 214 HISTORY OF XEIF YORK apjilicaticin fur a royal charter, which created much opposition in Xew York, where the sentiment of a large majority was in favor of a strictly American institution. Rev. Henry Barclay, who, after having been a missionary among the ]\I()hawks, had become especially active in the promotion of the college, had induced his vestry to grant to the institution a part of the farm belonging to the church, which had previously been successively known as "Annetje Jans' Bouwerie," and later, in honor of her second husband, Domine Bogardus, the ■'Domine's Bouwerie," and then the King's Farm, before its cession to Trinity parish. Smith, the contemporary historian, tells us that the tract set apart for the college was located "in the stiburbs of the capital," which has a hu- morous sound now, when it is described, in modern terms, as practically iden- tical with the blocks now boimded by Church Street, College Place, Barclay and Murray Streets. Dr. Samuel Johnson, rector of the Church of England parish at Stamford, Conn., was called into service as first president, in the autimin of 1753, though the king's charter for the institution was not issued until 1754, under the title of King's College. The grant of lands from Trin- ity parish was on condition that its president's should always be members of the Church of England, and that the church liturgy should be read in the col- lege mornings and evenings. Under the royal charter the management of the college was vested in the xA-rchbishop of Canterbury, the governor of the ])rov- ince and other crown officers, ex officio, the rector of Trinity Church and the ministers of the Dutch Reformed Churches in Xew York, and twentv-four g'entlemen of New York City. The erection of the first college building at what is now the junction of West Broadway and MiuTay Street was not begun until 175'). The institution, first as King's College and afterward as Colum- bia College and University, has continued to be the greatest as well as the oldest of the instittitions of the higher learning, in the metropolis of America. In connection with the beginnings of this college there was established a spirit of hostility between the Livingstons, long one of the most powerful of the families of Xew Yovk. and the e(|ually powerful family of the DeLan- ceys. The Livingstons, then represented 1)\' four brothers, were Presbvterians, and all four were graduates of ^'ale College. Thev, with ])eople of the other non-Episco])al denominations, objected strenuotisly to the proposed charter, be- cause it gave preponderating control of the college to the Church of England. DeLancey was personally of the same view and had so expressed himself, though not so emphaticallv as the Livingstons, before it came to him to act upon the matter officially. When the charter came to him as governor, he had, however, interposed no official objection, and for this failure incurred the hos- tility of the Livingstons. Edward Holland was mayor of X^ew ^'ork from 1747 to 1756. Althcmgh a resident of Xew ^'ork Citv, he had been elected a member of the Assembly SIR CHARLES HARDY BECOMRS GOl'ERXOR --M: from Schenectady. There was plenty of precedent for the vahdity of such an election, hut he was an adherent of Governor Clinton and, therefore, the Assembly made his nonresidence a pretext for declaring liini disqualified to represent Schenectady and rejecting him from membership. This placed him in line for preferment at the hands of Governor Clinton, who, in 1747, ap- pointed him mayor of the city and a meml)er of the Royal Council. A census made during his administration, in 1749, showed the population to number 13,294, white and black. Mayor Holland seems to have been tactful, for he continued in office as mayor and councilor until his death, serving under De- Lancev and Hardy after Clinton's term closed. DeLancev, being a native and permanent resident, did not fill the reciuire- ments for a governor of New York, such posts being regarded in London as opportunities for the enrichment of some royal or ministerial favorite who needed the money. So, although DeLancey was governing the province with much ability and little friction, the King's Council, wath His Majesty present, executed an order, January 29, 1755, appointing Charles Hardy, a captain in the Royal Navy, to be captain general and governor in chief of His Majesty's province of New York. Before he left England, in July, 1755, he had been knighted by the king, and it was as Sir Charles Hardy that he arrived in front of New York in H.M.S. Sphynx, September 2, 1755. He remained on board until next day, but being visited on the shi]), on the evening of his arrival, by Lieutenant Governor DeLancey, he expressed his delight that one so efficient and experienced would lie associated with his government, because he, with remarkable modesty, thought there would be many duties connected with the governorship for w^iich he was not fitted and many questions luight arise, about the merits of which he could know nothing. The landing of the new gover- nor and his formal reception took place the next day. During his occupancv of the active duties of the governorship DeLancey had not relinc|uished the chief justiceship. Liimediately after the inaugura- tion of Sir Charles Hardy several of those opposed to DeLancey Ijrought to Sir Charles a protest against the holding by the lieutenant governor of the office of chief justice, claiming that he should ])e restricted to either one or the other of these offices. The ([uestion was submitted to the Lords of Trade, in London, and by them to the attorney-general, who upheld the title of DeLancey to both offices, which indeed he had continued to exercise, pending the decision, by the express desire of Sir Charles. That gentleman, although he had been governor of Newfoundland in 1844. was free to acknowledge his deficiencies and limitations, especially in connection with matters of law, of which, he said, he knew nothing, so that in addition to the functions of chief justice he turned over to DeLancey those of chancellor, greatly delighted that he had one so com- petent to take them ofT his hands. In fact, so great and undeviating was the ■,'1(; HISTORY OF XEIV YORK reliance of Sir Charles upon DeLancey, that the latter dominated the provin- cial situation about as fully after, as before the governor general's arri\al. Sir Charles, however, was by no means superfluous, for the French and Indian war, which was then in full progress, gave him scope for his thor- oughly trained military abilities. That war, which had at first been centered principally at and near Fort Duquesne, established by the French at the con- fluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio Rivers, including the disas- ter of Braddock, with his regular and \"irginia troops, had extended along the entire frontier, including that of the province of New York. William John- son had been commissioned as a major general of colonial forces and placed in command of Indian atfairs in the province, but the most important part of the war, so far as Xew York was concerned, was still in the future. With the great opportunities in view in the line of his profession. Sir Charles tired of his civil place, and asked the home government to release him from the governor- ship and give him active duty in the navy. His request was granted and on June 3, 1757, he placed the government once more in the hands of Lieutenant Go\'ern(ir DeLancey. Sir Charles was promoted to rear admiral of the White, took part in the final capture of Louisburg and was later promoted to vice admiral. When he retired from active service, in 1771. he was given the sinecure post of governor of Greenwich Hospital, which he retained until his death, in 1780. DeLancey continued in the exercise of the duties of the governorship until his death, August 4. 1760. He had been for years a sufiferer from asthma, and on the day before he died had been to Staten Island in conference -with the governor of New Jersey. He returned at night in an open boat and on reaching Xew York ro(le out to his country house, a mansion on the Bowery Road at a location between the jiresent Grand and Rivinglon Streets. The ex])osure brought on a severe asthmatic attack and the next morning he was found dead in his liljrary. He was only fifty-seven years of age, but he had I)een one of the leaders of thought and action in the jirovince for three decades. To him succeeded Dr. Cadwallader Colden, who was the jiresident and oldest member of the Provincial Council, and then seventy-two years of age. He had succeeded DeLancey as adviser in chief of Governor Clinton, and that governor had tried to secure for him the commission of lieutenant governor instead of DeLancey, but the latter, tlirough the powerful influence of Sir Peter Warren, had secured the ])rize. Toward the latter part of Clinton's administration Dr. Colden had not been in entire sympathy with the governor, because of the violence of his futile eitorts to force the Assembly into obedi- ence to his behests. Colden ruled Xew York as president of the Council for a year and then received his commission as lieutenant governor of Xew York, but three months GEXERAL ROBERT MOXCKTOX IS GOrERXOR 217 later he surrendered the control of affairs to General Robert Monckton, who was the new governor general, appointed by the king, ]\Iarch 20, 1761, and arrived in New York on H.M.S. Alcide, October 20th, following. Meanwhile the French and Indian War had proceeded to the ;id\antage of the French until 175H, in which year they achieved their last inii)ortant vic- tory of that war in their great defeat of the British at Ticonderoga. The earl of Loudoun, who, in 1756, had come out as commander in chief of the arnn- throughout pjritish North America, had made himself obnoxious to New Yorkers bv his arrogant demeanor, and after an unsuccessful two years in that position, Pitt, returning to power, supplanted him, in I75>>, with Lord Amherst, who proved a much abler commander, who prosecuted the campaign against the enemy with great vigor. Louisburg was captured in July, Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, in August, and Fort Duquesne in November, 1758, and in the summer of 1759. Ticonderoga, Crown Point and Fort Niagara fell before the British onslaught, and the campaign practically ended by the defeat of Montcalm at Quebec, September 13, 1759, by the forces of General Wolfe and Montcalm's surrender, followed by the control of Canada by the English in the succeeding year. Major General William Johnson, who had charge of the interests of New York on the frontier, took an active and important ])art in the struggle. He conducted the expedition against Crown Point, defeating and capturing Baron Dieskau at Lake George, and it was his personal prestige and influence with the Six Nations that kept them from aiding France in this struggle. For this service he was made a baronet, received the thanks of Parliament aufl was given a grant of £5000. He was present at the battles of Ticonderoga and Fort Niagara, assuming command at the latter, after the death of General Prideaux, cutting the French army to pieces and C()mi)elling the surrender of the fort. He afterward led the Lidians in an expediti(Mi to Canada, and was ])resent at the surrender of ^Montreal. The war was of considerable benetit to the business interests of New York, thanks to the foresight and enterprise of Lieutenant Governor DeLan- cey. Just after Braddock's defeat, in 1755, DeLancey wrote to the autlmrities in London, setting forth the great advantages of New York as the ideal loca- tion for the establishing of a general magazine of arms and military stores for the supply of the armies operating in various sections of the country. His effective portrayal of the advantages of the city was api)roved by the Lords of Trade and as a consequence a greatly augmented trade was built up in arms and in farm products and, for much of the time, in supplies for the troops who had winter quarters in the cit\-. It was a gala day on Wednesday, November 26, 1760, when Afajor Gen- eral Amherst was presented with the freedom of the city, in a gold box, and a -.' 1 s HISTORY OF XFjr VORK very eulog'istic address from tlie corporation, in honor of liis services in the reduction of Canada. After the death of Mayor Holland, in 1756, John Crug-er ( son of the John Cruo-er who had held the office from 1739 to 1744) was a])pointed to the office l)y Governor Hardy, continuing in that office until 1765. The office made him, ex officio, a member of the Provincial Council. He was a man of much administrative ability and he was always a champion of the ])opu]ar cause against the oppression of royal prerogative and parliamentarv preten- sion, and was full of zeal for his native citv. When in the winter of 1756- 1757 the Earl of Loudoun brought a thoitsand regular troops to be quartered in Xew ^'ork, the barracks in the fort were fitted up for the men Init there was no room for the officers. The law made it the dutv of the citizens to provide quarters for them, but contemplated that thev should be reimbursed, but Loudoun, with abusive and profane language, insisted upon free (juarters. Mayor Cruger tried to reason with him, but he was unreasonable and seemed to think that provincials were inferior beings, so the mayor started a sub- scription, which he himself headed, to pav for the lodgings of such officers as were lodged in houses whose owners could not afford to quarter them gratis. FRONT VIEW OF BURNS' COFFEE HOUSE Broadway, opposite the Bowling Green. 1760 CHAPTER T jr E N T Y - T jr GOLDEN AND THE STAMP TROUBLES GENERAL MONGKTON AND SIR HENRY MOORE THE SONS OF LIBERTY During the period from the departure of Sir Charles Hardy, June 3, 1757, the colony had been governed by Lieutenant Governors DeLaiicey and President Colden, but the higher title of Sir Charles did not lapse until he resigned it. in 1761, and General Robert Monckton was appointed governor and captain general at the same time that a commission was made out for Dr. Cadwallader Colden as lieutenant governor. General Monckton, who was a son of \'iscount Galway, had a gallant record as a soldier, beginning his militarv career with the armies in Flanders and being transferred to the American Station in 1753. He commanded the posts at Halifax and Annap- olis Roval, and became lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, in 1756. He com- manded the Royal Americans in Loudoun's Army, was engaged in the siege of Louisburg. and afterward was second in command in Wolfe's glorious cam- ])aign ending in the capture of Quebec, in which he was severely wounded; and he was promoted colonel for gallantry there, and afterward promoted to major general. He was a favorite with the colonial troops and had many strong friends and admirers among the people; and several of the leading families in New York enjoyed his intimate acquaintance. Arriving in Xew York in October, 1761. he was sworn in as goverudr on the 26th. amid scenes of great enthusiasm ; and he received a welcoming address from the corporation, and the freedom of the city, in a gold box. With his commission General Monckton had brought with him leave of absence from the province in order that he might take command of an expedition being fitted out for the cajiture of M'lrtinique from the French. He also brought with him the appointment of Ilenjamin Pratt to the office of chief justice and also io the vacant seat in the Provincial Council. Archibald Kennedy, who was collector of customs as well as a member of the Council, was permitted to resign from the latter connection because of his age. Monckton presented his leave of absence November 15th, and Colden filled the duties until he returned victorious from the capture of Martinique, June 12, 1762. For a year he administered the affairs of the province with much acceptability. Chief Justice Pratt dying, he promoted Daniel Horsman- den to the office, and completed the P)ench by the appointment of Thomas Jones for second. William Smith, the elder, for third, and Robert R. Living- ston for the fourth judge. General Monckton' s health became impaired and on June 28th. he departed for England, leaving the seals of office with Dr. •2-.'(i HISTORY OF XniJ- YORK Colden and his private affairs in the hands of John Watts, who was an old and intimate friend of the general. By this time not only the hostilities in America, but the Seven Years \\\ar in Europe had been concluded by the Treaty of Paris, of 1763, bv which France ceded Canada, and Sjiain the bdoridas to Great Britain, and Spain received Louisiana from France, thus bringing to an end the rule of France in all parts of North America except for a n(iminal sovereignty when Spain relinquished Louisiana to France in iSoo, the latter country scarcely having taken possession when it was purchased from it ])y the United States, in 1S03. There was great rejoicing among the jjeople of the colonies over the treatv which made America all English, from the uninhabitable ice of the Arctic Circle to the palms of the Florida Keys, and yet this joy was not unmixed with dread. A new king had come to the throne in 1760, the third of the Hano- verian Georges, a man whose little mind was all stublxirness. He had little educatidu, and had small aptitude for learning. The one lesson which had sunk in was the oft-repeated admonition of his mother: "George, lie king;" and king he had determined to be. He had moreo\er figured out that the way to be king was to make all things subservient to his will, and to kee]) power as far away from the peo])le as possible. To that end he became a partisan in politics, a Torv of the Tories. Pitt, idol of the people in America and England, was driven from ]K)wer: Bute who, as Green says, "took office simply as the agent of the king's will,'" became first minister, and, again to quote Green: "The royal revenue was employed to buy seats and to Imy votes. Day by d:i\- the young sovereign scrutinized the voting list of the two houses, and distributed rewards and punishments as members v(^ted according to his will or no. Promotion in the civil service, preferment in the church, rank in the army, was reser\-ed for 'the king's friends." Pensions and ci:)urt places were used to influence debates. Briliery was employed on a scale never before known. L'ndcr linte"s ministrv an office was opened at the Treasury for the purchase of members and £25,000 are said to have been ])aid in a sin- gle day." Under these measures of corrui)tion the tone of Parliament was soon greatlv changed, and the influence of Pitt was greatly minimized. Pitt opposed the Treaty of Paris, because great as were the accessions of territory from France in America, man\' of the concjuests made by British arms in the Seven Years War were given up, notably jMartinique, which Monckton had ca])tured, to France, and Cuba and the Philippines to Spain. War out of the way, George set his heart on the regulation of America. The Lords of Trade were burdened with the bewailments of royal governors who could not govern, because refractorv assemblies were talking about liberty, were making annual ajipropriations only and dictating how they should be spent, and agitators lUKir.-llX PROPOSIIS TO T.IX THE COLOMHS 'lil were talking about "the consent of the o-overned" as an excuse for evading the navigation laws, opposing the sugar tax, and otherwise acting in a demo- cratical and incendiary manner. It was almost unanimously the opinion in England, that as the late war, which had increased the public debt to the then enormous total of £140,000,000, was partly incurred in the defense of the American colonies, the colonies should hear a share of the new burden. This statement of obligation was not seriously combated in America, and had Pitt been in power he would probably have l^een able to tind some means whereby the colonies would have taxed themselves for a reasonable share of the payment of the national debt. But George and Bute were more anxious to emphasize the absolute dependence of the colonies upon the mother coimtry than they were to secure revenue, much as they desired the latter, and to em])hasize their view Charles Townshend was appointed president of the Board of Trade. He declared in favor of a rigorous execution of the navi- gation laws, by which a monopoly of American trade was secured to the mother country; and favored the raising of a revenue within the colonies for the discharge of the debt, and of measures for impressing upon the colonies their dependence upon Britain. New York was especially affected by the l>olicy of Townshend. The prohibitory duties which had hitherto been laid with the view to prevent direct trade between the colonies and the French and Spanish West Indies, had been constantly evaded by systematic smuggling, but now, while the duties were somewhat reduced, the lower taxes were exacted with great rigor and a strong naval force was kept near the American coast, l)y the admiralty, charged with the suppression of American trade with for- eign countries. Further measures of stringent government and direct parlia- mentary taxation were outlined, and that these would be resisted was evi- dently expected, because although by elimination of French sovereignty from America, by the Treatv of Paris, the colonies had been left with no enemy ex- ce])t the Indians, a force of ten thousand men was quartered on the people. Lieutenant Governor Colden called the Assembly together September 5, 1764, opening the session with a speech of the usual general character, felici- tations on peace with the Indians, and recommendations to discharge the pub- lic debt and to renew the expired act granting a bounty on hemp. This brought out a reply, reported bv Philip Livingston, which began with strong expressions of loyalty to the crown, and expressing a hope that "His Majesty who is and w'hose ancestors have long been the guardian of British liberty, will so protect our rights as to prevent our falling into the abject state of being forever after incapable of doing what can merit his distinction or ap- probation. Such must be the state of that wretched people who (being taxed liy a power subordinate to none and in a great measure unac(|uainted with their circumstances) can call nothing their own." The address went on to HISTORY OF XEW YORK speak of ■■alarming infcirniation from home." and adding a hope that "Your Honour will join us in an endeavor to secure that great badge of English liberty of being taxed only with our own consent to which we conceive all His Majesty's subjects at home and abroad equally entitled: and also in pointing out to the ministry the many mischiefs arising from the act commonly called the Sugar Act to us and to Great Britain." It also promised compliance with the lieutenant governor's recommendations as to the hemp bounty and the pub- lic debt. Golden was much stirred by this address, to which he replied with a criti- cism of its propriety; l)ut in writing to the Lords of Trade he declared the address to be '■undutiful and inde- cent." He had, he said,, tried with- out success to have it modified, but advising" with the Gouncil. he had concluded not to dissol\-e the Assem- blv as it was. it not being probable that one of better temper could be procured by calling an election. The Assembly sent a petiti(in to the king, protesting against the ])roposal to impose parliamentarv taxes on the colonies. The British ministry jilanned to get revenue from the colonies by means of an internal stamp tax. the plan of which is said to have originated with Bute's secretarv, Jenkinson. afterward the first Lord Liver])ool. Lord Grenville. who succeeded Bute as head of the ministrv, in the autunni of 1763. had given notice, in March. 1764, of an intention to introduce such an act. and it was this to which the address of the .\ssemblv referred as "■alarming infor- mations from home." The act as proposed was passed, and signed ]\Iarch 22. 1765. It was entitled, '■An Act for Granting' and Stipplying Certain Stamp Duties and Other Duties, in the British Golonies and Plantations in America, towards I'urther Defraving the Mxpences of Defending. Protecting and Secur- ing the same." It prescribed ( i ) that stamped paper be used for legal and official documents, dijjlomas and certificates; (2) that stamps be placed on playing cards, dice, books (excepting those used in the schools), newspapers, pamphlets, calendars, almanacs, and various other articles; and (3) that jury trials be denied to oftenders at the discretion of the authorized prosecuting officers. It was to become effective November i, 1765. Soon after its passage Grenville went out of office, and the ^Marquis of Rock- ingham formed another of the .short-lived ministries of that eventful era. OLD LUTHERAN CHURCH IN FRANKFORT STREET lirecteil in 17(j7 THE STAMP ACT ROUSES A STORM News of the actual passage of the Stamp Act reached America early in Alav. 1765, and roused a fury of intense opposition in the colonies, on the ground, that as the colonists were not represented in Parliament, that body had no right to tax them without their formal consent; and also on the less important hut still \ital ground, that the duties would he exceedingly burdensome and would cause the withdrawal from circula- tion, of the little specie there was in the various colonies. When the Stamp Act had been proposed, in 17O4, there had been formed in the various cf)lonies loose secret organizations for concerted resistence to the passage or execution of the act. In the discussion of the Stam)) Act, before its passage, in February, 1765, Colonel Isaac Barre, a member of Parliament, who had been with Wolfe as lieutenant colonel, and was wounded at Quebec, in i75<>, strenuously opposed the act, lauded the Americans and inci- dentally applied to them the name of "Sons of Liberty," and for }'ears afterward was one of the staunchest supporters of the American cause. After the passage of the act. the societies which had been formed adopted P>arre"s phrase as the title of their org-anizations, and took the lead in oi)])osition to the enforccnicni of the obnoxious statute. Committees of correspondence were formed, and each colony was kei)t in loncli with the sentiment in the others. When the news of the Stamp Act came, the New York Assend)l\- was adjourned, but the X'irginia House of Burgesses was in session, antl on A])ril _'i)th passed strong resolutions formally denying the right of the liritish Parliament to meddle with internal taxation and demanding the repeal of the act. Massachusetts adopted the denial and proposed a con- gress of delegates from ench of the provincial assemblies to provide for united action. Xew York could not, at the time, speak through its Assembly, but its voice was equall}- emi)hatic. The New ^'ork ( iazette and Weekly Post Boy was the organ of the advanced patriots, among whom its editor, John Holt, was one of the most ardent. Colden, writing to Monckton, then absent from his government, complaining of it as a "licentious, abusive, weekly printed paper." It contained from week to week dissertations on liberty, signed "Sentinel," and rhvmes of patriotic fervor. William Livingston. William Smith (the younger. New York's first historian) and John Morin Scott, three friends, all lawyers, and graduates of Yale, who had for several years been associated as members of the Whig Club which met weekly at The King's Arms tavern, were regarded by Colden as dangerous leaders of the protest against the Stani]) Act. The most active of these three was John Morin Scott, who, under the signature of "Freeman" published, in June, three articles in which he set forth in the most cogent manner the argument of the unconstitu- •->■.' 4 HISTORY OF XIUV YORK tiniiality of the Stani]) Act and declared that if tlie welfare of Great Britain "necessarily requires a sacrifice of the most valuable natural rights of the colonies: their right of making their own laws and dis- posing of their ])roperty by representation of their own choosing — if such is reallv the case between Great Britain and her colonies, then the con- nection between them ought to cease ; and sooner or later it must cease." This was one of the earliest pronouncements of independence as the ultimatum — the inevitable result of taxation without representation. Not all the printed assaults on the act came in this thoughtful and philosophic guise. Pamphlets, lampoons and squibs were distributed broadcast; copies of the Stamp Act were sold on the streets with a title page, "The Follv of England and the Ruin of America." In all of the cities those who BRICK CHURCH IN BEEKMAN STREET. 1768 had acce])ted appointments as distributors of stamps were made to feel the censure of the populace. In Boston, Newport, New Haven and Nor- wich effigies labeled with the names and titles of the distributors were hanged and burned. The Sons of Liberty made themselves felt, and brought such intimidation and terror to the agents that they resigned, some of them before the stam])S arrived. This was the case with lames AIcEvers, who had accepted the oflice for New York and given bonds, but who resigned August 30th, as a conse(|uence of personal threats as well as of the news from Boston and elsewhere. There were riots in Boston, in which se\eral buildings were wrecked, and on September jd. Lieutenant (iovernor Golden asked (ieneral Gage, in command of the troops at New "N'ork, to furnish a force for the protection of the government property, and on September 3d notified Captain Kennedy, commanding H.M.S. Ken- FROM PETER HASE.yK LITER'S IROX JVORKS nedv, in Xcw \'iirk liarlxir. to watch for incrnning ships antl to protect what- ever vessel hrous;"ht the stamps. Mr. Hood, whc) had been appointed stamp master for Maryland, was driven out of Annapolis, and, coming to New York, took lodgings at The King's Arms tavern, but hearing from the local Sons of Liberty that his resignation would be acceptable, he asked Colden for protection and was given quarters in Fort George. Many publications of an underground character appeared on the street. One entitled the Constittitional Courant, advocating imion, and especially bold in tone, was printed in New Jersey and circulated on the streets of New York. Lawrence Sweeny, who dis- tributed the sheet, being asked where he got it, replied that he procured it from Peter Hasenkliver's Iron Works in East Jersey. This joke was passed around, and the next day the Courant came out with a date line from "Peter Hasenkliver's Iron Works." Its headline bore the device of a snake cut up into segments, representing, respectively. New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, \^irginia. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, with the legend "Unite or Die," which had been used eleven years before by Franklin, to urge cooperation of the col- onies to re])el the French invasion. During all this time. General Monckton, the governor general, remained in London. His opinion, like that of his friend. Sir Isaac Barre, was against the government's plan of taxation for America, and he felt so strongly on the subject that afterward, when the Revolution was in progress, he declined a C(>mmand offered him, because he would not fight the comrades who had fought under him in Canada. So Colden's letters to him in the summer of 1765 led him to resign the governorship of New York, and Sir Henry Moore was appointed to succeed him. Active preparation for the congress proposed by Massachusetts, to con- sider the situation, was in progress, New A'ork being designated as the place of meeting. Meanwhile the stamps began to arrive in various ])laces, amid menacing opposition to their being landed, and for a time they were kept on lioard the shi])s bringing them, guarded by men-of-war. Early in October the nn Delaware, Maryland and South Carolina. Only six were duly authorized committees appointed by the legislatures, as had been designated in the call for the convention. The Georgia Assembly had been enjoined by the governor from sending a committee ; and the Assam- •3->(5 HISTORY OF XEW YORK blies of \'ii\qinia and North Carolina had been ])rorogued 1)y their gover- nors. New Hampshire sent word tliat it could not send a committee. The New York Assembly had not been in session, but the members of the Committee of Correspondence, chosen at its last session, were accepted as delegates to the convention, making an es])ecially strong' delegation, includ- ing Robert R. Livingston, Philip Livingston, William Bayard and Leonard Lispenard. Among the members from other colonies were several states- men who attained distinction. Boston sent James Otis: Connecticut sent William Samuel Johnson, jurist and educator; while from Pennsylvania came John Dickinson, "penman of the Revolution"'; from Delaware came Thomas McKean, jurist, and signer nf the Declaration of Independence; from South Carolina, Christopher Gadsden, later a general in the Revolu- tion, and [ohn Rutledg^e, afterward governor of his state. The president. General Timothy Ruggles, had served in the French and Indkan War. The convention a])])iiinted a committee to jirepare a declaration and met again iin ( )ctober i<)th, and following days, adjourning" rtnally on ( )ctober j8th. The "Declaration of Rights and Grievances" was agreed on after some careful deliberation and slight amendment. It is an able, fearless and dignihed ]ia])er, and whether written by John Cruger (who that year went ciut of office as mavor of New York), or by John Dickinson, of Pennsyl- vania, as has been variously claimed, was distinctly creditable to the writer. This was forwarded with a formal address to the king, and peti- tions to each house of Parliament. General Ruggles, the president, would not sign the document, as "against his conscience"; nor would ()gden, of New Jersey, but all the others subscribed their names. "This Congress," says John Richard Green, in his History of the English People, "was the beginning of the American Union." Prominent in the agitation of that period were Isaac Sears and John Lamb, who were the local leaders in the Sons of Liberty, the latter ha\ing charge of much of the correspondence with similar organizations in other cities. He was a native of New York, thirty years old, and prior to \j()0 had worked with his father, who was a skilled optician. After that (late he was in ihe li(|Uor trade. Isaac Sears was born in llarwich. Massa- cluisetts, in \~2<). but had come to New ^'ork as a voung man, had com- manded a ])rivateer, and from 1758 to 1861 had cruised against the French. In the latter year he lost his vessel by shipwreck, and then engaged in the European and West Indian trade. In the earl}- part of the disputes between the colonists and the British goxernment lie became a leader of the most radical element, and especially of tlie Sons of Libert\-, who were busy day by day in working up an active oi»i)osition to the landing and dis- tribution of the stamps. McHll'.KS RHSICXS THE STAMP AGRXCY s In the other colonics the receiving of stam]js was resisted, and the stamp agents constrained to resign. In New York, ]\IcEvers had resigned the stamp agency, and there was no one authorized to distribute them. The stamps arrived here later than in any of the other colonies, coming in on October 23d, while the Stamp Act Congress was still in session. They were brought in the shi]) Edward, forty-five days out fri)m Fal- mouth, where they had been stowed in different parts of the ship, in ten packages. Tt was claimed by the captain that they had been thus stowed awav without his knowledge, and it is certain that none of the passengers aboard knew anvthing of their presence on the shi]). Tn accordance with the arrangement with Lieutenant Governor Colden, the ship was boarded at Sandy Hook by a guard from the frigate Coventry, which, in command of Captain Kennedy convoyed the Edward into the harbor, bringing to anchor under the guns of the fort. The river front anil wharves were filled with an excited throng; all the vessels in the harbor lowered their colors in token of mourning and humiliation over the arrival of the hated stamjis. The next morning manuscript placards were found affixed to the doors of all public buildings and at all street corners. They were all alike, and read: "Pro Patria. The first Man that either distributes or make use of Stampt Paper, let him take Care of his House, Person & Effects. \'ox Populi. We dare." Of the seven members of the Council who were in town at the time, only three, Judges Horsmanden and Siuith and John Reade, appeared at a meet- ing speciallv called bv Colden at this juncture. They declined to advise the lieutenant governor in the absence of a full l)oard, upon the ground that if they acted to detain the ship thev would become liable to suit, by any ]3erson having goods on board. Finally it was decided to unload the vessel until the stamps were reached, and an eft'ort was made to hire a sloop for that purpose, but no master of vessels would hire them for the service. The governor then requested the captains of the king's ships to undertake the -work, and they agreed to do so, and began to remove the cargo, but bv the time seven pack- ages of the stamps were reached there were signs of an approaching storm and they did not deem it safe to break the cargo further. Another element of worry was the absence of anv writing or bill of lading. The captain of the Edward stated that when he left Falmouth there was a report that the new governor. Sir Henry Moore, was about to embark on ?I.M.S. Minerva, from Portsmouth, whereupon Colden decided to postpone opening the packages until his arrival. The seven packages were brought to land by H.M.S. Gar- land, and brought to the fort without anv show of opposition. The fort contained a garrison of one hundred men besides their officers. Major James, of the artillery, who was in command, had gi\-en great offense 25S HISTORY OF XEJV YORK to tlie people by his manners. He had threatened that if there was anv up- rising he would drive the participants out of town with two dozen men. and as to stamps, he would cram them down the people's throats with the point of his sword. Hearing of this speech, the Sons of Liberty sent a replv stating that they would storm the fort and burn the stamps. On October 31st, rumors flew thick and fast. The lieutenant governor sent w(ird to the maior that he had heard rumors that a riot was impending on that or the next day, one of the details planned for it being a design "to bury Major James alive." On that morning a meeting was called bv notice in the Gazette, addressed to the "gentlemen merchants" of New ^'ork, at the City Arms Tavern, at Thames Street and Broadway, to meet at four o'clock that afternoon. The meeting was a very large one and enthusiastic in its purpose, to take such measures as would be best to avert what all felt to be the outrage involved in the Stamp Act. Resolutions were unanimously adopted and subscril)ed by two hundred merchants ( i ) to accompanv all orders to Great Britain for goods or merchandise of any kind with instructions that they be not shipped unless the Stamp Act be repealed; ( 2 ) to countermand all outstanding orders unless upon the same condition ; ( 3 ) not to vend any goods sent on commission and shipped after January i, except upon the same condition; and finally, not to buy from Great Britain any goods, wares or merchandise after Januarv i, 1766, unless the Stamp Act were repealed. N^ew York thus led in the great and effective movement which proved ti) ha America's greatest commercial attack upon Great Britain. Philadelphia, on Xovember 7th, and Boston on Decem- ber 3d, took similar steps, and orders amounting to over £700,000 sterling were countermanded. It caused considerable privations at home, but it was the be- ginning of general manufacturing in the colonies. Homespun became popular wear, and city people drank sassafras tea instead of the imported article. Many manufactures started then, became ])ernianent, and the nonimportation agreements, which at first proved embarrassing to trade, tiu^ned out to lie of the utmost benefit to the colonies. The Gazette of that day was a notable number, as it contained in addi- tion to the call for the nonimportation meeting a "Funereal Lamentation on the Death of Liberty, who finally expires on the thirty-first of October in the Year of Om- Lord MDCCLX\^, and of our Slaverv L " and the number was printed with black headlines and footlines. The next day, November ist, was the date upon which the Stamp Act was to become effective, and it was the expectation that there would be disturbances, although Golden had deferred the' issuing of the stamps pending the arrival of the new governor. Tn the morning the citv magistrates notified the lieutenant governor of the expected uprising and a request was sent to Captain Kennedy to send all the marines from the king's ships in the harbor as a reinforcement of the forces at the fort. SOME HAXGIXGS IX EFFIGY 229 The mol) materialized as expected, collecting in the fields near the Com- mons, where a movable gallows was erected, to which was dangling an effigy of Lieutenant Governor Colden, with various satirical inscriptions. By his side hung the De\-il with a boot in his hand, the latter being the emblem then and afterward used in derision of Lord Bute, who was regarded as the demon of the international drama then being enacted. After the crowd had become quite large, it was augmented by another large assemblage, who had a figure made of paper, also representing the lieutenant governor in "gray hairs," a term often appearing in lampoons upon Colden during this period. This effigy, sitting in a chair, was carried in parade of the principal streets, attended by men carrying about six hundred lights. INLarching through the meadow, this partv went southward to \\s.\\ Street, cheering as they passed the house of Mc- E\ers, who had renounced the stamp agency. At the City Hall the mayor, John Cruger, had called together the aldermen, consisting of Nicholas and Cornelius Roosevelt, Whitehead Hicks, George Brencoten, Francis Filkin, Dirck Brinck- erhofif, and John Bogert, Jr. These worthy magistrates attempted to halt the procession, and succeeded in overturning the effigy, but it was straightened up again and the city fathers were warned by the leader of the mob to stand aside. Westward to Broadway went the greatly augmented procession and south on that thoroughfare to the fort, at its foot. The governor's house was inside the walls, but his coach house was outside. This they broke open, taking the governor's chariot and installing the effigy within, one of the men perched upon the driver's seat while others pulled the chariot over various streets back toward the fields. On their way they met the other jiarty and stopped while a proclamation was made forbidding the throwing of stones, the breaking of windows or injury to any person. The two parties amalga- mated into one and went down to the fort, bearing the gallows on its frame illuminated Iw many lanterns. Though they knew the guns of the fort were loaded and soldiers manned the ramparts, they knocked loudly at the gate with their staves and demanded admission, and they called to the sentinel to tell Colden or James to give orders to fire. Some of the cooler heads prevented an attempt to force the gates and final!}- the multitude went to Bowling Green, built a large bonfire around the gallows. Devil, effigies and governor's coach, until thev were all consumed in the conflagration. Most of the two thousand participants went home when this was completed, but some of the more reck- less went out to A'auxhall, a beautiful mansion on the shore of the Xorth River, at the foot of ^^'arren Street, which had l)een a summer resort, but had more recently been bought by Major James and beautified for his own use. This they broke open and sacked, destroving fine furniture, books and clothing, and finding a supply of wines and licjuors, the mob drank freely of these and destroyed the remainder. Thev made a fire outside and thre\\- in ever^-thing 230 HISTORY OF XEW YORK that would burn, lirokc all the doors, windows and sash, and went oft' with many trophies and military insignia, including the colors of the artillery regi- ment which Major James commanded. On the next day, November 2d, T.ieutenant Governor Golden received many threats of death if he did not deliver up the stamps. He made a dec- laration that he would not distribute the stamps, but would deliver them to Sir Henry Moore on his arrival. Only a few were satisfied with this, and, except a rest on Sunday, the agitation continued, the people declaring that the stamps must be remo\-ed from the fort or the\' would be taken out bv force. ( In Tuesday the Gitv Gouncil appointed a committee which waited uprm the governor, with the request that the stamps be delivered to the city authorities and be stored in the Gity Hall. Golden finallv agreed to this, and the stamps were turned oxhy and receipted for by John Gruger, the mayor. A great concourse witnessed the transfer and when they saw the obnoxious stamps safely in the custody of their own officers they dispersed in quiet. Golden summoned the Assembly to meet on November 12th. and on that day twelve memliers appeared and adjourned until the next dav. That turned out to be a gala day, because Su' Henr\- Moore, the new governor gen- eral, arrived on the Minerva, and was received with great rejoicing. His commission was read and he was waited on bv the officials — provincial and municipal, by the members of the Assembly, and the leading inhabitants. On the 14th the municipality presented the governor with an address, and the freedom of the city, in a gold box engraved with the citv's arms. Other hon- ors were conferred upon him, and the Sons of Libertv sent him a deputation with an address, which he received with much graciousness of manner. -V large meeting was held at Burns" Gitv .Arms Tavern on the 25th, in which a committee was appointed to wait on the Assembly and present res<)luti(ins defining their view^s in relation to the stamp question. The governor, on December _:;d, informed the Asseml^ly of the act of Parlia- ment requiring that the expense of providing the king's troops in America should be paid by the respective colonies. To this the Assembly replied, on the 15th, that the king's troops, when quartered in the king's barracks, were supi)lied without charge to the colonies, and that the l:)arracks in the city had sufficient accommodations for the troops, and that when it became necessary to supply quarters and necessaries on the march, the Assembly would take up the matter after the expenses had lieen incurred. On December iSth the Assembly made a declaration of their rights and liberties, claimed the sole right of taxation for the colony, and declared that the lately imposed duties were "grievous, burthensome and impos- sible to be paid," and that in consequence of them the trade of the port of New York with the foreign islands of the West Indies had so diminished .S7/^ HEXRV MOORE LETS THE STAMPS SLEEP 231 as to greatly reduce the ability of tlie merchants to purchase the manu- factures of Great Britain. The old act "ranting- to the king the duties on imports was continued in force and the Assembly then adjourned on December ^^d to meet March 4, ijfVx Trade fell off during that winter. The course of the go\-ernor. Sir Henrv Moore, was ;ulmirable. He had declared his jjurpose !<> "let the stamps sleep until he could hear from home," and additional stamps which had come with him on the Minerva were turned over to the munici- ])alit\' and "slept" beside the others in the City Hall. Cut while the gov- ernor gained the confidence of the people, they did not relax their vigi- lance, for while the Stamp Act was in abeyance it was still on the statute book. Its rejjeal was the one desideratum of the colonists. Party lines, which had been everywhere accentuated in religion and politics for many years, were obliterated in the practicallv unanimous execration of this act of Parliament. Only Colden and one or two others, crown ai)])ointees, had any desire to see the act made operative. Sir William Johnson was, how- ever, a strong partisan of the royal and parliamentary authority to do as it would to the colonies, and denounced the Xew Yorkers as aiming at build- ing u]) a democratical system, being possessed with a spirit of libertinism and independence — ])retended patriots who were really enemies of the British Constitution. Late in November Peter DeLancey, who had been in London, arrived in the harbor. He had been commissioned inspector of stamps for America. but when he found what the feeling on the matter was, he made prompt renunciation of the office, which he published in Holt's Gazette. Hood, expelled stamp agent for ^laryland, who had taken refuge in the fort, had later settled at hdushing, and there he was visited 1)}" a delegation of the Sons of Libert}-, at whose emphatic ])ersuasion he was induced, on Novem- ber 28th, to make renunciation of the place. Securing these renunciations was a part of the system which h\ correspondence had established a work- ing intercolonial organization, and the societies in Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston and other cities interchanged, with the utmost speed afforded by the then known means of communication, accounts of each other's methods and doings. This org-anization was the most active and eff'ective of the forces which led u]) to colonial union. There were several personal conflicts between soldiers of the fort and the citizens. The wrecking of the \'auxliall mansion of ]\lajor James was charged b}- the meml)ers of the Royal Artillery (of which he w-as com- mander) to the Sons of Liberty. Some of these same artillerists were guarding- the place when the sacking party appeared, and had been driven off' bv the rioters. Several encounters occiu'red between members of the HISTORY OP \FJ]- YORK artillery and of the Sons of Liberty, one of the latter being stabbed with a bayonet, on December i. The Stamp Act agitation was fanned into a new flame by the statement of Captain Kennedy, commanding the man-of-war, thai it was his duty to seize vessels whose clearance ])a])ers were not authenticated by stamps. Because nf this announcement one vessel returned to the harbor, and excitement ran high. There being a report that Kenned}' had taken his action on the advice of Sir Henry ]\Ioore, the governor called the merchants of the city into constiltation at the fort, on the exening of December i()th, to in(|uirc of them who had circulated the false report. The next night a great ])rocession marched through the streets with effigies of Lord (irenville and other unpo])ular members of Parliament, which the}' carried to the Common and burned. Several other demonstrations were made: and one, organized to burn Captain Kenned}'"s residence at Xo. i Broadway, was preveiited li\' the efforts of the n'ia}'or. Xotices were posted about the cit}' threatening the property and persons of captains of men-of-war who should detain or hinder any vessel sailing with unstamped clearances: and a niob which met on the last day of the year with the intent to l)urn < ieneral (lage in effigy was with difficulty dis- persed. The grievance against liim was that a survey of Xew \'ork City and its surrouiidings, for militar\' ])ur])oses, was ])eing made under his aus|)ices. The Sons of Libert}', which had been heretoiore ostensiblv a secret organization, though man}' of its members were known, came out in the open, in ;i ])ublic meeting at a ])lace of entertainment kept b}' William Howard on the Trinity h'arni, o])posite the ("onnnon, which afterward became the heachpiarters of the organization, and among the resolutions adopted was one of unanimous opposition to the Stamp Act, and announ- cing their intention to ])unish those who either carried on their business on stam])e(l pa])er, or refused to carr}- it on independent!}' of the odious act. 'idiat e\ening the British brig Poll}-, which had left London in October, ;irri\'ed, and the news was s])read that slie had len ])ackages of stamps in her cargo. The next night an armed force \isited the brig, which was l}'ing at Cruger's Dock, comjielled those in charge to surrender the keys and pro\'ide lights for a complete search, .and finding the stamps, took ihem on a large boat uj) i^ast Ri\er to the shi])}'ards, where they burned them in tar b;in-els, after which the men (lis]>ei"se(l in ])erfect order. At the foi'inighth' meeting of the Sons of Libert}', on February 2d, a committee was ap])oinle(l to corres])on(l witli the Sons of Liliertv in the other colonies, including Messrs. Lamb, Sears, Robinson, Wiley .and Alott. Hax'ing he;irled l)y the nonimportati(jn agreement, and merrymaking became general when P>ow Rells chimed in concert with the joy of the ])eople. The news was brought to America, very a])proi)riately, b\' a brig belonging to Mr. John Hancock, of Boston, the gentleman who became famous in American history as perhajis the boldest of American penmen. The brig sailed from Li\'er])ool, and when it arrived in Boston the news was ])romptly transmitted by express to New York, arrixing on May _'0, \J()(). Bonfires on the Common, and gen- eral illumination, a royal salute fr(ini the guns, and a dinner of the Sons of Liberty at the hostelry of William Howard, in the fields, in which toasts were drank in honor of Pitt, "the Guardian of .\merica," were among the features of the celebration. (rreat as was the rejoicing over the removal of this chief bone of con- tention, the spirit of |)atriotism and oi)iiosition which had been aroused b>' the attenijits to enforce the Stamp Act had gone far be\-ond the point wdiere repeal of the act would put the sentiments <»f the i)eo])le back to the ])oint of |)erfect ac(piiescence in British rule. The act had been repealed, but the assum])tions underl\ing the act had not been recanted. The act of repeal was accomiianied by an act declaring that the king and Parliament had "the right to bind the colonies and His Majest\'s subjects in them in all cases whatsoever." The New York cimimittee of the Sons o\ Libertv was in favor of continuing the nonimportation agreement, until the duties upon l)a])er, painters' ci their passage reached America in Julv. As the Assembly had already complied with the terms of the Billeting Act, the Townshend resolution which was based upon the contingency of noncom])liance became nugatory, if'so facto. But the ])olicv it indicated alarmed the colonies. It meant coercion, and the violation of the principle which was rapidly gaining lodgment in American patriotism, that "gov- ernments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed." Boston, stirred up by the new tax laws, met at Faneuil Hall, in October, and resolved to ])revent importations as much as possible, especially of the articles included in the new Townshend tariff. The Assembly again met November i/th, taking up several matters, one of which was to pay arrears of salary to Lieutenant Governor Colden. That official had been in retirement at his country seat since Governor Moore's arrival, and had attended only one meeting of the Council. With the February following the close of that session, the life of the Assembly, limited by law to seven years, expired. So it was dissolved and a new election was ordered. It was hotly contested, and Philip Livingston, James DeLancey, Jacob AA'alton and James Jauncey were elected from the city, John INIorin Scott receiving the largest vote among the candidates of the o])l)osition. The third anniversary of the repeal of the Stam]) Act was celebrated March iX, 176S, and largeh- attended dinners at two of the leading taverns included the chief merchants among their guests. On April 8th, an im])or- tant meeting was held, at Fraunces' Tavern, corner of Broad and Dock (now Pearl) Streets, at which twenty-four merchants, engaged in foreign commerce, organized the Xew Adrk Chamber of Commerce, the first officers of which were John Cruger (former mayor), president; Hugh Wallace, vice president; and Flias Desbrosses, treasurer. The evening before that, there had been another meeting at which it had lieen decided to prepare an agreement, operative if the merchants of Boston and Phila- delphia should, before June ist, following, adopt similar resolutions, pro- viding that the signers would not sell on their own account or on commission, nor bu\" nor sell for any |)erson whatever any mer- chandise (excei)t a few articles named) which should be shipjied from Great Britain after the first day of the following October, until the act of Parliament (Townshend tariff) shouUl be repealed. A connnittee of mer- A XOXJMPOR'r.lTJOX AC.RliRMEXT 241 chants apj)! tinted to circnlate this a,G,'recmcnl Inund very few who would not sig'n it. Townshcnd, author of the miscliiexons les^islation. died suddenly, on September 4, i7()7: the Earl of Chatham continued to lie incapacitated by illness, and a new election was held in ijltS. The Earl of Hillsborough was appointed secretary of state for America, and had denounced the attitude of the Massachusetts House of Representati\'es in issuins;' a circular letter calling' for a union of the colonies to obtain redress of grievances. All advices from England spoke of coercive i)lans to be enforced by armies and tieets. Strengthening this rumor was the assumption bv ( ieneral Gage, commander in chief at Xew \'ork, of itrecedence over Sir Henry FKAUNCES' TAVERN llililt 1727 Moore, the governor, which assmTi])tion was, however, emphatically over- ruled by Lord Hillsborough, wdio disclaimed anv intention on the part of His Maiestv to introduce "a military government into his ]irovinces in America uj^on the ruins of the civil ])ower."' \'et he jiersisted in wrong- headed opposition to the exercise of the right of jictition, and in orders to the colonial governors to dismiss legislatures which showed hostility t(_) the British customs plans. The assemblies all passed resolutions hostile to the Townshend tariff, and were prorogued bv the governors. The merchants of Boston first, New^ York afterward, and later Philadelphia, as well as other smaller ports, agreed to import no dut\' goods, with a few excep- tions, from January i, 1769, to January i, 1770, and everywhere the agree- ment was signed with practical unanimity. ( )n October 3d the people of Boston inaugurated their agreement to drink no more tea. Tuiglish troops poured into Boston and camiied on the Common, and later were billeted ■-'IV HISTORY OF NEW YORK in the hdiiies and warehouses of that city. The o'overnor of Massachu- setts, Sir Francis Bernard, dechned to ccjuvoke the Assembly, and so the colony continued under niilitar\- rule. Tile Sons of Li])ert\- in Xew \'ork, who had been disbanded durinc,- the lull of excitement which had followed the repeal of the Stamp Act, had been reort^Tinizecl and oreatly strengthened, and on Xoveniber 14th paraded the streets and liurned effigies of Sir Francis Bernard and of Greenleaf, sheriff of Boston, in front of the Merchants' Coffee House. The Assembly, meeting" soon afterward, discussed various questions, its most notable act being the adoption. Decern] )er 31, 1768. of resolutions declaring for the principle of an exact e(|ualit\- of rights among all His Majesty's suljjects in all parts of the empire; the right of jietition, the right of an internal legislature and the undoubted right of correspondence Ix'tween the colonies tn secure united action for the defense of their rights, liberties, interests and i)rivileges ; and a committee of corresi)ondence was organized in accordance with this resolution. As these bold resolutions were identically the ones which Ford Hillsborough's circular had prohiliited. Sir Henrv Moore, greatlv inclined, as he always was, to a l)eaceful course, summoned the Assembly, on Januar\- 4tli. and declared that these resolutions had put it out of his power to continue it longer in office; so, while expressing the kindliest feelings for the members, he dissolved the Assembly. A new election, which occurred in January, returned the old mem- bers, with the exception of Philip Fivingston. who was replaced by John Cruger. Fivingston was. however, elected from Fi\-ingston AFinor in Feb- ruary, and Roliert Fivingston for Dutcliess Countw The Assembly to wliich these well-known men were elected, the Twenty- fourth, was the last of the colonial assemblies, liistoricallv known as the Fong .AssemliF', which had its last sitting Ajiril 3. 1775. I)Ut was ke])t alix'e \)\ adjournment until February I. r77r). It met and organized A])ril 4, 1761), electing John Cruger s])eaker. Tlie go\ernor's address objected to the m.anner of ai)pointment of an agent of Xe\\- \'ork jirovince in l'"ngland, as being detrimental to colonial interests; and asked for a grant to meet arrearages on account of the troops and their (|uarters. In their repl\- the\- i)romised compliance with his recommendations as to the king's tniojis, l)Ut declined to alter the metliod of ap])ointing their agent in Fondon. The ( 'hamber of Commerce, which had ])re\iouslv met at Fraunces' Tav- ern ("The (Jueen's Head"), mi)\etl into large new (|uarters o\'er the Roval Fxchange. on the (»])]iosite corner of F>road and I )(ick (now Pearl) Streets, linlding their first nmnthb meeting at that ])lace im May 2. 1769. when John Cruger. president {^{ that bodv and .also s])eaker of the Assembly. ])resented 1(1 them a \'ote of tlianks \)\ the Assembly, to the merchants of the city and colony "tor tlieir repeated disinterested, public-spirited and patriotic conduct niLlTH OF SIR HENRY MOORE 243 ill declining" the importation or receiving of goods from Great Britain until such acts c)i Parliament as the 'General Assembly' had declared to be unconsti- tutional and subversive of the rights and liberties of the colony be rei)ealed."' Xew ^'iirk adhered to its nonimportation agreement with great fidelity, but there were breaches reported from Philadelphia, and one New York mer- chant was caugJTt receiving imported goods via the latter city. Conflicting re|)iirts were received from London as to the possibilitv of the repeal of the oljnoxious duties so much desired bv the mercliants of New York, and even mure by the commercial communitv in London. Sir Henry Moore, dtiring all the troubles of the four vears since his arrival as governor of the colony, had acted in a perfectly friendly manner toward those of every shade of political opinion. Bound by the duties of his ])osition as a royal governor, to the most emphatic assertion of the royal pre- rogative, and com])elled to recommend to the hottse such policies as were con- tained in his instructions from London, he nevertheless performed these duties in such a manner that the Assembly, when unable to comply, treated him officially aiul personally with the utmost respect. His suspension of the oper- ation of the Stamp Act as long as he could, had given him a place in popular favor which had become more sectire with each year of his service. He was a dignifietl, urbane and righteous governor, and his death, in Fort George, Sep- tember II, 1769, after a brief illness, brought great distress to the people of the city and colony. During Governor Moore's administration there were nimierous improve- ments in the city, and three churches were erected: St. Paul's Church, in 1765, the Brick Presbyterian Church, opposite the Common, and the North Dutch Church, on Fulton Street. TAMMANY HALL, 1789 Nassau Stret-t. Cmner Si>ruce Street First reniiaiient \\'igv\am CHAPTER T ir E N T Y - F U R SONS OF LIBERTY AND BRITISH SOLDIERS THE BATTLE OF GOLDEN HILL NONIMPORTATION AND LATER TROUBLES Sir Henry ^loore was dead, and his remains were interred nnder the chancel of Trinity Cliurch. CadwaUader Colden was again in authority over New York i)r(i\ince as lieutenant governor, coming in from Flushing as soon as he heard of the governor's death; and on September 13, 1769, he tO(.»k the prescribed (:)aths as lieutenant go\ernor and commander in chief. He issued a call for the Assembly to meet on November 21st. Before that, the Sons of Li])erly. celebrating, on November ist, the anniversary of the nonimportation agreement, passed resolutions recommending that the Assembly, when it met, should follow the example of the assemblies of South Carolina and j\Iassachusetts, refusing all supplies for the king's troo])s until the obnoxious laws should be repealed. But when Colden addressed the Assembly and asked for the annual grant re(|uired by the Billeting Act, his request met with ])ronii)t compliance. This course was very displeasing to the ])eo])le of the city, and particu- larly to the Sons of Liberty. A i)rinted "Address to the Ik'trayed Inhabi- tants of the City and Colony of New \'ork," signed ".\ Son (if Liberty," appeared, and a co]»y which fell into the hands of the ma}'or. Whitehead Hicks, was delivered by that official to John Cruger, the speaker of the Assembly. It was a bitter arraignment of the Assembly for its action in voting, at Colden's recjuest, for the supplies for the king's troops: arraigned it as a Ix'traver of the cause of liberty, and cited in contrast, the patriotic action of the assemblies of Massachusetts and South Carolina. There was also another paper of similar import jiut in circulation, with the sig- nature "Legion." Both invited the Assembly to meet the ])eople at a meeting to be held in the fields, Decend:)er i8th. These anonymous papers were presented to the house as being infamous and scandalous libels, and b>' vote of the Assembly the lieuten;nit go\ernor issued a ]M-ocla- mation oil'ering a reward of fioo for the discm'erv of tlie author of the first, and of £50 for the author of the second of these circulars. The meeting in the fields was attended by about fourteen hundred men. and the action of the Assembly was vigorously discussed. On motion of lohn Land) a committee of eight was a])pointed to wait upon the city's delegation to the Assemlily and ])resent the sentiments of the meeting. The committee, as named, was composed of Jacobus van Zandt, John Lamb. Isaac Sears, Samuel Broome, lames yan A'aurk, Erasmus SOLDIERS AND CITIZENS IN CONFLICT 245 Williams, Caspar Wistar, Thomas Franklin, Jr., John Thurman and Alexander ]McDous,all, all of whom served in the presentation of the reso- lutions, except Thurman, who declined membership on the committee. On the 25th the Assembly ordered John Lamb to appear before the bar of the house to answer for libel, the impression being that as he was the mover of the resolution he had some connection with the printed libels that had moved the Assembly to wrath. But the other members of the committee ptiblished a card stating that they were as responsible as was JNIr. Lamb, and when that gentleman a])i)eared in answer to the summons and disclaimed au}- connection I^etween the i)rinted liliels and his action at the meeting, he was discharged. The mutual dislike of soldiers and citizens which had been engendered at the time of the Stamp Act troubles had in no wise diminished. The u])per barracks, located in the Common, was near the Liberty Pole, and the soldiers stationed at that barracks, had in it a constant reminder that in spite of their former conflicts, the Sons of Liberty had succeeded in main- taining the obnoxious emblem. The Sixteenth Regiment men, who occti- ])ied the barracks, were known to entertain hostile designs against the pole. On the night of January 13th, a party of them, foiled in an attempt to ctit it down or blow it up, concluded to attack De La ]\Iontagne's Tavern, just opposite, and they broke seventy-six panes of glass in his windows and attacked the tavern-keeper in one <>f the passages in the tavern. They made nightly attempts against the pole after that, and on January i6th succeeded in cutting it down, then sawed it into pieces and piled them up before the tavern door. A meeting which had been called to the Liberty Pole to consider the otitbreaks of the soldiers, met on the Common, on January 17th, aliotit 2000 citizens attending, and resolved that any soldier found at night armed, or if unarmed, acting in an insulting manner, should be treated as an enemy to the public peace. The next day a placard, scurrilously abusive of the Sons of Liberty and defiant of citizens generally, signed, "The Sixteenth Regiment of Foot," and three soldiers were caught by Isaac Sears and Walter Ouacken- bos in the act of posting them. Each grabbed one of them, then the third soldier rushed tipon Sears in the endeavor to free his comrade, but Sears, with a handy missile and accurate throw, hit him in the face and made him run away. The two citizens, when on the way to the mayor's office with their captives, were rushed upon by twenty more soldiers with swords and bayonets, but many citizens had come up and helped the citi- zens to defend themselves. As it was the neighborhood of the Fly Market, the citizens were, many of them, able to secure sticks or staves and to ward ofl:' the soldiers' attacks. Mayor Hicks appeared, ordering the 246 HISTORY OF XEW YORK soldiers to their barracks, and they niii\ed on as far as Golden Hill, the spot being on what is n^w John Street, between William and Cliff Streets, where they made a stand and turned on the citizens who had followed them. The soldiers used their bayonets and wounded several of the citizens, but as the crowd increased and surrounded the soldiers, the citizens wounded some and disarmed man}" of them. A fresh part}' of soldiers came uj) from the barracks and were preparing- to make a concerted attack when some officers appeared and ordered all the soldiers to their barracks, whereupon hostilities ceased for that day. ( )ne of those on the citizens" side, a sailor, who was wounded, died of his wounds. As this antedated the Boston Massacre by nearly two months, the "Fiattle of Golden Hill"' has been designated by man}' writers as the first battle fought, and the unnamed sailor's as the first life lost, in the American Revolution. The hostilities were resumed the day following, January i()th, one of a party of soldiers thrusting his bayonet through the cloak and dress of a woman who was returning from market. The news of this outrage brought the people together and many of them gathered in knots on the street corners to discuss the situation. The sailors, who always sided with the citizens in their conflicts with the soldiers, were especially ])er- turbed because of a desire to revenge the death of their brother, who had been killed by the soldiers. A group of these got into an altercation with a party of soldiers from the barracks and soon got to blows, and in the cmentc an old sailor was run through the bod}' by a bayonet. The sailors were wrought to fury and the fight became hotter. The mayor came to the scene and ordered the soldiers to disperse, but they defied him, and when he started a messenger to the barracks to summon an officer, the soldiers barred the way with drawn swords, so that the messenger could not proceed. A party of Libert v Bovs coming u|) at this time to aid the sailors, dispersed the soldiers. For a few liours all was (|uiel, ])ui in the afternoon a group of citizens iii front of the new jail, on the Gommon, was accosted by a party of soldiers, who endeavored to disarm them of their canes. The citizens turned on them, and being soon reinforced by a party of the Sons of Liberty, were enabled to dri\'e the soldiers liack to their barracks, disarming several. ( )ne of the soldiers was badly wounded in the shoulder, and another, who was recognized as one of the ring- leaders in the conflict of the i)re\-ious chn'. was arrested and im])risoned to await trial. The Sons of Liberty had, through a comiiuttee. asked the City Gouncil for permission to rear another Libertv Pole on the spot where the other four had successively stood, but the recjuest was denied bv a majority vote. Lamb and some friends, in anticipation of the refusal, bought a stri];) of ground elexen by THE CASE OF JAMES McDOUGALL 2i7 one hundred feet, on i)rivate property, near the former site, and on tliis erected, Feliruarv 6, 1770, the fifth Liberty Pole, a mast of g-reater leng-th than anv of the others, forty-six feet high, with a topmast twenty-two feet higli, surmounted Iiv a gih vane on which was tlie word "Liljerty." The pole was cased for two-thirds of its height with iron hoops and bars and sunk twelve feet into the ground. The news from London was ftdl of excitement al)otit the case of John \\'ilkes. a member of Parliament for Middlesex, who was convicted in 1763 of having issued, in Xo. 45 of his paper, the North P>riton. what was declared to be a "false, scandalous and seditious libel." He had been con- victed by the Court of King's Bench and sent to prison under a sentence for twenty-two months, and at the instance of the ministry, he was expelled from the house, and his constituents so resented this treatment that, though in prison, they immediately reelected him. Another vote of expulsion resulted in another reelection and another vote of expulsion. For a fourth time he was returned, by a vote of 1143 to 2q6; but the house seated his opponent, on the ground that as Wilkes was an outlaw the votes against him were void. This raised the question of rights of parliamentary constituencies, and made Wilkes a popular hero, and he was elected an alderman of London, and later sheriiT of Middlesex, and in 1774, lord mayor of London, in 1770 he was the popular hero of London, the embodiment in the view of the people of their aspirations for larger rights, and the cham])ion of the freedom of the ])ress and of the people. The number of the North Briton in which the alleged libel occurred — "Nimiber Forty-five" — became, temporarily, a battle cry of freedom for the English-speaking world, and the Sons of Liberty in New \'ork took up the cry. It came into plav in connection with the case of James McDougall. who was arrested on the charge of being the author of the printed ])apers signed '"A Son of Liberty" and "Legion." and which had been declared "infamous and scandalous libels." McDougall had been arrested on the admission of James Parker, the ])rinter. who had been interrogated b_\' the lieutenant gover- nor and Council, that he was the author. Taken before the chief justice, he refused to give bail, and was incarcerated in the new jail on the Common. The Sons of Liberty took him up as their hero — "the American Wilkes." Great crowds gathered at the jail, and when some of them were a-^ke*! for their names. they shouted "Forty-five." The Sons of Liberty formed the radical wing of the patriotic party. A.nother section, composed for the greater part of the wealthier and more ex- clusive i)eople. called themselves "Friends of Liberty and Trade." When the Sons of Liljerty. who had made De La Montague's tavern their head(|uarters. went to the ])roprietor to secure it for their annual celel)ration of the rejieal oi 248 HISTORY OF XHJr YORK < ^ Q - O -5 3' "^^ •^ THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CHARTERED 249 the Stamp Act, thev were told that it had alread}- been let for that da_\- to the other organization. The Sons of Liberty then bought property described as "the corner house on the Broadway, near Liberty Pole, lately kept by Ed- ward Smith." Thev changed the name to "Hampden Hall," whicli ])ecame the headquarters of the Sons of Liberty. On March 19th, the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated at Hampden Hall with great enthusiasm. Wilkes and McDougall were toasted, forty-fi\'e toasts were drunk and the entire company went in procession to the jail and gave forty- five cheers for ]\IcDougall. As some soldiers were frustrated in an attem]it on the night of March 24th to unship the tojMnast and vane from the new Lib- ertv Pole, a guard was set upon the pole until after the departure of the Six- teenth Regiment for Pensacola, on INLay ^d. News came from London that under the initiative of Lord North the obnoxious taxes had been removed from every article except tea, and the non- importation agreement was, at the suggestion of Philadelphia merchants, modified as to all other articles. There was a considerable interchange of argument in regard to this policy, and Fioston held out for a continuance of the nonimportation policy to its fullest extent, but the statistics showed that during the existence of the agreement, while the imports of New York had decreased five-sixths, those of Philadelphia and Boston had only decreased one- half, while Canada, Carolina and Georgia, and even Maryland and Virginia, had increased their importations. Mr. Bancroft has well said that as X'ew York alone had been perfectly true to its engagements, "it was impatient of a system of renunciation which was so unetiually kept ; and the belief was com- mon that if the others had adhered to it as strictly, all the grievances would have been redressed." On March 13, 1770, Lieutenant Governor Colden granted a charter to the New York Cham1:)er of Commerce. The statues ordered In- the Assembly from London of George III and Lord Chatham, arrived in the summer of 1770. The equestrian statue of George HI was set up on its pedestal on the Bowling Green, opposite Fort George, on August i6th, the anniversary of the birthday of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and was the occasion of much cere- mony. It was made of lead, heavilv gilded. On September 7th, at the intersec- tion of A\'all and Cross (now William) Street, where a pedestal had been set u]) for its reception, the statue of Pitt was set up. Both statues had been made by Joseph \\'ilton, a famous London sculptor, and were regarded as ex- cellent examples of the art of sculpture. After the news of the death of Sir Henry ]\Ioore had reached England the Earl of Dunmore had been appointed governor in his place, but he had so delayed his departure that Lieutenant Governor Colden had administered the government f()r thirteen months before his arrival. He reached New York in HISTORY OF Xllir VORK M..M.S. Tweed, October iS, 1770, and he was q-iven a rousint;" recejition. Dinners and other functions were given in his honor, the city was ilhiminated, the Sons of Liberty made a great bonfire on the Common and drew the largest outdoor asseml)Iag'e which had to tliat time met in Xew York Citv. Dunmore's commission, as those of the other governor generals had done, contained a provision authorizing him to take "a moiety of the perc|uisites and emoluments of the government of Xew York from the date of his com- mission to the time of his arrival." There had been a similar clause in the commission of Sir Henry Aloore, but he had made no demand under it, and of General ?kIonckton, but he had finally waived it, and, in fact, the division had not been insisted on since the days of the \'an Dam-Cosliy litigation. Colden was not likely to give up anything like fiftv per cent, of his vear's income without a fight, and the consequence was litigation in which he was finally sus- tained, the decision ])eing, that as a salarv is com])ensation for labor per- formed the king had no right to act with it as if it was a bounty at his dis- l)osal, because "the king can do nothing contrary to law." The dispute was carried no further, the earl did not carrv the matter to London, and Colden had no occasion to do so. The Assembly met December 11, 1770, and in his address to that body the Earl of Dunmore spoke with satisfaction of the ending of the nonimpor- tation agreement and the renewing of "that mutual intercourse between the mother country and her colonies which it is so much the interest of both to preserve uninterru]ite(l." Pie called attention of the Assembly to the i)roba- bility of war between Great Britain and Spain, and urged the consideration of the defenses of X'ew ^'ork against foreign attack. Instruction came from the Earl of I lillsl)or()ugh to the governors in America, to the effect that Parlia- ment had ordered an increase of the armv l)v an additional light company to everv battalion and of twentv men to everv companv : and he was emphatic in lu-ging immediate attention to the recruiting of these additional soldiers. The crdl for recruits appealed to the religious as well as political zeal of many of the i)eople, for S])ain was especiallv detested bv the Protestants, and the first to volunteer their services as soldiers was a bodv of (ierman Protestants, who olTered themselves in Januarv, 1771. The Assembly passed a grant of fjooo for the troops quartered for the year, but declined to appropriate any monev for arrearages, though they granted f 1000 for general repairs pending further advices as to the probability f)f war with Spain. Thev voted an a]ii)ro])riation to |)a\' the governor's vearly salary of £2000, but the Earl of Dunmore sent in a message that the king having provided the salarv out of his treasurv, he was not permitted to receive an\- from the .\ssemblv. This idea of paving the governors from the king's treasury was a ]xirl of the [jlan to justifv the collection of duties in America. CAPTAIN McDOUGALL GOES TO JAIL 251 On December 13. 1770, Ca])t;iin James AlcDouj^all, who had recently l^een let out of jail on bail by the Supreme Court, in connection with the libel charges against him, was summoned to the bar of the Assembly and he was there in- terrogated as to whether he was the autlior of the paper entitled, "Address to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York." He declined to answer, for the reason, first, that the Assembly had already de- clared the i)a]ier to be libelous and he could not be comj)elled to incriminate himself; and, second, he was at that time under prosecution in the Supreme Court of the colony. He was declared in contempt of the house, and declin- ing to ask pardon, was committed to the common jail, where he remained after the adjournment of the house until April 17, 1771, when, on motion of John Morin Scott, his attorney, he was ordered to be released upon his own recognizance. A vindication of the stand he took before the Assembly, which McDougall sent from the jail, was published on December 22d, in Holt's Gazette, and the people generally were in sympathy with his stand. The Sons of Liberty, at their celebration of the anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp Act, on March 18, 1771, included among their toasts one to "the Lib- erty of the Press" in honor of McDougall, and another entitled, "No ansvyer to interrogatories when tending to accuse the person interrogated," was also in sympathy with the man then still in jail. McDougall, after his release, con- tinued to be actiye in the patriot cause. He became colonel of the First New ^'ork Regiment, in 1775, brigadier general in 1776, and major general in 1777, in the Continental Army: fought at the battles of Long Lsland, White Plains, Germantown and others; was elected to the Continental Congress in 1781 and 17S4, and was a member of the New York Senate at the time of his death, in 1786. As early as December, 1770, the Earl of Dunmore had receiyed from Eng- land a notice that the king had promoted him to the goyernment of Virginia, in succession to Lord Botetourt, who had died, a mark of royal favor which greatly ])leased the earl, as the Virginian post was considered the most impor- tant and desirable in the colonies. To the office of governor of New York the king appointed William Tryon, then governor of North Carolina, whose wife, who had been a Aliss Wake, was a near relative of the Earl of Hills- borough, first commissioner of trade and plantations. He was born in Ire- land about 1725, commissioned captain in the army in 175 1 and lieutenant colonel in 1758; appointed lieutenant governor of North Carolina in 1764, and upon the death of Governor Arthur Dobbs was commissioned governor of that colony. Through the tact of his ambitious wife he succeeded in securing from the North Carolina Assembly £15,000 to build a governor's house at Newbern, which was recognized as being the handsomest building in Amer- ica. This was chief of the extravagances which caused "The Regulators," an HISTORY OF XIIW YORK organization formed for tax and other reforms in X'orth Carolina, in 1768, to start an uprising- in 1770. In May, 1771, Governor Tryon, at the head of a larg-e Loyahst force, met two thousand Regulators, of whom less than half were armed, at Alamance Creek, defeating them after two hours of fierce fighting. Seventy Loyalists were killed and wounded, nine Regulators were killed and many wounded, one was hanged on the spot and fifteen were taken prisoners, of whom six were tried and executed. The selection of Governor Tryon as go\'ernor of New York was a reward for his vigor in suppressing the Regulators. ( )n Mondav. Jtilv Sth, he arrived in Xew York with his wife and daughter, after a fast passage of five days from Xewbern, North Caro- lina, in the sloop Sukey, and was recei\'e(l with appropriate salutes, honors and ceremonies, the Earl of Dunmore going Id the sloop to meet him and accompanying him from the landing at Whitehall stairs to the fort, escorted by the Provincial Council and the local dignitaries. Lord Dunmore left for Virginia, Sej^tember Sth, with the accompaniment of salutes from the battery guns and many tokens of public esteem. He seems to have pleased evervbodv in New York save Lieutenant Governor Colden. In a tr\'ing time he had ruled the province without friction and with singular discretion, llis course in A'irginia was much different and his administration \-erv ttnpoi)ular, but his short term as governor of New York developed noth- ing to antagonize anv partv. The New York Assemblv. which did not meet until Januarv 7, 177-, in replving to the address of the new governor and expressing satisfaction at his appointment, also alluded to his predecessor as having "iustlv merited our affection and applause." In his address to the Assembly, Governor Tryon. in the absence of any special instructions from the king, confined his recommendations to the ordi- nary su])i)lv and sujjport bills, a thorough repair of the city's fortifications and defenses and the framing of a jiroper militia system. The Assembly, appro- priating £2000 for the governor's salary, received from him a si)ecial mes- sage, with a copy of the king's instructions, providing that neither the gover- nor, president of the council, nor commander in chief could receive from the Assemlily any gift or present \\liatever. The Society of the New York Hos- ])ital, organized in 1771, was commended to the consideration of the Assentbly bv Go\'ernor Tryon. The two societies celebrated, on 2\Iarch 18, 1772, another anniversarv of the repeal of tlie Stam]i Act. the conserxative Friends of Liberty and Trade, at De La Abintagne's, and the more radical Sons of Liberty, in Hampden Hall, as tisu.'d. The Assembly, as Tryon had recommended, had ])assed an act estab- lishing a militia, and soon nine companies, aggregating seven hundred men, of which three were artillery, were raised, officered by "gentlemen of the first f.amilies and distinction," who at their own expense clothed, armed and accou- THE CASE OF PHILIP LIVIXCSTOX 253 tred their companies. In Jnne the force had increased to twenty-six reg-iments and eleven troops of hght horse in the province, one regiment and one troop being in Xew York County. ( )liver DeLancey, brother of the late Lieutenant Governor DeLancev. was c(ilonel in chief of the Southern District. He was one of the most prominent citizens of Xew \'ork, and his daughter Susanna, according to the newspapers (if the da\-, had married Sir William Draper, Knight of the Bath, in Trinity Church, im Cctol^er 13, 1770. One of the controversies which had created some acrimonv at this period, was the Livingston dispute, referring to the claim of Judge Philij) Li\ingstiin, of the Supreme Court, of a right to sit in the Assembly as a representative of Livingston Manor, the great familv estate on the Hudson. He had served without question for four vears after his appointment to the Bench bv General INIonckton, and in 1768 had been the s])eaker of the Assemljh-, but the follow- ing year was denied admission, based on two grounds: first, that he was a resi- dent of New York and not of Livingston ^lanor; and second, that he was ineligible because of his judicial position. Therefore, while elected five times in three years, he had been kept out. While these seem in our day to be good grounds for refusing to admit him to the Assembh', they were not valid either bv law or custom when first raised against Livingston, and laws afterward made In- the Assemblv purposelv to exclude him were vetoed by the king. The objection to Livingston seems to have been more denominational than partisan, as Livingston was foremost among the Presbyterian laymen of that da}-, and as such, obnoxious to the high churchmen, who were usually fa\'ored in all offi- cial matters, and who wished to be alone eligible to office, as Episcopalians were in North Carolina, and some other colonies. The appeal made by Liv- ingston to the home authorities, in 177^, met with no response, and he was not returned in 1773. The Assembly meeting, from January 5th to March S, 1773, was chiefly given to appropriations and routine matters, and the first half of the year passed in an excejitionally peaceful manner in New York. Public oi)inion was perturbed by the news from X'irginia and New Eng- land. During several years past Massachusetts had been under more austere and autocratic govern<5rs than had New York. Sir Francis Bernard, from 1760 to 1769, and Thomas Hutchinson, from 1769, had represented unwaver- ing hostility to the popular cause. Conflicts between the soldiery and citizens had been freciuent. The Boston Massacre, as the bloody emeute on King- Street, March 2, 1770. between soldiers and citizens had come to be called, was a fiercer and more sanguinary onslaught than that on Golden Hill in New York City a few weeks before. Samuel Adams and others of the pa- triots had practicall}- dropped the idea of lo\-alt}- to the crown which denied the colony its lilierties, although x-\dams still, in his speeches, spoke of the ministers rather than the king, and had devised a plan of a committee of correspond- HISTORY OF XRIV YORK ence to arouse and consolidate the patriots of the various colonies. In the spring of 1773. young Dabney Carr rose in the House of Burgesses in \'ir- ginia and argued in favor of the appointment of committees of correspond- ence, such as had been established in Xew England, for the preservation of their rights and liberties and providing to systematize the plan by the designa- tion of councils in each State, who shotild meet at some central place with the others, to unifv their plans: and the \'irginia house appointed a committee charged with the duty "to watch Britain, and communicate with the other colo- nies." Lord Dunmore dissolved the house, but the committee had been ap- ])()inted and the Xew England assemblies appointed similar committees. Xew York could not now do so, as the Assembl}' had already been prorogued. RHINELANDER'S SUGAR HOUSE, 1763 L'sed as a Prison during the Revolution CHAPTER T IF E N T Y - F I r E TEA AND THE TROUBLE IT BREWED BOSTON CLOSED AND THE REVOLUTION OPENED CONTINENTAL AND PROVINCIAL CONGRESSES The £^raiUing- of a charter to the East India Company, authorizing- it to export tea, duty free, to America, and to sell it through commissioners of its own a]ipointment, in Philadelphia, New York, Boston and other American ports, was the signal for a revival of the resentments which had been before aroused by the Stamp Act, for, as will be remembered, the second or modified nonimportation agreement of the merchants had been singly and specifically directed against tea. The compan\- was thus endeavoring to accomplish through its own commissioners what it could not compass through the regular trade. A series of letters, headed "Alarm," and signed "Hampden," as well as other articles, directed against the ]:ro])osed shipment, with warnings to East India commissioners that lhe_\' were on a par with stampmasters and would not lie tolerated by the freemen of America, appeared in Holt's Journal. A notable circular was issued. November 29, 1773, in handbill form, announcing the formation of an association known as the Sons of Lilierty of New York, asking signatures ])romising faithful com])]iance with certain resolutions declaring that all who aided or abetted in the intro- duction of tea into the colon}': or in the landing or carting of tea from any ship or vessel: or should hire anv premises for the storag^e of tea: or contribute to the sale or j^iurchase of tea — while that commoditv should be subject, by a British act of Parliament, to the ])aynient of a duty for the purpose of raising a revenue in America — should be deemed enemies to the liberties of America, without reference to whether the duties should be l)aid in Great Britain or America. And the resolutions further declared that whoever should transgress these resolutions the signer would not deal with or em]doy. or have any connection with. On the reverse side of the circular was an appeal from the "Friends of Liberty and Trade" (the more conservative organization) inviting signatures to the agreement of the asso- ciation, and advising harmony and a union of all classes, in a C[uiet but determined resistance. The document was signed by people of all ranks and stations, and a meeting called for December 17th. at the City Hall, was largely attended in spite of a blustering storm. Previous to this the merchants, Henry White (member of the Council), Aliraham Lott and ]Mr. Benjamin, who had received commissions from the East India Company for the sale of tea in 9-^(i HISTORY OF X liW YORK the ciilony, had l>een waited on by a Cdiiiniittee, and liad decided to resign their commissions and decHne to receive or sell the tea. At the City Hall meeting John LamI) presented communications from the committees of correspondence of Boston and Philadelphia declaring the determination of those communities to prevent the landing of the tea, and as Xew York as yet had no similar committee of its Assembly, one of fifteen members was chosen on the s])ot and named the Xew York Committee. Mayor Hicks, accompanied by the recorder, entered the meeting and announced a mes- sage from the governor in regard to what sh(Tuld be done with the tea when it should arri\'e (the connnissioners having resigned). It read: "The gov- ernor declares that the Tea will lie put in the fort at noonday ; and engages his honour that it shall continue there until the Council shall advise it to be deli\-ered out, or till the king's order or the ])roprietor"s order is known : and then the Tea will be deli\'ered out at noon-dav." The mayor thereupon asked the meeting if such an arrangement would be satisfactory, and was answered with loud cries of "Xo!"' John Lamb then read the act of Par- liament, which ]K"ovided that the duties should be paid upon landing, and then asked if those jiresent believed, under this circumstance, that the tea slioiild be landed, and recei\'ed a vociferous and almost unanimous nega- tive answer. Then, after jiassing a resolution approving the stand taken by IJoston and Philadeli)hia, the meeting adionrned to convene again on the arrival of the tea shi|). A report reached Xew York the same da\- tliat the tea ship for the ])ort of Charleston, South Carolina, had arrixed. but had not been permitted by tile citizens to land its cargo. This turned out to be an erroneous state- ment. The tea was, in fact landed, but was stored in damji cellars where it was guarded and was allowed to rot, so that it was never marketed. On the night of the same dav as the Anti-Tea Meeting in Xew York, the "Boston Tea Party," which was the most thrilling episode of the entire tea agitation, occurred. The Philadelphia tea ship "Polly" arrived on Christ- mas Day, but was returned to Pngland with its cargo the following da}'. It was several months later before the X'ew \'ork tea shi]i arrived. On the night of iJecember 20, 1773, an accidental hre destroyed the Province House in the fort, and it burned so ra])idl\" that in two hours it was entirelv consumed. The inmates had difficulty in escaping, the gov- ernor and his wife making their exit from a door leading to the ramparts. Miss Tryon, jumping from the second-storv window, fortun;itel_\' landed in a deep snow]);ink and was unhurt, but a maidservant ])erished in the flames. Practically all the personal effects of the governor ;ind his wife were consumed, but the great seal of the province was found in the ruins, two days later, uninjured. If the hre had occurred in dry weather it would THE ASSEMBLY OF '4 doubtless have destroyed many more houses, but as it occurred just after a lieavy snowstorm, when every roof was covered thick with snow, it was confined to the Province House. The (General Assembly met January 6, 1774. Jud,<;"e Li\in,L;ston, who had a^ain been returned for Livingston Alanor, was again refused admis- sion, and on a new poll Peter R. Livingston was elected and admitted to DEPARTURE OF THE "POLLY' a seat. The governor's address had chiefly to do with the boundary lines between the province and Quebec, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and said that he had been ordered to England in connection with the Xew Hampshire grants. He also called attention of the Assendjly to the fire which destroyed the Province House. Besides the usual exjjense and supply bills the x\ssembly voted £5000 as an allowance to the governor for his losses in the fire. It would have been lost by a tie vote if the speaker, John Cruger, had not given the casting vote for the bill. A bill was also passed providing for the raising of £12,000 by lottery or lotteries, toward buildmg a province house and secretary's ofiice, but it was never built. HISTORY OF XI-JV YORK Governor Trvon prorogued the Asseinl)!)-. nn ]\Jarch Kjth, and sailed for England in the ]\lercury jxicket. on April 7, 1774. The departtire of Governor Tryon called back Lieutenant Governor Golden from his country house at Flushing- to take up again, in his eighty- sixth Year, the reins of proA'incial goverinnent. Before Governor Tryon"s departure news had arrived, on March 10th, from St. Eustatius via Philadel- phia, to the effect that the ship Xancy. Captain Lockyer. having- been blown off the coast bv contrary winds, had put into Antigtta. So the vigi- lance of the Sons of Libertv committee was redotil^led. and was rewarded, on April i8th, by news that the vessel was in the outer harjjor. The pilot did not deem it safe to take the vessel into the harbor, btit the committee of the Sons of Liberty called on the captain and advised him that he could safelv come up on condition that he should not enter his vessel at the Custom House. Coming ashore he was received with kindness, visiting his consignees, who refused to receive his cargo. He made his arrange- ments to leave without itnloading. and a handbill invited the citizens to see him oft', on Mav 2()th. stating that the bells would l)e rung half an hour before he should lea\e ]NLu-ray's wharf. By private advices the Sons of Libertv were led to watch also for the ship London, Captain Chambers. When the \-esseI arrived at the Hook, the captain denied to the pilot that he had anv tea on board, but the Sons of Liberty, then a power not to be despised, called the captain and the owner before them, and the captain admitted that he had eig-hteen cases of tea on board, of \\hich he was sole owner. .V dei)utation from the Sons of Liberty \isited the ship in the evening, broke open the cases and em])tied their contents into the river. The next dav Captain Lockyer was escorted from the Coft'ee House to the end of Murrav's Wharf, followed by cheering crowds, and put upon the l)ilot boat. 'Jlie committee of obser\ation at Sand}- Hook rejjorted that the Xancv had departed not only with the tea. Captain Lock\er and her crew, bttt also with Captain Chambers, who had thtis i)Ut himself at a safe distance from punishment at the hands of unfriendly citizens. All these proceed- ing-s about the tea went on without the lieutenant governor knowing any- thing al)out them until they were all over. Xews which came from England told of the reception there of the news of the Boston Tea Party, of the intense excitement in London, and the passage through both houses of Parliament of the Boston Port Bill, which ]u-ovided for the closing of the port of Bostoit, on June ist, to all connnerce. lo remain closed during the king's pleasure, and in addition, for the indemnification of the East Lidia Company tor the loss of its tea, the value being ])laced at about £8000. This news came by the ship Samson, from London, which arrived ?\Iay 12. 1774. By the same ship also came THE COMMITTEE OF EIFTV-OXE 259 achices that (iciieral < lat^e had been appointed civil g'overnur of Massa- chusetts; that fdiir nmrt' regiments of soldiers were embarked, and that a considerable fleet had been ordered into American waters. A meetino- of merchants was called to meet at Fraunces" Tavern, on ^Nlondav, May i6th, and when they leathered it was found that the tavern 'lid not afl:'ord sufticient room, so removal was made to the Excliange Build- in,!:^', just ojiposite. Isaac Low was chosen chairman of the meeting;', and it was i)ro])osed to elect a committee of correspondence. Isaac Sears, for the Sons of Lil)ert\-, oft'ered a list of twenty-five; but the merchants ofl'ered a list of fifty. There was a close contest, but the merchants won. Un both lists the names were for the most part those of merchants, and when they were compared it was found that not more than two of the Sons of Liberty ticket were omittetl from the larg'er list. The meeting" adjourned to meet on Thursday, tire 19th, at the Merchants' Coffee House. At that meeting the name of Francis Lewis was added to the committee, which thus took its name of Committee of Fifty-one. [Meanwhile Paul Revere, ])ostri(ler for tlie 15oston Committee, had brought in news of a meeting held at Faneuil Hall, in Boston, on the 13th, at which resolu- tions were passed urging the colonies to stop all importations from and exportations to Great Britain and the West Indies until the Boston Port Bill shotild be repealed. The i)roceedings of the committee are preserved in the New York His- torical Society collections, and it will be interesting- to transcribe the names of the members, many of whom became distinguished in the subse- (|uent histor}- of the city, and most of them representative of families still prominent in Xew York. They were John Alsop, William Bavard, The- ophylact Bache, Peter \'. B. Livingston, Philip Livingston, Isaac Sears, Da\i(l Johnston, Charles McEvers, Charles Nicoll, Alexander McDougall, L'apiain Thomas Randall, John Moore, Isaac Low, Leonard Lispenard, jacol)us van Zandt, James Duane, Edward Laight, Thomas Pearsall, Elias Desbrosses, \\'illiam Walton, "Tiichard Yates, John DeLancey, Miles tTT-* Sherbrooke, John Thurman, John Broome, John Jay, Benjamin Booth, Joseph Hallett, Charles Shaw, Alexander Wallace, James Jauncey, Gabriel W . Ludlow, Nicholas Hoffman, Abraham Walton, Gerardus Duyckinck, Peter \an Schaack, Henry Remsen, Hamilton Young, George Bowne, Peter T. Curtenius, Peter Goelet, Abraham Brasher, Abraham P. Lott, l)a\id van Home, (lerardus W. Beekman, Abraham Duryee, Joseph Ball, W illiam AlcAdani, Richard Sharpe, Thomas Marston, Francis Lewis. The connnittee organized with Isaac Low as chairman and John Alsop, deputy cliairman. The committee at once broached the proposal for a congress, with delegates chosen from each colonv, and in answer to the circular of the 2(;i) HISTORY OF XEIJ' YORK Boston meeting, urging- C()m|)lete nonintercoiirse with Britain, preferred to leave that and all intercolonial matters to the Congress when convened. On Jtme 17th, the Massachusetts Assembly appointed five delegates to meet the delegates of other colonies at Philadelphia. September ist, and for this action General Gage dissolved the Asseml)ly. On receipt of the news, the Committee of Correspondence decided that as the New York Assembly was not in session they would choose five to go as delegates to Philadelphia, being the same number as were selected at Boston. Several nominations were made, and five selected: Philip Living- ston. John Alsop, Isaac Low, Ltnies Duane, and John Jay, three merchants and the two last lawyers. The selection not being unanimous, and several being dissatisfied, it was ordered that a call be issued to the inhabitants to meet at the City Hall at noon on Wednesday, July 7th. to concur in these nominations, or choose others. On the 5th, another call was issued for a meeting in the Fields on the following day, and a great gathering appeared. Alexander McDotigall was called to the chair, and resolutions were adopted recommending" nonintercourse with Great Britain, and instructing the deputies to the Congress to agree for the city ui)on a nonimportation agreement ; a sttb- scription voted in aid of the suffering inhal)itants of Boston, and the City Com- mittee of Correspondence directed to carrv out this resolution. The committee objected to this attempt to instruct delegates before they were chosen, and the clash of views led to the withdrawal of Messrs. Lewis, Hallett. McDougall. Peter V. Livingston. Isaac Sears. Thomas Randall, Abraham P. Lott, Leonard Lispenard. John Broome, Abraham Brasher and Jacobus van Zandt, from the Committee of Fifty-one. The meeting at the Cit}' Hall was not harmonious, and handbills were circu- lated which tended to increase the d ssension, one signed "Son of Liberty," deprecating discord between the merchants and the mechanic class. Sen- sibly the Connuittee of Correspondence made overtures to the Mechanics' As.sociation for a joint meeting, and it was arranged that a regular election at the usual polling places be held for delegates, with the result that on the 28th there was a unanimotis vote for the five delegates. The Congress met in Philadelphia, Se])tember 5th, ])ut forth a Declar- ation of Rights, and passed a Nonexportation Act to take eft'ect Septem- ber 15th, and a Nonimportation Act to be in force after December ist, following. They recommended the election of a committee in every city, count}' and town of each of the colonies, and ordered the election of dele- gates to meet May 14, 1775. The idea of tmion was now in full possession. After the Congress, the Committee of Correspondence, after a conference with the Mechanics, ordered a poll to be hekl in the City Hall, on Novem- ber 22d, for the election of sixty persons as a Committee of Observation. XEirS COMES FROM LEXIXGTOX 261 The election was unanimous in its choice, and the list of its members is about half made up of members of the original Committee of Fifty-one, and the other half of new names, including, among others, two Roose- velts ( Isaac and Nicholas) and Lindlev ^Murray, the famous grammarian. This committee in New York, and similar ones in all the colonies, took up their duties with zeal, the Nonimportation Act was rigidly enforced. On Ttinuarv lo, 1775. the General .Vssembly met at the call of Lieutenant Governor Golden, at whose suggestion it adopted a petition to the king, set- ting forth their rights and grievances, disclaiming anv desire for independence of the British Parliament; and also adopted an address to the Lords and Gonimons, in which they declared that the people of the colonies were entitled to e(|ual rights and privileges with their fellow subjects in Great Britain. The Assembly was conservative but patriotic, and after attending to several mat- ters of administration and making the routine appropriations, it adjourned April 8th. It was the last meeting of the colonial Assembly in New York. The Committee of Observation called for a meeting- of the freeholders and freemen of the city, at the Exchange, on March 6th. At nine o'clock of that da}- a union flag was hoisted on the libertv pole and a large number of the people marched thence to the Exchange, where thev authorized the com- mittee to nominate eleven delegates for the purpose of choosing delegates to the general congress. The delegates selected to represent the city and county of New ^'ork in the Provincial Congress were Philip Livingston, John Jay, James Duane, John Alsop, Isaac Low, Francis Lewis, Abraham Walton. Abra- ham Brasher, Alexander McDougall, Leonard Lispenard, and Isaac Roosevelt. They were elected by a large majority at the poll, on March 15th, and on April 20th they met in Provincial Congress, of which Philip Livingston was chosen ])resident. The next day thev chose Philip Livingston, James Duane, John Alsop, John Jay, Francis Lewis, Simon Boerum, William Flo\^d, Henry \Msner, Philip Schuyler, George Clinton, Lewis Morris and Robert Living- ston, Jr. (the first five from the city and county of New York), to represent the colony in the Continental Congress. A travel-stained horseman, being one of the regular express of the com- mittee at Boston, dashed into town at noon on Sunday with news of the Battle of Lexington, and handed to Isaac Low, chairman of the Committee of Observa- tion, a dispatch announcing the fact. After he had countersigned it and passed it on for transmission to Philadelphia, he spread the news. The excite- ment was intense, and the patriots were fired with the desire to prepare for a struggle which was now inevitable. Isaac Low, on April 26th, issued on be- half of the committee, a call for the election by, the freeholders and freemen, of a new Committee of One Hundred, to take charge of affairs in the present emergency, polls to be held on the 2Sth, at the usual places of election in each HISTORV OF XEJV YORK ward, and also recommending at the same time that a Provincial Congress shotild be immediately summoned and that twenty delegates to represent the city and comitv should be elected at the same time. The election was held, the recommendations adopted and the General Committee of One Hundred was chosen, including the leading patriots, as follows : Isaac Low Philip Livins4_st. ^Toore Rudolphus Ritzema Lindlcv Murrav Lancaster Burling John Lasher George Janeway James Beeknian Samuel \ erplanck Richard Yates David Chirkson Thomas Smith James Desbrosses Augustus van Home Garret Keteltas Eleazar [Miller Benjamin Kissam John Morin Scott Cornelitis Clopjier John Reade John van Cortlandt Jacobus van Zandt (ierardus Du\ckinck Peter Goelet John Marston Thomas Marston John Alorton < ieorge Folliot Jacobus Left"erts Richard Sharp Hamilton Young Abraham Brinckerhoft' Theophilus Anthony \\"illiam Goforth \\'i!liam Denning Isaac Roosevelt Tacob van A'oorhees Jeremiah i'latt Comfort Sands Robert Benson William W. Gilbert John Berrien Gabriel W. Ludlow Nicholas Roosevelt Edwin Fleming Lawrence Embell Samuel Jones John DeLancey Frederick lav William W. J.u.Uow John White Walter Franklin David Beekman William Seton Evert Banker Robert Ray Nicholas Bogert William Laight Sanniel Broome John Lamb Daniel Phoenix Anthony van Dam Daniel Dunscomb John Imlay Glliver Tcmpleton Lewis Pintard Cornelius P. Low Tliomas Buchanan Petrus Byvanck Benjamin Helme The names of the twenty-one -deputies chosen for the city and countv of New York, to meet deputies of other cRK ILileaver Streets, as well as several other citizens, including a gunsmith, and ])rivate Thomas Hickey, who -was a memlier of ( General Washington's body- guard. The charge w-as a conspiracv to capture or assassinate \\'ashing- ton and his principal generals, to blow up the magazines and to spike the guns. The investigation wdiich followed showed transactions in small arms and amnumition between Matthews and others on one side, and Gov- ernor Tryon on the other, but they were let go; but as the guilt of Hickey was clearly proved, he was convicted "of mutiny and sedition and of holding treacherous correspondence with his country's enemies," and sen- tenced to death. He was hanged June jHtli, in the presence of a large con- course of citizens, and of the troops. The first sail of the British fieet came within sight of Sandy Hook on June 29, 1776, and was followed by the others until, on Julv 2d, there were 1,^0 ^■essels in the upper and lower bays — the greatest fleet that had ever been seen in America. General Howe, wdio arrived July ist, on the Grey- hound, was visited b}- Governor Tryon, from whom he received a full and detailed account of the preparations made by Washington. The British troops landed and made camp on Staten Island, the American riflemen ha\ing- before that been withdraw-n. On June "th, Richard Henry Lee had risen in the Continental Congress and read: "Resolved, That these United Colonies are and ought to be free and independent States, and that all political connection between us and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be dissolved." John Adams, in a glowing and impassioned speech, had seconded the motion. It was not nnmediately adopted, although it evidently expressed the views of the majority of the membership. Some States had already expressed them- HISTOR]' ol- A7:f;- ]-URK selves as favorable to independence, bul others (as Xew York) were delib- erating-, and therefore the}' fa^•ored a postponement. One recommendation of the Continental Con^-ress was, that the respective colonies should each take tip a form of g'overnment for themselves. Therefore the Provincial Con- gress had, on motion of (jottverneur Morris, called a convention to meet Jtine 19th, when delegates were elected for a new provincial body, to meet Inlv Qth. at White Plains, which became the temporary capital. The Declaration of Independence, adopted at Philadelphia, Jtdy 4th, was published to the troops in the city on their several parades, in obedience to Washington's order, which ended with an appeal to every soldier to act with fidelity and courage, "as knowing that now the peace and safety of his country depends (under God) solely on the success of our arms, and that he is now in the service of a State possessed of sufficient power to reward his merit and advance him to the highest honors of a free countrv." The troops and jiatriotic citizens were greatly elated by the news, but there were no salutes or other exercises wasteful of powder. At night, however, the statue of George III was overturned from its pedestal and carried away. The statue, which was of lead heavily gilded, was after- ward, for the greater part, melted into ])ullets for the use of the Connec- ticttt troojjs. The destruction of the statue called forth a rebuke from head- quarters, but its terms were not very scathing. The same day, at White Plains, the newly elected body met, adopted the name of "The Convention of the Representatives of the State of New- York," and adopted the Declaration of Independence, which was publicly read to an assemblage of the people of White Plains. In New York the Committee of Safety proclaimed a meeting, which was held July iSth, in the Citv Hall, to a great gathering, who, after the reading had been com- pleted, tore down the royal coat of arms which had held place o\er the seat of justice in the courthouse, and burned it amid the plaudits of thousands of spectators, and the picture of George III, in the Council Chamber, was treated in a similar manner: another British arms, wrought in stone, in front of the City Hall, was also thrown down and broken to pieces. The same dav the British arms from all the churches were ordered to be removed and destroyed, and \\here\er that insignia of royalty appeared, including several signs on taverns, it was destroyed. In relation to the taking down of the king's arms, it will be of interest to quote from a letter of Rev. Charles Inglis, then rector of Trinity and its subsidiary churches, addressed to Rev. Dr. Hind: "In the beginning of [uly, independency was declared * * * I thought it was proper to con- sult stich of the vestrv as were in town, and others of the congregation * * * and I must do them the iustice to sav, that thev were all RECTOR INGLIS SURROUNDED BY "REBELS" 273 unanimous for shutting up the churches; and chose rather to submit to that temporary inconvenience, than, by omitting the prayers for the king, give that mark of disaffection for their sovereign. To have prayed for him had l^een rash to the last degree — the inevitable consequence had Ijcen a demolition of the churches, and the destruction of all who frequented them. The whole rebel force was collected here, and the most violent partisans from all parts of the continent * * * All the king's arms, even those on the signs of taverns, were destroyed. The committee sent me a mes- sage, which I esteemed a favour and indulgence, to have the king's arms taken down in the church, or else the mob would do it, and might deface and injure the churches. I immediately complied. People were not at liberty to speak their sentiments, and even silence was construed as a mark (if disaffection. Things being thus situatetl, I shut up the churches. Even this was attended with great hazard: for it was declaring, in the strongest manner, our disapprobation of independency, and that under the eve of Washington and his army." Lossing, in his Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, says that "the arms in Trinity Church were carried to New Brunswick by Rev. Ch.arles Inglis, D.D.. at the close of the war, and now ( 1852) hang on the walls of a Protestant Episcopal Church in St. John." The statement of Dr. Inglis, as to the political sentiments of the mem- bers of the Church of England, illustrates the fact that in the City of New York, at least, the |)olitical alignment and the denominational cleav- age were in a large measure identical. That there were many of the patriot party who were also members of the Church of England is doubt- less true, particularly in Mrginia. George Washington was a member of that church. But in New York City the members of the Church of Eng- land were almost solidly of Tory politics, and those of the Presbyterian, Reformed Dutch, and other denominations were nearlv all, but not quite so solidly, Whigs. All the excitements in the city in connection with the formation of the new State government at \\'hite Plains, and the adoption of the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia, went on with the enemy's great fleet in the harbor and the British Army preparing itself for battle in the camp on Staten Island. The Patriot Army enrolled at the several posts on New York, Long and Governor's Islands and Paulus Hook (Jersey City) aggregated 17,225, but because of not only the usual canq) diseases, ])ut also of an epidemic of smallpox, about 3700 were sick, and others were detailed on other duties until the effective fighting force was 10,514 men. Few of these were accustomed to warfare, and this was the force which (reneral Washington had to oppose to the well-trained, seasoned and well-provisioned army of 33,000, including 13,000 Hessians, encamped on Staten Island. '.';i HISTORY of XlUf VOKK Besides tlie regular tr(>()])s. there were arriving militia of Conneeticut and Long Island, of which twelve regiments of the former and two regiments of the latter came hefore the Battle of Long Island, btit of the regular forces so many had joined on short enlistments that there were daih- departures in considerable num])ers. The army was in live divisions, under Generals Put- nam, Heath, Spencer, Sullivan and Greene, in addition to the fottrteen regi- ments of emergency militia and the artillery, under command of Colonel Knox. In Putnam's division were James Clinton's Brigade ( foin- Massachusetts regi- ments), Scott's Brigade (four New York regiments), and Fellnws' Brigade (four Massachusetts regiments). In 1 leath's Division were Mifflin's Brigade (two Pennsylvania, two Massachusetts and one Connecticut regiment) and George Clinton's Brigade (five New York Regiments). Spencer's Division inclttded Parson's Brigade (four Connecticut and one Massachusetts regi- ments) and ^^'adsworth's Brigade (seven Connecticut regiments). Sttllivan's Division had Stirling's Brigade (one ^Maryland, one Delaware and two Penn- sylvania regiments) and AIcDougall's Brigade (two New York, one Connecti- cut, and one artificer regiments). General Greene's Di\ision was made u]) of Nixon's Brigade (one Pennsylvania, one Rlmde Island, and three Massachu- setts regiments), and Heard's Brigade, composed nf fwc Xe\\- Jersev regi- ments. Notable among the New York troojjs \\as the I'irst Regiment, under Colonel Alexander McDougall, who had six xears liefore been in jail for his too ])atriotic utterances; he was colonel of the regiment, organized in March. 1776, as sttccessor to the other First Regiment which he had organized in June, 1775, 1)ut the term of which had expired after ser\-ing under Alontgomery in Canada. John Lamb's company of artillerw with se\ent\- men. had also gone to Canada, and had lost fortv of its men in the hard eami)aign there. Captain Lamb was wounded and ca])ttired at Quebec, and the tliirty survivors of his company returned to New York, in March, iyyf>. Its successor was a coni- panv kno\vn as the New York Provincial ( later State ) Companv of Artillery, organized on call of the Provincial Congress in M.arch, 177^), with Alexan- der Il.amilton as captain; and which afterward became a part of tlie artillery regiment of Colonel Lamb, and served until the close of the war. ( )n lulv iJth. Lord Howe, admir.al connnander in chief of the naval forces on the American coast, arrived with more shipv, in lime to witness a military movement plaimed by his brother, Gener.il Sir William Howe, in conjunction with the fleet admiral. Its plan was to rut off the ujj-river conimunieations of the American forces, to destrov two shi])s which were in course of con- struction at Poughkeepsie, and to encourage and organize the forces of loyal- ists, of whom it was rejiorted that there were man\- in Westchester and be- yond. For this ])ur])ose the Phreni.x, fort\- guns, and the Rose, twent\' guns. 77//; BATTLE OF LONG L'iLAXD made their wav up North River under full canvas, accompanied by their tend- ers. Thev were shot at from every battery along- the route, but were skill- fully piloted, and though they fired l)roadsides from both starboard and port guns at both the New ^'ork and the New Jersey shores, they did little damage. American sharpshooters tried to pick off the sailors on the decks, but they had little chance, because the sailors were protected by sandbags piled up behind the bulwarks. Three Americans were killed by the bursting- of a gun, and three more by the enemy's shots. The up-river designs of General Howe were frustrated bv the activity and vigilance of the recently organized militia, under the command of General George Clinton. Lord Howe, endeavoring to negotiate some kind of basis for peace, sent a message addressed to George A\'ashing-ton, Esq., but his messenger found no person of that rank to whom it could be delivered. Colonel Patterson, the next envov, who jiaid more attention to diplomatic usage and proper cottrtesy, saw the general, and was informed that his propositions would be presented to the Congress as a matter of courtesy, but returned without the slightest inti- mation that peace could be now arranged upon any basis involving a recog- nition of George HT, (ir any other monarch. The continuance of war was, therefore. inevital)le, and the British decided on Long Island as the first point of attack. The American defenses on Long Island extended from the Wall- about Bay, across what is now the heart of Brooklyn, to Gowanus ^larsh, and included three .small forts and two redoubts, with field intrenchments and other fortifications. Without going into much detailed description of the movements, it may be brieflv stated that on August 26th. General Washington went over from ^lanhattan to Long Island, where General Sullivan had been in charge, taking with him General Putnam, who was Sullivan's superior, and therefore was in general command of the succeeding battle. The British had brought an army of fifteen thousand men from Staten Island, landing its forces at Gravesend, on the 22d. Washington, after leaving orders as to the disposal of the forces preparatory- to battle, returned to New York on the night of the 26th. At that tii-ne the troops on the American side on Long Island had been augmented to a total of seven thousand men, and the British force was augmented l)y five thousand Hessians tmder General De Heister. The British ])lan of attack, as carried out, proved to be well devised, while the American preparation tiu-ned out to be weakest where strength was most needed. The British Armv advanced bv three routes against the American position, and the most important route, the f;miaica road, seems to have been least guarded, and it was precisely by this road that the British and Hessians advanced in greatest force. Parts of the American Army, under General William Alexander ( Lord Stirling) and General Sullivan, stationed in advance of the principal Americmi fortification, were defeated after a stren- •-.'?(; HISTORY OF Xlijr YORK nous resistance in whicli Lord Stiiiin"', in particnlar, showed stubborn fight against Cornwahis, in which the ^larylanders especially distinguished them- selves, but Generals De Heister and Grant bringing up reinforcements in over- whelming numbers. Lord Stirling was at last compelled to surrender with a few of his men to the Hessian commander. Sullivan had before that been cap- tured with four hundred men. The British loss in killed, wounded and miss- ing was alwut four hundred men. and on the American side about one thou- sand, of whom about eight huuflred, with Lord Stirling and General Sullivan, were prisoners. Howe had captured part of the American position, and was in better shape for complete victory than before the battle. The next day was spent 1)\- linth sides in re- pairing damages, and the Americans brought rein- forcements that dav and the next. SCI that by the evening of the 20th the Americans had an army of nine thou- sand men. During the two days the rain had fallen in- cessantly, but there had ))een a continued fusillade liy the pickets, and the Brit- isli were making intrench- ments ])reiiaratory to an- other .attack. Washington, reflecting on the superiority in numliers and position of the enemy, concluded that the success of the British was only a matter of a few hours, while the 0])])ortunitv to retreat to Xew York would l)e much smaller if tiie wind should change, as the British ves- sels had l)een ])revented by adverse winds from entering the East River. The proposition to retreat to Xew York was submitted b}- General Washington to a CHimcil of general officers that afternoon and tmanimouslv approved. An order to the (juartermaster's department to impress e\erv kind of water cnift from Llell (late around the island to Spuyten Duyvil Creek and have them ,ill in the east harbor liy dark, was executed with wcindcrful celeritv and secrecv. Even the reginient.al commanders did nnt know imtil night that a gener;il retreat was contemplated, but through the night, by oar or sail, tlie entire American ;n"my had crossed the river, and the next morning the British were surprised to find themselves in full possession. It was a masterful retreat and OLD SUGAR HOUSE IN LIBERTY STREET The Prison of the Revoiutioii IX CAMP OX HJRLEM HEIGHTS 277 is so reg'arded 1)y military historians, while they condemn in em])hatic terms the lack of American generalship in the precedins: battle. After retnrning- to New York, General Washington began to consider a fnrther retreat. The American troops were disheartened, and the militia were demoralized, many companies, and even whole regiments, returning home. It was want of confidence in his troops that made Washington recommend to Congress that the city should be abandoned : and he was authorized to make that move. General Greene and other general officers recomniended the burning of the city on its evacuation, but Congress ordered that it should not be dam- aged, as it would doubtless be retaken from the enemv after a time. Public property was hastily removed to Harlem Heights, and the removal was nearly completed when, on November 14th, the British fleet began to circle the island, with frigates and transports concentrating ofif Kips or Turtle Bay, on East River, and near Bloomingdale on North River. The British encamped at Astoria, with detachments also on Montressor (now Randall's) and Buchan- an's (now Ward's) Islands, made a landing near Kip's house (now the foot of Thirty-fourth Street), the way having been cleared by broadsides from the frigates, which falling into the low intrenchments held by the live Connecticut militia regiments, under Colonel Douglas, they stayed not on the order of their going but were on a beeline for Harlem, when Washington, meeting them at the place where the new public library now stands in Brvant Park, tried in vain to rally them, but they went on, and Washington nearlv fell into the hands of the British. General Putnam, who had charge of the troops in the lower end of the island, had rallied them into marching order, and with young Aaron Burr, one of his aides, as guide, went through the woods to about Forty-second Street and East River, and thence to the Bloomingdale road at Seventieth Street, and thence to Harlem Heights (extending from St. Nich- olas Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street northwesterly to the Hudson River), while the British later occupied Bloomingdale Heights, a parallel line of bluffs extending from St. Nicholas Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street and northwesterly to the Hudson River at One Hun- dred and Twenty-ninth Streets. On the morning of September i6th a scouting party of Knowlton's Rangers encountered British pickets near Hogeland's house (One Hundred and Twelfth Street, near the Hudson), and had a smart skirmish with a de- tachment of the British Light Infantry. Presently they were followed by two battalions of that corps and the Forty-second Highlanders, and retreated slowly and in order, stopping whenever a stone fence gave opportunity to take shots at the enemy. When they neared the American lines, Washington sent reinforcements under Lieutenant Colonel Crary and Major Leitch, until finally, with British reinforcements, a thousand or more were engaged on each side. I fhl^B> 378 HISTORY OF XR]]- YORK It was a short and vigorous en,s,"as,emeiu. The British were (h"iven back to their Hues and Washington then withch-ew liis force. The British loss was eight officers and fourteen men killetl, and about seventy wounded, whik- the American loss was twentv-five kiHcfk inchiding I'olonel KnowUdU, "Major Leitch and two other officers, and fifty-five wounck^d. W^ashington's headquarters were k^cated at the Roger ^borris house (after- ward Madame Jumel's), which still stands, and for a month he kept his men busv erecting defenses extending from the Hudson to the Harlem, l^etween One Hundred and Fortv-fifth and One Hundred and Sixtieth Streets, and especiallv in strengthening the fortification of the ground overlooking the Hudson, between the present One Hundred and Tughty-first and One Hundred and Eightv-second Streets, being the highest point on Manhattan Island. Eastward the defenses extended to signal stations at 'Jdn'ogg's Neck. General Howe had so far attempted no concerted demonstration against the American defenses on the Heights, but prepared his plans to cut off Washington's com- munications and perhaps to capture his entire force. A large part of his army was taken up the Sound on flotillas, antl finding Throgg's Neck an ini])ractica- ble landing, moved up to Pell's Point, where del)arkation was made on Octo- ber iiSth. Howe's movements had made his plans (jl)vious to Washington, who determined to abandon his i)(isition on Harlem Heights, and march north parallel to the British lines, hut on the opjjosite side of the Bronx River. General Glover, with 750 men, was sent to delay Howe's march between Pell's Point and New Rochelle, and fw taking advantage of the numerous stone fences as convenient barricades they were enabled to retard the British march for several hours. Washington took up a position at \Mn'te Plains, blocking the roads leading to the Hudson and to New England. At this ]ioint the two armies, each of about thirteen thousand men, came face to face, on October 28, 1776. Howe, seeing Washington's strong ])osition, avoided an attack on the front of the American army, but sent four thousand men, in two columns, under Generals Clinton and De Heister, to gain Ghatterton Hill, a rockv height west of the Bronx River, near White Plains \illage. To ])revent this. General McDougall, with six hundred Continentals, eighi hundred militia and two guns, under command of Captain Alexander Hamilton, made a rajjid march, gained the hill and held it firmly against the enemy antl lhirt\- i)ieces of artillerv, until Rahl's Hessians, who had forded the P.ronx lower down, reinforced the Brit- ish, making a combined attack which rendered McDougall's position no longer tenable, so he fell back in good order u])on White Plains, taking with him his artillery and his wounded. The victorv in this battle of \\'hite Plains (or Chatterton Hill) was undecisive. The Americans, whose losses amounted to about 140 killed and wounded, had been comjielled to abandon the hill, but the British loss aggregated 22(). Meanwhile Washington had thrown uj) hasty CAPTURE OF FORT U'.ISinXGTO.Y 279 intrcnchnients, and Howe ])osl])nnL'd furlher attack. Lurd Percy, with rein- forcements, came itp on the 30th, and the Britisli would i)robably have attacked the next dav, but a violent storm came up. and on the evenino- of the 31st Washington took advantage of it to retire to an unassailable [losition at Xorth Castle, about five miles northwest of White Plains. General Howe, having failed in his flank nio\ement against the main bod\- (if Washington's army, turned his attention to h^)rl Washington, which was being held by Colonel Magaw, with three thousand men. His l)lans were aided by the treason of William Demont, Magaw's post adjutant, who deserted, Xovember 2d, carrying" with him the plans of Fort W'ash- ington, by means of which the designs of the invaders were made more ])recise. General Greene, when he left Fort Washington for Fort Lee, on the o])|)osite side of the Hudson, had full conlidence in the ability of its defenders to hold it. Howe invested the fort, on Xovember 15th, and com- manded the garrison to surrender on pain of being i)ut to the sword. Magaw re|)iied that he would hold the fort to the last extremity. The next da^• the llritish attacked in four divisions, led, res])ectively, by (jeneral Knvphausen and General Matthews (supported by Lord Cornwallis), Lieu- tenant Colonel Sterling and Lord Percy. Soon after daybreak, the cannon- ading began, and it continued with great fierceness on both sides until noon. Knyphausen's Hessians then advanced in two columns, of which one, under General Rahl, took a circuitous route to the summit and penetrated Alagaw's advanced works. The other column took a straight course up the steep hill, facing a disastrous and galling fire from Colonel Rawling's sharp- shooters. The Second Division, under ALatthews, making good their landing, forced the opposing Americans from their sheltered jiositions behind trees and rocks up a steep and stonv hill: the Third Division, under Sterling, landed under a heav}' fire, and succeeded in carrying the first redoubt, after a stubborn tight. Percy's Division, with e(|ual intrepidity, carried other advanced works, and at last, on receiving a second summons from Howe, Magaw, seeing further effort to be useless, surrendered the fort, forty-three pieces of artillery and 2634 men, who became prisoners of war. The capture of Fort Washington, and of Fort Lee, across the Hudson, which General Greene evacuated five days later, caused great consterna- tion throughout the United States. The Americans had lost 150 killed and wounded, and the British, five hundred. Fort Washington was renamed Fort Knyphausen, in honor of the Hessian general who led in its ca))ture. CHAPTER T ir E N T Y - S E F E N NEW YORK UNDER BRITISH MILITARY RULE REDCOATS, HESSIANS AND LOYALISTS THEIR INTERESTS AND THEIR DIVERSIONS New York was now a loyal and a Tory city. Its joy at becoming such, and the happenings thereafter, as seen through Tory spectacles, have been narrated by Ewald Gustav Schaukirk, pastor of the Moravian congre- gaticiu at New York, born at Stettin, Prussia, emigrated to New York in 1774, and appointed to his pastorate in 1775. On September 15, 1776, he tells us that "the king's flag was put up again in the fort and the Rebels' taken down," and rejoices at the deli\ery of the city from the "usurpers" who had "oppressed it so long." The next day. the first of the English troops came to town, and with them (invernor Tryon and other British officials. The reidicing was unanimous. The only people who were openly known as adherents of tlie American cause were in the numerous prisons, and the Whigs, who were with Washington's ragged arm_\- in the jerseys, r who had gone away to more friendly surroundings, were not on hand to disturb the festivities. Such of these as had left jiroperty behind were remembered to the extent that their houses were marked as forfeited. There were manv who were strangers in town, who took i)art in the cere- monies. Thev were Tories from Westchester, Long Island, and other parts of New ^'ork, Connecticut and New jersey, who felt safer in New York, under Loyalist auspices than they did among their "rebel" neigh- bors. Ten days after the king's troops entered the city occurred a disastrous fire, which, beginning in Whitehall Street, spread north and west, destroy- ing part of Broad, Stone and Beaver Streets, then up Broadway, and the streets extending west of Broadway, to the Hudson River. Trinity Church, in spite of heroic efl:orts to save it, was destroyed, as was also the old Lutheran Church, and St. Paul's Church was only saved by almost superhuman efforts. The progress of the flames was checked l)y the King's College grounds, at Mortkile (now Barclay) Street. In the jiath of the flames were manv wooden buildings, and each of these added to the more ra])id spread of the flames. In 1761 there had been an ordinance ])assed to the eft'ect that no wooden buildings should be erected after 1766, but the time was afterward extended to 1774. There was no eft'ective way of fight- ing the fire. The fire engines were out of order, and most of the members of the volunteer fire company were with the American Army, either in (J EXECUTIOX OF XATHAX HALE 281 the Xortli or in the Jerseys. So the fire practically burned its course. Of course, the British suspected that the fire was the work of "rebels," and made several arrests, but all those arrested were acc|uitted, for the reason that nothing- could be proved against them. In all, al^out 300 houses were destroyed. The day after the fire a scene was enacted, which created no excite- ment in the town, at the time, but which placed an otherwise obscure name among the immortals. It was the execution of a rebel sp}', who, while Washington was in Harlem, had been sent to gather needed information in regard to the British forces in Long Island. His name was Nathan Hale, born in Coventry, Conn., in 1756. He was an honor graduate of Yale, in the Class of 1773, taught school at East Haddam for a term, October, 1773, to March, 1774, and after that at New London, until July I, 1775, when he became first lieutenant in Charles Webb's Connecticut regiment, served in recruiting duty in New London, and afterward at the siege of Boston. He was commissioned a captain in the Continental Army, and saw active service in the battle of Long Island. When detailed on his final duty, he was a member of Knowlton Rangers. When given the com- mission to visit the royal camp, for which he had volunteered, he disguised as a Dutch schoolmaster and entered the British lines, secured and noted the desired information, and was about to return, on September 21st, when he was recog-nized and captured. The next morning he was hanged as a spy, after a night in which he had been deprived, by the brutal pro- vost marshal, Cunningham, of all comforts, even of a Bible, or clergyman, and met his fate with soldierly courage and the brave statement: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." A magnificent monument to this brave young patriot stands in City Hall Park, the work i^f the sculptor MacMonnies. The patriots, who were held as military prisoners, were neglected and mis- treated in the most shameful way. There were nearly five thousand of these prisoners confined in the prison ship Jersey, the Bridewell on the Common, and in jails improvised from the Brick, Middle Dutch, North Dutch and French churches, the sugar houses, King's College, and the "New Gaol," or "Provost," which was, according to Pintard, "destined for the more noto- rious rebels, civil, naval and military." Among its inmates were Colonels Magaw, Rawlins. Allen, Ramsay, Miles and Atlee; Majors Bird, West, Williams and DeCourcey; Captains Wilson, Tudor, Edwards, Forrest, Lenox, Davenport, Herbert, Edwards and others. Cunningham, the pro- vost marshal, his deputy, O'Keefe, and the commissioners, Loring, Sproat and others in authority, treated the American soldiers with inhuman cruelty. The prisoners were compelled to sleep on hard oak planks, and HISTOk'V OF XEIV YORK THE BRIDEWELL AND A PORTION OF BROADWAY. 1805 l)ackc'(l so close thai tlic_\- coulil only lurn by word of comiiiaiid. ■"left" or "riiLjht." Thcv were <;iven no fuel, little food, and that, generally, of (|nalit}- nnfit for linnian cnnsuniption. The infanions Captain Cunningham ended his career on the gallows, being executed, in London, for forgery, August lo, 17^1, and he confessed not only to the cruelties mentioned, and to starving i)risoners by __j sto])pmg their rations and sell- ^j^ - :; :^, 0^^^X^^:;^._ . iHg tlieiii, but also to secret exe- ^ " _^^%-_ 5=^!^ ': ■sf^Sj^E^'h • cutions of 2y^ American pris- oners and "obnoxious persons." The treatment of prisoners on the Jersey and other prison ships was also brutal. Washington, after leaving New York, marched his armv through Xew Jersey, toward Philadelphia, followed hard bv the British under Cornwallis, who successively took Newark, New Brunswick and Trenton, then laid (|uiet, waiting for the freezing of the Delaware River, so as to cross the ice to cai:)ture P'hiladelphia. Washington, crossing the Delaware with boats, amid floating ice, surjjrised and cai^tured a Hessian force at Trenton, and on januar_\' 3, 1777, fought the successful battle of Princeton, which revived the hoi)es of the patriots and ga\'e them confidence in the ultimate sttccess of their cause. The British retired to New York, where thev made things li\ely, and where were gathered many regiments — English, Irish, Scotch and Hessian, not to forget the American "Loyalist" troo])s chieflv recruited in New York City and \-icinity. Among these were Simcoe's First American Regiment, or "Queen's Rangers"; Rawdon's Second American Regiment, or "X'olunteers of Ireland:" Turnbull's Third American Regiment, or "Xew \ ork \oltmteers:' Brown's "Prince of Wales" American Regiment; Robinson's "Loyal American Regiment," and "DeLancey's Brigade" (three regiments), commanded I)\- Colonel ( )liver DeLance^■, the brother of the late lieutenant governor. He was the most zealous of the Royalist part}- in New York, and James DeLancey, son of the late lietUenant governor, was also of the same party. Colonel neLance\' had made himself so obnoxious to the Libert\- Hoys that a ])artv of them, under the leadershiji of Martling, one of their more reck- less sjjirits, came down from the American lines, on Xo\-ember 25, 1777, and burned his house at Bloomingdale as a mark of their detestation. GAV LIFE IX Xliir YORK 383 At tlie close of the \\';ir n\ Independence his estates, and those of Tames DeLancey, were confiscated, and lie went to London, where he died. ' In the early ])art of 1777. Rivint^'tdn. whose i)ress liad been broken by Isaac Sears and the Conneclicni Cavaliers, returned to New York and resumed the pul)lication of his pajier. now calletl the Royal Gazette. Hut^h Gaine pub- lished The Xew York Gazette and Weekly Mercury. Holt's Journal, which had left New York, was somewhat noniad'c about this ])eriod, niovint;- from place to place along the Hutlson, and llie ])alriot government had located at Kingston. There, in A|Mnl. 1777, the Constitutional Convention assembled and framed the first written Constitution of the State of New York. The office of governor was made elective and George Clinton was elected the first governor, in which office he continued for eighteen years. John Jay was appointed chief justice, and Robert R. Livingston chancellor of the new State; and I'hili]) Livingston, James Duane, Francis Lewis, William Duer, and (iouverneur Alorris were appointed delegates to the Continental Congress. While the American prisoners were starving and neglected in the prison houses and prison ships of New Vork, and dying by the dozens daily, the British and Hessian officers and their wives, and Loyalist citizens, with their wives and daughters, were living a life of gayety. Prices, for food especially, were very high ior the area from which supplies could be drawn for the Brit- ish camp; for New York then was only extended over a small adjacent area from which the producers had in a large measure fled. Such things as could be imported — faln'ics and trinkets from London and other Old \A'orld mar- kets — were displayed in the fashionable shops, which were then chiefly located in Hanover Square. Society was gay, and its votaries met nightly at dinners and routs, or attended the performances at the Theatre Roval in John Street, where i)erformances were given by gifted amateurs selected from the officers of the army, under the title of the "Garrison Dramatic Club." There was, if the contem])orary critics may be credited, nuich talent in the company, which included comedians and tragedians, the younger subalterns taking the female characters. The chief scene painter was Oliver DeLancev ; but the most versatile of the company was the young officer Andre, who was not only chief among the romantic heroes in the company, playing Romeo and other similar rcMes, but was the author of ])lays and prologues, and also aided in painting. David Matthews continued as mayor of New York during the entire Brit- ish occupancy of the city, and there were other civil officers, but the govern- ment was vested in the military commandant, of whom (ieneral James Pattison was the first and most popular. He was distinguished for inSTORV OF XEW YORK url)anity of manner and unfailing courtesy. He regulated the citv with autocratic power, and managed, upon the whole, to give satisfaction to the inhabitants. Meanwhile the war progressed with varied fortunes. Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin had been doing effective work in Paris and Versailles in the endeavor to secure from France recognition of the new republic. Formal recognition was delayed, but private assistance in monev and supplies was forthcoming. Liberty-loving Europeans offered their ser^-ices to the patriots and the Marquis de La Fayette, Baron Steuben, Raron De Kalb. Kosciuszko and Pulaski were among the men of heroic mould who came to the American army. Tn the summer of 1777, large reinforcements went out of New York to join the forces which hoped to crush Washington and the rebellion at one coup. On September nth, thev had opposed their eighteen thousand men to eleven thousand Americans at Chadd's Ford, on the Brandvwine Creek, and had won a victory which had enabled Lord Howe to occupy Philadelphia, and had com- pelled the Continental Congress to adjourn first to Lancaster and afterward to York, in Pennsvlvania. Washington made an unsuccessful attack on the British at Germantown. on Octolier 4th, and earlv in September went into \\ inter (|uarters at A'alley Forge, where his troops suffered greatlv from cold and hunger. In the North, the British general, Carleton. had made elaborate plans for the capture of the entire State of New York, and thus separate New England from the other rebellious colonies. The endeavor to carrv this program into execution was entrusted to General Burgoyne. who. with a force of seven thousand British and Hessian soldiers, and perhaps as many Canadians and Indians, started on what he expected to be a triumphal march from Canada to the lower Hudson. The plan included the cooperation of another force of Loyalists and Indians, under Lieutenant Colonel St. Leger, who was to go up the St. Lawrence to Oswego, and with the assistance of Sir John Johnson and his Indians, capture Fort Stanwix, march down the Mohawk Valley and join General Burgoyne. St. Leger effected the junction with Sir John Johnson and his Indians under Joseph Brant, but failed to capture Fort Stanwix, and after the battle of Oriskany, August 6, 1777, in which a force of .\mericans under General Herkimer administered a signal defeat to his allies, St. Leger, hearing of the near approach of another American relieving^ force under Gen- eral Benedict Arnold, hastily retreated into Canada and gave up his part of the campaign i)lanned bv Carleton. Burgoyne had no better fortune. At first he was greatly delayed by felled trees and ruined roads. lie sent out a large force of over thirteen hun- dred British, Hessians and Indians, who were to capture the American depot XEll' YORK IX THE RFJ'OLUTIOX 285 ■^St'i HISTOKV OF XI-Jl' YORK of su])]iliL's at Pit-nninqldn, l)ut who were erushed and nearly annihilated, on August ic>th. hv a force of about two thousand militia under General Stark, the British loss being- 207 killed and 700 captured (including the wounded), and the American forty killed and forty-two wottnded. Following this defeat, many df the Canadian and Indian allies deserted. Burgoyne went on, but after two defeats at Saratoga, on September Kjth and (Octo- ber 7th, he was cnm|)elled to capitulate to General Gates, ()ctober 17th, the Americans taking between five and six thottsand ])risoners and nuich artillery. This ca])ture of an entire armv has been regarded as the turning point nf the war. It gave heart to the Americans, and was especially valuable for its eltect on the international relations of the United States and hurried the execution of a treatv of alliance with France, which was ratified. In the city of New ^'llrk the news was verv depressing to the Lovalists, some of whom l)ecame less effusive in their loyal zeal. .\t first there was a feeling among the Xew- ^'ork Tories that Great Britain was invincible, and that short work would be made of the rebellion as soon as the Royal forces could get into good working order. But after Saratoga they had their doubts, and they greatly moder- ated their loyalist ardor. 1 he militarv head([tiarters were at Xo. i Broadway, in a house which was built by Sir Peter Warren and was after- ward ac(|uire(l bv John Watts, wliose daughter, Marv, mar- ried Captain Kennedy I after- ward Farl of Cassilis). It liad thus become known as the Ivemiedx' Ibmse, while the adioining house. No. ;;, known ,'is the W atts House, became headquarters of the traitorous Bene- dict .\nio](l, in his eff'orts to recruit Americans for the king's armv and to ])ersuade Continental officers to desert their colors and ioin the corps he was endeavoring to raise. The naval headqtiarters were in the Beekman Hotise, on Hanover S(|uare. at I'eaver .Street, on the site where the Journ;iI of Com- merce building" was afterward located ])efore the rennival of that newspaper to Broadwax'. This liouse had been the naval headquarters and rendezvous of the navv belore the- l\e\olution. and cimtinued to be dtu'ing the entire war. W'hen it No. 1 BROADWAY IN REVOLUTIONARY TIMES BRITISH CELEBRITIl-.S IN THE CITY 2Sr the Duke of Clarence (afterward William IV) came to Xew York as a mifl- shipman with Admiral Digby in the St. George, in September, 1781, he made this house his place of resort when on shore. His Royal Highness was a cen- tre of much attraction, but during the winter seemed to most enjoy skating on the Collect Pond (site of the present Tombs Prison ), where one of his com- panions was Gulian Verplanck (afterward president of the Bank of New York), whose timely aid at one time affected the future history of Great Britain by rescuing the voung prince, who had fallen through the ice, from a watery grave, lioratio Nelson, then a young cai)tain, was also to be seen about the Beekman House, in 17S2. A fire which broke out on Cruger's Wharf, August 3, 177S, spread until it destroyed about fifty houses. Many other incidents occurred which were news then, Init do not belong to permanent history. The King's and Queen's Birthday, Coronation Day, and other British occasions, were celebrated in military style, and when British victories were reported, demonstrations of rejoicing were made by the military and the wealthy citizens. But the high prices and poor opportunities had a depressing eft'ect on the ])oor. There have been ])reserved valuable documents giv- ing an insight into social conditions in New York. One of these is "Let- ters and Journals of Madame de Riedesel," wife of General Riedesel, who, after being captured with Burgoyne's army at Saratoga, was a prisoner for nearly three years, and after his exchange lived in New York. His wife was a great social favorite in New York, and her journals give a familiar picttn-e of polite society during the British occupation. She tells of the man}- functions, some of which were too fast for her; describes her life during her stay at the Beekman mansion, a beautiful country jilace (near the foot of Fifty-second Street and East River), which was occui)ied successively by distinguished British officers during the occupation. Many of her comments deal with domestic aft'airs. and the dearness of provisions and fuel seem to have been chief of her w^oes. The other chronicle, t he- diary of Pastor Schaukirk, of the Moravian congregation, wdiose Tor\-ism was of the most pronounced tyi)e, gives us an inkling of the contemporary view. He records a rumor that "the rebels made an attack on Powles ( Paulus) Hook," as Jersey City was then called, referring to the brilliant dash on the British post there by "Light Horse Harry" Lee, August K), 1771), and reflects upon the fact that the rebels had t.aken some prisoners on that attack as l)eing "another instance of the great carelessness on our side, when on the other hand, the military gentlemen amuse themselxes with trifles and diversions." On a previous occasion, a celebration of the Queen's Birthday, with "a ball that cost two thousand guineas and over three hundred dishes for supper," was considered bv the reverend SS8 HISTORY OF XFJV YORK critic as carryin.o- matters "too far in expense in such times of distress and calamity." Great rejoicino- was made over the news of the surrender of Charles- ton (May 12, 1780). and the defeat, on August 16, 1780, of General Gates, at Camden, South Carolina, by Cornwallis. The treachery of Benedict Arnold, and the capture and execution of Major Andre, in September, 1780, was one of the incidents in which Xew York was most interested, as Andre was one of the most popular of the officers in New York society. Arnold, who was commissioned brigadier general in the British army, had little success in recruiting for the Royal Army in New York. The control which Cornwallis had gained in the South was broken by a reverse at King's Mountain, October 7, 1780, and after General Greene had been placed in command of the American forces in that region the contest became shar|) and decisive. Morgan overwhelmed Tarleton, the British cavalr}- leader, at the Cowpens, January 17, T781, and while Corn- wallis won \ictory at (nhlford Court House, it was dearlv bought. French aid had much to do with the final success of the patriot arms, and the surrender of Cornwallis, at ^'orktown. October ig, 1781, made the triumph of the American cause a certaint\-. Sir Henr}- Clinton, then in command of the forces in America, was recalled after the disaster at Yorktown, and was superseded by Sir Guy Carleton, who soon arrived in New ^drk. ^Meanwhile, Washington, after sending ( ieneral Arthur St. Clair with a strong detachment to the Southern .army to reinforce < leneral (ireene, dispatched the remainder of his army to Morristown, Xew jersev, excejit some of the New York troops, which were dispatched to the camp in the Highlands of the Hudson. In .April, Washington, who had been in consultation with the Congress at I 'liiladelphi;i, went to Morristown, and thence, after a few days, to New- burg. The news of \'orktown brought consternation to the ministry of Lord North, in England, and the Peace Partv in Parliament manifested such ])ower that on March 28. 1782, the premier resigned, and Lord Rock- ingham, leader of the o])position, formed a ministry and instructed Sir Guy Carleton to negotiate for an early treat}' of peace. After correspondence and negotiations through the summer, preliminary articles of peace were signed at Paris, November _:;o, 1782, followed, on September 3, 178,^, by ;i definite treat}' on the part of (ireat Britain, recognizing" the in(le])en(lence of the L'niled States, and fixing the (ireat Lakes, on the north, and the Mississip])i, on the west, as the boundaries of the new n;ilion. LO]\lLISTS CO .IXD PATRIOTS EXTER On the eiglith anniversary of the battle of Lexin.c'ton, April ly, ijS,^, a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the American camp, and on November 3d, the Continental Army was disl)anded by order of Congress. On November 25th General Washington entered the city 1)y the Bowery, while the British troops were embarking at the Battery, nntil they tilled the ships in the harbor, and sailed down the bay. General Washington stopped at the Bull's Head Tavern, in the Bowery. When the preparations for evacuation began, the Loyalists were left with unpleasant alternatives. Those who were wealthy and had been aggressive in the royal cause, had to look forward to the confiscation of their property. If they stayed, it would be with the brand of Tory, which remained an epithet of opprobrium for many decades, and with many annoyances from the patriots, some of whom were even then returning. Thev could go to England, or to Nova Scotia, and many did. Prisoners of war were let out of prisons and prison ships and paroled. It had been arranged that the British troops should be permitted to remain on Staten Island, New Utrecht and Dennis', until such time as might be necessary for the troops for whom transportation was not at once available. Besides the troops, it was necessary to transport the refugee Loyalists, of whom 29.244 left New York for Nova Scotia that year. The entry of the patriots into New York was on this wise: 800 men ( New York and Massachusetts troops and militia), under Brevet Brigadier General Henry Jackson, had for several days cami)ed at ]\lcGowan's Pass (near the northeastern entrance of Central Park ). and when notified that the rear guard of the British were embarking at the Battery, thev marched in triumph to the city, down the Bower}- to Chatham, to Queen (now Pearl) and Wall Streets and Broadway, to Fort George, where Gen- eral Knox took charge. The tlagstafif had been soaped In- the enemv, and the cleats and halyards removed, but a visit to Goelet's hardware store soon enabled a nimble sailor to nail on cleats, reeve new halyards, and fling the Stars and Stripes to the breeze, saluted Iw thirteen guns. Then Gov- ernor Clinton, who had come into the citv with (Cienerals \\'ashington and Knox, appeared opposite the right of the line on Broadway, and received the salute appropriate to his rank, while the troops stood at attention. Following this, a great procession, mounted and afoot, went back to the Bull's Head Tavern to a great reception, which had been arranged to honor General Washington and Governor Clinton. It was a happv out- pouring of people that greeted the great commander and the popular gov- ernor. Exiles had been returning for days, but now that the enemy was gone they poured in by the thousands, and evervone wished to add his enthusiastic greetings to the great general. A\'hen the greetings had sub- 19 ?90 UlsrORY OF NEir ]'ORK sided the "eneral made his way to Fraunces' Tavern, where he stayed until he left the city. On December 4, 1783. A\"ashington. whu was about to resign his com- mission and return to private life, took leave of his comrades in an impres- sive and historical meeting" at Fraimces' Tavern, where the officers grasped the hand of their cimimander in chief, and with every mark of affection, they then followed him to the wharf, at A\'hitehall, where he entered the barge waiting to convey him to Paulus Hook, and from it he was soon wav- intr a silent adieu. ^ ^^U^"^^^^^^^ CHAPTER T jr E N T Y - E I G H T NEW BIRTH OF NEW YORK UNDER REPUBLIC INAUGURATION OF WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT NEW YORK AS NATIONAL CAPITAL (3n December 5, 1783. Admiral Digby, with the last of the British fleet, departed from Staten Island with the last vestige of British authority on New York soil. It had been New Amsterdam and Dutch, New York and English, Fort Orange and Dutch again, once more New York and English, and it was still New York, but now and always American, although no city in the world is more cosmopolitan. The citv was greatly changed in ])opulation. The Royalists, in the first place, had departed. In Nova Scotia Thomas Barclay and William Axtell. merchants. Colonel Edmund Fanning, Dr. Charles Inglis, rector of Trinity, William Smith, who had been chief justice of the colony and its first historian, and many more had taken up their permanent residence. Several others had gone to Montreal and Quebec, and other places in Canada: some to the West Indies, the Bermudas and Bahamas, and many of the more wealthy, including Oliver and James DeLancey, William Bayard, Hon. Andrew Eliot, the lieutenant governor. Judge Thomas Jones, Colonel Roger [Morris, and George Ludlow, had lost their estates by confiscation and spent the rest of their days in England. ]\Iany of the AMiigs who had moved away from New York because of their patriotism, had so established themselves in the places to which they had gone, that they decided to become permanent residents of those localities. Many who had taken part in the Revolution had died on the field, or through diseases in camp, or in jirison ; and some of them in their term of service had seen some place that appealed to them more strongly as a place of residence. On the other hand, there came to the city manv who were new to those who had been old residents. These newcomers were nearly all of the patriot party, as were most of the old residents who returned. Among the inhabitants there were some Lovalists; even some who had been such emphatic supporters of the British that their estates were confiscated, and these were bitter against the new government which had thus pun- ished them for treason. Some who had held their homes during the British occupation had been good enough Loyalists until the success ni the patriot cause was made certain, and had then developed toleration and even friend- liness for the returning Continentals and refugees. The city resumed its wonted powers and activities under the Dongan and Montgomerie charters, the State of New York taking the place of •.".»■.' HISTOR}' OF XEW YORK sovereignty formerl}- lield by Great liritain, and the governor of the State having the ptiwer of appointment of mayor, which had previously been exercised by the royal governor. The laws in regard to the election of aldermen and assistant aldermen remained unchanged. There was no city government to take charge of New Xuvk imme- diately after its evacuation by the British, but the legislature had elected a bodv t(i temporarily look after the city and neighljoring counties, after the withdrawal of the enemy. It was called the Council for the Southern District of New York, and was composed of the governor, George Clinton: the lieutenant governor, Pierre van Cortlandt : the chancellor, Robert R. Livingston: judges Robert Yates and John Sloss Hobart, of the State Supreme Court: John Morin Scott, secretary of state; Egbert Benson, attorney-general; the State senators of the southern counties, Stephen Ward. Isaac Stoutenburgh, James Duane and William Smith, and the assemblymen of those districts. The governor and seven others were to constitute a quorum. This body, meeting in the old council chamber on Wall Street, with James I\I. Hughes as secretary, went to work to create conditions of order and protection, making the Light Infantry Battalion of the Continental Arm}', which remained for some time at the fort under General Knox and Major Sumner, a ])olice force to maintain order and enforce necessary regulations. The first ordinance prescribed that each loaf should weigh two pounds and eight ounces avoirdujiois, should be marked with the initials of the baker, and should sell for eight cojipers. Newcomers should be registered. Watchmen were appointed and thieves and robbers were jailed, and there were official weighers and measurers appointed, and a fire department organized : provision also being made for the other needs of the city. This council called for a regular election on December 13th, and a regular list of aldermen and assistant aldermen was chosen. They organized as a Common Council bv electing as j^resident John P.roome. and this council and a large body of citizens petitioned Go\ernor Clinton to appoint Senator James Duane to the office of mayor. He complied, and on February gth Duane was formallv installed in his office. The first Ameri- can city government as organized was, therefore, as fiillows: Mayor, James Duane: recorder, Richard \'arick : chamberlain (city treasurer), Daniel Phcenix; sherifi^, Marinus Willett; coroner. Jeremiah Wool; clerk of the Common Council, Robert Benson. Aldermen: Beniamin Blagge, Thomas Randall, John Broome, William A\\ (iilbert, William Neilson. Thomas luers, Abraham P. Lott. Assistant aldermen: Daniel Ph(enix, Abraham van Gelden, Thomas Ten Eyck, Henry Shute. Samuel Johnson. Jeremiah W^ool. James Duane. who was born here in 1733, was a lawyer by profession. His father, who had been an officer in the British Navy, .-IMERICAX OFFICIALS OF XEJl' YORK 293 had resigned and engaged in mercantile business in Xew York, where he had married Altea Keteltas, of an old New York Dutch family. Two of their sons had entered the navy, but James, the third son, studied law under lames Alexander, and himself became one of the leaders at the Xew York Bar. He married Mary, eldest daughter of Colonel Robert Livingston. He acquired, partly by inheritance and partly by purchase, the Township of Duanesburgh, in Schenectady County, had a city resi- dence (in Pine Street and a farm in the countrj', wdiich was called ( ".ram- ercy Seat, that name being a corru])tion of the Dutch name, "Krooin Mcssic" (crooked little knife), given to a creek which ran through the land. The present Gramercy Park was part of that farm. During the Revolu- tionarv War he served in the Continental Congress and the New York Pro- vincial Congress, and at its close was a member of the State Senate. His Pine Street house was burned during the British occupation, but his farm had escaped damage. He held the office of mayor until 1789, when Presi- dent Washington appointed him the first judge of the United States Dis- trict Court of Xew York, in which oftice he rendered many decisions which were of great importance during the formative period of federal juris- prudence. The other officials were also men of ])r(iminence. Richard Yarick, the recorder, had been General Washington's private secretary during the latter ])art of the war; was Duane's successor in the ofiice of mayor, and afterward for many years president of the American Bible Society. Colonel Willett had distinguished himself at the head of his regiment in many of the engagements of the war for independence, as well as in the famous Broad Street episode of June 4, 1775, before narrated, while the aldermen were all prominent merchants and members of the Chamber of Commerce. The first meeting of the Common Council, as completely organized, was held February 10, 1784. In the following month it changed the city seal, voting to erase the imperial crown and substitute the crest of the arms of the State of New York, consisting of a rejiresentation of a semiglobe with a soaring eagle thereon. One of the institutions of the city which had survived and been in action throughout the British occupation was the Chamber of Commerce, which had been organized April 8, 1768, had been granted a charter by Lieutenant Gov- ernor Colden, ALarch 13, 1770, and had been kept up by British, and resident merchants during the war. Returning merchants of the patriot party filled up the membership after the British evacuation, and on April 13, 1784, it was incorporated by the New York Legislature with John Alsop, president : Isaac Sears, vice president: John Broome, treasurer: John Blagge, secretary, and the following members in addition to these ofiicers : Samuel Broome, George 204 HISTORY OF XEJV YORK Embree, Thomas Hazard, Cornelius Ray. Al^'ahani Durvee. Thomas Randall, Thomas Tucker, Daniel Phoenix, Isaac Roosevelt, James Beekman, Eliphalet Brush, John R. Kip. Comfort Sands, Nathaniel Hazard. Jeremiah Piatt. Ger- ardus Duyckinck, Abraham P. Lott, Benjamin Ledyard. Anthon\- Griffiths, William Malcolm, Robert Bowen, John Berrian. Jacob Morris, John Frank- lin, Abraham Lott, James Jarvis, Henry H. Kip, Archibald Currie, Stephen Sayre, Jonathan Lawrence, Joshua Sands. A'iner van Zandt. David Currie, Lawrence Embree and Jacobus van Zandt. The organization grew in mem- bership and had a great influence not onl}- in the promotion of the business interests of the city, but also in its public affairs, the Common Council for some time drawing' its membership chiefl\' from that of the Chamber of Com- merce. An important incident of 1784 was the passage through the citv, Septem- ber nth. of General La Fayette, which was a very enthusiastic occasion. He was met In' the mayor and Common Council, who tendered him the freedom of the city with a complimentary address, and he was escorted by a large bodv of citizens to the wharf, where he embarked for his return to France. Other notable gatherings were those welcoming' John Jay on his rettn^n from his suc- cessful European mission. Baron Steulicn, on a visit to the city, and Washing- ton, on his arrival in the citv on December 2d. The Continental Congress had failed in an attempt to control the customs. New York had consented that it should do so if the other States acquiesced, but Rhode Island refused, and Virginia, which had at first approved, withdrew her consent, so that the matter was left in the hands of the State. New York's law, as recoiumended by Congress, was on an ad ralorein basis, but as New- York was tmder British occupation, it was not effective until the evacuation. New York merchants were opposed to the ad valorem feature of the tariff, advocating s])ecific duties because under them the best goods would seek the mru'ket, and the Chamber of Commerce sent in a petition to that eff'ect. In response to this demand the Legislature of New York, convened in the City Hall in New York, changed the tariff' law to a specific tariff', and appointed Colonel John Lamb, veteran Son of Liberty and distinguished soldier of the War for Independence, as the first collector of the i)ort of New York, who established the Custom House on the lower floor of his dwelling, on the north side of Wall Street between William and Pearl Streets. The freedom of the commerce of New York from the restrictions of the British Navigation Act gave an impetus to foreign trade: a regular French line of packets put the citv in conununication with the European continent. and various American firms established in foreign trade, the ship Empress of China, Captain John Green, being the first to sail for Canton. February 22. 1784. But the control of the tariff' by the States was a handicap to the com- KIWrS COLLEGE BECOMES COLUMBLi ■i'.)o METHODIST CHURCH IN JOHN STREET IN OLDEN TIMES nierce of New York. Connecticut, l\v iniimsint;- a lower tariff, took trade away from New York to New Haven, some of the mercliants removin.^' to that city, l)ni cnming- Ixick when the Constitution of ijSg was adoiited and made the tariff uniform for the entire country. There was onlv one liank in New ^'ork in the period imme(hately follow- ino- the Revolution. This was the Dank of New ^'ork, estahlished chiefly through the eft'orts of William Duer and General Alexander jMcDou^'all. early in 17S4. General McDouqall became its i'lrst president until his tleath. June 8, 1786. Isaac Roosevelt became president of the bank in 1789. During the British occu- pation King's College had dis- continued its operation. Its building had barely escaped destruction in the fire of 1776, and had been used as a hospital bv the I'.ritisli. While so used its librar_\- was rifled. The State legislature, Mav i, 1784, passed an act changing the name from King's College to Colum])ia College, and i)lacing it under the State Board of Regents created bv the same act. The first student who entered the college under its new name was De Witt Clinton, nephew of the governor, who was an honor graduate at the first commencement, held April 11, 1786, and was afterward mavor. United States senator, i)residential candidate and governor. Trinity Church had been destroyed by fire in Septeml)er, 1776, and the corner stone for the new building was not laid until August 21, 1788. Rev. Dr. Charles Inglis, the rector, left the citv with the refugees for Nova Scotia, and while the evacuation was going on the Torv members of the parish elected Re\'. Dr. Benjamin Moore to the rectorship, but on the return of the Whigs to control of the town, those of them who were members of Trinity succeeded in securing action from the legislature, giving them control, whereupon they revoked the election of Dr. Moore and called Rev. Dr. Sanniel Provoost to l)e rector. The three Reformed Dutch churches had been badly maltreated by the Britisli, who had used them for prisons, hospitals, storehouses and riding schools, the Middle Church being in an especiallv deplorable condition, so that it was not re(^pened until I7<)0, and the three Presbyterian churches had also been used b\- the arnn- for secidar ])urposes. A fourth was built in T787. There were also two German Lutheran churches, a Catholic congrega- •.'!)(i HISTORY OF XRjy YORK tion, ministered to by Father Whelan, a Moravian church, Friends' nieetine Iiouse, a Jewish synagogue. Baptist church, and the Alethodist church on John Street, built in 1769, which churcli, "the mother of Methodism in New York," still occupies the same site. The City Hall, at the northeast corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, built in 1700, was used for city business, but in 1785, when Congress assembled in New York, the council gave up the use of the greater part of it to that body, retaining only a part of the west end of it for mayor's office and council cham- ber. ^^'hen the Federal Constitution had been adopted by the States, in 17S8, the Common Council decided to give u]) the entire building for use of the new government, and had it entirelv remodeled bv Major L'Enfant, at a cost of FEDERAL HALL AND VERPLANCK MANSION Site of ttie '»M (_■u•^ttm^ House and Assay Oflice $65,000, and it became known as the New Federal Hall, the most imposing edi- fice in the citv. The first American post office in the city was opened November 28, 1783. at 38 Smith Street, and \\'illiam Bedlow, a deputy of Postmaster- General Ebenezer Hazard (then at Philadelphia), was appointed postmaster. New York, as were the other States, was agitated with discussion as to the i)roprietv <»f creating a strong federal government with sovereign power of international and interstate problems, and at first the majority seemed to be those who dreaded loss of liberty by creating a strong and centralized gov- ernment, but the commercial interests of New ^'ork so plainly needed the aid of a federal power which could treat with foreign governments on a basis of e(|ualitv, that thr<^ugh tlu- al)le efforts of l];unilton. jav and Livingston, the assent f)f New ^'ork to the Federal Constitution was secured, and New York became the federal ca]:)ital. George Washington had been elected President, and John Adams \'ice President of the Cnited States. GEORGE WASHINGTON INAUGURATED PRESIDENT 297 Mr. Adams arrived in the city April 20, 1781J, and was met at Kings- bridge by members of Congress and an escort of light horse, under com- mand of Captain Stakes, and when he reached town a salute was fired from guns at the Batter}-. President Washington came from Paulus tlook, where he had been received by Congressional, State and city conmiittees, to New ^'ork, on a decorated barge accompanied by other craft containing rejoicing throngs, which cheered and sang patriotic songs. On the hither shore greater multitudes cheered him as he landed, and the procession that celebrated his coming was the largest which had ever, up to that time, been seen in New York. Declining the offered carriage, for he was tired of riding, the great President walked, properly attended, with the procession to the Franklin House, at 3 Cherry Street, where he had welcome but brief repose, after which he went to the DePeyster House, on Queen (now Pearl) Street, nearly opposite Cedar Street, to dine with Go\'ernor Clinton. The town was gaily decorated for the occasion — more gaily than it had ever been before, and in the evening there was a great illumination which included nearly every house in the city. The few exceptions were some of the as yet unreconciled Anti-Federalists, several of whose darkened windows were shattered by missiles thrown by some too enthusiastic partisans of the constitution. Receptions took nearly all of General Washington's time from then until April 30th, when the day 0]:)ened with the roar of the guns at Fort George. In the morning, prayers were offered at many churches after a general ringing of all the church bells in the city. At noon an official escort waited at the President's door and he was followed by a great military and civic procession, mounted and on foot, to Federal Hall, where he went to the senate chamber, where he went up, bow- ing, to a seat between the Vice President on his right and the speaker on his left. Thence he stepped to the balcony and in full view of the senators and representatives within, of many of the nation's greatest on the balcony with him, and of a throng outside that packed the streets and roofs, he took the oath, kissed the Book, and Chancellor Livingston proclaimed: "It is done! Long live George Washington, President of the L^nited States !" A flag shot up to the cupola of Federal Hall, and at this signal the guns at the Battery boomed again, the bells of all the city again clanged in chorus, and the shouts of the multitude resounded through the streets of the city. The President re- turned to the senate chamber and delivered his inaugural address, and then with his entourage repaired to St. Paul's church, to take part in a thanksgiving- service conducted by Bishop Provoost. The United States of America had became a nation, fully organized on a permanent basis. The religious sentiments expressed by the President in his inaugural address were pleasing to worshipers of all denominations, and the first re- sponse of approval came from the Methodist Episcopal Church in John Street, HISTORY OF XI-JJ' YORK of which Re\-. John Dickens was the pastor. Services liad lieen held on the morning" of the inaus^uration, in that church, where the New York Confer- ence (then comprising' twenty ministers) had been in session for two davs pre- vioush', presided nver h\ Bishops Asbur_\- and Coke. One of the first ap])ointments made In- President Washington was that of AlaA-or Dnane, to he Cnited States judge for the District of New York. He was succeeded in the office of mayor, under Governor Chnton's appoint- ment, liy Richard \'arick, previously recorder, and Sanuiel Jones was ap- l^ointed to the latter office. Aaron Burr was elected attorney-general. When the new government was organized, questions of titles and social usages came up and roused much antagonism and heated discussion, beginning with a proposition in Congress to select titles for the President and other offi- cials. A senate committee proposed that the executive should be styled "His Highness the President of the United States, and Protector of Their Liber- ties." Others of more exuberant tastes thought that "High Mightiness," "His Elective Majesty." or just plain "His Majesty." would meet the situation better, but the House of Re]M-esentatives would have none of them. It was decided to call him simply '"the President of the United States." Certain rich and fashionable ])eople, however, created a social atmosphere which was, as near as they could make it, a copy of Eur(ii)ean ciiurts. Fenno's Gazette of the United States, which was regarded as being the government organ, made nuich of the social doings, which nuich offended the democratic ideas of the majority, although the President himself lived a simple and unostentatious life. Among the ])residential appointments were several New Yorkers, includ- ing Alexander Jlamilton, secretarv of the treasurv; William Duer. assistant secretary: John Jav, chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; Samuel Osgood, ])ostmaster-general : and Gouverneur Morris, appointed on a special mission to Europe. Local federal apiiointments included John Lamb, collector of the port: I'enjamin Walker, naval officer, and [ohn Lasher, survevor of the i^ort. The proceedings of the First Congress, while interesting from a national standpoint, had little in them pertaining to local history. The State legisla- ture enacted, March if). i7()0. that the lands at Fort George belonging to the !^tate should fore\er be reserved for the erection of public buildings, and ap- ])ointing Gerard Bancker. Richard A^arick and John Watts commissioners to demolish b^ort George, level the grounds, erect a new Imlkhead at the Battery and erect new buildings for the State government and to be applied to the temporary use of the President of the Ignited States during such time as the Congress of the L'nited States should hold its sessions in the City of New A'ork. The commission rajjidlv cleared awav F"ort George, and in leveling the ground, under the ruins the workmen came upon the leaden caskets contain- THE CINCINNATI AND TAMMANY •^fiM ing- the remains of Lord and Lady Belloniont. They were moved with decorum and interred with proper marks of respect in St. Paul's churchyard. On ^larch 25, 17Q0, Trinity Church, which had been rebuilt, was consecrated. There was placed within the edifice a canopied pew for the President's use. One of RclT.'diucd jr, nil tliL- onginal [•nnt III I lie .■•'lU'ctwii I'f Mr. I'l-icy K. /'.vii.'. -'J NEW YORK HARBOR. 1790. SHOWING GOVERNORS HOUSE IN BACKGROUND the acts of the State Assembly, passed ]ylarch 31st, g-ranted Governor's Island and certain lands in Clinton County as well as £1000 cash to Columbia College. "The Societv of the Cincinnati," composed of officers who served in the W'dv of Independence, was an organization at that time of great political power. Another organization which had arisen as in some respects a rival to The Society of the Cincinnati was the "St. Tammany Society or Columbian Order," with its well-known imitation of the tribal organization of the American In- dians. There had been a "St. Tammany Society" before that, but in May, 17S9, the organization added the "Columbian" adjunct to its name and greatly strengthened itself, becoming in fact a protest against the hereditary feature of the Cincinnati, and more democratic in character. In both of the societies there were at that time members of both parties, but at times they were prac- HISTORV OP XJiir )'OKK ticallv opposing' political camps. Biith nuule a prominent feature of the ob- servance of Independence Day. In i/uo, that anniversary falling on Sunday, the celebration was postponed until Monday, July 5th. Brockholst Livingston delivered an oration in St. Paul's Church, before a distinguished audience, in which were included members of Congress, the Cincinnati, and Federal, State and municipal authorities who, after the address, waited on the President. The members of the Cincinnati invited "the Grand Sachem and Fathers of the St. Tammany Society" to a dinner, at which such good humor jirevailed as to make the occasion one of special note. St. Tammany Society soon had occasion to place itself in a promi- nent i^osition in connection with a matter of national importance. The Indians in the Carolinas, Florida and ( ieorgia had been very trouble- some in the South under Spanish inspiration, and Colonel ^larinus Willett had been sent on a special mission to the Creek Indians of the South, and word came that he was on his wa}^ to New York with McCiillvray, chief of the hostile tribe (of mixed blood from a Scotch father), and twenty-eight warriors. John Pintard, sagamore of Tam- many, a man of high social standing, a scholar of distinction, and editor of the Dail}^ Advertiser, saw in this news an opportunity to advance the prestige of the society, and made arrangements accordingly. Colonel Willett and his Indian guests, who had been traveling toward New York at government expense and had been greeted by great crowds at every place along the way, were met by the Sons of St. Tammany, dressed in true Indian style and with much aboriginal magnificence. The Tani- manyites took charge of the Indians, iiiloted them to the houses of the president, and secretary of war, and afterward showed them everything there was to see in New York likely to interest them. At a grand enter- tainment on August 3d, Grand Sachem HolTman made them an eloquent s])eech, telling them that the sjnrits of two great chiefs, Tammany and Columbus, were supposed to walk u|) and down in that Great Wigwam. One of them, Tammany, was a great and good Indian chief, a warrior, hunter and patriot, and thej' called themselves his sons. Sagamore Pintard, whose speech, when translated to the warriors, seemed to greatly please them, ])roduced a calumet beautifulK- ornamented, which was smoked by them all in turn. The Indian chief conferred ui)on (Irand Sachem Hotf- man the title of Taliva Mico (Chief of the White Town), and the President of the United States was toasted as the "Beloved Chieftain of the Thirteen Fires." Other things were arranged h\ Tammany for the chiefs, one of which was their ])resence with the President at a great military re\'iew, Jul}' Jjtli, which much impressed them, and a dinner by the President, to the chiefs. A treatv with the Indians was drawn up and si""ned bv them U'.ISIIIXGTOX'S L.lSr LOOK .IT XRU' YORK 101 and the President, at Federal Hall, which was the last time the President ever visited that buildin",-. The question of the place for the permanent capital had greatly agitated the conntr_\-. New York and Philadelphia both wanted it and the latter had the strongest backing, but still stronger was the sentiment that a federal district should be cut out of one or more States which shnuld be central to the population and should be subject to the authority of no one State. As the latter plan involved some years of building and preparation Philadelphia was pacified with a promise of the capital for ten years, and on Jul}' i6, i/QO, the act for removal first to Philadelphia and afterward to the chosen district on the Potomac was signed by the President. The President gave his last State dinner on August 28th, and on the 30th a procession of State and municipal officers conducted the President and his family to McComb's Wharf on Xorth River, where the}' embarked on the same barge that had brought them to the city. A sahtte of thirteen guns was fired, the people cheered and the President, waving his hat, said, "Farewell." He never returned to New York. MANHATTANVILLE FROM CLAREMONT CHAPTER T ir E N T Y - X I N E CONSTRUCTIVE DAYS IN POLITICAL PARTIES THE CINCINNATI AND TAMMANY ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND AARON BURR An enumeration uf the inhabitants of New York niatle on December ii, 1700, showed a population of 29.906 souls. Divided by wards, they were dis- tributed as follows: South Ward. 1756; Dock Ward, 1S54; East \\'ard, 3622; West Ward, 6054; Xorth Ward. 4596; Montgomerie Ward, 6702; Bowery A\'ard. 4S19; Harlem Division. 503. In the following October the names of the wards were changed to numbers, and they were more equallv divided on the basis of population. On Januarv 3. I7vji. the State assembly of New York met in the city, and John \\'atts was elected speaker. General Schuyler's term was about to ex])ire on March 4th. and he was a candidate for reelection, but was opposed bv Aaron Burr, and the latter won by ten majority in the senate and five in the house. Burr's victorv over Schuyler was considered as a bad defeat for the Federal partv. Chancellor Livingston and his lirother-in-law. Morgan Lewis, who had been prominent Federalists, used their influence in behalf of Burr, whom Lewis succeeded as attorney-general. John Pintard. Tammany sagamore, and Melancthon Smith, another Tammany man. were in that assembly, and Pintard developed much i)ower and adroitness as a legislative leader. Tammanv was getting to the front in various ways. Tt had established, in Sejitember. 1790, an American nmseum, which was the basis of the Mew ^'ork Historical Society. Pintard's paper, the Daily Advertiser, announced that the object of the society in establishing the museum was to collect and preserve all material relating to the historv of our C(iuntry and all American curiosities of nature and art. The society had secured from the Common Council the use of a room in the City Hall for the purposes of this museum. wliich was open at all times to the members of the Tammany Society, and on Tuesdavs and Fridavs to the public. There was an interchange of civilities on Washington's Birthdav. 1791, between the Cincinnati and the Sons of Tam- manv, represented bv the grand sachem, Josiah Ogden Hoffman. Thomas Paine's Rights of Man, which had been printed in London wiih a dedication to Washington, appeared in an .American edition with a pre- linnnar\- note of high appnix'al from Thomas Jefl:'erson, secretary of state. The ])ublication aroused a storm of Federalist dissent from its doctrines, coupled with adverse criticism of the secretary of state for endorsing them. Pintard puljlished the entire work as a serial, running from May 6th to 27th. in the POLITICAL TURMOIL IX XEJi' YORK 303 Daily Advertiser, together with the celebrated letters replying to the argu- ments of Paine and signed "Publicola." These were generally credited to John Adams, the Vice President, but were afterward found to be the work of his son, John Quincv Adams. Paine' s work liecame popular with that section of the people who were in sympathy with the rising revolution in France, and whom the Federalists began to refer to tauntingly as "Democrats." In 1792 was held a celebration of the third centenary of the discovery of America, on October 12th. There were orations, fourteen toasts, historical and allegorical tableaux, which glorified Columbus and his deeds, the Sons of Tammany or the Columbian Order, and Paine's Rights of ^ ^^95^, ^=^^^^ j\Ian. Tammany had become the adherent of the radical democracy represented bv Thomas Jefferson. It soon exemplified this stand by be- coming the chief support of Governor George Clinton in his race for reelection in November. Against him was pitted John Jay, and the fight was hot and heavy, and at no voting booth was the fight more fierce than in Trinity Church, which was one of the polling booths in that election. The election turned upon the legality of the returns from Otsego County. It was agreed to leave the result of the election on the decision of the senators from New ^'ork, Aaron Burr and Rufus King, who were to choose a third if they could not agree. They left it to Edmund Ran- dolph, who decided the legal question in such a way that the vote of Otsego County was rejected and Clinton was declared go\-ernor. The Federalists were incensed almost to the point of armed resistance, and made great demonstra- tions, even trying to induce the legislature to unseat Clinton, but without suc- cess. Clinton gained in popularity, and he received the vote of the State for the ^'ice Presidency, which he came near winning at that time. By this time the name "Republican" had become fixed upon the opponents of the Federal party. Later it became the "Re])ublican-Democratic" party, and finally the Democratic ' ])arty, being the only political organization which has been con- tmuous from the first administration to the present time. No. 2 BROADWAY, COR. MARKETFIELD STREET. 1798 :;ol HISTORY Of XI-W ]'ORK The A-ear i/i)^ was the vear of the Reign of Terror in France. Aristo- cratic rule, which from l)eino' careless had come to be heartless, had l^rought the poorer classes in France to such a condition that revolution was the only alternative. The success of the Revolution in America was one important in- citement to the Revolution in France. It had been successful in America, Whv not in F'rance? Supercilious. contem]ituous, unfeeling, cruel, the aris- tocracv had brought u]ion themselves the hatred of the masses. So the Revo- lution in France, counting from the fall of the Bastile, July 14, 17S9, to the death of Louis XVI by the guillotine, in January, 1793, was closely corre- spondent to Washington's first term. Notwithstanding the extremes to which the French revolutionists went they were followed through these four years by the sympathy and applause of a large section of the American people, and especially of those who had been carried away with the eleutheromaniac reasoning of Paine's Rights of Man. So when Edmond Charles Edouarcl Genet came with credentials from the New Repul)lic where everybody was a plain "citizen," his landing at Charles- ton was the beginning of an ovation which kept up for several months. At Philadelphia he was received with such lavish expression of sympathy for France that after his credentials as minister had been accepted he began to issue commissions and letters of marqtie for privateers, and not onlv under- took to convert American vessels, with their crews, into F'rench vessels of war. but also to encourage attacks on British vessels in American waters. As Washington had. with the advice of his cabinet, issued a proclamation of neu- trality, in April, I7<)3, Jet¥erson, in June, notified Genet that he must cease arming and e(iuipping privateers in American ports. Genet, in turn, defied Washington, declaring that he was acting under the treaty of iJJ^ made with Congress, and that only Congress had the right to deal with him, and demanding that a s])ecial session of Congress be called. Washington there- upon demanded the recall of Genet, which, after some delay, was sent. When it came, his part\', the Girondists, were no longer in ])ower in France, but were being guillotined by the Jacobins of the mountain. So Citizen Genet, when he lost his official standing, decided to stay in New York as a private citizen. He married the daughter of Governor Clinton, and resided in the city until his death, in i^;](>. In the excitement, of which he was the centre. New York was an extensive participant for and against him. There was in the poinilar mind a hatred of England, which had so recently bent its energies to sub)ugate and coerce the colonies, and whose jailers had so maltreated manv who had suffered in its military ])risons. On the other hand, France had acted the i)art of a friend in the Revolution, and some of its sons had fought for the independence of the colonies. On the other hand, there were ties of blood and of institutions. The language, the social habits, the litera- L'AMBUSCADE AND CITIZENS GOMPARD AND GENET 306 ture, the commercial methods of the Americans were essentially English. The agitation which had preceded the Revolution had been for rights as English- men. Imbedded in the laws were Magna Charta, the Bill of Rights, the writ of habeas corpus, trial by jury, and an entire jurisprudence transplanted from Britain. In the long run, the greatness of the nation and its commercial in- terests would Ije best subserved by friendship with the government of what was, to the great majority of the American people, the Mother Countrv. But such was not the line of reasoning of a large part of the people. France, fighting for liberty, equality and fraternity, was to the popular mind, a figure truly heroic ; and at first Citizen Genet and his claims to recognition were sympathized with by probably a majority of the people. Many sup- ported him to the last, but there was a revulsion of feeling when his insolence went to the length of defying President Washington. New York's Anti-Federalists had their part in the agitation. On June I2th the vessel, L'Ambuscade, which had brought Citizen Genet to Charles- ton, arrived in New York. Her captain. Citizen Gompard, and the other ofificers and crew of the vessel were received and entertained with much enthusiasm, the liberty cap was hoisted on the tlagstaif (if the Tontine Coffee House, and all true patriots were exhorted to protect it ; tricolor cockades were worn and the Marseillaise sung, and New York tried to be as French as possible. Genet, who visited New York, August 8th, was wel- comed by the ringing of bells and the firing of salutes in honor of the French Republic. About the time of Genet's recall. Chief Justice John Jay had been appointed, in the spring of 1794, as a special envoy to England, to negotiate a treaty of commerce. Britain and the United States had not assumed complete diplomatic relations, and this precluded the appointment of a regular minister, so that the difficulties of Jay's mission were peculiarly try- ing, but he succeeded in negotiating a "Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Great Britain," in 1795. This aroused the greatest excitement, and a perfect storm of invective and abuse swept the country. John Jay was denounced as corrupted with British gold. Orators declaimed against the perfidy which courted the friendship of Britain, the oppressor and foe of America, while deserting France, her friend and recent ally. Jay was burned in efifigy, in New York and Phila- delphia ; mass meetings in New York and Boston denounced the treaty. The New York meeting was held in front of the City Hall, and Edward Livingston was called to preside. Mayor Varick and Alexander Hamilton, who tried to control the meeting within bounds, found themselves unable to do so. Hamilton, from the front steps of his home, at the corner of Broad and Wall Streets, tried to address the people, but that statesman, who had ooi; HISTORY OF XEW YORK alwavs before been able to command attention, could get no hearing. Stones flew, and one struck him on the forehead. 'Die secretary thereupon said without excitement, "If you tise such striking arguments. I must retire." and quietly went into the house, while the mob rushed to the Bowl- ing Green to burn what purported to be copies of the Jay treaty, and unfurl the Frencli tricolor. Hamilton coiumenced writing essays under the pen name "Camillus," by which the opinion of the thoughtful was powerfully influenced. The treaty was ratified by the .Senate, after some important modifications, was signed by Washington, and one of the first bodies to approve it was the Chamber of Commerce of New York, at a meeting where seventy members were present and only ten adverse votes were cast. Aleanwhile Jay, during his absence, and before the treaty had been concluded, had been elected go\'ernor of New York. He arrived May j8, 17Q5, in the height of the storm over the treaty, and on July i, 1795, he was inaugurated governor. He moved from his home, at 113 Broadway, then the highest num- l)er on that street, to the Gover- nor's Alansion, south of the Bowl- ing Green, on the block where the new Custom House now stands. The house faced north, and gave a view of tree-lined Broadway, the Common, and fields beyond. In September, J705. New York was visited by an epidemic of yellow fever, during which 732 ])ersons died fr(»m the disease. l)uring the preva- lence nf ihe scdurge Inisiness was stagnated. An article in the New York joiuMial. uf ( )ctober 17, 17<)5, spoke of the visitation as practically over, and congratulated the city cm the fact that the mortality among those visited by the disease had not been so great as had been expected, saying: "Not more than one in twent}- dies. Those who liave died were for the greatest part new residents."' Following this visitation. (Governor Jay initiated, for the first time in New ^'ork, the proclamation of a Thanksgiving Day for this State, which was appointed for Thursday, November 26th, and was speciallv designated as a day for giving thanks for the cessation of the epi- demic. Btit a worse visitation came in I7')8, when 1524 people died from the disease. It was most virulent along l-'ront .Street, and in the neighboring WHITE CONDUIT HOUSE Built about 1 7?; Usetl first a*; independent churcli. Stood on liil] at Biuadway lietween Leonard and Antliony Streets YELLOJr FEVER IX XEW YORK 307 section of the city near the low ground, which had been rescued from the river, and bred mosquitoes in most luxurious profusion. Unfortunately, at that day there was no knowledge of the intimate connection of His Viru- lence Stegoinyia fasciafa with this destructive disease, nor were the people or the phvsicians anv better informed during the much more severe visitation of 1822-1824, nor in that of 1853. Among the matters of legislation accomplished by the Jay administra- tion was a needed revision of the penal code. The number of offenses pun- ishable with death was greatly reduced. A bill introduced in the legisla- ture, in Januar}', 1796. for the abolition of slavery, was defeated in com- mittee of the whole, by a tie vote, the chairman giving the casting vote against it, but during Jay's second term, in April. 1799, a bill to the same eft'ect was passed. It provided that the exportation of slaves in the State should cease, and that all negroes born in the State after Jul}- 4. 1799, should be free. They should, however, be required to serve an apprenticeship until twenty-eight years old, if males, and twenty-five years old. if females. Attempts to abolish slavery had been made before, but had been wrecked on the question of compensation to owners, but this bill, ])rnviding, as it did, for gradual emancipation, met with no very great oppositi(Tn. A penitentiary was built in New York, in 1796, and in the same year the need for a retreat where sufferers from contagious diseases could receive proper attention without spreading the contagion through the city, led to the selection of Bedloe's Island for the purpose. The approach of the end of Washington's second term, with his known intention to retire at that time to private life, lent great importance to the election of 1796, through the country, but was not exceptionally sig- nificant in New York. John Adams, of Massachusetts, Federalist, was elected President, and Thomas Jefferson, Republican. Vice FVesident. a bi- partisan result, practically impossible under the present sytem, but not only possible, but probable, as it was arranged in the original constitution before amendment. In the State the governor, John Jay, was elected twice as a Federalist candidate, in 1793 and 1798, but in the latter election there were large Republican gains in the legislature, reducing the Federalist majority in the Senate to eight, and gaining a Republican majority in the Assembly of twenty-eight. The leading spirit on the Republican side was Aaron Burr, one of the most brilliant men of the day, and gifted in exceptional degree with the quality of personal magnetism. He was born in Newark, New Jersey, February 6, 1856, son of Rev. Aaron Burr, D.D., second president of Princeton, and of a daughter of Jonathan Edwards, the famous theologian. His father died in 1857 'i"d l"s mother in 1858, and he was brought up by ;!(is HISTORY OF XllW YORK Re\'. Tinioth}- ICdwards, his maternal uncle, at Elizabethtown, Xew Jersey: went to Princeton, from which he was g-raduated with flistinguished honors at the head of the Class of 1772; studied theology under Rev. Dr. Bellamy, of Bethlehem, Connecticut, and law, in 1774, with his brother-in-law. Tappan Reeve, at Bethlehem, Connecticut. He served in the Continental Army with distinction from 1775, and had com- mand of a brigade when he resigned in I77g. He began the practice of law in Albany, in 1782, and the same year married Mrs. Theodosia Prevost. widow of a British officer, and their daughter, Theodosia, was born the fol- lowing- year. Burr was a member of the State Assembly in 1784-1785, elec- ted attorney-general of the State in T78g, was United States senator from i7<)i to i7<)7, and returned to the State Assembly again from 1707 to 1790. where his leadership of the Republican majority became absolute. His chief opponent was Alexander Hamilton, and his political ambition looked to- ward a place on the national ticket of the Republican party. On December 14. 1799, occurred the death of George Washington. The event was sudden and unexpected, and the mourning was general. The news reached Xew York on the 19th. and arrangements were made for a public funeral procession and a service at St. Paul's, which was chosen because it was there that Washington held a pew and regularly worshi])ed during his stay at the Franklin House, in New York. In the procession a funeral urn \\as carried upon a bier to reji- resent the corpse, followed by the Cincinnati, as chief mourners, other officers of the War of Independence, and the cor])oration of the city. Preceding the bier were all National and State military and naval forces in the city, mem- bers of all societies and lodges, civil officers of the city. State and Federal governments, consular representatives of the Spanish and British governments, and manv others. At St. Paul's, Bishop Provoost read appropriate prayers, and an oration was delivered by Gouverneur Morris. President Adams issued a pr(iclamation setting apart W^ashington's Birthdav, Feliruary 22, 1800, as a day of devotion and prayer, in com- NEW YORK HOSPITAL Broadway between Duane and Anthony (Worth) Streets Corner Stone laid 1773; site was then far out of town; used as barracks by the English during their occupation of the city AAROX BURR BECOMES J'ICE PRESIDEXT 309 memoration of the illustrious soldier and statesman, and on that day all business was suspended in the city. The Cincinnati and the corporation attended the Dutch Church, where thev listened to a most eloc|uent eulogy on Washington, delivered by Dr. William Linn, of that church, who bore reputation as the greatest pulpit orator in the country. The vear 1800 was an exciting one in political matters. Party lines were strictly drawn ; the controversies were bitter and rancorous : even within the lines of party were clashing ambitions. The method of choosing the President and \^ice President made trouble more than possible. Voters were to cast votes for two persons, who could not be from the same State. The one receiv- ing the highest number of electoral votes should be President, the one receiving the next highest number of yotes should be Vice President, and in case of a tie the House of Representatives must decide it. This rule of procedure had worked sufficiently well in the first two elections when the personality of Washington left no doubt about the first place, nor much about the second : but in the third election it had given the presidency to one party and the vice presidency to another, with only three votes difference between them. In 1800 Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, both of the Republican party, were well ahead of the others, but they were tied, each having seventy-three votes. while the other three candidates, all Federalists, were John Adams, sixty-five votes; Charles Cotes Pinckney, sixty-four votes: John Jay, one vote; so althotigh the electoral colleges had met in their several States on December 4th, the result could not be known, and even then the decision had to be reached through a path that might be full of pitfalls. Burr, who had been regarded as the Republican candidate for Vice President, only was charged with intrigue to have himself elected President in the house ; some of his par- tisans went so far as to threaten that the northern Republicans would seat him by force if Jeft'erson were selected. But the decision made Jefferson Pres- ident and Burr \"ice President, as after thirty-six ineffectual ballots, James Addison Bayard, of Delaware, a Federalist who had been voting for Burr, changed his vote to Jefferson on the advice of Alexander Hamilton. Burr became Vice President, but he had lost prestige with his party, so that in 1804, when nominations were made again (the Constitution having meanwhile been amended so as to make the situation of 1800 thereafter im- possible). Burr's name was not even inentioned for the vice presidency, Gov- ernor George Clinton being nominated in his stead. Having failed there, he attempted to secure the nomination for governor of New York, but the party, controlled chiefly by the Clinton and Livingston families, passed him by in favor of Chief Justice Morgan Lewis, brother-in-law of the former chancellor, Robert R. Livingston. Lie then sought the Federalist nomination, but the most powerful voice in that party was that of Hamilton and Chancellor Lans- no HISTORY OF XliJl' YORK ing was named as its candidate for governor. When Chancellor Lansing declined to make the race. Burr decided to make the race as an independent, expecting to win some of the Republican (Democratic) vote and the bulk of the Federalist vote, but he miscalculated, for while Hamilton had been socially his friend, he believed Burr to be politically unsafe antl unscrupulous. His influence was cast in favor of Lewis, who was elected b}- an o\'erwhelming maioritv. Burr had been politically dethroned in the State and nation, and he determined on revenge. He sought occasion of quarrel, and as Hamilton had not been sparing of denunciation of him politically, he seized upon some expressions which had been made by him and challenged him to a duel. L'nder the foolish code of the day Hamilton could not refuse; so on July ii. 1904, in the early morning, they crossed the Hudson to Weehawken, about opposite the present Forty-second Street, shots were exchanged, and Hamilton was mortally wounded by Burr, who was unhurt, as Hamilton had tired his weapon in the air. Hamilton was brought to the city and taken to the home of his friend. William Bayard, where he died the next day, July 12. if the United States, was arroQ-ant and exasperating-, notwithstanding- the treaty of 171)5. In the war lietween England and France, each of the combatants blockacied the ports of the other, and captured all American vessels that attempted to enter, in spite of the neutrality that was strictly maintained by our govern- ment and peo|)Ie. England continued to search our vessels, and to impress into her service An-ierican seamen, claiming that English seamen, having once been English subjects always remained such, it being a national motto that "Once an Englishman, alwavs an Englishman." The claim of our govern- ment, on the other hand, was that an FLnglish-b(Mm subject could become an Ai-nerican liv naturalization. (3ne of the reasons impelling English coi-nmanders to this course was that many English seamen, on entering American ports, deserted, and after procuring fraudulent naturalization papers, would enter the American service, the reason being that seamen were better treated and better paid on American vessels. Commanders of English war ships, therefore, insisted on searching- American ships and taking ofif American seamen on the charge that thev were deserters: and English cruisers infested our coast and halted \essels as they entered or left the harbors, searching for seamen, so that before the war began over 900 American vessels had been searched, and more than 4000 Aniericans had been imjM'essed into the English service. The attack made in June. 1807, on the frigate Chesapeake, by the British man-of-war Leopard, off the coast of Virginia, was one of the most flagrant of the insults in this period. An affair of a similar kind occurred at the entrance to the lower harl)or of New York, as early as April, 1806. when the British frigate Leander, Captain Whitby, while cruising oft' Sandy Hook, fired into the American sloop Richard, a coasting vessel, and killed one of her men. The corpse was brought to New York and publicly buried, and ])ublic meetings were held, demanding that reparation lie made by the British go\ernment ; but though Captain Whitby was sent home ti:> England and tried by court-martial, he was acfjuitted without punishment or even cen- sure. The Leopard's attack on the Chesapeake, the following year, was fol- lowed by a proclamation forbidding British armed vessels to enter Amer- EFFECT OF JEEEERSOX'S EMBARGO :5-21 ican waters until reparatiuii lor thai attack had been made by the British g-overnment, and security given against future aggressions. Jefferson's poHcv was opposed to war. He believed that international disputes could be settled by peaceful means, and in the present condition of trade, when American vessels were debarred from trade in France, by the British "Orders in Council," issued in 1806, and from English ports by Napoleon's "Decrees" of 1807, he thought that he could force them to rea- sonable and equitable treatment of the United States by refusal to trade with them. As an expression of this policy he secured the passage, in December, 1807, of the Embargo Act. This was a statute prohibiting all American vessels from leaving the United States for foreign ports and ior- eign vessels from taking cargoes out of the United States. Jefferson was mistaken as to the eft'ect of this ])olicy. The event proved that England and France could do without our trade much better than we could do without theirs. Our ships went out of commission and lay idle at the wharves, commerce was destroyed, business was paralyzed, and failures occurred in every part of the country. Especially disastrous was the working of the Embargo in New England, New York and Philadel- phia, in which nearly all foreign intercourse centered. In New England the sentiment against the measure was especially intense, and some of the Federalist leaders in that section threatened that the Eastern States should secede from the Union. Finally, with Jeft'erson's consent, the Embargo Act was repealed, just before the close of his term, James Aladison becoming- President on March 4. 1809. Soon after Madison's inauguration he received from the British minister, ^Ir. Erskine, a promise that the obnoxious "Orders in Council" should be repealed before the loth of Jime, 1809, and. acting on this promise, ]\Ir. ^ladison proclaimed the resumption of commercial inter- course with England, but as the British government promptly disavowed the pledge of its minister, the President again proclaimed nonintercourse. France, in March, 1810, revoked the Napoleonic "Decrees." and American commerce was resumed with that country. In the summer of 1809 there was a celebration, under the auspices of the New York Historical Society, of the two-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of the island of [Manhattan by Henry Hudson. Literary exercises were held in the front courtroom of the City Hall, the princi|)al feature of the occasion being a learned and appropriate address by Rev. Dr. Samuel Miller, one of the founders of the New York Historical Society, which was organized in 1804, and has been a most eft'ective and valuable agency for the preservation of the annals of the city and colony, and the promotion of historical research. In the evening there was a dinner at the Citv Tavern, where the members of the societv and invited guests drank 322 HISTORY OF XHir YORK toasts and listened to addresses on historical and patriotic themes. That the existing international troubles were not forgotten is indicated by the subjects of two of the toasts: "A Speedy Termination of Our Foreign Rela- tions," responded to by Simeon DeAVitt, and "The Mouth of the Hudson — Alay it Soon Have a Sharp Set of Teeth to Show its Defense," responded to by Mr. Galen, Swedish consul. Among the improvements of that period was one of engi- neering, which transformed the region about what is now Canal Street. This was, along its will lie modern c( mrse, low and marsh}-, and in the wet season I)artially overflowed, so much so, in fact, that it is stated that sometimes, at exceptionally high tides, the waters of the Hudson and the East River met in the centre of the island. Tiny streams, that had their \0^m'- -^ THE STONE BRIDGE. 1800 .\t Canal .Street and Broadway rise about the present intersection of Broatlway and Canal Street, flowed, some east and some west, adding to the dampness of that region. It was difficult to get the landowners and the corporation together, but finally it was proposed to cut a canal which should go one foot below low water mark and run direct from the East River to the Hudson. A s]iecial commission, composed of Simeon DeWitt, Gouverneur ]\lorris, John Rutherford and S. Guel, was appointed under an act passed by the legislature, which was given extensive powers, including not only the laying out of this canal, but also exclusive power to lay out streets, roads and public squares of such width, extent and direction as to them shall seem most conducive to the ]niblic good, and to shut up streets not accepted b}- the Common Council within that i)art of Xew A'ork north of an irregular line, of which the present Hoitston Street ( then called North Street) is the most southern portion. The commission laid out Canal Street, with the canal in the centre and broad thorotighfares on each side, both banks oi the stream being set with shade trees. It drained the portion of the Collect Pond which had not already been filled in, and it relieved the city from manv of the breeding" spots of our now familiar foe Anopheles, who, however, was not then known as the author of the malaria which was then especially prevalent in the lower end of Man- COMMISSIOXERS LAY OUT THE CITY hattan. But it did not drain all the low places, which finally disappeared in the uniform leveling, filling in and grading of the downtown section. The canal was. several years after, bricked over and became a sewer, and the trees were cut down, making the present wide street. Canal Street was only one of the resttlts of the commission's labors. The laying out of streets in the lower part of the city had been conducted with very little system and, having full power, they laid out the extensive and then largelv rural section of the city between Xorth (Houston) Street and Harlem and from river to river, upon a systematic plan, laying out the present numbered avenues from First to Twelfth, and the fotu" short aventies on the east from A to D, all running north and south and each one hundred feet wide, with transverse streets, also numbered, from First to One Hundred and Fiftv-fifth. all sixty feet in width except Fourteenth. T\\enty-third. Thirty- fourth, Fortv-second, Fiftv-seventh, Seventy-second, Se\•ent^•-ninth, Eightv- sixth, Ninetv-sixth. One Hundred and Sixth, One Hundred and Sixteenth, One Hundred and Twenty-fifth, One Hundred and Thirty-fifth, One Hundred and Fortv-fifth and One Hundred and Fifty-fifth, each of which was, like the a\'enues laid out, one hundred tect witle. The report of the commissioner" .said that while some might think they shotild have extended their plans to cover all of Manhattan Fsland, they had no doubt that in carrying them so far north as One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Street, and thus providing "space for a greater population than is collected at any spot this side of China," they had provided many people with a subject for merriment, but they thought it prob- able that in the course of years considerable numbers might collect at Har- lem before the high hills to the southward of it would he built upon as a city, while it was not at all probable that houses would cover the ground north of Harlem Flats for "centuries to come." The work of the commission was well done. Their views of the future, moderate as they seem, when set alongside of the historic facts of the city's growth, were considered very optimistic in those days, and as the commissioners expected, many a jest Avas leveled at their projection of the city into the surrounding wilderness. But in their wide plan- ning they builded better than they knew, and it is a pity that their plans were not extended for miles beyond so that there would have been equal coherence in the laving out of what is now the borough of the Bronx. But had they done so they would have been deemed absolutely insane. Xobody in those days had dreams so wild as to picture the Bronx as a possible part of the New York City of the future. The commissioners, in extending their plans to One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Street had gone the limit in that direction. Optim- ism of that sort was verv rare. About the same time, according to Stone's History, a Lutheran church in the downtown district was in need of funds and contributions were solicited from its friends. One of those solicited ofifered to ;>•.' I HISTORY OF \I:U' YORK *A &rr-a5Pj:|^ ■■0K--^and and thiri\- thousand people. One of the locally interesting incidents of the war was that of the Yankee, a fishing smack, which was fitted out in Xew York to capture the British sloop of war Eagle, which went out of the harbor, on July 4, 1813. having on deck a calf, a sheep, a goose, and three fishermen. The smack was overhauled by the Eagle and ordered to report to the commodore. At the signal-word "Lawrence!" forty men, who had been concealed below, with their muskets, rose and fired together, and at one volley killed three of the enemy and drove the rest below. The sloop of war struck without firing a gun. and was taken to X"ew York, where the anni^•ersary of independence was l)eing celebrated on the Battery. During the war, several companies of militia were organized and drilled, and preparations of every kind made to repel attack by land or sea. ]Vlayor Clinton, who held the office during the entire war, was patriotic in his efforts to make the city's defenses complete. He had been opposed to the war. and as leader of the peace wing of the Republican party, had l)een taken up by the Federalists as their cnndidate. against Madison, for Presi- dent, in 1812. But when the war was actually begun he hesitated not at all in his allegiance to his countr}-"s side of the war. The news of Jackson's victory at X'ew Orleans, on [anuarv 8th. reached X^ew York on February 6. 181 5. and great was the rejoicing in the city, which had ])een (lee])ly de]>ressed by the burning of A\'ashington in the previous August, Init when the still more glorious news of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent came to hand, on the night of February 14th, men with lighted torches ran through the streets shouting "Peace ! Peace !" until the streets were full of the sound. War between the United States and Eng- land was o\er, and lias never l)een resumed, and Cjod grant that it never shall again I CHAPTER T H I R T Y - N E RECOVERY FROM EFFECTS OF WAR POLITICS, EPIDEMICS, RIOTS AND CONFLAGRATIONS-THE PANIC OF 1837 New York had occasion to manifest joy at the return of peace. The war had prostrated the city's commerce and ruined many of its weahhy citi- zens. Peace brought opportunity, trade, markets, and ahhough Great Britain had not, in the treat}', disclaimed the right of search, and other out- rages against American commerce which caused the war, she did, in prac- tice, abandon them. Ships that had been idle for }'ears came out of creeks, and coves, w^ere repaired and repainted, and soon became busy; stores, warehouses and fac- tories assumed an activity greater than for years before, and the countrv at large took part in the revival. The revenue collected by the United States government, which had only aggregated $4,415,362 in 1814, increased to $37,695,625 in 181 5. of which the port of New York alone furnished $16,000,000. Reference must be made to ])()litical events, wdiich have always had much to do with the activities and progress of the city. By the elections of 1814, the Federalists had gained control of the Council of Appointment, and as a consequence DeWitt Clintdu was removed from the office of mayor and John Ferguson was appointed in his stead, but the latter was in the federal service as naval officer in the customs service, he was held to be inca])acitated for the mavoraltv, so he resigned the office of mayor, and Jacob Radcliffe, w'ho had served as mayor for a year, in i8og-i8io, was again appointed to the office. At the charter election of 1816, the Repub- licans, who at that time adopted the name of "Democrats," carried six of the ten wards, and they were equally successful in 1817. As a national party, the Federalists did not long survive the Hartford Convention. They nominaled Rufus King, of New York, for President, and John Plager Howard, of Maryland, for Vice President, in t8i6, but King received only thirtv-four and Howard only twenty-two electoral votes, while on the Rejaiblican ticket, James Monroe, of \'irginia, for I 'resident, and Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, for \'ice President, were each given 183. and were elected. In New "^'ork, DeWitt Clinton was elected governor of New York by unanimous vote of all the parties in the field, as successor to Governor Tompkins. The latter had an excellent record as governor, and was espe- cially able as a war governor in raising and equipping troops. In January, 1817, he sent in liis last message to the legislature, in which he recommended 330 HISTORY OF XFJJ' YORK the enactment of a law, which the legislature at once passed, declaring that all slaves in the State should become free on and after July 4, 1827. He went from the governorship into the vice presidential office for eight years, being reelected with Monroe, in 1S20. The dislike of Tammany for Clinton, which has been before men- tioned, had begun several vears before, and had lieen part of a well-defined ririirPiifi'Mi EARLY VIEW OF BROADWAY FROM THE PARK cleavage of the Re]niblican party into factions. They had been designated, statewide, as ]\Iadisonians and Clintonians, from 1S12 until the close of ]Madi- son's administratidu, but after that the faction opposed to Clinton were called "'Bucktails,"' after an ornament worn by a certain section of Tam- many, who had been especially conspicuous in their war on Clinton, and the designation, at first local, became applied to that wing of the Republican party throughout the State, and, after the disappearance of the Federalist party, became the dominant factor in State and municipal politics for sev- eral years. In those days, antedating the telegraph, local factions in ])olitics were little known in other States, and while by New Yorkers the distinction between the Bucktails and the Clintonians was very well recognized, out- siders knew little or nothing about the division. This was ludicrously illustrated, when, on A\^ashington's Birthday, 1819, a grand ball was given by the Fourteenth (now the Seventh) Regiment, in honor of General Jackson, the hero of New Orleans, at the City Hotel. Among those present, the leading lights of Tammany were verv much in evidence. In the crowded dining room the toast was given: "To Ceneral Jackson: so long as the [Mis- sissippi rolls its waters to the ocean, so long mav live his great name and glorious deeds." After the cheers had subsided, the general made reply. and then proposed the toast: "To DeW'itt Clinton, governor of the great GEXERAL JACKSOX DISTURBS TAMMAXY 331 and patriotic State of New York." There were Clintonians enough present to give the toast assent, but the Bucktails, who looked upon Clinton as their greatest foe. were utterly confounded. (Jreal confusion followed, and the general left the room. The affair was satirized by Fitz- Greene Halleck (under the nom de guerre of "'Croaker"), in a poem entitled, "The songs were good, for Mead and Hawkins sung 'i-ni. The wine went round, 'twas laughter all, and joke ; When crack ! the General sprung a mine among 'em And beat a safe retreat amid the smoke. As fall the sticks of rockets when you fire 'em. So fell the Bucktails at that toast accurst, Looking like Korah, Dathan and Ahiram, \\'hen the firm earth beneath their footsteps burst." It is said that General Jackson, at that time, was not acciuainted \\ ith Clinton personally, but had, from what he had heard about him, conceived a great liking for the governor. The Bucktails continued to hold the majority in city elections, but the adherents of Clinton were strong in the State. In the charter election of i8r8, the Bucktail faction elected their candidates in six wards, the Clin- tonians in one, and the Federalists in three. By the governor's«casting vote in the Council of Appointment, Jacob Radcliffe was removed from the mayoral chair, and Cadwallader D. Colden, grandson of the former lieu- tenant governor of the province of New York, was appointed ma}-i)r, and in iSig Richard Riker was removed from the office of recorder, and Peter A. Ja}- was appointed to the place. In the charter election of 1820, the Bucktails carried every ward in the city, except the second, and the legislative elections, in the following au- tumn, resulted in a victory of the same party, gaining them also a majority on the Coun- cil of Appointment, which enabled them to remove Col- den and appoint Stephen Allen as mayor, and again make Richard Riker recorder. The same faction won all the wards except the first and seci:)n(l, in 1821, and in 1822 thev made a clean sweep in every ward in the citv. MOUNT WASHINGTON COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE W'ashington Square, Fourth Street, about 1820 3. 1-2 HISTORY OF XlilJ- YORK This faction oi the Rei)iibHcaii ])art\' had for years been anxious to bring- al)out the downfall of Clinton. While mayor, he had been appointed a member df the Erie Canal Commission, and had taken such a deep interest in the matter that he had become the most powerful jiromoter of that great i)riiject of internal ini])r(ivement. wliich he regarded in the most o]:)timistic manner, and wliich he had set his heart upon seeing accom- plished. Those opposed to the _^^:^ =''^^fe-. project constantly referred to it as "Clinton's Folly," but by doing so tended to make the impression wider that Clinton and the Canal were insepara- ble as an issue. It was upon that issue that he was elected governor, in 1817, and re- elected in ic'sjo. In 1S2J he declined a renomination, for tile reason that the other fac- tion had gained ascendency. That faction was headed by Martin \"an Buren, who, from 1 8 JO, headed that group of Democratic politicians resi- dent in All)anv which, with various changes in member- ship, ruled their party in the State, and largely influenced its policy in the nation for twenty-eight or thirty years. It was popularly known as the "All laii V Regency. " \\'hile politics in those days formed a large part of the citizen's life, the City of Xew A'ork f(.iund matters of really greater importance to attend to. While Creat Britain maintained some restrictions upon trade, espe- ciall\- trade with the East and West Indies, after the treaty of Ghent, the other Eurojiean n.'itions anxiously solicited American trade, and welcomed American products. Trade greatly re\iyed, and new projects of lasting value to the city were inaugurated. In 1816 the famous "Black Ball" Line of clii)i)er ])ackets to Li\erpool was established, and in rapid succession the establishing of the "Red Star," "Swallow Tail" and other lines followed, until instead of irregular departures, as l)efore, the schedules were so arranged that there were weekly sailings, and the averagx- outward running time of the Black Ball clippers was twenty-two days, and the homeward time twentv-nine davs. CORNER OF BROADWAY AND MURRAY STREET. 1820 THE Hl'DSOX IS FROZEX Ol'ER 333 The winter of 1817 was exceptionally cold, and the ice was solid from New York to the Jersey side, on the Hudson River, so that people easily crossed on the ice. The next winter was also a very cold one, ant! besides the freezino- of the Hudson, llie Sound was also frozen over from Long Island to the Connecticut shore. Tents were erected by various enterpris- ing outdoor merchants, on the ice, where hot potatoes, roasted clams, oysters and other things, likely to prove comforting to the pedestrians, were dispensed, and these were carried on ttntil the 17th of February, in 1817. One of the notable events of 181 8 was the removal, from Quebec, of the remains of the gallant Major General Richard Montgomery, of the Continental Arm}^, who was killed in the assault on Quebec, December 31' 1775- The body was l)rought to this city and interred in St. Paul's Church, with impressive ceremonies and military honors. A beautiful cenotaph, voted by the Continental Congress, in 1776, to his memory, stands in the Broadway front wall of the chttrch. On May 25, 1820, the old Park Theatre, on Park Row, near Ann Street, which was first opened January 2g, I7<)8, was burned to the ground. It had been the home of the classic drama, in which Sheridan's comedies, and other foremost plays of that era, had received their American premier productions. Its destruction was greatly mourned by friends of the drama, but it was replaced, in 1821, by a new and finer building, erected on the same spot by John Jacob Astor and John K. Beekman. This new theatre was closed soon after its oi)ening, owing to the yellow fe\er epidemic which broke out in that year, and was not reopened until the autumn of 1822. This second Park Theatre was burned in 1849. \'isitation of the city by the dreaded "yellow jack" occurred in 1819, and again in 1822 and 1823. Before the last-named year, the disease had always appeared first on the eastern side of the city, but on this occasion it began on Rector Street, near the North River, a ]:)art of the city which had lieen regarded as the most salubrious, and all the cases were in that section. It made its first appearance on June 17th, and remained until November 2d. All who could, left the city; business was practically sus- pended, the Custom House and the banks removed into temporary offices in Greenwich village, and the streets below the Park, which were included m the infected district, were walled up by the Board of Health, and all the residents of houses within the walled district were induced, or, where necessary, compelled to leave their homes until the return of cold weather. This was the last visitation of yellow fever, as an epidemic, to New "^'ork. The number of deaths from the disease that year was two hundred, which was not nearly as many victims as on most of its previous visitations to :v^^ HISTORY OF Xnir YORK Xcw \'ork. This luw death rate was credited to the vigorous measures a(loi)te(l Ii\- the liealth authorities. The (juarantiue station was estabhshed on Staten Island, in 1821. In the summer of 1824 the great event Avas the visit of the great Gen- eral La Favette, who arrived in Xew York in the ship Cadmus, accompanied bv his son, George W'asliington La Favette, and his secretary, Auguste LeVas- seur, on Sunday, August 15th, landing on Staten Island, where he was entertained until the next day by Daniel D. Tompkins, then Vice Presi- dent of the United States. On the next day he was escorted u]) to the city by a great naval parade, inclitding every kind of vessel, steam or sail, with manned yards, flags flying, bands of music and everything which could be devised to add " 1^ CASTLE GARDEN A fori in 1813 to the cordiality of the occasion. \\'ashington's famous allv was taken by sur- prise. He had not dreamed of so pulilic or so warm a welcome. Though a nobleman of high rank and a statesman of distinction, liis fortune had been greatlv reduced and he came with some misgivings as to whether his slender means would ])ermit him to see much of the country. But America, at least as far as La Fayette was concerned, was not the proverbially ungrateful republic. It remembered his services in l)ehalf of American independence, and gave him such a welcome as had never been accorded before to any visitor to these shores. Landing at Castle Garden, he was welcomed l)y the corpo- ration, headed l)y Mayor William Paulding'. He was then taken to a review- ing strnid to review the troops drawn up in line at Battery Park, under com- mand of .Major General James Benedict. From there he was taken in a 1)arouche, drawn by four horses, up Broadway to the City Hall. Cheering thousands lined the wav ; every place of vantage, on porches, window sills and roofs, along the route was occupied, .\rrived at the City Hall, the mayor welcomed him in an appropriate speech, to which the general made a brief but fitting reply, ble was given a lirilliant reception and banquet at the City Hotel, and a large suite of rooms and am])]e ])rovision for himsdlf and suite were provided by the city. He remained until the i()th, was taken to see all of the city's institutions, visited Llarlem under a military escort, and was feted and entertained by tlie leading citizens as well as many of his old conn-ades in arms. L)ail_\-. during his stav, he held a public reception in the council cham- LA FAYETTE EXTERTAIXED BY XEW YORK 335 ber in the City Hall and shook hands with thousands of people, and when he departed for his tour of the country he was escorted for several miles otit of the city by a detachment of troops. On his passage through the city (after visiting Boston), on September loth. he was again entertained, including a grand concert of sacred music at St. Paul's Church, and when, after thirteen months of hospitality from the government, numicipalities and people of the United States, he returned in September, 1825, to New York, to embark on his homeward voyage, he was bid adieu l)y the citizens at a fete at Castle Gar- den, Avhich was the most elaborate function that had, up to that time, been given in this coitntry. After 1820 the selection of the mayor of New York was taken awav from Albany, the Board of Aldermen, by enactment of that year, being sul)stituted for the State Council of Appointment as the appointing power. Stephen Allen was mayor for 1821 and 1822, and was succeeded by William Paulding, who was mayor for the years 1823 and 1824. Philip Hone was appointed mavor in January, 1S25, but served only one year. He was afterward, by ai)point- ment of Zachar}- Taylor, naval officer of the port of New York, serving from 1849 to 1851. ^Ir. Paulding again filled the office in 1826 and 1827. Mayor Paulding was a native of Tarrytown, New York, and nephew of John Pauld- ing, who captured Major Andre. He settled in New York about 1795, in the practice of law, married a daughter of Philip Rhinelander, and was elected to the Twelfth Congress in 18 10, but was absent from the last session of that Congress because of military duty. He took an active interest in raising and equipping militia regiments for the War of 181 2, and rose to the rank of brig- adier general of militia. He took the lead in the honors to La Fayette on his visit to New York in 1S24. When DeWitt Clinton declined to stand for nomination to the governor- ship in 1822, it was because he felt that the Albany Regency was so strongly intrenched in political power that it might be able to accomplish his defeat. Martin Van Buren and his companions in the Regency as well as the Bucktails in New "S'nrk were much delighted that their years of endeavor in that direc- tion had at last resulted in the final elimination, as they thought, of Clinton from the political situation. He was still, however, a member of the Erie Canal Commission, of w^hich he had been the chief promoter and central figure from 1810. To complete the discomfiture of their greatest foe, by striking him where it would hurt most, they removed him from the commission. The canal project now approaching completion had, in its earlier and more doubt- ful years, been called by its opponents "Clinton's Big Ditch" and "Clinton's Folly." But now no one called it folly, and his enemies determined to elimi- nate him from the work of which he had for so many years been the centre and dynamic. II/STORV Of MUr YORK But the way they took tr) accomplish it defeated their (i])iect. A storm of puhhc indignation at this action took the situation entireh- out of the hands of the bosses, and swept Chnton back t(T the governor's chair. So that instead of ehmination, they had dealt exaltation. Clinton was elected governor in 1824, and was in that otitice until February 11, 1828, when he suddenly died at Albany. The canal tor which he had worked so hard was completed in the autunm of 1825. The Seneca Chief, the first canal boat, left Buffalo at ten o'clock on the morning of October 26th, ha\-ing on board Governor Clinton, Chancellor Livingston, General Stephen van Rensselaer, Thurlow Weed, Colonel W. L. Stone and Joshua Foreman (founder of Syracuse). By arrangement cannon had been placed at intervals along the entire naite. each of the cannon being within hearing distance of the next one, and in this way, when the cannon at the starting place in ButTalo boomed the signal that the flotilla of canal boats had started, the next cannon took it up, and so on down the line, so that in an hour and twenty minutes New York recei\ed the message, and answering back, the replv reached Buffalo within three hours from the time the first signal had been fired. This held the rec- ...^^, ,, -O . ord for quick transmission of a j:^; iif 1 f^,; > - message over such a distance until the electric telegraph was invented, and time and space were practically annihilated. The 4th day of November, 1825, when the distinguished partv with their canal boats reachetl New York, was a day which was always remembered bv those who at that time re- sided in the city. The naval fete, which formed a part of the celebration, was by far the finest that had ever been given here or elsewhere, and was probably never equalled b}- any that came after until the Hudson-Fulton tercentennial celebration of 1909. IMilitarv and civic i)r(icessions on land, in which every organization in the city, political, commercial or otherwise, took i)art; the night illuminations of all tlie public liuildings, hotels and institutions; the lavish and i)rofuse (lisi)lays of fireworks, of music, the cheering, the dis])lay of flags by day and lights ;it night on practicall\- all private as well as public houses; the entertainments. M m'} CORNER OF BROADWAY AND GRAND STREET. 1824 CAXAL CRLEBRATIOX IX XEJl' YORK 337 OLD MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE receptions and l)alls which took up the four days of the celebration, which finished with the grand bah in the La Fayette Theatre, on Laurens Street, all testified to the high appreciation of what this direct waterway connection with the Great Lakes meant to the future of Xew York. The success and enthusiasm attending this celebration of the completion of ""Clinton's Big Ditch" was doubtless very gratifying to the g(>\-ernor. as the culmination of his greatest lifework. The results of the operation of the canal more than verified the hopes that he and the other optimists iden- tified with this great work had ventured to express. It gave access to markets, added value to lands, settled not only the great central valley of Xew York but the great western region tributary to the Great Lakes, and greatly increased the population of the city of New York, which, from 123,706 population in 1820, grew to 202,589 in 1830. By this canal commerce flowed to and from New York, and its accomplish- ment made certain beyond rivalr\' the position of New York as the commer- cial metropolis of America. In 1825 an important incident was the laving of the corner stone of the Merchants' Exchange, in Wall Street. Prior to that time the meeting place of the merchants of New York had been at the Tontine Coffee House, at Wall and ^A"ater Streets, a large building erected in 1792. The new Merchants' Exchange was completed in 1827. In May, 1825, the first gas pipes were laid by the New York Gas Light Company, a small beginning for what is now the most extensive gas light- ing system in the world. The plant was rapidly extended, and in a few- years the old nil lamps were replaced by gas in the principal streets of the city. With the revival of business, following the completinn of the Erie Canal, there was an era of speculation which came in an untimeh' end, in the panic of 1826, in which many lutteries. wildcat banks and ephemeral schemes, many of them fraudtilent in origin, and others of honest inten- tion, went to the wall. Its immediate effects were disastrous to many, but its ultimate results were to render the public more cautious and lead to a healthier condition in the business world. 338 HISTORY OF XIUV YORK William Paulding was succeeded in the office of mayor, in 1828, by Walter Bowne, who served until 1833. He was a descendant of a well- known Quaker family of that name, of Flushing, Long Island. He had for several years been successfully engaged in btisiness in New York City as a hardware merchant, and had also attained some prominence in politics as a Democrat, having been elected, for three consecutive terms, to the State Senate. His successor was Gideon Lee, a prominent leather merchant, who served one year only in the office, a new law being passed by the legislature making the office elective. The election of 1S24 had been divided as factional rather than partisan, all four of the candidates, Jackson, John Quincv Adams, Clav and Craw- ford, being classed as Republicans. Neither candidate received a majority of the electoral vote, and the decision was therefore left to the House of Representatives, which chose John Ouincy Adams. In 1828, the other candidates being eliminated, the contest was between Andrew Jackson, sup- ported liv the dominant fac- tion of what had been called the Re])ublican party, which in this national contest took, for the first time, the name of "Democratic Partv" for its official designation ; and John (Juinc\- Adams, who was GOTHIC HALL. BROADWAY. 1827 largely supported by those who had, before its organization disappeared, I)een aligned with the Federalist ])arty, was now running under the i)artv designa- tion of "National Republican." Jackson was elected. Governor DeWitt Clinton, having died stiddenly at Albany, on Feb- ruary II. 1828, the lieutenant governor. Nathaniel Pitcher, served until the election of that year, when Martin Van Buren. who was then L'nited States Senator, was elected to the office of governor, which he resigned his sena- torship to accept. He resigned the governorship, in 1829, being called to Jackson's cabinet as secretary of state, and Enos T. Throop became governor. New York took a prominent place in political affairs by the organi- zation of the Whig party, at a meeting held liere in 1830 to promote the presidential candidacy of Henry Clay, and fa\oring a protective tariff and the preservation of a national bank. 1'he latter made a direct issue with Jackson, who had vetoed the bill to continue for another term the charter of the United States Bank, which would expire in i8_:;(), and in this he was XEW YORK GETS ITS FIRST HORSE RAILROAD 339 JUNCTION OF BROADWAY AND THE BOWERY ROAD, 1828 supported by the Democratic party. Thus the distinctidii between parties was more clearly defined. Henry Clay, as a "National Republican," was a candidate against Jackson, in 1832, but he was overwhelmingly defeated by the latter; and William L. _ ___ Marcy, Democrat, was also elected governor of the State. A very important event of this period was the organ- ization of the New ^'ork and Harlem Railroad, which was the first horse-railroad in the W(n-!d, and the initial en- terprise in the tramway sys- tem of urban and interurljan transportation. After the last visitation of yellow fever, in 1823, New York was practically unmolested by epidemic dis- eases, except as isolated cases, brought in on ships, were treated at quarantine. But in 1832, New York had a new and most unwelcome visitor in the Asiatic cholera, which raged with much violence during the summer months, and it appeared again in 1834. There were 5835 cases and 2996 deaths in the former year, but its fatahties were greatly decreased on the second visi- tation. In 1834, for the first time, the mayor of New York was elected by the popular vote, under the new law. Cornelius \'an Wyck Lawrence was the Tamrnany candidate, but many inde- pendent Democrats, as well as the Whigs, supported Gulian C. \'erplanck on an independent ticket. In those days the number of polling places was small, the polls were held open for GRACE CHURCH AND VICINITY, r, 1 1 1 HISTORY OF XEW YORK three successive days, and there was no registration of voters. Excitement ran liii^'h hecaiise of the veto of the hank charter, which was rather gener- ally and ([uite hitterly opposed hy the conservati\e element in the com- munity. l)ut was supported by most of the Democrats, and particularly in New Y(irk Cit}-, hy those of Tammany aftiliatinns. In the sixth ward, where election disturbances were by no means infrequent, there was a raid on the polls by Jackson Democrats, who destroyed the ballots and every- thing in the rudui where the election was held. Finally, the militia had to be called out to preserve order, and were managed with such eft'ectiveness that the riot so(-)n quieted, although there had been numerous conflicts until the militar\- arm was bronght to bear. The result of the poll was favorable to 'Sir. Lawrence by a small ])lu- rality, liut the council had a \\hig majority. Mavor Law- rence had long been a man of ])rominence in political affairs, and had served in Congress OLD CUSTOM HOUSE , ,- , ■ , , ' betore liemg elected mavor. Besides these disturbance>. popularly known as the "Election Riots," man^" others occurred. Other lawless mobs soon after set in to break up the abolition meetings of William Lloyd (iarrison, and soon after, the mob made severe attacks on some negroes who were trying to hr)ld religious meetings, and these disturbances were only quelled by a new recourse to the aid of the militia. The same means had also to be used to (|uell a stone- cutters" riot in August, 18,^4. caused by the employment of State ])risoners on cut-stone work. Xews of the death of ( ieneral La Fayette, in France, on 'Slav 20. 1834, reached Xew York on June 20th, and the City Council ordered that June 26th shriuld l)e set apart for a proper ceremonial obser\'ance in lion(ir of the popular French commander, and the day was marked by a very decorous and appropriate a > «! 2 W o w 344 HISTORY OF XEir YORK of this money had been borrowed by the States in whicl: tliey were located, to use in internal improvements, such as roads, railroads, canals, and the like. ^^llen the panic of 1S37 came, many of the banks were unable to return to the government the money it had loaned them, and the government was greatly embarrassed. A special session of Congress was called which, on the request of the President, authorized the Treasury Department to issue $10,000,000 in notes, and provided for an indeiiendent treasury, the idea of which was origi- nated l)v Levi \\'oodburv, then secretary of the treasury, as a depositor}- where the monev of the government should be kept, instead of in the banks, and this was the fotmdation of the present system, the branches or subtreasuries after- ward being added, of which that in New York has alwavs lieen of the greatest importance. NORTHERN VIEW OF NAVY YARD AT BROOKLYN. 1835 C H .4 P T E R T H I R T Y ^ T jr FROM THE PANIC OF 1837 TO THE ELECTION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN-MUNICIPAL PROGRESS VARIOUS RIOTS AND DISASTERS The banks which had suspended in Xew \'(irk, in ]\hay, 1S37, had been compelled Id do so because of the conditions which made that coitrse the best for tlie lianks, their shareholders and their depositors. There were twentv-three incorporated banks in the city, with an a,2:'g'regate capital of $20,361,200. These banks, throui;h their officials, held a consultation, on Aug;ust 15th, and under the plans jiroposed l)y Alliert ("lallatin, appointed a committee, of which he was head, to call a convention of the principal lianks of the cottntry to agree ujxju a time for the resumption of specie payments, and take other steps to relieve the situation. The banks of Philadelphia, inlluenced 1)V the liank of the L'nited States (then ojierating under a charter from the State), declined to attend the convention, nor did any delegates attend from Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, or Tennessee, in which States the banking system was practically under the control of the lutnk of the United States. But on November 27th the meeting was attended by delegates from se\'enteen States, and from the District of Columbia, and resolved upon the resumption of specie payments bv ]n\y i. 1838, but authorizing such lianks as found it neces- sary to do so to resume before, this latter clause being put in because under the law of Xew York State a bank suspended for more than twelve months would forfeit its charter. Attempts to get the Philadelphia banks into the agreement having failed, an eftort was made in another meeting to secure general accord in specie resumption by a slight postponement. Meanwhile, the Xew ^'ork banks having reduced their liabilities fifty per cent.. Mr. Gallatin's committee reported that if supported by the com- munity and the State authorities, the banks could resume on May 10, 183S. A general meeting of citizens was held, in which great satisfaction with this announcement was expressed; and the action of the committee was approved and ptiblic support pledged. Secretary Woodbury wrote, pledg- ing the su])port of the United States Treasury. The Xew ^'ork banks resumed upon the date named, with such success that the banks throughout the coimtry were compelled, by popular opinion, to resume on July ist. The failure of the Bank of the United States, in the following year, carrying with it the entire lianking svstem of the Southwestern States, together with disclosures highly discreditable to the management, put an end to the political demand for the creation of a new charter for that institution. o-k; HISTORY OF XHir YORK The number of cit>- wards had l)een increased to sixteen, in 1835, ^"d to seventeen, in 1836. The Whigs were successful in the elections of 1837 and 1838, securino- majorities in both boards of the Common Council, and elect- ing Aaron Clark as mayor, being . : -: .: the second mayor of the city '^ft£%io' elected by the popular vote. The , ^ ^^ ;, , . " ^,**^7i^\ ;^ Democrats were successful in 1839, electing Isaac L. Varian as mayor, and he was reelected in 1840. Robert Morris, of the well-known Revolutionary Mor- ris family, was the Tammany candidate for mayor in 1841, 1842 and 1843. lieing elected in all three years. The inhabitants of the city, at the beginning of the Nine- teenth Century, were nearl}- all native born, of Dutch or Eng- THE HOUSE OF REFUGE At the junction of Broadway and the Old Post Road Erected in 1S24; burnt, 1838 lish extraction. The first considerable immigration was Jewish, but soon the Irish predominated. The numbers of those who arrived were very small as compared with the immigration of the present day. The ten years, 1822-1831. inclusive, brought to the United States, through all ports, a total of 156,943 alien passengers, which included, besides immigrants, all foreigners who came on a visit, the records being kept in that way. The annual influx was under 10,000 until 1825, under 20,000 until 1828, when 27,382 arrived, then fell to below 24.000 for three years. In 1831 there were 22,633 arrivals, which suddenly increased, in 1832, to 60,482: and in the decade of 1832- 1841, inclusive, there were 657,077 arrivals of alien passengers in the United States, or more than four times as many as in the previous decade. The Irish immigration greatly ]iredi)minated in that decade, and until 1849. From the tirst, the immigration came into the country very largely through the port of New York, and that was never more true than now, for in the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1909, of 751,786 incoming immigrants, 580,617, or about 77.23 per cent., came through the port of New York. This condition has been important as a factor in giving the population of the city its cosmopolitan character. The Irish-born population of New York is equal to that of Dublin; the German-born population equal to that of Frankfurt; the Italian-born population exceeds that of \'enice ; and the Jewish population is larger than in any other city of the world. More than half the population of the city is, wholly or partly, of foreign parentage. NATIVE AMERICAXS ELECT A MAYOR :u: The panic of 1S37 liad a remarkable effect on immigration to the United States in the following year, for from 79,340 alien passengers, in 1837, the number dropped to 38,914, or more than fifty per cent., in 1838. But this was only temporary, for the number rose to 68,0(39 in 1839, and 84,000 in 1840. The potato famine of 1846 started a great Irish immigra- tion, the total alien passengers being 154,416 in that year, and 234,968 in 1847, largely Irish. Political events in 1848 and the following years gave impetus to a German immigration, which was soon to outnumber the Irish, and the California gold discoveries, in 1849 ^"^ 1850, made the stream of immigration larger and larger from every source. There was a check just before and during the Civil War. After the war it increased again. The Scandinavian immigration became a leading factor, going largely to the grain fields of the Northwest. Italy began to figure very largely, and with Russia and x\ustria-Hungary now furnishes the greater part of the immi- gration. The immigration to New York aft'ectcd its politics. The naturalization laws made the immigrant eligible to citizenship within five years, and the growth of Tammany, as a political power, came largely from the policy of the organization in working for the support of the large number of potential voters who were brought by the packet ships to the city. Soon foreign-born citizens were not voting, but holding oftice. and whereas the Democratic and Whig parties had heretofore been the controlling contestants for the oflices, there arose a new party based on opposition to the policy of the Democrats in par- celing out oftices to alien-born citizens, and in the charter elec- tion of 1844. the Native Amer- ican Party had taken so many from the other parties (espe- cially from the Whigs) that James Harper, its candidate, re- ceived 24.510 votes, to 20,538 for Jonathan I. Coddington, the Democratic candidate, and 5297 for the Whig nominee. This was the first election after the passage of the law al^olishing property qualifications for the suft'rage. On June 27, 1842, there was a celebration, with ai)propriate ceremony, at the receiving reservoir, in Yorkville (Eighty-sixth Street and Sixth Avenue), of the letting in of the water from the Croton Aqueduct, in which BROADWAY HOMESTEAD OF MAYOR VARIAN. 1839 US IIISTORV Of XliW YORK tlic mayor, ConinKni Council, the j^dvernor, and hij^her judicial officers ])articipated ; and nn Jnh- 4th there was a similarly appropriate programme to celebrate the letting in of the water to the great dis- tri])uting reservoir, at Fortv- second Street and Fifth Ave- nue, on the spot noAv occupied by the magnificent marble edifice of the New York Pub- lic Library, adjoining Bryant Park. On October 14th, the bringing in of the Croton water was made the subject of a jiublic celebration, in which the whole citv [larticipated, and which in extent and mag- nificence exceeded even the great celebration of the com- ])leti(>n of the Frie Canal, which, until this water celebration, was the standard of ultimate magnificence by which all subsec[uent celebrations were c(>m])ared. It included a parade, which was the finest ever wit- nessed in the citv to that time, and included representatives of all societies. At the Citv ?Ial] the water- RECEIVING RESERVOIR "Croton Celebration," 1842 works were formalh' trans- ferred to the citv: and the Sacred Music Societv sang a new ode, written liy (ieorge P. Morris for the occasion. There was an address bv Ma\or Morri'^ ; a.nd Gover- nor .Seward made a s])eech, in whicli he advocated the completion, l.\- the State, of the enlargement of the ]*j"ie Canal, which had been sus- ])enorar\- inlensit\- of the Xati\'e .American movement of the Formerly I\Iidd OLD POST OFFICE Ihilcli Church. X.'issaii ami Cedar Streets MOB ATTACKS THE OPERA HOUSE So.T nnmt^jj- East BROADWAY THEATRE. 1850 ;ide of }iroadvvay, between I'eail and Ann Streets time. Caleb S. Woodhull had just been elected mayor, as the Whig candi- date, with the general support of the Native American faction. The large influx of foreigners after the Irish famine of 1846, had greatly increased the nativistic sentiment, which in many places had become an un- reasoning hostility to everything foreign, this being especially true of New York. On the Monday night, a large crowd waited quietly on the outside of the opera house, and when the door was (Opened went in without disturbance to their seats. The witches" scene, with which the play opens, went through quietly, but Macread\-'s appearance was the signal for hisses, catcalls and shouts of disapproval. Macready contin- ued through the act, though not a word he said could l)e heard. In the next act, when Mrs. Popt- came on, she was saluted with such vulgarity and alnise that she fled from the stage, and when Macready appeared again he, too, was compelled to retire Iv a shower of stale eggs and heavy missiles. The play was suspended, and the disttirbers went home in triunij^h. Macready proposed to the managers to throw^ up the engagement, but, hearing of this, many who felt that the proceedings of the evening were a disgrace to the city, joined in a request to the distinguished actor to recon- sider his decision, proniising him ample protection from anv rei)etition of the outrages of the opening night. It was signed by more than forty of the leading citizens of New York, and Macready responded to the request favorably, naming Thursday, May lOth, as the date of his appearance in the same play. Announcements were posted, and at the same time bills were placed, side by side with Macready's. aimouncing a performance of the same play by Forrest at Wallack's Broadwav Theatre. Almost simultaneously there also aj^peared a handliill, reading: "Workingmen ! Shall Americans or Englishmen rule in this country? The crews of the British steamers have threatened all Americans who shall dare appear this night at the English aristocratic Opera House. Workingmen! Freemen! Stand to your lawful rights!" It was stuck up everywhere, and 23 354 HISTORY OF NEW YORK IBB; I':-''''- ..1; '-' ' .;; '!•' ■'. i*'^fi THE TABERNACLE, WITH ENTRANCE ON BROADWAY, 1846 passed from hand to liand by thousands. Friends of Macready appealed to the chief of pohce, who made extensive preparations to repel violence. Tickets were only sold to those believed to be friendly to Macready, windows were secured by nail- '.^;;j^ ^^. ing planks across them, and ■■:^^ when the evening came the -i^_/'':l:2/^' i ■- police only permitted those :f::'--\''--'- having tickets to enter the -; -::'..-- theatre. A large mob assem- bk-(l. I)Ut when the ticket hold- ers were in, the police barred the doors. The mob brought paving stones, which had been piled up in the streets prepar- atory to laying, and assailed the doors and windows, but were repulsed by the police. Inside, the curtain rose, and, as before, all was quiet until Macready appeared, when it was found that, in spite of precautions, many disturbers had gained admittance. They were about to rush to the stage and seize Macready, but a signal brought the police, who arrested the leaders and secured them inside, but ejected the others into the street. This infuriated the mob, who attacked the police, who were get- ting the worst of the encounter, when the Seventh Regiment, under Colonel Duryee, preceded by a troop of horse, appeared upon the scene. The horsemen, attacked by the mob with a shower of missiles, were compelled to retreat to Third Avenue, leaving several wounded on the street. The Seventh forced their way in file to the front of the opera house amid a shower of stones, which wounded many of the soldiers and battered forty muskets. The men were ordered to load with ball cartridge, and Recorder Tall- madge. who represented the city authorities in the absence of the mayor, addressed the mob, begging them to retire, but they ]iaid no heed. Sheriff Westervelt, after ccmsulting with the division commander, (ieneral Charles W. Sandford, ordered that a volley be fired, but to aim at the dead wall of the house opposite, over the heads of the crowd. The soldiers did so, but the mob only jeered, and responded with a shower of missiles. The order came from General Hall to reload, aim low, fire! and many of the mob were killed and wounded, while the others beat a hasty retreat. The soldiers pursued, and a part of the mob who, rallying in Third Avenue, ASTOR LIBRARY AND FREE ACADEMY 355 renewed their attack with stones and missiles, injuring- several of the soldiers, received another fatal volley, which finally dispersed the rioters. Generals Sandford and Hall, and Lieutenant Colonel BrinckerhofY were injured hy the rioters, and tme hundred and forty-one members of the Seventh, including Colonel Duryee and Captains Henry C. Shumway and William A. Pond. Thirty-four of the mob were killed and many injured. Alacready finished his performance, and after being secreted in a private house for two days, went to Boston, where he embarked for England. The morning after the riot there was great excitement, and a call was issued for a meeting in the park that evening of "all opposed to the destruction of human life." A great crowd assembled and listened to speeches denouncing the city authorities, and passed resolutions of censure, but although the Seventh was on guard duty for two days, there was no further disturbance. A coroner's jury, called to inquire into the deaths, justified the authorities who gave the order to fire on the mob. An epidemic of cholera broke out in New York shortly after this occur- rence, and continued for some months. About three thousand persons died of the disease. The Astor Free Public Library was incorporated January 13, 1849, having been endowed with the sum of $400,000 by John Jacob Astor, the richest merchant of the city, who had died in the previous year. The library was first opened to the public in February, 1S54. It is now merged into the New York Public Library — Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations — which is now the official title of the city's public library system. In January, 1849, the New York Free Academy opened its doors to the youth of the city who had completed at least one year in the public schools of the city. It was located on the corner of Lex- ington Avenue and Twenty- third Street, a site which was objected to by many because it was so far ujitown. It was given collegiate powers in 1858, and in 1866 assumed its present title of The College of the City of New York, and with an able management and faculty presents the finest example in the world of a col- legiate institution which is a part of a city's free school system. Its present magnificent buildings and campus, at 138th to 141st Street, on St. FREE ACADEMY Twt'nty-thirtl Street, corner of Lexington Avenue .s.v; HISTORY OF XFJr YORK Nicholas Terrace, were begun in 1003. In i88j the re(|uirenient of prexidus attendance of the pubhc schools of the city was rei)eale(l, and the courses of the college are now open to all young men of the city who can pass the entrance examinations. Al)out 1X48 to 1853, many imiiortant institutions of New York, which have accomplished much good, and most of which are still in existence, were inaugurated. Among them was the Xew York Association for Improv- ing the Condition of the Poor, which, though organized in 1843, was not incorporated until 1848: the New York Juvenile Asylum, incorporated in 1851 ; the Five Points Mission, inaugurated in 1850 by the New York Ladies" Home Missionary Society of the Methodist I{])isco])al Church, one of the most marvelouslv successftd ref(,»rmat orv and religious movements of its kind e\'er carried on in any city : and The h'ive Points House of Industrw inaugurated In' Rev. L. M. Pease, as an outgrowth of the Mission, but which l)ecanie a part of the institutional work of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Ascension, in 183 1. Charles Loring Brace, who had been associated with 'Sly. Pease m that work, became s])eciallv interested in the needs of va- grant boys and girls, and suc- ceeded in interesting se\-cral men of philanthropic spirit, in efforts in that direction, which culminated in the organization of The Children's Aid Society, of which he was the acti\e head until his death, August 11, i8()o. The institution is said to have aided, in various practical wa\s, about half a million children. It is still in existence, carry- ing on its work on the lines laid down by its founder. St. Luke's Hospital was incorporated in 1S30, the outgrowth of the efforts of Rev. W illiam .-\. Muhlenlierg, rector of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Holy Com- munion, and the corner stone of its building was laid in 1854. The Deniilt Dis])ensarv was established in 185 1, and the building was finished in March, 1853, at the corner of Second Avenue and Twenty-third Street. The \'oung Men's Christian Association, founded in London by George W'ini.'ims, a rlrv goods clerk, in 1844, found its way to tliis continent in 1851, when associations were established in Montreal and Boston. The OLD ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL Corner Fifth AvtiiiK- an.l Fifty-fourth Street, 185Q JliWV Ll\n L\ XHJr YORK 357 New York Association was organized in 1852, at a meeting- presided over In- Rev. Gregory T. Bedell, then rector of the Church of the Ascension, but later Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Ohio. Rev. Dr. Isaac Ferris. ])astor of the Dutch Reformed Church, made an address, at the end of which many young- men enrolled their names, including a number who became promi- nent citizens of New York, such as Hon. Henry Arnoux, Alfred S. Barnes, Dr. Howard Crosby, William E. Dodge, Theodore Dwight, D. Willis lames, Morris K. Jesup and others. Froiu the beginning the association has grown wonderfully, and has been and still is probably the most potent institution of the city for the benefit of its young men, outside of home influence. In 1 849 the Legislature ])assed an act granting an amended charter to the citv, one of the features of which was the change of the date of the charter election from April to the day of the general election, on the first Tuesdav after the first Monday in November, and to extend to two years the terms of mayor and aldermen, beginning January ist, following the election. At the first election untler the provisions of this charter, in November, 1850, Ambrose C. Kingsland, candidate of the Whig j^arty, was elected maA'or, the last to be elected to the office under that party name, and two years later the party received its national (|uietus in the defeat of Scott and (jraham. In September, 1850, Jenny Lind, the famous S\\-edish so])rano singer, known to fame as "the Swedish Nightingale," sang to delighted audiences at Castle Garden, under the management of Phineas T. Barnum. Castle Garden was the old fortress, which after Revolutionary Days, was trans- formed into a stmimer garden. It was the scene of the recei)tion of ( ien- eral LaFayette, in 1824, and of President Jackson, in 1832, as well as of many other important gatherings. It never housed an e^■ent which left a deeper impression. Few' of us, now living, heard her, l)ut there are few who have not heard some old citizen speak with enthusiasm of her wonderful voice, and compare it, almost invarialilv to their depreciation, with the voices of the prima donnas of later days. Sir John Franklin, the Arctic explorer, who left England in May. 1845, had been lost in the Arctic, and Ladv Franklin had sent out ex])editions to rescue him and the crews of his two vessels, the Terror and the I'j-ebus. but these vessels had returned without tidings. The world became interested, and Flenry Grinnell, a New York merchant and ship owner, oft'ered to equip two of his vessels, and ttn^n them over to the government for a rescue expedition. His offer was accepted, and the Advance and the Rescue, manned through the navy department, and commanded by Lieutenant Edwin I. DeHaven. V. S. N.. left New ^'ork. Mav 22, i8^o, and returned. 358 HISTORY OF XEW YORK ST. PAUL'S AND THE ASTOR HOUSE September 30, 185 1. No traces of the lost Franklin expedition were found, but numerous discoveries were made, including- Grinnell Land, the exten- sive region divided from Greenland by Smith's Sound. In 1853 Dr. Elisha Kent Kane went on another expedition in the Advance, equipped and pro- vided by Henry Grinnell and George Peabody. This expedition also failed to find any trace of Sir John's expedition, but discovered and mapped exten- sive, and before that unknown, Arctic regions, and definitely determined the existence of the circum- polar sea, locating and plat- ting much of its coast line. These discoveries created an interest in geogra])hical knowl- edge, and led to the organiza- tion of the American Geogra- phical Society, with headquar- ters in New York. George Bancroft, the distinguished historian, was the first presi- dent of the society, which has ever since had a prosperous existence. In 1851 was completed the first through railway connection between New York and the Great Lakes. This was the Erie Railroad, and the event was appropriately celebrated, on May 14th of that year. The Hudson River Railroad Company, chartered in 1846, was completed to Albany, October 3d, in the same year. Some further details in regard to the begin- ning and development of railroad facilities as they relate to the history and progress of New York City will be given in a subsequent chapter. The mayoralty election of 1852 was held at the same time as the presidential election, and the Democrats were successful in both, electing Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, President, and William R. King, of Alal)ama, Vice President of the Lnitcd States: while for mayor of New York, Jacob A. Westervelt. wlm had previously ser\ed as sherifif of New York County, was elected. The legislature elected at the same time made another amendment to the charter of New York, by abolishing the oftice of assistant alderman, and creating, in its place, a Board of Councilmen, of sixty members, who were to be chosen one each from sixty districts, into wliicli the Common Conncil shcnild apportion the city. Mayor Westervelt was succeeded, January i. 1S55. by another Democrat, Fernando Wood. It was during the term of Mayor Westervelt that the Crystal Palace was o]K'ned in what is now Bryant Park, as a 'A\'orld's Fair for the Exhi- THE DAYS OF THE CLIPPER SHIP 359 bition of the Industry of All Nations." It was modeled upon the plan of the Crystal Palace Exhibition, which had been held in London in 1S51, and it was opened by President Franklin Pierce, on July 4, 1853. with appropriate ceremonies. The building was constructed entirely of iron and g'lass, contained nearly forty thousand square feet of glass, and twehe hun- dred and fifty tons of iron. Its shape was that of a Greek cross, sur- mounted in the centre by a great translucent dome. Its exhibits, and especially its art gallery, delighted many thousands of visitors for several months, including many foreigners as well as Americans from all sections. It was opened as a permanent exhibition, ]\Iay 14. 1854, but after a time the patronage dwindled. It was closed for a time : but afterward used for various exhibitions and gatherings. It was destroved by fire October 5, 1858. The population of Xew York City in 1850 was, by Federal census, 515,477, and in 1S60, 805,658, so that this was the decade of the greatest relative growth of the city (Manhattan) during the Nineteenth Century. Growth in trade and manu- factures was especially great, and commerce with foreign nations had a remarkable in- crease. One of the greatest factors in this growth of com- merce was the wonderful de- velopment of the shipbuilding industry in the United States. The old packet ships were built on square and ungainly models, good enough to float, but not much for speed. The clippers at first were of 750 to 940 tons, but after the discov- ery of gold in California there was a demand for vessels larger and speedier than ever. There is a tradition among sailors that the idea of the architecture of the bow and keel of the cli])pers of that era came from a study of the bonito, a famous and Ijeautiful fish of the South x\tlantic. which can swim faster than anv other; but be this as it may, it was these vessels which for years maintained for the American flag the highest prestige on the high seas. New York was the centre of the building and sale of these clippers. Their achievements were the pride of Americans — how the Comet, 1209 tons, sailed to San Francisco, around the "Horn," FORMER JEWISH HOSPITAL. 1852 13S West Twenty-eighth Street :ii;o HISTORY OF .V£rC YORK ]'),3oS miles and Ijack in sc\cn months and nine days, llie homeward voyage being' in the record time of seventv-six days; the Sword Fish made a voyage from Shanghai to San l-'rancisco in tliirtv-one davs, another record; and the Drea(hiaugb.t, wliich ran awa\' from all competitors and was the wonder of the -^eas for s])eed. She was owned bv ['".dwin D. Aforgan, of New York. The winning of the Queen's Cup, bv the America, built for and owned b\' I'onnnodore lohn C. Stevens (founder of the New York Yacht Club) and his associates, in the regatta of the Royal Yacht Squadron, at Cowes, England, in 1851, was an event of great importance, as influencing the design of racing yachts all over the world. Many yachts have been Ijuilt in England and America for the express purpose of international con- tests for the America's cup, wdiich still remains in the liands of the New York Yacht Club. The setting aside of Central Park was the most useful civic work of the decade. In 1851 the lack of any worthy park system first received serious attention. Many years before, it had been proposed to make a park around the "Collect," or 'Thresh Water" pond, which occupied the site of the present Tombs ])rison, but it was never carried out. In early davs the pond was used for boating in the summer and for skating in the winter, but later it became a receptacle for rubbish, a miasmatic breeding spot for mos- quitoes of the malaria-conveying \ariety, and finally was drained, filled up and covered with a dense population. Someone else had a fair project for a large park from Third to Eighth Avenues, and from Twenty-third to Thirty-fourth Streets, but nothing came of that, except Madison Square. In 1S51 the proposition was to buv Jones' ^\'ood, which was a well- forested tract, from Third Avenue to the East River, on Sixty-sixth and Sixtv-seventh Streets. It found many advocates, and was accepted by ordinance and act of the Legislature, but was finally discarded as being too much to one side of the island. At last the Board of Aldermen appointed a commission to select a more central site, and the choice fell upon the tract between I'ifth and Eighth Avenues, from Eifty-ninth to ( )ne Hundred and Sixth Streets, which was reported to the Council in 1856, and the site was extended northward to ( )ne Hundred and Tenth Street, in 1850. Competiti\'e i)lans for construction and decoration were invited, and fortu- nately the choice fell upon Messrs. Olmsted and \'aux, who made Central Park one of the most beautiful in the world. The ajipointing of a con- sulting board brought into the citv's service the aid of many of its fore- most citizens — \\'ashingt(jn Tr\ing, Ceorge Bancroft, Charles H. Russell and .\ndrew IT. ( ireen. To the latter, especially. New' "S'ork owes a lasting debt of gratitude, llis zeal and watchfulness were of incalculal)le benefit to this beautitul i)ark. The ])eople of no cit\' in the \\orl(l have a more POWER OF THE XEW YORK PRESS ■MM beautiful public garden, and though it has taken constant vigilance to pre- serve its integrity, it has never lacked champions and defenders. The rapid growth in population of Xew York City during the decade, 1850-1860, has been adverted to. But a very large part of the increase came from immigration. Many men came during this period who are to-day among our best citizens; but there was also a large jjrdiiortion of the arrivals who were ignorant, not a few who were vicinus, and a consider- able number who were criminals. In the earlier immigration the country at large, and New York in particular, had found it comparatively easy to assimilate the newcomers into its population, but they were now pouring in at such a rate that their coming involved a serious civic difficulty. Nationally the question of slavery had been thrown into the seething caldron of politics. New York had rid itself of chattel slavery liy the process of gradual emancipation, and since 1827 its soil had been free. There had been a "Missouri Compromise" and a "Wilmot Proviso," but the ques- ticin whether the country could continue half slave and half free was becom- ing more and more acute. There were hotheads on both sides who made the dispute daily more acrimonious. The vortex of the whirlpool of discussion was the City of New York, the city of editorial giants. Here was Horace Greeley, with his Tribune, leader and spokesman of the sentiment which was forming the new Republican jiarty; Raymond, of the Times; liennett, of the Herald; Webb, of the Courier and Enquirer ; Bry- __ ____ ant, of the Evening Post ; and ~ other great journahsts who moulded opinion to an extent efjualed by none at this later day. The press of New York, editorially, was more truly metropolitan then than now, not because it was intrinsically abler, because, as a matter of fact, the newspapers of to- day are, from a news stand- point, far better than those of fifty odd years ago, but Ijecause then there was no other citv whose newspapers classed with those of New ^'ork. To-da\-, at Chicago, St. Eouis, San Erancisco, and many other cities, are papers as trulv metropolitan in character and make-u]), and as influential in political matters, as those of New York. So far as the editorial ^i" *»«* ORPHAN ASYLUM Seventy -fourth Street and liloomingdale Road, 1855 363 HISTORY OF XEJi- YORK chair is a tribunal of authority, it now has many seats. In the "fifties" it centred chiefly in New York, and from liere went the arguments, pro and con, on the momentous issues which then swayed the hostile political camps. Exciting- as were the national issues of that era. there was much of local interest also in the year 1857. The miscellaneous immigration, of which mention has before been made, had created crime centres in New York, with which the authorities had in vain tried to cope. The "Five Points," of New York, in that period had attained to a preeminence of dei)ravity and criminality not surpassed by London's "Seven Dials" at its worst. Squalid, unkept, noisome, vicious, the region had grown beyond the control of the police, many of whom were the hangers-on of ward poli- ticians of the baser sort. Often there was collusion between the police and the lawbreakers, and vice and infamy invaded manv places in the city. The Legislature took the matter u]i and passed several amendments to the charter. The Council was remodeled. Seventeen aldernianic districts were to be represented each by one alderman, to serve two years; and twentv-four coun- cilmen were to be annually elected. The mayor, con- troller and corporation cotmsel were to be elected by popular vote, and the State and municipal elections were to be held on separate days. The man- agement of Central Park was to be in the hands of a State commission. The most radical reform was that of the abolition of the police system, as then in force, and the creation of a Metropolitan Police Board, charge-d with the preservation of the peace and the sanitary welfare of a district, comiM-ising the counties of New York, Westchester, Kings and Richmond. Besides the mayors of New York and Brooklyn, who, luider the law had member- shi]) in the board c.v officio, its members were appointed bv the g^overnor, and to the first board Governor John Alsop King appointed Simeon Draper, James W. Nye and Jacob Caldwell, of New York; James S. T. Stranahan, of Kings ; and James Bowers, of Westchester County. INLnor Fernando Wood declared he would not recognize the law, and defied the commissioners, claiming that the statute was unconstitutional, DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM THE POLICE RIOT 363 and he summoned the meml^ers of the old municipal poHce to stand by him in holding the property of the police department against the new com- mission and its appointees. Daniel D. Conover, appointed street commis- sioner by Governor King to fill a vacancy, came to the City Hall to claim his office, and was summarily ejected by the mayor. Conover swore out warrants against the mayor, one for violence to his person and another for inciting to riot. With these warrants he went, on June i6th, to the City Hall with a force of fifty of the new Metropolitan Police. The mayor's police attacked the Metropolitans, and a mob of the worst classes backed the old police, and with them would have overcome the new men if it had not been that the Seventh Regiment, on its way to embark on a visit, which the city regiments had arranged to make, to Boston, marched down Broadway, and being called upon, halted at the City Hall. General Sandford notified the mayor that if he did not submit to the peaceable service of the writs, he would use force, and the mayor submitted. The Seventh Regiment went on to Boston, but on account of the excite- ment the general ordered that nine cit\- regiments should remain in the city under arms. The Court of Appeals promptly decided the case against Mayor Wood and the Police Commission proceeded to install the Metropolitan Police in the place of the old municipal force. But rioting kept up in the streets at many places. Two gangs of rowdies, one known as the "Dead Rabbits," from Five Points, and another as the "Bowery Boys," came into conflict with each other in Bayard Street, near the Bowery. Sticks, stones and knives were used and many on both sides were hurt, as well as bystanders — men, women and children. A small body of police who attempted to quell the dis- turbance was driven off. Paving stones were torn up, and drays, trucks and any- thing that could be used for the purpose was seized, and barricades were built at various places. The Seventh Regiment, still in Boston, was summoned by telegraph, and meanwhile the regiments in the city tried hard to suppress the disturbances, which abated before evening after six men had been killed and o\-er a hundred wounded. Rioting broke out again the SOUTH DUTCH CHURCH IN MURRAY STREET, 1837 304 HISTORY OF XFJV YORK next day at Anthony and Centre Streets, l)nt tlie Seventh Regiment had re- turned and the tr()u])le was quelled. The militia kept under arms for several days, and (|uiet was restored, it was charged that many of the riotous dis- turbances that occurred hail been aided, if thev had not been incited, bv mem- bers of the old munici|)al police, but the orgrniization of the Metropolitan Police went on. .\nother disturbance occurring- on the 13th and 14th between two gangs of rioters, one Irish and the other German, was suppressed by the Aletro])olitan Police, who after that greatlv im])roved the order of the citv- The United .States experienced another disastrous panic in the autumn of 1857. It was ])recipitated by the failure, on August 24th, of the Ohio Life and Trust Comjjany, which though it had been regarded as one of the .soundest and most prosperous institutions of the country, failed for seven million dollars. General distrust seized de- positors and the business pub- lic. The Philadelphia banks sus])ended payment, Septem- ber _'5th, and this was fol- lowed by banks all over Penn- sylvania, Marvland, the Dis- trict of Columbia, and Rhode FsLand. There was a run on all banks, and the P>owery Rank went to the wall. Many business houses failed and the conditions became so acute that the Legislature, on Octo- ber i^lh, ])assed a law author- izing the banks to suspend ^\• concerted arr.anpcment, and the BAPTIST CHURCH Corner Broome and Eliz.iheth Streets specie pavments for a year. They did so Massachusetts banks suspendetl ])ayment on the same day. As winter came on with great severity the sufferings of the poor, already great because of the general shuttmg down of factories, were great]\- intensi- fied. Soup kitchens were estal)lished ; many men were employed by the city and the Park Commission, Init many died of cold .and hunger. Riots were fre- quent but were suppressed \)\ the police. 1die Xew York banks suddenly re- sumed ]i;ivment on December 14th, and the situation slowh- recovered. Riots, however, were of frequent occurrence, .and nnu-ders .and robberies were nu- merous. This condition was laid at the door of the city administration by mauA" of the cit\-, with ;i consequence that at the December election there was a Citizens' P.arty ticket, and Daniel F. Tiemann was elected mayor of New ^'ork, t.aking his seat in binu;ir\-, i8:;8. MR. FIELD'S CABLE BREAKS 30.5 OLD SCOTCH PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH Corner Grand and Crosby Streets The enlargement of the Astor J.ihrar\- 1)y the liherahly uf Wilhani B. Astor, son of John Jacob Astor, the original donor, and the establishing of Cooper Institute, by Peter Cooper, were two of the notable events of the year. Another was the rejoicing o\'er the completion of Cyrus \V. Field's Atlantic cable. There was an illumination at the City Hall, and a fireworks display at night, and Mr. Field was banqueted at the Crystal Palace. There were manv other festivities ; mes- sages were exchanged be- tween the Queen of England a n d President Buchanan. Other messages were ex- changed but all at once they ceased. The calile had broken. It all had to be done over again, but it was ten years before Mr. Field's patience and zeal were rewarded b}' success. Some doubters did not believe that the messages had passed between the two continents, and the newspaper humorists made merry at the expense of the cable enterprise. If Mr. Field had not been made of stern stuff the cable connections might never have been made. In October, 1858, the fair of the American Institute was being held in the Crystal Palace in Bryant Park, and on October 5th the building caught fire, and was destroyed with all its contents. A little while before that, in July, a riot had occurred on Staten Island. The Quarantine Station had for some years been maintained on the northern end of the island. There had been constant complaint against it on the part of the people resident there, who thought it caused disease and death, and knew it kejit their property values down. Thev had i)etitii>ned for its removal, but had been able to accomplish nothing, though their efforts were repeated: so on the night men- tioned, citizens numbering over one thousand assembled and set fire to all the buildings. The militia were sent to quell the riot, and succeeded in dispersing the mob, but the State soon removed the Quarantine Station, temporarily, to the Lower Bay. While the exciting discussion of the political questions which were fast to bring the countrv into the horrors of civil war filled the thoughts of the people, there were no remarkable events in 185*). The city election was held in December, and Fernando Wood was again elected mavor. 3GG jiiSTORV OF \i-:jr ]-ork In i860, New York had several distinguished visitors, the Due de Join- ville tirst. then Lady Frankhn, wife of Sir John FrankHn, who came to thank Xew York for the efforts, valuable though fruitless, which had been made by some of its citizens to recover her husband and the members of his Arctic expedition; but the one of greatest interest was the visit of the young Prince of Wales, who later became King Edward VII, and whose death has so re- cently been mournetl. He traveled under the title of Baron Renfrew, and his manly and unassuming demeanor, added to the esteem which all felt for his mother. Queen Victoria, insured him a most cordial welcome. Parades, re- ceptions and other festivities testified to the good feeling of our people for the young prince. The presidential election, the most momentous in our history, soon filled the attention of our people to the exclusion of most other matters, and ended in the election of ]\Ir. Lincoln as President of the United States. mm:- SAILORS' SNUG HARBOR IN 1860 CHAPTER THIRTY -THREE NEW YORK CITY DURING THE WAR FOR THE UNION-STORY OF THE DRAFT RIOTS THE RETURN OF PEACE In tlie dissensions between North and South, which preceded the Civil War, New York was divided. The city, as now, included among her citizens and business men, many who came from other States, just as all other cities of metropolitan rank attract to their borders representatives of all sections of their respective nations. So, in New York there were many Southern men, and there was much Southern sentiment. The busi- ness comniunitv of a great financial centre is always conservative, and while the Southern press was belligerent and threatening in tone, and Southern orators in Congress freely predicted disunion, unless some satisfactory solution of their claim, of right to carry their slave property into the terri- tories, was agreed upon, the consensus of opinion in the business centre of New York was that there would be no war. As to the cjuestion of the constitutional right of a State to leave the Union, that was a debatable question. Josiah Quincy, as spokesman of the Federalists, had threat- ened the secession of Massachusetts, sixty years before: "Peaceably if we may — forcibly if we must!" The South remembered this; and constantly used the tii quoqiie argument in response to Northern contention that no State had a right to leave the Union. But while Southern writers and orators were constantly adopting, as their own, the famous taunt of the Massachu- setts Federalists, the saying most quoted by those of the North, was the famous dictum of the Southern Democratic President, Jackson: "The Union must and shall be preserved !" Yet there were many in the North who would have been willing to "let the erring sisters go." Lincoln had himself declared that the republic could not endure half slave and half free; why not, then, let the slave section go ofif by itself with its turmoil and its problems, which had been the disturbing element in politics for twenty years? There was room on this great continent for two great empires. So many argued, and felt. Peace was good for business; war would unsettle everything; agitation, even, was a crime; for had it not already brought on a crisis? Gold had gone into hiding; commercial credit had disappeared, and while the banks \\ere ready with their help for mer- chants and each other, they could not keep it up unless something was done to relieve the situation. Such was the view of many in the business world, which looked for compromise. Meanwhile, the South was drilling and arming. South Carolina, on December 20, i860, declared herself out of the Union, and :i(i,s HISTORY OF XEJf YORK her senators wilhdrew from Congress. Buchanan, perplexed, knew not which way to turn ; his cabinet was divided in ahegiance, and its members were resigning. Howell Cobb, of Georgia, secretary of the treasury, resigned, and Philip F". Thomas succeeded him : Lewis Cass secretary of state, went next, and leremiah S. Black, of Pennsyhania, attorney-general, took his place, lulwin M. Stanton becoming attorney-general; John B. Floyd, nf Virginia, secretary of war, after transferring as much military material as possible to Southern soil, resigned, and Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, who had been postmaster-general, took his place, while Horatio King, of Maine, took the post-office portfolio. Thomas, of the treasury, resigned, and John A. Dix, of New York, was appointed in his place; and Jac(ib Thompson, of Mississippi. sccretar\- of the interior, also resigned. ■sSt r^^n:|.r€F^ EARLY VIEW OF AMERICAN MUSEUM In these six changes there were two valuable accessions to the I'nion cause: Edwin M. Stanton and John Adams Dix. He was of Xew York City, though born at Boscawen, N. H., in I7<>^- Entering the army as a cadet, in 1X12, he served on the Canada frontier throughout the War of 1812, and in 1810 became the aide of General Brown, then in command of the Northern l)e])artment. He was sent on a special mission to Denmark, in 1826, and in 1828 resigned his commission as captain in the arm\-, to engage in the study and practice of law, in Coojierstown, N. ^'. He became ])rominent in State politics as a Democrat, was adjutant general of New Ynvk from 1830 to 1833, and secretary of state of New \'(irk. and suiH-rintendant of connnon schools from 1833 to 1840, and a prominent member of the so-called "Albany Regencv" : member of the Assembly in 1842, and of the United States Senate from [S45 to 1841^. When there was a division of the Democratic party, in 1848, he was candidate of the Free- 77//: ir.lR CLOUD LOOMS DARKLY 369 Soil wing for governor, l)nt was not elected. He had estal)lished himself in practice in New York City, and was a man of great prominence and influence. After South Carolina had declared itself out of the Union, conserva- tive opinion in New York was divided. At one extreme were those who contemplated as a possibility that New York should become a free city, entirely independent of the State or National government, and in a posi- tion to maintain a policy of absolute neutrality in the event of the break- ing up of the Union. These were represented by the mayor, Fernando Wood, who actually advocated that coiu^se in his message to the Common C'luncil, January 7, 1861. There was another conservative wing, whose members still hoped to bring about a peaceful solution of the pending problems, and whose last effort was voiced in what became known as the Pine Street Meeting, held December 15, i860. Among its promoters were leading citizens of New York: Charles O'Connor (who ])resided), John A. Dix, Samuel J. Tilden, William B. Astor, James W. Beekman, Edward Cooper, and many others. The meeting was very largely attended, and resolutions were addressed to the people of the South, fraternal and conciliatory in tone, but firm in Union sentiment, as coming from men who had heretofore been known as friends of the South, and had voted with the Southern people upon matters involving Southern interests. A committee, headed by ex-President Mil- lard Fillmore, was appointed to present the resolutions to Jefferson Davis, and to the governors of South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. It was early in January, i86r, when President Buchanan called John A. Dix into his cabinet, to take the place of Philip F. Thomas, on his resig- nation of the treasury portfolio. One of the first things the new secretary set himself to do was to have all the revenue cutters in Southern harbors sent north before the hostilities, which now seemed inevitable, should begin. So he sent Mr. Jones, a special agent, to New Orleans, Mobile and Gal- veston, with instructions to save the revenue cutters then on dutv at those ports. Captain Breshwood, commanding the revenue cutter McClelland, re- fused to obey these orders, and when Mr. Jones telegraphed to Secretarv Dix to that effect, the secretary sent by telegraph the following dispatch : "Treasury Department, Jan. 29, 1861. Tell Lieut. Caldwell to arrest Capt. Breshwood, assume command of the cutter and obey the order I gave through vou. If Capt. Bre.shwood after arrest undertakes to interfere with the command of the cutter, tell Lieut. Caldwell to consider him as a mutineer and treat him accordingly. If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot. John A. Dix, Secretary of the Treasury.'" o7n HISTORY OF XRIJ' YORK The final sentence of this dispatch thrilled the North. In the nerve- less condition of the Buchanan administration, such evidence of virility was encouraging-. During- January, iS6i, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missis- sippi, Louisiana and Texas followed South Carolina in the passing of secession ordinances, and on February 4, 1861, delegates from all these States, except Texas, met at ?^Iontgomery, Alabama, and ]iroceeded to organize the Confederate States of America, electing JetTerson Davis, of Mississippi, President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, \^ice President. After the inauguration of President Lincoln, a few weeks were required to get things in working order. Then came the firing on Fort Sumter and the gallant defense by Anderson, up to his final surrender. At once opinion at the North crvstallized. Indignation at the firing on the flag made manv who had hoped for peace anxious to join in the war for the preservation of the Union. Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand men, and troops flocked to Washington. Mr- ginia. North Carolina, Ten- nessee and Arkansas ioined the Confederacy. New York was thrilled with the news from Sumter. The Legislature appropriated $3,000,000; the New York City militia regiments volunteered; recruiting of new volunteer regi- ments rapidlv went on, and the Common Council at once appropriated $1,000,000 for militarv e(|ui])ment and outfit, for which $1,000,000 of L'nion Defense Fund lionds were issued. The march of the New England troops through the city. Ajiril iSth, en route to Washington, was an ovation of the most emphatic kind, the entire marching route being lined with dense masses of the peo])le, shouting their joy with deafening cheers. The news later, that on Ai)ril Kjth, the anniversary of Lexington, the men of the Sixth Alassachusetts had been attacked and several killed as they marched through the streets of Baltimore, roused the excited peoj^le to the pitch of frenzy, and on the next day a n-iass convention which had been called to meet in Union Square brought together more than a hundred thou- sand people. The meeting was presided over by Hon. John A. Dix, and there were eightv-seven vice presidents chosen from the most solid men of the con-i- munity. Four sjjeaking stands had been erected, but proved insufhcient. and CITY HALL. TRINITY CHURCH AND GRACE CHURCH XEIJ- YORK TROOPS TO THE FRO.\ I '■: 1 balconies and roofs were used as additional rostra, from which Colonel Baker, Daniel S. Dickinson, Robert J. Walker, Professor ]\Iitchill, David S. Cod- ding'ton, and other gifted orators, spoke for the cause of the Union. The first of the city regiments to move to the front was the Seventh, 1050 men, which went on April igth, under command of Colonel Marshall Lef- ferts; and they were quickly followed, on Sunday, April 21st, by the Sixth, 550 men. Colonel Joseph C. Pinckney; the Twelfth, 900 men. Colonel Daniel Buttertield: and the Seventy-first, (J50 men. Colonel A. S. \^osburgh. On the 23d went the Kighth Regiment, c)oo men. Colonel George Lyons; on the 27th the Fifth Regiment, 600 men, Colonel C. Schwarzwaelder ; on the 28th, the Sec- ond Regiment, 500 men. Colonel George W. Tompkins ; on the 29th, the Sixty- ninth Regiment, 1050 men. Colonel Michael Corcoran; and on the 30th, the Ninth Regiment, 800 men. Colonel John W. Stiles. These were mustered in on the three-months call of the President. Other regiments followed until bv May 25th the authorized thirty thousand men had been raised by the State. and by July 12th they had been organized into thirty-eight regiments. The President, on May 4th, called for volunteers and Colonel Ellsworth's regiment. Eleventh. New York Zouaves, was the first volunteer regiment from Xew York to reach the field; and there quickly __^ ■. j^. followed the Twentv-eighth. , " ''^^^P^*^*''-***^i Colonel Bennett; Fourteenth, - **pffl*: 5tjs^ ^ Colonel Wood, in I\Iay; fol- lowed in June bv the Eighth, Colonel Blenker; the Tenth, Colonel McChesney; the Gari]:)aldi Guard, Colonel D'Utassy; the Twelfth, Col- onel Ouincy; the Thirteenth, Colonel Walrath; the Ninth, Colonel Hawkins; the Sixth, Colonel Wilson, followed by the Thirty-eighth. Colonel Hobart; the Eighteenth. Col- onel Jackson ; the Seventeenth, Colonel Lansing; the Thirty- seventh, Colonel McCunn; and the Thirty-first. Colonel Pratt, of the volunteer regiments. Also, of New ^'ork State troops: the Seventy-ninth, Colonel Cameron; the Nineteenth, Colonel Clark ; Company K of the Nineteenth New ^'ork. Ca])tain Bunting; the Twenty-first, Col- BARNUM'S MUSEUM AND ST. PAUL'S CHURCH HISTORY OF XEJV YORK onel Rogers: the Twenty-sixtli, Colonel Christin; the Twenty-ninth, Col- onel Von Steinwehr; the Twenty-eighth, Colonel Donnelly; the First, Colonel Montgomery : the Sixteenth, Colonel Davies ; and the Thirtieth. Colonel Matheson. ( )n Aiay 8th, General John A. Dix was appointed major general of New York, and the other major generalship was given to James S. \A'adsworth, who later fell in the Battle of the Wilderness. Colonel Ephraim Elmer Ellsworth, who headed the Eleventh (Zouave) Regiment, the first volunteer regiment to be raised in New York, was a native of Mechanicsville, New York, born in 1837. He went to Chicago as a boy and lived there to manhood, later coming to Xew ^'ork. At the call for volunteers he raised and organized his Zouave regiment from among the volunteer firemen of the city and became its colonel. He took part in the first general move- ment of the Federal forces into Virginia, but at Alexandria, on Alay 24, 1861, was shot dead b\ a hotel keeper, from whose building he had just torn away a Confederate flag. In the North he was regarded as the first martyr to the cause of the Union. His body was carried to the White House, in Washing- ton, where there were funeral ceremonies, with full military honors and im- posing ceremonies. President Lincoln acting as chief mourner; it was after- ward brought to New York City, where, after h'ing in state for two days in the Citv Hall, it was conveyed for burial to his birthplace. Among the important steps taken liy New York in aid of the Union cause was the organization, on April 22, 1861, of the Union Defense Com- mittee of the Cit}^ of New York, of whom the first members were Tohn A. Dix, chairman; Simeon Draper, vice chairman; William M. Evarts, secre- tary; Theodore Dehon, treasurer; Moses Taylor, Richard ^I. Blatchford, Ed- wards Pierrepont, Alexander T. Stewart, Samuel Sloan, John Jacob Astor, John J. Cisco, James S. Wadsworth, Isaac Bell, James Boorman, Charles H. Marshall, Robert H. McCurdy, Moses H. Grinnell, Royal Phelps, \\'illiam Earle Dodge, Green C. Bronson, Hamilton Fish, William F. Havemever. Charles H. Russell, James T. Brady, Rudolph A. Witthaus, Abiel A. Low, Prosper M. Wetmore, and A. C. Richards, all of whom ranked among the leading professional and business men of New York; and the niavor, chy comptroller, and the presidents of the two boards of the Common Council were ex-ofticio members of the committee. Later other prominent names were added to the committee. It raised funds for arming, equipping and transporting troops, and did a \'ast number of things quickly, which the municipalitv could only have accomplished verv slowlv. It continued in operation for a vear, and before its final adiournment, April 30, 1862, had disbursed more than $1,000,000 fur the benefit of New York volunteers, their widows and orphans. Another great movement which had its origin in New York was the United States Sanitary Commission. It began, as many organizations of help UNITED STATES SAXTTARY CO^DIISSION 373 and mercy have l)e,e,un, in the work of devoted women, who, soon after the Union Square meeting of April 20th, organized the Woman's Central Association of Relief for the Sick and Wounded of the Army. Upon the advice of Rev. Henry W. Bellows, D.D., a committee, representing that association and some medical relief associations ui Xew York, went to Washington to confer with the authorities in the War Department as to the needs of the service and the hest means of supplying them, and from this conference came the organization of the L'nited States Sanitary Com- mission, which, under the general direction of Rev. Dr. Bellows, its presi- dent, became the most successful agency of help and comfort to sick and wounded soldiers that the world had ever seen. Immediately after the battle of Bull Run, which proved especially disastrous to New York troops, Gover- nor E. D. Morgan issued a call for twenty-five thousand troops to ser\e tliree years, and by the end of 1861 New- York City had put into the field over sixty thousand volunteers, exclusive of mili- tia, and had made loans to the general government of more than $100,000,000. In the December elec- tion, in 1S61, George Opdyke, a merchant of New York City, was elected mayor, and was, during his administration, especially active in such measures as the municipality could initiate or aid, connected with the furtherance of the Union cause. Private benefactions and elTorts continued along the same line. Mrs. Valentine Mott headed an association of ladies which opened, May 2, 1862, a Home for Sick and \\'ounded Soldiers in the building at Lexington Avenue and Fifty-first Street, which had recently been erected for an Infants' Home, the home hax'ing accommodations for from four to five hundred soldiers. Mount St. \^incent, in Central Park, was another institution of the same kind. The first half of 1862 covered a series of uninterrupted victories to the Union arms, but reverses came in midsummer which disheartened many. The restoration of the Union, which at the beginning of the war had been looked upon as being only a matter of a few months, was now seen to be a task of great difficulty. The losses of men by death, disease, capture, and expiration BELLEVUE HOSPITAL 374 HISTORY OF Mill- )'OKK of enlistment were very great, and on Jnly 2. iS6j, President Lincoln called for three hundred thousand volunteers, which was his final effort to recruit the army hv voluntary militarv service. Many of those familiar with mililar\- science condemned the \-()lunteer system ; not liecause the volunteers did not make the hest soldiers, hut l)ecause of the unequal Imrden upon the people from the fact that it imposed no sacri- fice upon those indi\'iduals or comnuinities that were not willino^ to furnish volunteers for the army. Some places gave up practically the entire popula- tion fit for military service: while in other places scarcelv anv volunteered. There was f|uite a large popular demand for a draft, while other large num- bers of people who were opposed to the war were, of course, equallv opposed to any measure which should compel them to participate in it. The reverses / of the last half of 1862 had increased the numbers of the partv in favor of letting the South go. These largely believed that the South would win in the end (probably with the aid of France, or England, or both), and that the sooner the warfare was ended the better it would l)e for both the North and South. E\'cn among those who were perfecth" sincere in their desire for the success of the Union arms there were manv who did not believe in the levy- ing of a conscription. In New York State the Republican nriminee was (leneral James S. \\'adsw()rth, and the language of the platform was that the war should be prosecuted "by all the means that the God of Battles has placed in the power of the government."" The Democratic nominee was Horatio Sey- mour, an eminent lawyer of Utica, wlio had Iteen governor of the State from 1852 to 1854, ruid the platform u])on which he stood favored "all legitimate means to supi)ress the Rebellion." Seymour was elected by a majoritv of 10,752 votes. / In 1863 Congress passed the Enrollment Act, approved on ^^larch 3. The adjutant general of the army had previously notified the State author- ities that New ^'ork was deficient 28,517 men in volunteers furnished since July 2, 1862, and that of these 18,523 were due from the City of New York. Preparations for a draft, under the Enrollment Act, went forward rapidly. They were, in New York City and Brookl)-n, in charge of Colonel Robert Nugent, of the .Sixt}'-ninth New York \ (ilunteers, who had been approaching draft. The Enrollment Act provided that the draft should be made from able-bodied citizens between the ages of twenty / and fort}'-five years, but any drafted man could procure exemption by / paying $300. This was attacked as a fiimsy de\ice to enable the rich to EXROLLMEXT FOR THE DRAFT 375 / evade service. Late in June, wlieu Pennsylvania was threatened with invasion by Lee's Army, the New York City mihtia regiments had been summoned to assist in repelHng tlie invasion, so that wlien the order was issued, July ist, for making a draft in the State, under the Lnrollment Act, the only forces in the city to pre- serve order, additional to the police, were a few regulars in the garrisons and the disabled men of the Invalid Corps. It was ordered that the draft should begin in the city, on Satur- day, July nth, and it commenced promptly. Though interference had been threatened, none of any serious quality was attempted, and those in charge of the conscription were encour- aged in the hope that there would be no very serious opposition to the com- pletion of their duty. But, as events afterward proved, Sunday was used by the disaffected and desperate to plan what i)roved to be the most terrible and desperate riot that ever blackened the annals of New York. Some working men who had l)een drafted, aided by several political agitators, stirred up an oppo- sition to further enrollment under a system which placed, as they claimed, its entire burden upon the poor. The officers in command of the police were the president of the board, Thomas Acton, and the superintendent, John A. Kennedy. On Monday morning, small details of police were sent to the enrolling offices, at 677 Third Avenue (corner of Forty-sixth Street), and 1190 Broadway, two doors from Twenty-ninth Street, and at the latter place the drawing of names continued until noon, when news of disorder in other parts of the city led those engaged in the work to suspend further operations for the day. At the Third Avenue enrollment office, the doors were opened at nine o'clock, and a crowd thronged into the room. Forty or fifty names had been drawn when a paving stone came crashing through the window from the outside, and at once there was a concerted attack upon the enroll- ing officials, who were glad enough to escape itnhurt, except Provost Marshal Vanderpoel, who was badly maltreated and carried out for dead. OLD ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL Third Street 376 HISTORY OF XEW YORK The furniture, records, and drafting- apparatus were destroyed, the build- ing- fired, and the entire block was burned, because the mob would not per- mit the firemen, who came promptly to the scene, to get near the hydrants until the fire was beyond control. The mob amounted to many thousands. Early in the day deputations had visited the workshops and factories, informing- the proprietors that thev would not be responsible for the safety of their establishments unless thev closed them, and permitted their men to join the ranks of the rioters, if thev so desired. Most of the places were thereupon closed. Thus the mob grew. Superintendent Kennedy, g-oing in plain clothes, without escort, to size up the situation, was recognized and attacked by the mob at Fortv-sixth Street and Lexington Avenue, and would have been killed but for the intervention of an influential friend. As it was, he was disabled for several days. President Acton, however, established himself at police head- (|uarters, in Mulberry Street, and from there, by telegraph, directed the movements of the police, who did gallant work in the face of what was, in fact, an overwhelming- force, which could have destroyed practically the entire citv, if it had been under coherent leadership. From Cooper Insti- tute to Forty-sixth Street, Third Avenue was crowded with a lawless mob who not only filled the street and roadway, but hung over the eaves and filled the windows and doors. The mob was especially virulent against the negroes. The draft was, in their eves, directed against the poor whites, to compel them to fight for the negro; and when an unfortunate memlier of that race was found, the cry, "Kill the nigger!" met prompt response, and from many a lamp-post hung victims of the race hatred of the mob, who, in their insatiate fury, showed no respect for age or sex. The Colored Orphan Asylum, on Fifth Avenue, Fortv-third to Fortv-fourth Streets, was the object of a concerted attack, and as the hundreds of children were hurried out of the rear door, the mob broke in the front doors and set fire to the building in several places at once. It was utterlv destroved, in spite of the strenuous etTorts of the firemen, under ccnnmand of Chief Engineer Decker, to save it. The police managed, at some of the more remote points of trouble, to disperse detachments of the rioters bent on mischief, but in Third Avenue, stores were looted, and oil Lexington Avenue two ])ri\ate residences, after being robbed, were burned to the ground. A detachment, about forty, of the Livalid Corps, sent to help in restoring order, was attacked in Forty-third Street, and at the command of their ofiicer. Lieutenant Reed, fired blank cartridges at the mob, which so infuriated the rioters that they at once rushed u])on the soldiers, wrenched their muskets from their hands and beat them severelv, killinc: some and severelv injurin"- most of the others. An THE DRAFT RIOT 2,ri attack, which had been boldly i)lanned, on the Central nfhce of the iiolice in Mulberry Street, was attempted by a m(il) of about tive thousand men. but Ser- geant Daniel Carpenter (afterward inspector of police) so maneuvered his force of two hundred policemen as to attack the invading column simultaneously from man}- i)oints on its flank, and by well-directed use of the club, to make such a combined charge that the mob fled in dismay, and was glad to take some other direction. They broke the windows of the "Tribune" office, in Printing House Scjuare. and entered the office. destro3nng the fiumiture. but were driven oiT; made a demonstration at Mayor Opdyke's residence; btnmed Postmaster Wakeman's house in Yorkville and the Twenty-third Precinct police station nearby. About four o'clock the office of Provost Marshal iManniere. at iii)0 Broadway, was reached, broken into and set on fire. Soon the whole block on the east of Broadwa}', from Twenty-eighth to Twenty-ninth Street, was in flames, while the lower floors, which were stores filled with costly goods, were looted by the mob. Mayor Opdyke. finding that the riot w^as beyond the control of the police, called for troops, tipon General Wool, commanding the Depart- ment of the East, and upon General Sandford. commanding the National Guard. General Harvey Brown, of the national forces, established his headquarters in the Central police office in Mulberr}- Street, while Gen- eral Sandford. finding altogether seven hundred militiamen, temporarily absent from their regiments, got them together in the State Arsenal, at Seventh Avenue and Thirty-fifth Street. Tuesday morning fotmd nearly every store closed and the streets deserted l)y all except the mob. who had during the night burned several more houses. On this second day of the riot the mob had more of an organization and moved with more ])recision. Tt directed its attention, early in the day, to the negro quarters of the town, killing many of the negroes and setting fire to many of the houses tenanted by people of that race. A little later, however, they found things not all their own wav, for the troops were sent from place to place to disperse the mobs. Lieutenant Wood, with a hundred and fifty soldiers from Fort Lafayette, coming upon a mob of two thousand men at Grand and Pitt Streets, tried to disperse them but was attacked with stones and other missiles, whereupon he ordered his men to fire, and twelve were killed. Sergeant Carpenter, sent to disperse a mob assembled for the purpose of burning the houses on Thirty-fourth Street, did so after some difficulty, and his force going from that place met Colonel H. T. OT)rien, of the Eleventh New York \'olunteers (then absent from his regiment for recruiting duty in New York). He had with him a detachment of soldiers and two field pieces. Seeing that the mob was rallying again, the police and soldiers returned to the scene and received from the mob a vollev of 378 HISTORY OF XHW YORK paving' stones and other missiles. They fired on the mol), kiUino- several, in- cluding;' a woman and two children. The crowd dispersed, vowing vengeance on Colonel O'Brien. Later in the day that officer, hearing that his house was attacked, went to see about it. and found it open and empty, having been looted from top to bottom. Anxious to learn the fate of his family, he went to a drug store on Thirtv-fourth Street. The store was at once attacked by a mob, and though the projM-ietor begged O'Brien to escape by the rear, the fearless but imprudent officer stepped out of the front door to expostulate with the mob. He was felled by a blow from the rear and was kicked and pounded into an unrecognizable mass, and thus mistreated for about an hour; he was still alive when two priests arrived and they were permitted to read the last pravers over the dying soldier, and to take him away. They secretly removed his bodv that night to the morgue at Bellevue. Governor Sevmour came to the city that day (the 14th) and issued a proclamation, in which he declared that while any citizen's right to appeal to the courts against the conscri])tion would l)e maintained, rioting would be put down, and nuist cease, and that the laws of the State would be enforced and lives and |)r(ipertv |)rotected at any and every hazard. Telegrams were sent calling home the Seventh and other regiments from Pennsylvania, and the government also was appealed to for troops. The third dav saw many uKire outrages, but the troops and ])olice had better suc- cess in (|uelling the disorders, and on the lOth the armv details were only needed in two or three cases. It was announced on that tlay that the Citv Council had ajjpropriated $2,500,000 toward paying substitutes for any poor persons who might be drafted. Archbishop Hughes, roused l)v a charge of the Tribune that the mobs were Irish, announced that he would like to talk to the jKHiple who had l)een assembling on the streets, and especiallv if anv were Catholics, and asked them to meet in front of the Episcopal residence, on the 17th. Accordinglv a very large crowd assembled and listened to the vener- alile archbisho]), who implored them as their friend and pastor to go to their homes with ;is little delav as possible, and especially if anv of them were Cath- olics, to leave bad associations and respect the laws. The crowd heard him with respect and cheered him at several points in his speech (which took up about a column of small ty]K- in the papers of the next day) and quietly dis- persed when he had concluded. The police estimate of the killed was over one thousand, though the exact number is not known, because the mob moved and disposed of many of their own dead. The killed were mostly rioters and their negro victims, the num- ber of the ])olice and niilitar\- killed being comparatively slight. The city afterward ])ai(l ;ibont $1,500,000 as indenmitx' for losses sustained during the riot. THli SAXITARV PAIR :j;n After the militia reached tlie city, the Seventh and other regiments con- tinued guard ckity during several days; and again in August, when the con- scription was resumed and completed without molestation. The Union League Clul), organized in 1S63, was a very strong factor in su])i)ort of the Union cause. One of the ofif shoots of the league was the Loyal Publication Society, organized Feliruary 14, 1H63, which issued a series of eighty-eight pulilications on subjects connected with the war, or the issues of the campaign of 1S64. The Union League raised three regiments of negro troops for the war, in December. 1863, and January, 1864. In the Decemlier election of 1863, C. Godfrey (iunther, a New York fur merchant, was - elected mayor of New ^"ork on the Democratic ticket. In the spring of 1864 tli"-' United States Sanitary Com- mission held a series of fairs in all the large cities, for the benefit of their work, and the most important of these was the great Metropolitan Fair, held in April, in two special! \- erected buildings, one in Fourteenth Street, near Sixth Avenue, and the other in Seventeenth Street, near L'nion Square. Many interesting- booths were in both of the buildings, and the most beautiful and accomplished dames and voung ladies of New ^'ork were in charge of the stalls. The fair netted $1,100,000, and a similar one, previously held in Brooklyn (in Fel)ruary), realized over $500,000 for the commission. From the beginning of the war to Octolser i, 1864, New York furnished to the war 126,310 men. The presidential election of 1864 came on, the can- didates being Lincoln and Johnson on the Republican, and McClellan and Pendleton on the Democratic tickets. It had been feared that there would be a resumption of rioting, but the election was very quiet. The victories which crowned the efiforts of the Union Army, in 1865, cheered the people of New ^'ork, and especially when Richmond fell, and Lieu- tenant De Pe}'ster, of New ^'ork City, a descendant of one of the oldest and most distinguished Dutch families of the city, for the first time raised the Stars COOPER INSTITUTE, MERCANTILE LIBRARY AND BIBLE HOUSE 380 HISTORV OF XEll' YORK and Stripes over ihe erstwhile Confederate capital. Cannon boomed, bells chimed and flags were displayed everywhere in the city. Lee surrendered on April gth, and the jov increased and continued until six days later, when the news came of the assassination of the great and good President Lincoln. New York, as all other cities of the North, sincerely mourned the dead Presi- dent. The route taken in returning the body of Lincoln to its last resting place, at Springfield, was i)ractically the same as that he had traveled in the other direction when, over four years before, he had gone to Washington to assume the duties of the presidency. On April 24th, the remains were escorted from the Cortlandt Street Ferry bv a great procession. The l)ody laid in state in the City Hall for twenty- four hours, during which time, day and night, the ceaseless procession passed to give a last look at the corpse of the most honored dead our nation has known. ( )n the 25th the funeral cortege took up its mournful yet triumphant iourney toward the home town of the great leader, followed from the City Hall to the railroad depot In- a ];)rocession five miles in length. Tn the after- noon of that day a large assemblv listened, in I'nion S(|uare, to a funeral ora- tion bv Hon. George Bancroft, the distinguished historian and diplomat, and to an elof|uent eulogv bv ^^'illiam Cullcn Bryant, the gifted poet and jour- nalist. NORTHWESTERN VIEW OF BROOKLYN Frimi luar i't ck '-lip CHAPTER T H I R T Y - F U R RETURN OF PEACE AND TRADE-ATLANTIC CABLE BRIDGE TO BROOKLYN-WESTCHESTER TOWNS ANNEXED-THE TWEED RING The war was over, and New York City, which had borne its full share of the burdens of the contlicl, welcomed back its veterans, wlio now reHn- quished, for tlie most part, the niihtary career for the arts and vocations of peace. Many who had gone away never came back, but liad died fi)r tlie cause of Union, on Southern fields. Some came back maimed from the con- flict ; some, matured and steadied by the experience, came back to be leaders in the citizenship and business of the city. Not all that came to the c\t\ from the South, after war, were from llie Union side, though of course, the majority were. But many who had fought for the Lost Cause of the Southland also found their wa_\- to New ^'()rk to seek, in this metropolis, a business career under circumstances more favorable to success than was possible in the devastated South. The city had changed in many respects as the result of the war. Especially noticeable was the fact that the ships engaged in foreign trade had ceased to fly the American flag. At the beginning of the war, when the Confederates were issuing letters of marque and sending out privateers, it was dangerous to appear on the high seas with the American flag flying, and so great American lines transferred their ships' registry and their offices to Liverpool or London. In 1864 the writer of these lines sailed a voyage out of London in the British clipper ship Elphinstone. An inquiry of the captain revealed the fact that she was Maine-built. Several months later, in Melbourne, the writer visited the ship, which the men were repainting. The name of the shi]) had been scraped off to be renewed, and the scraping revealed the old name, H. B. Mildmay — Boston. This was a common occurrence. The ships had gone to Britain and had not returned, because the laws in force after the war made it practically impossible to return to American registry. So that many of the old ship-owning families who were American, a halt century ago, became and have remained British. There had not been any great increase in the population of New York City during the war. Newcomers had made their homes in Brooklyn, or the New Jersey sul)urbs, because the transportation facilities on Man- hattan Island were so poor that few could afl:'ord to li\'e far away from the business district. Brooklyn or jersev Cit\-, which could be reached by ferry, were much more convenient than could an} j)]ace be, so far up town as Fiftieth Street. ^8-.' HISTORY OF XFjr YORK The houses were low, so low that Trinit}' s])irc towered up, the most cons])icuously tall structure in the downtown district, and the Aster House was looked upon as something prodigious, with which the rural visitor was expected to be duly impressed because of its great size. The first apartment house, a small one, was built on the West Side, in 1S65, and two large apartment h(.)uses, the Stuyvesant buildings, were erectetl, one in 1870, on Eighteenth Street, and the other in 1871, on Thirteenth Street. They grew in ]~)opularity and increased in size, until nearly two hundred of them were erected, in 1873. I-ooked upon at first as a fad which would soon pass away and ruin those who had spent their money in the experi- ment, that class of buildings soon became general, and apartments have increased year l)v vear, until the tenants of private houses form a very decided minority of the families of the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. The winter of 1866-1867 was an excep- tionally cold one, and as the number of those who A\ent to lousiness in New York and lived in lirooklyn had liecome very much greater than ever before, the interrnptifin to ferry traffic was seriously felt by many ])eople. Many crossed the East River, from Xew \'ork to Brooklyn, on the ice, Imt the incon\'eniences of the situation em])hasized llie need for the bridge, which had been one of the (lav dreams of the optimistic for sev- eral tlecades. So the question came u]) in the legislative sessiiMi of that winter, in Albany, rmd three East River bridge liills >n jV])ril If), i8()7, incorporated the New York liridge Company, which later in the year selected for its archi- tect lolm A. Roelding, who had demonstrated his ability liy designing an_'. r86(). and his sou. Washington E. Roebling, who had been .associated with his father in i)lanning the bridge, took up the entire work and su])ervised it to completion. TRINITY CHURCH were enacted. ( )ne of them. XEir YORK AXXEXES THE BROXX 383 The great problem of the city was that of rapid transit, and many were the attempts in that direction during the years that followed, of which more in detail will be told in a later chapter. As the various routes of transportation northward were improved, the trend of population in the same direction became more strongly emphasized. In 1873 the area of the citv was nearly doubled, being increased from fourteen thousand to twenty- seven thousand acres, in round figures, bv the extension of the city boundary, to meet, at a distance of sixteen miles from the Battery, the south boun- dar}' of the city of Yonkers. This was accomplished through the medium of a bill which ])assed the Assembly, annexing to the city a part of West- chester County, including the villages of Kingsbridge, Morrisania and West Farms. The jocose found much incitement to merriment by this extension of the metropolis to the region "up among the goats," but the area then annexed is now densely populated in sections, and is becoming a region of homes. In that new section of the city at the time of annexation, there were wisely reserved public parks on a generous scale, which add most mate- rially to the attractions of the borough of the Bronx, which will in a few years, in all probability, be the most populous of the five boroughs which compose Greater New York. In the steps of municipal progress after the close of the Civil W"ar, the first of importance was the change from the volunteer to the paid system in the fire department. The old system had been exceptionally good of its kind, but had many drawbacks. Many brave and heroic deeds had been done bv the volunteers who "ran with the machine." But the zeal which had at first engendered a friendly rivalry between the companies had intensified into animosities which frequently resulted in fighting", where there should have Ijeen cooperation. When the city was small, the flower of its manhood was proud to attach itself to the fire-fighting force, but with the growth of the citv and the consequent increase of fires, the duties of the firemen proved too great a tax on the time of those engaged in busi- ness, and the personnel of the fire companies deteriorated. The companies would not admit improvements, but persisted in dragging out machines Iw hand, for years after the introduction of horses in other cities: and in addi- tion, the companv houses became, in some cases, loafing places for the idle and vicious, and breeding places of disorder in the promotion of the shady schemes of the lower class of ward politicians. So on March 30, 1865, the Legislature passed the bill providing for a board of four fire commissioners, who were to have control of the new Fire Department of the City of New York. Charles C. Pinckney, James W. Brown. Philip W. Engs and Martin H. Brown were appointed commissioners, and, on ]\Iay 2d, the paid fire department was started. There was violent opposition to the law, at 3S4 HISTORY OF SEW YORK BOOTHS THEATRE first, on the part of the members of the volunteer companies, wiio attacked the new system in the courts as unconstitutional, but the case was f|uickly decidecl by the Court of Appeals, which fullv sustained the new law, and soon the department was in working- order, and the opposition subsided. The most serious fire the department was called upon to contend with that year was that in Barnum's Museum, at the corner of Broadway and Ann Street, which was burned July 13. 1S65. The New York Herald built upon the site, and had its headquarters there until its present handsome build- ing in Herald Square was erected. The modernization of the fire-fighting- system in New York quickl\- followed the change to the paid depart- ment. Steam engines took the place of the old hand machines in the citv proper, the use of the telegraph was greatly extended, and from that time on the department has become more and more efiicient, until it is now without a rival as a fire-fighting force. In the city election of December. 1865, the Democratic candidate for mayor, John T. Hoffman, was elected for the term beginning January 1, t866. A former chapter has tcjld of the completion of the first Atlantic calile through the eft'orts of Cyrus W. Field, of the messages transmitted between the two continents and of the breaking of the cable on the very day when New York was doing honor to Mr. Field's achievement. Such a setback would have crushed a man of less heroic mold, but Mr. Field, in spite of contumely, of enmity and derision, j^ersevered. He labored in spite of financial depression and ci\-il war, to raise the mone\' to resume the gigantic task, and succeeded in reyiying interest. Fhe great steamship Great Eastern started with the cable, July 23, 1865, Init although precau- tions had been taken which seemed to make failure impossible, a fault in the cable, when it had lieen laid tor twelve hundred miles, caused it to sna|i and go down, l^ack lo l^ngiand went the great sliip. Three million dollars were raised, a new cable was made, and another start was made. July 13. 1866. This time success came; the two continents were united, and to add THE ATLAXriC CABLE COMPLETED to the tinal triumph of the undertakinj^-, tlie Cireat Eastern succeeded in fishing up from the bottoui of the sea, twi) miles deep, the cal)le il had lost, splicing- it and completing it as a second connection between the Old World and the Xew. Once more Mr. l-'ield was showered with honors; the Chamber of Commerce gave a ])uhlic ban(|uet in his honor; the Thirty- ninth Congress presented him with a gold medal, with the thanks of the nation; and John Bright, the great English statesman, in an address at Leeds, eulogized Mr. Field as "the Columbus of our time." To the faith and zeal of this great New York merchant is due the work that has since connected the world's ends together and revolutionized the commercial and social intercourse of the nations. Another important event of 1866 was the organization of a Metro- politan Board of Health to be composed of four health commissioners, to be appointed by the governor, the health officer of New York and the Metro- politan Police Board. Such a board had often been projected, but there had always been considerable objection to vestiiig in such an organization powers sufficient to make its work etifective. But dread of a visitation of cholera had been aroused, because, in November, 1865, the emigrant steam- ship Atlanta, from Europe, came into New York with several cases of Asiatic cholera on board. As there had been no provision for such cases since the destruction of the Quarantine Buildings, on Staten Island, the patients were taken to a floating hulk in the bay, which had been used during the previous summer for yellow fever patients. \ few^ weeks afterward several deaths from the disease occurred on Ward's Island. Cold weather came on, and no further cases had appeared, but it was expected to return in the spring, and the Legislature created the new^ board February 26, 1866, and Doctors James Crane, Willard Parker, Jackson S. Schultz and John O. Stone were appointed to membership in the board. At once the board set about cleaning up the city, the streets being- swept, tenements disinfected, soap rendering and slaughter houses ban- ished outside of city limits, and the driving of cattle in the streets in the daytime prohibited; and many (ither sanitarv measures were taken. News that the steamship England, from Liverpool, after losing forty dead, had brought 160 cases of cholera into Halifax, and that two vessels bound for New York had been stopped at Bermuda liecause of the disease, spurred the authorities to action, and the Board of Health petitioned the govern- ment and were granted special authority to provide for the sick and to take sanitary measures within the city. They struck a snag when they attempted to establish a quarantine station. Staten Island would have none of it, and Coney Island, Sandy Hook, and other places, made violent opposition to cjuarantine stations or cholera hospital. The steamship Vir- .'■I s I ; HISTORV OF .\i:ir ]'t)kK ginia, fr(.>m Livcr])ool, arrived Ajn-il iSth, with numerous cases of Asiatic cholera aboard. They were transferred to a hospital ship, and those wdio were well were i)Ut into a steamer fitted up specially for them. ( )n May 1st, the first case of cholera broke out in tlie cit\-. in an unsanitary tenement at Xinetv-third Street and Third A\-enue, and the next day, in a similar building at 115 .Mulberry Street. It grew in the number of cases, until August, and after that decreased. In a hospital on Second Avenue, also at the Battery, the United States Transit Mospital and the Five Points Bar- racks manv were cared for. In the city the deaths numbered 460, but the mor- tality in the hospitals and penal institutions on the islands was much greater, bringing" the total up ti) 121 j. The number was greater in Brook- Ivn, and still higher in the Western cnies, wdiere many thousands dietl. It disap])eared from Xew York in October. Congestion of the downtown streets was a problem forty years ago. Alderman Charles E. Loew, as a remedy for this condition, i)roposed the erection of an elevated causeway over Broadway, and the structure, as planned, was l)uilt across that thoroughfare at Fulton Street. It was costlv, unsightlv and useless, for the number of those who would climb to cross was verv few. It remained a year and then was taken down. From 1867 to 1869 was an era of speculation in real estate and in building; many old land- marks were torn away to make room for more preten- tious structures, and some changes that were made at that time have since been much re- gretted. Among these was the sale, in 1867, of St. John's Park, which had originally been part of the Anneke Jans estate, and had liecome one of the best of the small parks in the lower ])art of the city, but which was transferred to the Hudson River Railroad for a freight depot. Another landmark, the Xew York Hospital, at Broadway and Pearl Street, where it had long stood surrounded by greensward and statelv elms, was sold, the institution moving up to its present location in \A'est iMfteenth Street. I'.esides the activity in real estate and building. OLD NEW YORK SOCIETY LIBRARY FoRM.rnOX OF THE TWEED RIXG 387 there were many wild s]jeculations in stocks, in petrolctuii and other things. The most notable features of the .s;eneral excitement were the lavish schemes and plans for municipal improvements fostered and carried out by a ring of politicians who had gained the control of the city gov- ernment. John T. Hoffman was elected mayor in 1865, and during his administration began the nefarious operations of the "Gang" headed by William Al. Tweed. The head and front of the "Ring," was William Marcy Tweed, who was born in Xew York in 1823, educated in the common schools, and then took up his father's trade of chair-making. Not being overfond of work, he devoted most of his attention to the volunteer fire department, becoming foreman of "Big Six," one of the most popular and politically powerful HISTORY OF Xllir YORK ci])al and interest, lie lived in the jail until, his health Ijeconiin^' worse, he (lied in that institution, April 12. 1878, at the age of 55. The ()])erations of the Tweed Ring, during the five years of its domination, added over $100,000,000 to the bonded debt of the city, doubled its annual ex])enditures, and cost the taxpavers the sum of $i6o,000,000. As the result of the Tweed exposure there was an agitation for a reform in politics, and in December, 1872, ^\'illiam V. Havemeyer, who had been pre- viously twice elected mayor of Xew York, in 1845 and 1848, was again selected for the head of the city government. He did not, however, live out his term, l)ut died of apo|)lexv, in the mayor's office, in 1874. An amendment of the city charter, passed June 13, 1873, abolished the Board of Assistant Aldermen, which had been revived in i86(), and in its place OLD CUSTOM HOUSE constituted a new Common Council of twenty-one aldermen and changed the citv election ti> come on the same day as the State election, on the first Tues- day after the first ?^Ionday in Xovember. Under that provision William H. ^^'ickham was elected mavor in 1874. In iS7_> there occurred the greatest strike that there had ever been up to that time in the historv of Xew ^'ork Citv, which, beginning with the effort of the house painters to have their working days reduceil to eight hours, spread to the carpenters and bricklavers, and finally inchuled many other classes of workingmen, so that in its worst ])hase there were forty thousand men idle, and it was estimated that $5,620,000 was lost in the strike. The workingmen were not successful, but fin;dl\- returned to work without receiving any of the benefits for which the strike liad been inaugurated. In ii'^7,v a great ])anic struck Xew \"ork Citv, and all other cities, result- ing chiefl\- from excessive railroad de\-elopment and large s])eculations, which BLOWING UP ROCKS AT HELL GATE 393 had greatly increased the debts of many corporations; and when, in May, 1873, it was found impossible to place an issue of American Ijonds in Europe, there came an immediate stringency in the market — banks failed, railroads went into bankruptcy, and there was a general lack of confidence all over the country. In September, 1873, the failure of the Canada Southern Railway, the Northern Pacific Railway, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway caused the suspension of three of the leading banking" firms of the city, those of Robinson, Cox & Company, Jay Cooke & Company, and Fiske & Hatch. Soon after, the Union Trust Company failed, and on September 20th, thirty- five of the largest firms in New York suspended. The situation was one of disaster, the Stock Exchange remained closed from September 22d to Septem- ber 30th, and the number of houses that failed received new additions month by month. After a time there was some slight recoverv, but business did not become really active in New York for several vears afterwards. New York actively participated in the exhibits that were shown at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876, and one of the immediate results of that exhibi- tion was the oiTer by the great French sculptor, Bartholdi, that he would, if the proper base was furnished for it, present to the people the Statue of Lib- erty Enlightening the World, and some vears later, in New ^'ork harbor, the statue was placed, and is one of the most treasured monuments of the repub- lic. By the same sculptor also was the statue of La Fayette which now stands at the south border of LTnion Scjuare. and was presented bv French residents to the city. King Kalakaua, of the Hawaiian Lslands, visited New York in 1875, being the first reigning monarch that ever set foot on American soil. In the centennial year of 1876, the Emperor and Empress of Brazil were visitors in New York. In 1876, the presidential election was a verv exciting one, the contestants being Rutherford B. Hayes, as the candidate for President of the Republican party, and Samuel J. Tilden, as the candidate of the Democratic party. The dispute as to which of these had been elected w-as especially acute in New York, because Tilden had received a large majority of the votes in his State, and the decision in favor of Hayes was by no means popular here. At the same election Smith Ely was elected mayor of New York, and served with ability in that office until 1878. One of the great engineering feats of that period was the blowing up of Hallet's Point Rocks at Hell Gate, in East River, one of the most extensive operations of its kind ever executed, which was successfully carried out at the end of ten years of hard work under the supervision of General John New- ton. Fifty-two thousand ]wunds of ex|)losives were fired off at one touch of a button bv General Newton's little daughter, sreatlv reducing the obstruc- HISTORY OF Mill- YORK tion lo navigation in Mast River. This explosion occurred on September 24, iSyfy. The many fears that had been entertained of great destruction of prop- erty from the explosion all ])roved to be groundless. The Seventh Regiment of the Xational Guard, which from its organiza- tion has been the leading military estalilishment of Xew York Citv, and which formerly had its armory at Tompkins Market, found those premises too small and inconvenient for regimental use, and in the autumn of 1877. the corner stone of the new Se\-enth Regiment Armorv, on the block Ixumded })\ Lexinsf- ton and Seventh Aveiuie and Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Streets, was laid. The Seventh Regime-nt is the C(intinuation of an organization made in 1824, being the outgrowth of the Eleventh Regiment of State Artillery, which con- sisted of two battalions, one of artillery and one of infantry. On May 6, 1826, the infantry battalion was organized as a separate regiment under the title of the "Twent}-se\enth Regiment of Artillerv." but it was long known ;is "The National Guards," a title which afterwards liecame common to the entire mili- tary force of the State. The name of the Seventh Regiment was bestowed u])on it. July 27, 1837. by Governor ^'oung. It has always attracted to it young men of g(io(l families, and its services were called for manv times in the ]M-eservation of public peace. It was the first regiment to leave Xew York for the Ci\-il War, and when it needed a new armory, the subscription for the pur- pose was very liberal, and the present armory was occupied on April i, 1880. An event which created considerable excitement in the city was the dese- cration of the grave of A. T. Stewart, in St. ^Mark's churchyard. 'Mr. Stewart had been the leading merchant of Xew ^'()rk, and probably its most wealthy citizen at that time. Upon his death, April 10, 1S26, 'his remains had been temporarily interred there, pending the completion of the mausoleum in St. John's Cathedral, at Garden City, Long Island, for which his widow had sup- plied the building fund as a memorial to her husband. The thieves escaped with his liody. but were disapi)ointed in their effort to procure the reward which thev expected. In 1878, the trains of the Metropolitan Elevated Railwav began running on the Third Avenue and Sixth Avenue routes. A further account of this, and other ot the rapid transit facilities of Xe\v "^'ork, will be found in a subse- (|uent cha])ter. In Xovember, 1874, Sanuiel J. Tilden, one of the foremost citizens and greatest lawyers of Xew ^'ork, was elected to the governorshi]) of the State. In 1870 he was nominated bv the Democratic jjartv to the ]:)residenc\- of the United Stales, but in the sul)sec|uent election there was a dispute as to whether Governor Tilden or (jovernor Rutherford R. Hayes, of ( )hio, the Republican candidate, had been elected, and the country was in considerable turmoil for several months until the matter was finalK' left to an electoral commission of EGYPTIAX OBELISK I\ CEXTR.^L PARK 395 fifteen members, which decided, l)y a vote of eight to ^^e\"cii. that Hayes had succeeded in the election. In November, 1876. Lucius Roliinson was elected governor under a law enacted in 1874, extending the governor's term from two to three years, and in 1870 Alonzo B. Cornell, Republican, was elected. It will be remembered that in the early part of this history reference was several times made to a dispute about the exact boundary line between the States of New York and Connecticut, and it will be interesting to note that the matter was finally decided in 1880, when a Joint Boundary Commission, ap- pointed by the Legislatures of the tw(i States, awarded to New York a small strip, 4.68 square miles in area, called the "Oblong Tract," and finally settled the boundary cjuestion. On January 22d, there was a great addition made to the attractions of Central Park, by the erection of the Eg}ptian Obelisk, which was brought from Alexandria to New York b\- the steamer Dessoug, under the command of Com- mander Henr}- H. Gorringe, LT.S.N., which sailed from Alexandria, June I2th, reaching New York, June 20, 1880. This great monolith, which dates back to the days of the ancient Pharaohs, is now one of the unique ornaments of New York's great park. It is supposed to have been made in the years between 1501-1565 B. C, and erected at Heliopolis, whence it was removed to Alexandria in the 3'ear 22 B. C. Its total height is ninety feet, the shaft itself being sixty-nine feet high and weighing 443.000 pounds. The total expense of removal and erection of this shaft, amounting to $103,732, was defrayed by William H. \'anderbilt. In the earlv eighties there was considerable political turmoil, due to the division of the Republican partv into factions, known in the parlance of that day as "Stalwarts" and "Half-breeds." In 1880, the Republicans nominated James A. Garfield for President, and Chester A. Arthur for \"ice President of the United States. In the convention, howexer, there were 106 members who from first to last \'oted for the nomination of General U. S. Grant for a third term as President. The opposing faction was under the leadership of James G. Blaine, who had been the speaker of the House of Representatives. The votes had fluctuated among various candidates and finally centered on Garfield, who received the nomination. The party leaders, in order to secure harmony, offered to the leaders of the so-called Stalwart faction the choice of vice president, whereupon General Arthur, then collector of the port of New York, was named by Senator Ciinkling, who was the recognized head of the Stalwart wing. After the inauguration of President Garfield, James G. Blaine was appointed .secretarv of state and became a dominant figure in the administration. Through his influence and in o])])osition to the wishes of Sen- ators Conkling and Piatt, of New >'ork, William H. Robertson was appointed 396 HISTORY OF Xtiir VOKK z J: < ''- ^ B 05 < -3 SEXATORS COXKLIXC JXD PL ATT RESIGX 397 to the collectorship of the |)ort of New York, and after vainly attempting to prevent the confirmation of Robertson, Messrs. Conkling and Piatt resigned their seats in the Senate, May i6, 1881, expecting, it was supposed, that they would he immediately reelected by the New York Leg^islatnre, then in session, and therel)y secure an endorsement of the position they had taken in regard to the nomination of Robertson. As it turned out, however, thev were dis- appointed in this expectation, for the Legislature, though Republican in both houses, elected as their successors men who represented the other wing of the Repul)lican party, Warner Miller and Eldridge G. Lapham, who were selected, after a heated contest in the Legislature, on July 17. 1S81. The death of Garfield, at the hands of an assassin, made General Arthur President, on September 22. 1881. The notable death of that year was that of Thurlow Weed, long known as one of the politicians and journalist of the State, who died on November 22. 1882. After the death of Mayor William F. Havemeyer, in 1874, S. B. H. Vance was acting mayor until after the fall election, at which William H. Wickham was elected. He was succeeded by Smith Ely, in 1877; he by Ed- ward Cooper, in 1879, and he by William R. Grace, in 1881. Franklin Edson was elected in 1883, and William R. Grace was elected for another term, 1885- 1886. As a result of the dissension in the Republican party, Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, was elected governor in 1882, making such an excellent record in that office that he was nominated for President of the United States, by the Democratic party, at the National Convention in Chicago, on July 8, 1884. He was elected President the following November, defeating James G. Blaine, who was the nominee of the Republican party. There was great excitement over the election in New York City, and the result was so close in the State that for a time there was some doubt as to who had carried this State, and with it the country. CHAPTER T H I R T Y - F I V E THE PAST THREE DECADES-CREATION AND PROGRESS OF THE GREATER CITY Beginning with the opening to traffic of the East River bridge, May 24, i])erty. Although Mr. Vanderbilt desired to cancel his loan. General Grant declined to accept that offer. The general afterward recouped his fortunes somewhat bv writing" The Personal ?\Iemoirs of Gen- eral U. S. (irant, which had a \ery large sale. In the legal proceedings arising fmni the failures, James T. Fish, president (.)f the Marine Bank, and Ferdinand Ward, active member of the firm of Grant & Ward, were found to have acted together in \arious fraudulent transactions and were arrested, con- victed and each sentenced to ten years imprisonment at hard labor in the Sing Sing prison. THE GARGLE ESTATE Sixtieth Street and Tentii Avenue DEATH AND BURIAL Of GEXERAL GRANT 399 THE CASTER ESTATE Formerly near Thirty-sixth Street on F^exington Avenue An Arctic expedition, sent out under the aus])ice.s of the New York Herald, l3y James Gordon Bennett, Jr., its proprietor, in the steamer Jeannette, had come to grief, and a rehef expedition had recovered the remains of Lieu- tenant Commander George W. De Long, U. S. N., who had charge of tlie expedition, and others. Largeh- attended funeral cere- monies over the l)odies were held in Xew York City on February 23, 1884. Another Arctic expedition, which had been under the command of Lieutenant ( now Major Gen- eral) A. \V. Greely, also was rescued in this year l)y a relief expedition, under the com- mand of Captain ( now Rear Admiral) Winfield S. Schley. Tjie Greely expedition had been sent out, in 18S1, to establish one of a chain of thirteen circumpolar stations. The partv of twentv-five reached farther north (S^t,' 24') than any previous record. Lieutenant Greely discovered a new land north of Green- land, and crossed Grinnell Land to the Lolar Sea. Two relief expeditions having failed to reach the party, he retreated south to Cape Sabine, where, the relief still failing, most of the members of the party perished of starva- tion. Onlv seven survivors of the partv were found under the third (Schley) expedition, which brought them back, as well as the corpses of several of the dead, to Xew ^V)rk. Grover Cleveland, who had been elected President, resigned the governor- ship of Xew York on January 6, 1885, and David Bennett Hill, the lieutenant- governor, became acting governor. In the X^ovember election of 1885 he was elected for a full term of the governorship. He was again elected in 1888, and on Januarv 21, i8qi, was elected L^nited States senator from X^ew York, serving until 1897. General U. S. Grant did not long survive the financial trouble into which he had been forced bv the unprincipled acts of Ferdinand Ward, but died July 2^, 1885. at ]\Iount [McGregor, near Saratoga. He was buried with imposing- ceremonies, and afterward the magnificent mausoleum in Riverside Park, for which Congress appropriated $250,000, and a similar amount was raised by popular subscription, was erected, and there his remains now rest, and by his side, those of his wife, who died several vears later. In the Grant fvmeral procession. General William T. Sherman, who was the second greatest Union HISTORY OF Mlir YORK ciinimanck'r of the Ci\'il \\ ;ir, rode side hx side with the Confederate Gen- eral, Joseph 1'".. Johnston, who had twenty years l)efore surrendered his arniv to Sherman at Durham Station, X'ortlt CaroHna. The corner stone of Bartholdi's statue of Liberty Enhghtening the ^\'orld was laid with Masonic ceremonies, on August 5, 1S84, on Bedloe's Island, in New ^'ork Harl)or, and was formally un\eiled on October 22. 1886. The cere- monies on the latter occasion included an imposing naval parade and a large land procession. The ceremonies were attended b}- President Cleveland and his cabinet, the governors of many States, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and many distinguished American guests, also a deputation from France, in- cluding M. Auguste Bartholdi, the sculptor. Count Ferdinand de Lesseps, Admiral Jaures, General Pellissier, and others. Addresses were made by Senator Evarts, President Cleveland, Chauncey IM. Depew, and M. Lefaivre. Mention has been made of the "America's Cup," originally called the "Queen's Cup," which was won by the schooner yacht America in an interna- tional competition under the offer of the Royal Yacht Squadron of England, in 1 85 1. Since then there have been challenge contests from English yacht owners in 1870, 1871, 1876, 1881, 1886, 1893. 1895, 1899, 1901 and 1903. The race in 1886 was with the Boston sloop Mayflower as defender of the cup, defeating' the English cutter Galatea in two consecutive races over the Sandv Hook course. In 1893, Lord Dunraven offered his yacht, \'alkyrie 11, as challenger and was defeated by the American yacht Vigilant. Two years later Lord Dunraven again challenged with his yacht A'alkyrie III, against the American vacht Defender, and after being defeated in one race, won the second, but was deprived of the victory because of a foul. The Englishman claimed that he had been cheated, and refused to race again, charging the American \achtsmen with unsportsmanlike conduct, and visited this country to press the charge. His complaints were dismissed and he was dropped from the list of the members of the New York Yacht Club, under whose auspices the race had been held. The last three races have been contested by Sir Thomas Lii)ton with his vachts Shamrock I, in 1899: Shamrock II, in i()Oi ; and Sham- rock III, in riK)3- Sir Thomas made a gallant effort each time and his yachts were ablv sailed, but were found not to be quite capable of the speed attained by the contesting" American yachts, though the contests with Sir Thomas have all been characterized by the highest tv])e of international courtesy and good feeling. ( )n March 11 to 14, [S8S, the entire Eastern seaboard was visited by a blizzard which was more disastrous in its results than any that ever visited New A'ork (,'it\- in historic times. At one time the snow-laden wind blew at the rale of fortv-six miles an hour. Streets and railroads were blocked, telegraph wires were blown down and many of the business peojile of New THE GREAT SXOll'STORM AND COXKLIXG'S DEATH 401 York, who lived in the suburbs, fouud it entirely inipossil)le to reach their homes. The streets were impassal)le, in many places, even in the downtown districts, and amony" those who died from the effects of the storm, the best known was former Senator Roscoe C'onklinj^-, who, after se\-eral hours spent in endeavoring" to reach Ids hotel from his office, went to his bed exhausted with his eft'orts and from that developed a case of pneumonia, from which he (lied, .\pril i8, iS88. Senator Conklino- \vas one of the ablest lawyers and most disting-uished statesman of his day. He was a native of Albany, Xew ^'ork, but had made his home in Utica, where he was elected mayor in 1858, afterwards l.)eing- in Congress, by consecutive elections, from i85(j to 18(17, in the House of Representatives. He was elected to the Senate in Januar\-, 1867, and reelected in 1873 and i87(j. He resigned from the Senate in 1881, l)e- cause of his dissatisfaction with the a])poinlment of A\'illiam 11. Robertson as collector of the port of New York, b\- President Gartield. and after that engaged in the practice of law in New N'ork City. He was especially promi- nent in Congress in connection with the reconstruction measures after the Civil War. and as one of the statesmen most intimate with General Grant, during his two terms as President, and the leader of those advocating the renomination of Grant for a third term, in 1880. After his retirement from the Senate, he was especially prominent in the work of the State Senate Inves- tigating Committee, appointed for the pur])0se of disclosing the fraud and l)ril)erv in the granting to Jacob Shar]) of the Droadwa}' Horse Railway fran- chise bv the Board of Aldermen in 1884. .\fter the taking oi the testimony, lasting about three months. Mr. Conkling. together with Clarence A. Seward, made arguments resulting in the re- peal of the Broadway Railway charter, and afterward, in 1887, Jacob Sharp and sex'eral aldermen were convicted and sentenced to the penitentiarv, for bribery in collection with the procurement of that char- ter. At the presidential elec- tion in 1888, Benjamin Harri- son, of Indiana, and Levi P. Morton, of Xew \'ork City, were elected Presi- dent and \'ice President of the United States, on the Rei)ublican ticket, after a strenuous campaign, in which President Cleveland sought reelection, and Allen G. Thurman, of ()hio. was Democratic candidate for the vice presidency. OLD DUTCH FARM HOUSE Former Corner of .Seventh .\\enue antl l-'iftictli 402 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK Jn iSSy. from April 2yth to May ist. was held the centennial of the inauguration of Georg-e Washington as President of the United States. Presi- dent Benjamin Harrison took part in the ])roceedings, and was landed in a 1)1 lat in the same wav and at the same place, at the foot of Wall Street, where the first President had landed one hundred years before; and among the features ni the occasion was a great naval parade and an imposing land pro- cession in which there was an especially fine military display. Several gover- nors of other States took part in the parade, as well as a large column of cliil- dren from the ])ul)lic schools of New York. There was held in the mayor's otifice, in iSqc;. a meeting in the interest of a world's fair, to he held in honor of the ([uadricentennial of the discovery of America l)v Christopher Columbus. Alany of the ])rominent citizens and large capitalists in Xew N'ork became interested in the endeavor to secure the selection of Xew York as the i)lace for holding the World's Fair, Init finally, in a contest among several cities, it was decided by Congress to have the exposition at Chi- cago. Tn iS<)0, the corner stone n\ the Washington Memorial .\rch in A\'ashington Square, Xew \'()rk, was laid with ap- ]irnpriate ceremonies, on May 30th. This arch had its in- ception in the celebration, in i8M(j, of the centennial of Washington's inauguration, one feature of which was a temporarv arch, as part of the street decoration of the occasion, which spanned Fifth Avenue, on the north side of Waxerly Place. The structure, which was designed l.)y Stanford White, the architect, was so generally admired that arrangements were made to ])erpetuate it in marble at \\'ash- ington Sc|uare, at the southern end of Fifth Avenue. The main work was completed April 18, iSijj, and the cost of the structure was $128,000, which was raised by ])opular subscription. Another important centenary was obserx'cd in X'ew ^'ork City on Feb- ruar\- 4, 1890, being that of the establishment of the Su])reme Court of the Cnited States, wddch hehl its first sessions in Xew ^'ork City. Abram S. llewitt, one of the most distinguished citizens of X"ew' ^'ork, both in business and in i)ublic lile. was elected and served as mayor for the three-\ear term co\ering tlie ^■ears from i88r) to 1S88. inclusive, Former Corner THE KEYSER ESTATE i)f Fourth (I'arkt Avenue ami Finlietli Stret-t THE COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION 403 and he was succeeded by Hugh J. Grant, elected on the Tammany ticket, and serving- from i88g to 1892. On January 29, 1891, a banquet was held at Delmonico's, given by the Board of Trade of New York, in honor of Honorable William Windom, secretary of the treasury. It was turned into a tragedy by the sudden death of Secretary Windom, upon the completion of his speech at the banquet. Another noteworthy death of the year was that of General Wil- liam T. Sherman, who died in this city, on February 14th. At the November election, in iSgi. Roswell Pettibone Flower, Demo- crat, of New York City and Watertown, New York, was elected governor of New York, for the years 1892 to 1894, inclusive. The most exciting event of that year occurred on December 4th, when a Boston lunatic, named Norcross, entered the Wall Street office of Russell Sage, carrying a handbag, and demanded of that famous financier the immediate payment to him of $1,250,000. Upon meeting with a refusal, he threw the handbag, which contained explosives, to the floor, and in the explosion which ensued, the lunatic and a bystander were killed. Mr. Sage was slightly, and several others severely injured, and the building was wrecked. The four hundredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus in America, October 12, 1492, was celebrated with imposing military and civic ceremonies, October loth to 12th, 1892. The Columbus column and statue at the southwestern entrance to Central Park, was unveiled on October 12th, when, in the absence of the mayor, the speech of accept- ance was made by General James Grant Wilson. The year 1892 was one of great political turmoil. The presidential election of that year was between President Harrison, as Republican nominee, for reelection as President, with Whitelaw Reid. of New York, as his running mate, against Grover Cleveland, ex-President, and Adlai A. Stevenson, of Illinois, for Vice President, on the Democratic ticket. The election was complicated by a large defection from both parties in western States, which had previously been Republican, but which, in the election of 1892, were lined up in a fusion with the Democrats of those States, in favor of James B. Weaver, who was the candidate of what was called the People's Party. Cleveland and Stevenson were elected. In New York, Rev. Dr. Charles A. Parkhurst began, in 1892, his crusade against the city administration of New York, denouncing the city officials as "a pack of administering bloodhounds." His views were endorsed by a mass meeting at Cooper Union, but did not bear practical political fruit until some years later, as Thomas L. Gilroy, the Tammany candidate for mayor, was elected for the term covering the years 1893-1894. 404 HISTORY OF Xliir VORK OLD COUNTRY INN Croton Cottage Former Corner of Fifth Avenue and Fortieth Street On St']itcnil)L'r 20, i8(;2, the bronze statue of Horace Greeley was umeiled in < Ireeley Square. On l)ecem1)er 27, i8g2, the corner stone of the heautiful Protestant Episcopal Cathedral of St. John, the Divine, on IMornint^'side Hei^-hts, was laid with ajijiropriate ceremonies. The Iniild- ing". which was planned upon a scale of stately grandeur, is not vet completed, but is still progressing" and will, wlien finished, lie exceeded li>' no structure in the countr}- in architectural lieauty. The panic of 1803 was one of the most severe in the history of the country. At that time, it was attributed, as economic crises usuallv are, to causes entirelv domestic: some saying that it was caused ])y the sih-er legislation of Congress, others attributing it to the fear of changes in the tariti', and others to various causes originating within our own borders. That these various situations singlv, or altogether, may have had a contribu- tory effect in augmenting the severity of the crisis may well be true, but for fundamental causes there were the usual preliminaries: world condi- tions of excessive speculation, and too great an expansion of business plants. "Boom" times induce large investments of fixed capital in additional buildings, machinery, and the like, which, Inhlt to meet an anticipated demand, are unproductive if the demand diminish. This was esiiecially llie case in the years from 1SS8 to iX()2. \ot only was production of com- uKidities and increase of ef|uipmeni much overdone. Inn all over the central and far West there was uni)recedentecl acti\it_\" in real estate speculation, as well as in speculati\e o])erations on the exchanges in stocks, grain, cotton and other commodities. Public expenditures also went to un])recedented ligures. This |)eriod introduced us to that luxu- rious no\-elt\-, a "billion-dollar Congress." and there \vas a general spirit of adxenture exerywhere prevalent. P>ut these conditions existed not only here, but abroatl. Atistralia es])ecially was doing the same thing that we were doing in tliis country — laying out jjaper towns and additions to cities, increasing" production, and specul;iling in ;dl wa_\s tliat men do, who expect to make a fortune overnight. The Paring Prothers. tlie great T,ondon banking house, was found, Xo\ember 24, iS()o, to be i n great financial stress, with liabilities Tllf. r.lXIC OF iSq^ t"." of £21,000,000, and was only saved trimi failure l)y the timely assistance of the Bank of lui^land, the Bank of France, and otlier i^'reat establish- ments. The Baring- difhcnlties tended to greatly reduce the supply of money for speculative pur])oses in the luuMpean markets, and soon there began to be felt a scarcity of nione}-. Australia, which had had such a fever of expansion and s]jeculation, found itself practically l)ankrupt, and in that country, during the latter ])art of 1891 and the year iS(;_', nearly every bank closed its doors, manv of them never to o])en again. In the United States the same causes produced like results, and during 1893 and iSq4 many thousands of banks and business enterprises went to the wall. The gold reserve in the treasury had fallen to a low figure, and Mr. Cleveland, and his secretary, Mr. Carlisle, replenished it with large bond issues. New "S'ork suffered with the rest of the cnimtry, but ])roved that its financial instituticns were exceptionally sound. There was, how- ever, a period of about three years of monetary stringency, complicated with serious coinage and currency problems. On March 11, 1893, Governor Flower signed the act, passed by the Legislature of Xew- York, authorizing the jnn'chase of Fire Island for quar- antine purposes, thus settling a (juestion which from early days had caused much local agitation in Xew York and its suburbs. As a part of the quadricentennial celebration, connected with the AA'orld's Columbian Exposition, Xew ^'ork held a naval review on April 27, 1893, and a large street parade on the following day, in which ten nations participated, and on ^Iny [8th, the Princess Eulalia was received in X^ew York as a representati\e of the Spanish government, with appro- priate ceremonies. As a part of the same celebration, the \"iking ship from Denmark was welcomed in Xew A'ork harl)or on June 17th. The unveiling of the beautiful statue of Nathan Hale, the work of the sculptor. ^lacMonnies, occurred ou Xovember 25, i8cj3. The statue was erected under the auspices of the Sons of the Revolution of X"ew York, and is one of the chief ornaments of our City Hall park. In the election of 1893, there had been notorious frauds at Gravesend, Long Island, conducted in an open and shameless manner, and with much intimidation of respectable voters, by John Y. McKane, the Democratic boss of that cHstrict. His actions aroused nmch indignation, and lead- ing in securing his prosecution was William J. Ciayn(jr, a Brooklyn lawyer, who was elected to the Supreme bench at that election, and who pursued the case with such ability, that McKane was convicted, and on February 19, 1894, was sentenced to serve six years at hard labor in Sing Sing prison. The case was appealed, but the Court of Appeals confirmed the convic- 406 HISTORY or Miir VORK tion, November 2j, 1894. Judge Gaynor's term expiring I )ccember 31, 1907, he was unanimously reelected for another t(iurteen-year term, and served in the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, until elected, in the Novemlier election of 1909. to his present otifice as mayor of the city of New York for the term expiring December 31, 1913. From early days there had been much talk of bridging" not only the East River, but also the Hudson, and finally a com])any was formed and a bill was introduced into Congress, authorizing the bridging of North River, connecting New York with New Jersey. This bill passed Congress and was signed b}- President Cleveland, in June, 1894, and the bridge was authorized ]\\- the State in 1895, but it has not yet been built, although the Company which has the matter in hand is still in existence. A bill which passed the Legislature in it)Oi, greatly enlarging the company's powers, was vetoed bv ( i(i\"erniir ( )(lell. The Rev. Dr. Charles A. Parkhurst luning made pulilic charges against the jjolice nf New York City, a resolution was ottered in the New York Senate, by Senator Clarence Lexow, of New York City, on January 24, 1894, to investigate the charge. The resolution was i)assed unani- mously, and Senator Lexow was made chairman of the committee. It met on March <;, i8()4, in the Courthouse in New York Citv, and began the investigation with William A. Sutherland as counsel for the com- mittee, until April 131I1. when John \\". (iofif appeared as counsel. At the end of June the cro\ing the tone, of the establishments where intoxicating liquors mav l)e sold on Sunday. A certain t}-pe of saloon, known \)\ the name of "Raines Law Hotel."" has come to represent the most disreputalile sort of resorts now in the city, and at the same time the illegal selling of liquor in the regularly licensed saloons has been very little, if in any degree, diminished. At the general election of November 18, 1896, Frank S. Black, of Troy, was elected governor, and Timothy L. AVoodruff, of Brooklyn, was elected lieutenant governor, having been nominated by the Republican ticket. During the same year the gold reserve in the I'nited States Treasury having Ijeen greatlv depleted, arrangements were made with Xew Y(»rk banks bv which $20,000,000 in gold was deposited b>- the banks in the sub- treasurv to protect the government reserve. In the presidential election of i8i)(>, there was the greatest excitement and the most widespread interest that had ever l)een develo])ed at any election in this countrv, unless it may liave been the election of i860. The advocates of the gold standard, on one hand, and of the free coinage of silver on the other, were very strenuous, although in the East, in all of the large commercial centres, the a(l\-ocates of the gold standard were ver\- largelv in the majority. The meetings of the various jiarties were largelv attended, and among the greatest iwlitical demonstrations that were ever made in this countrv were "The Sound ]\Ioney Parades"' held in New York. Chicago and other large cities. The final result was the election of William McKinlev. of Ohio, as President, and Garret A. llo])art as \'ice President, b^' a \er\' large majority o\-cr William Jennings Bryan, of Nebraska, and Arthur Sewell, of Maine. Democratic candidates for Presi- dent and \'ice President. A most interesting celel)ration. from a historical standpoint, was that lield Mav <■), iS()7, l)eing the Bi-centennial jubilee of Trinity Church. 77//; I-IRST MAYOR OF GREATER A7:7C YORK ll)!l At the election l,' 413 The Xew \ (irk Charter Revision r)in, iiax'ing" lieen passed bv tiie Legis- lature and sul)niitted to Mayor Van W _\ck. was vetoed l)y him, but on April 22(\ was passed by the Legislature over that veto and beeanie a law, and has continued to be operative to the present time, having been passed as the result of developments which had made the original charter of Greater New York, passed in 1897, seem inadequate for the needs nf this great nuinicipality. The 1901 charter, however, is still regarded as deficient in nianv respects, and is now (1910) in the hands of a C(^mmission for the jiurpose of revision. On May 13, 1901, was established the celelirated Hall of Fame of the New York L^niversitv, which has continued to hold a prominent place in national interest. There is no summer in Xew York City that there is not some (la\- that the average citizen will declare is the hottest ever experienced, but, so far as results are concerned, July 20, ii)oi was the most disastrous dav in the num- ber of deaths from heat that the city ever knew, two hundred having died from the efifects of the heat on that day. The Metropolitan ]\Iuseum of Art was greatl}- enriched bv the death, on July 5, 1901, of Jacob S. Rogers, a locomotive manufacturer of Paterson, New Jersey, who bequeathed his estate, amounting to $5,000,000, to the museum. In the numicipal election which was held in Novemlier, igoi, Seth Low. the fusion candidate, was selected as ma_\-or of New York for two years, i(j02- 1903, over Edwin ]\L Shepard, the Democratic candidate. Ah". Low repre- sented a reform movement which had been in.augurated as the result of dis- satisfaction with the acts of the \'an \\'\ck administration and of the domina- tion of politics bv Tamman\- ilall; and while the maiorities were small, except in Brooklyn, where Seth Low had formerlv been a verv po|)ular mavor of that former city, Mr. Low received a majoritv in each of the borotighs, and with him were elected the other reform officials, elected on the same ticket, all of whom entered ofifice on January i, it)02. The new mavor had l)een president of Columbia University for se\'eral years, and in his place, tqion his resignation, the trustees of Columbia L'ni- versity selected Professor Nicholas Murrav lUitler as the head of that great educational institution, on January 6, ii;02. Columbia I'niA-ersity has since made rapid strides in its importance and membership, and is now the most largely attended university of the Ignited States. There were numerous disasters in ielniont, to suggest plans for rapid transit. Tn 1872 the plan was re])orted on. and abandoned b}- llie commission after an expenditure of $136,- 000. In iS()7 the Sujireme Court appointed another commission, and in 1899 the commission adxertised for bids for Iniilding a sul)wav route. On Janu- ar_\- i(>. H)00. the contract was awarded to John B. McDonald for $35,000,- 000. The time for ihe com])]etion of the road was four and one-half vears. < Ml March 25. ii)00. Mayor Van W'yck turned the first shovelful of earth, witli a silxer sho\-cl. in front of the City Hall, marking the commencement of all work on the subway. After that the work was continuous except as interru])leil by strikes, and the completion of the road, as originallv laid out, from ( )iK' Hundred and b^)rty-se\-enth Street to the Citv Hall, was onlv one month .and two days more than the four and one-half vears sti])ulated from HUDSOX TllRMIXAL BUILDIXG 415 HUDSON TERMINAL BUILDING n(; iiiSTORV 01- .v/r/f ]-ori< March J5, Kjoo. Extensi(ins have since l)een made extenchn^- the system into the Corouglis of the I'.rdux and [!ro<)kd_\n, and stiH other expansions of the lines are contemi^Iated. One of the exents of 1905 was the lihzzard wliich occurred on Jaintarv 25th. which, though not so sex'ere as the one that had lieen recorded for 1888. was sufficiently so to stoj) all surface tra\-el. One of the most notalile e\-ents of kjo^ was the life insurance investiga- tion of that year, which resulted in a marketl chan^X' in the management of all the large life insurance companies and the discovery of much that was unsound in the methods used by the companies, and the jM-osecution for illegal practices of several of the principal insurance officers. ]\Iany of them were forced to resign, and the Legislature, in \i)0(\ recei\-ing the rei)orts of the Armstrong- Insurance Commission, eiicacted laws to prevent the |)ractices which had been discovered in the course of the investigation. The mayoralty contest of i(;05 was one of the most exciting that ever occurred in tlie history of Xew ^^^rk. George B. McClellan was a candidate for reelection on the Democratic ticket. William ^1. hins was the candidate on the Republican ticket, and \\'illiam Randolph Hearst. proi)rietor of the New York Journal, the Xew \"ork American, and a number of other news- papers in various parts of the country, was n(iminated l)y a party he had him- self organized, known as the "Alunicipal ( )wnership League." Mr. Hearst is a man of \-er_\- great wealth, and had organized a A'ery effective campaign machine: and Ijeing himself a man of great energy, visited every section in the city, with his si)eakers. in support of himself and his platform, which was very profuse in the promises of what would be accom])lished in the case of Mr. Hearst's election. Lie drew \-er_\- largely from the vote of both of the old parties, receiving a substantial mai(.)ritv over ?\lcClellan in the liorough of Brooklyn and a small majority also in Queens, while McClellan carried the Boroughs of Afanhattan. the Bronx, rmd Richmond. After the election a con- test was started by Hearst, who claimed that a recount woitld show that he was elected, and the figures were so close that man\' beliex'cd that this claim was true. Even McClellan does not appear to ha\e Ijeen any too sure about it, for he interposed manv ol:)Stacles in the wa\- of ;i recount. The mayoralty contest was not finallv decided until |une 13, njoS. when in the Supreme Court the recount was ended b\- an instructed \-erdict. hnding that George B. McClellan had been elected mavor of Xew ^'ork 1)\' a ])luralitv of Jj^)i. which, however, was 863 less of a maioritv over Hearst than was originally shown in the official returns. This election was one of special importance, because it was the first one under the new law gi\ing a four-year term to the ma\dr of Xew \'ork. so that McClellan had secured one two-year and one four-vear term, makiu"' six A-ears in all. THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSIOX 41T During the year i()o6 tliere occurred, in June, one of the most sensa- tional murder cases in the history of Xew ^'ork: the shooting of Stanford White, tlie most famous of American architects, by Harry K. Thaw, in the Madison Scjuare Roof Garden, in June of tliat year. It is not necessary to go into the details of this recent crime, which resulted in the acquittal of the de- fendant on the ground of insanity, and his incarceration in the asvlum for the criminal insane at Alatteawan. \'ast sums of money were spent in defense of Thaw, whose family was one of the wealthiest in Pittshurgh, and numerous attempts were made to secure his release from the asvlum on the plea that he is now sane, but uniformly without success. In 1906, ^Ir. Hearst again appeared in politics as a candidate for gov- ernor, this time l)eing nominated not only Isy his own party, which had changed its name to "Independence League," but also securing the Democratic nomi- nation. Very man_\- of the Democratic \-oters of the citv and State, however, would not vote for Hearst, who had the }ear before been acti\-elv denouncing their party and its candidates, while the Republicans had the advantage of an exceptionally strong candidate in Charles E. Hughes, one of the ablest lawyers of X'ew \'ork City, who had been at the head of the great insin^ance examination of 11)04. ^f''- Hughes was elected b\- a ])luralitv of nearlv fiftv- eight thousand votes over Hearst. The important events of 1907 included the meeting in Xew York, on April 14th, of the National Arbitration and Peace Congress, and the pas- sage of a bill in the Legislature, signed by the governor, June 6, 1907, creating a Public L'tilities Commission, to have supervision and regulation over the various railroads. This has resulted in various reforms in con- nection with the o|)eration of street railroads, subwavs and elevated rail- roads in Xew York City. On June 20th, Mayor ^IcClellan turned the first sod in the construc- tion of the Catskill Water Supply System, which, when completed, will greatly enlarge the water resources of this great metropolis. On September 13th, the Lusitania, of the Cunard line of steamers, from Liverpool, completed her maiden trip from Queenstown in five days and fifty-four minutes, this being the largest steamship ever built, up to that time, with a gross tonnage of 32,500 tons, and 70,000 indicated H. P., with a length of 790 feet and breadth of 88 feet and a depth of 60^2 feet. This vessel and her sister ship of the same dimensions, the ]\lauretania, have since been running regularly between Xew York and Li\-erpool, and have several times reduced the record. The fast time record is now held b}- the r\Iauretania, which left Queenstown September 26th. and arrived in X'ew \ ork, September 30, 1909, in four da\-s, ten hours and fifty-one minutes. 418 HISTORY OF XEIJ' YORK (Jn (.)ct(il)er 17, KjO/. the first regular wireless despatch over the Atlantic Ocean for commercial purposes, was received in Xew York. On October 21, 1907, there was great financial disturbance in Xew York, owing to the suspension of the Knickerbocker Trust Company, which was followed between then and the 30t]i by the sus])ension of several of the banks, and caused a financial stringency in the city for several months. The suicide of Charles T. Barney, on November 14th, was one of the incidents of the troubles that followed, and several prosecutions for the violation (if the banking laws were started against various ofticials. On January 9, 1908, the East River tunnel, from Manhattan to Brook- lyn, was open to traffic as a part of the Interborough Rapid Transit Rail- road, and has since been in operation, and on February 25th, the first of the tunnels under the Hudson River, to Xew Jersey from Xew York, was open to traffic by the Hudson and Manhattan Railway Company, of which William G. McAdoo is president and executive. The Knickerbocker Trust Company reopened for business on March 26, 190S, having been reorganized and strengthened, and placed under new management. The Old Free Academ}- of New York, the origin of which has been heretofore mentioned, and which several years after had received col- legiate powers, and changed its name to the "College of the City of New York," had so grown that new premises were required, and the new build- ings on St. Nicholas jilace, at One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Street, were built, and were formallv opened on May 14, 190S. On May 30, 1908, the body of George Clinton, the first governor of the State of New York, arrived in New York, arrangements having been made for its removal from the city of \^'ashington to Kingston, X'ew York, where the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of Kingston took place on the 31st instant. The body was received in New York City with a])propriate honors and forwarded to its final destination. In 1908 occurred another ])residential election, \\'illiam H. Taft for President, and James S. Sherman for \'ice President, being the candidates uiion the Republican ticket, and William Jennings Bryan for the third time was the Democratic nominee, with Jacob S. Kern, of Indiana, as his running mate. The Republican ticket was elected: and Charles E. Hughes was also a successful candidate, reelected to the office of governor of New York, which he resigned to take effect in October, 1910, having been appointed associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Ignited States. In 1909 occurred several centenaries, notably those of Abraham Lincoln, Edgar Allen Poe. Charles Darwin and Alfred Tennyson, all of which were celebrated in Xew York. THE CITY COLLEGE 419 o r r K o K O H I W 4v'0 HISTORY OF XEJl' YORK On ]\Iarch 13th. news caaif frum Palermo, Sicily, that Lieutenant Petrosini) had l)een assassinated in that city, prestnnably by the members of what is known as the "Black-hand Society." This was an association of Italian criminals, many members of which had foimd their way into the L'nited States, and believed to be responsible fur many murders and other atrocities. The usual method of the Black-hand was to send threatening letters to some person supposed to be wealthy, usually of their own nation- ality, threatenino- death, the abduction of some child, or some atrocity, in case of non-cnm])liance with their demands for mnuey. Lietitenant Petrosino had been untiring- in the work assigned to him of the detection and punishment of members of this murderous society, and was in Italy in inirsuance of his ofticial duty, when he was assassinated. His body was returned to Xew \'ork and committe 1 to the earth with militarv honors. An im])ortant event of the year was the opening, on ]\larch 13th, of the new Utteensborough l:)ridge, conne:ting Xew \'ork, at Fift_\'-eighth Street, with Long Island City. On Tulv 6, ii)08. Commander Pear\-, U.S.X.. the arctic ex])lorer, left X'ew York in the steamer Roosevelt, on anr)ther ])olar ex])edition to the Xorth. with an e(|ui]iment which seemed to assure him success in reaching the Xorth Pole. ( )n Septemlier i, 190 ), a Danish ship touched at the Orkneys, in the Xorth of Scotland, ha\-ing on Itoard Dr. Frederick A. Cook, an explorer who had left Xew York in \uoy. who telegraphed from there th.'it he had reached the Xorth Pole on A])ril 21, 1908. and had afterward undergone a winter of terrible ]>ri\ations in the frozen regions of the X'orth. A few days afterwards he reached Copenhagen, where his announcement of the discovery of the X'orth Pole was full}- credited and honors heaped upon the exidorer. On Se]neml)er 9th, howe\-er. Com- mander Pear\-. who had reached Indian Harbor. Labrador, on his return voyage, announced that he had discovered the Xorth Pole, in April. 1901). A week later I'ear\- sent another des;)atch, relating to the claim of Dr. Cook, declaring that Cook had not reached the X'orth Pole, and imme- diateh- a contro\-ersv began o\-er that stibject. Dr. Cook arrived in Xew York City, on September 21st, and received an uproarious welcome. After that he lectured in various ])(;>ints of the countr}- in regard to his dis- cover^-, publishing in serial form, in the Xew York Herald, what pur])orted to lie a narrative of his adventures in reaching the pole. Peary afterward arri\-ed, and his accounts were so specific and so well attested, that there was practicalh- no doulit aliout the fact that he had reached the X'orth Pole. Still many, and probably a n-iajority, of the people believed the storv of Dr. Cook, on the strength of which he was awarded the freedom of the cit}- b\- the Pioard of Aldermen, on ( )ctober 15. i<;oij. Later dis- ATTEMPTED ASSASSIXATIOX OF MAYOR GAYS OR 4-n cuveries in regard to the ductur weakened imlilic npininn, and liis so-called records, which were sent to the L'niversitv (^f Copenhagen, in December, were examined by that body, which funnd that the_\' did not at all estaldish his claim. Before this decision was made. Dr. Cook and his family dis- appeared from view. So although it is undoubtedly true that Dr. Cook was somewhere in the far Arctic region at the time, his accoimts of having reached the pole are thoroug'hly discredited. The scientific world now fully recognizes the claim of Commander Peary as the first discoverer of the Nortli Pole. In the municipal election, in November, 1909, the Democratic nomi- nation was given to Judge A\'illiani J. Gaynor, of Brooklyn, who had a long and honorable record as a jurist and a ])olitical reformer. The Repub- licans and several indei^endent (irganizatious had. i^revious to (iaynor's nomination, united in the selection of Otto H. Bannard. i)resident of the Xew York Trust Company, as the fusion candidate for mayor. William R. Hearst, who had previously expressed a desire to support judge Gaynor if he should be nominated on an inde])endent ticket, declared himself against that gentleman, after he had received the Tammany nomination, and himself became a candidate for the ma^'l:>ralt^•, making many speeches, principally directed against Gaynor. judge (laynor received over 250,000 votes, Bannard over 177,000, and Hearst over 104,000, so that Judge Gaynor was elected mayor, while for the other numicii>al offices, Mr. Bannard's running mates on the Fusion ticket were elected. Mr. Gaynor began his administration so nmch to the citv's general satisfaction, that the attempt to assassinate him, by a discharged dock employee, in August, 1910, shocked the world. Fortunatelv he recovered from his wound. One of the vastly important events of 1909 was the completion of the Pennsylvania Railroad terminals, so that an inspection train was run through under the Hudson River, from Harrison. Xew Jerse}-. to Xew \'ork City, o\-er the Pennsylvania Railroad tracks. This pa\-ed the wa}- for the oi^ening of regular train service over the Pennsylvania lines direct to Thirtv-second Street and Seventh Avenue, Xew ^'ork, which began on September 8, 1910, trains now running into the magnificent new terminal station of that company. McKnr,. Mead & (I lnu\ rl n-lnl eels THE NEW PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION 423 HISTORY OF XFJV YORK TRINITY BUILDING Francis H. Kimball, Architect CHAPTER T H I R T Y - S I X NEW YORK HARBOR AND THE HUDSON RIVER THE HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION As a harbor and conunercial centre N^ew York j)ossesses unsurpassed advantages of situation. It is located in latitude 40° 42' north, and longitude 70° west of the Meridian of Greenwich. The rocky island of ^Manhattan rises abruptly from the waters of a landlocked harbor, uiion whose l)road surface might float the combined navies of the world. About eighteen miles south of the Battery liegin the entrance channels to the Lower Bay: the South. Main, Gedney and Ambrose Channels, the lat- ter only completed about Kp/. and being the deepest of all, and used by the greatest of the modern "leviathans of the deep." The Lower Bay is connec- ted with the L'pper Bay and Newark Bay 1)y the Kills around Staten Island. To the east of the island of Manhattan the East River connects the Upper Bay with Long Island Sound, which affords a route safely protected from the Atlantic for vessels bound from New York to the cities of Southern New England. On the north of Manhattan Island the FTarlem Ship Canal connects the East and North (Hudson) Rivers. At ebb-tide there is a depth of twenty-one feet of water on the outer liar between Sandv Hook and Long Island, and the tidal wave rises and falls but six feet. The port is open to navigation all the year round, even when the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays are frozen over. The Lower Bav has eighty-eight st|uare miles, and the L^pper Bay four- teen square miles of anchorage, a total of 102 square miles. The water front of the city has been greatly impro\-ed for the purposes of a harbor by its great system of jetties and docks. There is a total of 47S miles of water front and seven hundred miles of wharf room. To the interior stretches the Hudson River, navigated l)y some of the finest vessels that ever floated on inland waters, and connected for freight purposes bv the great canals which, before the railroad became a fact, had been opened to form a line of traffic comnumication between the great lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. Of the Erie Canal the Legislature authorized the final survey on April 13, 1806: work was l^egun at Rome, in Oneida County, July 4, 1817, and the first boat, the Seneca Chief, left Buffalo October 26, 1825. and arrived in New York City November 4, 1825. The second of the canals of importance is the Champlain Canal, begun in November, 181 7, and opened September 10, 1823. It connects Lake Champlain with the Hudson River and the Erie Canal. Many other canals in the State add their quota to the traffic which has its southern terminus in New York Citv. 4-.' I HISTORY OF XEW YORK \\'hcn liudsdii came thrnugh the Narrows and crossed the hroad Upper Ray, his first idea was that he had fotind the passage to Cathay, that had l^een the (h"eaiH nf tlie adventtirers from the davs of Cohinil)iis. He missed Cathay, hut fotind a greater land His voyage up the Hudson has l)een fully described, from his own narratix'e. in the first part of this volume, and that river was the most important disco\'erv of his \-ovage. It was that river, with the possi- bilities that it (i])enc(l fur trade with the aljorigines, that made his discovery es])ecially valuable to civilization, and that catised the settlement of Xew Xeth- erland a decade later. The commercial Dutch, fully alive to the value of water- wavs as trade thoroughfares, founcled the settlement which has expanded to the present New York, because of the usefulness of the river as a business highway. The historic imjjortance of Hudson's discoverv has never been questioned, and the ])ro])osition that there should be a tercentenary celebration of the discovery held in np<; was, therefore, ;i most ap])ropriate one. It was not the tercentenary of the citv, but of the river, for the citv was not founded for se\"eral years after the Half-Miion sailed up what Hudson called the "Groot Rivier" or Great River. Mven that was not its first name, for the respective Indian trilies, which were verv numerous, wdiose villages lined its shores, each called the river by their indivitlual tribal names, as the "Shate- muc," "]\Iohican" and "Cahohatatea." The first Dutch settlers named it ■"Mauritius'" in iKinor of Prince Maurice of Nassau, then at the head of the United Netherlands, while the English, in the earliest maps of the regiini made by them after the discovery, indicated it in those maps as "Hudson's River," that l)eing the basis of their rather shadowv claim to the region, because Henry Hudson, though at the time master of a Dutch ship, was an English- man. After English sovereignty was established the name '"Hudson River" Iiecame the permanent one. From the first, however, both under the Dutch and the English, the residents of the City of New ^'ork have, tn this dav, used the alternate name uch disturl)- ance was created there that the privileg'e for Irelaml wa^ recalled in VJ2^. Wood continued, however, to make for America his "Rosa Americana" pen- nies, half-pence antl farthing-s of the same composition until I7,^,v when he (|uit coining- them hecause there was no demand for them. The\- were well made, but the quality of the metal \\as so base that the\- met with little fa\-or, and Wood was accused of "having the conscience to make thirteen shillings out of a pound of brass." Merchants im])orted regular copper coins from England, which passed ctirrent at twice their English \alue, a half-penny jiassing for a pennv, and as this made the importatii^n profitable, the copper half-pence became verv plentiful. In il^,^'^ the Assembly ])assed a law to prevent the further impor- tation of copper money, which made it a felonv to bring into the colonv more than ten shillings at a time. This law did noi |)re\ent importation, for the copper coins continued to increase in numljer until, in 1754, the merchants agreed not to receive or jiass conds $1 ,30(),42, but, after its completion in 185 1, it added very greatlv to the trade of New "^'ork. This was the only one of the great trunk lines that was originallv chartered as such, the other tlirough systems each having been the result of consolidation of various local roads. The second trunk line to be completed into the city was the New ^'ork Central and Hudson River Railroad, which was a consolidation of ten or more railroads, each locally organized Ijetween Bufifalo and New 'S'cirk, and united into one system, November i, 1869, bv the consolidation of the New ^'ork Central Railroad and the Hudson River Railroad. Jt now com])rises lines in New ^'ork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts (including the West .shore Ivailroad), aggregating 3882.28 miles operated. What is known as the New \ ork Central System extends beyond these lines to the West, including" the Lake ."^hore and Alicbigan Southern System, the "liig l-'our" System, Michigan I'entra! System, "Nickel Plate" Road, and man\- others, gi\-ing the New ^^jrk Central connections, under the same general managemeni, with Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, Cincinnati. Indianapolis. St. Louis, and all the most im])ortam points of the I'entral West. The Grand Central Station, begun in i8()(j and completed in 1871, was long the finest in the city; was remodeled in i8(j9, and taken down in 1910 to make room for the much larger structure ]»Ianned to take its place, annexes to which, fronting on Lexington .Vvenue, had already lieen l)uilt for the acconnnodation of the general otfices of the comi)any. The electrification of the company's lines within a radius of twentv- five to thirty nfiles of the city is one of tlie most notable engineering works of modern times. The Pennsylvania Railroad Comjiany, the third trunk line to reach the city, was organized in its present form by the consolidation of the original THR PEXXSVLJ'AXIA SYSTEM 447 Pennsylvania Railroad, first opened from Philadelphia to Pittshurgh, Fehruary 15, 1854, with the United Railroads of New Jersey, which was a combina- tion of five independent railroads in New Jersey, and became a part of the Pennsvlvania Railroad in Jnne, i.^^/i, giving to that road a direct through line from Philadelphia to Jersey City, connected by ferries with the stations of the Pennsylvania Railroad in New York City. The great Pennsylvania System, which now extends to all the great centres of population and commerce in the middle States in the Mississippi Valley, has greatly increased its connec- tion with the trade of New York by its wonderful enterprise in the building of its great tunnels under the Hudson and the East Rivers and under the City of New York, and the Inhlding of its magnificent terminal station at Seventh Avenue and Thirty-second Street in New York City. By its acf|uire- ment of the Long Island Railroad as part of the system this railroad comjiany has given to Brooklyn and Queens Boroughs, as well as Manhattan, direct conimunication with all parts of the continent, and has secured control of the most complete terminal, yard and shipping facilities of any railroad entering the metropolis. The Long Island Railroad Companv was chartered in 1834, and was first built from Jamaica to Hicksville, but in 1844 had reached Greenport. which is at present the eastern terminus of its main line. It acquired much impor- tance in that early day. because it formed the first railway mail route between New York and Boston, the mails then being transferred by steamboats from Greenport to the Connecticut shore. The company afterward acquired other lines on Long Island bv purchase and lease, the svstem now comprising the Main Line from Long Island Citv to Greenport, 94.74 miles; Long Island City to Montauk, 115. 13 miles; owned branches amounting to 106.48 miles; leased branches 63.75 miles; and the New York and Rockaway Beach Rail- way 11.74 miles, reaching- all important points in Long Island, and possessing great value to New York, as the means of liringing to the metropolis the extensive farm products of the island, besides operating a valuable suburban service from New York to the numerous \-illages and seaside resorts on the island. This important system has become a part of the Pennsyh-ania Rail- road with which it now has direct connection bv way of the ne\\'ly constructed tunnels under East River into the Pennsylvania Station at Seventh Avenue and Thirty-second Street, greatlv increasing its usefulness and value. The Philadelphia and Reading Railwav and the Central Railroad of New- Jersey, which is owned b\- the Philadel|)hia and Reading, together constitute another of the important railroad systems reaching New ^'ork, with tracks extending from Jersey City to many points in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and is one of the favorite lines of travel between New ^'ork and Philadelphia, witli hourlv trains. 4IS fllSTORV OF XEir YORK riirou^ii a traffic arrangement with the I'hiladelijhia and Reading, the Raltininre and ( )iiiii Raih-oad Company has an entrance into Xew York, having its own terminals at the northern end of Staten Island, and forming one of the most important commercial links between Xew "S'ork and the South. rile Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which was organized first in 11^53. gained an entrance to Jersey City and Xew \"ork in 186S, by its lease of the Alorrison and Essex Railroad, and by extending its lines to Buf- falo and Oswego on Lake Ontario, it Iv.^came not only a great coal road reach- ing the anthracite fields of Penii'-ylvania. but also a competitor of the Erie and other lines from points on the X'orthern Lakes for pa'^senger as well as for freight traffic. The A\'est Shore Railroad and the Xew York. Chicago and St. Louis ( "Xickel Plate" ) Railroad were both originally built as competing through lines to the West, Intt were afterward absorbed l)y the Xew York Central Sys- tem. In the earl_\- days of the city when all the peoi)le in Xew York lived in walking distance of the City Hall on Wall Street, the trans])ortation problem was of no puljlic importance, although the "'people of qualitv" ke]it their pri- vate carriages. As the chx grew. howe\-er, the f[uestion of means of con- veyance between home and business assumed greater importance and led. in 1S30. to the estaljlishing of a line of stages, the first of which ran from Bowl- ing Green to Bleecker Street. Rival lines were soon established and the stages became \-er}- numerous, each claiming to ha\'e the most elegant vehicles, which were given attractive names, such as George \\'ashington. Lady \\'ashington, DeWitt Clinton, Ladv Clinton, and the like. The villages of Greenwich and Yorkville were the northern termini of some of these lines, and larger vehicles were soon demanded, to meet which demand omnibus lines were estal)lished. The Xew Yr)rk and Harlem Horse Railroad, the first of it'^ kind in the world, was organized in 1S31, and made its first tri]) from Prince to Eour- teenth Streets on X'ovemljer 26, 1832. the line soon afterward being extended to Harlem Bridge. John Stevenson, who Imilt the first tram car run on that road, established, in 1^36. a large car manufactory in Harlem. As the city grew the horse-car hn^*s were extended in exerv direction, and although horse cars ha\'e I)een discarded in nearly every other important city in the world, a few still remain in X'ew ^'ork, though whether they are retained as historical mementos or for some other reason does not seem to be very clear. By far the larger number. howe\'er. and all the principal lines, are now operated by electric traction, the wires of the svstems being laid underground in ^Mrmhattan. while in the other l)oroughs the trolley system is in use. On several of the lines the cable svstem was used for several vears. BEGIWIXGS OF RAPID TRAXSIT 449 but those roads were later electrified. There have been many changes in mvnership of the lines in Manhattan, and at one time thev were all combined under one management, giving the ])atrons the adwantage of transfers between all the lines, but legal complications destro_\-ed the combination and the lines reverted back to the old companies, so that many trips which could formerlv be made with one fare now require two or more. A'arious improvements in service and convenience have been introduced during recent \'ears, however, one of the most im])ortant being the ]iav-as-\-ou-enter stvle of cars. From the primiti\-e conditions of the earlv horse-car davs of Manhattan Island to the a])])arentl_\' insatiable demands for urban and interurban rapid transit of the ])resent, marks a rapid and transforming change. Given a water-bound city shaped like a flattened cone, with millions of people crowding the entire surface, the larger ])arl of \\liom huve to be car- ried daily by land to and from a very small area in its narrowest end; add to this other millions from outside the cit}- who are being dail\- brought in vari- ous ways across the water to the same congested area, and there are pre- sented transportation ])roblems of llie most ditTticull kind. After the horse railroad made its initial success the lines multiplied and the roads became numerous. Many thought the Ijusiness would be overdone, but when people found there was some way other than walking they began to spread out along these lines of transjiortation. Idle metro]:)olitan growth was such that the transportation system never caught u]) with the constant demand for more. The wide end of the flattened cone — Manhattan Island — filled with people who loaded down the surface cars and found them all too slow, while beyond the Harlem lay a larger and wider territory waiting for means of transit to the growing activities of the lower end of the island. The demand for ra])id transit became loud and insistent. The surface being preempted, the solution seemed to be in elevated roads, for which the outcry began a year or so after the Ci\'il ^^'ar. C)ye\- fort\" ])lans were sub- mitted to the Xew ^'ork Legislature in ]H()y. The s\stem ]iroposed bv Charles C. Harvey was that which met the widest a])i)r()\al. and that inventor was granted permission to build an ex])eriniental track from Cortlandt Street, through Greenwich Street and Xinth .V\-enue to Thirtieth Street. The con- struction of this road was begun m iS()7, and it was opened for operation in 1X70, the cars being o])erated liy an endless chain driven by stationary engines located at four different points along the line. ()l)eration by endless chain pro\-ed a failure, and the nioti\-e i)ower was therefore changed, in 1871, to a dummy engine, the e(|ui])iiient in that year consisting of one dummy engine and three ])assenger cars. The road in that year passed into the hands of a new corporation, known as the Xew York Elevated Railroad Companv. 450 HISTOKV OF XliW YORK In the session <>i 1S71-1SJJ a charter was t^Tanted 1)_\' tlie Lej^'islature of Xew York fur another elevated road, known, from its ])roiector. Dr. Rufus H. Gill)ert. as the "Gilbert" road, which was to be a ])neuniatic tube, suspended from loftv arches, the trains of which would be out of sight and practically noiseless. The pneumatic idea proving impracticable, the company planned to make the proj^osed tube without a top and construct a steam road through it, in which the train would still be out of sight of residents and those in the streets. Fttrther thought seeming to make the trough seem of little value, it was decided to change the ])lan to that of a simple elevated steam railroad similar to that already in operation on Greenwich Street. ]\Iuch public oppo- sition and a verv large amount of litigation followed the announcement of this change of ])lan. The rapid transit prol)lem was taken up by the Legislature in 1875, ^^'^^ the Husted Act was passed, providing for the appointment of a commission to decide if a s\-stem of rapid transit for Xew York was needed, and, if so, to establish the proper routes, such commission to be appointed by the mayor of Xew N'ork. [Mayor Wickham a])i)ointed to that commission Joseph Seligman, Lewis Ij. r>rown, Cornelius LI. Delamater. Jordan L. Alott and Charles J. Cauda, who, meeting first on July 13. 1875, and continuing their work through the summer, reported in favor of steam railways u])on Xinth, Sixth, Third and Second Avenues, assigning them to the Gilbert road and to the Xew N'ork Elevated Railroad Company, which was then operating the little road on Greenwich .Street. I'ollowing the award of the commission the work of construction was renewetl, although litigation and injunctions hampered progress, but the New York Elevated had, bv 1876. so extended its road that it advertised that it was running "fortv through trains ]X'r day" l)etween the Battery and Fifty- ninth Street. Cvrus W. Field secured a controlling interest in that company in 1877. and under his executive initiative the road was ra])idly i)ushed toward completion, especially after a decision of the Court of Ap])eals which declared constitutional the charters of that road and of the Metroj^olitan Elevated Railroad Com])anv, and dissolved all the injunctions which had been issued against the two corporations. The Metropolitan Elevated Road was the name chosen for the Sixth Avenue road, after it had jiassed from the control of Dr. ( hlbert. It was opened from Rector Street to the end of Sixth A\eiuie, at Central Park, on June 5, 1878. The Third Avenue road was completed to Forty-second .Street and opened on August 26, 1878. The two comjianies were consoli- dated in i87() under the title of the Manhattan Railway Company. In 1880 the Second Avenue line was completed and opened to Sixty-seventh Street, and soon thereafter the four lines had reached Harlem. ELEVATED ROADS AXD THE SUBWAY 451 The Suburban Rapid Transit Railroad Company built a road from One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Street, in Harlem, crossing a bridge and running through the villages of Mott Haven and ]Melrose to Central Alorrisania, at One Hundred and Seventv-first Street and Third Avenue. This was acquired by the Manhattan Company in 1891 and extended to West Farms and Bronx Park, and now forms the elevated railway system of the popu- lous and rapidly growing borough of the Bronx. For the nine months ended September 30, 1S72, during which period three and one-half miles of elevated railway line were operated, the total number of passengers carried was 137,446. The number became more than proportionately larger as the mileage of the line increased, even while steam continued to be used as the motive power. The elevated lines changed to electricity in the years 1902 and 1903, and since then the growth of the passenger traffic from year to year has been very great. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, the Interborough Rapid Transit Companv operated thirty-seven and sixty-eight hundredths miles of elevated railway, with an equipment consisting of 916 motor cars, 675 trailer cars, and fifty-two service cars, a total of 1643 cars, with one main power station and seven substations necessary for the operation of the road by elec- tricity, and carried 276,250,196 passengers. The number of employees in the service was 5634; the total amount paid in wages, $4,121,896. The thirty- seven and sixtv-eight hundredths miles of elevated railway line represent an investment of approximately $96,000,000. The number of passengers car- ried by the elevated railroads for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, was 293,826,280. The greatest move in the direction of rapid transit for Xew York was matle b}' the creation of the suliway system. Mention has been made in a previous chapter of tlie ])uilding of the first stibway, and the completion of the railroad from City Hall to One Hundred and Forty-seventh Street, October ly, 1904. The Interborough Rapid Transit Company, which has occupied and operated the subway from its inception, and which also acquired from the ]\Ianhattan Elevated Railway Company the elevated railroads, has thus controlled the entire rapid transit system of ^Manhattan and the Bronx since the autumn of 1904. From the opening of the subway for operation, October 2j, 1904, to the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1905, a period of about eight months, the number of passengers carried was 'J2.~22,S(;)0, and the mileage operated was sixteen and ninety-six hundredths miles. Since then a continuous policy of extension has been carried out. To the north the Broadway extension has been carried to the Yonkers line, and the line on Lenox Avenue branches off beyond One Hundred and 452 HISTORY OP XJlll- YORK > < X u o > ['J.ST TR.n-FlC OF IXTHRHOKOUCH SVSTI'.M 453 Tliirt}--flftli Street, throii.^h ;i ttmnel under the Harlem River, to West Farms and Bronx Park; while south from the Brooklyn Bridge station the line has heen extended to South Ferry, between which station and Bowling" ( ireen a line branches off to the entrance of the East River tunnel, through which are run through trains to Brookhn, at Atlantic Avenue, from which point extensions are planned. For the iiscal year ended June _^o. 1909, the total nund)er of passen- gers carried in the subway was 2j;S,4_:50, 146, and the mileage operated was twenty-hve and sixt}-three hundredths miles. Idle eqttipment, June 30, 1909, consisted of 514 motor cars, 30; trailer cars and thirty service cars, a total of 853 cars. The cost of the road and e(|uipment was $91,531,333. The number of employees was 3642. and the total amount l)aid in wages was $2,735,790. The subway was originally planned to carry four hundred thousand passengers per day, but during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, the average number of passengers carried daily was over seven hundred thou- sand per day, the t(^tal number of passeng'ers for the year being 268,962,115. To accommodate increased travel there was inaugurated a systematic lengthening of station platforms along the entire system to admit of the use of longer trains, by which means an increased carrying capacity can be obtained. The total numlier of passengers carried for the fiscal year ended June 30, ii)Oi). by the Tnterborough System (elevated roads and subways) was 514,680,342; and for the fiscal rear ended June 30, 19TO. was 562,788,395. " The extension of the ra])id transit systems of the city was, in the fall of 1910, engaging the attention of the cit^' authorities, the Pttblic Service Commission and the several companies identified with the problem of extending the transit facilities to the districts most needing them in the \arious boroughs. Even more important than rapid transit to the ( ireater City is a suffi- cient supply of pure water. Reference has been made in a former chapter to the earlier service in this direction, and to the iovotis celebration of the citizens of New ^'ork when the water sui)])l\- from the Croton watershed was turned on. That system has since been frequently extended, but the most imjiortant of all of the arrangements made for secttring a better and more adequate water stt]ipl}- for Xew ^'ork is involved in the new Cats- kill water su])ply project, which proposes to bring into this citv a verv large additional supply of ])ure mountain water from fotu^ distinct water- sheds in the Catskill Mountains, to be developed in the following order: I, the Esopus; 2. Rondout ; 3. Schoharie; 4. Catskill Creek; \\ith a total 454 HISTORY OF XJIJI' YORK estimated xield of about se\en hundred million gallons daily. The cost of the project, including filtration plant and main delivery acjueduct to the five boroughs, is estimated at $161,857,000. The water from the Esopus watershed, which has an area of 255 square miles, will be stored in the Ashokan reservoir, thirteen and one-half miles west of Kinston, which will be the main impounding reservoir, about twelve miles in length, with an average width of one mile, and a maximum depth of njo feet, the reser- voir water surface being 590 feet above the sea lex'el, the submerged area covering twelve and eight-tenths miles and the capacity of the reservoir amounting- to one hundred and thirtv liillion gallons. The Rondout watershed, covering 176 square miles, will discharge its waters into the Lackawack reservoir, which will l)e connected by the Rondout aqueduct with the Catskill a(iueduct eight and one-half miles below the Ashokan reservoir. Schoharie watershed, with an area of 228 square miles, will store its waters in Prattsville reservoir, connected by a ten-mile tunnel, through the di\'ide, with the Esopus Creek and the Ashokan reservoir. The Catskill Creek watershed has an area of 163 square miles, and there will be several reservoirs along Catskill Creek, from the lowest of which an aqueduct will convey the water into the eastern extremitv of Ashokan reservoir. From the Ashokan reserv(»ir the L'atskill a(|ueduct, with a capacity of five hundred million gallons daily, extends ninet}--two miles to an equal- izing reser\'oir of nine hundred million gallons cajiacity at Hill View, in Yonkers, just across the New York City line, with a full water level of 295 feet above tide. A llhralion plant, sufficient t(j purif\- the entire Catskill jNIountain sup- ply, is ti> be constructed at Eastview, three miles east of Tarrytown. The plan, which has been under contemplation for many years, is now under construction and has been fully elaborated with means to extend the water system to all five of the boroughs. The present water supply of Brooklyn is mostl}- procured from Long Island, west of Amityville, about one-fifth from the surface streams and the remainder from driven-well stations. The lighting of a city, in our time, forms such a \er\- important featiUT of its desirability for residence, that one of the ])resent tlay can scarcely conceive what a town could h;i\e been like in the olden days, when candles and whale oil formed the only means of lighting, and yet we read, in regard to the celebrations of the Eighteenth Century, about "illumination" being part of the festivities of the i)eople: when they lighted candles in their windows in honor of the King's liirtlidaw CHURCH AM lit SKY SCRAPERS 455 TRINITY CHURCH FROM THE REAR 4.56 HISTOR]' OF Xl-ir YORK Ik- introduction of i4"as in New ^ ork City, in 1823, marked a won- derful clian.i^e. althoug'h at first it was ver}- limited, as the lights were ])oor as com])ared to those of gas as it is now made and used with the imjiroved styles of Imrners that are now availahle. NEW YORK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE The lirsl ca])ital em|)loyed in the ])ro(luction of gas in this citv was hy the stockholders of tlie Xew ^drk lias Light I'ompanw and the price lor five or six _\ears was $10 ])er one thousand cubic feet. As late as i<%0 the gas was sold at from S2.50 to S3. 00 ])er one thousand cubic feet, and in that 3'ear the company su])])lied about thirteen thousand consumers and 3100 street lamps. Instead of selling by ilie thousand feet, the company charged ^o much ]ier hundred feet. In 1N47 the rate was seventy cents GAS SUPPL.-IXTS THE CAXDIJI 457 ])er hundred feet, i ir (niK- icn cents less than the rate now charged for one thdusand cn1)ic I'ect. In achUtion to tlial, there was the rent of the meters lo be ]jaid fur. which axeraged abcmt sixteen cents ])er niontli, and, as the C(ini])any owned the ^'as fixtures, varinns i)rices were charged for these, which frei|nently amounted to as mucli as the cost of the gas itself. The \ew ^'ork ( ias Light Com])any was originally situated at the corner of Centre and tiester Streets and at Canal and Hester Streets. In 1 852 the company moved to its new works at Twenty-tirst Street and Ax'enue A, and in 1859 it had 496 cast-iron retorts under fire and had six holders of 1,500,000 cubic feet capacity. It is interesting to note that these six reservoirs, which in those davs were considered extraordinarily large, did not ha\e, combined, the ca])acit\- of the gigantic holder at Astoria. These holders were situated in I'ark. Roosevelt, Church and Xew Streets, l)ut with the gradtial deitiand for s])ace for btisiness jnirposes, they were removed to more remote localities. In the vear ])revious to the beginning of the Civil War, the company had 120 miles of mains, and its business was confined to the territorv south of (irand Street. The Alunicijial Gas Company established a i)lant for the manufacture of water gas on West Forty-fourth Street, and after it had ])roved a suc- cess a number of modifications of it were promulgated. Cp to about the }-ear 1855. five candles to the cubic foot of gas burned per hour w'as regarded as a verv good figure. To-day it is possible to get twenty-five candles when the gas is burned in a ])ro])erly constructed mantle burner. In 1859 and i8()0 stove coal was worth about $5.00 per ton ; and coke from the gas works was a popular fuel in their vicinitw (arts delivered it at $2.50 |)er chaldron. It was also sold 1)}" the bushel, l:)Ul the consumers liad to go to the gas works to get it. During the winter season the gas holders of the Xew York Gas Light Com]iany were charged with coal tar in the cups, in order to prevent theni from freezing, and it was not until 1865 that tar was displaced by the use of steam — a method that has ])cen maintained from that dav to this. A very ini])ortant forward stride was made by the discovery, in 1868, of the value of the by-products of coal tar and ammonia. The actual and ])ractical making of w-ater gas, although it had been ]ironounced to be suc- cessful years before, ilid not really l)egin until 1873. in the West Forty- fourth Street works, tinder the management of W^illiam H. llradley, now the chief engineer of the Conscjlidated (ias Company of New York, who saw the ])ossibility of the water-gas svstem as invented b\- AI. Tessie du INIotav: and while the inventor had at no time made a success of it, it liegan to fiouri>h immediately after Air. P)radley took liold of it, and ap|)lie(l his knowledge and experience to its mantifacture. -to8 HISTORY OF XHir YORK Xew 'S'ork was the third cit\- ni the Liiimi to liave a eas works, havins' been preceded by Baltimore and Boston. Tlie franchise in this city was granted May 12. iS_'_:;, with tlie specification that the gas was to lie of a quaHty, lirilliancy or intensity equal to the g-as in use f(Tr the i)ublic lamps in the city of London. England. These public lamps were furnished at a price equal to that charged for the sperm oillamps which they superseded. The company operated south of Grand Street, and ten years after its for- mation, a franchise was granted to the AFanhattan Gas Light Company, to operate north of Grand Street. Under the original arrangement with the city, the provision which had previously applied to the s]")erm oil citv lamps, that they should not be lit on the nights when the moon shone, also applied to gas lamps; Init in 1853, the "moonlight schedule'" was alxilished and the hours of lighting- increased from -'300 to 3833 i)er year, and in that >ear, for the first time, the gas lam])s exceeded the oil lam])s in number. Li 1855 a third franchise was granted to the Harlem ( ias Light Com- pany to operate north of Seventy-ninth Street. In that year the popula- tion of the old cit\- of Xew ^'ork was 813,000. There were 13.443 street lamps and the annual cost of lighting them was $400,000. In 1858 the Metropolitan Gas Light Comjian}- received a franchise for tlie district between Thirty-fourth and Seventy-ninth Streets. They did not supply street lamps until i8()4, at which time al)ont tliree thousand lam])s of the Manhattan Company were transferred to the Metropolitan (ias Light Com])any. [n 1NO3 the combined capitalization of the gas companies in Xew ^ ork City was ,$7,000,000. Li the year 1870 the population had increased to 950,000, and .-mother corporation, the Xew York ^Mutual (ias Light Company, was formed. After that the Knickerbocker (ias Light Com- pany was organized, which supplied ])rivate consumers only. In 1899 the Consolidated Gas Company of Xew York acquired control of all the exist- ing corporations, with the exception of two small companies, supplying out- lying sections in the borough of the Bronx, and later the companv also came into the control of the electric lighting companies. At the present date (1910) about eighteen million cubic feet of gas are consumed each day. The stupendous total of eight hundred and ten thousand tons of coal and ninety thousand gallons of oil are required to furnish gas ft)r one year to the consumers in the boroughs of IManhattan and the Bronx. This furnishes a gas of twentv-two candle power, of higher grade th.-m is furnished in any other American cit\-. It requires 20.750 cars to transfer the coal, each car carrying forty tons, which means ;i train 127 miles long. When this coal and oil is transformed PRESEXT GAS SUPPLY I\ XEW YORK 459 into t^as, it is carried under the surface of the avenues and streets of the boroughs of [Manhattan and the Bronx, through 1742 miles of mains, and nearly one thousand miles of service pipes. The mains have increased in size with the g-rowth of the city, until now a i)art of the system includes a main sixtv inches in diameter, the largest gas main in the world. In July, ii)io, there were in use in Xew York City 777,341 gas meters, of which numl)er 203,017 are prepayment, or "quarter" meters. On one day the gas companies handle 10,174 orders; the term "order" mean- ing requests from consumers for burner tips, requests to have gas ranges examined or trifling repairs made to them, all of which require the services of 1016 men. (In one day the index or meter readers read 27,463 meters. The gas sales per capita in New York City average $8.27. Included in the wonderfitl development in ci)nsum])tii)n of gas, the use of this ideal product for fuel purposes, is no less remarkable than that for ilhimination. The degree of perfection to which stoves, ranges, heaters and other devices for the burning of gas for fuel have been brought, have given it the lead in New York City as a fuel for culinary purposes, and adds very largely to the cleanliness of the huttses and the comfort of the householders of New York. The officers of the Consolidated Gas Ci>m])an\- of New N'ork are: George B. Cortelyou, |)resident ; W. R. Addicks, L. R. (iawtry and R. A. Carter, vice presidents; J. A. Bennett, treasurer; Benjamin W'hitel}-, assistant treasurer; R. A. Carter, secretary; C. C. Simpson, assistant secretary; F. L. Lamlirecht, auditor; Edwin North, purchasing agent. Directors: H. E. Gawtry, chairman, Samuel Sloan, William Rockefeller, Moses Taylor. G. F. Baker,"F. A. X'anderlip, S. S. Palmer, \\'. R. Addicks, A. N. Brady, J. AV. Sterling, G. B. Cortelyou, W. P. Bliss and M. ( ireer. A retrospective view of the past (|uarter of a century reveals many wonderful scientific developments, especially in the field of electrical engi- neering. During this period the practical application of electrical energy has passed from narrow confines until now not only New York, but every large city is largely dependent upon it for the conduct of its ordinary busi- ness relations. Electricity applied to lighting purposes preceded its employ- ment for heat and power by half a dozen years, but its rate of progress has been more rapid. Prior to 1882 there had been several demonstrations in Europe of the practical application of electric cttrrent to lighting purposes by Siemens, in Germany, and by the Russian engineer, Jablochkoff, with his candle, a form of arc lam]) which was exhiliited on the Avenue de I'Opera, in Paris, in 1878, and six months later on the Thames, and on Waterloo Bridge, in London. 460 HISTORY OF XEir YORK ELliCTRIC SllRVICI'. I X \ IIW YORK 461 In 1879 arc lig'htin,^- systems were l)eiiiL;- dex-eloped in this country h}- Charles F. Brush and by Elihu ThoiusDn. Thomas A. Eihson clTccted g-reat chan^'cs in electric li.uhlin!^- methods by the introduction of the incandescent lami). He had exhibited his carbon filament lamj) as earlv as iS^c), Intt it was not until 1880 that any of these lamps were seen out of the laboratory. \Vith the development of incan- descent lit^htin,!^- and a comprehensive system covering all of the elements necessary f(n- the o'eneration, distributicm and sale of electricity, its com- mercial use made such a wonderful and rai)id advance that Edison's name will always be associated with it. The first central station to be utili/.etl for the commercial distribution of electricity for incandescent lighting was started in 1882, on Pearl Street, near b^dton, in New York Cit}-, ligliting a territory covering an area of about (Uie square mile. This station was started under the auspices of the Edison Electric Illuminating Comjiany of New York, now The New ^'ork Edison Com])an\-. There was not a single electric motor in use for ])0wer purposes at that time, and no electric heating or cooking devices had been of men who had larger capital. These men were Amzi S. Dodd, founder of Dodd's Express : T. N. A'ail, of Washing- ton; Edwin Holmes, founder of a burglar-alarm system; and W^illiam H. Woolverton, of the New York Transfer Company. On the first of May, 1878, they organized "The Bell Telephone Company of New York." Edwin Holmes was its first president, and its capital was $100,000. A temporary exchange was tried by making use of the Holmes burglar- alarm wires at 194 Broadway; and an executive office was established at 4 East Twentieth Street. Two months later Theodore N. Vail came to New York as the general manager of the original Bell Company. He was well known as the superin- tendent of the Railway Mail Service, at Washington, and his influence soon placed the New York Company upon a better basis. He raised $60,000 of new capital from Second Assistant Postmaster-General Brady; Henry G. Pearson, postmaster of New York; John D. Harrison, and others. With this im])etus the young enter]irise began to gain general favor, and in KW IIIS'IORY OP Mill- VORK il! l! h ,• i' f IE If I P. «■) .; . ff ''; ». ?H: .' V if;.' ?! '' r' • If. J.fir < - ;'■' iff rr' I • k ti "' '" ''"-'lit •^'■^i«c u 1 1 ^ »• , • t lii n n n c n iCpWi , ^*t^*iW /■'jni.i y/. Kimball, Aiclntect CITY INVESTING BUILDING GROWTH OF THIi TEIJ-.PHOXE SYSTEM 465 March, iSjcj. the firsl actual telc])h()nc excliaii.^c was started at S2 Nassau Street. In this \-car the president of the company was T. N. \ ail, and the nieniliers of the Executive Committee were Henry G. Pearson, John I). Har- rison, and Amzi S. Dodd. Henry W. Pope was the superintendent. Thomas n. Lockwood was bookkeeper. Charles E. Chinnock was electrician. Lewis Miller was wire chief. D. N. Adee was canvasser. A. K. Thompson and C. A. Wilev were operators. And the business office was at 1)23 I5road\vay. The territorv g-ranted to this com])any was a circle of land, sixty-six miles in diameter, with the City Hall as the centre. Also for good measure it received the whole of Monmouth County. New Jersey, and Long Island. Subscribers were charged $60 a year, and later $120 a year, and given one month's free trial. The first telephone directory was a small card, showing 2;:^2 names; and the first switchboards held a dozen wires apiece. Iron wire was used, in single strands; and the whole e(|ui])nient, ecpially through lack of knowledge and lack of capital, was so crude and chea]) that it would be scarcely recognizable to anv telephone engineer of to-day. Competition, too, for a time doubled the difficulties and decreased the ])rofits. The "Gold and Stock Telegra])h Company," which was a subsidiary of the Western Union, opened a telephone exchange at 198 Broadway, and ga\e battle to the Bell Company. This struggle was soon lirought to a close ]>\- nuitual agreement; and in 1S80 the two contestants united in "The Metro- ])()litan Telephone Companv. " with Colonel W. H. Eorbes, of Boston, as its first ])resident. The onlv competitor now left in the field was the Child's Law Telegraph svstem, which had been given the right to operate not more than six hundred lines; and in 1884 this little exchange was merged iii the Metro- politan. Since then there has never been any degree of competition in the development of the telejjhone system in the Citv of New York. The Metropolitan Telephone Company began its career hopefullv with $125,000 in the treasury; but all this was wiped out by a sleet storm in the winter of 1881. It issued bonds to the amount of $100,000; but no broker could he found who would oflr'er them for sale to his clients, and the companv was obliged to sell them at a low price to its shareholders, in spite of these difficulties, it persisted, and b\- 1883 it had rebuilt and extended its lines, with eight exchanges and more than three thousand subscribers. In 1885, Theodore N. X'ail became president. He resigned four years later, after having pushed to completion the building of an elaborate under- ground system of doubled co]i]ier wires. b^)llowing \'ail came Charles Fred- erick Cutler, who liad pre\-iously been ])resi(lent of "The New York and New Jersey Telephone Company." Cutler headed the Metroi)()litan Telephone Company for eighteen \ears. Cnder his management it continued to prosper ■16(i HISTORY OF XEW YORK until, at liis death in njO/, there were more telephones within thirty miles of City Mall than there liad been in the whole United States in 1SS5. Thei)d(ire X. X'ail was now called for a third time to the presidency of the cnmpanw which, in iSlace in the development of telephony, having sur])assed all foreign countries except Germany and Great Britain. Tn the course of the narrative relation of the development and growth of the City of Xew N'ork in this volume, the ])o])ulation at various periods has heen stateil. It will be very ap]iro])riate therefore to close it with the figures of the Thirteenth Census, showing that the ])o])ulation of the City of Xew York in 1910 numbered 4,766,883 souls. By boroughs the figures are: ^Manhattan, J, 33 1,54-'. com])ared with the i,850.0<;3 of the 'i'welfth Census, an increase of 48[.44(), or 26 ])er cent.; borough of the Bronx, 430,980, as against 200,507, an increase of 230,473, or 1 14.9 i)er cent, in ten years; Brooklyn Borough, 1,634.331. in comparison with the figures 1,166,583 retui'iied in H}00, an increase of 4()7,769, or 40.1 per cent.; Queens Borough, 284,041, where there were 152. (;()() ten years before, an increase of 181,042, or 85.6 ])er cent.; and Richmond Borough, 85,969, as against the 67,021 of the previous census, an increase of 15,328, or 28.3 per cent. In the entire city the figure of 4,7^)6.883. as compared with the 3.437,202 of the Twelfth Census, shows an increase of 1.329,681, or ^^Sij per cent. It is unfortunate, so far as coniparisun is concerned, that the ]x»i)ulation of Jersey C it\. Xewark and hundreds of po])ulous ])laces contiguous to the l)usiness centre. ;md as nnich a part of Commercial Xew ^'ork as the bor- oughs of 15nH)kl\n. I>ronx, Oueens or Richmond, do not show in census figures as a part of the metro])olis. I 'oliticalb' se])ar^closed by the oflicial liguix's. tsjrinf 3 Oli:-fr Lippincott. Photograplicr BLAIR & COMPANY BUILDING BIOGRAPHIES 470 HISTORY Ol- Mill- YORK /I 'lif^^;n|iMiii|Mii))|i|« m A V. 1 . m ii I, iiiii ^ \ / JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN B JOH\ PIILRPOXT MORGAX Kl EFORE transplantation in America, the paternal ancestry of ^Iv. J. Pierpont Morgan was Welsh, his first American ancestor. Captain Miles Morgan, ha\'ing" been the youngest son in a prominent Glamorganshire family in \\'ales. He came via Bristol to America, arriving in Boston, a young man of twenty years of age, in April, 1636, joining a few weeks later the expedition headed by William Pynchon, which established a settlement at the junction of the Agawani River with the Connecticut River, in Massachu- setts. The settlement was first named Agawam, but was changed to Spring- field in 1640. Captain Morgan, who married Prudence Gilbert, a fellow pas- senger on the voyag'e from Bristol, l)ecame one of Springfield's foremost citi- zens and when, during King Philip's War. the settlement was sacked and burned, his blockhouse Iiecame the fortress of the place, and he held it against the besieging savages, after the burning of the town, until reinforcements from Hadley scattered the enemy. A bronze statue in the Court House Scjuare of Springfield commemorates the patriotic service of this bold pioneer. The family remained prominent in Springfield for two centuries, and Junius Spen- cer Morgan, father of J. Pierpont Morgan, was born in West Springfield in 1813. He was a banker in Boston. New ^'ork and London, winning- interna- tional distinction in finance. In London he was a partner of George Peabody iS: Company in the banking house which later l)ecame J. S. Morgan & Com- pany, of which he was head. lie married Juliet Pierpont. and to them John Pierpont Morgan was born in Hartford. Connecticut, April 17, 1S37. Mr. Morgan's maternal ancestry goes back to the Huguenot family of Pierpont (or Pierrepont). through James Pierpont of London, whose son John came to Massachusetts at an early date and settled in Roxbury, which town he represented in the General Court of Massachusetts in 1672. He was the father of Rev. [ames Pierpont. born in Roxbury in 1659, who was graduated from Harvard in 1681, became pastor of the church at New Haven, Connecti- cut, in 1685, and was one of the three ministers who fornmlated in i6(j8 the lilan under which Yale was established in 1700. It Avas chiefly through his influence that Elihu Yale was induced to make his liberal gifts to the college, and Rev. James Pierpont was one of the original trustees of Yale. The grandson of this distinguished divine was also a clergyman. Rev. John Pier- ])ont. yho had a notable career as a poet, and as an antislavery and temper- ance reformer; and w-as Mr. Morgan's grandfather. W'hatever psychological explanation of Mr. Morgan, based on heredity, the scientist may find in these and collateral lines of ancestry, there is no question as to the influence upon him of his father, Junius Spencer Morgan, who, after giving him a thorough education in the English High School in Boston and in the L^niversity of Gottingen, set him to practical work when he completed his studies in 1857. Mr. Morgan began in the banking business for K-.' IHSI'oh-]' or Mill' ]'()kK tlirec }'cars with the tinn of Duncan, Sherman 6c L'm])anv at its ince])tion and made a consid- erable amount (if money there. During the Civil War ^Ir. Carnegie served, in Washington, as Su])erintendent of Military Railways and Gov- ernment Telegraphs. In ii%3 Colonel Scott became \ice ])resident of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and Mr. Carnegie succeeded him as superintendent of the Pitts- burgh Division. He entered the iron business, May 2. 1864. by buying from Thomas X. [Miller a one-sixth interest in the Sun City Forge Company, which made a specialty of axles, the other partners, besides Mr. Miller, being Andrew Kloman and Henry Phipps. and for about two years the business was very successful. Mr. Carnegie also organized the Keystone Bridge Company, and by disposing of stock to J- Kdgar Thomson, president, Colonel Scott, vice jiresident. and to other officials of the Pennsylvania Railroad Companv. secured it a strong position, so that it soon took a foremost place in the bridge industry. These enter- prises became so important that Mr. Carnegie left the em])lo\- of the railroad in 1S65. He kept in touch with President Thomson, however, and when that gentleman became engaged in building a branch railroad to Davenport. Iowa, he engaged Mr. Carnegie to adjust some differ- ences connected with the sale of six million dollars worth of bonds in Europe, and after he had successfully accomplished that mission, gave him some more to sell. His success in that enter])rise gave him a sub- stantial increase of capital, and with i)artners he ])urchased land on the site of Braddock's defeat by the French and Indians in 1755, and there established and built the Edgar Thomson Steel Works. He built the Eucy I'urnace in 1874, another Euc\' Furnace ( X"o. 2) in 1877, and bought out the Homestead Steel Works in 1880. He jiracticallv created, or at least led. the steel industry in this country, and so emphatic was his leadership in its wonderful growth as to maintain for him the prac- tical mastery of it U]) to the time thai lie retired from acti\e ])ar- ticipation in business. From the first his policy was the imjtrovement and cheapening of processes so as to enable him to make steel quicker, better and at less cost, to ada])t this material to more and more uses, and to make it in constantly increasing degree a staple of conunerce. To this end machinery which liad been deemed jierfect was discarded when better became availal)le. with an apparent recklessness which to many seemed scandalous; but this readiness to throw a good thing awav to make room for a better kept him always ahead of all competition in the steel industrv. ,lXI>Rliir C.IRXEGIE 4:9 Fmni the time that Amh^ew Carneg-ie first saw a bessemer steel plant in fnll operation in Eng'land he was a confirmed o])timist in reference to the fnttn"e of the steel industr}-. Others wavered and douhled, but ^Iv. Carnegie never. He had the wisdom, however, to take advantage of the pes- simistic periods of his competitors, and to btty, to advantage, plants which had been established as rivals of his own. Thus his comjiany ac(|uired the Homestead plant in 18S0. and the Duquesne plant in iS- rif using his fortune as tor the skill and rapidit}- with which he acipiired it. The conven- tional story of the rise of a poor boy to wealth includes the phrase that the subject ga\-e his "undexiating attention to his business."' but that does not ht the career of Andrew Carnegie. That he had unprecedented suc- cess in business was not l)ecause he did not attend to other things. He went around the world oxer a (|uarter of a centur^• ago. and he has made about ninet_\- trips across the ocean. lie holds a i)lace of distinction as an author which many jirofessional literarx' men might envx', and he gained the personal friendshi]) of Herbert .Spencer, |ohn Morlev, [Mat- thew Arnold, ( dadstone, |ohn llright and man\- other leading men of ISritain and America, long before he had entered the rank of the million;iries. ANDREW CARXEGIE 481 His two earliest books were the result nl his travels, as indicated l)y their titles: ""An American Four-in-Hand in Britain" (1883), and "Rdund the World" (1884). His next Ixink, '"'rrinniphant I )enii)cracy" (i88fi). lias become a classic as an a|)])reciation of American institu- tions. His later bdoks, "The ( iospel of Wealth" (IQOO), and "The Empire of Ihisiness" (190J), deal in an entirel_\- original way with the subjects and i)ri)blems sugg"ested by their titles, and the last named has been translated into ei,<>"ht lan^ua^es, includinj^" ( Ireek and |a])anese. Mr. (/arnegie has also written and ])ublished a "Life of |anies Watt" for the "Famous Scots" series (i(p6), and "Problems of To-dav" ( n;o8 ) ; be- sides \-arious contributions to magazines and rexiews in America and Ilritain. His writings, as his life, are indiued with the American spirit, and }et he is a true Scot. Ilis heart beats true to Scotland in general and to Dunferndine in ])articular. He has endowed that town with more llian half a million ])ounds sterling for its ])ul)lic institutions. In Scot- land he is the Laird of Skibo Castle ( wliich he bought in i8()7). He fills the role in harmony with the best Scottish traditions and he keeps his own pi])er. He was elected Lord Rector of the I'niversitv of St. Andrew, Edinburgh, in i(j02, and he has received the honorary degree of Doctor of Law's from all the Scottish L'niversities : of (dasgow, 1005, Al)erdeen and Edinburgh, 1906. and the L'uiversity of Rirmingham, np^: as well as from the University of Pennsylvania, i()0(), and I\Ic(dll LTnivcrsitv. Mon- treal. He was elected ])resident of the liritish Iron and Steel Institute in IQ03, being the oid}- American who has e\er recei\ed that honor. Mr. Carnegie has also received more freedoms of cities in his native land than any other man, having received o\-er U\{\ in England. Scotland and Ireland. ^\\\ Carnegie cares nothing for the ostentations of wealth. Llis home life is domestic and coiufortal^le, though in no degree lacking in hospitality. Llis way of living is very modest in comparison with that of some of the young partners he has helped to fortune. He is very earnest in the things that interest him, from the advocacy of simplified spelling to the pro])aganda of universal peace. He was married late in life (1887), to Miss Louise Whit- field, of Xew York, and has one daughter, Margaret, born in 1897. The family town house is in New York. Llis ])ublic actix'ities carry him to many jilaces, and his summers are s])cnt in Scotlantl. The career of Mr. Carnegie has been intensely interesting, and has been the subject of many articles and volumes. Llis characteristics are marked by great individuality in all the phases of his activity as capitalist, ])hilanthropist, litterateur, ]ihiloso]-)her and jniblicist. 48 V mSTOR]' OF Xliir YORK A IJil'l I'.lh'SOXS MORTOX 483 AKJXG lixint^" men 1113 name is more closel)' eunnected with the history of the City, State and Nation than that of Hon. Levi Par- sons Morton. In tlie c(iuntry at large, which he served with great abihty and distinction as Minister to France and as \'ice President of the United States; in the State of Xew '^'ork wliose executive affairs he administered most effect- ively as governor, antl in the Cii}- of New York, of which he has for many years been one of the foremost citizens, his name is held in high honor. He is of old New England lineage, being descended in direct line from George Morton, of Bawtry, Yorkshire, England, one of the Pilgrim Fathers who landed from the ship "Ann" at Plymouth, Mass., in 1623. Mr. Morton was born in Shoreham, Vermont, May 16, 1824, being the voungest son of Rev. Oliver anil Lncretia (Parsons) Morton. His mother was also of a good New England family, and was a sister of Rev. Levi Parsons, distinguished in religious history as the first American missionary to Palestine, and it was after him that Mr. Morton was named. He was educated in the Shoreham Academ\-, l:)ut derived fully as much educational benefit from the refined and intellectual influences of his family life in the modest parsonage which was his boyhood home as from any of the formal teaching he received. He became connected with mercantile business and was thus engaged for five years at Hanover, N. H., and later as a clerk with the prominent house of James M. Beebe & Co., Boston, of which he became a partner in 1852, another memlier of that firm being Junius Spencer Morgan, afterward an international banker of the firm of George Peabody & Co., London, and the father of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. Mr. Morton came to New York City in 1854, and established the wholesale dry goods commission house of Morton and (irinnell. which became one of the most successful in the country. He established a banking Inisiness in 1863, under the style of L. P. Morton & Co., in which firm Mr. George Bliss became a partner in 1868, the style changing to ]\Iorton, Bliss & Co., and in the same year, in association with Sir John Rose, who had previously been Minister of Finance of Canada, he founded the London house of Morton, Rose & Co., of which he remained at the head until its dissolution. The firm of Morton, Bliss & Co. was suc- ceeded October i, 1890, by the Mortnn Trust Company, of which he has ever since been president ; he is also president of the Fifth Avenue Trust Company, and a director of the Guaranty Trust Company, Home Insurance Company, Panama Coal Company, and the Washington Life Insurance Company. Mr. Morton's London house was, from 1873 to 1884, and again after 1889, the fiscal agent of the United States Government in London, and he had charge of many of the largest financial negotiations of the government. He organized the syndicate of banks, including Drexel, Morgan & Co., J. S. Mor- 484 HISTORY OF XlUf YORK g"an (& Co., X. M. Ruthschild and Sons, and Jay Cooke, McCulloch & Co., wliich successful!}- placed the 5-per-cent. Government loan of 1871, and assisted in the funding' of the national dehl an 1 in making' possible the resumption of specie payments at a fixed rate. Mortun, R(»se iJv Cinted in 1S7S, 1)}- President Hayes, honorary commis- sioner of the L'nited States to the Paris Exposition. In the Fall of the same year he was again nominated for Congress in the I'deventh District and after an energetic canvass was elected by more than 7,000 ])lurality t() the Forty- sixth Congress: and he was reelected to the l*^iriv-se\-enth Congress in 18S0. In Congress ]\lr. Morton's strmding as a liiiancier of unsurpassed ability and untarnished record gave him a jjosition of authority in connection with financial legislation, and his si)eeches in opposition to the unlimited free coin- age of silver in 1879 were among the most direct and authoritative in that debate. He was also much iiUerested in international jiolitics and foreign relations, and was a member of the Couth lironght him to St. Augustine, by tlie palm-shaded ocean frontage of Florida, and his imagination took fire at the thought of what a pictures(|ue |)aradise the country was that fasci- nated the seafaring Sjianish cawiliers of foiu" centuries ago, and how habita])le and ])roducti\-e it could he made. Then and there he began a series of develo]>ments. A great chain of mammoth and I)eautiful hotels began with the Ponce de Leim and the Alcazar, at St. Augtistine, fol- lowed l)v the ( )rmon(l Hotel at the famous hard sand beach of that name, the Ro_\-al I'oinciana and The Breakers, at Palm Beach, the Royal Palm at Miami, and the C'(donial and Royal \'ictoria at Xassau, Bahamas. But while thus jiroxiding for the tourist and the health-seeker, Mr. Flagler took note of agriculture, and decreed that the settlers of the eastern side of Florida should not want railroads for carrying their golden oranges and garden truck to the Northern markets. Hence a buying, improving and btiilding of railr(ia(ls set in thereabout that has meant six hundred additional miles of rails in the State of Flowers. But his last achievement has been his greatest. With a wonderful creative stroke he iirojected and is build- ing a line of railroad south from Miami along the Atlantic keys or tiny meadowdike islands that fringe the coast. It is a massive viaduct of con- crete, solid as the hills and altogether the last word in railroad building and e(|uipnient, literallv running" through the Atlantic Ocean to Key West — one of the wonders of the modern world. Tt has for two years l)een taking trains to Knights Key. Another year will probably see it hnished. Anrfsident of the Hume Insurance Luni- panv, was born in Barkhanistead, Conn.. January _'_>. 1S41, Ijeing the son of Elbridge Gerrv Snow and luinice (Woodruff) Snuw. His education, begun in the district and high schouls, was coni])Ieled in the P^ort Edward ( X. Y. ) Institute. After his graduation he studied law, l)ut instead of engaging in practice, he entered an insurance office in \Vater])ury, Conn. In 1862 he olitained a clerkship in the main office of the Home Insurance Company, in New N'ork City, and since then his connection with the com- pany has lieen continuous. He remained in the main office for nine years, then went to Boston as Staii agent of the company, f"i Massachusetts; and, whiK there, also became a pari ner in a local agency repi e senting seyeral of the b( --1 companies, under the firiii name of Hollis & Snow. In 1S85 Mr. Sno\- returned to New York Cii\ as secretary of the cdii, pany, became its yice presi- dent in 1888, and since 1904 has been president of the Home Insurance Company, to which his experience and ability haye been of inesti- mable yalue. Besides being at the head of this great company, Mr. Snow is a trustee of the New York Eife Insurance Company, director of the North Riyer Sayings Bank and other corporations. He is also a member of the American ?\Iuseum of Natural History, and the .Alunici|)al Art Society, and seyeral other similar as.sociations : is a mem- ber of the Society of Mayflower Descendants, the New England Society in New Xnrk, and the Eotos, City and Underwriters" Clubs. EL1!RIDc;E GERRy SNOW md is a 4il(i HISTORY OF NEir YORK i-:ij!i:kc iikxio (..\h\ liLBIiRT llliXRV CARY 4!i: PROFESSIOXAI,L^' one of tlic fnrcinost American lawyers, hy achievement the premier tii^'ure in the mnvement tnward the con- soHdation and more perfect urbanization of great industries, and ofificially the head and executive of the world's greatest corporation, Judge Elbert Henr}- Gary has attained a deservedly prominent place in the public eye. He was born in Wheaton, Illinois, Octdber S, 184(1, being a son of I'^ras- tus and Susan A. ( X'allette ) Gary, and on bS the Illinois Steel Company interests, combining with others, represented bv blaster n cajjitalists under the leadershij) of J. Pierpont Morgan, were consolidated under the name of The Federal Steel Lonipany. up to that time the largest of American corporations, and Judge Gary w-as elected its president. Einall_\- the organization of the Unitefl States Steel Corporation was effected, Judge Gary being intrusted with the negotiations which united with The b>deral Steel Com]ian\-, the great Carnegie interests, the American Steel and Wire Company, the American Sheet and Tin Plate Company and other "Aloore" interests, besides numerous other manufacturing, shi])ping, railroad, coal, coke, ore and other interests coniix)sing the United States Steel Corporation, of which Judge Gary, as 4!i.S HISTORY OF .V£f[" YORK chairman (~if the Board of Directors and cliairnian (if the Finance Committee, is the chief officer and directing head. Tlie charter and form of government of this corporation were drafted by Judge Gary, and have been commended as the most perfect example of organic regulation ever devised for a great cor- poration. The Tennessee Coal and Iron Company's large Southern interests have since been acquired, largely through Judge Gary's initiative. In view of the predominant part in its organization, and the wise executive direction he has given to the United States Steel Corporation, it is appropriate that the Board of Directors have chosen the name "Gary" for the great industrial city they have built by Lake Michigan in Indiana. Tudge Garv is also the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Allis-Chalmers Company: and is a director of the American Bridge Company, American Land Company, Ainerican Sheet and Tin Plate Com- pany, American Steel and \\'ire Company, American Steel Foundries Com- pany, American Trust and Savings Bank, the Chicago, Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad Company, Bullock Electric ^Manufacturing Company, Carnegie Steel Company, the Chicago, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway Company, Commercial National Bank of Chicago, Duluth and Iron Range Railroad Company, the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway Coiupany, Federal Steel Com- pany, the Gary-W'heaton Bank, of Wheaton, Illinois, H. C. Frick Coke Com- pany. Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company. Illinois Steel Company, International Harvester Company. Lake Su])erior Consolidated Iron ]\Iines, [Merchants Loan and Trust Company of Chicago, [Minnesota Iron Company, National Tube Company, Newburgh and South Shore Railway Company, New York Trust Comjiany, Oliver Iron [Mining Company, Phenix National Bank of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Steamship Company, Shelby Steel Tube Company, L'nion Steel Company, L'nited States Coal and Coke Company, United States Natural Gas Company, United States Steel Products Export Company, L'niversal Portland Cement Company. It is a matter of history that when the L^nited States Steel Corporation was organized, yellow journalists and agitators prophesied the wiping out of small and independent concerns. But instead of that there has been evolved in the steel industrv, since the organization of the United States Steel Cor- poration, greater harmony than at any previous jieriod of the de\-elopment of that industrv. The interests of the corporation and of the independent companies are com])etitive. but not conflicting, and by meeting the heads of the independent concerns in councils of harmony Judge Gary has brought the entire steel business of the cotmtry into friendly relations. Several times he has invited the leaders in the trade to dinners to talk over the interests of the trade, and the independents have reciprocated. There has been no cut-throat price-cutting on the part of the corporation or its competitors, but there has IlLBRRT HENRY GARY 409 been greater j^rosperity and stability in the business than ever before; and to Judge Gary belongs the leading share of credit for creating these conditions. In no instance have his abilities as a diplomat been displayed more com- pletely than in connection with the organization of the International Harvester Company. The harvester industry was divided into fourteen com- panies ( survivors of two hundred ) fiercely contending in every farming- section of this and many foreign countries for the business, with armies of salesmen, cutting prices ami raising havoc with profits. The era of consolida- tion had fullv arrived, and other industries had taken advantage of its benefits, but the competition between the harvester people had been so intense that although they met in Chicago to trv to reach an agreement, it seemed that the more they talked the further they were apart. William Deering, how- ever, made one suggestion which took root, and that was that the best way to get a workable plan was to go to New York and consult Ell)ert H. Gary, who had been his attorney for twenty-five years. They all knew Judge Gary, w-hose achievement in connection with the organization of the Steel Corporation was then recent history. One by one they sought ]\Ir. Garv in New York, and his advice to them was to consolidate. None of them w'anted to do that, but asked him to work out a plan to stop the ruinous features of their competition. Judge Gary thought out a plan, then took the matter up with J. Pierpont Morgan, called four of the leaders to New York and finallv reached terms of agreement which unified the industry and combined the thirteen principal manufacturing concerns in the line in the International Harvester Company, a most successful consolidation, with all it.s component companies working in harmou}-. There are those who consider Judge Garv's work in securing this result a greater triumph of diplomacy than even his achievements in forming the Steel Corporation. Though a great lawyer and business executive. Judge Gary finds time for social. and artistic interests, and for recreation. He is a member of the best clubs of New York and Chicago, is a collector and connoisseur of art, is President of the Illinois Society of New York and of the Autom()l)ile Club of America, and a member of the Automobile Clubs of Great Britain and Ireland, France, Germanv and Italy. He makes annual vacation trips to Europe, making automobile tours to places of interest. In Wheaton, 111., he has erected the Gary Memorial Church, by many authorities regarded as the finest memorial church in America, in memory of his parents, and he has recently completed a $100,000 mausoleum there for their remains. He married in Aurora. 111.. June it,. 1869. Julia E. Graves, who died June 21, if;02, and by whom he has two daughters, Gertrude (wife of Dr. Plarry Willis Sutclifife) and Bertha (wife of Robert W. Campbell). He married again, in New York, December 2, HJ03, Mrs. Emma T. Scott. •"'iHi iii.sioio' oi- xi-jr )'(>i uncle, who was a meniher of the firm of Astor & Braidwood, manufac- turers of ])ianos and other musical instruments, which, under its later name of Ih-aidwood & Companv, hecame leader in the llritish piano industry. One of hi> hrothers was emi)loved with that firm, and Henry Astor, another hrother, had emigrated to Xew \"ork, whither John Jacoh had decided to go as soon as he accumulated sufficient funds for the ]iur])ose. He worked in the ])ian() factorv for ahout four vears, then went to lialtimore with a small consignment of nuisical instruments. ( )n the voyage to lUiltimore Mr. Astor, in conversation with a fellow pas- senger, learned much ahout the profital)leness of the fur trade — huying from Indians and frontiersmen and selling to large dealers. The field descrihed seemed so jiromising that, in order to get a i)ractical insight into the husiness, he came to New ^'ork, entered the service of a (Juaker furrier, and after lie had learned the husiness thoroughl\- estalilislied liimself on Water Street, working hard at the husiness in his shop exce])t when on his ])urchasing trips to the interior. Soon .after starting for himself he went to London, where he made fa\"oral)le arrangements with fur houses, ;nid also secured from Astor & r>raidwoo(l a general agencv for their ]>ianos in .\merica, and on his return to Xew ^'ork opened a wareroom : thus heconhng the first in this c.i\ monojjoh-. and to extend cix'iliza- tion through the Western wilderness, he ])roposed to L'ongress, in iStn;, a n;ilion;d scheme to cstahlish ;i chain of trading ])osts from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Coast; tu laiv one of the Sandwicli Isl.ands. and elish a line of xesse-ls hetween ;i I'.acific ]>ort .and China and India. I Wn expeditions were sent, line h\' land and one 1)\ sea, to estahlish relations ot anht\' with the Pacific Co.ast Indians; hut Congress pursued the plan no further, hecause the W'.ar of |S|_' occui)ie(l the n.alional attention and took all the resources of the govern- ment. The settlement of Astoria had, however, heen founded in iSii, .and .Mr. .\stor continued his operations without government aid; Imt did not suc- ceed in his ])lan to establish settlements in the Northwest. .Vs an e.x])ansion- ist he w.as fort\- years ahead of his time. While his immediate jjurpose was JOHX JACOB ASrOR '>^n not accomplished, Mr. Astor's efforts jjronioted the ])atri()tic feehnt;' which afterward resulted in securing- tor the United States tlie control of the valuable res^^ion at the nmuth of the Columbia River, claimed by Great Britain. Washington lr\-in.g- wrote his famous work, Astoria, largelv from docunients which Mr. .Vstor furnished. His trading ])ost, Astoria, was ])ers(inallv located bv him at the mouth of the Columbia River. He visited the Indian tribes and gained their friend- ship. He had hoi)ed bv these means to o|)en the wav for the ])eaceful acqui- sition, ]>\' the Cnited States, of the entire ( )regon country. Hut the hostility of the Hudson Bay Companv, which would not of itself have frustrated his plans, was reinforced, liy the action of liis agent, who, at the first approach of a British war-slii]), dismissed Mr. Astor's Indian allies, struck his flag and surrendered the post. He organized The American b^ur I'ompanv, which built u]) an inter- national trade. Its sales in Xew N'ork Citv attracted buyers from all civilized countries, and its exjjort Inisiness grew so large that he employed shi])s of his own, which carried furs to Europe and brought back heavy cargoes of foreign merchandise. He succeeded in establishing a large trade with Asiatic countries, es|)e- ciallv China, and in many other ways displayed unec|ualled business ability. He invested in government securities during the war period, when they were selling at from sixtv to seventv cents on the dollar, and doul)led his money on the investment after the war was over. He made many sag'acious investments in real estate in the places which he deemed most clearly in the line of future expansion of the citv, the develo]Miient of which vindicated and approved his judgment. .\s the citv grew he built nian\- structures which were the hand- somest of their time. He was never a real estate speculator, l)U\ing at a low ])rice to sell at a higher one, but al\\avs an investor who bought and im])ro\-ed for i)ermanent income. He became the wealthiest man of his time, and was a citizen of pulilic spirit as well as a successful business man. He fell in with and am]')lified the ])roposition of Washington Irving for the establishing of a l)ul)lic library for Xew ^'ork, and in his will left $400,000 for the founding of the .\stor Library; which was carried out bv his son, William B. Astor. He also made many gifts to charitable institutions in his lifetime and by bequest in his will. The estate left by him was estimated at twenty million dollars at the time of his death, March 2(). i!^48. He married, in Xew \drk, in 17S5, Sarah Todd, and had three sons and four daughters. Two of the sons and two daughters dietl without issue. The other daughters, who married, were provided for bv their father in his life- time, and his onlv surviving son, William B. Astor, was made sole heir on the death of his father, in 1S4S. 50-.^ HISTOR]' ()/• -\7;(f YORK T 'HE fourth chikl and second son of John Jacob Astor, who after his deatli l^ecanie his heir, was W'ilham B. Astor, born in Xew York, September lo. 1792. He attended the pul:)hc schools until 180S, then went to Heidelbero- for two years, and after that was a student in Gottingen. After leaving the university he traveled in the ( )ld World until icSi5, when he returned to Xew \'i)rk. In that year his father began his successful career in the China trade, in which the son became a jiartner, the firm remaining John Jacob Astor & Son until 1S27, when thev retired from that l)usiness. The American Fur Company was then formed, with William B. Astor as ])resident, and both he and his father were active for several vears in that very successful business, but afterward withdrew from that and all other commercial activities, the affairs of the Astor Estate engaging his entire attention. Mr. Astor, like his father, had a farseeing vision of the future growth of the city of Xe\\' ^'ork. and was a large buyer of real estate in the region below Central Park from Fourth to Se\-enth Avenues : and e\en in his own lifetime was rewarded by a largT and rapid increase in values. His uncle. Henry Astor. had left him a fortune of S500.000. and his father had made him a present of the Astor House propertv, and he was himself a wealthy man when, in 1848, the death of his father made him the richest man in Xew York. From i860 onward he devoted his attention largely to the improve- ment of his property by building; and in a few vears was the owner of hun- dreds of houses, mostly of the first class. He was also extensivelv interested in railroad, coal and insurance corporations, his investments (Outside of land being of the most conservative character. He added largely to the bequest of his father to the Astor Library, to which he devoted much attention, and to which his total gifts amounted to more than a half nnllion dollars. His estate at the time of his death, Xovem- ber 24, 1875, amounted to $45,000,000: which he divided between his two sons. John Jacob and William Astor. gi\ing them a life interest in the resid- uary estate, which descended to their children. He married, in 18 18. Margaret Rebecca Armstrong, and had se\en chil- dren: Emih. John Jacob. Laura. Mary Alida. William. Henry and Sarah. Of these, Sarah died in infancy, and Laura and Henry tlied without issue. Emily married Samuel Ward and had one daughter, who married John Winthrop Chanler and had eight children: and Mar}- Alida Astor married John Carey and had three children. John Jacob Astor. son of William B. Astor, and heir to half of his estate, was born in 1822. and died in i8()0. leaving one son, William \\'aldorf Astor, born March 31. 1848, who. after having been L'nited States Minister to Italv from 1882 to 188^. removed to England, where he now resides. iriLLIAM .isroR .V)r, WILLIAM ASTOR, son of William D. and Margaret Rebecca (Armstrong) Astor. and grandson of John Jacob Astor. was Ijorn in Xew York City, June u, 1S29. in the old Astor Mansion on Lafayette Place, adjoining the Astor Library. He was graduated from Columbia Col- lege in the Class of 1849. lieing then only twenty vears of age. He was one of the most popular men of his day in that college, entered fullv into the col- lege spirit, and was proficient and enthusiastic in athletic afifairs. After his graduation from Columl)ia, he went on a long foreign tour in Europe, Egypt, and the Orient. He profited much from his travels and was especially impressed by what he saw in the Orient. As a result of this visit he retained, throughout his life, an active interest in Oriental art and literature. He entered his father's ofifice as assistant manager of the family's estate in houses and lands in Xew York and elsewhere, and after the death of his father, in 1S75. when half of the estate became his own by inheritance, he greatly added to his holdings. Mr. Astor was fond of country life, and to gratify his taste in that direc- tion he created an extensive and beatuiful estate at Ferncliff, where he had a farm of great productiveness and high cultivation. He built a railroad from Saint Augustine to Palatka, in Florida, in 1S75, and constructed several blocks in Jacksonville. Florida, and for his services to that State was given a grant of eighty thousand acres of land. Mr. Astor was a vachtsman of distinction. His first vacht, the Ambas- sadress, was probably the largest and finest sailing yacht ever latmched, and he made many voyoges in her. In 1884 he had built for him the steam yacht Xourmahal, which was one of the finest of its day; and he also owned other yachts, including the sailing yacht Atalanta, which won the Cape May and Kane cups. He was also fond of horses, and owned many fine animals. Lender his management the Astor Estate was greatlv enlarged and improved, and he possessed to the full the Astor faculty for correct judgment in land purchases. He died in Paris, April 25, 1892. Mr. Astor married in Xew York, September 20. 1853. Caroline, daugh- ter of Abraham Schermerhorn, a member of one of the oldest and most dis- tinguished families in the city. The children of that union were four daugh- ters and one son, John Jacob Astor, the present head of the family. Of the daughters. Emily Astor was married in 1876 to James J. van Alen of X'ew- port, Rhode Island, and died in 1881. Helen Astor was married in 1878 to James Roosevelt Roosevelt, and died in 1893: Charlotte Augusta Astor was married first, in 1879. to J. Coleman Drayton, and seconrl, in 1896. to George Ogilvy Haig: and Caroline Schermerhorn Astor was married, in 1884. to Marshall Orme ^^'ilson. "i04 HISTORY OF XEjr YORK COLOXKI. JOHN JACOB ASTOR COLOXEL JOHX JACOB ASTOR .505 THE present head (3f the Astor family is Colonel John Jacoh Astor, who was born at his father's estate at Ferncliff, near Rhinebeck- on-the-Hudson, July 13, 1S64, son of William and Caroline ( Schermerhorn) Astor. Besides his Astor ancestr}-. which is of German origin, he is de- scended from Oloff Stevensen van Cortlandt, who was the first city treasurer of New Amsterdam when that office was created in i(')57, was afterward bur- g-Qmaster of that city and was a member of the first Board of Aldermen of New York, a])])ointed l)v (idvernor Xicolls of Xew ^'ork in 1665; from Colo- nel John Armstrong-, one of the heroes of the French and Indian Wars; and from Robert Livinoston, who came to Xew York in 1674. and received in 1686 a royal grant for the famous Living-ston Manor, comprising more llian 160,000 acres in Columbia and Dutchess Counties, Xew ^'ork. Coliinel Astor receivetl his education in St. Paul's School, Concord, and at Har\-ard University, being graduated in the Class of i8S(S, and afterward spent considerable time in travel, lie then devoted his attention to business, becoming acquainted with the details of management of the great Astor Estate. Since the death of his father in i8<)_>, he has continued to maintain executive supervision over the estate upon the ])rinciples which have through four g;en- erations controlled the administrative policv of the Astors. who for a hundred years have been buyers and improvers, but seldom sellers, of city pro|)erty. Colonel Astor has ])laced upon his ])ro])erties many of the finest hotels, business ])roi)erties, and residences in the citv, to the symmetry ;m(.l adornment of whicli he has been one of the foremost contributors. He has been especiall}' a leader in the building of hotels; the first stej) made Iw him in this direc- tion being the erection of the .\storia, adjoining the \\'aldorf, which now, consolidated in management as the Waldorf-Astoria, enjoys world-wide fame. He also l)uilt the St. Regis and the Knickerbocker. He was appointed a member of the staff of Governor Levi P. Abirton, and served with abilit\-; and later, when the Si)anish-American War was declai"ed, entered uiwn acti\e military service. The dav after war was pro- claimed, he offered his services to President AlcKinley, in any capacity; and he also tendered to the government the free use of his steam yacht, the X(iur- niahal. The President declined the yacht as not exactly suited to the govern- ment's needs, but gladiv accepted the offer of personal service, and he was appointed inspector general of United States A'olunteers, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, for which his previous experience on (rovernor Morton's staft' admirablv qualified him. He was ordered to Tampa and Cuba with the first Army of Invasion. In the resulting campaign, and at the battles and siege of Santiago, he ser\ed with such efliciency that he was recommended for ])romotion by his chief. General Shafter. After the surrender of Santiago he was sent to Wa.shington as bearer of important dis])atches and other docu- 506 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK nicnts to the President. When he was chscharged from the army in Xovem- ber, i8<)S, it was witli the brevet ranlv of colonel, conferred upon him "for faithful and meritorious service." Another most notable and ])atrir)tic service on the jiart of Colonel Astor, was the recruiting, eciuij^ping- and p,'iving- to the government, of the famous Astor Battery of light artillery, the ofifer of which was officially accepted l)y the government May 26, 1898. Recruiting actively followed, and drill began May 30, and the following day the battery was com])lete with one hundred and two men and si.\ twelve-pound Hotchkiss guns, imported from France at a cost to Colonel Astor of one hundred thousand dollars. After a season of drill- ing, the batterv was sent, via San Francisco, to Manila, arriving in time to take i)art in the final capture of that city, August 13, 1898. Colonel Astor's scientific education at Harvard has been followed up into practical lines of usefulness, and he has designed many inventions and improvements of great utility, which he has patented, the origination of which reveals the completeness of his engineering attainments. One of the earliest of these inventidus was his Pneumatic Road Improver, in\-ented in i8(jj, \\ hich received a first prize at the World's Columbian Exposition, in Chicago, in 1893. This machine is designed to facilitate the thorough and rapid re- moval of worn-out material, or detritus, from the roadbed bv either blowing it into the bushes or over the fences at the side of the road, or laving it in windrows where it mav be conveniently removed, as desired. Another useful invention of Colonel Astor's is a brake for use on bicvcles having solid tires. This brake is shaped like a fork with flat prongs, and is so designed that, with undiminished grip, it adapts itself to the changing shape of the tire as it becomes worn. In icp2 Colonel Astor ])atented a marine turbine engine, which he gave to the ]niblic in November of that year. The turbine is shaped like a funnel, and comj^rises an outer shell or drum and an inner shaft running axially through it, these parts being relatively rotatable and each having oppositely- set spiral blades. It differs from the ordinar_\- type of turbine in that it has no stationarv ])arts other than the journals and foundation frames to carry it. The casing of the turbine revolves as well as the shaft, but in an opposite direction. This arrangement gives two tandem propellers. The spinning motion gi\en to the water b\- the first pro|)eller is neutralized by the second, so that but little ])ower is wasted in imparting a rotary motion to the water, which, except for its backward motion, is left perfectly still. The invention corrects the disadvantage of the extremely high speed recjuired in other tur- bines, reducing by one-half the speed at which the propellers are whirled with- out reducing the power at the pr()i)ellers, with a theoretical gain in its etfi- ciency. The turbine is also greatly reduced Ixith in weight .and size. COLOXEL JOHX JACOB ASTOR 5(i: A recent and important in\'ention of Colonel Astor's is the Mbratorv Dis- integrator. The enormous peat deposits which are to be found in the tem- perate zone ha\e presented a most baffjin"- i)roblem to the inventor. Peat is a valuable fuel, but the large amount of water it contains renders it necessarv to subject it to a drying ])rocess so complicated and expensive that it canmit always successfully compete with coal. For that reason the attempt has been made, notably in Sweden, to manufacture producer gas from the peat. On the whole, the results ol)tained, although encouraging, have not b,een bril- liant!}- successful. Still thi'^ method of utilizing peat for power commends itself to the engineer because of the enormous amount of gas occluded in peat, and because of its poor heat-conducting qualities, as a result of which a portion of the peat can be burned without unduly heating other portions. This ])roblem of practically utilizing peat bogs commerciallv h\ generating producer gas has been taken up by Colonel Astor. He has devised what he terms a vibratory disintegrator, an invention which utilizes the expansive force of the occluded air and gas to disruj)! the peat so that it mav be thor- oughlv and uniformlv heated, as well as the vibrations of a gas engfine, which is driven liy the \-ery producer gas generated from the peat. The disinte- grating or disrupting effect is attained by means of a novel gas-engine muf- fler placed within the gas producer. The sides of the muffler are so thin that they can be distended and drawn inwardlv in response to variations in pres- sure within the muffler. In order that this relative movement of the opposite sides may l)e facilitated, the muffler edges are fluted or accordion-plaited. The exhaust gases from the engine cxdinder are discharged into the muftler to extend its sides. \Mien they escape from the muffler the sides contract. These successive expansions and contractions of the muffler walls are com- nniu'cated to the gas within the gas producer, and likewise the gas occluded in the pores and interstices of the peat. Hence the peat is disrupted and broken up. In order to assist in this disrupting effect the peat chamlier of the producer is supported from the gas-engine frame, so that the jarring and vibration of the engine is transmitted to the peat. The burned residue left in the producer can be utilized as a fertilizer. Besides devising a method of extracting a ])Ower gas from peal. Colonel Astor has invented, incidentally, a method of utilizing its fertilizing princi])le. He has given the patents cov- ering this device to the public. Colonel Astor's latest invention is a steamship chair. It is a simple device l)y means of which a chair mav be held firnflv to the floor, no matter how much the ship pitches, and yet may be easily released and moved about, enabling its occupant to place the chair at any desired distance from a table, thus eliminating the discomfort often experienced ])y travelers who find the ordinary steamship chair, which is rigidlv screwed to the floor, either too near 508 HISTORY OF .V/I/f YORK or too far from the lal)k'. The scheme imulves the use of a vacuimi cup l)eneath the chair, so mounted that it may l)c ])ressed into engagement with tlic deck or floor to hold the chair liy suction, or the \acuum may ht liroken, tlie cu]) lifted, and the chair released. LJesides these thoroughly utilitarian results of his scientific knowledge and inventi\-e ahilitv. Colonel Astor has made ])ers()nal researciies in speculative science, including astronomy and celestial mechanics; his wide reading in those sciences lieing made strongly a])parent in his book which was ])ublished in iS()4, and entitled, A journe\- in ( )ther Worlds; A Romance of the i''uture: a work of fiction based on science, dealing with supposititious life u])on the planets Saturn and ju])iter. The literar\' merit of this volume secured for Colonel Astor election to the Authors" (,'lub. Colonel Astor is a director of the Astor Trust Comjianw Illinois I'entral Railroad Com])any, Mercantile Trust Com])any, National Tark P>ank, Plaza Bank, Niagara I-'alls F'ower Company, Western Union Telegra])h Company, Long- Island Motor Parkway (Inc.), Niagara Junction Railway Company, Niagara DevelojMnent Coni])any. and Chicago, St. Louis and New ( )rleans Railroad Com])anv; trustee of the Title (iuarantee and Trust Com])any, New ^'ork Life Insurance and Trust Company, and Hudson-Fulton Celeljration Commission; member of the IJoard of Managers of The Delaware and Hudson Compan\-; P)oard of Governors of the Autonu)bile Clul) of America. Turf and Field Club, Xew])ort Casino, and l)Oard of I'ounders of The New Theatre. He is well known as a vachtsman, haxing made cruises in all parts of the world; and he is also fond of motoring and tennis. His club and societv meml)ershi])s include The Metro])olitan Club, Cnion I lub, Knickerliocker Club, Citv Club, .\rm\- and Na\\' Club, .\utomobile Club of .\merica. .Authors" Club, The Pilgrims, Church Club, Helta Phi l*'ralernity. The Strollers, the Pen Club, The Press Club. The (iraduates' Association, New ^'ork ^'acht Club, Rac(|uet and Tennis Club, Turf and Field Club. Cit}' Lunch Club. C'it\' Middav Club. Down Town Association. 'rransi)orlalion Club. Railroad I'lub of New ^'ork, Riding Club. P.rook Club. Tu.xedo Club. I'ountry Club. Westchester F'olo Clul), Aero Club, .\'e\\])ori (lolf Club, Travellers' Club of Paris, Cocoa Tree Club of London, .Societ\- of Colonial Wars, Military Order of Foreign Wars, Chamber of C'ommerce, .American (Geographical Societv, New N'ork Zoological Societv, New A'ork liotanical Garden, Metro- politan Museum of .Art, American Museum of Natural History, .New A'ork Academv of Sciences. He maintains, besides his town house on Fifth Avenue, the beautiful estate of bT'rncliff, at Rhinebeck-on-the-Hudson, at which he was born. He married, in Philadelpiiia, bAdiruarv 17, iS<)i. .\\a L. Willing, and has two children: William \ incent and .\\-a .Alice Muriel. C'ORXlUJi'S PC BOIS G ORNELIL'S DL'r.OlS, insurance broker, was born in Xew York, March 2J, 1S51, his father being Cornehus Du Dois, nier- ch;;in, and his mother. Mary Ann ( Delafield ) I )u Hois, was (hstino-nisiied as tlie founder of the Nursery and Chikl's I hospital and originator of its Annual Charit\- Hall. His faniih', originally of Lille, k'rance, being nerse- l.e\(len. 1 olland whence ins ancestor ac(|Ues cuted as Huguenots, tied to Du Bois canie to Xew York in 1654. His grandfather, Cornelius Du liois, was director or otificer in thir- teen prominent corporations and charitable organiza- tions, and his maternal grandfather, John Delafield, was president of the Phenix Bank and treasurer of the Xew \'ork Historical Society and X'ew ^'ork State Agricultural Society. Mr. Du Bois attended Churchill's .Militar\- Acad- emy, Ossining, Xew \'ork, Columbia Grammar School, Xew ^'ork City, and the University of Deii)zig, Ger- many. In i,S;_>, with J. Sutherland Irving, he est.ab- lished the in-^urance brok- erage firm (>\ Du r.ois >K; Ir\'ing, which consolidated, Ma\- I, 1874, with lr\-ing & Frank, as Irving, b'rank &• Du Bois, who became I niled States managers for the Phoeni.x Assurance Com|)any. Later they separated, ]\h-. Irving taking the underwriting ])art, while Emil H. In-ank and Mr. Du Bois formed the insurance brokerage firm of Frank & Du r)ois. specialists in the insuring of railway property. Mr. Du Bois is a member of the Holland Society, St. Xicholas Society, and Down Town Association, lie married, April 22. 1S74, Katharine B. Reading. The_\- ha\-e had eight children, of whom five are livin"-. cok.\i-:liu.s du iioi.s ■.m HISTORY OF XEIV YORK THEODORE XEWTOX ]'AIL :,11 THEODORE NEWTON VAIL, president of the American Tele- jjhone and Telegraph Company, and head of the entire Bell Tele- phone system of the country, was born in Carroll County, Ohio, July i6, ]S45, the son of Davis and Phoebe (Quinby) \'ail. He is a descendant of John \ail. the Quaker j^reacher, who settled in New Jersey in 17 lo, the Vail family becoming prominent in Morris County, New Jersey. Mr. Vail's grand- father, Lewis \"ail, who was a civil engineer, went in an early day to Ohio, and became prominent in that State as a builder of canals and highways. Stephen \'ail, an uncle of Theodore Newton Vail, founded the Speedwell Iron Works near Morristown, New Jersey, at which was built most of the machinery for the first steamship which crossed the Atlantic Ocean, sailing from Savannah, Georgia. In these works Samuel F. B. Morse perfected and first successfully operated the magnetic telegraph. Stephen \'ail and his sons supplied Morse with the money, and Alfred A'ail, being the mechanical genius of the combination, contributed the machinery for the telegraph instrument, his mechanical ingenuity giving concrete form to the scientific theory of teleg- raphy which Morse had invented. It was Alfred Vail also, who devised the Dot and Dash Alphabet, which under the name of the Morse Alphabet has ever since been used in telegraphing. Davis Vail, son of Lewis Vail and father of Theodore Newton Vail, was born in Ohio, but at an early age went to New Jersey and became con- nected with the Speedwell Iron Works. He married and afterward went Imck to Ohio for some years, during which time his son, Theodore Newton, was born. When the boy was about four years old, Davis Vail returned to New Jersey and resumed his connection with the Speedwell Iron Works until 1866, when he removed to Iowa arid engaged in farming upon an extensive scale. On his mother's side, Theodore Newton Vail is connected with the promi- nent Quinby family of Morris County, New Jersey, his mother being the daughter of Judge Isaac Quinby of that county, and a sister of General Quinby. who was graduated at West Point and became distinguished as a mathematician, was professor of mathematics in Rochester University, and was a general in the Civil War; and also sister of the doctors, William and Augustus Quinby. She was also connected with the DeHart family of Eliza- beth, who were prominent in the early struggles between the Colonies and the English. Theodore Newton A'ail received a thorough educati(in in the old academy at Morristown, New Jersev, and after leaving school read medicine with his uncle. Doctor William Quinby, for two years. During that same period he learned telegraphy in a local telegraph office, and afterwards, when his father went west to Iowa, went with him. He remained in Iowa Init a year or so, and went west of the Missouri River. IllShHO^ (U- \I:U' YORK The L nion Pacific Railroad was then 1)ein,>;' huilt. and he liecanie an ag'ent and telegraph oijerator at a small station on that line until in the spring of 1869. Through the friendly offices of General Grenvile Al. Dodge, chief engineer of the L'nion Pacific, he recei\e(l apijointnient as a clerk in the Rail- way Alail Ser\ice. which was then in a \erv crude state of organization. At that time mail was nut (listril)tited on the cars, as it is now, hut was gathered ti]) and carried on to certain large j^ost offices, where it was assorted and from there forwarded. This involved much (lela\', and the scheme of sorting the mail on the cars was hegun. lint each clerk was left to choose his own way of distrihution. When raihwn- clerks met thev would discuss the f|uestion of methods, and Mr, X'ail, for his own convenience, made a special study of the question of distrihution and dispatch of the mails, and he made a ma]) and charts of distrihution for his own use and the use of others associated with him, the oljject heing shortest and (|uickest routes to destination. After he had worked on this plan for some time, the authorities at Washington called him to that city and soon after he was apjwinted assistant superintendent of the Railwav ]\Iail Service, under (ieorge I. Bangs, who was one of the most ])rogressive department officials ever known in Washington. The extensive political experience and ac(|uaintance of Air. liangs helloed him in the intro- duction of ])rogressive ideas. A scientific plan for the distrihtttion of the mail was put into operation all over the country and a practical civil service sys- tem was worked out. He took a leading part in the development of the fast Railwa\- Alail Service, hy means of which fast mail trains were given the right of wav over all others. The mail was sent through from Chicago to Xew \'ork in twentx-four hours. Its time has since been reduced to eighteen hours. In 1876 Mr. \'ail was a]>]>ointed general su])erintendent, although the voungcst of the officers with the Railwax Mail Serxice; this advancement to the highest ])osition in the service lieing due to his demonstrated ahililv as an organizer, lie strengthened the C'ixil .'^erxice idea established bv Mr. liangs, his prede- cessor in the office, and his service to the government in this office was of great vahie in establishing the railwav mail svstem of this cotintrx' in the high place it occupies in the confidence of the business world and the general ])ublic. Mr. X'ail, in his position as general superintendent of the Railwav Mail .Service, had gone as tar in that direction as he could g'o without becoming an active ijolitician, which he was tiot inclined to do, so in 1878 he had made up his mind to leax'e the ser\'ice, and it hapjieiied that at that time ( iardner (i. Mubbard, a prominent lawyer of Boston and Washington, who was the father-in-law of Alexander Graham Bell, the in\entor of the telephone, asked .Mr. X'ail to take the place of general manager ot the American Bell Tele- ]>hone Gompan;,-, the telei)hone being then oi recent invention. Mr. Wail had THEODORE XEIVTOX I' AIL ,jl3 l)een interested in the experiments which were being made with the telephone from its tirst pnhhc tests in the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, and was one of the few who [jelieved that it had practical utility and could l)e made a commercial success, while nearly all of the rest of the world made light of the invention as a mere scientific toy. When Mr. \'ail accei)ted the position as general manager of the American Rell Telephone Companv, he found it a hard task to convince the public that it could be really used to talk over as a business or social convenience. He worked against many obstacles in putting the telephone on a permanent basis, devising the ])lan under which it has ever since been operated, and the relation of the local to the parent com- panies, and in nine years had ])Ut the business on a sound and substantial basis. At first it was thought that the telephone was only good for local purposes, but Mr. X'ail established the long-distance telephone, not only in the face of general opinion that it would lie a failure, but even over the oppo- sition of his own associates in the company, and it was also Mr. A'ail who introduced the use of copper wire on telephone and telegraph lines, inducing Mr. Mason, of Bridgeport, to experiment in drawing copper wire in such a way as to im|)art to it the strength necessary to withstand the stretching from pole to pole. During his management of the American Bell Telephone Company, Mr. \'ail had added to his burdens that of a fierce litigatiim estab- lished l)y the Western L'nion Telegraph Company, which denied that Bell was the inventor of the telephone. A settlement was afterward reached in which the Western Union Telegraph Company conceded practically every point of importance. By 18S4 he had established the business on a sound liasis and secured national recognition of the telephone as an institution of great pres- ent vakte and greater future possibilities. He had organized local companies in the ])rincipal cities, all related to the general system, and had established the means of working connecti(in between them all bv inaugurating the first long-distance telephone system in 18S4. He was [)resident of the Bell Tele- phone Company of Xew York from 1885 to 1890, having organized this com- pany in 1878. He resigned his position as general manager of the parent company and retired from the telephone Inisiness. While he was at the head of the telephone btisiness in Boston he had established a small farm near by, and when he left the telephone com]iany he bought a farm of fifteen hundred acres in \'ermont and established the Speed- well Farms and engaged in the raising of French coach horses, Welsh ponies, Jersey cattle, and Shropshire and Dorset hornefl sheep. Mr. \'ail is still a farmer, but found it impossible to confine himself entirely to the farm. He spent much time abroad, and in 1893 he made a trip to South America, where he became very much impressed with the Argentine R'epulilic and its oppor- tunities, and the need of that country for development of its resources. He •M4 HISTORY OF NEW YORK obtained tlie government concession for building, near Cordoba, an electrical station td generate current which, carried by wires to the neighboring citv, turn^ llie machinery of factories, furnishes the citv with light and supplies the ])()wer fur its street railway. He bought a horse-car line in Buenos Avres, organized a company, converted it into a trollev line. e(|ui])ped it with the l)est cars that could be built in the United States, made it one of the finest of modern street railways, buying out all competing lines and extending the facilities of the road so as to cover completelv the Argentine capital cit\'. Tile company owning the road was organized as a llrilisli corporation, and Mr. A'ail had his headquarters in London, btit after he had the companv in thorough working order, so that his personal work did not seem to be fur- ther needed to keep the enterprise in ]M-oper condition, he retired from the company's activities in 1004 and returned to his farm at Lvndoii, A'enuont, which had grown by accretions until it comi>rised four thousand acres. Back in the early days, soon after he entered the Railway Mail Service as a clerk, he married, in Attgust 1869, Aliss Emma Righter, of Newark, Xew Jersey, with whom he led an ideal married life, during all the period of his working up to the success of his remarkable career, and they had a son, Davis R. \'ail, a young lawyer of much promise. In 1905 the great sorrow of Air. \'airs life came to him in the loss of both his wife and son. With this loss the incentives of a life of leisttre disappeared, and he was induced to enter again the activities of the telephone field. In 1907 he took the presidency of the American Telephone and Telegra])li C"omi)an\-, the cen- tral organization with which are affiliated the thirtv Bell companies that operate the local service of their respective sections of the country, and under his su])ervision there has been a large extension of the long-distance service and manv imi)rovenients in the fitting of the com])an^• for promjit response to the constamlx' enlarging demand^ upon its facilities. Mr. \'ail divides his time between tlie executive offices of his company in Boston, its New ^'ork headciuarters, and his A'ermont farm. He is a mem- ber of the leading clubs of New York and Bxislon, and li\es amid the best social circles in the two cities. In iip7 he was married a second time, to Miss Mabel R. Sanderson, of Boston. Mr. Vail possesses the ideal combination of (|ualities for the important ])Osition which he holds at the head of the telei)lione system of the country. No man knows more about the telephone as an institution; few in the coun- try lia\e demonstrated to an etjual degree the organizing ability re(|uisite for tlie conducting of so great a Imsiness enterprise, while as a financier, Mr. \'ail ranks with the foremost in the countrv, energetic, accurate in judgment, cul- tivated in manner, (|uick of decision, broadminded. Mr. \'ail represents the higliest type of the .\merican corporation exectitive. iriLLI.-lM GOODHXOir iriLLCOX .31.") WILLTA^l GOODENOW WILLCOX was born in Reading, Massachusetts, February 8, 1859, son of Rev. \\'illiam Henry Willcox, D.D., and Annie (Goodenow) Willcox; and descendant of the luiglish emigrant AX'illiani W'illcoxson ( 1635 ), progenitor of many promi- nent American famihes variously named AX'illcox, Wilcox and Wilcoxson. He was educated in the Tlridgewater ( Alassaclmsetts ) State Xormal School. He began in marine insurance with A. O. A\'ilh cox & Son, January i, 1SS4, and from 1889 was partner in that firm and its sue cessor, Albert Willcox iS.- C(nn])anv. Since Albert Willcox died, in Augu T906. Mr. A\'illiam G. Will cox and William Y. Wem] 1 have continued that firm managers of the Sal mandra Insurance Coi pany of St. Petersbur The firm's brokerage bu: ness and that of Charles I & W. F. Peck and Walk & Hughes was taken ov by the corporation of Wil cox. Peck & Hughes. Mr. Willcox is director of the Assuran Company of America and Battery Park National l'«ank; member Advisor\- Committee of the Staten Island Branch of the Corn Exchange Bank; president of the Board of Trustees of the S. R. Smith Infirmary and the Staten Island Academy; trustee of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute; treasurer of the Richmond County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children; member of the Down Town Association, Staten Island and Richmond County Country Clubs. He mar- ried, at West New Brighton, S. I., Mav 28, 1889. Marv Otis Gav, daughter of Sydney Howard Gay. and has had five children (one now deceased). WILLIAM GOODENOW WILLCOX 51(5 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK TACOl! III'.XKV sen IFF JACOB HEXRV SCHJFF r,i7 JACOB HENRY SCHIFF, distinguished as a banker, financier and philanthropist, was born in Frankfort on the Main, Germany, in 1X47. He was educated in Germany, and in 1S65 came to New York City. He secured a position as a bank clerk, and after a few years of service in that ca|)acitv I)ecame partner in the firm of Budge, Schiff & Ci)nii)any, bank- ers and lirokers, until iio, aroused "reat interest throughout this country and abroad, and much comment, favora])le and unfavorable, according to the affiliations and sympathies of the writers; Init all recognized the fact that Mr. SchifT's views were backed bv the authoritx- of intimate knowledge of his subject and per- fect sincerity of opinion. In political views Mr. Schiff is a Republican, but he has been influentially identified with etTective nonpartisan movements for reform in the municipal government of New York. He was a prominent member of the Second Com- mittee of Seventv, wlmse well-directed efforts resulted in the overthrow of the Tweed Ring, and of the Committee of Fifteen and Committee of Nine, which were both im]iortant later factors for the promotion of civic reform in the City of New \'()rk. Educational and charital)le causes have enlisted Mr. Schiff's close and efficient attention, and in the support and direction of Hebrew charities he has taken a position of especial prominence, being vice president of the Baron de Hirsch Fund and president of the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids. His benefactions to charities have lieen many, including $50,000 to the Helirew Sheltering Home; $200,000 to be used for the purpose of establishing normal schools for the training of Jewish Sunday school teachers, one to be located in Cincinnati and one in New York City; $100,000 for a Technical College at Hafia, Palestine, besides many other gifts to orphanages, hospitals and syna- gogues, given \vith a thorough understanding of the wants of these institu- tions, of which he has made a sympathetic study. He was also a liberal c(^n- tributor to the Galveston Relief Fund at the time of the flood there, and has led in promoting the work of the Young ]\Ien's Hebrew Association. His interest in education is very great, and has been manifested in many substantial ways. Fie has shown s])ecial eiUhusiasm in the encouragement of the studv of Semitic literature, with which he is himself thoroughly conversant. Fie founded the Semitic Afuseum at Harvard, and the Jewish Theological Seminarv, New ^'ork, and gave a fund of $10,000 to the New York Public Lil)rarv toward the purchase of a Semitic library. He also presented to that institution the famous Tissot collection of Old Testament jiaintings, valued at $,^7,000. He was a founder and the first treasurer of Barnard College. Mr. Schiff' is a member of the American Aluseum of National History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, to which he has made valuable gifts, and the American l^'ine .Vrts Societv, and is also a member of the Lawvers" and Republican Clubs of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Schifl' have their town house at 965 Fifth Avenue, and a countrv home at Seabright, N. J. Thev have two children, of whom their son, Mortimer L. Schiff, is a partner in the firm of Kuhn, Foeb & Company. JULES SliMOX BACHE 519 JULES SKAiUX UACllE, senior member of the firm of J. S. Bache & Company, bankers and brokers, was l^orn in New ^'ork City, son of Semon Bache and EHzabeth (A'^an Praag) Bache. He was educated at Charher Institute, New York, and in Frankfort, Ger- many. He entered business in 1876, spending three years with his father's firm, after which he joined the banking and brokerage house of Leopold Cahn & Company. \\\ i8(j2 the If /'" 'V'l 'h'/ business was reorganized as J. S. Bache & Company, Mr. Cahn remaining as special partner for some _\ears. Under the able guid- ance of its senior the house of J. S. Bache & Company has become one of the rep- resentative banking and brokerage concerns of the country. It has member- ships in the New York Stock Exchange, Philadel- phia and Chicago Stock Ex- changes, the New York Cotton. Cofifee, and Produce Exchanges, Chicago Board of Trade, and the New Or- leans and Liver])ool Cotton Exchanges; and maintains branch offices at Buffalo, Rochester, Albam-, Troy, Saratoga Springs, Mon- treal, Atlantic City and Bar Harbor. Its jirivate wire system is most extensive and connects with the im- portant financial centres. Mr. Bache is a director in the National Bank of Cuba, International Banking Corporation, Empire Trust Company, New Amsterdam Casualty Company, Anniston City Land Company, Oakland Bayside Realty Company, New River Collieries Company, Matanzas Railway and Warehouse Company, and other corporations in the United States and Cuba; and is a member of the New York, Lawyers, and The Lambs Clubs, and Automobile Club of America. JULES SEMON BACHE HISTORY OF NEW YORK TAMES SPEYER J.-^MES SPIIYER 521 JAlMIiS SPMN'FiR. licad nf the International Banking House of Sjieyer & Company, New \'()rk, is of an ancient family. The name of Spire, Spira or Speier appears in the chronicles of Frankfort on Main as early as the middle of the h^mrteenth Centurv, and the tirst nieniher of the S])eyer family, of whom accurate records have been ke])t, and of whum Air. James Speyer is a direct descendant, was Michael Speyer, who died in 1686. As far back as 171J2, when the French general, Custinc. l)rought three leading- citizens to Alayence as hostages to guarantee the jjayment of a war ta.x. one of tliem was the imperial court banker. Isaac Michael Speyer. James Speyer was born in New York Citv in iSOi. lie \\as educated at Frankfort on Alain, and at the age of twenty-two entered the historic bank- ing house of the family in that city, and later was in the London and Paris branches. In 1SS5 Mr. S])ever returned to Xew A'ork and is now head of the American house of Spe}er & Companv, as well as a partner of Speyer Broth- ers, of London, and of Lazard Spever-Ellissen, of Frankfort on Main. Edgar, brother of Air. James Speyer, and head of the London house of Speyer Brothers, was, in 1906, created a Baronet by King luhvard \ 11, and in i(p9 was again honored bv the king bv being called to the Privy Cottncil with title of The Right Honorable Sir Edgar Speyer, Bart., P.C. Arthur von Gwinner ( \Ahose wife is the daughter of Philip Speyer, founder of Speyer & Com])any, and a cousin of Air. Speyer) is a member of the Prussian House of Lords and director of the Deutsche Bank, T^)erlin. The founder of the American firm of Speyer iS: Company, Philip Speyer, came to Xew A'ork in 1837. He was joined in 1845 by his brother, Gustavus Speyer. At the beginning of the Civil War this firm was largely instrtimental in opening a market for United States government bonds in Tuiro])e. The house of Spever, with its aftiliations in London. iM-ankfort, Amsterdam, I'.er- lin, and Paris, is one of the foremost institutions of the financial world. It has lieen identified with many financial transactions of magnitude, including the refunding of the I)onded debts of the Lake Shore Railroad Comi)an}- : the readjustment of the Central Pacific Railroad Comi)any's finances (carrying with it the full payment of the debt of the company to the United States Government ) ; the reorganization of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Comjiany : the readjustment of the financial affairs of the Mexican National and the Alexican Central Railway Companies ; the financing of the L^nderground Elec- tric Raihva}-s of London: the financing of the railways in the Island of Luzon in the Phili])pines, under agreement with the secretary of war of the L'nited States: the financing a system of railways in Bolivia for the government of that Republic: the establishment of the Banco Mexicano de Comercio e Indus- tria in the Citv of Alexico, and of the Societe Financiere Franco-Americaine of Paris, one of the first institutions in France to deal in American securi- 522 HISTORY OF XHW YORK ties. At present Speyer & Company are more particularly the fiscal agents of the Baltimore & Ohio, the Rock Island, the St. Louis & San Francisco, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad Com])anies. In 1904 the house of Spever placed an issue of $35,000,000 Reiniblic <>f Cuba 5*^* bonds, and again in 1909 took an issue of $16,500,000 4'2'< bonds; in i<>04 the firm contracted for a $40,000,000 ]\Iexican Government loan, and in 1908 for $_'5.ooo,ooo Mexican Government Irrigation 4j^% bonds. Mr. James Speyer is a director of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Coin- ])any; trustee of the Central Trust Company of Xew York; trustee and mem- ber Executive Committee Union Trust Compan\- of Xew "^drk; director of the Citizens' Saving and Trust Company of Cleveland; trustee (ierman Sav- ings Bank in the City of New York; memljer of Board of ^Managers Girard Trust Company of Philadelphia; director Bank of The Manhattan Company, Mexican Bank of Commerce and Industry, Mexico City; North British & Mercantile Insurance Company of London and Edinburgh in the United States, The North British and Mercantile Insurance Company of New York; director The Rock Island Com])any; \'ice president and director The Societe Financiere Franco-Americaine, Paris; trustee Title Guarantee and Trust lomi)any. Under- ground bllectric Railways Company of London, Limited, (ieneral Chemical Com]iany, Corn Products Refining Company, and i^ackawanna Steel Company. In November, 1S97, Mr. Speyer married Ellin L. Lowery, nee Prince, daughter of the late John Dvnelc\' Prince. Mr. and Mrs. Sjieyer are actively interested in charitable and educational affairs. Mr. Speyer is treasurer of the Provident Loan Society; trustee and chairman of Finance Committee, Teachers' College; trustee Hospital Saturdav and Sundav Association; mem- ber Board of Managers Jsabella Heimath; tlirector Mount Sinai Ilospital; meml)er of Finance Committee State Charities Aid Association ; director Xew ^ ork Peace Society; member of Executive Committee The National Civic Fed- eration; trustee and member of the Executive Committee "The Pilgrims"; member of Council University Settlement Society. His charity knows no dif- ference of race, creed or color. He presented Spever School to Teachers' Col- lege, in Ti)02, in Mrs. Speyer's and his own name, and was the founder ()f the Theodore Roosevelt Professorship at the Universitv of J-Jerlin. In politics Mr. Spever is independent ;md nonpartisan, lie was vice president and treasurer of the German-American Reform Union in the Cleve- land campaign of 1892; member of the Executive Committee of Seventy (through which Tammany Hall was overthrown), and a charter member of the Citizens' Union. In 1896 he was appointed by Mayor William J^. Strong a member of the Board of Education, Init resigned after one year. He is a member of the Citv, Lotos, Manhattan, Plavers', Reform, Lawyers', Whist, l\ac(|uet, City Midd.av, and New ^'ork ^'aclll Clubs, and Deutscher X'erein. EDWARD FJ'ERETT CLAPP E' >DWARD EV^ERETT CLAPP, senior member of the prominent casualty insurance firm of E. E. Clapp & Company, comes of old colonial stock, being son of the late Justice Clapp and seventh in descent from Roger Clapp, who was first commandant of Fort Independence in Boston from 1665 to his death in 1686. Mr. Clapp was born in Holvoke, Massachusetts, January 5, 1838, residing later many vears in Newburg, New York. In April, 1861, he sailed for China. Our Civil ^\'ar created such a demand i^ for ciitton that China com- . ^ nienced raising it for ex- port, and Mr. Clapp saw his opportunity and took up this industrv. Tn 1875 he established in Albany an agencv of twelve fire companies, one life, and The Fidelitv and Casualty, and in 188 r the president of The lMdelit\- and Casualty persuaded him to sell his Albany interests and come to Xew York to develop the accident busi- ness of the company. His firm, E. ]•:. Clapi) & Com- pany, are to-day managers for the States of New ^'ork. New Jersey, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The\- do a business of one million fnur liundred thousand dol- lars, making th em tlu EDWARD k\i:ki:tt clapp largest accident and health agency in the world. In 1864 Mr. Cla])p was married to Miss l^liza B. Townsend, of Xew- burg. New York. Their residence is at East Orange, New Jersev. He is a member of the Union League, Chamber of Commerce, Down Town Asso- ciation, Peace Society, Republican Club, Economic Club, of New York; Essex County Countr)' Club and New England Societ\-, of Orange: Republican Club, East Orange, and Society of Colonial Wars of New Jersey; 32° Mason. o24 HISTORY OF XliW YORK 1 ' ' ^■*i-/:fii','|: ISAAC NEWTOX SELICMAX IS.-l.iC XEJl'TOX SFJJiiM.IX I SAAC NEWTON SELIGAIAN, the i)resenl head of the banking- house of J. S: ^^^ Seligman, was born in New \'ork ('ity, July lO, 1855, son of Joseph and r>al)ette ( Steinliart ) Seho'nian. His father, Joseph Sehonian, 1)orn at I^aiersdorf, Ikivaria, ( ierniany, September 22, iSk), was .graduated from the l'ni\ersity of Erhmgen in 1X38. He was an excellent (Ireek and classical scholar, and following" his graduation he took up medical and theological studies. As his ambi- tion was for a linsiness career, he engaged in hnancial and commercial purstiits in ( lermany tmtil 1843, when he came to the L'nited States. After a period of teaching and hlling a cashier's position, Mr. Selig- nian established himself in the mercantile business at Greensboro, Alal)ama, where he met with success, remaining there until about 1S57, when with his l)rothers he united in establishing an iniporling Imsiness in New ^'ork Citv. In 1862 Air. Joseph Seligman and liis l)rothers established the Ijanking firm of J. & W. Seligman & Company, wdiich soon became a factor of importance in the banking world, and established branches in London, Paris and Frankfort. The Seligmans were agents for the introduction of the bonds of the I'nited States int(_i the European, and ntore esjjecialh' the (ierman, markets, and the government, as a recognition of their services, made the London branch of Seligman & Company the recognized European depository for the funds of the State and Navy Departments. They also had a house in San Francisco (later consolidated with the Anglo-Cali- fornia Lank), and the Seligman and IleHnian Bank in New ( )rleans, Mr. llellman being son-in-law of Joseph Seligman. Mr. Joseph Seligman was offered, but declined, the ])osition of secretary of the treasury in the first Grant administration. He founded the great Hel)rew Or|)han .\svlum in New York, and was one of the organizers of the Ethical Culture Societv of New York, to which he gave $70,000. He died, wideh- honored and deeplv lamented, Ajjril 25, 1S80. To him and his \\ife, Haliette, whom lie married in 1848, there were born nine children. Isaac Newton Seligman, now head of the Seligiuan banking firm, was the second son. He was educated at Columbia Grammar School and graduated from Columbia College, with honors, in 1876. He was a mem- Iter of the Columbia crew which won the race at Saratoga, in 1874, over tlie crews of ^'ale, Harvard and nine other colleges. He was for a long time president of tlie Columbia Boat Club. Mr. Seligman began his Ixmking career in the New Orleans l^-anch from 1876 to 1878, then cante to New York City, entering the house of J. & W. Seligman. He soon evinced a great genius for finance, and on the death of his father in 1880, he and his uncle, Jesse, succeeded to the management and has been head of the house since the death of Mr. Jesse 526 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK Selignian in 1895. The house gained control of the St. Louis and San Fran- cisco Raihvay, selling it to Jay Gould; reorganized the American Steel and Wire Company, Cramp Steamship Company, and other great corpora- tions. Jle is a director of the United States Savings Bank, [Munich Fire Insurance Company, and Mount ]\Iorris National Bank; is a trustee of the Rossia Insurance Company and the Lincoln Trust Company. Mr. Seligman is a memher of the Chamber of Connnerce, and rep- resented it in the Chamber of Commerce Celebration in London. He has served as a member of the Repul)lican Xalional Finance Committee, director of the Sound Aloney League, chairman of the Finance Committee and the treasurer of the Citizens' L'nion; also as trustee of the ^Manhattan State Hosi)ital for the Insane: member of the Executive Committee of the National Conference of Charities and Correc- tion; trustee and treasurer of the City and Suburban Homes Company (model tenements); member of the Committee of Seven for the Suppres- sion of Raines Law Hotels; member of Committee of Nine on Police Reform; trustee of the ]\IcKinley Memorial Association; trustee of the Grant ^Memorial Association; treasttrer and memher of the Executive Committee of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission ; treasurer and member of the Executive Committee of the Carl Schurz ^Memorial Com- mittee; vice president and treasttrer of the Andrew (ireen ^Memorial Com- mittee ; trustee, treasurer and member of the Finance Committee of the National Civic Federation: chairman of the Finance Committee of the Canal Association of Greater New York; trustee of the Columbia LTiiver- sity; of the Coliimbia L^niversity Alumni Association; Civil Service Association. New Forest Preserve Association, the People's Institute, the CoTjiierative Committee on Playgrounds, etc.: has served as \'ice president of the Baron de liirsh Memorial Fund, treasurer of the Waring Fund, treasurer of the American Hebrew, trustee of the I'nited Hebrew Chari- ties and Hebrew Charities Building ( foundeil I)y his father-in-law): a trustee and treasurer of St. John's Guild, trustee and vice president of the Legal Aid Society, Civic Forum, Cniversily of Wichita, K;insas, etc.: treasurer and trustee of the Citizens" L'nion ; trustee of the Lincoln Uni- versity Endowment Fttnd. He is trustee and treasurer of the City Club, and member of the Lotos, New York Atldelic, National Arts, Columbia Universitw City Midday, Lawyers', St. Andrews, Lakewood Country, Garden City (iolf and Seabright Chibs. He married, in Frankfort, Gerntany, in 1S83, Gul;i Loeb, daughter of Solomon Loeb, of the banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Company, and has two children: Joseph Lionel and Margaret X'alentine Seligman. LOUIS M.^lURfCfl JOSEPHTHAL 527 L OL'IS MAI'RICE JOSEPHTHAL, now the senior member of j()se])hthal, Louchlieini & Company, bankers and l)rokers, is a native of Xew \'i)rk, where he was born October 17, 1868, son of Moriz Josephthal, l)anker and merchant, and of Theresa ( Wise) Josephthal His father, born in Germany, came to tliis cnuntry in 1835, and his mother was born in Balti- more, Maryland. Air. Josejjhthal was Ljraduated from the 0)lle^"e of the City of New York in 1887, as B. S. He entered btisint life in chart^e of the s 11 department of Willij Openhym & Sons, 1887 1896. He became a meml: of the Xew York Stock E change Febrnarv 8. 1900; a member of the Chica Board of Trade, and seni member of Josephth I Louchheim & Company. For nearly twen years he has served in tl Naval Militia, occupyii the grades of pay yeoma assistant paymaster, and is now paymaster of the Xaval Militia of Xew York, with the rank of lieutenant, lie- ing one of the charter mem- bers and organizers of the Xaval Militia. He was paymaster of the United States ironclad Xahant in the Spanish-American War. He was formerlv sec- retary and director of Mount Sinai Hospital: is a meml)er of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Naval and Military Order of the Spanish-American War, Naval Order of the United States, Societv of Amer- ican Wars, Naval Reserve Association, and Army and Navy. Atlantic Yacht. and Criterion Clubs, and City Athletic Club. He married, in New York, March 28. 1900. Edyth Gtiggenheim, and has two daughters: Elinor Clare, and Barbara Edvth. LOL'I-S MAURICE JOSEPHTHAL V.'S HISTORY OF NEir YORK WILLIAM SALOMOX 5-29 WILLIAM SALOMON, one of the most distinguished representa- tives of international banking in Xew York, was born in Mobile, Alabama, October 9, 1S52, the son of David and Rosalie Alice (Levy) Salo- mon. He is a great-grandson of Haym Salomon, of Revolutionary fame, who, coming to America in Colonial times, became a distinguished and wealthy merchant of New York. He was committed, at Lord Howe's order, to the terrible "Provost" prison, but he afterward gained his liberty, tied to Phila- delphia and was one of the most valued financial supporters of the patriot cause, advancing the then colossal sum of $700,000 to the government. David Salomon, father of William Salomon, was a merchant of great distinction in Philadelphia, antl later in Xew York. William Salomon was educated in the Columbia Grammar School, and at fifteen entered the banking house of FMiilip Speyer & Company (afterward Speyer & Company, of N^ew York), a branch of the famous Si)ever house of Frankfort on the Main. He was connected with the London house, known as Speyer Brothers, in 1870, and afterward went to the Frankfort house for two years, and returned to the New York house in 1872. In 1875, Ignace Schus- ter, resident manager in New York, being- called abroad, Mr. Salomon and another young man received joint power of attornev, managing the N^ew ^'()rk house until 1878, when William B. Bonn, a partner, was given charge. In 1882, Mr. Salomon became a partner in Speyer & Company, and continued with it, having charge of many of its largest transactions, until January i, 1899. Fo'' about three years he held the position of chairman of the Board of Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. On Januarv i, 1902, he established his present firm of William Salomon & Company, of 25 Broad Street, New York, which has attained a position of great prominence in international banking. Mr. Salomon's partners are x\lonzo Potter, Clar- ence McK. Lewis, Elisha Walker, Stewart Waller, and George Garr Llenry. Mr. Salomon is chairman of the Board of Directors of the Philippine Railway Company; and a director of the International Banking Corporation, Empire Trust Company, Lincoln Trust Company, Standard Trust Company, Madison Safe Deposit Company, Standard Safe Deposit Company, and the Philippine Railway Construction Company. He has been an extensive traveler; takes great interest in works of art and antiquity; and is a writer of clear and trenchant stvle, who has made many contributions to periodical literature. In 1891 he was chairman of the Finance Committee of the New York State Democracy (of which Charles S. Fairchild was chairman), which aided greatly in the nomination of Gro\'er Cleveland for President in 1892. ]\Ir. Salomon married, in 1892, Helen Forbes Lewis, daughter of William McKenzie Forbes, of Tain, Ross-shire, Scotland. 5;5o HISTORY OF NEW YORK Hill, I"/ ^^\ W ^\^\ ERNST THALMANN ERXST TH.4LMAXX 531 E' RXST THxA-LMANN, senior member of the firm of Ladenburg, Thalmann & Company, bankers, was born in jMannheim, in the Grand Duchv of Baden, Germany, in 1S51, the son of M. Thalmann, who was a prominent merchant of that city. He was educated in excellent schools of his native town, and in Septem- ber, 186S, came to the United States as a boy of seventeen, and he entered the employ of Greenbaum Brothers & Company, bankers and brokers, with whom he remained for six years. He then returned to Europe for one year to study financial methods and conditions there, after which time he came back to New York, and in 1876 established the banking house of Limburger & Thalmann. In 1880 Adolf Ladenburg- became a partner and the firm name became Laden- burg, Thalmann & Company, and still retains that title, although there have since been some changes in the firm. The present partners are Ernst Thal- mann, Benjamin S. Guinness, Walter T. Rosen, Moritz Rosenthal and Ed- ward E. Thalmann. The firm does a large international business as bankers and brokers, its connections extending over almost every part of the globe. It rates as one of the foremost banking concerns of the metropolis, and its individual mem- bers are men whose large experience and abilities as financiers have been gained in connection with many important financial operations, and who have gained mastery of the principles and methods of international finance in deal- ings with many of the foremost bankers and institutions of the world. Besides being at the head of the banking house of Ladenburg, Thal- mann & Company, ]\Ir. Thalmann is a member of the New York Stock Ex- change. He is also president and director of the United Railways Investment Company, and the Barney Estate Company; vice president of the Alliance Realty Company, and of the United States and Hayti Telegraph and Cable Company; trustee of the New York Trust Company; director of the Birming- ham and Atlantic Railroad, Atlanta and Birmingham Air Line Railway, Utah Copper Company, Century Realty Company, Cumberland Corporation, Law- yers' Mortgage Company, The ]\Iortgage-Bond Company of New York, National Railways of Mexico, Northern Alabama Coal, Iron and Railway Company, The Omaha Water Company, and the Seaboard Air Line Railway. He is also trustee in the United States for the Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance Company, Bavarian Mortgage and Exchange Bank of Munich, Frankfort Transport, Glass and Accident Insurance Company, and Munich Reinsurance Company. Air. Thalmann is a member of several societies of the city, and of the Lawyers', ]\lidday, and Harmonic Clubs, and the Liederkranz of New York. He married, at Cologne, Germany, in 1881, Anna Michaelis, and they have two sons. 532 HISTORY OF NEW YORK ,IU \}m\}\ ITT^ ^ ROBERT B. VAN CORTLAXDT ROBERT B. J '.IX CORTLAXDT 533 R OBERT B. VAN CORTLAXDT. a prominent banker of New York, was born at Kings Bridge, New York, August 14, 1S62, son of Augustus and Charkntte Amelia Bayley (Bunch) A'an Cortkandt. He is a direct descendant of Okjtf Stevenson van Cortkmdt, who came from Holland to New Netherland in 1637, and became one of the most prominent and suc- cessful merchants and burghers of New Amsterdam, founding a family of the highest prominence in New Amsterdam and New York throughout its his- tory; and he was a burgomaster under Stuyvesant. His son, Stephanus van Cortlandt. was especially distinguished in the liistory of the city, being one of the most prominent merchants of the city and an elder in the Dutch Church. \\'hen New Amsterdam became New ^'ork he was appointed by Governor Richard Nicolls a member of the first Board of Aldermen of the City of New York. June 12, 1665, and in 1667 he was appointed mayor of the City of New A'ork by Governor Andros, and \\as the first native-born mayor the city ever had. He was again appointed mayor in 16S6 and 1687. He was a member of the Provincial Council under Governors Dongan, Sloughter, Fletcher, and the Earl of Bellomont; served as colonel of the Kings County regiment m Indian Wars; served as revenue collector under Bellomont; was a large landed proprietor, and was succeeded in the Council of the province by his son Philip. Other \'an Cortlandts have been distinguished in New York from that time to this. Mr. Robert B. \'an Cortlandt was educated in Switzerland and Germany and was graduated from Columbia College in the Class of 18S2. He became identified with the banking business, became a member of the New York Stock Exchange, September 28, 1887, and has been a member of the prominent banking firm of Kean, \^an Cortlandt & Company since January 2, 1896. The firm is one of the strongest identified with the lianking activities of New York City, and is constantly connected with many of the largest financial operations. l\Ir. A"an Cortlandt is a director of the Lackawanna Steel Compan}-, the Trust Company of America, Toledo Railways and Light Com- pany, Detroit L'nited Railway, Electric Properties Company, Publishers Paper Company, Southern Steel Com])anv of Gadsden, Alabama ; Westchester and Bronx Title and Mortgage Companv; and is president and director of the Kean, A'an Cortlandt & Company Realty Company. Air. \'an Cortlandt has taken a considerable interest in political affairs, and was nominated as a candidate for presidential elector on the Democratic ticket for Westchester County in 1008. His home is at Guard Hill, Alount Kisco, in W'estchester County. Mr. \"an Cortlandt is a memljer of the Society of Colonial AVars, the St. Nicholas Society, Knickerbocker, Aletropolitan, and Union Chiles, Down Town Association, New York Yacht, The Lambs, and Citv Alidcla\- Clul)S. 534 HISTORY OF XEJJ' YORK H HARRY LAWRENCE NORTON 535 ARRY LAWRENCE IIORTCJN, who has ever since the close of the Civil War been active and prominent in the financial activities of New York, is of early New Eng'land ancestry and ancient English lineage. In the old country the family line is traceable from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to Joseph Horton, Esquire, of the landed gentry of Leicestershire, England, with a considerable estate at Mousely, in that county, in the early Seventeenth Century. Barnabas Horton, son of Joseph, a Puritan in religion, joined a party of his co-religionists who sailed from England on the ship Swallow^ in 1633, and landed at Hampton, Massachusetts. In October, 1640, with some companions from New Haven, Connecticut, where he had been living for a short time, he went to Long Island and founded there the town of Southold, which was the home of the family for several generations. He erected there the first frame dwelling house ever built in Eastern Long- Island, was a magistrate and prominent in the afl:'airs of that time, and his family has produced many citizens of prominence as pioneers, soldiers, clergymen and farmers. From there one of his descendants went to Bradford County, Pennsylvania, and it was there, on the farm of his father, at Sheshequin, that Harry Lawrence Horton, eighth in descent from Barnabas Horton, was born, July 17, 1832, the son of William B. Horton and of Melinda (Blackman) Horton, who was the daughter of Colonel Franklin Blackman of Bradford County. Mr. Horton's boyhood was spent on the farm and in the neighboring schools, where he received a good common school education, wdiile his work on the farm made him a strong, healthy boy of robust physique. At the age of seventeen he left home and worked in stores, first at Horn Brook, Pennsylvania, and after that in Towanda, Pennsylvania, where he received his preliminary business education and experience. Deciding to go West, he went from Towanda in 1854 and visited several places in Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin, until 1856, when he located in Mil- waukee as a member of the grain commission firm of Cole & Horton. The importance of Mihvaukee as a grain market made it an excellent field for the operations of the firm, which was successful from the start, and throughout its career, first as Cole & Horton, later Cole, Horton & Company, and finally as Horton & Fowkr, it was one of the leaders among those operating in grain in ]\Iilwaukee and holding membership in the Milwaukee Board of Trade, until in 1865 Mr. Horton decided to come to New York as a larger and more metropolitan field of business oppor- tunity. On arriving in New^ York he established in business as a banker and broker, creating the firm of H. L. Horton & Company, which for the past 530 HISTORY OF NEW YORK forty-live 3'ears has been successfully engag'ed in business and has a standing and reputation second to none in the entire financial district of New York. It has membership in the Xew York Stock Exchange, the New York Produce Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade, and the most favorable connections with all markets in America and Europe, maintaining a branch house in London and having" an extensive clientage in the United Kingdom as well as in the United States. He remains the senior member of that firm, his present partners being Frederic W. Anness, C. B. ]\Iears. L. T. Watson and Russell (jriswold Colt. Mr. Horton was a resident of Staten Island, making his home at New Brighton from 1869 to 1878, and during that period was recognized as one of the most prominent and progressive citizens of the Borough of Richmond; identified with all the movements for the improvement and betterment of Staten Island as a place of residence for New York business men, and especially prominent in the organization of an improved system of water supplv for that borough, having been for many years a director and treasurer of the Staten Island Water Supply Company, which is the organization through which the towns of Richmond Borough have been for several years supplied with water of excellent quality. "Sir. Horton also took a prominent part in the solution of the rapid transit problem, having been from the first actively identified with the Staten Island Rai)id Transit Company, which has made every part of the island accessible, by rapid and inexpensive connections, to the business centre of New York. While a resident of New Brighton, Mr. Horton was identified in a prominent and influential way with the public interests of the city and served for some time as president of that village by election, devoting himself with public spirit to building up the best interests and promoting the welfare of New Brighton and its citizens; and although for some years past he has made his home at 144 West Fifty-seventh Street, in Manhat- tan Borough, he has by no means lost interest in the progress and pros- perity of Staten Island. During a long and prosperous career as a banker and financier Mr. Horton has maintained for himself an unquestioned stand- ing and honorable reputation in the business world. ]\Ir. Horton is a member of the Union League, Lawyers', New York Athletic and [Manhattan Clubs of New York, the Sul)url)an Riding and Driving Club, and the ^Monmouth Beach Golf Club and Country Club of Monmouth, New Jersev. "Sir. Llorton has been twice married, first in Milwaukee, October 26, 1858, to Helen Elizabeth Breed, who died, and second in Trinity Chapel, New York, October 12. 1875, to Sarah Patten. He has two daughters: Blanche, wife of E. F. Mutton, and Grace, wife of E. ]\I. Lockwood. FREDERICK J. L/6M/.-J.V 537 FREDERICK J. LISAIAX, now at the head of the banking house of F. J. Lisnian & Company, was born at BikHngen, near Frankfort on the Alain. Germany, July 21, 1865, the son of Gerson and Josephine (Gross) Lisnian. He was educated aljroad, came to this country in iSSi, and in 1890 he went into Wall Street, starting his financial career as a l)ond broker. The business expanded rapidly, and since 1895 he has been a member of the New York Stock Ex- change and head of the firm of F. J. Lisnian & Company. j\Ir. Lisnian came first into prominence by expos- ing- the rotten condition oi the Richmond Terminal System (now merged in the Southern Railway ) , and since then he has been mi many reorganization com- mittees. He is now a di- rector of the Broadwav Trust Company: the Bush Terminal Company ; vice president of the Railways Company General : first vice president of the Raleigh and Southport Railway Com- pany, and a tlirector of the Detroit, Toledo and I ronton Railway Company, the Georgia Coast and Pied- mont Railroad Company, Chesterfield and Lancaster Railroad Company, Okla- homa Central Railroad Company, Tampa and Jack- sonville Railroad Company, and a member of the American Advisory Board of the French- American Bank. Air. Lisman is known in financial circles as being, probably, the best in- formed man in the Cnited States on the subject of the finances of the various American railroad svstems. Air. Lisman married, June 7, 1892, Leonora Cohen, and they have one son, Robert G. Lisman. born Alarch Q, 1893. FREDERICK J. LISMAN 538 HISTORY OF XEJf YORK Wf\{\{\\h JAMES (iKAIIAM CAXXOX JAMES GRAHAM CAXXOX 539 JAMES GRAHAM CANNON, president of the Fourth National Bank of New York, and one of the most distinguished of American bank- ers, was born at Delhi, Delaware County, New York, July 26, 1858, the son of George B. and Ann E. Cannon. Mr. Cannon was educated in a New York public school and at Packard's Commercial School, from which he was graduated in 1876. On leaving that institution he entered the Fifth Avenue Bank of New York as messenger. After filling every intermediate position he became pay- ing teller, and on June 3, 1881, was appointed assistant cashier and elected a director and still holds the latter office. He resigned the cashiership, however, to accept, March 11, 1890, the position of vice president of the Fourth Na- tional Bank of New York, which he held until, in August, iQio, he became president, following the death of President J. Edward Simmons. Mr. Cannon is also a director of the Bankers' Trust Company; a trustee of the Franklin Savings Bank; chairman of the Board of Directors of the H. \\'. Johns-]\Ianville Compan}'; also director of the United States Guarantee Company, and United States Mortgage and Trust Company. Mr. Cannon is nationallv known as one of the most skillful bankers in this country, a thorough student of financial science and banking methods, and surpassed by none in the country in his knowledge of credits, and has deliv- ered many addresses on that subject, which have been collected in permanent form and published, including: Bank Credits; Buying Commercial Paper; and The Banker and the Certified Public Accountant ; and is an authority on these questions. Mr. Cannon has also written many articles on Clearing House Practice, and his book on this subject is a standard. His last publication is on Clearing House Loan Certificates and Substitutes for Money Used During the Panic of 1907. He is a member of the Executive Committee and chairman of the Com- mittee on Finance and Currency of the Chamber of Commerce; and was for- merly president of the National Association of Credit Men. He is a member of the International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association; a trustee of the New York University; president of the Board of Trustees of Hahnemann Hospital : vice president of the Packard Commercial School Com- pany; member of the Executive Committee of the Congregational Home Mis- sionary Society; president of the Westchester County Chamber of Commerce, and member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Westchester County His- torical Society, New York Academy of Science, and the Transportation, Union League, Metropolitan, and Republican Clubs. Mr. Cannon married, in New York City, February 17, 1881, Charlotte B. Bradley, and has three children: ALabel (Mrs. H. F. Ballantyne), Marguerite (Mrs. A. T. Taml)lvn), and James G Cannon, Jr. 540 HISTORY OF NEW YORK FRANK ARTHUR VAXDKRLIl' FR.IXK ARTHUR J'AXDIiRIJP .". U FRANK ARTHUR VANDERLIP, iiresident of the City National Bank of New York, was born in Aurora, Illinois, Novenilier 17, 1864, the son of Charles and Charlotte L. ( W'oodworth ) A'anderli]). He was reared on a farm near liis nati\'e city, attended the puljlic schools, worked for a time in the machine shops of Ho3-t & Brother [Manu- facturing Comjianv, at Aurora, and attended the University of Illinois and the University of Chicago. Later he received his x^.M. from the University of Chicago, and in June, 1906, LL.D. from the University of Illinois. Mr. A'anderlip entered newspaper life as a reporter on the statT of the Chicago Tribune and became known as one of the best of his profession in that citv, later becoming associate editor and part owner of The Economist, the leading financial newspaper of the \\'est. Lyman J. Gage, president of the First National Bank of Chicago, when called into the cabinet of President McKinley as secretary of the treasurj-, March 4, 1897, appointed ]\Ir. A'anderlip as ])rivate secretary, but on June ist following, he was promoted to the office of assistant secretary of the treasury, where he served with distinction for nearly four years, showing a remarkably complete grasp of the larger financial problems of the country. He resigned from that office February r, 1901, in order to accept the position of vice president of the National City Bank of New York, the greatest lianking institvition in America. He proved his executive ability so completely that when Mr. James Stillman, the president, resigned that oifice, the Board of Directors elected Mr. X'anderlip president of the bank January i, 1909. Mr. Vanderlip is also a director of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, Southern Pacific Com])any, Cimsolidated Gas Company, L^nited States Realty and Improvement Companv, Riggs National Bank of \\"ashington, D. C, the American Security and Trust Company of Washington, D. C, Missouri, Kan- sas and Texas Railroad Company, Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company, Louisiana and Western Railroad Company, the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company of New York, and the Century Realty Company. Mr. \"anderlip has lieen an extensive contributor to magazines and is author of the volumes : Chicago Street Railwavs ; The American Commercial Invasion of Europe; Political Problems of tAU-ope; and Business and Educa- tion. He is a trustee of the New York University, Stevens Institute of Tech- nology, and Carnegie Foundation. He is president of the Board of Gover- nors of Letchworth A^illage. He is a meml)er of the New York Chamber of Commerce, the Metro- politan, Century, Union League, and City Clubs of New York, and the Cos- mos Club and Commercial Club of Washington. Mr. Vanderli]! married, in Chicago, May 19, 1903, Narcissa, daughter of Charles Epperson Cox, and has four children. 543 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK WIl.LARD VI X TON KIXG u'lLL.Uxi' rixrox kixc, 543 WILLARD VINT(3N KING, president of the Columbia Trust Company of New York, was liorn in Brooklyn, November 3, 1868, son of William A'inton King, cotton broker, and Isabel (Boyd) King. He was prepared in the Friends' Seminary, New York City, and was graduated from Columbia University, A.B., with highest honors, 18S9, taking the prize scholarship in Latin, and election to Phi Beta Kappa. He began his business career as messenger with the Produce Exchange Bank, leaving it after a few months for the Continental Trust Company of New York, and served with it from 1890, through every position to secretary, in 1898, and vice president in 1901. In 1904 that company and the New York Security and Trust Company were merged as the New York Trust Company, of which he was vice president, until he was elected, in March, 1908, president of the Columbia Trust Company. That company, started shortly before the panic of 1907, had naturally made little headway up to the time when, six months after the panic, Mr. King's administration began. Since that time, however, the company has grown steadily, and has an acknowledged standing as an independent, clean and substantial concern, taking only conservative kinds of business. The company is almost unique in being independent; for while its board represents strong and diverse interests, it has no dictator. This has made it popular with those who feel that their affairs should not be subject to the scrutiny or the policies of any of the great Wall Street groups. Politically, Mr. King usually acts and votes with the Republican Party, but he has not sought or held office. He was, however, a member of the Commission on Speculation, appointed by Governor Hughes in 1909, to investigate the New York Stock Exchange and other exchanges. Mr. King is a director of the Brunswick Terminal and Railway Com- pany, Columbia Trust Company, and City Land Improvement Company. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of New York, and of the executive committee of the New York Trust Companies Association. He is a veteran of the Twenty-second Regiment, National Guard of New York, a trustee of Columbia University, treasurer of the New York Association for the Blind, trustee and treasurer of the American School for Classical Studies in Rome, a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society and the Delta Upsilon Fraternity, and of the L^niversity Club, Columbia University Club, and the Morris County Golf Club. When in town he resides at 21 \\ est Fourteenth Street, the "Van Beuren Alansion," and his country resi- dence at Convent, N. J., is notable, not only for its architectural beauty and simplicity, Ijut as the only fireproof house in the jNIorristown district. Mr. King married, in New York City, April 26, 1904, Mary Spingler \'an Beuren. .-)44 HISTORY or XI-IJ- YORK WALTER G. OAKMAN WALTER G. O.-iKM.IX 545 WALTER G. OAKMAN, president of the Hudson Companies, was born in Philadelpliia, the son of John and Harriette S. (Campbell) Oaknian and receixed his preparatory education in private schools in the citv of his birth, afterwards graduatino- from the University of Pennsylvania. Upon leaving college he entered the banking house of John S. Kennedy & Companv, where he gained a knowledge of financial affairs that was of vast benefit in his after life. He was then appointed division superintendent of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and soon mastered the intricacies of railroading- and general transportation. On retiring from the service of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, Air. Oakman came to New York City and the next (juarter century of his life was a period of intense activity. Din"ing this time he filled the office of vice president of the Central Railroad of Xew York; president of the Richmond and Danville Railroad svstem. now the greater part of the Si mthern Railroad; and was for ten years president of the Gtiarantv Trust Com])any. While president of the trust company, IN'Ir. Oakman was vice president of the Interborough Rapid Transit Companv. He was greatly interested in the question of relieving the congested traftic conditions, and his experience with steam roads was of vast assistance when the su])ways were built. He was also an important factor in the organization of the Hudson Companies, of which he has been president since their formation ; and in the construction of the tubes and terminal buildings of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Comixni}', Mr. Oakman's part was an im])ortant one. In addition to being president of the Hudson Companies, Mr. Oakman is vice president and director of the Jeft'erson and Clearfield Coal and Iron Company and a director of the following concerns: Alabama Great South- ern Railroad Companv; American Car and Foundry Company; Brooklyn Heights Railroad Companv; Brookhn Rapid Transit Company; Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad Companv; Hudson Street Railroad Com- pan_\'; Kings County and Fulton Elevated Railroad Com])any; Long Island Railroad Company; Louisville and Nash\'ille Railroad Company; Morristown Trust Company; National Bank of Commerce; New York and New Jersey Railroad Company; Reynoldsville and Falls Creek Railroad Comj^any, and Rich- mond Light and Railroad Company. Mr. Oakman is a member of the Metropolitan, Union, University, Rid- ing, Down Town, and Railroad Clubs of New York. He is also a member of the Automobile Clul) of America, the Century Association of New York, the Pennsylvania Society of New York, and of the Alumni Association of the L'niversity of Pennsylvania. Mr. Oakman married Miss E. C. Conkling, at Utica, N. Y. They have two daughters, and a son who was graduated recently from Harvard. uc> HISTORY or Xl-ir ]'()h'K SIDXEY CECIL BORG 547 SIDNEY CECIL BORG, banker, was born in New York City, June 21, 1874, son of Simon and Cecilia (Lichtenstadter) Borg. His fatlier, Simon Borg, who was of German birth, came to the United States in 1S57. and became a prominent banker in New York City, and head of the tirm of Simon Borg & Company. Mr. Simon Borg was president of the New York, Susquehanna & Western Railroad Company ; president of the Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews: trustee of the United States Savings Bank, and member of many charitable and other institutions of New York City. He financed the construction of several, and was promi- nent in the reorganization of many railroad companies; and bore an im- portant place as a financier in New York and the country at large. Sidney Cecil Borg received his early education in Sach's Collegiate Institute in New York City, and under private tutors; afterward entering Yale University, he was graduated in the Class of 1895 of the Sheftield Scientific School of that University, of which he was the class historian. After graduation from Yale, he was admitted as a partner to the firm of Simon Borg & Company, bankers, of 20 Nassau Street, in which firm he has ever since continued and of which he is now the senior member. The prestige gained by the house, established by his father, as one of the most substantial and reliable in private banking business in New York City, has been maintained by the conservative and efficient methods of the present head of the house. He has acted as a member of a large number of reorgani- zation and protective committees, including those of the Chicago Great Western Railroad, the Detroit Southern Railroad, Cincinnati, Findlay and Fort Wayne Railroad, Houston Oil, Kirb)' Lumber Company and other important corporations. ]\Ir. Borg is a trustee of the United Hebrew Charities, the Jewish Protectory and Aid Society, the Advisory Board of the Madison Avenue Depository and Exchange for Woman's Work, the Advisory Board of the Society of Sanitarv and Moral Prophylaxis ; member of the Academy of Political Science, National Department of Health, Mount Sinai Hospital, the Educational Alliance, ]\lontefiore Home, Legal Aid Society, the Metro- politan Museum of Art, People's Institute, American Museum of Natural History, Civic Forum, and many other societies. He is a member of the National Arts Club, the Automobile Club of America, Reform Club, Century Golf Club, Deal Golf Club, and the Economic Club of New York City. Mr. Borg married, in New York, November 24, i8g8, Madeleine Beer, and has two daughters: Margery, born 1899, and Dorothy, born 1902. He has a city residence at 35 West Seventy-second Street, and a countrv home, "Ouarrv Hill," at Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. 548 HISTORY OF NEW YORK 1. 1 Mils BB.X ,11. 1 HAGGIN 549 JAMES BEN ALI HAGGIN — The pioneers of California were men of capacity as well as bravery, and among them have developed men of national prominence in many fields of endeavor. The days of '49 are now far distant, and the men who, out of the o])portunities of that early day in the land of gold, carved their way to fame and fortune, are getting fewer in number from vear to vear. Of those who remain James B. Haggin is the best kno\\n. ]\Ir. Haggin is by birth a Kentuckian, born in Harroilsburg, Mercer Countv, in 1827. His second name is indicative of his maternal ancestry, his mother's maiden name having been ]\Iiss Adeline Ben-Ali. His family was one of the foremost in the Blue Grass region, and he was educated at Danville, Kentucky, by the best masters. Being destined for the legal pro- fession, he recei\-ed a thorough preparation and was admitted to the bar of the State of Kentucky. He began practice in Shelbyville, Kentuckv, but later went to Natchez, ^Mississippi, and after that to New Orleans, where he was beginning to make his mark as one of the younger members of the brilliant bar of that city, when he, like manv other voung men of ambition, inspired by reports from the new land of opportunit}', made his way to California, arriving there in 1850 via Panama. The earliest bar of San Francisco included many young men who after- ward became distinguished in jurisprudence, statesmanship or finance. Mr. Haggin's first activities were in the line of his profession, as head of the law firm of Haggin & I.atham, his jjartner Ijeing ^Milton S. Latham, who, like himself, afterward became one of the most distinguished citizens and gover- nor of the Golden State. Subsequentl)' he formed a partnership in the prac- tice of law with Lloyd Tevis, who in time became recognized as the foremost lawyer of San Francisco. At that period California was a great field iov active and competent law- yers, for laws and property rights were then in their formative period, and great mining and other enterprises were being developed. His professional earnings, like those of many others, went into mining ventures, but unlike the majority, his investments were wiselv made, and increased to such a degree that he was finally impelled to abandon law practice for mining and other financial interests. He had succeeded greatly at the bar, but the results attainable in his new field were more alluring. His success in the mining field was constant, and was bv no means confined to California. He obtained many interests in mines in that State, and years afterwards was one of the first operators to become interested in the Black Hills of Dakota, where he became chief owner of the famous Homestake and other mines, and in Butte, Mon- tana, he became interested with Marcus Daly in the great copper developments r.5(i HISTORY OF NEJV VORK of that region, l)eside owning valuable mining properties in old and New Mexico and in Arizona. After leaving the practice of law, Air. Haggin continued his association with Lloyd Tevis in other matters, the two organizing and retaining the con- trolling interest in the Kern County Land Com])any of California, one of the greatest land companies ever organized on the Pacific Coast, owning about four hundred thousand acres of land in one of the best farming regions of the State, most of which he still retains. Mr. Haggin and Mr. Tevis, at an earlv date, became the owners of a large tract near the City of Sacramento, which he improved, under the name of Rancho del Paso, which became famous. There he added largelv to his already great fortune by phenomenal success in the culture of cereals and hops, and also in the raising of vast herds of high-grade cattle and sheep. The fame of the ranch, however, came chiefly from the results attained in the breeding- of thoroughbred racing stock. True to his Kentuckv origin, Mr. Haggin has always been an enthusiastic horseman, and he established him- self as breeder of many of the best horses on the American turf, and pur- chased as yearlings the celebrated racers, Firenzi and Salvator. In i8S6 Mr. Haggin determined to introduce horses of his breeding to the East, and with his son, Ben Ali Haggin, took a choice lot of animals from the Rancho del Paso to Kentucky, and entered them in the best races of the East. They met such success that Mr. Haggin bought the celebrated Elmendorf and adja- cent farms, comprising about eight thousand acres, near Lexington, Kentucky, and established horse-breeding stables there. The Haggin Stable took a lead- ing jtlace on the Metropolitan turf and on all the iirincipal race tracks the Haggin colors went out to frequent victories. Since the death of his son Ben Ali Haggin, who was his partner and associate in his horse-breeding and racing interests, Mr. Haggin has retired from the turf, but still continues on his Kentuckv farm and California ranch the l)ree was the leading member of that bar. She died May .23, 1804. There were five children of that mar- riage, two sons and three daughters. Mr. lien Ali Haggin and one of the (laughters died, and the surviving children are Louis T. Haggin, a successful business man of Xew ^'ork, and Mrs. Lounsbery, wife of Richard P. Louns- bery, of Lounsberv- & Companv, bankers. On December 30, 1897, Mr. Haggin again married, his second wife being Miss Pearl \'oorhies, of \'ersailles, Kentuckv. who was a niece of his first wife, and was a young ladv of fine education and culture, and of the best social standing. Since their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Haggin have mafle their home chiefly in Xew \'ork, at 5S7 V\i\\\ Avenue. ooa HISTORY OF XEJr YORK CHARLES HATHAWAY 553 c HARL1^:S HATHA\\\\\'. head of the hrni of Hathaway, Smith, Folds & Company, 45 Wall Street, New ^'ork City, was born at Delhi, X"ew York, December 27, 1S4S, and was educated at the Delaware Academy, Delhi and Williston Seminary, East Hamj^ton, ^Massachusetts. His hrst Inisiness experience was as clerk in the Delaware National Bank of Delhi, New York, where he remained until 1S71, when he entered the service of the United States Government at Washington as an employee of the Navy Department. One year later Air. Hathaway was appointed fleet clerk of the Asiatic squadron and was attached t(i the old flagship Hartford, accomjianying the fleet to China and Japan. His api)ointment was made at the instance of Rear Admiral lidwin Stewart, who was paymaster at that time and wlio is an uncle to Air. Hathaway. On the return of the fleet, in it~^75, he decided to resign his position, with the I'nited States Government. His early experience as a l)ank clerk had created a desire for financial pursuits and he determined to confine his future eft'orts in that line. With this end in view he returned from the (3rient and associated himself with the firm of Piatt & Woodward, where he gained much valuable experience and became a mem- ber of the firm in iSSg. Mr. Piatt and Air. Woodward retired from active business in 1S94, the firm becoming Charles Hathaway 1^ Com])any, and its former active members becoming special partners. In January, i<;io, the firm name was changed to Hathaway, Smith, Folds & Company, now one of the Ijest known in the entire covmtrv, numbering among its clientele some of the largest mercantile houses and corporations in the United States who borrow money in the open market. The firm confines itself exclusively to the negotiation of commercial paper and has a high rating in every large city of the United States and abroad. Its resources in its line are unlimited and the largest transactions are conii)leted in a manner most satisfactory to the many clients of the firm. Mr. Hathaway is a Republican in ])olitics, but beyond being interested in good government, takes no active part and has never sought pulilic ofiice. He is well known in cluli circles, being a member of the Union League of New York Q\X\\ a governor in the Essex County Country Club of Orange, New Jersey, a member of the Down Town Club, and Saint Andrew's Society of New York City. Mr. Hathaway was married, in Platteville, Grant County, Wisconsin, on October 5, 1SS2, to Miss Cora South wortli Rountree, and is the father of four sons: Stewart Southworth Hathaway, born July 25, 1884; Harrison R. Hathaway, born September 3, 1886; Rol^ert Woothvard Hathaway, born Octo- ber 20, 1887, and Charles Hathaway, Jr., born September 4, 1893. Mr. Hathaway's New ^'ork address is 45 Wall Street, and he has a hand- some home on Prospect Street. East Orange, New Jersey. 554 HISTORY OF NEW YORK W\^\ U mm" ',!:■■'■' ■ i" ■';' I • I '■ " 'P - ''' '. I ':'Vil:il rf:i V •„ ,, .(;.N ll /,. ' ll I 'll II',!' j S ■ ''."'III/// ARTHUR IJIRTIS LEACH A ARTHUR BURTIS LEACH 555 RTHUR BURTIS LEACH, head of the hanking firm of A. B. Leacli & Company, was horn in Detroit, Michigan, Septemher 30, 1S63, the son of W'ilham and Matilda (Shaw) Leach. His father was of Enghsh descent, and his mother of L'isli and American descent; his father was an accountant hy profession. Arthiu" B. Leacli was a student at the Detroit High School until 1880, when he hecame a clerk with the prominent firm of Buhl, Sons & Company, of Detroit, Michigan, and a year later went to Fargo, North Dakota, where he was clerk with A. E. Henderson, hardware dealer, for some months. In 1881 he organized the firm of Campbell & Leach, hardware dealers, at Devils Lake, North Dakota, which he conducted until 1885, when he became assist- ant cashier of the Bank of Devils Lake, at that place. He was afterward em- ployed b_\' the then prominent banking firm of S. A. Kean & Company, of New York and Chicago, until i88g, when, in association with the late John Farson, he organized the firm of Farson, Leach & Company, continuing in that firm until 1906. He then purchased the interest of Mr. Farson and organized the present firm of A. B. Leach & Company, of 149 Broadway, of which he has since been the head, with offices in New York, Chicago, Bos- ton and Philadelphia. Air. Leach has established for himself a prominent place in financial circles, and he has greatly enlarged his business in general banking and in placing on the market of large blocks or entire issues of muni- cipal and corporate bonds and other securities. The former firm of Farson, Leach & Company, and the present firm of A. B. Leach & Company have been identified with many large financial trans- actions, and the business is one of national scope, the house taking a promi- nent part as bankers in the financing of large enterprises. Mr. Leach brings to the business the benefit of wide experience, trained judgment and the pres- tige of success, and has made his firm one of the leading private banking insti- tutions of the country. Mr. Leach is a Republican in politics and an active supporter in the prin- ciples and candidates of the party. He has served as presidential elector for the State of New Jersev, of which he is a citizen, having his residence at 321 Scotland Road. South Orange, New Jersey. He is president of the Alichigan Society of New York; a member of the L^nion League of New York, the Union League of Chicago, New York Club, the Railroad Club of Nev.- York, the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, the Algonquin Clul) of Boston, Arts Club of Philadelphia, and the Queen City Club of Cincinnati, Ohio. He was married, at Detroit, Michigan, February 3. 1889, to Maud Camp- bell, and they have four children: Helen, Maude, Ferry W. and Margaret Leach. 5o(i HISTORY OF A'£Jr YORK ROi'.F.RT TIKXRV MCCrunV ROBERT HENRY McCURDY R OBERT HENRY McCURD\', banker and now head of the banking and brokerage firm of McCurdy, Henderson & Company, was l)orn in New York City, May 26, 1859, the son of Richard A. and Sarah Ellen (Little) McCnrdy. His ancestry is derived from Scotland and the North of Ireland, his first American ancestor, John McCnrdy, coming to this country about 1740, and settling in Lyme. Connecticut, where the family became dis- tinguished in business and the professions, one of the family, Hon. Charles J- McCurdy, having been lieutenant governor of the State, and after\\-ard a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut. AuDther, Robert H. jMcCurdy, born in Lvme, Connecticut, in 1800, who was the grandfather of the j^resent Robert H. McCurdy, became one of the most prominent merchants of New ^'ork, being head of the great commission dr\' goods firm of McCurdy. Aldrich & Spencer, from 1828 until his retirement, in 1857. Lie was one of the founders and a trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, trustee of the Conti- nental Insurance Company, director of the Merchants' Exchange Bank, and the American Exchange National Bank, and a prominent member (if the Chamber of Commerce of New York, where his portrait now hangs. Lie was a citizen of much distinction, organized the Lmion Defense Committee at the outl)reak of the Civil \\'ar. and was one of the founders of the Laiion League Clul). Lie died in 1880. His oldest son, Richard Aldrich McCurdy, who was born in i8_^5, \\as graduated from the law school of Harvard Lhiiversity, in 1856, and afterwards practised law in New York City with Lucius Rol)in- son, afterward governor of New York. He became attorney to the Mutual Life Insurance CompauA- in i860, was elected its vice president in 1865, and its president in 1885, holding that office until 1906, when he resigned. He married Sarah E. Little, who died at Morristown, New Jersey, May i, 1910. Their onlv son, Robert Llenrv McCurdv, enjoyed the advantage of an excellent education. Lie spent two years at school in Europe, and was fitted by a private tutor for Harvard College, from which he was graduated in 1881. Upon leaving college in 1881, after a few months of tra\'el, he entered, in December of that year, the service of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, in its New York agency, where he became a close and accm^ate student of the underwriting profession, antl where he remained until 1886. In that _\ear the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York decided to do business in foreign countries, and in inn'suance of that determination it estab- lished a foreign department for that business, and Mr. Rol^ert H. McCurdy was made superintendent of that department, holding that position contin- uously until 1903. The company's new departure in that direction imposed upon Mr. Mc- Curdy many jiroblems of great importance in connection with the organizing 558 HISTORY OF XEir YORK of the plans and proi^ranis of publicity for the extension of the company's busi- ness in various foreign countries where the national laws and customs were so variant as to make the establishing of the company's business in each one a separate ])roposition. [Nlr. McCurdy pro\-ed to be in every respect equip- ped for this unique international task, and met every difficulty as it arose with consummate ability. The result was that the [Mutual Life Insurance Com- panv soon became an international institution, and the business of the company in its foreign de])artment grew with remarkable rapidity. During the period covered bv Mr. McCurdv's management the business of the company was ex- tended to all of the covmtries of Europe and to Mexico. Australia, and South Africa. During- the period between 1886 and 1905, the premiums collected bv the foreign department amounted to over $98,000,000, and the insurance issued and ])aid for exceeded $488,000,000. On July i, 1903, Air. Robert H. McCurdv was elected a trustee of the [Mutual Life Lisurance Company of X'ew York and was appointed its general manager, continuing in that relation until December, 1905, when he resigned. In 1908 [Mr. [McCurdy associated himself with Xorman Henderson and Lewis H. Hatzfeld, surviving partners of the old established banking firm of Henderson & Company, taking the place of the late [Mr. Charles R. Hender- son as senior partner, under the firm name of [McCurdy, Henderson & Com- panv, at 24 Nassau Street. New York. The firm has membership in the New York Stock Exchange, and conducts a general Ixanking and stock exchange business. [Mr. [McCurdy is a director of the First National Bank of Morris- town, New Tersev, the International Bell Telephone Company, Limited, O'Rourke Engineering Construction Company, Registrar and Transfer Com- panv of New York, and the Windsor Trust Company of New York; and is interested in other companies. [Mr. [McCurdv is a Republican in national politics, but has held no politi- cal or public offices, and has not taken any very active part in political affairs. He has the best social connections, and he is a member of many of the lead- ing societies and clul)s, including the Chamber of Commerce of New York, Union Cltib, University Clul), Harvard Club, Down Town Association, City Lunch Club. New York Yacht Club, Morristown Club. [Morris County Golf Club, Okeetee Club. Flat Brook Valley Club. W hippany River Club, Rock- away Hunting Club, and several others. He has his city residence at 39 East Fift^•-first Street, and a country place at [Morris Plains, New Jersey. Mr. McCurdy has traveled frequently and extensively in all the countries of Europe, Northern Africa, the Levant. Cuba, [Mexico and in various other countries. He was married, in [Morristown, New Jersey, on September 19, 1898, to [Marv Sucklev. SAMUEL S. COXOJ-RR 559 SAMUEL S. CONOVER, president of the iMdelity Trust Company, was born in Passaic, New Jersey, January 13, i86(j, tlie son of [acob B. and Arabella (Bog-art) Conover. He is of Dutch descent through Wol- fert Gerretsen \an Couwenhoxen, who enn'grated from Amersfoort, Holland, in 1630, and settled near Albany, Xew \'()rk, afterwards residing on Manhat- tan Island, and in l(^S7 being enrolled among the burghers of Xew Amster- dam. ]\Ir. Conover began has active business career in 1 89 1, with the Fourth ^■■■,j.i -' ',1" ''".//;'- .,'''■''/'' '^ II I 11. 'I" ii 1.1 ', .jgSl. ' ''"ilf ' 'hi Hi I'l 'ii ^""W,''l' ii M I •i\ ii.:,'.";",'! t j|i/Suiii''iiy;'////Mn,|| National Bank of New- York, as private secretar\- to J. Edward Simmons and James G. Cannon, president and vice president of the bank, remaining with that institution for about ten years and becoming man- ager of the credit depart- ment of the bank. PI is training under these dis- tinguished bankers was an admirable ]M"ei)aration for the responsible positions he has since filled. He was elected vice president and director of the Irving Na- tional Bank in 1902, and became president of that bank in 1906, resigning in 1907, to accept the presi- dency of the Fidelity Trust Company. Mr. Cono\'er gives to his duties abilities of a degree that insures for the institution a safe and efficient administration. He is also trustee of the Irving Savings Institution of New York, and a trustee of the Hahnemann Hospital. He is a member of the Union League Club, Lawyers' Club, and the Chamber of Commerce, and resides in New York. Mr. Conover m.arried, in 1S94, Emma F. Shaffer, and they have one daughter. SAMUEL S. CONO\ EU 560 HISTORY OF XEW YORK I'EKCV kI\lX(,TUX I'YXK, 21) PERCY RIJ'IXGTON PVNE. 3d 561 PERCY RI\'lXGTON PYNE, 2(1. now the head of the firm of Pyne, Kendall & Hollister, bankers and brokers, was born in New York City. June 23, 1882. the son of Moses Taylor and }*largaretta (Stockton) Pyne. Both paternally and maternally Mr. Pyne is of ancient English descent, his paternal grandfather, Percy R. Pyne, having come to this country from England in 1828. The old Pyne family house in England was the "Shute" House, in Devonshire, which still stands. Among the famous English rela- tives in this line were : Colonel John Pyne, memlier of Parliament, of Currv Mallet, mentioned in DTsraeli's life of Charles I (volume 5, page 4), 1638; James Pyne, who lived at Brook House. Kent, until he sold it to Sir William Cheney, 1400: John de Pyne. member of Parliament. 1332; Sir Thomas de Pyne. 1314; Sir Robert de Pyne, 1243: Sir Thomas de Pyne, of Combe Pyne and Shute (High Sheriff of Devon) 1240; Sir Herl)ert de Pyne, 1225; Nich- olas de Pyne. crusader under Richard I, iiyi; Gilbert de Pyne, who com- manded the troops employed in the siege of the Castle of Brionne under the Duke of Normandy. 1090; and the Sire des Pyne. who settled in England in 1066, being of the one hundred and eighteen knights who fought at Hastings. Mr. Pyne's grandfather, Percy R. Pyne, who came from England, was president of the National City Bank and was prominent as a philanthropist. He married Catherine S. Taylor, daughter of Closes Taylor, one of the fore- most merchants and financiers of the city in his day. He was the head and practical creator of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railway. Through another line of paternal descent Mr. Pyne includes among his ances- tors James Rivington, founder and publisher of Rivington's Gazette, who was a very prominent figure in the history of the City of New York, before, dur- ing, and for sometime after the Revolutionary period. The maternal ancestry of Mr. Pyne extends back to men of great promi- nence in the American Revolution and the Continental Congress, his mother, who was born Margaretta Stockton. l)eing daughter of General and Mrs. Rob- ert F. Stockton, of New Jersey. Mrs. Stockton having l^een, previous to her marriage. Miss Potter, of Washington. General Stockton's father was com- modore Robert Stockton ("Fighting Bob"), and his grandfather was Richard Stockton, the signer of the Declaration of Independence, who was the descend- ant in the fourth generation of Richard Stockton, who came from England before 1670, and after residing for several years on Long Lsland, purchased, about the year 1680, a tract of 6408 acres of land, of which Princeton, New Jersey, is nearly in the centre. John Stockton, father of Richard, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, inherited "Morven," the Stockton family seat in Princeton, and was for many years chief judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Somerset County, New Jersev. General \\'ashington often lUSroKY 01' Mill' YORK >t()i)|)cachelor of Arts in the Class of 1903. In ii)04 Mr. Pyne began his financial career in connection with the Farmer's Loan and Trust Company, and in Kjoj he became associated with the management of the ]\Ioses Taylor estate. (_)n February 8, iooartners. Me retired from th.at company just prior to the organization of the United States Steel Cor- poration, mo\-ed to New York Citv in it)Oi, and has since l)een affiliated with hanking interests. He was a director of the Irving National Bank from i()OJ until it was merged. January i, 1907; was one of the organizers, in 1007, of the Fidelity Trust Compan\-, and is now a director of that company, and of the Alontclair ( New Jersey ) Trust Company, and of the Bloomfiekl { New Jersey) Trust Company. He l)ecame a trustee of the Irving Savings Institution, February, 11)07; '^V'ls chair- man of its Finance Committee for 1908 and 1909; was elected its president January, 1910. and is now giving to that bank an efficient and successful ad- ministration. In ii)io. Mr. Tener was appointed bv Mr. Andrew Carnegie a trustee of the United States Steel-Carnegie Pension Fund. Air. Tener is a member of the Chamlier of Commerce and of the Union League, and of the Lawvers' and Transportation Clubs of New ^'ork. HAMPDEN EVANS TEXER 564 HISTORY OF NEW YORK til ,V ',A iVIl '13 1] I I' '111 #,II1 J WASH IXGTON KN'KKETT CONNOR ir.lSIIIXCrOX RVRRETT CONNOR 565 WASHINGTON EVERETT CONNOR, one of tlie most dislin- qnislied financiers in New York, and long a leading figure of the New York Stock Exchange, is a native of tlie old village of Greenwich, which later became known as the "old Ninth Ward," New York City. He was born December 15, 1849, the son of Cleveland A. and Eliza (Lrimber) Con- nor. His family is of English derivation and was transplanted in America by John Connor i)revious to 1765, and Mr. \\'ashington E. Connor is a descend- ant of his son, John Connor, Jr., born Eebruary 6, 1771, who married Janet Sayre. born November 23, 1775. The house in which Mr. Washington E. Connor was born, on Spring Street, stood next to that in which his grand- father had been born, and which, with some adjoining property, had been owned by Mr. Connor's father for more than half a century. His father, Cleveland A. Connor, was a well-known merchant and banker, who for over thirty-six years was connected with the \'illage Bank, which was for a long time the financial headquarters of the people and institutions of the old (ireen- wich Village. Washington Everett Connor received his early education in the ])ublic schools and was afterwards for eighteen months in the Free Academy, now the College of the City of New York. He had a good record in college, being a bright student, especially in mathematical studies, for which he early mani- fested a great aptitude. On leaving college he entered business life in 1866 as a clerk in the bank- ing house of H. C. Stimson & Company, bankers and brokers, and there ac- quired a thorough training in the business of Wall Street, and established a wide acquaintance among influential financial men. He became a member of the New York Stock Exchange, October 6, 1871, and soon became a promi- nent figure in the financial world, with a reputation for great ability in the liandling of stock exchange matters and for his devotion to the interests of his clients. Mr. Connor's genius and ability attracted the attention of the late Jay Gould, whose judgment of men has never been excelled for keenness and accuracy, and in 1881 the firm of W. E. Connor & Company was formed, with George J. Gould as a general partner and ^Ir. Jay Gould as a special partner. This firm for many years was the confidential representative of the interests of Jay Gould, and had charge of the most important of his operations in Wall Street, and Mr. Connor was also a favorite broker of the late Russell Sage and many other of the most prominent capitalists operating in Wall Street in that day. No man ever held a more influential position in connection with the operations of the New York stock market than did Jay Gould, who was the successful general in many a hard-fought financial campaign, in which the 566 HISTORY OT \IU\' YORK coc")ix'rati(in and administrative ai:)ility of ]\Ir. Conner was a valualile factor in the snccessfnl outcome. The larg'c l^rokerage Imsiness which he l)uik tip for his firm, together with extensive private operations on his own account, secured for Air. Connor a most sul)stantial fortune. While engaged in the Ijrokerage l.iusiness Mr. Con- nor was es])ecianv distinguished for his al)ihty to keep liis own counsel, and this he did to such an extent that during the famous \A'estern Union Tele- graph campaign, which resulted in the transfer of the control of that corpo- ration from the A'anderbilts to Jay Gould, ]\Ir. Connor, Avho personally con- ducted all of the operations, ditl it so quietly that A\'all Street carried the im- pression that his firm was heavily short of stock, when in fact it was the prin- cipal owner of it. This misapprehension had been so general among the brokers that it had f<;itmd its way into the newspapers of the city, and several articles had been jjredicated upon it to the effect that ]\Ir. Gould had at last met his AA'aterloo. At one time during the panic of i^^84 it was ascertained that W. E. Con- nor & Company were Ijorrowers to the extent of $12,000,000. and a combina- tion was formed to drive them into bankruptcy. This combination began their attack bv a heavv assault u])on Missouri Pacific stock, but [Messrs. Connor and Gould so outmatched their adversaries that when the day of reckoning came, one hundred and forty-seven houses were found short of Missouri Pacific and were forced to "cover" at heavy losses to themselves and at a great profit to W. E. Connor & Compan\-. Mr. Jay Gould retired from A\'all Street in 1886, and in the following vear Mr. Connor also retired from the brokerage busi- ness. He retained, however, an active interest in many railway and other corporations for se\eral years, but more lately has given up, largely, director- ships in cori)orations, devoting his attention to the care of his own large prop- ertv interests. ]\Ir. Connor has long been prominent in the Masonic fraternit}', in which he has served as [Master of St. Nicholas Lodge, No. 321: District Deputy Grand [Master, Grand Treasurer of Grand Lodge of the State of Xew \ ork. Grand Representative of Grand Lodge of England. Air. Connor is a mem- ber of the American Geograi^ihical Society, [\Ietro]iolitan Aluseum of Art, The American Society of Natural History, and is a member of the Union League, Lotos. Republican and National Arts Clulis of New York; also of The .Amer- ican, Boston and Larchmont Yacht Clubs, New York Athletic Club and Rum- son Country Club. He takes active interest in many forms of recreation, but especiallv in xachting, with wliich he has for years been inl1uentiall\- identi- fied; and has a favored i)lace in the best society of the metro]iolis. He married, in Lond(in, June 25, 1S87. Louise Hynard, and has one son, Wayne Everett Connor, born April 13, 1888. F.nir.^RP U'.lSSl-RMAXX r,6r E" DWARD WASSERAIAXN, of the firm of W'asserniann Brothers, stock hrokers, was born in San Francisco, California, April 8, 1859, son of August and Regina Wasserniann. His father was a native of Munich, Bavaria, and a graduate of the I'niversity of [Munich. He came to New York in 1840, and in the same year, going to San Francisco, founded the Alaska Commercial Company, which liecame a very important enterprise. Edward ^^'assermann was educated in the San Francisco Fligh School, later in a school at Frank- fort on the Main, and in the University of Heidelberg, and also studied art in Ger- many. In 1879 he was appren- ticed to a banking house in Frankfort on the Main. Four years later he went to Paris, where he was for two years with the Raphaels ||l[ and the Credit-Lvonnais, and after traveling through j | Europe, he returned to Xew l| York City in 1884, and es- tablished the firm of Was- serniann Brothers, which has main offices at 42 Broad- way, and four uptown branches. He has been a member of the New York Stock Exchange since 1S88. Mr. Wasserniann is a connoisseur in several branches of art and owns a fine collection of paintings, tapestries, oriental porcelains and (jtlier objcfs d'art. He is a meni])er of the Criterion and Law_\-ers' Clubs of New ^'ork, Aut(jniobile Club of America, and the Royal Ulster Yacht Club of Bengore, Ireland. He married, in New York Citv. Februarv 23, 18S7, Emma Seligman (now deceased), daughter of the late Jesse and Henrietta Seligman. He has three children: Jesse A., Renee Henrietta, and Edward, Jr. KDW AKD W'ASSEkMA.X N 568 IIISrORY Of XHIJ- YORK WALTHER LUTTGEN irALTHER LUTTGEX 5(30 WA[.THER LUTTGEN. one of the best known of the representative bankers of New York City, enjoys the ahiiost unique distinction of more than a half century's connection with the firm of which he is now a member. He is of German descent and nativity, born in Solingen, Germany, lanuary 7, 1839, son of Carl August and Johanne (Struller) Liittgen. He attended public and private schools in Germany until 1854, when he came to New York with his parents and then, after a year at school here, he entered upon a business career with a custom-house broker from 1S55 to 1S57, then with a hardware importing house until 1S59, when he entered the house of August Belmont & Company. He beg'an his employment as a junior clerk, afterward becoming connected in closer and more contidential relations with the business until in 1880 he was admitted to a partnership in the firm. During fiftv-one years, as employee and partner, he has been a valued aid and counselor of the Belmonts, father and son, and has been at all times an active factor in the large operations of the firm, which has always been one of the foremost in the financial activities of New York, and identified with the finan- cing of many great national enterprises. He has been identified with many im])ortant corporate enterprises, and during the past twenty-five years has been a director of the Illinois Central Railroad Company; is a director of the Rapid Transit Subway Construction Company and identified with various other important interests, which have the benefit of his active participation and experienced counsel, so far as the exact- ing duties of the large banking house of August Belmont & Company, many of which are placed in his hands, will permit of his undertaking to take part in other enterprises. Mr. Liittgen is one of the most prominent of the German-American citi- zens of New York, and has a large personal following. He formerl}- was a resident of New Jersey, and held various minor and local offices, but never was an aspirant for political office. He is, however, much interested in poli- tics in the larger sense, being strongly Democratic in principle and favoring a taritT for revenue only as a present economic expedient, but eventually of free trade as the best permanent policy. He is a member of the Metropohtan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, American Geographical Society, New York Zoological Society, New York Botanical Society, Legal Aid Society, German Society, German Hospital, Down Town Association, New York Yacht Club, Automobile Club of America, New York Athletic Club, and Columbia Yacht Clul). He has his town house on West End Avenue, and his country home at Redding, Connecticut. Mr. Liittgen married, in Brooklyn, May 23, 1S66, Amelia \'ictoria Bre- meyer. and has two daughters: Florence Amelia and Gertrude Marion. 570 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK „. I \ \ '" nTWW /An* .Mil I J lOUX IXSLKV I!LA!R JOHy IXSLF.]' ni.JIR 571 JOHN INSL1<:V BLAIR, capitalist, financier, ])liilantln-()i)ist, and one of the distinguished Americans of the Nineteenth Centurv, was liorn near Belvidere, Warren Count}', New Jersey, Au^'ust 22, 180J, the son of lames Blair, a farmer, and a direct descendant from John Blair, who came to this country from Scotland in 1720. Mr. Blair attended the village school during the winter until he was eleven rears old, when he hecame clerk for a cousin in a store at Hope, New Jersey, and was thereafter self-sui)porting. Eight }-ears later he and his kinsman, Jnhn Ijlair, started a general country store at Illairstown, New Ter- ser, of which he hecame sole proprietor two vears later. He estal)lished liranch stores at Marksborough, Johnsonsburg and Huntsville, New Jersey, continued in the mercantile business for forty years, and established flour mills, textile and other industries, and was postmaster of Blairstown for forty years. About 1833, with associates, he engaged in developing iron mines near Oxford Furnace, a forge that had been in operation since ante-Revolutionary days. He was one of the organizers in 1S46 of the Lackawanna Coal and Iron Coni])any, built several railroads and took a leading ])art in the building, in 185^'), of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. He built the first railroad across the State of Iowa, and afterward built more than two thousand miles of railroad in that State and Nel:)raska, and other roads in Wisconsin, Kansas, Missouri, Dakota, Texas. More than eighty Western towns were laid out through his instrumentalit\-. and he be- came one of the original directors of the Cnion Pacific Railroad Company and controlling owner of many large corporations, East and West. In connection with his large financial interests he became founder of the well-known banking firm of Blair & Company, which is one of the most im- ])ortant in the financial district of New York. He was a prominent Presbyterian layman, and, besides donating land and building, endowed with $150,000 the Blair Academy in Blairstown. He also gave more than a million dollars to Presbyterian institutions, founded professorships in Princeton and Lafayette and made generous contributions to Western colleges. In the eighty towns which he laid out in the West, more than one hundred churches were erected, largel}' through his generosity. He was an actiye Republican from the organization of the party, dele- gate to every national convention, and once nominee of the party for gover- nor of New- Jersey in 1868. He married, in 1826, Nancy Locke, daughter of John Locke, and had two sons: Marcus L. and DeWitt Clinton Blair; and two daughters: Emma L., who married Charles Scribner, the publisher; and Aurelia, who married Clarence G. Mitchell. Mr. Blair died in 1899 at the age of ninet}'-seven. 572 HISTORY OF XFJr YORK iifi(!i\ilf''^''^i'^ffp/^ ^ T'^i^m^ i.i-:ml;j-:i, colkman isexedict L LEMUEL COLEMAX BENEDICT 573 EMUEL COLEMAN BEXEJMCT, of the stock brokerage t^rm of Benedict, Drysdale & Conipanw \\as Ixirn in Brooklyn. New York, lune 30, !(%/, son of Coleman and Mar\- A. ( Clcland ) Benedict. Mr. Benedict is of an old New ^'ork family of English origin, his earliest American ancestor being Thomas Benedict, who came from England to New Netherland in 1662. and on March 20, 1663, was appointed a magistrate by Director-General Stuyvesant. From him w^ere descended men of jM-ominence and distinction in many vocations, some of whom were active and ])rominent on the American side dm'ing the Revo- lutionary War, and also in the Union Army during the Civil War; while others were men of mark in many lines of professional and business life. Jesse W. Benedict, his grandfather, was a prominent lawyer, and his law firm the oldest and one of the most highlv respected in this cit\'. Coleman Bene- dict, father of Lemuel C. Benedict, was a stock broker, well known and highly esteemed in the financial circles of the metropolis. Mr. Benedict was educated in the Polytechnic Listitute of Brooklyn and the Ury House School at Foxchase, Pennsylvania, and having com- ])leted his educational jireparation, he secured employment, in the autumn of 1884, with the prominent firm of William Wall's Sons, rope manufac- turers, and remained with that firm for four years, leaving on account of illness. After a period of rest and recuperation, he secured employment in 1SS9 with ^I. C. Bouvier, stock broker, of New York City, and in that connection made himself thoroughly familiar with stock market oper- ations. On January 2, 1890, he purchased a seat on the New York Stock Exchange, and became a member of the firm of James McGovern & Company, which firm succeeded Coleman Benedict & Company, and on December 31, 1904, upon the retirement of Mr. McGovern, who was a leading figure in the financial district, and one of the principal members of the firm of Coleman Benedict & Companv. Mr. Benedict, with Mr. Rob- ert A. Drysdale, a partner of James McGovern & Company, formed the pres- ent firm of Benedict, Drysdale & Company. During his twenty years' connection with Stock Exchange business Mr. Benedict's firm has been identified with many large financial operations. It is one of the best known engaged in \\a.\\ Street business and commands a large and influential clientele. "Sir. Benedict is a Repulilican, although not active in political affairs. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Raccjuet and Tennis Club, New York Yacht Club, Atlantic \\acht Club, Calumet Club, the New York Stock Exchange Luncheon Club, and the Society of Colonial ^^^ars. He married, in Richmond, \ irginia, June 4, 1908, Carrie Bridewell, and thev have their home at 216 \\'est Seventv-second Street. 574 HISTORY OF XEjr YORK CHARLES HAY DEN 5T5 c HARLES HAYDEX, senior nieniber of the firm of Hayden, Stone & Company, bankers and brrikers, of Boston, New York and other cities, and one of the best-known financial men of the country, was born in Boston, [Nlassacliusetts, July (;. I'f^jo, the son of Josiah W. and Emma A. (Maxwell) Hayden. After a sound preparatory education he entered the [Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology, from which he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science in the Class of iS()2. In hV'bruarv, iSij2, in association with Galen L. Stone, he established, in Boston, the firm of Hayden, Stone & Company, which has from its inception done a successful business, the voktme of which has increased each year from its origin, not only in the parent house at Boston, but also by establishing other offices in New York City: Portland, Maine: New Haven, Connecticut: Detroit, Michigan: Bar Harbor. Maine: and Newport, Rhode Island. There has been added to the membership of the firm N. B. MacKelvie, the active head of the New York house, and J. A. Downs, both of whom entered the firm in 1906, and Eelix Rosen, who became a member of the firm in 1908. The Boston house, at 87 Milk Street, has especially large interests in the handling of copper and metal stocks, which form so important a feattire in the activi- ties of that market, but are also identified with all leading lines of securities, while in the New York office, at 25 Broad Street, the firm are brokers in general lines of stocks and bonds, with connections and facilities stirpassed by no other firm for transactions of this kind on behalf of their clients, among whom are included manv prominent financial instittitions, capitalists and in- vestors throttghottt the country. Mr. Hayden is known as a man of sound financial judgment and excellent executive abilitv, and is officer or director of many important cor- porations. He is trustee and a member of the Executive Committee of the Boston and Worcester Electric Companies : treasurer and director of the Con- tinental Zinc Company: director and member of the Executive Committee of the Lamson Consolidated Store Service Company, and the Shannon Copper Company : and a director of the National Shawmtit Bank of Boston, Massa- chusetts : also a director of the Utah Copper Company, Nevada Consolidated Copper Company, Ray Consolidated Copper Conipan}-, Chino Consolidated Copper Company, Nevada Northern Railway Company, Twin City Rapid Tran- sit Company, and the American Pneumatic Service Comjjany: and treasurer and director of the United Telephone Company. He is a member of the New \ ork Stock Exchange and the Boston Stock Exchange. Mr. Hayden was major and aide-de-camp on the general stafif of the Massachusetts A'okmteer Militia: was disbursing officer of the United States in [Massachusetts during the Spanish-American \\'ar, and is now paymaster 576 HISTORY OF NEW YORK general of the Massachusetts \ (»kinteer MiHtia; and he is one of the most effi- cient officers in the military estaljHshment of the Bav State. He is a memher of the Theta Xi h'raternity, of the University Ckib, Algonquin Chili, Boston Athletic Club, Art Club, Country Club, and Exchange Club of Boston, and of the Nahant Club of Xahant, Massachusetts, having his residence at the latter club. He is also a member of the New York Yacht Club, Eastern Yackt Club and Boston ^'acht Club, and of the Massachusetts Automobile Club; steward of the National Steeplechase and Hunt Associa- tion, and member of the Metropolitan Cluli of W'ashing'ton, U. C, and the Metroi)olitan Clul) of Xew ^'ork. Galen L. Stone, the other of the original members and founders of the firm of Hayden, Stone & Company, is a nati\'e of Boston, and since completing his educational preparation has been actively identified with large financial activities. Ele is one of the soundest knanciers in that market ; a close stu- dent of the market and possessing a most complete knowledge of values, and more especially is this the case in reference to copper stocks and such other stocks and bonds as are most largely handled on the Boston Exchange. His sound and expert judgment and thorough financial insight have been valu- able factors among the many which ha\e contributed to give the firm of Hay- den, Stone & Company the prestige it has attained in the financial world. His tested qualifications as a judicious executive and able administrator have brought about his selection for membership in several directorates in- cluding some of great importance. He is a director of the Old Colony Trust Company, one of the greatest of the financial institutions of Boston, the At- lantic, Gulf and West India Steamshii) Company, United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Company, the Massachusetts Electric Street Railway Company, Lake Copper Company, Clyde Steamshi]) C. MacKelvie of the firm, has been steadily ])rosperous, and is regarded as one of the strongest in the metrojiolis. JOSEPH TATE JOSEPH TATE, banker and ]iroker, was horn in TompkinsviHc, Staten Iskmd, December 28, 1849, the son of James and Ehza])etli (McLean) Tate. The family, orig-inally from the north of Ireland, has I)een settled in this conntry for several generations. Mr. Tate was educated in public schools, and at the private school con- ducted by Rev. John H. Sinclair at Stapleton, Staten Island. On leaving school he was employed in a W'a I Street house, later beconi ing a clerk, first witii Nathan Cohen & Compan and afterward with Jamt Boyd, and in 1870 entere the employ of Closson \ Hays, remaining there unt 1 its dissolution in 188 when he became partner in the firm of E. St. John Ha_\ & Companv, its successoi which was in turn succeede 1 in 1899 by Tate & Hays, c 1 71 Broadway, bankers an brokers, now composed c Joseph Tate, William Henr\- Havs and .\ugustus Kna]i]). The firm has meml)ershi]) in the New \"ork Stock I'.x- change and is one of the best known of the houses now connected with ihat in- stitution and operating on its floor. Mr. Tate is also president and director of the Eighth Avenue Rail- road Company and Ninth Avenue Railroad Company. He is a member of the National Geographic Society, the Navy League of the LTnited States, and the New York, New York Athletic, Economic, and Staten Island Clubs. He married, at Staplet(in, Staten Island, November 16, 1875, Annie Liv- ingston Warner, and has one daughter, Annie Warner, who married Erank De \A'itt Pitkin. TOSEPII TATE 5TS HISTORY OJ- Mill' YORK HEXRV SAXDEKSON 579 H KXR^' SAXDERSOX, now senior member of the Xew York Stock Exchange firm of Sanderson & Brown, is a native of Titusville, Pa., where he was born December 20, 1867, son of Edward P. and Elise (Cras- sous) Sanderson. He is of EngHsh descent on his father's and French on his mother's side, and his maternal great-grandfather was governor of the Island of Martinique, in the West Indies. On the paternal side his first American ancestor was John Sanderson, who came from England, about 1765, to Amer- ica, settling in I'ennsylvania. His jiaternal grandfather, Joseph AI. Sander- son, was a noted educator and classical scholar and author of P>iography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Henry Sanderson was educated in public schools and privately, and be- coming interested in the subject of electrical illumination, he was one of the pioneers in the electric lighting interest in Xew York City, becoming secre- tary, in i88<), of the Mount Morris Electric Light Company, the American Electric Light Company of Xew York, and the Yonkers Electric Light Com- pany of Yonkers, X. ^'. He afterward became president of those corpora- tions, which he sold, in 1S9S, to the Whitney-Brady syndicate; and assisted in organizing the present X^ew York Edison Company. In ii)oo he established and became president of the X^ew York Transportation Company and the Fifth Avenue Stage Company, and in iqoi he organized and became presi- dent of the first trolley express service in Xew York State, the Metropolitan Express Company, operating between X'ew York City and Westchester. In 1905 he came to Wall Street, organizing the Stock Exchange firm now known as Sanderson & Brown, of which he is the senior member. He is now a director of the X^ew ^'ork Transportation Company, Metropolitan Express Company, Fifth Avenue Coach Company, Metropolitan Securities Company, Motor Cab Company of X"ew York, Taximeter Carriage Company, Eagle Gold Mining Company, Park Carriage Company, and Yonkers P'lectric Light and Power Company, and is identified with a number of large interests as a stock- holder. The lianking firm of Sanderson &: Brown is one of the best known in Wall Street. yir. Sanderson is a Republican in politics, and is well known in social life. His favorite recreation is motoring, and he is president of the Auto- mobile Club of America. He is also a member of the Metropolitan Club, New "S'ork Yacht Club, Xew York Athletic Club, Liederkranz, New York Railroad Club, Rumson Country Club, Red Bank Yacht Club, and the Penn- sylvania Society of New "S'ork. He has his town home at 130 East Sixty- seventh Street, and a country house at Locust Point, New Jersey. Air. Sanderson married, at Irvington-on-Hudson, X^ew York, February i, 1893, Beatrice Walter, and has two children: James Reed Sanderson, born November 12, 181)4, and Flenry Geottrey Sanderson, born August 10, 1899. 580 HISTORY OF NEW YORK ♦'i3 'III I "1*1! l|lll|lil'Will'''lJJ W//A 1' I W ,1 'I '1', III ill . . llEXJAMIN I'.UTTERS BRYAN B' Bll\J.L\II\ RrTTHRS f^R)'A.\ 5«1 I-:X|.\.M1X r.L'TTKRS 1;R\AX. who has lono- held a position of distinction in the j^rain commission trade, was born in Savannah, Georq-ia, Octoljer ii, iSfio, the son of James W'ilham Findlay Bryan and Alhson AFclntyre ( Bntters ) llrvan, botli of whom were born in Scotland. His fatlier, who came from ( ilasqow, Scotland, where he was in the i^'rain and provision Inisiness, came to America abont 1850, and settled in Savannah, Georgia, where, dnring the Civil War, he joined the Savannah Gnards, and was killed at Charleston, Sonth Carolina, in 1SO2. In boyhood Air. Bryan was sent to .Scotland, where he was educated in the Carleton Commercial Academv, (ilasg'ow. He started upon his business career in 1S76 with the old firm of Dunlop Brothers, grain and flour merchants, in Glasgow, Scotland, afterward leaving them to enter his uncle's firm, 1). Butters & Company, grain ship])ers, in Mon- treal, Canada. ReceiA'ing an offer from the liank of Montreal, he was engaged in the ser\'ice of that institution for about four years, at the end of which time he left to again enter the grain business, in Chicago. For tiie past twenty-five vears he has been connected with and active in the Chicago Board of Trade grain commission and Xew \'ork stock and cotton brokerage l:)usi- ness, and partner in the old and \\ell-known firm of F. G. Logan & Company, who were succeeded by Logan & llryan, the present firm. Mr. Bryan, as director of the Chicago Board of Trade and chairman of its Promotion Committee, was at the head of nmcli hard work done for that institution in the interests of that and other exchanges, as well as at Wash- ington, D. C, and all o\-er this conntr\-, serving as a member of the Com- mittee of Four, representing the Chicag(j Board of Trade in defending legiti- mate exchanges before President Roosevelt and Congress in 190K. He is a member of the Xew \'ork Stock Fxchange, Cotton Fxchange, Coffee Exchange and Produce b'xchange, Xew Orleans Cotton Exchange, Chicago Board of Trade, and other exchanges. Mr. Bryan established the first private wire between New "S'ork and the Pacilic for expediting and handling brokerage business, as well as establish- ing the well-known Logan tt Br\-an ])ri\ale wire svstem covering over twenty thousand miles of territory in the Cnited States and Canada and doing a stock brokerage business with all exchanges, lie makes his business head(|uarters at the X"ew ^'ork office of Logan & Brvan, 1 1 i Broadway. He is a member of the L'nion League and other clubs in Chicago and of the Calumet Club in Xew \'ork Cit\-. His citv residence is at the Holland House, and he has a countrv residence at .\llenhurst. New Jersey. Mr. Bryan married, in Chicago, Mary Clara Taylor, daugbler of James Madison Taylor, of Philadelphia, and has had three sons : James T. Bryan, born 1891 ; Benjamin Butters Bryan, Jr., I)()rn 1S93; and one deceased. 582 HISTORY OF XEir )-ORK ANSEL OrrENHEIM A ANSEL OPrnXflFJM 583 NSEL OPPENHEIM, one of the most successful of the enterpris- ing- and progressive men who found iheir wav to fortune and (hs- tinction by an intelhgent reahzation of the o])portunities afforded by the growth of the Northwest, is a native of New ^'ork City, born here January 5, 1847, the son of Isaac and Henrietta (Worms) Oppenheim. His father, Isaac Oppenlieini, was a native of Germanv, wlio came to this country in 1842 and engaged witli much success in the mercantile business in New ^'ork City. Mr. Oppenheim received an excellent education in the puljlic schools and college of New York. He commenced the study of law at an early age, re- moving- to Sparta, \\'isc(msin, in 1874, and continued his studies after he was married. His marriage took place June Ji, 1869, to Josie Greve, daughter of Herman Greve. x^t that time Mr. Greve lived at Sparta, Wisconsin, and he had a well-established position and a high reputation throughout the State. He went to Saint Paul in 1885, and at the time of his death was one of the largest owners of Saint Paul real estate. Mr. Oppenheim was admitted to the bar of Minnesota in 1878, at Saint Paul, of which city he became one of the foremost citizens. Possessed of keen insight and judicial mind, Mr. Oppenheim had every qualification, in addition to technical knowledge, to make him successful at the bar, and he formed a copartnership with the Hon. John Brisbin, and engaged in the practice of law at Saint Paul, Minnesota. He did not, how- ever, continue long in professional work, a study of the conditions in Minne- sota and the Northwest having convinced him that in the real estate Inisiness he would find a more readv road to financial success. He and his father-in- law organized a firm under the title of H. Greve & Company, and they en- tered upon a career of large dealings in real estate. That firm ])urchased the Saint Paul City Railway in 1880, and Mr. Oppenheim, after that, became in- terested in many of the most important and successful investment enterprises in the Minnesota capital. He was a member of the firm of Oppenheim & Kal- man who, with associates, built the Metropolitan Opera House in Saint Paul, which at the time of its building was regarded as the finest edifice of its kind in the Northwest ; and he was president of the Union Stock Yards of Saint Paul, Minnesota, when they were built. He acquired other interests, and he participated very actively in railway undertakings and particularly in the Chicago, Saint Paul and Kansas City Railroad, which was afterwards merged in the present Chicago Great Western Railway, of which he was vice president and director, that company owning an important railway system extending from Chicago northwest to Saint Paul, and southwest to Kansas City. He is still interested as director in numer- ous corporations in Saint Paul, including the Interstate Investment Company, .-,si HISTORY or xinr vork Limited, of which he is vice president, and tlie Metropolitan (Jpera House of Saint P'auL There is no man who has better judgment of values and investments in the Northwest than Mr. Oppenheim, and he is an authority upon that subject, fre(|uentlv interviewed by the tinancial papers of New York with regard to Northwest conditions and investments; and he has also written several arti- cles for London tinancial journals on subjects pertaining to Minnesota and the Northwest. ■ Mr. Oppenheim is public si)irited, antl has never been so al)sorbed in his business as to be indilTerent to questions of general welfare. liefore he left New York for the West, he served as a member of the Thirty-seventh Regi- ment of the National Guard of the State of New York, and after becoming a citizen of Saint Paul, he received several civic appointments, being appointed, in i(S,So, a member of the Board of Ecjualization of the State of Minnesota, and in i8(;o was a member of the Assembly of the City Council of Saint Paul, Minnesota. He is a Democrat in politics, and served as chairman of the Democratic County Committee of Ramsey County, Minnesota, at Saint Paul; was also chairman of the State Democratic Committee of Minnesota, and he was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention which nominated Gro- ver Cleveland for the first time for President of the United States at Chicago in 1S84. Air. ( )|)penheim has most valuable financial connections. East, West and abroad, and a large acquaintance with y\merican and foreign capitalists, which has been of valuable assistance in his extensive operations. He has his office in the Op])enheim Building, at Saint Paul, Minnesota, and a New York office at 31 Nassau Street, and is a nonresident member of the National Democratic Clul) of New "S'ork City. lie is also a member of the Town and Country Club of Saint Paul, the Minnesota Club n\ Saint Paul, and The Historical So- cietv of Minnesota and of several other societies; and is a member of the Masonic Order. Mrs. Oppenheim holds a verv iirominenl i)lacc in the best social circles of Saint Paul, and is also well known in New Yovk Society; is an author of several books and a fre(|uent contribut(.)r of verse to leading magazines. She has been verv largelv identified with charitable and civic inqtrovement work in Saint Paul. Mr. and Mrs. ( )ppenlieini have three sons. Tlie eldest of these, Her- man ( )])])enlieim, born |ul\- H), 1S70, is a law\-er l)y i)rofession and has served as assistant corporation attorney of Saint I'aul. The seccMid son, Lucius Julius Oi)penheim, who is a member of the New ^"ork Stock Exchange, mar- ried, in H)Of), Genevie\e Thomas, of Baltimore; and the third son is Greve 0])penheim. CEORGIl IVASHINGTOX YOUXC, 585 G EORGE \\ASHINGTON N()L\\(i, l.anker. was Ixini in Jersey City. X. J.. July I, 1864, l)eing- the son of I'eter and Mary (Crosby) \'ouno-, Iwth of Scotch-Irish extraction. He was eckicated in iml)- Hc and high schools, and took a scientific course in Cooper L'nion. He entered a lawyer's office at thirteen, later entering- the I Indson County National Bank, of which he became receiving teller at eighteen. The same year he received appoint- ment from President Arthur and passed the entrance examination for the United States Military Academy, but his father's illness and death precluded him from entering. Continuing in the bank- ing business, he was elected secretary and treasurer ot the New Jersey Title Guar- antee and Trust Compan\- at the age of twenty-one; and at twenty-eight became vice president and treasurer of the United States Mort- gage and Trust Company, and a year later its presi- dent, serving as such twelve years, until in March, 1905, he established the private banking house of George W. Young & Company, now- one of the most prominent in New \'ork. Mr. "^'oung is a mem- ber of the Chamber of Commerce, the Zoological Society, Metrojjolitan Museum of Art, Automobile Club of America, numerous leading clulis of New \uvk, Chicago and New Jersey. He has been twice married and has a daughter, Dorothy, and a son, George Washington, Jr. His present wife is Lillian Xordica, one of the most distinguished grand opera singers of the age. ?le is a resident of New Jer- sey, his home lieing at ( )akwood l^irm. Deal T.each. N. f. (U-:oRr;E w.xshington young and 58 G HISTORY OF .\7;ff YORK fllljjl^^\\^^\ II i '/"/ ', I '' 'I'"' I 'I. '/,! . HH!i,ir' III 'jl III 1 ft 1 / /I ''^r 1^^% i': RICHARD PURDV LOUNSBERY RICHARD FURDV LOUNSBRRV 581 R ICHARD PURDY LOUNSBERV, head of the linn of Lounsbery & Company, one of the n:ost prominent of those connected with the New York Stock Exchange, was horn in I'.edford. New York, August 9, 1845, the son of James Lounsl)ery, a prominent (h-y goods merciiant of New York City, and of Ann Philhps ( Rundle ) Lounsbery, daughter of Solomon Rundle, of Peekskill, New York. He is descended on both sides from early English settlers, of New Eng- land and New York, his earliest paternal ancestor having been Richard Louns- bery, who came from Yorkshire, England, in 1643, and settled at Rye, New York. His mother was a descendant of Rev. George Phillii)s. who was min- ister on the Arabella, the ship in which Governor Winthrop came from England, in 1630, and in that Phillips family have been many men of distinc- tion, including John and Samuel Phillips, founders of the Phillii)s Exeter and Phillips Andover Academies; John Phillips, the tirst mayor of Boston; Wen- dell Phillips, the orator, and Bishop Philli]is Brooks. Richard Purdy Lounsbery was educated in the Bedford Academy under General James W. Husted, and was instructed by Rev. Robert Bolton, who wrote the History of Westchester County, and was prepared for college by Professor Albert W. Williamson. Mr. Lounsbery went into Wall Street with Henry Knickerbocker in 1863, that firm later becoming Mills, Knickerbocker & Company, bankers and brokers, with whom he remained until January i, 1S67, when he went into the bond and gold business with W. S. Fanshawe, under the firm name of Lounsbery & Fanshawe. That firm did a large business, principally for Jay Cooke & Company, Fisk & Hatch, J. P. Alorgan, and Stern Brothers of Lon- don. The firm made a substantial fortune during the Black Friday Panic of September, 1869; the members retired and went to Europe in December, 1869. Mr. Lovmsbery became a member of the New York Stock Exchange May, 1869. After returning from Europe, Mr. Lounsberv traveled through the West, visiting California in 1871. While in the \A'est he became interested in min- ing, making investigations that gave him a valuable practical knowledge of mining methods and operations, forming an esi)ecially efifective foundation for the large business in mining securities which he subsequently undertook. He bought some mines in Utah, and built smelting works in 1872, the first shaft furnace to reduce silver and lead ores in this country. His connection with the actual organization, equipment and management of mines, continuing for over six years, and the knowledge he gained in regard to the various mining districts of the Pacific coast, gave direction to his business plans, and when he returned to Wall Street, in 1877, it was to take up the banking and brokerage business with a specialty in mining securities, backed by a fund of expert HISTORY OF XFJV YORK knowledge of the mining situation such as few other men on the street pos- sessed in equal degree. He established the tirni of Lnunshery & Haggin, in association with Ben Ali Haggin. That firm built up a very successful business in which the handling of the securities of prominent gold, silver and ci)p])cr mining corpo- rations was a leading, though by no means an exclusive feature, the opera- tions of the firm covering all the varied departments of a general banking and stock brokerage business. That partnershij) continued until 1884, when ]\Ir. Haggin retired and the firm of Lounsherv tS: C'ompanv succeeded, the present members of which are Mr. Lounsbery, Walter Dead}', and Philip ]\I. Lydig. The firm is one of the strongest and best known in the Wall Street district, having participated in many of the most extensive financial operations during its long connection with the Stock Exchange. Among the important opera- tions of the firm were the placing of the ( )ntario (silver), Homestake (gold), and Anaconda (copper) stocks on the Xew ^'(lrk Stock Exchange. Air. Lounsberv is interested financially in a number of mining corpora- tions, and is a director of the Mutual Trust Com])anv. of Westchester County, New York. His high standing in the business comnumity is based upon a record in \\hich are displaved uniform lovalty t(i the interests confided to his care and the skill of the exiierienced financier in the conducting of negi")tia- tions and the planning and direction of stock market campaign, in which his success has been such as to fullv justifx" his rejnitation as one ()f the best in- formed and most skillful of the financial men of the Wall Street district. He enjoys much ])ersonal ])o|)u]arit\- and has many valuetl friendships, as well as business connections, among the leading men of "the street." Air. Lounsbery is a Republican in ])olitics, though not politically active, and he is a vestryman of St. Matthew's Church (Protestant Episcopal), in Bedford, Xew ^'ork. Air. Lf)unsl)erv is fond of outdoor sports, including hunting, fishing, and yachting, and he has numerous social and clul) aftiliations. He is a member of the Metropolitan Aluseum of Art, the American Museum of X^atural His- tor\', the X'ew York Zoological Society, Xew \'ork Horticultural Society and Botanical (hardens, the St. Xicholas and Xew England Societies of X^ew '^"ork ; is a member of the C"it\-. Union League. Metropolitan, X'ew York Yacht, Xew ^'ork Athletic, (Irolier, Rocky Mountain. City Midday, Stock Exchange Luncheon, and Riding Clubs, of Xew York; the St. James Club of Montreal, the h^)rest and Stream, and Saint Jerome Clul)s of Canada. Mr. Lounsberv married at San b'rancisco, California. August 21, 1878, Edith Haggin, daughter of James T>. Haggin. They have three children: James Ben Ali Haggin Lounsberv, who married Rhea Sea\'er ; Edith Louns- bery, who married Henrv Pierej^ont Perrv: and Ricliard LounsI)ery. N' XOKM.-iX BRUCE REAM 589 ( )RAIAX BRUCE REAM, one of the most i)roniinent of American capitalists and men of affairs, was born in Somerset County, Penn- sylvania, November 5, i''^44. His boyhood was spent on the farm and in acquiring an education in the common and normal schools. He taught school for one term and then started in as a farmer, also procuring a ])hotograi)h outfit and dividing his time between the two occupations, until the call of Mr. Lincoln for troops roused in him a desire for service. He enlisted as a pri- vate in the Eighty-fifth Pennsylvania \'olunteers, went to the front and took jiarl in the battles of his regiment, was promoted to first lieutenant for gal- lantrv in action, rmd continued in the serx'ice until inca])acitated bv wounds received in battle near Savannah, Cicorgia, and returned to his home a com- missioned officer before he had attained his majoritv. As soon as his wounds would permit, he went to work as clerk in a store at PIarneds\'ille, Pennsylvania, where he was employed in 1865 and tS66, and then, having saved some monew he went W est, and started in business for himself at Princeton, Illinois, in iS6(), afterward establishing in business in live stock, grain, real estate and agricultural im])lements in ( )sceola, Iowa, and continuing those enterprises imtil 1S71, when he went to Chicago, enga- ging in a live stock and grain commission business. He continuetl in that business until iSSS, in the meantime making sagacious investments in real estate, street railwav and bank stocks, railroad stocks and other conservative and well-chosen securities, so that when he retired from the commission busi- ness to devote his attention to the management of his personal interests and investments he had already attained an important place in the list of the most prominent, as well as the wisest, of the ca])italisls and financiers of Chicago. Mr. Ream has been a director of the b'irst National Bank of Chicago for many years, and also a director of the Pullman Company, and lie is a trustee of the estate of the late George AI. Pullman. He has been a member of the Board of Directors of the United States Steel Corporation from its incorpo- ration, and is also a member of the Finance Committee. He is a director of numerous railroad companies, prominent among which are the Baltimore and Ohio, Erie Railroad, Chicago and Erie, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, Cincinnati, Hamilton and Davton. New "S'ork, Susquehanna and Western, Pere Marquette, Seaboard Air Line, Bror»klvn Ra])id Transit, and others; and director of the International Harvester Com])any, the National Biscuit Com- pany; trustee of the Metropolitan Trust Company of New "S'ork, New York Trust Company, and several other corporations. Mr. Ream has a country home in Connecticut; finds his chief recreations in art, and literature, and is a connoisseur of paintings, including in his col- lection some of the finest specimens of mediaeval and modern art. He mar- ried Miss Carrie Putnam, at Madison, New York, in 1876. 590 illSTOKY OF NEW YORK G GEORGE THEODORE SMITH aiH EORGE THEODORE SMEITl. now ])resident and director of the First National Bank of Jersey City, New Jersey, is a native of New York City, where he was l)orn, April _'(), 1S55, the son of Charles Tap- pan and ^Martha Elizal)eth Smith. He is descended of an old New England family, of which the first American ancestor was Charles B. Smith, who was mayor of Portland, ]\Iaine. Charles Tappan Smith, father of George Theo- dore Smith, was best known as a constructor of telegraph lines in the early davs of telegraphy. His son, George Theodore Smith, was educated in Grammar School Num- l)er 35 and the College of the City of New York, until 1872, when he entered the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad C()ni])anv, in which he remained for thirtv-seven years, serving in various positions, the last of which was that of general agent of the company in New \'ork, in charge of the commercial and operating features, in which he continued until lyog, when he became presi- dent of the First National Bank of Jersey City, New Jersey. Mr. Smith has long l)een identified with important financial and corporate interests and he is identified with a numljer of important companies as ofiicer and director ; is vice president and director of the E. L. Young Com])anv: vice president and director of the American Graphite Company; president and director of the Joseph Dixon Crucible Company; \-ice president and director of the Colonial Fife Insurance C()m]);iny of America; president and director of the Pavonia Trust Company; vice president and director of the New Jersey Title, Guar- antee and Trust Company; director of the Bayonne Trust Company, the Ber- gen and Lafayette Trust Compan_\-, Peo])le's Trust Company, Trust Company of New Jersey, W^est Hudson Countv Trust Companv, and Raritan River Railroad Company; and is a member of the Board of Managers of the Provi- dent Institute for Savings. .Mr. Smith is a Democrat in j)iilitics and jirduiinenl in the party in Jer- sey City, and influential in the cmincils of the |)art\-. though not a politician. His position as one of the leading financiers and citizens of Jersev Citv has been earned in a career of great activitv in business, and the api)lication of sound judgment and marked executive and administrative ability. He is a member of the Automobile Clul) of America, the Lawyers' Clul), Traffic Clulx and Railroad Clul) of New ^'ork Cit}- ; the Carteret and Jersey City Clu])s of Jersey City, New Jersey ; the Essex County Country Club and Automobile Club of New Jersey, at Newark. Besides his city residence in Jersey City, Mr. Smith has a country home at Elberon, New Jersey. He married, in Saint John's Protestant Episcopal Church, in Jersey City, April 25, 1882, Hattie Louise Young, and of that marriage there have been two children; Edward Young Smith, who was born October 7, 18S3 and died in July, 1889, and Natalie Young Smith, born July 2, 1887. HISTORY or xi-ir )-urk vmr "■ lOHX HENDERSON EMANUEL, ) K. JOHN HEXDERSOX EMAXUEE. JR. 593 JOHN HEXDERSOX EMANUEL, Jr., who has ol)t:iined a promi- nent standing in the financial circles of N^ew York as head of the Stock Exchange firm of Emanuel, Parker & Com])any, is a native and lifelong resi- dent of Brooklyn Borough. He was born May f^, 1S70, being the son of John Henderson and Margaret Waters (Sayre) Emanuel. His father was for sev- eral years engaged in a successful lousiness as a grain and provision broker, and the son's training was directed with a view to his preparation for an active business career. He was educated in the public schools of Brooklyn until 1886, when he entered upon the activities of business life as an emplovee at the house of J. P. Morgan & Company. In that great banking institution he remained, in various departments, until KJ05, act[uiring there a broad and com|)rehensive knowledge of banking principles and methods, and an ac(|uaintance with invest- ment values and with prominent people in the world of finance, which con- stituted an admirable preparation and equipment for the independent lousiness in which he has since been engaged. In 1905, with associates, Mr. Emanuel established the Stock Exchange firm of Emanuel, Parker & Company, bankers and brokers, of which he is the senior member, the other partners being Grenville Parker, Sanmel A. Walsh, Jr., and Charles E. McElroy. The principal offices of the firm are at 15 Wall Street, Xew York City, and a branch office is maintained at Albany, Xew York, in which city the firm have also established an extensive banking and liroker- age business. Mr. Emanuel has earned the reputation of being one of the best informed and most successful of the younger representatives of financial in- terests in Wall Street, and his firm has steadily increased in prestige and busi- ness, and now has a large and influential clientele. Mr. Emanuel has traveled extensivel)' in practically all sections of the United States and Mexico. He is a Repul)lican in his political affiliations, but he has not been active in political aft'airs beyond the ordinary duties of a citi- zen and a voter. Mr. Emanuel enjovs an excellent social standing and is a member of a good many societies and clubs, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Xatural History, the New York Zoological Society, New- York Botanical Society, New York State Historical Society, and the Brooklyn League ; and he is also a mem]:)er of the Union League C\uh of New York City, the Railroad Club, Crescent Athletic Club of Brooklyn, the Marine and Field Club, and the Englewood Golf Cltib. He has his home at 304 Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn Borough. He married, in Brooklyn, New York, November i, 189S, Jennett Idele Englis, and they have two children: Jennett Englis Emanuel, l)orn December 13, 1900, and Henderson Emanuel, born July 24, 1904. 594 HISTORY OF NEW YORK RUEL WHirCOMB POOR 595 RUEL \\HITC0^1B POOR, prominent in the financial life in New York City as having been for the past eight years president of the Garfield National Bank, was born in New London, New Hampshire, Sep- tember 29, i860, the son of William Gay and Delina Ann (Freeto) Poor. He is of English ancestry and old New England lineage, being a direct descendant from Daniel Poore, who sailed from Southampton, England, in the ship Bevis, Captain Robert Batten, master, in May, 1638. He lived in Newbury. [Massachusetts, for about ten years, and then settled in Andover, Massachusetts. He was the ancestor of a numerous family, among whom were included Revolutionary soldiers of prominence and men of distinction in business and professional life. W. G. Poor, father of Mr. R. W. Poor, was a scythe manufacturer in New Plampshire. Mr. R. W. Poor was educated in the public schools and at Wilton Academy, in Wilton, Maine. He began his business career in October, 1877, with the Page Belting Company at Concord, New Hampshire, con- tinuing in the service of that institution until July, 1881, when he went to Littleton, New Hampshire, where he began his successful career as a banker, as a clerk in the Littleton Savings Bank. He afterward became connected with the Littleton National Bank of the same place, in a similar capacity, and was promoted to cashier of that bank in 1S88. He con- tinued to serve that bank until November, 1888, when he resigned the ixtsition in order to take one that had been offered him with the Garfield National Bank of New York City. With that institution he has ever since continued, steadily advancing in its service, being appointed assist- ant cashier, in January. 1891, and cashier of the institution in January, 1892, continuing in that ofifice for ten years until April 30, 1902. when he was elected to his present office as president of the bank. Under his executive direction the bank has enjoyed a career of marked prosperity and constantly enlarging- business, including among its depositors and customers many of the leading business men, firms and institutions of the metropolis. He is a life member of the New England Society in the city of New \ork. of the New Hampshire Societ}', the Maine Society, and of the Empire State Society of the Sons of the Revolution; is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, and also of the Lotos Club, New York Athletic Club, and the Masonic Club of New York City. He has his city residence at 320 West One Hundred and First Street, and a country place at Bethlehem, New Hampshire. Mr. Poor married, in Wilton, Maine, October 18, 1884, Ida AL Sawyer, and they have two daughters: Helen Llilda Poor, born June 25, 1899, and Ruella Poor, born July 17, 1905. 596 HISTORY OF Xliir YORK MililV^ : *" Hill. It \\ ",m}\ ELIAS S. A. DE LIMA ELI AS S. .1. PELIMA -V.ir E' LIAS S. A. DE LIMA, who has lon^- lieen one of the prominent mercliants of New York, was born on the Island of Cura<;ao, Dutch West Indies, being the son of S. A. de Lima, merchant, and Sylvia Senior A. de Lima, his family being of Dutch extraction. He attended a Dutch school on the Island of Curacao until the age of fourteen, then went to Germany, where he completed his education at the Gymnasium Andreanum in Hildesheim. He came to the United States in iSSo, entered the house of D. A. de Lima & Company, one of the leading firms doing business with Latin America, in which he became a partner in 1S83. Since the death of Mr. D. A. de Lima in i8gi he has been the senior member of the firm. He is also presi- dent of de Lima, Cortissoz & Company, a firm which, like that of D. A. de Lima & Company, is largely and actively interested in business with Latin America and the West Indies. Mr. de Lima became president of the Hungarian American Bank in igo8, and conducted this institution very successfully; but in 1910 he and his friends sold out the control of that bank which they held. He then became the head of one of the largest financial institutions of the City of Mexico, the Banco INIexicano de Commercio e Industria, with which promi- nent Mexican interests, the Deutsche Bank of Berlin, the international banking house of Speyer & Company, and some other leading American financial men are closelv identified. Mr. de Lima, who has always been a Republican in politics, has taken an active part in the affairs of the country through the commercial organi- zations of which he has been a member, especially through the New York Board of Trade and Transportation. He has been especially active in efTorts to develop our foreign commerce through the reform of the Consular Service and the wide discussion of methods of fostering our foreign trade. He was chairman of the committee appointed in March, 1906, by the Board of Trade and Transportation, and composed of Hon. W'illiam Mc- Carroll, Hon. Charles A. Schieren, Hon. Oscar S. Straus, INIr. Charles A. Moore and Mr. Henry W. Peabody, which arranged for a National Convention which was held in Washington for the purpose of discussing the best meth- ods of reforming the Consular Service. The work of this convention was enfinently successful and resulted in the passage of Senator Lodge's bill which has placed the Consular Service of the United States on a footing of high efiiciencv. In February, 1907, Mr. de Lima conceived and brought about, through the New York Board of Trade and Transportation and other leading busi- ness organizations of the country, the most important National Commercial Convention ever held in Washington, for the purpose of considering the 5!)s HISTORY Of XEW YORK measures best calculated to develop our foreign commerce and disseminating information in regard thereto. President Roosevelt, Secretary of State Root, Secretary of Commerce and Labor Oscar S. Straus, Secretary of War Taft, and many other men prominently connected with the National Government and with the Govern- ment oi several of the States, took an active part in the deliberations of the convention, which has resulted in great and lasting lienefit to our foreign trade. His firm brought action against the United States Customs authorities for the recovery of duties on products imported into the United States from Porto Rico after the annexation of the island. The action was successful and resulted in determining the tariff relations between our insular posses- sions and the United States. When President Roosevelt was endeavoring to establish stable conditions in Santo Domingo by a treaty with that country, and his eft'orts seemed to have been defeated in the Senate, Mr. de Lima instituted and carried on a campaign throughout all the States whose Senators were opposing the ratifi- cation of the treaty, and did nutch to enlighten inHuential men and the gen- eral public on the questions at isstie b\' writing several exhaustive articles on the subject. The treaty was finally ratified by the Senate. His educational preparation, wide travel in European and Latin-American countries and in the West Indies, his knowledge of foreign languages, his familiarity with foreign trade and its requirements, his experience in bank- ing, especially in international banking, and his intimate knowledge of Latin America, place him in the ranks of those best qualified to deal with what is perhaps the most pressing commercial question before this countrv. namely, the proper adjustment of our relations with Latin America. Air. de Lima never sought public office, but in 11)04 lie was elected by both the Republicans and Democrats of Larchmont, Westchester County, a trustee of that village, and he was again unanimously elected to that office in 1906. In i()oS both parties nominated him and he was elected president of that village, and there were general expressions of regret when he declined a reelection in lOOQ. He is a director of- the New York Board of Trade and Transportation, a member of the Chamljer of Commerce of New York; was one of the founders and has since been one of the most active members of the Japan Society of New York, and is a member of the New A'ork City Club, Repub- lican Club, New York Athletic Cluli, Larchmont Yacht Club and of the Pil- grims Societv. •Mr. de Lima married, in New \'ork City. February 14, looi. Miss Lucie Robinson Spanneut. SAMUEL FERXOX MJXX. JR. 599 SAMUEL \^ERNON MANN, Jr., l)roker, born in Flushing, L. I., May 2, 1873, son of S. Vernon and Harriet Cogswell (Onderdonk) Mann, is descended from Richard Mann, who came from England to America in 1644, and on his mother's side is of Dutch and father's side English extraction. His direct ancestry also includes Roger Williams of Rhode Island, Hon. Samuel Vernon, judge of the Superior Court of New])ort, R. I., and ^^'illiam Ellery, signer of the Declaration of Indepen- dence. He was educated in ' Flushing Institute, the Berkeley School in New York, St. Mark's, South- l)oro, Mass., and graduated from Harvard in 1895. He was with F. S. Smithers & Company from September, 1895. to April. i8q6; then went with hi- father, who had been in the time-loan business foi t\\enty-five years. He b( - came senior partner (■!' Mann, Bill & Compan> . May I, 1905, and formeil the firm of Mann. Bill cc Wave, July i, I'joy. He joined the New York Stock Exchange July 16, 1907, for the purpose of lending call money. He is an Independent in politics, and was on the City Committee of the Citi- zens' Union in 1905. He is a member of the Sons of the Revolution, the Harvard Club, Institute of 1770, Alpha Delta Phi, and the Hasty Pudding, and Signet Clubs of Harvard. He married, at Flushing, L. I., April 11, 1899, Helen Wagstaff Colgate, and has three sons: S. A'ernon Mann, born August 16, 1900; Robert Col- gate Vernon Mann, liorn September 10, 1901, and Lloyd Onderdonk Vernon Mann, born September 8, 1902. SAMUEL VERNON MANN, JR. BOO HISTORY OF Xnir YORK HENRY LATHAM UOHJiRTY H HEXK)- LATHAM DOHERTY 601 RXR\' LATHAM DOHERTY, banker ami enoineer, has been for years a prominent fio'urc in the ori^'anization, management and financing of gas and electric properties, though he is still a young man. He was horn in Columbus, Ohio, JMay 15, 1S70. l)eing the s<:)n of Frank Doherty, engineer and inventor, and of Anna (McElvain) Doherty. His ancestry is English, Scotch and Irish, his first American ancestor, William Doherty, having come to the United States about iSoo, and having been one of the early adjutant generals of the State of Ohio. His maternal grandfather, who was State Librarian of Ohio, participated in the War of 1812, being brevetted for bravery in Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Mr. Doherty was educated in the public schools until he was twelve years old, and afterward by self-study. In 1SS3 he entered the employ of the Columbus Gas Company as an office boy, and continued with that company until 181/). advancing from one position to another until he finally became chief engineer and assistant to the manager. In iS(/j he went to ^Madison, Wis., as manager of the Madison Gas and Electric Company, and later became its president; and since that time he has filled, successively or simul- taneouslv, the positions of engineer of the Columbus Electric Company; gen- eral manager of the St. Paul ( Alinn. ) Gas Light Company; St. Paul Edison Company; constructing engineer for the Jacques Cartier Electric Company of Quebec, Canada; chief engineer for Emerson McMillin & Company, New York; chief engineer and general manager of the American Light and Trac- tion Company; engineer and manager, and afterward president of the Denver Gas and Electric Company. ]\Ir. Doherty is now senior member of the firm of Henry L. Doherty & Company, bankers ; is president of the American Gas and Electric Company of Xew York; Atlantic Citv (N. J.) Electric Light Comiiany; Canton (Ohio) Electric Company; Consumers' Electric Company of ^\'heeling, V\ . Va. ; Den- ver Gas and Electric Company ; Doherty Operating Company, New York ; Empire District Electric Company, Joplin, ]Mo. ; Improved Appliance Com- pany, New York; Improved Equipment Company; Knoxville (Tenn.) Gas Company; Lebanon (Pa.) Gas and Fuel Com])any; Lincoln (Neb.) Gas and Electric Light Company; Marion ( Ind. ) Light and Heat Company; Mont- gomery (Ala.) Light and Power Company; ]\Iuncie (Ind.) Electric Lighting Company; Pueblo (Colo.) Gas and Fuel Company; Rockford (111.) Edison Company; Scranton (Pa.) Electric Company; Si)okane Falls (Wash.) Gas Light Company, and the Summit Count v Power Company of Dillon (Colo.). He is also a director of the American Light and Traction Company of New \ ork ; the Cuml)erland and Westernport Electric Railway Company, of Cum- berland (Md.); the Easton (Pa.) Gas and Electric Company; Rotary INIeter Company, New York; and Union Gas and Electric Company, Cincinnati. 603 HISTORY OF XEIT YORK On the side of ph}sical and industrial improvement, ]\Ir. Doherty has orig-inated vahial)le and meritorious improvement on gas meters, gas benches, g-as purification ( notably in the abolition of purifying houses and the intro- duction of outdoor purification), photometrical research on arc lamps, bench fuel improvement, the displacement gas calorimeter, producer gas free from hydrogen, for gas engine use, and others. Before he left the Columbus Gas Company he had done effective pioneer A\-ork in the introduction of the Wels- bach lamp as a competitor of electric lightings, with which he had remarkable success. He invented appliances for handling, washing", drying and cleaning the glassware and brass work: a carrying device for glass chinmcys, device for blowing dust from the check plates of the Bunsen tulles, and devices for distant control of lamps for shop windows, signs and theatrical uses. Mr. Doherty inaugurated a systematic propaganda, when general man- ager of the Madison Gas and Electric Company, by extensive newspaper advertising; the organizing of the Housekeepers' League, which secured the largest membership of any nonsecret org-anization in Wisconsin; and making an arrangement with the Board of Education liy which gas cooking was taught in the public schools ; and other valuable jiioneer work. Mr. Doherty received the award of the first Beall gi)ld medal for a paper on "Cooking With Gas," read before the American Gas Light Associa- tion in iSgS; presented a paper on "Equitable Competitive and Uniform Rates" before the same association in 1900; and has been a leading promoter of new methods for more complete cooperation of gas company and electric lighting corporations, and the greater usefulness of professional organization. He is a member and past president of the National Electric Light Asso- ciation. Northwestern Electrical Association, and Ohio Gas Light Association; is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Academy of Political and Social Science, American Civic Alliance, American Gas Institute, American Economic Association, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Heating and A'entilating Engi- neers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Societv for the Promotion of Engineering Education. Canadian Electrical Association. Illu- minating Engineering Society, National Commercial Gas Association, National Electric Light Association, New York Electrical Society, New York Acad- emy of Science, Natural Gas Association of America, New York Historical Society, Metropolitan iNIuseum of Art, Pacific Coast Gas Association, The Eranklin Institute and \A'iscc)usin Gas Association. Mr. Doherty is a member of the Engineers', Economic, Electrical, Law- yers', Lotos, and Pen Clubs, New York; Columbus and Engineers' Clubs, Columbus; Commercial and Country Clu])s of Lincoln: Countrv. Denver, Engi- neers', and Denver Athletic Clubs of Denver, and ]\linnesota Club, St. Paul. EBEN ERSKINE OLCOTT G03 E' BEN ERSKINE OLCOTT, of the firm of Olcott & Corning, consult- ing mining engineers, and president of the Hudson River Day Line, was born in New York City, March li, 1854, the son of John N. and Euphe- mia (Knox) Olcott, and on both sides descended from some of the earliest settlers, from Holland, of New Amsterdam. He was educated in the old Thirteenth Street School, presided over by Thomas Hunter ; the Col- lege of the Citv of Nev ill 1 I ^"ork and the School 01 Mines of Columbia College being graduated in 1874 and was engaged in mining in the United States, Vene zuela. South America and Mexico. In 18S4 he married Kate Lawrence van Sant voord, daughter of the lat( Commodore \'an Santvoord founder of the Hudsoi River Day Line; and afte the death of Mr. Van Sant voord's only son. Mr. Olcot went into business with hi father-in-law as general manager, and upon Commo dore Van Santvoord's deatl became president of the line. Lender him the great steam- ers Hendrick Hudson and Robert Fulton have been constructed. Mr. Olcott organized the Hudson Tri-Centennial Association, the first body to prepare for the Hudson-Fulton Celel)ratioii ; was a memlier of the Commis- sion in charge of the celebration, and chairman of its Clermont Committee. Mr. Olcott is a director of the Lincoln National Bank, the Lincoln Safe Deposit Company, and the Catskill Mountain Railway. He is a past president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and of the United Engineer- ing Society. EBEX ERSKINE OLCOTT 604 HISTORY OF XFJV YORK WILLIAM IIKXRV MOOKL WILLIAM HRXRY MOORE 605 WIl.LIAiAI HENRY MOORE, lawyer ami financier, was born in Utica, N. Y., October 25, 184S. son of Nathaniel E. and Rachel A. (Beckwith) Moore. His family dates back to colonial days in New England, but both his parents were born in New York, and his father was a successful merchant and highly respected citizen of Utica, until his death in 1890. Mr. Moore was educated in the seminary at Oneida, N. Y., the Cortland Academy at Homer. N. Y., and Amherst College, but was compelled l)y ill health to al)and()n his studies. He settled temporarily at Eau Claire, Wis., studied law there in the office of W. P. Bartlett, and was admitted to the bar in i8;r2. After that he entered the office of Edward A. Small, a corjioration lawver of Chicago, became his partner until Mr. Small's death, in 18S1, and then with his younger brother, James Hobart Moore, established the firm of W. H. and J. II. Moore, which afterward became a leading figure in law and in finance. Among its clients were the American and Adams Express Companies, Merchants' Dispatch Transportation Company, Vanderbilt Fast Freight Line, and many large corporations and business houses of Chicago. Mr. W. H. Moore was the trial lawyer of the firm, and gained a knowledge of procedure and an alertness in forensic combat e((ualled l)v few. licsides courtroom work the firm became distinguished for its advisory skill, and l)ecame the trusted counsel for many large interests. The firm became a leader in the organization of large industrial coni])i- nations, notablv the Diamond Match Companv, a Connecticut corjtoration of $3,000,000 capital, which Mr. Moore, in 18S9, consolidated, with several competing companies, into the Diamond Match Company of Illinois. In 1890 they combined several Eastern cracker companies into the New York Biscuit Company with $10,000,000, and to a leading part in the management of these companies until, in i8()6, after a long period of panic and depreciation the firm of \\'. II. and J. H. Moore failed for several million dollars. By arrangement with creditors the firm was given the ojiportunity to recuperate without being formally declared insolvent, and in much less time than anticipated, paid all debts and soon resumed their financial operations on a larger scale than before. The New York Biscuit Company, which they had organized, had become involved in a fierce trade war with the American Biscuit and Manufacturing Comjiany, a Western combination. Taking hold of this situation, Mr. Moore finally consolidated these two companies and the United States Baking Company into the National Biscuit Comi)anv in i8(;8. The Moores eiTected a practically complete consolidation of all important tin plate mills into the American Tin Plate Company, in December, 1898; formed the National Steel Company, in Feliruary, 1899. and the American Steel EIoop Companv, in April, 1899. Thev obtained an option on the Carnegie Steel Company, in May, 1899, but the monetary stringency following liiK; HISTORY OP NEW YORK the death of Roswell P. Flower prevented tlieni from carrying out their plans of purchase of that company. They later organized the American Sheet Steel Company, and in March, lyoi, the American Can Company. On Fehruary 2^, njoi, an agreement was signed by the representatives of a syndicate headed by J. Pierpont Morgan, formed to take over the principal steel interests of the country, among which were the American Tin Plate, National Steel, American Steel Hoop, and American Sheet Steel Companies, controlled by Mr. Moore, now owned by the United States Steel Corporation. In 190 1 Mr. Moore was the leading spirit in the acquisition of the control of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, in which, besides his brother, he had as associates Daniel G. Reid and William B. Leeds. Mr. ]\Ioore planned, and with his associates carried out, a campaign of growth and expansion which has increased the mileage of the Rock Island System from 3600 to 15,000 miles, and its property valuation from $116,000,000 to over $900,000,000. This they accomplished by the purchase of the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad, the leasing of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern, the acquisition of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad, and other large additions. The control of this great system has made Mr. Moore and his associates recognized in Wall Street as a group of large financial power, familiarly known as "the Rock Island crowd," although their holdings and operations include many other railway and industrial securities. Mr. Moore is a director of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway Company, the Rock Island Company, and other Western railroad companies; the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, L^nited States Steel Corporation, LTnited States Rubber Company, American Can Company, National Biscuit Company, First National Bank of New York, Continental Insurance Company, Fidelity-Phenix Insur- ance Company, and other corporations. He is a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce, the Metro- politan, Union League, Lawyers', Down Town, Army and Navy, Racquet and Tennis, New York \'acht, St. Andrews and Garden City Golf Clubs, Myopia Hunt Club of Massachusetts, Calumet and Chicago Clubs of Chicago. Mr. Moore finds his chief recreation in horses, and is the fortunate possessor of one of the finest stables of harness horses in the world. He owns the famous "F^orest King," winner of the Waldorf-Astoria Cup, and is each year a leading exhibitor at the horse shows in Madison Square Garden. He has offered a prize, known as the Forest King Challenge Cuii, for the best horse suitable for a gig. Mr. Moore married, in Chicago, in 1879, Ada Small, daughter of Fdward A. Small, his first law partner, and they have had three sons: Hobart Moore, who died in 1903, Edward Small Moore, and Paul Moore. RICHARD CHARLES J'EIT 607 R IL'HARD CHARLES \'E1T. who has from boyliood been connected with the Standard Oil Company, was born in Xew York City, November 17, 1855. tlie son of Charles A. and Ernestine (Morse) \'eit; and is of German descent. He was educated in Public School Xo. 12, in Brooklyn, until he was twelve years old. He became, on April 15, 1S69, office boy with the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, which afterward changed to the Standard Oil Company. He was given charge of the shipping department when the Standard Oil Company was formed, and in 1S80 assumed charge of the Lighterage Department of the Standard Oil Compan^' l\ of New York, now the Marine Department, which operates a fleet of seventv- eight tank steamers and many sailing vessels and barges of its own, liesides a \-ery large numljer of leased vessels. Air. A'eit has been a stockholder of the Standard Oil Companv for years, and has interests in other corporations. He is second vice presi- dent of the J. Hood Wright Memorial Hospital, mem- ber of the American [Mu- seum of Natural History, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the New York Zoological Society; is chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Atlantic \acht Club, member of the New York Yacht Clul), and Lotos Clulis, and a governor of the latter. He married, December 2, 1880, :\L'iry K. Stobo, and they have three sons: Russell C, Arthur Stobo and Kenneth Alden. He resides at i;i West Seventy-first Street, and has a country place at Sea Gate, New York Harbor. RICHARD CHARLES VEIT G(i8 HISTORY OF XnU- YORK \\ i , JAMES JEROME MILL J.LMI-S JI:h'()MI-: HILL cm JAMES JEROAIE HILL, premier railniad man of America, and chief of the practical develojiers and ex])ansionists of the domestic and in- ternational commerce of the conntry, is of Canadian hirth and Scotch and Irish ancestry. He was born on a farm near Gnelph, Ontario, September i6. iS^R, his parents being James and Ann ( Dnnbar ) Hill. He assisted in the work of the home farm and attended Rock wood Acacl- eni\-, a local school uiider the anspices of the Society of Friends. After his father's death, in 1853, he went to work in a country store. In 1856 he came across the border, and after a tour from the Atlantic Coast west to Minnesota, he became a shippiniL^; clerk with J. W. Rass & Com- panv, agents for the IHibmiue an''^. the son of Charles and Sarah (Stanley) pjradley. His ancestors were luiglish. who settled here in the Colonial days, and b:)th l)ranc]ies (if liis familv were promi- nent in the early history of Connecticut, an uncle of his mother. Dr. Charles 1 looker, lieing at one time professor of medicine at \'ale I"^niversitv. Mr. ISradlev's education was acquired in his nati\-e town; after which he served several vears in the mechanical (lei>artnient of a manufacturing concern ;ind then entered the ser\-ice of the Contini'Utal IrdU \\'orks. of Lniokh-n. At the close of the Civil \\ ar, Mr. Lradley estalilished a machine and boiler works in the Pennsyh'ania oil li?lds. He built and navigated the onlv steam vessel on Oil Creek up to that time, and his advanced methods were a great stimulus to trade in those stirring davs. Mr. Bradley returned to New \'ork in 1870 and resumed his connection with the Continental Iron Works, devoting his energies to the erection of gas plants in all parts of the country, the last plant constructed under Mr. Brad- ley's su])ervision being that of the Municipal Gas Works, New \ork Citv. This was a water-gas plant of the Tessie du Motay type. It was the earliest of its kind erected, and has been, with modifications, in constant use ever since. Mr. Bradley's knowledge of gas and construction lirought to him the appointment of chief engineer of the Municipal Gas Companv, in 1S76, and after the combining of several of the conii)anies in 18S4, he was continued in that position and in 18S6 was made chief engineer of the Consolidated Gas Company, embracing six of the conipanies operating on Manhattan Island. It was largely through Air. Bradlev's etTorts that the Consolidated Gas Company decided to remove its entire plant to Astoria. Lie had foreseen the necessity of increased facilities and his foresight made possilile llie great de- \-el(ipment of the works. Mr. Bradley's career has been rmont. Mr. Darwin Pearl Kingsley was born of that marriage, at Alburgh, A^ermont, May 5, 1857. After completing his common-school education, ]\Ir. Kingsley was fitted for college at Barre, A'ermont, and in 1S77 was matriculated at the University of Vermont. He worked his way through academy and uni- versity by farm work, school-teaching, etc., by his own efforts obtaining the funds necessary for this purpose, and received from the University of Vermont the degree of A.B. in 1881, that of A.M. in 1884, 'infl that of LL.D. in 1904. Upon his graduation, in 1881, Mr. Kingsley went to Colorado and during 1882 was a school-teacher in that State. After the removal of the L'te Indians from their reservation, he became one of the most active of the pioneers who developed, and attracted settlers to. Western Colorado. He became editor of the Grand Junction (Colorado) News in 1883, and made that paper prominent not onl}- in the ])romotion of local interests, but also as an exponent and advocate of the principles of the Republican party. He acquired much facility as a public speaker and rapidly attained a place of prominence in politics in Colorado. He was a delegate from that State to the National Republican Convention in 1884, and in 1886 was nominated by the Republican State Convention and elected to the office of State auditor and insurance commissioner of Colorado. In that position he acquired an insight into the subject of life insurance which turned the current of his business career from journalism into underwriting, which he took up upon the expiration of his term of office in the State Insurance Department of Colorado. With a view to a career in life insurance, Mr. Kingsley went to Boston and became connected in that citv with the branch office of the • i-.'l HISTORY OP \l:ir ]'OKK Xew A'ork l.ifc Insurance l'(inii)any in iX8i;. There he developed a des^'ree of aliiHty and aptitude which sunn marked him for ])romotion, and in ]8ij2 lie was called to Xew ^'ork to take tlie important i)osition of superintendent of a_i;'encies of the company, a ])osition which he held for six years. In iSi^S he was elected trustee and a vice jiresident of the com- l)'iny. holding" these ])i/ ' \i '(',1' GEORGE W. BABB GEORGE jr. BABB 641 G EORGE W. BABB, who is one of the most prominent representa- tives of the fire insurance interest in Xew York, is a native of Boston. Massachusetts, where he was born October 17. 1847. the son of George W. and Susan (Ham) Babl). and is. on Ijoth sides, of Enghsh extraction. He was educated in pubhc and ])rivate schools in Boston, and from school went into business life as employee in a dry goods jobbing house in Boston, where he continued from 1S65 to 1870. In the latter year he entered upon his long and honorable career in the fire insurance business by securing a position as managing clerk in a local fire insurance agency in Boston. He developed the qualities that make for success in the underwriting profession, and after five years' connection with the local agencv. he w-as given a local agency of his own in Boston, conducting it successfullv from 1876 to 1880. In 1880 he was appointed general agent of the Commerce Insurance Company of Albany, New York, and removed to Albany, gi\'ing nearly three years of efficient service in connection with its agency department. In 1882, Mr. Babb began a connection with the Northern Assurance Company, Limited, of London, England, which has been continuous ever since. He served the company as special agent until 1885, when he was appointed manager of the New England department of the Northern and removed to Boston, and filled that position with ability for four years, at the end of which service, in i88q, he was appointed manager of the New York department of the Northern, comprising the ]\Iiddle and Southern States, and was also appointed general attorney and financial agent for that companv, remo\ing to New York, where he has ever since resided. In i8g6 he again became manager of the New England department of the Northern Assurance Company, upon its consolidation with the New York department, and he is now the manager of the Eastern and Southern depart- ments of the company and its general attornev in the United States. Mr. Babb is regarded among fire insurance men as one of the most able as well as one of the most successful men in the profession. He has con- tril)uted from his experience toward the raising of professional standards and the improvement of insurance methods. He was one of the members of the original Committee of Four, which jirepared the Universal Mercantile Schedule, and he possesses a fund of technical knowledge of underwriting which has given him a position of prominence and authorit}- in the insurance world. He was president, 1907-1909, of the New York Board of Fire Under- writers, and is now vice president of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. j\Ir. Babb is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of New- York, the ]\Ierchants' Association, Down Town Association, and the Firemen's Memo- rial Committee. He is independent in j)()litics. He married, in iSSd, in Nova Scotia, Janet C. Messenger. (lie HISTORY or Mill' YORK EMIL LEOPOLD UOAS IIMIL LEOPOLD BOAS (543 E ]\IIL LEOPOLD BOAS, resident director and general manager of the Hamburg- American Line, was born in Goerlitz, Germany, Novem- ber 15, 1S54, the son of Louis and Minna Boas, and he was educated in the Roval Frederick Wilham Gymnasium in Breslau, and in the Sophia Gymna- sium at Berhn, whence he was graduated in 1873. He entered the banking and shijjping house of C. B. Richard & Boas, of which his uncle was a part- ner, and after a year in its Hamburg ofifice came to the New York office. C. B. Richard & Boas were then American passenger agents for the Hamburg- American Line, which had then no office of its own in this cotmtry. Air. Boas became a partner of the firm in 1S81 and left it in 1891. At that time the Hamburg-American Line established its own ofifices in New York for the purpose of consolidating its interests in America, and Mr. Boas was ap- pointed its general manager, a position which he has held ever since. Since 1906 he has also been resident director of the company. The Hamburg-American Line's interests centering in New York have had a prodigious expansion since Mr. Boas became general manager in 1892, and the New York office is the central and controlling factor of the company's regular lines from Europe to Canada, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Nor- folk. Newport News, New Orleans and Galveston ; for the services from New York to Eastern Asia, and for the various lines from New York to Plymouth, Cherbourg and Hamburg, to the Mediterranean, the West Indies, Central America, the Spanish Main and Brazil. In New York the company has offices in its own building, 41-45 Broadway, which are said to be the most magnificent of their kind. The company has its own extensive dock property in Hoboken, and a pier in New York. All agencies in the different Amer- ican ports, and all those in the interior, report to New York. Here are also outfitting, supph' and repair departments for those steamers whose home port is the harbor of New York. As each new line has been inaugurated by the company, ]\Ir. Boas has been an active participant in the establishing of new trade arrangements with the countries interested. Air. Boas has also been able to render valuable services to other nations, which have been recognized by decorations conferred upon him by their rulers. He has received the Order of the Royal Prussian Crown (Third Class), and the Order of the Red Eagle (Third Class), from the Emperor of Germany; Officer of the Order of Francis Joseph, from the Emperor of Austria; Chev- alier of the Order of SS. Mauritius and Lazarus, from the King of Italy; Knight ( First Class ) of the Order of St. Olaf , from the King of Sweden and Norway; Commander of the Order of Osmanieh, and Commander of the Order of Med j idle, from the Sultan of Turkey; Officer of the Order of the Redeemer, from the King of Greece; Commander of the Order of Bolivar, from the President of A^enezuela. GU HISTORY OF XEll' YORK Mr. Boas has made a constant study, theoretical, historical and practical, of the subject of ocean transportation and commerce, upon which he is an international authority- His tastes are literary, and he has a considerable private library of the English, German, French, Italian, and classical liter- atures, possessing a familiar knowledge of these languages. He has also delved into Arabic, Chinese and Japanese, being fond of etymological studies. Although his business interests are directly connected with Germany, Mr. Boas is a patriotic and public spirited American citizen, and has been active in many public movements, ])articularly in those having to do with the improvement of the water transportation facilities of New York City. He was a member of the committee for the Extension of the Pier Head Line; on the committee which appeared before Congress to secure an appropriation for the now completed Ambrose Channel to the sea ; is treasurer and chairman of the Finance Committee of the (Greater New York Canal Association, which took a most influential part in securing the improvement of the Erie Canal, and was a delegate of the State of New York to the National Rivers and Harbors Congress. He is a director of the New York Civic Federation. Mr. Boas is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, one of the managing directors of the Board of Trade and Transpor- tation, member of the New ^'ork Produce Exchange, the Maritime Associa- tion, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, the National Geo- graphic Society, American Museum of Natural History, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Academy of Political Science, American Academy of Political and Social Science, New York Academy of Science, American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, American Economic Association, American Ethnological Societv, the Japan Society, American Scenic and His- toric Preservation Society, and Bibliophile Society. He is also a member of the Lotos, Lawyers', New ^'ork Yacht, Grolier, (ireenwich Country, and Uni- tarian Clubs, and of the lmi)crial Yacht Club of Kiel, Germany, as well as of local German organizations, including the Deutscher \'erein, Liederkranz, the German Society, and the Germanistic Society of America. At his countrv home, "Bonniecrest," Greenwich, Connecticut, Mr. Boas devotes as much time as he can spare to horticulture. He is a gardener of no mean attainments, and in his specialty of orchids has attainetl a reputation. His city residence is on West Seventy-fourth Street. Mr. Boas has given much attention to the broadening of intellectual as well as commercial relations between his native and adopted countries, and was the originator and a founder of the Germanistic Society of America, which has for several years past brought noted Germans to lecture in this country. Mr. Boas married, in New ^"ork City, March 20, 1888, Harriet B. Sternfeld, and the\- have one son. WILLIAM HARRIS DOUGLAS 645 WILLIAM HARRIS DOUGLAS is one of our foremost American exporters, his firm liaving world-wide business connections. He was born in New York, December 5, 1855. He is a son of Alfred Douglas, of New London, Connecticut, and Rebecca Ann (Harris) Douglas, of Pow- hatan County, Virginia. His first American ancestor was William Douglas, who married Ann Mattle, of Ringstead, England, and emigrated to America in 1640. His grandfather, Richard Douglas, fought as a captain at Bunker Hill and throughout the War of Independence. Mr. Douglas is presi- dent of the firm of Arkell & Douglas, Inc., the busi- ness having been established in 1857. He has been an extensive traveler, having made two trips around the world and resided for sev- eral years in Europe and Australasia carefully study- ing international trade con- ditions, shipping questions, and our foreign relations. He served as president of the New York Produce Exchange in 1906 and 1907, and is now president of the American Exporters' and Importers' Association and vice president of the National Board of Trade, is also a member of the Cham- ber of Commerce, Mer- chants' Association, Mari- time Exchange, Union League Club, Re])uljlican Club, Sons of the Revolu- tion, etc. Mr. Douglas is a Republican and has been twice elected to Congress, representing the old Nineteenth and new Fifteenth Congressional districts. He married, April 11, 1889, Juliet H. Thorne. and they have three children: Ruth Thorne, William Erskine, and Jean Brundrett Douglas. HON. WII,LIAM HARRIS DOUGLAS (U(; HISTORV OF Xlilf VORK W ILLIAxM k()\VI-AXD WILLIAM ROU'LAXD G-tT WILLIA}^! ROWLAND, who has for many years l^een one of the recognized leaders in the important industry of ship joinery, is, Hke many another sticcessful business man of New York, a product of the farm. He was born at Long Bridge Farm, now cahed jNIonmoutii Junction, in South Brunsw^ick Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey, April 28, 1828, being the oldest son of James and Elizabeth (McDowell) Rowland. His paternal ancestry was Welsh; his earliest American ancestors on his mother's side came to America from Ireland in the early years of the Seventeenth Century. Thirteen members of the family embarked on the one vessel. They brought a large amount of money and valuables with them, and the captain, tipon obtaining knowledge of that fact, kept the ship out for many weeks with the intention of starving them and securing the treasure. They suffered great privations and ten of their number actually died, but the remaining passengers and the crew, discovering his intentions, took charge of the vessel and brought it into port, defeating the captain's purpose. Of the descendants of these McDowells, several have served their country well, and Andrew McDowell, grandfather of Mr. Rowland, was a lieutenant in the Revolutionary Army, fighting at Monmouth, Trenton and in other battles. Mr. Rowland was educated in tlie country school of his native place, which he attended during the w'inter months, and during other seasons assisted his father in the work on the farm. When he was eighteen years old he became an apprentice with Youngs & Cutter, the leading shipbuilders of the city, with whom he served for three vears, thoroughly mastering- the trade at the bench. L'pon the completion of his apprenticeship he embarked in business for himself with a small capital, and achieved fair success, but in 1852 he decided to go to the Pacific Coast, and sailed for San Francisco. There he worked for a time as a ship joiner on the steamer "Brother Jona- than," and when she w-as ready for sea became her carpenter, in which rela- tion he made several trips to the Lsthmus of Panama and back, during which he added to his mechanical attainments a practical knowledge of the actual requirements of a ship at sea, so that in his after work he could plan and execute his work from the standpoint of the sailor as well as from that of the shipjoiner. On his arrival in New York, he began work for William Collier, one of the leading sliipbuilders of that period, his first work for him being the construction of a model of the steamship "Warrior," of the New Orleans and New York line. This model was exhibited at the Crystal Palace in New York in 1856, and attracted much attention from visitors. Soon afterward Mr. Rowland again began work on his own account in New \ ork. The careful attention to detail and the thoroughness of the work, the plans and drawings of which were personally made by him, and his per- CIS IllSTOkV Ul- XEW YORK sonal superinteiulence of his work, early gained him world-wide repute, and ships of his finishing are to be found on every sea. Among the earlier vessels finished by Air. Rowland were the steamers "De Soto" and ■"Bienville" of the New Orleans Line, the "John P. King" of the Charleston Line, the "Mississippi" of the Savannah Line, and the brig "Handv King." These four steamers w-ere afterward sold to the I'nited States Government, which emploved ]\Ir. Rowland to convert them and other vessels into men-of-war for service during the Ci\-il War. Mr. Row- land also did the finishing of the steamers "Xarragansett," "Rhode Island'' and "^Massachusetts" for the Stonington Line. Becoming connected, in 1871, with Jolm Roach in the Delaware River Iron Shiplniilding and Engine \\'orks at Chester, Pa., and during the life of that most distinguished shiplnulder ]\Ir. Rowland designed and super- intended the finishing- of all the ships built at those works, amounting to about one hundred and thirty vessels. Among these were the famous "Dol- ])hin," "Atlanta," "Chicago" and "Boston" of the United States Navy, the "City of Pekin" and the "City of Tokio" of the Pacific Mail Line, and the "Kansas Citv," "City of Augusta," "Tallahassee," "Chattahoochee" and "Na- coochee" of the Savannah Line. ^Iw Ro\\land was offered strong induce- ments to go to England and sitperintend the finishing of the steamship "City of Rome," but he declined to interrupt his work in this country. During his entire connection with ]\Ir. Roach, at Chester, Mr. Row- land continued to carry on a separate business of his own in East Ninth Street in New York City. Among other vessels finished at those works were the "Pilgrim." "Puritan," "Plymoutli" and "Priscilla" of the Fall River Line, the latter, completed in 1894, acknowledged to be the finest vessel afloat, and also finished all the steamers of the Old Dominion Line. "Sir. Rowland was for many years a director in the Atlantic Coast Line, known as the Livingston and Fox Line of steamers. He is now a director in the Old Dominion Line, the Farmers' Loan and Trust Companv, and on the Ad\isorv Board of the Eleventh Ward Branch of the Corn Exchange Bank. Fie is one of the oldest members of the General Societv of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York; is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Society of Naval Architects antl Marine Engineers and of the Engineers' Club of New York, lie has a very handsome country seat at New Brunswick, N. I. Mr. Rowland married, in New York City, January 15, 1852, Jane de Gau. They have had six children, of whom two daughters are now living. Their eldest daughter, Jennie, married Colonel Robert Adrain, of New Bruns- wick, formerly president of the New Jersey Senate: and their daughter, Grace, married Dr. Ferdinand Riva. of New Brunswick, N. I. GEORCE E. PEJ-.II. GID G EORGE L. DU\'AL is the senior active i)artner of Wessel, Duval & Ccinipan}-, ])r(>niinent factors in tlic development of commerce with the west coast of South America. The firm was founded by the late Augustus Hemenway, of Boston, in 1828. The shipments between Chile and the United States were at first carried on by a fleet of sailing vessels. Tn the early 70's the firm built two auxiliary steamers in England, and employed them in the trade for sonii time, I)ut they were fouu'! to be unsuitable. Thi firm was, therefore, thi first to establish direi 1 steam communication bi tween the United State - and the west coast o South America. Aft( , r, I tor a number ot years thi steamer business was i\ established about 181)' and has been maintainei uninterruptedly since tha' time. jMr. Duval is of Irish descent, and a Roma Catholic. His activit and zeal as director, trea- urer and chairman of va- rious important commit- tees of the Merchants" Association aided in the early prominence attained by that organization, in which he continues to be a prominent factor. He has been for some time the chairman of the association's Committee on Foreign and Colonial Commerce. ]Mr. Duval was appointed by Governor Hughes a member of the Charter Revision Committee of npj, and subse- quently a member of the New York Charter Commission of igoS. He is recognized as an authority on South American affairs, to which he has devoted his business life. GEORGE L. DUVAL c,:,n HISTORY OP XIUV YORK OLIJ'r.R GILDERSLEEJl: 651 o , LIVER GILDERSLEE\^E was born in Gildersleeve, Connecticut, March 6, 1844, son of Henry and Emily (Xorthani) Gildersleeve. The name Gildersleeve is said to have originated from "sleeves braided with S'old" worn bv an official of the early Court in Flanders, and that after 1066 the name was carried to Eno-land, Sweden and Denmark. The records in Norfolk County. Eno-land, show : "Rog-er Gxldensleve 1273:"' "John Gilden- sleve. Fellow of College of the Holy Cross, 1421:"' "John Gildersleve, rector of Little Cressingham 1588:" Other records show "Sir Conrad Gildensloeve of Maburg, Sweden, came to England in 1660 with Charles II and was Knighted by the King at \Miitehall. July 30th, 1660;" also "Count Ulrich Christian Gyl- densloeve, Grand Admiral of Denmark was Ijorn in 1685. died IJH)-"' Richard Gildersleeve, born in England. 1601, came to America in 1635 with his wife. Joanna Appleton (of a very eminent familv ) ; in 1641 he rei)resented Stam- ford in the General Court in New Haven: in 1644 he was of the com- pany that settled Hempstead. Long Island, and for forty years was a magis- trate there. In 1776 Obadiah (of the fifth American generation ) moved from Long Island to the place now called Gildersleeve, on the Connecticut River, where he or his descendants have ever since been shipbuilding. His grand- son, Sylvester, in 1821, started the present Gildersleeve ship yard, which has turned out loi sailing vessels. 18 steamers, and 145 barges. Nearly all the sail vessels employed in the regular packet line between New York and Galves- ton, before the Civil War, were built at this yard, as was also the ship S. Gil- dersleeve, which was burned by the Alabama. Oliver (grandson of Sylvester) entered the Gildersleeve ship yard in 1861, when No. "83" was built: No. "264" is now under way. showing 181 crafts built since Oliver began. From 1881 to 1884 he was interested in the shipping commission business at 84 South Street. New York City: in 1897 with his son, Louis, he established at i Broadway, New \'ork City, an agency for the selling and chartering of vessels, built at the Gildersleeve ship yard: 104 vessels of from 400 to 2000 tons Inirden, ha\-e been handled by this agency. For twenty-six years he has been a \\arden and convention delegate of Trinity Church, Portland, Connecticut ; in 1900 he established "The Oliver Gildersleeve Memorial Fund," the income from which is of substantial aid to Trinity Church : he is a trustee of the Episcopal Academy of Connecticut, and has held many other ecclesiastical appointments, usually involving the rais- ing of money. He is a member of the Connecticut State Board of Rivers and Harbors Commission, and was appointed by the governor a delegate to repre- sent Connecticut at the convention of "The Atlantic Deejier Waterways Asso- ciation, held at Norfolk, \'irginia, Novemlier, 1909, and the National Rivers and Harbors Congress, held at Washington, D. C. Deceiuber, 1909. In 1900 he was the Democratic nominee for Congress in his district. HISTORY or .V/T/f" YORK GEORGE TABER MAY GEORGE TABER HAY 65E G EORGE TABER HAY. now the head of the firm of J. F. Whit- ney & Company, shipping and commission merchants, was born in Brooklyn, New York, ]\lay 21, 1858, the son of Charles H. and Rachel (White) Hay. On the paternal side he is of Scotch family long settled in this country, while his mother was a native of Scotland and came to the United States in 1847. His father, Charles H. Hay, was a prominent and highly respected citizen of Brooklyn, and was engaged for manv years in a success- ful business as a chandler. Mr. Hay was educated at home and in the public schools of Brooklyn, and he began his training for active life in the office of J. F. \^'hitney & Com- pany, in 1872, at the age of fourteen. Ever since then he has been con- nected with that firm, advancing step by step as he added experience and aptitude, and he filled positions of increasing responsibilitv, becoming a part- ner, and in 1896 became the senior menil)er of the firm, which is one of world- wide connections, and has built up a tratle of constantly increasing volume. The house enjoys a high reputation as the restilt of having for so many years pursued a policy of the highest commercial integrity, and Mr. Hay, person- ally, has obtained a most excellent position in maritime and commercial cir- cles, having been for several years a director of the Maritime Association of New York and being at present one of the Board of Managers of the New York Produce Exchange. He is a trustee of the Broadway Savings Institute; a director of the Battery Park National Bank of New York; trustee of the Flatbush Building and Loaii Association of Brooklyn Borough, and a director of the Modern Pen Companv. Mr. Hay is a Republican in his political atifiliations, and while he has never sought or held office he has always taken a great interest in the welfare of the party and has represented it as a delegate at several Repul)lican conven- tions. His religious affiliations are with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he w^as a trustee of the Eighteenth Street Methodist Episcopal Church, in Brooklyn, from 1882 to 1903, and he is now a trustee of the Fenimore Street Methodist Episcopal Church, in Brooklyn Borough, always taking a great in- terest in the Imsiness afifairs of the church, both locally and at large. Mr. Hay's travels have been for the most ])art confined to places in the United States and Canada, with the exception that he has also made two business trips to Great Britain and France. He has his office at 21 to 24 State Street, in New York City, and his home at 80 Winthrop Street, Brooklyn. Mr. Hay married, October 12, i88r, Susan A. Dobbs and they have four ■children: Anna Elizabeth, who was born in 1883, and who was married, in 1907, to Robert Judson Taylor, of Brooklyn Borough; Esther Melbourne, who was born in 1888; George Taber Hay, Jr., born in 1891 ; and Susan Dobbs Hay, born in 1897. (\r,{ HISTORY OF XF.W YORK MARSHALL JOSEPH CORBETT MARSHALL JOSEPH CORBETT 655 MARSHALL JOSEPH CORBETT, one of the leading representa- tives of the custom-house brokerage business, is a native of Brook- dale, Pennsylvania, where he was born June 15, 1843, the son of Ira and Juliette E. (Bowes) Corbett. He is descended on both sides from old Amer- ican families, his earliest American ancestor on the father's side havino- been Robert Corbett, who came to this country from England about 1650. On his mother's side his great-grandfather was a captain in the War of the Revolu- tion, and his grandfather served in the War of 1S12. His father had a suc- cessful career in Pennsylvania as a lumberman, merchant, and farmer. Mr. Corbett was educated in the common schools, and afterward attended a commercial college in preparation for a business career. On June iS, 1862, he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirtv-seventh Regiment of Xew York Adlunteer Infantry, and when that regiment was nmstered into United States service, September 3, 1862, he was elected second lieutenant. He was promoted to first lieutenant May 30, 1863, and to captain December 30, 1863, and was brevetted major for meritorious service and honorably dis- charged June 9, 1865, at the close of the war. He participated in many of the important battles and engagements, including the Battles of Chancellors- ville, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, the Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and the Battle of Averyville or Goldsboro, North Carolina. After his four years of patriotic and distinguished service in the Union Army, Mr. Corbett engaged in business pursuits until April, 1870, when he was appointed a clerk in the United States a])praiser's department, in which he advanced by successive promotions until he became examiner and assistant appraiser of merchandise of the port of New York, in which office he con- tinued until 1892. During his service of twenty-two years in the custom house, Mr. Corbett became one of the foremost experts in the countrv with reference to the customs tariff, customs appraisement, and custom-house usages and regulations, and on leaving the service of the L^nited States appraiser's department he established himself as a custom-house l^roker, bring- ing the fund of valuable knowledge attained in his long experience in the cus- toms service into the service of manv of the leading commercial houses, whom he represents in custom-house matters. Prompt, efficient and reliable in every respect, Mr. Corbett has built up an extensive business and is now one of the leading representatives of the custom-house brokerage business at this port. Mr. Corbett married, at Binghamtun, New York, December, 1869, Alice A. \\'aldron. The\- have a son, Lawrence B. Corbett. liorn in October, 1870, who married ^Nliss Grace Clearv; and they have four daughters: Alice E., born in ALu-ch, 1872, and married to Professor Erederick H. Williams; Grace ^^ ., born in 1879, married to John Campbell ; Clara L., born 1882, and mar- ried to Denison Stokes Phelps; and Miss Mabel Corbett, born in 1888. 6;i(; HISTORY or Mill' YORK H "EXR\' RUDOLPH KUXHARDT. one of the prominent merchants engaged in the export and import business of New York City, was Ixirn on Staten Island in i860. He entered upon his business career in 1878, and in 1880 and 1881 he was connectetl with business houses in Ant- werp, Havre and Liverpool. In 18S2 he entered the emplov of Kunhardt & Company, and two years later became a memlier of the firm of which he is now the senior partner. Among other interests, Mr. Kunhardt is a director of the German American Hank, a trustee of the Ham- burg-Bremen Fire Insur- ance Company, and a direc- tor of the Carpenter Steel Ci)m])anv. In iQOi he served as president of the Maritime Exchange of the Association of the Port of New ^'ork. In his political affilia- tion Mr. Kunhardt is a Rcpulilican, and in the days of the Municipal League and Good Government Clul)S, he was on the Exec- utive Committee of the League and president of Club B. Later he served as a memlier of the Execu- tive Committee of the Citi- zens' Union in the first Low campaign, and at the pres- ent time he takes an active iiKXRV RUDOLPH KUXii.xRi.T ^ud public-spirited interest in all measures for the pro- motion of the welfare of I'.ernardsville, Xew jersey, where his country place is located. In 1888 Mr. Kunhardt married Maliel A. Faniham. of this city. They have three sons: Henry Rudolph Kunhardt, 3d, George Farnham Kunhardt, and Kingslev Kunhardt, all of whom are ]jursuits. beino- educated for active business CHARLES R.lXLIiT'r FLIXT I. .J, c :1ARLES RAXLF/rT FLIXT, inlernatiuiial merchant, was linrn at Thomaston. Maine, January 24, 1S50, son of Benjamin and Sarah T()he\- i'lint. He was grackiated from Ilrdol^Kn Polvtcclmic Institute in iSC)S; entered the em])loy of \\ . R. Grace in iiSCxj; joined in estabhshing the firms of Gilchrist, hdint & Comi«ny, ship chandlers, in 1871 ; \\'. R. Grace & Com- l)an\-, 1872, and Grace Brothers «& Company, of Bern, 187(1; and took a leading place in the trade of the United State with Chile, Peru, Brazil an Latin America generalh sustaining important con inercial and othcial relation with those countries. 1 1885 he became a membe of Flint & Company, which his uncle and father estal limbed in 1837, under th name of Chapman & Flin He w^as LInited State delegate to the Internationc 1 American Conference i.. Washington in 1889-1890, negotiated the reciprocity treat}- between the United States and Brazil, formu- lated re])orts and resolu- tions providing for the es- tablishment of an Interna- tional American Bank and the Bureau of American Repulilics ; and as agent for President Peixotto (1803). gave important aid in pre- venting the overthrow of the I'.razilian Republic bv the Monarchists. He rendered valuable service to the United States Govern- ment in connection with the war with Spain : and to the Russian Government during Its war with Japan. During eighteen years past his chief work has been industrial consolidation; and having organized thirty-nine corporations with outstanding capitalization of S,v 6,000.000, he has earned the title of "Father of Trusts." He married, in 188.:;, F. Kate Simmons, of Trov, N. V. CHARLES KAXLETT FLINT (ioS HISTORY OF XEIV YORK w ILIJAM IIILXRV I-KJL'GIITON AAIERAIAX. customs and in- surance l)roker. was born in X"e\v York City, September 22, 1846, son of Isaac and Jane Maria ( Banta ) Amerman. He is a direct descendant from Derick Jans Amerman, wbo came from HoHand to X^ew X'etberland, in 1650, was a deacon in tbe Dutch Church at Flatbush, Long Island, 1682, and captain of the mihtia in ifxjo. Through his grandmother, who was a datigh- ter of Thomas de la Mon- tague, he is also a descend- ant of Dr. Johannes de la Montague, who was a mem- ])er of the Provincial Coun- cil of New Amsterdam, in 1638. ]\lr. Amerman. who was educated in the city l)ublic schools, entered busi- ness as office boy and later clerk with a large import- ing firm, and since Feb- ruary. 1S70. has been en- gaged in Inisiness on his own account as a customs and insurance broker, in which line he is one of the leading experts. He has traveled ex- tensively in the United .States, Canada and ]\Iexico, as well as in all of the prin- cipal countries of Europe. Pie is an independent Dem- ocrat in his political views; is a member of the Holland Society, the Manhattan Clul). City Club, St. Nich- olas S()ciet\- of Nassau Island. The American Alliance, the Coffee Exchange and llelle Harltor ^'acIu Club. ha\-ing a summer residence in Belle Harbor, Long Island. He was married, in Xew ^'ork. June 30, 1870, to ElizalK-th A. Armitage. and has two sons: William Henry Houghton Amerman, Jr.. and Corydon Mehin Amerman. WII.I.IAM Hi:XKV lIOrc.lTTON AMERMAN AXTHOXV J. McCARTY 659 A I / 'mn I XTHONY J. McCARTY. engaged for thirty-five years as a custom- house l^roker, was born in New York City, February 22, 1858, son of Thomas and Annie (Lee) McCarty and a descendant of Lawrence Mc- Cartv, who came from ireljuid in 1800. His uncle. H. J. AlcCarty, was in the produce business, served in die Common Council, and was foreman of No. 14 Engine, on A^esev Street, in the New ^'ork Fire De])artment. After leaving Public School No. 13, in Brooklyn, / Anthon}' J. McCarty became clerk with Dingelstedt & Co., j' / / 21 State Street, of which 1 / I I Adolf Dingelstedt was then I t ' head, and after some years" / ( service became a partner. Three other members of the Dingelstedt family have since been members of the firm, ])ut all are now de- ceased and ]\Ir. AlcCartv is now sole member of Dingel- stedt & Company, one of the oldest and most successful firms of custom-house bro- kers in this country and rep- resentatives in custom-house business of many of the largest importing firms and corporations. Mr. McCarty is vice president of the Custom- House Brokers' and Clerks' Association. He is a Repub- lican in politics, served as first sergeant of Company G (the "Beecher Company") of the Thirteenth Regiment, National Cuiard of New York, and was president of the Non-Conimissioned Officers' Association of the Thirteenth Regiment. He resides in Brooklyn. He married, in Brooklyn. October 27, 1899, Carrie (Wishart) McCarty, and they have five children: A. J. McCarty, Carrie McCarty, Robert Mc- Carty, John McCartv and Dorothv McCartv. ANTHONY J. MCCARTY 660 HisroRV or xnw vork THOMAS NATHANIEL JONES THOMAS X. IT HA MEL JOXRS 661 THOMAS XATHAXIEL JOXES, who lias luul an active and suc- cessful career in banking, shippinq", and other interests in New York, was born in Xew \'ork Cit)-, X'oveniber 4. 1S74, being the son of William and Winifred (Lewis) Jones. His father, who was of Welsh descent and nativity, is a Presbyterian missionary, who came to the United States in 1863. Mr. Thomas N. Jones received his education in the public schools of New York. In i88() he was employed by Lord & Taylor, leaving there he went with the Antogra])hic Register Companv, and later was emjiloved bv the United States Mineral Wool Company until 18(^1, when he entered the em- ploy of the Chase X^ational r>ank of Xew York Citv as a messenger. He advanced in that institution until he became assistant paying teller, but resigned in \\)02 to l)ecome i)a\-ing teller with the Consolidated Xational Bank of X"ew York City, where he was, soon afterward, elected assistant cashier. He resigned that position in (3ctober, 1905, to join the Donald Steamship Company of New ^'ork, of which he is treasurer, secretarv and director, and he is also a director of the Donald Steamship Company. Limited, of Bristol, England. Three new fruit steamers and two freight steamers have l)ecn built and the business of the com])anv has been verv greatlv increased during the past five years. Mr. Jones is also now president and director of the Jones Change Reg- ister Company, a cor])oration recently formed for the purpose of ])lacing" on the market a change-making register that will autoniaticallv deduct anv amount from any coin up to a silver dollar, recording the amount, and ,gi\'e the exact change. This company also owns the patents of the Jones Duplex Check Gate, a device that does the same work as a turnstile, onlv that it works upon an entirely difi'erent principle, as it does not revolve. It can be placed on the pay-as-you-enter type of cars, and each passenger will register himself, and it is equally applicable for use in an}- other place where a count of people entering is desirable. The devices which are handled by the Jones Change Register Company are, all of them, the inventions of William D. Jones, a mechanical and electrical engineer of nuich skill, who is a lirother of Mr. Thomas X'. Jones. Since 1908, Air. Jones has also been president and director of the Anti- septic Holder Company of New York, and treasurer and secretary of the World Securities Company ; and he is also an underwriter with the Xe\v ^'ork Com- mercial Underwriters. Mr. Jones has made several trips to Europe and the West Indies, and through the United States and Canada on business and plea.sure. He is a member of the St. Dax'id's Society of Xew York; Suliurban Council, Royal Arcanum: Knickerbocker Circle of the Protected Home Circle, and the Traf- fic and Railroad Clubs, of Xew ^'ork. 662 HISTORY OF XEIJ- YORK CHARLES ARTIIl-R MOORE c CHARLES ARTHUR MOORE 663 HARLRS ARTHUR MOORE, now president of the great manufac- turing corporation of Manning, Maxwell & Moore, Incorporated, was born at West Sparta, Livingston County, New York, being the son of William Ropes and Caroline M. ( \'an Xess) Moore. On the ])ateriial side he is of Scotch, and on the maternal, of Dutch ancestry. 1 lis paternal great- o-randfather. Dr. Francis Moore, who was one of the members of the historic o "Boston Tea Party" and was conspicuous for the financial assistance which he gave to the American cause during the trving davs of the RevnJutiDn, served as a surgeon in the patriot arm\-. and took part in the seige of Louisburg and the battle of Bunker Hill. Mr. Moore was educated in public and private schools in Rochester, Xew \'ork, and Lynn, Massachusetts, and in early life had some experience in the United States Navy. He then engaged as a manufacturer of steam special- ties in Boston, became president of the Ashcroft ALanufacturing Company and the Consolidated Safety Valve Com])an}'. and in New York, in tS8o, joined forces with the firm of H. S. Afanning ^: Compan_\-, forming the firm of Manning, Maxwell & Aloore. Mr. Maxwell, of this firm, died in iSij5, and Mr. Manning hax'ing retired, Mr. Moore incorporated the business in 1905, forming the present concern of Planning, ■Maxwell & Aloore, Incorporated, of which he is the president and controlling owner. The business of the firm is manufacturing and dealing in machine tools, electric cranes, engineering specialties and supplies; and in its line it is one of the most extensive in the ^\■orld, with connection in all principal foreign coitntries. Mr. Moore also has many other important business and financial inter- ests, being president of the Shaw Electric Crane Company, Consolidated Safety Valve Company, Ashcroft Manufacturing Company, Hancock Inspi- rator Companv, the Hayden & Derby Manufacturing Com])an)-. the L'nited In- jector Companv, and Windsor Machine Company; and he is a director of the Casualtv Company of America, the Continental Insurance Com|)any, Liberty National Bank, American Bank Note Corporation, and the National Machin- ery Companv. He ranks as an exectitive of wide knowledge, forceful initia- tive and administrative ability of a superior order. Mr. Moore has never held public oftice, except that he was elected presi- dential elector on the McKinley and Hobart ticket in 1896, and was appointed by the New York Electoral College, as its special messenger to deliver the electoral vote of New York State. He has always been prominently identi- fied with national. State and municipal ])olitics as a Republican, taking an influential part in the party councils; and he has several times been a member of the Republican National Conventions. He has very frequently been promi- nently mentioned as a possible candidate for mayor of Brooklyn, mayor of New York, and governor of the State of New York, and was formerly for 6G4 HISTORY OF A7:H' YORK Some time president of tlie JJruokhii ^ ouiil!,' Reptiljlican Cltil). He has been especially active and ag'gTessive as a sn|)porter of the Repnlilican doctrine of the hnilding- np and encoin"agenient of American industries through the medium of a ])rotective tariff, and has been inlluential as an advocate and exponent of the protection policy. This activity has made him a leader in the American Protective Tariff' League, of which he was president for ten vears, and the success of which, as an educative and political factor, is in very large measure due to his initiative and executive ability. He enjoyed the jjcrsonal friendshi]) >>{ the late President Afclvinley, whom he accompanied on his presidential trijj to the Pacific Coast, and had the honor of being the only guest of the President on that journey outside of his Cabinet. He has tra\'eled all o\er the United States, and very extensively in Euro])e and Xorthern Africa, and he has a wide acquaintance with men and affairs at home and abroad. He has received from the h'rench Government the decoration of Chevalier of the Legion d'Honneur, and is a member of the American Chamber of Conmierce in Paris. He finds his most favored recre- ation in automobile journeys, and he has made numerous much enjoyed auto- mobile tri])s in various parts of Continental Kuri~i])e. Mr. ]\loore was a founder and for ten years president of the Montauk Club in Brooklyn ; a member and formerly president of the New York Civic Federation, taking an active ])art in building- u\-> and extending the useful- ness of that imjiortant organization. }Ie is vice president of the St. fohn's Guild and treasurer of the Railway Business Association. He is a member of the Chaml)cr of Commerce of the State of New York, the National Civic Fed- eration, New York Board of Trade and Transportation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Empire State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the C)hio Societv, St. Andrew's Society, Pilgrims of the L^nited States, Society of the Genesee, New England Society of Brooklyn, and the Automobile Club of An.erica. He is also a member of the Army and Navy Club, Republican Club, Cnion League Club. Lotos Club, luigineers' Club, Railroad Club. Ala- chinerv, Law\ers' and Transportation Chibs. His town house is at 524 Fifth Avenue, and his countrv residence, "(31d Orchard," at I'elle Haven, Greenwich, Connecticut, where he usually s])ends part of the summer season. Air. Aloore married, at Norwalk, Ohio. Aliss Alary C. Camploell. and they have four children: Charles Arthur Aloore, jr.. now vice ])resi(lent and secre- tar\' of Manning, Alaxwell i.^- Moore, Incorporated, born June 23, iSSo, and married Annette Sperrv ; Jessie Campbell Moore, l)orn Januarv 17, 1S84, now married to Colbv Mitchell C"hester, Jr., son of Rear Admiral Colby AL Ches- ter. V. .S. X.; Mar\- ITsie Aloore. born October 23, 1887, who married Don Alarino dei duchi Torlonia. of Rome. Paly; and Eugene ALaxwell Aloore, born in lYbruarv, i8i)i. iriLIJ.IM DHL. WAX BALDUIX ()6r) WILLIAM DEL.WAX BALDWIN, president of the Otis Elevator Company, was Ijorn in Aulmrn, X. ^^, September 5. 1856. being' son of Lovewell H. and Sarah J. ( Munson) Baklwin. He is of Engdish ancestry, early transplanted in New England. After completing the courses in tlie district and high schools of Auburn, N. ^'., he entered the works of D. M. ( )sb()rne & Co., manufacturers of har- vesting machinery, at Au- burn. Thoroughly master- ing Iroth the manufacturing and business details, he reached a high position with that company, which in 1S7S sent him abroad: and foi^ five years he did etiicient work in the promotion and enlargement of the com- pany's European business. Resigning from that Ciin- nection in 1882, he pur- chased an interest in and became treasurer of Otis Brothers & Company, en- gaged in the manufacture of freight and passenger ele- vators. He later took iIk' lead in reorganizing thc- business, and is now ])resi- dent and director of Th;- Otis Elevator Comjianv, th.' largest manufacturers of elevators in the world, main- taining seven large factories in this country and fift\- branch offices and employ- ing over 6500 people. He IS a director of the Lincoln Trust Coniiiany and Home Insurance Company. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the American Geograph- ical Society, and the Union League, Lawyers", Engineers', Racquet and Ten- nis, Adirondack League and National Arts Clubs. He married, in New ^'ork City, in 1881, Helen, daughter of Nahum M. Sullivan, of Alontclair, N. I. Of their seven cliildrcn. fi\-e are living. WILLIAM LELAV.\X i;Al,l)WIN 666 HISTORY OF XEIJ- YORK W'lI.I.IA.M KLI.IS CURKV WILLIAM ELLIS COREY 667 WTLIJAM ELLIS COREY, now i)resi(lcnt of the Lnitcd States Steel Corporation, has had a career wliich has few parallels in the history of American industry. His advance from a position of hunihle lieginninos to that of ])resident of the world's greatest corpora- tion took little more than twenty years, yet each of the rapidly succeeding steps he made up the ladder of success was the reward of demonstrated fit- ness and efficiency. He was horn in 15raddock, Pennsylvania. Ma\- 4, 1S66, son of Alfred A. Corey, formerly a coal o])erator. hut now retired, and Adaline (Fritzius) Corey. He is of an old American family, and in the Eighteenth Century an ancestor of his, Benijah Corey, was owner of a farm of three hundred acres of land located in what is now a part of New \'ork City. Mr. Corey was educated in the pulilic schools of Braddock, afterward taking a husiness course in Duti's College in Pittsburgh. At the age of six- teen he secured employment in the chemical lahorator}- of the Edg"ar Thomson Steel AA'orks at Braddock. Captain William R. Jones, who was then in charge of those works for the Carnegie firm, w hose genius as a practical steel manu- facturer and works manager, was one of the greatest of early factors in seeming for the United States its primacy in the steel industry, and for the Carnegie Steel Company the lead among the many corporations engaged in steel manufacture. Mr. Corey made a study of the chemistry and metallurgy of steel, of the processes of manufacture as exemplified in the k^dgar Thomson Works, and of the methods of management which appeared most practical. As in the Army of Napoleon every private was said to carr\- a field-marshal's baton in his knapsack, so in those years of rapid de\'elo])ment of the steel inrk, the Automobile Club of America and the Metropolitan Club of Washington, D. C. JOHX CAMPBELL .1/JA7:.V liii'.i the Sloss-Sheffield Steel X'irginia, December JOHX CAMPBELL AL\BEX, president of and Iron Company, was l)orn at l*etersl)ur^- 1839, the son of John and Ehzaljeth ( Ah)ore) Alalien. The family is of Scotch and En^'lish extraction. The paternal I)ranch was foiuided in America, in iSoo, ])y ])a\id Ahahen, of Loch Alahen, Scot- land. The maternal branch dates from 1710 and is directly descended from Alexander Spottswood, who '(II r, ''<" served on the start of i u Duke of Marlborough at tl Ijattle of Blenheim, was major general in the Briti 1 Army and colonial govern of Virginia 17 to- 1722. Mr. ALaben was ed cated in private schools Richmond and at Princ ton; moved to Xew York 1S68 and entered the banl ing house of Lancastc ISrown I.K: Companw who ])ower of attorne\- he hcl 1 for two }-ears, and was thi admitted to jiartnership. 1 1 was an original director of the Terminal Coni])anv (of which the Southern Rail- way is the successor), until its reorganization in iellaire, ( )hio, in 1S77, and in icS^S entered the ^-Etna Iron and Nail Company, as pay-roll clerk, steadily advancing until in 1898, he became president of the .Etna Standard Iron and Steel Company until the consolidation of the American Tin Plate Company, American Sheet Steel Company and National Steel Company. In 1900 he was elected first \ice president of the American Sheet Steel Compan\', which position he resigned in July, 1903. He engaged in the reorganization of LaBelle Iron Works, of \Mieeling, West Virginia, which represented an investment of about $10,000,000, and one of the largest of the independent steel comi)anies. He became, in July, 1904, president of the American Sheet and Tin Plate Company, subsidiary to the United States Steel Corporation, until January, 1906, when he joined the syndicate which secured control of the Repul)lic Iron and Steel Company and the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, reorganizing and refinancing them, after expending about $4,000,000 in the Republic Company (of which he then became president and is now chair- man of the Board of Directors), and $12,000,000 in the Tennessee Corn- pan}-, in which he became chairman of the Board of Directors. The latter company constructed the first moilel steel plant and rail mill at Enslev, Ala- bama, and became the first manufacturer of open-hearth steel rails in the United States, employing modern equipment. When the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company was sold to the United States Steel Corporation in 1907, Mr. To])ping resigned from that company and since then has devoted his entire attention to the Republic Iron and Steel Company, one of the foremost of the indejiendent steel enterprises of America. He is a member of the Sons of the Revolution, the Duquesne Club of Pittsburgh, Pa., Union League Club and New York Athletic Club of New York, the Greenwich Country Club of Greenwich, Connecticut, and the Tri- ton Game and Fish Club of Quebec, Canada. He married, at Bridgeport, Ohio, January 18, 1883, ]\Iinnie C. Junkins, and they have two sons: Wilbur B., and Llenry J. Topping. li; J HISTORY Of XEW YORK FKEDllRICK HEBER EATON GTo FR1-:I)I^:R1CK HKr.I-:R EATUX. president of the American Car and Foundry Company, is a native of I)er\vick, Pennsylvania, born April 15. iS()_:;, the son of Ralph Hurlburt and l''liza Knapj) ( Dickerman ) Eaton. He is descended from William and .Martha (Jenkins) Eaton, of Sta])les, Countv of Kent, England, wln) settled in Watertown, Alassachiisetts, in 1642, later removing to Reading, Massachnsetts. Among their descendants was lacob Eaton, born in Meredith, Xew Hampshire, in 1757. He was twice chosen surveyor of highways in that town; served on a committee to draft w;ir resolutions: was a])pointed to select men \ov the Continental Armv and himself served in the Re\'olutionary War under Lieutenant Ebenezer Smith, l)articipating in the siege of Fort Ticonderoga. His son Jacob, born in 1786, was instructor in the Hinesburg Academy, A'ermont, and served in the ^\'ar of 1812. Plis son Ralph Hurllnu-t ( father of Frederick Heber ), was born in Mt. Pleasant, Pennsylvania, in it<30, engaged extensi^•ely in mercantile i)ur- >uits and finally located in Berwick, Pennsvlvania. Mr. Frederick Heber Eat(in attended the public schools, and e\er since leaving school has been identified with manufacttu-ing enterjM'ises, beginning in 1S80. From i8i)2 to i8er- fecting its organization was recognized bv his election as president of it. Other opportunities came, and if they were to l)e met, and the company able to handle the great business that came to it, it was found necessary to secure other properties. For that reason the great Pratt i^: Whitney Company, of Hartford, the Bertram Connianx', of Canada, and the Ridgway Alachine Com- pany, of Ridgway, Pennsylvania, were bought- Here then was a gigantic combination, achieving its triumphs bv business methods for which there has never been reproach either business or political, which has now become the largest manufacturing corporation in the world, whose ])roducts are machin- ery, tools, electric traveling cranes, gun machinery, small tools. Colonel McKinney is a member of the Union League Club, Lotos, Engi- neers', and Cornell Clubs, of Xew ^'ork; the Hartford Club, of Hartford, and Queen City Club, of Cincinnati; a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a leading organization of engineers of the United States, and is president of the Machinery Club of Xew York. In ])olitics he is a Republican: his domestic and home life is ideal. His wife, whom he mar- ried at Hamilton, Ohio, in iS/O, whose maiden name was Eleanor Becket, and their daughter, compose his familv, whose summer residence is a beautiful villa overlooking the sea at P>elle Haven, L'onnecticut. 680 HISTORY OF XHJr YORK i"i:kiii.\and a. w. kikakiikfkr FERDIXAXD .4. If. KIECKHEFER 681 FERDIXAXl) A. W. KIECKHEFER. president of The National Enameling- and Stamping Company, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was horn in that city Fehruary lo, 1S52, the son of Carl and Justine Kieckhefer. His parents were of German hirth and came to this country in 1S51. Mr. Kieckhefer received his education in the parochial school connected with St. John's Lutheran Church in Milwaukee, of which his father had been one of the founders, and after his graduation from that institution, he took the course of the Spencerian Business College of Milwaukee. He had earned the funds for his luisiness college course in an errand boy's position in a notion store, but after leaving the business college he became assistant l^ookkeeper in the extensive wholesale hardware house of John Pritzlaff, of ^Milwaukee, which was one of the leading houses of its kind in the West. He advanced to the position of cashier, and after being with that house for five years, he established a hardware business of his own in Milwaukee, which soon grew to be an important establishment in tliat line. In 1S78. he formed a partner- ship with his brother William, and together they planned to enter upon a manufacturing enterprise which they established in iSSo. in the manufacture of tinware, to which they afterward added C()m])lete lines of galvanized, japanned and enameled tinware, sheet steel and iron goods, building up the business to such proportions that they employed more than twelve hundred hands. In the organization of the National Enameling and Stamping Company, the Kieck- iiefer plant wa« the largest and most profitable, and Mr. Kieckhefer became first vice president, and later president of that company. Mr. Kieckhefer is affiliated politically with the Republican party and an active supporter of its policies and candidates, although he has never sought oflice. He is an active member of St. John's Lutheran Church in ^Milwaukee, and still has his residence there, and a country residence at Pewaukee Lake, Wisconsin, although his l)usiness connections cause him to s])end much of his time in New York City. The success that has been attained bv Mr. Kieckhefer is one of the most remarkable in the history of American industry, and he has made it prac- tically unaided, and ahhough this success has been very great and remarkably rapid, it has been attained along legitimate and conservative business lines and upon the most straightforward and honorable commercial methods, which have earned for him resi)ect as a man, as well as the admiration which be- longs to one who has attained success in the face of great obstacles. He is a member of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association, The Deutscher Club, and the Milwaukee Club, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and of the Fulton Club in New ^'ork City. Mr. Kieckhefer married, in Milwaukee. Alay 13, 1875, Minnie Kuete- niever. and he has five children: Clara. Louise. Alfred. Minnie and Ferdinand. G82 HISTOR]- OF A7f[/- YORK ;)fTp'™T';^'''';'X'W '','■' "' ■',:■. .''v"'/i;}';"; *«; ■I'/iJ,;',,,!,,,,;. ,i|iA I,/ I, ^'' ' '^I|J| Hf i ' *\" ■' ■ &[ I'll I'I. n, .. ■„',!i .1011 X J. CARTV JOHX J. C.IRTY 683 JOHX J. CARTY was born at Canil)rid<;e, Mass., April 14, 1861. His carlv education was obtained in the schools of his native city. At the time he had about finished his preparatory studies for entrance to college he was obliged, on account of a serious trouble with his eyesight, to abandon his school work indefinitely. The telephone having just been invented and lieing one of the first to a]i])reciate its possibilities, r\Ir. Carty entered the service of the Bell Telephone G)nii)anv. for which concern he has been at work ever since, fiaving to his credit more than thirty years of continuous service in its behalf. His first work was at Boston, and while there he made a number of con- tributions to the art of telephony which were of unusual value and have since becnme a permanent part of the art. Under his direction was installed the first multiple switchboard at Boston, which was at that time the largest ever put into use. For the "express" telephone system, peculiar to that city, he designed and installed a switchboard which was the first metallic circuit mul- lijile board to go into service. The fundamental features of this board are at ])resent in all of the boards of to-day. In 1887 Mr. Carty took charge of the cable department of the ^\'estern Electric Company in the East, with headquarters at New York. In this capacity he studied cable manufacture and laving, and introduced a number of improvements, having charge of all of the important cable-laying projects which \\ere carried on for some time in the East. One of his engineering de\-elopments resulted in cutting in half the cost of cable manufacture. He then took charge of the switchboard department of the Western Electric Company, for the East, and under his direction were installed most of the large switchboards of that period, among which was the original Cortlandt Street multiple Ixiard. During this time he made a number of important im- ])rovements in switchboards, which have since becoine standard practice. He was the first to practicallv demonstrate how to operate two or more telephone circuits connected directlv with a common battery, and aljout 1888 installed, for the sujiplv of ojierators* telephones, common battery systems in a number of central offices. Erom these earlv experiments have grown the modern system now generally employed. Although charged with serious practical engineering problems, 'Sir. Carty has found time to follow to some extent his strong natural inclination for orig- inal research. He made an exhaustive investigation into the nature of the disturbances to which telephone lines are subjected and gave the first ]nil)lic account of his work in a paper entitled "A New \'iew of Tele])hone Induc- tion," read before the Electric Club on November Ji. 1889. The view juit forth in the paper was revolutionarv, but, nevertheless, after being checked by numl)ers of experimenters in this countrv and Europe, received universal (i,s4 HISTORY OF XEIF YORK acceptance, and is tlie one now adopted in all works dealing with the subject. In this paper he showed the overwhelming preponderance of electrostatic in- duction as a factor in ]M-oducing' cross-talk, and proved that there is in a tele- ])h(ine line a particular ])oint in the circuit at which, if a teleiihone is inserted, no cross-talk will be heard. The paper gave directions for determining this silent or neutral point, and described original experiments showing how to dis- tinguish between electrostatic and electro-magnetic induction in telephone lines. On INIarch i", 1S91, 'Mr. Carty made additional contributions to the knowledge of this subject in a i)aper before the .\merican Institute of Elec- trical Engineers, entitled "Inductive Disturbances in Telephone Circuits." This paper might better have been called "The Theory of Transpositions," because in it was first made known precisely wh\- twisting or transposing tele- i)hone lines renders them free from induct i\-e disturbances. In l8i*^i) he entered the service of the Metro])olitan Telei)hone and Tele- graph Company, now the New York Telephone Company, for the purpose of organizing all of the technical departments, building up its stafif, and recon- structing the entire plant of the company — converting it from grounded cir- cuits overhead and series switchboards to metallic circuits ])laced underground and to the then new bridging switchboards. In carrying out this work he selected aufl trained a large staff of vottng men fresh from college, many of whom have since attained positions of prominence in the telephone field. In the development of the personnel of his department, ^Ir. Cartv has taken a particular i>ride. looking to the welfare of those alrea,.lillkimi,i m IIEXRY R. TOWNE HEXRV R. TOU'XE Gs; H EXRY R. TO\\Xl<:, president of ihe Yale & Towne Alanufac- turing' Company, was liorn in Philadelpliia, Pennsylvania, in icS44, son of John Henry Towne, who was a partner of tlie tu'ni nf I. P. Morris, Towne & Conii)any, owning;' and operatiny- the Port Rieh- niiMid Iron Works. After eonipletini^- an academie cuurse of stnd\' lie attended the Uni- \ersitv of Pennsylvania durini^' the college _\ears of 1861-1862, hnt l)ecause of the Civil War, he interru])ted his studies to enter the draftin,^' room of the Port Richmond Iron Works, where he remained nearly two years. In 1863 he was t^iven charge of the government work in the shops con- nected with repairs on the gunboat Massachusetts. He was sent in 1864 to the Charlestown ( Massachusetts) Xavy ^'ard to assemble and erect in the vessel there the engines l)uilt by the Port Richmond Iron Works for the monitof- Monadnock, and later to the Portsmouth (New Hampshire) Xavv Yard to erect and test the machinery of the monitor Agementicus, and later that of the cruiser Pushmataha at the Philadelphia Navy N'ard. At the age of twenty-one he was acting su])erintendent of the Port Richmond iron Works. After the war he accomixmied the late Robert Briggs on an engineer- ing tour through Great Britain, Belgium and France, and took a special course in physics at the Sorbonne in Paris, and afterward entered the shops of William Sellers & Company, of Philadelphia, for further studies in the designing and use of special machinery. In 186S he became associated with Linus Yale, Jr., inventor of locks, and organized at Stamford, Connec- ticut, what is now the Yale & Towne Manufacturing Companv. Three months later, in 1868, Mr. Yale died, and since then Mr. Towne as president lias controlled and directed the enterprise which, beginning with ]\Ir. Yale's invention, has greatly amplified his original ideas itntil froni an organization employing thirty men the business has increased to one employing three thou- sand people. The methods of ]M-oduction established 1)\' the ^'ale & Towne Manufac- turing Company have become the accepted standards of the trade, and from tlie present daily output of twenty-five thousand locks, almost every improve- ment in locks and lockmaking machinery has come from the Stamford Works. What Mr. Towne has accom])lished in useful results is shown in the many volumes of the company's catalogue, in which over ten thousand separate articles of manufacture are illustrated and described. Mr. Towne, who has long been a resident of New York Citv, is presi- dent of the Merchants' Association of X'ew ^'ork, and in 1888 was president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He has written exten- sively on engineering and industrial subjects. 688 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK KUWAKl) IlUr.l^ARD WELLS E EDWARD HUBBARD Ji'ELLS 68!) DWARl) HUBBARD WELLS, the presiacni ut the Babcock & Wilcox Company, is a native of Rhode Island, having- been born at Dorrville in that State. A]:)ril 7, i>>^n. the son of Salomon Perrv and Elizabeth Sherman (Greene) Wells. He is a descendant of Nathaniel Wells, who came to America from Colchester. England, in 1^)20. landing at Salem, Massachusetts, and afterwards settling in Rhode Island, near what is now the villag-e of Wickford. aliout 1640. In the maternal line he is a descendant of that John Greene, surgeon, of Salisbnrv. England, who came over in the next company after Roger Williams, and followed Williams to Providence, afterwards settling in Warwick, Rhode Island, and found- ing the family in Rhode Island of which (General Xathanael Greene was fifth in descent. Edward Hubbard Wells moved with his parents, in 1P66, to Burning- Springs, in the oil regions in West Mrginia, and in 1869 to Parkersburg, West A'irg-inia, where he received a common school education. At the age of sixteen he went into his father's office as an accountant and continued there for twelve years, until his father went out of active business. During the latter part of his service there he assisted in or- ganizing a local electric lighting company in Parkersburg, West Virginia, and had the management of that company in connection with his other busi- ness. Mr. Wells went to Pittsburgh in 1888, as manager of the Keystone Construction Company, and later continued there as the general agent n\ the North American Construction Company, engaged in electrical con- struction work. From there he came to New York in 1892 to take charge of the New York sales office of the Babcock & Wilcox Compan^•. In 1897 he was elected a director and second vice president of that company, and a year later was elected president, which position he has since occupied. During the twelve years of his executive relation to the com- pany, its success as the leading enterprise of the country engaged in the manufacture of water-tube boilers has been very great, the business increasing- steadily every year. Mr. Wells gives the business the benefit of technical and practical experience gained in his long period of active service, beginning in the ranks. The offices of the company are at 85 Liberty Street. Mr. Wells is a member of the Engineers', Machinerv, and Railroad Clubs of New York City, the Automobile Club of America, the Essex County Country Club of New Jersey, and the Montclair Golf Club of ^lontclair, New Jersey, where he has his residence: also of the Duquesne Club of Pittsburgh. INIr. Wells was married, in i<)00. to Serra Christy Bennett. 690 HISTORY OF XEW YORK . \m\mnnHmmiim\mm\\m\m\\ 41 DAVID SCHENCK JACOBUS D DAVID SCHE.XCK JACOBUS 09 1 AMD SCHEXCK JACOBUS, distinguished as one of the foi-e- ntost American mechanical engineers, was born in Ridgefield, Ber- gen County. New Jersey, January jo, i(S(')_', the son of Nicliolas Jacobus, manufacturer of sash, doors and bhnds. and Sarah C. ( Carjjcnter ) Jacoluis, and a descendant of a Dutch family, settled in America about 1675. He was educated first in the private school of Rev- A. l\. Taylor, in Ridgefield, then in the Stevens High School, at Hoboken. \\liere he won, by competitive examination, a free scholarship in the Stevens Institute of Tech- nology. He was graduated from the latter institution in 1884, with the de- gree of mechanical engineer, and was appointed assistant professor of experi- mental mechanics, serving in that capacity until 1897, when he was appointed professor of experimental mechanics and engineering physics in the Stevens Institute. He held that chair until 1906, and from 1900 to 1906 was in charge of the Carnegie Laboratory of Engineering. At Stevens Institute Dr. Jacobus developed original apparatus for the illustration of physical laws and for the testing of various mechanical devices, and brought to perfection the course of experimental mechanics by intro- ducing a much larger participation by the students in practical experimen- tation than had ever before been attached to such courses. The machinery and apparatus for this course are installed in the Carnegie Laboratory erected specially for that purpose with funds supplied l\v Mr. Andrew Carnegie. Dr. Jacobus is still connected with the Institute as a trustee and special lec- turer in experimental engineering. He recei^•ed the honorarv degree of Doc- tor of Engineering in 1906. Since 1906 he has been actively associated with The Balicock i!v: Wilcox Company at the head of its engineering department in the position of advisory engineer, and in the specialty of steam engineering no one in this country is of higher authority. He is the author of many scientific papers relating to that branch of engineering, and also on general topics in engineering physics and experimental mechanics. Dr. Jacobus is a member of the American Society of Alechanical Engi- neers (of which he was manager in 1900 and vice president in 1903), the American Institute of Alining Engineers, American Societv of Refrigerating Engineers (director 1904 and president 1907), Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Mathematical Society, fellow of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science (secretary of Section D, 1903, vice president 1904), Frank- lin Institute of Philadelphia, and The New York Railroad Clul). He is also a member of the Engineers' Club and the Holland Society of New York. He married, in Jersey City, New Jersey, April 5, 1899, Laura Dinkel, and they have two children: David D. and Laura. 692 HISTOKV OF XEW YORK BliNJAMIN ARROWSMITH HEGEMAN, JR. BEXJAMIX ARROW SMITH HliGEMAX. JR. C.93 B' iKNJA^IIN ARROWSAIITH HEGEAIAX, Jr., who is now the president of the U. S. Metal and Manufacturing Company, is a native of the City of Xew York; having l)een liorn at 262 West Twenty- fourth Street, July 14. i860. His father, Benjamin Arrowsniith Hegeman, was for twenty-nine years engaged as general freight agent and trafific man- ager of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad ; and his mother was lane (Roome) Hegeman. In ])oth lines of ancestrv he dates back to Americans of colonial days. On his father's side he is of Dutch ancestry, Benjamin Hegeman having been one of the early Dutch settlers of New Jersey; while on his mother's side he is of English extraction. The Hegeman family has l)een prominent in business and in public affairs in New Jersey and New "S'ork thniugh many generations. Mr. Hegeman received his education in ])rivate schools in early life, and afterward attended the pulilic schools of New York City, finishing at The Alount \\'ashington Collegiate Institute, in New York City, in 1877. He entered railway service in the passenger department of the Delaware, Lacka- wanna and Western Railroad, in 1878, and was afterward connected with the treasurer's office of the same company until 1888. He was general manager of the Lackawanna Live Stock Transportation Company, 1888 to i8oq. Mr. Hegeman left the transportation interest in i8()g to become the Eastern sales agent for the American Car and Foundry Company, in which lie continued until 1901, when he was elected to his present position as presi- dent of the L^. S. Metal and Manufacturing Company, which has had a most successful career and attained a marked development of business under his executi\-e direction. Mr. Hegeman is also the president and a director of the Rockland Railroad Company, a director of the b^)rt \\'ayne Rolling Mill Com- pany, and trustee of the Excelsior Savings Bank. He has always been a consistent Republican, and takes an active and influential part in public and political affairs. He has served as a member of the council, and as mayor of the borough of North Plainfield, N. J. He has also l)een acli\-ely identified with partv management as a member of the Republican County Executive Committee of Somerset County, New Jersey, and as a member, for several terms, of the Repul)lican Congressional Com- mittee of the Fourth District of New Jersey. Mr. Hegeman is a member of the New ^'ork Athletic Clul), the Lotos Club and the Repul)lican Club, all of New York City; of the Racquet Club of Philadeli)hia, and of the Park Clul) and the Watchung Hunt and Country Club of Plainfield, New Jersev. Mr. Hegeman married, in the Church of the Holy Cross, at North Plain- field, New Jersey, October 23, 18S3, Kate Greenough Matthews. They have a daughter, A'irginia, and a son, Harold Arrowsmith. 694 HISTORV OF XRjr YORK '/"//'HI, 'f n LENOX SMITH LI-.XOX SMITH ■ MISHA E. APPELBAUM, president and treasurer of the New York Metal Selling Company, was born in Minsk, Russia, July 4, 1879, where he attended a preliminary school ; and his education was finished in the public schools of New York City. When but fifteen years of age he obtained employment as an errand boy in an East Side store, but having made up his mind to pursue a mercantile career, he entered the service of the American Metal Company, Limited, in 1898, where he remained until the panic of 1907. Bv sheer merit he arose to the highest position with that company and grasp- ing every detail of the business, ably fitted himself to cope with the commer- cial world. Having severed his connection with the American Metal Com- pan\', Mr. Appelbaum, in the face of the panic and the unsettled financial con- dition, organized the company of which he is the head. Mr. Appelbaum's family had lost all their possessions in Russia and landed in America almost penniless ; yet despite the handicap of poverty and ignorance of the English language, he. in a few years had mastered the tongue of his adopted country, made himself indispensable to a large corporation and eventually organized a company which in the first year of its existence handled more than fifty million pounds of metal. The second year Mr. Appelbaum had expanded the business to an annual sale of one hundred million pounds of copper, lead, and zinc, and made himself a leader in his line — a remarkable career in the face of the obstacles which an unknown and penniless foreigner usually encounters in a new country. Mr. Appelbaum early evinced an interest in good city government, and when District Attorney Jerome was first nominated, he was one of the speak- ers selected to address his compatriots ; and in the last campaign he made many speeches for the Fusion ticket. Mr. Appelbaum is a great lover of music and literature, and is an ardent advocate of all outdoor sports, and his aim throughout his career has been to make monev sufficient to gratifv his tastes along these lines. He is a member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the City Athletic Club, the Traf- fic Club, and American Museum of Natural History; and is also a member of nearly all the important charitable institutions in the city. Mr. Appelbaum married Miss Irma Coshland, at Riverdale-on-the-Hud- son, June 19, 1906, and resides in winter in the city. Mr. Appelbaum controls the New York Metal Selling Company, and it is due to his business sagacity that the concern has attained an important place in the metal world and is constantly increasing its business. Whilst compet- ing sharply with all meml^ers of the trade, he has nevertheless been able to put Iiimself on a very friendly liasis with all factors, and it would not be sur- prising to see him in a few years one of the controlling figures in the copper world. :o-i: HISTORY Of XFJl' YORK A ADRIAN DEXTER ADRIAXCE 705 DRIAN DEXTER ADRIANCE, mechanical engineer and manu- facturer, is a native of Camden, New Jersey, where he was born November i8, 1876, son of Benjamin and NeUie (Madden) Adriance. He is of French and Dutch descent on the paternal, and of English and Irish extraction on the maternal side. The founders of the family in America were Adrean Reysen and his brother. Martin Reysen, who came to America from Holland al)out i6jo. Their sons, Elbert and Martin, took the old family name of Adriance, and Elbert married, in ^(142, Cata- lina, daughter of Rene Jansen, and from them Mr. Adriance is descended. His father is a Civil War veteran, is proprietor of the Adriance Machine Works, of Brooklyn, president of the Savage Arms Company, of Utica, New York, president of the AVarp Twisting-in Machine Company, and identified with other large interests. Mr. Adriance attended public schools, but is largely self-educated; a practical mechanic and mechanical engineer, with much inventive skill and originality. He was an incorporator and director of the Ontario Can Company, and of the American, British and Canadian Can Company; a di- rector of the Savage Arms Company, 1903 and 1904; and was incorporator, director and vice president of the Warp Twisting-in Machine Company of New Jersey, 1902-1904. He has been a director since 1904 of the Warp Twisting-in Machine Company of New York (capital $2,600,000), its general manager since 1905, and its vice president from 1907 until April, 1910, when he was made secretary, treasurer and general manager. The Warp Twisting-in Machine Company has its factory at 260 Van Brunt Street, Brooklyn, and it was largely through his perseverance and energy that this unique piece of mechanism was perfected, after nine vears of imtiring labor, and placed on the market in practical form. The machine is a labor-saving device used in the manufacture of textiles and takes the place of hand twisters and skilled labor, doing the work better and multi- plying the ordinary output about five times. Mr. Adriance's knowledge of mechanics was of inestimable value in the construction and improvement of the machine, and its extensive use by the silk trade throughout the country was also largely due to the energy and enterprise with which he has managed the Inisiness. He is a Republican in political afiiliations. He is a member of the Economic Club of New York, Navy League of New York, Crescent Athletic Club of Brookh-n, ex-member of Troop C of Brooklyn, memljcr of the Varuna Boat Club of the Thirteenth Regiment; and is a member of the United Spanish War Veterans, the Sons of Veterans, Royal Arcanum, and National Alunmi. He resides at 461 Greene Avenue, Brooklyn. ro6 HISTORY OF NEW YORK ■FKffirififf ARTHUR THEODORE STILSON ARTHUR THEODORE STIESON 707 ARTHUR THEODORE STILSON. vice president and manager of the Central Stamping Company, is of New England stock, on both sides of English origin, being the son of Andrew J. and Charlotte A. (Jndd) Stilson. His first American ancestor on the father's side, James Stilson, came from England to America about 1625, and on the maternal side he is descended from Captain Thomas Judd. He is also a descendant of Andrew Jackson. His grandfather, Phineas Stilson, emigrated to the West from Litchfield County, Connecticut, about the year 1801, and settled in the town of Denmark, now Castorland, Lewis County, New York, as a farmer, that section being then in the wilderness. His youngest son, Andrew J. Stilson, left the farm on attaining his majority, went to Connecticut and after four years there married in Litchfield County, in that State, and subsequently returned, with his wife, to the old homestead farm in Lewis County, New York, on which their son, Arthur T. Stilson, was born May 6, 1859, being the youngest of five children. Following the Civil \\'ar, business complications arose, which resulted in his father's failure, and after his mother's death, in 1870, he practically earned his own living by work at farming and in the lumber woods, sawmills, and in driving logs, at which he became an expert. He had little schooling up to the age of sixteen, but during his seventeenth and eighteenth years he attended the Lowville (New York) Academy for about six months, all told. Leaving there October 19, 1878, he came to New York City, arriving with only six dollars in his pocket. He attended evening school during the fall and winter months for two or three years after his arrival. Soon after coming to New York he entered the employ of James Aikman & Company, of Cliff Street, which was consolidated four years later with four other large firms, forming The Central Stamping Company, with which Mr. Stilson has Ijeen connected ever since, and of which he is now vice president and manager. Mr. Stilson usually votes the Republican ticket, though he has never aspired to political position. He has at Montclair, N. J., quite a large estate, which he has named "Westover," and which is his home. Lie also has a large farming property, the "Stilsonian Farms," in Morris County, New Jersey, where he finds much recreation, gratifying the lifelong" appreciation he has always had for farm life, in the personal supervision of the extensive farming operations carried on upon that estate. He is a member of the Civic Association, the Apollo Club, Outlook Club. Art Association and Montclair Club, all of Montclair. N. J., the Machinery Club of New York City, and other associations, although he seldom attends them, greatly preferring home life. Air. Stilson married, in Brooklyn, N. Y., Februarv 7, IQOO, Florence May Colby, daughter of the late John Fogg Colby of Bangor, Maine, and has two sons, Colby Stilson. born October 27, 1903, and Judd Stilson, born May 9, 1905. 70S HISTORY OF NEW YORK E' DWARD PAUL REICHHELM, was l^orn at Stringaii, Silesia, Prussia, November 13, 1843, son of Julius and Pauline (von der Lippe) Reichhelm. His father participated in a revolutionary movement and his arrest was ordered, but escaping to Belgium, he brought his family to the United States in December, 1S4S. Mr. Reichhelm studied in ])ublic and private schools, and attended Cooper Institute while apprentice ill ... WViV'" r r^li , n a New York machine ;hop. In August, 1S61, he ■an away from home and 'nlisted for the war as pri- vate in the Third Missouri Fnf antry, and was discharged IS captain in the Fifty-first United States Colored In- 'antry, June 16, 1866. Pie became a clerk, and n November, 1873, '"'^ "ormed the firm of Gesse- vein & Reichhelm, tool lealers. \Mien it dissolved, n May, 1876, he formed E. P. Reichhelm & Com- ]iany, of which he is still the head. He organized the American Gas Furnace Company in January, 1887, and the American Swiss File and Tool Company in August. 1899, both founded to carry out original ideas in making first-class tools, \\hich have gained an inter- national reputation for ex- cellence and have received many medals and first prizes from industrial exhibitions and institutions. He is a past commander in the Grand Army of the Republic, member of the Loyal Legion, and the Masonic order; is a Republican and former presi- dent of the Park Commission of P)avonne. New Jersey. He was twice married, and bv his iirst wife has three children: Paul Franklin, George Lincoln, and l^lla Katharine Reichhelm. EDWARD PAUL RElCinii:LM CHARLES HERBERT SIMMONS 709 c HARLES HERBERT SIM.AIUNS, merchant, was born in New York City in 1862, the son of John and Mary (Rutzler) Simmons. His father, who was of Irish birth and ancestry, came to this country in 1S37, and engaged in Imsiness in New York Citv for nianv years. Mr. Simmons was educated in the pul)hc schools of New York City, and in a business college; and in 18S0, when his father founded the business now known as the John Simmons Company, he entered the office, where he practically grew up in the business, advancing in position with his growth in experience, and upon the death of his father suc- ceeded to the presidency of the company, which he still holds. He is also president of the Simmons Realty and Construction Company, the Vulcan Rail and Construc- tion Company, and the Sim- mons Pipe Bending Works ; treasurer of the Powhatan Brass and Iron Works, ami vice president of the Essex Foundry; the products of these works being in the main handled through the John Simmons Company. He is a member of the National Association of Manufacturers, Chamber of Commerce of New York, Union League, Engineers' Club, and Merchants' Club, of New York; and Ardsley Club, of Ardsley- on-Hudson, N. Y. He has his town house at /jj Madison Avenue, and his country residence at Stonington, Conn., where he spends the summer months. Mr. Simmons married, in Brooklyn, New York, November 26, 1894, Elizabeth Eagle, and they have two cliildren, Ethel H., and Charles H., Jr. CUAKLES HERBERT SIMMONS 710 HISTORY OF NEW YORK ' ' ' i'i'ii,|i'f?'i'i|i|" " ' 'VWI'M'!""'"" / ",' 'i "'III" " >V^''' ',,'l"'""il|li"'l I'" '« ,V1\ r ','.i I ''/',,",],. ij, '"'. ■ •t.i.'ii LOUIS K. COMSTOCK LOUIS K. COMSTOCK 711 L OUIS K. COMSTOCK, who is numbered with the foremost electrical and mechanical engineers of the country, is of Western birth and New England lineage, having been born in Kenosha, Wisconsin, January 8, 1865, the son of Charles Henry Comstock, a merchant, and Mercy Carolyn (Bronson) Comstock. His first American ancestor in the paternal line was William Comstock, of Pequot (now New London), who came from England about 1637. He was one of the twenty-six from Wethersfield, Connecticut, who took part in the expedition commanded by Captain John Mason, A\hich captured the Pequot Fort at Mystic, Connecticut, May 26, 1637, killing more than six hundred In- dians. This expedition finished the Pecjuots. Through his maternal grand- mother, Mary Doan Bronson, wife of Daniel Bronson, Mr. Comstock is also descended from John Done, a friend and fellow-passenger across the Atlantic of Edward ^^'ynslow and Myles Standish. Mr. Comstock entered the University of Michigan in 1884, where he received the degree of Ph.B. in 188S. Following graduation he entered upon his professional career as an electrical engineer, in which he has ever since been engaged. He advanced rapidly, and in 1897 '^^'-'^s appointed superintend- ent of construction of the Western Electric Company. He remained in that position for nearly fottr years, resigning- in August, 1900, to accept an appoint- ment as electrical engineer and manager of the mechanical department of the George A. Fuller Company, and so continued until January i, 1904, when he organized and became president of L. K. Comstock & Company, Incorporated, of which important engineering organization he is still the head. There is no man in the engineering profession who has mastered more completely the technical and practical engineering problems connected with the construction of great modern buildings than Mr. Comstock. He has con- tributed much, from his own research and testing, to the perfecting of meth- ods of construction and of installations, electrical and mechanical, in such structures. Mr. Comstock has added to the benefits of liberal education and distin- guished professional achievement the advantages of extensive travel through- out the United States, and in Mexico, the West Indies, Central America and Europe. He is identified with the leading technical organizations and profes- sional societies, including the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Western Society of Engineers, American Electro-chemical Society, Illuminating Engineering Society, and the Engineers' Club. He is also a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon Associa- tion of New York. \h-. Comstock married, in New York, September 12, 1902, Anne Stevens Wilson, and has a son, Thomas Brownell Comstock, born June 12, 1904. ri2 HISTORY OF NEU' YORK NATHAX FLEISCHER, now vice president of the International Steam Pnmp Company, is of Austrian nativity, having been born at Saaz, Austria. January i6, 1857. He attended the schools of that place until he was over fourteen years of age, when he came to the United States. He learned chain-making in the jewelry trade and worked at that occu- pation until he was nineteen years old, and then entered the grocery business, in which he was emploved wmiimmmm as a clerk until 1887, in which year he started in the grocery business for himself at Paterson, N. J. He made a substantial success in that business, but in 1897 sold out his grocery busi- ness to his partner, in order to connect himself with financial interests in Pater- son, N. J. After a few years he became associated with j\Ir. B. Guggenheim in the Power and Mining Machin- ery Company, of which he was the treasurer until that company was combined with the International Steam Pump Company, of which he was elected treasurer, later being elected vice president of the company, which office he now holds. He also filjs the duties of foreign representative of the company. Mr. Fleischer having a p(isition of prominence and NATHAN FLEISCHER made his wav bv his own eiTorts and reachet success, has also done valuable ]uiblic service. In Paterson, New Jersey, where he long resided, he served for some time as a park commissioner. He was also on the first Finance Commission appointed by the mayor of the city of Paterson, a body citw which is in full charge of the finances of that LEON PHILIP FEUSTMAX ri3 L' EON PHILIP FEUSTiAIAN, of the International Steam Pump Com- pany, was born in Philadelphia, March 6, iS6i, the son of Bernard and Rosalie (Mayer) Feustman. He was educated in Philadelphia Central High School and the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated as a mining engineer, with the degree of Bachelor of Science, in 1882. After leaving the university he located in Leadville, Colorado, where he was em- I ' ' '/I ployed as a chemist and assayer for several mining and smelting companies until 1888, when he went to Mexico for the Consolidated Kansas City Smelting and Refining Company (after- ward merged in the Amer- ican Smelting and Refining Company). He remained in that employ in various positions up to manager of the company's affairs in Mexico, until i8()8. when he became manager in ^lex- ico for M. Guggenheim's Sons. In 1900 he was transferred to the executive offices of the American Smelting and Refining Company in New York. He remained there until 1903, when he became vice presi- dent of the Power and Min- ing Machinery Company, which position he still holds. Since 1907 he has been vice president and general manager of the International Steam Pump Company. He is a member of the Lawyers', Machinery and Luiiversity of Pennsyl- vania Clubs in New York City; the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the National Geographic Society and the Pennsylvania Society of New York. He married, in St. Louis, Missouri, ^lay 23, 1892, Josephine Thatcher, and has a son, Bernard Henrv, and a daughter, Marian Thatcher Feustman. LEON PHILIP FEUSTMAN 714 HISTORY OF XEir YORK ROBERT ROGERS 715 R OBERT ROGERS has for more than lialf of a century held an active and prominent place in the business life of New York City. He was born in the city of Nottingham, England, December 2'^, i'^34, and in that ancient city he received a classical education and grew \\\) to manhood. After completing his education he learned the art of manufacturing hosierv, which constitutes one of the industries for which that city is famous, and after acquiring a thorough knowledge of that business and establishing" connections with the leading hosiery mills, Mr. Rogers came to New York City, in if^56, and engaged in the sale of foreign and domestic hosiery, in which line he established a very large business and achieved a notable success. In 1867, Mr. Rogers was appointed a special agent for the Lawrence Manufacturing Company of Lowell, Mass., which connection he retained until 1901, and during that period he was a partner in the late firm of Townsend & Yale, of New York, a house which held a position of distinguished promi- nence as one of the leaders in the dry goods commission Inisiness in New York City. During that connection Mr. Rogers liecame widelv acquainted in the dry goods trade and achieved an enviable position in the business world. LTpon retiring from that firm in 1901, Mr. Rogers took a rest of two years' duration, and then feeling a desire to return to the activities of business, he became connected with the firm of Lamson, King & Company, as a special partner, that firm being dry goods commission merchants at 55 Leonard Street, with excellent mill connections. He still remains identified with that firm. About the same time ^Ir. Rogers l)ecame interested in the DeWitt Wire Cloth Company, of which he was elected president, and still holds that posi- tion. The DeWitt W^ire Cloth Company is a manufacturing corporation which operates a most complete plant for the prosecution of the industry from which the company takes its title, and both for the qualitv and volume of its produc- tion holds a position of leadership in that line. It has had a continuously successful business under the executive direction of Mr. Rogers, the office of the company being at 299 Broadway. During his identification with the business life of New ^'ork for the past fifty-four years, Mr. Rogers has been most favoral)lv known tlirough the New York mercantile district for his sound and conservative business methods, and has gained the general esteem of friends and competitors, not only in the city, but also in the trade throughout the country. Mr. Rogers was married, June 2, 1H58, to Miss Cornelia M. Dowling, daughter of the late Rev. John Dowling, for man\- vears a well-known pastor in the Baptist denomination in the City of New ^'ork. Mr. and Mrs. Rogers have two children living, viz: E. Russell Rogers, who is associated with his father in the wire cloth business, and Clarence De\\'itt Rogers, of the law firm of Holden «& Rogers, of the City of New York. 716 HISTORY OF NEW YORK c ARL F. BOKER, merchant in steel, metals and hardware, is a native ijf Xcw York City, where he was horn December 27, 1S47, the son of Hermann and ]\Iathilde (Herberts) Boker. His father was a German merchant who came to New ^'ork in Alay, 1837, and established the business of Hermann P)Oker & Company the same year. Carl F. Boker was educated in Germany and began his business experience there. He afterward ''■■' ''"'""i L 1" I'l'iim.u :iiii,i»M|j',ii' IN^'^^ II '7 :i / / /) *4 ''''''/Wfl'i'i! returned to New York City, and in September, 1883, he established business, under his own name of Carl F. Fxikcr, as an importer of steel and metals. In Janu- ary, 1891, he combined this business with that of Her- mann Boker & Company, then in its iifty-foin^th year I if successful activity, and since January, 1900, he has l)een sole owner of the busi- ness of Hermann Boker & Crimpany, which he now conducts at 101-103 Duane .Street. The prestige of this (lid .and honorable house has been fullv maintained and its Inisiness greatly enlarged by him. Air. Boker is a Repub- lican; and is a member of the ^Merchants', New York Athletic, and Ardsley Clubs, Deutscher Verein and Rum- son Country Club. He married, in Ham- burg, Germany, December 10, 1889, Therese A. Sendel, and has two sons, Flermann 1). lioker, born January 6, 1891, and Carl F. Boker, Jr., born June 20, 1893, and a daughter, Rita \l. Boker, born January 4, 1895. His town residence is at 2;i, West Seventy-sixth Street, in New York City, and his coun- try home is on Rumson Road, at Seabright, N. J., where the family usually spends the summer nKinths. CARL F. IIOKKR URI T. IILWGEKFONn :ir U' 'RI T. IIUNGERFORD, who lias lons^- l)ecn ijroniinciit as a leader in the l^rass and copper incUistry, was Ixirn in Torrington, Connecti- cut, Deceml)er 14, i!^4i, the son of John and Charlotte Mills (Austin) Hun- gerford. His family is of English origin, his first American ancestor, John Hungerford, having come from England to New England in 1749. Uri T. Hungerford's father was a manufacturer <>i hrass and copper. The son received a good education in a military academy at Ossining, New York, and under private tu- tors, and he began his ac- tive career in his father's business. Acquiring a thor- ough and practical knowl- edge of the copper and brass business in all its branches and details, he continued to advance in position until he became president of the U. T. Hun- gerford Brass and Copper Company of New York, which, under his executive and general management, he has developed to a high plane of efificiencv and pres- tige as one of the foremost representatives of the in- dustry. He is also presi- dent of the American Man- ganese Bronze Compau}- of Philadelphia, which has also thrived greatly under his experienced direction. He is a Republican in politics, and is a member of the Hardware, Fulton, and Railroad Clubs of New York. He has traveled extensively in America and Europe. Mr. Hungerford married, in New York, June 29, 1SS7, Sillora Ritchie. He had a son, \\'allace \\'. Hungerford, who is now deceased. Mr. Hunger- ford's city residence is at Fifth Aveiuie and Fifty-ninth Street, and he has a country place at Bronxville, New York. URI T. HUNGERFORD 718 HISTORV or XEir ]'ORK JAJMES EDWARD POPE, president of the Pope IMetals Company, was born in New York City, Jnly 5, 1863, the son of Thomas J. and Catherine A. ( Dnxton ) Pope. He is of Eng-hsh descent on both sides, and his maternal grandfatlier was Dr. Cliarles Bnxton, physician to President George Washington. Mr. Pope was echicated in jirivate scliools and in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, from which institution he was graduated in the Class uf 1882. In July, 1883, he en- tered the metal business with his father's firm of Thomas J. Pope & Brother, and has since continued in that luisiness, now being president of the Pope Met- als Company, of 90 West Street, New York. He is \'ice president of the New \'ork ]\Ietal Exchange, a meml)er of the Statistical ( 'ommittee of the Board of Trade of Jersey City, and was a shade-tree commis- sioner of Jersey City, New Jersey. He was elected to the office of president of the University of the State of New Jersey in July, 1909. I\Ir. Pope is a member (if the Berzelius Society of Yale College, the Yale Uni- \-ersity Club of New Haven, Connecticut ; the Meridian JAAIKS EDWARD POPE Club and the Drug and Chemical Club of New York. Pie is also a member of the Hudson County Historical Society of Jersey City, New Jersey: of the National ]\Iunicipal League, and of the American 'Civic Association. He married, at Anniston, Ala])ama, Octolx-r jo, 1898. Fanny Ford No- ble, and has one s(in, James Nolile Pope. JOHX J.-l.MRS AMORV nn JOHN JAMES AMORY, manufacturer, was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, son of John Amory ( capitalist ) and Jane ( Smith ) x\mory- He was educated in Saint Paul's School, Fond du Lac, \\'isconsin, and Riverview College, at Poughkeepsie, New York; entered a railroad office at Fond du Lac in 1876, and later went to the Pacific Coast, becoming a livery man at Santa Monica, California, and Tucson, Arizona, 1877-1S78; miner at Tombstone. Arizona, 1879-1880; express com- WjjMjjJi pany agent at Texarkana, '' Arkansas, 1881-1882; hotel proprietor at Billings, ]Mon- tana, 1883-1884; then at Bridgeport, Connecticut, as secretary and treasurer of the Armstrong Manufac- turing Company, 1885- 1886. In 1886 he became secre- tary and treasurer of the Gas Engine and Power Company and Charles L. Seabury & Company, Con- solidated, of which he after- ward became and is still president. The compan-. has large works at Morri- Heights, New York Cit}". and builds steam and sail yachts, gasoline engines and launches, naphtha launches, wooden vessels, marine en- gines and boilers. He is a director of the Mount Morris Bank of New York, and the Dutchess Manufacturing Company of Poughkeepsie, and vice president of the North Side Board of Trade of New York. He is a vestryman of Saint James Episcopal Church, Fordhani ; mem- ber of the National Civic Federation, Navy League, New York, Larchmont and Columl)ia Yacht Clubs and Transportation and New York Athletic Clubs. He married, at Poughkeepsie, September i, 1881, ]\Lary S. Hull, and has three sons: John Hull, Eugene Horton, and Clement Gould Amory. JOHN JAMES AMORY r20 HISTORY OF XEir YORK F REDERICK ^E-VRTEX ASS-AEWX, one of the more prominent of the German-American citizens of the metropohs, was born in North Germany, Eeln-narv 8, 1858, and was educated in the excehent pubHc schools of his native country. Beginnin;:;' his l)usiness career in Germany, he decided, after a few years, to try his fortunes in America, and twenty-six years ago he landed in this country. After a short time in other lines of activity he established himself in the can btisiness, and he has since conducted it with such success that Mr. Assmann is now president of the Export and Domestic Can Company, one of the most extensive and prosperous of the concerns in that busi- ness. The company has its offices and headqttarters at 616 ^^'est Forty-third Street, X'ew York. ]\Ir. Assmann has ably assisted in l)ring'ing this company from modest beginnings to its present prominence, through executive ability and careful supervision. Air. Assmann has al- ways taken an active inter- est in ptiblic affairs, and is a Republican in his political views, and an earnest and active supporter of Republi- can principles. He is a member of the Republican Club of East Orange, X'ew Jersey, in which beautiful suburjj he is reg'arded as one of the most public-spirited citizens. Ele has his home at 151 X'orth Grove Street. Air. Assmann, who was married in X'ew York Citv, Alav 2, 1S87, is now a widower, and has three sons: Alartin F., born Alarch 23, i88g; Arthur A., born August 2, i8qi ; A\'ilbur A., born Xovemlier 2j. 1892. FREDERICK :\IARTEX ASSMAXN ALL AX C. BAKEWELL 721 A f "///;( i/ii Ml "wii^c /"" ' \y LLAN CAMPBELL BAKEWELL. president of the Sprague Elec- tric Company, was born in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, June i6, 1847, the son of William and Jane Hannah ( CamplxMl) Bakewell. He is of English and Scotch descent, his ancestors on both sides having settled in America early in the Eighteenth Century. He was educated in the public schools of his native county and in the Western LIniversity of Pennsylvania, going from ffU that institution into the Union Armv during the latter part of the Civil War. He engaged in the iron manufacturing 1) u s i n e ss, afterwards becoming identi- fied with the manufacture of electrical machinerv and apparatus, and upon the organization of the Spragtie Electric Company, in 1897, he became its general man- ager, afterwards being elec- ted vice president, and in 1902, president of the com- pany. Mr. Bakewell is also a director of the Gramercy Company, and is identified with other interests. In i8q8 Mr. Bakewell was appointed assistant ad- jutant general of the State of New York, with the grade of lieutenant-colonel. He was formerly the de- partment commander of the Department of New York of the G. A. R. He is a Republican in politics, and has been active in party afifairs, although never in the sense of seeking ofifice. He is a meml)er of the LTnion League, the Metropolitan, the Engineers', and the Players' Clubs, of New York City. He married, in Pittsburgh, Alice C. Moorhead, member of an old Alle- gheny County family. Mrs. Bakewell and their two children are all deceased. ALLAN C. BAKEWELL HisroRV or xi-ir ]-()rk WALDO HALL MARSHALL WALDO HALL }L4RSHALL ?23 WALDO HALL MARSHALL, now i)residcnt of the American Loco- motive Company, and previons to that (hstinguished as an execu- tive m the motive power departments and general management of leading rail- ways, w'as born in Boston, Massachusetts, on June 7, 1864. He received a public school education and after that devoted himself bv study and practical work to the acquisition of a thorough knowledge of me- chanics and mechanical engineering, which he attained in various shops and manufacturing institutions, becoming an expert of great skill. 1 le also gained a practical knowledge of the principles of railway operation. In May, 1897, '""^ was appointed assistant superintendent of motive power of the Chicago and North-Western Railway, which position he held until June, 1809, when he was appointed sui)erintendent of motive power of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, continuing in that position until Feb- ruarv, 1902, when he was appointed general superintendent of this same road, later having his jurisdiction extended over the Lake Erie and Western Rail- road, and the Indiana, Illinois and Iowa Railroad, continuing- in that capacity until July, 1903, when he was promoted to general manager of these three roads. During his connection with the Lake Shore System Mr. Marshall had much to do with the designing of heavy passenger and freight locomotives, and his work in connection with the equipment of that road was of a pro- gressive character and had a lasting effect upon modern locomotive practice in this country. In addition to his skill as a mechanical engineer, Mr. Marshall displayed signal abilitv as an executive ofiicer during his connection, first with the mo- tive power department and later with the general management of the Lake Shore Road and his abilitv was generally recognized in railway circles. In February, 1906, Mr. Marshall resigned from the general manage- ment of the Lake Shore Road, in order to accept the presidency of the Amer- ican Locomotive Company, which was organized in June, if)Oi, as a com- bination of several manufacturers of locomotives, including the Schenec- tady, Brooks (Dunkirk, N. Y.), Pittsburgh, and Richmond (\'a.) Locomo- tive Works, Dickson Manufacturing Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, and the International Power Company of Providence, Rhode Island. The company has since acquired the Montreal Locomotive Works, Rogers Locomotive \\'orks, and the American Locomotive Automobile Comj^any. In the manu- facture of railway locomotives, snow-plows, steam-shovels and dredges, it is the leading corporation of the country and is also one of the foremost in the manufacture of automobiles. Mr. Marshall's administration of the company's affairs has licen eminently successful. He married Florence Hood Kili)atrick, and has his city residence at 135 Central Park West, and a country ])lace at Barnstable, Massachusetts. ;24 HISTORY OF NEW YORK N' [ K( )LA TESLA, electrical engineer, physicist and inventor, was born in 1857, in Sniiljan, Lika, border country of Austria-Hun- gary; the son of a distinguished clergyman and orator, and of Georgiana Mandic, a famous woman and inventor, whose father was also an inventor. His education began in the elementary school of his native place, continued four vears in the public school in Gospic, Lika: four years in Lower Real School in Gospic, and three School, re he iflflll :;■ ■;,( ■;-,,, r ^^^1H||^W KIJiU jnr Originallv destmed tor the I'l' ' I ; ''^.^'^■K''t^ffii clergy, he prevailed upon lis parents to send him to the Polytechnic School in Gratz, where for four years le studied mathematics, ihvsics and mechanics, fol- lowing with two years of l)hilosophical studies at the l^iiversitv of Prague, Bo- leniia. Lie started on his practical career in 18S1, in Fiudapest, Lhmgary, where he made his first electrical invention, a telephone re- peater, and conceived the idea of his rotating mag- netic field; thence he went to France and Germany, where he was successively engaged in various branches of engi- neering and manufacture. Since 1S84 he has been a resident of the United States, of which he is a naturalized citizen: and here his subsequent inventions originated. Mr. Tesla is the author of numerous scientific papers and addresses, and honorary or regular memlier of many scientific societies, institutions and academies in the LTnited States and abroad: he is a life member of the Brit- ish Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain; M.A. of Yale, LL.D. of Columbia, and Doctor NIKOLA TESLA NIKOLA TESLA of Science of the \"ienna Polytechnic School, the latter distinction being con- ferred upon him in acknowledgment of his discoveries of the rotating mag- netic field and principles of wireless energy transmission; the Elliott Cresson gold medal was awarded him in recognition of his original work first pre- sented before the Franklin Institute and the National Electric Light Associa- tion in 1883, in which one of the most important chapters was devoted to a description of his wireless method. Mr. Tesla's rank among those who have led in the advance in knowledge and ajiplication of electrical forces is among the foremost. Among his inventions and discoveries are: Svstem of arc lighting, 1886; Tesla motor and system of alternating current power transmission, popularly known as two-phase, three-phase, multiphase, or polyphase sys- tems, which have created a revolution in electrical engineering and are now universally adopted (1888); system of electrical conversion and distribution by oscillatory discharges, i88g; generators of high-frequency currents and efifects of these, i8qo; transmission of energy through a single wire without return, 1891 ; the "Tesla coil" or transformer, which has proved an indispen- sable adjunct in many electrical arts, 1891 ; investigations of high-frequency efTects and phenomena, 1891-93; system of wireless transmission of intelli- gence, 1893; mechanical oscillators and generators of electrical oscillations, 1894-95; researches and discoveries in novel radiations, material streams and emanations, were published in a series of pai)ers in the Electrical Review, New York, 1896-1898. in which he announced all the salient phenomena later attributed to radium; high-potential magnifying transmitter. 1897; .system of transmission of power without wires, 1897-1905; economic transmission of energy by refrigeration, 1898; art of Telautoniatics, 1898-99; discovery of sta- tionary electrical waves in the earth, i89(); burning of atmospheric nitrogen, and production of other electrical etTects (»f transcending intensities, 1899- 1900; method and apparatus for magnifying feeble effects, 1901-1902; art of individualization, 1902-1903. The development of his system of world-teleg- raphy and telephony and of the transmission of power without wires has engaged much of his attention since that time. A numl)er of discoveries in the electrical field, made by Mr. Tesla, which he has not yet announced, he considers of greater moment than any electrical work he has so far done. His most important recent work is the discovery of a new mechanical i)rin- ciple, which he has embodied in a great variety of machines, as reversible gas and steam turbines, pumps, blowers, air compressors, water turbines, mechan- ical transformers and transmitters of power, hot-air engines, etc. This prin- ciple enables the production of prime movers capable of developing ten horse power, or even more, for each pound of weight. By their application to aerial navigation, and the propulsion of vessels, high speeds are practicable. HISTORY OF XEW YORK f i ,11' ,'/ iii DR. EDWARD GOODRICH ACHKSON DR. EDWARD GOODRICH ACHESOX D |R. EDWARD GOODRICH ACHESON was born March 9, 1856, at ^^'ashing■to^, Pa. ; had three years schoohng, after which he was engaged in various pursuits inckiding- civil engineering on raih'oad construc- tion, and in the fall of 1880 became assistant to Thomas A. Edison, who sent him, the next summer, to Europe in h.is interests, where he remained two and one-half years. While in Europe he installed the first incandescent electric lighting plants ever erected in Italy, Belgium and Holland. He next became superintendent of the Consolidated Lamp Company, Brooklyn, and later elec- trician to the Standard Underground Cable Company, Pittsburgh. In 1891, Dr. Acheson discovered Carborundum and organized The Car- liorundum Company, of which he was i)resident for ten years. This com- pany is now producing carborundum at the rate of 10,000,000 pounds yearly. Following- the completion of the details of carborundum manufacture. Dr. Acheson created a new industry — the manufacture of graphite. For carrying on the business, he incorporated the International Acheson Graphite Company, which is now making about 15,000,000 pounds of graphite annually. He also invented methods for extracting metallic silicon from ordinary sand. Dr. Acheson's latest discoveries embrace the production of a fine lubri- cating graphite, and the "deflocculation" of inorganic, amorphous bodies, and a clear explanation of the cause of the formation of the bars of the Mississippi and the delta of the Nile. In a recent lecture delivered by Dr. Acheson be- fore the Automobile Club of America, he discarded all technical phrases and, after describing in a popular vein his earlier work, showed his distinguished audience how the extract of plants, such as straw, grass and barks of trees, deflocculate soils and all amorphous inorganic bodies, including his artificial graphite. He showed by means of diagrams the remarkable results obtained by Professor Benjamin, of Purdue University, and Dr. Mabery of the Case School of Applied Science, in determining the value of deflocculated graphite as a lubricant when carried in very small quantities by either oil or water. Dr. Acheson has obtained results that clearly indicate the universal use of deflocculated graphite in lubricating oil (Oildag) will extend the jiossible life of petroleum lubricating oils four times. The results prove thai water and deflocculated graphite (Aquadag) give better lubrication than the best oils. Dr. Acheson is a member of many scientific and engineering societies ; he has received many honors, prominent amongst them being the Rumford Medals awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Science, and the Perkin Medal awarded by committees of the Society of Chemical Industry, American Chem- ical Society, and the American Electro-chemical Society. The University of Pittsburgh conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Science. Dr. Acheson was married, December 16. 1884, to Margaret Mahar, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and has five sons and four daughters. 728 HISTORY OF XRjr YORK RICHARD DE WOLFE BRIXEY R RICHARD DE WOLFE BRIXEY 729 I CHARD \W. WOLFE BRIXEY, the head of the Kerite Insulated Wire and Cable Company, was born in Seymour, Connecticut, on September 22, 1880. He is the son of William Richard and Frances (De Wolfe) Brixey. He is of English descent on the paternal side and through his mother a descendant of the old and well-known American family of De Wolfe. His father, \\"illiam R. Brixev, who was for so many years the head and owner of the business, dating from the death of his brother-in-law, Mr. A. G. Day, the well-known inventor of Kerite, retired from active business after many years of successful operation when he incorporated the business in 1 008 under the name of the Kerite Insulated Wire and Cable Company, with his son, Richard De Wolfe Brixev, as president and treasurer, whom he had trained to succeed him. Richard De Wolfe Brixey spent his early life at Seymour, Connecticut, where the large plant of the company is located. As a bov he spent a large part of his spare time in the works. He has always been most deeply inter- ested in the business, and from boyhood up he has had no other ambition than to follow in his father's footsteps. His natural inclination for and close asso- ciation with this business during his early life have been of great value to him in the direction of the company's affairs. Fle graduated from the public schools with high honors, being the head of his class, and then entered the Sheflield Scientific School of Yale University, from which he graduated in 1902 with the degree of Ph.B. After his matriculation he entered the works at Seymour, Connecticut. While he already had a thorough knowl- edge of the practical end of the business, having always been closely asso- ciated with it, upon his graduation he entered the works as an ordinary laborer and worked up from that position. He was then transferred to the head office at New York City, where he rapidly acquired a large knowl- edge of the executive end of the business and became manager. Not long afterwards he was advanced to be general manager of the entire business and upon the retirement of his father naturally became the head of the business. The company, as manufacturers of insulated wires and cables, enjoys the highest reputation for its product and business standing. The business is the oldest and best known in its line in this country, having been founded in 1850. Kerite insulated wires and cables have earned an unequalled record of per- formance in service under all conditions. It is the policy of this company under the management of Mr. Brixey, as it has always l^een under that of his predecessors, to do business on the basis of quality rather than on a cheap first-cost basis. The growth of the business under this policy, while perhaps conservative, has been very large and steady. The products of the company include insulated wires and cables of every descriiition for interior, aerial, un- 30 HISTORV OF NEW YORK (lerground antl submarine service, from small telephone and electric light wire to high power transmission cables. Owing- to the merit of Kerite, the general policy of the company and the personal efforts of ^Nlr. Brixey, it secures business from practically all parts of the world. One of its most important contracts was the furnishing- of a cable laid across the Isthmus of Panama in the Canal Zone. This cable was manufactured, shipped and laid in one continuous length of fifty miles, and the contract was secured in competition with manufacturers of various coun- tries, the Kerite company being the highest bidder, but its product was consid- ered the best. This is probably the most important stretch of cable of its length in the world, connecting as it does the Atlantic and Pacific cables. Another important contract was the furnishing of the wires and cables for the new Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal system, which extends from liar- rison. New Jersey, under the North River, across New York City and under the East River to Long Island City. The largest part of this contract, run- ning into hundreds of thousands of dollars, consists of the block signal system wire and cable upon which the safety of the public as well as the efficient oper- ation of the road depends. The company also made and laid for the gov- ernment a cable from Skagway to Juneau, in Alaska, which is one of the important links in placing Alaska in communication with the rest of the world. The business is rapidly growing under the direction of Mr. Brixey, who brings to its management not only the most complete technical knowledge of the manufacturing- and scientific details, but who also possesses administrative and executive abilities of a superior order and the company has come to be recognized as representative of the highest achievement in the industry. As such it has secured and is constantly adding to its patrons the leading corpora- tions engaged in various departments of electrical service and large systems, such as the railroad systems, the telephone and telegraph companies. Mr. Brixey is recognized as a man of keen judgment and is an example of the highest type of the American business man in all that it implies. Mr. JSrixey is a member of the Engineers' Clul), the Railroad Club, the New York Railroad Club, the Machinery Club, the Morse Electric Club, the ^'ale Clul) of New York, The American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the University Club of New Haven, the Essex County Country Club of New Jersey, and wirious business associations. Mr. Brixey married, in Jersey City Pleights, Jersey City, New Jersey, in November, 1905, Bertha Marguerite Anness, and has one daughter, Doris Marguerite. Mr. Brixey resides at 210 Riverside Drive, and his summer home is at Sevmoiu', Connecticut. FLORIAN GROSJEAN rsi ^LORIAN GROSJEAN, born in Sanle, Switzerland, January 17. 1824, was educated for a business career, bis first position being in a bank at Montbeliard, France. He came to America in 1856, and with Cbarles Lalance, under tbe firm name of Lalance & Grosjean, soon had a large business in French tin and hardware. ]\Ir. Grosjean soon realized that advantages could be gained by mannfacluring the goods he was importing. He In'ought several Swiss and French workmen here ||f|[j|| and opened a small shop in ||g Woodhaven, I.. I., where he manufactured articles of tin. He was the originator of tin spoons and many other arti- cles of household utility, that were added as the busi- ness grew. Mr. Grosjean had shown rare executive abilitv in the expansion of the busmess, *,'i^ .... . . 1 . ;\ but his mventive genuis was not exhibited until he origi- nated the process of enamel- ing sheet iron cooking uten- sils, spending several hun- dred thousand dollars in perfecting the product. In 1869, Mr. Grosjean organized the present stock company, becoming its president and principal owner. The plant was burned in 1876, but was im- mediately rebuilt on a larger scale and in addition large tin plate works and rolling mills were erected at Harrisburg. Pa., to supply raw material for the plant, which had grown from a modest shop to a succession of fine buildmgs, cov- ering an area of over twenty acres, and there are large storage warehouses ni Chicago and Boston, supplying the Western and New England trade. Mr. Grosiean. after a life of great usefulness, died at his home in Brook- lyn, January 24, 1903. at the age of seventy-nine. I-'LORIAX CKOSJEAN HISTORY Of XlUr YORK FKANK \V. JACKSON FRANK IV. JACKSON 733 RANK W. JACKSON, formerly general agent of the Hellenic Transatlantic Steamship Company of Athens, Greece, and who is a classical scholar of distinction as well as a successful business man, was born in Pennsylvania, June 6, 1874, the son of Enos Sturgis and Clara (Bailev) Jackson, his father being a merchant. The first American ancestor in his family was Isaac Jackson, who came from Lancashire, England, to this coun- try, in 1725. Prior to that date the Jacksons of this line had been prominent in the okl country, including in their nunil)ers distinguished participants in the War of the Roses and in Cromwell's Army. Since being transplanted in this country the family has also been prominent, notably in the case of Gen- eral T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson, of the Confederate Army. Mr. Frank W. Jackson received a liberal education. He was graduated from the Mount Pleasant (Pennsylvania) Preparatory School with honors, winning the $300 college prize. He attended Bucknell University, and special- ized in the Greek language under the late Dr. Thomas Day Seymour, of Yale University, and in Greek histories under Dr. George S. Goodspeed, of the University of Chicago, from which institution he received the degree of Mas- ter of Arts ill ciirsii. Mr. Jackson became head master of Greek in the Alount Pleasant Pre- paratory School from 1895 to 190 1. He traveled extensively through Europe and was a resident of Greece for two years, serving as American Consul from 1901 to 1903. During his two years' residence in Greece he became deeply interested in that country, not only as a scholar making linguistic, historical and archaeological researches, but also devoted much study and investigation to the economic and commercial conditions and relations of Greece. He established business connections in that countrv, and on coming back to New York, in 1903, he became general manager of the Greek Currant Company. In 1909 he was appointed general agent in New York of the Hellenic Transatlantic Steamship Company of Athens, for which position his familiarity with Hellenic affairs gives him especial fitness, and he gave to the company a most able and efficient service in that capacity until leaving it to engage in the importing business he now conducts at 130 Fulton Street. Mr. Jackson is a Republican in politics, and is a trustee and treasurer of the West Park Baptist Church. He is a member of the staff of lecturers of the New York Board of Education; a member of the Archseological So- ciety of Athens, Greece; of Circolo Nazionale Italiano, Phi Gamma Delta Fra- ternity, Phi Gamma Delta Club, and Traflic Club, of New York. He married, at Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania, in August, 1898, Margaret Z. Markle, daughter of the late Captain Cassius Clay Markle, and they have two daughters, Marian Markle Jackson, born in 181J9, and Margaret Wade Jackson, born in 1904. 734 HISTORY OP Xl-ir YORK HEXRY ENGELHARD STEIN WAY 735 THE house of Steinway represents not only the evohition of an art product and a great business, but also a personal side which has made valuable contrilnitions to the artistic and business development and civic betterment of the city of New York. Henry Engelhard Steinway, the founder of the house, w^as a native of the Duchy of Brunswick, born in the hamlet of Wolfshagen, in the Hartz Mountains, Febrtiary 15, 1797. Though the youngest of twelve children, he was, at the age of fifteen, the sole male member of his familv. Of the others, who all served in the Eranco-Prussian War of 1806 or the Franco-Russian War of 1812, several were killed in battle. The father, together with three older brothers, had survived these wars, and with two other men and Henry E. Steinway formed a party of seven which had congregated in the latter part of 1 81 2, when a terrible bolt of lightning killed all of the party except Henry, who escaped unhurt. In 1814 he served in one of the Duke of Brunswick's regiments in the German war of defense against the aggressions of Napoleon Bonaparte. He continued in the military service until he was twenty-one years old, when he declined promotion and took an honorable discharge from the army. While in the army he had devoted his leisure to music, and had made a cithera out of spruce with which he accompanied the songs of his comrades. On leaving the army he went to work to learn the art of building church organs, and in a year had become so proficient that he secured employment as a journeyman organ-builder. Settling as an organ-btiilder in the town of See- sen, at the foot of the Hartz Mountains, he pursued his vocation, and there, in February, 1825, he married; and on November 6, 1825, their first child, C. F. Theodore Steinway, was born. Althoug-h a church-organ builder, Mr. Steinway's ambition centered on the improvement of the piano, the English and German models of which he had carefully studied. To put his ideas into practical expression he put in his lei- sure hours for a long period in the w'ork of building an instrument intended for use of his son as a learner. His careful selection of materials and original improvement in matters connected not only with mechanical construction, bttt also with the quality and permanence of tone, made this instrument such an artistic and mechanical success that it created a sensation among the musical people of Seesen, and so large a price was otTered for it by a wealthy resident of the place that Mr. Steinway sold it and postponed till later the making of a piano for his son. The success of this first complete Steinway piano led him to abandon the organ business and confine his attention, thereafter, to piano manufacture. He was very successful, considering his location and opportunities, but had always hoped to be able to transplant the business to the United HISTORY OF XEW YORK States. It was many years, however, before his ambition in this respect was realized. This recoi^nition of excellence in a large competition was the first of a long and honorable series. The Steinway pianos have carried off many medals and prizes in all parts of the world, as well as receiving encomiums from the most distinguished pianist and nnisical celebrities of three generations. His pianos grew in reputation, and in August, 1839, he had an exhibit in the State Fair of Brunswick, Germany, in which he showed a grand piano, one three-stringed and one two-stringed square piano, receiving a tirst prize medal and a special commendation of the tone and workmanship of the instrument from the chairman of the jury of the fair, who was the famous composer, Albert Methfessel. During the political and economic troubles of 1848 and 1849 many eyes were turned from Germany to America, with the result of most valuable addi- tions to the list of our German-American citizens, notably the Steinways. Charles Steinway, second son of Henry E. Steinway, came on a preliminary visit in April, 1849, niaking such a favorable report that in May, 1850, the rest of the family, except C. F. Theodore Steinway (who stayed behind to complete unfinished work), sailed from Hamburg for New York, which port they reached June 9, 1850. After his arrival Mr. Steinway, exercising special care, and realizing the necessity of learning trade conditions in this country and of studying the tastes of musical people here, put his money out at interest and secured work for him- self as a journeyman in a New York piano factory. Mr. Steinway had from the first insisted that his sons should learn the piano business practically at the bench, and so those who were old enough worked as journeymen until Mr. Steinway felt ready to embark in independent business, which was March 5, 1853, when a factory was started on Warick Street, and the production of Steinway pianos in this country was begun, under favorable conditions as to the mechanical skill and high ideals of their makers. The distinctive excellence of Steinway pianos soon became known. The first year brought valued recognition in the award of the first premium by the judges of the Metropolitan Fair at Washington in March, 1854, for the best three-stringed and two-stringed instruments. From that time onward and always, the Steinway products have maintained precedence wherever used or exhibited, and when the founder died in New York, February 7, 1871, the house of Steinwav & Sons had reached the foremost place in the piano industry. Henry Engelhard Steinway had founded his house on correct principles, and had established the rule, \\hich has been adhered to through four genera- tions, that each male member should be a practical piano-maker by personal HEXRV IIXCRLHARD STEIXWAY experience at the bench and in tlie shop l^efore taking- up the financial or com- mercial branches of the business. Thus C. F. Theodore Steinway in Europe and Henry Steinway, Jr., sons of the founder, became inventive geniuses whose improvements added greatly to the quality of the instruments made by the house, and of the third generation Henrv Ziegler, son of the founder's oldest daughter, is similarly endowed with the inventive faculty and is head of the Department of Inventions and Construction. Henry E. Steinway had five sons and two daughters. The oldest son, who remained in Europe until 1865, and then came to New York, died with- out issue in 1889. The oldest daughter, Doretta, married Jacob Ziegler. Their son Henry Ziegler, mentioned above, and their grandson Theodore Cassebeer, are members of the present firm, and identified with the factory end of the business. Charles Steinway, the founder's second son, became the financial head of the house for several years before he died in 1865. His sons are H. W. T. Steinway, formerly a member and still a stockholder in the house, Charles H. Steinway, now head of the Department of Finance, and since December 4, 1896, President of Steinway & Sons, and Frederick T. Steinway, head of the Department of Manufacture, and since December 4, 1896, A'ice President of the house. Henry Steinwav, third son of the founder, whose inventive skill contrib- uted largely to the perfecting of the Steinway pianos, and was of great value to the business in its earlier years, died in 1865. William Steinway, who was at the head of the Department of Finance and President of Steinway & Sons from 1865 to his death in 1896, was the father of William R. Steinway, now associated with his cousin Charles H. Steinway, the President, in the Finance Department, and of Theodore E. Steinway, who is collaborator of Henry Ziegler in the Department of Inven- tions and Construction. The fifth son and youngest child of Henry E. Steinway was Albert Stein- way, who died in 1877, leaving two daughters. He was in the Factory De- partment of the house, and had charge of the Steinwav Exhiliit at the Cen- tennial Exposition at Philadelphia a year before his death. Six lineal descendants of lienry Engelhard Steinway are now actively engaged in the Inisiness of the Steinway house; five grandsons, Charles H., Frederick T., \A'illiam R., and Theodore E. Steinway and Henry Ziegler, and one great-grandson, Theodore Cassebeer. All were born and reared to the principles and traditions of the founder, standing for a product of irreproach- able workmanship, and the highest technical skill — a work of art rather than a commercial product, and for business methods of the highest integrity, and at the same time full of enterprise and vitality. ;;!s HISTORY OF XEJV YORK WILLIAM STEINWxW IVILLIAM STEI\]]\iy T39 WILLIA:\I STEINWAY, the fourth son of Henry Engelhard Stein- \va_Y, founder of the house of Steinway & Sons, was born in See- sen, Duchy of Brunswick, Germany, March 5, 1836. He was educated in the schools of that place, and in 1850 came to the United States with his parents. He was apprenticed to William Nunns & Co., of 88 Walker Street, and when he was seventeen years old joined his father and elder brothers in the firm of Steinway & Sons, and took an active place in the manufacturing department. He contributed very largely to the perfecting- of the Steinway piano, which the combined abilities of his father and brothers soon made the peer of any of the best makes of Europe. In 1S62, after having won thirty-five American medals, the Steinways won a first prize medal at the London ^^'orld's Fair, and in 1867, at the Paris Exposition, in competition with the foremost Euro- pean makers, their square, upright, and perfect grand pianos were awarded the first of the grand medals of honor. This award gave the house its inter- national fame, and the Steinway firm became successively the court piano manufacturers to the Queen of England, the Queen of Sj^ain, the Emperor of Germany, the Prince and Princess of Wales and the Queen of Italy, and the greatest composers and artists of the world l)ought and used their instruments. This came about under the administration of William Steinway as president, which position he held in the firm from 1S65 until his death in iSg6. Under his administration also the additional works of the firm at Stein- way in Long Island City were established, and the firm Ijuilt a large public school, free circulating library, model free kindergarten, public baths and park, church and other conveniences for the benefit of their employees and other citizens of the place. Mr. William Steinway also remembered his native town of Seesen, to which he presented a beautiful park, which the inha])itants. by vote, named Steinway Park in his honor. He also established annual prizes there for three male and three female students, and ])aid tuition for the chil- dren of seventv-five families. His benefactions in behalf of education were verv numerous, and he was at all times a liberal patron of many charitable organizations. Mr. Steinway and his eldest l)rother, C. F. Theodore Steinway, were m 1867 elected members of the Royal Prussian Academy of Fine Arts at Berlin, and in the same year Mr. William Steinway received from King Charles of Sweden the grand gold medal, with an autograph letter from Crown Prince Oscar, later King of Sweden. After having been appointed pianoforte manu- facturer to the Imperial Court of Germany, :Mr. Steinway was received in audience by the Emperor, William II, and the German Empress, in the Mar- ble Palace at Potsdam, and was jM-esented by the Emperor with his portrait, which he autographed in his presence. The Emperor also sent him an auto- graph letter, thanking him for his gift to the Emperor William I Alemorial T40 HISTOR]' OF Mil!' VORK Church Buildino- in Berlin, and June 13, 1893, the Emperor bestowed upon him the Order of the Red Eagle. Mr. Steinway wa.s also, in April, 1894, elected a member of the Royal Italian Academy of St. Cecilia of Rome, founded by the great composer, Palestrina, in 1584. Mr. Steinway was a leader in civic affairs, and a sincere worker for good government in city, State and Nation; was an active member of the Com- mittee of Seventy appointed by the citizens of New York to prosecute William R. Tweed and his associates. He was active in the movement which resulted in the election in 1886 of Abram S. Hewitt for Mayor of New York; was the New York member of the Democratic National Committee in 188S, and a dele- gate to the National Convention which, in the same year, gave Mr. Cleveland his second nomination for the Presidency. He was a member of the committee appointed in 1890 to endeavor to secure the \\'orld's Columbian Exposition for New York City, opening the list for a fund to secure the Fair with a sub- scription for $50,000, but when Congress gave the Fair to Chicago, he re- mained friendly to the Fair enterprise, and made and subsequently paid a sub- scription of $23,000 toward its success. Mr. Steinway was one of the Democratic Presidential Electors elected for the State of New York in 1892, and in the following January was elected Presi- dent of the Electoral College at Albany, when it met and cast the vote of the State of New York for Grover Cleveland for President. He afterward declined several important Federal offices offered him by President Cleveland. Mr. Steinway is best remembered, so far as public service is concerned, for his valuable work in the promotion of rapid transit for the city of New York. He was a member of the Rapid Transit Commission for several terms, and to no one is more credit due for improvement in the conditions of interurban travel in the Greater City, his far-sighted view of the needs of the city, his optimism in regard to its future and his enthusiasm for its welfare resulting in a most favorable culmination to his eft'orts. Mr. Steinway was honorary president of the great Musical Festival at Madison Square Garden, New York City, June 24-28, 1894, making the opening address. He was a ready and forceful speaker, both in English and German, and was frequently the presiding officer of meetings of importance. He was an officer and director of several banking and railway corpora- tions, and was a business man of great ])restige and influence. In a social way he was twelve terms President of the Liederkranz Society; was an honorary member of the Arion Society, a member of the Manhattan Club, American Geographical Society, and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin. Mr. .Steinway was twice married, and had five children: George A. Stein- way, Paula, wife of Louis von Bernulh, William R., Theodore E., and Maud S. Steinway. iH.lRLES HERMAN STEINWAY 741 ii' I' ''II ' (I It M CHARLES HERMAN STEINWAY :i-i HisroRV OF xi-w vork I N the active management of the Steinway house there are still six men of the Steinway blood, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Henry Engelhard Steinway, and Charles Herman Steinway is president, and head of the financial department in the cor])oration of Steinway & Sons. His father, Charles Steinway, who was the second son of Henry Engel- hard Steinway, married Sophie Millenet, and of that marriage Mr. Charles H. Steinway is the second son, and was born in New York City, June 3, 1857. He was educated in excellent schools in the United States and Germany, and afterward entered the house of Steinway & Sons. Elis father, Charles Stein- way, had the financial management of the business during the formative period of its brilliant history until his death in 1S65, and when the son entered the business, while it was under the executive direction of his uncle, William Stein- way, he soon demonstrated the fact that he had inherited the financial abilities of his father, and became collaborator with William Steinway in the financial department of the business, becoming vice ])resident of the corporation in 1878. Upon the death of Mr. William Steinway, in 1896, he succeeded him as ])resident and head of the financial de])artment of Steinway & Sons, in which capacitv he continues. Under his administration the house has maintained and more strongly emphasized its leadership in the piano industry, and Mr. Steinway, as its head, has, like his distinguished predecessor, been the recipient of many honors, including the decoration of the Order of the Liakat from the Sultan of Tur- kev, that of Chevalier of the Legion d'Honneur of France, of Commander of the Order of the Lion and the Sun, by the Shah of Persia, the Order of the Red Eagle by William H, King of Prussia and German Emperor. Mr. Steinway is a trustee of the Citizens Savings Bank and director of the Pacific Bank, is a member of the Chamber of Commerce and of the National Manufacturers' Association, and has gained recognition as one of the most representative business men and financiers of the country. Outside of business affairs ATr. Steinway is well known as an accom- plished pianist and as the composer of several highly meritorious musical compositions. This gift makes him thoroughly ap])reciative of the artistic side of the business of Steinway & Sons, whose pianos have from the first represented tlie highest musical excellence as well as the most perfect mechan- ical achievements in the art of piano-making. lie married, in New ^"ork City, October 10, 1885, Marie Anna Mertens, and thev have two children, Charles E. M. Steinwav, born in 1892, and Marie Louise Steinway, born in 1894. Mr. Steinway is a member of the Academy of Stockholm, Sweden, of the Liederkranz Society of New Vork, German Society of New York, the Larchmont Yacht Club, ALanhattan Club, and New York Athletic Club, and the Chicago Athletic Association. CHARLES SOOVSMITH N:i c HiVRLES SOOYSMITH, one of the best known civil engineers in the countrv, son of the eminent engineer General William Sooy Smith, graduated in iS^d. at the age of twenty, from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, afterwards studying in (Germany two years. In i>^/^j he was assist- ant superintendent of maintenance of the Atchison, Toyjeka and Santa Fe Railway. In iRSi he joined his father in the firm of William Sooy Smith iK; Son, engineers and contrac- tors. Six years later ', organized and became pre; dent of Sooysmith & Cor jiany, constructing enc neers. During the succee ing ten years this compai constructed many importa works, including found tions for larg-e bridges: t\\ ■• over the Mississippi, fon' over the Missouri, two ovn- the Ohio, central bridg> over the Harlem. Tin- company was the leadinv contractor in the held "i difficult under-water engi neering and all its work was carried out with a speed and integrity that made the company celebrated. ]\Ir. Sooysmith introduced into this country the freezing- process for making excava- tions, and he first used the pneumatic caisson method for foundations for large buildings as now so exten- sively applied. Since 1898 he has been consulting engineer ; among other important engagements served the Belmont-McDonald interests in inaugurating the construction of the New York Subway. His office is at 71 Broadway. He is now a -Metropolitan Sewerage Commissioner. His clubs are the Century, University, ^lidday. Riding, New \nrk ^'acht, and others. CHARLES SOOYSMITH T44 HISTORY OF NEW YORK JOHN CLAFLIN JOHX CLAFLIN 745 JOHN CLAFLIN, president of The H. B. Claflin Company, was born in Brootclyn, N. Y., July 24, 1S50, being- the son of the late Horace Brio'hani Claflin and of Agnes, daughter of Calvin Sanger. He is descended on both sides from old New England families, his iirst American ancestor in the paternal line having been Robert (Mac) Claflin, who settled in Wenham, Essex County, Massachusetts, before 1661. He built a house in Wenham which he sold to the town for a parsonage about 1661 ; and a portion of this house is still standing. In the maternal line he is descended from Richard Sanger, who arrived in Boston in the ship Confidence, in 163S. His great- grandfather, Samuel Sanger, was a member of the Committee of Public Safety in 1777, while his great-great-grandfather, Richard Sanger, was a member of the Second Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1775. His grandfather, John Claflin, was a large landowner and the owner of the principal store and many other buildings in ]\Iilford, Massachusetts, and his father, Horace Brig- ham Claflin, who was born in Milford, Massachusetts, December 11, iSii, was the foremost merchant of his day, in this country. As a citizen he was distin- guished for his strong convictions on the slavery question and his powerful aid to the cause of human freedom, for his political independence, and for the support he gave to religious and benevolent causes in Brooklyn, where he had his winter home for manv years. Horace B. Claflin began his business career as a clerk in his father's store in Milford, and with his brother and a brother-in-law succeeded to that busi- ness in 183 1. Thev opened a branch drv goods store in Worcester in 1832, and after conducting that business for eleven years Mr. Horace B. Claflin came to New York in 1843 ^1"^ inaugurated the business which, within twenty years thereafter, under the name of H. B. Claflin & Company, became the largest of its class in the world. The success of that enterprise was a monument to the genius of Horace B. Claflin as a merchant, and the business of the firm was so efticiently organ- ized that its precedence in the dry goods trade has continued ever since. Mr. John Claflin received a liberal education, was graduated from the College of the City of New York in iS6g, and traveled in Europe for a year thereafter. In October, 1S70, he entered the wholesale house of H. B. Claflin & Company, in which he became a partner in 1873, and succeeded as head of the house upon the death of his father in 1885. In the later years of his father's life the executive burden of the business was borne by the son, so that the decease of his father left him fully equipped for the direction of the afl^airs of the house. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, in his memorial sermon concerning his friend and faithful coworker, Horace B. Claflin, said, with reference to the condition in which the great business he had built u]) was left at his death: "His busi- 746 HISTORY OF XEJl' YORK ness was so organized that it could go on, as it were, of itself. He had a son upiin whom he leaned, upon whom has come the duty and the place, and whom he might justly trust. So his heart was largely set at rest in regard to the future." The confidence which the famous preacher expressed, as to the ability of the son to carry on the great business the father had established, has been fully justified bv the career of JMr. John Claflin in the twenty-five years since the words (|uoted were uttered. He incorj^orated the Ijusiness in June, i the Ignited States, he brought with him the advantage of a thorough Inisincss prepa- ration. He arrived in New York in February, 1859, and at once entered the import- ing house of Noell & Uel- bermann, in the dry goods trade. After ten years of efficient service in that house, he became a ])artner, and later on became si )le owner of the business, the style changing to L. F. Dommerich & Company, who conduct a strictly com- missioit and banking busi- ness, which he has made continuiiuslv successful l)y sound and conservative bus- iness methods. He is also a director in the German- American In- surance Company, the Han- over Fire Insurance Com- panv, the Citizens Central Bank, and the New York Life Insurance Company. His office is at 57 Greene Street. Mr. r3ommerich is a member of the Union League Clul). the Merchants" Clul), Lawyers" Cluli. and German Club. He has a city residence at ,:;i4 West Seventy-t^fth Street, and a countrv home at ^Nlaitland, Florida. Fie has been twice married and has three sons: Otto L. and Alexander L., l)oth married, and Louis W. Dommerich : and also has a daughter, Paula, who is married to R. Siedenburg, Jr. LOUI.S F. DOMMERICH r48 HISTORY OF NRW YORK ■'■"' ftflW '" '■"i'/!',,:i"',"' 'IIIMI CLARENCE WHITMAN CLAREXCR WHITMAX ; i:i c LARENCE WHITMAN, wlio has long been one of the leaders in the dr}' goods commission trade of New York, is a native of Annap- ohs. Nova Scotia, the son of John and Rebecca ( Cutler ) Whitman. The Whit- man family is of English origin, descended from John Whitman, of Wey- mouth, Massachusetts, who came from England about 1625, among whose descendants have been many men of business and professional prominence. Mr. Clarence Whitman was educated in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and since leaving school his entire business life has been in connection with the dry goods interest, first in I'oston and afterward in New York City. He began as an employee of J. C. Howe & Company for a short time, and was then with the firm of James M. Beebe & Company, of Boston, until 1866. In that year he came to New York and for nine years was in the service of J. S. & E. \\'right & Company, drv goods commission merchants, which was later succeeded by the firm of W^right, Bliss &: Fabyan. During these years of activity in the dry goods business Mr. Whitman had not only been learning the business methods and trade usages, and gain- ing a thorough knoviledge of fabrics, but he had also become an earnest in- vestigator into trade conditions, hoping to formulate plans for his own mer- cantile career which would open up for him a practically new field of business enterprise. He had made patriotic appraisal of the capabilities and possibili- ties of achievement of American industry, and he had been face to face with daily demonstrations of the fact that at that time there were many varieties of cotton goods largely used, but not made, in America. He was particularlv impressed with the fact that the fine fabrics known to the trade as white goods were all imported from ]\Ianchester, England, or from Continental European markets. He had broached the subject to his Inisiness associates and others in the trade, but thev had assured him that it was not possible to make such goods in this country. The mills, he was told, were not equipped for such work; there were no operatives who knew anything about making such fine fabrics; the climate was unsuitable, and many other reasons supposed to form a per- petual bar to American enterprises along this line. Mr. Whitman was not convinced by the arguments launched against his theory and determined to give it a thorough trial. With his brother he estab- lished the firm of E. C. & C. Whitman in the dry goods commission business, securing several good mill connections. Getting the selling agency of the Ponemah Mills, it was set to work as the jMoneer manufacturer of white goods in this country. When Mr. Whitman tried to market the first products of the mill the jobl^ers advanced the same arguments that had lieen made before the attempt had been begun, and prophesied that he would ne\er make a suc- cess of the white goods industry in this country. 750 HISTORY Of XEll' YORK To a man of Air. Whitman's teni])eranient such a prediction only acted as an additional spur to his determination. He persisted, and won. Soon two or three of the larger dealers were trying to contract for his entire white goods out])ut, hut he declined, feeling assured that the demand would grow. He secured control of the product of other mills, which were set to work on white goods, with the result, due to his bold pioneer endeavors, that the white goods industry is firmly planted in this country and the imported supply forms an insignificant ])ro|)ortion of that trade. Mr. Whitman's firm, now Clar- ence Whitman & Company, of which he is the head, is still the leading house in the white goods trade, handling the output of its own and other mills. The same reasoning which ]\Ir. Whitman has applied to the naturaliza- tion of the white goods industry in the United States he has ajiplied, with similar results, to other lines of production and trade. This is particularly true of the lace curtain industry, which was first established in this country through his initiative. He could see no reason why the United States should be entirelv dependent on the English mills at Xottingham for these goods. He established the Wilkes-Barre Lace ^Manufacturing Company, and was soon ofi'ering lace curtains made there which were as good as any of Xottingham make. His house still sells the product of that and other lace factories since established in this country, and imported Nottingham lace curtains are now scarcely a factor in the drv goods trade in this country. The Stevens Manti- facturing Companv, manufacturing bedspreads, represents an industry, the selling agencv of which is held by this house, and which while not a pioneer in that line, has carried it to a higher plane in the (juality of its products than had l)efore been attempted in this country. 'Sir. Whitman's achievements along these pioneer paths have contributed in a most valuable degree to the ad\-ancement of American industry and com- merce. Besides these specialties, his house is selling agent for other impor- tant mills, especially for the finer grades of printed cottons, and he has been with many business activities. He organized and is vice president and a di- rector of the Pantasote Leather Company, of Passaic, New Jersey, and is a director of the Credit Clearing House. He takes an active interest in meas- ures for the improvement of trade relations, and was for five years presi- dent of the ■Merchants' Association of New ^'ork. He is a Reptiblican, though his activities are only in small degree politi- cal; is a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce, the Union Leagtie, .Metropolitan Riding and Merchants' Clubs, and of the New England Society. He married, at Andover, ALissachusetts, December i. 1875, ALary Hop- pin Ab)rton, daughter of the late Chief Justice Morton, of ]Massachusetts, and thev have four children: Clarence Morton. Harold Cutler, Esmonde, and Ger- ald. Tile f;imil\- luMiie is at Katonah, Westchester Countv, New ^'ork. IlliXRV IlLMRR GIBB ::.i H ENRY ELMER GIBB, president of AJills e\: (iiljb, was born in Brooklyn, April 4, 1X61, being a son of Jolm (libb and Harriet Balsdon Gibb. Mr. Gibb became connected, in 1878, witli tbe Imnse of ]\Iills & Giljb, whicb bad been fonnded 1)\- bis fatber and Pbilo L. Mills, in i8()5. Tbey are importers and manufacturers of tbe various specialties in wbicb tbey lead: laces, embroideries, wbite goods, linens, hand- kercbiefs, ribbons, veil- ings, notions, cm'tains, kid and fabric gloves. Tbe business wa--' incorporated in Decern ber, 1899, Jobn (did becoming president, Pbil L. Mills, vice presideni Mr. Mills died in England August 23, 1905, and ]\1 Jobn (dill) four days late at Islip, Long Island Tbe e X e c u t i v e otTficci now are H. Elmer (jibb president, Lewis "Si. G\\)\ vice president, \\dlliani T. Evans, secretary-trea: nrer, and AA' i 1 1 i a m Roescber, Xottingbam, England, assistant secre- tary-treasurer. Tbe bttsiness, located at Broadway and Grand Street for tbirty years will remove, in December, to tbe nortlnvest corner of Fourtli Avenue and Twenty-second Street, where Mills & Gibb are erecting for their exclusive occupancy a mag- nificent fourteen-storv building with basement and sub-basement, where their continued leadership is assured. They have l)ranch offices in llie i)rinci])al American cities and European manufacturing centres. Mr. H. Elmer Gibb is recognized as a representative figure in the dry goods trade of New York. His home is at ^^lorristown. New Jersey. HENRY ELMER (nii HISTORY OF XEir YORK JAMES HARPER POOR 753 JAMES HARPER POOR, who has been for many years one of the most prominent of those engaged in the dry goods commission busi- ness in New York City, is a native of Boston, Massachusetts, where he was born December 17, 1862, the son of Eflward Erie and Mary (Lane) Poor; is a descendant of an old New England family of English origin through John Poor, who came from Wiltshire, England, in 1635, and settled in Newbury, Massachusetts. He afterward received a grant of land in the town of Row- ley, Massachusetts, and died on the homestead there, in 1684. He was the ancestor of many prominent and successful people, among whom was in the sixth generation, Benjamin Poor, a prominent Boston merchant, who mar- ried, in 1824, Aroline Peabody, of Salem, A'lassachusetts. The Peabody family is one of the most prominent of the old Massachusetts families, descendants from Lieutenant Francis Peabody, of Saint Albans, Herts, Eng- land, who came to America about 1635, ^^^d became a large landowner in Massachusetts. Benjamin Poor's son, Edward Erie Poor, father of James Harper Poor, became a distinguished business man, first in Boston, and after- ward in New York, where he was for many years of the dry goods com- mission firm of Denny, Poor & Company, and president of the National Park Bank of New York. James Harper Poor was educated in private schools, and in August, 1880, began his business career as a boy in the dry goods commission house of Jacob Wendell & Company, and in 1883 went to his father's firm of Denny, Poor & Company, and he became a partner in 1892. In 189S, with his brother, E. E. Poor, Jr., he established the firm of Poor Brothers, and in 1901 organ- ized the firm of J. Harper Poor «& Company, which, in 1906, consolidated with the dry goods commission house of Amory, Browne & Company, his present firm. Mr. Poor in his long experience in the dry goods commission trade has attained an exceptionally thorough knowledge of the business, and a prominent and representative standard in the commercial service of New York. He is Republican in his political affiliations, but not especially active in politics beyond exercising his privileges as a voter. He is a member of the New York Yacht Club, the Riding Club, the Automobile Club of America, the Merchants' Club of New York, and the Essex County Country Club; also of the Algonquin Club of Boston, and the Chicago Athletic Club of Chicago. He has his home at East Hampton, Long Island. Mr. Poor married, in New York City, January 20, 1885, Evelyn Bolton, and they have two daughters : Evelyn Terry, born in New York City, Octo- ber 22, 1886, and married at East Hampton, Long Island, on June 4, 1910, to Philip Parkhurst Gardiner, of New York; and Mildred Harper Poor, born in Garden City, Long Island, October 4, 1890. 754 HISTORY OF NEIV YORK 1 1 '' in IBM \\ \ GEORGE FREDERICK VIETOR GEORGE FREDERICK VIETOR G EORGE FREDERICK \'I I^TOR, who for fifty years was en- gaged in the dry goods coumiission business in New York City, and was one of its most distinguished merchants, was born in Brooklyn, New York, October 13, 1S39. a son of Frederick and },Iaric (Hiitterott) \'ietor, both of German birth. Flis father came to this city about 1820, and alwut 1S35 estabHshed the dry goods house which has ever since l)een known under the name of Frederick Victor & Achelis. George F. Victor was c(kicated in Bremen, Germany, and New York, and was prepared from his youth with a view to participation in tlie business of the house which his father and uncle had established. In i860 he entered upon his business career in that house and ai)plied himself to the task of thoroughly learning the business, and in 1872 became a partner and later senior member until his death, on January 29, kjio. The house of Frederick Victor & Achelis, now the oldest dry goods house in the city, originally did an importing business almost exclusively, especially in hosierv, but later developed a commission lousiness in the prod- uct of domestic mills until that l)rancli of the business became greater in volume than that in imported goods. This was especially true after Mr. George F. Victor became the head of the house, which became one of the fore- most in the commission dry goods trade- The house has, however, continued to control important foreign connections and does a heavy importing trade, maintaining branch establishments in Bremen, Chenmitz, Paris and Lyons. Mr. Victor possessed ideal qualities as a merchant. His clear insight into the commercial outlook, his quick and alert judgment as to men, which enabled him to decide a question of credit with almost unfailing accuracy, and his strong and well-balanced mental powers, enabled him to so direct his house as to establish for it a Intsiness estimated at about $40,000,000. He was universally esteemed for his inflexible integrity, and his great business ability and financial acumen were known and recognized through the business world. He was a trustee of the American Surety Company, the Franklin Trust Company, German Savings Bank in the City of New York, United States Trust Company, Washington Trust Company; a director of the Credit Clearing House, Eciuitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, Jefferson Bank, Kingsljridge Real Estate Company, Mount Morris Bank, National Park Bank of New York, Plaza Bank, Yorkville Bank, and president and director of the Poldehard Silk Company, of Hoboken. He was a member of the Hamilton, Union League, Rumson Country, Lotos, and Merchants' Clubs, and the Deutscher Verein. He married, in Brooklyn, Annie AL Achelis, and had four sons and a daughter: Thomas F., Julia M. (now :\Irs. J. Lionberger Davis, of Saint Louis, Missouri), Carl L., George Frederick, Jr., and John A. Victor. r56 HISTORY Of NEir YORK OSCAR VON PASSAVANT o OSCAR J 'OX PASSAJ'AXT 757 ,SCAR VON PASSAVANT, the present head of the internationally prominent importing- commission house of Passavant & Co., was born in Frankfort on the ]\lain, Germany, February ii, 1862, being a son of Hermann Passavant, mercliant, and Sopliie (von Heyder) Passavant. The Passavants were originally a Huguenot family, who emigrated in 15 17 from France to Switzerland, and thence to Germany, where, making their home in Frankfort on the Main, they became prominent as merchants. There was founded the mother house of Gebriider Passavant, of which Hermann Passa- vant, father of Oscar von Passavant, became the head. Of that old-estab- lished institution, the American house of Passavant & Co., was founded in 1853 by Hermann Passavant and his cousin, Theodor Passavant. Mr. Oscar von Passavant attended the Muster Schule in his native city, and upon completing the educational courses of that institution, went direct to Basel, Switzerland, April 4, 1879, to begin his business training with the silk and ribbon commission house of Gebriider Passavant, in Basel, which is a branch of the mother house in Frankfort. He continued with the Basel house until 1882, when he returned to Frankfort on the Main to serve his year of military service in the First Hessian Hussar Regiment, No. 13. On completing his military service he resumed his business training, October i, 1883, with the commission export house of Kessler Freres et Cie. in Paris, France, remaining there until August i, 1885. Coming direct to New York, he attached himself to the importing commission house of Passa- vant & Co., 320 Church Street, now 83 Greene Street, where he worked him- self up, and after traveling for business three years in this country, and many years in Europe, he was made a partner, and became head of the firm of Passavant & Co., December i, 1890. The fiftieth anniversary of the Amer- ican house was celebrated in 1903, and Oscar von Passavant celebrated, on August 14, 1910, his twenty-fifth anniversary with Passavant & Co. The present head of the original Gebriider Passavant, at Frankfort on the Main, is now Geheimer Commercienrath Richard von Passavant, oldest son of the late Hermann Passavant. The New York partners of Oscar von Passavant are: Arthur W. Watson, H. Lambelet, and H. Sandhagen. Mr. Oscar von Passavant has developed the business of the house of Passavant & Co. to a standing and magnitude commensurate with the impor- tance of its origin. Socially, he is a member of the German Club, the Mer- chants' Central Club, and others. He married, in New York City, October 21, 1891, Miss Margaret Schmidt, and they have their home at 24 West Sixty-ninth Street. They have a son, Charles Hermann von Passavant, born July 30, 1892, and two daughters. Marguerite von Passavant, born February 5, 1897, and Helen \'on Passavant, born November 18, 1902. 758 HISTORY OF XEJT YORK EDWARD K. ruUR EDWARD E. POOR 759 E' DW'ARD E. POOR, head of tlie firm of Edward E. Poor & Company, was born in Arlington, Massachusetts, December 2, 1S61, and is the son of the late Edward Erie and Mary Wellington (Lane) Poor. The Poor family is of English origin, the earliest American ancestor, John Poor of Wiltshire, England, came to New England in 1635 and set- tled first in Newbury and later in Rowley, Massachusetts. Mis son Henry took part in King Philip's \Var, became very wealthy, and among his de- scendants were some of the prominent citizens and soldiers of the colony, after- ward the State of Massachusetts. P-enjanfin Poor, of the sixth generation, born in 1794 and who married, in 1824, Aroline Emily Peabody, of Salem, a member of the famous Massachusetts Peabody family, was an eminent Boston merchant. His son, Edward Erie Poor, one of eleven children, liurn in Bos- ton, February 5, 1837, became a prominent dry goods commission merchant. He started his business career in Boston and in 1864 established himself in New York City, and a year later formed the dry goods commission house of Denny, Jones & Poor, which in 1869 became Denny, Poor & Comi)an\-. He was also ])resident of the National Park Bank of New York from 1895 to i()00; and that important institution prospered greatly during these years under the management of Mr. Poor. His son, Edward E. Poor, the eldest of seven children, was educated in a private school and in 1878 started as a boy with Denny, Poor & Company, continuing as employee and partner until it ceased business in 1898. He was associated with his brother, J. Harper Poor, in the firm of Poor Brothers for three years, and since Alarcii, 1901, has controlled and sold the products of the Passaic Print Works. During the last ten years the print works have been largely rebuilt and the products greatly improved. Three years ago he organized the Queen Handkerchief Works, to make up and market handker- chiefs printed by the Passaic Print \\'orks, which business is growing rap- idly. He is treasurer and director of the Passaic Print Works: director of the Queen Handkerchief Works, and director of the Warehouse Company of Pas- saic, a company formed to store the goods produced by the Print Y i:)rks and Handkerchief W'orks. He is a member of the Union League, Merchants' and New York Athletic Clubs, Chamber of Commerce of New York, and the New England Society. Mr. Poor married, at North Adams, Massachusetts, January 18, 1888, Susie E. Grimes, daughter of the late Frank \\'ebster Grimes and ALary E. Johnson. They have three children: Edward E., Jr., graduated this year from Amherst College and starting in Inisiness under his father: a daughter, ?^larian, and a young son, Arthur Johnson. 760 HISTORY OF NEW YORK Ifc r: I I / I '/ |i^|^f:^t\y^ III- '''uA^lti'^1'" 'ill - ■- iiB;yyt-- MATTIIEW CI1A1J).\I:R DURFE1-: RORDEN MATTHEW CHALOXER DURFEE BORDEX TCI MATTHEW CHALONER DURFEE BORDEN, merchant and manufacturer, has long been recognized as one of the leaders in the dry goods trade, both in its selling and manufacturing branches. He was born in Fall River. Mass., July iS. 1842. being the son of Colonel Rich- ard Borden, who was a leading manufacturer of Fall River, connected with its pioneer enterprises as early as 182 1. and identified with the development and prosperity of the city until his death, in 1874. Tn its earliest historic origin the Borden family is of Norman-French derivation, being of the ancient village of Bourdonnay, in Normandy, and thence going to b!ngl;md with William the Concjueror, who granted to them an estate in the Countv of Kent, to which, and the parish there created, they gave the name of "Borden." His first American ancestor was Richard Borden, who came to America in if'>35, and settled in Rhode Island; and his son, Matthew Borden, was the first child born of English parents on Rhode Island soil, the date of his birth being recorded in the Friends' Book of Records as 1635. From him the line of descent is distinctlv traceable to ]\Iatthew C. D. Borden, and in the same line have been included many men who have taken prominent places in vari- ous lines of usefulness. Mr. Borden was educated in the famous Phillips Academy at Andover, Mass., and in Yale College, whence he was graduated in the Class of 1864. Upon leaving college he determined upon a mercantile career, in the dry goods trade, and entered the employ of a leading dry goods jobbing house in New York to learn the business, beginning as a stock boy and then working in vari- ous capacities until, in 1868, he became a member of the firm of Low, Harri- man & Compan\-, where he represented the American Print Works as selling- agent, and continuing in that capacity until the print works failed, when he left that connection. Mr. Borden and his eldest brother, after the failure of the American Print Works, set to work to rehabilitate that business, reorganizing it under the name of the American Printing Company, in January, 1880. In the same year Mr. Borden became connected with the dry goods commission house of J. S. & E. \Vright & Company, now Bliss. Fabyan & Company, with which firm he remained until July, 1910, when he established his own house of M. C. D. Borden & Sons, at 90 Worth Street. In 1887, Mr. Borden bought out his brother's interest in The American Printing Company, and has ever since conducted it as sole owner, maintain- ing for that enterprise the prestige of recognized leadership, and making it the criterion by which all other enterprises of its kind are compared. After Mr. Borden secured control of the business it increased its capacity so rapidly that it became desirable to make a part of its own supply of cloth so as to be not entirely dependent upon the oi)en market, and in i88() he built a large 7G5 HISTORY OF .\7i[f' YORK mill. Subsequent inii^rovenients and enlargements have been made in both plants, until now seven large mills constitute the plant, supplying about one- halt of the cloth required In- the ]irinting establishment. These two enter- prises constitute im]M>rtant factors in the industrial welfare and progress of Fall River, employing a large force of well-paid operatives. In the entire list of those identified with the textile industries of the United States, no name is better known, or stands higher in the approval of the trade at large than that of :Mr. Borden. To the (listrilniting end of the business Mr. Borden, in his new firm, brings the advantage of forty-two years of experience, and a trade connection which extends to all parts of the world where American made printed goods are sold. In the house with which he has been connected for the past thirty years, he carried and managed the business he has himself l)uilt up. He has been remarkably and worthily successful in his undertakings, conducting his enter])rises upon thoroughlv sound, conservative and at the same time pro- gressive lines. At various times jMr. Borden has Ifccn identified with several financial institutions, and he is now a director in the Lincoln National P>ank of the Citv of New York, a trustee of the Lincoln Safe Deposit Companv, and a director of the ^Manhattan Company Bank. In politics ]\Ir. Borden has been a Republican ever since he was a voter, and an earnest and uncompromising advocate of the doctrine of protection to American industries. He has been active in charitable and philanthropic en- terprises; has served as treasurer and trustee of the Clinton Hall Association, and a governor in the \\'oman's Hospital in the State of New York. He has always identified himself in a public-spirited wav with progressive measures for the city's welfare: is a contributing member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. and of the American ]\Iuseum of Natural History. He has never sought political preferment, but he served for six years as Commissioner of Parks of the City of New York, during which term he devoted a large part of his time to the ])romotion of the welfare and upbuilding of the park system of the city. He is a member of the New England Society in the City of New York, and of the LTnion League, Metropolitan, Republican, Down Town, New York Yacht and other leading clul)s, and the Yale Alumni Association, and he has always held a ])rominent i)lace in the social as well as the business life of the city. Mr. Borden married, at Fall River, Mass.. in 1865, Llarriet M. Durfee. They have had seven children, of whom three sons are still living: Bertram Harold, Matthew Sterling, and Howard Sevmour Borden. Two of his sons are associated with him in the new firm. Cn.'lSAR COXll )iio C EASAR CUXE, president of the Cune Exiiort and Commission Company and the Proximit}- ^Manufacturing Company, was born in Jonesboro, Tennessee, April 22, iS^i), the son of Herman and Helen (Gug- genheimer) Cone. He was educated in Jonesboro, Tennessee, and Baltimore, and at the age of fourteen he entered his father's wholesale grocery firm of H. Cone & Sons, Baltimore, in wliicli he was later a ])artner until icScji. Later, with his brother, Moses H. Cone (who died December 8, 190S) he es- tablished the Cone Export and Commission Company, now a leader in this coun- try in handling of Southern cotton goods, with head- quarters at Greensboro, North Carolina, and 74-/6 Worth Street, New ^'ork The brothers also ei gaged in manufacturin; purchasing several hundre acres in and around Green boro. North Carolina, w, 1895, and built the large cotton mills of the Prox- imity Manufacturing Com- pany, since greatly en- larged, and later erected the White Oak Mill, the largest cotton mill in the South and the largest denim manufacturing plant in the world. These mills employ about four thousand people, consume 28,000,000 pounds of cotton annually and turn out o\-er 56,000,000 yards of e'EASAR (.oxi: CIO th. ha\-e been built Two attractive \illages under Air. Cone's supervision, for the workers, with schools, boarding houses, hotels, churches, and all conveniences. He has served as president of the Central Carolina Fair Association and the Greensboro Chamber of Commerce. He married, in New York City, June 4, 1894, Jeannette Siegcl, and has three sons: Herman, Benjamin, and Ceasar. Jr. :(u HISTORY OF NEW YORK tiiojmas morgan turner T THOMAS MORGAX TURXHR 765 iHOAIAS MORGAN TURNER, now president of the Consolidated Cotton Duck Company, was born in Chicago, Ilhnois, September 28, 1S56, the son of J- Spencer and CorneHa (Eddy) Turner. He is of mixed Welsh and Scottish lineage, his first American ancestor, John Turner, having come to America and settled in Pennsylvania in the time of William Penn. His father, J. Spencer Turner, was long and successfully engaged in business as a commission merchant with a specialty in the handling of cotton duck. Mr. Thomas M. Turner was educated in the Brooklyn Polytechnic School. and having completed the courses in that institution, he began his mercantile career in the cotton-duck business in 1S75. '^i^tl has continued in it ever since. He gained a familiarity with the business in all its details, and an acquaint- ance with the market for cotton-duck products which is surpassed bv no other man connected with that trade, and he has long held a leading and represent- ative position among those engaged in this branch of commercial activity, both in the luercantile and manufacturing branches. He has long held a prominent place in the directorates of manufacturing corporations in the cot- ton-duck industry and in i(;05 was elected president of the J. Spencer Turner Company, cotton goods manufacturers and commission merchants, and in 1910 was elected president of the Consolidated Cotton Duck Company, the leading corporation among those engaged in the cotton-duck industry, of which he had for several years before been a director. He is also president of the Tallassee and Montgomery Company; and is director of the H. B. Wiggin's Sons Company, Mount \'ernon-Woodberry Cotton Duck Company, Yarmouth Duck and Yarn Company, Cosmos Cotton Companv, Tallassee Falls Manufac- turing Company, and Greenwood Company. He has his business headquar- ters at 86-88 Worth Street, in New York City, and from that centre gives able and experienced executive direction to the large mamifacturing and com- mercial interest of which he is now the head. Mr. Turner is a Republican in his political views, and he is also actively interested in Masonry, being a member of Kane Lodge. Ele is a member of the Republican Club of the City of New York, of the Union League Club of New York, and The Lambs, and he is also a member of the Maryland Club, of Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. Turner has for several years been especially interested in yachting, in which he finds his most favored recreation, and he has long been a mem- ber, and is now commodore, of the Riverside Yacht Club. Lie has his city residence at 80 West Fortieth Street, New York City, and a country place at Shelter Lsland Heights. New York. He married, in Brooklyn. New York, in 1881. and has two sons: Harold McLeod Turner and Spencer Turner. The former married. April 17. igo6. Martha L. Strong, of New York. iG6 HISTORV OF XEir YORK JOllX TAYLOR SHERMAN JOHN TAYLOR SHERMAN 767 JOHN TxVYLOR SHERMAN, who was for many years prominent as a merchant in New York City, was a native of Suffield, Con- necticut, where he was born November lo, 1S31, being the son of Colonel Charles and Jennet Frances (Taylor) Sherman. He was of old and distinguished New England lineage, descended from Captain John Sherman, who came from England to Watertown, Massachusetts, about 16,^5, and who was the progenitor of a family which contained many men of distinction. Especially noteworthy in the line of descent was Roger Sherman, great-grandfather of Jcihn Taylor Sherman, who was born at Newton, Massachusetts, April ig, 1721, and died in New Haven, Connecticut, July 23, 1723. Leaving the farm he first became a mechanic and later a lawyer and judge in the colony of Connecticut, and during the Revolution was one of the strongest and ablest members of the Continental Congress, was one of the committee to prepare the draft of the Declaration of Independence and one of the signers of that immortal document. He was also an active member of the Connecticut Com- mittee of Safety, and later a memlier of the Constitutional Convention which drafted the United States Constitution. At the time of liis death he was mayor of New Haven, and had been for nine years. His grandson, Charles Sherman, who was father of John Taylor Sherman, was a farmer, a colonel of Connecticitt Voltmteers, and in charge of the port of New Haven during the War of 181 2. John Ta3dor Sherman was bred upon the paternal farm and was edu- cated at the Academy of Derry, New Hampshire. In 1847 he came to New York City, and was for a short time in the employ of E. D. Morgan, but later entered the employ of his cousin, Thaddeus Sherman, and his brother-in-law, William Watt, who composed the firm of Watt & Sher- man, and he was ultimately, about 1859, admitted to partnership in that firm, and continued in business in New York Cit}^ as a merchant in white goods, until his death in 1906. The business is now conducted l)y his sons, as the Sherman & Sons' Conipanv. at 62-64 Leonard Street, of which his eldest son, Charles A. Sherman, is the president. In politics he was independent, with Republican leanings, but always interested in measures for furtherance of the best business and social interests. He was a member of the Chamber of Commerce of New York, the New England Societv in New York, the Hamilton Clul) of Brooklyn and various sportsmen's clubs, and he had his summer home at Oyster Bay, Long Island, and town address, 35 Remsen Street, Brooklyn. He married, in Brooklyn, New York, May 10, 1859, Julia C. Deming, and they had eight children: Louise D., Charles A., Alice, Henry, Gertrude, Helen D., Frederick D., and lessie T. res HISTORY OF XEJF YORK FREDERfClv THEODORE FLEITAL^XX, dry goods commission merchant, was born in New \'ork City, March 26, 1S56. the son of Hermann Fleitmann. American citizen of German birth, and of Louisa Har- riet ( Medlicott ) Fleitmann. ])rirn in Bristol. England. Mr. Fleitmann livetl with his parents at FXisseldorf. Germany. i85()-i86i, then in Xew ^'ork. where he went to school until his mother died, in 1S66, after which he attended the Gymnasium at Elberfeld, Germanv, for three years, finishing in Berlin. After two years ap- prenticeship in the large ribbon mill of Abr. & Gebr. Frowein in Elberfeld. he returned to New York about 1876, to enter the liouse of Fleitmann & Com- pany, founded by his father, Hermann Fleitmann, in 1850. drv goods commission merchants, becoming part- ner January i, 1884. He spent a year at Lyons in the firm's agency, to study the silk business, in 1880, at Diisseldorf, Germany, 1881- 1884, and at Berlin 1884- 1886, then returning to America. On the death of I-Lwald Fleitmann, in 1906, he became senior partner. He is a trustee of the Ger- man Savings Bank and a director of the Citizens' National Bank. Mr. Meilmann is a memlier of the Deutscher \'erein. the Automobile Club of America, and the Riding, Lotos, New York Athletic. Merchants", and Mer- chants" Central Clubs, and the Chamber of Commerce of New York; also the Club von Berlin, and the Imperial Automobile Club of Berlin. He married, at Wiesbaden. Germany, June 12, 1894, Amelia Lingdens, and has a son. Hermann Frederick Francis Fleitmaim. FRKDKRICK T H KOUOKE FLEITMANN WILLIAM MLIU.ICOTT FLFJT.]LL\'.y 7G9 w LLIAAI MEDLICOTT FLEITAIAXX, of the well-known dry goods commission firm of Fleitmann & Company, was born in Diisseldorf, in Germany, on jannar\- 30. 1X60, during- a visit of his ])arents abroad, and is the son of Hermann and Lonisa Harriet ( Medlicott ) I'leit- mann, his father being a nati\-e of (ierman\- and his muther ha\'ing Ijeen I)orn in Bristol, Tuigland. His father came to the L'nited States in established the firm of Fleitmann & Com])any, dry goods commissimi mer- chants, ever since snccess- fullv engaged in business in New York City. Mr. William .M. Fleit- mann lived with his jjarents in New York from 1861 to 1869, attending the private schools. His further educa- tion was completed in Uer- lin and Cassel, (iermany. from 1869 to 1878, and after spending a year at the Textile College at Miilheim- on-the-Rhine, and a year in Lyons, France, learning- further details of the textile business, he entered the business of Fleitmann & Compan\-, in 1880, continu- ing in various capacities until January i, 1887, when he became a member of the firm, to the subset pient and increased success of which he has largely contributed. wii.i.iam midluott fi.i:itm.\xx Mr. Fleitmann is a member of the Deutscher \'erein, the ]\lerchants. Riding, Xew \\>vk Athletic, New York Yacht, and Columl)ia Yacht Clubs; the AutonKibile Club of Amer- ica, and various clubs at Bar Harbor, Maine. Mr. Fleitmann married, in Grace Church, Brooklyn, November 7, 1889, Lida M. Heinze, and has three children: Frederick Herman, Lida Louise, and William Medlicott Fleitmann, Jr. 49 rro HISTORY OF XEir YORK WILJJA:\[ RYLE. the founder of the firm of WiUiam Ryle & Com- pany, was born in ^Macclesfield. England, his father (also William Ryle) being a manufacturer of silk fabrics in that city. William Ryle came to America at the age of seventeen, and engaged in the silk manufacturing business with his uncle, the late John Rvle, who was one of the pioneer manufacturers in that line of this country. William Ryle afterwards engaged in busi- ness as a banker on his own account, and later aban- doned this for a mercantile career. He conducted the busi- ness in his own name until his death, and built up a large trade as an importer of raw silk, and also sold yarns and other silk mer- chandise on commission for various manufacturers. After his death in 1 88 1, the business was con- tinued I)y his eldest son. the late William T. Ryle, under the name of William Ryle. In 1890 the firm of William Ryle & Company was formed by William T. Ryle, Arthur Ryle and Boe- tius ]\Iurphy, and in 1893 William H. Barnard was admitted as a general part- ner. This firm as thus organized continued in business until December 31, 1899, when the partner- ship ex])ired b\- limitatiim. After that the business was conducted for five years b\- Arthur I\yle, trading as William Ryle & Company. In lanuarv, ihn Powell, whose son, Dr. John Norment Powell, was the father of Mr. Drewry's mother. Mr. Drewrv was edu- cated in \'irginia. He came to New York in 1895 and was connected with the house of Joseph T. Low & Company until 189S, when he became a member of the firm of Farber, Drewry & Compan\-. He is a director of several impor- tant textile corporations in North and South Carolina. Mr. Drewry's long experience and thorough familiarity with the business have earned him a posi- tion of marked prominence among those identified with tlie dry goods interests of New ^'ork. WILLIAM POWELL DKKWKV 772 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK c CORXELIUS NEJITOX BLISS 773 lORNELIUS NEWTON BLISS, one of the leading American merchants and a citizen of national distinction, is a native of Fall River, Massachusetts, where he was born January 26, 1833, the son of Asahel Newton and Irene Borden (Luther) Bliss. He is of old New England ancestry, descended from a Devonshire family, a Puritan mem- ber of which came to New England in 1633 and settled at Weymouth, Massachusetts, afterward becoming one of the founders of Rehoboth, Massachusetts, where his descendants continued to live for two centuries. There Asahel Bliss was born, afterward removing to Fall River, where he married, and where his son. Cornelius Newton Bliss, was born, the father dying while the boy was yet an infant. The mother afterward remarried and moved to New Orleans, the boy remaining in Fall River with maternal relatives and being educated in the common schools and Fiske's Academy in that city until he was fourteen years old. He then went to his mother in New Orleans and attended the High School of that city. He began his business experience with a few months in the counting room of the stepfather in New Orleans, then returning in 1848 to the North and entering the employ of James M. Beebe & Company, at that time the leading dry goods importing and jobbing house in Boston. He applied himself to a study of the dry goods trade with such diligence that he advanced in the confidence of his employers and his knowledge of the business and became a ])artner in the firm which succeeded J. M. Beebe & Company. He there gained the exj^erience and connections which made him recognized as a representative merchant in Boston and one of the best known dry-goods men of the country. In 1866 Mr. Bliss became a member of the dry goods commission house of J. S. & E. Wright & Company. LTpon the death of the senior member the tirm was reorganized under the style of Wright, Bliss & Fabyan, but later became Bliss, Fabyan & Company, of Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. There is no more prominent dry goods commission house in the United States, and the firm handles the products of many of the leading American mills, for many of which it has for years held the exclusive selling agencv and has for manv vears enjoyed a trade of vast proportions. Mr. Bliss has continuously resided in New York City for more than forty years, and in addition to his large interests in the dry goods busi- ness he is a director of the Fourth National Bank and the Home Insur- ance Company, trustee of the Central Trust Company, a director of the American Round Bale Press Company and a director in various manu- facturing companies in Massachusetts. He is vice president of the 774 HISTORY OF XHJV YORK Chamber of C(3inmerce of the State of New ^'ork, and a niemlxT of its Executive Committee. In politics ]\Ir. Bliss has Lmi^' been known as one of the leaders of the Republican part}', earnest in his support of its princijdes and especially of the Republican doctrine of the protection of American industries. He has had a place of prominence in the councils of the party almost from its inception, and has been for many years the friend and ad\'iser of those who have been most influential in formulating its jirinciples and contributing to its success. He served for several years as the president of the Protective Tariff League, and in 18S7 and 1888 he was chairman of the Republican State Committee of New York. When Chester A. Arthur was President, he offered Mr. Pliss a cabinet r-osition, l)ut he declined it, and in 1884 he was a]ipointed chairman of the Committee of One Hundred selected at a general meeting of citizens of New York to urge the renomination of Chester A. Arthur by the Repub- lican ]3arty for President of the United States. While always active in politics, he has many times declined nominations to high offices, includ- ing that of governor of New York in 1885, and several times the nomi- nation for mayor of the city of New York. He served for years as a member of the Republican County Committee of New York and was the treasurer of the Republican National Committee from 1892 to i8y6, and again from iQoo to 1004. His service in that capacity included the handling of the funds of several presidential cam])aigns. He was appointed and served as secretary of the interior of the United States during the first McKinley achninistration from 1897 to 1899, his term covering the entire period of the Spanish-American War and extending sev- eral months after the treaty of i^eace. His business ex]ierience and al)ility were of ereat value in that caliinet, which succeeded to rniwer following vears of panic and business depression, and after a campaign in which the issue of sound monev was the dominant feature. Mr. Bliss is a member of the Metropolitan Club, Century Associa- tion, Republican and Union League Clubs and was ]iresident of the latter five vears ; also member of the Metroi)olitan Club oi A\'ashington, 1). C, and jckvl Island Club of (ieorgia. He is also a contributing member of the National y\cademy of Design, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American .Museum of Natural llistory, and is a menil)er of the .\merican Geographical Societv. New \'ork, and of the New luigland Society in New Ynvk. Mr. r.liss married, in lloslon, .Massachusetts, ^larch 30, 1859, l-^liza- beth .Mary Plumer, and they have two children: Cornelius N. Bliss, Jr., and Lizzie Plumer liliss. ARTHUR GIBB A RTHUR GIBB, head of the great Brooklyn retail estahlishment of Frederick Loeser & Company, is the son of John and Harriet (Balsdon) Gibb and was born in Brooklyn, October 15, 1S57. His lather, ^'ork, came from Scotland in 18^0. His one of the leading merchants of New mother was of English birth. Mr. Gibb was educated at Adelphi College, Brooklyn, and when seven- teen ioined his father with Mills & Gibb, of which he is still a director. He went abroad for Mills & Gibb twice a year from the time he was twenty-two until 1897, when he became a partner in Frederick Loe- ser & Company. Brooklyn. Since IQ05, he has been the head of that firm, which holds a leading place among the great department stores of the country. The great success of Frederick Loeser & Company is in largest degree due to Mr. Gilib's executive capacity, mercan- tile experience and singular ability to forecast trade con- ditions. Mr. Gibb is a director of the New York Reciprocal LInderwriters, the Thrift, etc. ; a member of the Long- Island Historical Society, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Union League Club, New York; the New York Yacht, Brooklyn, Nassau Country, and Riding and Driving Clul)s, and Automobile Club of America. His favorite recreations are autoniol)iling, golfing and yachting. He is an independent Repuljlican. Mr. Gibb's town house is at 14 East Fifty-fifth Street, and he has a country home at Glen Cove, L. I. He married, November 27,, 1908, Emily Josephine Mathews. AKTHUR c;iiir. HISTORY OF NEW YORK HERMAN SIMON H ERMAX SIAIOX, who lias a position of niucli distinction in the silk manufacturing interest, is a native of Frankfort on the Alain, Germany, where he was born Ajiril 29, 1850, a son of Robert and Marie (Broell) Simon. His father was a tobacco merchant and cigar manufacturer, with business establishmenls in l^'ankfort on the Main and at Antwerp, Bel- gium. Two of his great-uncles, Charles and Joseph Simon, came to the United States in 1S15, and became prominent dry goods merchants in Baltimore. After a course in Hassel's Institute at Frankfort on the Main, Mr. Simon followed a technical course in the Royal Weaving Schodl at Mulheim on the Rhine, thus acquiring a practical training which proved to be of the utmost value to him in his later business career. In 1868 he came to the United States and secured a position in the wholesale silk department of A. T. Stew- art & Company, then located at the C(M-ner of Reade Street and Broadway. His brother Robert, two years his junior, who had received a technical edu- cation similar to that of his brother, and had specialized in silk weaving, came to America in 1870, and became superintendent of the silk mill of Benkard & Hutton, at West Hoboken, New Jersey. In 1874 the brothers joined in establishing the silk m;mufacturing busi- ness ever since conducted under the style of R. & H. Simon, wilh a i)lant at Union Hill, which they made one of the most successful in the countrv and which has since been greatly expanded. In 1883 thev established another plant at Easton, Pennsylvania, which is now even larger than the other, cov- ering seven acres of ground. The brothers divided the responsibilities of management until the death of Mr. Robert Simon, July 26, kjoi, since which time Mr. Herman Simon has conducted the business alone. Mr. Simon possesses every qualification for success in this business which technical knowledge and years of experience can confer. The policv ]nn"sued in the management of the business has been based upon the maintenance of the highest attainable standard of excellence in products, and to this end the most improved macliinerv and most advanced processes have been intro- duced, inclusive of some covered bv valual)le American and lun"oi)ean patents owned by the firm. The Inisiness has grown to be one of the largest in the country, and the two mills employ in the aggregate al)OUt two thousand six hundred persons. This great enterprise owes its prosperous upbuilding to Mr. Simon's personal supervision and high business standards. In politics Mr. Simon is an active Republican, and he was elected in igoS a presidential elector on the Taft and Sherman ticket from the Twenty- sixth Congressional District of Pennsylvania. He has residences at Easton, Pennsylvania, and at Union Hill, New Jersey. He is a member of the Ger- man Club of Hoboken, New Jersey; the Deutscher A'erein. and National Arts Club of New York, and Pom fret Club of Easton. '78 HISTORY Of NEJ]- YORK / '■)i' h '! I f f F7' I ; \n ,i',i, .I'll 1,1 ■' 'Oa p. K. EDUARU STOEIIR p. R. EDUARD STOEHR :t9 PR. EDUARD STOEHR, the president of the Botany Worsted ^lills, • and one of the most successful textile manufacturers of America, is, like many others of the most representative business men of the country, a man of German nativity and lineage. He was born in Eisenach, Sachsen- Weimar, Germany, March 22, 1846. From his boyhood days Mr. Stoehr has been continuously connected with the woolen and worsted goods industry, in which he was trained, with Ger- man thoroughness, in the leading establishments. There he devoted himself to a study of the best methods and processes, steadily advancing in knowledge and influence, and while still a young man gaining a position of considerable prominence in the woolen and worsted industr_\- in the old countr\'. In 1879 he founded an important enterprise in this line, which has been conducted suc- cessfully ever since and is now known as the Kammgarn-Spinnerei Stoehr & Company of Leipzig-Plagwitz, German\'. Mr. Stoehr early became impressed with the superior opportunities which were offered by the United States for the transplantation, under conditions favorable to further develo])ment and improvement, of the methods of manu- facture which have earned for Germany its precedence in the worsted and woolen goods industry, and he put his \'iews into practical operation by estab- lishing- the Botany Worsted Mills, of which he has been jiresident ever since incorporation. The Botany W'orsted Mills were incorporated in May, 1889, with a capi- tal of $1,100,000. From that time on the record of the company has been one of material advancement as the result of the use of the best equipment and the most improved processes of manufacture and methods of distribution. The company owns a large plant located at Passaic, N. J., which is not only one of the most extensive and most admirably ecjuipped in the country, occupying at this time about thirty acres of ground and giving employment to a force of more than five thousand people, but is as distinguished for the merit of its products as for its capacity for production. The company's capital stock, which has been several times increased since its organization, now amounts to $3,600,000, fully paid in, without any mortgage bonds, and there is a reserve fund of $4,450,000. The company manufactures fine worsted, dry-spun yarns and all kinds of woolen goods, the entire plant being operated by steam and electric ])ower. The company have their New York salesrooms in the Fifth Avenue Build- ing at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Twenty-third Street, and their prod- ucts are sold directly to the retailers throughout the United States, and are known for uniformity of grade and high quality in their manufacture. Air. Stoehr has been a leader in the higher development of the worsted and \\()olen industrv of the L'nited States. (SO HISTORY OF NEW YORK 'Hllj'll 'MW CHARLES LOUIS AL'GER c CHARLES LOUIS AUGER 781 HARLES LOUIS AL'GER, who occupies a position of much dis- tinction among the representatives of the silk industry of the coun- try, is a native of Philadelphia, Pennsvhania, in which citv he was born September 26, i860, being the son of Peter F. and Marie F. (Clement) Auger. His father, Peter F. Auger, was of French nativity, and had been engaged in the silk-weaving industry in France, coming , from that country to the United States in i860, a few months before the birth of his son. Mr. Charles Louis Auger received a common and business school edu- cation. His father after coming to this countrv had engaged in business as a silk weaver, and his son had his etl'orts attracted in that direction and has been connected with the silk industry ever since leaving school. Beginning as a boy, he obtained a practical knowledge of the silk business in all its various departments, but especiallv of silk dveing, and he has been acti\'elv engaged in business as a principal since 1884. He is interested in various banks and financial, industrial and other com- panies, in several of which he is a director. He is also a director in the National Silk Dveing Companv, in which he has held the ofiice of president since its organization in 1908. This is a consolidation of several of the most important silk-dyeing plants located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and other sections of the country, in organization of which he played a prominent part. His business headquarters are in Paterson, New Jersey, and New York City. Mr. Auger has enjoyed the advantages which come from extensive travels, which have covered the L^nited States, Canada, and Mexico. He has also made several visits to various parts of Europe. Mr. Auger enjoys pleasant social and business relations, is a member of the Automobile Club of America, and of other clulis in New York City ; of the Hamilton Club of Paterson, New Jersey, the North Jersey and Areola Coun- try Clubs, Cercle Republicain of Paris, France, and the Society of Chemical Industry of London, Eno-land, and also of numerous other clubs, charitable associations, and societies of various kinds in America and Europe. In his own special line of business effort as well as in the financial held, Mr. Auger has obtained a position of favorable prominence and the rank of a leader, demonstrating in his management of the large enterprise in his charge, not only advanced technical knowledge, but a high order of administrative executive, as well as financial ability. He married, in Paterson, New Jersey, in June, 1881, :\Iary Mirandon, who died the following year, and in April. 1884, he was again married, to Emma Chadwick. Five children were born: Frank C. in February, 1885; Emma M. C, in April, 1887, who married Frank H. Powers, May 11, 1910; May C, in June, 1S89: Charles L., Jr., in Deceml^er, kjoi, and Louis F., in January, 1905. There were no children from the first marriage. :S2 HISrOKV OF XEir YORK Sirril MKLLEX MILMKEN SETH MELLEX MIL/JKEN 783 SETH i\I ELLEN MILLIKEN, dry goods commission merchant, was born in Poland, Maine, January 7, 1836, the fourth son of Josiah and Elizabeth (Freeman) Millikcn, and descendant in the seventh generation from Hugh Milliken, who came from Scotland to Massachusetts in 1650. His father was born in Buckfield, Maine, and after his marriage lived in Poland, Maine, and carried on a farm, a tannery, and a luml^er l)usiness. Seth M. Alilliken attended the pulilic schools in Poland, followed liy a year in the Academy in Hebron, Maine, then for a year was engaged in a flour mill at ]\linot, Maine, then one year in the Academy at ^'armouth, Maine, and later taught school at Mechanic Falls, Poland, Maine. In May, 1856, when twenty years old, he began his mercantile career, opening a general store in Minot, Maine. Four years later he removed to Portland, Maine, and engaged with his ])r()ther-in-law. Daniel W. True, in the wholesale grocery business, under the tlrni name of True & Millikcn. In 1865, in association w'ith William Deering, he established the wholesale dry goods house of Deering, Milliken & Company, at Portland, and in 1866 he established the dry goods commission house under the same name in New York City. William Deering left the firm to engage in harvester manufacturing business in 1869, and since then Mr. Milliken has been head of the house. Mr. Milliken is president of the Madison Woolen Company, Cowan Woolen Company, Farnsworth Company, and Pondicherry Company of Maine ; Great Falls Woolen Company of New Hamjishire, George W. Olney Woolen Company of Massachusetts, Lockhart Mills of South Carolina, Gainesville Cotton Mills of Georgia, and Dallas Manufacturing Company of Alabama ; also a director of the Cascade Woolen Company, Forest Mills Company, Pacolet Manufacturing Company, Lockwood Company, Poland Paper Com- pany and Worumbo Manufacturing Company, of Maine; Abbeville Cotton Mills, Darlington Manufacturing Company, Drayton Mills, Hartsville Cotton Mills, Laurens Cotton Mills, Mills Manufacturing Company, Monarch Cotton Mills, Reedy River Manufacturing Company, Spartan Mills and Whitney Manufacturing Company, of South Carolina; and the Saco and Pettee Machine Shop of Massachusetts. He is a trustee of the New York Life Insurance Company and the Bowery Savings Bank, and director of the Trust Companv of America and the Fidelity Bank. Mr. Milliken is an active Republican and has served as presidential elector ; and he is a member of the Union League, Metropolitan, Merchants', Republican, Riding and Suburban Riding and Driving Clubs, the New Eng- land Society in New York, and Cumberland Club of Portland, Maine. He married, in Dover, New Hampshire, in 1874, Margaret L. Hill, who died in 1882, and has three children: Seth M. Milliken, M.D., Gerrish H. Milliken, and Margaret L., wife of Harold L. Hatch. 784 HISTORY OF NliW YORK STAXLI:Y THAYER COZZENS STAXfJi)' THAYIIR COZZEXS STANLEY THAYER COZZENS. who is now at the licad of the extensive lace and embroider}' house of Goldenberg Brotliers & Com- pany, is a native of Xew York City, born December 31, 1S59, being the son of Sylvanus Thayer Cozzens, who was the proprietor of the Cozzens Hotel at \\'est Point, Xew York, and his wife, Susan Allen (Wilson) Cozzens. On the paternal side he is of English descent through Leonard Cozzens, who came from England to America in 1648, and who was the ancestor of a arge familv, which has included man\- men who have made their ' to mark m business and professional life. One of his descendants, well known in liter- ary circles, was Frederic S. Cozzens, author of The Si)arrowgrass Papers and other books, who was the first cousin of Svlvanus Thaver Cozzens, father of Stanley Thayer Cozzens. On the maternal side his ancestors lived in Belfast, Ireland. Mr. Cozzens was educated in ])ublic and i)rivate schools until 1S75, when he entered upon a business career in the old established dry goods house of Arnold, Constable & Company, with which he continued for seven years, becoming connected with the firm of Goldenberg P>rothers & Company in 1886, in which house he has ever since continued, becoming the i)resident of the firm in [March, 1909, upon the retirement of Samuel L. Goldenberg, the former president, who has since lived abroad. The house of Goldenberg Brothers & Company holds a distinguished place among those representing their line in this market, being extensive importers of laces and embroideries from the leading manufacturing centres in those lines. ]\Ir. Cozzens gives to the executive end of the business the benefit of his own practical experience with the result that the volume of trade of the company continues to increase with the years. Since 1882, Ivlr. Cozzens has been an extensive traveler in foreign lands, chieflv on business, but also for recreation ; and he has also become thoroughly acquainted, 1)y visits to its various sections, with his own country. He is Republican in his political atifiliation. Mr. Cozzens served from 1880 to 188.^ a full term in the Twenty-second Regiment of the National Guard of the State of New York. Lie is a mem- ber of the Chamber of Commerce of New ^'ork, the Union League Club, Aldine Club, Old Guard, Essex County Country Club of New Jersey, and the New England Society of East Orange, New Jersey. He has a city residence at 2 East Sixtv-third Street, New York City, and a country ])lace at 145 FLar- rison Street, East r)range. New Jersey. Mr. Cozzens has been married twice, first in Ohio, August 4, 1885, to Margaret Harvey, who died in April, 1892, b_\- whom he has a daughter, Marie Christine, born in 1887. Mr. Cozzens married again in New York City, June 4, 1901, Mrs. Sarah C. Sloane (born Sarah C. Harvey). T86 HISTORY OF XEJl' YORK p. KOIiKRT G. SJOSTRUil p. ROBERT G. SJOSTROM 787 P ROBERT G. SJOSTRO^I, secretary and treasurer of the United • States Worsted Company, is of Swedish birth and ancestry, the son of Ludwig and Maria EHzabeth ( Norelius ) Sjostrom. He is of an excellent Swedish family on his father's side, his ])aternal great-gradfather having been well known in Swedish history as a large operator in copper, and a well- known public official, who entertained King Carl XR' Johan of Sweden on several notable occasions. His mother is a direct descendant of King Robert Bruce of Scotland. ]\Ir. Sjostrom's father, Ludvig Sj(")Str()m, was a textile manufacturer, chemist and dyer. He came with his family from Sweden to Canada in 1867, and in 1881 to the United States, becoming prominent in the textile interests of the country; and he organized and develo])ed the Lawrence Dye Works and Finishing Company. With his wife he now lives on his estate in Aliami, Florida. Their family consists of eight children, five sons and three daughters, all living and all married. ]\Ir. P. Robert G. Sjostrom attended school in Sweden from fi\-e years of age until eight years of age, coming to Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, in 1867. He attended the Sherbrooke Academy, and private classes, and at the age of fourteen he entered upon a full technical and practical course in woolen manufacturing. At the age of eighteen he entered a law office, and matriculated as a law student in McGill University at Montreal, from which famous institution he was graduated at the age of twenty-one with the degree of Bachelor of Civil Laws, and with first-rank honors in the class of 1881. He was admitted to the bar in the Province of Quebec, Canada, in 188 1. Coming to Law-rence, Massachusetts, he entered a law office in that city, but in 1882 took a position as private secretary in the banking house of Wins- low, Lanier & Company, of Xew York, and in the following year took charge as office and credit manager of a large importing firm engaged in trade in laces and embroideries. He later became vice president and general manager of a large manufacturing company in Xew York, and after that for twelve years treasurer of the Lawrence Dye ^^'orks Compan}- at Lawrence, Massa- chusetts; secretary and treasurer of the Patchogue }ilanufacturing Company of Patchogue, Long Island, and secretary and treasurer of the United States Worsted Company of Xew York, all of which ])ositions he still occupies. He is also treasurer of the Xorth American Fruit Company; director of the Atlantic Xational Bank, Providence, Rhode Island, and president uf the Hun- garian-American Bank of Xew York. Mr. Sjostrom, during his twenty-six years of residence in Xew York, has displayed extraordinary skill as a business organizer and financial man- ager, being an expert stenographer and accountant, and an inxeiitor of many advanced methods in accounting, whereby he has the happy faculty of being able to manao-e at one and the same time as manv as eight dift'erent liusiness 788 HISTORY OF NEW YORK estal:)lislinienls in the capacity of treasurer. By a system all his own, c(_)ncen- trated re])orts of every phase of each business, showing the status of each day, are furnished dailv, and from these reports, instructions are given, actions taken, and arrangements made, so that the l)usiness of each independent con- cern runs along smoothly, as well financially as physically, and the strenuous al)ility and energy thus emjiloyed is evidenced by the marked success of all the companies managed. Mr. Sjostrom is at present actively engaged in developing and man- aging the United States Worsted Company at loo Fifth Avenue, one of the leading textile corporations of this country, with a capital of six million dollars, operating five large mills, manufacturing high-grade woolen and worsted factories. The United States Worsted Company has developed from the Lawrence Dye Works of Lawrence, Massachusetts, founded by Ludvig Sjostrom, and built u]i hy him and his family to a position of great success and satisfactory development. The capacity of these works is being largely increased, and closely connected are the Iroquois Mills at Saugus, Massachusetts, which operate 150 looms; the Musketaquid Mills, at Lowell, Massachusetts, with a newly installed equipiuent of 200 looms; the Tinkham Mills at Harrisville, Rhode Island, with 225 looms; and the company have a new plant nearing completion at Lawrence, Massachusetts, with a capacity of 600 looms. Con- trolling these large plants with established outlets for their products, and with their unsurpassed ability and experience of management, the LTnited States Worsted Company has taken an envialile ]iosition in the textile indus- tries of the country. Mr. Sjostrom is a Republican in politics, and has been active in custom house and tariff matters for many years, and he served as a member of the Board of Education of Westfield. New Jersey, from 1904 to 1907. He has also been prominent in church affairs, was treasurer and trustee of the Park Methodist Episcopal Church of Elizabeth. New Jersey, from 1S92 to 1897, and president of the Eliz;il)eth District ( Xew Jersey) Epworth League in i()0i-i<)02. Lie is a thirty-third degree Mason, and a member of Mecca Tem])le of the Mystic Shrine, and is also a member of the Aldine Clulj. the Merchants' Central Club. Masonic Club, Canadian Society of New York, the New York Swedish Chamber of Commerce, and ALanhattan Chess Club. His city residence is at the Hotel luidicott. and he has a country place at New Rochelle. New York. Mr. Sjostnim married, in I'^lizabeth. New Jersey, June 21. 1883, Emma L-ene Wright, and the\' have three children: Mary Elizabeth L^ene, born Se])tember 10, 18S5; Paul R. (i.. born January 21. 18SS; and Carl Reginald, bnrn December 2<), lcS()2. JOSEPH II. emhr: :s9 JOSEPH H. E]\IERY, now president and general niana i' wi HENRY STANTON CHAPMAN H HEXRV ST.IXTOX CHAPMAX :93 ENRY STAXTOX CHAPAIAX, president of The Arlington Company, was born in Huntington. ^^lass.. December 22, 1837, be- ing tlie son of Hiram and Fannie (Stanton) Chapman. On his father's side he comes from an English famil\- of Chapmans, transplanted in New England in the Seventeenth Century, his grandfather, Jedidiah Chapman, being born in X"ew England. In the maternal line he is a direct descendant from Thomas Stanton, born at Rodway in England, who came to America in the early ]iart of the Seventeenth Century. He was not onlv a successful trader in furs, dealing with the Indians of X^ew England and Xew York, but possessed a thorough knowledge of the Mohawk and other principal Indian languages of these colonies, so that he became recognized as the best practical master of these languages among the colonists. He was therefore appointed, and served for many years Interpreter-General of the Colonies. He married Ann, daughter of Thomas Lord, and he and his wife were among the founders of Hartford, Conn., and their descendants ha\e figured in an honorable and constructive way in the nation's advancement. Mr. Chapman received his education in local schools and academy at his birthplace until he was eighteen years old, when he went to Dutchess County, Xew York, and began his business career by securing employment in a drug store, of which he became one of two proprietors. The business grew and a large trade was built up at wholesale and retail, but finally he sold out and for vears was actively identified with iron-mining interests in Dutchess County. Thence he came to New York City and organized The Arlington Company, of which he is president, and which has a very large and complete manufacturing plant at Arlington, X. J., turning out enormous quantities of fine goods, including combs, brushes, mirrors, fancy goods, sheeting, collars and cuffs, etc., of superior composition, manufacture and finish, these products under their trade-mark "Pyralin" or "Celluloid,"' enjoying not only a national, but also an international reputation and demand. He has also made extensive and judicious investments in real estate in Glen Ridge, N. J., and elsewhere. He is also a director and oflicer in other corporations, chiefly subsidiary or auxiliary to The Arlington Company He is Republican in politics, and has been a member of the Court of Appeals to regulate taxes and assessments in the Borough of Glen Ridge, X. J., where his attractive home, "Sunny Crest." is located. He is a member of the Republican and [Merchants Central Clubs of Xew York City, and of the Glen Ridge Club and Glen Ridge Golf Club. ]Mr. Chapman married first in 3>Iarch, 1873. Jennie Brewster, a descendant from Elder ^^■illiam Brewster of the Ma}-flower. She died in 1883. leaving a son. Charles Brewster Chapman. In September. 1887. he remarried, his wife having l)een Aliss Emilv ?\1. Payne, of Poughkeeiisie. X. Y. IIG HISTORY OF NEW YORK I I C. JUMUS FORSTMANN G C. JULIUS fORSTMANN 797 JULIUS FORSTMANN, president of the Forstmann & lluffnianu !• Company, of Passaic, New Jersey, was born at W'erden on the Rnhr, Rhenish Prussia, March 22, 1S71. He attended schools at Diisseldorf and Duisburg, Germany, and after leaving school spent several years in Germanv, England and France, studying the theory and practice of woolen manufac- turing in all its stages, as well as the marketing of woolen goods in different countries. Upon the completion of these studies Mr. Forstmann entered, and is still a partner of, the firm of Forstmann & Huftmann at Werden on the Ruhr, established by his great-grandfather in 1803, and ranking among the foremost manufacturers of high-grade woolens in Germany. His family has been uninterruptedly engaged in the business of woolen manufacturing in Ger- many for seven generations. Mr. Forstmann also traveled extensively and made two trips around the world for the special purpose of studying the wool industrv and trade, visiting all the principal countries of Europe, the United States, India, China, Japan and Australia. He was a member of the Essen Chamber of Commerce, one of the lead- ing German Chambers, in which district are included such important interests as the Krupp Works, the Coal Syndicate, and other large industrial enteri)rises ; and he was also a member of the Board of Directors of several financial and industrial institutions in Germanv, from all of which he resigned in 1904, when, after several lengthy visits to the United States and a careful study of the business conditions in this country, he came here with the express object of founding the Forstmann & Huf¥mann Company, located at Passaic, New Jersey, an undertaking which has duplicated the success attained in Germany by the old firm. Building of the plant was begun in Passaic in 1904 and in the fall of 1905 the mill commenced operations. From the outset the enterprise was extremely successful and has steadily grown until it now occupies large plants in Passaic and Garfield, employing twenty-five hundred people and with every prospect of still further extending its activities. Controlling the entire proc- esses of woolen and worsted manufacture — buying the wool in the primary markets, spinning the yarn and weaving, dyeing and finishing the cloth in its own mills — the company has succeeded in turning out fabrics of the finest (|uality, recognized as equal in all respects to the best imported goods and fully sustaining the reputation enioved for over a century by the parent firm in Germany. Mr. Forstmann married, in 1902, Miss A. Lynen, of Biebrich-am-Rhein, and thev have a familv of four boys. Since coming to America Mr. Forst- mann has resided with his familv in Passaic, New lersev. ros HISTORY OF XEir YORK IIEIXRICII ERNST SCUNIEWIXD, JR. H HRIXRICH HRXST SCHXIEJVIND. JR. TOO EIXRICH ERNST SCHNIEWIND, Jr., is a member of a distin- guished German family of silk manufacturers who through several generations have successfully prosecuted the industry in their native land, and through him as their representative have taken a position of prominence in the same line of industry in the United States. He was born in Elberfeld, Germany, January 21, 1869, the son of Hein- rich and Maria (Bredt) Schniewind. His father is a silk manufacturer, and a partner in the house of H. E. Schniewind, of Elberfeld, Germany, where it has been engaged with success in that line of production ever since 1794. Heinrich Ernst Schniewind, Jr., received a sound and thorough educa- tion in the gymnasium of his native city, his scholastic training being directed with special reference to preparation for an efficient and successful participa- tion in the family business, and after the completion of his studies in the gymnasium he at once entered upon his commercial training in the firm of H. E. Schniewind, in Elberfeld, which he pursued with the thoroughness that is so characteristic of the business houses of that great commercial and indus- trial country. As the operations of the firm are international, it was neces- sary that besides full training in all the activities of the main house, he should also participate in the work of the liranch establishments of the firm. With this in view Mr. Schniewind spent, consecutively, a year in London, half a year in Paris, and one year in Lyons. France, in the branches maintained by his firm, and one and a half years in New York. Mr. Schniewind learned the usage of the silk trade in these several markets, and greatly added to his practical equipment and capacity for usefulness to the house, and he became a member of the firm of H. E. Schniewind, at Elberfeld, July i. 1895. His investigations in New York had led him and his firm to determine upon the establishing in this country of an American branch of the ])usiness of H. E. Schniewind, and he came to this country after his admission to the firm and established an oftice in New York (now at 18 West Eighteenth Street), securing a manufacturing plant and establishing, in November. 1895, the American branch of the firm as an independently organized but closely allied enterprise, under the name of the Sus(|uchanna Silk Mills, of which cor- poration he is president, treasurer, manager and a director. Mr. Schniewind personally directs the business with excellent executive ability. He is a Republican in politics; is a member of the Society of Chemical Industry, a member of the Aldine Association, the Union Leagite, Deutscher Verein, and Merchants" Club, of New York, and of the Casino of Belle Haven, Greenwich, Connecticut. His town house is at 8 East Seventy-ninth Street, and his country place at Greenwich, Connecticut. He married, at College Point, Long Lsland, August 23, 1899, Helen Greefif, and has five children: Helen, Margaret, Emily, Henry and Ethel. 800 HISTORY OF NEW YORK JACOB WEIDMANN JACOB WEIDMANN 801 JACOB WEIDMANN, whose career of many years in the silk-dyeing business in Europe and America earned him a place of special dis- tinction in that important industry, is a native of Thalweil, Switzerland, where he was born March 22, 1845, the son of Frederick and Esther ( Schaeppi ) Weidmann. After elementary training at home he attended, for a four-years course, the boarding and preparatory school conducted by Otto Huni, at Horgen, Canton Zurich, Switzerland. His father was a silk dyer and Mr. Weidmann, on leaving school, devoted himself to a thorough and complete study of the same profession. In 1867 he came from Switzerland to this country, and became one of those who aided in the most effective and i)ractical way in the upbuilding, in this country, of the silk industry. Although the culture and manufacture of silk in this country began in Colonial times as a home industry, and in the first half of the Nineteenth Century many factories were established in Connecticut, Massachusetts and New Jersey, it was not until after the Civil War that the industry became important. The services of several European experts who came to the coun- try about that time were of special value, because of the higher development of the arts of dyeing and finishing of silk fabrics which had been attained in those countries. Mr. Weidmann started in the silk-dyeing business in Paterson, New Jer- sey, in 1870, and he developed it until, under the name of the Jacob Weid- mann Silk Dyeing Company, the plant became the largest individual silk- dyeing plant in the United States. His success was achieved by his untiring personal supervision over the Inisiness and by his adherence to the highest standards of workmanship and the most advanced process known to the in- dustry. Mr. Weidmann retired from business, selling his plant to a French company in 1909. During his nearly forty years' connection with that indus- try in Paterson, he saw it grow to great ])roportions and contributed in the largest degree to that growth and to the improvement which has made the production of domestic silks one of the most important branches of American textile manufactures. His complete knowledge of the technical processes and details, his business and executive ability and his enterprising methods, brought him a success which was fully and fairly earned. Mr. Weidmann married, in South Manchester, Connecticut, in 1869, Ellenor Cheney. They have a daughter, Esther Weidmann, who is now the wife of Roberto Ziist. Mr. Weidmann resides in Paterson, New Jersey. He is a member of the Union League, Merchants', Central and Swiss Clubs, of New York; the Hamilton and North Jersey Country Clubs, of Pat- erson, New Jersey: and the Princess Anne, Pocahontas, Blooming Grove, Amabelish, and Spesutia Island Hunting and Fishing Clubs. 802 HISTORY OF XEJJ- YORK CTT.\KT.i:S C. COPKI.AXD c LllARLliS C. COP EL AND So:! HARLES C. COPELAND, senior memlier of the firm of Charles C. Copeland & Company, manufacturers and commission mer- chants in (h^y goods, was born in Memphis, Tennessee, August 21, 1859, the son of Francis AI. and EHzabeth V. (Woodson) Copeland. The family is of English origin, transplanted in America about 1690. His father was engaged in business in Memphis, Tennessee, before the Civil War, as a member of Copeland & Edmonds, wholesale cotton factors and dealers in gen- eral merchandise. He was an officer in the Confederate Army, and after the war removed North with his family. Mr. Charles C. Copeland was educated, with the idea of training for the legal profession, in the College of the City of New York, but since 1879 has been engaged in the dry goods business, ultimately becoming the head of the prominent and successful firm of Charles C. Copeland & Company, manufacturers and commission merchants. Mr. Copeland has given much attention to the study and investiga- tion of economic subjects, and has contributed valuable papers, notably in the First of January issue, for several years, of the Journal of Commerce, of New York, containing a yearly analysis of business conditions and l)usiness topics. Among the subjects discussed in these papers have been those of "Tariff Commission," "Gold Inflation," "Interference with the Laws of Supply and Demand," etc. Fie originated the bill to create a State Department of Commerce and Industry, and he has been promi- nently identified with many important economic movements. He was chairman of the New York delegation of the Board of Trade and Trans- portation to the Indianapolis TarilT Commission Convention; has served as chairman of the Committee on Commerce and Transportation of the Manufacturers' Association of New York; was a delegate to the New York State Water Ways Convention of 1910, representing New York City; delegate to the National Rivers and Harbors Convention at W\ash- ington, D. C, 1910, as representative of New York State, under appoint- ment of Governor Charles E. Hughes, and representing the ]\Ianufac- turers' Association; was a delegate to the Fort Wayne Convention on the Michigan and Erie Canal project. He was also appointed on the Citi- zens' Committee of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration. Mr. Copeland is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, the Board of Trade and Transportation, Manufacturers' Association of New York, Academy of Political Science, Montauk Club, Red Bank Yacht Club, and City Club of East Orange, New Jer.sey. He married, in East (Irange, New Jersey, May 26, 1891, Susan Wiley Baker, and they have five children : Ashfield, Marion W., Carroll Pray, Francis Tuttle. and Katharine Copeland. S04 HISTORY OF NEW YORK L OUIS SIEGBE.RT, senior member of tlie firm of Louis Siegbert & Brother, cotton converters, was born in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, January 12, 1864. the son of Henry and Mariana Siegbert. He is of German descent in l)oth tlie paternal and maternal lines, his father, Henry Siegbert, having come, in 1S40, from Germany to the United States, and having been for manv vears successfully engaged in mercantile business. Louis Siegbert received his education in the public schools, and upon complet- ing his school work he en- tered upon a business ca- reer, first in a preparatory way in various positions wliich gave him a training for the active and responsi- ble commercial career upon which he was later to enter. In iSijo, with his brothers Samuel and Julius Siegbert, he organized the firm of Louis Siegbert & Brothers, cotton converters, to which he has since devoted an executive supervision so thoroughly eflicient that the firm has taken a place in the front rank of the indus- try with which it is identi- fied. Mr. Samuel Siegbert, of the original firm, is now deceased and the house is now composed of the other two original members, and there has been a steady de- velopment in the trade of the house, due to its thoroughly demonstrated ability to meet every require- ment of the business, and the experience and efticiency of its management. The office is at 1 14-120 Greene Street. Mr. Siegbert is a Republican in political views, though his activities are not to any large degree political. He lives at the Hotel Gotham, and in sum- mer at Long Branch, New Jersey. LOUIS SIEGBERT WILLIAM L SI'IRGRLBERC, 8()o WILLIAM I. SPIEGELBERG, of L. Spiegelberg & Sons, cotton goods merchants, was born in Santa Fe, New Mexico, October 8, 1863, the son of Levi and Betty Spiegelberg. His father was of the tirni of Spiegelberg Brothers, leading merchants and bankers of Santa Fe, and after- ward established the firm of L- Spiegelberg & Sons, in New York. William I. Spiegelberg was educated in public schools and the Columliia Grammar School in New York, and in the Weaving and Technical School of Miilheim on the Rhine, Ger- many. He afterward en- gaged in banking- with a leading house at Frankfort on the Main. In 1887, with Levi and Charles S. Spie- gelberg he founded the firm of L. Spiegelberg & Sons, New York, and in that rela- tion he has earned a promi- nent place among the repre sentative merchants of the city. He is a member of the Board of Ambulance Serv- ice of the City of New York ; president of the Sydenham Post-Graduate Course and Hospital and Training School for Nurses ; is a trustee of Tem- ple Emanu-El and of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, and a director of the Night and Day Bank. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and of the Harmonic Club. He married, in New York City, April iq, 1897, Beulah \'. Guggenheim, oldest daughter of Isaac Guggenheim, head of the mining and smelting firm of M. Guggenheim & Sons, and niece of Senator Guggenheim, of Colorado. He has two children: Marjorie Betty Spiegelberg and William I. Spiegel- berg, Jr. WILLI.\M I. SPIEGELBERG siii; H/SrORV OF XFJJ' YORK JOHN B. KEPNER JOHX B. KEPNER 807 JOHN B. KEPNER is one of the most successful of the younger group of merchants identified with the dry goods interest in New York City. He was born in Philadelphia, July 15, i8-, making frequent trips to Europe and to the Pacific Coast. His town residence is 2S East EiftA--sixth Street. 818 HISTORY OF NEW YORK WILLIAM EYRE GIBSON GAILLARD UlLUAM EYRE GIBSOX GAILLARD 819 WILIJAxM EYRE GIBSON GAILLARD was born March i, 1877, at Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Edwin S. Gaillard. M.D., LL.D., Ph.D., and Mary Elizabeth (Gibson) Gaillard. He was educated at Trinity School. New York City, and commenced his business career in March, 1893. when he entered the office of Stephen van Rensselaer Cruger & Company, whose business, the management of estates, was founded in 1796, principally to manage the large land grants and develop the then farm holdings of the Patroon Ivilliaen van Rensselaer, who acquired nnich of such property direct from the Crown about 1629. This business had continued under various styles without interruption, its immediate predeces- sor having been Van Rensselaer & Cruger. composed oi Philip van Rensselaer and S. van Rensselaer Cruger, the then comptroller of Trinity Corporation. Mr. Gaillard soon inaugurated a policy of progressiveness for the old firm, which theretofore had confined its activities to estates in its exclusive con- trol, and in 1897 he was admitted to partnership, the firm then being McVickar & Company, one of the most prominent in the general real estate business. In 1902, with his partner. Harry Whitney McVickar, Mr. Gaillard or- ganized the McVickar Realty Trust Company, capital and surplus $1,000,000, becoming first vice president of the company which was. in 1904, merged with the Empire State Trust Company, afterwards the Empire Trust Company, capital and surplus $1,300,000; the real estate and mortgage business being continued under style of the McMckar-Gaillard Realty Company, and the in- surance business as Gaillard & Company. He continued as vice president of the Empire Trust Company until 1908, resigning to become vice president of the New York Real Estate Security Company, organized by him. Mr. Gaillard is president and director of the McVickar-Gaillard Realty Company and Gaillard & Company, and is vice president and director of the New York Real Estate Security Company; a director of the Empire Trust Company; vice president and director of the Cedartown Knitting Company; director of the Josephine Knitting Mills Company, and of the Wahnita Knit- ting Mills Company; a member of the Real Estate Board of Brokers and Real Estate Auctioneers" Association; governor of the New York Southern Society and member of the City Midday, Lawyers'. Knollwood Country, Sea Bright Lawn Tennis and Cricket, New York Athletic and City Lunch Clubs. The Virginians, the South Carolinians, and South Carolina Historical Society. Mr. Gaillard is of French Huguenot ancestry, the family being founded in America Iw Pierre Gaillard, Avho settled in South Carolina about 1685, immediately after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His descendants were prominently identified with the Revolutionary War and Colonial history. Mr. Gaillard married, in 1906. ^lary Stamps Bateson. and has one daugh- terj Mary Stamps Bateson Gaillard. 820 HISTORY OF XEJJ' YORK R L)1'>ERT E. DOW'LIXG, president of the City Investing Company, is a native of California, where he was born at ]Mokekimne Hill, Calaveras County, October 21, i>, 181)4, Minnetta Adele Link, anil has two children: Roi)ert Whittle and Ruth Percival Dowling. ClI.lh'LliS F. XOVES 821 c HARLES F. NOYES, successful real estate Ijroker. was born in Norwich, Connecticut, July 19, 1878, the son of Charles Denison Noves, now retired, and one of the owners of the Norwich Alorning- Bulletin, and of Carrie P. (Crane) Noyes. He is a descendant of Rev. James Noyes, who came from England and settled at Mystic, Connecticut, in 1633. Charles F. Noyes was educated in the Norwich Academy, and when twenty years old came to New' York and engaged in the real estate business which he has since con ducted successfully. In 189! the business, now conducted l)y the Charles F. Noye Company, was organized and Mr. Noyes is manage and treasurer of that com- pany, with offices at 92 Wil- | liam Street. The compau}- is specially prominent in the business of rental, sale and management of downtown business property, in which department of the real es- tate profession the firm is one of the leaders, having a business so large that the company now has an office force of about thirty em- ployees and employs about seventy in its agency de- partment. Mr. Noyes is a mem- ber of the Union League Club of Brooklyn, Crescent Athletic, New York Ath- letic, Drug and Chemical, and Underwriters' Clubs, Brooklyn Real Estate Board of Brokers; and a director of the Realty League of New York. He is also interested, as an officer and director, in several important corporations. He married, in Brooklyn, Septemljer 16. 1903, Eleanora Seward Hal- sted, and has a daughter, Eleanora Halsted Noyes. lJIARLES F. XOVES League and 8-22 HISTORY OF Xnir YORK CHARLES EUWAKI) SCHUYLER CHARLES EDWARD SCHUYLER S-23 c HARLES EDWARD SCHUYLER, who is one of the leading real estate brokers of the City of New York, and is most particularly identified with the upbuilding of the West Side, and after Avhoni Schuyler Square was named, was born in New ^'ork City, January 7, 1S59, the son of Garret Lansing and ALary Elizabeth Schuyler. He is a member of one of the oldest and most prominent of the Dutch families of New York, and directly descended from Philip Pieterse Schuyler, who settled in Albany in 1631 and who became a large landed proprietor in Albau}- and New ^'ork Citv and along the Hudson, became captain of a company of Albany militia in 1667, and was distinguished throughout his life for his friendship with the Indians. He married the daughter of the Patroon Van Rensselaer, and their son Peter, who was born in Albany, and upon its incorporation, July 22, 1688, became the first mayor of that city. This family was prominently identified with the patriot cause in Revolutionary times, and in all matters afifecting the welfare of the province and afterward of the State of New York members of this family gained distinction in war, diplomacy, education, divinity, the legal pro- fession and in business life, and none of the New York families has a more honorable record. Mr. Schuyler was educated in Columbia Grammar School, and was after- ward a member of the Class of "82 in Yale, and later in Columliia Law School. He has been engaged in the real estate business in New York City since 1885, and has been an expert appraiser in many important matters both for the Citv of New York and for the Banking Department of the State of New York, as well as for various estates and numerous attorneys. Mr. Schuyler was the organizer and secretary of the Riverside and ]\Iorn- ingside Heights Association ; secretary and governor of the Real Estate Board of Brokers of New York ; was organizer of the Century Bank of New York City, and one of the reorganizers of the Colonial Bank of New York. He was president of the Real Estate Business Men's Club in the McClellan campaign. Mr. Sclnnler is a veteran of the Seventh Regiment of the National Guard of the State of New York, and one of the original members of S(|uadron A. He has traveled extensively; is a member of the St. Nicholas Club and the Holland Society of New York, and he enjoys the best social connections. His residence is in Dobbs Ferry-on-the-Hudson, and his office at 165 Broadway. Mr. Schuyler married, in Philadelphia, in 1895, Adele Sartori, and has two children: Juliette de Coursey, born August 5, 1898, and Rutherfurd Schuyler, born July 8. 1903. Previously Mr. Schuyler had been married to Sarah Roach (daughter of John B. Roach, the shipbuilder, of Chester, Penn- sylvania), who died in 1893, by whom he had a son, Lansing Roach Schuy- ler, who died in 1887. S-.'t HISTORY or XEJV YORK D ^A\'ID LEW'IS PHILLIPS, who has taken a prominent place anions;- the representatives of real estate interests in New York Citv, was Ijorn in this city June 3, 1861, the son of Lewis J. and Eliza (Davies) Phillips. In the paternal line Mr. Phillips is a descendant of an English family, and on his mother's side is of Dutch descent. His father was a prominent husiness man of New York Cit}', and founder of the firm of L. J. Phillips & Tompany, real estate brokers. He was a donor "nr life of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. David Lewis Phillips was educated in the public schools of New York City and, upon completing his studies, he entered his father's firm of L. J. Phil- Hl^s & Company, learning the business thoroughly and becoming a member of the firm of which, since the death of his father, he has been the senior mem- ^^^^^^^^^^^^ her. The firm is one of j^^^^^^^^^^/p' JH leaders city, and does a large bro- kerage, auctioneering and appraising business in New York real estate. He is also a director of the (ireat Eastern Casualty and Indemnity Company. The firm has its offices at I5(S Broadway and branch offices, for its large uinnwn l)usincss, at _'6[ Columljus Avenue. Mr. Pliillips is a Repuljlican. I)ut voted for Grover Cleveland. Pie married in New York City, :\Iarch 3, 1885, Gertrude M. Kuhn, and they have six children: J. Dudley, Edna, Helen S., Robert W., ]\Iar- jorie, and Lloyd 1. He has his city residence at 35 Riverside Drive, and a countr_\- place at Bay Shore, Long Island. D.W'Il) l-KWIS I'lIILI ITS RICHARD MAIXOLM MOXTGOMF.RY x-K< R ICHARD MALC01..M .MONTGOAIERY, wlio is proniiiK'iitly iden- tified with the real estate brokerage business in Xew York, is a native of South Bergen, New Jersey, wliere he was l:iorn Decenilier 19, i!^53, the son of John Rol)!) Montgomery. long a ])rominent tea merchant, and his wife Jane Malcolm (Ball) Alonlgomerw He is of Scotch-Irish descent. His earliest American ancestor was James Montgomery, of Belfast, Ireland, who came to the United States in 1799. Mr. Montgomery at- tended the Hasbrouck Insti- tute in Jersey City, leaving that institution when four- teen years of age to engage in business life. He entered the tea business, where he remained for twelve years, gaining in that business a valuable commercial expe- rience. In 1893, Mr. Mont- gomery entered the real es- tate business as broker. He acquired an intimate and expert knowledge of values of real estate, and was suc- cessful in organizing manv large syndicates for the pur- chase and resale of real es- tate on ^Manhattan Island, and has gained for himself a prominent place in the real estate profession. Mr. Montgomery is a Republican ; a member of the City Club of New York City, and has served on several of its important committees; member of the New York Zoological Society, the Civil Service Reform Association, the Society of the Sons of the Revolution and Westchester Country Club. Mr. Montgomery married, in Washington, D. C, January. 1903, Maud MacFarland. He has three sons by a former marriage: Richard Malcom, Jr., John Robb Montgomery and Francis Stuart [Montgomery. RICHARD MALCOLM MOXTCOM KK V 836 HISTORY OF NEW YORK FLOYD STEWART CORBIN FLOYD STEWART CORBIX FLOYD STEWART CORBIN. Avell known as a specialist in water- front and dock properties, was liorn in Thomaston, Ujison County, Georgia, and was educated in the schools of his native State. Coming to New York City in 1895, 'Mr. Corhin engaged in the real estate business and soon established a reputation as a specialist in dock and terminal ]M-operty. often being called u]ion to give expert testimony in cases where the question of valuations arose. He has devoted years of study to this one branch of the real estate business and his knowledge is so complete that he was recently selected to deliver a lecture before the Real Estate Class of the Young Men's Christian Association on "AA'ater Front Properties in New York Harbor." Mr. Corbin comes of an illustrious ancestry, the historv of the familv being traceable in England for eight centuries. The American branch was foimded by Henry Corbin, of Sutton Coldfield, \\'arwickshire, England, who settled in Stratton Mayor, King and Queen Countv, A'irginia, in 1654, Init also owned land in Lancaster, \\'estmoreland and ^^liddlesex Counties. He was burgess for Lancaster in 1659, justice of Middlesex in 1673 and a mem- ber of the Council in 1663. His son, Garwin Corbin, once president of the Council and burgess in 1700. 1702, 171 8 and 1738, had three sons, Richard, John and Garwin, the latter marrying a sister of the famous Richard Henry Lee, while John Corbin served as a sergeant of the Virginia A^olunteers dur- ing the Revolution and was given a farm for his services. It was Garwin Corbin, who was the direct ancestor of Floyd Stewart Corliin. The history of Virg-inia shows that the Corbins were always foremost in the civic, military, social, ecclesiastical and diplomatic circles of that period; being contemporaneous, and intermarrving with the Taliaferros, Lees, Cur- tises. Beverlys, Churchhills, FitzHughs, W'oodfords, Batailes and many others famous in Colonial days and immediately following the Revolution. In the early days the family adhered strictly to its English training and the homes of the sons were noted for priceless plate and armorial trappings which had been brought from the old country. One of the cherished relics was an officer's side arms and accoutrements which one of the forliears wore while an aide-de-camp on the staff of Napoleon Bonaparte. The right of the Corbin family to use a crest is attested by the Heralds' College, where the family arms. "Saljle nn a chief or. three ravens proper," are recorded. The ?vIotto is Dcus Pascif Coi-ros — "God feeds the ravens." Mr. Corbin's ancestrv on the maternal side is from the Jolm B. Floyds ; father and son were governors of Virginia, and the younger hloyd also sec- retary of war under President Buchanan. Mr. Corbin is secretary antl one of the Board of Governors of the Georgia Society. He married Miss Adelia }*Iyers, of Augusta, Georgia. s-.'S IIIsruR)' OU Mill' ]'()RK JOHN \V. PARIS, who lias created for himself an cnvial)le position in the real estate ■\vi)rkl in this city, is like many another of the suc- cessfnl business men of New \'(irk, a product of the Middle West. He was born on a farm near Rensselaer, Indiana, in i860, being the son of Berry Paris and Sarah (Dwiggins) Paris. I'nl'Hf',^ ' ' M , " ' I \\'1| JOHN W. PARIS His education was linn'tcd to the high schools of his native town and a partial course in I'urdue Lhii\-ersity. At the age of nineteen he accepted employment in a bank at Oxford, Indiana, and at twenty-two was elected cashier and manager of the Citizens National Dank at Attica, Indiana. Thus, at a very early age did he assume responsibilities generally reserved for men JOHX U\ PARIS 839 of more mature 3-ears. This institution was remarkably successful under his management, and the experience which ]Mr. Paris gained while there aided to prepare him for later and larger duties. In 1891 he resigned this position and removed to Indianapolis, where he opened, in connection with Hon. J. Shanman Xave, an investment banking business and became the field manager of the United States Loan and Trust Company. In this capacity his travels were extended throughout the United States, Mexico and Canada, giving him the opportunity of a thorough study of this Northern Hemisphere and its resources. Mr. Paris' numerous trips to New York City revealed to his analytic mind the unlimited opportunities in the city's real estate world, and desiring to participate in the wonderful and fascinating work of the building of the greatest city on the globe, he removed to this city in 1897. His first ambition was to thoroughly accjuaint himself with the real estate conditions in the city, its past and present zones of growth, and the reasons therefor. As a result of this study, Brooklyn appearing to be the most attrac- tive field, his operations were begun there on a conservative scale with profit- able results. Realizing that the large undertakings of the Pennsylvania Railroad taken in connection with the building by the city of the Queens Borough Bridge — and by Mr. Belmont of the Belmont Tunnel — meant to Queens Borough, into which all this transit improvement entered, an era of development unsurpassed in the city's history, he became a pioneer operator and developer in that sec- tion; and he is to-day one of the most extensive real estate operators and developers of properties in Queens Borough. jNIr. Paris is the senior member of John \\'. Paris & Son, president of the Mutual Profit Realty Company, treasurer, secretarv and director of the Wood- side Heights Land Corporation and E(|uitable Sales Company, and is secre- tary and director of the Kissma Park Corporation, and of the Park Terrace Company. He is a Republican in ]iolitics. a member of the Third Ward Rei)ublican Club, the City Club of New York, the Flushing Country Club, the Bayside Yacht Club, the Cornucopia Lodge, F. and A. :M.. the Men's Club of Flush- ing, vice president of the Flushing Association, and president of the Real Estate Exchange of Long Island. He and his family are affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church of Flushing. Mr. Paris married Miss Frances Johnston in Oxford, Indiana, in 1883, and four children have been Inirn to them, the oldest, a son. Rex. and the )'Oungest, a daughter. Helen, being the only ones surviving. Their home is at the corner of Parsons and Rose Avenues, in Flushine, Queens Borough. 830 HISTORY OF NEW YORK G 's^^N ERALD RL'DDEROW BROWX, who enjoys well-earned distinc- tion as one of the successful real estate men of New York City, is a native of Brooklyn, where he was born May 3, 1S57, son of Theodore Rudderow and Caroline Edwards (Tinipson) Brown. He is of Irish, English and Dutch descent, his first American ancestor having been Robert Brown, who came to America in 1750. He was educated in Lockwood's Academy, the Adelphi Academy, and the Polytechnic Institute in Brooklyn. In January, 1876, he entered the service of The Ejjuitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, as office boy, and made steady progress in the service of the society until he was given charge of their office buildings and real estate; and in 1907 he was promoted to comptroller of the society, in which office he has since continued. About 1890 he formed, with John Noble Golding, the real estate firm of Brown &' Golding, and he is still largely interested in real estate operations. M r . Brown is a member of the Real Estate Board of Bro- kers of New York. Ele is a member of the Lawyers' Club and The Pil- grims, in New York City, and of the Englewood Club, luiglewood Fiekl Club of Englewood, N. J., where he .1 '" v^jjlj^^l ;• '"''TBli fm ti 7 / ^ GERALD RUDDKkuW L;RO\\'X Englewood Golf Clul) anc has his home. Mr. Brown married, in Brooklyn, jNIay 20, 1884, Elizabeth Stewart Gregory, and tliey have two daughters. Constance Gregory Brown, who was born January 6, 1894, and Geraldine \'an Gelder Brown, born January 16, 1896. MAX I MILL IX MORGEXTHA U 831 MAXLAIILIAN MORGENTHAU, born in Alannheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Octol:)er 23, 1847, was educated at the Grand Ducal Lyceum there, came to New York, was oraduated LL.B. from New York University Law^ Scliool and admitted to the Bar. After engaging successfully in the retail dry goods business in Chicago, he was attracted Iw the greater possibilities olTered in the real estate field in New York, which he entered in 1898. He is now iiiiim (1910) president of many realty companies, among them the Hudson Realty Company,Woodmere Realt\' Company and Banister Realty Company ; and is a director of the Union Ex- change National Bank. His largest and most recent operation was tht purchase for $3,000,000 0I the entire town of Wood- mere, a beautiful residential suburb adjoining Cedar- hurst, on the south shore of Long Island, together witli scores of handsome resi- dences, clubhouses, etc. He is a governor of the Woodmere Country Club, and a member of the Repub- lican Club, Lawyers" Club, Society for Ethical Cultm-e, and other organizations. Mr. Morgenthau mar- ried Fannie Ehrich, in New York City, July 10, 1872, and they have seven chil- dren: Adele M. (Mrs. James Erank), Alice R. (Airs. Jesse W. Ehrich), Maxi- milian, Jr. (married Rita, daughter of the late Leopold Wallach), Minna J. (married Dr. Ludwig M. Loeb, of Chicago), AA'illiam \\'.. Beatrice F. and Dorothy R. Mr. Morgenthau is interested in art, music, travel and literature. He is especially known for his quick judgment and his rare executive ability. MAXIiIlLI.\N MORGENTHAU 83-? HISTORY or NEW YORK MILTOX ALBERT L"ECLUSE, successful real estate operator, was born in Bayport, L. I. At the age of sixteen he became clerk in a General store at Roslyn, L. I., and after seven years there he acquired a business (if his own at Great Neck. L. I. He made a great success of it, as well as of numerous transactions in real estate and mortgage loans. He was ajipointed jxistmaster by President McKinley. in 1897, serving until 1902. He then entered the Gountry Department of S. ' )sgood Pell & Company, was admitted to the firm in less than a year, elected treasurer in two years, and in KjO/, its president. He [ resigned, to become presi- ' dent of L'Ecluse, Wash- burn Company, and The Woodmere Land Associa- tion. He is also president of the Country Develop- ment Compau}', who own several million dollars' worth of Long Island prop- erty. Mr. L'Ecluse is the largest country real estate broker in Xew York City, lie is best known as the broker who discovered the \-alue of Long Island City, in 1906, having sold seven million dollars' worth that vear; and also as the man who made the largest single transaction, when he sold the town of Woodmere for nearh- three millinn dollars. He has a country home at Huntington, L I. He was formerly ])resident of the Republican Clul) of Great Neck, L. I., and superintendent of the Laiion Sunday School there. He is a Presbyterian and a jirominent [Mason. lie married, in Xew ^'ork, Gctolicr 31. 1004, Julia }^lanley Weeks; and tlie\- h:\\Q two eliildren, |ulia ^lanlev and Milton Weeks. MiLTOX ALUKKT L ECLUSE A ARTHl'R UKAXCEIVAY PAY x-V''> RTHUR FRANCEWAY DA^^ banker, is one of the best known of the younger men who have made their mark in the financial dis- trict of New York. He was born in Harris, Missouri. August 3, 1.SS3, the son of Samuel S. and Olive ( Pennick) Day. The family is of English origin, his first American ancestor, William Day, coming from that country to \'ir- ginia in 1670. In the line of descent from this ancestor ha\-e been soldiers who distinguished themselves in the Revolutionary, ^Mexican and Civil Wars. His grandfather was a cousin of Abraham Lincoln and closely associated with him, and he was a major, serving in the Mexican War and taking part in the sieges of Vera Cruz and the City of Mexico. Mr. Day was educated in pttblic school and at Grand River College, in Gallatin, Missouri, and received his early business training- in a small bank in that city. From there he went to the Xew England National Bank at Kansas City, Missoiu'i, where he rapidlv advanced and later became vice presi- dent of the American National Bank of the same place. Mr. Day spent a year in Europe, making a study of banking methods and the banking situation from June, 1906, to June, KjO/. He then returned to this country and has since been engaged in the banking business in New York City. He is now the representative in America of the Banrjue Franco- Americaine, of Paris, employing large ca]iital in financial and railway enter- prises. He is also vice president of the Savoy Trust Company and a director of the Missouri, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway. 'Mv. Day has participated in many important financial operations and his banking experience and sound judgment have earned him a place of importance in the l)anking operations of the financial district of New York. His active experience in banking. East and West, his knowledge of the important investment enterprises of the coun- try at large, his wide acquaintance with financial leaders in all parts of this country and abroad, and the results of his intimate study of financial institu- tions, methods and conditions enable him to give efiicient service to the impor- tant interests placed in his hands. In political views and afiiliations Islw Day is a Repuldican of the "stand- pat" variety, and as formerly in the West, so also in New ^'ork since he has made his home in the citv, he has taken an active part m ])olitical aftairs in his endeavor to promote the success of the Reiuiblican jiarty, its principles and its candidates. Mr. Day is a memlier of the Lawyers' Club, the Rei)ublican Club of New York, and the Hudson-lYilton Yacht Club. He has Ids city home at 380 Riverside Dri\-e, and his country home at Stamford, Connecticut. ]\Tr. Day married, in Kansas City, Missouri, in June. 1906, Nellie Kene- fick, and the\- have two sons: William Kenefick Day and Arthur Franceway Day, Jr. 834 HISTORY 01' XP-W YORK JOHN D. WING JOHX D. iriXG 835 JOHN D. WING, late chairman (if Wing & Evans, Incorporated, was one of the representative merchants of New York, having been for half a century at the head of one of the l)est known business houses of the metropolis. He was born in Ulster County, New York, June 22, 1834, the son of Jacob and Anna IMarie (Cornell) \\'ing. He was descended from an old New England family, liis first American ancesturs having been the Rev. John and Deborah Wing, English Quakers, who came to Massachusetts in 1632, and were among the first settlers at Sandwich, Massachusetts. In the maternal line he was a descendant from Governor John Winthrop, the second governor of Massachusetts Bav Colony, and was also a descendant from Captain John Underbill, who at one time commanded the British forces in New England in war against Indians and who also took a very active part in the early contro\'ersy over the claim of England to sovereignty over Long Island, and was appointed surveyor of customs for Long Island by Governor Nicolls, in 1665. In his childhood Mr. Wing moved with his ])arents to Dutchess County, New York, and there attended the Quaker School conducted under the name of Nine Partners, at that time a prominent institution at what was then known as Mechanic, in Dutchess County, New York, but which is now called Millbrook, the entire property having Ijeen purchased in after years by Mr. Wing for his country home. After com])leting his preparatory studies in that institution, Mr. Wing went to New York and attended the famous Anthon Grammar School, in College Place, from which he was graduated. After leaving school Mr. Wing began his business training and soon showed great executive and administrative ability, with a notable readiness of grasp and comprehension of business proljlems as they presented them- selves. \A'hen he was only twenty-two years old he sailed for San Francisco by way of Panama, and there, becoming associated with Joseph S. Paxson, of San Francisco, who was at that time filling the office of State treasurer of California, he fountled the firm of John D. Wing & Company, and embarked upon a successful business. At the time of his arrival in San Francisco the city was in the midst of disorder, owing to the wild and turbulent character of much of the population, who were emboldened b}- the lax enforcement of the law by the constituted authorities, 'Sir. Wing became a member of the second Mgilance Committee, organized in 1856, which for a time tried, con- victed and punished criminals in an extra-judicial manner. Though the method was drastic, it was needed, and restored law and order to the com- munity. For three years Mr. \A'ing continued in business in San Francisco and then returned to New York, where, in 1859, in association with John Henry Evans, he established the chemical brokerage house of Wing & Evans, which HISTORY Ul- XliW YORK grew to be one of the foremost enterprises connected with the trade in heavy chemicals. Mr. \\'ing's bnsiness acnmen led him to seek constantly the expan- sion of his trade connections in this country and abroad. In November, 1865, he ^•isited England for the first time, and while there he established connections with various prominent manufacturers and large handlers in the various in- dustries which, in later years, were merged in the United Alkali Companv. lie made numerous triyis across the ocean after that, and in tSj^ he secured for his firm the United States agency for Brunner, Mond & Company, Lim- ited, and was the first to introduce ammonia alkali into the United States. Eight vears after\\ard the firm of Wing & Evans secured the agencv for the Solvay Process Companv, of Svracuse, New York, and Detroit, Michigan. Mr. Evans died in iSScj, Init the firm name has been retained without change of title although it was incorporatetl in IQ05. Mr. Wing devoted to its upbuilding not onlv business abilities of exceptional quality, Init also the highest principles of personal and commercial integrity, which place his house not only on a high ])lane as to its success, but also in the esteem of the business community. ]\Ir. W^ing took a dee]) interest in his stock farm at Milljrook, Dutchess County, New A'ork, which he bought and stocked \\hile still a young man, and to its develo])ment a]:)])lied the genius for success which was characteristic of his career. The farm at Milbrook became famous for the high grade of fancy cattle reared there, and Mr. Wing became known as an authority on fine stock breeding and agricultural topics. He was an active member and presi- dent of the New N'ork State Agricultural Society in 1882; was one of the organizers and for a time president of the N^ew ^'ork Farmers, and one of the founders and first president of the American Jersey Cattle Clulx Mr. Wing was a prominent lavman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, a vestryman of St. Bartholomew's Church in New York City, and for forty- six years senior warden of Grace Church at Millbrook, New ^'ork. He was interested in the welfare of crippled chiklren, and vice president of the Hos- ])ital for Ruptured and Crippled. ] le was a life member of the New York Zoological Society, member of the New York Botanical Gardens, American Museum of Natural History, and Metropolitan Museum of Art. Mr. Wing was also a member of the .Society of Colonial Wars, the Met- ropolitan Clul), New ^'ork Yacht Club, Down Town Association, and JMidday Club. He died at his city residence, I'l West b'orty-ninth Street, on January I, KJIO. Mr. ^\'ing married, in iS5<), Adelaide W. llinman, who survives him, witli tlieir two sons: John ^Morgan Wing and 1 .. Stuart Wing (who are re- spectivelv jiresident and vice president of the house of \\'ing & Evans. Incor- ]wrated), and a daughter, Marion \A'ing Flint, wife of Dr. Austin Flint, Jr. irurST KLIPSTEIX A UGUST KLIPSTEIN, who has for years held a representative place in the trade in (h-estults and clieniioals. was horn in Ger- many, June 2/, 1S4S. After attending high school at Frankfort on the Alain he entered uijon his business training at Frankfort on the Alain, Dresden, Paris, and in Eng- land. In 1872 he established himself in the dyestuffs and chemical business in New York City- To this enterprise he has applit himself in an energetic an progressive way, taking a( vantage of the fruits ( modern invention, whic has, in the past few decade wrought such a ^vonderf■ revolution in the manufa- ture of chemicals and dv ing materials. The hou: he established, A. Klipste: & Company, of which he president, is now one of tl foremost in its line, with trade of international scop conducted not onl}- fro New York, but also fro: branch houses in Bosto Providence, Chicago, Phil; delphia, and Frankfort on the Main, Germany; the headcjuarters of the com- pany being at Xew^ York. 129 Pearl Street. In Can- ada it is represented by A. Klipstein tS: Company, Ltd., Montreal. He is a member of the Riding and Driving and Germania Clubs of Brooklyn, German Club, and Liederkranz, New York. Mr. Klipstein married, in New York City, June 6, 18S6, Hedwig, daugh- ter of F. A. Flemmer, Esquire. They have a daughter. Louise Klipstein, born August 2, 1887; and two sons: August Klipstein, Jr., born May 5, 1889, and Herbert C. Klipstein, born December 30, 1890. Both sons are now stu- dents at Williams College, Williamstown, Alassachusetts. AUGUST KLirSTEIN 838 HISTORY OF NEW YORK ' 'A Ht| ' ^"*P]1M* / ':^'^ W<^^^: JOHN JACKSON RIKER JOHX JACKSON RIKER S;19 JOHN JACKSON RIKER. president of J. L. & D. S. Riker, Incorpo- rated, was born at Newtown, Long Island, New York, April 6, 1858, the son of John Lawrence and Mary Anne (Jackson) Riker. The Riker family has been prominent in the history of New York since it was New Netherland, coming from the old \'an R\'cken family, of Amsterdam. Hol- land, where several of the members of the family were engaged in the great contest won by William of Nassau for Dutch independence. The first Amer- ican ancestor was Abraham Rycken, who came from Amsterdam to New Netherland in 1636, and is registered six years later as living on his own premises at "Heeren Gracht" (Broad Street) on the Old Dutch Road (Beaver Street). In 1654 he received from the director-general, Pieter Stuyvesant, a grant of one-fourth of the township of Newtown, on Long Island, now a part of the Greater City of New York; and although most of the grant has long since been disposed of for building purposes, the family have retained the Riker homestead and burying ground, comprising about one hundred and thirty acres of land. Ever since the first settler, members of the family have been prominent in the city and its neighborhood, and several members have served the city. State and country in civic and military offices. Samuel Riker, great-grandson of Abraham Rycken, and the youngest of the three sons of Andrew Riker, all of whom served with excellent records in the Revolutionary Army, was for a long time a prisoner in the hands of the British, and after the war was prominent in civil life on Long Island, serving a term as a member of the State Assembly, and after that being for two terms a re]M-e- sentative in Congress. The youngest of his nine children was John Lawrence Riker, who was the grandfather of John J. Riker, and who was a leading law- yer, practising his profession for more than fifty years. His son, John Law- rence Riker, of this historic family, was prominent in the last generation as one of the most successful of the progressive merchants of New York, estab- lishing the house of J. L. & D. S. Riker, of which his son. John J. Riker. is now. the head. The latter was educated in day and boarding schools in the city and pre- pared for college, but preferred a business career. He went from the Char- lier Institute, New York, direct into the office of his father's firm as office boy, August 28, 1876. There he thoroughly learned the business in all its depart- ments and details, and after serving in various capacities of increasing respon- sibility, he was admitted as a partner in the firm in January, 1888, and so con- tinued until the dissolution of the firm, and the incorporation of its successor as J. L. & D. S. Riker, Incorporated, in December, 1901, when he was elected the first president of the company, which office he continues to hold. The firm has long been one of the foremost in the country in tlie chemicals trade, and Mr. Riker, who has been the active head of the business for the past 840 HISTORy 01' NEIF YORK twenty years, lias fully maintained the rejaitation whieh has heen attached to the house from its foundatiini. There is no business house in New York with a higher standing" for commercial probity than that of which Mr. Riker is the head, and the personal and business (|ualities of Mr. Riker are reflected in the high standard which has always been maintained in the transactions of his house. Mr. Riker, in addition to his ])osition at the head of this important com- mercial enterprise, is a director of the Mdelity-Phenix Fire Insvu"ance Com- pany of New V(.irk, The Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, The Fidelity and Casualty Company, Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company; trustee, officer and directi^r in several large industrial corporations located in various States; di- rector of the R\e National Bank, Rye, New York; treasurer New York Eye and Ear Intirmary. Mr. Riker is a Republican in his political affiliations, but he has never held anv puljlic office except that of school trustee for the Twenty-first Ward of the Citv of New York in the early nineties. He has, however, had an honorable an> Lexington Avenue, he has a country place. "Rock Ledge Farm." near Port Chester, in \\'estchester County, New N'ork. Mr. Riker was married, in Brooklyn. New York, April 20, 1881, to Edith M. Bartow. SAMUEL WILLIAM l-AIRCHILD 841 SAMUEL WILLIAM FAIRCHILD, a leadin- pharmaceutical chem- ist of the country, member of the tirm of Lairchilcl llrothers & Fos- ter, was born in 1853 at Stratford, Connecticut, directly descended from Thomas Fairchild, of England, who settled at Stratford in i(\^2, and from Lieutenant Thomas Elwood, who served under I'aul Jones. Mr. Fairchild was graduated in 1X73 from the i 'hiladelphia College of Pharmacy, which, in njoS, conferred upon him also the degree of Master of Phar- macy, in recognition of his effective work in the higher interests of pharmacy, nota- bly while president of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, i8()0- 1896. Mr. Fairchild is a member of the New Eng- land Society of New York and Society of Sons of the Revolution ; was a com- missioner representing the City of New York at the World's Columbian Exjjosi- tion, 1893; a trustee of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, 1909; is on the Executive Committee of the Bowery Savings Bank; a director of the Market-Ful- ton National Bank; chair- man of Committee on Inter- national Trade and Com- merce of the Chamber of Commerce of New York; a director of the United States Life Insurance Comiiany; vice ])resident of the Union League Club; member of the Metropolitan, Lawyers', Fulton and Ards- ley Clubs, of New York; Travellers' Club of Paris; South Side Sportsmen's Club of Long Island; Virginia Club of Norfolk; president of Princess Anne Club of Virginia ; trustee of Fordham Home for Incurables, Sevilla Home for Orphan Children, and Polyclinic 2\Iedical School and Hospital. s.xmuilL willi.vm fairchild S4e HISTORY OF NEir YORK JACOB PIUS MARIA HASSLACHER, manufacturer, was born in Ems on the Lalm, Germany, July 5, 1S52, the son of George and Agnes ( Schaetlncr ) I hisslacher. His father held important official position as administrator of the government bath, parks and buildings in Ems. He attended elementary and high schools in Ems, and the Gynmasium in Hadamar. a collegiate institution, being graduated in 1S72. He served in the Reserve of the Prussian Army, becoming lieutenant. He was with the Ger- man Gold and Silver Refin- ery (late Roessler). at Erankfurt on the Main, from 1872 to 187S, then other i)ositions in Germany and Switzerland, coming to New York in 1S84. and with Eranz Roessler creat- ing the firm of Roessler & Hasslacher, manufacturing and importing chemists. In [8S9 the business was in- corporated as The Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Company, of which he has since been president, now one of the largest chemical enterprises of New York. He is an officer in the Niag- ara Electro Chemical Com- pany, Perth Ambov Chemi- cal Works and Chlorine Products Companv. Pie is a mem])er of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Chemists' Club, Drug and Chemical Club. Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Museum of Natural History, and the German Hospital; also of the New York Athletic and German Clubs, German Liederkranz and Arion Societv in New York, and the Elka Park Association of Elka Park, New York, where he has his summer home. He married, in lioboken, N. J., in 1893, Elizabeth Fleck, and has two sons and four daughters. JACOB PIUS M.XRIA HASSLACHER ISAAC FRAXK STOXE I 'SAAC FRANK STONE, president of the National Aniline & Chem- ical Company, was born in Chicago, Illinois, ]March 2. 1867, and is a son of Theodore Stone, a merchant, and Mary S. (Owen) Stone. He is of English descent, his first American ancestor, John Stone, having settled in Guilford, Conn., about 1650. Mr. Stone was educated in the jjublic schools of Chicago: and was mar- ried in that city on Jvme 5, 1889, to Mary Louise Peck, and they had two children, Grace H. Stone, born March 12, 1892, and Truman Stone, born October 15, 1894. Mr. Stone removed to New York in 1897 to make it the headquarters of the Stone & Ware Company, previously established 1)\' him in Chicago. In 1900 this company was amalga- mated with the Schoellkopf, Hartford & Hanna Com- pan}-. of which he became J vice president; and in I90(' he became president of thi National Aniline & Chem ical Company. Mr. Stone has becomr one of the leading represen- tatives of the chemical in- dustry, and is president of the Chemists' Club for the year 1910, is a member of the New York Section of the Society of Chemical In- dustry, and a trustee of the Drug and Chemical Club. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the New York Board of Trade and Transporta- tion, and several of the leading clubs, including the Lotos, City and New York Athletic. His office is at 100 \\'illiam Street, New York City, and his home is in Greenwich, Conn. ISAAC FRAXK STOXK 84 + HISTORY OF XEIV YORK c CLEMEXT COOTE SPEIDEX. JR. Sir, LEMENT C0(3TE SPEIDEX, Jr., was liorn in A[arshall, Fau- quier County, A'irg'inia, Mav 24, 1866, the son of Dr. Clement Coote Speiden and I^len Douglas (Norris) Speiden. He was educated by private tutors and at the Marshall Academy and received a technical train- ing at the Coopers Institute Chemical Schoi)]. Upon finishing his studies at the Cooper Institute, Mr. Speiden entered the emplo_y of an importing chemical house, and from 1S84 to 1005 rose from an unimportant position to a junior partnership in the firm and gained a knowledge that was to make him an im])ortant factor in the chemical trade. In lanuarv, 1906, he assisted in forming the house of Innis, Speiden & Com- pany, which was incorporated with Mr. Speiden as its president, a position which he has retained since. The cor])oration succeeded the old firm of Innis & Company, which was established at Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1816, and which bail bv nearly a hundred years of honorable dealing" liecome one of the most successful and best known houses in the United States, its great deA-elopment being" largely the result of the indefatigable eftorts of George Innis, one time mayor of Poughkeepsie, who was known extensively as a banker, manufacturer and philanthr(i])ist. Mr. Speiden's associates in the firm of Innis, Speiden & Company, are George V. Sheffield, who acts as vice president and treasurer, and Marion Speiden, his brother, who fills the position of secretary. The house handles chemicals and colors, as importers, manufacturer's agents and commission merchants, and has branches in Chicago, Boston and Philadelphia. Since suc- ceeding Innis & Company the business of the iiresent firm has been largely increased and its field of operation widely extended, and much of its success is due to the thorough knowledge of Mr. Speiden, gained by his long and varied experience in the business. Mr. Speiden is of Dutch, Scotch and English ancestry, the first American branch having been founded, in 1645, 1)>- AA'illiam Norreys, who was one of the large number of Stuart adherents who came to A'irginia at the time of the Commonwealth in England. His father was a physician in \'irginia, in which State the family was prominent in social and professional circles. Mr. Speiden has traveled extensi\-el\- in two continents, having at various times toured the Old World and is familiar with all of the European capi- tals, his firm having business relations with many European manufacturers. He is a member of various clubs, including the Southern Society, the Reform Club, Monday Night Club, Canoe P.rook Country Club, Highland Club, Drug and Chemical Club, and of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Electro-chemical Society. He married, at Hamilton, Ontario, October 12, 1892, Mary Eleanor Wright, and has four children: Clement Leith, Kather- ine Douglas, John Gordon Eerrier and l^leanor Coote Eeith Speiden. 8-i6 HISTORY OF XEir YORK '' I ' J. 'S?* if if' r« FRAXCIS MAKIOX SMITH FRAXCIS M.IRION SMITH 847 ^RAXCIS MARION SMITH, president of the Pacific Coast Borax Company, has contributed in a valuable degree to American com- merce and industry by adding- an important item to the list of its commoner commodities. He was born in Richmond, \\'isconsin, February 2, 1846, being son of Henry G. and Charlotte (Paul) Smith. On his mother's side he is of an old American family, being a descendant of William Paul, an Englishman, who came to America in 1637, and of Lemuel Paul, who served in the Rev- olutionary Army. He was educated in Milton College, Milton, Wis., until 1863, and remained on his father's farm until he reached his majority. He had an ambitious spirit which longed for adventure and a career, and could not be pent up within the narrow confines of a Wisconsin farm. Therefore, as soon as he was of age he left home. About that time Horace Greeley's advice to young men to "Go West and grow up with the country" was bear- ing deep impress upon the minds and imaginations of the youths of America. So, although his home was comfortable, and his father's farm a good one, he left home in 1867. Going first to St. Louis, he started from that city up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to the Territory of Montana, and for five years followed a varied career as prospector, miner and contractor, and continually kept on the alert for any business opportunity. He kept pace with the de\-elopment of new mining camps in Montana and Idaho, and thence southward into California and Nevada. Every man in the mountain territories of that time had for his chief ambition the discovery of some good mine, and ]\Ir. Smith engaged in nearly every vocation pertaining to mining. He l)ecame a con- tractor for teaming and for the delivery of wood and timber to the mines, and while so engaged in 1872, he discovered Teal's Borax Marsh in Esmer- alda County, Nevada. Miners and prospectors, traveling from place to place in the valleys of the Sierra Country, had cursed their luck for having to pass through an alkali country full of discomforts for a jaded traveler. But Mr. Smith was a college-bred man of alert mind and keen eye, and when he found tins large deposit of alkaline material, knew enough to recognize the fact that it was borax, and to have a perception, dim, perhaps, but sufiicient to excite him to action, of the possibilities which this discovery opened up to him. Like the rest, he had been seeking for mines of gold and silver; but borax was not to be despised. He secured title to the deposits, and here laid the foundation for the large fortune he now enjoys and began the de\-elopment of a new American industry. The market price of borax at that time was thirtv-two cents per pound, and the deposits he had discovered aggregated thousands of tons. Mr. Smith S48 HISTORY OF XHW YORK liad found his field of opportunity, and at once applied himself to its culti- vation. Through his energy and enterprise these deposits were developed, the production increased and the ])rice reduced, thereby greatly augmenting the consum|)tion of tlie commodity, as manv industries were enabled to make use of borax that, up to that time, had been ])revcnted from doing so because of the prohibitive ])rice. At the time of the discovery of Teal's [Nlarsh the total consumjition of borax in the United States did not amount to more than six hundred tons ])er annum. It was a costlv chemical. Xow the consumption amounts to manv thousands of tons and it has I)ecome an indispensable article, not only in many industries, but also in the households of America. The Nevada deposits were long since exhausted, the supplies of crude material now being procured from Death A'allev, California. The industry is con- trolled liv the Pacific Coast Borax Companv, of which Mr. Smith is the presi- dent. The trade of this companv extends to all parts of the continent, and has shown remarkable expansion. At an early date in bis business career be became a permanent resident of Oakland, California, and he has done much to develop that city, particu- larly in its electric car system, and also the Key Route Ferry service between Oakland and San Francisco, which is recognized as being one of the model ferry systems of this country. He is also largelv identified with the banking interests of Oakland, being president and director of the Svndicate Bank and of the Twentv-third Avenue Bank in that citv, and a director in other banks, and is also president of the Realty Syndicate of Oakland, California, and the Oakland Traction Company, the Oakland, San Francisco and San Jose Rail- road, and the Tono])ab and Tidewater Railroad. He has offices in the Albany Block, (Jakland, California, and his eastern offices are at lOO \\'illiam Street, New York Citv. Mr. Smith has taken an active interest in political affairs as a Republi- can, and he lias sexeral times been elected a presidential elector for the State of California. He is a Congregationalist in his church relations and is a trustee of Mills College, California. His favorite recreation is yachting, and he is a member of the New York Yacht, Atlantic A'acht, and Larchmont Yacht Clubs. He is a member, bv virtue of his descent from Lemuel Paul. of the Sons of the American Revolution, ruid he is also a member of the I'nion League Club of New York and of the Pacific Union Club of San Fran- cisco, California. Mr. Smith married, in Oakland. Califoi-nia. January 23, ntO/, Fvelyn Ellis, and thev have two children, ^Liry Jivelyn Smith, born Xovenil^er 8, IQO/, and Charlotte Dorothv Smith, born November 25, iQcS. 'Sir. Smith has his home in .\rl;or A'illa. b'ast Oakland, California, and a summer resi- dence' .'it I'resdelieu, Shelter island. New \'ork. I'll.l.I.lM STEELE GRAY SI!) le obtained a clerical position, and in nil (// //i| WILLIAM STEELE GRAY, one of the leaders in the chemical trade in New York, is a native of the North of Ireland, of that strong and sturdy race which has given to America so much of its best citizenship. He was born in 1856, the son of John and Sarah Jane (Steele) Gray. On coming to America, in 1871, 1876 began his connection with the chemical trade. In 1 88 1 he founded the jiresent business, which was carried on under his own name until 1901, when it was incorpo- rated under the title of Wil- liam S. Gray & Company, with offices at 76 William Street, New York. The house does a large foreign business, making a specialty of wood product chemicals, which thev ship all over the world. Mr. Gray, in addition to being president of his own concern, is a director in a number of other indus- trial companies; and he is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, The Hoard of Trade and the Merchants Association. He is a Republican in politics, and is a member of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Gray served in the Sev- enth Regiment, National Guard of New York, and is now a member of the Seventh Regiment \'eteran Association. He is also a member of the Union League CIuIj, Lotos Club, New York Athletic Club and Chemists' Club of New York City, and of the Greenwich Country Club. He married, in 1884, Georgia C. Kinney, and resides with his wife and three children at 39 W^est Fiftv-third Street, New York. 61 WILLIAM STEELE CRAY 850 HISTORY Of XEir YORK H I{XI\\' R( )\\'LEV. son of Thomas and Jane (Rose) Rowley, was burn in W'oodhouse, Leicestershire, England, April 24, 1855, and was educated in the school there and at St. Andrew's School, Derby, England. He ])cgan active life as a newsboy at the Derby railroad station, after- ward bccDming, successively, clerk in a large iron works, a public accountant, manager ')f a coal mine, and foreign and domestic correspondent. He came to America in i88g, and soon U\H'I\' |||l fiiillVljy lillPI' ifterward became the first .nd only treasurer of the \dams & Sons Company, of Ijrooklyn ; and was selected IS secretary, treasurer and general manager of the \merican Chicle Company, vhich absorbed the Adams __'ompany and six other hewing-gum factories in :890. Their products are ;old all over the world, the -European countries being ;up])lied from the London actory. The Sen-Sen Com- ,iany was organized in if)OQ, Air. Rowley becoming its president, and has six fac- tories and three branch offices. Air. Rowley married .Sarah Cartwright. in Roth- erham, England, in 1873, and has two sons, 1 larrv C. and b^rederick C, both of whiim are married. Air. Rowley is a mem- ber of the Lawyers' Club, of New A'ork City, and of the Abmtauk Club, of Brooklyn. Air. Rowley is an ardent student of literature and languages, and has delivered many lectures on classic and popular literature in England and in this country. He is also an extensive traveler, and has toured all through all countries of Europe, every State in the United States, and also in Canada and Mexico. IIEXRV ROWLEY HEXRY JONES BRAKER s,-,i H ENRY JONES BRAKER was trained in the school of experience. Entering at eighteen the emiiloy of H. J. Baker & Brotlier, drug importers, of which his father, Conrad Braker, Jr., was a member, and begin- ning at the bottom, he worked early and late and rose steadily until he became head of the firm and leader in certain lines of trade, making his business a great success and a factor in the markets of the world. To keen judgment he added perfect self-reli- ance, and a splendid courage which rendered no under- taking- too large or intricate and no opposition too for- midable. He had many ven- tures outside of his firm's business, including some of the largest real estate trans- actions in the city. On his social and friendly side he was tender and faithful and was "to those who sought him sweet as summer." He belonged to the Down Town Associa- tion, the X'ew ^'ork, New York Athletic, and Drug and Chemical Clubs, and the Automobile Club of Amer- ica. His charities were wide and munificent, including among the more recent, $10,000 in memory of his father, to St. John's Guild, and $10,000 to the Shelter- ing Arms as a memorial to his mother. In his long-cherished desire to benefit business interests and his fellow- men, Air. Braker established by a gift of $500,000 The Braker School of Commerce and Finance at Tuft's College, a postgraduate school to fit college men for business; and in memory of his parents gave $1,000,000 to found and maintain a home for Old Men and Women. Surelv "his works will live after him." HEXRV JOXKS DRAKER 8 -J -2 HISrOKV Of XliW YORK FK.IXK riLFORP 853 ^RANK TILFORD, merchant and financier, was Imrn in New York City, Jnly 22, 1852. liein^- the son of John ]\I. and Jane (White) Tilford, one of tlie original menil>ers of the firm of Park & Tih'ord, estab- Hshed in 1840. The family of Tilford was a transplantation into Scotland of an older strain from Normandy, the original name there l)eing' Taillefer. Tt comes from the ancient Counts of Angouleme, who were the founders of the family, and was conferred by Charles the Bald of France upon Guillaume de Taillefer, because of a remarkable act of strength and valor performed by him in war in the year 916. From him the family line is traceable, without a break, to the present generation. When some of the family settled in Scotland the name became Tilford, and it was from that liranch that it came to this coun- try. James Tilford, from Scotland, came to the Province of New York alwut the middle of the Eighteenth Century, and settled at Argyle, near Albany. He became a soldier in the Patriot Armv and served through the Revolu- tionary W^ar. His son, also named James Tilford, was a captain in the War of 1812, and was father of John M. Tilford, who became one of the foremost merchants of the City of New York, to which place he came in 1835 at the age of twenty years, and fi\-e years later, with Joseph Park, established the now nationally famous grocery house of Park & Tilford. Frank Tilford, his son, received his early education in the public schools and completed his studies at Mount Washington Collegiate Institute. It was thought at the time that he should embrace a profession, but this not being in accord with his wishes, :\Ir. Tilford entered his father's establishment and began his apprenticeship at the very lowest rung of the ladder. He applied himself zealously to the duties assigned him, and steadily advanced in the firm, of which he became a junior partner, and later, upon its incorporation in 1S90, a director of the company, his father, John AI. Tilford, being at the same time elected vice president and director of the company. To that office Mr. Frank Tilford succeeded upon the death of his father, January 7, 1891. On June i, 1906, he bought all the outstanding interests, became presi- dent of the company, and assumed the actiye general uKUiagement of the entire business. While the house of Park & Tilford has prospered steadily from its inception seventy years ago, its progress since Mr. Tilford has been at its head has been especially great, and to-day it is conceded to be the leading house in its line in the world. Mr. Tilford has been identified in a constructive and executive way with many other enterprises: and in 1874, at the age of twenty-two, he was elected a director of the Sixth National Bank of New York, being the youngest bank director in the city; and he later became a trustee of the North River Savings S5J HISrORV OF XniJ' YORK Bank. In 1880, in association with GeorQc C. Haven, he organized the Hank of Xew Amsterdam, which afterward became the New Amsterdam National Bank. Mr. Tih'ord was elected vice president of the institution, and in 1896 became its president. In i()Oi he sold his interest, the de])osits of the bank having increased sevenfold during his presidency, and the market price of the stock from $150 to .$725 per share. He organized and established the Fifth Avenue Trust Company, but afterward sold his interest; and in 1902 organized the Lincoln Trust Com- panv, of which he became vice president, and later president and chairman of the Executive Committee, l)ut retired from the executive management of the institution in njoS, in order to concentrate his entire attention upon his large and constantly expanding mercantile interests. ]\Ir. Tilford is a Republican in politics and was a presidential elector in 1900, but has never aspired to a political career. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Grant Monument Association, and was very suc- cessful in helping to raise money to comi)lete that great memorial. In addition, he has been actively identified for a long period with many charitable, patriotic and other inililic organizations. Realizing that the pre- cepts of earlv life almost invariably become the fixed principles of maturity, Mr. Tilford, in 1901, donated to each of the public schools of New York a large bust of General George \\'ashington, believing that the constant pres- ence in the schoolroom of a concrete image of "The Father of His Country" would do much to instill in the minds of the young a love of country, inspire loftv ideals, and promote a spirit of true patriotism. For many years, the Christmas dinners to the newsboys and to the "little mothers" have been an important event in philanthropic circles. Mr. Tilford is a director of the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hos- pital; New York School of Applied Design for \Vomen; trustee of the Xew Y'ork Historical Society, and a member of the Advisory Committee, National Association for the Prevention of Mendicancy and Crime. Ele is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the New York Zoological Society, New York Botanical Gardens, Sons of the Revolution, Colonial Society of America, Sheriff's Jurv, and is a life member of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. ^'achting is Mr. Tilford's favorite recreation, and he was commodore of the Indian Harbor Yacht Club three terms, declining a fourth nomination. In addition, he is a member of the New York Yacht and Larchmont Yacht Clubs, Automo])ile Club of America, z'\utomobile Cluli de France, Tour- ing Club de France, and of the Union League, Lotos, City Lunch, Press, Pen and Republican Clubs of New York; Country Club of Lakewood, Rum- son Country Club, and is a life member of the New York Athletic CIuIj. JOIIX C. Ji'IfRIXG S.J.J JOHX C. JUHRING, merchant, was born in Xew ^'(lrk, son of John C. Juhring, real estate operator, and of Lena (Stuke) Juhring. September 22, 1873, he entered the employ of Francis H. Leggett & Company, importing and mannfacturing grocers. He advanced ra])idly from one position of trusst to another, was admitted to partnership in 1892, became vice president and secretary when the Inisiness was incorporated in 1902, and Februarv 4, iJ ic;io, president of tl company, sncceeding Era cis H. Leggett, deceased. Mr. Juhring was charter member of tl Merchants' Association New York, and vice pre^ dent upon its organizati( in 1879. Through his pul lie-spirited efforts mo than two thousand out-ct town merchants visits New York in 1904 ; guests of Francis H. Le; gett Company, were roy- ally entertained and sho^^"n the great business strui lures and enterprises "i New York. Many "i them became so impressol with the superior comme cial advantages of the cii that numerous permanent trade connections were built up. In this connection a leading city paper said, "If all Gothamites had Mr. Juhring's public spirit and energy. New York would be the l)est-advertised city in tlie world." He is a director of the Coal and Iron National I'.ank. American Can Company of [Maine, Seacoast Canning Company, and trustee of the Citizens Savings Bank; member of the Merchants" and Ardslev Club?. Mr. Juhring married, in New York. October 19, 1901, Frances Bryant Fisher, and they have a son, John C. Juhring, 3d, born August 30, 1902. JOHN C. JUHRING Sofi HISTORY OF .VEff YORK GEORGE GEXNERICH CnORGR GENNERICH S.-,r G EORGE GENNERICH, a leading representative of the wholesale grocery business of the metropolis, is like many of our other successful merchants, a German by birth and lineage. He was born in Scharmbeck, Province of Hanover, November 27, 1853, being tiie seventh son of Christian Frederick Gennericli, woolen goods manufacturer, and Gesiene (Jantzen) Gennerich. In accordance with an ancient custom of that kingdom, where there is a seventh son and no sisters. King George of Hanover became the godfather of Mr. Gennerich at his christening. He received a sound education in public and private schools, including valuable instruction in the English language, which made his way easier when he came to New York, in 1868. He began in the wholesale grocery business, as office boy, in 1869; making steady advancement in the business year by year, and becoming, in 1883, junior partner of the firm of A. J. D. Wedemeyer & Company. Three years later he established the firm of Gennerich & Liss, Mr. Liss retiring in 1889 from the firm, which then became Gennerich & Von Bremen, of which ]\Ir. Gennerich has been the head ever since. The house has pros- pered, steadily enlarging its business, and enjoys an enviable standing in the wholesale grocery trade of New York City as also throughout a number of States in the Union. The firm occupy commodious business premises at 330 and 332 Greenwich Street and 30 Jay Street, New York City. Personally, Mr. Gennerich holds an especially representative position in the trade, particularly in connection with the New York State Wholesale Grocers' Association, which is one of the foremost mercantile organizations of the United States. He was first vice president of the association, 1908- 1909, and he was elected to the presidency of that organization for the term beginning in January, 1910. He is also a director and an executive officer in the National Wholesale Grocers' Association, a meml^er of the New \ ork Board of Trade, and a member of the Merchants Association. Mr. Gennerich, who was reared in the Lutheran Church, has always been deeply attached to that communion, and he has been an active member of St. Lucas Lutheran Church, in New York City, continuously since he came here, in 1868. Mr. Gennerich married, in New York City, September 28, 1876, Emma R. Brown, who was also at that time, and has been since, a member of the same (St. Lucas Lutheran) church, in which church they were married. They have three children: a daughter, Annie R., born December 29, 1877; and two sons, William Brown, l)orn May 15, 1880, who married, March 28, 1910: and George, Jr., l)orn March 23, 1885, and married November 18, 190S. Mr. Gennerich formerly had a home in New York City, but sold it five years ago and purchased an old landmark in Passaic, N. J., which he changed into one of that city's fine residences. HISTORY OF XEIV YORK c CHARLES WALTER McCUTCHEX ^--.o HARLES \\'ALTP:R AIcCUTCHEN, who enjoys well-earned dis- tinction as a merchant in New York City, was horn in Williams- burg, New York (as the Eastern District of Brooklyn was then called), Janu- ary 2. 1845, the son of William ]Moore and Eliza (St. John) ]\lcCutchen. His lines of ancestry, on both sides, are Scotch-Irish, his earliest American ancestor having come to America in the latter part of the Eighteenlh Century. ]Mr. McCutchen's father was long a successful contractor in Brooklyn. Air. AlcCutchen was educated in the Polytechnic Institute of Brookl)-n, being graduated in the Class of 1862, and he thereafter entered upon a busi- ness career. In 1879 he entered as a partner the flour and grain firm of Holt & Company, with which he has ever since been continuously connected, and of which he has now for some years been the senior member. Although New York has been a l)usiness centre for nearly three cen- turies, the number of business houses that have been in continuous existence for more than one of these centuries does not probably exceed a dozen, Init among- them is that of Holt & Company, which has been carried on with a record of honorable success ever since it was established in this city in 1802. Its trade, which is principallv with foreign countries, has grown with the growth of New York, and the sound and conservative methods which have given it prestige and honor in the past have been steadily maintained under Mr. AlcCutchen's direction. His long experience and executive al)ility have well upheld the excellent repute of this old-established house. He is a director of the Corn Exchange Bank of New ^'ork, the I'lainheld Trust Company of Plainfield, New Jersey, and of the People's National Bank of W'estfield, New Jersey, and a director, secretary and treasurer of the Adi- rondack Company. He is a member of the New York Produce Exchange, and of the j\Iaritime Exchange of New York, and of the Chamber of Com- merce of the State of New York. He is a Republican in his political \'iews, but independent, and has never sought to enter public life; and his religious atifiliations are with the Baptist Church. He is fond of travel, and has gratified his tastes in that direction by several visits to Europe, and trips to Egypt, to the West Indies, the Pacific Coast, and elsewhere. Among his fav(irite recreations are sailing, golf, rid- ing and driving. His home is at Plainfield, New Jersey, and he has a coun- try place at Lake Placid, New York, He is a member of the Metropolitan :\Iuseum of Art, the New England Society in New York, the Union League Club, Atlantic Yacht Club, National Arts, Plainfield Country, Park, Park Golf, and Lake Placid ^'acht Clubs. Air. AlcCutchen married, at Annapolis, Maryland, April 28, 1880, Alary Isabella Simpson, and they have two children: Magaret Wilson McCutchen and Brunson Simpson McCutchen. HISrORY OF XFJV YORK l.ilUI 'ifl % \\m\mm\,i) m mm , ' ' ii .1. iii( SAMUEL TATE MORGAN S.lMriiL TATR MORGAN Siil SAMUEL TATE MORGAN, president u\ the \'ir-inia-Cai-olin;i Chem- ical Compaii}-, was born in Wake County, Xorth Carolina, May 15, 1857, son of Samuel Davidson and Talithia Adaline (Tate) Morgan. He is a descendant of the old Virginia Morgan family. His grandfather was Ste- vens Morgan, who married Mary, daughter of General Chambers, of Person County, North Carolina, and his father, Samuel Davidson Morgan, who was born in Virginia, moved to Wake County, North Carolina, in 1851. Samuel Tate Morgan was educated in Horner's Military School at Ox- ford, North Carolina, and Bingham's Military School, until he was seventeen years old, when he returned to the home plantation, farming and manufactur- ing tobacco, but afterward took up merchandising and the lumber business, until 1879, when he located at Durham, North Carolina, in the wholesale trade in grain and provisions, also doing a coiranission business in fertilizers. Conceiving the idea that fertilizers could be made in Durham as well as at other places, especially as tobacco stems, a waste product of the Durham fac- tories, were known to be rich in phosphates and especially valuable as a fer- tilizer for tobacco crops, he associated with himself Eugene Morehead, of the Morehead Banking Company, and his brother, William M. Morgan, who was cashier of the same company, forming a partnership untler the name of Dur- ham Fertilizer Company. Mr. Morehead died in 1889, and a stock company was formed with Mr. Samuel T. Morgan as president. Branches were later established at Richmond, Virginia, and Blacksburg, South Carolina. He organized the Norfolk and Carolina Chemical Com])any, with a large plant at Norfolk, Virginia, entirely controlled Ijy the Durham Fertilizer Com- pany. In 1895 he organized all the fertilizer companies of X'irginia and Xorth Carolina into the Virginia-North Carolina Chemical Company, with a capital stock of $5,400,400, the output then being 100,000 tons of fertilizers annually; bought large fields of phosphate deposits, and also, because of the value of cotton seed as a basis for fertilizers, secured control of many cotton seed mills ; and purchased large beds of mineral deposits in Etirope and Mexico. The company now has a capital of $46,000,000, and is the largest industrial organization of any kind in the South. Mr. Morgan is ]iresident of the com- pany and of its subsidiary companies, the Southern Oil Com])any and Charles- ton (South Carolina) Mining and Manufacturing Company. He is still a citizen of North Carolina, thotigh he spends most of his time in Richmond, Virginia, where he has a residence. He is a member of the Westmoreland, Commonwealth and Deeji Run Hunt Clubs of RichuK^nd, and the New York Yacht, Calumet and Manhattan Cluljs. of New York. He married, in Wake Cotinty, North Carolina, in 1875, Sally F., daugh- ter of Hon. George W. and Francis (Crenshaw) Thompson. They have three children: Alice Blanche, Maude Crenshaw, and Samuel Tate, Jr. HISTORY OF XliJr ]'ORK JOHN UllSLRY lUiKAY 863 JOHN WESLEY DEKAY, capitalist, was born July 20, 1S7J, son of John and Elizabeth (Ellsworth) DeKay. He is a descendant of an ancient family of Picardy, France, whose central fortress was the famous Chateau de Coucy, built in tlie Tenth and greatly enlarged in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, lie l)elongs to a Protestant branch, driven from Ghent by the Spanish Inquisition in the Sixteenth Century, seeking refuge first in London and later in Haarlem, Holland. The head of this branch, Guil- lurme DeKay, was one of the lord directors of the Dutch West India Com- pany, and his son Willem, l)orn in London, educated in Haarlem, was the first of the family to settle at New Amsterdam in New Netherland. He was the fiscal or treasurer of the colony in 1641. His descendants were large landowners and merchants, common councilmen, etc., in early New "S'ork. The name of one of his descendants. Tennis DeKay, appears in the list of original assistant aldermen of the City of New York in the Dongan Charter of 1683, and that of Jacob DeKay and his wife, Llildegond Theunis, appear in the list of members of the Reformed Dutch Church in New York, as living in Beurs Straat (Exchange Street) in 1683, as returned by the pastor, Domine Selyns. The immediate ancestor of John W. DeKay was Michael, fourth son of Colonel Thomas DeKay, of Wawayonda, who served as colonel of the Orange County Horse in the old French War. Michael DeKay had farms in Sulli- van County. John W^esley DeKay's grandfather, Richard DeKay, moved to W'hite Lake, New York, where, on March 5, 1832. his father, John DeKay, was born. He moved to Illinois, and westward, in the early sixties, to Iowa, settling on a farm near Newhampton, in Chickasaw County, where John Wesley DeKay was born, and in that wholesome atmosphere he was reared. He received a thorough eilucation in the public schools. At the age of sixteen he had learned the printer's trade, and at the age of nineteen he became owner of a newspaper, the Whitewood Plaindealer, in the P)lack Hills of South Dakota. He subsequently purchased other P.lack Hills news]iapers and conducted them with great success and a consideralile degree of business ability until he was twenty-five, at which age he purchased several daily and weekly newspapers near Chicago, and edited and published these papers for two years. During the same period he operated a large cattle ranch north of the Black Hills, of which he had also made a marked success. Thus, until twenty-seven years old, he had devoted his life to ranching and journalism. At the age of twenty-seven Mr. DeKay sold his ranches and newspapers and began his work with the Mexican Government, arranging with that gov- ernment the concessions which were to Ijecome the foundation of one of the most important food industries in the world. Before entering into his agreement with the government, Islr. DeKay made a thorough studv of the resources of Mexico. This work involved long ^;G1 HISTORY (>!■ XEJl' YORK journeys on horseback over the mounlains and thrdugh vast sections of the countr_v not traversed by railroads, but it afforded him a practical knowledge of the agricultural and grazing situation in every part of the republic. This thoroughness of preparation has characterized all of his work from boyhood, and has been a leading factor in the success which has at all times attended his endeavors. Three years later, or in 1902, he organized the United States Packing Company, and under agreements made l)y him with the Mexican Government, his company was changed to the Mexican National Packing Company and given special and exclusive concessions for building and operating of modern packing houses, refrigerator car line, cold stores, and retail distributing branches in various parts of the Mexican Republic. The Cold Stores and modern methods of handling perishable food [lut into operation by this com- pany were the first to be constructed in ^lexico and are the only ones now existing in that republic. This system was installed by Mr. DeKay's company under his personal direction, and in the year 1909 in one of its plants in Mexico his company slaughtered and prepared for food under its modern methods, more than half a million head of cattle, pigs and sheep. The operations of the company have given Mexico an unexcelled meat supply and have in numerous ways been of national importance and benefit. The l^eneficial results which have attended its operations called forth special, favorable comment in President Diaz's annual message to the Congress of Mexico, in 190!^. Mr. DeKay is the founder and ])resident of the company. Its share capital is $22,500,000, and it has outstanding $10,000,000 bonds and deben- tures. Its plants, branches, delivery system, car line and shops are known to be the equal, if not superior, to anything of the kind in the world, embodying, as thev do, the advantage of all previous experience and progress in the ])ack- ing industry. The company is making regular shi])ments of its produce to the markets of Europe, where they have estal)lished an excellent reputation. Mr. DeKay has traveled extensively. He is a member of the Algonquin Club, Boston: Lawyers' Club, National Arts Club, and City Club, of New ^'ork. Large and active as Mr. DeKay's business activities have been, he has still found time to give rein to his literary tastes, and he is the author of several books, the two latest being Longings (published 1)y Duckworth, Lon- don, in 190S), and The Weaver (published by Humphreys, London, in 1909). ( )n July 15, 1.^97, he married Anna May Walton. They have three children: John Walton, Anna Walton and Elizabetli Walton DeKay. Mr. DeKay is widely and internationally known as a man of great execu- tive ability and capacity as an organizer and operator of large aft'airs. WILLIAM MADDOX TOMLIXS. JR. WILLIAM MADDOX TOMLIXS, Jr.. was Ixirn in Brooklyn, Xew York, July 27, 1878. the son of William ^I. and Sarah A. Toni- lins. He was graduated from the Brooklyn High School in 1884 and imme- diately secured a clerical position with the Lawyers' Surety Company of X^ew York. He successively acted as agent for the American Bonding Com|)anv, and the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company, gaining valuable ex- perience. He was made assistant secretary of the Empire State Surety Com- pany in 1902. This company was young and struggling at this time, having a capital of about $125,000 and an- nual premium receipts of only $12,960. Mr. Tomlins was young and progressive, and his activity for the com- pany led to his rapid pro- motion, being made secre- tary in the second year of his service, vice president and secretary the following year and president in 1907, when but twenty-eight years of age and after only five years of service. These years, however, showed the result of ]Mr. Tomlins' labors, the com- pany now having a capital of $500,000, with assets of over $1,200,000, and an an- nually increasing business that places it at the head of similar corporations. Mr. Tomlins is a member of the Underwriters' and the Lawyers' Clubs of Xew York City, the Manufacturers' Association of Brook- lyn, Brooklyn Lodge, Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, Adytum Lodge of Masons, and of Aurora Grata Consistory of Brooklyn. He married, in 1899, Charlotte A. Gardner, of Brooklyn, and has two WILLIAM MADDOX TOMLIXS, JR. children : William M. Tomlins, 3d, and Mabel A. Tomlins. S6G HISTORY OF NEW YORK 11,)'" W \^ CLAUS AUGUST SPRECKELS CL.lfS .l[X;UST SFRECKFJ.S SG7 C LAUS AUGUST SPRECKI^LS, president of the I'cdcral Suoar Refining Company, was born in San Francisco, California, in I)e- ceni1)er, 1858, the son of Claus and Anna (Mangels) Spreckels. His father, the late Claus Spreckels, was one of tlie l)and of the notal^le Germans who came to America after the revolutionary movement in Germanv in 184S, lie became one of the great figures in American industry, head of the Spreckels & Company sugar-refining interest, with practical control also of the produc- tion of raw sugar in the Hawaiian Islands. His son, Claus August Spreckels, was educated in ])ublic and i^rivate scho(-)ls in San Francisco, his education being directed with special reference to preparation for a commercial career. He entered the sugar business in 1873 in connection with his father's enterprises, and has been actively engaged in that interest ever since, in every department, from the growing of sugar cane to refining. He passed thrcxigh various preparatory positions in connec- tion with his father's enterprises in San Francisco, and when, in the early days of the historic battle between his father and the Sugar Trust, the Spreckels Refinery, in Philadelphia, was established in order to combat the Trust on the Eastern Seaboard, he was placed in charge of that plant and for years maintained a sturdy fight against the persistent and strenuous eiTorts of the Trust to secure a monopoly of the trade. When his father finally admitted the Trust into a share in the Spreckels Refinery it was against the wish and protest of Mr. Claus A. Spreckels, who then and since main- tained and still adheres to a policy of absolute independence of Trust domi- nation. He started at once an enterprise of his own which developed into the organization, in 1902, of the Federal Sugar Refining" Company, which is the only independent sugar-refinery enterprise of any important proportions in this country. Its plant at Yonkers, New York, is one of the largest and is the most modern and improved in the country, with dock facilities and ten large warehouses ec|ual to every demand. The office is at 138 Front Street. Mr. Claus A. Spreckels is the president and the active head of the company, which has been successful from the first. He knows the sugar business in all its details, and possesses every qualification of ability and exiierience recjuisite for its successful prosecution, and the fearlessness and courage to maintain the independent ground to which he has firmly adhered, and the vic- torious stand which he has always held against monopoly of the industry. In politics he is a low-tariff Republican, l)Ut he has never held nor sought public office. He is a member of the German Club, The Lambs, and Down Town Association. He resides at the Plaza Hotel. ]\Ir. Spreckels married, in San Francisco, in 1S83, Orville Dore, and they have a daughter, Lurline, born in 18S4, and married to Spencer Eddy, late United States minister to the Balkan States and to the Argentine Republic. 868 HISTORY OF NEW YORK lUiXJ.IMIX TALBOT BABBITT 869 BENJAMIN TALBOT BABBITT, inanufacliucr, capitalist and inventive genius, who gained great distinction in lousiness and other activities under the abbreviated name of "B. T. Babbitt," was born in West- moreland, Oneida County, New York, in 1809. He was a descendant of Ed- ward Bobbitt (i), one of the earHest settlers in Massachusetts, through his son Ellsanah (2) ; his son Benjamin (3) ; his son Jonathan (4), who was born at Berkeley, Massachusetts, in 1729, and settled in Connecticut about 1765; his son Nathaniel (5), being father of Benjamin Talbot Babbitt. Nathaniel Babbitt and William, his brother, settled about 1792 in what is now known as the town of Paris, Oneida County, New York. Nathaniel Bab- bitt married Betsy Holman, daughter of David Holman, who had come from Middlesex, Connecticut, and was one of the early settlers of Oneida County, operating a grist and sawmill at what is now Holman City. Nathaniel Bab- bitt and his wife later settled in Westmoreland, Oneida County, and had three sons, of whom B. T. Babbitt was the youngest, and three daughters. Nathan- iel Babbitt carried on farming and had a blacksmith shop in connection. In those pioneer days, the educational facilities of Oneida County were of the most meagre description, and Mr. Babbitt's youth was chiefly spent in hard work upon the home farm and at the forge until he was eighteen years old. He had an inquiring and ingenious mind. His first money was made by borrowing a piece of brass wire, which he fashioned into a noose, by means of which he snared fish in a stream. He sold the fish, bought powder and shot with the proceeds, and, with a borrowed muzzle-loader, would tramp the woods of Oneida County with a boy friend, shooting squirrels. The sale of these pelts added to the boys' income, and they increased their gains by the use of snares and traps. In the work on the paternal farm, ]\Ir. Babbitt ac(|uired an exceptional physical development, besides unusual dexterity and capacity in the more dififi- cult farming operations, and his services on the farm were so valuable that when he decided to leave it, at the age of eighteen, his father dennu'red. To over- come the paternal objections, the lad agreed to pay his father $500 annually for five vears. For two winters he worked in a lumber camp, and in sum- mer hired out to machinists, making an eager and effect ive workman, anxious for the procurement of the expert skill which should give full play to his con- structive genius and enable him to give form and expression to the inventive ideas that were constantly l)eing evolved from his creative mind. In about three years he had become a thoroughly competent wheelwright, machinist, steam-pipe fitter, file maker; and a blacksmith of such expert skill that he could perform the difficult feat of welding a steel edge on a drawing knife. Anxious for technical knowledge, Mr. Babbitt worked out a proposition by which he, promising to ring the bell for them, induced the boys in the shop 8;() HISTORY OF NE]V YORK to rise and come to work an hi>ur earlier, so that they could quit an hour sooner on two days of the week, and induced the professor of chemistry in Clinton College to come to Utica on those days, to instruct these boys; and in this wav made himself master of a great store of knowledge of chemistry and plnsics which he afterward a])plied with telling effect. Once, visiting a mill where the water was forced into a tank by a crudely made ram, the pijies Iieing constructed bv hollow log's bound together, he was told that occasionally a log would burst near the ram. Mr. Babbitt showed the man in charge how, by placing on his pipe line an upright, hollow log with a closed top, he would secure a steady and unhindered flow of water into his reservoir, without further trouble from the splitting of pipes. By frugality and careful saving, Mr. Babbitt acquired sufficient funds at the age of twenty-two to establish a small machine shop at Little Falls, New York, where he engaged for twelve years in the manufacture of pumps and engines and various specialities. Among other things, he assembled a mow- ing machine, which was one of the first put together in the country. It had one merit above its predecessors, in the fact that it would mow. After the freshets at Little Falls destroyed his modest plant for the sec- ond time, Mr. Babbitt decided to start a more dependable business. He came to New ^'ork with $500 in cash, leaving notes due him aggregating over $5000 in the hands of a friend at Little Falls, for collection. He made the collections, but proved that he was a friend no longer, as i\Ir. Babbitt never received the money. Mr. Babbitt's first business in New York was the manufacture of bicar- bonate of soda, for which he developed an entirely original process which enal)led him to build up an immense trade in the product, for which he gained a national reputation. Mr. Babbitt also outstripped his competitors in selling methods and jnished his business by many ingenious expedients. He invented a Star Yeast Powder, which was one of the first baking powders made; and rai)idlv added many profitalilc specialties: soap powder; soap of several brands (including a bain' toilet soap), and other goods which became very popular. Mr. Babbitt displayed genius in the original methods which he employed to keej) his ])roduct before the public, inventing advertising plans then uni(|ue and unprecedented, but now made stale by hundreds of laggard imita- tors. Besides the advertising for which he paid regular rates, he secured free advertising by many ingenious ways. When he liought $68,000 worth of Normandy horses at a single purchase, nearly every ]ia])cr in the couiUry made mention of it, with more or less comment. 1 le Avas one of the earliest, i^er- ha])s the first, to introduce new goods by giving them away; and when a new brand of soap or other article was introduced, there could be found at every ferry one of his large four-horse trucks, from which a full-sized cake or pack- BF.XJ.LMIX TALBOT BABBITT 8T1 age was handed to every person that crossed. By l)oId and striking- methods the name of "B. T. Bahhitt," and liis favorite slogan "For All Nations," he- came familiar to everyone in the United States. It appeared over the door of each Broadway stage, he being the first to use this method of advertising. He was also the first person who used pictorial advertising. His six kettles for boiling soap, with an aggregate capacity of 3,500,000 pounds, requiring $216,000 worth of material to fill them, became noted, nation-wide, as among the greatest curiosities of New York, and the consumer was never permitted to forget that he had the largest and most completely equipped factorv in the world. He established, in 1871, at W'hitesboro, N. Y., in his native countv, large machine shops, where he made man)^ experiments and worked out to a finish many original problems. There he spent his summers, and gave advice and suggestions to engineers or others who felt they could profit by telling their need to this resourceful man, who ne\er denied or begrudged help to anyone, and was always ready to lend his aid in soh'ing engineering prol)- lems and difficulties. The story of Mr. Babbitt's ability as an inventor can lie had by taking a cursory glance at his inventions recorded in the Patent Office from 1S42 to 1889, aggregating 108 patents issued to him for his own inventions besides several patents assigned to him. His first patent was for a pump and fire engine, dated October 7, 1842, and followed bv a brush-trimming machine, 1846: a car ventilator, 1855; an enema-giving apparatus, 1857. During- the Civil War period his thoughts turned toward the invention of ordnance, of armor plates for ships and other batteries, and of inqiroved construction of iron vessels. Six patents were granted lor the use of steam, which include heaters, and a particular evaporating apparatus to be used with exhaust steam. Eight patents were allowed him for new types of steam boilers ; and others for an automatic boiler feeder, apparatus for cleaning steam generators, a grate for steam generator and other furnaces, and a gas-generating apparatus. Of various types of engines and tlieir accessories are to be found gas engines, rotary engines, packing for stuffing boxes, balance valve, heater lor locomo- tive engine, steam condensing and feed water heating apparatus, a bucket wheel for rotary engine. Of special interest to Mr. Ba1)bitt was machinery for the use and con- trol of air. He invented an air pumj), air compressor, wind motors, rotary blowing apparatus, rotary pum])s, air gun, ])neumatic propulsion of vessels, hot air furnace attachment, and air blast for forges. Patents were also granted for the extraction of glycerine from soap lyes, boiling soap under pressure, bleaching of palm oil, etc. : soap-boiling appa- ratus, process for coating alkali, apparatus for manufacture of soap. Sev- 873 HISTORY OF NEW YORK eral patents were allowed for the steerint;' and propelling of vessels, ordnance and ordnance projector, fire-extinguishing apparatus, axle of railway cars and vehicle axle, breaking and grinding apparatus, mold for casting chilled tools and a mold for casting gun barrels; combination of elevated and canal rail- road : also various patents connected with the manufacture of bicarbonate of soda; packages for caustic soda; a process for preserving coffee (two pat- ents); a vessel for the formation of ice; a sadiron heater, and other articles. Of this varied and broad scope of inventions, several have a special in- terest. An armored fighting craft with steam controlled steering gear and the vitals protected by coal bunkers, carried a screw at the bow and stern so that the vessel might be propelled in either direction or turned almost on a centre. Mr. Babbitt built a canal boat, at his private dock on the Erie Canal, \\ith a doul)le l)ottom. This boat was propelled by drawing the water through the boat with an Archimedes screw. This boat traveled about as fast as a turtle, and made one trip from Whitesboro to Xew York and back. It is said, upon good authority, that boat builders are now using similar con- struction in their building of canal boats as used l)y Air. B. T. Babbitt thirty- five years ago, and which was severaly criticised at that time. It was in Mr. Babbitt's fertile brain that the idea was first conceived of harnessing Niagara Falls. He invented an air compressor, which he proposed to place below the falls opposite Goat Island, and planned to deliver com- pressed air all over the State. It was his ]ilan also to construct an elevated structure over the Erie Canal, on which engines could draw the canal boats. P. T. Barnum, the world's greatest showman, and Mr. Babbitt were great friends, and held for each other a mutual admiration. Mr. Barnum was the onlv contemporary of Mr. Babbitt who classed with him as an advertising genius, and they were a mutual inspiration to each other in the planning of new ideas in their campaign of publicity. Mr. Babbitt was a man of much personal magnetism. His wide infor- mation and original methods of thought made him an interesting companion. In business he thought in the large, leaving details to others, and sometimes trusted too much to subordinates, who proved unworthy, but he made one of the most successful business careers ever accomplished in the commercial his- torv of this country. When he died, October 20, 1S89, after fourscore years of an active and useful life, he left vast numbers of people in varied stations of life who mourned his loss. Mr. Babbitt married Rebecca McDuffy. His wife survived him five vears, dving in December, 1894. He had two daughters, who married broth- ers, Ida josei)hine being the wife of Dr. h^-ederick lu'astus Hyde, while the other daughter, l.ilia, was the wife of Clarence Melville Hyde (now deceased). /'/;A7J.1//.V TALBOT BABBITT IIVPT 873 BENJAMIN TALBOT BABBITT HYDE s:4 HISTORY or xrw vork B ENJAMIN TALBOT BABBITT HYDE, now president of the B. T. Bal)l)itt Corporation, was born in New York City, November 23, 1S72, being the oldest son of Dr. Fredericl< Erastus and Ida Josephine (Bab- bitt) Hyde. On both sides he is of old New England lineage, being descendant in the eighth generation from William Hyde, who was one of the party led by Rev. Thomas Hooker in the ship Griftin, from England to Boston, in 1663, arriving in September and settling in Newtown (now Cambridge), Mass., and removing with ]\Ir. Hooker in his migration to Connecticut and the founding of the town of Hartford. William H\de went to Saybrook, Conn., when that place was first settled, and finally to Norwich, where he died in 1681. He was the ancestor of a large and prominent family which has contributed many men of mark in business and professional life, to the country in its various sections. A descendant in the fourth generation was Lieutenant James Hyde, of the Connecticut troops, who ser\-ed in the Revolutionary Army in the First and Fourth Regiments, and was with Washington at A^alley Forge and Yorktown. His son, Erastus Hyde, came from Connecticut to New York, and the latter's son, Edwin Hyde, representing the sixth generation, became a wholesale grocer in New York City, in association with Ralph Alead (of the old Mead family, which settled at Greenwich, Conn., about 1640), whose daughter, Elizabeth Alvina Mead, he married. Their son, Dr. Frederick Erastus Hyde, physician and philanthropist, married Ida Josephine, oldest daughter of B. T. Babbitt, and B. T. liabbitt Hyde is the second child and oldest son of that marriage. In the maternal line, Mr. Hyde is a descendant through his grandfather, B. T. Babbitt, of Edward Bol)bitt, who went to Massachusetts early in the Seventeenth Century. He earlv became interested in chemistry and engineering, his taste in that direction being ])rimarily inspired by the exam[)le and encouragement of his grandfather, B. T. Babbitt. He was taken to lectures at Cooper Institute, and allowed to visit machine shops in the lower part of the city. The summer months, until he became nineteen years of age, were spent in the machine shops of B. T. Babbitt, at Whitesboro, N. Y., where he received valua])le training and incentive to work, and was encouraged to take part in the many experiments which were constantly being conducted by IVIr. Babbitt, who was then in the prime of life, and was one of the most original inventive geniuses of his time. After leaving school, 'Sir. Hyde made a tri]) around the world with his father and lirother. His father, who was a man of extensive culture and wide travel, made this trip one of valuable instruction as well as great delight, and the world knowledge of men and affairs which he then gained has proved an asset of ])riccless value to ]Mr. Hyde in his subseqvient career. JlIiXIAMIX r.lLBOr BABBITT HYDE During- Air. Piyde's boyliood his grandfather, Mr. Babbitt, had indicated his wish that the lad might succeed him in 1>usiness, and from the earh' days when his grandfather had him cojjy his signature until perfect, until his tinal acceptance of the presidency of the corporation, all of Mr. Hyde's efforts and thoughts had been directed t(i that end, and by persistent and hard work he has been able to bring this desire of his grandfather to accomplishment. There was great sympathy of thought and feeling between the distinguished manufacturer and the grandson, who, through close and constant companion- ship, came to assimilate the older man's ideas and point of view in man}- fun- damental respects. When he reached the age of twenty-one years, Mr. Hyde became a stu- dent of chemistry, in a private school in New York City, and also took prac- tical mechanical courses in Teachers College. At the age of twenty-three he began work in the factory of the old firm, and coiUinued his research wurk in a lal)i>ratory specially constructed for him, with the aid of that distinguished chemist. Dr. Elwyn Waller, pro- fessor of analytical chemistry in Columbia University. After establishing a laboratory at the plant, the several departments of the business, in succession, were thoroughly exploited, new machinery and equipment being installed, until the entire establishment was absolutely up to date. He continued as factory superintendent until the death of the manager of the firm, and at the age of thirtv-four became president of the B. T. Babbitt Corporation. Until recently all the products have been manufactured near the lower end of Manhattan Island, within a stone's throw of the financial centre of the great metropolis. One of Mr. Hyde's first responsil)ilities as president was the completion of the new factory at Babbitt, New Jersey, which is one of the largest and finest of its kind in the world. The plant is composed of twelve large brick buildings, most of which are two hundred feet in length and range from one to four stories in height. The complete capacity of the works is from six thousand to eight thousand cases per day of soap goods of all varieties. Besides the manufacture of soap, soap powder, potash or lye, glycerine, etc., the comjiany is engaged in the refining of cottonseed oil. An imjiortant addition to the industry is a large and well- equipped printing department for printing soap wrappers, labels, etc., for the various brands of n-ianufacture. All the cases for packing manufactured goods are made in the box factory. The Babbitt works are conveniently loca- ted on the New York, Sus(|uehanna and Western Railroad, and have their own dock on the Hackensack River, which allows excellent shipping facilities. Mr. Hyde brings to the performance of iiis executive duties a preparation and a fitness, inherent and acquired, such as few men have brought to similar responsibilities. His early and sympathetic association with the distinguished .S7G HISTORV OF NEW YORK creator of the lousiness, his special and lifelong training and education, espe- cially planned to give him fitness for its direction, his knowledge of every working department, every chemical and mechanical process, every office method, and every trade relation controlled and used by the corporation, all this special kn ,1 1 1 ' ii /.' '" Wf ii|H \i ,/|i) l^m.f r , '/ his father's death, in 1879, succeeded to the entire con- trol of the business. He later admitted his younger brother, Lothar \\'. Faber, to an interest. In 1898 the factory w^as incorporated as the Eberhard Faber Pencil Company, of which the president, Lothar W. Faber, has supervision. Mr. Eber- hard Faber is vice president and treasurer, with man- agement of the sales depart- ment, which continues under the firm name of Eberhard Faber. He originated the rubber-tip attachment and the metal point protector. He greatly enlarged the manufacturing- resources, and developed the com- pany's extensive business in rubber bands, erasers and other rubber goods, produced in a separate plant at Newark, New Jersey. Mr. Faber is president of the United States Trade Mark Association, director of the Stationers' Board of Trade and the Northern Fire Insurance Company, and vice president of the C. Roberts Rul)ber Company. He married, December 22, 1886, Abbv P.. Adams, who died May 25, 1898; and on April 20, 1904, he married Roberta A. Heim. EBERHARD FABER 878 HISTORY OF XEir YORK JULIUS MJROUSUE 8:9 JULIUS MARQUSEE, who is one of the most extensive leaf tobacco dealers and packers in the world, was born in Russian Poland, in 1S64. His parents died there and at the age of ten he was an orphan, thrown upon his own resources. He came to America in 1883, arriving with just two roubles in his pockets, in a strange land where he did not know the lan- guage and had no friends. He secured a position and when he had saved enough to take him to Syracuse, New ^'ork. he went to that place. He began his mercantile life with a liasket and a stock of shoelaces, matches and other small wares, which he sold from house to house, and at the fair groimds. After a few months he had mducv enough to Iniv a horse and wagon, with which he continued peddling on a larger scale. He saved his money and bought a store at Richland, Oswego County, New York, which he put in charge of a clerk. He continued peddling and in less than a year sold out his business at a good profit and then purchased his first crop of York State tobacco, which he also sold at a profit ; and from this beginning has increased his business until he is now the largest individual cigar leaf packer and dealer in the country. He conducted business at Syracuse until 1895, and while he was engaged in business there he handled the New York State product exclusively. Being desirous of finding a larger field for his energies, he removed to New York in 1895, and since coming here he has expanded his business so as to cover all kinds of domestic leaf tobacco, particularly the Connecticut, Penn- sylvania and \\'isconsin products, and \-arious types of tobacco grown in Ohio, such as the Zimmer Spanish and Gebhardt. AMien he came to New York he found the field full of competitors, in- cluding some very strong ones, but he applied to his business the enterpris- ing methods which have characterized all of his activities, and has rapidly advanced in the trade until he has now reached the front. In addition to his main establishment in New York City, he has warehouses at New Milford, Connecticut; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Dayton and Covington, Ohio; and Jamesville, Wisconsin. Among his customers are included many of the large cigar manufacturers and jobbers in this country, whose trade has been secured and held, notwithstanding the fact that Mr. Marqusee employs no salesmen and has built up his trade solely upon the confidence which has been inspired bv his strict integrity. His transactions are upon the largest scale; one of his shipments to a Detroit, Michigan, firm having consisted of a complete trainload of tobacco comprising twenty-six cars and containing 1769 cases, this being a part of Mr. Marqusee's sales for the year i\)OC), which consisted of over 50.000 cases of tobacco of a total value of $3,750,000. His experienced judgment in selection and carefulness in packing have always been important factors of his success. 880 HisroR)' OF xr.ir i'ork 1,1 '//.li'ii ' '' ' 'I |;l /■■■""'■'/ /'I 'I I -■, -1, * 1?^ 'II, > '?' I ''- 1. '" '""lijj'i'' -^y _«^ ROBERT MEADE PARKER R' Rt)BIiRT MJIADE PARKER 881 OBERT MEADE PARKER, president of the Brooklyn Cooperage Company, was born in Newark, N. J., September 19, 1864, son of Hon. Cortlandt and Elizabeth Wolcott (Stites) Parker. His ancestor, Elisha Parker of Barnstable, Mass., came from England in 1640. moved to New Jersey, 1667, and was a first settler of W'oodbridge and later of Perth Amboy, N. J. His descendants for three generations were members of the King's Council in the Province of New Jersey, held commissions (one as colonel and two as captains) in the Provincial Troops, and took part in Indian wars. Mr. Parker's grandfather, James Parker of Perth Amboy, was a member of the State legislature, of Congress, and of the New Jersey Constitutional Convention of 1846; and his father, Hon. Cortlandt Parker, who died in 1907, was one of the best known and most distinguished lawyers of his time, and president of the American Bar Association. Mr. Parker is also related, through paternal descent, to the \'an Cortlandt, Schu3der, Johnstone and Skinner families of New York, and the Butler family of Philadelphia ; and on his mother's side to the Chauncey, Goodrich, Ely, Worthington and Cooke families of Connecticut, and the Wayne and Clififord families of Georgia. Mr. Parker was educated at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., 1878- 1880, Phillips Exeter Academy, 1 880-1 881, and was graduated from Princeton University, A.B., 1885, fifteenth in a class of 105 graduating. He entered the employ of the Erie Railroad Company, September 15, 1885, was clerk for five years, including service in President King's oflice; division freight agent, 1890-1895; assistant general freight agent, 1896-1902; general freight agent, 1902-1905; and became trafiic manager of the American Sugar Refining Compan}^, in January, 1905. On June i, 1906, he became president of the Brooklyn Cooperage Company, also president of the Pennsylvania Stave Company and the Butler County Rail- road Company, Great Western Land Company and Oleona Railroad Company. He served as private in the Essex Troop (New Jersey Cavalry), June I, i8()o, to May, 1898; accepted a commission as first lieutenant and battalion adjutant in the Twelfth New York Volunteers (infantry), May 13, 1898, and as captain and regimental quartermaster, June i. 1898. He had entire charge of equipping the regiment for the field, served with it at Peekskill, Chickamauga Park, Ga.. and Lexington. Ky.. resigning August 23, 1898, after the peace protocol was signed. He joined the Twelfth Regi- ment, New Y'ork National Guard, November, 1899, was elected ca])tain of Company A in February, 1900, and resigned January i, 1908. Mr. Parker is a member of Holland Lodge, F. and A. M., of the Union, University, Brook, New York Yacht, and Midda}- Clubs, of New York, and the Essex Club of Newark, New Jersey. 66 88-2 HISTORY OF XEJl' YORK " li I I " I 'II ^ 'irilif , I' ' I WARREN LUOUEER GREEN irARRFi.y LU QUEER GREEX SS;5 WARREN LUOUEER GREEN, president of the American Bank Note Company, was born in New York City, May 19, 1866, the son of Frank George and Antoinette Luqueer Macdonough Green. In pater- nal descent he is of EngHsh ancestry, transplanted in America in the early part of the Nineteenth Century; and on the mother's side his ancestry is Dutch and French, being descended from early Huguenot settlers who came to New Netherland and located on Long Island, in 1623. The family have been identified with the bank note business for nearly a cen- tury, the former chairman of the American Bank Note Company being James Macdonough, an uncle of Warren Luqueer Green. Mr. Mac- donough was connected with the company from his early boyhood. Warren Luqueer Green received his education in the Wilson and Kel- logg School, and afterward took up the study of art, becoming a pupil of Bouguereau, in Paris, and thus most effectivelv prepared for later duties in connection with the great artistic industrv of which he is now the head. Mr. Green entered the service of the American Bank Note Company as an apprentic-e, in October, 1882, graduating through various depart- ments and grades in the factory, obtaining there a thorough mechanical as well as artistic education in the hank note business. When he had mas- tered these he entered the sales force, in 1891, as a junior salesman, advancing in that department until, in 1896, he was appointed manager of the company's Canadian branch, with headquarters at Ottawa. He was recalled to New York to take higher responsibilities as second vice presi- dent of the company, in 1901, becoming first vice president of the com- pany, in 1903, and president in 1906. He brought the office the advantage of a lifelong preparation for its duties, a thorough and intimate acquaint- ance with all its departments and operations, and through his handling of their foreign interests a rare diplomatic training that specially fitted him for the command of this important corporate enterprise. Although not organized as the American Bank Note Company until 1858, the business was founded over a century ago, and continued by indi- viduals until the first firm of Murray, Draper & Farman was established, which, with changes of partners was finally, in 1858, together with other then existing firms, organized into a corporation under the present title. From the graver of Paul Revere was issued the first specimens of bank note work done in this country. Until the formation of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing at Washington, all the State and National bank notes, as well as postage stamps, were printed by the American or its con- stituent companies. The executive offices and general sales departments are located in the company's building, at the corner of Broad and Beaver Streets, New 884 HISTORY OF NEW YORK York, llie main printing" house, at Lafayette Avenue, was erected in 1910, and occupies over nine acres of i^oor space. The plant is, without doubt, the most modern and complete one of its kind in the world, and in it are prepared the securities which represent the greater part of the world's commerce. There is hardly anv civilized nation whose bank notes and securities have not, at some time or other, borne the American's imprint. Besides a large and important Western connection, the company maintains plants in Europe and Canada, in which latter plant are manu- factured all the postage and revenue stamps, as well as the bank notes used Ijy the Dominion of Canada. The industry is one which calls for abso- lute integrity of personnel, and the highest sense of responsibility, as well as the greatest amount of artistic and mechanical skill. Famih' traditions in the company are very strong, as generation after g-enerati(in of the same name are to be found on the company's rolls, and continued service of fifty years is by no means uncommon. This feeling is fostered, as it secures an esprit dc corps, and keeps alive the best traditions of the trade to a remarkable extent. When the responsibility involved in the guardianship of all the dies and plates from which securities are printed is considered, the reliability, strength and permanence of this institution becomes of the utmost importance. The stock of the American Bank Note Company is vested in a hold- ing company called the United Bank Note Corporation, the directorate of which is composed largely of the foremost bankers of the country, pre- sided over by E. C. Converse, president of the Bankers Trust Company. Theodore H. Freeland, now chairman of the Board of the American Com- pany, has been connected with the corporation since 1857. Mr. Green's administration of the duties of president has been in accord with the traditions and history of the company, and has been attended with noteworthy success, the business of the company having steadily grown under his execittive supervision, and the range of its pro- ductions having greatly expanded with the wonderful modern improve- ments in reproductive art which have been introduced during recent years. Mr. Cireen is a member of the ^Metropolitan Chil), Railroad Club and Lawyers' Club of New York City ; the Greenwich Country Club of Green- wich, Connecticut; Indian Harbor Yacht Club, Clove Valley Rod and Gun Club; the Rideau Club of Ottawa, Canada; the Garrison Club of Quebec, Canada, and the Triton Fish and Game Club of Quebec, Canada. Llis attractive home, "Grasshopper Farm," is at Greenwich, Connecticut. Mr. Green married, in Paris, France, February 4, 1891, Jeanne Mar- guerite Thierry, and he has a daughter. Marguerite Macdonough Green, born in New York City, September 25, 1896. IlliXRV CARLTOX HULBRRT 883 H ENRY CARLTON HULBERT, merchant and financier, was born in Lee, Massachusetts, December 19, 183 1, of old New England ancestry, son of Amos Gear and Cynthia (Bassett) Hulbert. After attending- district school and Lee Academy he worked in stores at Lee and Pittsfield, Massachusetts. At nineteen he came to New York, was employed by the wholesale paper house of \A'liite & Sheffield, was given an inkTcst in the profits the fourth year, and the fifth ^•ear became a part- 'jgllllllff^^^^^^^^ ner in J. B. Sheffield & Company until 1858, when he established H. C. & M. Hulbert, buying out part- ners' interests and admit- ting young men brought up in the business. The firm was H. C. Hulbert & Com- pany from 1872 to 1900, his partners continuing as Bassett and Sutphin. He is vice president of the Importers and Traders' Bank, the South Brooklyn Savings Bank and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ; director of The Pullman Company (mem- lier Executive Committee), the Franklin Trust Com- pany, United States Life Insurance Company and Celluloid Company. He married, in 1854, Susan Robinson Cooley, of Lee, Massachusetts, who died in 1882, and in 1884 married Fanny Dwight Bigelow, of Brooklyn has two daughters: j\Irs. J. H. Sutphin and )ilrs. Charles F. Bassett. For further details see "Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to Massachusetts Families," "Historic Families of America," "History of Kings County," "National Cyclopedia of American Biography," "History of Berkshire County, Massachusetts," "The Eagle and Brooklyn." HENRY CARLTON IIUIJU.RT He SS6 HISTORY OF Mill' YORK HERMAN BEHR HERMAX BEHR SSr H ERMAN BEHR, head of the firm of Herman Behr & Company, is a native of Hamljuro-, Germany, \\here he was born Marcli 4, 1847, the son of Edward and Juhe (Hoffmeister ) Behr. The family removed to New York in 1850, and Edward Behr, the father, was for years in busi- ness as a successful hardware merchant and manufacturer. Herman Behr received his education in a select German-American school, and after finishing his studies there he entered, as a voung man, his father's hardware factory, where he filled various positions which brought him in contact with technical matters, and he there laid the foundation for his own future success as a manufacturer. In 1872 he started the business of Herman Behr iS; Company, manufac- turers of flint, garnet, and emery cloths and papers, with oflices at 75 Beek- man Street, where the business has ever since been continued. Mr. Behr was the first manufacturer to utilize garnet as an abrasive, and the superior merit of this material for this purpose, especially in some of the finer grades of work, has been one of the leading factors in the notable success which has attended this business from its earliest development. As a business man, Mr. Behr is thoroughly practical and in the business which he established he pos- sesses every advantage of technical knowledge, and has maintained such a degree of merit and diversity in his product that the firm is prepared to meet all of the varied demands of users in the line of abrasive cloths and papers from the finest, for the most delicate work, to the coarser grades. Herman Behr has both the practical and the artistic temperament, and he is an enthusiast as to all matters appertaining to art and to the highest forms of literature. He has translated a selection of the choicest English lyrics into German and published them in a volume under the title of "Perlen englisher Dichtung in deutscher Fassung." Mr. Behr is a Republican in his political aftiliations, but not very active in politics. He is a member of the Deutscher A^erein, the Down Town Asso- ciation, and the National Arts Club of New York City and the Morristown Club, of Morristown, New Jersey. He has his country residence in Morris- town, and his city home at --7 Madison AA^enue, in New York City. Mr. Behr married, at Alden, New York. January 29, 1880, Grace Howell. Of this marriage there have been born six children: Herman H. Behr, born November 25, 1880; Frederic H. Behr, horn April 2, 1882 (married Alice Cra- mer Vernam); Max H. Behr, born January 19. 1884 (married Evelyn Baker Schley); Karl H. Behr, born May 30, 1885: Margaret H. Behr, born Decem- ber 31, 1887, and Gertrude H. Behr, born April 8, 1892. The two younger sons, Max H. and Karl H., both of whom are graduates of N'ale University, have gained for themselves national distinction in athletics. Max H. as a golfer and Karl H. as a tennis champion. 888 HISTORY OF NEW YORK D AMD SMITH COV/LES. was born in Northampton, Massachu- setts, December 25, 1857, son of Hon. Edward Pitkin Cowles, jus- tice of the New York Supreme Court, and of Sarah Ely (Boies) Cowles. He was educated in the Quaker School in Stuyvesant Scjuare, New York City, and the Park Institute of Rye, New York. After five years with the bank- ing house of Morton, P)liss & Company, he was fifteen years with the Stand- ard Oil Company, in which he is still a stockholder. He was William Rockefeller's confidential man, and later in the company's financial department, and served as director of several of its subsidiarv ci mipanies and as president of the Standard Oil Company of Minnesota. In 1002 he became a partner in and is now presi- dent of W. H. Parsons & Company; and he and Hon. Francis C. \Vhitehouse, are controlling owners of the Bowdoin Paper Manufac- turing Company, Lisbon Falls Fibre Company, Pe- jepscot Paper Company, r)av Shore Lumber Com- ])anv, and .'^agadahoc Tow- ing Company. He is a trustee of the Bowery Sav- ings Bank, and was presi- dent of the American Paper and Pulp Association, 1907- 1908. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the L'nion League. City Mid(la\- and Down Town Clubs, New England Societv, and \arious scientific societies; Westchester Hunt, American Vacht and Apa- wamis Chi])s; St. George's Clul), nf Sherbrooke, Quebec; Laurentian Clul), of Montreal; and Cumberland Club, of Portland, ]\Iaine. Lie married. May 2f\ 18S7, Matilda Parsons, and has four children; Ed- wanl Boies, David S., |r., William H. P., and Elsie Parsons Cowles. DAVID SMITH fOWI.ES Ill-XKV F. COOK 880 H ENRY F. COOK was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1855, son of Dr. Henry and Eloise Augusta (Huntting) Cook. His paternal ancestry runs Ijack to Christopher Cook, an early Devonshire settler of Nor- man origin ; and his maternal descent is from Edward Howell, founder of Southampton, Long Island, in 1635, and from Rev. John Huntting, who was the founder of the village of Easthampton, Long Lsland, in 1639. On leaving school in 1873, Mr. Cook became an 1 associate of Joseph Fahvs, a manufacturer of watch cases in New York City, of whom he became a partner in 1880, and treasurer and secretary of Joseph Fahys & Company A\hen it was in- corporated in 1 88 1. After incorporation the companv absorbed the Brooklyn Watch Case Company, of Brooklyn, and The Alvin Manufacturing Compan\-, and are now the largest manufacturers of watch cases in the United States and one of the largest manu- facturers of silverware. Mr. Cook is president of the Sag Harbor Real Estate Company and the Sag Harbor Water Works Company, vice president of the Peconic Bank, secretary and treasurer of the Sag- Harbor Heating and Light- ing Company, trustee of the Sag Harbor Savings Bank, and the Sag Harbor P^-esl)yterian Church. He is interested in the improvement of North Haven, a beautiful one-thousand-acre suburb of Sag Harbor, facing Peconic Bay, where he has his summer home. He is a member of the Sons of the Revolution. Society of Colonial Wars, Pilgrims' Society, New York Chamber of Commerce, Union League Club, the Down Town Association, and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. HEXRV F. LOOK 890 HISTORY OF NEW YORK /lfl )\ II II I " ' 'lP!i 'i|V'', SETII EDWARD THOMAS SET 1 1 EDWARD THOMAS 891 SETH EDWARD THOMAS, until his death treasurer of the Seth Thomas Clock Company, was born in Plymouth Hollow (now Thomaston), Connecticut, October g, 1841, the son of Seth ami Laura (Andrews) Thomas. His grandfather, Seth Thomas, was born in W'alcott, next town east of Plymouth, Connecticut, and in 1810 began the clock business with Silas Hoadley, in the eastern part of the town of Plymouth. They remained together two years, and Seth Thomas then located in the western part of Plymouth, then known as Plymouth Hollow, and this name continued on all Seth Thomas clocks until the early sixties, when the legislature divided the town into two parts and named the western portion, where his works were, Thomaston, in his honor. Seth Thomas died in 1859, having incorporated the company in 1854. His grandson, Seth Edward, was educated in local schools and in Wil- liston Seminary, at Easthampton, Massachusetts, and was prepared for Yale, but because of his uncle's death entered business when eighteen years old, and became treasurer of the Seth Thomas Clock Compan\', which office he held until his death, February 6, igio. He was a member of the Chamber of Commerce of New "^'ork, the Sons of the American Revolution, New England Society in New York, the Union League Club, and others; and he was also a member of the Ameri- can Museum of Art, the New York Zoological Society, and New- York Botan- ical Society controlling the Botanical Garden in Bronx Park. Seth Edward Thomas married, at Hartford, Connecticut, December 13, 1865, Sarah A. Gross, and they had seven children: Sarah Elizabeth, Mary E., Grace L, Annie P., Seth Edward, Jr., Cornelia and Charlotte Thomas. Their son, Seth E., is the fourth Seth Thomas at the head of the business, which wnW have its centenary in 1913. It is now conducted by the grandsons and one great-grandson of the original Seth Thomas. In 1884 the company built a watch factory, putting watches on the market in 18S7. It now, in normal times, makes 450 watches and about 1000 clocks per day. This should reassure some of Mr. Thomas' friends who at the time he started to make 500 clocks in one lot, thought that would be the end of it and no more would ever lie needed. The company now employs about one thousand people, and the pro- duction consists of many kinds of clocks, ranging from the cheap nickel clocks, which retail at $1, running up through various grades of lever and mantel clocks, wall clocks and regulators, to large tower clocks, ranging from $600 to $6000 each. Seth Thomas clocks are found all over the world, although the export business has diminished because of the coni- petition of Germans and Japanese. The production of the company is now about $1,250,000 per annum. 892 HISTORY OF NEW YORK MICHAEL JOHN DEGNON, prominent contractor, was born in Geneva, Ohio, September 29, 1857. He was educated in public schools, and for two years in Baldwin University, Ohio. He has been engaged in railroad contract work for thirty years, adding, during recent years, extensive operations in interborough and city improve- ment work in New York. In i8g7 he ])nilt the East River caissons of the New Williamsburg Bridge, on the Brooklvn side; and he constructed the Subway from Forty-seventh Street to the Battery (except the section from Great Jones Street to Forty-first Street), the sul)way loop, connecting Brooklyn and Manhattan bridges through Centre and Canal Streets ; the Belmont Tunnel from Grand Cen- tral Depot to Long Island City ; the McAdoo Tunnel from Twelfth Street to Thirtv-third Street through Sixth Avenue ; Pennsylvania Railroad Terminal ( Sunny- side) vards at Long Island Citv) ; and he is now (July, i()io) engaged in construct- ing the extension of the Hudson Terminal ' Tube from Twenty-third to Forty- second Street on Sixth Ave- nue; nine miles of aqueduct water tunnel at New Paltz, Ulster County, New York; and the Cape Cod Canal, connecting Buzzard's Bay and Barnstable Bav, Massachusetts. Among his railroad contracts outside of New York were the W'aliash Railroad, Gould System, terminals at Baltimore and the I'.altimore City docks. Mr. Degnon is a member of the Manhattan, Democratic and New York Athletic and other clubs. He married, first, in 1881, Mary Davis, who died in 1893; and second, in 1900, Gertrude Foxall, and has ten children. MICHAEL JOHN UEC.NON J.IMES THORXLllY ANYOK 893 JAMES THORNLEY ANYON, dean of the profession of accountancy in the United States, was born in Preston, Lancashire, England, October 31, 1851. The family, originally French, is of the historic house of Anjou, which afterward became modified to Anyou and latterly to Anyon. Mr. Anyon was educated at Bank Place College, Preston, and entered upon the study of accountancy, in which he l)ecamc thoroughly proficient, and ultimately, a chartered accountant. It is fr( England that the idea scientific accountancy fou I its way to the United States, the business in the mother country securing its professional standing by a charter granted b\' Queen Victoria: and it is interest- ing- to note that ]Mr. Anyon was the first chartered accountant to come to this country for permanent prac- tice. From May, 1881, to Octol)er, 1886, he was with the firm of Thomas Wade, i Guthrie & Company, char- tered accountants of Alan- chester, England, and since October, 1886, he has been with the firm of Barrow, Wade, Guthrie & Compau}-, of New York, Chicago, London and San Francisc(i, one of the foremost firms in the profession, of which Mr. Anyon is now the senior member. The firm's New York office is at 25 Broad Street. Besides being a chartered accountant he is also a certified public accountant under the laws of New York, and a member of the State Society of Certified Public Accountants. The American Association of Public Accountants was originated at a meeting called by him in October, 1886, and he suggested the name by which it has since been known. JAMES THOKNLKY AXVOX S94 HISTORY OF NEW YORK ANDREW KIXNAIRD TOD, who enjoys prominence as a chartered accountant, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on November 8, 1 87 1. He was educated at George Watson's College and Edinburgh Univer- sity. At ihc latter he attained athletic distinction, being on the 'Varsity crew for three consecutive years. After completing his university course, he entered the i)rofession of accountancy, in which he has since continued. J\Ir. Tod served in the W' Boer War, with the Scottish Tnnierial Yoemanrv, seeing active service at the front for over a year. He then came to the United States to take up the practice of his profession here and is now a partner in the firm of Marwick, Mitchell & Company, chartered ac- countants, whose head office is at 79 Wall Street, New York, and district offices in Chicago, Min- neapolis, New Orleans and other cities in the United States, as well as in ]Mon- treal, ^^'innipeg^ London and Glasgow. The firm's clients include many of the largest American, British and Colonial companies. ^Ir. Tod is known as an accountant of the highest skill, who has been identi- lied with much important work in recent years. He is a chartered accountant of Edinburgh. Scotland; member of the American Association of Public Accountants, a certified ])ul)lic accountant uniler a certificate granted by the University of Illinois, and member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario, Canada. Mr. Tod is a member of the Racquet and Tennis Club, St. Andrew's Society and British Schools and Universities Club in New York, and the Scottish Conservative Club of Edinburgh, Scotland. ANDREW KIXNAIRD TOD ELIJAH ]VATT SELLS s;i.j E win, Kansas, from LIJAH WATT SELLS, born in Alnscatine, Iowa, ALarch i, 1S5S, is of Dutch Colonial and Revolutionary descent, and son of Elijah and Isabel (Watt) Sells. His father, a prominent lumberman, was legis- lator and secretary of state in Iowa and third auditor of the Treasury in Lincoln's administration. Mr. Sells wms educated in Baker University, P.ald which he has an honorary ]\I.A. degree. He began business as a railway ac- countant, filling important official positions and special accounting engagements. In 1893, with Charles Waldo Haskins (now de- ceased) he organized the firm of Haskins & Sells, of which he is now the head, with Charles S. Ludluni, DeRoy S. Fero and Homer A. Dunn as partners. The firm carries on an interna- tional practice as certified public accountants, with offices in New^ York, Chi- cago, St. Louis, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and London. They have filled important commissions for the Gov- ernment and various muni- cipalities, corporations and firms. Mr. Sells went to Manila for the United States Government to report on a system of accounting for the Philippine Islands, and his firm revised the accounting system of the United States. Mr. Sells is a member and was president, 1906-1908, of the American Association of Public Accountants, and of many of the State societies, as well as many of the best clubs and societies in New- York and elsewhere. He married, at Dubuque, Iowa, April 24, 1884, Alabel E. Graves, and has two daughters. ELIJAH WATT SELLS 896 HISTORY OF XEJr YORK SIMON H. BROWN SIMOX' H. BROWX ,s;)7 SniOX H. BROWN, president of tlie American Tie and Timber Com- pany, is a native of South Carolina, born at Blackville, in that State, April 24, 1878, the son of Michael and Jennie (Klein) Brown. On his mother's side Mr. Brown is a descendant of an old South Carolina family, descended from Charles Kline, who came to this country in 1749. His father, Michael Brown, was for many years a i)rominent railroad ])uilder of South Carolina. Simon H. Brown was educated in McCabe's University, at Petersl)urg, Virg-inia, and after completing the courses there, he went for a commercial education to Eastman College, at Poughkeepsie, New York, in preparation for his Inisiness career. At the age of seventeen Mr. Brown secured appointment as private sec- retary and telegraph operator to the general manager of the Carolina Mid- land Railroad Company, which was afterward merged in the Southern Rail- way Company, its line now forming a part of the main line of the Southern Railway System, now being operated between New York and Florida. After a little more than a year in that position he organized the Southern Telephone and Telegraph Compan}-, which built and operated exchanges and toll lines, and inaugurated a system of telephone service in Barnwell and T>anil)erg Counties, in South Carolina. This system was in active and successful oper- ation for several years before the Bell TeIe])hone Company entered that field. Mr. Brown also became vice president of the Southern Round Bale Cotton Company, one of the first of the organizations formed to establish cylindrical cotton compresses in the South, which established a successful business in that section. The greater part of the business life of ■Mr. Brown has been devoted to the timber industry in the South, and especially to the i)roduction of railroad cross ties, in whicli he has been for years one of the leaders. He is now president of the American Tie and Timber Company, which is the owner of large tracts of timbered land in the forest regions of the South, and which is one of the largest producers of railroad cross ties of this country, and is constantly executing large contracts for supplying ties for the leading rail- way systems of the South and other sections, the business having assumed national scope, and ]\Ir. Brown having his oflice in New York City at 11 Broadway. Mr. Brown gives to the business the licnefit of long experience, has a wide acquaintance with the timber resources of the country and has so organ- ized the business of his company as to i)lace it upon a basis of the highest efficiency, and enable it most readily to resjMmd to the demands of trade which has steadily increased each year from its organization. Mr. Brown married, March 11, 1908, Ida J. Kohn. 57 S9S HISTORY OF XEJV YORK FRANCIS II. KIMBALL FK.IXCIS II. KIMBALL SU9 FRANCIS H. KIMBALL is one of the most successful exponents of Gothic architecture in this country whose work throughout the LInited States, and more particularly in New York City, has placed him at the head of his profession. Mr. Kimball was born at Kennebunk, IMaine, September it,, 1845, ^^""J received his education in the public schools of his native town. When four- teen years of age he entered the employ of a relative, who was a builder, and his first valuable experience in plain draA\-ing was received while making the simple designs for such buildings as his employer erected. Five years later Mr. Kimball entered the office of Louis P. Rogers in Boston, who later formed a jiartership with Gridley J. F. Bryant, and after eighteen months of service with this tirm he was sent to Hartford, to prepare the working drawings for the Charter Oak Life Insurance Company's building, and during the ensuing two years also prepared plans for a business block for the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. Mr. Kimball was then employed upon the competition design for the ca]M- tal of Connecticut, and was later engaged as supervising architect of Trinity College. To familiarize himself wnth the work Mr. Kimball spent a year in London, and it was dtiring this period that he perfected his knowledge under the tutorage of William Burges, the London architect, who was a master of the French Gothic. LTpon locating in New York City Air. Kimball's initial work was in con- nection with Thomas ^^'isedell, since deceased, in the remodeling of the old Madison Square Theatre. The interior produced was one of the most artistic of that period. The Casino, one of the most notable pieces of Moorish archi- tecture in this countrv, was the work of this firm and the success in this line, led Air. Kimball to make a prominent specialty of theatrical architecture, the Garrick and Fifth Avenue Theatres being among his most notable creations in that line. While remodeling the Fifth Avenue Theatre Air. Kimball encountered an obstacle that led him to adopt a method which has revolutionized foundation construction. It was the application of the caisson system. Up to that period primitive methods were used in building foundations and these were totally inadequate in the work Air. Kimball was doing. After some thought he de- cided to try a s}-stem of cylinders filled with masonry. It was a very slow method, the cylinders being sunk by hand, but the value and practicaljility of the method was established and it was not long before Air. Kimball's innova- tion was adopted by everv leading engineer in the country antl the transition of the cylinders to the pneumatic caisson quickly followed, the first ])ractical test being in the foundation of the Alanhattan Life Building, of which Kim- ball & Thompson were the architects. 90O HISTORY OF XHIl' ]'ORK ]\Ir. Kimball's versatility^ is shown by the scope and character of his work. He has planned many lieautiful churches for as many dififerent denom- inations in various parts of the country, and has 1)een equally acti\-e in design- ing suburban homes, town residences and business warehouses. Probably the greatest of his works, at least those which will last the longest and serve as monuments to his ability, are many sky-scrapers in the citv. His first work along this line was the [Manhattan Life Building, the pioneer in steel con- struction here. Mr. Kimball had no precedents to govern him in this build- ing and he may be aptly termed the originator of that character of work in the East. Other notable specimens of Air. Kimball's achievement in commercial architecture are the Standard Oil, Seligman, Brunsw'ick. Trust Company of America, City Investing, Empire, Trinity, and United States Realty Buildings. In these days of high realty values it falls to the lot of few ai'chitects to have nearly a block of vacant land between two of his creations, and thus give him the opportunity to design two ornate structures that attract every visitor to New York. This chance came to 'Sir. Kimball when he was selected to pre- pare the drawings for the Empire and Trinitv Buildings. Old Trinity churchyard stands between the two and the beautiful exterior of the towering buildings will probably remain unobscured for a centurv to come. Possibly one of the best of ]\Ir. Kimball's creations is the Citv Investing Building. While the frontage on Broadway is small, one is impressed upon entering its doors with the magnitude and beauty of its interior. A rotunda with an unusually high ceiling extends the entire length of the building, and the impression prevails that you are in one of the 1)iggest of New "*^'ork's many mammoth structures. The entire building throughout shows character and the decorations are most ]:)leasing. There is probablv no other building in the country where mas- siveness, dignity and beauty are more artistically blended. 'Sir. Kimball is of English ancestry and the American branch was founded in New England about 1660. Plis father was Samuel Kimball, who married Hannah H. Tasker, also descended from an old Maine family. During the Civil War Mr. Kimball, at the age of seventeen, enlisted in the United States Navy, and after a short service, resumed his interrupted career. Mr. Kimball married Miss Jennie G. \\"etherell, in Haverhill. His residence is at 250 West Eighty-eighth Street, and he has a handsome studio in the Empire Building, 71 Broadway. He is a Republican in politics but has never been active and has never sought public oflice. Pie is a member of tlie Players', Citv Lunch and Law- yers' Clubs, and also of the New ^'ork Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. ///:.\7vl' I'RHXTISS 901 H ENRY PRENTISS, president and treasurer of the Prentiss Tool and Supph- Company, was born in Hiil^bardston, Mass., Septem- ber 25, 1848, the son of Henry and Adahne ( \\'ri.i,dit ) Prentiss and a direct descendant of Valentine Prentiss, who came to America with John Elliott, the apostle, who settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1631. Mr. Prentiss was educated in public and high schools of Hubbardston and Worcester and began lull 1 Mill 'I I ,. )'' business life with William Dwight, Boston. He re- moved to Cincinnati in 1861. and became secretary and treasurer of the White Water Railroad, now part of the "Big Four" system. In 1875 he removed to this city and started the manufacture of taps, dies and machinists' small tools, and ten years later the Pren- tiss Tool and Supply Com- pany was incorporated. From this beginning, the company, under the per- sonal guidance of IMr. Pren- tiss, has developed a busi- ness in the sale of metal- working machinery which is one of the largest in the United States, the annual sales running into millions of dollars, necessitating branches in Boston, Mass. ; BuiYalo and Syracuse, N. Y. ; and Scranton, Pa. He is a member of the Executive Committee of the National Supply and Machinery Dealers' Asso- ciation. He belongs to several clubs in New York and elsewhere. He married, June 9, 1870, Anna E., daughter of Rev. Reuben Jeffery, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and has four children living: Julia H., Ella J., \^alerie and Marshall Prentiss. He resides at Rutherford, N. J., and his business address is 1 1 S Liberty Street. HEXKV PRENTISS :)()■.' inSTOR]' OF .\7iir ]-()RK GEORC.E CARSON SMITH GI'.ORai'. C.lh'SOX SMITH 003 G EORGE CARSON SMITH, no\v vice president of Westinghouse corporations, and largely identified with the transportation interests of the country, is a native of Granville, X. ^'., where he was Ijorn March 4, 1855, son of Harvey J. Smith, a merchant, and Oliva Cordelia (White) Smith. He is of English ancestry, descendant from Isaac Smith, who came to New England between 1750 and 1760: and is grandson of Rev. George Smith, a prominent clergyman of New York, whose uncle. Judge Hollister Smith, was a distinguished jurist of Connecticut. Mr. Smith attended North Hebron Institute in Washington County, New York, until 1872; then was at Castleton Seminary in A'ermont for two years, and after that in Adrian College, Michigan, from which he was graduated A. B., 1877. Following his graduation he was appointed private secretary to the governor of ^Michigan, and after four years' service in that capacity he entered railroad service, in 1881, as secretary to the general manager of the Texas and Pacific and International and Great Northern Railways. In 1887 he was appointed assistant to the vice president of the Missouri-Pacific Svstem, and from 1S90 to 1894 he was assistant general manager of the Missouri-Pacific System, and general manager of the Kansas City, Wyandotte and Northwesterii Railroad. From 1894 to 1900 he was [jresident and general manager of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad and of The Western Railway of Alabama, then general manager of the St. Louis-Louisville Lines of the Southern Railway until 1901, when he became actively identified with the Westinghouse interests. Mr. Smith is now president of The Lackawanna and \\''yoming Valley Rapid Transit Company, the Grand Rapids, Grand Haven and Muskegon Railway Company, and the Westinghouse Inter-Works Railway Company; is vice president of the Manila Electric Railroad and Lighting Corporation, Electric Power Securities Company of Niagara Falls, Niagara, Lockport & Ontario Power Company and The East Pittsburgh Improvement Com- pany; and a director in The Westinghouse Air Brake Company, Westing- house, Church, Kerr & Company, Union Switch and Signal Company, Electric Properties Company, Atlanta Water and Electric Power Com- pany. Westinghouse Lamp Company, and other Westinghouse companies. In politics Mr. Smith is a Republican, but his career has not been active along political lines. He is a member of the Duquesne Club of Pittsburgh, and of the Engineers' and Railroad Clubs of New York. He married, in Pittsburgh, Pa., May 15, 1878, Jennie Prosser, and they have four children. The eldest, a daughter, Olivia, was married in 1901 to Harry Allen Cornelius, of Pittsburgh. The others are sons, including Somers H., born September i, 1884, now practising law^ in Seattle, Wash.; George C, Jr., born September 10, 1888, undergraduate at Cornell University, and Charles Warren, born August 16, 1890, undergraduate at Dartmouth College. 904 HISTORY OF -V£fr YORK KUWARD R. STETTINIUS lUmWRD R. SrilTTlXIUS 0(15 £■ 'D\\'ARD R. STETTINIUS, now president and treasurer of tlie Diamond Alateli Coniiiany, was Ijorn in Saint Louis, Missouri, Feb- ruary 15, 1865, the son of Joseph Stettinius, who settled in Saint Louis, Mis- souri, about 1830, and was identified until his death, in 1868, with the whole- sale grocery trade and the shipping and insurance interests of Saint Louis. His son, Edward R. Stettinius, was brought ui) in Saint Louis, attending- schools there and completing his education at the Saint Louis University. He entered active business in 1883, and after spending about nine years in Saint Louis, the last five years of which was spent in the stock brokerage business, he removed to Chicago. In 1892 Mr. Stettinius was elected to the office of treasurer of The Stir- ling Company, manufacturers of machinery, water-tube boilers and various other devices, connected with the generation of steam, and he continued his connection with that company until it was consolidated, in Kpf), with the Babcock & Wilcox Company, of which he is a director and vice president. Mr. Stettinius was elected, in 1904, a director of the Diamond Match Company, which is the leading corporation engaged in the manufacture of matches in this country, and in 1906 he was elected vice i^resident of that company, so continuing until May, 1909, when he was elected to the head of the company with the offices of president and treasurer. Mr. Stettinius has gained an excellent reputation for his financial and organizing ability and in the executive management of the large corporations with which he has been identified, he has displayed abilities which have earned him a place among the most able and enterprising men connected with the creation and management of large industrial corporations. Roth in Chicago and New York he has been recognized as an important member of the group of men who have in recent years demonstrated the advantages of the modern methods of consolidation of industries in place of the expensive and destructive methods of the former era, when small concerns with restricted resources were engaged in destructive competition. He has done much constructive work in placing the enterprises under his direction upon the basis of perfect industrial and financial organization, conducive alike to economy and efficiency of admin- istration. Mr. Stettinius is a member of several of the leading clubs in New York and Chicago, including the Chicago Club, Chicago Athletic Club and Midday Club, of Chicago; the Engineers', Lotos, Railroad, and Lawyers' Clubs, of New York Citv: the Automobile Club of America, and the Richmond County Countrv Club. He has his ofike in the Trinity P.nilding, at 11 1 P.roadway, and his residence at Dongan Hills, Staten Island. He married, in Richmond, Mrginia, October 18. 1894, Judith Carring- ton, and has four children: William, Isabel, Edward, Jr., and Betty. 906 HISTORY OF XI-ll' YORK WILLIAM H. TAYLOR, was born in Paterson, N. J.. September 30, 1859, the son of William H. and Catharine G. (Deeths) Taylor. His paternal ancestry was English and of great antiquity, the name in its original form being Taillcrfer and brought to England by one of the Norman liarons who accompanied William, the Conqueror. It was immortal- ized Ijv Sir b^dwin Bulwer-Lytton in The Last of the Saxon Kings, who tells of Taillerfer, a warrior ,^^i,.,.., 'ljI^|8iiffi|ffliiiBIIH of gigantic stature, who led his followers in the battle of Hastings and who slew many of the foe before he fell at the hands of Leofi- A'ine, a brother of the Saxon king. The Heralds' College attests the right of the Tay- lor family to bear arms by the registry of its crest — a dexter arm embossed in armor, the hand in a gaunt- let, grasping a javelin, w'ith the motto Coiiscquitor Ouo- douiiquc petit — "He accom- plishes what he undertakes." Large landed estates in Kent, England, were re- ceived from the Conqueror and these descended in 1256 to Hanger Taylerfer, from whom the American Tavlors claim descent. The foun- dation of the family in America was in 1692, when Edward Taylor "of Briggs House, County of York, England, residing in Lundnn" came ;md settled in this country. The family has cnntribiUed many eminent men in all walks of life and never, so far as known, in its history has the name been smirched by an un- worthy act. Major Richard Cox, whose mother w^as a Taylor, was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, while Elisha Taylor was an officer in the War of 18 1 2. John Taylor, of New York, was a member of Congress uninterrupt- WII.I.I.V.M It. TAYLOR WILLIAM IL TAYLOR 007 edly from 1S13 to 1S33 and was twice speaker of the House. Other mem- bers of the family were: President Zachary Taylor, Bayard Tavlor, author and poet; Brook Taylor, the ""water poet," and Tom Taylor, once editor of the unique "London Punch." Its ecclesiastical history includes Rev. Jeremy Taylor and the late Bishop Frederick W. Taylor, of Illinois. In the American family was William H. Taylor, orand father of him of the same name to whom this narrative principally relates. He was a native of Birmingham, England, the son of a silversmith, and came to the United States and located in Paterson, New Jersey. He brought Avith him consid- erable means and lived in pleasant retirement. Pie married y\:\Y\ White, and to them were born children: William H., James, John, George, Charles, Joseph, Emma, Sarah and Mary. \\'illiam H. Taylor, eldest son of William H. and Alary (White) Taylor, was born in Birmingham, England, in 1826, and was six years old when his parents came to the United States. In 185 1 he married Catherine G. Deeths, daughter of Nicholas and Ann Deeths, and to them were horn three chil- dren: Emma G., Cassie G., and William H. The present William H. Taylor was educated in Paterson, New Jersey, and Allentown, Pennsylvania, and pursued advanced studies in Dickinson Seminary, but left that institution to assist in the management of his father's machinery and supply business, William H. Taylor & Company, Allentown, Pennsylvania. He gained a complete knowledge of the business and upon the death of his father, in 1880, he assumed control. In 1884 he established a branch at Scranton, Pa., the Scranton Supplv and Alachinery Company, and in 1889 another branch, the Hazleton (Pa.) ]\Iachinery & Supply Company. Becoming interested in coal mining, Mr. Taylor has become one of the largest individual anthracite coal operators in Pennsylvania. He was coun- sellor for The St. Clair Coal Company, of which he is president, in the Anthra- cite Strike Commission, and is president of the Franklin Coal Company ; also the Goodwin Car Company. He is also a director of The Coal and Iron Na- tional Bank and a member of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, besides being actively interested in numerous other financial and c(^m- mercial enterprises. Mr. Taylor is a member of the Scranton Club of Scran- ton, Pa., the National Geographic Society, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, American Institute of Mining Engineers; he is a thirty- second degree Scottish Rite Mason and a member of First Church of Christ, Scientist, New York City. In 1886 he married Miss Nellie Grace Barker, daughter of Samuel Gunn and Susan Kidder Barker, of Scranton, Pa., and to them have been born four children: Nellie Grace (deceased), Alice Marion, \\'illiam H., and John D. Higgins Taylor. 90S HISTORY OF XJ:!!' TOAVv ^'//ir, mm I JOHN ROBERT STANTON ./()//.V ROBliR'r ST.IXTOX W)9 JOHN ROBERT STANTON, capitalist and niinin- en-inecr, was horn in New York City, Septeinljcr 25, 185S, Ix-ins- the son of Jolin and Elizabeth Romaine (McMillan) Stanton. His father, who was a native of Bristol, England, was a mining engineer of marked ability and distinction. Mr. Stanton began his education in the public schools of New York City, and took a partial course in the School of Mines of Co]uni])ia Cni\-ersitv. In 1879 he began his successful career as a mining engineer in connec- tion with the Atlantic Mining Company and the Central Mining Company, both of Michigan, and since then has continued to be interested in mining cor- porations in that State, becoming secretary, treasurer and a director, in 1890, of the Wolverine Copper Mining Company, and in i8()8 treasurer of the Mo- hawk Mining Company. He is also president and director of the Phcenix Consolidated Copper Company of Michigan; secretary, treasurer and a director of the Central Mining Company of Michigan; treasurer and director of the Atlantic Mining Company, and a director of the Trimountain Mining Com- pany, the Michigan Smelting Company, and the Pneumatic Wheel Company. He is an engineer of marked ability and a business man of executive and administrative skill, and is a member of the leading professional and scientific societies, including the American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, Lake Superior Mining Institute, the Franklin In- stitute of Philadelphia, American Association for the x-\dvancement of Science, National Geographic Society, American Eorestry Association, New York Bo- tanical Gardens, New York Zoological Society, New York Horticultural So- ciety, and the Metropolitan ]\Iuseum of Art; also of the Sons of the Revo- lution, St. George's Society, St. Andrew's Society, Robert Burns Society, Huguenot Society, Municipal Art Society, the Thomas Hunter Association, and the Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and Animals. Mr. Stanton joined the historic Seventh Regiment of the National Guard of the State of New^ York in September, 1876, and served ten years, receiving his honorable discharge in November, 1886, and has since served six years as lieutenant and four years as captain and is life member of Company A, Seventh Regiment Veteran Association ; member of Seventh Regiment Veteran and Active League, Active and Veteran Comrades of Company A, the Old Boys of Company A, and the Washington Continental Guards. He is fond of yachting and of aquatic sports in general, and is a member of the New York Yacht Club, Columbia Yacht Club of New York, and Oni- gaming Yacht Club of Michigan; also of the L^nion League, Lotos, Engineers', Republican, Twilight and Dunwoody Country Clubs of New York; Chicago Athletic Club, and the Miscowabik and Onigaming Clul)s of Michigan. Mr. Stanton married, September 4, 1899, Helen Maud, daughter of Ira Kilmer, of Galesville, Wisconsin. ; I ] 1 1 HISTORV OF XEjr YORK D A XI EL GUGGENHEDI. president and chairman of the Board of Directors of the American Smelting and Refining Company, was born in if>^(^: and is one of seven brothers who have become prominent in the industrial and financial world. His father, jMeyer Guggenheim, came to this countr}' from Langnau. Switzerland, in 1848. In 188 1 Meyer Guggenheim organized the manufacturing firm of ]\I. Gug- genheim & Sons; and in a few years acquired large mining and smelting inter- ests. In January, igoi. ]\I. Guggenheim iS: Sons ob- tained control of the Amer- ican Smelting and Refining Companv by a merger. At this time the Smelting and Refining Company was in liad financial straits, but by careful and progressive management Daniel Gug- genheim and his l>rothers have made it the most suc- cessful organization of its kind in the world. Mr. Guggenheim is also president and director of the American Smelters' Securi- ties Company: president and director of the Guggenheim Exploration Company: vice president and director of the Federal Lead Compau}- : and a director in the following companies: American Smel- ters' Steamship Company, Continental Rubber Com- pany of America, Esperanza ^Mining Company, Gimbel Brothers, Incorporated, Morton Trust Company, National Bank of Commerce, National Lead Com- pany, and the Nevada Xnrtliern Railway Com])any. He is a trustee of the Temple Emanu-T"d and has been active in many charities. Daniel Guggenheim was married to ]\liss I'lorence Schloss. July 22. 1884. Thev have two sons and one dauo'hter. DANIEL GUGGENHEIM WILLIAM lU'TLF.R 1 lORXBLOUllR !)11 WILLIAM BUTLER HORNBLOWER was ]i(.rn in Paterson, New Jersey. May 13, 1851, son of I\e\-. William Henry llornblower, D.D., a distinguished Presbyterian divine and theolos^ian, and of ALatilda (Butler) Hornblower. His great-grandfather, josiah Llornblower, who came from England to New Jersey in 1753, was an engineer who buih the first steam engine in America, a member of the C'ontinentrd Congress, and a judge in New Jersey. His grand- father, Joseph C o e r t e n Hornblower, was chief jus- tice of that State. Mr. Hornblower was graduated from Princeton \ in 1 87 1, and from Colum- bia LaAv School in 1875, <'"'' received his A.M. in 1874, and LL.D. in 1895, from Princeton. He was admit- ted to the bar in 1875, soon taking a prominent place in the profession, and is now- head of the law firm of Hornblower, ]\Iiller & Pot- ter. He served on the Legislative Commission ap- pointed in i8go, to propose amendments to the Judi- ciary Article of the State Constitution, and was aji- pointed by President Cleve- land a justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1893, Init was not confirmed because of the political op- position of Senators Hill and Murphy. He is a mem])er of the American. Xew ^'ork State and L ity Bar Associations, Sons of the RevolutiDU. and the University, Century. Metro- politan, :\Ianhatlan, City, Reform, Riding, and Princclon Clubs, of Xew York. Lie married, in 1882, Susan C. Sanford, wlio died in 1886. and, second, in 1894, Emily S. (Sanford) Nelson. He has two sons, Lewis W. and George S. Hornblow'er. WILLIAM BUTLER HORNBLOWER 91-2 IIISrORY OF XFAV YORK ]/''''.,■' i|'l ' I' ' i'" '' ""V',' l,ilillk%{\W., ' „""! I ' , IN I III I Wi \ !|i, 'I t" :' ""i V Ml'/ '"In J 'I I 'I ,^ ' ','|'l wn hf it It' fH M(-)KriMl-:K F. ELLIOTT MORTIMER F. I'.LIJOTT 913 MORTIMER F. ELLIOTT, oeneral solicitor of tlie Standard Oil Company, is a native of Tioga County, Pennsylvania, where his father was engaged in farming, and in his boyhood he divided his time between work on the paternal farm and the studies of the neighboring district school, and afterward attended Alfred University, in Allegany County, New York. He left before graduation and took up the study of law in the offices of Hon. James Lown-y and Hon. Steven S. Wilson, at Wellsboro, the county seat of Tioga County, his preceptors being among the leading members of the Tioga County bar at that time. He supported himself at various kinds of work, while engaged in his legal studies, until he was sufficiently proficient to secure admission to the bar and engage in the practice of law. He soon built up a good practice, studied his cases thoroughly and was successful, and after a few years was nominated by his party as Demo- cratic candidate for the ofiice of president judge of Tioga County, and though defeated ran far ahead of his ticket. A year later he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania and bore a prominent and influential part in the deliberations of that body and in the reformulation of the organic law of his native State. He was elected to the Forty-eighth Congress, but after serving that term returned to the practice of law. Meanwhile the oil business had become the principal interest in his section of Pennsylvania, and he became known throughout that region as an expert in all law questions pertaining to oil wells and all kinds of oil matters, and finally his learning and success led to an offer of the Standard Oil Company to Mr. Elliott to become a member of its legal force. Since then Mr. Elliott has been an attorney for the Standard Oil Com- pany, and since nearly two years before the death of Samuel C. T. Dodd, the former general solicitor of the Standard Oil Company, he has filled that position and has been at the head of the legal department of the greatest corporation in the world. In conserving the vast resources, and defending the complex interests, of that great corporation, the services of the highest legal ability are constantly required, and Mr. Elliott has fully justified the wisdom of placing him at the head of the company's legal department. Mr. Elliott is an authority upon all that relates to the law as it attects the oil business, has great ability as an advocate as well as a counselor, and is a thoroughly equipped lawyer in every respect. Besides deep learning, he has a keen sense of humor, is a judge of men as well as of legal questions, and has a place with those at the head of the American bar. 58 914 HISTORY OF XHir YORK GIIMIRAL EDWARD P. MEAXV 915 GENERAL EDWARD P. MEAXV. counselor at law and < me of the most distinguished of American lawyers, was born in Louisville, Kentucky, May 13, 1854, the son of Edward A. and Maria Lavinia (Shan- non) Meany. and he is of luiglish and Irish ancestry. His father was for a number of years conspicuously identified with the jurisprudence of the South, not only occupying an honored place upon the l^ench, but also having a career of exceptional brilliancy at the bar as well. Commodore Barry and Captain John Meany, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, were members of his father's family. His maternal grandfather was Henry Gould Shannon, who settled, in iSio, at Louisville, of which he was a i)rominent and respected citizen. General Meany was educated in the schools of hjs native State of Ken- tucky and at Saint Louis, Missouri, and he was prepared for the practice of his profession in the most careful and thorough manner by his father, and was admitted to the bar in 1878. Being a close student and possessed of a judi- cial mind and much forensic abilitv, he soon attained prominence at the bar. He was for many }ears counsel for the American Telephone and Tele- graph Company, and held several positions of prominence and confidence in that corporation and in many of its associate companies. Besides a thorough knowledge of the law and of legal practice and procedure. General Meany developed marked ability along executive and administrative lines, and he has been called to duty as officer and director of several important railway, finan- cial and other corporations. He was elected, in 1884, to the office of vice president of the New Mexico Central and Southern Railway Company, and represented that company in Mexico and Europe, rendering to that corporation especially valuable service by obtaining from the Mexican government the concession under which it operated in the Republic of iMexico. He is vice president and a director of The Trust Company of New Jersey, and a director of The Colonial Life Insurance Company of America, The National Iron Bank of Morristown, New Jersey, and several business corporations. Since i8c)3 he has been judge advocate general of New Jersey with the rank of brigadier general. In 1894 he was one of the Palisades commissioners of the State of New Jersey, and he has been a trustee and treasurer of the Newark Free Public Library. General Meany is a Democrat in politics. He was a delegate from New Jersey to the National Democratic Conventions of 1896 and 1900, and at both conventions he earnestly supported the principles advocated by the Old Line Democracy, and vigorously protested against the al)andonment bv the jiartv of these principles. He is a member of the Lawyers' Club, the :\Iorris County Golf Club, Mor- ris County Country Club. The Whippany River and Morristown Clubs. General :\Ieany married Rosalie, daughter of Peter Behr, of Saint Louis, Missouri, and has one son. Shannon Lord Meany. 916 HISTORY OF Xllir YORK rniWINAXD SULZBERGllR 917 FERDINAND SULZBERGER, president of the Sulzberger & Sons Company ( formerly Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Comjiany), was born in Baden, Germany, and represents the oldest of the four American branches of the distinguished Sulzberger family, which derived its origin from the town of Sulzberg, in Bavaria. The other American branches of the family also in- clude men of distinction, among whom is lion. Mayer Sulzberger, president judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia. Mr. Sulzberger was a farmer's son, spending his early life upon the farm. He attended the German High School, came to the United States when twenty years old, and entered the slaughtering business in New York City. Later, with a partner, he established the firm of Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company. That company, the oldest of the packing concerns of the United States, was among the pioneers in the business of shipping refrigerator beef from the West, having its own equipment of refrigerator cars. The Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company was merged in the Sulzberger & Sons Company when the latter corporation acquired the whole of the out- standing capital stock of Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company, and Mr. Fer- dinand Sulzberger continues at the head of the business as president of the Sulzberger & Sons Company. No man has done more to bring to its present high state of development the dressed-beef industry, or to bring about the mod- ern methods of handling the product. The Sulzberger & Sons Company has enormous plants in New York City, Chicago and Kansas City, and has another, now in course of construction, at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Chicago plant of this company is said to be the most modern in equipment of any in the world devoted to the packing industry, having the very latest improved ma- chinery and facilities for the slaughtering of cattle and handling of the prod- ucts, from the time of killing to the manufacture of the vast quantities of by- products derived from cattle. So extended are their operations that there is scarcely a town that is not reached by the branch houses, distributing points and sales agencies of Sulz- berger & Sons Company throughout the United States and at man_\- European points. To create the great and eflfective industrial and commercial enterprise represented by the plants, transportation facilities and system of distribution of the Sulzberger & Sons Company has required a remarkable genius for organ- ization. Mr. Sulzberger, in addition to his position at the head of this company, is also president of the Cold Blast Transportation Company, the Lackawanna Live Stock Transportation Company, John Reardon & Sons Company of Bos- ton, and several other large enterprises. He has given much time and numer- ous liberal donations to various charitable institutions in New York City and elsewhere, and has for years served as a director of the Montefiore Home. 91S HISTORY OF XEW YORK I'j i" ,1'''." ,. ' '. j.}^ 1,1 1 1 r ,' GEORC.E DEVEREUX MACKAY GRORGll Pnj'RRRUX M.ICKAV 919 G EORGE DEVEREUX ^lACKAY, banker and railway official, is a native of Brooklyn, New York, and son of John Sntherland and Mary (Devereux) Alackay. He is of English and Scotch descent, but on both sides, of old American families, from John Devereux, who came to America in 1640, and John Mackay, who also came to America in 1760, the Devereux family having been especially prominent and its interesting story has been put into book form under the title. From Kingdom to Colony, by Mary Devereux. Mr. Mackay 's father was a banker and Mr. Mackay him- self was educated in the Brooklyn public schools and the [jrooklyn Polytechnic Institute until 1870, when he became a clerk in the banking house of \'ermilye & Company, and in 1875 became a member of the New York Stock Exchange. In 1880 he became partner of the late firm of X'ermilye & Company, with which he continued for twenty-five years, and he was afterward with the firm of Mackay & Co. until 1908, when, having accumulated extensive interests in various corporations, he retired from active l)anking business in order to de- vote his attention to the care of his investments and his duties in connection with the companies in which he is an officer or director. He is a director of the Kanawha and Michigan Railway Company; vice president of the Tri- City Railway and Light Company; treasurer of the Georgia Coast and Pied- mont Railroad Company; president and director of the Acme Ball Bearing Company; director of the Alabama Marble Company, the Barnes Real Estate Association, and the Mount \'ernon Trust Company. He has always supported Republican candidates except when the candidacy of Grover Cleveland for President was endorsed by the Independent Republicans in 1884. He was appointed by Governor Odell on the \"isiting Board of State Hospital for the Insane for New York district, serving from 1905 to 1907. He is the manager of the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum of New ^'ork. Mr. Mackay went to Europe, the Holy Land, and Egypt, in 1892, ac- companying Mr. Dwight L. Moody on his trip to the Holy Land, and the notes which were made by Mr. Mackay on that memorable journe}'. being the only record of Mr. Moody's daily life in the Holy Land, were extensively used in the various biographies of Mr. Moody which were i)ublished after his death. Mr. Mackay is a member of the Metropolitan, Republican, and the Railway Clubs of New York City, and of the Knights of Columbus. Mr. Mackay married, in Brooklyn, New York, February 5, 1880, Annie R. Barnes, daughter of A. S. Barnes, the well-known publisher of school books, and they have six children: Madeline, who married Avent Childress, and has three daughters; Donald Mackav, H. Hugh I. Mackav, Alfred B. Mackay, Lois Mackay, who married Roland F. Elliman, and has one son ; and George D. Mackay, Jr. Hugh J. Mackay married Gertrude Bovee, daughter of C. N. Bovee, a prominent lawyer and partner of General Stewart L. Woodford. 920 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK CHALMERS DALE 031 c HALMERS DALE is one of tlie younger members of the New York Stock Exchange who has, during the past few years, made for himself a record of financial and organizing ability and attained a notable measure of success. He is a native of the City of New York, where he was born February 2, 1882, being the son of Chalmers and Carrie Reed (Lyon) Dale. His parents on both sides are members of families which have been long established upon American soil, ])ut which were originally of English origin and ancestry. Mr. Dale enjoyed the best educational advantages, receiving his earlv training in Drisler's School in New York City, and his preparation for col- lege at the famous Hill School, of Pottstown, Pennsylvania, where he re- mained for six years, and he completed his scholastic training in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale L^niversity, being a member of the Class of 1904. His father had been for years an extensive investor in securities, and Mr. Dale had early determined upon a financial career. Therefore, upon leaving the university he sought to perfect himself in the study of market conditions and investment values, and he dealt in stocks and securities as an investor for several years until he had attained a practical knowledge of the stock market. In igo8 he bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange and engaged in a regular brokerage business in stocks and bonds, and since then has been identified with many important stock-market operations. Mr. Dale has accpired numerous important interests, but is especially well known in the financial world as an organizer, in 1905, of The Precious Metals Corporation, the stocks of which have attained a place of prnminence among the active securities in the New York market, attracting the attention of investors all over the country. Mr. Dale is the treasurer of the corpora- tion, and has devoted his personal attention to its financial welfare, making a market for its securities, and the success and vitality of the cori)oration is in a very large measure due to his organizing ability and his watchful care. Be- sides his connection with this company, ^Ir. Dale is identified to an inlluential degree with other enterprises, and has met with continuous success in his operations. Mr. Dale has traveled extensively in Europe and in the eastern part of the United States. He is a Republican in political views, though not espe- cially active in partisan afTairs. He is a director of the Riding and Driving Club of Brooklyn, and a member of the Crescent Athletic Club of that bor- ough. His other club affiliations include The Lambs, of New York City, and the Seawanhaka-Corinthian Yacht Club. Mr. Dale married, in Brooklyn, :\Larch 31, 1905, Miss Sadie Peters, and they have a town house at 992 Park Place, Brooklyn, and a delightful country residence, "Bonnie Braes," at Cold Spring on the Hudson, New York. 95. 'USTORV Of XEir york WIIJJ.IM XELSOX CROMWELL 923 WILLIA.M NELSON CROMWELL, an American lawyer of re- markable achievements and international fame, was born in New York in 1854. When the war began, in 1861, his father went to the front as colonel of the Forty-seventh Regiment of Illinois A'olunteers under General Sherman, and was killed at the Ijattle of Jackson, in 1S63. After Colonel Cromwell's death, his widow returned to the East and made her home in Brooklyn. His earl}- education was under a private tutor. Later he was graduated from Columbia Law School and then entered the office of Sullivan, Kobbe & Fowler, which was one of the leading law firms of the metropolis, headed by Algernon Sidney Sullivan, who was one of the greatest lawyers of his time, and whose exami)le \\as an inspiration to young Cromwell. A hard worker, and a careful student, of tireless energy and an undeviating determination to achieve mastery of the profession of the law, he was admitted to the bar in 1877, continuing with Air. Sullivan and, advancing in his favor, was almost immediately admitted to partnership in the firm, which then took its present name of Sullivan & Cromwell, which name has since been continued, althousfh ]\Ir. Sullivan died in 1888; since then [Nlr. Cromwell has been at the head of the firm. Throughout his practice ]Mr. Cromwell has shown especial talent for the larger tasks of corporation law, the forming of great industrial enterprises on a legal basis, the rehabilitation of firms involved in financial tangles, on a large scale, the carrying out and closing of difficult negotiations, and the orderly organization of gigantic enterprises into legal working order. When only at the l)ar a vear or two, he won his first legal spurs by becoming the aggressive and leading counsel in the foreclosure of the Houston and Texas Central Railway Company against ]\Ir. Huntington, practically managing the receivership as counsel until the mortgage debt he represented was paid in full. The first case in which his great abilities found scope for ample dem- onstration was that of Decker, Howell & Company, a brokerage firm which had failed for sixteen million dollars. Their affairs were placed in Mr. Cromwell's hands and he took hold of them with such energy and insight that in two months he had straightened out the firm's affairs and the creditors were paid in full, a consummation which no one had been sufficiently optimis- tic to expect. For his marvelous success in that case the court allowed a fee of $400,000, though Mr. Cromwell refused to take more than $250,000. Then the affairs of voung Ives, "the Napoleon of Finance,'' involving administra- tion of railroads and banks, were placed in his hands and successfully adjusted with expedition. A similar result attended his efforts in the cases of Price, McCormick & Company, who failed for ten million dollars, and the Produce Exchange Trust Company, which he soon put in reorganized condition and 934 HISTORY OF XEJl' YORK reestablished successfully vinder another name: the reorganization of the United States Ship Building Company, the Seventh Xational Bank, and the JNletropolitan Fire Engine Company followed. He unraveled the complica- tions of the Penfield Companies, and has been the most successful adjuster of many A\"all Street failures. He was general counsel for the receivers of the Northern Pacific and general counsel in the rehabilitation and reorganization of that company from 1893 to 1896, when it was pttt firmly on its feet. He was also chief cotinsel for the New York Life Insurance Company in the con- test for the control of that company against an opposition ticket, resulting in a complete victory for the interests represented by ]\Ir. Cromwell. During the panic of 1907, the large jewelry importing houses of Joseph Frankel & Sons and Joseph Frankt-l's Sons Company. E. ]M. Gattle & Com- panv and Gattle. Ettinger & Hammel, found themselves seriously embarrassed with enormous liabilities contracted chiefly for their stock on hand, with the price of preciotts stones greatly depreciated and sales absolutely at a standstill. In this situation these companies were at the mercy of any creditor who might desire bankruptcy or receivership, which would entail enormous expense and almost inevitable ruin to the business. Mr. Cromwell devised a wholly novel plan, whereby three well-known bankers were induced to act as "liquidating trustees." The companies placed the liqtiidating trustees in control of their business, and the creditors assigned to the trustees all of their claims, notes, judgments and accounts. These companies, after having been in liquidation for a little over a year, under ^Nlr. Cromwell's directions, received back their property and are to-day prosperous, going concerns, while the creditors re- ceived their claims in full, with interest. This method of avoiding the enor- mous cost and waste of assets involved in bankruptcy, receiverships or assign- ments for benefit of creditors has since been widely used. No man in the countrv has to his credit more eflicient work in the arresting or preventing of commercial disaster to firms or corporations. He approaches problems of that kind with a degree of analytic insight and skill in diagnosis which is so exact as to deserve to be called truly scientific, and which has. in actual prac- tice, certainly produced results of unique efficiency in the rehabilitation of crippled enterprises. Mr. Cromwell has been a leading figure in the organization of many of the greatest corporations of the age. He was the originator of the reorgan- ization of the trusts into corporations, including the American Cotton Oil Company. He organized the $80,000,000 National Tube Company, and was one of the chief counsel and influences in organizing the United States Steel Corporation, and many other of the largest corporations. His genius along the lines indicated attracted the attention of E. H. Har- riman, first by his success in fighting that gentleman. That astute financier IVILLIAM KELSON CROMWELL '.m realized that Mr. Cromwell might be as valuable an ally as he was dangerous as an opponent, and Mr. Cromwell made and won for him the fight for control of the Wells-Fargo Express Company. He also represented the Harriman interests in the Illinois Central fight for control and won the contest which resulted in the ousting of Stuyvesant Fish from the presidency of that com- pany, and jilacing the Harriman interests in dominancy. The most notable and best known of his achievements were those which culminated in the adoption, purchase and luiilding by the United States of the Panama Canal. The French Company placed its afifairs, without reserve, in the hands of ]\Ir. Cromwell. At that time the probability that the Panama Canal route would ever be chosen for the canal was practically hopeless. The engineers' reports, the Congressional Committees, and a strong Xicaraguan organization had brought the Nicaragua route so prominently in favor that it had been virtually decided upon by Congress. To inaugurate and organize a campaign of education in favor of the Panama route ; to present arguments against men who had for years been strenuously advocating the Nicaragua route and who had a large part of the press committed to and strongly fight- ing for their theories; and against international powers that were combating his efforts through diplomatic channels — this was the task that he took up simultaneously in Washington, Paris, Panama and Colombia. He succeeded in it, and finally was the chief instrument in adoption of the Panama Canal Ijill, and afterwards negotiated and completed the transfer of the French Panama Canal to the United States for forty million dollars. It has been given to few men to accomplish so important an international undertaking. While his achievements have l)een so markedly individual, Mr. Cromwell's chief ambition has been to organize his law firm upon the highest plane of professional ethics and with such skilled and able assistants that the firm would become a permanent legal organization and survive his own activities. He thus has surrounded himself with a partnership organization comprising over a score in number, and an office force of twice that numl^er, thus giving assurance of perpetuity next only to that of the corporate form which would be inapplicable to the legal profession. INIr. Cromwell is a tireless worker and student, a master genius of nego- tiation and organization. Next to his work he loves music and art. His home on West Forty-ninth Street is adorned by many paintings of the best artists, notably canvasses by Bouguereau and other great artists of the mod- ern French school, and he has a large pipe organ installed in his home, and he finds his chief diversion in playing on that instrument. He is a member of the Union League, New York and Metropolitan Clubs, the :\Ietropolitan Museum of Art, and Lawyers' Club. He married Mrs. Jennie Osgood. 93G HISTORY OF XIIW YORK J.IMBS ROIUIRT KF.nXE 027 JAMES ROBERT KEENE has been, since 1877, one of the most prominent and masterful jiarticipants in the gigantic operations that centre in Wall Street, where he has sustained the position of a leader through man}- a hard-fought financial campaign. Before he came here he had estab- lished his reputation as by far the boldest and most successful financier of the Pacific Coast. Mr. Keene was liorn in 1838 in London, England, where his father was a successful merchant, and his education was acquired in a private school in Lincolnshire, and afterward in Dublin, under the instruction of a friend of his father, an old master of Trinity College, continuing until his father, having determined to come to America, brought him, with his family, to this country. James R. Keei:ie was little more than fifteen years of age when his ambi- tious and adventurous spirit impelled him to seek a career for himself. The Golden West was then the goal of those who sought for Fortune's favors ; so he made his way by the overland route to California, .settling in one of the northern counties. There he followed various pursuits, prospected in the mountains and became interested in mining ventures. He edited a newspaper for two years, and during that period studied and practised law. At that time the developments on the Comstock lode in Nevada had assumed such importance that the Washoe Country became the centre of in- terest in the mining world. From all parts of the country adventurers rushed in a continuous stream to the new Eldorado. Thither went Mr. Keene. than whom there was none more alert and enthusiastic in all that eager and ambi- tious throng. His genius for speculation soon asserted itself, and he ac(|uired interests in many mining properties and made some advantageous deals in the local mining stocks of that region. After a time he had not only gained a moderate fortune, but with it had made the more valualile acquisition of a fund of knowledge of the mines of that region which proved a most useful asset in his later and larger operations. Having definitely disco^'ered his own genius for speculation he went to San Francisco and there was soon engaged in o])erations in Nevada mmmg stocks, which were the active feature of that market. He did well for a while, l)Ut the failure of one of the Comstock mines at the lower levels shattered con- fidence, sent prices down to the bottom, depressed business, and brought dis- aster to nearly all who dealt in stocks in that market. Among others :\Ir. Keene found his fortune reduced to a deficit, and it was about 'two vears before he and the market had so far recovered that he was able to actiVelv resume his operations. He soon made a reimtation as a sagacious speculator, and buving a seat in the San Francisco Stock Exchange, of\vhich he became, in a remarkably short time, beyond all comparison the most skillful, successful and masterful memlier, and was elected it^ iiresident. 928 HISTORY OF NEW YORK When the famous "lionanza" discovery was made in the ConsoHdated Virginia mine, Mr. Keene was one of the first to appreciate its importance, and hought heavily of the securities of that and other properties of that dis- trict, which he continued to hold until the following- year, when, the stock having reached the sensational prices which marked the culmination of the rise, he realized on his investments with an immense profit. With the terrible fall of values which shook the market many business dis- asters came, chief among which was the closing of the doors of the Bank of California, upon the soundness and solvency of which the stability of many of the leading enterprises of the State was founded. Its rehabilitation was an imperative necessity of the situation, and in the measures to that end Mr. Keene took a leading part. He was one of the four leading California financiers who headed, with $1,000,000 each, the guaranty fund of $8,000,000 found necessary to secure depositors against loss and enable the bank to continue business* He also secured the passage of a resolution by which the Stock Exchange subscribed $250,000, and through his influence individual members of that institution also subscribed $500,000 more toward the amount, which proved sufficient to permit the bank to resume and start anew on a career which has been emi- nently successful ever since: and to avert the almost incalculable disaster which would have resulted had the institution failed. Though the bank was saved, the stock market never recovered from the blow. Mr. Keene, in 1877, left with the intention of visiting Europe, but when he reached New York the Wall Street situation was so full of in- terest that he postponed his European trip and became active in the stock market. Railroad strikes and other disturbing influences had reduced prices of the entire list of stocks to the lowest level which had been reached for years. Mr. Keene, with large cash resources and a conviction that there would be a quick revival of values and a ])eriod of great prosperity, bought heavily of all the principal stocks in the market. The soundness of his judgment was fully justified when, as he had foreseen, prices steadily mounted, and by 1879 he found himself in possession of a fortune estimated at $15,000,000. Mr. Keene, after a somewhat extended visit to Europe, returned to New York, and again engaged in tiie activities of the stock market, in which he has since continued to be one of the most successful and boldest operators, for his own account and as the manager of campaigns for others. No man who has ever ai)peared in this market has demonstrated a greater mastery of its tactics, a keener insight, a broader outlook or a sounder judgment than Mr. Keene. In the financial battles of Wall Street there has appeared no abler general. Many of the greatest movements in the financial history of New York have been entrusted to him. J.IMHS ROBERT KEEXE \)->'j When, in a campaign which extended from 1895 to 1897, Mr. Keene made the market for the sugar stocks, it was regarded as a masterful jiiece of work; and a task which even more strongly demonstrated his great ability was when, in 1901, he made the initial market for United States Steel with an efficiency of management which has never been surpassed. With like good generalship he managed, in its early stages, the upward movement in Amal- gamated Copper in 1905. Still more noteworthy was the later campaign which under his charge resulted in securing the control of the Northern Pacific Railway by a brilliant coup, the celerity, noiselessness and complete- ness of which evinced genius of a high order. Mr. Keene has attained international distinction on the turf, antl from his breeding farm have come many of the most distinguished thoroughbreds of the American turf: among them Sysnnby, Voter, Ballot, Celt, Colin, Peter Pan, Conroy, Maskette, Sweep, and manv others which have won him many triumphs. He has also taken a i)rominent part in the famous classic races of England and France, notably with his horse Foxhall, which, in 1881, carried off the Grand Prix at Paris, and the Cesarewitch and Cambridgeshire Stakes at Newmarket; his filly Cap and Bells, which won the English Oaks in 1901, and others. His stable represents the best l)lood of two continents, and its excellence is the result of an almost lifelong study by Mr. Keene of the thor- oughbred horse. He is one of the best informed of the world's horse owners, steadfast in his devotion to the best traditions of the turf, and possessing a thorough knowledge of turf rules and racing practices in America and lui- rope. He has been a steward and vice chairman of the Jockey Club since its first organization. He is a member of The Brook and the Rockaway llunt Clubs. Mr. Keene has a beautifullv situated home at Cedarhurst, l.i mg Island. He married, in California, Sara Jay Daingerfield, of a most distinguished Virginia family, being the daughter of Colonel LeRoy and Juliet Octavia (Parker) Daingerfield, and a sister of Judge Daingerfield, of the United States Court in California, and of Major Foxhall A. Daingerfield. of Ken- tucky. Mrs. Keene's mother was a sister of Commodore Foxhall A. Parker, of the United States Navy, and of Senator Parker, of X'irginia, whose .son, Judge Richard Parker, presided at the trial of John Brown in connection w ith the Harper's Ferry raid; and was aunt of Commodore Foxhall A. Parker, 2d, who commanded the Potomac flotilla in the Civil War and was afterward superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. Mr. Keene has a son, Foxhall Parker Keene, and a daughter, Jessie Har- war Keene. Foxhall P. Keene is prominent in the best society of this country and England; is famous as a horseman and a polo player, and has long been associated with his father in turf matters. 69 DoO niSToRV OF XRir YORK f"i /' 'ifV EDWARD WESTON EDJJ-.IRD IfESTON i):5i E DWARD WESTON, SC.D., LL.D., one of the world's most dis- ting-uished electrical engineers and inventors, was born at P.rinn Cas- tle, near Oswestry, Shropshire. England, May 9, 1850, the son of Edward and Margaret (Jones) Weston, but in early life removed with his parents to Wol- verhampton, a manufacturing city of Staffordshire. He attended the National Schools and St. Peter's Collegiate institute, and was an especially eager student along the lines of pliysical science and experiment. His father was a landed proprietor Init was also a mechanical genius, and young Weston, inheriting like talents, delighted to experiment with tools, and to study the uses and construction of machines. He was only nme \\hcn he secured a copy of Smee's Elements of Electro-Metallurgy, of winch he made a close and eager study. He fitted up a room in his parents' home, studied and experimented in chemistry and electro-metallurgy, and built in- duction coils, electric motors and galvanic batteries of various types, using great ingenuity and spending nuich labor in prejjaring and adapting the crude materials which were available. His first battery consisted of two cells, the copper plates of which were two old scale pans and the zinc plates such thin sheets of zinc as were readily obtainable in those days. The smallness of the spark obtained from these cells disappointed him : he wanted something more startling, and desired to obtain the most powerful combination of elements used in the Grove or Bunsen cell. Platinum he could not obtain, Init he pro- cured rough blocks of carbon from the local gas works which he vainly tried to saw into shape, but could not because of the hardness and density of the material ; so he s])ent davs of persistent toil in the work of chipping out mate- rial (if the rcfjuired shape and size. Procuring ]:)orous cells from a nearby telegra]ih office and zinc plates from local zinc works he constructed a battery of much greater power than any he had before, and constructed electric bells and similar instruments, and even a small Init ])erfectly workable lelegra])h line, the insulation of which was accom])lished by use of the necks of glass vials. He made the acquaintance of several prominent engineers with whom he discussed various mechanical and electrical problems. One of his sugges- tions of that early period concerned the subject of steam propulsion upon ordi- narv roads, using rubber tires to avoid cutting U]) the roadway. He ac(|uired such a knowledge of electrical science that at the age of sixteen he delivered a public lecture, which attracted nnich attention, ujion the subject of electricity, illustrated by apparatus made by himself. His parents, while tolerant of his devotion to these experiments, had no sympathy with his amliition to become a mechanical engineer, and endeavored with some anxiety to select a profession for him. On the suggestion of a prominent dentist named Owen, his parents induced him to try dental sur- gerv, but he soon developed a repugnance to that i)ursuit which made them !»;!■.' HISTORV OF Mill' )'(>RK seek niiother for him, and tliey decided that he should take up the stuch' of niecHcine. In En^-Land the candidate for a mechcal (Hi)l()nia must not only attend lectures, but must also spend at least three years in association with some duly c|ualified ])ractitioner in regular practice. Young Weston was, therefore, placed 1)v his jiarents under the care of Doctors Edward H. and J. M. Coleman, distinguished physicians, and men of scientific tastes, and with them he i)ursued medical studies for three years, but wdiile he found much scientific incentive in connection with his studies, he earl)- decided that he would never follow medicine as a profession, and continued to devote the time that was not taken up by his medical studies to his mechanical and electrical in\'cstigati(ins. His [larents complained of his lack of staliility, and, as he found himself out of s\'mpathy with his surroundings, he concluded to leave England. He arrived in New li'ork City in May, 1870, bringing with him his apparatus, a few books, a small amount of monev and some letters of recommendation. After several months he secured employment with a small firm of manufac- turing chemists, where he remained a year and then became chemist and elec- trician to the American Nickel-Plating Companv. In that emplov he invented processes in connection with nickel ])lating" \\hich are now in universal use and would, if he had i)rotected himself by pat- ents, have brought him great returns. He studied dynamo-electric machines with the object of using them for electro-metallurgical purposes, and from December, 1S7J, engaged in the nickel-plating business on his own account until i''^75. During that period he constructed and put into use a variety of d\namo-electric machines. Tn 1873 he prepared the first of the copper-coated carbons now in world-wide use in the arc form of electric lighting, and the same year invented the disc armature, which greatly simplified the problems of efficiency and economy in dvnamo-electric machines. In 1875 he took out his first patent, which was for an improvement in nickel-])lating processes, and the same year gave u|) the electroplating business wbicli his inventions had so greatly im])roved both in processes and results. He moved to Newark, New Jei'sev, becoming a partner with Messrs. Stevens, Roberts & Havell, in the manufacture of dvnamo-electric machines for electnipialing, eleclrotyijing, electric lighting and fur other ])urposes. By invention of an ingenious automatic cut-off, which ])revented a reversal of polarity and consecjuent change in direction of the current, he produced the first true dynamo-electric machine which would serve for electro-metallurgical work. It greatly excelled the old galvanic batterv svstem in simplicity, relia- bility and economy in zinc, acids and mercurv, and is now used in practi- cally every important electrotvi)ing and electroplating establishment. The business was incorporated in 1877 ^^ the Weston Company, which was in F.nir.IRD WESTON 933 i88i consolidated with the United States Electric Light Company, of wliich he was electrician until i,SS8. In 1S78 Mr. Weston invented several inii)rove- nients in nickel plating. ui)nn tlie basis of which the \\'eston lAlallcahle Nickel Company was organized. From 1875 Mr. Weston gave much attention to the problems of tlic pro- duction of light and the transmission of power by electricity, constructed vari- ous types of incandescent lamjjs in 1876, and invented the hydrocarlxni treat- ment, which eciualizes and standardizes the brilliancy and degree of resistance of all carbons on a circuit, overcoming defects in structure. Though at first Mr. Maxim obtained the credit and Mr. Sawyer the patent for this invention, the fact that Mr. Weston invented it was finally established and his right in it secured after a long contest in the Patent Ofifice. He also contrived valuable devices for securing imiform luminosity of arc lamps in series. He also con- structed several motors for propulsion of electric torpedo l)oats in 1S78; and in\-enled tamadine, a material derived from gun cotton ])y a series of chemical processes and transformed into a gelatine-like mass, from which carl)ons can be prepared which are of high specific resistance, elasticity and touglmess, and perfectly homogeneous. By their use the number of lights obtainable per horse power is greatly increased, while their high resistance greatly reduced the size and cost of conductors re(|uire(l for incandescent lighting, the inven- tion thus being of great value both as to efficiency and economy. For the past twenty-two years Dr. Weston's time has been almost exclu- sively de\'Oted to original investigation, research and invention in connection with the art of electrical measurement. He made three important discoveries, which are at the base of his electrometric inventions, namely: i, A method of producing ]iermanent magnets; 2, Negligible temperature coefficient alloys; 3, A nonmagnetic spring alloy, and a method of treating this alloy during the course of manufacture to produce springs of the requisite electrical and mechanical properties. On the liasis of these fundamentals Dr. Weston has created a line of measuring instruments equipped with ])ermanent magnets and free from all variations of efficiency due to changes in temperature. The first of these were the Weston Standard Portable \'oltmeters and Ammeters for Direct Current, patented in 1887, when the Weston Electrical Instrument Company was organized ;■ followed by the Weston Standard Portable Direct-reading Voltmeters (for both alternating and direct currents^, patented i8go; the Weston Standard Portable Watt-meters, for alternating and direct currents, patented 1892; and later the \\'eston Illuminated-dial Statinn .\nimeters, which was the first solution of the prol)lem of measuring the direct current from stations, and also Station Voltmeters, now made in all types and sizes adapted for the needs of the smallest isolated, to the largest city stations. Dr. 9;-! I HISTORY OF NEW YORK Weston lias also invented dn])lex instruments combining- voltmeter and amme- ter in one case for convenience of simultaneous reading of current and potential, and he is constantly adding- to the number of types of measuring machines and switchboard instruments, and in his private laboratory he is constantly evolving new ideas and applications of great practical value in electrical service. Dr. Weston's contributions to electrical science and invention have been of incalculable value. They have given system, accuracy and scientific form to commercial electrical engineering*. The degrees of Doctor of Science con- ferred b\' the Stevens Institute of Technology and Princeton University, and the LL.D degree from Magill University, Montreal, were well-deserved recog- nitions of his scientific achievements. Dr. Weston has not only built up a great scientific institution Init also one of the most successful manufacturing enterj^rises of the country in the works of the Weston Electrical Instrument Company. The works, at Wav- erly Park, Newark, New Jersey, have a floor space of six and one-half acres, and the factory is the best ecjuipped in the world for electrical work, with every device and machine that can be used to advantage, many of these being Dr. W^eston's own invention. The private laboratory of Dr. W'eston and the section of the plant set aside for experimental work are especially complete and are constantly busy, and hundreds of thousands of dollars are annually expended in experiment at the works. Dr. Weston makes the comfort of employees a first consideration, and prominent features at the plant are the perfect arrangements, dining rooms, recreation rooms, shower liaths, and other appointments for the use of the five hundred men and women employed at the plant. There are also factories of the com])any in London and Berlin, for the inventions of Dr. Weston arc in use in all civilized countries. Dr. Weston was one of the "captains of industry" invited by J. f^ierpont Morgan to meet Prince Henry of Prussia on his visit to the United States. He is a member and former ])resident of the American Society of Electrical Engineers; member of the American Society of Chemical Engineers, Ameri- can Electro-Chemical Society, American Physical Society, Society of Mechan- ical l-'ngineers. Royal Society of Arts, of London, England ; American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, and National Electric Light Associa- tion. He is also a member of the New York Yacht, Atlantic Yacht, New ^'ork Athletic, and Chemists' Clubs of New York; Essex and Essex County Country Clubs, of Newark, and the Canoe Brook, Baltusrol, and Deal Coun- try Clubs. He married, in New York City, Minnie Sitlell, and has two sons: \\'alter Coleman Weston and Edward F. Weston. ABR.IM I. ELKCS A BRAAI I. I'XKL'S is forty-three years old. He was educated in the New York puhhc schools, gradtiated from the Citv College and Co- lumbia Law School, and was admitted to the bar in i88S. He formed, in 1896, the tirm of James, Schell lS: Elkus, of which, on the deaths of Colonel James and Mr. Schell, he became and now is the senior memlier. Among his celebrated cases are the Anderson will case, lames t-. Work (arising out of the failure of Grant & Ward ) ; Gracie "c'. Stevens and Ward z\ St. Vincent's Hospital. As special United States attor- ney he successfully prose- cuted fraudulent bankru]its He established a prccedcn' that perjury in l)ankru])tc\ proceedings is inmishabk summarily as content] )t. ir the United States Su])renu Court he arguetl a case fix- ing rights of persons deal- ing with insolvent stock brokers. As counsel for the Merchants' Association he is active in promoting legislation for commercial welfare through uniformity of law relating to sales and warehousing of merchan- dise, etc. As counsel for the Merchants' Protective Association and American Association of Woolen and Worsted Manufacturers he is constantly engaged in important commercial liti- gation. He is co-author of a treatise on Secret Liens; member of the Amer- ican, State and City Bar Associations: director of the Xew \'ork County Lawyers' Association; president of the Hebrew Technical School for Girls; trustee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, and member of a kirge r.un:ber of clubs. He is an independent Democrat. In 1S96 he married Gertrude Rosalie Hess. The\ have four children. ABRAM I. ELKUS <»3() HISTORY OF Mill' YORK CH.IRLES LEROY lUlXDRICKSOX 937 CHARLES LE ROY HENDRICKSON, stock broker, and member of the New York Stock Exchange, was born at Floral Park, New York, May 29, 1883, being son of George S. Hendrickson and Elizabeth Frost Hendrickson. His father was well and favorably known in the financial cir- cles of New York City, having been a member of the New York Stock Ex- change for twenty-five years. Mr. Hendrickson received a classical education, being graduated from the Brooklyn Polytechnic Preparatory School with the Class of i8<)0. and then entered Columbia University, from which he was graduated with the degree of A.B., in 1903. He then took up graduate studies in the same university, leading to the degree of A.M., which was conferred upon him in 1905. After his graduation, in 1903, he entered upon the study of law, and he was admitted to the Bar of the State of New York, upon examination, in October, 1905. Instead of engaging in the practice of law, Mr. Hendrickson decided to enter upon a financial career, and became a clerk in the office of the brokerage firm of Shearson, Hammill & Company. He was elected to membership in the New York Stock Exchange on August 16, 1906, and has since been regu- larly engaged as a broker in stocks and bonds. He had his office with Shearson, Hammill & Company until August 31, 1907, when he joined in the organization of the present firm of Hendrickson, Hall & Company, stock brokers, his partners in that business being J. Willet Hall and Edward Tworger, with Frederick M. Hoyt as special partner. The partnership has continued since that time, and they have built up favorable connections and an extensive business, covering all the usual departments of a Stock Exchange house. The firm enjoys an excellent reputation and takes rank with the more successful of the younger brokerage houses actively oper- ating on the New York Stock Exchange. Mr. Hendrickson is a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity and of the Columbia University Club. He has his residence at Garden City, Long Island. In 1906 he married Marie Merritt, daughter of Israel J. Merritt, Jr., at Whitestone, New York. Mr. and Mrs. Hendrickson have one daughter. ixnnx 939 INDEX Abercrombie, General, 265 Abolitionists mobbed. 340 Achter Col, Dutch name for New- ark Bay, 56 Acheson, Edward Goodrich, 726 Acton, Thomas. 375, 376 Acts of First Assembly, first ses- sion, 126; of second session, 127; of Second Assembly, 127 Adams, John, 271. 296, 297, 303 Adams, John Quincy, 303, 307, 308, 338 Adams. Samuel, 253 '"Additional Observations" of the Nine Men against Stuyvesant, 76, 77 "Address to the Betrayed Inhabi- tants," Revolutionary pamphlet, 244 Adee, D. N., 465 Admiralty Court, established by Sir Edmund Andres, 1 17 Adriaensen, Maryn. 58, 61, 62 Adriance, Adrian Dexter, 704 African slave trade, 173, 179 Ahasimus, colony on site of Tersey City, 43 Albania, name of part of New York I'rovince west of Hudson River, 98 ; granted to Sir George Car- teret and Lord Berkeley of Strat- ton. 100 Albany, see also *"Fort Orange" Albany, named by Governor Nicolls, formerly Fort Orange, 98 "Albany Regency." 332, 334 Alexander. James, 174, 177, 183, 190, 192. 196, 197, 198, 200, 207, 212. 293 Alexander, \\ illiam (Earl of Stir- ling), 174, 275, 276 Algonquins, Indians, 31. 33 AUefonsce. Jean (explorer), 21 Allen, Colonel. 2S1 Allen, Stephen, 331, 335 Allerton, Isaac, 60, 63 Allicocke, 233 Alsop, John, 259, 260, 261, 262, 293 American prisoners mistreated, 281, 282 American ships searched by English commanders, 320 America's Cup, 360, 400 Amerman, William Henry Hough- ton, 658 Amherst, Lord (Major General), 217. 218 Amory, John James, 71Q Amsterdam Chamber, of Dutch East India Company. 22 Amsterdam Chamber, of Dutch West India Company, 37 Anderson, Tames ( Rev.). 175 Andre, Major, 283, 2S8 Andros. Major Sir Edmund, English governor, arrives. loS; and re- ceives surrender of New York, re- storing old name to P'ort James, and gift of couch and horses from Governor Colve, log; his family and career, in; appoints Council and officers. 112; requires that Dutch take oath of allegiance, 113; appoints Xicolaus van Rens- selaer to Dutch Reformed Church and raises ecclesiastical contro- versy, and orders Leisler and Mil- borne under arrest. 115; later de- poses Van Rensselaer, 115; offers to aid New England in King Philip's \\'ar, and makes pact with Iroquois, recommends Duke of York to grant an Assembly, goes to England and returns. 116; appointed vice admiral and estab- lishes Admiralty Court. 117; claims jurisdiction over East and West Jersey, but is overruled on appeal to England, 1 17; recalled to England on charges from which he is exonerated, and is appointed "Gentleman of the King's Privy Chamber." does not return to New York until appointed gover- nor general of Dominion of New England ( 1686). 1 18; complaints against Iiim dismissed, 1 2 r ; ap- pointed captain general and gov- ernor in chief of New England, 129; joins Connecticut to New England, 13 1 ; jurisdiction is ex- tended over New York. 132; comes to New York, but soon goes to Albany, leaving Lieuten- ant-Governor Nicholson in charge, 135 ; deposed and imprisoned in Boston, and later sent to Eng- land, his subsequent career, 136; report on trade, 439 Anne. Queen, 136; see Queen Anne Anneke Jans case, 51, 148, 167, 214 Anthony. Allard. 83, 99 Anthony, John. 262 Anthony, Theopbilus, 262 Anti-Leislerian pamphlets. 153 Anti-Leislerians object to disinter- ment of Leisler and Milborne, Anti-Stamp mob hang Bute, the Devil and Colden in efligy, 228 Anyon. Tames TJiornley, 893 Apartment houses built, 382 Appearance of the city just after the war, 382 Appelbaum. I^Iisha E., 702 Archives, scarcity of early, 40; sold for waste-paper, 40 Arctic expeditions, 357 Arctic passage, search for, 21 Argall, Samuel (Captain), 27, 28. 36 Arnold, General Benedict, 284, 286, 288 Arnoux, Henry, 357 Arthur, Chester A. (General), 395. 397 Articles of Capitulation of the Sur- render of New Netherland. and its signers. 95 Articles of Surrender, 99 Arundel. (H. M. S.). 209 Ashfield, R.. 147 Ashford. \\'illiam. member of First Assembly. 125 Assembly at variance with Cornburv, 165 Assembly, General, called by Gov- ernor Dorgan, membership of First Assembly, 125; its second session, dissolved by death of Charles II, Second Assembly and its laws. 127; dissolved, 130; called by Leisler. 141 Assembly meets in New York City. 302 Assize, Court of. established in New York. 99 Assmann. Frederick Marten. 720 Astor, John Jacob. 333* 355. 365. 500 Astor, John Jacob (2d). 372 Astor, John Jacob (Colonel). 504 Astor, William. $03 Astor, William B.. 365. 369, 502 Astor Free Public Library estab- blished. 355; enlarged, 365 Atlantic cable completed, but breaks, 365; final completion celebrated, 384 Atlee, Colonel, 28 1 Atwood. William, chief justice, 161, 162, 163 Auger, Charles Louis, 780 Axtell, William, 291 Babh, George W.. 640 Babbitt, Benjamin Talbot. 868 Bache, Jules Semon, 519 Bache. Theophylact, 259, 438 Backer, Jacobus, 95 Backerus, Johannes Cornelioz, pas- tor of Dutch church, his de- scription of his congregation. 71; goes to Holland and testifies against Stuyvesant, 77 Baker, Edward D. (Colonel). 371 Baker, George F., 459 Bakewell, Allan Campbell, 721 Bainbridge, William (Commodore), 32S Baldwin, \\ illiam Delavan, 665 Ball, Joseph, 259. 262 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 448 Bancroft, George. 249, 358, 360, 380 Bank of Xew York established, 295 Banker, Evert. 1 57 Banker, Evert, 262 Bannard. Otto H., 421 Baptist Church, 296 Barberie. Jolin, 169. 171, 177 P.arbour, William, 812 Barclay. Henry (Rev.), 202, 2(4 Barclay, Thomas. 291 Barlow. Joel, 316, 317. 318 Barnard, George G.. 388. 390 Barnes. Alfred S.. 357 Barney, Charles T., 41S Barnum. Phineas T., 357 Barnum's Museum destroyed by fire. 384 Barre, Isaac (Colonel), 223 Eartholdi's Statue of "Liberty En- lightening the World" proffered, 393; corner stone laid. 400 Bartlett, Captain, 432 Baxter, George, 70, 79, 80, 84, 85, 88, 90 Baxter. Thotnas, 84 Bayard, Anna, 69 Bayard, Balthazar. 69, 173 Bayard, James Addison, 309 Bayard, Nicholas, 69, 113, 128, 129, 131. 137, 139, 140, 143. 144, 145. 149, 154, 156, 161, 162, 163 Bayard. Peter, 60 Bayard. Samuel, Stuyvesant's broth- er-in-law, 69. Bayard. Stephen. 207 Bayard, William. 226. 235, 251, 291. 310 Beaver skins as currency, 433 Bedell, Gregory T. (Rev.), 357 Bedlow, William, 296 Beeckman, Gerardus (Dr.). 140. 163, 169. 170. 171. 177 Beekman, I^avid, 262 Beekman, Gerardus W., 259 Beekman, Henry. 125 Beekman. Tames, 262, 294 Beekman. James. W., 369 Beekman, Tohn K.. 333 Beekman Street opened. 207 Beekman (or Beeckman), William. 69. 83. 108, 113, 119. 1-7. '29. 145. 146 Behr. Herman. 886 Bell. Alexander Graham, 463 Bell, Isaac. 372 Bell. John, 197 Bellamy. Joseph (Rev. Dr.). 308 Bellomont, Earl of (Richard Coote), governor of New York, Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire, 151; biograph y, 152; took Lcis- Icrian side in Parliament, 152 ; his connection with Robert Liv- 940 HISTORY OF XEIF YORK ingston and Captain Kidd, 153- 154; specially selected to suppress piracy and enforce navigation laws. 154; his efforts against illicit trade, 155; restores the Leisler estates, reorganizes the Provincial Council, and calls an Assembly which passes bills to reimburse Leisler expenditures and vacate illegal land grants of Fletcher. 156; gains several enemies, but goes to Boston where he is very popular. 1^7; captures and arrests Captain Kidd and sends liim to England. 15S; returns to New York and wages successful fight against piracy and illegal trading, holds Indian Conference at Al- bany, hut soon after dies in New York, 1 59 ; trade instructions to. 441 Bellomont. Lord and Lady, bodies moved to St. Paul's Churchyard, 209 Pellows, Henry \V. (Rev. Dr.). 373 15ellevue Hospital site sold. 88 Belmont, August, 414 Benckes. Jacob, and Cornells Evert- sen command Dutch fleet, and compel surrender of New York, 107 Benedict, James (Major General). 334 Benedict, Jesse A\ .. 46-? Benedict. Lemuel Coleman, 572 Benjamin, Mr., 255 Bennett. (Colonel), 371 Bennett, J. A.. 458 Bennett. James Cordon, 361 I*ennett. James Gordon, Jr., 399 Benson, Egbert, 292 Benson, Robert. 262, 292 Bentyn, Jacques, 47, 58 Berkeley of Stratton. Lord, 100 Bernard, Sir Francis, 242, 253 Berrien. John. 262 P.everwyck. Si Bible permitted in schools. 349 i^icker. \*ictor, 262 Billeting of troops, 235. 238 Biographies: — Acheson. Edward Goodrich, 726 Adriance, Adrian Dexter, 704 Amerman, William Henry Hough- ton, 658 Amory, John James, 719 Anyon, James Thornley, S93 Applebaum, Misha E.. 702 Assmann. Frederick Marten, 720 Astor. John Jacob, 500 Astor, Colonel John Jacob, 504 Astor, William. 303 Astor, William B., 502 Auger, Charles Louis, 780 Babb. George W.. 640 Babbitt. Benjamin Talbot. 868 Bache, Jules Semun. 519 Bake well, Allan Campbell, 721 Baldwin, William Delavan, 665 Barbour. William. 812 Behr, Herman, 886 Benedict, Lemuel Coleman, 572 IJlair, John Insley, 570 Bliss. Cornelius Newton, 772 Boas. Emil Leopold, 642 Boker, Carl F., 716 Borden, Matthew Chaloner Dur- fee. 760 Borg, Sidney Cecil, 546 Bradley, William Hooker, 621 Braker, Henry Jones, 851 Brixey, Richard' 1 )e Wolfe, 728 Brown, Gerald Rud7 Greater New York — population, tax- able property and debt at time of creation, 408 Greeley, Horace. 361, 404 Greely, Adolphus \V., 399 Careen, Andrew H., 360^ 39'. 407 Green, Captain John, 204 Green, ^L, 459 Greene. Nathaniel, General, 274. 277. 279. 288 Green. Warren Luqueer, 882 Greenwich Village (formerly Sapo- hanican), 55 Greveract. Isaac, 95 Grinnell. Henry, 357. 358 Grinnell. Moses H., 372 "Groot River," named by Hudson, 28, 35 Grosjean, Florian, 73' Guel, S., 322 946 HISTORY OF XEW YORK Guggenheim, Daniel. Oio r,uine3. The, flasrsliip. 0,5 GuiUhcr, C Godfrey, }rg H.nckingsacks (Indians) destroy plantations, 6.; Hajrsin, Tames Ben AH, 5^S Haines. John. 144 Hale. Nathan. ;Si. 405 Halt-Moon. Hudson's ship. 22. 2b. 2-. 429; replica of. 4;?. 4-r, 4-S Hall. A. Dakey (Mayor), 3SS, 3S0. >oi Hall, Edward Hagaman (Dr.). 4-6 H.all. (General), 354. 353 Hall. Isaac. 63 Hall, Thomas. 72, 73, "4, 76, 79. 94 Hall of Fame of New York Lni- versitv. 413 H.allcck. Fitz-Greene. 331 Hallett. loscph. j?o. ;6o. 26:: Hallefs 'Point Rocks at Hell Gate blown up. 303 ' Halve Maen (see Half-Moon), 22 Hamensen, Re\-mert, 40 Hamilton. .Me.xander. 265. 2-4. 278. ;q6. 305. 306. 30S. 300. 310, 311 Hamilton.' Andrew, 106, l97 Hamilton. Mayor. 26; Hamilton. (.Pohce Commissioner), 410 Hammond, Robert, 127 Hampton. lohn (Rev.), 166, 167 Hancock, lohn. 234 HarJv. Sir Charles, governor of Xew York, arrives, is inautnirated and adds duties of Chancellor to those of Chief Justice DeLancey. 215: after two years tires of gov- ernorship, returns to active service in Xavy. takes part in captvire of Louisbiirg and becomes vice-ad- miral, 216 ^^ Harlem, see also "New Harlem Harlem Heights. Battle of, 277. 27S Harper. James. 3.^7. 349. 3.'0 Harrison, Eeniamtn. 401. 402. 403 Harrison, Francis. 577, loi, 192, 105 Harrison, John T>. 463 Harrison, \Vm. Henry. 326 Hart. Eli. 34-' Hartford Convention, 326 Hartford Treaty. So Harvey, Charles C 440 Harvcv, Matthias, 130 Harvey, Thomas (Father), 125, 1^5. Hasslacher, Jacob Pins Maria, S42 Hathawav, (tharles. 552 Havemeyer, William Frederick, 350, 35 1, 372. 300. 302, 307 Hawkins. (Colonel). 37» Hav. George Taber. 652 H.a'yes. Rutlierford B., 393. 394. 395 H.niard. Gen. Ebenezer, 296 H.ijard. Nathaniel, 204 Hazard, Thomas, 294 Havden. Charles. ?74 Heard, General. 274 Hearst, William Randolph, 416. 4'7. 421 Heath, General, 274 Heathtote, Caleb. 145, 147, 157, 174. 177 Heere Weg changed to Broadway. 105 Heeeman, Benjamin Arrowsmith. 1r,. 692 Hell Gate, name of East River, first r;.vigated hv Adriaen Bloch, 2S Hell Gate explosion, 303 Helme. Benjamin, 262 Hcndricksen, Cornelis, 29. 37 Hendrickson. Ch,arles Le Roy. 936 Henrv. Prince (of Prussia). 414 Herbert. Capt,. 2S1 Herkimer. Gen.. 2S4 Herrman. .\u^5tine. 72. 74 , Hesse. John Jansen (Captain), 47 Hewitt. .Xbram S.. 402 Hickey, Thomas, 271 Hicks,' Whitehead (Mayor), 229. 244. 245. 266. 26~. 26S Higgins, Andrew Foster. 626 Hii;h prices for food products 342 Hildreth. Benjamin. 197 Hill. David Bennett, 399 Hill. General. 173 Hill. James Jerome, 60S Hilli.ird. Tohn Gerald. 634 Hillsborough Earl of, 241, 242, 2;o. 2.^1 Hind, Rev. Dr.. 272 Hoare. John, 150 Hobart, "Tohn Sloss (Judge), 292 Hob.art (Colonel), 371 Hobart. Garret -\., 40S Hoffman, John T.. 3S4. 3S7, 3SS Hoffman, Tosiah Ogden. Grand Sachem of Tammany, 300, 302 Hoffman, Nicholas. 259. 262 Holland. Edw.ard. 207, 214, 213, 21S Holland Henry, 43S Holmes, Edwin. 462 Holmes. Stanley, 197 Holt, Tohn. 223 Holt, Joseph. 36S Home for Sick and Wounded Sol- diers. 373 Hondius. Todocus. 22 Hone. Philip. 335 Hongers. Hans, 29 Hood, Mr., stamp master for M.ary- land. 225. 231 Hopeful, ship, 2t Hornblower, William Butler, 911 Horowitz, Louis J.. 611 Horsmanden. Daniel, 202, 206, 207, 212. 210. 226 Horton. Harry Lawrence. 534 Howard. Tohri Eager. ^20 Howe. Julia Ward fMrs.). 420 Howe. Lord. 2-4. 27;. 2.«4 Howe. (General Sir William. 270, 271. 274. 27^. 276. 27S, 279 Hubbard, James. S8. S9 Hubbard Rev.. 164, 165 Hudde. .-\ndreas. jr. >o. ';^ Hudson-Fulton Celebration Com- mission. 426 Hudson-Fulton Celebration, descrip- tion. 424, 42;. 427. 42S. 429. 431. Hudson, Henry, earlier career, 20- 21: vo\*ag^s to Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla, 21 : contracts with Dutch East India Company, seek-s Northeast Passage in Half-Moon. 22: turns Westward, discovers New York Bav and voyages up Hudson River. 23-26: detained in England. 26: last voyage, discoy- erv of Hudson Bav and Strait, and death. 26: fruits of his re- port. 27 : English claim New Neth- erhand. because he was English, 36; comer-stone of monument laid .at Spuyten Dnyvil, 431 Hudson River, discovery of. 23 : bicentennial. 321, and tercenten- nial of discovery, 424-452; early history, 423, 424: royal instruc- tions about its navigation and trade. 130: its ^navigation. 42 = . 426: bridge project. 406; names of. 424 Hudson River Railroad completed to Albany. 3:8 Htidson's Bav and Strait discovered. 26 Hughes (Archbishop). 349. .57S Hughes. Oiarles Evans. Governor. 41-. 41S. 431 Hughes. Tames M.. 202 Huguenot (French) Church in Pme Street. 166. 16S. iSo: used as British orison. 2S1 Huguenots in New York. 136 Huguenots panic-stricken over French invasion. 141 Hulbert. Henn- Cariton. SS; Hull. Is.aac (Captain). 32S Hull. Wm. (GencralV ^26 Hungerford. Uri T., 717 Hunt. Beekman, 629 Hunt, Thomas. 197 Hunter, Robert (General), gover- nor of New York, his career. 1 70 : his Coiir.cil. 171; colonizes the Palatines. 171-172: controversy with Rev. \Villiam N'esey, 172: raises troops for attack upon Canada, 172-173; quells Negro conspiracy, his excellent admin- istration, 174: establishes Court of Chancery, 174-175; concessions to popular rights, 175; retires after accession of George I. 176; becomes comptroller-general of customs for Great Britain, and has a literary career, becomes governor of Jamaica and dies there, 176; his ser\-ices to com- merce, and his report, 442 Hurons, Indian Tribe, 31. 33: march against Five Nations, 34 Hutchins. John, 162 Hutchinson. .Anne. 39 Hutchinson. Thomas, 253 Huvgen. Tan, 45 Hvde. Beniamin Talbot Babbitt. Hyde. Edward. \ iscount Combury, (see also Lord Cornburv), 163 Imlay, J.ohn, 262 Immigration, amount and character 01. "346. 347. 261 Immigration and its ertect on poll- ticsT 347 Immigration falls off after panic, 34; Immigration stimulated by Charter of Dutcll West India Company, Imports and exports of New York, 444 Inauguration of Washington as President. 297 Independence League. 41 7^ Indian Congress in New \'"ork City, 207 Indian policy of Governor Burnet approved by .\ssenibly, iSo Indian trade. 17S , Indians, seen by Verrazano on New York Bay, 19: kidnaped by Go- mez and sold into slavery. 20 Indians, Hudson trades with, fight with crew of Half. Moon, 2^: tribes of, east of Mississippi, 31 ; manners and customs of, habita- tions, weapons, goveniment and religion, 32 ; outbreak at Fort Orange, 41 : at war with whites, 57-5S; treaty with, at house of Jonas Bronck. 56-59 : wars and raids of. 60: massacre of, at Pa; vonia, 61: retaliatorv campaign of open war. 61-63: Lon» Ista.-io and Westchester tribes. Hackingsacks and Tappaen Indians sign a treaty of peace. 62; raids and massacres near New .\msterdara. and at Pa- vonia. Stat en Island. Harlem and on Long Island. S7 : exchange seventy prisoners for powder and shot, ordinance a^inst Indians in New Amsterdam. SS : Esopus tribe drives Settlers out of Wiltwvck (Kingston), killing several, after- ward m.akinR a treaty, later make other raids but are almost wiped out by force of volunteers under Slartin Cregier, S9 IngersoU. Tared. 326 Ingoldesby, Richard (Major), 1+2, IJS. 144. 1~0. 172 Inglis, Rev. Charles, 272, 273, 291, 29^ Intercolonial Convention on Indian Affairs, 212 Iroquois. Indians, 31: demand trib- ute from River Indians, 60 Iroquois do not approve Oswego fort, 17S living, Washington. 360 luersT Thomas, 202 Ivers. Thomas. 262 Ivins. WiUiam M., 416 Tack-son, Andrew (General), 326, 32S, 330, 331, 33S, 339, 340. 341, 357. 367 ixpnx 947 Jackson (Colonel), 371 Jackson, Frank W., 732 Jackson, General Henry, 289 Jackson s toast to Clinton. 350 Jacobsen, John, captain of the ship Three Kings. 41 Tacohscn. Peter, alderman, 119 Jacobus, David Schenck, 690 James, D. Willis, 3=;" James. Major, 228, 229. 230 James I, hostile to the Pilgrims, 36; demand on States-General, 37 James II (see also Duke of York) succeeds to throne, and accession celebrated in New York, 127 ; or- ders all colonies from Passama- quoddy to Delaware Bay to be consolidated in one, 132; flees to France, 136 Tanewav. George, 262 Jans, Anneke, see also Anneke Jans Case, 50, 51 Jansen, Hendrick, =;S Jansen, Henry, 140 Jansen, Johannes, 182 Jansen, Machiel. 72^ yj. Janssen, Roeloff, 50, 51 Tarvis. James, 294 Jauncey, James, 240, 259 Taures. ('Admiral). 400 Jay, Frederick, 262 Jay, John. 259, 261, 262, 283. 296, 303. 305, 307* 309. 310, 316 Jay, Peter A., 331 Jay treaty with Great Britain causes excitement, ,305 Jeannette Arctic Expedition, 399 Jefferson, Thomas. 30;, 30J, 304. 307, 309, 311. 321 Jefferson's Embargo, 321 Jenkinson (Lord Liverpool), 222 ienningSj Robert E.. 670 Tenny Lind visits New York, 3S7 Tesun. Morris K.. 357 Jewish merchants subscribe to Trin- ity building fund, 147 Jewish Synagogue. 296 Jogues, Father. 59 Johnson. Andrew, 379 lohnson, David, 262 Tohnson, Sir John, 2S4 Johnson, Samuel (Rev. Dr.), 214 Johnson, Samuel. 292 Tohnson, Thomas, 144, 145 Johnson, William (later 'Sir Wil- liam), 206, 207, 213. 216, 217 Tohnson. William Samuel, 226 Johnston. David. 259 Tchnston, John. 174, I7" Tohnston, Joseph E., 4m Toinville. (Due de), 365 Jones, George. 390 Jones, Richard, 182 Tones, Samuel. 262, 312 Jones. Thomas, 219 Tones, Thomas (Judge). 291 Tones, Thomas Nathaniel, 660 Toris. Adriaen, 38 Josephthal, Louis Maurice. 527 Juet. Robert, Hudson's English mate, 23, 2S, 26 Juhring, John C, 855 Jumel. (Madame). 310 Jury trial established, 99 Kalakaua. I-Cing, 303 Kaick, Hoek (see Collect Pond), 57 Kane, Elisha Kent (Dr.), 358 Kearny, Phillip (General). 351 Kearny, Stephen Watts (General), 351 Keene, James Robert, 926 Kelly. John A.. 63S Kepner, John B.. 806 Kempe, \Villiam, 207 Kendall, Duchess of, 437 Kennedy. Archibald, Captain (af- terward Earl of Cassilis), 219, 224, 232, 286 Kennedy, John A., 375, 376 Kent, James (Chancellor), upon the Montgomerie Charter. 184 Kern. Jacob S.. 418 Keteltas, Abraham. 197 Kateltas, Garret, 262 Keyser, Adriaen, 70, 73 Kidd, William, (Captain), 150, 154, 158, 159; his backers as privateer, ,,154 Kieckhefer. Ferdinand, A. W., 680 Kicft, Wilhelm, fourth director- general of New Netherland, com- missioned. 52; how he found New Amsterdam. 53; protests against Swedish settlement, 54; issues land patents, :;5; establishes a militia force, !;6 ; claims tribute from Indians, and precipitates In- dian warfare, 57. 58; anxious to make war, 58; controversy with the Twelve Men. 59; determines on war against Indians, 61; orders massacre of Indians at Pavonia, 61 ; terrible reprisal by the In- dians causes him to be panic- stricken, he proclaims a day of fasting and prayer, 62- feeling runs high against him, and he asks the Commonalty for advice, and they elect a board of Eicht Men, 62, 67 ; the war continues with much slaughter on both sides 64; makes treaty with Indians, 66; Eight ]\Ien make charges against Kieft. and others also complain of him to the Company. 63-67; his successor appointed, Kie'ft's fight with Domine Bogardus, 67; and ill will against Kuyter and Melyn. 68; makes a speech. 70; curries favor with Stuyvesant, prefers charges against Kuyter and Melyn. and leaves for Holland, 71 ; drowned in wreck of Prin- cess, 72 ; only money spent by him for public benefit was for the Church, 76 Kies, John Clementsen, 31 Kimball. Francis H., 898 King. Horatio, 368 King, John Alsop, 362, 363 King, Peter, 145 King. Rufus, 303, 320 King, William R.. '358 King. Willnrd Vinton, 542 King's College, founded. 213: sus- pended and building used as hos- pital during Revolution, and changed to Columbia College after, 295 Kingsbridge. (village), annexed to New York. 383 Kingsland. Ambrose C. 357 Kingsley, Darwin Pearl, 622 Kip. Hendrick Hendricksen, 72, 83 Kip, Henry H.. 294 Kip. Jacob, 108, 113 Kip, Johannes, 129, 145 Kip. John R., 204 Kissani. Benjamin, 262 Klipstein. August. 837 Knight. Jolin, 129 Kn owl ton (Colonel), 277 J-Cnox. General. 274. 289, 292 Knyphausen. Gen.. 279 Koester. Grand Admiral von, 427 Kosciuszko. General, 284 Kriekenbeeck, Daniel, 38 Kunhardt, Henry Rudolph, 656 Kuyter, Jochem Pietersen^ 56, 58, 62, 63, 70. 71, 72, 75, 86, 87 Laboric. James (Rev.), 180 Ladv Franklin visits New York, 366 La Fayette, George Washington. 334 La Fayette, Marquis de, 284. 294. 334. 335* 340, 357. 393^ ,^ , La Fayette s visit to New York, 334 Laight. Edward. 2';g Laight, William, 262 Lamb, John, 226. 232, 233. 244, 24?;. 246. 2C32. 266. 274. 294 Lambrecht. F. L.. 459 Lamb's Artillerv removes guns from the Battery, 266 Lampe, Jan, 40, 41 La Montague, Jean (Dr.). 51, 53. 56. 61. 66, 70. 88 Land grants vacated. 156. i57 Lansing. (Colonel), 371 Lansing, (Chancellor), 310 Lapham, Eldridge G., 397 Lasher, John, 262 Lawrence (Captain), 328 Lawrence, Cornelius V'an Wyck, 393. 340 Lawrence. John, 66, 04, 99. 112, 125, ^ i45j 155 Lawrence, Jonathan, 294 Lawrence. \Villiam. 139, 140 Leach, Arthur Burtis', 554 L'Ecluse, Milton Albert, 832 Lee, (Jeneral Charles, 268, 269 Lee, Gideon, 338 Lee, Richard Henry, 271 Lee, Robert E., 375, 380 Lefaivre, M., 400 Lefferts, Jacobus, 262 Lefferts, Marshall (ColoneH, 371 L'Eglise du Saint Esprit, 180 Leisler Act. 163 Leisler, Jacob, complains against Nicolaus van Rensselaer, and is himself arrested. 115; senior cap- tain of City Troop, 137; his car- eer. 137. 138; at request of pop- ular gathering takes charge of Fort, 138; Committee of Safety makes him "Captain of the fort" and later designates him command- er in chief of the province until instructions arrived from London, and New England approves, i asked by Committee of Safety to act as licutenant-Eovernor. 140; acts in Indian and French war troubles, 140; calls an Assembly, equips troops and a fleet against the French. 141 ; refuses to sur- render Fort to Tngoldesby. 142; imprisoned by Sloughter. is sen- tenced to be hanged and beheaded. 143; estate_ confiscated, 144: Bel- lomont's view of his execution. 153; efforts to reverse his attaind- er, i?3. IS4: properties restored to heirs by Bellomont. and bndv disinterred and given Christian burial. 156: mentioned. 162. 182 Leisler Ian efforts against Fletcher, 146 Leitch. Major, 277 Le Klercke. Daniel, 139 T^'Enfant. ^Jajor. 206 Lenni-Lenape. Indian Tribe. 31 ; subservient to Five Nations, 34 Lenox. Capt.. 281 T^e Pord. .^dmira1. 429 Le Vasseur, Auguste, 334 Leveting. Robert. 147 Lewanoys. Indians, 31 Lewin. John. 117. 120, 121 Lewis, Francis, ssg. 260, 261, 262* 283 Lewis. Morgan. 302, 309, 310, 315 Lexington, Battle of. stir caused by news. 26 T Lexow, Clarence, (Senator), 406, 407 Lierty Boys (see also Sons of TJh- erty), 246 Liberty of conscience granted, 99 IJberty Pole, 235, 236, 237, 238, 246. 247 Lincoln. Abraham. President. ;i66, 367. 37". 372. 374. 37Q. 380. 418 Lincoln's body lies in State in City Hall. 3fi" Lincoln calls for Volunteers, 371 Lind. Jenny. 357 Liquor consumption in Burnet's time. 179 Liquor laws of Stuyvesant, 72 Liquor ordinances. 73 Linn. William (Dr.). 309 Lipton, Sir Thomas. 400 Lisman. Frederick T., 537 Lispenard. Leonard, 226, 23S. 259. 260, 261, 262 Litigation over Fulton's patents, 318, 319 Little Fox, ship, 29 Livingston, Brockholst. 300, 313 Livingston. Edward. 305. 312 Livingston. Peter H., 257 Livingston, Peter Van Brugh, 259. 260. 262 948 HISTORY OF XEJr YORK Livingston, I'hilip, 177 Livingston, Philip, 207, 226. 23;. 240, 242, 253, 257, 259, 260. 261, 262, 283, 2g6 Livingston. Robert, 143, 150* i5i) 153. 154, 156, 158, I75> ^77 Livingston Robert, Jr., 242, 261, 283. 293 Livingston Robert R., 219. 226, 292. 302. 309, 316. 317. 318, 319. 33(i Livingston William. 223 Livingstons. The. 314 Lockwood. Thomas D., 46s Lockermans, (Covert, 72 Lockyer, Captain, 258 Lodowick, Charles, (Colonel). 146. 149 Loew, Charles E., 386 London, (ship). 258 Long Island, liattle of. 275, 276 Long Island, in Ribeiro's map, 20 Long Island — insularity discovered. 29 Long Island, claimed by English, 55 Long Island Railroad, 447 Long Island Sound, first explored by Adrian Block, 29 Long Island tribes attack settle- ments, 63 Long Islanders petition to be an- nexed to Connecticut, 106 Lord Howe fails to find "George Washington. Esq.," 275 Lott, Abraham P., 255^ 2591 260. 262. 292, 294 Lotteries authorized for college funds, 213; and for rebuilding Province House, 257 Loudoun, Earl of, 217 Louis XIV endeavors to make peace between England and Holland. 100; declares war aaginst Eng- land, but later makes secret treaty of peace, 101; makes peace with the Netherlands, 117 Louis XVI, 304 Louisburg, Capture of. 216, 217 Lounsbery, Richard Purdy. 5S6 Love, Dutch Emigrant ship. 38 Lovelace. Francis (Colonel), second Governor of New York, buys An- neke Jans farm, 50; comes to New- York. 103; Ins famil^^ and con- nections, and uis services to the Stuarts, 104; estbalishes the Mer- chants' Exchange, and the post to Boston. 105; is warned to put province in condition for defense. and he concentrates all troops at Fort James, 106; goes to New- Haven for conference with Gov- ernor Winthrop. and during his absence Fort Tames is surrendered 107, 108; comes back to New York and is arrested for debts, and property is confiscated, the Duke charges him with misappropriation of funds, and instructs Andres to hold his estate; dies before estate is inventoried, loq Lovelace. John, Lord (Baron ^ of Hurlev). governor of New York and New Jersey, 168; arrives with wife and three sons, coming via Long Island Sound in Deccmbpr storm; after rough land journey over Long Island and ferry from Brooklyn in open boat, they land in New York, he and two sons catching cold'; from which thr-v never recover ; appoints new Coun- cil, dissolves Assembly and calk^ new one. 160: after wise admin- istration of five months, dies, his widow and descendants. 170 Lovelace, Nevil (Lord), 170 Lovelace. Thomas, 107 Low, Abiel A.. 372 Low, Cornelius P.. 262 Low, Isaac. 235, 259, 260, 261, 262 Low, Seth. 4Qg. 41.'^. 4^6 Lower New York Bay, Hudson ar- rives in, 23 Lowestoft. Battle of, 100 Loyal Publication Society, 379 Loyalists' estates confiscated, 291 Luljbertsen. Frederik, 58 Ludlow, Gabriel H., 262 Ludlow, Gabriel W.. 259, 262 Ludlow, George, 291 Ludlow, (Lieutenant). 328 Ludlow. William W'., 262 Lupoid, Clrich. 53 Lurtin.g, Robert. 182. 184 Luttgen, Walther, 568 Lusitania. steamship, 417 Luyck, ..Egidius, 105, 106. 108, 113 Lyons. George (Colonel). 371 Maben. Tohn Campbell. 669 :\IcAdoo, William G.. 418 McAlpin, General Edwin Augustus. 616 McAdam, W^illiam, 259 McCarty. Anthony J., 659 McChesney, (Colonel), 371 M'Cleilan. George B. (Gen.), 379- McClellan. George B., 370. 414. 416, 414, 416. 417, 429, 431 McClellan-Hearst Contest, 416 McClellan. mayor, removes entire Civil Service Board, 414 McCready- Forrest feud and result- ing riots, 3SI. 3'^3- 354- 3?'^ McCullagh. (Chief of police), 410 McCunn. (Colonel), 371 McCunn. John H.. 388 McCurdy, Robert H.. 372 McCurdy. Robert Henry, 556 McCutchen, Charles Walter. 858 McDonald John B., 412. 4x4 McDougall, General Alexander, 245, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, 274, 295 McDougall, James, imprisoned for publishing political address, and becomes a popular hero. 247 ; toasted at banquet and cheered at the jail. 249 ; patriotic service after release, 2si ; at Battle of White Plains. 278 McEvers, Charles, 2^9 McEvers, James. 224. 227, 229 McGillvray, 300 McKane. Tohn Y.. 405 Mackay. George Devereux. 918 McKean, Thomas. 226 McKenzic, William, 808 ATcT\inley. William. 408. 412 McKinney, Colonel Robert Cochran, 676 MacMonnies. Frederick. 405 Macready, William C, 351* 35-y 353. 3S4. 35? Madison. James, 321, 3-25, ^26, 328 ^ladison's Embargo, 321 Maerschalk, Andries. 197 Magaw, Col., 279. 281 Magistrates of New Amsterdam — their jurisdiction as fixed by Stuy- vesant, S3; conflict ensues, and magistrates appeal to the West In- dia Company, 84: further disputes with governor, 86 Mail route to Hartford and Boston established — its route. 105 Makemie, Francis, (Rev.), 166, 167 Man. Edward, 197 ^lanhattan. first houses in, 27; Dutch trading post, 28; variant spellings and meanings. 31; families setth'l in. cattle brought to. 38; pur- chased from Indians, 40 Manhattans. The — ^general name for Indians, 31, 33; overawed by Iro- quois. ?3 Mann. Samuel V'ernon, Jr.. 599 Mannlere, provost marshal, 377 -" Manning. Tohn (Captain), 106. 107. 108, 1 T2. T 13 Marcy. William L.. 339 Marest, Tean. i iq Marine Bank failure. 398 Marius. Peter Jacob. 147 JNIarkham. William, appointed deputy governor of Pennsylvania. 148 Marqusee. Tulius, 87 8 Marshall, Waldo Flail. 722 ^larston, John. 262 Marston. Thomas. 259. 262 Massacre of Schenectady, 141 Mather, Increase (Rev.), 152 Matheson. (Colonel). 372 Matouvvacks. Indians, 31 Matthews. David, 265, 271, 283 Matthews, General, 279 Mauretania, steamship, 417 Maurice of Nassau, stadt holder. Mauritius River named for him, 27 ; and Fort Nassau, 28 Mauritius River, early name of the Hudson. 27 ; name soon dis- carded. 35 ^laverick, Samuel, 104, 105 May, Cape, named by Cornelis Jacob- sen Mey, 29 May (or Mey), Cornelis Jacobsen. earlv voyager, 27: discovers Cape Mav, aids in securing charter of United New Netherland Com- pany, 29; skipper of The Fortune. 31; voyage in ship Glad Tidings. 35; applies for charter, 35 May, Cornelis, appointed captain of the New Netherland, 37; director of New Netherland. 37, 38; plants Colony on South River, establishes Fort Nassau there. 38 Mayors of Greater (ility. Robert \'an Wyck, dog; Seth Low. 413: George B. Mc(rielan, 414, 416 ; William J. Gaynor, 421 Mayor made elective by Board of Aldermen. 335 Mayor made elective by people, 339 Mayor's Court, holds sessions m New Harlem. 100 Mayors elected: Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence (1834), 339; Aaron Clark (1S37). Isaac L. Varian (1839), Robert Morris (1S41. 1842. 1843), 346; James Harper (1844), 347 ; William Frederick ITavemeye r (1845), 3=;o; Andrew H. Mickle (1846), William V. Bradv (1847). Wil- liam F. Havemeyer (1848), 351; Caleb C. WoodhuH (1849). 353: Ambrose C. Kingsland (1850), 357; Tacob A. Westervelt (1852), "Fernando Wood (1854), 358"; Daniel F. Tiemann (1857), 364 ; Fernando Wood (18^9), 36s ; George Opdyke (1S61), 373; C. Godfrey Gunther (1863), 379; Tohn T. Hoffman (i8f^=;), 384; A. Oakev Hall (1868), 388; William F. Have- mever (1872)). 392, 397: S. B. H. Vance (acting. 1874). 397; William H. Wickham (1874). 392. 397: Smith Ely (1876). 393. 397 : Edward Cooper (1879). William R. Grace (i88t). Frank- lin Edson (1883). William R. Grace (188=;). 397 : Abram .S. Hewitt (1886). 402; FTugh J. Grant (1S89). 403; Thomas F. Gilroy ( 1892), 403 ; William L. Strong (1894), 407 Mavors elected (Greater City) : Robert Van Wyck (1897), 409; Seth Low (1901), 413; George B. McClellan (1903), 4^4; George B. McClellan (i905)» 416; William J. Gaynor (1909), 421 Meany, General Edward P., 9^4 Meetings in the Fields. 244. 260 Meetings in the Stadt Huis^ and the complaints they made. 84, 85; meetings pronounced illegal by Stuyvesant. and delegates ordered to disperse. 85 Megapolensis, Johannes ( Domine) . 77, 82, 94. 105 Melyn, Cornelis, 54. 56> 63, 70, 7i» 72, 75' 76, 77. 80, 87 sr Mengwes (Iroquois or Five Nations) Indians, 31 Merchants' Coffee House, meeting at, 259 Merchants' Exchange established by Governor Francis Lovelace, 105 Merchants' Exchange Building, (first), 208; Exchange later lo- IXDEX 949 cated in Tontine Coffee House; New Exchange built, 337; burned, 341 Merntt, John. 145 Merritt. William. 145, 147 Methodist Church in John Street, 296 ; first body to make approval of Washington's inaugural ad- dress. 2gy Metropolitan Board of Health or- ganized. 38:; Metropolitan Elevated Railway, 394 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 413 Metropolitan Police Board created, 362 ; Mayor Wood resists, 262. 263 Mexican War. New York in. 351 Mey. Cornelis, (see "May") Michaelius, Jonas (Domine), 44, 45 ; first regularly ordained clergyman in Xew Netherland, his letters, 44: death of his wife, his minis- trations, establishes church con- sistory still in existence, 45 Mickle, Andrew H.. 3=;i Middle Dutch Church completed, 1S6: used as British prison. 281 Milborne, Jacob, 115, 140, 143, 144, i=;2, 162 Miles, Col.. 281 Military depot of supplies at New York for French and Indian War, 217 Mil'tia organized by Kieft and the Eight Men. 63 Miller, Eleazar, 262 Miller, Captain Jacob W.. 42S Miller. Lewis. 46; Miller. Samuel (Rev. Dr.), 313. 3JI Miller. Warner, -^o- Milliken. Seth Mellen. 782 Minerva, ship. 230 Ministerial Act, ifi; Minuit Peter, first director-general of New Netherland appointed. 3S : his voyage and arrival, 39 ; pur- chases Manhattan Island from In- dians, scarcity of archives of, two important documents found, 40 ; conveys patroonship on Delaware, correspondence with Governor William Bradford, 41; complaints made against him, and he is re- called, 43: detained by English in Plymouth Harbor, but finally re- leased, 44; plants Swedish Colonv in Delaware. 44, 54; efficient ad- ministration, encourages shipbuild- ing. 44; social conditions during his administration, 44, 45 ; elder in Dutch Church, 45: records car- ried to Amsterdam, leads Swedish Colony to South River, 54 ■kMinvielle, Gabriel, 128, 143, I44' i4^j 154 Mitchill. Samuel Latham (Dr.), 313 3/1 Mohawks. Indians, 31 Mohicans, Indians, 31, 34 Molenaar, Abram Pietersen, 58 Mompesson, Roger, 166, 169, 171, 1-4 Monckton, Robert (General), gover- nor general of New York, 217; his career, 219; received with en- thusiasm and given freedom of city, soon after leaving to com- mand expedition to Martinique, leaving Colden in charge^, returns victorious from capture of Mar- tinique, and governs the Province for a year, then goes to England. 219; his views about taxing the colonies, resigns the governorship. 225; waived moiety clause in com- mission, 250 Monroe, James. 329, 330 Montauks. Indians. 31, 32 Montcalm. General, surrenders, 217 Montgomerie. John (Colonel), gov- ernor of New York, 181; his an- tecedents, 182; calls Indian chiefs together; also an Assembly, which he finds tractable; issues a new charter to the City of New York, 183; dies soon after, 184 Montgomerie Charter, 1S3; its pro- visions and Chancellor Kent's opinion of it, 1S4 Montgomery. (Colonel), 372 Montgomery, Richard (Major-gen- eral), reinterment in St. Paul's Church, and his cenotaph. 333 Montgomery. Richard Malcolm, S25 Moodv, Ladv Deborah 60 Moody, Sir'Henry. 88 Moore, Rev. Dr. Benjamin, 295 Moore. Charles Arthur. 662 !Moore, Sir Henry, governor of New York. 225; arrived and is received with great rejoicing and presented with freedom of the city, 130: declares his purpose to "let the stamps sleep." 231; wears home- spun because of the agreement, and refuses to permit impress- ment of soldiers, 233; prorogues the Assembly, 237; dissolves the Assembly and calls new one, 242; soon after dies, 243; buried in Trinity Church. 244; mentioned, 249, 250 Moore, John E., 259. 262 Moore. William Henry, 604 Moravian Church in Fair (now Ful- ton) Street. 208 Moravian Church, 296 Morgan, General Daniel, 2SS Morgan, Edwin D., 360, 373 Morgan, John Pierpont, 426, 470 Morgan, Samuel Tate, 860 Morgenthau. Maximilian, 831 Morris. George P., 348 Morris, Gouverneur, 265, 272, 2S3, 308. 322 Morris, Lewis. 124, 172, 174, 175, 180, 190, 191, 193. 197, 200, 203, 211 Morris. Lewis, Jr., (Colonel), 200, 203, 261 Morris. Robert, 346 Morris, Robert Hunter, 1 72 Morris, Colonel Roger, 291 Morris, Thomas, 350 Morris. William, 147 Morrisania. 56; its settlement and owner, 172; annexed to city, 383 Morrisen, Simon, 29 Morse, Samuel F. B., 462 Morton, John. 262 Morton. Levi Parsons, 401, 426, 482 Moston. Captain, 155 Mott, Jordan L.. 4.50 Mott. Mrs. Valentine, 373 Moulinars, J. J. (Rev.), 180 Mount Morris Park, site of. 51 Muhlenberg, \\'illiam A. (Rev.). 356 Mulford, Samuel, 125 Mulligan, Hercules, 262 Municipal Police Act, 349 Murphy, Edwin Jr.. 410 Murray, John, 313, 314 Murray, Joseph. 209 Murray, Lindley. 261. 262 Muscovy Company employs ?Tenry Hudson. 21 Nancy, (ship). 258 Nan fan. Bridges. 1^4 Nanfan, John, lieutenant governor, 161. 162, 163 Napoleon's Decrees. 321 Narrows, The, mapped as "Rio de Sanct Antonio." 20 Nast. Thomas. 390 National Arbitration and Peace Con- gress, 417 National debt paid off by Jackson. 341 Naturalization of Dutch inhabitants legalized. 175 Nautical Congress at Badaios. ig Navesinks. seen by Hudson. 23 Navesinks, Indians, raids of. 63 Navigation laws restrict commerce, 106 Negro Plot. The. 201. 202 Negro slaves conspire agJnSt whites and several are executed. 173. t74 Negro slaves, principal owners of, 173 Negroes as merchandise, 179 Neilson, William. 292 Nelson, Horatio (Captain). 287 New Amersfoot (see also Flatlands), 50 New Amsterdam, former name of ^ New York, 53 New Amsterdam, view of. 46 New Harlem (see also Harlem) made part of City of New York, titles in confirmed ; town charter granted and town court estab- lished, 100 New Haven Inlet, 29 New Tersey, granted bv D\ike of York to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley, reason for the name, 100; ; divided into two parts. 117 (see also "East Jersey" and West Tersey") "New Netherland on early Dutch maps. 28; granted a seal, 38; sur- rendered to Colonel Richard Nicolls and becomes New York, 97; again takes name when New York is captured by Dutch, but surrendered to Governor .\ndros after Treaty of Westminster, and again becomes New ^'o^k, 109 New Netherland, ship from Hol- land, goes up North River. 37: foes south to Delaware (then outh) River, 38 New Netherland, commercial origin of, 39 New Netherland, hindrance to settle- ment, and scarcity of food, 39 New Netherland, ship, 44 New Orange, 108, no New Orleans, Battle of. 326 New Sweden, Colony on South (Delaware) River. 54; surrenders to Dutch, 87 Newton, Brian, 70 Newton, John (General). 393 New York and Harlem Railroad, 339, 448 . . , T New \ork Association for Improv- ing the condition of the poor. 3S.6 New York at the Centennial Exhibi- tion. 3Q3 New York Bridge Company, 382 New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, 446 New York Central Railroad collision, 413 New York Charter Revision Com- mission. 412 New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, 448 New York, City created by Governor Nicolls. 90 New York Free Academy (now Col- lege of the City of New York) es- tablished. 3!;s New York Gazette (Bradford's). 149, 182: William L. Stone quoted on Its first issue. 182; sides with Cosbv, 19" New York Gazette and Weekly Mer- cury (Hugh Gaines'). 283 New 'York Ga?:ette and Weekly Post Bov (Holt's). 223, 226. 23r, 234 New York Gazatteer office wrecked 267 New York Harbor, its extent, 423 New York in Revolution, as seen by Tory eyes, 272. 273 New York in Spanish-American War. 410 New York Tournal (Holt's), a no- mad during the Revolution. 283 New York Juvenile Asylum, ,^-,6 New York Militia on Emergency ser\'ice in Pennsylvania. 375 New York Police Commissioner Bill, 412 New York, Province. New Nether- land becomes; given to England by Treatv of Breda. 10 1; becomes New Orange, 108. and agin New York. 109; becomes a Royal pro- vince on accession of James. 127; made part of New England, 13J. 132 950 HISTORY OF XEir YORK Xew York Rapid Transit Tunnel. 412 New York Stock Exchange. 444 New York thrilled by news from Sumter. 370 New York Troops to the front. 3-1 New York under British military rule. 280 New York Weekly Journal, 191, 192 194, 195, 200, 283 Newspaper, first published in New York, 149. 182 Niagara, French erect fort at. 180 Nicholson. Francis, lieutenant gov- ernor of New England, ordered to New York; fact that he is a Catholic makes him unpopular, be- cause of the pro-Catholic policy of King Tames, 13s; after Revolu- tion declares himself loyal to William and Mary, hut is mis- trusted. 138; when Leisler takes possession of the Fort he demands the public funds, but is refused; leaves for England. 139 NicoU. Charles. 259 Nicoll. William. 169. 235 NicoUs. Matthias. 97, 104, 1 11, 112. 125. 127. 154 „. , , NicoIIs, Colonel Richard, commis- sioned deputy governor of terri- tory in the Duke of York's grant from Charles 11 also member of Commission appointed by Charles to inquire into the state of New England. 92; takes fleet to Bos- ton and thence to New York. 93: receives delegation from Stuyves- ant but demands surrender, makes public his patent at Gravesend. 94: finallv receives capitulation of Governor Stuyvesant, 95: first English governor. 97; temporarily retains Dutch city oflicials, scope of his commission. 98; protests against dismemberment of pro- vince. 100; prepares New York against attack. loi; his administra- tion is popular, asks recall and request is granted. 102: sails for England. 103 Nicolls. William. 12;. 143. 144. '45 Nightingale (ship). 29 . Nine Men (The) selected, 72: their meeting, new members and con- test with Stuyvesant, 74; com- plain to States-General about Stuyvesant and send the "Peti- tion." "Remonstrance" and "-\d- dltional Observations" to Hol- land. 76: dislianded on organiza- tion of burgher government. 83 Nixon, Gen.. 274 Noell, Thomas, 162 Nonexportation .\ct of Continental Congress, 260 Nonimportation .\ct of Continental Congress. 260. 261 Nonimportation agreement (first), 228; (second). 240: rescinded, ex- cept as to tea. 249 North, Edwin, 459 North. Lord. 249. 288 North Dutch Church erected. 24^; used as prison in Revolution, 281 Northeast Passage to Cathay, search for, 21 North River, name of the Hudson, Northwest Passage, search for, 21; Hudson seeks, 23 Notelman, Conrad. 47, ^0 Nova Caesarea (see New Jersey) created, too Noyes. Charles F.. 821 Nucclla. John Petor (Domine). 148 Nugent. Robert (Colonel). 374 Nut (or Nutten) Island (also Gov- ernor's Island), 50, 164 Oakham, Walter G., 544 . Oath of allegiance required of all inhabitants by .-\ndros, 113; eight burghers demur, 113 Oath of obedience, taken by Dutch, 99 O'llrien. H. T. (Colonel). 377. 37»- 390, 391 ,. . O'Callaghan, historian, documents collated by, 40 O'Connor, Charles, 369. 390, 391 Odell, Benjamin B. (Governor), 406, 412 O'Gorman, Richard, 390 Ogden, Aaron, 226 C) Keefe, deputy marshal, 2S1 Olcott, Eben Erskine, 424, 425, 6o3 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 360 Oneidas, Indians, 31 Onondagas, Indians, 31 Onrust, first vessel built in Man- hattan, 28; voyage of Adriaen Block, in, 28, 29; Cornells Hend- ricksen takes command, 29 Op Dyck, Gisbert, 66 Opdyke, George, 373, 377 Opera House Riots, 351-355 (Dppenheim, Ansel, 582 Orange Tree, Dutch emigrant ship, 38 Orford, Lord, one of Kidd's back- ers, 154 Orson, Indian. 27, 28 (Dsborn, Sir Danvers, governor of New York, 207; his career and arrival in New York, 209; re- ceives call from Governor Clin- ton and freedom of the city, and is inaugurated ; commits suicide and is buried two days after^ in- auguration, 210; his instructions from England, 211 Osgood, Samuel, 313 Oswego, trading post at, 178 Otis, James, 226 Paauw, Michael, 43 Paine, Thomas, 302, 303, 304 Paine's Age of Reason, 302 Pakenham, (General), 326 Palatines — brought to New York by Governor Hunter; refugees from persecutions by Louis XI\'; settle at Highlands of the Hudson ; their working contract and land grants, 1 71-172; some of their troubles, 174 Palmer, John^ 131 Palmer, S. S.. 459 Panics— (1826) 337, (1837) 342, 344; (1857) 364, (1873) 392.303; (189s) 404 Paris. John \V., 828 Park Theatre burned, 333 Parker, Alton B., 426 Parker, Tames, 247 Parker, "Robert Meade, S80 Parker. Willard, 385 Parkhurst. Charles A. (Rev. Dr.). 403. 406 Parsons. John E., 426 Passavant, Oscar von, 756 Patroons, privileges and restrictions of. 42. 43 , Patroonship on Delaware granted by Minuit, 41 Patroonships established, 42, 43 Patterson, Colonel, 275 Pattison, General James, 283 Patriot army enters New York, 280 Paulding. William (Mayor), 334. 335- 33S ,, , , TT 1 Pavonia. colony at Hoboken-Hack- ing. 43; lapsed. 55 Pavonia, massacre of Indians at, 61 ; Indian raid at, 89 Peabody, George, 358 Peace of Breda proclaimed at Stadt Huis, 103 Pearsall, Thomas, 2;q. 313 Pearson, Henry (_!., 463 Peartree, William, 169 Peary, Robert Edwin (Commander, U. S. N.), reaches the North Pole, 420 Pease. L. M. (Rev.). 356 Pelgrom. PauUis. 29 Pell. Thomas, 88 Pellissier, ((leneral), 400_ Pemaquid taken from New York and added to New England, 130. 13' Penal Code revised, 307 Pendleton, George, 379 Penitentiary built in New York, 307 Pennsylvania Railroad, 446, 447 Pennsylvania Railroad tunnels, 421 Pennsylvania Terminal Station in New York, 421 Percy, Lord, 279 Perkins, Benjamin D., 314 Perry (Commodore), 326 "Peter Hasenkliver's Iron Works," 225 Peters, Ralph, 614 "Petition" and "Remonstrance" against Stuyvesant, y6 Petrosino, Lieutenant, assassinated at Palermo, Sicily, 420 Phelps, Royal, 372 Philadelphia and Reading Railway, 447 Philipse, Adolph, 169, 171, I77, iSo, 181, 190, 207 Philipse, Frederick, iii, 112, iiq, 121, 124, 127, 131, 137, 139. 142. 143. T44, 145. 154 Philipse. Frederick (widow of). 173 Philipse. Frederick. 193 Phillips. David Lewis. S24 Phillips, (police commissioner). 410 Phinps. Sir \\'illiam. governor oi Massachusetts, controversy with Governor Fletcher. 146 Phoenix. Daniel. 262. 292. 294 Pierce. Franklin. 33S. 359 Pierrepont. Edwards. 372 Pietersen, Abraham. 63 Pilgrims and I'nited New Nether- land Company. 36: denied pas- sage to New Netherland by States-C^eneral. 36 : sail on Speedwell and reach Plymouth Rock, 37 Pincknev, Charles Cotes, 300. 383 Pinckney, Joseph C. (Colonel), 371 Pine Street Meeting. 369 Pinhorne. William. 127. 144. 145, 154. 15=;, 157 Pintard. John. 300. 302 Pintard, Lewis. 262 Pintard & Williams and the Medi- terranean passes. 232 Piracy and privateering. 84. T50, i^i. 153. 1^4. 155- 1=8. 159 Pitcher. Nathaniel. 3^8 Pitt. William (later Earl of Chat- ham). 217. 220. 234. 238, 239, 2JI. 249 Pitt's statue set un at Wall and Cross (now William) Streets, 249 Planck, .^b^am (see Ver Planch) 55. 58. 61 Plat. Teremiah, 262, 294 Piatt. Thomas. (Senator). 305. 39' Plowman. I^Tatthias. 138. 139 Poe. Edgar Allen. 418 Police Department reorganized. 350 Police Riot. 362. 364 Polk. Tames K.. 350 Pollv. 'British stamp brig. 232 Polly, tea ship to Philidelphia. 256 Pond. William A. (Captain). 355 Poor. Edward E., 758 Poor. Tames Harper. 752 Poor. Ruel Whitcomb. 594 Pope. Henry W.. 464 Pope, Mrs. (actress). 353 Pope. Tames Edward. 718 Popplei secretary of New Jersey, 175 Population, changed character after Revolution, 291 Population (1749). 267: (1790), 303; (1800), 312; (1820. 1830), 317; (1850, i860), 359; (1910). 468. Portents of War, 367 Porter, General Horace, 426 Pos, Simon Dircksen. 40 Potter, Orlando Bronson, 491 Poulson, Niels. 698 Bow-is, Sir Thomas, 150 Pratt, Benjamin, 218 Pratt, (Colonel), 371 IXDEX 951 Prentiss, Henry, 901 Presbyterian Church building, first in New York, 175 Presbyterian churches., 295 Presbyterian clergymen imprisoned for preaching, 166 Presbyterian church in Wall street, 20S Presbyterian manse turned over to Episcopalians, 163 Presidential elections: (iSoo), 309; (1804), 314; (1808), 321; (1812), 326; (1816), 329; (1820), 330; (1824), 338; (1S32), 339; (1844). 350; (1852), 358; (i860), 366; (1864), 379; (1876), 393; (1880), 395; (1884), 397; (1888), 401; (1892), 403; (1896), 408; (1900), 412; (190S), 418. Press of New York, its great power in ante-bellum days, 361 Prevost, Theodosia (Mrs.). 308 Prince Henry of Prussia visits New York, 414 Prince of Wales (late Edward VJI), visits New York Prince Thomas, 80 Princess, ship, 69. 72 Prinz, John, governor of New Sweden, 54 Private tokens used as coins, 438 Privateers in War of 1812, 329 Proctor (General), 326 Provincial bills and Continental "shin-plasters," 438 Provisional Order of West India Company concerning government of New Netberland, 78 Provoost, David. 73 Provoost, Rev. Dr. Samuel, 29,;. 297 Provost. David. 171 Public school system begun, 313 Public Utilities Commission, 417 Pulaski. 284 Putnam. General Israel, 269, 274, 275< 277 Pyne, Percy Rivington, 2d, 560 Quackenbos, Walter, 245 Quaker affirmation made equivalent to oath, 194 Quaker oath refused, 193 Quarantine established at Fire Is- land, 405 Quarantine riots, 365 Quarantine station on Staten Island, 334 Queen Anne, confirms Cornbury's commission. 163; proclaimed in New York, 163 ; grants the Queen's Farm and Queen's Gar- den to Trinity Church in fee simple, 167; provides a bell for Palatine Church, 171 ; dies, 175, 441 Queensborough Bridge opened, 421 Queen's Cup won by the America, yacht (see America's Cup). 360 Queen's F^arm deeded to Trinity, ^167 , Queen s Garden deeded to Trinity, 167 Quidagh Merchant, Kidd's prize, 1 58 Quincy (Colonel), 371 Quincy, Josiah. 325. 337 Radcliff. Jacob, 315. 329. 331 Raet, ship, 6g Rahl, General, 279 Railroads of New York. 446-448 Raines Liquor Law. 408 Raleigh, Sir Walter, Carolina Set- tlement of, 21 Ramsay, Colonel, 281 Randall, Thomas, 259. 260, 262, 292. 294 Randolph, Edmund, 303 Rapelje, Joris. =;8 Rapid transit in New York, 449. 453 Raritans. Indians, 31 Raritans (Indian) raid DeVne's plantation, 57 ; and otlier planta- tions, 63 Raven, Anton Adolph, 630 Rawling, Colonel, 279 Ray, Cornelius, 294 Ray, Robert, 262 Raymond, Henry Jarvis, 361 Rea, Samuel, 612 Read, George Rowland, 816 Reade, John, 227, 262 Real estate speculation, 1867 to 1S69, 3S6 Ream, Norman Bruce, 589 Reckgawawanes, Indians, 31 Records, see Documents Reed (Lieutenant), 376 Reeve. Tappan, 30S Reform campaign of 1872, 392 Reform campaign of 1901, 413 Reformed Dutch Church in Man- hattan, first, 45 Reichhelm. Edward Paul, 70S Reid, Whitelaw. 403 Religion and Colonial Settlement, 36 Religious denominations in New York in 1687, 130 Religious tolerance in early New York. 106 "Remonstrance and Petition of the Colonies and Villages in this New Netherland Province," presented to Stuyvesant and Council, 8s "Remonstrance of New Netherland to the States-General of United Netberland," 76 ; another "Re- monstrance." 78 Remsen Henry. 259, 262 Rensselaerswyck. only successful patroonship, surrenders to Eng- lish. 43. 55. 98 , ^ , Republican factions in and after the Garfield campaign, 39 s Restraints by Holland and England on Colonial trade, 439 Resumption after the panic of 1837, 344 Revere. Paul, 259 Revival of shipping and trade after War of 1812. 3-'8 Revolution, later events of. 28S. 2S9 Revolutionary forces formed in the city. 263-264 Revolutionary troops occupy the citv. 268-277 Revolutionary War, movements of 1777, 284. 2S6 Rhinelander. Philip. 335 Ribeiro's map. founded on voyage of Gnmez, 20 Richard. Paul. 201, 206, 207 Richard. The, fired into by the British frigate Leander, 320 Richards. A. C. 37- Richmond falls. 370 Riedesel, General. 287 Riedesel, Madame de. on New York under British occupation, 287 Riker, Tohn Jackson. 838 Riker. Richard. 331 Rio de Sanct Antonio — early Span- ish name for The Narrows. 20 Rising. Governor of New Sweden, turns Dutch out of Fort Casimir. 86 Ritzema. Rudolphus. 262, 266 Rivington. Tames. 267. 268 Robertson, William H., 395. 397. 401 Robinson. John, and flock settle in Levden and seek transportation to New Netherland. 36; request re- fused. 36 Robinson, John, 129 Robinson, Lucius. 395 Rockefeller, John Davison, 486 Rockefeller. William. 459 Ridder. Herman. 426. 431 Rockingham. Lord. 288 Roebling. John A.. 382 Roebling. Washington L., 382 Roelantsen, Adam, 47 Roelofse. Theunis. 139 Rogers. Jacob S.. 413 Rogers, Robert. 714 Rogers, Colonel. 372 Roman Catholic priests, laws against, 159 Rombouts, F'rancis. 144 Roosevelt, Alice, 414 Roosevelt, Cornelius, 229 Roosevelt, Hilborne L., 463 Roosevelt, Isaac, 261. 262. 294 Roosevelt, Nicholas, 229, 261, 262 Roosevelt, Theodore. 410, 4:2 Roosevelt (steamer), 432 Rou. Louis (Rev.), 180 Rowland, William, 646 Rowley. Henry, 830 Royal Americans. 220 Royal Gazette (Rivington's), 2S3 Royalists who left when Revolution triumphed, 291 Ruggles, General Timothy, 226 Russell. Charles H., 360," 372 Russell, Samuel, 313 Rutgers, Henry (Colonel), 314 Rutledge, John, 226 Rut. John, explorer, 21 Rutgers, Hermanas. 197 Rutherford, John. 322 Ruttenber, Edward Manning, on the word "Manna-hata," 31 Ryle, \\'illiam, 770 Sackett, Henry W. (Colonel), 426 Sage, Russell, 403 St. Clair. General Arthur, 28S St. George's Chapel at Cliflt and Beekman Streets. 208 St. Leger. Lieutenant Colonel, 284 St. Luke's Hospital, 356 St. Paul's Church erected, 243 St. Tammany Society, or C!olum* bian Order. 299 Salingburgh. Peggy, 202 Salomon, \\'illiam. 528 Sanderson, Henry, 578 Sandford. Charles W. (General). 354. 355. ,■^63. 377 Sands, Comfort. 262, 294 Sandy Hook, 20 Sanhikans. Indians, 31 Sanitary Fairs in New York and Brooklyn. 379 Sanitary reforms accomplished by Colonel Waring. 410 Sanlen. Lucas, 124 Sapohanican. early name of Green- wich Village, 55: granted by Kieft to Wouter van Twiller, 55 Schaats. Gideon (Domine), 115 Schaukirk. Ewald Gustav, 280. 287 Schenck. Wessel, 29 Schenectady. massacre and de- struction of. 141 Schiff Tacob Henry. x,i6 Schley, "Winfield S. (Rear Admiral). 399. 410 Schmitt. Wilham P.. 4U Schmittberger, Inspector. 406 Schniewind. Heinrich Ernst. Jr., 798 School, first in Manhattan. 47 School, Free Grammar, act to es- tablish. i6s Schouts-fi-^cal of New Netherland. duties nf. 40 Schultz. Jackson S., 385 Schuvler, Brandt. 145 Schuvler. Charles Edward, 822 Schuvler. Peter. 129. i39. U5. u6. 1^6, 157. 169. 170. 171. 172, 177- 180. 206 Schuvler. Peter. Jr.. 178 Schuyler. Philip (General). 261. ■^02 Schwarzwaelder. C. (Colonel). 371 Scott. John (Captain). 90, 91. 92- 93 Scott. John Morin, 222, 251. 262. 26<; Scott. Winfield (General). 357 Sea Mew, ship, and passengers, 39 Seal granted to New Netherland, 38 Sears. Isaac. 226. 232. 235. 236. 244. 245. 259, 260, 262. 267, 293 Selden, Dudley. 3^0 Seligman. Isaac Newton, 426, 524 Sells. Elijah Watt. 895 Selyns, Henricus ( Domi ne) , 124- 125, 148. 160 952 HISTORY OF XliW YORK Senecas, Indians, 31 Seton, William, 262 Settling Act. 147 Seven Years AVar. 220 Seventh Regiment in Opera House Riots, 354 ; in Police Riot, 363 ; first to front in Civil War. 371 ; its new armory, 394; brief his- tory. 394 Seward, Clarence A., 401 Seward. Frederick \^^, 426 Seward, William H. (Governor), 348 Sewell, Arthur, 408 Seymour, Sir Edward Hobart. G. C. B., 427, 429 Seymour, Horatio, 374. 378 Shannon and Chesapeake, battle be- tween. 32S Sharp. Jacob, 401 Sharp, John (Rev.). 166 Sharp. Richard, 259. 262 Shaw, Charles. 259 Shepard. Edwin M.. 413 Shelburne, Lord, 237 Sherbrooke. Miles, 259 Sherman. James S.. 418 Sherman, John Taylor, 766 Sherman. William T. (General), 399. 400, 403 Sherwood. E. F., 466 Siijpbuilding at New York, ids Shipping, loss of, caused by the Civil W^ar, 381 Shrewsbury, Lord, one of Kidd's backers, 154 Shumway, Henry C. (Captain), 355 Slnite, Henry, 292 Siegbert, Louis, 804 Simmons. Charles Herbert, 709 Simon. Herman, 776 Simpson. C. C. 459 Six Nations. Indians, 31 Sixteenth Regiment soldiers, out- breaks bv. 24s Sjostrtim, P. Robert G., 7S6 Slave market in Wall Street. 173 Slavery abolished in New York. 307 Slavery question in politics, 361 Sloan, Samuel. 372 Sloan, Samuel. 4 so Sloat (Commodore), 351 Sloughter, Henry (Colonel), Gov- ernor of New York, 142, causes arrest of Leisler, Milborne and companions, and they are exe- cuted. 143; appoints a Council, calls an Assembly, and establi'^hes a Supreme Court; his sudden death, 144 Smith. Edward, 249 Smith, Francis Marion. 846 Smith. George Car^-on, 902 Smith. George Theodore. ^90 Smith, James. 190, 192, 196, 197 Smith, Lenox. 694 Smith, Melancthon. 302 Smith, Richard. 66 Smith, Thomas, 262 Smith, William. 144, 141;. 1-5^ 1^5^ 173» 174. 194- 20-7. 212. 2tV Smith, William (the younger), 174, 227,, 291, 292 Smith's History quoted, 162 Smyth. Chief Justice 162 Snow, Elbridge Gerry, 495 Snowstorm, severest in history of city. 400; another severe blizzard, 416 Society of the Cincinnati, 299 Social life in New York in Gov- ernor Purnet's time, 178 Soldiers and citizens fight in streets, 232. 236, 237. 238 Somers, Lord, one of Kidd's back- ers, 154. 159 Sons of Liberty, 222, 224, 225, 228, 231, 232, 234, 242, 244, 246, 247 Sooy smith, Charles, 743 Sound Money Parades, 408, 412 Soutberg. ship, and its passengers, 47; captures a sugar-laden Span- ish caravel, 47 South River, voyage of Hendrick- sen to, 37 ; Walloon Settlement on, 38 Southern sentiment in New York, ^ 367 Speiden, Clement Coote, Jr., 844 Spencer, General, 274 Speyer, Tames, S20 Sphynx (H. M, S.), 215 Spiegelberg, William I., 805 Spinets owned in New York, 179 Spragge. John. 124 Spreckels, Claus August, 866 Spuyten Duyvil Creek, 23 Staats, Samuel (Dr.). 140, 156, 163, 171 Stadt Huis, meeting in, 84 Stakes, Captain, 297 Stamp Act. The. 222, 223; repealed, 234; anniversaries of repeal cele- brated, 238. 240, 252. (See also "Anti-Stamp") Stamp Act Congress in New York. 2251; the Colonies represented and some of the members, 22^-226 Stamps seized by Sons of Liberty, Stanhope, Earl of. 31.=; Stanton. Edwin M., 368 Stanton. John Robert, 90S Stark. General, 286 State Customs tariff law. 294 State government organized at WHiite Plains. 273 States-General of L'uited Nether- lands offers reward for success in Artie Exploration, 21, 22 : grants United Netherland Char- ter, 29 ; charters West India Company. 35: disputes with Eng- land, 36; refuses request of the pilgrims. 36; vovages licensed by, 37 ; summons Stuyvesant to an- swer, and issues mandamus. 7^;. confirms charter of West India Company and asks Charles Ilto define boundaries bv confirming the Hartford treaty, 92 : hears defense of Stuyvesant, 102: makes treaty of alliance with England. 116 Steam ferry-boats introduced, 320 Steam navigation, beginnings of, 315 Steenwyck, Cornelis. 104, 113, 120, 127 Stein wav. Charles Herman. 741 Pteinw^ay. Henry Engelhard, 734 Steinway, William, 738 Stephens, Alexander H.. 370 Sterling. J. W., 459 Sterling, Colonel, 279 .Stetson, Francis Lynde. 426 Stettinius. Edward R.. 904 Steuben, Tlarnn. 2S4, 294 Stevens. John C. (Commodore). 360 Stevens, Samuel, 341 Stevensen. C^Inff. 66. 74. 87 Stevenson, Adlai E., 403, 412 Stevenson. John. 448 Stewart, Alexander T., 372, 394 Stiles. John W. (Colonel), 371 Stilson, Arthur Theodore. 706 Stirling, Lord, his English patent to Long Island. 73 Stochr. P. R.. Eduard. 778 Stoffelsen. Jacob. 58. 66 .Stoll, Ensign. 138 Stone, Isaac Frank, 843 Stone, John O.. 385 Stone, W. L. (Colonel). 3,^6, 349 Stoutenburgh, Isaac, 202 Stranahan, James S. T., ;i62 Street Railways in New York, 449 Straus, Oscar S., 426 Strike of 1872, 392 Strong. William L.. 407, 410 Sturhahn, Carl F., 637 .Stuyvesant, Nicholas, 127 Stuyvesant. Pieter. confirms An- neke Jans grant, 51; Governor of Cura(;oa, appointed director-gen- eral of New Netherland, 67; biography, his voyage. 69; his re- ception, and his unpopular ap- pointments, 70; laws made by him. favors Kieft, sentences Kuyter and Melyn, 7:; orders election of eighteen representa- tives from whom he selects the Nine Men, 72; complaints against, 73, 75 ; summoned to an- swer before States-General, 75; tears seals from mandamus of the States-General, 76 ; his unpopu- larity increases, 76-77 ; charges against him in the ''Petition," "Remonstrance" and "Additional Observations" of the Nine Men, 77 ; he disregards the "Provi- sional Order" of the West India Company 78 ; has support from English settlers, 79; appoints two Englishmen to settle boundary, and signs Hartford Treaty, which he does not report to Holland, arrests Melyn. and confiscates and sells his property in Manhattan, So; arrests English expedition to South River, pulls down Fort Nassau and erects Fort Casimir, south of Swedish settlement, dis- pute with Governor Prinz of New Sweden, and with Van Schlecten- horst. director of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck, Si; ordered to organize "Suitable" burgher government, ordered to The Hague, but order rescinded, his seal, 82; appoints burgher gov- ernment and is soon in conflict with magistrates. 83, S6; seizes a Swedish ship. 86; goes to Bar- badoes and is caught in embargo, 86-87; heads expedition against New Sweden, which he captures and ends Swedish dominion in America, 87: meets Governor Winthrop, but reaches no agree- ment, 93; goes to Fort Orange to quell Indian troubles, but is called back to Manhattan as Eng- lish fleet approaches, and sets about improving the city's de- fenses. 93; is notified to sur- render the city, but favors resist- ance, though urged by the burghers to yield, 92; finally after written remonstance and petition of the most prominent officers and burghers, signs and ratifies articles of capitulation, goes to Holland on call of States-(^eneral, then returns to New York, where he resides until he dies; estimate of his character, 94-96; explains his surrender, 97; takes oath of obedience, 99; goes to Amster- dam to defend liis acts before States-General, and after Treaty of Breda becomes resident of New York, 102, 103 Stuyvesant, widow of Pieter, 173 Subways, 414, 451, 453 Sucki (black wampum), Indian currency, 32 Sullivan, General, 274, 275, 276 Sullivan, Owen. 438 Sulzberger, Ferdinand, 916 Sumner, Major, 292 Supreme Court of United States, Centennial of, 402 Surrender, Articles of, 99 Sutherland, William A., 406 Suvanoys, Indians, 31 Swanendael. patroonship on Dela- ware River, colony planted there, but exterminated by Indians, 43 Swedish colony (New Sweden) planted on tlie Delaware by Peter Minuit and Samuel Bloemart, 44, 54 Sweeny, Lawrence, 225 INDEX 953 Sweeney. Peter B., 3S7. 3SS, 3S9, 390. 391 Sweertsen, Earent, 29 Swits, Claes Cornellisen, 57 Taft, William H., 418 Talbott (Captain). Mark, 126 Tallmadge (Recorder). 354 Tallmadge, Frederick A., 340 Tammany establishes a museum, 302; bolts the Clinton ticket, 325; denounced by Dr. Parkhurst, 405 Taney. Roger Brooke, 342 Tankitekes, Indians, 60; attack boats on Hudson, 62 Tarleton. General, 288 Tartar (H. M. S.). 201 Tate, Joseph. 577 Tawasentha River. 37 Taxes on British imports. 175 Taxes (British) on the Colonics, Taylor, Moses, 372, 459 Taylor. William H., 906 Tea ship Nancv, Captain Lockyer, ^^58 . .' Tea tax agitation, 249, 252, 256 Tea-water pump, 179 Tecumseh, 326 Telegraph extended to New York, 350, 462 Telegraph service in New York. 463 Telephone service in New York, history and development, 463, 465, 466. 468 Templeton. Oliver. 262 Tener, Hampden Evans. 563 Ten Eyck. Tliomas. 292 Tennyson, Alfred, 418 Tesla, Nikola. 724 Test Act passed, 144 Teunissen. lessee of farm, 55 Tew, Thomas, 1 50 Thalmann, Ernst. f^T,o Thames. Battle of The, 326 Thaw, Harry K., 417 Thomas, Setli Edward. 890 Thomas. Philip P.. 368, 369 Thomas, General. 270 Thompson, A. K., 46=; Thompson, Jacob. 36S Thomson, William, 461 Throgmdrton, Rev., and his colony, 59 Throop, Enos T., 338 Thurber. H. F.. 466 Thurman, Allen G., 401 Thurman, John, 23?^, 245, 259 Ticonderoga. captured, first by French and later by British, 217 Tiemann. Daniel F., 364 Tiger, the (Adriaen Block's ship) voyage of, 27; destroyed by fire, 28 Tilden, Samuel J., 369. 390, 391. 393^ 394 Tilden-Haves election, 393 Tilford, Frank, S52 Timmer's Kill on South (Delaware) River, fort built at, 38 Tobacco, duty on removed. 82 Tod. Andrew Kinnaird, 894 Tomlins, William Maddox, Jr., 86=; Tompkins, Daniel D., 313, 325, 329, 334 Tompkins, George W. (Colonel), 371 ■ . , Tonnage duties on foreign vessels, 175 Tonneman. Peter, 90, 95 Tontine Coffee House. 337 Topping. John Alexander. 672 Tories take refuge at Bedloe's Island. 269 Tories flock to New York, 280 Tory exodus from New York, 289 Tothill, Jeremiah. 147 Totten, Toseph. 262 Towne. Henry R.. 686 Townley. Richard, 145 Townsend, John. 66 Townshend, Charles. 221, 239, 241 Tracy, Benjamin F. (General). 409 Tracy. IMarquis de. viceroy, loi Trade Statistics (1717-1727), 179 Trade with Indians in early days, its character, 433 Treaty of Breda signed, loi Treaty of Ghent, 328 Treaty of Nimeguen, 117 Treaty of Paris, 220 Treaty of Utrecht, 173 Treaty of Westminster restores Province of New York to the English. 108 Trinity Church, building fund, 147; land lease, first rector and his in- duction, church opened, 14S; de- stroyed by fire, 28 1 ; corner-stone of new church laid. 295 ; conse- crated, 2QQ ; bicentennial cele- brated, 408 Tryon (Miss). 256 Tryon, William, transferred from governorship of North Carolina to be governor of New York, 251 ; his previous record, 251-252; re- ception in New York, address to Assembly recommends formation of militia, and twenty-six regi- ments and eleven troops of light horse, 252: loses i>ersonal effects in destruction of Province House, 256; but is reimbursed by Assem- bly. 257; prorogues Assembly and goes to England. 258; is sent back by Lord Dartmouth, 263: finds himself practically without author- ity. 266 ; expresses fear for per- sonal safety in letter to Mayoi Hicks, who tries to reassure him. but moves with family aboard H. M. S, Asia, 267; calls on Lord Howe, 27 1 ; return to city with British troops. 280 Tucker, Thomas, 294 Tudor, Captain, 281 /Turner, Thomas Morgan, 764 Tuscaroras, Indians, 31 Tweed (H. M. S.). 250 Tweed Ring, its formation, its pecu- lations and its collapse, 387, 388, 389. 390, 391. 392 Tweed. William Marcy, 387, 388. 389. 390, 391, 392 Tweenhuysen, Lambrecht van, 29 Twelve Men, appointed by Com- monalty, controversy with Kieft. demand reforms, 58 ; prohibited from meeting, 59 Underbill. John, 63 Union Defense Committee, 372 Union Defense Fund Bonds voted. 370 . Union League Club organized, 379 Union Square Mass Convention, 370 United New Netherland Company organized — charter members. 29; charter expires, members continue trade to Manhattan. 35 United States, frigate, captures the British frigate Macedonian, 326 United States Sanitary Commission, 373 Upper New York Bay discovered, 23 Urquhart, William (Rev.), 164 Ury, John. 202 Utrecht, peace of, 173 Vail, Theodore Newton, 463, 465, 466, 510 Valentine and Orson, Indians, taken to Holland. 27 Van Borsom, Egbert. 197 Van Brugh, Johannes, 99, 108, 113. 129 Van Buren, Martin, 332, 33?, 33^- 341 Vance, S. B. H., 397 Van (Torlaer, Jacob. 50, 51 Van (Tortlandt. Jacobus, 174 Van Cortlandt. John, 262 Van Cortlandt. Oloff Stevensen, go. 99 Van Cortlandt, Pierre. 292 Van Cortlandt. Robert B., 532 Van Cortlandt. Stephanus. iii, 112, 116, 119. 124. 131, 137. 14-. 143. 144, 145, 146, 154. 156 Van Cortlandt, Widow, 173 Van Couwenhoven, Jacobus Wol- fertsen, 72, 77, 78 Van Couwenhoven. Peter, 82 Van (Hurler, Arent, 141 Van Dam, Anthony, 262 Van Dam, Claes Ripse, 185 Van Dam, Rip, appointed to Coun- cil, 163, 169, 171. 173, 177; presi- dent of Council and governor pro tern, 184; biography, 185; his peaceful administration, and his census, 186 ; remains in Council, 189; Governor Cosby demands half his salary, which he refuses, and is unsuccessfully sued, 190; his friends inform the home au- thorities. 197; absents himself from Council and is secretly de- posed. 198 Vandeput, Captain, 266 Vanderbilt. William H.. 395. 398 Vanderburgh, Cornelius. 147 Van der Donck. Adriaen, 66, 74, 75. 76, 77, 79. 80, 81 Van der Grist, Paulus Leendertsen, 70. 83, 95 Van der Horst. Myndert, 56 Van der Huyghens, Cornelis, 53, 66, Vanderlip,. Frank Arthur, 459, 540 Vanderpoel, 375 Vanderspeigle. Laurens, 108 Van Dincklagen. Lubbertus. 50, 5^. 53. 69. 75. 76. 77> 79. 81 Van Dyck, Hendrick. 69. 79. So, 87 Van Gelden, Abraham, 292 Van Gheel, ^Maximilian. 83 Van Hardenburgh, Arnoldus, 72, 76 Van Hattem, Arendt, 83 Van Hnrne, Abraham, 177. 178 Van Home, Anna Maria (Mrs. Burnet). 177 Van Home, Augustus, 262 Van Home, David, 259 Van Lvbergen, Arnolt, 20 Van Nieuwenhuysen, Wilhelmus (Domine), 106, 115 Van Remund. Jan, 47 Van Rensselaer, Hendrick. 116 Van Rensselaer. Jan Baptist. 116 Van Rensselaer, Jeremias, 116 Van Rensselaer. Johannes, 114 Van Rensselaer. Kiliaen, 43, 51, 54. 78 Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen (son of Jan Baptist), 1 16 Van Rensselaer. Kiliaen (son of Jeremias), fourth patroon, 116, *^63' 171 Van Rensselaer, Nicolaus (Rev.), 114, 115, 1 16 Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Schuyler, quoted. 45. 47 Van Rensselaer (General), 326, 336 Van Rensselaer. William B.. 426 Van Ruvven, Cornelis, 8.s. 99. 103 Van Schaack, Peter William, 259. 262 Van Schlectenhorst. 81 Van Tienhoven, Cornelis, 47, 53> ^ 56. 61. 70. 74. 77. 79. 83 Vantilburgh's slave. 173 Van Twiller, Wonter. third di- rector-general of New Netherland, and nephew of Kiliaen van Rens- selaer, arrives in ship Southerg, 47; buys land in Connecticut from the Indians. 49; builds a church in the fort, and makes several improvements, his habits, takes large grants for himself, buys land from Indians on Long Island. 50: his qualities and char- acter, '51-52: receives letter of re- call. 52: returns to Holland a year later. 53; carries records to Am- sterdam. 54; get^ grant at Sapo- hanican, 55: attacks West India Companv for neglect of Rensse- laerswyck. 78; trade during his administration. 439 954 HISTORY OF XEIV YORK Van Vaurk, James, 244 Van Voorhees, Jacob, 262 Van Wyck. Robert, 409, 410, 412, 413. 414 Van Zandt, Jacobus, 244, 259, 260, 262. 294 Van Zandt, Viner, 294 Varian, Isaac L., 346 Varick. Domine, 142 Varick, Richard, 292, 293. 305. 312 Vaux. Calvert, 360 Vauxiiall wrecked by anti-stamp mob, 229, 231 Veit, Richard Charles, 607 Verbulst, William, 3S Vermilyc. Ashbel G. (Rev.), 153 Vermilye. Johannes. 139, 140 Vernon, Edward (Admiral), 201 Ver Plunck, Abraham Isaacksen, 55 Verplanck, Geleyn, 108 Verplanck, Gillian. 2S7 Verplanck. Gulian C, 339 Verplanck. Samuel, 262, 438 Vcrrazano, Giovanni, visits San Germano (New York) Bay. iS. 19; lands on Staten Island, dis- coveries Luisa (Block) Island, 19 Vesey street. 148 Vesey, William (Rev.), 148, 157, 164. 167, 170, 172 Vespiicius, Amcricus. 17 Victoria (Queen), 365, 366 \'ietor. George Frederick, 754 Vinje, Jan, first white child born in Manhattan. 58. 87 Vlissingen (Flushing), English col- ony established at. 66 Volckertsen, Cornelis, 31 Volckertsen, Thys (Captain), 27, 29 Volunteer fire system, 383 Volunteer regiments organized, 371 Volunteer system in war, its in- equalities. 374 Von Steinwehr (Colonel), 372 Vosburgh. A. S (Colonel). 371 Vredendael, plantation, 56 Vriesendall, plantation, 56 Wadsworth, James S. (General), 372. 374 Wakeman (Postmaster). 377 Walker, Robert J., 371 Wallace, Alexander, 259 Wallace, Hugh. 24 Walloons, settle in New Netherland. settle at Fort Orange on North River, 37 ; and Fort Nassau on South River. 38 Walrath ("Colonel).' 371 Walters, Robert. 156, 163. 177, 181 Walton, Abraham, 259, 260, 262 Walton, Jacob. 240 Walton. William. 2-;9. 262, 442 Wampam, Indian currency, adopted by Dutch and English settlers — standard of value. 32. 433 Wapanachki, an Algonquin tribe of Indians. 31 Wappingers, Indians, attack boats on Hudson, 62 War between England and France (1711-1713). 172-173 War between England and Holland, 82: peace declared. 86; war again declared. 106; peace by Treaty of W'estminster. 108 War of 1812 and its efltect on com- merce. 325-328 Ward. Ferdinand. 398. ; 19 Ward. Stephen, 292 Waring, George Edward (Colonel). 410 Warren, Sir Peter, 205, 206, 216, 286 Washington, Gen. George, 263, 265. 268, 269. 270, 271, 273' 275, 276. 277, 27S. 282, 2S4, 289, 293, 294, 296, 297. 3"6, 307. 308. 402, Washington Memorial Arch. 402 Washington's retreat from Long Is- land. 277 Wasp (The)), captures The Prolic. 3:^6 Wassermann, Edward^ 567 Watson, James, 389. 390, 391 Watson, William, 235 Watts, John, 220, 286, 302 Watts. Stephen (General), 351 Weaver. James B., 403 Weaver, Robert, 150. 159. 162 Weaver, Samuel, 197 Webb, Charles, 281 Webb, James Watson, 361 Weber. Wolfert, 129 Webster. Daniel, 319 Weckquaesgecks, Indians, raids by. 57; murder Anne Hutchinson and her household, 63. Weed, Thurlow, 336, 397 Weidmann, Jacob, 800 Wells, Edward Hubbard, 688 Wells in John Street and Spring Garden, 207 Welsh visitors to America, 17, 21 Wendover, Hercules, 197 Wenham, Thomas, 163, 169 Werdcn, Sir John, instructions to Andros, 1 14 Wessels, Dirk. 1 57 West, Benjamin, 315 West, John, 119, 120, 127, 129, West. Major, 281 Westchester settled by English^ who are compelled to swear allegiance by Stuyvesant, 88 West Farms annexed to city, 383 West India Company, backs Stuy- vesants' view against appeals from New Netherland to the States- General, but is overruled, 75; attacked by Van Twiller for ne- glecting Rensselaerswyck ; issues Provisional Order for "suitable burgher government," 78; tries to settle boundary on South River, 81; tries to procure boun- dary settlement, 89; asks States General to get boundaries de- fined, and company's title is con- firmed by States-General, 92: property on Broadway consficated by Governor Xicolls, 105 West Jersey given to Duke of York to Lord Berkeley, by patent which is later revoked. 100. 117; Andros tries to assert authority over it, but is overruled on ap- peal to England, and Jersey is entirely separated from New York. 117 West Shore Railroad. 448 West Riding of Yorkshire, division of Long Island, 98 Westervelt, Jacob A., 354. 3S8 Westminster, Treaty of, 108 Weston, Edward, 930 Wetmore. Prosper M., 372 Wheeler, Joseph (General). 410 Whelan. Father, 296 Whig Club, 823 Whig Party organized in New York, Whitby (Captain). 320 White, Henry, 235, 255 White, John. 262 Wliite, Stanford, 402, 417 White Plains. Battle of, 278, 279 Whitely, Benjamin, 459 W'hiting, Colonel, 172 Whitman. Clarence, 748 Wickham, William H., 392, 397, 450 "Wild-cat" money. 341 Wildcat speculation, 337 Wiley, patriot committeeman, 232 Wiley, C A.. 465 Wilkes. John. 247, 249 Willcox. William Goodenow, 515 Willett. Marinus (Colonel), 314, 315. 325 Willett, Marinus, 265, 271. 292. 293. 300 Willett, Thomas, first mayor of New York, 80, 93, 94, 99. 104. 144. 145. 146. i=;5. 314 William and Mary crowned, how New York received the news. 136; proclaimed at the Fort and City Hall, 139; letter to Nichol- son, 140 William, The, English ship, ar- rives ofT Fort Amsterdam, claims English sovereignty and defying protest goes up Hudson River, is pursued, brought back and re- lieved of its cargo, 48-49; her owners complain to English Gov- ernor, 49 Williams, Erasmus, 244 Williams, George, 356 Williams, Major, 281 Williams, Thomas, 139 Willson. Ebenezer, 147 Wilson, Alexander, 145 Wilson, Captain. 281 Wilson (Colonel), 371 Wilson, James Grant (General), 41, 403. 426 Wilson, Samuel, 119 Wilton, Joseph. I^ndon sculptor. 240 Winder, Samuel, 119 Windom. William, secretary of Treasury, dies at banquet in his honor. 403 Wing. John D., .834 Winthrop. John, governor of Con- necticut, 89. 93, 94 Wisner, Henry, 261 Wissinck, Jacob Elbertsen, 40 Wistar, Caspar, 245 Witssen, Gcrrit Jocobz. 29 Witssen. Jonas, 29 Witthaus.* Rudolph A., 372 Wolfe. General, 217 Wolfertscn. Gerrit. 63 Wolsey, Joris, 73 Women, condition of in the In- dian tribes, 32 Wood (Lieutenant), 377 Wood (Colonel), 371 Wood, Fernando, 358. 362. 365. 369 Wood, Leonard (Major General), 410, 431 Wood. William, 437 Woodbury. Levi, 344. 345 Woodford, General Stewart L., 426 Woodhull, Caleb S., 353 Woodruff. Timothy L., 408 Woodward, of Tweed Ring. 391 Wool, Jeremiah. 292 Wool (General). 377 Worth (General). 351 Wright, Joseph H.. 792 Wright, Wilbur, 432 Yankee (The), fishing smack, cap- tures British sloop-of-war Eagle, 328 Yates, Richard, 259, 262 Yates. Robert (Judge), 292 Yellow fever in New York (1702), 163; (1795), 306; (1708). 306; (1819. 1822, 1823), 333 , Yonkers. how it was settled and named, 66 York, Duke of. patroon of Royal African Company, receives from Charles II charter covering all New Netherland and other por- tions of America, 92; appoints Richard NicoU deputy governor of his new colony, who starts out on expedition, 92 Yorkshire, name given to Long IS; land. 98 Young, George Washington, 585 Young (Governor), 394 Young. Hamilton. 259. 262 Young, John (Captain), 94^ ii9. 124, 145- . . Young Men*s Christian Association, organized, 356, 357 Zedwitz, Herman (Major), 266 Zegendall, Kuyter's grant, 56 Zenger. John Peter, and the fight for a 'free press, 191* 192, i93' 104. 195. 196. 197. 206 Zia. Youssef (Pasha), 429 Zwol. ship, 69 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS lllllllliliiililililiiiiili'"'''''^^ 014 222 886 5 ^j