EAST CENTRAL POETICO AND DOME. Vv.-.>i T.t't-twitincr llllillll The height of Dome, from base line to the top of the Statue of Freedom, is 287 ft. 5)i in. Capitol Hill rises 90 ft. above tide water. The greatest exterior diameter of the Dome above the Portico, is 135 ft. 5 in. INTERIOR OF DOME, boWING ITS CONSTRUCTION. SECTiOi«THRou»'< w b er ti.^.OMri i bi. Distance from floor of Hotuiula to top of balustrade beneath the painting, 152 ft. Sin. Distance from floor to centre of painting, 180 ft. .'5 in. Number of steps from the Crypt to interior of Tholus, 364. TUK ROTUNDA AND DOME ^ (cj^/ U. S , Capitol -jB-sr S-. T> . -w -2- E a? n . AUTHOR OF '•HIBTORY OF THK liimAKY OF CONfiUEPS," ** THK FEDERAL CITY.' ETC.. ETC. For ^ale in the Papitol. WASHINGTON, D. C. GIBPON BROTH KRS, PRINTERS. Entered, according to Act cf Congress, iu the year 1860, b\' GIBSON BROTHERS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Colnmhi; x* INTRODUCTORY NOTE To o;ive accurate information relative to the buildino; of the Rotunda and Dome of the United States Capitol, and of the history illustrated by the works of art with which thev are adorned, is the object of the following pages. Very little of what might be termed " art criticism '' has l^een attempted. A man of ordinary observation deems liimsclf capable of forming an opinion with regard to the excellency or demerit of a work of art presented to his view, and lie is certainly better satisfied with liis own judgment than with the opinion of even an acknow- ledged connoisseur. It is hoped the information presented in the text will • aid in forming an intelligent appreciation of what has been essayed by the various artists whom the nation has seen proper to employ in embollishing this portion of our great national edifice. s. d. v>'. CONTENTS. PAINTINGS IN THE ROTUNDA. General appearance of the Rotunda — Vanderlyn's painting of the Landing of Columbus — Powell's picture of The Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto — The Baptism of Pocahontas, by Chapman — The Embarcation of the Pilgrims at Delft-Haven, by Weir Page 115 THE TRUMBULL SERIES OF PAINTINGS. Trumbull's four pictures in the Rotunda: — first, The Declaration of Independ- ence; second, The Surrender of Burgoyne; third, The Surrender of Lord Corn- wallis at Yorktown ; fourth, The Resignation of Washington to Congress as Commander-in-Chief of the army Page 137 RELIEVOS IN THE ROTUNDA The alto relievos of the Rotunda : — Preservation of Captain Smith by Pocahon- tas — Landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock — Penn's treaty with the In- dians — Conflict between Daniel Boone and the Indians. Basso relievos with heads of Columbus, Cabot, Sir Walter Raleigh, and La Salle Page 1G8 THE DOME AND APEX. Allegorical painting by Brumidi, within the Canopy of the Rotunda — Outer and inside shells of the Dome — Signor C. Brumidi — the lighting of the Rotunda at night — the Lantern, or "Tholus" — Apex of the Dome — the model of Craw- ford's Statue of Freedom Page 182 THE CRYPT AND TOMB. The ('rypt — Tomb prepared underneath the centre of the Capitol for the remains of Washington^Congressional correspondence, and action on the subject — speeches of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John Qiiincy Adams, etc. — action of the State of Virginia — Greenough's statue of Washington Page lf)7 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS OF INTEREST. Plaster Copy of Houden's Washington — Will of Kosciuszko — Bustof Kosciuszko — of Pulaski — The Dying Tecumseh — Rolherrael's Painting of the Christian Mar- tyrs in the Coli.^eum — Statue of Alexander Hamilton, by Stone — Lincoln memo- rial-stone sent from Rome — Mosaic Portrait of Lincoln — Daily oscillation of the . Dome — Whispering gallery underneath the Canopy — Cost of lighting the Ciij)- itol — Dimensions and cost of the Capitol — Changes proposed to be made in centie portion of the Capitol building Pa^ie 207 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. * Preceding Text. No. 1. Photograph of exterior view of East Central Portico and Dome, showing their elevation, from a drawing in possession of the Archi- tect of the Capitol ; and Preceding Text. No. 2. Photograph of interior of Dome, showing its construc- tion. This is also from a drawing in possession of the Architect. Outline drawing and Key to Vanderlyn's painting of The Landing of Colum- bus Page 114 Outline drawing and Key to Powell's painting of The Discovery of the Missis- sippi by De Soto Page 121 Outline drawing and Key to Chapman's picture of The Baptism of Pocahon- tas Page 128 Outline drawing and Key to Wier's painting of The Embarcation of the Pilgrims at Delft- Haven Page 133 Outline drawing and Key to Trumbull's picture of The Declaration of Independ- ence Page 141 Outline drawing and Key to Trumbull's picture of The Surrender of Burgoyne, at Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777 Page 146 Outline drawing and Key to Trumbull's picture of the Surrender of Lord Corn- wallis, at Yorktown, Va., Oct. 19, 1781 Page 152 Outline drawing and Key to Trumbull's picture of General Washington resigning his commission to Congress, at Annapolis, Dec. 23, 1783 Page 161 Alto relievo over west door of Rotunda — Preservation of Captain Smith by Poca- hontas Page 169 Alto relievo over north door of Rotunda — William Penn's treaty with In- dians Page 172 Alto relievo over south door of Rotumla — Daniel Boone and Indians Page 173 Alto relievo over east door of Rotunda — Landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock Page 176 Photograph Apotheosis of Washington, painted within the Canopy of the Dome of the Capitol, by C. Brumidi Page 185 Oulline sketch of Greenough's statue of Washington Page 204 vii O Cj 4) S a > O Q\ '^ 0) - O 2 Si o — ja a "C .5 ? fl 11 -i ■§ K K^ (5 y wi «o t^ 00 o S o . e - ■» •» c .3 (u a S^ o § P S S S g«a 3 < c c y ja 0) H o o ■-' ri r' f-1 " C4 {»5 ^gl T II B EOTUNDA AND DOME PAINTINGS IN THE ROTUNDA. OENEUAL APPEARANCE OP THE ROTUNDA — VANDERLYN'S PAINTING OP THE LANDING OP COLUMBUS — POWELL'S DISCO^^!RY OF THE MISSISSIPPI BY DE SOTO THE BAPTISM OP POCAHONTAS BY CHAPMAN THE EMBARCATION OF THE PILGRIMS AT DELFT HA MSN BY WEIR. The Rotunda was tho latest built portion of the ori'i-inal Capitol. When the British captured the city of Washington, Aug. 2-i, 1814, and set fire to the public buildings, the North ^ and South wings were all of the Capitol that had then been erected. A wooden scaflolding connected the two "wino-s," and made each easy of access from the other. Hallet, the architect first employed to superintend the erec- tion of the Capitol, was not in favor of the building of the Rotunda. He had, himself, presented to the Commissioners, a " Plan for the Capitol," a distinctive feature of which was, to leave out the grand central Portico of " Doctor Thornton's Plan " (the one which had been mainly adopted), and have in- .stead "a recess, or court, built upon three sides." Hallet was succeeded by Mr. G. Hadlield and Mr. James Hoban, who finish- ed the North wing. The charge of the work was then given to Mr. Henry B. Latrobe, who directed the building of the South wing, and finally prepared the Halls*for the use of Congress. Mr. Latrobe also was the architect under whom the Capitol, phenix-like, began to rise again in prouder beauty than before from the ashes of its conflagration. He, however, resigned his situation in Dec, 1817. Mr. Charles Bulfinch, appointed by- President Monroe, was his successor. Mr. Bulfinch, to a certain extent, carried out the plans of Mr. Latrobe, and it was. under 116 THE FEDERAL CITY. his superintendency, the Rotunda. :vith its first low Dome, was '^Tected. The foundation of the Rotunchi, or main central building of the Capitol, was laid March 2, 1818. The original walls of the North and South wings had been permitted to remain, and are still standing — being of freestone the fire did not materially injure them. The Capitol, including the Rotunda, was regarded as completed in 1827. The fire of Dec. 24, 1851, which destroyed the Hall of the Library of Congress, induced in it? repair changes — the new Extensions of the Capitol having also been previously deter- mined upon — which finally resulted in the removal of the low Dome and substituting in its stead the magnificent structure which now surmounts the- Capitol. The present Dome was de- signed and erected by Thomas U. Walter, Esq. It is of iron, and consequently fire-proof. The aggregate weight of iron used from the beginning to its completion is 8,909,200 pounds. Janes, Beebe, & Co., of New York City, furnished the castings of this wonderful specimen of architectural iron work. Its npex was crowned by the Statue of Freedom in Dec, 1863. The outer colonnade of the Dome rests upon 72 iron brack- ets let into brick foundations. The greatest exterior diameter of Dome is lo5 feet 5 inches. Its height above base line on east front to the top of the Statue of Freedom is 287 feet 5| inches, and above tide water 377 feet 3|- inches. The height of base line on Capitol Hill is within a fraction of 90 feet above tide water. "^Tiie cost of the centre building of the original Capitol, from its foundation to 1827, was $957,617 35. The cost of the new Dome to the present date, 1869, has been about $1,000,000. The Rotunda is 97 feet in diameter, 300 feet in circumference, and its height, from the floor to where the Dome closes in at tlie base of the lantern, is 180 feet, 3 inches. Nearly every square foot within range of ordinary vision of this splendid apartment is filled with specimens of art - the Avork of pencil and chisel — that illustrate incidents of our national life. ilti T li K F E 1) E ]l A T. CITY. The chcamber, in its circuit, is divided into panels by 12 fluted stone pilasters, [flat columns in the wall], 80 feet high, support- ing an entablature and cornic? ornamented with wreaths of olive. In the larger of these panels, between the pilasters, at a small elevation from the floor, are the eight grand national pictures ordered at various times b}'^ Congress, and costing from $8,000 to $15,000 each. There are, also, in the larger panels above the pictures, carved flowers and leaves in festoons and wreaths, within four of which are sculptured medallion portraits of Columbus, Cabot, Sir Walter Ealeigh, and La Salle. Over the four doors of the Rotunda are alto relievos in stone illustrative of interesting events in American historj'-. The floor of the chamber is paved with Seneca stone, and is firmly supported from beneath by 40 stone columns. THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS PAINTED BY JOHN V A N D E R L Y N . This picture occupies the first panel nortli (jf the east door of the Rotunda. It is 18 feet by 12 — the ani brtn size of the series. The coloring is brilliant, and the liie-size figures look as if they were breathing men, with motion only suspended, and they the actors in a tableau vivant. As the starting point of American History it is the earliest scene in point of time of them all. Tlie whole country is familiar with the grouping of this picture, as it is the one which is engraved and printed on the back of the fivv; dolhir note of our National Bank Currency. Irving, in his "Voyages of Columbus," thus narrates the event, with its surroundings, that the g,3nius of Vanderlyn li;;s made to glow and live again, on canvas. "The morning dawned that was to give Columbus the Civs'. view of the New World. As objects gradually became visible he beheld before him a new and beautiful island several league-; in extent, of great freshness and verdure, and covered witii 117 THE FEDERAL CITY. trees like ii continual orchard. Though every thing appeared in the wild luxurianc(3 (jt' untamed nature, yet the island was evidently populous, for the iidiabitants vvere seen issuing from the woods, and runniuL? from all parts to the shore, where thev •Stood gazing at the ships. They were all perfectly naked, and from their attitudes and gestures appeared to be lost in asti^n- ishment. Columbus made signal for the ships to cast anchor, and for the boats to be manned and armed. lie entered his own boat richly attired in scarlet, antl bearing the royal stan lard ; whilst Martin Alonzo Pinzon, and Vincent Yauez his brother, put off in company in their boats, each bearing the banner of the enterprise emblazoned with a green cross, having on each side the letters F and Y. surmounted by crowns, the initials of the Castilian monarchs Fernando and Ysabel. " As they approaclied the shores, they were refreshed by the sight of the ample forests, which in those climates have ex- traorelinary beauty of vegetation. They beheld fruits of tempt- ing hue, but unknown kind, growing among the trees which overhung the shores. The purity and suavity of the atmos- phere, the chrystal transparency of the seas which bathe these islands, give them a wonderful beauty, and must have bad their effect upon tlie susceptible feelings of Columbus. No sooner did he land, than he threw himself upon his knees, kissed the earth, and returned thanks to God with tears of joy. His ex- ample was followed by the rest, whose hearts indeed overflowed with the same feelings of gratitude. '"Columbus then rising drew his sword, displayed the royal standard, and assembling round him the two captains, with Kodrigo de Escobeda, notary of the armament, Eodrigo San- chez, [the royal inspector,] and the rest who had landed he took solemn possession in the name of the Castilian sover- eigns, giving the island the name oi San Salvador. It was on the morning of Friday 12th of October, 1492, that this memor able event took place." This last paragraph comprises the action.of the picture. Columbus stands prominently forward, a sword in his 116 THE FEDERAL CITY, riglit hand, its top forming a cross ; his left supports the royal standard, that floats in heavy folds above him. Next him, on his right, stands Escobedo, and near him with hat and plume, Eodrigo Sanchez, Inspector of the Armament, but between the two appears the face of a friar who carries a crucifix. Beyond, in a suppliant attitude, is one of the crew who had been a mutineer. Two of the Pinzons, each with a banner, the elder standing nearer to Columbus, are marked figures of the picture. A cabin boy is kneeling, in an act of devotion, near them. At the extreme right of the group is a Spaniard handsomely dressed, with an old fashioned arquebuse slung over his shoulder. This is probably Diego de Arana, chief alguazil of the expedition. [A card professing to be a key to the picture, once hanging underneath it, stated that this figure is Alonza de Ojeda ; but, as he sailed for the first time with Columbus on his second voyage, of course it is a mistake.] On the left of Columbus is a soldier whose attention is drawn from the scene by the appearance of the natives half hid in the forest ; and a sailor is kneeling, in an attitude of veneration of the Admiral. In the distance are seen the three vessels, the Santa Maria, the Plata, and the Nina ; and, nearer, the landing of the hilari- ous and joyful crew. Two of the men are contending for glittering particles in the sand. The picture was painted in 1846, and cost $12,000. John Vanderlyx, the artist, was born in Kingston, Ulster County, New York, in 1776 ; and died there, Sept. 23, 1852. At the age of sixteen he removed to New York City, and received lessons in painting from Gilbert Stuart. The celebra- ted Aaron Burr was a valuable and early friend of the young artist, and through his kind help he was enabled to visit Paris, in 1706, for the purpose of instruction. He returned ^to his native laud in 1801, but in 1803 revisited Europe, where he remained until 1815. When Burr was a wandering fugitive, and in Paris at times ii'j THE FEDERAL CITY. SO poor, he had not money to buy a bundle of fagots to keep himself warm, Vanderlyn, still struggling hard in his profession, enjoying far more reputation than money, shared with him his slender purse, and helped him all he could. One of Vanderlyn's famous pictures is the " Murder of Jane McCrea by the Indians;" ho also painted " Marius sitting among the ruins of Carthage." This latter picture received the gold medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1808, and was favorably noticed by the Emperor Napoleon. This success placed him in the foremost rank of his profession. lie painted portraits of Madison, Monroe, Clinton, and other distinguiohed Americans, I have before stated that the full length portrait of Washington, in the Ilall of the Ilouse of Representatives, was painted by him. The engraved portraits of Aaron Burr and his daughter, in " Parton's Life," and that appear also in Davis's Memoir, of him, are copied from original pictures by Vanderlyn. It seems a strange recompensing of events that one of the kind-hearted acts in the life of this misguided man — the taking by the hand a friendless boy of genius and helping him up the steep ascents of eminence — should have resulted in giving to aft^r genera- tions, as familiar household pictures, likenesses of himself and his adored daughter Theodosia. Powell's painting of the discovery OF the MISSISSIPPI. This painting is the second in succession of event and occu- pies the first panel south of the east door of the Rotunda. The scene is a view of the Mississippi river stretching as far as the eye can reach, with islands in sight, and dotted with canoes that are filled with Indians, De Soto, on horseback, attended by a train of followers — cavaliers, banner-bearers, soldiers, a confessor, and a swarthy Moorish servant — is approaching the river. On the bank, a company of stalwart soldiers are planting a Cross, while a priest, with open Book, is reading prayers, as the wood is about to be i::0 THE FEDERAL CITY. inserted into the hole prepared for it. Another ecclesiastic is wavinij a censer, A little to the left are wigwams, ■ and a group of Indians, male and female, some of whom appear to regard the Spanlai'ds as su[)ernatural beings, and are oifering to De Soto propitiatory gilts. In front of the middle of the picture is a camp chest, with arms, helmets, breast-plates, and other implements of war, thrown together. From these, stretches another long group of strong travel worn men. A cannon is being dragged up, and near it a veteran campaigner is seen dressing his wounded leg. The fine engraving on the back of the ten dollar notes of the national currency is an admirable copy of Powell's painting of the Discovery of the Mississippi. The details of the picture have been made the subject of careful study by the artist. The cannon was copied from one of the same model used by Cortez, one of which is in the col- lection at the Washington Navy Yard, having been brought by General Scott from Mexico, obtained during his campaign in that country. The various armor and dresses are also copied from historical specimens and drawings. The horse upon which De Soto sits is a portrait of Abdel-Kader's battle horse, a full blooded Arabian, as was the one which bore De Soto during his perilous journey. The battle steed of Abdel-Kader was for a long time kept in the Imperial stables at St. Cloud, where Mr. Powell had frequent opportunities to see and sketch it, as his picture was painted in Paris. The story of De Soto is one of the most romantic of the many romances of history. He was the companion of Pizarro in his Peruvian campaign, and probably the moving spirit that conducted to its issue the iniquitous conquest of that country. It is but just to observe, however, that he often quarelled with Pizarro, and frequently attempted to deter him from the com- mission of attrocities. The perfidious execution of the Inea excited his just anger. Wilmer, in his Life of De Soto, says, "At that time it was IL'3 THE FEDERAL CITY. well understood in Spain that De Soto was the real hero of the Peruvion war ; for the imbecile character of Pizarro was noto- rious among his contemporaries. The time for his apotheosis had not yet arrived." De Soto returned to Spain with not less than half a million of dollars. He made a splendid appearance at the court of the emperor, Charles Y., and the flattering reception given him is a matter of historical celebrity. As a reward for services ren- dered the crown, the title of marquis was graciously bestowed, and — a further proof of royal favor — a considerable sum of money borrowed of him. He married Isabella de Bovadilla, a beautiful lady to whom he had been long attached, but whose father, Don Pedro de Avila, had opposed his suit until he died. De Soto's court life was expensive, and he could not but per- ceive his fortune dwindle away : at all events, he resolved again to embark on the sea of adventure. About this time, 1536, Florida — a name applied Avithout limit to tlie country extend- ing north from the gulf of Mexico, and west from the shores of the Atlantic — was spoken of as containing within its limits an El Dorado fairer and richer than had yet rewarded sordid discovery. Allured by these reports De Soto applied to Charles for permission to undertake the conquest of this territory for him at his own expense. This was gladly acceeded to ; and the Emperor was exceedingly lavish in his bestowal of titles upon the brave Captain. He was made Governor of the island of Cuba, and Adelantado or President of Florida. De Soto arrived in Cuba, 1588, witli a brilliant armament, and, after some delay, sailed for Florida, leaving Donna Isabella governor of the island. He landed his forces at Tampa Bay May 1539, consisting of 1,000 Spaniards, 350 horses, and a large number of cattle and swine for settlement. Twelve priests, eight assistants, and four monks accompanied him ; on Sundays and holidays he had an altar erected and mass said. But disappointment now tracked his footsteps like a spectre. The Indians were fierce, and hostile ; many of his associates proved villainous and treacherous ; the hardships all had to 124 THE FEDERAL CITY. endure were many and great ; at times, the very elements ap- peared combined against them. "The adventurers liowevcr struggled onward, setting every danger at defiance, and sur- mounting every obstacle which nature and savage enmity could oppose to their progress.'^'^^At length they came to a town called Chisca, May 1541, which was seated on the margin of the largest river the Spaniards had seen since they landed in Flor- ida. On this account they called it the Rio Grande ; and well it deserved the name, for it was the father of American waters, the mighty Mississippi." ^: * * * * * " While encamped on the west bank of the Mississippi river, De Soto was requested by the Indian chiefs to pray for rain to his gods, it being a time of drought ; and he caused a huge cross to be made of the largest pine tree, so large that 100 men could not lift it. This cross was raised on the highest elevation overlooking the waters of the Mississippi and St. Francis rivers. A procession, composed of the army and Indians, was formed, led by priests and friars, chanting the Litany around the cross, and then all knelt down in front and offered up prayers." De Soto did not live to return to Cuba. Grave suspicions are even entertained that he was murdered. His body at first was buried, then disinterred, and, eventually, was sunk at night in the Mississippi river. Although this picture is the second of the series in point of event, it was the last one of all painted. A commission had been given to the lamented Inman, to paint a picture for this panel, and he had selected for his subject " The Emigration of Daniel Boone to Kentucky." Mr. Inman was paid a large pro- portion of the contracted price, but ill health, disappointments, and, at hist, death, prevented him from fulfilling his obligation,* It was then, by a unanimous vote of the Senate, and 198 out of 212 votes in the House, Mr. Powell was selected from up- wards of GO competitors to ornament this panel of the Rotunda. * .Air. Inman received $6,000. He only made a sketch of his design of the picture. 125 T H >■; FED K 11 A L CITY. Mr. William H. Powell was born in the city of New York ; when seven years old his parents removed to Cincinnati. In 1885, though only a boy, his picture of Rhoderic Dhu attracted some attention, and Avas followed by several other pictures of merit. These secured him the regard of many eminent citizens of the Queen City of the West, among whom was Nicholas L. M fo ji '^ ? ? S o K to 3 ^o C o" 2 ^ 3 ess Q, E C B ggg Q. 3 3 3 cr 3^^ 5." = 5' s: B (D M r* C •n — O . O • W < 1 o ■ -Ji z a. o ° =• •" & §• > - W ^ td »_ o o o o m 3 CO » „ H ^ o THE FEDERAL CITY. On ihe back of the fifty dollar notes of the national currency is a fine engraving of Weir's painting of the " Embarcation of the Pilgrims." In speaking of this picture the artist himself says : — " In selecting this subject for one of the national pictures, I was influenced by the high moral character of the scene, and the great events which grew out of the principles imparted by the actors in it to their descendants, and which finally led to that separation from the dominion of the old world which made us an independent people. It was also desirable that there should be at least one picture in our National Hall, whose subject should commemorate an event connected with the history of our Eastern States; since they were first to grapple in that struggle for liberty, the achievement of which, is our glory and boast. " In depicting a scene so momentous in our early history, it has been my endeavor to preserve truth ; the character of each individual is drawn in accordance with his acts, and the cos- tume and accessaries are in keeping with the time and place ; among the latter is the screw, which was afterwards transferred to the Mayflower, and was the probable means of preserving the ship — and the fluke of the anchor, — indicating the bow of the vessel, as well as being the emblem of hope, — the bow of promise, — and upon the sail is written ' God luitli us.'' " Mr. Weir received from government the sum of $10,000 for his picture. Eobert Walter Weir, an American artist, was born in New Rochelle, State of New York, June 16, 1803. At the age of 19, he relinquished commercial pursuits in which he had been engaged, and devoted himself to art. lie visited Italy, where he lived three years, and, on his return, practised his profession in the city of New York. THE FEDERAL CITY. In 1834 he succeeded Charles R. Leslie, artist, as instructor of drawing in the Academy of West Point, a position which he still retains. [1868.] Among his paintings of a national character, that have ac- quired repute, are " Red Jacket," " The Landing of Hendrik Hudson," " Columbus before the Council of Salamanca," and " The Indian Captives." This last is in the possession of the Boston Athenieum. The two pictures of " The Baptism of Pocahontas " and '' The Embarcation of the Pilgrims " appeal forcibly to the religious sentiment, and consequently elicit attention, and for the most part approval and admiration. In Chapman's picture of the Baptism of Pocahontas there is, however, a blunder so glaring that it is much to be regretted the artist has not been induced to correct it. If the spectator will fix his eyes upon the figure of Rolfe, and then walk slowly by the painting, he will find, to his surprise, that it is impossible to determine which is the right or the left leg of the figure — as they seem to change one to the other as he passes to and fro. In the picture of " The Embarcation of the Pilgrims " the grouping has a marvellous air .of theatrical effect without im- parting to the looker-on a sense of the solemnity of the occa- sion — in this respect differing widely from the feeling awakened in gazing upon Vanderlyn's picture of the Landing of Colum- bus. In his excessive devotion to the Rembrandt school of art, Mr. Wier has painted several figures so much in shadow that it is hard to believe the scene could have so appeared. No arrangement of ship canvas covering, out of doors, where a rainbow is in full view, could possibly have produced, in any instance, so dark an effect. 136 THE TRUMBULL SERIES OF PAINTINGS. TRUMBDLL a FOUR PICTOEES IN THE ROTUNDA — FIRST, THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE — SECOND, THE SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE — THIRD, THE SURRENDER OF LORD CORNWALLIS AT TORKTOWN — FOURTH, THE RESIGNATION OF WASHINGTON TO CONGRESS AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY. The following narrative, and description of the four pictures in the Rotunda by Trumbull, illustrative of scenes in our Revolutionary History, is, for the most part, in the very lan- guage of that artist. The material is taken from a pamphlet published by him in 1827, now out of print. Colonel Trumbull was one of the aids-de-camp, of General Washington in the first year of the Revolution, [1775,] and in the succeeding year, 1776, was appointed Deputy Adjutant General of the Northern Department, under General Gates. He retired from the service in the spring of 1777, because, to use his own words, he " was disgusted by the irregular promotion of some junior officers." Having a natural taste for drawing, he took the resolution of cultivating that talent, with the hope of thus binding his name to the great events of the time, by becoming the graphic historiographer of them and of his early comrades. With such an object in view, he devoted himself to the study of the art of painting, first in America, and afterwards in Europe ; and in the year 1786, produced in London his first historical work, the Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill. John Adams, afterwards President of the United States, was at that time minister to London, and Thomas Jefferson held the same rank in Paris: the Colonel was known to both these eminent men, and this his first patriotic work of art, was seen and appreciated by them. He communicated to botli his iii- 137 THE FEDERAL CITY. tention to paint a series of pictures in commemoration of the principal events of the Ecvolution, preserving, as far as possi- ble, faithful portraits of those who had been conspicuous actors in the various scenes, as well as accurate details of the arms, dress, and manners of the time. Mr. Adams and Mr. Jeficrson encouraged the idea, and with their approbation, a number of subjects were selected, as uniting picturesque aptitude, for the purpose, with the deep and important interest of the events ; among which were the incidents illustrated by the four pictures now in the Rotunda. The original paintings were of a sniall size, suited to the use of the engraver, and several of the compositions were immedi- ately studied and prepared for the introduction of the intended portraits, so that before the two great men named returned to the United States from their respective embassies, their portraits were painted, (one in London, the other in Paris,) in the small picture of the Declaration of Independence, from which the one in the Rotunda was copied. In the autumn of 1789, Colonel Trumbull returned to America to pursue his purpose. He found President Washing- ton, and many other distinguished characters, in New York, then the seat of government, and having procured their port- raits in the several compositions for which they were intended, he travelled through various parts of the country, from New Hampshire to South Carolina, in search of others; and, in 1794, he nearly completed the collection of portraits, views of places, and all the various materials necessary to the execu- tion of his plan. During this period his work attracted much attention, and it was proposed to employ him to execute the entire series for the nation. This proposal failed to be carried into efi'ect, be- cause the nation then possessed no building proper to receive such decorations, and doubts existed whether Congress possess- ed the right of appropriating the public money to such purposes. However, in the year 1816, Congress was pleased to pass a 138 TUE FEDERAL CITY. resolution authoriziug bira to execute the four pictures which are now to be described, just thirty years after he had painted the Battle of Bunker Hill. These paintings, consequeutlv, are not to be regarded as having their origin in that resolution. They already had long existed, and little more was required than to give to the small prototypes larger and more conspicuous dimensions. Had not the preparatory steps been already taken, the work would have been impracticable, for even then most of the actors were dead ; scenes, dresses, arms, and manners, were all changed, and it was impossible for human art to have produced any other than pictures of the imagination, destitute of that authen- ticity and truth which give to these works their peculiar value. It is thought no American can contemplate these scenes of national glory, thus brought distinctly before the eye in all the semblance of reality, without feeling a strong impulse to emulate in some laudable effort the virtues of his forefathers. THE PAINTING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. This is the earliest event illustrated by Colonel Trumbull, and the grouping, by means of the Key accompanying this description, will be without doubt readily understood. The artist says : — " The room is copied from that in which Congress held its sessions at the time, such as it was before the spirit of innova- tion laid unhallowed hands upon it, and its venerable walls were violated by modern improvement. The liberty has also been taken of embellishing the back ground, by suspending upon the wall, military flags and trophies, that had been captured from the enemy at St. John's, Chambly, etc., and such as probably were actually placed in the Hall, " In fact, nothing has been neglected to reader this a faithful memorial of the great event ; and the artist has only to regret that his powers were so inadequate to the solemn grandeur of his subject." I3y THE FEDERAL CITY. HAMES OP THOSE, OF WHOM PORTRAITg ARE PRESERVED IN THE PAINTING OF THB DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. No. No. 1. George Wythe, Virginia. 25. George Clymer, Pennsylvania. 2. William Whipple, New Hampshire. 26. William Hooper, North Carolina. 3. Josiah Bartlett, New Hampshire. 27. Joseph Hewes, North Carolina. 4. Benjamin Harrison, Virginia. 28. James Wilson, Pennsylvania. 5. Thomas Lynch, South Carolina. 29. Francis Hopkinson, New Jersey. 6. Richard Henry Lee, Virginia. 30. John Adams, Massachusetts. 7. Samuel Adams, Massachusetts. 31. Roger Sherman, Connecticut. 8. George Clinton, New York. 32. Robert R. Livingston, New York. 9. William Paca, .Maryland. 33. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. 10. Samuel Chase, Maryland. 34. Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania. 11. Lewis Morris, New York. 35. Richard Stockton, New Jersey. 12. William Floyd, New York. 36. Francis Lewis, New York. 13. Arthur Middleton, South Carolina, 37. John Witherspoon, New Jersey. 14. Thomas Hayward, South Carolina, 38. Samuel Huntington, Connecticut. 15. Charles Carroll, Maryland. 39. William Williams, Connecticut. 16. George Walton, Georgia. 40. Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut. 17. Robert Morris, Pennsylvania. 41. John Hancock, Massachusetts, Presi- 18. Thomas Willing, Pennsylvania. dent of Congress. 19. Benjamin Rush, Pennsylvania. 42. Charles Thompson, Pennsylvania, 20. Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts. 43. George Read, Delaware. 21. Robert Treat Payne, Massachusetts. 44. John Dickinson, Delaware. 22. Abraham Clark, New Jersey. 45. Edward Rutledge, South Carolina, 23. Stephen Hopkins, Rhode Island. 46. Thomas McKean, Pennsylvania. 24. William Ellery, Rhode Island. 47. Philip Livingston, New York. " In order to give some variety to the composition it was found necessary to depart from the usual practice of reporting an act, and the artist has made the whole committee of five advance to the table of the President, to make their Report, in- stead of having the chairman to rise in his place for the purpose : the silence and solemnity of the scene, ojffered such real difficulties to a picturesque and agreeable composition, as to justify, in his opinion, this departure from custom and per- haps fact. Silence and solemnity he thought essential to the dignity of the subject ; yet for this he has been criticised by some, who did not consider that levity or inattention would have been unworthy on such an occasion, and in such an assembly. The dresses are faithfully copied from the costume of the time, and have also been criticised as too courtly, by 140 THE FEDERAL CITY. those who forget that the present fashion of pantaloons and trowsers was then unknown, except among sailors, and have succeeded to the sans culottism of France. "To preserve the resemblance of the men who were the authors of this memorable act, was an essential object of this painting. Important difficulties presented themselves at the outset, for although only ton years had elapsed since the date of the event, it was already difficult to ascertain who were the individuals to be represented. 1st. Should he consider the fact of being actually present in the room on the 4th of July, in- dispensable ? 2nd. Should he admit those only who were in favor of, and reject those who were opposed to, the act? 3. Where a person was dead, and no authentic portrait could be obtained should he admit ideal heads ? " These were questions on which Mr. Adams and Air. Jeffer- son were consulted, and they concurred in the advice, that with regard to the characters to be introduced, the signatures of the original act, (which is still preserved,) ought to be the general guide. That portraits ought, however, to be admitted, of those who were opposed to, and of course did not sign, as well as of those who voted in favor of the Declaration, and did sign it, particularly John Dickinson of Delaware, author of the Farm- er's Letters, who was the most eloquent and powerful opposer of the measure ; not indeed of its principle, but of the fitness of the act at that time, which he considered premature. And they particularly recommended, that wherever it was possible, the artist should obtain his portrait from the living person ; that where any one was dead, he should be careful to copy the finest portrait that could be obtained ; but that in case of death, where no portrait could be obtained, (and there were many such instances, for, anterior to the Revolution, the arts had been very little attended to except in one or two of the cities,) he should by no means admit any ideal representation, lest, it being known that some such were to be found in the painting, a doubt of the truth of others should be excited in the minds 143 T H K FEDERAL CITY. of posterity ; and that, in short, absolute authenticity should be attempted, as, far as it could be attained. " The artist was governed by this advice, and spared neither labor nor expense in obtaining his portraits from the living men. Yet, after all this care, he has been accused of having excluded, (as it was called,) some persons who were dead, and of whom no portrait could be found ; so impossible is it to give universal satisfaction." This picture occupies the panel west of the south door of the Eotunda. An engraving of it is on the back of the one hundred dollar notes of the national currency, Thanks to the artist ! and thanks to the far sighted wisdom of the statesmen, whose advice and assistance enabled him to give to the American people this picture of "' the nation's birth," and the subsequent ones of its military triumphs, and final vic- tory, as evidenced by the resignation of the commander-in-chief of its army, after peace had transpired. The picture of the Declaration of Independence is grand, and its details impressive.' The gazer seems introduced into the presence of the great patriotic signers, and is permitted, as it were, to witness the Act, which gave us freedom, and placed us a people among nations. It is fitting the event should be commemorated as the first of Trumbull's Revolutionary series of paintings in the Rotunda. The Committee of Five, Jefferson, John Adams, Franklin, Sherman, and R. R. Livingston, stand near the table at which Hancock, the President, is sitting, whose calm resolute look, seems indicative of the man, who, when he signed the perilous document in his large legible hand writing, said : " There ! John Bull can read my name without spectacles, and may now double his reward of £500 for my head. That is my defiance." 144 o uj - HOC O UJ < THE FEDERAL CITY. PAINTING OF THE SURRENDER OF GENERAL BURGOYNE. PORTRAITS OF THE FOLLOWING OFFICERS ARE INTRODUCED, THE NUMBERS REFER TO THE OUTLINE HEADS IN THE KEY. No. 1. Major Litbgow, of Massachusetts. 2. Colonel Cilly, New Hampshire. 3. General Starks, New IJarapshire. 4. Captain Seymour, Connecticut, of Sheldon's horse. 5. Major Hull, Massachusetts. 6. Colonel Greaton, Massachusetts. 1. Major Dearborn, New Hampshire. 8. Colonel Scamraell, New Hampshire. 9. Colonel Lewis, Quarter Master General, New York. 10. Major General Phillips, British. 11. Lieutenant General Burgoyne, British. 12. General Baron Reidesel, German. 13. Colonel Wilkinson, Deputy Adjutant General, American. 14. General Gates. 15. Colonel Prescott, Massachusetts Volunteer. 16. Colonel Morgan, Virginia Riflemen. 17. Brigadier General Rufus Putnam, Jlassachusetts. 18. Lieutenant Colonel John Brooks, late Governor of Massachusetts. 19. Reverend Mr. Hitchcock, Chaplain, Rhode Island. 20. Major Robert Troup, Aid-de-Camp, New York. 21. Major Haskell, Massachusetts. 22. Major Armstrong, Aid-de-Camp, now General. 23. Major General Philip Schuyler, Albany. 24. Brigadier General Glover, Massachusetts. 25. Brigadier General Whipple, New Hampshire Militia. 26. Major Matthew Clarkson, Aid-de-Camp, New York. 27. Major Ebcnezer Stevens, .Massachusetts, Commander of Artillery. Colonel Trumbull tells us : — "On the 8tli of October, 1777, General Burgoyne at last found his situation so critical, that he abandoned his camp, and commenced a retreat towards Canada ; but finding bad roads, — broken bridges — and hostile parties posted at every dispu- table point, and hovering around him on all sides, he halted. and took post at Saratoga, where, on the 17th, his army sur- rendered to Major General Gates. 147 THE FEDERAL CITY. '• The painting represents General Burgoyne, attended by General Phillips, and followed by other officers, arriving near the marque of General Gates. "General Gates has advanced *a few steps from the entrance, to meet his prisoner, who, with General Phillips, has dismount- ed, and is in the act of offering his sword, which General Gates declines to receive, and invites them to enter, and partake of refreshments. A number of the principal officers of the American Army are assembled near their General. [These the Key will sufficiently indicate.] " The confluence of Fish Creek and the North River, where the British left their arms, is shown in the distance ; and the troops are indistinctly seen crossing the creek, and the mead- ows, under the direction of Colonel Lewis, and advancing towards the foreground : they disappear behind the wood, and again appear, the grenadiers without arms or accoutrements. Officers on horseback, Am.erican, British, and German, precede the head of the column, and form an interesting cavalcade, following the two dismounted generals, and connecting the different parts of the picture." By this surrender nearly 6,000 men, with all their artillery, arms, stores, and camp furniture, fell into the hands of our patriot army The British as a consequence abandoned Ticon- deroga, and retired to Canada ; and Clinton, who had been ravaging the banks of the Hudson, retired to New York. The event sent a thrill of patriotic joy throughout the land, and made the hearts of our struggling forefathers feel light in the anticipation of a final triumph. The following are the terms upon which this surrender was made. ARTICLES OF CONVENTION BETWEEN LIEUTENANT GENERAL BURGOYNE AND MAJOR GENERAL GATES. I. " The troops under Lieuteaant General Burgoyne, to march out of their camp, with the hoQOurs of war, and the artillery of the entrenchments, to the verge of the river where the old fort stood, where the arms and artillery are to be left ; the arms to be piled by word of command from their own officers. 148 THE FEDERAL CITY. II. " A free passage to be granted to the array under Lieutenant General Buv;:oyn(' to Great Britain, on condition of not serving again in North America, during the present contest ; and the port of Boston is assigned for the entry of transports to receive the troops, whenever General Howe shall so order. III. "Should an}- cartel take place, by which the army under General Burgoyne, or any part of it, ma/ be exchanged, the foregoing article to be void, as far as such exchange shall be made. IV. "The army under Lieutenant General Burgoyne, to march to Massachusetts Bay, the easiest, most expeditious, and convenient route ; and to be quartered in, near, or as convenient as possible to Boston, that the march of the troops may not be delayed, when transports arrive to receive them. V. " The troops to be supplied on their march, and during their being in quarters, with provisions, by General Gates's orders, at the same rate of rations as the troops of his own army ; and, if possible, the oflBcers' horses and cattle are to be supplied with forage at the usual rates. VI. "All officers to retain their carriages, batt-horses, and other cattle ; and no bag- gage to be molested or searched : Lieutenant General Burgoyne giving his honor that there are no public stores secreted therein. Major General Gates will of course take the necessary measures for the due performance of this article. Should any carriages be wanted during the march for the transportation of officers' bag- gage, they are, if possible, to be supplied by the country, at the usual rates. VII. "Upon the march, and during the time the army shall remain in quarters in Massachusetts Bay, the officers are not, as far as circumstances will admit, to be separated from their men. The officers are to be quartered according to rank, and are not to be hindered from assembling their men for roll call, and other ne- cessary purposes of regularity. vm. " All corps whatever, of General Bu-goyne's army, whether composed of sailors, batteaumen, artificers, drivers, independent companies, and followers of the army, of whatever country, shall be included, in the fullest sense, and utmost extent of the above articles, and comprehended in every respect as British subjects. 149 THE F E D E 11 A L CITY. IX. " All Canadians, and persons belonging to the Canadian establishment, con- sisting of sailors, batteiumen, artificers, drivers, independent companies, and any other followers of the army, who come under no particular description, are to be permitted to return there ; they are to be conducted immediately by the shortest route to the first British post on Lake George, are to be supplied with provisions in the same manner as the other troops, and are to be bound by the same condition of not serving during the present contest in North America. ■ X. " Passports to be immediately granted for three officers, not exceeding the rank of captains, who shall be appointed by Lieutenant General Burgoyne, to carry despatches to Sir William Howe, Sir Guy Carleton, and to Great Britain, by the way of New York : and Major General Gates engages the public fiiith, that these despatches shall not be opened. These officers are to set out immediately after re- ceiving their despatches, and are to travel the shortest route, and in the most expeditious manner. XI. "During the stay of the troops in Massachusetts Bay, the officers arc to be admitted on parole, and are to be allowed to wear their side arms. xn. ''Should the army under Lieutenant General Burgoyne find it necessary to send for their clothing and other baggage to Canada, they are to be permitted to do it in the most convenient manner, and the necessary passports granted for that purpose. XIII. " These articles are to be mutually signed and exchanged to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock, and the troops under Lieutenant General Burgoyne are to march out of their intreuchments at three o'clock in the afternoon. (Signed) " HORATIO GATES, Major Ocneral. (Signed) " J. BURGOYNE, Lieutenant General. Saratoga, Oct. \6tk, 17 T 7." "To prevent anj' doubts that might arise from Lieutenant General Burgoyne's Dame not being mentioned in the above treaty, Major General Gates hereby declares, that he is understood to be comprehended in it, as fully as if his name had been specifically mentioned." -'HORATIO GATES." The picture occupies the panel next the Declarationr of Inde- pendence south of the west door of the Rotunda. An engrav- ing of it is on the back of the five hundred dollar notes of the national currency. 150 o u. « THE FEDERAL CITY THE PAINTING OF THE SURRENDER OF LORD CORNWALLIS, AT YORKTOWN. OCTOBER 19, 1 781. THE PORTRAITS OP THE FRENCH OFFICERS WERE OBTAINED IN PARIS IN 1787, AND WERE PAINTED FROM THE LIVING MEN IN THE HOUSE OF MR. JEFERSON, THEN MINISTER TO FRANCE FROM THE UNITED STATES. No. 1. Count Deuxponts, Colonel of French Infantry. 2. Duke de Laval Montmorency, Colonel of French Infantry. 3. Count Custine, Colonel of French Infantry. 4. Duke de Lauzun, Colonel of Cavalry, French. 5. General Choizy. 6. Viscount Viomenil. *i. Marquis de St. Simon. 8. Count Fersen, Aid-de-Camp of Count Rochambeau. 9. Count Charles Damas, Aid-de-Camp of Count Rochambeau, 10. Marquis Chastellux. 11. Baron Viomenil. 12. Count de Barras, Admiral. 13. Count de Grasse, Admiral. 14. Count Rochambeau, General en Chef des Francais. 15. General Lincoln. 16. Colonel Ebenezer Stevens, of the American Artillery. 17. General Washington, Commander in Chief. 18. Thomas Nelson, Governor of Virginia. 19. Marquis La Fayette. 20. Baron Steuben. 21. Colonel Cobb, Aid-de-Camp to General Washington. 22. Colonel Trumbull, Secretary to General Washington. 23. Major General James Clinton, New York. 24. General Gist, Maryland. 25. General Anthony Wayne, Pennsylvania. 26. General Hand, Adjutant General, Pennsylvania. 27. General Peter Muhlenberg, Pennsylvanin. 28. Major General Henry Knox, Commander of Artillery. 29. Lieutenant Colonel E. IIuntington,ActingAid-de-CampofGen. Lincoln. 30. Colonel Timothy Pickering, Quarter Master General. 31. Colonel Alexander Hamilton, Commanding Light Infantry. 32. Colonel John Laurens, of South Carolina. 33. Colonel Walter Stuart, of Philadelphia. 34. Colonel Nicholas Fish, of New York. 153 THE FEDERAL CITY. The artist's narrative continues : — " The successes of Lord Cornwallis in the Southern States, during the years 1780, and 1781; the capture of Charleston, the victory of Camden, and minor other successes, by which almost every part of Georgia, and South and North Carolina, had been successively occupied by the British troops, had seriously threatened the ruin of American Independence. "In 1781, Lord Cornwallis, regarding his presence as no longer essential to the complete reduction of the three South- ern States, marched with the principal part of his force into Virginia, where for some time his success was almost equally rapid and complete ; but the admirable combined movement of General Washington, and our French allies, from the North, and of the Count de Grasse, with the fleet and army of France, from the West Indies, turned the scale, and rendered it neces- sary for him to shut himself up in Yorktown, and attempt to defend himself there, until he could receive relief from New York. This hope, however, failed him, and on the 19th of October 1781, he surrendered his forces to the combined armies of America and France. "The honor of marching out of the town, with colors flying, etc., etc., which had been refused to General Lincoln, when during the preceding campaign he surrendered Charleston, was now refused to Lord Cornwallis ; — the terms of the capitula- tion dictated at Charleston were now insisted on, and General Lincoln was appointed to superintend the submission of the British at Yorktown, in the same manner as that of the Amer- ican troops had been conducted about eighteen months before." Irving in his " Life of Washington," says : — "An eye witness has given us a graphic description of the ceremony. ' At about 12 o'clock the combined army was drawn up in two lines more than a mile in length, the Amer- icans on the right side of the road, the French on the left. Washington, mounted on a noble steed, and attended by his staff, was in front of the former ; the Count de Kochambeau and his suite, of the latter. The French troops, in complete 154 THE FEDERAL CITY. uniform, and well equipped, made a brilliant appearance, and had marched to the ground with a band of music playing, which was a novelty in the American service. The American troops, but part in uniform, and all in garments much the worse for wear, yet had a spirited soldier-like air, and were not the worse in the eyes of their countrymen for bearing the marks of hard service and great privations. The concourse of spec- tators from the country seemed equal in number to the military, yet silence and order prevailed. " ' About two o'clock the garrison sallied forth ; and passed through with shouldered arms, slow and solemn step, colors cased, and drums beating a British march. They were all well clad, having been furnished with new suits prior to the capitu- lation. They were lead by General O'Hara, who, approaching General Washington, took off his hat and apologized for the non-appearance of Lord Cornwallis, on account of indisposition. Washington received him with dignified courtesy, but pointed him to Major General Lincoln as the oflBcer who was to receive the submission of the garrison. By him they were conducted into a field where they were to grouiiii their arras. In passing through the line formed by the allied army, their march was careless and irregular, and their aspect sullen ; the order to " ground arms," was given b}" their platoon officers in a tone of deep chagrin, and many of the soldiers threw down their muskets with a violence sufficient to break them. This irregularity was checked by General Lincoln ; yet it was excusable in brave men in their unfortunate predicament. This ceremony over, they were conducted back to Yorktown, to remain under guard until removed to their places of destination.' " [Thacher, '" 3-16.] The nilmber of prisoners was 7,073, and of these 5,950 were rank and file. During the siege the garrison sustained a loss, in killed, wounded, and missing, of 552. The allied army of America and France lost in killed about 300. The combined army was estimated at 16,000, of whom 7,000 were French, 5,500 Continentals, and 3,500 militia. "The painting represents the moment when the principal * James Thaclier, M. D., a surgeon in the American Revolutionary army. 155 THE FEDERAL CITY. officers of the British army, conducted by General Lincoln, are passing the two groups of American and French generals, and entering between the two lines of the victors ; by this means the principal officers of the three nations are brouglit near together, so as to admit of distinct portraits. "In the centre of the painting, in the distance, are scon the entrance of the town, with the captured troops marching out, following their officers: and also, a distant glimpse, of York Eiver, and the entrance to the Chesapeak Bay, as seen from the spot." COPY OF THE ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION. Settled between his Excellency General Washington, Commander in Chief of the combined forces of America and France — hi^ Excellenc}- the Count de Rochambeau, Lieutenant General of the armies of the King of France, Great Cross of the rojal and military order of St. Louis, commanding the auxiliary troops of his Most Christian Majesty in America — and his Excellency the Count de Grasse, Lieutenant General of the naval armies of his Most Christian Majesty, Commander of the order of St. Louis, Commander in Chief of the naval armj- of France in the Chesapeak, on the one part ; — and the Right Honorable Earl Cornwallis, Lieutenant General of his Britannic Majesty's forces, commanding the garrisons of York and Gloucester — and Thomas Symoads, Esq. command- ing his Britannic Majesty's naval forces in York River, in Virginia, on the other part. Article I. The garrisons of York and Gloucester, including the officers and seamen of his Britannic Majesty's ships, as well as other mariners, to surrender themselves prisoners of war to the combined forces of America and France. The land troops to remain prisoners to the United States — the navy to the naval army of his Most Christian Majesty. Granted. Article II. The artillery, arms, accoutrements, military chest, and public stores of every denomination, shall be delivered unimpaired to the heads of departments appointed to receive them. Granted. , Article IH. At twelve o'clock this day, the two redoubts on the left flank of York to be de- livered, the one to a detachment of American infantry, the other to a detachment of French grenadiers. Granted. 156 THE FEDERAL CITY. The garrison of York will march out to a place to be appointed in front of the posts, at two o'clock precisely, with shouldered arms, colors cased, and drums beating a British or German march. They are then to ground their arms, and return to their encampments, where they will remain until they are dispatched to the places of their destination. Two works on the Gloucester side will be deliver- ed at one o'clock to a detachment of French and American troops appointed to possess them. The garrison will march out at three o'clock in the afternoon ; the cavftlry with their swords drawn, trumpets sounding, and the infantry in the man- ner prescribed for the garrison of York. They are likewise to return to their en- campments until they can be finally marched off. Granted. Article IV. Officers are to retain their side-arms. Both officers and soldiers to keep their private property of every kind ; and no part of their baggage or papers to be at any time subject to search or inspection. The baggage and papers of officers and soldiers taken during the siege to be likewise preserved for them. Granted. ft is understood that any property obviously belonging to the inhabitants of these States in the possession of the garrison, shall be subject to be reclaimed. Article V. The soldiers to be kept in Virginia, Maryland, or Pennsylvania, and as much by regiments as possible, and supplied with the same rations and provisions as are allowed to soldiers in the service of America. A field officer from each nation, to wit, British, Anspach, and Hessian, and other officers on parole, in the proportion of one to fifty men, to be allowed to reside near their respective regiments, to visit them frequently, and be witnesses of their treatment, and that their officers may receive and deliver clothing and other necessaries for them, for which passports are to be granted when applied for. Granted. Article VI. The general, staff, and other officers, not employed, as mentioned in the above articles, and who choose it, to be permitted to go on parole to Europe, to New York, or to any other American maritime posts at present in the possession of the British forces, at their own option, and proper vessels to be granted by the Count de Grasse to carry them under flags of truce to New York within ten days from this date, if possible, and they to reside in a district to be agreed upon hereafter, until they embark. The officers of the civil department of the army and navy to be included in this article. Passports to go by laud to be granted to those to whom vessels cannot be furnished. Granted. ARpCLE VTI. Officers to be allowed to keep soldiers as servants, according to the common practice of the service. Servants not soldiers are not to be considered as prisoners, and are to be allowed to attend their masters. Granted. 157 THE FEDERAL CITY. Article VIII. The Bonetto sloop of war to be equipped, and navigated l).y ils present captain and crew, and left entirely at the disposal of Lord Cornwallis from the hour that the capitulation is signed, to receive an Aid-de-Camp to carry dispatches to Sir Henry Clinton ; and such soldiers as he maj- think proper to send to New York, to be permitted to sail without examination. When his dispatches are ready, his Lordship engages on his part that the ship shall be delivered to the order of the Count de Grasse, if she escapes the dangers of the sea. That she shall not carry off any public stores. Any part of the crew that may be deficient on her return, and the soldiers passengers, to be accounted for on her delivery. Article IX. The traders are to preserve their property, and to be allowed three months to dispose of or remove them ; and those traders are not to be considered as prison- ers of war. The traders will be allowed to dispose of their effects, the allied army having the right of pre-emption. The traders to be considered as prisoners of war upon parole. Article X. Natives or inhabitants of different parts of this country at present in York or Gloucester, are not to be punished on account of having joined the British array. This article cannot be assented to, being altogether of civil resort. Article XI. Proper hospitals to be furnished for the sick and wounded. They are to be at- tended bj' their own surgeons on parole ; and ihcy are to be furnished with medi- cines and stores from the American hospitals. The hospital stores now in York and Gloucester shall be delivered for ihc use of the British sick and wounded. Passports will be granted for procuring them further supplies from New York, as occasion njay require ; and proper hospitals will be furnished for the deception of the sick and wounded of the two garrisons. Article XII. Wagons to be furnished to carry the baggage of the ofiBcers attending the soldiers, and to surgeons when travelling on account of the sick, or attending the hospitals, at public expense. They are to be furnished if possible. Article XIII. The shipping and boats in the two harbors, with all their stores, guns, tackling, and apparel, shall be delivered up in their present state to an officer of the navy appointed to take possession of them, previously unloading the private property part of which had been on board for security during the siege. Granted. 158 THE FEDERAL CITY. Article XIV. No article of this capitulation to be infringed on pretence of reprisals ; and if there be any doubtful expressions in it, they are to be interpreted according to the common meaning and acceptation of the words. Granted. Done at Yorktown, in Virginia, October 19, 1781. CORNWALLIS. THOMAS SYMONDS. Done in the trenches before Yorktown, in Virginia, October 19, 1781. G. WASHINGTON. Le Comte de ROCHAMBEAU. Le Comte dcBARRASS, En mon nom & cclui du Comte de GRASSE. The painting of the "Surrender of the British Array at Yorktown," occupies the panel north of the west door of the Rotunda. The picture has about it all the glory of victory. The royal standard of France waves in triumph over the French officers of the allied army, and streaming across the back ground of luminous sky our Flag, with thirteen stars emblazoned on it, seems as if it were of "the baldric of the heavens bright! " General O'llara, dressed in the gorgeous red coat uniform of the Britisli service, is on foot attended by other officers, and near him, on horseback, is General Lincoln. It is impossible for words to express the exultant joy which pervaded the States when the news of Cornwallis's surren- der arrived, by the then slow processes of conveying intelli- gence. In Philadelphia the news came by express at midnight, and the watchmen as they cried the hour in their usual rounds in the streets added the joyful information, " and Cornwallis taken!'''' 159 TfiE FEDERAL CITY THE PAINTING OF THE RESIGNATION OP GENERAL WASHINGTON, AT ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND, DECEMBER 23, 1783. rm: following is a list of the portraits which are introduced, the ndmbers REFER TO THE ODTLINE HEADS IN THE KET. No. 1. Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania, President of Congress. 2. Charles Thompson, of Pennsylvania, Member of Congress. 3. Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, " 4. Hugh Williamson, of North Carolina, " 5. Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts, " 6. Edward McCorab, of Delaware, " 7. George Partridge, of Massachusetts, " 8. Edward Lloyd, of Maryland, " 9. R. D. Spaight, of North Carolina. " 10. Benjamin Hawkins, of North Carolina, " 11. A. Foster, of New Hampshire, " 12. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, " 13. Arthur Lee, of Virginia, •' 14. David Howell, of Rhode Island, " 15. James Monroe, of Virginia, " 16. Jacob Reid, of South Carolina, " 17. James Madison, of Virginia, spectator. 18. William Ellery, of Rhode Island, Member of Congress. 19. Jeremiah Townley Chase, of Maryland, " 20. S. Hardy, of Virginia, " 21. Charles Morriss, of Pennsylvania, " 22. General George Washington. 23. Colonel Benjamin Walker, and 24. Colonel David Humphrys, Aid-de-Camps. 25. General Smallwood, of Maryland, spectator. 26. General Otho Holland Williams, of Maryland, spectator. 27. Colonel Samuel Smith, of Maryland, " 28. Colonel John E. Howard, of Baltimore, Md., " 29. Charles Carroll, and two daughters, of Maryland, spectators. 30. Daniel, of St. Thomas Jennifer, Maryland, spectator. 31. Mrs. Washington, and her three grandchildren. Colonel Trumbull continues : 160 tt o THE FEDERAL CITY. " The peace of 1783 accomplished the great object of the American Revolution. '■ General Washington after taking an affectionate leave of his old comrades at New York, accompanied by only two of them, proceeded to Annapolis, where Congress was then sitting, and there resigned his commission — thus divesting himself of all authority — and retired to private life. " The following impressive history of the scene is copied from the Journal of Congress ; and has been made the basis of the picture. One further circumstance deserves notice, not so much from its importance, as from its singularity. Thomas Mifflin, then President of Congress, and into whose hands the General resigned his commission, had been in 1775, his first Aid-de-Camp, and he who painted the picture had been his second." Extract from the Journal of Congress, Dec. 23, 1783. " According to order, his Excellency the Commander in Chief was admitted to a public audience, and being ,seated, the President, after a pause, informed him, that the United States in Congress assembled, were prepared to receive his commu- nications ; whereupon he arose and addressed Congress as follows : Mr. President, The great events on which my resignation depended, having at length taken place,, I have now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to Congress, and of presenting myself before them, to surrender into their hands the trust committed to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country. Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sover- eignty, and pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of becoming a respectable nation, T resign with satisfac- tion the appointment 1 accepted with diffidence — a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so arduous a task ; which how- ever was superseded by a confidence in the rectitude of our THE FEDERAL CITY. cause, the support of the supreme power of the Union, and the patronage of heaven. The successful termination of the war has verified the most sanguine expectations ; and my gratitude for the interposition of Providence, and the assistance I have received from my countrymen, increases with every review of the momentous contest. While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, I should do injustice to my own feelings not to acknowledge, in this place, the peculiar services and distinguished merits of the gentlemen who have been attached to my person during the war. It was impossible the choice of confidential officers to compose my family should have been more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend in particular, those who have continued in the service to the present moment, as worthy of the favora- ble notice and patronage of Congress. I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them to His holy keeping. Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of action, and bidding an affectionate farewell to this august body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my commission, and take my leave of all the em- ployments of public life. He then advanced and delivered to the President his commis sion, with a copy of his address, and having resumed his place, the President returned him the following answer : Sir, The United States in Congress assembled, receive with emo tions too affecting for utterance, the solemn resignation of the authorities under which you have led their troops with success, through a perilous and a doubtful war ; called upon by your country to defend its invaded rights, you accepted the sacred charge, before it had formed alliances, and whilst iu was with- iGi THE FEDERAL CITY. out funds or a government to support you ; you have conduct- ed the great military contest with wisdom and fortitude, inva- riably regarding the rights of the. civil power through all dis- asters and changes. You have, by the love and confidence of your fellow citizens, enabled them to display their mailial genius, and transmit their fame to posterity, You have perse- vered, till these United States, aided by a magnanimous King and nation, have been enabled, under a just Providence, to close the war in freedom, safety and independence ; on which happy event we sincerely join you in congratulations. Having defended the standard of liberty in this New World — having taught a lesson useful to those who inflict and to those who feel oppression — you retire from the great theatre of action, with the blessings of your fellow citizens ; but the glory of your virtues will not terminate with your military command — it will continue to animate remotest ages. We feel, with you, our obligation to the army in general, and will particularly charge ourselves with the interests of those confidential officers, who have attended your person to this affecting moment. We join 3'ou in commending the interest of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, beseeching Him to dispose the hearts and minds of its citizens to improve the opportunity afforded them, of becoming a happy and respecta- ble nation. And for you we address to Him our earnest prayers, that a life so beloved may be fostered with all His care ; that your days may be as happy as they have been illustrious : and that He will finally give you that reward which this world cannot give." The above extract explains this picture better than would any lengthened description of it. At the State House in Ann- apolis, in the Senate Chamber, the very spot where General Washington stood when he delivered his address, and handed in his resignation, is pointed out to the visitor. This last of Trumbull's pictures occupies the panel we.^t of 1G5 THE FEDERAL CITY. the north door of the- Rotunda, and next the painting of the " Surrender of the British Army at Yorktown." An engraving of it is on the back of the one thousand dollar notes of the national currency. The sura of §32,000 was paid by Congress to the artist for these four pictures. He was occupied seven years in painting them. Colonel John Trumbull, the artist, was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, June 7, 1756, and died in New York Nov. 10, 1843. He was a son of the celebrated Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut previous to, and during the American Revolution, upon whom, Sparks tells us, Washington " relied as one of his main pillars of support." It was on account of his father's name the expression arose, now used so familiarly as a personation humorously applied to Americans. General AVashington on an occasion of importance, vsaid of his friend, the Governor of Connecticut, — " We must consult brother Jonathan first." Officers who were present soon formed the habit of using the phrase as a bye word, and it circu- lated more and more, until eventually it became a common utterance. Some of the prominent events of Colonel Trumbull's career, have been already noted in the course of. the description given of his Rotunda pictures. Like most artists, upon entering the autumn of life, Trumbull had failed to husband a pecuniary competence. During his European sojourns he had been induced to adopt on borrowed means an expensive style of living, the cost of which afterwards had to be paid, and thus he was kept poor. In these circumstances, he entered into an arrangement with the authorities of Yale College, to whom he transferred copies of his Rotunda pictures (of a smaller size, 6 feet by 9,) and also of the remainder of the national series he had originally created, with various sketches and portraits, etc., in all fifty-seven paint- THE FEDERAL CITY. ings, known as the Trumbull Gallery, for wliicli a fire proof building was erected — for them he was secured an annual income of one thousand dollars, and after his death the sum arising from their exhibition was to be devoted to educating poor students at that seat of learning. Colonel Trumbull was made President of the American Academy of Fine Arts, from its foundation in 1816, until the formation of the National Academy of Design in 1825. In the capacity of president he afforded instruction to numerous pupils. A large portion of his latter years was spent in the city of New York. He was buried at New Haven. He and his wife are both interred beneath the gallery in which his pictures are preserved. He was in the habit of calling these productions of his pencil Ms children, and now sleeps near them. He left no descendants. The following information relative to the incident represented in the painting last described, of Colonel Trumbull, will doubt- less be considered interesting : Thomas Jefferson was appointed chairman of the committee to arrange the ceremonies on the occasion of Washington's resignation of his command to Congress. The other members of the committee were Gerry, Ellery, Reifl and Hawkins. "Jefferson," says Kandall, "drew up that simple but dignified and impressive order of proceedings which has since been so universally admired. The beautiful answer of the President of Congress to General Washington's address, has always also, and without denial, been ascribed to Mr. Jefferson's pen." 1G7 RELIEVOS IN THE ROTUNDA. THE ALTO-BELIEVOS OF THE ROTUNDA : .PRESERVATIO!? OF CAPTAIN SMITH BY POCA- HONTAS — LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS ON PLYMOUTH ROCK — PENN'S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS — CONFLICT BETWEEN DANIEL BOONE AND THE INDIANS — BASSO- RELIEVOS WITH HEADS OF COLUMBUS, CABOT, SIR WALTER RALEIGH, AND LA SALLE — ORNAMENTATION OF THE FRIEZE — THE DOME. Over eacli of the four doors leading into the Rotunda, is an alto-relievo in stone.* The doors open towards the four points of the compass, north, south, east, and west. The group occupying the panel over the west door exhibits the earliest scene in point of time of them all, and represents, THE PRESERVATION OF CAPTAIN SMITH BY POCAHONTAS. Mr. Watterston informs us that the design is partly taker from a rude engraving of the event in the first edition of •'Smith's History of Virginia." In Captain Smith's Narrative, the following is stated : — "Having feasted him [Smith] after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the con- clusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan : then as many as could lay hands on him dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready zuith their clubs to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the king's dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her oion upon his to save him from death : whereat the emperor [Powhatan] was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper." In the alto-relievo, which consists of five figures, Captain Smith is represented helplessly bound, reclining on his elbow, the rest of his body lying on the ground. Pocahontas, his * The cost of these four alto relievoa is said to have been about $14,000. 163 A L T O B K 1. I K V O OVER WEST DOOR OF ROTUNDA. PRESERVATION OF CAPTAIN S M I T U BY POCAHONTAS. ALTO k K L I K V n OVER NORTH DOOR OF ROTUNDA. ■VTM. PEXX'S TREATY ^ri T H INDIANS. A LT'i R KI. T v. V< OVER SOUTH DOOR OF ROTUNDA. DANIEL BOONE AND INDIANS, ALTO KKLIKVO OVER EAST DOOR OF ROTUNDA, LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS ON PLVMUUTU ROCK TIIE FEDERAL CITY. rescuer, is hanging over liim, her arms extended deprecatingly to ward oflf the death blows of the suspended clubs. Her father, with the imperial circlet of feathers on his head, stands between two fierce savages with clubs, who are intently watching him for instructions, but by a significant gesture, he is arresting the further perpetration of the cruel act. A blazing council fire, and the date of the event, 1606, are minor accessories of the composition. Signor Capellano, an Italian, and a pupil of the celebrated Canova, executed this work in 1825. An art critic of that period remarks of it : — " The Avhole piece is certainly very rich and ornamental, though the face and head dress of Poca- hontas are somewhat Grecian, and the features of Powhatan are less like an Indian than an European.***"When the prog- ress of civilization shall have caused the children of the forest to disappear, it will be impossible to determine as to the Indian physiognomy, form, and costume, by a reference to the figures sculptured in this panel of the Eotunda." THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS ON PLYMOUTH ROCK, Is the subject of the alto-relievo over the east door of the Eotunda. The event is the next in time of these representa- tions to the one just described. The artist was Signor Enrico Causici, of Verona, another pupil of (-auova. An emaciated tall man is stepping from a boat upon a rock, on which an Indian is sitting, who extends to him an ear of corn. An expression of hesitancy and gratitude is on the white man's face. A woman and boy are behind him in the boat. The woman's face is raised in pious gratitude to heaven, and bears the impress of watchings and fastings. The boy holds on to his father, and seems to desire to prevent his land- ing. Upon the prow of the boat is the date of the landing of the pilgrims, 1 620. 177 THE FEDERAL CITY, WILLIAM PENTjST's TREATY WITH THE INDIANS, Is the design in stone over the north door. There is less space given to this than to the two other works of sculpture already described. The famous Elm Tree hangs in shady luxuriance over the group of three, two Indians and the Quaker, that compose the representation, while a pair of turtle doves sheltered in the foilage above them are making love to each other. Penn, with the treaty in one hand, is clasping with his other the right hand of the elder Indian, who holds the calumet, or pipe of peace, in his left hand. An arm of the younger Indian is thrown over the shoulder of the elder chief to whom he is earnestly talking. On the treaty is inscribed the date, 1686. A Frenchman, Monsieur N. Gkvelot, executed this work in 1827. It has been severely criticised. conflict between DANIEL BOONE AND THE INDIANS. Over the door leading south is the representation of a peril- ous adventure of the far famed pioneer of Kentucky, Boone, with Indians. The brave backwoodsman is the hero of the conflict, He has already discharged his rifle with a fatal result, for at his feet a dead Indiap is lying, while another, with upraised tomahawk, is striking at him. Boone averts the blow by elevating his rifle with his left hand, and with his right draws his " long knife," to thrust it into the heart of his foe. The boughs of the forest hang over the combatants. The date of the event, 1775, appears on the bark of a tree. The profile likeness of Boone which is given, was taken from a portrait by Hardinge, an acknowledged artist, and is said to be an excellent likeness of the man. This alto-relievo is the work of Signor Enrico Causici, and is thought spirited and to possess considerable merit. An un- THE FEDERAL CITY. looked for compliment was paid it years ago by a band of Winnebago Indians on a visit to Washington. Mr. Wm. Q. KoiJCE, in his interesting work, " Picture of the City of Wash- ington," thus relates the incident : — " ^lany years ago a band of Winnebagos, one of the most savage of the North American Indian tribes, came through the Eotunda. The delegation consisted of about twenty. They were wild, savage, proud, and almost intractable, and had never before permitted themselves to be induced to visit the settlements of flie whites. They were all of them noble looking fellows dressed in their own barbaric uniform. Their faces were painted of various colors, and in their belts were their scalping knives and tomahawks, and over their backs their long iron-looking bows and arrows. Their attention was im- mediately arrested by this group of statuary — Boone killing the Indian. They formed a semicircle, and the head man stei)pcd forward and stood before the rest. The}^ looked in- tently for some moments, scrutinizing and recognizing every part of the scene, and suddenly, as of one impulse, they raised their dreadful war cry, and run hurriedly from the hall." There are eight long narrow basso relievos of arabesque pat- tern in the panels above the great national pictures in the Rotunda. Four of them contain medallion heads. The port- raits are Columbus, Cabot, Sir Walter Raleigh, and La Salle. * It seems proper that likenesses of these men should have a place in this grand chamber commemorative of American history. Of the first, Columbus, it is unnecessary to speak. The second, [John] Cabot, or Cabota, was the discoverer of the continent of North America, upon whose soil he first plant- ed the banners of England and Venice, in 1497. He sailed under a patent granted by Henry VII. of England, and is supposed to have been a Venitian. A son of the elder Cabot, named Sebastian, was also a distinguished early navigator. •These are stated, in "Art in the District of Columbia," by F. C. Adams, to have cost $9,500. 179 THE FEDERAL CITY. Sir AV alter Ealeigii was the discoverer of Virginia, to which he gave the name it bears in co-mpliment to the then queen of England, Elizabeth. lie was born in 1552, and be- lieaded in Old Palace Yard, Westminster, 1618. Thirteen years of his life were passed in confinement, having been ac- cused of an attempt to place Arabella Stuart upon the throne after tlie accession of James I. He was released in 1015, without pardon, or having the charge withdrawi>, and permit- ted to sail on another expedition to the New World. It proved disastrous, and he came near precipitating England into a war with Spain. On his return his life was demanded by the Spanish ambassador. It is related, that when brought to the scaffi:)ld, Raleigh said, gazing at the axe, — •' This is a sharp medicine, but a cure for all diseases." He was of an imposing appearance, and possessed dauntless courage, extensive knowledge, and varied accomplish- ments. La Salle was born at Rouen, France, in 1635, and was an enterprising adventurer who travelled widely over the western and southern portions of what is noAV the United States. He was shot in Texas by one of his own followers, in 1 687. Above the architrave of the Rotunda is a sunken space, now a blank wall, nine feet high, surrounding the chamber. It was originally intended that this recessed panel or Frieze, should contain, in alio-rdievo, a succession of figures illustra- tive of American History and Progress. The gradual advance of civilization from barbarism, rising step by step from the rude state of tribes previous to the discovery by Columbus ; the contests of the Aztecs with their less advanced predecessors, and then their conquest by the Spaniards ; the wild hunter state of the nomade tribes ; the retreat of the red and advance of the white race ; then our own Revolutionary struggle, and the high achievments of present civilization ; — were all to be prominently presented. 180 THE FEDERAL CITY. In what manner this idea will be carried out is, at present, doubtful, [1869,] as the committee who have the matter in charge have under consideration the substitution instead of a fresco painting, in shaded tints, embodying the same general subject. The difference in the cost would amount to hundreds oi' thousands of dollars. A short distance above the Frieze is a balustrade running round the Rotunda, protecting a circuitous walk from which a line view is obtained of the interior of the apartment. Thirty- six tall windows here pierce the room admitting a flood of light, while immediately, on a line on the outside, is a magnifi- cent colonnade, sweeping in a proud circuit of over three hundred feet in circumference, overlooking the Federal City and a wide extent of surrounding country. Above these windows springs the arch of the Dome, gradu- ally lessening in curvature, like the inside of an egg shell, and contracting to a space of 60 feet in diameter. Neither of the other two higher circles of windows of the Dome pierces the inside shell. Painted iron caissons line the interior of the curvature. Over this open Eye stretches the Canopy of the Rotunda within which is painted Brumidi's allegorical conception of the Apotheosis of "Washington.* *The word "Apotheosis" is of Greek derivation, and its meaning is ''the enrolment of a mortal among the gods." 181 THE DOME AND APEX. ALLEGOKICAL PAINTINiJ BY BUCMIDI WITHIN TUE CANOPY OF TUE ROTUNDA — ODTEK AND INSIDE SHELLS OF THE DO^IE — SIGNOR C. BUCJIIDI — THE LIGHTING OF THE ROTUNDA AT NIGHT — THE LANTERN OB ' ' THOLUS" — APEX OF THE DOME — THE MODEL OF ORAWFORD'S STATDE OF FREEDOM. To an American the Rotunda of the Capitol is replete with interest. lie feels his heart beating within him as he treads the solid floor. Pictures, and works in alio relievo, crowd on the sight, and, from them all, come glimpses of proud historic teachings. Up, still higher, above the painted iron caissons, which, like huge plates of overlying mail, approach the far-away roof, 180 feet, the fresco by Brumidi arrests the gaze, as though the sky; had opened, and it were permitted to look into the " Beyond." Clouds of gold, azure, and rose, seem hanging there, spanned by a rainbow, and, floating among them, forms of exquisite beauty. " Grand mythological figures, symbolizing Force and Progress, appear there too, Titanic — majestic; almost appalling with their great significance. The calm glorious faces of the great American dead, also look down with eyes that seem living 6yes, from out the mysterious dizzy height of the huge concave. The Dome consists of two shells of iron ; an outer and an inside shell. The outer shell is pierced with openings. Re- flectors are so placed, that the admitted light falls lull upon the inside of the Canopy, and illumines the picture. At night, a circle of 425 gas jets (that are ignited by electricity) surround- ing the base of the Canopy, fills this portion of the Dome with light brighter than that of day. A stairway winds up between the two shells, and views of the picture can be obtained at difi'erent heights. Just beneath 182 THE FEDERAL CITY. the base of the Canopy a railed gallery traverses the circuit of the Dome. There is also another gallery'-, considerably lower down, surrounding the Rotunda. CENTRAL G-ROUP OF THE PICTURE. Washtngton, the Saviour of his Country, apotheosized, appears seated in majesty. On his right is the Goddess of Liberty, and, on his left is a winged idealization of Victory and Fame — sounding a trumpet, and in triumph displaying the victor's palm. Before the three, forming a semicircle, are thirteen female figures. The head of each is crowned with a star. They hold up a ribbon banner on which is inscribed, E Pluribus Uniim. These figures represent the thirteen sister States of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Cox- necticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island — the original British Colonies — that fought. and bled, and conquered — winning freedom, and the right t( > sing and shout the glad " morning hymn " announcing the coming dawn of man's Millennial Day. Signor Brumidi, in his grouping of the States, has linked them together (jcographicalh/, and not according to the order in which they adopted the Federal Constitution. The figure on the extreme left of Washington represents New Hampshire, then in semicircular sweep succeed Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Marjdand, Dela- ware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia., The drapery, as well as the attitudes, of these figures, and the leaves and blossoms entwined in their hair, betoken the States they represent The subdued delicate colors for the Northern States change to brighter and deeper tints, warming into intenser hues for the Southern States. There is also sym- boled the grass and maize of the North, the wheat, the rye, and the tobacco of the Middle States, and the cotton of the South. 183 THE F 1^" 1) E n A L CITY. Below this centre group are six others, surrounding the base of the Canopy. The first, occupying the west, is WAR. Freedom, with uplifted sword, is striking down tyranny and kingly power. Gray-bearded Tyranny, and his companion, Priestcraft, (bareheaded,) are fleeing in dismay, while a mailed Soldier is vainly trying to uphold an ermined robe. Discord is between. Beyond the soldier is Eevenge, bearing incendiary torches, and Anger, biting his own finger. An angry Eagle, striking with his beak, is fighting for, — and by the side of. Freedom. . The second, is AGRICULTURE. This conception, in all its details, is softly beautiful, as the other is sublime in its exhibition of destructive power. Ceres, the Goddess of Harvests and the Fields, with the Horn of Plenty, is in the centre. Young America, with Liberty Cap, of red, (the lonnet rouge of France,) is consigning to Ceres the control over a pair of vigorous horses which are being hitched to an American Reaper. In the foreground is a luxuriant mass of prolific American vegetation. Flora is gathering flowers, and, lingering near, is a child. Beyond is Pomona with a basket of fruit. Then, succeeds MECHANICS. Vulcan, the old stalwart Tubal Cain of Grecian mythology, is the colossal genius of this group. His right foot rests on a cannon. 184 APOTHEOSIS OF WASHINGTON, By C. BltUJIIDI. Painted within the Canopy of the Dome of the U. S. Capitol. THE FEDERAL CITY. Machinery, forges, mortars, and cannon balls, strewn around, remind us of forging thunder bolts, as well as of combat with, and victory over, the giant forces of nature, and making them subservient to human v/ill, and purposes. The next, and occupying the east, is COMMERCE. Mercury, the Protector of Travellers and Merchants, holds in his hand a bag of gold, to which he is directing the attention of Robert Morris, the Financier of the American Eevolution. It was he who guided to a successful issue the entangled pecuniary embarrassments of our country in its struggle for independence. Alas ! for himself, he died a bankrupt. Boxes of merchandise, and bales of goods, with men at work among them, are to be seen. Two sailors point to a gunboat in the distance. The group beside this, symbolizes the MARINE. Neftune, in marine state, bearing his trident, in his car, accompanied by his charioteer and attendants, is emerging astonished from the deep. The beautiful Aphrodite, [Venus], born of the sea foam, half risen from the waves, holds in her hand the Atlantic cable, given her by a winged cherub, and is about dropping it into the sea. The last, is 187 THE FEDERAL CITY. THE AUTS AND SCIENCES. Minerva, the Goddess of Wisdom, stands gloriously promi- nent, with helmet and spear, as she sprang, full grown, from the brain of Jupiter. In meek attitudes, but with glowing faces, attentive to her teachings, are Benjamin Franklin, Printer and Philosopher, Robert Fulton, of Steamboat renown, and S. F. B. Morse, the generally acknowledged inventor of the Magnetic Telegraph . There are also boys, with wondering eyes, and expressive gestures, listening to the instructions of a school teacher. This painting covers an area of 4:664: square feet. The circumference of the base of the Canopy is 205 feet, 4 inches; its diameter is 65 feet, -i inches, and its height from base to top, in a straight line, is 20 feet, 7\ inches. [These dimensions were obtained at the office of Edward Clark, Esq., present Architect of the Capitol Extension and the New Dome, a pupil of the Designer and former Architect, Thomas U. Walter, Esq.] An art critic has remarked of this fresco : " That, whether considered as regards the conceptions of the artist, the perfection of coloring and drawing, the faultless grouping, or the peculiar characteristics that adapt it to the concave surface on which it is painted, and to the great distance from which it must be viewed, the picture is a master piece of art. "In foreshortening, coloring, and proportion, its position has required the study of effects to be produced at an altitude of nearly two hundred feet, and ^[r. Brumidi, in addition to his powers of genius, has been obliged to bring into requisition the learning and mature study of the highest schools of art." ISS THE FEDERAL CITY. Signer C. Brumidi. It is natural to desire to know something of the artist to whom we are indebted for this painting. Signor C. Brumidi is an Italian, and was born in Rome in 1811. He came to America in 1852, and is a naturalized citizen of the United States. He has been mainly engaged for years in ornamenting various portions of the walls of the Capitol, and his name will ever be associated with the history and beauty of our world- renowned national building. He recently also painted the frescoes which adorn the Cathe- dral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, in Philadelphia. Cost of the Picture, etc. The amount of appropriation made for this fresco picture was forty thousand dollars. The preparation of the- plaster ground-work for the artist, requiring the most careful judgment, was the work of Mr. Joseph Beckert, who also prepared the wall for Leutze's picture of "Western Emigration" above the western staircase leading to the gallery of the Hall of the House of Representa- tives. The wall preparation for these two pictures was, how- ever, very different — one being for a fresco and the other for a painting in stereochrome. The stairway still continues its ascent above the picture, and traverses the top of the Canopy, between the two shells, until it reaches the " Tholus " or " Lantern " a-top of the Dome. Around the base of the Lantern, outside the Dome, is a circular railed gallery, or promenade, from which is a view, on all sides so magnificent, that it will never be forgotten by any who have climbed the height. No visitor to the " Federal City" should fail to avail himself of the privilege of making the ascent, which, though long and wearisome, is unattended with danger. 189 THE FEDERAL CITY THE LIGHTING OF THE ROTUNDA AT NIGHT. The Rotunda is lighted at night by three tiers of gas jets encircling it at the various heights of 45, 80, and 165 feet. The lowest tier has 300, tlie middle 325, and the highest 425 burners. The burners themselves cannot be seen from the floor of the apartment, but light flames from them illumining frescoes, paintings, and sculpture. Also, above each of the eight pictures of the Rotunda, it is arranged that a softened light, from sixteen illumined globes, shall bring into view the minutest details of each painted canvas. The Tholus is furnished with 90 burners, arranged in a ver- tical series of circular clusters. These appear, when lighted seen from the outside, a column of fire hanging above the Dome of the Capitol. All these 1268 burners are ignited by electricity almost in- stantaneously. The gas consumed costs about $17.50 per hour. An upper room in the Capitol, lying north of the Rotunda, of an eliptical shape, and in its dimensions 45 by 36 feet, contains the battery by which this is effected. The battery embraces 200 glass jars, 13 inches in diameter and 14 inches deep, arranged on tables in concentric series. The length of copper wire used in making the necessary connections is three miles. The wire, [No. 10,] after being wrapped in linen, is enclosed in India rubber tubing, and then inserted into passages drilled with immense labor through the walls. The return circuit is througli the gas pipes. Each burner has an indestructible lava tip, (which acts as an insulator,) and also an insulated coil of platinum wire set a little on one side of the gas orifice so as not to impair the flow of the jet. This platinum wire when made red hot by the electric current fires the emitted gas. The time consumed in lighting the whole number of burners is about 90 seconds. At a silver dial plate, placed just outside of the Rotunda in luo THE FEDERAL CITY. the passage leading towards the Senate, the various manipula- tions are made that regulate the lighting of tlie burners, and th(i amount of gas consumed. It has eleven keys. I extract from an admirable paper explaining the manner of its working, the following : — " The central key has two manipulations. One makes the battery connection, and the other brings any number of section>: of the battery into play, the range being from 20 to 200 jars. The ten keys which are ranged around the centre one, are for the gas and lighting connections of the respective tiers. "On the level of, and appertaining to, each tier is a gas stop- cock which is worked by an electro- magnetic engine, the power being derived from the battery. " The gas key appertaining to each tier has a dark and a light segment attached to it, showing through the orifices in the face plate when the gas is off or on, and the motion of bringing the light segment to view makes a series of electrical connections with the electro-magnetic engine which operates the gas stop- cock. " The lighting key, in like manner, in its revolution, makes a series of battery connections with circuits, which embrace sections of the circle of burners. The burners are arranged in sections of thirty or less, each section having an independ- ent circuit connection with the battery under the control of the operator who, by the revolution of the key, makes the whole series of connections in each tier of burners. Mr. S'AMUEL Gahdixer, Jr., of 171 Broadway, New York, is the inventor of this plan of lighting by electricity. The ex- periments made by him run through a period of nearly ten years; eleven patents cover the main features of his invention. For two-years-and-a-half, the work of laying the pipe and wire, and adjusting the connections with the burners, gradually progressed, until, on the evening of Jan. 3, 1866, the succes.sl'u! THE F E D E ]l A L CITY. illumination of the Rotunda Avas achieved, and its three tiers of" burners lighted. Tlie effect produced at lighting is almost startling. As succeeding sections of tiers are fired, flushes follow like the play of sheeted lio^htnino-. To watch from the floor of the immense vaulted room looming in the dim obscure, its liuge proportions brigliten into distinctness, while, group, after group, of Brumidi's fresco, appears high in air, like living figures, seems a scene of enchantment, such as we read of in the Arabian Nights, and it is not, until the whole of the vast Rotunda is illuminated, that the impression disappears of all being the work of magic art. When completely lighted, the picture over the Eye of the Dome appears far more beautiful than in the light of day — seeming a painting on semi-transparent porcelain. THE THOLUS, OR LANTERN. The "Tholus," so called from a Greek word, signifying "'the roof of a temple," surmounts the Dome. It resembles in form an ancient Grecian Simple ; and although not octagonal, brings to mind the celebrated "Tower of the Winds." It is, in foct, an imitation of the " Choragic Monument of Lysicrates," at Athens, erected about 330 years B. C. These* Choragic buildings, were in honor of those, who, as choragi, or leaders of the chorus in the musical games, won the prize. The Tholus is surrounded with Corinthian pillars, into whose ornaments American products are introduced. Inside the pillars is a casing of glass. From the ground the Tholus appears of no great size, though its narrowest diameter is 18 ft. 5 in., and its height 54 ft. 6 in., crowned with a globe, on which stands Crawford's Statue of Freedom, 19 ft. 6 in. high. From the base of the Tholus to the top of the statue the height in all is 74 feet. The statue looks towards the east, and, soonest of all things in the national Capital, its wonderful face kindles with the beams of the rising sun. 192 the federal city. Crawford's statue of freedom. The followiug, relative to this statue, is extracted from tlic annual Report for 1862, of the architect, Thomas U. Walter, Esq. '"It, is composed entirely of bronze, .and is constructed in five sections, the weight of the heaviest of which is 4,740 pounds. It is 19 feet, 6 inches, high, and weighs 14,985 pounds. " Tliere has been expended on its account the sum of $23,790 82, as follows : Paid T.Crawford for plaster model 3,000 00 Paid Clark Mills for services, rent of foundry, and labor, 9,800 00 Paid for labor to .May 15, 1861 4,812 30 Paid tor hauling 141 07 Paid Phelps, Dodge & Co., for tin 570 00 Paid the Kevier Copper Company for copper 3,328 70 Paid Morgan & Rinehart for plaster 525 00 Paid John McClelland for iron castings 302 95 Paid for old scrap copper 500 00 Paid for coal, wood, nails, oil, alchohol, sand, buckets, lumber, crucibles, &c., &c 628 75 I'aid for removing the statue from the foundry, and put- ting it up upon the grounds east of the Capitol 187 99 Making the total cost to this date, Nov. 1, 1862, $23,790 82 " Mr. Walter in his Report for 1864, also gives the following account of the inauguration of the statue : — "At the date of my last annual Report preparations were being made tor put- ting the Statue of Freedom in place on the top of the Dome. This was accom- plished without accident on the second of December last. [1863.] Four of the sections had been previously raised to their places, and firmly secured to the structure, leaving the fifth section, which embraces the head and shoulders, to constitute the crowning feature, the hoisting and adjusting of which was the occasion of the following special order of the War Department : Headquarters Department of Washington, Twenty-second Army Corps, December 1, 1863. Special Order No. 248. 3. At 12 m., on the 2d instant, the Statue of Freedom which crowns the Dome of the national Capitol will be inaugurated. In commemoration of the event, and as an expression due from this department, of respect for the material symbol of the principle upon which our government is based, it is ordered^ First, At the moment at which a flag is displayed from the Statue, a national salute of tliirty-five guns will be fired from a field batterj' on Capitol hill. Seconil, The last gun from this salute will be answered by a similar salute from Fort Stanton, which will be followed in successiou, from right to left, by salutes from Forts Davis, Mahan, Lincoln, Bunker Hill, Tolten, De Russy, Reno, Cameron, Corcoran, 'Albany, and Scott. 4. l^rigadier General W. F. Harry will make the necessary arrangements for, and superintend the firing from Cajntol hill, Brigadier General G. A. De Russy that from the works south, and Lieutenant Colonel J. A. Hoskin that from those north of the Potomac. ■»*»**» «- * By command of Major General Augur, Carroll II. Pott£R, A. A. G. 193 THE FEDERAL OITY. "Precisely at 12 m., on the aforesaid 2d day of December, 1863, the crowuing feature of the statue was started from the ground in front of the Capitol, by means of the steam hoisting apparatus which has been successfully used for the construction of the entire Dome, and in twenty minutes it reached the height of three hundred feet, when it was moved to its place, and firmly attached to the remaining portion of the figure; as soon as it was properly adjusted, the Ameri- can flag was unfurled over its head, and the national salute was fired, in accord- ance with the foregoing programme of Major General Augur. The effect was thrilling, and grateful to every loyal heart." In 1 866 the plaster model of the statue of Freedom, from which the bronze figure was cast, was set upon a wooden pedestal in the old Hall of the House ot Representatives.''^ It was thus brought within the range of ordinary vision, and, in sublime majesty, challenged admiration, bringing to mind the descrip- tion the prophet Daniel gives, when he recalls to the remeni: brance of the tyrant Nebuchadnezzar, the fearful dream which had troubled him : " Thou, king, sawcst a great image, whose brightness was excellent ; and the form thereof was terrible." The statue is not " La Liberte " according to the French idea, with blood-red-cap and torch, and eyes a-flame with incendi- ary desire — a wild iconaclast .let loose to destroy; but, it is grand and majestic, and human-looking, with great earnest eyes whose intense gaze might well inspire hope and courage in trembling, down-trodden men. Her head is studded with stars ; and the Eagle's beak and feathers, ornament the helmet-like cap she wears. The following interesting incident connected with this model is narrated by Mr Fisk Mills, a son of the artist and founder Clark Mills. The story has been variously told and published, but the true narrative is as now given. Before the statue was cast, the several large sections of the plaster model were put together so nicely by an adroit Italian employed about the Capitol, that no crevices were perceptible at the places of joining — the bolts were all firmly riveted inside, and where they were placed concealed by coverings of plaster. In this condition the model was for some time on exhibition. At length the time arrived when the figure was desired to * This model, much to the regret of the public, was taken apart and removed to the Cryj)t, in 1868. 101 THE F 10 D E 11 A L CITY. be cast, and the Italian was ordered to take the model apart. This he positively refused to do, unless he was given a large increase of wages, and secured employment for a number of years. He said, he alone "knew how to separate it," and would do so only upon such conditions. Mr. Mills at that time owned a highly intelligent mulatto slave named Philip Reed, who had long been employed about his foundry as an expert and admirable workman. Philip undertouk to take the model apart without injury, despite the Italian's assertion, and proceeded to accomplish his purpose. His plan of working was this : a pulley and tackle was brought into use, and its hook inserted into an iron eye aflixed to the head of the figure — the rope was then gently strained repeatedly until the uppermost joining of the top section of the model began to make a faint appearance. This gave some indication as to the whereabouts of its bolts inside, and lead to their discovery ; and thus, finally, one, after another of the sections, was discovered, their bolts unloosed, and the model, uninjured, made ready for the foundry. Mr. Reed, the former slave, is now in business for himself, and highly esteemed by all who know liim. Through the politeness of Mr. B. B. French Jr., I have been shown a photograph of the first model of the figure as designed originally by Mr. Crawford. It represented a female crowned with laurel bearing in her hand a huge olive branch, and ap- pears tame compared with the statue afterwards decided upon and now crowning the Dome. Jefferson Davis was Secretary of War when the figure was being executed, and the duty of "superintending the building of the Capitol" was then under his charge That (hity now devolves upon the Secretary of the Interior. There was a long correspondence between Mr. Crawford and Jefferson Davis aboui this figure. The war secretary objected to the wreath. The artist then proposed to put a liberty c:;p 19c THE FEDEKAL CITY. upon it. This the man in power also objected to, "Because it was the historical emblem of a freed slave, and," he said, "ought not to be there ! " The statue as we- now have it was at last approved, but why, nine stars instead of thirteen, constitute the coronal that sur- rounds its head, I have not been able to ascertain. Under date of October, 1855, Mr. Crawford wrote to Captain M. C. Meigs, at that time U. S. Engineer in charge of the Cap- itol, Jefferson Davis being Secretary of War : " I have said the statue represents ' armed Liberty.' *She rests upon the shield of our country, the triumph of which, is ^made apparent by the wreath lield in the same hand which grasps the shield ; in her right hand she holds the sheathed sword, to show the fight is over for the present, but ready for use whenever required. The stars upon her brow indicate her heavenly origin ; her position upon the globe represents her protection of the American world — the justice of whose cause is made apparent by the emblems supporting it." Mr, Crawford again wrote under date of March 18, 1856 : "I read with much pleasure the letter of the honorable vSecretary, (Jefferson Duvis,) and Ins remarks have induced me to dispense with the 'cap' and put in its place a helmet, the crest of which is composed of an eagle's head and a bold ar- rangement of feathers, suggested by the costume of our Indian tribes." * It was alter changes subsequently maJo in the statue that the name to be given it was decided to be the '' Statue of Freedom." 196 THE CRYPT AND TOMB, THE CRVPT TOMB PREPARED FOR THE REMAINS OP WASHINGTON UNDERNEATH THE ROTUNDA — CONGRESSIONAL CORRESPONDENCE AND ACTION ON THE SUBJECT SPEECHES OF HENRY CLAY, DANIEL WEBSTER, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, ETC. ACTION OF THE STATE OF VIRGINIA GREENOUGh'S STATUE OF WASHINGTON. ImmediA-TEIY beneath the Eotunda is a large low chamber of circular shape, enclosing 40 massive Doric columns. These columns are arranged in circular rows supporting groined arches. Like the Rotunda it is paved with Seneca stone, and in appearance is similar to the substructures of European cathe- drals. This apartment is called the Crypt, and even in day- time is so dark that a light is usually kept burning. Underneath the centre of the Crypt is a small vaulted chamber originally prepared to receive the remains of General "Washington. This vault is accessible to the public. Strangers making application to any of the Capitol Police, always in at- tendance in the building, will be conducted to it. The tomb has a light constantly burning inside, in the shape of a star. * An additional interest has been recently given to this vaulted chamber, from the fact that within it has been deposited the Catafalco, upon which the remains of the martyred Lincoln were placed, while lying in state in the Rotunda, previous to their removal to the cemetry at Springfield. The history of the building of this tomb, and the reason of the failure of its being used as designed, will probably prove interesting to the reader. General Washington died, Saturday, December 14, 1799. The news of his death was received by Congress, then sitting in Philadelphia, on Wednesday, the 18th," upon which it imme- diately adjourned. The next morning the Speaker's chair was ordered to be shrouded with black, as also the Senate chamber, and it was resolved that the members of both houses wear black during the session. * The constant burning of this light, because of several ga.s explosions, has been discon- tinued. It ii now lighted only while persons visit the tomb. 107 "THE FEDERAL CITY. On December 24, the following Resolution, (one of a series unanimously passed by Congress) was approved : — • ' Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, i?i Congress assembled. That a marble monument be erected by the United States in the Capitol, at the City of Washington ; and that the family of General Washington be requested to permit his body to be deposited under it : and that the monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of his military and political life." President John Adams transmitted to Mrs. Washington, by his private Secretary, Mr. Shaw, a letter of condolence, with this request of Congress, from whom he received the fol- lowing reply, which was laid before both Houses, January 8, 1800. ■'The President op the United States: "Sir — While I feel with Iceenest anguish the late dispensation of Divine Provi- dence, I cannot be insensible to the mournful tributes of respect and veneration which are paid to the memory of my dear deceased husband ; and, as his best services, and most anxious wishes, were always devoted to the welfare and happi- ness of his country, to know that they were truly appreciated and gratefully re- membered affords no inconsiderable consolation. "T:;ught by the great example which I have so long bad before me, never to oppose my private wishes to the public will, I must consent to the request made by Congress which you have had the goodness to transmit to me ; and, in doing this, I need not, I cannot, say what a sacrifice of indi.vidual feeling I make to a sense of public duty. " With grateful acknowledgments, and unfeigned thanks, for the personal re- spect and evidences of condolence, expressed by Congress and yourself, 1 remain, very respectfully, sir, your most obedient humble servant, " Martha Washi.nt.tox."' The subject rested for a long period. In Feb. 16, 1816, Mr. Huo:er, of South Carolina, who had been a member of Con- gross in 1799, revived attention to it, and earnestly desired Congress to fulfil its solemn engagement. His efforts resulted in the appointment of a Joint Committee to whom the subject was referred, but nothing really furthering the object was accomplished. During that same montli, and Mr. Huger, because of it, had been induced to his course of action, the legislature of Virginia 108 T II 13 FEDERAL CITY. autliorizeil Governor Nicholas to make application to Judge Buslirod Washington, the proprietor of Mount Vernon, for the remains of his illustrious relative, with those of Mrs. Wash- ington, to be deposited under the monument proposed to be erected to the memory of General Washington in the city of Eichmond. Judge Washington declined complying with this request, and among other reasons assigned the following : — "But oblirrations more sacred than anything which concerns myself — obliga- tions with which I cannot dispense — command me to retain the mortal remains of my venerated uncle in the family vault where they are deposited. It is his own will, and thai will is to mc a laxo which I dare not disobey. He has himself directed his body should be placed there, and I cannot separate it from those of his near relatives, by which it is surrounded." The following is the portion of the will of Washington rel- ative to the disposal of his remains, alluded to in the letter of his nephew : — " The family vault at Mount Vernon requiring repairs, and being improperly situated besides, I desire that a new one of .brick, and upon a larger scale, may be built at the foot of what is commonly called the Vineyard Enclosure, on the ground which is marked out ; in which my remains, with those of my deceased relations (now in the old vault), and such others of my family as may choose to be entombed there, may be deposited. And it is my express desire, that my corpse may be interred in a private manner, without parade or funeral oration." While building the centre portion of the Capitol, the archi- tect did not lose sight of what had been the expressed desire of the nation, and a vault was constructed to receive the sacred deposite of the remains of Washington. Another sixteen years rolled away, and the intention of the Congress of 1799 still remained unfulfilled. The centennial anniversary of the birthday of Washington, Feb, 22, 1832, was at hand. The public sentiment of the country, awakened to the highest degree throughout the wide Union, sought to honor his memory by every possible display of gratitude and res})ect upon that day. Congress caught the ardor of the time, 199 THE FEDERAT. CITY. and ag.'iin attempted legislation on the subject of the removal of the. remains of Washington. Feb. 13, 1832, the two Houses of Congress appointed a Joint Committee to make arrangements for celebrating the approach- ing centennial birthday of George Washington. Henr}^ Clay was chairman on the part of the Senate, and Philemon Thomas. of La., chairman on the part of the House. Chief Justice Marshall was invited by the Committee to de- liver an oration, but ho declined upon the plea that his voice had become so weak as to be almost inaudible even in a room of small dimensions. The Committee also recommended a Resolution proposing that application be made "to. John A. Washington [the then proprietor of Mount Vernon] for the body of George Wash- ington, to be removed and deposited in the Capitol, at Washing- ton City, in conformity with the Resolutions of Congress of the 24th Dec, 1799; and that, if they obtain the requisite consent to the removal thereof, they be further authorized to cause it to be removed and deposited in the Capitol on the 22d day of Feb. 1832." It was also provided that the presiding officers of the Senatt! and House should prescribe the order of ceremonies for the occasion, and that the two Houses should attend them. lu the Senate Mr. Clay introduced the Resolutions in an im- pressive speech, in concluding which, he said : — '' It is my opiniou that the unredeemed pledge of Congress should be fulfilled ; and no time could ever occur, at least during the present generation, more proper than the present to redeem that pledge. The Committee do not and cannot doubt that the familj- of General Washington at Mount Vernon will be willing to yield their assent to the object of the Resolution. I would beg leave to state, iu addi- tion, that those who were intrusted with the erection of the Capitol had already provided a Vault, under the centre of the Rotunda, for the express purpose : not by authority, I believe, but on their own suggestion and sense of propriety ; and, if there was no objection in this or the other House, the Committee would proceed to make the arangements for the ceremony." An animating debate arose. Mr, Forsyth, of Ga., was against the Resolution because he considered it opposed to the express wish of General Washington as contained in his will. Messrs. Tazewell and [John] Tyler, senators from Va., were decidedly 200 THE F E D E R A T. CI T Y . opposed to the removal, while Messrs. Sprague, and Holmes, of Me., Mr. Bibb, of Ky., and Daniel Webster, spoke in favor of it. Mr. Webster said : — "Since the subject has been brought before us, and we are called on to decide upon carr3-ing into effect the resolution of 1799, it seems to me that this is the most proper time to redeem the pledge then given. It is a century since the birth of General Washington, and we shall have no opportunity' so appropriate as the present, of giving a degree of imposing solemnity to the proceedings. There was something also appropriate in this case, in executing the designs of the old Congress in the mode proposed, without form and parade, and in accordance with the wishes of the deceased, which met with bis hearty concurrence. The religious services, also proposed, appeared peculiarly suited to thcsolcmnity of the occasion." The vote being taken in the Senate, stood 29 yeas to 15 nays. George M. Dallas, of Pa., afterward Vice President, voted nay. In the House, debate upon the subject was more stormy, and took a wide range. Numerous speeches were made in favor of, and against, the measure. In the discussion, the probability of the secession of the southern States from the Union, was gravely asserted, and the argument advanced, that, in such case, Vir- ginia ought not to stand dispossessed of her right to the honored dust of her most illustrious son. The venerable John Quincy Adams, towards the close of the discussion, made the following remarks : — " f rise to make a single observation, and that only in consequence of an objec- tion which I consider as really the strongest which has been urged, and which has been repeated in several quarters of the House. It is, that the execution of this resolve would be a violation of the will of George Washington himself. Could I consider it as any violation of that will, anxiously as I desire that the resolution might pass, I should myself vote against it. But General Washington, at the time he was making the disposition of his body, had not, and could not have the question before him, which is now under discussion in this House. Was it for him to provide for thex;rcction of his own monument? Did it com- port with his character to resist the wishes of his universal country ? Such was not the character of his mind. Approaching the end of life, it became a part of his duty to dispose of his body. It was true he had apprehended that there would be some attempt at ceremony, that some oration migiit be proposed at his funeral, and his natural modesty led him \o object to it. He made the usual i)rovi»ion for his interment. What else could he have done ? But had the idea been presented to his mind, of thirteen millions of freemen uniting to perform an act of venera- tion, such !is is now proposed, it was not to be believed thai he would havo 201 THE FEDERA.L CITY. made any provision in his will to prevent it. He would have left this, as he did all other things respecting himself, to the decision of his country. And if, from that place in the skies, where I firmly believe he now abides, he were capable of looking flown upon us, I am confident he would be gratified by the execution of this res(Jlve." The vote in the House stood 109 for, and 76 against, the Resolutions reported by the Joint Committee. On the ensuing day, the House adopted a Joint Resolution, concurred in by the Senate, for associating the remains of Mrs. Washington with those of her husband in the intended disin- terment and removal. Information of the action of Congress was immediatel}'' trans- mitted, officially, to the proprietor of Mount Yeruon, and to Mr. George AVashington Parke Custis, of Arlington, Ya., the grand- son of Mrs. Washington, and asking permission of them to make the desired removal. From Mr. Custis an answer was at once received, giving his willing assent to the proposal. His note is of the same day, Feb. 14, 1832. In it, he says: — " I give my most hearty consent to the removal of the remains, after the man- ner requested, and congratulate the government upon the approaching consum- mation of a great act of national gratitude." The note from Mr. John A. Washington, dated Feb. 15, was of an opposite tenor, and declined compliance with the desire of Congress. The following is an extract from it : — " When I recollect that his will, in respect to the disposition of his remains, has been recently carried into full effect, and that they now repose in perfect tran- quillity surrounded by those of other endeared members of the family, I hope Congress will do justice to the motives which seem to me to require that I should not consent to their separation." This denial, of course, ended Federal legislation on the sub- ject; and, on motion of Mr. Thomas, the correspondence was placed on the Journal, that it might be on record, that the Con- gress of 1832, had done all in its power to carry out the long delayed execution of what was manifestly the desire of the nation. 202 G R E E i\ U G H ' S W A S II I IS G T N THE FEDERAL C T T Y . Notwitlistanding this settlement of tlie question, the Legisla- ture of Virginia, Feb. 20, 1832, at the suggestion of Governor John Flo3''cl, Sr., unanimously passed the following : — "Rcsolveil, That the proiirictors he earnestly requested, in the name of the peofile of this State, not to consent to the retnoval of the remains of General Washinjr- ton from Mount Vernon." Governor Floyd appointed Judges Brooke and Marshall, with Major James Gibbon, to communicate this action of the State to Consfress. * Disappointed in the endeavor thus to honour the memory of Washington, Congress, almost immediately afterward, order- ed the painting, by Vanderlyn, of the first President of the United States, which now hangs on the ea.st side of the Speak- ers chair in the Hall of Representatives. The instruction given to the artist was, that the face should be a copy of Stuart's portrait, and the rest of the picture according to his own judgment. The order for the statue of Washington, by Greenough, was also determined upon about the same time. The intention was, that it should be placed in the centre of the Rotunda, immediately over the tomb which had been prepared for the reception of Washington's remains. Mr, Greenough was in- structed, by Resolution of Congress, that the head should be a copy of Houdon's statue, while the accessories were left to his own discretion and taste. Horatio Greenough was the first native American sculptor to whom an order was given for a work to adorn the national Capitol, At that time, 1832, he was 27 years old, and his growing reputation, which gave brighter promise with every new product from his chisel, was hailed with sympathetic pride by his countrymen. The Hon, Alexander H, Everett, who.se opinion upon works of art — notwithstanding his modest disclaimer — is regarded as authoritative, wrote of Greenough 's Washington : — * See "Remarks on iMonumeiital t=tructnres." etc., by Josep'i B. Varnuin, jr. All that Mr. Varnum has wiitten relative to the city of Washington is of great value, and I acknow- ledge with gratitude very frequent indebtedness to him. 3. d. w. 205 THE FEDERAL CITY. "I make no pretensions to connoisseurship in the art of sculpture, and judgo of the merit of the work merely b}' the impression which it makes upon mx owr. mind ; but 1 can say for myself, that, after seeing the most celebrated specimens of ancient and modern art to be found in Europe, includinsr the Laocoon and the Apollo Belvidere, with the finest productions of Canova, Thorwaldsen, Serjiell, and Chantry, I consider the Washington of Greenough as superior to any of them, and as the master-piece of the art. The hint seems to have been taken from the Olympian Jupiter of Phidias, who said himself that he had caught the inspiration under which he had conceived that great glory of ancient sculpture, from a pas- sage in the Iliad. In this way the noble work of Greenough connects itself, by the legitimate filiation of kindred genius, transmitting its magnetic impulses through the long lines of intervening centuries, with the poetry of Homer." * Greenougli's statue of Washington was executed in Italy, and finished in 1840. Upon its arrival in the. United States, it was placed, as had been intended, in the Rotunda, then cov- ered with its first low Dome ; but, among other reasons, the light being found unfavorable, it was removed to the grounds east of the Capitol, where it now stands. Referring to this transfer from the shelter of the Rotunda, Mr. Greenough wrote : — " Had I been ordered to make a statue for any square or similar situation at the Metropolis, I should have represented Washington on horseback, and in bis actual dress I would have made mj- work purely an historical one. I have treated the subject poetically, and confess I should feel pain at seeing it placed in direct and flagrant contrast with every day life. Moreover, I modelled the figure without reference to an exposure to rain and frost, so that there are many parts of the statue where the water would collect and soon disintegrate and rot the stone, if it did not, by freezing, split off large fragments of the drapery." f The information given in the latter portion of this remon- strance it would be well to heed. A crack in the marble chair, in which the figure sits, is now clearly discernible. How soon other destructive signs will develop cannot be foretold.| * See " Federal City," pp. 42-44. t In confirmation of the above, it may be >tated that rain and moisture accumulate lo such a degree in the cavities of the drapery of the statue, that the birds come there to drink and bathe as to a fountain. tMr. Greeiioii£;h n ceived r-'O.OOO for this statue while working upon it. Two other bills, of costs, in connection with it, were also paid him, amounting to $10,43.^85. The e.vpense of its transportation from Italy, and of its erection in the Rotunda, of its subsequent removal, and of the pedestal upon which it now sits, must have ab<;orbed at least §13,00U more. Mr. FColburn .\dam3, in " Art in the District of folumbia," relates much that is inter- esting of this, and of other works, in the Capitol. No one, unless he also has attempted kindred investigation, can conceive the amount of labor required to obtain so much infor mation as is presented in this small pamphlet of Mr. Adams. 20G MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS OF INTEREST. COPY OV IIOCDON'S WASHINGTON BUST OF KOSCIOZKO OF PULASKI WILL OP KOSCIUZKO — THE DYING TECUMSEH — ROTHERMEL'S PICTURE OF CHRISTIAN MAR- TYRS IN THE COLISEUM — LINCOLN MEMOIUAL-STONK SENT FROM ROME — DAILY OSCILLATION OP THE DOME — WHISPERING GALLERY UNDERNEATH THE CANOPY COST OF LIGHTING THE CAPITOL — DIMENSIONS AND COST OP THE CAPITOL, ETC. For many years several pieces of statuary stood in the Ro- tunda, which were removed, in 1866, to the vacated old Hall of the House. They had been long identified with the Capitol, while, in fact, only a marble bust of Kosciuszko is government property. In 1868, an order passed Congress that works of art not be- longing to government should no longer be exhibitetl in the Capitol. The pieces of statuary coming under this liead, (with the exception of a plaster cast of Houdon's Washington,) were consigned to the Crypt, where they await the order of their respective owners. houdon's WASHINGTON represents him in the uniform of an American Revolutionary officer, standing before a plow, with his left arm resting on a pil- lar of licto.r rods, flis head is uncovered. In h'.s riulit liiind is a cane, with tassel and cord. His cloak and militiirv eiia{,)X'iu are lying upon, and his sword is suspended iroin, tlic })illai'. The following is on the pedestal of the statue : The General Assembly of (he Conunouweahh of Virginia have causeil this ytaiue to be ercftcd, us a monument of afftctiou and j^raliuide to GEORGE WASHINGTON: who, uniting to the endowments of the Hero the virtues of the Patriot and exerting both in establishing the liberties of his Country has rendered his name dear to liis Fellow Citizens, and given the world an immortal example of true Glory. — Done in the year of CHRIST one thousand seven h\indred and eighty eight and in the year of the Commonwealth the twelfth. 207 THE FEDERAL CITY. The original marble is in the State nouse of Virginia at Eichmoud. Houdon modelled his statue from life, and it therefore pos- sesses the severe accuracy of truth. Those who find fault with Greenough's representation because it idealizes the nation's hero, will not be inclined to complain, in this respect, of the earlier attempt of Houdon to preserve the likeness of the beloved Commander-in-Chief of the Revolutionary army of America. Permission was given by the Legislature of Virginia, to an ai'tist named Hubard, distinguished for having painted a master- ly portrait of Chief Justice Marshall, to make a copy of lloud- oa's work. To procure it, he resorted to the mechanical method of moulding the marble in plaster, profusely oiling the figure. Although he succeeded in obtaining an accurate impression of the original it resulted in permanently discoloring the marble. When a boy, this Hubard attracted great attention in Phila- delphia, New York, and other northern cities, by his skill in cutting likenesses in paper — called Fajyyrotamia. He was kindly rescued from the man who had him in charge, and who was making money off of him, by a number of gentlemen who perceived his ability ; he was provided for by them and placed under proper artist instruction. One of these gentlemen was the distinguished painter Inman. The boy at that time pro- nounced and spelled his name diiferently, and was known as " Master Hubbard." Jean Antoine Houdon was a French sculptor, born March 20, 1741, at Versailles; died July 15, 1828, in Paris. He came to the United States with Franklin in 1785, for the express purpose of obtaining the model for his statue, and staid two weeks at Mount Vernon, the guest of Washington. According to La Fayette, and other cotemporaries of Wash- ington, "It is, in many respects, the truest representation ever made." The original piece of stone bears the inscription : Fait par Houdon, citoycn Francais, 1788. 208 THE FEDERAL CITY. A plaster cast of Houdon's Washington was placed in the Capitol March 16, 1854, and has remained there ever since. It is the property of the ]\rr. Ilubard, of Richmond, before alluded to, and he proposed to furnish copies in bronze to the different States. What was really the personal appearance of General Wash- ington is a matter of interest to Americans. In relation to this, the following will probably be interesting. Edmund Quincy, in his life of his distinguished father, Jo.siah Quincy, says : " I was curious to know how my father's recollections of the personal appear- ance of Washington agreed with the popular descriptions and pictorial represent- ations of it, with which we are all familiar. He was not an imaginative man, and never dressed his heroes in the colors of fancy. No man had a profounder rever- ence for Washington than he, but this did not affect his perceptions of physical phenomena, nor his recollections of them. My mother, on the contrary, was 'of imagination all compact,' and Washington was in her mind's eye, as she recalled him, more than a hero — a superior being, as far above the common race of man- kind in majesty and grace of person and bearing as in moral grandeur. This was one of the few subjects on which m_y father and mother differed in opinion. He maintained that Stuart's portrait is a highly idealized one, presenting its great subject as the artist thought he ought to live in the minds of posterity, but not a strong resemblance of the actual man in the flesh. He always declared that the portrait by Savage, in the College dining-room in Harvard Hall, at Cambridge, was the best likeness he had ever seen of Washington, though its merits as a work of art are but small. With this opinion my mother could not away. Stu- art's Washington could hardly come up to the gracious figure that dwelt in her memory. One day, when talking over those times in his old age, I asked my fixther to tell me what were his recolleciions of Washington's personal appearance and bearing. ' I will tell you,' s.iid he, 'just how he struck me. He reminded me of the gentlemen who used to come to Boston in those days to attend the Gen- eral Court from Hampden or Franklin county, in the western part of the State. A little stiff in his person, not a little formal in his manners, not particularly at ease in the presence of strangers. He had the air of a country gentleman not acenstomed to mix much in society, perfectly polite, but not easv in his address and conversation, and not graceful in his gait and movements.' " The statuary placed in the Crypt consisted of a marble bust of " Pulaski," one of the sculptor Crawford, and a large re- cumbent statue of the " Dying Tecumseh." The bust of " Kosciuszco " still remains, and preparatory to a description of it we introduce a copy of the will of the Polish patriot. 209 THE FEDERAL CITY. WILL OF KOSCIUSZKO. The will of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuzko was admitted to record, May 12, 1819, in the Clerk's office of the Circuit Court of Albe- marle, Va., Judge Archibald Steuart presiding. Ex- President Thomas Jefferson, that morning, walked into the little county court-house and stood opposite the judge, llis form was still stately and erect. Judge Steuart perceiving him bowed, and invited him to take a seat on the bench. Mr. Jefferson replied : "As soon as your Honor shall have leisure to attend to me, I have a matter of business which I wish to present to the court." Immediately, by consent of the parties concerned, further proceedings on the matter then before the court were suspended until Mr. Jefferson could be heard. He then took from his pocket a paper which he said was the will of his friend Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko ; that the will was written entirely in the handwriting of the testator ; he was well acquainted with his handwriting, and could testify on oath to the facts which he stated. The usual oath was then administered by the clerk, the ne- cessary interrogatories formally put, affirmatively answered, and the will was, by order of the court, admitted to record. Mr. Jefferson briefly stated that at his advanced age, it was not in his power to undertake the burden of the execution of the will, and thereupon declined to qualify as executor. THE WILL. I, Tadeusz Kosciuszko, being just in mj^ departure from America, do hereby declare and direct that should I make no other testamentary disposition of my property in the United States, I hereby authorize my friend Thomas Jt^erson to employ the whole thereof in purchasing Negroes from among his own or any others, and giving them liberty in my name ; in giving them en education in trades or otherwise, and in having them instructed for their new condition in the duties of morality which may make them good neighbors, good fathers or inodcrs, husbands or vives, and in their duties as citizens, teaching them to be defenders of their liberty and country and of the good order of society, and in whatsoever may make them happy and useful, arid I make the said Thomas Jefferson my executor of this. 5th. day of May, 1798. T. KcsciDSZKO. 210 THE FEDERAL CITY. BUST OF KOSCrUSZKO. The bust of this eminent Polish officer, who aided in our Eevo] utionarj'- struggle, cannot but interest an American. The hero is adorned with a cross, and the insignia of various orders. The artist also was a Pole, and the American name he assumed Avas Saunders. The marble bears this name, and the date, 1857. Tadeusz KosciuszKO was born in Poland in 1755, and died at Soleure, Switzerland, in 1817. He was only twentj^-one years of age when he received, in 1776, upon reaching this oountry, a commission in the Ameri- ican army as an officer of engineers. ELe however already had achieved a military reputation in Europe. Kosciuszco was the chief engineer in erecting the defences at West Point. When our freedom was won, he received the public thanks of Congress for his services, and subsequently returned to Europe, to risk his life again in endeavors to accomplish the liberty of his nation. His body lies in the cathedral of Cracow, beside Poniotowski, and Sobieski. There is a mound of earth near Cracow, 150 feet high, raised to his memory, from supplies of earth brought by the people from every great battle-tield where soldiers of Poland fought and died. BUST OF PULASKI, A bust of Pulaski, very elaborate in its details of dress and ornament, had also a place in this grand room of the Capitol. It bore the inscription H. D. Mochowski, 1857, Philadelphia. The Polish patriot, Count Casimir Pulaski, was born in 17-17. After brilliant but fruitless attempts to free his native land from oppression, and himself an outlaw, he obtained refuge in France, lie there resolved to aid America, struggling to ob- tain freedom. Franklin, then in Paris, furnished him with recommendations to General Washington, and he arrived in Philadelphia in the summer of 1777. He first served as a 211 THE F E ]J E R A L CITY. volunteer, but four days after the battle of Brandywine, in wliich lie greatly distinguished himself, Congress appointed him commander of the cavalry, with the rank of Brigadier Generah He soon resigned this command, and, in the Spring of 1778, joined the main army at Valley Forge. Here, under authority of Congress, he organized an independent corps, consisting of cavalry, lancers, and light infantry, and marched Feb. 9, 1779, to South Carolina, to put himself under the command of Gen- eral Lincoln. He reached Charleston May 8. In September, the French, under Count d'Estaing, and the Americans, prepared to besiege Savannah, and during the march Pulaski's legion perfornaed effectual service in recon- noitring. The two armies, on Oct. 9, determined to carry the city by assault. Pulaski was placed at the head of the French and American cavalry, and during the engagement received a mortal wound. He was taken on board the United States brig Wasp, and, after lingering two days, died Oct. 11, 1779 ; he was buried in the Savannah river. Congress voted a monument to his memory, which has never been erected, but one was raised in Savannah by the citizens of Georgia, of which La Fayette laid the* corner stone in 1824, during his last visit to this country. The artist Saunders, or Mochowski, was the same individual, and a patriotic Pole. He possessed marked ability in the cut- ting of medallion likenesses, and was extensively patronized in this branch of his art, not only in Washington, but in other leading American cities. He eventuall}' returned to Poland, where he obtained a contract from government to execute a colossal statue of one of the grand heroes of his nation. It was never finished, as he died fighting ibr his country during the last unsuccessflil rising of patriots in that down-trodden land. 212 THE FEDERAL CITY THE DYING TECUM SEH Is a huge piece of sculpture representing that famous Indian chief shot in battle. This work was exhibited in the Capitol to sell, and the priee asked for it" was $10,000. The artist was an Italian, and it bears the inscription : "Tecumseh, grand chief of the Western Indians: fell in the Battle of the Thames, 1813. Peftrich o figli: sculp: 1856." Soldiers, particularly, seemed to admire this specimen of the chisel. The warrior, with the death wound in his fc^rehead, is in the act of falling, and the last agony is passing over his frame. Colonel Richard M. Johnson, once Vice President of the United States, is said to have given his approval as to the correctness of the details of the work. Tecumseh, a Shawuees Indian chief, was born about 1770. He was bitter in hate, and powerful in his hostility against the government of the United States. A brother, born at the same birth, who became a prophet of great authority, combined conjointly with him in forming a fearful alliance of the Western and Northern tribes of Indians against the American whites. Tecumseh connnandcd all the Indians who cooperated with the British against us in the war of 1812, 'lo, and was made a Brigadier General by that power. He was killed Oct. 5, 1813, in the Battle of the Thames. The successes obtained over this Indian shed an early lustre upon the nan;ie of Andrew Jackson, and also helped to make General Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe, (fought Nov. 7, 1811,) President. It was against his machinations too, that General Zachary Taylor first distinguished himself. Colonel Johnson, in part, probably owed his elevation to the Vice Pres- idency, to the circumstance of having obtained the reputation ol" firing the fatal ball which killed him. The fact of his having really shot Tecumseh is gravely questioned. :J13 THE FEDERAL CITY. ''cnmSTIAN MARTYRS IN THE COLISEUM." This painting by P. F. Rothermel hung for a long while in the Eotunda. Althougli removed in 1866, it is thought a de- scription of it would revive to many a pleasant reminiscence of a fine work of American^art. The idea of the picture is a reflex of Roman civilization, during the height of Rome's imperial power. The era about two hundred years after the birth of Christ. The scene is the ante - chamber occupied by men and women about to be torn to pieces by hungry beasts, because they believe in. Jesus, the crucified Teacher of Nazareth, who was a condemned Roman malefactor. Through arched openings behind them is a dim view of the interior of the Coliseum, crowded with spectators, and a man in combat with, and almost overpowered by, a lion. The insatiate audience is still athirst for blood, and other victims are to be thrown into the dread arena. The Coliseum was capable of seating 80,000 persons, and was generally crowded with all classes, patrician and plebeian, to witness gladiatorial fights, and the more exciting combats of Christians with wild beasts — remorseless cruelty was an ingredient of Roman civil- ization ; rapacity, sensualism, and the enslavement of con- quered races, the food which nursed it -into strength. Near a grated archway, a terror-stricken woman stands, ap- palled by the cruel sight she is forced to see, her hands raised to her head, her whole appearance the phrenzy of distraction. A full grown boy, his face towards the _ arena, seems to be clinging to her in terror. Looming hugely in the obscure light, a Roman soldier is pointing to the scene within, with one hand, and holding in the other the fasces, a bundle of rods with an axe in it, the emblem of his authority. His colossal figure seems the ruling demon of the place ; and he is directing his comrades to prepare another victim for the fearful encounter. This victim is a young and beautiful niaiden. The rutlilet-s hands of soldiers are already laid upon her. Thus sur- rounded, her face, lit with pious heroism, tells of a support 211 . THE FEDERAL CITY. that is beyond, and above, earth. Religious fervor, all aglow shines there, as a star of hope, amid the desponding gloom of the dreary prison. At her side, kneels her lover, clasping with his hands one of her hands — with the other she holds the drapery over her breast. A manacled boy, with a face of des- perate despair, and a girl, crouched on the floor, in the fore- ground, appear to be brother and sister. Near them, a mother clasps a child to her bosom. Inmiediately in front, and perhaps most conspicuous in the picture, a group is sketched, so sad, that to look upon it makes the heart ache. A young mother lies fainting on the stone floor wdiile her beautiful babe caresses with its tiny hand her pallid face and neck, and is smiling unconscious of the misery around. This wretched mother is the wife of the man Avho is fighting with the lion. Her old father supports her listless arm, and her mother her head. A look of agony is on his face, v.'hile the aged mother, stricken with grief, lifts her eyes to heaven for help — another child, kneeling, nestles in her bosom. This picture was finished in 1863. The grouping, drapery, and general scenic efiects, are artistic and admirable. An intensity of emotion, expressed in every line of the composition, almost painfully, arrests sympathy, while the heart instinctively takes in high moi'al teachings. Gazing on it, as memory recalls the story of the Decline and Fall of the world-wide empire, the blood-red eye of the Roman Eagle seems to look out from the past, a fearful phantasm that once held the world in awe. Because her strong wings battled against human rights, shorn of her strength, baffled, w^eltering, in the contest, she perished. No wings are so strong, no talons are so fierce, no beak is so sharp, as to come off a final victor in such a war. The fiat of the Fates, nay, the fiat of GoD, is against it. Only in the blue of His pure sky starred with all human hopes, borne aloft by truest faith in redeemed humanity, can the Bird of Empire fly and soar, until the time shall come, foretold by seer and prophet, when, "we, according to His promise, look for a new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness." 215 THE FEDERAL CITY. STATUE OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON. This statue was received at the Capitol, from Rome, in 18(3S. and is now placed in the Old Hall. It is the work of Dr. Ho- ratio Stone, of "Washington city, and cost $10,000. It stands on an appropriate marble pedestal, Avhich also ema- nated from the artist, and which is, itself, a work of merit. On its front is sketched, in outline, an allegorical composition in- tended to represent the consummation by Hamilton of the great work of the Revolution — the adoption of the Federal Constitu- tion. In it the symbols of Union are being set up. Hamilton is crowning them with the Constitution, thus creating the First President, who is taking the oath of office on the dais below. The figures introduced of grand revolutionary notables are admirably drawn, and the accessories are harmonious as well as appropriate. Among the most striking is the bearing away of the escutcheon of the mother-country to make room for that of the new-born Republic. The statue represents the man. It reproduces character, for, struck out of the marble, there seems to stand before you the living statesman. " The object of the artist in conception and execution," says an admirable art critic, " has been to embody the spirit of, and represent as being enacted, the grandest work of Hamilton's political career, namely : the causing of the adoption of the Constitution. The statue represents the soldier- statesman as holding The Federalist papers in his right hand, with which he points toward the Constitution resting under his left hand, and in the act of saying: 'Accept the Constitution and become a nation ! then you may set up the fasces as a veritable symbol of Union and its consequent national power.' The fasces are shown upon the corner-stone of a section of the Temple of Free- dom, which, as an accessory, supports the figure. The statue is heroic in size, and is cut from a piece of marble of remark- able purity and perfection. Its costume is that of the revolu- 21() T n i: F E D E n A I, city tionary period, and the joose of the figure is at once dignified, graceful, and natural." Alexander Hamilton was born in the island of Nevis, "West Indies, Jan. 11, 1757; died in New York July 12, 1804, from the effect of a wound received in a duel fought with Aarou Burr the previous day. Hamilton was regarded as the great exponent of Federal principles and party, and towered a giant among the proud in- intellects of our Revolutionary period. Strange it is that one gifted as he was deemed it necessary or right to risk lil'e, or suppose honor could be vindicated, by an appeal to the murder- , ous code of the duelist. LINCOLN MEMORIAL-STONE SENT FROM ROME. In the Crypt, near a window admitting a faint light, is placed a jagged antique stone, on which is the inscription : ABRAHAMO • LINCOLNIO • REGION • FOEDERAT • AMERIC ' PRAESIDI . II • HVNC • EX • SEBVl • TVLlI • AGGEKE • LAPIDEM • QCO • VTRIVSQVE • LIBKBTATIS ' ADSERTORIS * FORTISS • MEMORIA • CONIVNGATVR • CIVES . ROMANI • D A . MDCCCLXV. The following is a literal translation of the above : To Abraham Lincoln * [of the] country [of] confederate America president [ihe] second [time] this (from Servius Tullius' wall) stone in order that of either freedom's assertor boldest [the] memory might be joined [the] citizens Romaa consecrated 1865. 217 THE FEDERAL CITY. This stone was sent from Rome to the White House, where it arrived shortly after the assassination of Mr. Lincpln. It lay for a long time neglected, and perhaps overlooked, in a waste room of the Executive Mansion. When the discovery of its existence was made public, it was ordered to be placed in the Capitol — a touching tribute of respect to the American emancipator, and it doubtless would have gratified his own great kindly heart had his living eyes ever rested upon it. Servius Tullius was sixth King of Eome, and reigned forty- four years — from 578 to 53i B. C. He was himself assassi- nated — a coincidence in the history of the two not dreamed of when the stone was shipped to the New World. His nama indicated his servile origin, as his mother was a slave. He was brought up in the family of the King Tarquinius Priscus, and much related of him is doubtless fabulous. He was, however, married to one of the daughters of the king, and, after the vio- lent death of Tarquinius, assumed sovereign power. His reign was not marked by great military exploits, (al- though in early manhood he had distinguished himself in sev- eral battles,) but for his interest in the welfare of the common people, whose rights he endeavored to secure by just laws. In all after time, when oppressed by the aristocracy, the Roman commons reflected with fond regret upon the memory of the "good King Servius Tullius and his just laws." The constitu- tion v/hich he established was swept away entirely during the reign of his successor, Tarquin, the Tyrant, whose iniquitous conduct led to the inauguration of the Roman Republic. Servius Tullius extended the boundary of the city of Rome, and surrounded it with a wall of defence, from which wall the memorial-stone sent to President Lincoln was taken. The con- stitution of Servius Tullius was regarded by the Romans as the basis of their civil and political institutions, and the ple- beians especially considered him the great protector of their order. 218 THE FEDERAL CITY. MOSAIC OF LINCOLN. In a. room attached to the Library of Congress hangs a mo- saic portrait of President Lincoln, the gift to the United Statea of Signor Salviati, of Venice. This portrait is composed of hundreds of variously colored atoms, put- together with care and admirable skill, involving vast labor. It is another tribute of esteem rendered from for- eign lands to the President-emancipator. Signor Salviati, of Venice, is, at present, the great manufac- turer of mosaic work in Italy. He has a large number of workmen in his employ, many of whom are acknowledged artists. It is said, to do this sort of work it is necessary to have no fewer than ten thousand different tints to select from of the particles used, termed tessera' or smalt I. These must all be kept methodically arranged and sorted. The probable mer- cantile value of this mosaic of President Lincoln is about one thousand dollars. DAILY OSCILLATION OF THE DOME, ETC. The immensity and strength of the Dome is the amazement and admiration of all visitors. (See page 116; also Photograph of Section through Dome of U. S. Capitol prefacing text ) The original foundations upon which the old Dome was built were retained, and upon them the new superstructure is raised. Above the outer colonnade, and resting directly over and bearing upon the strong foundations, thirty-six immense ribs of iron ascend, of a semi-ellipsoidal shape. These are the skele- ton of the huge creation. Hundreds upon hundreds of iron panels, with clamps and screws innumerable, riveted into one circuit of architectural symmetry around these metal ribs, con- stitute the Dome. The influence of the sun upon this vast iron structure is great, and he sways its 450,Cy30 tons weight in his diurnal march even as he causes the fragile sunflower to bend her head 219 ^^b b THE FEDERAL C I T i' . und follow in his flaming path. This fact has been tested by interesting vibratory experiments, made in August, 1865, by Mr. B. B. French, jr., civil engineer, in conjunction with Pro- fessor Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution. The experiments indicated that the Dome oscillated a distance of between 3 and 4 inches. The motion is south, south-west, then west, and an the retiring sun declines and finally disappears, north, north- east, and east, returning to its original position. The canopy over the Eye of the Dome is a vast sounding- board. A whisper can be distinctly heard across it. Two persons, occupying places immediately opposite each other in the circular gallery underneath it, may carry on a whispered conversation, while those half-distant between them would be unable to distinguish a word of what was said. The cost of lighting the Capitol at night, when the Hall of Kepresentatives and Senate Chamber, with the Rotunda and Dome, etc., are lighted, is from $55 to $60 per hour. Such an occasion, however, is not frequent, as they are lighted only when night sessions of Congress occur, or when, because of some unusual circumstance, an illumination is ordered. When either House has a night session, the Rotunda, Dome, and Tholus are lighted. The gas consumed is not manufactured by Grovernment, but is supplied by the Washington Gaslight Company 220 THE FEDERAL CITY. DIMENSIONS AND COST OF CAPITOL, ETC. The United States Capitol covers an area of 153,112 square feet, or more than thuee-and-a-half acres. Its lenc^th is 751 feet -1 inches. The hall running through it north and south, on the basement floor, is the longest hall in the world. The extreme width of the Capitol is 324 feet. The dimensions of the central portion, or what was the ori- ginal Capitol, were as follows: Covering 1^ acres, and 1,820 feet. Length of front ^ 352 feet 4 inches. Depth of wings 121 " 6 " East projection and steps 65 " West projection and steps 83 '" Height of wings to top of balustrade 70 " Height to top of centre Dome, (the old Dome, since removed)... 145 " The cost of the original Capitol was as follows : The North wing of the original Capitol was commenced in 1793, and finished, for occupation, in 1800. It cost (including all alterations to 1814) $480,262 57 Th'e South wing, commenced in 1803, and finished 1808. cost 308,808 41 The Centre building, (Rotunda and old Dome,) commenced in 1818 and finished in 1827, cost.. 957,647 .35 The rebuilding of the wings of the Capitol destroyed by the Brit- ish in 1814, considered linished in 1827, cost, including altera- tions, etc., to 1830 ". 687,126 00 $2,433,844 33 The ground within the iron railing contained 22J acres. In 1850 it was determined to add to the Capitol two build- ings, to be called "Extensions," (in contradistinction to the existing "wings,") one north and tlie other south, to be con- nected with the wings by corridors 44 feet in length. The corner-stone of this addition was laid by President Fill- more, July 4, 1851. These Extensions are each 142 feet 8 inches front on the east, by 238 feet 10 inches in depth, exclusive of Porticoes and steps. 221 THE FEDERAL CITY. The cost of Capitol Extension to last payment, on completion, was. .^7, 658, 021 74 The cost of building of new Doa;e to 1869 was about 1,000,000 00 The cost of erection of the new iron Halls for the Library of Con- gress, since the fire of December, 1851, was 280,500 00 $8,939,121 74 Many works of art in the Capitol were paid for, on the pay- roll, to artists employed on salary, during the early period of its erection. It is impossible, therefore, to state with precision the separate cost of each of these several ornaments. An approx- imation can only be inferred. This has been stated, in each case, in the previous text, where these works are described. IMieir number and amount, including those whose cost we know, would probably be more than covered by the sum ot $260,000. This remark only applies to works of art paid for j)revious to January, 1855. In reply to a request contained in a -resolution of the House of Representatives, adopted Feb. 2, 1869, asking the Secretary of the Interior to furnish a statement of the various amounts paid since Jan. 1, 1855, for works of art to decorate the Capi- io], that officer transmitted to the House a letter from the Archi- tect of the Capitol Extension, Mr. Edward Clark, giving the following information : Statement of amonnis paid, and to whom, out of funds appropriated for the Capitol extension, for works of art to decorate the Capitol, viz : Amount paid to Thomas Crawford, (American,) for models for pedi- ment of north wing, and the models of Justice and History over the doorway of main entrance to north Aving 820,000 00 Amount paid to Thomas Gagliardi, (Italian,) for cutting, in marble, wheat sheaf, anchor, group of instruction and youths 5,500 00 Amount paid to Gagliardi and Casoni, (Italians,) for cutting, in mar- ble, figure of America, and Indian family 7,000 00 Paid to G. Casprero, (Italian,) for cutting, in marble, Indian grave.. 400 00 Amount paid to G. Butti, (Italian,) for cutting, in marble, the fol- lowing figures, viz : Soldier., 1,600 00 Commerce - 2,200 00 Woodman 2,550 00 222 THE FEDERAL CITY. Indian Chief. S3,000 00 Hunter 2,000 00 Amount paid to D. Giampaoli, (Italian,) for cutting, m marble, fig- ure of Meclianic 1,900 00 The marble for the above statuary is from the quarries at Lee, Massachusetts, and was taken, I believe, from the blocks furnished for other portions of the wings, and for which no separate account appears. Amount paid to Thomas Crawford, for statues of Justice and Histo- ry, over principal doorway north wing §3,000 00 Paid to G. Butti, for pedestal for niche in Senate retiring room 400 00 Paid to G. Butti, for modelling mask of Justice for door of House of Representatives 80 00 Paid to G. Butti, for modelling eagle for clock 80 00 Paid Thomas Crawford, for models of bronze door for main entrance to north wing 6,000 00 Amount to William H. Rinehart, for plaster model for bronze door designed by Thomas Crawford for main entrance to south wing.... 8,940 00 Amount paid to Randolph Rogers, (American,) for plaster model of bronze door in passage way leading from old to new Hall of Rep- resentatives 8,000 00 Amount paid F. Von MuUer, (German,) for casting, in bronze, the door designed by Randolph Rogers * 17,000 00 Amount paid to James T. Ames, (American,) for casting, in bronze, door designed by Thomas Crawford, for main entrance to north wing 50,495 11 Amount paid to Archer, VV.arner, Miskey & Co., (Americans,) for bronze railings for stairways. Senate and House.. 22,498 12 Amount paid Archer, Warner, Miskey & Co., for bronze eagle for clock in House of Representatives *. 150 00 Amount paid to Cornelius & Baker, (Americans,) for bronze Corin- thian caps for columns and pilasters in main stairway ' 3,621 00 Amount paid to Cornelius & Baker, for bronze arms to gallery seats. House of Representatives 2,5T5 00 Amount paid to C. Bruraidi, (Italian,) for decorating, in fresco, va- rious committee and other rooms, from April "7, 1855, to December 3, 1864, at $10 per diem 19,483 51 Amount paid C. Brumidi, for designing and painting, in fresco, three panels and three corner groups of figures on ceiling of Senate post office, as per authority of the Secretary of the Interior, dated Au- gust 13, 1866 .'. 4,989 00 * This amount wat paid in gold, and most of it during the war, when the premium on ex- change ruled enormously high. The cost, in currency, of the Rogers' Bronze Door, including the models, (but not the cost ot transportation and erection,; was over $."10,000. (See Federal City, p. 61.) 223 THE FEDERAL CITY. Amount paid E. Leutze, (German,) for painting picture of Emigra- tion on wall of western stairway, House of Representatives $20,000 00 Amouut paid James Walker, (American,) for picture of Storming of Chapultepec, now hanging in western stairway of north wing 6,137 37 Amount paid, and to whom, out of funds appropriated for the con- struction of the new Dome, viz : Amount paid to Thomas Crawford, for modelling, in plaster, fig- ure of Freedom to surmount Dome 3,000 00 Amount, paid to Clark Mills, (American,) for casting, in bronze, the figure of Freedom, to surmount the Dome 9,800 00 Amount paid for labor, iron work, and copper, for statue of Free- dom* 10,996 82 Amount paid to C. Brumidi, for painting, in fresco, picture on canopy of domef 39,500 00 Other ornamental painting in halls of legislation, committee rooms, and pas* sages, and bronze works, such as ornaments for doors, and register fronts, &c., have been done by day workmen, the cost of which cannot be ascertained from the rolls. The above was ordered by the officers in charge of the construction of the wings and the new Dome, without any direct sanction of Congress. Congress, by an act approved August 18, 1856, appropriated $20,000 for works of art, &c., to ornament the Capitol, under the direction of the Joint Com- mittee on the Library, and by act of July 28, 1866, appropriated a further sum of $5,000, for a similar purpose, to be expended under ihe direction of the same conimitiee. From the amount thus appropriated the following sums have been paid, viz : Amount paid totl. D. Saunders, (Pole, )t for bust of Kosciuszko $500 Amount paid to Horatio Stone, (American,) for statue of Hancock. 5,500 Amount paid to Jilrs. S. F. Ames, (American,) for bust of President Lincoln 1,500 Amount paid to Miss C. L. Ransom, (American,) for portrait of Hon. J. R. Giddiugs 1,000 Amount paid to Horatio Stone, for statue of Hamilton 10,000 Amount paid to Mrs. S. F. Ames, for additional compensation for bust of President Lincoln, as per act approved July 28, 1868 500 * See also page 193. t This fresco is not yet finished. The artist intends to soften down the harshness at the joinings of the plastering, and holds himself in readiness to do the proper toning and blend- ing whenever the scaffolding is in place for the purpose. Of the $40,000 appropriated for the picture ,$500 have been retained until this is accomplished. t See also page 212. 224 \ THE FEDSRAL CITY. By an act approved March 3, 1855, $25,000 were appropriated to enable the President to contract with Hiram Powers for some work of art to decorate the Capitol, out of which the following sums have been paid, viz : Paid to Hiram Powers, (American,) for statue of Jefferson $10,000 Paid to same, for statue of FranRlin 10,000 I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant. EDW'D CLARK, Architect. Aechitect's Office, United States Capitol Extension, Washington, D. C, February, 18Gi). These sums, as reported by Mr. Clark, amount to $321,895 93. It is reasonable to infer that other works of art ordered, or which of necessity must be ordered, to carry out plans al- ready determined upon, may again equal this sum, as, for in- stance, the sculpture for the House Extension Portico, and the casting of the Rinehart door ; the picture, or alto relievo, to ornament the belt between the second and third cornices of the Rotunda; the paintings contracted for, by Powell, by Bramidi, etc., to embellish other portions of the Capitol; the statue of Lincoln, by Vinnie Ream, etc., etc. Admitting this as correct, it would make the whole cost of the Capitol, as now determined upon, amount to $12,276,757 93, a sum equal to about 8 days' cost of the late civil war, during the period of its heaviest expenditure.'^ *The question is frequently asked of the relative size of St. Peter's, at Rome, and of St. Paul's, at London, compared with the Capitol. An answer to this is contained in the fol- lowing : "The length of the interior of St. Peter's at Rome, within the wall'', is 602 feet; length of transept, 4-15 feet. The diameter of the cupola is 193 feet. The top of the cross is 430 feet above the pavement. " t^t. Paul's, at London, is TjOO feet in length, from east to west, the transept being OS.t feet. The height to the summit of the cross is generally stated to be 404 feet, but some authorities reduce it to 365 feet from the ground."— XnigA<'« Cyclopedia. St. Peter's was three-anda half centuries in building. It was founded by Nicholas IV, in 1450. The dedication of the Basilica, by Urban VIII, took place in 1626; other portions were successively added, until Pius VI, in 1780, erected the Sacristy, when the edilice was considered completed. At the close of the seventeenth century, the cost was estimated by Carlo Fontano at 46,«00,4y8 gcudi, (10,000,000/.,) exclusive of the Sacristy, (900,000 »cudi,) Bell Towers, models, mosaics, etc. St. Paul's was commenced in 1675, and completed in 1710— thirty-five vears. The total original cost was 747,954/. '2j. 9V>r. I$A.l.T..Vrs'TrY]VK, Uookssellcr and i?;tatioiier, / .Y iKr, L Id K\cj-:i! II rrr.n r.\y: . For Dale ia the Capitol ; ®(je Jffbcral ffiitjj; or,|ns mil) |,bauts of SSlasfjingtan: Published by Gibson Lrollars, 271 PcnnsylvarAa Avenue. Or.DEUS FOrv the book supplied DY the PCDLISIIEP.S. price $1.00 A XUMBEU. Opi.aiens of tfto Press. From the " WasUiugton Chronicle." " Wc liave from the publishers, 'The Federal City; or, Ins and Adouts of Wash- ington, BY S. D. Wyeth,' and very cheerf'.Uy do we say of this brochure, that it is the very best we have ever read of the kind. If the wretched catch-penny publications about Washington and the Federal Capital could be collected and committed to the flames, it would be a public service; especially now, when the District of Columbia has entered upon a new career, and when everything written or done about it should be carefully written and thoughtfully done. These pages are evidently the work of a scholar. There is no bombast, and no straining for fine writing; but evident industry and a desire to be accurate. The type, paper, printing, etc., are indicative of a determination to malce the work standard. We copy in our present issue, as a specimen of the descriptive powers of Mr. WvETH, his sketch of the United States Senate." From the "National Intollisoncor." " Wc have received the first number of 'The Federal Citv; or. Ins and Abouts OF Washington, by S. D. Wveth.' It is printed in large type, on fine paper, and liberally illustrated. "The author's style is clear and graceful, and he has given us, within a hundred pages, a vast amount of information — historical, statistical, and reflective — which will not only serve as an efficient guide for all visitors to the capital, but must be very valuable as a permanent work, for reference, for all time to come. The illustrations are beautifully executed, and a true taste is exhibited in making the three principal embellishments fine photographic views. " Wc have read this boo.k witli care, and are, therefore, prepared to pronounce it not only accurate, and hence instructive, but very pleasing, and to predict for it an e.Ktensive circulation; for, as it is recorded in the opening lines: 'The city of Washington is far dearer to the nation's heart now than it was before the breaking out of the rebellion. The treasure e>;pended, and the blood spilled in its defence, have made it seem, to patriots, sacred as a siirine. "To want t > l;now all about it" is a national longing, and to gratify this, in some degree, is the desi^.n of the present book.'" From the " Was'.iln^ton Evening Star." "'The Federal City; or, Ins .^nd Abouts of Washington, by S. D. Wyeth,' is published in admirable style by Gibson DROTHEr.s. It is both readable and useful, con- taining a large ainount of new material agreeably presented." From the "National Kepublican." "Mr. Wyeth, in the 'Federal City,' ;_ives a description of everything of public interest in and about the city of Vv'ashington. The v.'ork will be an invaluable one botii at home and abroad." From the "Sunday-School Times." "The first instalment of 'The Federal City,' ioS handsomely printed 8vo pages, gives promise of a work of considerable interest. Mr. WYr.Tii informs us it is to con- sist of the following parts : i. The Book of the Capitol; 2. The White House and its Inmates; 3. Book of the Departments ; 4. Bool: of the Hospit:;ls ; 5. Institutions cf Benevolence, Learning, etc." From the "United States .-^ervico Maga^ino." "This is a work of practical value, useful to those who are going to Washington, as a Guide Book wliere and how to go about ; and very pleasant to those who have been there, by means of it to recall the truly beautiful and magnificent things the city contains." From the "Philadelphia Dispatch." "In the 'Fei)ei:al City' Mr. Wycth designs to thoroughly detail its history — from its original foundation down to the present time — describing its public buildings and public men, and giving a complete idea of what the city has been, and what it is. It is finely illustrated with photographs, engravings, maps, and diagrams. .Mr. Wyeth has sterling abilities for this task : among them are patient industry, tact in making investigation, and a clear, scholarly, and lively style of narration. His book will become the standard historical authority in relation to all matters connected with the National Capital." BEiT i. ©. I ii M Ml f^ 1^^ ^^ ^W^ ^?Si9. 451 SEVENTH STREET, Directly Opposite the Eusfeni Entrance to the Patent-Office, '2?iamAt att&nuarc hmU lie. aco-en ta any, if-iU-i7icA6, lelatinx ta afifiUc:UiayiV>r. I5.VX.T.,ArV'rYr>f E, ISoolcscllor nncl fr