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 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. I 
 
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 ^UNITED STATES OF AlIERICA. | 
 
EDUCATION 
 
 FOR THE MILLIONS 
 
 J)ljg0ical, Intellectual, anlr iHoral 
 
 BY S. W. GOLD, M.D. 
 
 "That constitutes a complete and generous education which fits a maa 
 to perform justly, skillfully, and magnanimoasly, all the offices, both in 
 public and private life " — Milton. 
 
 Keb3 Yotfe 
 M. W. DODD, PUBLIC3^,m^,,V^^3mti^ 
 Corner of City Hall Square and Spruce street, opposite City 
 
 1850 
 
 7T^ 
 
V*,N 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by 
 M. W. DODD, 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Ihe United States for the 
 Southern District of New York. 
 
 B. O.JENKINS, Printer, 
 114 Nassau St. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The very grave importance of the subject of 
 Education is the apology for the present treatise. 
 To awaken more interest for the young, on whom, 
 peculiarly, rests the destiny of the future, and to 
 suggest a rational course in their physical, intel- 
 lectual, and moral training, is deemed an object of 
 no ordinary importance. The present age is one 
 of unprecedentedly rapid improvements. Knowl- 
 edge has produced these improvements, and to 
 continue them, it must be increased. Strong arms, 
 sound heads, and warm hearts, are needed for the 
 work. How to obtain them is the question ; a 
 right education is the answer. We see in our 
 cities a large class of the sons and daughters of 
 the wealthy trained up in a manner which unfits 
 them, in a great measure, for the duties of life. 
 Nothing great or noble can ever be expected from 
 mere exquisites. Health, usefulness, and happi= 
 ness, are all jeoparded by such a course. The 
 evil is not confined to the city ; it is spread widely 
 
lY PREFACE. 
 
 over the country, and may be found, to some ex- 
 tent, among those of humble pecuniary circum- 
 stances. We need an intelhgent, virtuous, and 
 vigorous class, to carry forward the great work of 
 improving and perpetuating the institutions which 
 constitute the happiness and glory of the Ameri- 
 can Republic. Let parents and guardians exam- 
 ine this subject. It demands the serious attention 
 of the Philanthropist, Patriot, and Christian ; for 
 Education is truly the friend of virtue, the segis 
 of civil freedom, and the companion and support 
 of pure Christianity. 
 
 Cream Hill, April 10, 1850, 
 
EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 A RIGHT education consists in a perfect 
 development of all the powers of the indi- 
 vidual. There are three distinct divisions or 
 parts to this subject — Physical, Intellectual, 
 and Moral — each of v^rhich requires a par- 
 ticular course of training. 
 
 Whenever either of these is neglected or 
 imperfectly accomplished, a defect exists in 
 a proportionate degree to that neglect, and 
 the individual suffers accordingly from a bad 
 education. 
 
 When a high degree of physical develop- 
 ment is attained, with little or no cultivation 
 of the intellectual or moral faculties, we have 
 an example of a strong animal, and an igno- 
 rant, vile fellow. 
 1# 
 
6 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 Where the intellect alone is cultivated, we 
 see one of the worst specimens of the race ; 
 feeble in body, with no moral principle, yet 
 with a mind perhaps capable of solving the 
 most profound problems of mathematical 
 science, or plotting the deepest and darkest 
 schemes for the destruction of man. 
 
 While a moral training, with total neglect 
 of the other two powers, would give us hon- 
 esty of purpose, without ability for execution. 
 
 The threefold character of education nat- 
 arally demands a particular examination of 
 each division of the subject ; in what each 
 consists, and the best methods for their cul- 
 tivation, so that a symmetrical result may 
 be obtained ; in which all the powers of the 
 mind, body, and soul, may be blended in a 
 perfect whole. Acquiring a sound head and 
 heart to devise and direct, and strength of 
 purpose, with full power to execute ; thus 
 making the individual capable of accomplish- 
 ing the highest degree of good, and of en- 
 joying the greatest amount of happiness of 
 which he is capable. 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 7 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 In order to a perfect understanding of the 
 nature and importance of physical education, 
 it will be necessary to allude briefly to the 
 anatomical structure of the human system, 
 and the physiological principles or laws of 
 health which i-elate to the subject. 
 
 Each of these organs has a particular 
 office to perform, and when they all act 
 together, agreeably to the laws of health, 
 a normal condition of the system is the 
 result. 
 
 But where a single organ is deranged, or 
 acts imperfectly, by a law of sympathetic in- 
 fluence, a part or all the other organs are en- 
 feebled, or diverted from a healthy condition. 
 
 This may not appear to be a curious fact 
 when we consider that affections of the liver 
 are almost universally attended with some 
 disturbance of the stomach, for the first-named 
 organ is an important part of the digestive 
 apparatus. 
 
 But it is no less true that, in a large amount 
 of cases where the primary affection is seated 
 in some remote organ, the stomach also sym- 
 pathizes. 
 
8 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 This is particularly the case in diseases of 
 the brain, kidneys, &c. 
 
 If a person receives an injury on any part 
 of the body of sufficient importance to pro- 
 duce a considerable amount of irritation in 
 the part, a sympathetic movement soon 
 reaches the brain, and through that organ 
 other parts, and a degree of fever is the re- 
 sult. 
 
 Thus we find that to preserve the whole 
 body sound, each organ must be sound also, 
 and that any defective organization of a vi- 
 tal part must necessarily be attended with 
 debility and derangement far beyond the im- 
 mediate functions of the part idiopathically 
 affected. 
 
 For a better understanding of these prin- 
 ciples, and a full appreciation of the import- 
 ant rules of physical education, a cursory 
 view of the anatomical structure of the prin- 
 cipal organs of the body, together with the 
 laws which govern them, will here be pre- 
 sented. 
 
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 Human Anatomy is that science which 
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 9 
 
 treats of the various parts which constitute 
 the human body. 
 
 Physiology defines the laws which govern 
 the various parts, and their uses in the ani- 
 mal economy. It is only intended in the 
 present treatise to exhibit briefly a general 
 view of a small portion of these several 
 subjects, that the object of physical education 
 may be properly understood by ex-profes- 
 sional readers. 
 
 The various parts of the human body 
 consist of the bones, muscles, internal viscera, 
 such as the heart,'brain, liver, stomach, &c. 
 — the blood-vessels, nerves, skin, &c. 
 
 The bones are the foundation of other 
 parts, giving protection to important viscera, 
 and being levers for motion and points of 
 insertion for the muscles. 
 
 They are the most imperishable part of 
 the body, being composed of earthy matter, 
 agglutinated by a gelatinous substance, and 
 under favorable circumstances are capable 
 of resisting decomposition for centuries. 
 
 In the young subject the amount of ge- 
 latinous matter predominates, while in the 
 aged the earthy qualities are more abundant, 
 rendering them brittle and easily broken. 
 
10 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 In a healthy state the bones are nearly 
 destitute of sensation, but when diseased are 
 often acutely painful. 
 
 Although in the young they possess a 
 degree of softness in perfect health, yet in 
 delicate, debilitated children, this softness 
 often extends so far as to constitute disease. 
 In such cases, the bones become bent by the 
 weight of the body. 
 
 This flexion is sometimes general, as in 
 rickets, or only local, as in curvatures of the 
 spine. A want of a due deposit of earthy 
 matter is the cause of theise evils. 
 
 Children who are confined too closely, 
 who inhale an impure air, or those whose 
 digestive organs have been seriously de- 
 ranged for a longtime, are particularly sub- 
 ject to this difficulty. Where a delicate or- 
 ganization exists, it will be particularly 
 demanded to adopt such a course of train- 
 ing as is best calculated to invigorate the 
 system, that this soft state of the bones may 
 be avoided. 
 
 As the bones form the foundation for all 
 the other parts, it is obvious that any unnat- 
 ural flexion or curvature of these will de- 
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 11 
 
 stroy the symmetrical beauty of the form, 
 as well as derange the condition of those 
 organs which are ordinarily protected or 
 supported by them — '* a penny's worth of 
 prevention is worth a pound of cure " in 
 such cases. 
 
 The muscles compose the fleshy parts, 
 and it is by the contraction of these that 
 motion is performed. They are so arranged 
 as to enable the body to perform its various 
 movements in a dexterous and wonderful 
 manner ; also, so as to give beauty of pro- 
 portion to every part. 
 
 Muscular fibre, even after death, has a ten- 
 dency to contraction, but it is only while liv- 
 ing the muscles are susceptible of the par- 
 ticular stimulus designed to call them into 
 action. A part of the muscles are subject 
 to the will, such as move the limbs, &c.; 
 another portion have a mixed character in 
 this respect, such as the diaphragm, with the 
 other muscles used in respiration ; while the 
 remainder, like the heart, act independently 
 of the will. 
 
 Thus the muscles, variously conspiring and 
 
12 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 opposing each other, enable us to perform 
 the numerous forms of attitude or motion 
 which belong to the living body ; but they 
 are also useful in compressing the contigu- 
 ous veins, and secreting or excreting vessels, 
 and thus promoting a healthy condition of 
 the whole system. 
 
 When any muscle remains a long time 
 unused, a flaccidity and shrinking takes 
 place ; on the contrary, a free, daily use of 
 the same will cause a plumpness and firm- 
 ness which is particularly observable in the 
 arms of the shoemaker and blacksmith. 
 
 It is obvious, from even an imperfect view 
 of the muscular system, that exercise is ab- 
 solutely demanded by the laws of health, 
 not in small quantity and at long intervals, 
 but habitually and daily, that the muscles 
 themselves may be fully developed, and be- 
 come strong, also the circulation of the fluids 
 may be properly promoted. 
 
 THE BRAIN. 
 
 The brain, which is the seat of vitality 
 and the source of sensation through the me- 
 dium of the nerves, is placed in a bony cav- 
 
THE BRAIN. 13 
 
 ity, where it is peculiarly protected from in- 
 jury. Its importance and its delicate struc- 
 ture both demand such a position. 
 
 The spinal marrow is an elongation of cer- 
 ebral matter, and forms a continuation of 
 that organ throughout the whole length of 
 the spinal column, the bony rings of which, 
 like the arched cranium about the superior 
 mass, give to this portion a very secure po- 
 sition. 
 
 The brain is not only the seat of all ani- 
 mal vitality, but also of the intellectual and 
 moral powers. Here, while the body and 
 spirit are united, dwells the soul of man. On 
 the condition of this organ depends, then, not 
 only the health of the individual, but the 
 reasoning faculties and the various passions... 
 
 Where the brain is perfectly developed, 
 and in a healthy state, we can only expect 
 to accomplish much in the way of education. 
 
 This organ is plentifully supplied with 
 blood-vessels ; of course a healthy and vigor- 
 ous circulation can only be expected by a 
 sufficient amount of exercise. 
 
 It is also sympathetically affected often by 
 derangements in other parts of the system; 
 2 
 
14 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 consequently, whatever tends to promote the 
 general health, will conduce favorably to con- 
 tinue a sound state of the brain. It is some- 
 times injured from without, but a large share 
 of the causes which produce derangement 
 are internal. 
 
 Of the latter, the most common which 
 may be mentioned are food of improper 
 quantity or kind, stimulating drinks, inhaling 
 narcotic gases or vapors, — too intense men- 
 tal application, but probably more than all 
 'Other causes combined, we may consider in- 
 juries of this nature to arise from the effects 
 •of violent passions. 
 
 The passions, properly disciplined and con- 
 trolled, afford a healthful stimulus to the 
 brain ; but when they usurp the place of 
 reason, whatever their character, the nat- 
 ural effect is injurious to the brain. 
 
 Natural cheerfulness, hope, and content- 
 ment of mind, conduce to preserve the health, 
 and largely promote longevity. The pos- 
 session of these benefits cannot exist without 
 employment, and must be of short continu- 
 ance, unless that employment is of a rational 
 and useful kind. 
 
THE BRAIN. 15 
 
 Mere amusement, if long pursued, fails to 
 accomplish this important end. Hypochon- 
 dria most frequently takes up its abode in 
 the dwellings of such as have no useful oc- 
 cupation. 
 
 No inconsiderable portion of childhood 
 may be spent in play, but that parent who 
 most regards the future welfare of his chil- 
 dren, will not fail to form in them habits of 
 industry and early attention to useful occu- 
 pations. A habit of this kind is worth more 
 for the child than a large patrimonial estate 
 without its possession. 
 
 When we consider that in the brain dwell 
 the intellectual and moral faculties, how im- 
 portant is it that the early impressions upon 
 those delicate tablets should be pure ; that 
 in this virgin soil should be sown the seeds 
 of virtue, and that nothing noxious be allowed 
 to take root there ! 
 
 From this starting-point may be traced 
 the forms which in later life are matured, 
 and constitute the character of the individ- 
 ual. The first ten years are worth more than 
 the twenty which succeed them in forming 
 rightly the disposition and habits which 
 govern for life. 
 
16 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 It is at this tender age that intelligent pa- 
 rents watch with a guardian angel's care 
 over their offspring, diffusing the sweetest 
 aroma of their own best affections, which ex- 
 hale from parental love and tenderness, 
 around the soft buddings of the young flow- 
 eret. 
 
 They will remember that " youth is the 
 spring-time of life ;" that as they desire their 
 children to reap golden harvests, so will they 
 thoroughly subdue and mellow the soil, and 
 implant therein seed of the choicest kinds — 
 plucking away with unsparing labor the nox- 
 ious weeds which may spring up there. 
 
 Such parents will not pamper the desires 
 of their children with lavish indulgence, they 
 will not foster a morbid appetite for mere 
 trifles, but point them to the path of useful- 
 ness and honorable distinction. 
 
 They will not allow them to become the 
 companions of the vicious, or take them on 
 pleasure excursions, instead of attending 
 with them religious services on the Sabbath. 
 The children of such parents will be truly, 
 as described by the inspired penman, **Iike 
 olive-plants around thy table." '* For truly 
 shalt thou eat of the labor of thine hands.'' 
 
LUNGS AND HEART. 17 
 
 LUNGS AND HEART. 
 
 The chest, formed by the ribs, sternum, 
 and superior portion of the spinal column, 
 and separated from the abdomen by the dia- 
 phragm, contains two important viscera, the 
 Heart and Lungs. 
 
 The former is formed of strong muscular 
 fibre, and contains four cavities ; connected 
 with these cavities are the blood-vessels, 
 called arteries and veins. The former are 
 for carrying out the blood from the heart, 
 and the latter for returning it. 
 
 From one cavity of the heart the arteries 
 convey the blood to the lungs, from whence, 
 after it has been acted upon by the process 
 of respiration, it is returned to another cavity 
 by the veins. From a third cavity the 
 blood is sent out by another set of arteries 
 to every part of the body, and returned to 
 the fourth cavity of the same organ, to be 
 again sent through the lungs for correction, 
 when it is anew distributed, to given utri- 
 ment and warmth to every portion of the 
 system. 
 
 As the blood has to undergo an important - 
 change while passing through the lungs, by 
 2* 
 
18 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 being brought in close proximity with the 
 air we breathe, these bodies are very vascu- 
 lar, blood-vessels and air-vessels constituting 
 principally their volume. 
 
 When the air is inspired, they are much 
 enlarged ; when expired, they are diminished 
 in bulk. The muscles move the ribs and 
 sternum for the purposes of respiration, and 
 when these bones are carried upward and 
 forward, the cavity being thereby enlarged, 
 the inspiration takes place ; and when acting 
 n the opposite direction, expiration is pro- 
 duced. 
 
 The blood which flows into the lungs 
 from the heart is of a dark color, and after 
 being subjected to the process of respiration 
 it is of a bright florid appearance ; without 
 which change it is not fit to circulate through 
 the system. 
 
 The air-vessels of the lungs are lined 
 with a delicate membrane, which is the me- 
 dium of the peculiar chemical change pro- 
 duced in the blood by respiration : also from 
 its surface exhales continually a fluid which 
 is thrown off by the expired air. 
 
 Many persons enclosed in a small space 
 
LUNGS AND HEART. 19 
 
 injure each other not only by depriving the 
 atmosphere of its respirable element, but 
 particularly by altering its composition, by 
 the combination of all the substances ex- 
 haled both from the surface of their bodies 
 and the lungs. 
 
 These emanations become putrid in a 
 short time, and being inhaled by respiration, 
 become the cause often of the most fatal dis- 
 eases. The hospital, jail, and ship fever, so 
 comnionly fatal, originates from this cause. 
 
 A dry and temperate air, containing 
 twenty-seven parts of oxygen and seventy- 
 three of nitrogen, is the fittest for respiration. 
 There is found, by analysis, a small fraction 
 of carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere. 
 
 The pressure of the atmosphere is in pro- 
 portion to the surface of the body. The 
 surface of a man of ordinary size is estima- 
 ted at fifteen or sixteen square feet, and 
 bears a weight of air amounting to about 
 thirty-six thousand pounds. When this 
 pressure of the air is diminished by ascend- 
 ing a mountain of very great height, the 
 effect is strongly observable : the breathing 
 becomes quick and laborious, the pulse is 
 
20 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 quickened, great weakness occurs, and some- 
 times bleeding from some of the superficial 
 vessels. 
 
 The ordinary pressure, although so im- 
 mense, is easily resisted by the human body, 
 because it is equally and constantly applied. 
 It is constituted to exist under such a pres- 
 sure, for when, by exhausting the air over 
 any part of the body, swelling takes place, a 
 rush of fluids tends to the part, and the skin 
 appears in danger of bursting. 
 
 It is evident from the arrangement of these 
 organs, and the important offices which they 
 have to perform, that no restraint should be 
 allowed to their fre^ action. 
 
 Whatever compresses the sternum and 
 ribs too closely about the lower part of the 
 chest, or upper portion of the abdomen, 
 operates like holding together the handles of 
 a bellows when desired for blowing. Much 
 has been written condemning close applica- 
 tions about the chest, and many intelligent 
 families understand well the subject, but 
 whether from ignorance or the force of 
 fashion — a fashion, too, at variance with good 
 taste — many still adopt the injurious practice. 
 
LUNGS AND HEART. 21 
 
 The effect is to enfeeble the growth of 
 the organs therein contained. The vessels 
 are diminished in capacity, forming an im- 
 perfect and. unhealthy structure ; unfitted to 
 the uses for which nature designed them, 
 and are thus strongly predisposed to disease. 
 
 In order that the effect which respiration 
 is designed to produce on the blood should 
 be fully obtained, it is necessary that the in- 
 haled air should be pure, or nearly so. 
 
 A small portion of carbonic acid gas ex- 
 ists in the atmosphere ; but when this article 
 abounds largely, the air is poisonous, and 
 even productive of death. As carbonic 
 acid gas is thrown off from the lungs by 
 respiration, it accumulates in a short time in 
 rooms which are illy ventilated and crowded 
 by many persons. 
 
 The air soon becomes unsuited to healthy 
 respiration, causing, as its immediate re- 
 sult, faintness and headache ; but often lay- 
 ing the foundation for subsequent diseases, as 
 heretofore noticed. 
 
 The habit of stooping or sitting in a bent 
 posture is obviously detrimental to the free 
 action of the heart and lungs, and instances 
 
22 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 of inflammatory affections of the chest, and 
 consumptions, are vastly more frequent in 
 such cases than in those who are usually 
 erect, and who possess a full and round chest. 
 
 The direct effect of exercise exhibits itself 
 upon the heart and lungs. By it the heart 
 beats more rapidly and forcibly ; the blood 
 is sent coursing through the lungs with 
 more celerity. The whole circulation, by 
 the same cause, is quickened, and heat 
 evolved. 
 
 Thus every organ acts with more vigor, 
 and under an habitual course of daily exer- 
 cise in a healthful atmosphere, is formed am- 
 ple, firm, and perfect, with vessels capable 
 of resisting disease to a large extent. A 
 full, round, ample chest, giving room for the 
 easy play of the vital machinery placed 
 within, is thus obtained. 
 
 Looking at this brief exhibition of the 
 physical structure of those vital organs, 
 what parent can be willing to allow his 
 child to grow up in an easy and luxurious 
 condition, and thus fasten upon his darling 
 son or daughter a defective organization, 
 and rottenness of constitution, thus bringing 
 
NUTRITION. 23 
 
 him or her within the grasp of consumption, 
 and a premature death, by niere indulgence 
 and a mistaken zeal for delicacy ? 
 
 NUTRITION. 
 
 The organs of nutrition embrace those of 
 mastication, digestion, and assimilation. On 
 these depend the support of the body. 
 
 There are two currents passing through 
 
 e ystem ; one is the result of the various 
 secretions which are constantly carrying 
 off matter from every part of the animal 
 machine : to counteract this loss, which, if 
 not soon supplied by nutrition, would pro- 
 duce emaciation and exhaustion, this supply 
 is obtained through the digestive organs by 
 the secreting vessels, the latter being con- 
 nected directly with the blood-vessels, or in- 
 directly through the medium of various 
 glandular structures. 
 
 In order to maintain a healthy condition, 
 an even balance between these opposite cur- 
 rents is required to maintain this balance ; 
 nutritive food, at regular intervals and in 
 due quantity, is required on the one hand, 
 while on the other a regular and daily use of 
 
24 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 the body is required to consume and move 
 off what otherwise would become, by too 
 long retention, a source of disease. 
 
 With the digestive organs there is a close 
 sympathy between every part of the body, 
 consequently violations of the rules of diet 
 or exercise are attended with disturbance. 
 
 A person who labors severely six days in 
 the week, requires a more substantial diet 
 than one who takes but little exercise. 
 
 The stomachs of Captain Ross's men, 
 while exposed to cold and hardships as they 
 prosecuted their long journey over the im- 
 mense fields of polar ice, could digest the 
 hard and dry leather cut from their dress, 
 while a sedentary seamstress would be satis- 
 fied with a dinner of dried biscuit. 
 
 Too full a supper disturbs the night's re^ 
 pose, by irritating the gastric nerves, and 
 involving by sympathy the brain, and thus 
 interrupting sound sleep. Notwithstanding 
 this fact, drowsiness commonly succeeds to 
 a hearty meal. 
 
 In the case of a person laboring under 
 general debility, or merely debility of the 
 digestive organs, after eating, for a time all 
 
THE SKIN. 25 
 
 the powers of the system seem required to 
 aid this process, and a season of rest is 
 proper ; but those in good health and strength, 
 habituated to regular exercise, do not need 
 this precaution, for in them the powers of 
 nature will be found sufficiently strong to 
 carry forward muscular effort with the pro- 
 cess of digestion. 
 
 THE SKIN. 
 
 The covering of the body called the skin 
 is formed of three distinct layers or coats. 
 The innermost one, called the Dermis, or 
 true skin, is much the thickest portions, and 
 on the external surface of which the nerves 
 are everywhere spread out, constituting the 
 sense of touch. 
 
 The middle coat is called the Reta Mu- 
 chosa, the principal use of which is to give 
 complexion to the individual. It is nearly 
 colorless in Europeans, and of a dark color 
 among the natives of southern climates. 
 
 This coat, being of a gelatinous nature, is 
 destined to keep the nervous surface be- 
 neath in a state of moisture favorable to the 
 touch. 
 
 3 
 
26 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 To complete the arrangement of the skin, 
 a third covering, called the Cuticle or Epi- 
 dermis, is formed over this moist and sensi- 
 tive surface. The hair and nails are com- 
 posed of the same materials. The cuticle is 
 the thin and delicate membrane which is 
 raised by blistering, and is composed of ex- 
 tremely thin scales, and between these mi- 
 nute scales are countless small openings, 
 which emit freely the perspirable matter, 
 while by this ingenious covering the nerves 
 are duly protected. 
 
 The skin possesses not only countless ex- 
 cretory vessels, but also absorbent ones. 
 An oily matter also flows slowly through 
 the skin, from the adipose substance be- 
 neath. This oil is what soils the linen. It 
 is more abundant in some constitutions than 
 others, particularly in those of a bilious 
 temperament. It serves to prevent too rapid 
 a desiccation of the skin, and defends the 
 surface from the effects of friction, to which 
 it is particularly exposed. 
 
 An excessive quantity of this excretion is 
 injurious, by obstructing the process of per- 
 spiration. In a healthy state of the system, 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 27 
 
 a large amount of perspirable matter is 
 passed off daily through the pores of the 
 skin. 
 
 The necessity of keeping the surface free 
 from the too great accumulation of such 
 must be very obvious. 
 
 Hence frequent change of the clothing 
 worn next the skin, as well as ablutions, are 
 essential to comfort and health. 
 
 Thus having examined, though briefly, 
 the structure of the human system, and the 
 laws which control the various functions, a 
 way is prepared to attend to the first divis- 
 ion of our subject, viz. : — 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Suppose two children of one sex to be 
 born of the same parents, and both possess- 
 ing apparently, at birth, similar constitutions. 
 We will consider them both at birth to be 
 sound in every organ, and that they are the 
 offspring of a healthy parentage^ 
 
 At the end of a month after birth, each is 
 to be placed where an opposite course of 
 physical training should be adopted and fol- 
 lowed, to the full maturity of the individuaL 
 
28 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 To try this interesting experiment, where 
 shall we place thena ? 
 
 It is not necessary, to test it fully, that one 
 be left in the care of a family of limited 
 means, and the other be cast into the arms 
 of wealth, although we should expect a bet- 
 ter physical training with the former than 
 the latter ; but in many cases a superior in- 
 telligence may give to the last-named an im- 
 portant advantage over the other. 
 
 We will suppose each taken to a place of 
 comfort, and where all their natural wants 
 will be supplied. Having learned their loca- 
 tion, and seen that they are sufficiently pro- 
 vided for, let us examine the particular 
 course of physical education pursued with 
 each individual. 
 
 The first of these children, whom we will 
 call George, was given to a family in easy 
 circumstances, who, having no children of 
 their own, were desirous of adopting some 
 common object on which their affections 
 could centre, and one which they fondly 
 hoped would afford them pleasure to lean 
 upon in their old age. 
 
 George was committed at once to the un- 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 29 
 
 remitting attention of a careful nurse. The 
 warmest room in the house v/as selected as 
 a nursery, the air of which, at least during 
 the cool part of the year, was kept at a high 
 temperature. 
 
 The child was dressed in ample clothing, 
 and wrapped in extra coverings of blankets, 
 lest he should get cold. " 
 
 The residence of the child was in a city, 
 and in addition to the impure air of a close 
 room, was superadded the impure atmo- 
 sphere out of doors, which was being re- 
 spired by tens of thousands, and fully impreg- 
 nated with the various noxious gases com- 
 mon to such localities. 
 
 During the winter seasons, George suffered 
 much from frequent attacks of catarrhal dis- 
 ease, and occasionally from inflammatory 
 affections of the lungs. He also, in conse- 
 quence of the close confinement to which he 
 was subjected, was affected with a softening 
 of the bones, attended with some curvature 
 of the same. The summers rarely passed 
 without some attack of bowel complaints, to 
 avoid which a very scrupulous regard was 
 had to his diet, so that he was rarely quite well. 
 3* 
 
30 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 At the age of ten he was nearly the height 
 of Other boys of his age. He possessed but 
 little physical strength, with a pale counte- 
 nance, soft and flabby muscle, irregular 
 pulse, an unsteady and feeble gait, and a 
 highly irritable temper. 
 
 At this age it was determined to send him 
 to school. But instead of selecting some 
 healthy place in the country, where he might 
 have enjoyed the benefits of pure air and 
 change of scenery, and where, too, nature 
 would have taught him to acquire a more 
 free use of his limbs, he was sent to a school 
 in the city. 
 
 Frequent turns of illness interrupted the 
 course of his studies ; and although his mind 
 appeared for a time to possess vigor, it soon 
 proved to be nothing but a precocious de- 
 velopment of the intellect, the result of bad 
 physical education. 
 
 Under such a state of things did George 
 reach the period of manhood, enervated in 
 body and mind. Though possessed naturally 
 of a warm and kind heart, yet a morbid irri- 
 tability spoiled his temper, and unfitted him 
 either for social pleasures or the toilsome 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 31 
 
 business of life. He possessed neither the 
 spirit of enterprise nor energy of purpose 
 requisite to engage successfully in active 
 business. 
 
 He found too many obstacles which ap- 
 peared insurmountable to venture far in any 
 pursuit. He had never learned to take care 
 of himself, to unite his hands and head in 
 action ; and now his broken constitution and 
 badly-formed habits showed him that it was 
 difficult, if not impossible, for him to obtain 
 success. 
 
 Without tracing this picture further, let us 
 examine the course of physical training pur- 
 sued with his brother, and notice the result. 
 
 Samuel was placed in the family of a 
 farmer. His residence was on one of the 
 New England hills. The pure atmosphere 
 around him, the plain though nutritive food 
 of which he partook at regular intervals 
 and the athletic sports and employments 
 which occupied his early years, gave him 
 strength of body and energy of mind. 
 
 At the age of six years he was sent to the 
 district school, situated about one mile from 
 his residence. When nine years old he used 
 
32 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 to drive the cows to and from the pasture 
 morning and evening, assist in milking them,, 
 drive the oxen for ploughing, or ride the 
 horse for the same purpose, and go with the 
 grist to the mill occasionally, also help to 
 stir the hay and rake it, use the hoe in the 
 garden, and the axe at the wood-pile, take 
 care of the fowls, hunt up the eggs, with 
 many more similar little occupations. 
 
 These pursuits did not fill up the whole 
 day, but allowed the usual time for attending 
 school, except for a short period of the most 
 hurried season of the year. 
 
 A few years more his arm had gained the 
 manly strength required to yoke the oxen, 
 load the hay and the heavy logs of wood, 
 swing the scythe, and, in short, to engage 
 successfully in all the various exercises of 
 farm work. 
 
 At twenty, who could have believed him 
 to have been the brother of the feeble 
 George? His fine, erect, manly form, ex- 
 hibited the full, round muscle, the ample, 
 broad chest, in which a well-formed heart 
 and lungs played healthfully, without being 
 hurried in their movement by ordinary ex- 
 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 33 
 
 ercise, with a strong nervous system not 
 easily excited, but giving steadiness and 
 firmness to action. 
 
 The intellectual organs had no dullness^ 
 for dyspepsia did not exist to give the head 
 pain, and the mind v^^as strong and vigorous 
 Samuel had reached the full period of man- 
 hood v^ith a perfect physical development, 
 and was prepared to continue the business 
 of farmer with success, or adopt a course of 
 study to fit him for a learned profession. 
 He chose the latter, passed rapidly through 
 the required preparation, and entered the 
 arena of active life. 
 
 At the bar he was found the sound and 
 able lawyer, and in the Senate the good and 
 efficient legislator. 
 
 He not only had learned practically the 
 right use of his hands and head, but the true 
 value of property, the feelings and interests 
 of the laboring classes ; and whenever, pro- 
 fessionally, he met with one on even ground, 
 differently trained, he was sure of victor3^ 
 
 These two cases may be supposed by 
 some mere beings of the imagination. But 
 scores of instances may be found in our 
 
34 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 country in strict resemblance to these, ex- 
 cept the merely fancied fraternity. 
 
 The former may be instanced in the femi- 
 nine young men of our cities and large 
 villages, who, governed by a love of morbid 
 excitement, fall early victims to self-indul- 
 gence, or live on, the weak-minded and inef- 
 ficient members of the community ; some 
 reach the learned professions, but usually suc- 
 ceed but poorly, or utterly fail, if not from 
 imbecility of mind, from weakness of body. 
 
 Of the latter, you may find them the 
 brightest in the most honored circles of our 
 country, either as the high-minded, intelligent 
 farmer, mechanic, or tradesman, or among 
 the highest ranks of the learned professions. 
 
 Physical education consists in whatever is 
 calculated most perfectly to develop the 
 various powers of the system, giving growth 
 and strength to every organ. 
 
 There are various things necessary to 
 such a result — among these, the most import- 
 ant are, pure air, light, free exercise, (plain) 
 nutritive food, sleep in sufiicient quantity, 
 bathing, suitable clothing, a cheerful temper, 
 and good habits in everything. 
 
PURE AIR. 35 
 
 It is deemed important to examine these 
 several causes separately. 
 
 PURE AIR. 
 
 It is not sufficient that the out-door air 
 should be pure, free from noxious effluvia 
 and destructive gases, to contribute most 
 highly to the growth and health of an indi- 
 vidual. It is also requisite to the same end 
 that particular attention be paid to ventila- 
 tion and temperature w^ithin doors. Crovv^d- 
 ed rooms, with imperfect ventilation, is so 
 decidedly injurious as to be quite perceptible 
 in its effects on the health even of adults, 
 and must be particularly so on the young, 
 whose systems are more irritable and less 
 able to resist deleterious influences of any 
 kind. 
 
 The present practice, adopted so general- 
 ly in our cities, of warming the whole house 
 with hot-air furnaces, requires careful man- 
 agement to prevent enervating effects upon 
 the younger members of the family. The 
 air in the sleeping apartments particularly 
 is apt to be kept at too high a temperature. 
 
 Probably the child who passes the nights 
 
36 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 during the cold season in a temperature 
 greater than 50° to 55° Fahrenheit, will be 
 less healthy and vigorous than one kept in 
 cooler air. JSudden change of temperature 
 exposes an individual to take cold, but one 
 who is in the constant habit of taking a cool 
 air bath is less subject to ailments from that 
 cause than those kept a greater portion of the 
 time in a heated atmosphere, and only occa- 
 sionally going into the open air. 
 
 Indeed, I have known many children dis- 
 tinguished for healthy and robust constitu- 
 tions, who were born and reared in open 
 houses, on bleak situations, thinly clad, often 
 playing with bare feet on the snow and ice. 
 
 The physical formation of such individu- 
 als w^as decidedly superior to those carefully 
 sheltered and tenderly cared for. Not that 
 so rigid and extreme a course of physical 
 education is recommended as the best that 
 can be adopted, by any means — a rational 
 medium would be preferable. 
 
 But the child should be warmly clothed, 
 and habituated to out-door exposure almost 
 daily through the whole year. 
 
 Nurseries and school-rooms should be 
 
LIGHT. 87 
 
 well ventilated, and particular care be exer- 
 cised to avoid allowing at any time too high 
 a temperature in-doors during the winter 
 season. A temperature of 60° is perhaps 
 that most conducive to the health of the 
 young. 
 
 LIGHT. 
 
 . This agent is not less important to perfect 
 animal than vegetable healthfulness. 
 
 The shaded plant may attain the full 
 height of its kind, but it neither bears the 
 fruit nor arrives at the full strength and 
 firmness of those of the same species which 
 grow in the open air. 
 
 Its pale color, and loose, delicate texture, 
 are proofs of its position ; and if at once re- 
 moved to an unsheltered location, it is with- 
 ered by too strong a sun-light, and broken 
 by the winds, which serve to strengthen and 
 beautify its kindred plants, which are con- 
 stantly exposed. 
 
 The child, by similar laws, is affected in 
 like manner when too closely shielded from 
 the light and breath of heaven. 
 
 Surely, it is a false maternal tenderness 
 4 
 
38 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 which dreads to witness the brown, healthful 
 hue upon the brow and cheek of the darling 
 child. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Man was made for action. Could he be 
 so situated during the various periods of his 
 existence on earth as to be entirely free from 
 want of every kind, to have food and cloth- 
 ing placed upon him without the necessity of 
 even lifting his hand — could he repose upon a 
 bed of down, and indulge perpetually in in- 
 dolence and ease, he Avould need to possess 
 a different organization than that with which 
 the Creator has endowed him, in order that 
 he might enjoy health or happiness. 
 
 A necessity of twofold character impels 
 him to action. The arrangement of his ex- 
 istence is such that, to supply his numerous 
 wants, he must put in motion his various fac- 
 ulties of mind and body. 
 
 There may be fatigue and often pain in 
 the employment of these faculties, but he 
 must not permit them to remain long inac- 
 tive, and he cannot^ without exposing himself 
 to debility, disease, and death. 
 
EXERCISE. 39 
 
 Free, habitual exercise, then, should be 
 particularly regarded, as essential to the 
 well-being of all. It should be estimated as 
 no less an element of healthfulness and en- 
 joyment than the air we breathe, or the food 
 by which we are nourished. 
 
 The effect of indolence or continued re- 
 pose of the physical organs is to induce de- 
 bility of the whole system. Unused muscles 
 shrink ; they become soft, and unable to sus- 
 tain great exertion. The blood ceases to cir- 
 culate freely, and the bile becomes stagnant 
 in the vessels of the liver, the stomach is dis- 
 ordered, costiveness, indigestion, disturb the 
 brain, dullness and restlessness succeed. 
 
 The step is no longer firm and elastic, nor 
 does the cheek glow with the lively hue of 
 health. The opposite of these results are 
 witnessed in those who pursue a free, daily 
 exercise. The fluids circulate freely through 
 every vessel in the system. 
 
 Every part is supplied with its share of 
 nutriment, and feels a natural stimulant mov- 
 ing it on to healthy action. These princi- 
 ples are true in regard to man, in almost 
 every situation ; but it is in considering the 
 
40 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS, 
 
 condition of the young that they assume their 
 greatest importance. 
 
 While the body is growing is the most im- 
 portant period to form an entire set of large, 
 strong, and healthy organs. 
 
 Free exercise daily, in the open air, is 
 most favorable to such a result. This will 
 expand the chest, the lungs, and heart; it 
 will give the brain and every part a right 
 proportion, while within such a constructed 
 organization will dvi^ell, provided the intel- 
 lectual and moral faculties have been duly 
 cultivated, a vigorous intellect, a firmness of 
 purpose, a spirit of enterprise, and a power 
 of execution nowhere else to be found. 
 
 Strength will give grace to every motion, 
 while the sparkling eye and glowing cheek 
 will tell of health and happiness. The 
 kind of employment most suited to the con- 
 dition of the young will be more particular- 
 ly described while considering the moral 
 part of education. 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 The physiological principle which shows 
 us the fact that a constant waste or decay 
 
FOOD. 41 
 
 is taking place in every part of the system, 
 points out the necessity of supplying that 
 loss, or a total failure and emaciation will 
 result. 
 
 The young also require a supply of nutri- 
 ment, not only sufficient to replace the quan- 
 tity thus removed by the various secretions 
 and excretions, but also a due proportion to 
 enable the growing parts to enlarge and be 
 built up with full capacity and strength. 
 
 To answer these demands, children and 
 young persons require a nutritive diet. The 
 food should consist of such materials as 
 afford the requisite amount of nutritious mat- 
 ter, without those qualities which strongly 
 excite or produce stimulation. 
 
 The young possess sensitive nerves, which 
 sensibility should not be exhausted by too 
 free a use of strong excitants, which effect 
 would naturally be produced were they 
 freely and habitually applied. A bland as 
 well as nutritive diet, then, should be pre- 
 ferred. This should be taken in sufficient 
 quantity, and at regular periods. 
 
 There is probably no one article of food 
 
 more particularly adapted to the condition of 
 4^ 
 
42 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 the young, in a state of health, than milk. In 
 the case of a child naturally delicate, a pro- 
 portion of meat would often promote a 
 stronger vital action, and therefore be highly 
 beneficial. But generally, bread and milk, 
 bread and butter, with very little meat, 
 would be preferable. 
 
 Potatoes, as an article of food, are unex- 
 ceptionable for children of two years or 
 more of age, who are in good health ; but for 
 those whose digestive organs are impaired 
 or deranged, they prove highly deleterious j 
 sometimes not digesting at all, affording little 
 or no nutriment, and irritating the first pas- 
 sages, causing obstinate diarrhoea and ema- 
 ciation. 
 
 Fresh eggs, and ripe, newly-plucked fruit, 
 in proper quantity, constitute healthful arti- 
 cles of diet. 
 
 The various narcotics, such as tea and 
 coffee, should not be given to the young. 
 They are too exciting to the sensitive nerves, 
 and tend to produce a love of strong stimu- 
 lants. ■ For similar reasons, pepper and other 
 pungent condiments are injurious, and should 
 be very sparingly used in the diet of children. 
 
SLEEP. 43 
 
 SLEEP. 
 
 Sleep is a suspension of the sensations and 
 voluntary motion. Dreaming is the result 
 of partial sleep, and cannot take place in a 
 profound and entire state of repose. Som- 
 nambulism is that condition in which the in- 
 dividual is still farther removed from perfect 
 sleep than v^hen in ordinary dreaming, and 
 in w^hich a considerable degree of the power 
 of voluntary action exists, but without entire 
 wakefulness. Sleep is as essential to the 
 enjoyment of health and the continuance of 
 life as food. 
 
 Action and rest is a law of the animal and 
 vegetable existence. The restoration of the 
 principle of vitality demands it. The action 
 of the heart strikingly illustrates this fact. 
 Its contractions and relaxations succeed each 
 other with great regularity ; the excitabil- 
 ity is restored by the rest attending the 
 latter, and thus continuous alternations are 
 produced. 
 
 Muscular movement of the whole, or any 
 part of the body, cannot very long be con- 
 tinued without producing fatigue. The prin- 
 ciple of vitality or excitability which these 
 
44 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 parts possess, and which is contained in the 
 nerves of each, is derived wholly from the 
 brain and its appendages. 
 
 The mind also has its seat in the brain. 
 When awake, a large portion of this import- 
 ant organ is in action. The thoughts, pas- 
 sions, and various muscular movements, all 
 serve to use a portion of the cerebral exci- 
 tability, and it requires seasons of rest to 
 restore it, or exhaustion of vitality would ul- 
 timately result. 
 
 Long watchings, frequently repeated, pro- 
 duce debility of the vital powers, and tend 
 to the destruction of life. Sleep is an essen- 
 tial nutriment of the brain, the restorer of its 
 wasted excitability. 
 
 It is an opinion expressed by many emi- 
 nent physicians, that a too diminished quan- 
 tity of sleep tends directly to shorten life ; 
 and it cannot have escaped the notice of the 
 common observer, that any abstraction from 
 the usual quantity produces a degree of dis- 
 comfort, thus admonishing the individual that 
 violence has been done to the system. To 
 neglect such admonitions for any considera- 
 ble time, is to induce decay of the vital 
 
SLEEP. 45 
 
 powers, and ultimately premature death. 
 " Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a 
 man healthy, wealthy, and wise.'' Early 
 rising, so important as a means of health and 
 usefulness, becomes a positive evil, except 
 when used in connection with an early re- 
 tiring to rest. Eight hours of each twenty- 
 four is considered usually as the medium 
 time required for sleep. Some constitutions 
 require more and some less than this amount. 
 Children require a much greater amount of 
 sleep than adults — ordinarily, 'from one to 
 three hours longer period than persons in 
 middle life. 
 
 The night season is peculiarly fitted for 
 the enjoyment of sound repose. The silence 
 and darkness attending it withdraws a large 
 share of the stimulants from the brain, which 
 necessarily act upon it during the day, and 
 display the wisdom and goodness of the 
 Creator in adapting the favorable circum- 
 stances of our existence. 
 
 In order, then, to attain the best physical 
 development, and give that vigorous tone to 
 the brain which is requisite to sustain the 
 
46 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 waste of its excitability from mental or 
 bodily action, a full amount of sleep should 
 be allowed to the young. 
 
 That this important object may be best 
 secured, they should retire at an early hour 
 to rest, and then, with the return of light, 
 they may go forth to mingle in the pursuits 
 of the day, stored with the principle of 
 strength, and buoyant with the pleasurable 
 sensations of perfect health. 
 
 Early retiring, and early rising, should be 
 fully impressed by uninterrupted habit upon 
 the character of the young. I am well 
 aware of the difficulties which exist in the 
 city in perfectly adopting this principle in 
 the case of young persons. 
 
 But did every parent view the subject in 
 its fullest importance, it would awaken an 
 interest for the lovedones which would even 
 prove too strong for the herculean power of 
 fashion and custom ; it would correct many 
 of the evils at present attending a city resi- 
 dence ; fortify numerous delicate constitu- 
 tions with sufficient strength to resist the 
 encroachments of disease, who otherwise 
 
CLOTHING. 47 
 
 would sink under it, and restore them from 
 a state of languor and feebleness to a state 
 of usefulness and increased enjoyment. 
 
 Early retiring to rest, as well as early 
 rising, should become an established habit 
 with every individual, and that it may be so, 
 it should be adopted while in youth. 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 In a climate so variable as that of the 
 United States, the right adaptation of cloth- 
 ing requires a very judicious and careful at- 
 tention. No specific rules can be laid down 
 to govern the quantity for the different sea- 
 sons of the year, but some considerations 
 may, perhaps, be advanced which will serve 
 to guide the judgment with tolerable accu- 
 racy on this point. 
 
 The physical strength of the individual 
 needs always to be carefully regarded in 
 the application of clothing, particularly dur- 
 ing the winter season. The feeble child re- 
 quires a warmer covering than one who is 
 strong and vigorous. 
 
 The amount in any case, at any tempera- 
 ture, should be such as to prevent chilliness, 
 
48 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 or allow but a small degree of sensation of 
 cold. The employment should be consider- 
 ed in determining the amount of clothing ; as 
 one of confinement or sedentary character 
 requires more than one of free and athletic 
 exercise. 
 
 Habit, also, has much influence, in the case 
 of every individual, in respect to what would 
 be proper in dress. A part of the body or 
 limbs accustomed to a thin covering or an 
 entire exposure to the air acquires a power 
 of resistance to the effects of cold, so as not 
 to endanger the health ; but when a part or- 
 dinarily well protected is thus exposed, an 
 injury is produced. 
 
 This is the same law of Physiology which 
 renders a person accustomed to a high tem- 
 perature in-doors during the cold season 
 very subject to injury when exposed to the 
 out-door air. Females often expose their 
 health by violating this principle while fol- 
 lowing too intently the ever-changing forms 
 of fashionable attire. 
 
 Warm feet and a cool head is found among 
 the sage maxims of olden times, and although 
 it has been stereotyped in every language 
 
BATHING. 49 
 
 of the civilized world, yet it is too little re- 
 garded. The feet should be kept dry in cold 
 weather, and warm also, where any degree 
 of feebleness exists. 
 
 The chest and abdomen also should be 
 well protected in such cases, so as to allow 
 daily exercise in the open air during the cold 
 (as well as the warm season), without occa- 
 sioning chilliness by such exposure. The 
 "materials best adapted for clothing next the 
 skin are such as are the least conductors of 
 heat. For this purpose, fabrics of cotton and 
 woolen are preferable to any other in use. 
 The inflammable nature of cotton renders it 
 objectionable for outside garments, for chil- 
 dren particularly, for which purpose woolen 
 or silk is well adapted. 
 
 BATHING. 
 
 If a child is judiciously treated during the 
 first year of its existence, it may be washed 
 over the entire body in cold water at any 
 season of the year with no injury and much 
 benefit. 
 
 Frequent bathing is not only required to 
 free the skin from perspirable matter which 
 5 
 
50 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS, 
 
 is constantly pouring upon it, and thus pro- 
 moting cleanliness, but when applied cold it 
 gives a vigorous action to the capillaries, 
 giving them power to resist the injurious 
 effects of any subsequent exposure to damp 
 or cold air. 
 
 It also acts upon the brain, by causing a 
 reactionary effect, which occasions the glow 
 of warmth which soon succeeds its applica- 
 tion. 
 
 Bathing is justly considered among the 
 most invigorating agents where there is not 
 too little power to create a reaction. In the 
 latter case, a more brief and partial applica- 
 tion of water, higher in temperature, so as 
 not to produce an unpleasant shock to the 
 system ; from which point it may be gradu- 
 ated until it can be used freely and cold to 
 advantage. 
 
 Cheerfulness and good habits in every- 
 thing are important agents in producing a 
 perfect physical development. 
 
 The subiect is merely named in this place 
 that we may not overlook its importance in 
 controlling the laws of health ; but being 
 also intimately connected with the moral 
 
INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 51 
 
 part of education, will be duly considered in 
 that place. 
 
 The importance of a healthy body in giv- 
 ing a right tone to the nervous system, and 
 thus largely influencing the temper, also its 
 tendency in the acquirement of good habits, 
 and general influence on the character of 
 the individual, will demand a special notice 
 while presenting the subject of Moral Edu- 
 cation 
 
 INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Whatever serves to develop or improve 
 the intellectual powers of an individual be- 
 longs to Intellectual Education. 
 
 The operation may be partial or general, 
 but the latter is needed to promote a right 
 education. The memory must not only be 
 stored with facts, but the judgment should 
 be disciplined and strengthened, while the 
 imagination is refined, chastened, and in- 
 vigorated. 
 
 It is difficult, or perhaps impossible, to 
 improve in any considerable degree either 
 of these mental faculties without producing 
 some influence upon the others ; but a very 
 
52 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 disproportionate amount of culture may be 
 bestowed upon either, and the result would 
 constitute a bad education. In order to ob- 
 tain the highest point of improvement of 
 which any particular case is capable, all the 
 intellectual powers must be proportionately 
 cultivated. 
 
 There is an almost infinite variety in the 
 relative proportion of these faculties, as ex- 
 isting naturally among different individuals. 
 Some, with little mental culture, are distin- 
 guished for good sense or judgment, but with 
 a moderate memory and feeble imagination ; 
 others, equally uncultivated, possess a very 
 retentive memory, with a weak understand- 
 ing. 
 
 It is the aim of education not only to im- 
 prove each of these powers, but to make 
 them harmonize. This must be accomplish- 
 ed not by nurturing principally the faculty 
 best developed by the physical organization, 
 nor by repressing the natural growth of 
 either, but by bringing the others up to a 
 level with the highest, and thus completing 
 a harmony of the whole. 
 
 A well-balanced mind is a rare boon from 
 
INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 53 
 
 the hand of the Creator to any who have 
 not enjoyed the benefits of education in some 
 form. The uncultivated mind may display 
 cunning ; but its powers resemble more the 
 instincts of the inferior animals than the 
 noble qualities which are attained by the in- 
 vigorating and polishing processes of a fin- 
 ished education. 
 
 It is the object of the present inquiry to 
 examine the causes which may most judi- 
 ciously be adopted to obtain the desired end, 
 in order to secure which in the highest de- 
 gree it is necessary to furnish a healthy 
 brain, which mainly depends on a proper 
 physical training. The child should not be 
 put to tasks of learning too early. This is a 
 point where parents frequently err. Every 
 one who is not well informed on this subject 
 is pleased to witness the early mental devel- 
 opments of his child. 
 
 The fact is, that almost every instance of 
 strikingly early exhibitions of intellect is the 
 result of cerebral disease in the individual, 
 which, if not followed by premature death, 
 is too often found at last to result in a failure 
 of mental growth in subsequent years. 
 
 Wherever this precocity appears, let it 
 
54 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 be viewed as the effect of a delicate organ- 
 ization of the brain, and the subject be treat- 
 ed accordingly. 
 
 In such a case, physical education should 
 be scrupulously regarded, and every means 
 adopted to lay the foundation for sound 
 health, while the mental powers should re- 
 main to a later period untasked, except so 
 far as may be inseparable from the bodily 
 employments. 
 
 During the whole course of education, 
 such an individual should be careful to ob- 
 serve all the rules laid down for a good 
 physical training. 
 
 A child of ordinary constitution may com- 
 mence an easy course of mental training at 
 five years old ; this is the earliest period at 
 which any ought to be confined to the school- 
 room. 
 
 A proportionately later period should be 
 chosen for sending to school where constitu- 
 tional debility exists. 
 
 This doctrine may surprise many parents, 
 for it is contrary to common usage, as most 
 children are sent to school or taught to read 
 before attaining the fifth year. 
 
 But in this position I am not only sustained 
 
INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 55 
 
 by the opinions of several sensible writers, 
 but it is based upon a long and extended 
 course of experience and observation upon 
 this subject. 
 
 From such evidence, I am decidedly of the 
 opinion that six is a better age at vi^hich to 
 commence the tasks of the school-room than 
 four. Perhaps the medium may be prefer- 
 able to either. 
 
 The brain having acquired a good degree 
 of strength, and all the animal powers being 
 vigorous, the mental training should begin. 
 By the term mental training is not meant 
 moral culture (for the latter cannot be com- 
 menced too early), but simply the knowledge 
 derived from letters. 
 
 The task, at first, should be rendered light 
 and agreeable ; but a habit of superficial ac- 
 quirement ought to be avoided from the be- 
 ginning, for thoroughness should form a part 
 of every lesson through the whole course of 
 education. 
 
 Great pains should be taken to secure the 
 undivided attention of the young learner, 
 that right habits may be formed early in this 
 respect. 
 
56 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 During the first years of attending school, 
 the child should be confined but a short pe- 
 riod at a time, and but a very small portion 
 of each day to the school-room, restricted 'to 
 the confinement required in that position. 
 
 Very frequent exercise in the open air 
 should be allowed ; this will not only serve 
 to fortify the brain, and allow the intellectu- 
 al organs to become more perfectly devel- 
 oped, but also give a healthier tone to the 
 nervous system, spreading a joyousness over 
 the whole spirit of the young student, thus 
 casting a brilliant halo round the early 
 school-days, and Mending in happy associ- 
 ations the task imposed from books with the 
 brightest enjoyments. 
 
 After a child has acquired a thorough 
 knowledge of the elementary studies, the 
 particular course further to be pursued 
 should depend upon the design of the parent 
 respecting the amount and kind of learning 
 to be obtained. Is a liberal and finished ed- 
 ucation intended ? the ancient languages 
 should early be introduced. 
 
 A thorough knowledge of these lays the 
 foundation for a more perfect understanding 
 
INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 57 
 
 of the English. There are some who do not 
 understand the reasons why a good educa- 
 tion demands the study of the dead langua- 
 ges ; but in addition to the reason above 
 suggested, there is another of equal, if not 
 superior importance. 
 
 This consists in the fact that the pupil 
 who is required to adopt this course, acquires 
 a mental power for discrimination, and a 
 habit of industrious investigation, from the 
 necessity of following a word to its root, and 
 the incessant labor of examining the Lexicon. 
 
 By such a course his powers of discrimi- 
 nation and habits of industry are not only 
 cultivated, but the taste is refined, the imag- 
 ination strengthened by familiarizing the 
 mind with the beautiful, poetic imagery, and 
 the chaste, perspicuous, and manly style 
 which adorn the ancient classics. It is rare 
 to find an example in either sex of a good 
 writer, who has not acquired a knowledge 
 of the Greek and Latin languages. 
 
 Where this acquirement is wanting, almost 
 universally is found to exist a diffuse and 
 verbose style, tedious and disagreeable to a 
 refined and well-cultivated mind. 
 
58 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 In determining to what extent the parent 
 is willing to afford opportunity for acquiring 
 an extended education, either for son or 
 daughter, I would urge upon him every con- 
 sideration possible to adopt the most liberal 
 course consistent with his means to accom- 
 plish. 
 
 Property is of little consequence com- 
 pared with knowledge. Has a parent one 
 thousand dollars only, which he designs as a 
 portion for his child, how can he best apply 
 it ? Shall he limit his education, that he may 
 bestow it in money or land ? or if even the 
 whole of it were expended judiciously to 
 enrich the mind, would he not confer a much 
 greater good ? Tere can be no doubt but 
 the latter would be the wisest course. 
 
 The learning thus acquired would soon 
 recover the cost of it, and in the course of 
 life, in a country like ours, would prove a 
 rich investment, yielding a large interest. 
 
 Knowledge not only confers benefits on 
 the individual possessor, but extends the 
 power immensely of doing good to others. 
 I am aware that well-cultivated minds will 
 need no arguments to convince them of the 
 
INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 59 
 
 justness of these views ; but to those who 
 have not enjoyed the full advantages of edu- 
 cation, and who, in consequence, do not ap- 
 preciate its importance, I would, did I pos- 
 sess the power, speak in " thoughts that 
 breathe and words that burn," that they 
 might be persuaded to confer on their off- 
 spring this inestimable boon. 
 
 What has learning done for the people of 
 New England ? Her ungenial soil of diffi- 
 cult tillage has proved no obstacle insur- 
 mountable to the attainment of wealth and 
 refinement. 
 
 Her schools and colleges have shed their 
 benign influence not only upon her own 
 children, but on thousands of others through- 
 out the Union. The erection of the church 
 and school-house, wherever a settlement was 
 formed, have conferred upon the descendants 
 of the Puritans their richest blessings. 
 
 A people thus enlightened could not be en- 
 slaved. Civil freedom can only dwell among 
 a people who understand their rights and 
 how to preserve them. The institutions of 
 the United States are based upon this prin- 
 ciple. A love of freedom and true patriot- 
 
60 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 ism demand of every citizen of this great 
 republic the promotion of education to the 
 fullest extent in his power. Can a parent do 
 this while he permits his own offspring to 
 grow up in ignorance ? What was consid- 
 ered a good education forty years ago, would 
 be comparative ignorance now. 
 
 The improvements of the present age de- 
 m.and proportionately a higher standard of 
 knowledge. To secure this, an improved 
 method of instruction is to be adopted. Bet- 
 ter school-houses and teachers of higher 
 acquirements should be obtained, and a 
 wider range of studies adopted. 
 
 That State which shall pursue the wisest 
 and most liberal course of legislation on the 
 subject of education for a century to come, 
 will hold the greatest sway in the Union. 
 Such a State will be best prepared to legis- 
 late well on other subjects. Her intelligent 
 sons and daughters will not fail to hold the 
 first rank wherever they go, and will shed 
 a lustre upon the land of their birth, by their 
 acloiowledged superiority. 
 
 In such a community, all the legitimate re- 
 sources of wealth will be developed and ap- 
 
INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 61 
 
 plied with success. The arts, a pure taste, 
 and whatever conduces to the comfort, con- 
 venience, and embellishment of her public 
 buildings or private residences, in their con- 
 struction or furniture, will adorn her thriv- 
 ing cities, and mingle their loveliness with 
 her richly-cultivated hills and valleys. 
 
 Such a State, compared with her sisters of 
 the confederacy, would rise to a more lofty 
 "supremacy than ever Athens attained among 
 the cities of ancient Greece. 
 
 If ever the hand of ruin shall be stretched 
 out to complete the destruction of this now 
 glorious and happy republic, it will first 
 open wide across the path of its destiny the 
 yawning and impassable gulf of popular ig- 
 norance. 
 
 An ignorant people will elect ignorant 
 and base representatives, and when intelli- 
 gence and virtue shall cease to hold a place 
 in the halls of legislation, then will faction 
 " rule the hour " — our country's happiness 
 and glory will be no longer regarded. De- 
 magoguery will sit in the place of patriot- 
 ism, bribery and corruption walk with un- 
 blushing front through every channel of offi- 
 6 
 
62 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 cial action ; anarchy unfurl her banner of 
 strife and blood over these now peaceful 
 hills and valleys, and the crumbling pillars of 
 public intelligence and 'virtue will sink to- 
 gether with the falling temple of freedom, 
 and be buried in one common ruin. 
 
 MORAL EDUCATION.. 
 
 Whatever degree of perfection may have 
 been attained in the Physical and Intellect- 
 ual parts of education, one important, and 
 even essential, requisite is wanting, without 
 goodness of heart. 
 
 From the heart proceed the actions, and 
 if this fountain is purified and made sweet, 
 then salubrious and sweet will be the 
 streams which issue from it. A. right prin- 
 ciple of moral action must be established as 
 the foundation of all good character. The 
 truths of revealed religion can alone accom- 
 plish this important object. When this is 
 obtained, love to God and man occupies the 
 place of the native selfishness of the human 
 heart. 
 
 Instead of rendering evil for evil, which is 
 the base spirit of revenge, the one of kind- 
 
MORAL EDUCATION. 63 
 
 ness controls the actions. A heart thus cor- 
 rected reflects upon all around the sunny 
 influence of the heavenly beams by which 
 it is warmed. Its possessor is rich in good 
 works. He delights to confer happiness on 
 others. He loves the truth and hates false- 
 hood. Evil purposes find no place in his 
 thoughts. 
 
 Benevolence beams in his eye, and afl^ec- 
 tion softens every expression of his counte- 
 nance. 
 
 Suavity of manners, disinterested and no- 
 ble action, mark the conduct of such an indi- 
 vidual. When these exist, along with a good 
 physical and intellectual culture, we have 
 the true gentleman or lady ; genuine polite- 
 ness is inseparable from such an education. 
 
 It has already been remarked that the 
 truths of revealed religion are essential to 
 effect such an object. These truths should 
 early be inculcated upon the young mind, 
 both by precept and example. The man- 
 ner of conveying these truths to the minds 
 of children is contained in the truths them- 
 selves. 
 
 Kindness and gentleness of manner is the 
 
64 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 fruit of a Christian spirit. While a wrong 
 action of the child is rebuked with earnest- 
 ness, the parent should not chide in anger, 
 but in love. 
 
 Let some of the earliest lessons taught 
 the loved one be to render good for evil ; to 
 speak the truth, to obey its parents, to con- 
 trol the temper, to observe order, and a 
 scrupulous regard to the rights of others. 
 These will soon become habitual, and essen- 
 tially aid to bring the individual at length 
 under the full power of divine truth. 
 
 In early childhood, the great fundamental 
 principles of moral action should be firmly 
 implanted. Lessons on all these great prin- 
 ciples should be taught before the child ever 
 leaves the paternal roof, to gain knowledge 
 in school. It is from lessons received on the 
 *^ mother's knee " that much of the charac- 
 ter of the men and women of our country is 
 formed. 
 
 But these moral lessons should not be 
 taught alone at home. They should be 
 repeated in the school-room, by the way- 
 side, in the field, and wherever human beings 
 congregate in large or small numbers. In 
 
MORAL EDUCATION. 65 
 
 all places, at all times, let falsehood, obscen- 
 ity, backbiting, or profanity be excluded. 
 
 Let children be taught habitually to ven- 
 erate the Being who made, and who contin- 
 ually sustains them. When the inquisitive 
 mind of childhood asks who made the bright 
 sun, or the moon, or the beautiful stars, let 
 lessons of the goodness of God be united 
 with the proofs of his wisdom and power. 
 
 When their young hearts are buoyant with 
 the joyous changes of seasons; whether as 
 they pluck the gay flowers of summer, or 
 are delighted with the pure frost-work of 
 winter, let them be taught to see the good" 
 ness of God in them all. 
 
 Obedience to parents and teachers, and 
 respect to superiors, should ever be main- 
 tained. 
 
 That youth who arrives at manhood un- 
 used to submission, will have a miserable ex- 
 istence himself, and will prove a nuisance to 
 the community in which he lives. 
 
 He will not only disregard the salutary 
 restraints of society, but, urged on by uncon- 
 trolled and headlong passions, will be in- 
 clined to trample upon the civil laws, which 
 6* 
 
66 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 are created for the protection of his own 
 rights, as well as the rights of others. 
 
 The benefits of education are strongly 
 and most happily illustrated in the life of 
 that illustrious statesman for whose death 
 our nation has recently been called to 
 mourn. The history of his life would fill 
 volumes, and is intimately connected with 
 that of our country, for a period of more 
 than half a century. 
 
 Early taught in the school of pure moral- 
 ity, and his mind inspired with a high aim, 
 he exhibited through the whole of his long 
 and brilliant public career the excellency of 
 his early training. 
 
 As an instance of that training, when he 
 was eleven years of age, attending school 
 abroad, his excellent mother conveyed in a 
 letter to him these noble sentiments. Says 
 Mrs. Adams to her son, "Great learning 
 and superior abihties, should you ever pos- 
 sess them, will be of little value, and of small 
 estimation,unless virtue, honor, integrity, and 
 truth are cherished by you. 
 
 ''Adhere to the rules and principles early 
 instilled in your mind, and remember that 
 
READING AND BOOKS. 67 
 
 you are responsible to your God. Dear as 
 you are to me, I would much prefer that 
 you would find a grave in the ocean which 
 you have crossed, than to see you an immor- 
 al and graceless child." 
 
 That instruction to that boy was not lost. 
 He was a bulwark on the side of virtue 
 through a long life, and being dead, his 
 name is registered in the temple of fame, by 
 the side of that of Washington. 
 
 READING AND BOOKS. 
 
 The object for which books are designed 
 is threefold^: the acquisition of knowledge, 
 amusement, and the improvement of taste. In 
 selecting books for the young, these several 
 ends should be embraced. Reading merely 
 for amusement ought not to be allowed to 
 any great extent. Like every other frivolous 
 employment, it tends to enfeeble the mindr 
 and to the acquisition of a morbid appetite, 
 which gives a disrelish for more substantial 
 mental aliment. That reading which is ex- 
 pressly designed to convey knowledge should 
 be dressed in an agreeable garb, or the young 
 mind, particularly, will be soon fatigued and 
 
68 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 disgusted. The moral tendency of a culti- 
 vated taste should not be undervalued in de- 
 termining the choice of books for children. 
 Coarse and vulgar expressions, ribaldry, or 
 vile inuendoes, should be excluded, by the 
 just maxim, that " evil communications cor- 
 rupt good manners." Truth and nature 
 ought to be inscribed upon every page we 
 put into their hands. To give the young a 
 false view of what is before them in the path 
 of life, is a greater evil than to afford them 
 no view at all, and allow them to learn as 
 they proceed, in the dear school of experi- 
 ence. 
 
 The reading of the present day is pro- 
 verbially encumbered with fiction. It will 
 not be denied that this circumstance has 
 increased largely a fondness for reading.; 
 but has it increased the desire for sound 
 and useful reading? In proportion to its 
 indulgence, does it not create an aversion 
 to history and sober reading? In cases where 
 purely works of the imagination are largely 
 perused, a passion for reading of this kind is 
 often produced, A mind thus influenced 
 passes into a state nearly allied to, if not 
 
READING AND BOOKS. 69 
 
 identified with, a monomania. It ceases to 
 view objects in their true light. Everything 
 wears a shadowy and unreal form. The 
 dreams partake of these false images, and in 
 the waking hours, the hero or heroine of 
 fancy's creation can almost be recognized 
 in»propria persona, and he or she who should 
 be first in esteem, is perhaps rivaled in af- 
 fection by some imaginary personage of the 
 last-out tale. This description of reading 
 consumes immense portions of time, thus ab- 
 stracting from life much of its usefulness. It 
 is also too often a vehicle for conveying false 
 and immoral sentiments, thus corrupting the 
 heart, and poisoning the fountain of our best 
 and kindliest emotions. 
 
 How large a portion of books designed 
 for children should consist of truth illus- 
 trated with fiction, is well worthy the ear- 
 nest consideration of parents, and all who 
 have at heart the highest interests of the 
 young. Numerous books of this class have 
 found their way into almost every family, 
 and have been introduced to a large extent 
 into the various Sabbath-school libraries. 
 Generally, children seek for those books 
 
70 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 which are most replete with exciting inci- 
 dents. It is obvious that when the incidents 
 related are imaginary, the tendency of such 
 books, largely indulged in, is to create a love 
 of novel-reading, and to blunt the taste for 
 unembellished truth and plain history. Too 
 much caution cannot be exercised by th^se 
 whose duty it is to watch over the juvenile 
 mind, that they may mould its plastic mate- 
 rials into the symmetrical forms of nature 
 and truth. 
 
 Individuals may form a habit of too much 
 reading. If the capacity of the mind is 
 flooded with incidents, and the various 
 thoughts and circumstances contained in 
 books, its powers are necessarily weak- 
 ened. Without time for arrangement, the 
 memory becomes a mere lumber-room, 
 where everything is in confusion. The 
 aliment of the mind requires digestion and 
 assimilation, that it may strengthen as well 
 as that of the body. There should be re- 
 flection with reading. Passages distinguish- 
 ed either for beauty of sentiment or style, 
 also such as contain important facts, should 
 be carefully noted and arranged in the mind, 
 
READING AND BOOKS. 71^ 
 
 SO as to become a fund for after use. A few 
 lines of sensible reading treasured up in the 
 mind becomes a more valuable possession 
 than scores of pages carelessly run over, and 
 on which little or no reflection is bestowed. 
 
 The facilities for the acquisition of books 
 at the present day allow to almost every 
 one the opportunity of making ample selec- 
 tions of such as contain valuable reading. It 
 also demands a vigilant e3^e that any of the 
 vicious class do not fall into the hands of those 
 entrusted to our care. The young mind 
 should be carefully guarded against coming 
 in contact with the relations of extraor- 
 dinary crime ; tales of piracy, murder, or 
 any of the gross instances of human deprav- 
 ity. The life of Col. Munro Edwards, and 
 others of similar character, by their publi- 
 cation, are calculated to effect more injury 
 on the community, than all their deeds of 
 villany while living. 
 
 What a delightful appendage to every 
 house is a well-selected library ! What a 
 luxury on which to repose the mind after 
 the toils and labors of the day are com- 
 pleted ! what a solace for the lonely hour ! 
 
72 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 what an agreeable pastime for the family 
 circle, during the long winter's evening! 
 what attractions does it place around the 
 family fireside ! and more than these, what a 
 bulwark does it furnish against the encroach- 
 ments of vice, and protection on the side of 
 pure morality and religion ! 
 
 SCHOOL-HOUSES. 
 
 The subject of improvement in School- 
 Houses is so intimately connected with that 
 of education, it is deemed not out of place 
 •here. While a few minds are awakened to 
 entertain just views of its importance, they 
 are only as oases of an immense desert, com- 
 pared with the masses who remain indiffer- 
 ent to its claims. 
 
 Who, that has arrived at middle or later 
 "life, does not entertain a freshness and inter- 
 est for the place where the early school- 
 days were passed ? Who does not feel that 
 a moral power, an abiding and effective in- 
 fluence, was exerted upon the tender mind of 
 childhood by the associations of the school- 
 room, when the halcyon days of life were 
 ours ; when the buddings of hope were 
 
SCHOOL-HOUSES. 73 
 
 sweetest, and the young and tender sensibili- 
 ties imbibed deeply and indestructibly the 
 impress of every surrounding object ? The 
 taste and order displayed in the arrange- 
 ments of such a place leave their traces in 
 after life ; and it is extremely doubtful 
 whether they are, v^^hile memory remains, 
 ever obliterated. To form a correct taste 
 and a love of order, then, should there not 
 be a place distinguished for these desirable 
 attributes, where children spend so many 
 years of the most susceptible period of life ? 
 It ought also to be considered, ybr the time, 
 that surrounding objects exert no inconsider- 
 able influence upon the manners and moral 
 feelings of children. It is a trait of the hu- 
 man character to be overawed, and the 
 natural rudeness of the manners to be held 
 in check by the surrounding circumstances. 
 A rude boy may be tempted to tear off a 
 loose board from a shabb}' school-house, who 
 would regard with care one of neatness and 
 order. Children are more inclined to play 
 roughly and rudely in a barn than in the 
 parlor. They will be likely also to estimate 
 the value of learning by the means furnished 
 7 
 
74 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 to obtain it, and when they see the school- 
 house the poorest cared for of any in the 
 whole neighborhood, they can but conclude 
 that the acquisition of learning is of small 
 consequence. 
 
 In considering the subject of school-houses 
 as they generally are at present, and in sug- 
 gesting my own views of what they should 
 be, cannot, perhaps, be better expressed than 
 in the language of a highly distinguished 
 American writer,* whose labors have con- 
 tributed largely to the moral and physical 
 comfort and benefit of his fellow-country- 
 men. " With so much to be proud of in our 
 system of common schools, there is nothing 
 so beggarly and disgraceful as the externals 
 of our country school-houses themselves.-' 
 
 *' A traveler through the Union is at once 
 struck with the general appearance of com- 
 fort in the houses of our rural population. 
 But by the way-sides, here and there, he ob- 
 serves a small one-story edifice, built of 
 wood or stone in the most meagre mode — 
 dingy in aspect, and dilapidated in condition. 
 It is placed in the barest and most forbiding 
 
 * A. J. Downing. 
 
SCHOOL-HOUSES. 75 
 
 side, in the whole country round. If you fail 
 to recognize it by these marks, you can 
 easily make it out by the broken fences and 
 tumble-down stone walls that surround it ; 
 by the absence of all trees, and by a gen- 
 eral expression of melancholy, as if every 
 lover of good order and beauty in the neigh- 
 borhood had abandoned it to the genius of 
 desolation." 
 
 " This condition of things is almost univer- 
 sal. It must, therefore, be founded in some 
 deep-rooted prejudices, or some mistaken 
 idea of the importance of the subject." 
 
 These prejudices and mistaken views of 
 the public in general, in regard to this im- 
 portant subject, are beginning to give way, 
 and occasional instances may be found of 
 beautiful examples of what the school-house 
 ought to be. Says this writer, " We saw last 
 summer in Dutchess county, N. Y., a free- 
 school, erected to fulfill more perfectly the 
 mission of an ordinary district school-house 
 which had been built by a gentleman, whose 
 taste and benevolence seem, like sunshine, 
 to warm and irradiate his whole neighbor- 
 hood. It was a building simple enough. 
 
76 EDUCATION FOR THE MILLIONS. 
 
 after all. A projecting roof, with slight, or- 
 namented brackets, a pretty porch, neat 
 chimney-tops ; its color a soft neutr-al ; these 
 were its leading features. A single glance 
 at it told that the evil spirit had been cast out, 
 and the good spirit had taken its place. The 
 utmost neatness and cleanliness appeared in 
 every part. Beautiful vines and creepers 
 climbed upon the walls, and hung in festoons 
 over the windows. Groups of trees and 
 flowering shrubs were thriving within its 
 inclosure. A bit of neat lawn surrounded 
 the building, and was evidently an object of 
 care and respect with the pupils themselves. 
 Altogether, it was a picture of a common 
 district school which, compared with that 
 we before described, and which one every 
 day sees, was a foretaste of the millennium. 
 *' We have an ideal picture that refreshes 
 our imagination of common school-houses, 
 scattered all over our wide country ; not 
 wild bedlams, which seem to the traveler 
 plague-spots on the fair country landscape ; 
 but little nests of verdure and beauty, em- 
 bryo Arcadias, that beget tastes for lovely 
 gardens, neat houses, and well-cultivated 
 
SCHOOL-HOUSES. 77 
 
 lands ; spots of recreation, that are play- 
 grounds for the memory for many years, 
 after all else of childhood is crowded out 
 and effaced forever. 
 
 "For ourselves, we have perfect faith in 
 the future — v^e believe that our countrymen, 
 as soon as they comprehend fully the value 
 and importance of external objects on the 
 mind, on the heart, on the manners, on the 
 Ufe of all human beings, will not be slow to 
 concentrate all beautiful, good, and enno- 
 bling influences around that primary nursery 
 of the intellect and sensations — the district 
 school-house." 
 
OP 
 
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 eor. €it2 31^ all Square atiK Spruce St. 
 
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 CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH'S WORKS, 
 
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 BY MRS. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. 
 
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 CONTAINING PORTRAIT OF THE AUTHOR ON STEEL, 
 
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 The Publisher invites the attention of the public to this new Edition 
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 It contains, in the compass of nearly 1700 large octavo pages, all the 
 productions, in Prose and Poetry, of this admirable authoress, suited to 
 a Standard Edition of her Works. Several of these were furnished in 
 manuscript for this edition by Mrs. Tonna, which has her express ear 
 dorsement, and is the only one in this country from which she has de- 
 rived any pecuniary benefit. 
 
 To give additional value to the work by illustrating and embeliishii^ 
 it, we have, at considerable expense, added to it several Engravings 
 from Steele, got up expressly for this purpose. It is believed few work« 
 can be found surpassing these in value for family reading. They cobv- 
 bine, to an unusual degree, an elevated moral tone, with reading attrae- 
 tive to both old and young. And for the requisites of beauty, cheapnesA, 
 and legibility combined, this edition of Charlotte Elizabeth's works is 
 not excelled by anything in the market. 
 
 The last edition contains her Memoir by her husband, designed to be 
 s Supplement to Personal Recollections, and embracing the period from 
 the close of her Personal Recollections to her death. Also, " War with 
 the Saints ; or, Count Raymond of Toulouse,"— the work she fmishad 
 Almost simultaneouslv with her eeurtblv career. 
 
 1 
 
Books Published arid for Sale hy M. W. Dodd. 
 
 THE MERCY SEAT; 
 
 Thoughts suggested by the Lord's Prater, By GARoiNia 
 Spring, D.D. 
 
 " In this volume intrinsic excellence and mechanical beauty are well 
 combined. Richness and maturity of evangelical thought and senti- 
 ment are its characteristics; tlie ripe experience of a devout Christian 
 clusters on every page ; it is full of • marrow and fatness, of wine on the 
 lees well reflnedV and contains food for both heart and intellect. ' The 
 Mercy Seat' will be— cannot but be — highly prized by Christians of all 
 denominations." — Commercial Advertiser. 
 
 "We regard it as the most valuable of all the distinguished author's 
 valuable works. It is a book for the family and the closet, and is 
 equally well adapted to profit the plainest Christian, and the most cul- 
 tivated man of letters." — .,¥. Y. Observer. 
 
 ''The present work is among the author's happiest productions. We 
 think it surpasses ihem all in richness of instruction, tenderness of 
 spirit, earnestness and fidelity of appeal, and power to awaken and 
 sway the best feelings of the sanctified heart. His general observations 
 on prayer, and his remarks on the matter and manner of prayer, are 
 most excellent, and worthy of careful and thorough study."— fi«6. Rep. 
 
 "The volume contains some of his best and most interesting dis- 
 course, and cannot fail to be most heartily welcomed by the religious 
 public. The style in which it is published is exceedingly neat and at- 
 tractive." — JV. Y. Courier and Inquirer. 
 
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 which ought to obtain in all spheres, and to exert an influence upon 
 all minds."— jV; Y. Evangelist. 
 
 "This volume will not please because it contains ingenious specula- 
 tions or startling novelties ; but because it presents the old, rich 
 themes of Gospel truth in a clear and chaste style. The doctrinal 
 and the practical are happily blended in its discussions— not a page 
 is dull or dry. The author's judicious remarks on 'Forms of Prayer' 
 are commended to all who would like to see this subject kindly exhib- 
 ited in its true light — the Bible and the History of the Church. V.'^e 
 Bay to all, get 'The Mercy Seat' by Dr. Spring." — JVewark Daily Ad- 
 eertiser. 
 
 "It is certainly one of the most favorable exhibitions of Dr. Spring's 
 powers in illustrating and enforcing truths of the highest moment. His 
 theme is a delightful one, and the method of treating it is all that could 
 be desired. The publisher has presented it in a very attractive dress." 
 — Phil. Presbyterian. 
 
 "This work is in Dr. Spring's best style,— vigorous, perspicuous, and 
 breathing the true Christian spirit. It is not a book intended simply 
 for the closet. It seizes upon man in his daily walks — amidst the cares 
 of his business — at his desk or in his workshop, and recalls him to a 
 sense of his divine relations — and is worthy of a place in the choicest 
 niche of the library." — Journal of Commerce. 
 
 " We give a cordial welcome to this new work of Dr. Spring. It is 
 refreshing to meet with a book like this, so clear and chaste in style, so 
 fraught with important instruction, and above all, so eminently spiritual 
 in its tone, and so well fitted to promote devotional feeling." — JV*. Y. 
 Presbyterian. 
 
 " A rich and valuable work, replete with the distinguished author's 
 best thoughts on a great subject, of universal interest — the communion 
 of man, weak, sinful and mortal, with the Infinite Jehovah, his God aad 
 Saviour."— CAWsftan Observer. 
 
BooTcs Published and for Sa^e by M. W. Dodd. 
 
 IS CHRISTIANITY FROM GOD? 
 
 Or a Manual op Bible Evidence for the People. By 
 Rev. JoH^f Cdmmings, D.D., Minister of the Scot- 
 tish National Church in London. With an Intro- 
 duction BY Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen. 
 
 " Let. no one neglect this volume because its subject is one that has 
 been ably and unanswerably handled before. If we mistake not, it has 
 some traits of superiority over any that has preceded it. As a manual 
 of arguments against infidel assaults and sceptical insinuations we du 
 not think of another that we should call its equal." 
 
 " Here is a book that we can heartily commend. Its title, " Is Chris- 
 tianity from God? or a Manual of Bible Evidence for the People,'- indi- 
 cates the character of the work. The author attempts no new theory- 
 no new and startling truths — for these are not found in the Bible; but 
 with singular ability he has explored the old truths of revelation,- and 
 shown conclusively that the Bible is from God. * •* * 
 
 " Its positions are taken with so much confidence, and held with so 
 much quiet ease, that the reader can scarcely fail to feel a kind of con- 
 tempt for the delirious twattling of upstarts, whose intellectual calibre 
 is simply of the capacity to doubt what a manly intellect has estab- 
 lished." — Religious Recorder. 
 
 " In an age like the present, when scepticism is so fashionable, a 
 work like this cannot fail to produce a wholesome influence on the mind 
 of the reader."— CArisimyj Secretary. 
 
 *' This work is an able one. It treats of very gi-ave subjects, in an 
 earnest and practical manner. The work will arrest the attention of 
 earnest thinkers, whether sceptics or Christians. The Introduction by 
 Mr. Frelinghuysen is brief, neat, pertinent, and highly commendatory 
 of the body of the book."— TAe Republican. 
 
 " This is an able and valuable work on a most important subject, 
 which the author has illustrated in a style and manner that cannot fail 
 to interest that numerous class of readers for whom it was intended. It 
 i-3 a good standard book for the Christian family library."— Cftrjsfjan 
 Observer. 
 
 "It is awG^-l: admirably calculated to enlighten the inquirer after 
 truth, and to confirm the pious in the truth of the Christian Religion." 
 — Baltimore American. 
 
 " For all classes this is an admirable summary— compendious but 
 complete — of the evidences of Christianity. Its style is more polished, 
 and its learning more profound than Nelson's ; but it is well adapted to 
 carry conviction to plain minds, and to suggest to the Christian argu- 
 ments and facts for the defence of his faith. The moral argument is 
 brought out with great strength ; and also that from prophecy."— TAc 
 Independent. 
 
 "We earnestly recommend the circulation of this volume. Where 
 skepticism exists, here is strong argument, freshly presented, to settle 
 the belief: where general confidence in the Bible exists, here are de- 
 tolled proofs to give it corroboration," — Princeton Review. 
 
Boohs Published and for Sale hy M. W. Dodd. 
 
 APOSTOLIC BAPTISM. 
 
 Facts and Evidences on the Subjects and Modes of Chbis- 
 TiAN Baptism. Br C. Taylor, Editor of Calmet's Dic- 
 tionary OF THE Bible. "With 13 engravings. 12mo. 
 
 " We are glad to see a revised and stereotyped edition of this learned 
 and valuable work on the baptismal controversy. It is not necessary, 
 at this late day, to speak of its peculiar merits. *We are not aware that 
 these ' Facts and Evidences' here presented, have ever been invali- 
 dated, either in this country or in Great Britain, and if not, they are 
 certainly entitled to no little weight in favor of the arguments of Paedo- 
 baptists, both as to the subjects of Christian baptism and the apostolic 
 mode." — Biblical Repository. 
 
 "This work has given no little trouble to immersionists. The facta 
 of Mr. Taylor have never been denied, to our knowledge ; nor have hia 
 evidences ever been disproved. The work before us has acquired a 
 reputation which our endorsement cannot materially increase.''''— Prince- 
 ton Review. 
 
 " The American editor presents this volume to the American Churches, 
 as the authentic delineation of original Christian Baptism — with the 
 assured conviction, that an erudite polemic cannot be found who will 
 seriously controvert Mr. Taylor's oracular position — 'Baptism, from 
 the day of Pentecost, was administered by the Apostles and Evangel- 
 ists, to Infants, and not by submersion :' the Facts and Evidences sus- 
 taining this position, he regards as irrefutable, as the truth is in Jesus. 
 
 •'The book displays wonderful research, and brings out the proof 
 from philology and ecclesiastical history, with a distinctness and force 
 perhaps never excelled. It even proves that the warrant for baptizing 
 infants is more certain, or less open to cavils, than if that word had 
 been employed in the command, or in the narration of examples of 
 baptism— because a term is used of more certain meaning, which un- 
 questionably includes little children. The work was published in Eng- 
 land more than thirty years ago, and no Baptist author has yet at- 
 tempted to disprove the facts, or to deny the evidences here adduced, 
 in favor of Paedobaptist principles and practice." — Christian Mirror. 
 
 " This is a very curious book. It commences the argument in respect 
 to baptism at the right starting point, and enforces it by reasoning of 
 the most convincing character. It seeks to carry back the interpreter 
 of the teachings of the Scriptures, to the time when the New Testament 
 was written, and to enable him to read the passages under circum- 
 stances, like those under which they were originally heard. The en- 
 gravings, which are copies of the oldest representations of the adminis- 
 tration of the rite of baptism, in pictures, sculptures, and mosaics, 
 speak forcibly to the eye and the mind." — jVew Englander. 
 
 "This is unquestionably the greatest work ever published on this 
 question. It has been thirty years challenging examination, and no 
 Baptist minister, so far as we know, has dared to touch it. No minis- 
 ter should be without it> Remember, it is a body of Texts and Evi- 
 ievces. The history of the book is interesting, but we have not room 
 to give it. It ought to be in every Sunday school library. It has thir- 
 \een engravings^ themselves, as evidences, worth the price. The book 
 ijas had an immense circulation in Europe and America. We wish 
 Bome plan could be devised to put it in every family of our church." — 
 Southern Methodist Pulpit. 
 
Books Published and for Sale by M. W. Dodd. 
 
 THE ATTRACTION OF THE CROSS. 
 
 The Attraction of the Cross, designed to illustrate the 
 leading Truths, Obligations and Hopes of Christianity 
 By Gardiner Spring, D.D. 12mo. Fourth edition. 
 • "We are not surprised to hear that Mr. Dodd, the publisher has al- 
 ready issued the third edition of the Attraction of the Cross, by the Rev 
 Dr. Spring. It is the ablest and most finished production of its author, 
 and will undoubtedly take its place in that most enviable position in the 
 family, as a volume of standard reading, to be the comfort of the aged 
 and the guide of the young. We commend it as one of the most valua- 
 ble issues of the press." — N. Y. Observer. 
 
 " This is no ordinary, every-day volume of sermons, but the rich, 
 ripe harvest of a cultivated mind — the result of long and systematic 
 devotion to the proper work of the Christian ministry. We regard Dr. 
 Spring as one of the most accomplished preachers of the country. We 
 never heard him preach a weak discourse ; and whenever he appears 
 from the press, it is with words of wisdom and power. A careful perusal 
 .of this admirable book has afforded us great pleasure. We do not won- 
 der to find it so soon in a third edition. It will have a lasting reputa- 
 tion." — Baptist Memorial. 
 
 " This volume, which we announced two weeks ago, and which we thea 
 predicted would prove to bo the most excellent and valuable work yet 
 
 written by Dr. Spring, has more than equalled our expectations 
 
 We trust" that every family in our land v.'ill read this precious work, 
 which illustrates so beautifully and atti'actively the leading truths, ob- 
 ligations and hopes of Christianity, as reflected from the Cross of 
 Christ." — Albany Spectator. 
 
 " We mistake if this neatly -printed volume does not prove one of the 
 most attractive religious works of the day. It presents the practical 
 truths of religion, which all ought to know, free from the spirit of sect- 
 arianism or controversy. The book is prepared for permanent use, and 
 bids as fair, perhaps, as any book of the kind in our times, to live and 
 speak long after the author shall have gone to test the realities he has 
 BO eloquently described." — Journal of Commerce. 
 
 " Dr. Spring's new work, which we had occasion recently to announce, 
 is very highly commended elsewhere. A New- York letter in the Boston 
 Traveller thus introduces it to notice : — ' A new work of Dr. Spring 
 " The Attraction of the Cross," has been published by M. W. Dodd, of 
 this city. ..." The Attraction of the Cross " is destined to live among 
 the very best productions of the church with which its respected author 
 is connected. The style is remarkably pure, the arrangements of the 
 topics lucid and methodical, and the arguments addressed with great 
 force to the reason and conscience. It will stand by the side of '' Dod- 
 dridge^s Rise and Progress," " Wilberforce's View," or the " Way cf 
 Life," in the libraries of future generations.' " — Newark Daily Adv. 
 
 " None will wonder at the rare success which this volume has won, 
 who kive read it. For comprehensiveness of views, beauty of style and 
 excellence and fervor of devotional feeling, few works haY lately ap 
 peared that surpass it." — New-York Evangelist. 
 
 " The grand relations of the Cross, its holy influences, Its comforts and 
 ItB triumphs, are here exhibited in a manner cheering to the heart of 
 the Christian. And the perusal of this book will, we venture to say. 
 greatly assist and comfort the children of God. . . J''— Presbyterian. 
 
 9 
 
Boohs Published and for Sale by M. W. I) odd. 
 
 GOSPEL STUDIES. 
 
 By Alexander Vinet, D.D., Author of Vital Christian- 
 ity, WITH AN Introduction by Dr. Baird, . 
 
 "These discourses are remarkable for originality and beauty of 
 thought and elegance of diction. They are unlike anything that we 
 ever read— they are delightful."— Z)at7y Evening Traveller. 
 
 " Vinet, beyond any writer of our day, was characterized by the per- 
 
 Eetual progress froni novelty to novelty. The originality of Vinet is 
 is principal charm. He treats the most common topics of theology 
 with a freshness which fascinates us like a discovery. In the conduct 
 of his metaphors, he so fuses the thought in the illustration, as to give 
 the most familiar truths the brilliancy of inventions ; and by penetrating 
 and profound analysis reveals new relations of truth which elude com- 
 mon sagacity, and are indeed so many new truths. We believe the pe- 
 rusal of this volume will be an excellent discipline for those whose 
 religious views need enlivening ; all here is full of nobleness, aspiring 
 speculation, and enthusiastic love." — Literary World. 
 
 "They possess the peculiar characteristics of French sermonizing— 
 lively, abrupt, strikingly beautiful in description, and artistically ar- 
 ranged."— JV. Y. Evangelist. 
 
 " Vinet has been styled " the Chalmers of Switzerland," but his man- 
 ner is different, although his thoughts are not less brilliant. In his style, 
 Vinet is original. He was a profound thinker, and in communicating 
 his ideas he knows how to make others think. No one can read these 
 admirable discourses without entering into the spirit and feelings of the 
 author, nor without gaining new and valuable ideas from him."— CArj*- 
 tian Secretary. 
 
 "The writer had a most versatile as well as a most discriminating 
 and powerful mind ; and probably deserved, more than almost any othar 
 writer, to be called, in the best sense of the word, a philosophical Chris- 
 tian. He is equally at home in the heights and in the depths : and his 
 range of thought seems illimitable."- jj/ia/^y Argus. 
 
 "Gospel Studies" contains much that is adapted to stir the soul, to 
 nourish piety, and to enlarge one's range of thoughts in certain direo 
 tions." — Watchman and Reflector. 
 
 " Simplicity, beauty, original thought, and ardent piety, are the prom- 
 inent attributes of the author's mind as developed in this work. There 
 is a freshness in his views which will delight the intelligent reader."— 
 Christian Observer. 
 
 "Such is the title of one of the best books on the subject of religion 
 that we have seen for many a day. In an introduction of a few pages, 
 Dr. Baird gives a short notice of the life of Dr. Vinet, whom he pro- 
 nounces the greatest philosopher that the Continent, if not Europe, has 
 produced in our times. He has been called the Chalmers of Switzer- 
 land, but not very correctly. He was rather the John Foster. But he 
 had a mind far more clear and discriminating than that of the great 
 British Essayist just named. It has a freshness about it, and is so re- 
 moved from the usual style of an English or American mind that it 
 awakens and excites attentioii at every step.''— Jour?ja^ of Commerce. 
 
Boohs Published and for Sale by M. W. Dodd, 
 
 PURITAN HEROES; 
 
 Or, Sketches of their Character and Times. By Jchn 
 Stoughton. With an Introductory Letter by JoEif 
 Hawes, D.D. 
 
 " This is a well-piinted duoiler.imo volume, wherein is given a series 
 of admirable sketches of those noble minded men whose renunciations 
 of existing glaring evils subjected them to so great a degree of sudering 
 and calumniation. The present volume is not a continuous nor s prosy 
 history. It is more ; for while the best and standard authorities, old 
 MSS., and curious tracts, have been consulted in its compilation, it 
 abounds with vivid and life-like pictures of the principal characters 
 and events in the time of the Puritans and Nonconformists. JVo portion 
 of English History can be more interesting than this, and none better 
 deserves deep and earnest study." — JV. Y. Tribune. 
 
 "The perusal of this volume has awakened in our heart more than 
 our former love for the Puritans of the olden times, and given «is a 
 burning desire that every American citizen may possess, individually, 
 ' as intense a regard for the memory of those men whose principles, re- 
 fined like gold in the fires of intolerance and persecution, laid the 
 foundation on which the glorious superstructure of our Templ« of 
 Liberty has been erected. The pen of Stoughton has given to these 
 records of Puritan days all the vividness, power, and glory of life, ind 
 ?.ir. Dodd has published them in a style of beauty and elegance worthy 
 of much commendation." — Jllbany Spectator. 
 
 "The author has evidently written so as to adapt his style to the 
 young, and thereby secure their attention to the toils and sirugglea ot 
 the early advocates of Truth, then im'perfectiy known, against ecclesi 
 asiical domination and spiritual tyranny. This we have no doubt he 
 will have accomplished. The book is one of the most readable that 
 has been issued from the religious press for years. We mean that it 
 possesses a captivation, both from the style and the subject, which is 
 rarely fownd:'— Methodist Protestant. 
 
 "This book commemorates, in a thrilling and powerful manner, some 
 of the greatest spirits of perhaps the most interesting period of British 
 history. It shows us the struggles and heaviness of the free spirit as it 
 was coming forth to ripen upon the earth. It is history, the most inter- 
 esting— but not continuous history. It is highly and most justly recom- 
 )«iended by Dr. Hawes." — Albany Express. 
 
 "This work relates to a period when great truths were struggling into 
 >irth— when soul-liberty was assertec^ and maintained at the expense 
 of fortune, reputation, friends, every Jiing : — a liberty which has long 
 blessed our happy land; and which is extending a like boon to other 
 nations."— 7%e Trojan, 
 
 " This book is of decided interest. The times to which it relates ; 
 the characters it describes; the stirring events which it sketches ; and 
 the noble sentiments which it illustrates, lend to it a peculiar charm." 
 —Biblical Repository, 
 
 " The volume before us gives an admirable insight into the character 
 and times of the Puritans. It is not a dry history, like Neal's : it is a 
 spirit-stirring review of the men and the age, in which every character 
 and every scene lives before us. Here we may worship with 'th» 
 Islingvon Congregation' in the woods : here we may follow Barrov and 
 Greenwood, and Perry, to the gallows : here we may vTitness th« em- 
 barkation of the Pilgrim Fathers: here we may sit by the death-be- of 
 Owen, and Baxter, and Howe ; and walk among the graves of met of 
 whom the world is not worthy."— TAe Independent. 
 
Books Published and for Sale hy M. W. Dodd. 
 A WHEAT SHEAF 
 
 GATHERED FROM OUR OWN FIELDS, 
 
 By F. C. Wood WORTH and T. S. Arthur. 1 voL 12mo., illus- 
 trated with nearly Fiftt Exgravings. No work of the 
 season has been more flatteringly noticed. 
 
 " The preface to this volume is worthy of being printed in letters of 
 gold. It is elegantly written, and fall of meaning and instruction. We 
 suspect it is from Mr. Woodworlh, than whom, perhaps, no writer 
 knows better how to write for children and youth. The contents of the 
 volume are a joint production, about equally divided. Mr. Arthur has 
 shown himself skilful, in this most difficult kind of writing. Altogether, 
 it is a sweet volume, and got up with all the elegance of an annual." — 
 JV. Y. Commercial Adoertiser. 
 
 " We have scarcely ever seen a more tasteful and attractive book : its 
 fine embellishments, and elegant printing and binding, render it beauti- 
 fully ornamental. " Its contents possess that variety of subjects, and that 
 familiar, easy, and graceful style, so well adapted to engage the hearts 
 of the young, and for which we think both these authors — i>articularly 
 Mr. Woodworth — have uncommon tact and ability. The pieces are brief, 
 fuU of meaning, and never without some definite aim of instruction or 
 moral impression. That it will be attractive and useful, parents and the 
 friends of the young may be assured." — JV. Y. Evangelist. 
 
 " The two authors, contributing about equal portions, have produced 
 a volume, which, we are sure, will find a cordial welcome among the 
 gift books of the season. The volume is very neatly printed and embel- 
 lished." — J\r. Y. Journal of Commerce, 
 
 "This is the title of an elegant gift book for children, which, both in 
 mechanical beauty, and the excellence of its contents, is quite above the 
 average of such publications." — Boston Chronotijpe. 
 
 " A beautiful book for the young, with many fine engi-avings — stories 
 short, interesting, and of good moral tendency." — Youths'' Companion. 
 
 "A very attractive and ornamental volume for the young; prepared 
 by gentlemen who have much experience and taste in providing for the 
 wants of this important class of readers. The articles of prose and 
 verse are well composed, refined in their style, and instructive in their 
 moral, while the embellishments are neat, chaste, and adapted to the 
 volume and its readers." — JV*. Y. Observer. 
 
 " This is a beautiful gift book, consisting of some of the choicest of the 
 productions of the two gifted writers whose names appear on the title 
 page. It is handsomely illustrated, and got up in splendid style."— ./2^ 
 bany Evening Atlas. 
 
 ANECDOTES OF THE PURITANS.-l vol. 18mo. 
 
 " They give a picture of Puritan life, full of interest, besides conveying 
 most important trutiis and lessons. As it is a kind of reading delightfiil 
 to the young, and as the anecdotes give a just and exalted view of the 
 Puritan character, we would commend the book to parents, as one of 
 unusual value. It may be read by every one with great profit and 
 interest."— JV. Y. Evangelist. 
 
 "A little bock, that contains many great truths, many lessons of Chris- 
 tian fortitude and resignation, and unbending integity."— Commercjo/ 
 Advertiser. 
 
Books Published and for Sale hu M. W. JDodd. 
 
 AN EARNEST MINISTRY, 
 
 The Want of the Times. By John Angell James, With 
 AN Introduction by Rev. J. B. Condit, D.D., of New. 
 ARK, N.J. 
 
 " There is a power in the very title of this book. It strikes home t« 
 the convictions of every mind that is wakeful to the condition and want* 
 of the church. ' An Earnest Ministry.' The ear tingles with the sound, 
 it stirs up thought ; it lingers in the memory ; it turns into prayer. 
 
 " ' Has the evangelical pulpit lost, and is it likely to lose any of iti 
 power V is the question with which the veteran preacher and authoi 
 commences his discussion. In the progress of his own earnest mind 
 through the several stages of this subject, he begins with the ministry 
 of the Apostles, finding his theme in it ; examines the nature of ear- 
 nestness, and shows its appropriateness in him who handles the word 
 of life, in respect to its matter, manner, and practice ; illustrates his 
 points by numerous quotations and biographical notices; and from the 
 .whole, gathers motives of great power to bear on the conscience of the 
 professional reader. 
 
 " We wish that we could lay a copy on the table of every pastor, and 
 put it into the portmanteau of every missionary in<|J*ie land : we should 
 feel quite sure that the Sabbath following, at least, would bear witness 
 to its effect; and we should hope for still more enduring results. And 
 we could scarcely imagine a more useful appropriation of money, than 
 would be made by supplying the young men of our own Theological 
 Seminaries, with each a copy of tliis exhibition of an 'earnest minis- 
 try.' " — JV. Y. Observer. 
 
 " We read this work with the greatest interest. A more impressive, 
 truth-telling, pungent appeal to the ministry, we have never met with. 
 This noble, stirring effort to infuse new life and energy into the minis- 
 try cannot be too highly praised. Without attempting an analysis of 
 its contents, we beg to assure our brethren, that of ail useful and able 
 productions of this author, this is by far the most useful and able. 
 There are hints, and appeals, and principles in it, of incalculable im- 
 portance, and of most awakening interest." — JV*. Y. Evangelist. 
 
 "Every work of his we have read meets an exigency — in other 
 words, is opportune to the state of the Church, and shows profound 
 thought, thorough investigation, and withal, is given in a chaste and 
 vigorous style. This last volume in no sense falls behind — there is a 
 clearness, a comprehension, and a power in it, which makes it com- 
 pare with anything he has written ; and throughout it is an illustration 
 of the very earnestness he commends. Dr. Condit of Newark, has 
 written a very judicious introduction to the volume. We feel that 
 Mr. James may well be taken by young men in Theological training, 
 and ministers generally, as their oracle on the importance of earnest- 
 ness in the ministry." — Christian Intelligencer. 
 
 " His specimens and illustrations, drawn from the most eminent divines 
 of ancient and modern days, and of various countries, are extremely apt 
 and interesting. By the method he has pursued, Mr. J. has given us a 
 kind of biographical library of the ministry, in such a manner as to im- 
 press their excellencies upon the memory, and to inspire a wish to imi- 
 tate them. The work is richly worthy of the perusal of the class fo^ 
 whom it is specially designed." — Christian Review. 
 
 "Not to make a book, but to do good, seems to have been the whole 
 object in view. All our ministers, especially the younger, should giv« 
 this book a reading, and we believe its circulation generally among om 
 people would be productive of great benefit to the whole Church."- 
 MetAedist Pulpit. 10 
 
Books Published and for Sale hy M. W. Dodd. 
 
 MACKNIGHT'S EPISTLES. 
 
 A NEW LITERAL TRANSLATION 
 FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK. 
 
 OF ALL THE 
 
 APOSTOLICAL EPISTLES. 
 
 WITH A 
 
 COMMENTARY AND NOTES, 
 
 Philological, Critical, Explanatory, and Practical. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED 
 
 A HISTORY OF THE LIFE OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. 
 
 BY JAMES MACKNIGHT, D.D., 
 
 AUTHOR OF A HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS, ETC. 
 
 A New Edition, to which is prefixed an Account of the Lift 
 of the Author. 
 
 KNAPP'S THEOLOGY. 
 LECTURES 
 
 ON 
 
 CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY. 
 
 BY 
 GEORGE CHRISTIAN KNAPP, D.D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF HALLB. 
 
 TOANSLATED BY LEOxNTARD WOODS, JUN., D,D,, PRESIDENT Qt 
 BOWDOIN COLLEGE, BRUNSWICK, MAINE. 
 
 Third American edition, reprinted from the lasJ; London 
 edition. 
 
 11 
 
Books Published and for Sale hy M. W. Dodd. 
 
 CRUDEN'S COMPLETE CONCORDANCE. 
 
 A COMPLETE CONCORDANCE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 HOLY SCRIPTURES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 OLD AND NEW* TESTAMENT; 
 
 OR, A 
 
 -DICTIONARY AND ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE BIBLE: 
 
 Very useful to all Christians who seriously read and study the 
 inspired writings, 
 
 IN TWO PARTS: 
 
 CONTAINING, 
 
 I. The Appellative or Common Words in so full and large a manner, 
 that any verse may be readily found by looliing for any material word 
 in it. In this part the various significations of the principal words are 
 given ; by which the true meaning of many passages of Scripture is 
 shown; an account of several Jewish Customs and Ceremonies is also 
 added, which may serve to illustrate many parts of Scripture. 
 
 n. The Proper Names in the Scriptures. To this part is prefixed a 
 Table, containing the signification of the words in the original lan- 
 guages from which they are derived. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED 
 
 A CONCORDANCE TO THE BOOKS CALLED 
 APOCRYPHA. 
 
 The whole digested in an easy and regular method : which, together 
 with the various significations and other improvements now added, ren- 
 ders it more useful than any book of the kind hitherto published. 
 
 BY, ALEXANDER CRUDEN, MA. 
 
 JVom the Tenth London Edition, carefully revised and corretted by «*• 
 Holy Scriptures. 
 
 ' TO WHICH IS ADDED 
 
 AN ORIGINAL LIFE OF THE AUTHOR. 
 
 ** Ever since the first publication of Crhden's Concordance, in 1738, it 
 has maintained the acknowledged reputation of being the very best 
 work of the kind in the English language. Indeed, no other has eveo 
 14 
 
Bnnk9 Publishea and for Sale by M. \\. Dodd. 
 
 SERMONS, NOT BEFORE PUBLISHED, ON VARIOUS 
 PRACTICAL SUBJECTS. 
 
 By the late Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D. 
 
 " Dr. Griffin may be regarded as having been a prince among the 
 princes of the American pulpit. He left a large number of sermons 
 carefully revised and ready for publication, part of which were pub- 
 lished shortly after his death, but the greater portion of which consti- 
 tute the present volume. They are Joubtless among the ablest dis- 
 courses of the present day, and are alike fitted to disturb the delusions 
 »f guilt, to quicken and strengthen, and comfort the Christian, and to 
 serve as a model to the theological student, who would construct his 
 discourses, in a way to render them at once the most impressive, and 
 the most edifying." 
 
 A MEMOIR OF THE REV. LEGH RICHMOND, A.M. 
 
 Rector of Turvey, Bedfordshire. "By Rev, T. S. Grimshaw, 
 A. M.. Rector of Burton-Latimer, &c. Seventh American 
 from the last London Edition, with a handsome Portrait or. 
 Steel. 
 
 " We have here a beautiful reprint of one of the best books of it 
 class, to be found in our language. Such beauty and symmetry of cha 
 racter, such manly intelligence and child-like simplicity, such officia.- 
 dignity and condescending meekness, such warmth of zeal united wit! 
 a perception of fitness which always discerns the right thing to ba 
 done, and an almost faultless prudence in doing it, — are seldom found 
 combined in the same person. It is a book for a minister, and a booh 
 for parishioners ; a book for the lovers of nature, and a book for thp 
 Mends of God and of his species. Never perhaps were the spirits anr* 
 duties of a Christian Pastor more happily exemplified. Never dir 
 warmer or purer domestic affections throb in a human bosom, or exer 
 cise themselves more unceasingly and successfully for the comfort, thf 
 present well-bein^ and final sa' vation of sons and daughters. From nc 
 heart probably, did ever good will flow out to men, in a fuller, warmei 
 current. In a word, be was the author of the ' Dairyman's Daughter, 
 and the ' Young Cottager.' 
 
 " The engraved likeness of l\Ir. Richmond alone is worth the cost of 
 the work ; as illustrative of the uncommon benignity that adorned and 
 endeared the man to his friends and the world." 
 
 UNCLE barnaby; 
 
 Or Recollections of his Character and Opinions, pp. 316. 
 
 " The religion of this book is good— the morality excellent, and the 
 mode of exhibiting their important lessons can hardly be surpassed in 
 anything calculated to make them attractive to the young, or successful 
 in correcting anything bad in their habits or morals. There are some 
 twenty chapters on as many common sayings and maxims, occurrence."? 
 and incidents — in this respect bearing a resemblance to ' the Prompter, 
 a somewhat oracular book forty or fifty years ago. It is an excellent 
 book to keep in a family, an t may to alike beneficial to parents and 
 ehUdren." 
 
 18