LC /9/3 a 11 1 ^ BULLETIN OF THE STATE BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION In Co-operation with the Federal Board for Vocatiorjal Education Federal Aid for Vocational Industrial Education in Texas, under the Smith-Hughes Law W. F. DOUGHTY State Superintendent of Public Instruction and Secretary State Board for Vocational Education N. S. HUNSDON Director of Vocational -Industrial Education BULLETIN 76 FEBRUARY 1. 1918 THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION STATE OF TEXAS HiBTITTI r^ BULLETIN OF THE STATE BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION In Co-operation with the Federal Board for Vocational Education Federal Aid for Vocational Industrial Education in Texas, under the Smith-Hughes Law W. F. DOUGHTY State Superintendent of Public Instruction and Secretary State Board for Vocational Education N. S. HUNSDON Director of Vocational Industrial Education BULLETIN 76 FEBRUARY I, 1918 THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION STATE OF TEXAS A22fi-218-2M STATE BOAED FOE VOCATIOISrAL EDUCATION William P. Hobby^ Governoe, Chairman H. B. Terrell^ Comptroller Geo. F. Howard,. Secretary oe State W. F. Doughty^ State Superintendent and Secretary 0. of ^* OCT 29 1118 9 rOEEWORD The Smith-Hvighes Law, providing Federal grants to the respective states for the promotion of Vocational Education, was passed by the Sixty-fonrth Congress., signed by President Wilson on Febmaiy 23, 1917, and became effective as a law on July 1, 1917. The Thirty-fifth Legislature of the State of Texas accepted the pro- visions and benefits of this law and designated the State Board of Education as the State Board for Vocational Education to administer this law in Texas. The following approximate amounts of Federal aid are available to the State of Texas, during the next ten years, provided such aid is duplicated from State or local funds, or by both: Purpose. 1917-18 1918-19 1919-20 1922-23 Salaries of teachers, supervisors and directors of agricultural subjects Salaries of Instructors in teacher- training in agricultural, trade and industrial and home economics sub- jects Salaries of teachers of trade and industrial and home economics sub- jects $ 29,974 72 21,259 77 11,090 71 $ 43,853 67 31,063 02 16,445 13 $ 57,791 26 40,935 47 21,671 72 $ 69,687 89 49,362 16 26,133 06 $ 79,543 61 56,343 38 29,828 84 89,399 50 63,324 50 33,524 55 Total .'. ..^ $ 62,325 20 $ 91,361 82 $120,398 45 $145,183 11 $165,715 83 $186,248 55 Purpose. Salaries of teachers, supervisors and directors of agricultural subjects.... Salaries of instructors in teacher- training in agricultural, trade and industrial and home economics sub- jects Salaries of teachers of trade and industrial and home economics sub- jects Total 1923-24 $ 99,255 00 70,305 63 37,220 63 $ 206,781 26 1924-25 $ 118,966 42 84,267 87 44,612 40 $ 247,846 69 $ 138,677 82 98,230 12 52,004 18 $ 288,912 12 $ 138,677 82 98,230 12 52,004 18 $ 288,912 12 Total for 10 years. $ 865,827 71 613,322 04 324,535 40 $ 1,803,685 15 Application for all Federal aid must be made by the local board of trustees, (school board, school committees or special board appointed for the purpose) in regular session, on forms provided by the State Board for Vocational Education. The purpose of this bulletin is to outline briefly the conditions gov- erning Federal aid for vocational industrial education in Texas, under the provisions of the Smijjh -Hughes Law, to explain the method of ap- plying for such aid, and to give such extracts from tlie Smith-Hughes Vocational Law as affect vocational industrial education. Similar bul- letins for agriculture and home economics are available. W. P. Doughty, State Superintendent of Ptiblic Instruction and Secretary, State Board for Vocational Education Austin, Texas, Febraary 1, 1918. CONDITIONS GOVERNING FEDERAL AID FOR VOCATIONAL INDUSTRIAL EDU- CATION IN TEXAS, UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE SMITH-HUGHES LAW (Based on the plan approved by State and Federal Boards for Vocational Education.) A. General conditions 1. Supervision and control a. All vocational industrial education, for which Federal aid is given, shall be under the direct supervision and control of the State Board for "Vocational Ed- ucation. ISToTE. — Ko teacher, supenasor or director of vocational industrial education shall be employed or dismissed without the approval of the State Board for Vocational Education and the local board of trustees 2. Purpose of act a. The purpose of the Smith-Hughes Law is to prepare for useful employment b. The puTpose of section three of the law is to train workers for specific trades or industries. 3. Grade of work a. All vocational industrial education taught under the provisions of this Law shall be of less than college grade. 4. Age of students a. All courses in vocational industrial education shall be designed to prepare persons over 14 years of age for useful or profitable employment in trades or industrial pursuits b. Pupils must be over 14 years of age to enter part- time industrial schools c. Pupils must be over 16 years old to enter evening schools. 5. Duplicating of Federal funds a. All Federal funds for vocational industrial education must be duplicated by local funds. 6. Expenditure of funds a. All Federal funds for vocational industrial education nuist be used exclusively for salaries of teachers of industrial education. 'No Federal money may be used for the purchase, erection, preservation, re- pair of any building, equipment, or for purchase of land. -6— B. Kinds of schools which may receive ■ Federal aid for vocational in- dustrial education 1. Day schools Avhich are organized for a term of nine months a. Schools or departments giving trade or industrial ed- ucation to persons who have not entered upon em- ployment. Pupils in these classes must be 14 years of age or over b. They must he in session for at least thirty hours per "week e. At least half the time must he given to practical work on a useful or productive basis d. Plant and equipment The State Board for Voca- tional Education will in every instance, before g'ranting any aid, make certain that the equipment is suitable, both as to quality and quantity, to in- sure that the instruction in the trades or indus- tries taught can be carried on in a satisfactory manner e. Mmimimi for maintenance Owing to the many kinds of industrial work which may be taught, it is not possible to determine the minimum for mainte- nance. Tn every instance, however, the State Board, will be assured before approving the es- tablishment of a school or department that the amount appropriated is sufficient to insure that the services of a properly qualified teacher will be secured, and that a sufficient sum is available for the purchase of supplies and equipment for the satisfactor}^ conduct of the work f. Courses of study A course of study must provide for instruction, during- 50 per cent of the time, in a particular trade or industry on a useful or pro- ductive basis; the remaining 50 per cent must be devoted to the related Avork; i. e. (1) the drawing related to the trade taught, mathematics related to the trade taught, science related to the trade taaight, and (3) the non- vocational subjects. In e\'erj instance schools must submit courses of study before aid will be granted. Courses shall be for not less than one year, nor more than four years N"oTE. — A good division of the time will be 50 per cent practical work; 35 per cent related work; 15 per cent non- vocational work.' The non-vocational work cannot be paid for from Federal funds. g. Methods of instruction The methods of instruction shall conform to the commercial shop' practices rather than to a series of isolated problems, however progressive in nature, and the methods of instruc- tion shall also carry out the course of study as suhmitted under "f" to the State Board when ap- plication is made for aid li. Qualifications of teachers In day schools three kinds of teachers will be needed : (a) Shop or vocational (b) Related subjects (c) ISTon-vocational subjects (a) For teachers of shop subjects an adequate trade experience ,will be required which, for the present, will consist of at least two years above the period required to learn the trade and an elementary school educa- tion or its equivalent (b) Related subjects teachers. Graduation from high school and two years' experience in the trades" which are to be taught, or at least four years education in a technical school of college grade, and successful con- tact with the trade or trades for which re- lated instniction is to be given (c) Non-vocational teachers must be good teach- ers who are able to arrange the contents of the subjects which they are teaching and to teach those subjects so as to meet the needs of pupils who are yet to enter wage-earning occupations in the trades and industries. This means that these teach- ers must understand not only the general problems of vocational education, and be in spiipathy with the vocational movement, but that they miiist also understand enough of the needs of those who are engaged in wage-working occupations to deal with these pupils effe(?tively. i. Schools in cities and towns of less than 25,000 popu- lation may be modified as follows : (a) Length of course may be shortened to not less than twenty-five (25) hours per week, it being understood that at least half of this time will be given to shop work on a useful and productive basis (b) The length of the courses shall be not less than eight months per year N"oTE. — Schools in cities and towns of less than 25,000 population are usually known as general industrial schools, and it is understood that the courses of study will prepare for use- ful employment in the trades and industries, but will not be required to be so distinctly trade preparatory for particular industrial occupations as those in cities of greater population. 2. Part-time schools a. Part-time schools organized to give instruction to those pupils who have entered oji emplo'3nment miay receive Federal aid, provided the time covered by such classes is not less than 144 hours per year b. Part-time trade extension schools may be organized to give instruction to persons employed in trades or industries. Such instruction must be of a nature- to extend their trade knowledge. Pupils who are under 14 years of age may not be ad- mitted e. General continuation schools Part-time schools may be organized for: 1. Increasing skill or knowledge in the occupar tion which the wage-worker is following 2. Increasing the skill or knowledge of the worker so as to lead to promotion 3. Improvement in the knowledge of regular sub- jects which the wage-worker did not com- plete in school 4. Increased civic or vocational intelligence. N'oTE. — The work is designed for pijpils be- tween 14 and 18 years of age. d. Plant and equipment The plant and equipment for part-time schools or classes shall be suitable and adequate to carry on the work properly. Other work going on in the same building must not be permitted to in- terfere in any way with part-time classes e. Minimum for maintenance As in the: all-day schools, no part-time school shall receive any Federal aid unless the State Board is fully satisfied that the annual expenditure for maintenance is sufficient to properly carry on -the work f. Courses of study 1. For trade extension the courses shall provide subjects, which will directly assist the worker for promotion in the trade which he is fol- lowing 2. For continuation schools, the training shall be such as to improve the general knowledge of wage-earners g. Methods of instruction The pupil's actual needs should be ascertained by interviews with employers, foremen, parents, teachers, and others, and by observations while -9— W he is at work, then instruction most necessary to meet his needs should be given h. Qualifications of teachers 1. The same qualifications will be required for , teachers of part-time schools as for teachers of day schools i. Teachers of general continuation schools. See state- inent (c) under day schools above. 3. Evening schools a. The instruction shall be supplementary to the day employment; the aim shall be to increase skill or knowledge of the worker and lead to promotion in that work. Classes will be limited to persons 16 years of age or over b. The plant and equipment must be sufficient in quality and quantity to afford proper instruction c. The minimum for maintenance shall be sufficient to satisfy the State Board that competent teachers will be employed and a high degree of efficiency will be maintained d. Courses of study: (1) Much of the evening school work will be short course work designed to meet special needs of expaiienced workers in industry, and this can be most effectively given when work- ers in similar or allied occupations are gi'ouped together. (2) The instruction will supplement the daily emplo^onent and thus improve the stand- ing of the workers in particular industries. The instruction may be in shop or related subjects or both e. Methods of instruction : The instruction is to take workers in the stage of preparation in which they are found and instruct them in matters supple- , mentary to their experience in their callings. This instruction involves the problem of finding a teacher for a group, rather than a group for a teacher. This also will involve the problem of constrncting short unit courses to meet the special needs of the workers f. Qualifications of teachers shall be the same as for shop teachers and related subjects teachers given under day schools. They shall be chosen because of special fitness to give instruction needed by each group. -10- METHOD OF APPLYING FOE FEDEEAL AID FOE VOCA- TIOI^AL INDUSTEIAL EDIJCATION All applications for Federal aid for vocational industrial education must be made on Form D135, copies of which may be obtained by ad- dressing the State Board for Vocational Education, Aiistin, Texas. The application must be made in duplicate, one copy forwarded to the State Board for Vocational Education, and the other filed with the secretary of the local board of trustees. Upon receipt of the appli- cation, the Director will inspect the school applying for aid, and report to the State Board for Vocational Education, who in turn will pass upon the application. EXTEACT FEOM THE SMITH-HUGHES LAW, EELATIVE TO THE TEAimKG- OF IKDUSTEIAL WOEKEES Sec. 11. That in order to receive the benetits of the appropriation for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects the State board of any State shall provide in its plan for trade, home economics, and industrial education that such education shall be given in schools or classes under public supervision or con- trol; that the controlling purpose of such education shall be to tit for useful emplo}Tiient ; that such education shall be of less than college grade and shall be designed to meet the needs of persons over fourteen years of age who are preparing for a trade or industrial pursuit or who have entered upon the work of a trade or industrial pursuit; that the State or local community, or both, shall provide the necessary plant and equipment determined upon by the State board, with the; approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, as the minimum re- quirement in such State for education for any given trade or industrial pursuit; that the total amount expended for the maintenance of such education in any school or class receiving the benefit of such appropri- ation shall be not less annually than the amount fixed by the State board; with the approval of the Federal board, as the minimum for such schools or class in tlie State; that such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such instruction be given to pra,ctical work on a useful or productive basis, such, instruction to ex- tend over not less than nine months per year and not less than tliirty hours per week; that at least one-tliird of the sum appropriated to any State for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and indus- trial subjects shall, if expended, be applied to part-time schools or classes for Avorkers over fourteen years of age who have entered upon employment, and such subjects in a part-time school or class may mean any subject given to enlarge the civic or vocational intelligence of such workers over fourteen and less than eighteen years of age; that such part-time schools or classes shall provi(^e for not less than one hundred and forty-four liours of class room instruction per year; that evening industrial schools shall fix the age of, sixteen years as a minimum entrance requirement and shall confine instruction to that which is supplemental to the daily employment; that the teachers of —11— any trade or industrial subject in any State shall have at least the niinimiim qualifications for teachers of such subject determined upon for such State by th.e State board, with the approval of the Fed- eral Board for Vocational Education:- Provided, That for cities and towns of less than twenty-five thousand population, according to the last preceding United States census, the State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, may modify the con- ditions as to the length of course and hours of instruction per week for schools and classes giving instruction to those who have not entered upon employment, in order to meet the particular needs of such cities and towns. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RELATING TO INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION, AS' GIVEN IN BULLETIN NUMBER ONE- FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION I. What should he the entrance requirements for the^ all-day schoohf^ Answer. While a minimum age of M is the only requirement in the Smith-Hughes Act, the Federal board recommends that care be taken to secure pupils who are physically and mentally able to do the work required. While neither an absolute nor a unifonn standard as to educational qualification? can be fixed, experience shows that pupils failing to make normal progress in the regular schools rarely do satis- factory vocational work. Ability to do the work of the all-day indus- trial school should be the determining test even after admission. A probationar}^ period of attendance \n]\ enable the school to determine the boy's or girFs real abilitv. Communities maintaining all-day voca- tional schools should offer their opportunities to all capable boys and girls and should see to it that such schools do not become the resort of the undesirable, feeble-minded, or the physically weak. II. When pupils uwrh in a class and in a privately owned shop on alternate days, weelcs, or months, are sucli schools to he considered all- day^ or part-time f''' What principles are to determine in any given year? Answer. The determining factor is whether the pupils, when in such shop, are entirely under the super\'ision and control of the school. If they are, it is an all-day school. If not, it is a part-time school. This is true regardless of the fact that the pupils are, or .are not, paid. 1 u * * « That such education shall be of less than college grade and shall be designed to meet the needs of persons over 14 years of age who are preparing for a trade or industrial pursuit or Avho have entered upon the work of a trade or industrial pursuit." (Sec. 11.) - " * * * That such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such instruction be given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such in- struction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than thirty hours pfer week." (Sec. 11.) 3 u » * * That at least one-third of the sum appropriated to any State for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and 'indu,strial subjects shall, if expended, be applied to part-time schools or classes for workers over 14 -years of age who have entered upon employment." (Sec. 11.) -12— The final test is whether or not the shop work is carri"ed on independ- ently or as an integral part of the school. III. What is meant, in section 11, Jjy the requirement thatl instruc- tion in an industrial or trade subject shall extend over not less than nine months per year?^ Answer.' This section is interpreted by the Federal board as requir- ing a day industrial school to be in session during nine months of four weeks each, regardless of the' calendar months, and including only such holidays as are commonly observed by the regular public schools. IV. What is m.eant hy "hours" in the requirement that instruction in industrial, home economics, or trade subjects in a day school shall he given for not Jess than SO' hours per weehf^ Answer. By hour is meant a period of 60 minutes, the ^^clock hour" being intended rather than that Shorter recitation or study period some- times called by schools an "hoisr." V. What is meant hy practical worJc on a useful or productive hasis? Answer. This is interpreted to mean work similar tO' that carried on in the particular trade or industry taught. Such work is on a use- ful or productive basis when it results in a product of economic value comparable with that produced by a standard shop or factory. VI. What' worTc, other than shop worJcy given in an all-day school, may he included in the term "industrial subjects" for which teachers may he paid, in part, from. Federal moneys? Answer. The State board must be satisfied that such work is in- herent in the vocation taught in the school and is a, subject which enlarges the trade knowledge of the worker. For example, in a ma- chine-shop school which gives at least three hours a day to shop^ work, a part of the remaining time might be given to^ such topics as machine- 'shojD mathematics, drawing as related to the machine-shop trades, science applied to the machine shop, and the hygiene of the trade. In a school which teaches printing time devoted to related studies might be given to such subjects as estimating costs, English for printers, art in printing — such as the layout of a paper, proper margins and title pages — science as related to printing, and hygiene of the trade. Be- fore such work in related subjects can be reimbursed from Federal funds the State board must be satisfied that the teacher has had satis- factory contact with, the vocation in which the related work is supple- mentary. VII. The act^ fixes the age of 16 years as a m,inimu\m- entrance re- quirement for evening industrial schools. Does this mean that such 1 " * * « That such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such instruction he given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such in- struction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than 30 hours per Aveek." (See. 11.) 2 u « * * That evening industrial schools shall fix the age of 16 years as a minimum entrance requirement * * *." (Sec. 11.) -13— schools shall he open to persons 16 years or over, or may a State estab- lish ail enlrance age requirement ahove 16 years'? Answer. Congress in enacting this provision has not declared that a minimum entrance requirement shall be lixed at not less than 16 years, but has specifioally prescribed 16 years as the requirement. The Board is of the opinion that this requirement is mandatory, and that consequently if the Federal funds are to be used to aid States in con- ducting education in schools of this character, such schools must be open to persons 16 years and over. VIII. The statute requires thai < schools which give instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment, shall require that at least' half the time of such instruction he given to practical worJc on a useful or productive hasis, such instruction to extend over not less than nine months every year and not less than SO hours per weelc.^ Shall the half time for practical work he hased on the minimum num- ber of hours per weeh required by the statute or on the maximum number of hours which the school operates? Answer. The board believes that the effect of the provision referred to in this question is twofold. (1) It requires that at least one-half the time given to instruction shall be devoted to practical work, irre- spective of the number of hours per week required of students; (2) it establishes a minimum period of instruction. These requirements are in no way connected, but are, on the contrai-y, separate and dis- tinct, and each must be given full force and effect. Consequently in cases Avhere it is proposed to conduct schools^ for a longer period than the minimum prescribed l:)y the act, the half time for prRtical work must be based on the number of hours during which the school operates. IX. What hinds of worJc in part-time schools or classes ivill be en- titled to reimbursement from Federal moneys? Answer. It is neither possible nor advisable at the present stage of development of part-time schools and classes to define the many varie- ties and types which now, or in the future, may be entitled to national aid under section 3 of the Smith-Hughes Act. In general Federal moneys may be used to pay the salaries of teach- ers employed in those part-time schools or classes where wage-working boys or girls receiA-e nny or all of the following benefits: (a) Increased skill or knowledge in the occupation which the wage- worker is followins:. (b) Skill or knowledge leading to promotion in the industry or calling wherein the wage- worker is engaged. (c) Improvement in the knowledge of regular si'ibjects which the wage-worker did not complete in school. (d) Increased civic or vocational intelligence. 1 a * * * That such schools or classes giving instruction to persons who have not entered upon employment shall require that at least half of the time of such instruction be given to practical work on a useful or productive basis, such instruction to extend over not less than nine months per year and not less than 30 hours per week * * *." (Sec. 11.) — 14r— . (e) Skill and knowledge in home economics for girls employed as wage- workers. In general any part-time school mnst be in session during a pari of the working time (day, week, month, or year) of its pupils; while an evening school or class must be in session outside the regular work- ing hours of its p'upils. When a community asks the State board to certify a part-time school or class for Federal aid, the board should require the local authorities to state the aim or aims of such school or class in terms of the ap- proved benefits for wage-working 3rouths set forth above. The State board should then measure the school or class, both at starting and while under supervision, by the standards which that school or class must establish in the light of its declared aims. To do this, the board must have full knowledge of all such facts as the occupations of the pupils,^ the! length of the course in hours per day, week, month, or year, the plant and equipment, the courses of study, methods of instruction, and qualifications of teachers. The number of aim.s or benefits which the school or class is to un- dertake should be governed by the number of hours available for in- struction; and pupils should be so grouped and taught as to deal defi- nitely with one aim at a time. Preferably, the aims should be few to insure effective results; and care should be taken not to attempt in- consistent or conflicting aims with the same pupils. For example, a part-time class, having but four hours per week for instruction, should not attempt for any given group more than two of the above aims as a maximum. X. What is meant hy the expression "evening industrial schools * * * shall confine instruction to that ivhich is supplemental to .the daily employment"?^ Answer. Evening instruction can be given only in such subjects as will increase skill or knowledge in the occupation in which the worker is engaged as his daily employment, or as will lead to promotion or advancement in that work. The time available in an evening school is SO' short that it is impossible to teach a skilled trade to anyone unless he is engaged in daily work affording him- opportunity to apply the skill or knowledge gained in the evening school, or unless the daily employment gives an experience which will enable the worker, with the knowledge or skill acquired in an evening school, to secure promotion in that occupation. The work can be most eifectively given when work- ers in similar or allied occupations are grouped together. i«* * * That evening industrial schools * * * shall confine instruction' to that which is supplemental to the daily employment." (Sec. 11.)