RUSSIAN LYRICS 
 
 with Notes and Vocabulary 
 
 i 
 
 J. D. DUFF, M-A. 
 
 Fellow ef Trinity Colleje 
 
G!ass^HL_3£3o 
 
 •5* 
 Bnnk ■ "Dg 
 
RUSSIAN LYRICS 
 

 0- 
 
 
 
 ^v-3q /r 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THERE are many good reasons for learning Russian ; 
 and those who wish to learn it will do well to read 
 as much poetry as possible. For the best Russian poetry 
 is not inferior to the best Russian prose ; and also, while 
 the accent is, after the alphabet, the beginner's chief 
 stumbling-block, in Russian verse the accent of almost 
 every word is indicated by the metre. 
 
 I have printed here the text of twenty-five short 
 poems, choosing what I liked best from Pushkin, Ler- 
 montov, Koltsov, and Alexei Tolstoi, with one poem of 
 Shishkov, one of Turgenev, and one of Nadson. Each of 
 these little poems is a masterpiece of its kind. The accents 
 have been marked, in the text and elsewhere : until he has 
 made considerable progress, a beginner ought, if possible, 
 never even to see a Russian word unaccented. 
 
 The Vocabulary contains all the words in the text; 
 and some words are given under more than one heading. 
 Here the prefixes are in general indicated by hyphens, 
 as experience shows that beginners have much difficulty 
 in discovering the root of each word for themselves ; thus, 
 to a boy beginning Greek, irpo-Kara-Xayi^aveiv is less 
 formidable than the undivided word. 
 
 The Notes assume some knowledge of elementary 
 grammar. But not much knowledge is taken for granted, 
 and explanation is offered of everything that seemed 
 likely to puzzle a reader fairly familiar with the noun, 
 adjective, and pronoun. Some hints are given on pro- 
 nunciation; and there is a short biographical note on 
 each of the poets represented in the text. Points of 
 
I. 
 
 BECEHHIH BO^bl. 
 
 Enje bt> nojiHX'L S'EJrEerL cirErB, 
 
 A BOftLI y^KTb BeCHOH UiyMHT'L, 
 
 EBryTt h Sy^HTL cohhlih Spert, 
 E-EryrL h SjiemyTt h rjiacHT'L. 
 
 Oete rjiacHTi> bo bcb kohijli : 5 
 
 «BecHa h^Stl, BecHa h^Stl, 
 
 Mtl MOJIOftOH BeCHH tohubi, 
 
 OHa HacL BLicjiajia Bnepe^-B ! » 
 
 BecHa H^eTL, BecHa h^Stl, 
 
 M thxhxt>, Tenjibix^, MancKHX'B ftHeii 10 
 
 PyMHHBIH CBiTJIBIH XOpOBOft'L 
 
 Tojuihtch Becejio 3a Hen ! 
 
 Tyuchev. 
 
II. 
 
 GBHTAfl PyCb. 
 
 9th 6i,a;HHH cejieHbH, 
 9Ta CKy^Han npiip6,n;a — 
 Kpaii po^Hoii ^ojiroTepirEHtH, 
 Kpaii tbi Pyccnaro Hapo^a! 
 
 He noHMeT-L h He 3aM r £THTi> 5 
 
 FopflBIH B30pi> HHOnJieMeHHHH 
 ^TO CKB03HTT> H TaHHO CB'ETHT'b 
 
 Bt> Harort TBoeii CMnpeHHoii. 
 
 yapyqeHHbilt Hoineii KpecTHOii, 
 Bcio Te6a, 3eMJiH po^Han, 10 
 
 Bt paScKOM'B BH^i, U,apb HeSecHbiii 
 HcxoflHJi'b 6jiarocjiOBjiHH. 
 
 Tyuchev. 
 
III. 
 
 3AB-BIIJAHIE. 
 
 Hae^HHi cl to66h), 6paTi>, 
 
 XOTEJTB 6bi h noSLITb: 
 
 Ha ob^te m4jio, roBopnTB, 
 
 Mh^ ocTaeTCH jkhtb! 
 
 noi^enib CKopo tbi ,o;om6h: 5 
 
 Cmotph >K'L... r iiia hto! Moeit cy^tSoii, 
 
 CKa3aTb no npaB^i, oneHb 
 
 Hhkto He 03a6oHeHi,. 
 
 A ecjin cnpocHT'L KTO-HnSy^b... 
 
 Hy, kto 6bi hh cnpocHJii, — 10 
 
 CKa?KH hmtb, ^to Ha BBiJierB bt> rpyjjb 
 
 fl nyjien paHeH'B Sbijtb; 
 
 Hto yMepi> necTHO 3a napn, 
 
 Hto njioxH nanin jieKapa, 
 
 H hto po^HOMy Kpaio 15 
 
 IIOKJIOH'B h nocHjiaio. 
 
 OTH,a h MaTb mok) e^Ba jib 
 3acTaHenib th bt> jkhbbix'b... 
 IIpH3HaTbCH, npaBO, 6ifoio 6t> jKajib 
 Mh^ onenaJiHTb hx-b; 20 
 
 HO eCJIH KTO VLSI* HHX-B H JKHB'B, 
 
 CnajKH, hto H nncaTB jtehhb'b, 
 Hto nojiK-B bt> noxofli* nocjiajin, 
 
 H HT06'B MeHH He JK^aJIH. 
 
 1—2 
 
CocfiAKa ecTb y Hnxt o,n;Ha... 25 
 
 KaKT> BcnoMHHnib, Kant ftaBHO 
 Pa3CTajinci> ! O60 mh^ cma 
 He cnpocHTL. Bee paBHO, 
 Tli pa3CKa?KH bcio npaB^y eii, 
 IlycTaro cepjma He jKajiin — 30 
 
 IlycKaH oh4 nonjianeTL... 
 Eh HH^ero He SHsrarrt! 
 
 Lermontov. 
 
IV. 
 
 AHHAPTb. 
 
 Bt> nycTBrni naxjioii h CKynoii, 
 Ha noHB^ snoeM-b pacKajieHHOii, 
 
 AHHapi), KaKTb rp03HBIH HaCOBOH, 
 CtOHTB, OftHITB BO BCeH BCeJieHHOH. 
 
 npnpofta jKajKAymnx-L CTenen 5 
 
 Ero bt> Rent rH'BBa nopo^HJia 
 H 3ejiem> MepTByio B^TBeii 
 H KopHH h^om-l HanoHjia. 
 
 flfli'L KaroierL ckbo3b ero nopy, 
 
 Ki> nojiy^Hio pacTonncb ott> 3hok>, io 
 
 IJ 3acTbiBaeTi> BBenepy 
 
 TycTOii, npo3paHHOio cmojioio. 
 
 Kt> HeMy h n-raua He JieTHTT>, 
 
 H Tnrp'L HeiiaeT'B; Jinnib BHxopt Hepm>iH 
 
 Ha 3peBO CMepTH HaS'EJKHT'L — 15 
 
 M MHHTCH npOHb yjKe TJieTBOpHHH. 
 
 M ecjin Tyna opocnrL, 
 
 Bjiy>KAafl, jihctt> ero apeMynift, 
 
 Ct> ero BiTBeH ymT> H^OBHTTb 
 
 OreKaerL jj^omjsjb bte> necoia, ropifrriH. 20 
 
 Ho HejiOB^Ka qejiOBircb 
 
 nOCJiaJI'L Kl> AH^apy BJiaCTHHM'L B3r«JIH,n;OM'f> — 
 
 H TOTt nocJiyniHO bi> nyTb noTeK'L, 
 
 H Kl, VTpy B03BpaTHJICfl CT> HftOM'B. 
 
IlpHHeCB OHTb CM^pTHyiO CMOJiy, 25 
 
 JJa B'feTBb CL yBHftlHHMH JIHCTaMH 
 
 H noTt no Sjii^HOMy nejiy 
 
 GTpyHJICH XJiaftHBIMH pyqbHMH. 
 
 IIpHHec't — h ocjia6 r fe)n>, h jiSpl 
 rioft'L CBOAOMt inajiaina, Ha jil'ikh, 30 
 
 H yMepi> S^hbih paS'L y hopb 
 HenoS^HMaro BJia^tiKH. 
 
 A napt T'feM'L h^om'l HanHTaji r b 
 
 CBOH nOCJiyiHJIHBHH CTpijILI, 
 
 H cl hhmh rnSejiB pa30CJiajrc> 35 
 
 K'b cociASLMt bt> HyjK,n;Lie npefl^JiLi. 
 
 Pushkin. 
 
KA3AHBH KOJIBIEEJIBHAH ITBCHfl. 
 
 Cira, Mjia^eHeni'L moh npeKpacHLiii, 
 BaioniKH-Saio. 
 
 THXO CMOTpHTL M r 6cHDi'L HCHBIH 
 
 Bl> KOJIH6eJIb TBOK). 
 CTaHy CK8L3BIBaTI> H CK&3KH, 5 
 
 fliceHKy cnoio ; 
 Th jki> ApeMJiH, 3aKpBiBinn rjia3KH, 
 BaioinKH-6aio. 
 
 no KaMHHM-L CTpynTCH Tepeia,, 
 
 EijienaieT'B MyTHBiii Bajn> ; 10 
 
 3jioh HeHeHii noji3eTi> Ha 6epen>, 
 
 TOHHT'L CBOH KHHJKaJI'L ; 
 
 Ho OTeu;'L tboh — CTaptra bohhi>, 
 
 3aKajieHi> bt> 6010 ; 
 Cnn, MajiioTKa, 6yn;b cnonoeirB, 15 
 
 BaK)niKH-6aio. 
 
 GaMt y3HaeniL— 6y^eTi> BpeMH — 
 
 BpaHHoe jKHTBe; 
 Gm^jio B^Henib Hory bi> CTpeMH 
 
 M B03tMeniL py?Kbe. 20 
 
 H CEftejime SoeBoe 
 
 IH6jikomi> pa3oniBio... 
 Cnn, p;hth Moe po^Hoe, 
 
 BaioniKH-Saio. 
 
 
BoraTtrpb th Sy^enib cl BH^y 25 
 
 H Ka3aKi> Ayinoii. 
 IIpoBOJKaTL Te6n h BbiHAy — 
 
 Tli MaxHeniL pyKoii... 
 
 CkOJIBKO TOpLKHXTb CJie3T, yKpaijKOH 
 
 H bt> Ty ho*h> npojibio ! 30 
 
 Cnn, moh aHrejrt, thxo, cjia^KO, 
 BaioniKH-Saio. 
 
 CTany h tockoh TOMHTbcn, 
 
 BesyTiniHO mjs,a.Th ; 
 CTany h^jilih js.enh MOJiHTbcn, 35 
 
 IIo HonaMi, rajjaTb ; 
 CraHy ^yiviaTb, hto CKy^aenib 
 
 Tbi Bt Hy>KOM , L Kpaio. 
 Cnn jk-l, nona saSorb He 3Haenib, 
 
 BaioinKH-6aio. 40 
 
 ^aivrb Te6i h Ha ^opory 
 
 OSpasoK-L cbhtoh ; 
 Th ero, mojihch Bory, 
 
 CTaBb nepejj'b co66h ; 
 ^a, roTOBHCb B'b 66ii onacHHH, 45 
 
 II6MHH MaTb CBOK). 
 
 Cnn, MJiaAeHeu'B moh npeKpacHHH, 
 BaK)HiKH-6aio. 
 
 Lermontov. 
 
9 / 
 
 VI. 
 
 AP3pyi\rL. 
 
 CTaM6yjiT> myp&i HBiirae cjiaBHTB, 
 
 A 3aBTpa KOBaHOH IIHTOH, 
 
 Kant 3mih cirainaro pa3,n;aBHTT>, 
 
 H npoHb non^yrB — h TaKi> ocraBHTB : 
 
 CTaM6yjii> 3acHyjn> nepeft'B S^on. 5 
 
 CTaMSyji-B OTpencH otb IIpopoKa ; 
 Bt> HeMi> npaB^y apeBiraro BocTOKa 
 JlyKaBHii 3anaai> OMpaniiji'B ; 
 CTaM6yji'L, ^jiH cjia^ocTen nopona, 
 
 MoJIbSi H CaSjTE H3M r BHHJII> ; 10 
 
 CTaMSyJI'L OTBBIKTb otl noTy 6htbbi, 
 H nBerB BHHO bt> tocbi mojihtbbi. 
 
 Bt> HeMi> B^pH hhctoh Jiy*n> noiyx'B ; 
 
 Bt> HeMi> >KeHH no 6a3apy xo^ht'b, 
 
 Ha nepenpecTKH hijuotb CTapyxt, 15 
 
 A T"E MyjKHHH-B B'B rapeMBI BBOAHTt, 
 
 H cnnrB noftKynjieHHbiH eBHyxi>. 
 
 Ho He TaKOBi> ApspwB HaropHLifi, 
 MHoro^opo^HHH Haint Ap3pyMi> : 
 
 He CnHM'L MH B'B pOCKOIIIH n030pHOH, 20 
 
 Hh HepnjieMTb qanien HenoKopHon 
 
 B'B BHHi pa3BpaTI>, OrOHB H UIJMly. 
 
10 
 
 IIocTHMCfl mh ; CTpyeio Tpe3BOii 
 
 OftHH (f)OHTaHH HaCL noHT-L ; 
 
 ToJinOH HeHCTOBOH H pr^Bon 25 
 
 ^JKHrHTH HaniH BI> 60H JieTHT'L ; 
 
 Mh k'b mmawb KaKi> opjiti peBHHBH, 
 FapeMH Hainn MOjraajiHBH, 
 HenpoHHu;aeMBi ctohtl. 
 
 Pushkin. 
 
11 
 
 VII. 
 
 TAJIHCMAH'L. 
 
 TaMi> TR-k Mope bt^hho njiemerB 
 
 Ha nycTbiHHLiH cnajiBi, 
 
 Tfli'fe jiyHa Tenjiie Sjiemerb 
 
 Bt> cjia^Kin nacB BenepHefi MrjiBi, 
 
 Tjifk bt> rapeMaxi, HacjiaH^ancb, 5 
 
 JJhh npoBO^HTt MycyjitMaHt ; 
 
 TaM-L BOJinieSHHija, jiacK&ncb, 
 
 Mh^ Bpyqnjia TajiHCManB. 
 
 H jiacKancb roBopnjia : 
 
 «C0XpaHH MOH TajiHCMaH'L — 10 
 
 Bt HeMt TaHHCTBeHHan cnjia ! 
 
 Oh'b TeSi jhoSobbio ^aH-B. 
 
 Otb He^yra, otb MornjiBi, 
 
 B-b 6ypio, b*b rpo3HHH yparaH'B, 
 
 Fojiobbi TBOeH, moh mhjibih, 15 
 
 He cnacerB moh TajiHCMam*. 
 
 H SoraTCTBaMH BocTOKa 
 
 Oh-b Te6n He o^apirrB, 
 
 H noKJiOHHHKOB'B npopona 
 
 Oh-b TeSi He noKopnrB ; 20 
 
 H Te6n Ha jioho Apyra, 
 
 Otb neHajibRHx-B nyjKftBix'B CTpaH'B 
 
 Bt> Kpan po^HOH, Ha c r EBep , B cb iora, 
 
 He yMHHT'B MOH TaJIHCMaH'B. 
 
12 
 
 Ho Kor^a KOBapHH ohh 25 
 
 O^apyiOTt B.npyr'L Te6n, 
 
 Hjib ycTa bo Mpairib hohh 
 
 IIoij'kjiyioT'L, He jiioSh : 
 
 Mhjihh apyrt ! on, npecTynjieHBH, 
 
 Otl cep^eHHLix'L h6bhxt> pain>, 30 
 
 Ott> hsm^hh, OTL 3a6BeHLH 
 
 CoxpaHHTi> moh Ta«JiHCMairi>.» 
 
 Pushkin. 
 
13 
 
 VIII. 
 CEPEHA^A- 
 
 y CrfcHli TBOett BBICOKOH, 
 UOJI^ 3aB r BineHHLIMT> OKHOM-L, 
 H CTOK) El, T^HH HIHpOKOH, 
 
 Becb OKyTaHHHH miameM'B. 
 
 Se^ali SjienjyrB, CTpacTBio ahbhoh 5 
 
 ^HineT'L tojiocl cojiobbh ; 
 
 BblHftB, O, BBIHflB Ha 3ByKT> npH3b'lBHOH, 
 IIOHBHCB, 3B-k3Rk MOH ! 
 
 CkOJIBKO 6^ MH nOTOMTb HH JKHJIH, 
 
 H xony, hto6t> mh ct to66h 10 
 
 J\o MornjiBi He 3a6biJiH 
 Btoh hohh orHeBOH. 
 
 H JierKO h ToponjiiiBO, 
 Cjiobho npH3paKT>, nyTB ABinia, 
 
 03HpaHCB 60H3JIHBO, 15 
 
 Th coH^eniB ko iyhtb, flyuia! 
 Be3K0HeHH0 TopjKecTByn, 
 
 YCTpeMJIIOCB fl Ha KpHJIBUiO, 
 
 Ha kojtehh yna^y h, 
 
 IlOCMOTpK) TeSi bt> jihij;6. 20 
 
14 
 
 H 3aTHXHeri> p66mii TpeneTt, 
 H npoHaeT-B nocjiiAHin CTpaxi>, 
 M 3aMpeTt tboh ^iTcmfi jieneTi> 
 Ha npe;a;aBiiiHxcH ry6axi>. 
 
 Mjib th cnnnib, cjiojkhbihh pyKH, 25 
 
 M He noMHHiiib 660 Mirfc, 
 M HanpacHO jibiotch 3ByKH 
 
 Bl> SjiarOBOHHOH THinHiri? 
 
 Turgenev. 
 
15 
 
 IX. 
 
 ITBCHH. 
 
 H jnoSnjia ero 
 JKapne ahh h orHH, 
 KaKT> ^pyrnM'L He jik>6htb 
 HnKor^a, HHKoraa ! 
 
 TOJIBKO CT> HHM'B JIHIHB O^HHM'L 5 
 
 fl Ha cb^t^ jKHJia ; 
 EMy Ayniy moio, 
 EMy >kh3hb OT^ajia ! 
 
 Hto 3a hohb, 3a jiyHa, 
 
 Kor^a apyra h mjsj ! 10 
 
 Bch Sjit^Ha, xojiojjHa, 
 
 3aMnpaio, ftpomy. 
 
 BoTt H^erb oh^, noerb : 
 
 «r,a;i th, 3opBKa moh?» 
 
 Bott> ohi, pyKy 6epeTi>, 15 
 
 Bote uijiyerb MenA ! 
 
 «Mhjihh Apyrt, noracn 
 
 noDjijiyn tboh ! 
 
 H Sesi* hhxi,, npn TeSi, 
 
 OrHB nHJiaeTB B'b KpoBH ; 20 
 
 H Ses-B hhxt>, npn TeSi, 
 
 JKjKeTb pyMHHeui r b JIHUO, 
 
 H BOJiHyeTCH rpy^B, 
 
 M Sjincraiorb rjia3a, 
 
 Cjiobho Bt HeSi SBfefla ! » 25 
 
16 
 
 X. 
 
 flyxt EEPE3BI. 
 
 To Sbijio paHHeio BecHOii, 
 TpaBa e^Ba Bcxo^HJia, 
 Py^LH TeKJiH, He napnji'fc 3hoh, 
 H 3eJieHB pom-B CKB03Hjia ; 
 
 Tpy6a nacTynibH noyTpy 5 
 
 Enje He nijia 3bohko, 
 
 H bt> saBHTKaxi* eme b'b 6opy 
 
 Ebijtb nanopoTHHKt tohkIh ; 
 
 To 6bijio paHHeio BecHOH, 
 
 Bt> t^hm Sepes'B to 6bijio, 10 
 
 Kor^a cb yjiBi6Kon npe,o;o mhoh 
 
 Tbi ora onycTHJia... 
 
 To Ha jiioSobb mok> bt> otb'et'b 
 Th onycTHJia b^jk^h — 
 
 JKH3HB ! JTECB ! COJIHIja CB'BT'B ! is 
 
 iohoctb ! o Ha^em^Bi ! 
 
 H njianaji'B h nepe^-B to66h, 
 
 Ha jihk'b tboh rjiH^H mhjibih — 
 
 To 6bijio paHHeio Becnon, 
 
 B'B tehh 6epe3i> to Sbijio ! 20 
 
 To 6bijio bte> yrpo Haurax'B ji^t-b — 
 cnacrie ! o cjie3Bi ! 
 
 O JTECB ! O JKH3HB ! COJIHUa CB'BT'B ! 
 
 O cb'ehuh J5jxi> 6epe3H ! 
 
 A. Tolstoi^ 
 
17 
 
 XI. 
 
 CMEPTB. 
 
 Korjja h CTaHy yirapaTB — 
 
 H BipB, Te64 He aojiro jK^aTt — 
 
 Th nepeHecTb Mean. Bejin 
 
 Bi> Hauit ca^T), bt> to m^cto, vjjfb hb'ejih 
 
 AKaniii S'ejibix'b ftBa Kycra... 5 
 
 TpaBa MejKi, hhmh Tant rycTa, 
 
 H CB^jKin Bos^yxt TaK'L r a;yniHCT'L, 
 
 M TaKi> npospa^HO 30jiothcti> 
 
 Hrpaiomiii Ha cojihu.'b jihct'b ! 
 
 TaMT> nOJIOJKHTB BeJIH MeHH. 10 
 
 CinHteM'L rojiySaro ^hh 
 yntiocH h bt> nocJii^Hiii pa3i>. 
 OTTy^a BH,o;eH , i> h KaBKasi, ! 
 
 BHTB MOJKCTB, OHT, CB CBOHX'B BBICOTB 
 IIpHB'BT'L npOmaJIbHHH MH^ npHHIJICTB, 15 
 
 ITpHIHJieT'L CB npOXJiaAHHM'B B'BTepKOM'B... 
 
 H Sjihs'b MeHH nepeA'B kohijom'b 
 
 Pojjhoh onHTB pa3jj;acTCH 3ByirB I 
 
 H CTaHy jjyMaTB h, *ito apyi^B 
 
 II jib SpaT'B, ckjiohhbhihcb Ha,n;o mhoh, 20 
 
 OTep'B CB BHHMaTeJIBHOH pyKOH 
 
 Ob Jinua kohhhhbi xjiaftHBiH noT-B, 
 H hto BTb nonrojioca noeTB 
 Oht, mh'b npo MHjiyio CTpaHy ; 
 
 H CB 9T0H MB'lCJIBK) H 3aCHy, 25 
 
 H HHKoro He npoKJiHHy ! 
 
 Lermontov. 
 
18 
 
 XII. 
 
 HA CMEPTHOJVTL OJJP'B. 
 
 Beet ^eHb OHa Jiemajia bt, 3a6HTLH, 
 H bch) ee jmrb t"ehh nonpLiBajiH ; 
 JIhji-l TenjiHii jteth:lh ^omaL, ero CTpyn 
 Ho jihctlhm'l Becejio 3Byqajin. 
 
 H Me^jieHHO onoMHHJiact oh&, 5 
 
 H Havana npncjiyniHBaTbCH ki> inyjvty, 
 H ,o;6jiro cjiyinajia — yBJieneHa, 
 IIorpy>KeHa bt> co3HaTejibHyio AyMy. 
 
 H boti., Kant 6bi SecE^ya cl co66h, 
 Co3HaTejitHO oh4 nporoBopnjia 10 
 
 (fl 6hjit> npn Hen, ySiiTBiH ho jkhboh) : 
 «0, Kan-L Bee 9to h jnoSnjia ! » 
 
 JIioGnjia tli, n TaKTb KaKi> tbi jiioShtb — - 
 H'bt'l, HHKOMy eiu;e He y^aBajiocb ! 
 Tocno^H!... h 9to nepejKHTt !... 15 
 
 H cepjme Ha kjiohkh He pa3opBajiocB ! 
 
 Tyuchev. 
 
19 
 
 XIII. 
 KOJIO^HMKH. 
 
 CnycnaeTCH cojraije 3a CTenn, 
 
 B^aJIH 30JIOTHTCH KOBBIJIb, 
 
 Koji6,o;hhkobi> 3b6hk1h n^nn 
 B3MeTaiOTi> ftopottmyio nbijib. 
 
 HjSJTTi OHH Ch 6pHTbIMH JlS&MH, 5 
 
 Hlaraiorb BnepeA'b thjkgjio, 
 
 yrpiOMHH C^BHHyjIH 6pOBH, 
 
 Ha eepftije pa3,n;yMbe Jierjio. 
 
 Hfly Tb CB HHMH ftJIHHHblH rfiHH, 
 
 JJ^k kjihhh Tejiiry Be3yTi>, 10 
 
 JI'ehhbo crn6aH kojtbhh, 
 
 KOHBOHHHe CT> HHMH H^yTt. 
 
 — Hto, SpaTijbi, 3aTHHeMTe nicmo, 
 SaSy^eMT* Jinxyio Si^y ! 
 yjKi> bh,o;ho Tanan HeB3ro,n;a 15 
 
 HanncaHa Haivrb Ha po^y ! 
 
 H boti>, noBejiH, 3aTHHyjin, 
 
 IIoiot'l, 3ajiHBancb, ohh 
 
 IIpo Bojirn nrapoKOH pa3,n;6«Jibe, 
 
 IIpo .ajapoMTb MHHyBHiie ,o;hh ; 20 
 
 IIoioT'b npo cbo66jj;hlih CTenn, 
 
 IIpO flHKyK) BOJIK) noiOTt, 
 
 Rem* MepKHeTi> Bee 66jtb,— a ninn 
 ,3,op6ry Meiyrb ,a;a MeTyr-b. 
 
 A. Tolstoi. 
 2—2 
 
20 
 
 XIV. 
 ftOPOJKHAH KAPTHHA. 
 Ilo rpeSjrfe HepoBHOii h tphckoh, 
 
 BflOJIb MOKpHXT> pHSaHbHXTb ckTeii, 
 
 ^oponmaa i.neT'B KOJincKa, 
 Cnmy h sa^yivraiBO bt> Hen ; 
 
 Cnmy h CMOTpio h floporoii s 
 
 Ha cipHH h nacMypHBiii fleHb, 
 Ha 03epa 6epen> OTJiorin, 
 Ha ^ajiBHin ftbiMOK'b ftepeBeHb. 
 
 no rpeSjrfe, co B3rjin,n;oM'b yrpioMbiMt 
 
 npOXOflHTTb H30pBaHHHH JKHfl-L ; 10 
 
 H3i> 03epa cl niHOii h myMOMT, 
 Bo^a Hepe3i> rpeSjiio S^jkhtl ; 
 
 TaMi* MajibHHKTb nrpaerb Ha ^y^icfe, 
 3a6paBinHCb b^ 3ejieHbin TpocTHHKt ; 
 B^ Hcnyri BSJierfBinin yTKH is 
 
 Ha^-L osepoMT) no^mum kphkt> ; 
 
 Bjinsiy MejitHHUjBi CTapoii h inaTKOii 
 Ch^ht-l Ha TpaBi MymnKH ; 
 Tejiira cl pa36HTOii jiouia^Kofi 
 
 JHiHHBO nO^B63HT5» M^UIKH. 20 
 
21 
 
 Mirfe KameTCH Bee Tam> 3HaK0M0, 
 Xotb He 6hjii> h sjs.ich HHKor^a, 
 H Kpiiina aajienaro flOMa, 
 
 H M&JIbHHK'L, H JliCB, H BOftd, 
 
 H MejibHHii;H roBopi. yHiijiHii 25 
 
 H BeTxoe bt> nojrfe ryamo, 
 Bee 3T0 Koraa-TO jmrb Sbijio 
 
 HO MHOK) 3a6liTO flaBHO. 
 
 Taia* tohho CTynajia Jionia^Ka, 
 
 Tame-}KT> Tamnjia m^hikh ; 30 
 
 TaKie-jK'B y MejibHHijbi inaTKOH 
 
 CH^ijIH B-B TpaB^ MyjKHKH ; 
 
 H TaKt me niejit JKHftt Sopo^aTHH, 
 
 H Tanij me inyMijia BO^a — 
 
 Bee 9to yn^L 6hjio Kor,n;a-TO, 35 
 
 Ho tojibko He noMHio Kor,p;a. 
 
 A. Tolstoi. 
 
/ 
 
 22 
 
 XV. 
 
 BECHA. 
 
 3nMa He ftapoMT> 3jihtch : 
 Ilpoinjia en nopa ; 
 
 BeCHa B'B OKHO CTyTOTCH 
 
 H TOHHT-B co #Bopa. 
 
 H Bee 3acyeTHJioci> ? 5 
 
 BCG rOHHTT> 3HMy BOH'L, 
 M JK&BOpOHKH B'B HeS'fe 
 yjKt nO^HHtJIH Tpe3BOH r b. 
 
 3HMa eme xjiononerB 
 
 H Ha BecHy BopwrB, 10 
 
 Ta em bt> rjia3a xoxo^erB 
 
 H nyme Jihhib HiyMHTt ! 
 
 B36^CHjiacb B^LMa 3«nan 
 
 H, CHiry 3axBaTH, 
 
 IlycTHJia, ySiraa, 15 
 
 Bi> npenpacHoe rwtA. 
 
 BecHi h ropn MaJio : 
 
 YMiiJiacfl Bt CH'fery, 
 
 H jihhib pyMHHiii CTana 
 
 Hanepenop-L Bpary. 20 
 
 Tyuchev. 
 
23 
 
 XVI. 
 nEPBHH JIHCTTb. 
 JIhctb 3ejieH r 6eT r L mojiojjoh. 
 
 CMOTpH, KaKl> JIHCTBeMl> MOJIOftB'lM'B 
 
 Ctohtb oSBinHH 6epe3Bi, 
 Bo3/3;yniHOH 3ejieHBio ckbo3hoh, 
 
 Il0Jiy-np03paHH0I0 KaKl> ftBUVTB. 5 
 
 JJaBHO HMI» rpe3HJIOCL BeCHOH, 
 BeCHOH H JTETOlVrB 30JIOTB'lM'L, 
 H BOT-L JKHBBIH BTH rpe3BI, 
 
 II o^ nepBBiMt neSoM'B rojiySB'LVTB, 
 IIpoSHJiHCB B^pyr^ Ha cb'etb ahgbhoh. 10 
 
 0, nepBHXT> JiHCTBeB'B KpacoTa, 
 
 OMiiTHX'B B'B COJIHe^IHHX'B JiyTOXT>, 
 Ct HOBOpOJK^eHHOK) HXT> TEHBK) ! 
 
 H cjib'iihho HaMT) no nxt ^BHJKeHBio 
 
 HTO BT> BTHX-B TB'lCHHaX'B H TBMaX'B 15 
 
 He BCTp^TtmiB MepTBaro jiHcra. 
 
 Tyuchev. 
 
24 
 
 XVII. 
 
 TYHA. 
 
 IlocjriftHHH Ty^a pa3CEHHHOH 6ypn ! 
 O^Ha th HecenibCH no hchoh jia3ypH, 
 O^Ha th HaBOftHiiiB yHB'uiyio tehb, 
 OftHa the nenajinniB jiHKyiomiH ^eHB. 
 
 Th He6o HejjaBHO KpyroM'B o6jierajia, s 
 
 H MOJimn rpo3HO Te6n oSBHBajia, 
 
 H th H3AaBajia TanHCTBeHHHH rpoivrB, 
 
 H ajiHHyio 3eMJiio nonjia flomji.eM'B. 
 
 JJOBOJIBHO, COKpOHCH ! Ilopa MHHOBaJiaCB, 
 
 3eMJiH ocB^jKHJiacB h 6ypn npoM^ajiacB, 10 
 H B'frrep'B, jiacKan jihctohkh jjpeBecB, 
 Te6n cb ycnoKoeHHHX'B tohht-b HeSecB. 
 
 Pushkin. 
 
25 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 flYMA COKOJIA. 
 
 JJojiro jib 6yjjy h 
 CnaHeMt AOMa jkhtb, 
 
 Moio MOJIOflOCTb 
 
 Hh Ha hto rySHTb? 
 
 ^ojiro jib 6yo;y h 5 
 
 II O^ OKHOMI> CHA^Tb, 
 
 IIo floporfe B^ajib 
 
 JJ^eHh H HOHb rJIHft'ETb? 
 
 Hjib y coKOJia 
 
 Kp^IJIbH CBH3aHH, 10 
 
 Hjib nyTH eMy 
 
 Bci 3ana3aHH? 
 
 Hjib 60HTCH OH'L 
 
 B^ nymijx'b jiio^hx-l Strrb, 
 
 Ob cy^bGoH-Ma^HxoH 15 
 
 CaM'B-COCoK) JKHTb? 
 
 JJjih qero h& cb'bt'l 
 
 FjiH^'ETb xototch, 
 
 OSjieT'BTb ero 
 
 JJyiiia npocirrcH? 20 
 
26 
 
 Moh MHJian, 
 
 Sa^Cb CHAHT1> CO MHOH, 
 
 Cjie3H Jiberb piKOH ; 
 
 Orb MeHH JieTHTt, 25 
 
 nicHio mite noeTT>, 
 Bee pyKoii MaHirrL, 
 Bee ct> co66h 30BerL? 
 
 Hfet, yjK'L nojiHO mite 
 
 J^OMdi B'EK'L CHfl'ETb, 30 
 
 IIo ftopoHttdk B^ajib 
 H3T> OKHa rjiH^iTb ! 
 
 Co ABopa noiifly, 
 
 Kyo;a nyTb MaHHTT>, 
 
 A >KHTb CTaHy TaMi>, 35 
 
 Tjafk yHn> Eorb BejuirL. 
 
 Koltsov. 
 
27 
 
 XIX. 
 
 E-B£HbIE JHOftM. 
 
 He BT> H^rfe H pOflHJICH, 
 
 He bti pocKOinn h jKHjn> ; 
 
 PaSoTan'L h Tpy^HJicH 
 
 H XJia^ H 3H0H chochjii> ; 
 
 Tepnn pa3JiHHHH MyKH, 5 
 
 BoponcH h cl cy^bSoH ; 
 
 Moh cypoBM pyKH 
 
 He 3Hajin, hto noKOii. 
 
 H cojiHenHaro Bcxo^y 
 
 Hh pa3y He npocnajn>, 10 
 
 Bi> cypoByio norojjy 
 
 Ykp^itlch He HCKajii> ; 
 
 Ho njiyroMi* pa3^Hpafl 
 
 YTpoSy h 3eMJin, 
 
 To ^porHyjiTb npoMOKan, 15 
 
 To BecL ropfon> bi> ntum. 
 
 3a pa3HHMH Tpy^aMH 
 MeHH sp'feji'L cojiHna S^n, : 
 
 3j5,iGh TBep^HMH crfeHaMH 
 
 OflijiTb h rvlkoVl Sper'L ; 20 
 
 TaMt KaMeHHHe ^omh 
 
 Bo3£BHrHyji r b ^jih ^pyrnxTb, 
 
 ^lyTb Kpiiiny H3i> cojiomh 
 
 Hm^H ftJIfl CBOHXt. 
 
28 
 
 OflHaKOJKfc Bfc 9T0 BpeMfl, 25 
 
 Ehbt> mojiojj'l H 3AOp6B1>, 
 
 He nyBCTBOBaji'B a SpeMH 
 
 ChX-L THrOCTHHX'B TpynjOB'B ; 
 
 Be3i> BCHKaro n3jraiiiKy 
 
 JJobojibho co6Hpajii>, 30 
 
 KopMHJI'L CBOK) CeMBHLQKy, 
 
 Ebijtl cbiti> h cjia^KO cnajrB. 
 
 Ho MJia^ocTB npoMejibKHyjia, 
 
 Eh ymi> Sojrfc h^t-l ; 
 
 CKop6i> jiiOTan corayjia 35 
 
 ynpyriii moh xpe6eT"b ; 
 
 Moh oap'l, vjife h, CTpajjaH, 
 
 y66n> jiemy h cup'B, 
 
 3jioh CMepTH oyKH^an, 
 
 OrajrB HbiH'fe Becb moh Mipi>. 40 
 
 A. Shishkov. 
 
29 
 
 XX. 
 
 iiTvmm rojiocb. 
 
 RomRn OTinyM-feBinaro Karara 
 
 ThXOHLKO nO JIHCTBHlVrB TeKJIH, 
 
 Thxohbko nienTajiHCB .nepeBBH, 
 KynyniKa Kpmajia BjjajiH. 
 
 JlyHa Ha MeHH H3T>-3a Ty i ra 5 
 
 CMOTpijia, Kani) 6ynTO bi> cjieskx^^ 
 
 CHflijI'B H IIOft'L KJieHOM'L h AyMaji'L , 
 
 H ayMaji'L o npe>KHHXi> ro^ax'B. 
 
 He 3Haio, 6mia jih b% rfe ro,n;Bi 
 
 JJynia HenopoHHa moh, io 
 
 Ho MHoroMy-S-B a He noB^pHjit, 
 
 He cftr&jiaji'B 6h MHoraro h ; 
 
 TenepB me mh^ ctAjih hohhthbi 
 
 06MaHl>, H KOBapCTBO, H 3JIO, 
 
 H MHorin cb^tjibih mbIcjih 15 
 
 O^Hy 3a Apyroii yHecjio. 
 
 TaKt fliyMaJI'L O ftHHX'B H MHHyBIHHXt, 
 
 ahrx^, Kor,o;a 6biji , b h ftoSpiii, 
 
 A Bt JIHCTBHX'B BBiconaro KJieHa 
 
 Ch^ji'b Ha,n;o mhoh cojiOBen, 20 
 
 M H'fejI'B OHl* TaKI> H'B'JKHO H CTpaCTHO, 
 
 KaKi> 6ya;TO xotb'ji'b oh-b cna3aTB : 
 «yrfeiHBCH, He ciTyn HanpacHO, 
 
 To BpeMH BepHeTCH OnflTB.» 
 
 A. Tolstoi. 
 
30 
 
 XXI. 
 
 3HMHIH BEHEPT*. 
 
 Eypn Mrjioio He6o KpoerL, 
 
 Bnxpn CH^JKHHe KpyTH : 
 
 To KaK-L SB^iph OHa 3aB6eTi>, 
 
 To sanjianeT-L Kant ,o;hth, 
 
 To no KpoBJii oSBeTinajion 5 
 
 B,o;pyn> cojiomoh sainyMHT-L, * 
 
 To KaKt nyTHHRi, 3ano3,o;ajibiH 
 
 Kl> HaMT* BTb OKOHIKO 3aCTyHHT1>. 
 
 Hama BeTxan jianyjKKa 
 
 H nenajibHa h TeMHa ; 10 
 
 Hto me th, moh cTapynina, 
 
 IIpiyMOJiKjia y okh&? 
 
 Hjih 6ypn 3aBHBaHi>eM r b 
 
 Th, moh apyr-L, yTOMJieHa, 
 
 Hjih ^peMJienib no^-L jKyjKjKaHBeMt 15 
 
 GBoero BepeTeHa? 
 
 BitabeM'L, AoSpan no;a;py}KKa 
 
 Bi^HOH iohocth Moeii ! 
 
 Bb'nn>eMT> ci> ropn; r^i me Kpy^KKa? 
 
 Cepjijiiiy 6yAeTi> Becejiin. 20 
 
 Cnon mh'b itechio, Kant CHHHua 
 
 Tiixo 3a MopeMi> noma ; 
 
 Cnon MHi itechio, KaKT> fltBHIja 
 
 3a bo^oh noyrpy nuia. 
 
31 
 
 Eypn Mrjioio He6o KpoerB, 25 
 
 Bnxpn CH^H^HHe KpyTH : 
 To KaKi> SB^iph OHa 3aBoeTT>, 
 To samia^erL Kant ^hth. 
 BLinBeM-L, floSpaa no^pyjKKa 
 
 EiflHOH IOHOCTH MOeH ! 30 
 
 Bix[in>eMT> cl ropa ; vjjfk me Kpy>KKa? 
 Cep,amy Sy^eTt Becejiin. 
 
 Pushkin. 
 
32 
 
 XXII. 
 CTAHIJIfl. 
 
 Hto 3a rpycTHan o6HTejn>, 
 
 H KaKOH 3HaKOMBIH BHflt ! 
 
 3a CT^HOH XpanHT-L CMOTpHTe«JIL, 
 
 COHHO MaHTHHKT> CTyHHT'L ! 
 
 CTyKHerL BnpaBO, CTyKHeT'L bjtebo, 5 
 ByftHT-L MixCCJieii ajihhhhh jmRT> ; 
 Bt> HeMi> pa3CKa3H h HaniBH 
 3aTBep5KeHHHe 3ByqaT-L. 
 
 A Bt noacB r BHHHK r B nmiaeT-L 
 ^oropiBinan cB^na, 10 
 
 I^e-to necL ^ajieno jiaeT'L, 
 Xojs^Tiy MaHTHHKi), CTyna ; 
 
 CTyKHeT'L bjtbbo, CTyKHeTi> BnpaBO, 
 
 Bee TBepAHT-L cTapmrB ; 
 
 TpycTHO TaKi> ! He 3Haio, npaBO, 15 
 
 Ha HBy H HJIb BO CHi? 
 BOTTi yjKTb JIOHia^H rOTOBH 
 
 Giji'L b'l KnSnTKy h CKany — 
 
 nOJIHO, TaKI> JIH? BlDKy CHOBa 
 
 Ty jKe cajiBHyio CB'feqy, 20 
 
 Ty me rpycTHyio oShtcjil 
 
 H KpyrOMTL 3HaKOMHH BHA'L, 
 
 3a CT^HOH XpamTFL CMOTpHTeJIb, 
 
 COHHO MaHTHHKi) CTV^HTTb. 
 
 A. Tolstoi. 
 
33 
 XXIII. 
 
 IIOJIHOHHAH ^yMA. 
 
 IIIyMHT'L Ha ftBopi Henorojja, 
 
 A bt> tjoivte ,o;aBH6 jme cnnTt ; 
 
 Kt> OKoniKy, B3AOXHyBi>, no^xojKy h: 
 
 HyTt BH^eH-B nepH'EioiHiii caft'L ; 
 
 Ha h^^ TaKi> tcmho, Tant TeMHO, 5 
 
 H 3B'B3 r n;O^KH H'BTI, HH OAHOH, 
 
 A BT> ftOJVTE CTapHHHOMT> TaKT> rpyCTHO 
 
 Cpe,n;H Henoro^fci hohhoh ! 
 
 J^ojkab Se^tl, 6apa6aHH, no kplihte, 
 XpycTajifcHBiH JiiocTpLi ^pojKarL, 10 
 
 3a niKanoM'L npoBopHLin mlihih 
 
 Bt> SyMa^KHblX-B oSoHX'L IIIyMHT'L ; 
 
 On% 006^ qyiort pasaojiBe : 
 Kant cKopo xoshhitb yMperL, 
 HacjrfjflHHKt noKHHerL noM^CTbe, 15 
 
 Ta'b jkhjit> ero AoSjiecTHbiH po^t, 
 
 M .njOMnb HaBceiTja 3anycT r Ee r n>, 
 SarjioxHyTi, CTynemi TpaBOH... 
 H ayMaTb o6i> 9tomt> TaKi> rpycTHO 
 Cpe^n Henoro^H hohhoh ! 20 
 
 A. Tolstoi, 
 
34 
 
 XXIV. 
 M3rHAHHHK r L. 
 
 rioinjiH rocno^b cboio OTpa^y 
 
 TOMy, KTO Bl> JTETHill JKapT> H 3HOH, 
 
 KaKi> S^uhlih HHinixi, mhmo ca^y 
 Bpe^eT'L no raapKon moctoboh ; 
 
 Kto cmotphtl BCKOJIL3B Hepes^ orpa;o;y 5 
 Ha rEHb jiiepeBLeBTb, BJiairB ^ojihhi>, 
 Ha HeftocTyirayio npoxjia^y 
 
 PoCKOHIHblX'B CB'ETJIblX'b JiyrOBHH'b. 
 
 He ajih Hero rocTenpinMHOii 
 
 ^epeBLH CEHbK) pa3pOCJIHCL, 10 
 
 He 3jih Hero, KaKT> 66jiaKi> abimhoh, 
 cPoHTairL na Boa^yxi noBHCB. 
 
 JIa3ypHBin rporL, Kant H3i> TyMana, 
 HanpacHO B3opi> ero Mamrrb, 
 H nmib pocncTan $OHTaHa 15 
 
 TjiaBLi ero He ocb^jkhtl. 
 
 noniJiH rocno^b cboio OTpa^y 
 
 TOMy, KTO JKH3HeHH0H TpOnOH, 
 
 KaKi> Si^HHH Hnmiii mhmo ca^y, 
 Epe^erL no 3hohhoh moctoboh. 20 
 
 Tyuchev. 
 
35 
 
 XXV. 
 
 TOPJKECTBO JIIOBBH. 
 
 ^pyri* moh, 6paTi» moh, ycTa.iiLiH, CTpa,n;aioiHiH 
 
 6paTT>, 
 Kto 6i> tli hh Slijtl, ne na^aii ^yinon : 
 IlycTL HenpaB^a h 3jio nojraoBjiacTHO uapnT'B 
 Ha/j'b omlitoh cjie3aMH 3eMJieit, 
 riycTb pa36HTi> n nopyraHi> cbhtoh n^eaji'L 5 
 H CTpyHTCH HeBHHHaH KpoBb : — 
 
 Bipt, HacTaHeTi, nopa, h nornSHerb EaajrL, 
 H BepHeTCH Ha sgmjiio jiio66bb ! 
 
 He BT> TepHOBOM-L B'EHH.'E, He nO^TE) rHeTOM'B 
 
 ufaien, 
 He cl KpecTOivrL Ha cor6eHHBixi> njie^axT,, — 10 
 Btb Mipt npn^eTL OHa bt> chji^ h cjiaB'fe CBoen, 
 Ob npKHM'B CB'BToneM'B cji&bh bi» pyKaxi>. 
 H He Synerb Ha cb'bt'e hh c<Jie3T>, hh BpajK^ti, 
 Hh 6e3KpecTHbix r b Mornjit, hh paSoBTb, 
 Hh HyjKAbi SeanpocBiTHOH , MepTBHmen nym^i , 
 Hh Mena, hh no3opHHx r b ctoji66bi>. 16 
 
 3—2 
 
36 
 
 0, moh ApyrB ! He Me^Ta 9totl cb^tjihii 
 
 npuxoftt , 
 He nycTan Ha^em^a o^Ha : 
 OrjiHHHCt, — 3jio BOKpyr'L nepe3 r iyp , B yjKt 
 
 THeTeT'L, 
 
 Hohl BOKpyri> Hepe3qyp r L yjKT> TeMHa ! 20 
 Mip'L ycraHerb ott> MyKT>, 3axjie6HeTCH bt> 
 
 KpOBH, 
 
 Ytomhtch 6e3yMHoii SoptSoii, — 
 H no^HHMeT'B kt> jiioSbh, ki> SessaB^THOH 
 jiioSbh , 
 
 O^H, nOJIHLIH CK0p6H0H MOJIl66h. 
 
 Nadson. 
 
NOTES 
 
 Most of the abbreviations used will be readily understood: 
 instr. stands for the instrumental case, and loc. for the locative 
 or prepositional. 'Forbes' refers to Mr Nevill Forbes' Russian 
 Grammar (Oxford 1914); 'Boyer' to the Russian Reader of 
 Messrs Boyer and Speranski (Chicago n.d.). 
 
 Verbs are called perfective or imperfective, in the sense that 
 they belong to the perfective or imperfective aspect. 
 
 SPRING WATERS. 
 
 Theodor Tyuchev (1803-1873) wrote about a hundred short 
 lyric poems and nothing else; but he is a great poet, and 
 I believe that most English readers would prefer his lyrics to 
 Pushkin's. He never writes better than about spring, and 
 three of his spring poems are included here (i, xv, xvi) ; all 
 are exquisite. For the opinion of a great critic on Tyuchev's 
 poetry, see the prefatory note to xxiv. 
 
 Here he describes the rushing of water that inaugurates 
 spring in Russia, when the snow melts and the ice on the rivers 
 breaks up, 
 
 eme : pronounce yesh-cho. (1) At the beginning of a word, 
 e is always preceded by a y sound ; elsewhere, it may or may 
 not have this sound. (2) When e is accented, it often takes 
 the sound of ooiyo: thus east, 'hedgehog,' is pronounced yosh : 
 in all such cases, it is printed e in this text. 
 
 bt> is not a syllable and coalesces entirely with the following 
 word. 
 
 b6ji;ei, nom. plur., but bo#e£ gen. sing. : this change of 
 accent is common where the noun is of two syllables and ends 
 in -d; e.g. pyKa, hand: gen. sing. pyKH; nom. plur. pfKii. 
 
38 
 
 BecHofi, 'with spring,' the original use of the instrumental 
 case: the same case often has a temporal sense, e.g. BecH6ii, 
 'in spring'; jrfcTOMB, 'in summer'; oceHBio, 'in autumn'; 
 3iim6h, 'in winter.' 
 3 6"ErfT7., from Sbjk&tb, an irregular verb, which makes 6Brf, 
 6b;khiiib, 6BryTB, and imperative 6BrH. 
 
 6f jj^tb, from 6yji;htb: this change of accent, being very 
 common, should be noted: 6yjKy, 'I awaken,' but of^nniB, 
 'thou awakenest': it is essential to distinguish between 
 6y#HTB (inf.) and 6f,niiTB (3rd pers. sing.). 
 
 6perB, a contraction of 6epen>: it occurs again xix 20. 
 
 5 bo : bb assumes this form before certain groups of consonants, 
 of which bc- is one. 
 
 bcb kohhbi, 'all the ends of the earth.' 
 
 6 nji;eTB: pronounce eed-yot. Spring is supposed to come on 
 foot ; if she came in a chariot, B^eiB (from BxaTB) would be 
 required instead. 
 
 7 This clause has no verb, because the equivalents of am, art, 
 and are are omitted in Russian: ecTB='is' is sometimes 
 expressed, e.g. in 25. 
 
 mh is subject, ronuti predicate. 
 
 8 BH-c.iajia: past perfective, with the sense of our perfect: 
 the same tense does duty for our pluperf . and aorist as well. 
 
 ii xopo-BOtfB is properly a gathering of village girls to dance 
 
 and sing. 
 12 tojMht-ch : the last syll., pronounced -sa and not -sya, is 
 a contraction of ce6a and is a regular suffix of reflexive verbs. 
 The eye must be trained to distinguish at once tojuihtcji 
 (3rd sing. pres. ind.) from to.iiihtbcji (inf.). 
 
 sa Hen, 'after her': en becomes Hefi, because, after a pre- 
 position, h is prefixed to the oblique cases of ohb, OHa, oho : so 
 y Hero, 3a hiimb etc. 
 
 II. 
 
 HOLY RUSSIA. 
 
 The poet says that the foreign eye is not impressed by the 
 Russian landscape and cannot detect the real greatness of 
 Russia which lies in her power to endure suffering like her 
 Divine Master. 
 
 
39 
 
 2 The dash at the end of the line shows that 'is' must be sup- 
 plied ; it is often used so both in prose and verse : see v 13. 
 
 3 Kpafi is nom. here but voc. below. 
 
 po^Hofi, nom. sing. masc. : the gen. fern., impossible here, is 
 also po^Hofi. 
 
 The beginner should impress firmly upon his mind, that 
 Eussian adjectives are declined throughout the singular, not 
 like nouns (as in Latin), but like pronouns, e.g. oht> or totx. 
 
 3 and 4 were prefixed by Turgenev as a motto to his jRiibuh. 
 Mom; it (Living Relics). 
 
 5 ' Will not understand and will not notice ' : both verbs are 
 present in form, but, as they are perf ectives, future in meaning ; 
 noHNMaen. and saM-fenaeTt are the corresponding imperf ectives, 
 and they are present in meaning as well as in form. See 
 Appendix I § 4. 
 
 6 iiHO-n.ieMeHHHfi, 'foreign,' from ithoiI, 'other,' and iLiebm, 
 'race': nHO-CTpaHem> is the common word for 'foreigner.' 
 
 7 *iTd : pronounce^ shto : thus accented, it is a relative pron. 
 Distinguish cb^thtt, (3rd pers. pres. ind.) from cbIthtb 
 
 (inf.) : they differ both in accent and termination. 
 io Te6a : ace. governed by iicxo^h.t'l. 
 12 nc-xo^H.it, 'travelled through on foot' : the prefix gives the 
 
 sense of 'entirely'; and xo^htb, like ii^th, always implies 
 
 motion on foot. 
 
 6.iaro-c.ioBjaa : pres. gerund of ojaro-cjOBiaTB. 
 
 III. 
 LAST WISHES. 
 
 Michael Lermontov (1814-1841), a Eussian of remote Scottish 
 ancestry, was killed in a duel at the age of twenty-six, leaving 
 a considerable amount of lyric verse and a novel (Fepofi nauiero 
 BpeMemi, A Hero of Our Time). He was strongly influenced 
 by Byron. His work is unequal ; but the best of it is unsur- 
 passed in simplicity, force, and melody. 
 
 In this poem, a wounded soldier, dying abroad, expresses 
 his last wishes to a brother- officer. A translation by Mr Maurice 
 Baring will be found in Appendix II. 
 i ct> toooio : pronounce as one word — sta-bo-yu. Brother- 
 officers, unless they are about to meet in a duel, use the 2nd 
 pers. sing, to one another. 
 
40 
 
 6paTT>, 'brother,' must be distinguished from 6paTB, 'to 
 take.' 
 
 2 xorkiB 6bi, 'I should like': 6bi (or 6b in the contracted 
 form) is the conditional particle, used with the past tense. 
 
 ho-6bitb, 'to be for a while': no-, prefixed to a verb, often 
 attenuates its meaning. 
 
 3 Ha cb^t^ belongs to ;khtb : cf. ix 6. 
 
 roBopaTB, 'they say,' 'I am told' : this pi. with an indefinite 
 subject is very common and often takes the place of our 
 passive: e.g. napa y6njiH, 'the Tsar has been murdered.' 
 
 4 ocTaeT-CH : 3rd pers. sing., pres. ind. of ocTaB^TB-Cii : 
 similarly jjaB^TB (to give) makes #ai&, saemB, ,naeTB. 
 
 5 nofaemt, 'thou wilt travel' (not on foot, which would be 
 EoljiieinB). 
 
 Again, the verb, though present in form, is future in meaning, 
 because it is perfective: i^eniB = 'thou art travelling, 5 no- 
 ijiemh = 'thou wilt travel.' Similar perfectives are cnp6ciiTB 
 (11. 9 and 28), and 3a-CTaHemB (1. 18) : all three have a future 
 sense. See Appendix I § 4. 
 
 6 ciiOTpa jkb, 'well, look here!': jkb or me is an enclitic 
 particle with many meanings: its commonest use is to em- 
 phasise the word before it, e.g. cer6 ate am, 'this very day,' 
 more emphatic than cer6jpui. 
 
 #a hto = 'but, after ail.' 
 
 cyjp^fi: pronounce soo-dyboy (the first y being a con- 
 sonant) : the case (instr.) is due to o-3a66^eHB. 
 
 8 hhkt6 He : even where the subject is negative, the verb must 
 always be negatived also: hiikt6 H3B hhxb He nornC-B, 'not 
 one of them was lost.' 
 
 9 cnp6cHTB: Russian idiom, like Latin, requires the future 
 here: we say, 'If anyone asks....' 
 
 Distinguish cnp6cHTB from cnpoc^TB (inf.). 
 io kto 6bi hh, 'whoever' may ask: see vin 9, xxv 2. 
 ii hmb: dat. plur. 
 12 p^HeHB, 'wounded,' past participle passive of p^hhtb. 
 
 Every past participle and adjective has two forms: (1) a 
 longer form, when it is used attributively, as ji;66pBifi He.iOB'feKB, 
 'a good man'; (2) a shorter form, when the adj. or participle 
 is the predicate, as mioBiKB ,no6pB, ' the man is good.' paHeHB, 
 being the predicate here, takes the place of p&HeHBifi. Similar 
 
41 
 
 short forms are iltoxii (for njoxie) in 1. 14, 2Kd:bb (for aiiiBon) 
 in 1. 21, and .tehhbb (for jbhhbeih) in 1. 22. 
 
 3a D,apn, 'for the Tsar': a famous opera called jRri3HB 3a 
 IJapji (Life for the Tsar), by Glinka, the first great Eussian 
 composer, was produced in 1837. 
 
 ejBa (pronounce yed-vd) is often followed by Jin (or jib) : it 
 means 'I hardly think you will find....' 
 
 3a-CTaHemB : pres. ind. of the perfective 3a-CTaTB. 
 
 npn-3HaTBca = npii-3HarocB : the inf. is used with much 
 more freedom than in English: see ix 3. 
 
 6 b is the contracted form of 6bi. 
 
 As jEa.iB is a fern, noun, the verb should properly be 6lli£, 
 but it is used in such a way as to pass for an adverb : the usual 
 constr. is mhb iKaib ee, 'I am sorry for her.' 
 
 H3B hiixb : see n. to 3a Hefi, i 12. 
 
 no.iKB no-ciaJiii, 'they have sent the regiment,' i.e. 'the 
 regiment has been sent': see n. to 1. 3. 
 
 Note that *ito introduces an indirect statement, and ^toCb 
 (i.e. ht6-6h) an indirect command, 'that they must not 
 expect me.' 
 
 ecTB : commonly omitted : it does not occur again in these 
 poems. 
 
 o,HHa here is merely the indefinite article. 
 
 'When one thinks, how long ago we (two) parted!' The 
 first KaKB has, as often, the sense of Kor,n;a\ 
 
 Bcn6jiHnniB, lit. 'thou shalt remember': the 2ndpers. sing, 
 is regularly used where we use ' one,' to generalise a statement : 
 comp. xvi 16. 
 
 pa3-CT^JiHCB : supply met as subject. 
 
 nycTaro : pronounce pu-stdw-va, throwing the whole 
 stress on the middle syllable. The gen. is due to the regular 
 rule that the direct object of a negatived verb is in the gen. : 
 BHjB.in-.in bbi ee? a hg bii^Iib ea, 'Did you see her? 
 I did not see her.' 
 
 TKdLjiiii: in prohibitions, the imperfective verb is used: 
 hence ata-iM and not no-ata-iBn here, though the perfective 
 pa3-CKa;Kft was used in 1. 29 : comp. xxv 2. 
 
 'Let her weep a little': for the force of no-, see n. to 1. 2, 
 and, for the constr., n. to xxv 3. 
 
42 
 
 IV. 
 THE POISON-TREE. 
 
 Alexander Pushkin, born at Moscow in 1799, died on Jan. 27, 
 1837 ; like Lermontov, lie fell in a duel. Pushkin had African 
 blood in his veins: his mother's grandfather was a negro 
 named Hannibal, who was bought by Peter the Great at 
 Constantinople, educated, and ennobled: the surname borne 
 by his descendants was Fama liddJi'B. There is no trace of the 
 African in Pushkin's writing: apart from his genius, he has 
 the lucidity and good sense of the French people. The creator 
 of modern Russian literature and literary style, Pushkin is 
 ranked by his countrymen as the greatest of all the Russian 
 poets. He wrote a number of poems, some unfinished dramas, 
 a fine tragedy, and a novel in prose. EBremfi OHiiriiHT>, a 
 romance in verse, is perhaps his masterpiece ; that admirable 
 performance must not be judged by the first Canto which he 
 himself described as ' a hasty introduction.' 
 
 This famous poem, a marvel of conciseness and force, may 
 be due to something Pushkin had read about Java ; or he may 
 have expanded a hint in Byron's Childe Harold, iv 126. One 
 of Turgenev's short novels — 3aTHnii>p, — turns on the poem. 
 
 pac-Ka.ieHH0ii : perf. pass. part, from pac-KaiH'n>: cf. 
 3a-Ka.ieHT>, v 14. 
 
 aHiapt: antiaris is the botanical name of the upas-tree of 
 Java, a poisonous tree but not quite as deadly as legend 
 represents it. 
 
 B-cejieHHaa, lit. 'the inhabited,' just like y oiKovfxeirj ; 
 'the whole world.' 
 
 'Nature, the nature of the parched plains.' 
 
 jKaiKAYimixi): gen. plur. fern, of the pres. participle of 
 m&jRR&Th, 'to thirst. 1 
 
 CTenefi: gen. plur.: CTenL generally means a grassy plain, 
 but this tree grows in a sandy desert (1. 20). 
 
 ero, 'it': Russian uses ero, euf, etc. of animate and in- 
 animate things alike. 
 
 bi seHL, 'upon a day': fteHb is ace: cf. bt> 6fpio, 'in a 
 storm' (vn 14). 
 
 Ha-noH.ia : here and often the prefix Ha- suggests abundance : 
 
43 
 
 so Ha-roBop^TL, 'to talk a great deal/ Ha-nriTBca na^MB, Ho 
 drink a quantity of tea.' 
 
 Kan.ieTT,: KanaTB, 'to trickle,' makes two presents — Hanaro, 
 — aeniB, and KaiLiro, — jeniB. Note that, if a verb is accented 
 on the 1st syll. in the inf., the accent is unchanged throughout 
 all inflexions. 
 
 kb nojf^HH), 'towards noon' : common temporal use of kb. 
 
 pac-TonicB: gerund of the perfective pac-TOHHTBCa, 'to melt.' 
 
 3h6k> : the normal gen. of 3Hofi is 3Hoa ; but a gen. in -y or 
 -ro is often used, in the case of most masculine nouns: cf. 
 cb BH,ny (v 25). 
 
 cmojok), 'in the form of resin' : a typical use of the instru- 
 mental case to denote a state or condition: so Kor^a a 6biib 
 CTyxeHToaiB, 'when I was a student'; ohb Bti-meiB bb 
 OTCTaBKy nai6poMB, 'he left the army as a major'; ohb 
 CHOTpiiTB CTapnKOMB, ' he looks like an old man.' 
 
 Ha-6-fe^iiTB : here na- means 'towards,' quite unlike its 
 meaning in Ha-noajra above. 
 
 eco : pronounce y ess-lee : Russian c never has the sound 
 of z. 
 
 o-pociiTB, lit. 'shall wet': the verb is perfective, and there- 
 fore the pres. is future in sense. 
 
 6jryjE^afl: pres. gerund. 
 
 cb ero BBTBefi, 'from its branches': cb with gen. regularly 
 = 'from.' Note that ero. though preceded by a preposition, 
 does not become Her6, because the preposition does not govern 
 it: comp. xvi 14. 
 
 c-TeKaeTB: imperfective : the prefix c- means 'from,' like 
 'ex-' in ' exudes.' 
 
 'But one human being sent another,' though no wild animal 
 will approach the tree, .iiojii is generally used as the plur. of 
 
 ^CIOB-ftKB. 
 
 totb, 'he,' 'the other,' used just like Latin Me, where the 
 subject changes. 
 
 no-xe'KB (pronounce pa-tyok), lit. 'flowed off,' i.e. hastened 
 off. 
 
 kb frpy : comp. kb nojif jjhio (1. 10). 
 
 y-BflnriTiiMii : past participle of y-BaHyTB, 'to wither.' 
 
 cb, 'with,' regularly takes the instr. 
 
 xjraxHLiii is often used for xoj^hbiii by the poets, and so 
 
44 
 
 BJiacti (hair) for b6.tocli, M.ia^6fi for MOJiofl6fi, MacB for tojiocb, 
 etc. : in each case the shorter form is the older. 
 
 pyHtflMii, lit. 'in the form of streams' : see n. to 1. 12. 
 
 29 .nert (pronounce lyolc), past tense of jie^B, 'to lie down': 
 all the verbs in this stanza are perfective; each action is 
 definite and complete. 
 
 30 JiiiKii : the inner bark of a tree, especially the lime, used for 
 many purposes in Eussia. 
 
 31 Hori: gen. plur. with what is called the zero ending: i.e. 
 the case represents the stem alone : it is specially common with 
 fern, nouns ending in -a. 
 
 33 Ha-nHTajiB, 'fed to the full' : for this force of Ha-, see n. to 
 1. 8. 
 
 34 The epithet means that the arrows do his bidding. 
 CTptjiBi in the pi., but CTpijEi gen. sing. : see n. to 1 2. 
 
 35 pa3-o-cjraJn., 'sent in different directions.' The prefix pa3- 
 often denotes dispersion; -0- is often inserted between the 
 simple verb and the prefixes B03- and pa3^. 
 
 36 bb, 'into,' with ace. ; but bb, ' in,' takes the loc. 
 nperfjiB, properly 'frontier,' can mean 'country'; Pushkin 
 
 elsewhere uses poji,h6h npesBJiB for p6,a;nHa (native country). 
 
 A COSSACK CRADLE-SONG. 
 
 This exquisite song is supposed to be sung by a Cossack 
 woman to her infant. The scene is in the Caucasus, and she 
 foretells that the babe like his father will fight against the 
 mountain tribes, while she weeps at home for her son. The 
 Terek is a great river flowing northwards from the Caucasus, 
 and the Chechens are a tribe living in Daghestan, who resisted 
 the Russian power down to 1859, when they surrendered with 
 their chief, Shamyl. 
 
 6aiomKH-6ai6 is a refrain to make the child sleep, like our 
 'hush-a-by.' The verb y-6aiOKiiBaTB = 'to lull to sleep.' 
 
 CTaHy, 'I will begin' (pres. ind. of CTaTi>), is used to form a 
 future tense, ' I will tell ' : the constr. is common, and it must 
 be noted that the infin. after CTaHy must always be imperfective : 
 there are six such infinitives in the song. 
 
45 
 
 c-noio, 'I will sing': this is the other way of forming the 
 future: c-noi& is pres. ind. of c-hbtl, and c-iibtl is the 
 perfective form of nto : see n. to in 5 : this kind of future 
 also occurs six times in the song. 
 
 hlt> = 'but.' 
 
 ApeaLirf, imperative of spe:xiaTL. 
 
 3a-KpLiBnrii : past gerund of 3a-KpBiTB: the ordinary form 
 is 3a-EpLiBB. 
 
 njemeTB : njecKaTL makes n.ienif , — emt, in pres. ind. 
 
 ^e^eHTb : the form TEe^Hei^ is commoner : comp. Pushkin, 
 Prisoner of the Caucasus, 
 
 He cnn, Ka3aKB: bo tmb ho^hok 
 J ie^eKen r b xo^iitb 3a pBKoit. 
 (Sleep not, Cossack; in the darkness of night the Chechen is 
 astir across the river.) 
 
 Ha 6eperB, 'on to the bank' : the ace. shows 'motion to.' 
 
 Td^nTi. must be distinguished from to^htl (inf.). 
 
 The dash before CTapuii means that 'is' must be supplied: 
 see ii 2. 
 
 3a-KajeHB, not being the predicate, should be 3a-Ka.ieHHHfi : 
 see n. to in 12 : but the distinction between the use of the two 
 forms is sometimes ignored. 
 
 bb 6016, 'in battle': the normal locative is 66b, but many 
 locatives are formed in -f or -k> : so Kpai6 in 1. 38. As this 
 termination is always accented, it is distinct from the dative 
 66m and Kparo. 
 
 c-noKoeHB: the short, predicative, form of c-hokohhhh. 
 
 y-3HdeniB, 'thou shalt learn,' from the perfective y-3HaTL: 
 the imperfective is y-3Haemi>, 'thou art learning,' from y- 
 
 3HaBaTL. 
 
 B-xEHemB, 'thou shalt put in,' perfective: but B-^BBaemB, 
 'thou dost put in,' imperfective. 
 
 Hory, ace. of Hora: many fern, nouns which end in a, throw 
 back the accent in the ace. sing., e.g. pyKa, pf uy, tojob^, rojiOBy. 
 
 B03L-MemL, 'thou shalt take,' from b3htb, perfective: but 
 6epemt, 'thou art taking,' from opaTB, imperfective. 
 
 pa3-o-niLi6, 'I will embroider': but pac-iuiiBaio, 'I em- 
 broider.' The prefix pa3- (of which pac- and pa30- are other 
 forms) suggests variety, 'divers colours.' 
 
 cb BH^y, 'in appearance,' lit. 'from look' : for the -y ending 
 
46 
 
 of the gen., see n. to iv 10: so TepaTB H3B Blfay, Ho lose 
 sight of.' 
 
 27 a B&Mjiy, 'I will go out': blI- is always accented, when the 
 verb to which it is prefixed is perfective; so Bti-cjiajia (1 8). 
 
 28 th MaxHeuit, 'thou wilt beckon,' from MaxH^TB: but 
 MameniL, 'thou beckonest,' from MaxaTB. 
 
 29 cie'3B : gen. plur. with zero ending, governed by ck6jilko. 
 
 30 bb Ty ho^ib. 'on that night' : ry is fern. ace. of totb. 
 npo-jiLio, 'I shall shed,' from iipo-jihtb: but jebio, 'I am 
 
 shedding.' 
 33 CTaHy : see 1. 5 : five imperfective infinitives here follow the 
 auxiliary verb. 
 
 35 b4iibih fteHB : ace. of duration of time. 
 
 36 raji;aTB, to discover her son's destiny by cards or by omens ; 
 ra^anie was a favourite pastime of Eussian women in the days 
 of their ignorance. 
 
 37 CKy^aemB, sc. no po^EHB, 'art homesick.' 
 
 38 Kpai6 : see n. to 1. 14. 
 
 39 jkb — 'but.' 
 
 3a6oTB : gen. plur. with zero ending, from 3a66ia : the gen. 
 is used because the verb is negatived : see n. to 111 30. 
 41 ftaMt, 'I will give.' from ji;aTL: but ji,ai6, 'I give,' from the 
 imperfective .naBaTB. 
 
 She will give him at parting a little ikon, to which he may 
 address his prayers. 
 
 A Russian peasant, when praying, turns his eyes to the 
 sacred pictures (o6pa3a) on the house- wall. If out of doors, 
 he will look, if possible, at the cross on a church, and is said 
 MOJiHTBca Bory Ha EepKOBHLiH KpecTB, i.e. 'to direct prayer to 
 the church cross/ 
 
 43 MOJiflC-a: the proper gerund of mojihtlcji (to pray) is mojihcb, but 
 the poets often add a superfluous -a or -a to the reflexive verb. 
 
 44 CTaBB, imperative of craBiiTB. 
 
 n£pe,a,B co66f, 'in front of you': ce6A and cboh (1. 46) are 
 freely used of the 1st and 2nd persons, as well as of the 3rd : 
 e.g. a ho3b6jiio ce6B npn6aBHTB, 'I shall permit myself to 
 add....' 
 
 45 roT6BflCB : pres. gerund of roTOBiiTtca. 
 bb 60S, 'to enter the battle.' 
 
 46 b6mhh : imperative of iiomhiitb : the accent, being on the 
 first syll. in the inf., remains there in all the inflexions. 
 
4:7 
 
 VI. 
 
 ERZERUM. 
 
 This poem was written at Erzerum, which Pushkin visited 
 in 1829 ; Russia was at war with Turkey, and Pushkin entered 
 the city with a victorious army. The poem, attributed to a 
 Turkish Janissary, appeared in an account of the journey which 
 he published. In this he writes : ' The reforms instituted by 
 the Sultan have not yet penetrated to Erzerum. Between 
 Erzerum and Constantinople there exists the same sort of 
 rivalry as between Kazan and Moscow.' 
 i raypn, 'the Giaours,' i.e. the Christian powers who com- 
 plimented the Sultan Mahmoud on his reforms. 
 
 2 KOBaHofi nflTofi, 'with iron heel': kob£tb, 'to hammer iron,' 
 makes Kyi&, Kyemf,, in pres. ind.; and KOBaHH&ifi, the perf. 
 pass, part., is used as an adj. with one h dropped out. 
 
 3 cnnmaro : ace. sing, masc, pres. part, of cnaTL. 
 pa3-ji;aBJiT'L and the two following verbs, being perfectives, 
 
 are all future in meaning. 
 
 5 sa-CHfji-B, 'has fallen asleep': npo-CHyTL-cfl, 'to awake,' is a 
 reflexive verb : both are perfectives. 
 
 6 Upo-poKa, 'the Prophet,' Mahomet. 
 
 7 Bt Hen-L, 'in it': pronounce. vnyom (1 syll.). 
 
 tfp^BHjiro : most adjectives of time and place have 'soft' 
 terminations: e.g. BeceHHifi (not — nfi), JTBTHifi, 3HMmfi, paH- 
 Hifi, npeiKHiii, nocjiijiiHiii, Be^epHifr, which are all found in this 
 text. 
 9 'For the sweets of vice': cjia^ocTen is gen. plur. and 
 governs nopoKa. 
 
 io M0Jib6'B: H3-Mfe^TL, 'to betray,' governs the dat. 
 
 ii ot-b&Ik/l, 'has become unaccustomed': but npH-BBiK'B, 
 'has become accustomed.' 
 
 noTy : for gen. in -y, see n. to iv 10 : distinguish this from 
 Bi) noTf , ' in a sweat,' where the loc. ending is accented. 
 
 12 b-l nacri, 'at the hours.' 
 
 14 xojjit'b, 'walk on foot': the verb further implies that they 
 do this as a regular thing, whereas Hsf t-l would mean ' they are 
 walking now': cf. xin 5: xo^htb and iiji;th are both imper- 
 fectives, so that their presents' have a present sense ; but the 
 
48 
 
 first is * indefinite' and the second 'definite.' Thus pfccKiS 
 MyatHKT) KajKjijK) cy66oTy x6^HT r & bt> 6&b.k>, ' a Russian peasant 
 goes to the bath every Saturday ' ; but oht, h,h6ti bb 
 6^hio, 'he is going to the bath now/ Compounds of 
 xo^tl are imperfective, but of urt& perfective : hence npo- 
 x6%UT r b = 'he walks forward,' but npo-fiflerB = 'he will go,' 
 the prefix losing its proper meaning, and serving only to make 
 the verb perfective : see Appendix I § 5. 
 
 Note the change of accent between xoji^tl (inf.) and x6rktt>, 
 'he walks.' 
 
 15 CTapfxT,, like Mywm&wb below, is ace. plur., this case being 
 identical with the gen. if the noun is animate. But note that 
 the ace. sing, of fern, nouns in -a differs from the gen. sing. 
 
 16 a TB: comp. 11 totb (iv 23). 
 
 rap^MH, 'the harems': Pushkin first wrote xape'MH, which 
 reproduces the sound of h better ; but modern Russian always 
 uses r to represent our h, so that Hamlet is turned into TaMJieT'b 
 and Horatio into ropaiui. 
 
 b-bo^htT) : the prefix means 'into': it does not form a 
 syllable and is pronounced as if the speaker had a very slight 
 stammer over the letter. 
 
 17 eBHf xt> : pronounce yev-nooch (ch as in loch). 
 
 18 He TaKOBX, '[is] not like that.' 
 
 The epithets refer to the facts that Erzerum is (1) 7000 feet 
 above the sea; (2) a centre of trade-routes between Europe 
 and Asia. This appears in Pushkin's prose narrative. 
 21 ^epnJieM'L: the regular form from ^pnaTB, 'to draw,' is 
 ^epnaeMB. 
 
 Darnell: instrumental. 
 
 24 Pushkin writes: 'Erzerum is proud of its water. The 
 Euphrates flows within three versts of the town ; and there are 
 everywhere a quantity of fountains, with a tin cup by each, 
 hanging on a chain.' 
 
 25 tojtiioI : for this use of the instr., see n. to iv 12. 
 
 26 ftJKiiriiTLi : a Tatar word : no Russian word begins with 
 am- : they use it to represent our j sound, e.g. ftJKCHTejiBMeH'b, 
 'gentleman'; Rmemcb, 'James.' 
 
 28 As a matter of fact, Pushkin describes in his narrative how 
 he himself visited a harem at Erzerum ; but the visit was made 
 by right of conquest. 
 
49 
 
 VII. 
 
 THE AMULET. 
 
 This imitation of Eastern poetry is based on fact. At 
 Odessa in 1824, Pushkin was given an agate seal-ring by a 
 Countess VorontsofT. He wore it habitually on his right 
 thumb — some of his portraits show it — often used it to seal 
 his letters, and attached a mysterious value to it. It was 
 once in the possession of Turgenev, and is now in the Pushkin 
 Museum at Petrograd. It bears a memorial inscription in 
 Hebrew, but is not of great antiquity. 
 
 2 Ha, 'against.' 
 
 CKa.irit, ace. plur. : an exception to the rule noted on I 2. 
 
 3 Terr.10, 'warmly,' makes Tenj-fce as comparative: where the 
 positive has more than two syllables, the accent does not shift 
 in the comp., e.g. j^thbo, 'politely,' makes piTHBie. 
 
 5 Ha-cia/K^a-a-CL : pres. gerund of the imperfective Ha- 
 ciasKjt&TLCJi : note that perfective verbs do not normally form 
 pres. gerunds. 
 
 The termination -cl, after vowels, represents the termination 
 -ca. (pronounced -sa) after consonants. 
 
 6 npo-Bojnrb, 'spends' ; but the other aspect npo-Be^eTt would 
 mean 'will spend.' 
 
 7 JiacKaacb: the reflexive form implies that the endearments 
 are mutual. 
 
 8 B-py^iija = the Latin mandavit, being derived from pytta as 
 mandare is from manus. 
 
 12 'It [is] given to you by love.' The instr. is constantly used 
 to express agency: cf. xiv 28. 
 
 jtaHt is the passive participle used as predicate and therefore 
 in the short form : the two forms are flaHHiiii:, — aji, — oe, and 
 jjaiiT), .naiia, ^aHO, where the shift of accent should be noted. 
 
 15 roiOBii: gen., because the verb governing it is negative: 
 the pi. is rojioBM, the same form with a different accent. 
 
 16 cimce'T'B and the three following verbs are all perfective 
 presents with future meaning. 
 
 19 no-KJOHHiiKOBi) is the form of both gen. and ace; but the 
 gen. is no doubt required here by the negative verb. 
 IIpo-poKa: cf. vi 6. 
 
 d. 4 
 
50 
 
 21 Ha, 'to.' 
 
 .i6ho, a poetical word, for which pfKii or rpyaB would be 
 used in prose. 
 
 22 CTpaHt : gen. plur. with zero ending, from CTpaHa\ 
 
 23 cb 16 ra, 'from the South': pronounce syooga: newspapers 
 now write of the Southern Slavs as Jugo-Slavs. 
 
 25 KOBapHH should be KOBapHHa: see n. to 111 12: but the 
 poets often disregard the difference : comp. xix 5. 
 
 6^11, a poetical word, for which rjia3a is used in prose : the 
 sing, is oko, — a, n. 
 
 26 o^iapf k)tb : from o^apoBarB : future in sense. An inf. in 
 -OBaTB generally makes a pres. ind. in -j 10, -f eniB. 
 
 27 ycTa: the prose equivalent is rf6Bi. 
 
 28 non^Jif iotb : another perfective. 
 jlk>6&: gerund of jiioShtb. 
 
 31 otb 3a6Be'HBS, 'from being forgotten.' 
 
 32 co-xpaHHTB, 'will preserve': but xpaH^TB, 'preserves,' and 
 xpaHHTB, 'to preserve.' 
 
 VIII. 
 
 A SERENADE. 
 
 Iv^n Turgenev (1818-1883) is of all Russian writers the 
 finest artist and the best critic. The amount of his prose 
 fiction is very large, and it is all good; one might pick out 
 3anHCKH Ox6THHKa, Otbbi e ^th, and Pf jjhhb (A Sportsman's 
 Notes, Fathers and Sons, Rudin), as his masterpieces. He 
 published little poetry: the single piece (Croquet at Windsor) 
 which he included in the collected edition of his works, is 
 unworthy of him. 
 
 • This graceful and musical serenade is taken from his earliest 
 piece for the stage, called HeocTop6jKHOCTB (Carelessness), 
 written in 1843. The scene is in Spain. 
 
 2 noji;B okh6mb, 'under the window,' the speaker being in the 
 street: a person is often said cii^tb noji,B okh6mb, when he 
 is in the house : cf. xvm 6. 
 
 3a-BtmeHHBiMB : past pass. part, of 3a-BiciiTB: a theatre 
 curtain is sa-Ha-B^CB. 
 
 3 tb-hh : locative, to be distinguished from rfcHH, gen. and 
 dat. sing., nom. and ace. pi., of the same word. This loc. is 
 
51 
 
 found in fern, nouns ending either in -l, like tbub, or in -m, 
 like Ah Mia ; bb AnrjiiH, 'in England.' 
 
 4 o-KfxaHHBiii, 'wrapped about': the prefix o- often has this 
 force. 
 
 5 sbb^bi : pronounce 3Be*3ji;Bi: this is one of a very few- 
 words in which i takes this sound which e so often has. 
 
 7 bbihjjb is one syllable : the imperative of the imperfective is 
 BH-xo^rf : the latter would be a less urgent summons. 
 
 8 no-JiBH-CB, 'show thyself : the -cb represents -ch, i.e. ce6n. 
 
 9 'However long we may live after this.' 
 
 hh is not negative here: after an interrogative-relative 
 adverb or pronoun, it expresses the indefinite notion of 'how- 
 ever': e.g. KaKB & hh CTapaiocB, 'however hard I try.' 
 
 When 6bi is also used, as here, the verb is always in the 
 past: comp. in 10 kto 6bi hh cnpocnjiB; xxv 2 kto 6b tbi 
 hh 6blib : 6b is the contracted form of 6bi. 
 io xot^tb, 'to wish,' an irregular verb, makes xo^f, x6HemB, 
 
 X6WIB, X0THMB, X0THTC, XOTflTB. 
 
 ^to6b = hto 6bt, and this again is followed by a past tense 
 where we should expect a present. 
 
 mh cb to66h = 'you and I s : the regular idiom, the speaker 
 putting himself first, in the plural : ' my sister and I ' is mh 
 cb cecTpofi. 
 
 12 h6hh : gen., as the object of a negatived verb. 
 
 13 JierKO, ae^e, 'lightly': adv. of jierKifi. 
 
 14 ftBima: gerund of jjBiinaTB. 
 
 15 o-3npaacB, 'looking about you' : gerund of o-3HpaTBCJi. 
 
 16 tbi cofi^eniB, 'thou wilt come down,' perfective: c-xo^hhib, 
 the imperfective, 'thou art coming down.' 
 
 Ay hi a : often used as a term of endearment, even between men. 
 
 17 TopmecTBffl: gerund of TopatecTBOBaTB : observe how 
 much commoner the gerund is than the present participle. 
 
 18-23 All the verbs are perfective presents with future meaning. 
 !8 kpbijibh6 = French perron, steps outside a house: a Russian 
 family in summer spends much time Ha KpBiiBirB\ 
 
 19 kojtbhh, irregular pi. from kci^ho. 
 
 y-na;a,f , from y-nacTB : the imperfective is naji;aio. 
 
 20 Te6-fe bb jihho, 'into your face' ; the regular idiom. 
 
 21 The imperfectives of the three verbs are — 3a-Tnx£eTB, npo- 
 x6ji;htb, and sa-Miip^exB. 
 
 4—2 
 
52 
 
 24 npe-j^Biniixcji, lit. 'that have surrendered themselves' : past 
 part, of the reflexive verb npe-a&rB-cji. 
 
 25 c-jioskhbhth pf kit, lit. 'having folded your arms' : past gerund 
 of c-jroatHTb. All gerunds are indeclinable. 
 
 The three finite verbs in this stanza are imperfectives. 
 
 26 061. becomes 660 before mh-, just as kt> becomes ko (1. 16) 
 and B'L becomes bo. 
 
 27 jiBiOTca: pronounce lewtsa: Newton's name is written 
 Hliotoh'l in Kussian. 
 
 IX. 
 
 A SONG. 
 
 Alexei Koltsov (1809-1842) had a short and sad life. The 
 son of a cattle-dealer in the Government of Voronezh, he 
 received little education and found no sympathy nor even 
 affection in his own family. His chief friend and patron was 
 the critic Byelinsky. After long illness he died of consumption, 
 leaving 158 short poems. There is much resemblance between 
 his history and that of Burns. He had an admirable lyric 
 gift, and more of his songs would have been included here, if 
 his metres, often those of the traditional folk-songs, had been 
 more suitable to the immediate purpose of the book. 
 
 The metre is v_, ^ -<- | ^ ^ -*-, i.e. two anapaests, with the last 
 syll. of each foot accented. 
 
 2 aiap^e, 'more hotly,' comp. of atdpKo: for the form, comp. 
 Hfme (xv 12). 
 
 ,Hhji: 'than' after the comparative is regularly expressed 
 by the gen.: 6to bbi Jif^ine MeHii 3H&eTe, 'you know that 
 better than I.' 
 
 3 - With a personal dat., the inf. is freely used to express 
 negations : comp. xi 2 : 'we cannot tell' may be either He HaMt 
 
 3HaTL Or KaKt HaMT. 3HaTB ? 
 
 .npynf mb : dat. plur, of .npyrofr. 
 
 6 jRiijia : the past tense of the Eussian verb has the peculiarity 
 of showing gender and number— oht, jkuji'b, OHa auuia, oho 
 jkhjio, ohh jkhjiii. This is explained by the fact that it was 
 once a participle; thus it is analogous to the Latin passive, 
 captus est, capta est, capti sunt. The fern, form is apt to place 
 the accent on the last syllable : so OT-jjajra below. 
 
 7 jtf ray, ace. of tfyuid, with change of accent : see n. to v 19. 
 
53 
 
 8 0T-x&ji£: but 6T-^ai , L where the subject is masculine. 
 OT-;i;ajrd and no-racri (1. 17) are the only perfectives in the 
 poem, as against fourteen imperfectives. 
 
 9 hto 3a hotb = KaKan home, 'what a wonderful night*: 
 comp. xxn 1. Note that in this idiom 3a does not affect the 
 case of the noun which follows it. 
 
 io flpfra: verbs of expecting govern the gen. 
 
 flpyri, Jipfra must not be confused with ,npyr65, ,npyr6ro 
 (1. 3). , 
 
 ii The masc. forms are Gii^em, and xo-jroAeHB, being the 
 contracted forms; but the fern, forms, in these and many- 
 other cases, accent the last syllable. 
 
 13 noerB: nfeb, 'to sing,' makes iiot6, noeniL etc. 
 
 14 3opLKa, dim. of sapji, 'redness of the sky,' is used as an 
 endearment: so also is cojihliiiiko, dim. of c6jiHue. 
 
 15 6epeTL, 'he takes,' from 6paTt : but B03LMexT,, 'he will take,' 
 from B3jitb: the perfective is therefore supplied by a quite 
 different verb. 
 
 17 no-racH : perfective imperative : no-raiuafi imperfective. 
 
 18 no-ivsjif 11, a pi. noun of four syllables, must not be confused 
 with no-ij'kif ft, an imperative of three. 
 
 20 orHt: a contracted form of oroHt. 
 
 BB KpOBH : loC, but the gen. of KpOBB is KpOBH. 
 
 22 jkjkctb: me^h, 'to burn,' makes atry, aiateinB etc. 
 
 THE SCENT OF THE BIECH-TREE. 
 
 Alexei Tolstoi (1817-1875) — not nearly related, if at all, 
 to the more famous writer of the same name — had all the 
 advantages of birth and wealth. For twenty years he held a 
 position at Court, corresponding to that of Master of the 
 Buckhounds. But literature was the chief passion of his whole 
 life; and he left a trilogy of historical dramas, a historical 
 novel of the time of Ivan the Terrible, and a quantity of lyric 
 poetry, including epical ballads such as no Russian had written 
 before him. His lyrics seem to show the influence of Heine. 
 All his published writings are excellent literature; and his 
 plays are successful on the stage. 
 
 This lovely little poem has an exquisite freshness which is 
 rare in any poetry. 
 
54 
 
 i BecH6fr, 'in spring' : see n. to i 2. 
 
 2 Bc-xo^rijia, 'was rising up': the prefix B03- (boc- and bc- 
 are forms of it) denotes upward motion. 
 
 3 Temiri : the past tense of Te^B, Ho flow,' is tSkb, Teoa^ 
 TeKJi6, TeKi^. 
 
 4 pomi. '> gen. plur., with zero ending, of pouja. 
 
 5 nacTfniLH, belonging to a nacxfxB, 'herdsman.' It was still 
 too early in spring for the sheep and cattle to be driven out 
 to pasture : the grass had not grown tall enough. 
 
 7 bb 3aBiiTK^xt 6bijib, 'was in curls,' i.e. was still curled up 
 
 in the frond. 
 
 bb 6opf : for the loc. ending in -f or -io, see n. to v 14. 
 io 6epe3B: gen. plur. with zero ending. 
 ii npe^B (= n^pe^B) becomes npe#o before mh- } as o6b becomes 
 
 66o (m 27). 
 13 to, 'then.' 
 
 Ha is governed by otbbtb — 'in answer to.' 
 15 c6jran;a : in this word the ji is generally hot pronounced. 
 18 nip: as the inf. is rjia^BTB, the normal gerund would 
 
 be tjlslrA, but there are a few gerunds which throw back the 
 
 accent, e.g. tjlkrh, ct6r, chp, jiema. 
 22 eyerie and c^cTBe are equally permissible spellings ; but 
 
 the latter, having only two syllables, would not fit the verse 
 
 here. 
 
 XI. 
 
 DEATH. 
 
 This is the end of a long poem by Lermontov, called Mtsyri 
 or The Novice. A Georgian boy who had been brought up in 
 a Eussian monastery escaped to the freedom of his native 
 mountains and returned, after a few days, brought to the 
 point of death by exhaustion and want of food. Nearly all 
 the poem is spoken by him : he tells the Abbot why he went 
 and what he did, and ends with this charge about his last hours. 
 
 1 CTdny y-MHpaTL, 'shall come to die.' 
 
 ct^ht, itself perfective, is constantly used with imperfective 
 infinitives to form a future : see Appendix I § 9. 
 
 2 BBpB, B'BpBTe, imperative of BBpiiTB. 
 
 Te6B — atjiiaTB, 'you will not have long to wait': see n. to 
 ix3. 
 
55 
 
 3 nepe-H^cTL : the prefix has the same force as ' trans- ' in 
 1 transport' : it signifies a change of place. 
 
 HecTB is another form of iiecTH. 
 
 Bean : imperative of Be.i'BTB. Note that Beiio belongs to 
 both aspects, perfective and imperfective, and means (1) 'I 
 will order'; (2) 'I order.' The number of such verbs is 
 small. 
 
 4 to, 'that,' not 'the.' 
 
 HBBiifi : 'used to bloom' : 3rd plur., past tense of bbbct^. 
 
 5 aKaijiii : gen. plur. : not to be confused with aKin;iH loc. 
 sing., which has four syllables, not three. 
 
 ,n;Ba Kycr£: a substantive following HBa, Tpii, or ^eiripe 
 must be in the gen. sing., e.g. ^Ba CTapnK^, 'two old men'; 
 jjbb cecTpBi, 'two sisters': for the origin of this singular 
 idiom, see Forbes, p. 91. 
 
 6 TaK-B rycT^, ' [is] so thick ' : TaifB can be used thus with the 
 short form of an adjective, but TaKB rycTafl TpaB^ would be 
 impossible, TaKoI, TaK^a being always used with the long 
 form of the adj. So 'what a fine man!' is KaK6S cjraBHBifi 
 qeiOBiiKB, and never KaKB cji^bhhh. See xxn 2. 
 
 7 The 1. illustrates the convenience, or rather necessity, of the 
 double form of the adjective where is is not expressed : CBBmi, 
 being a long form, must be an epithet of the noun; #ynifiCTB, 
 being a short form, must be the predicate. 
 
 9 nrp^iomifr : pres. participle of iirpa^B. 
 
 jihctb, 'foliage.' 
 io no-JioatrfTB, 'to lay,' is the perfective of EJiaciB, while 
 jioauiTBCJi is itself the imperfective of le^B, 'to lie.' 
 
 Observe the accent and meaning of the common phrase 
 iio-JiomiiMB, 'let us suppose.' 
 ii rojiy6aro: pronounce galubdivva: rojiy66ii, derived from 
 r6jiy6B, 'a pigeon,' means 'pigeon-coloured,' as distinct from 
 crimfi, 'dark blue.' 
 
 12 y-nBi6c-fl, 'I will intoxicate myself : a perfective compound 
 of hiitb, 'to drink.' For the termination, see n. to v 43. 
 
 pa3B : pronounce rass. 
 
 13 Bri^eHB, the short form of bh^hbih. 
 
 14 cb, 'from,' coalesces wholly with the following word. 
 
 15 npii-mJieTB, 'will send, 5 from npn-d^TB : the imperfective is 
 
 npH-CHJI^TB. 
 
56 
 
 1 8 po,HH6fi 3bvkb, 'the dear native sound' of the mountain 
 breeze: the adj. implies both ideas. 
 
 pa3-ji;acT-cji, 'will be heard'; but pa3-#ae'T-cfl, 'is being 
 heard.' 
 
 20 c-KJiOHi^BniriCL: past gerund. 
 
 21 o-repB, fern. o-Tepjia: past tense of o-Tep^Tt. All com- 
 pounds of TepeTt are perfective, all of rapaTB are imperfective. 
 
 ct> is not required, as the instr. alone would give the same 
 meaning. 
 
 22 kohh^hh : gen. governed by hotb. 
 xiaji;HHH : see n. to iv 28. 
 
 23 bb noi-r6j[oca, lit. 'in half a voice': r6ioca is gen. 
 governed by nojr-. 
 
 noeTB : cf . ix 13. 
 
 24 npo, 'about' : with the same meaning as 0, o6b. 
 
 25 3a-CHf : cf. vi 5. 
 
 26 npo-Kumf, 'I will curse': npo-KJiacTt makes npo-Kumf, 
 ■ — HemB etc.: the imperfective, npo-KiimaTB, makes npo- 
 
 KJrHH^H). 
 
 The dying boy means that, but for this last consolation, he 
 must have cursed the Russian monks who had kept him shut 
 up in the monastery. 
 
 XII. 
 
 ON A DEATH-BED. 
 
 A fine example of the skill with which Tyuchev fits a scene 
 of intense human feeling into a frame of natural scenery 
 perfectly described. 
 
 1 BecB jjeHB: ace: cf. lvIibih ^eHB (v 35). 
 
 Jiemajia, 'was lying': this verb and the next three are 
 imperfectives : this aspect, like the imperfect in Greek and 
 Latin, has a dramatic and descriptive force. 
 
 3a-6LiTBrf, loc. of 3a-6tlTie: the alternative form, 3a-6^TBe, 
 makes loc. 3a-6riTB'fe. 
 
 2 ee : pronounce ye-yo. 
 tbhh, the shades of evening. 
 
 no-KpBiBa.mi, 'were covering': no-Kr>Bijiii, perfective, would 
 mean 'covered,' or 'have covered,' or 'had covered.' 
 
 3 jrfeTHii : for the soft terminations of these adjectives, see 
 n. to vi 7. 
 
57 
 
 4 jhictbamt>: jihcti> has two plurals: (1) jL&CThK, — LeB'B, 
 'foliage'; (2) jiiictbi, — obtj, 'leaves' of books etc. 
 
 6 Hanajia: but Hanajn., 'he began.' 
 
 This verb, and its imperfective nan imaTB, are always followed 
 by imperfective infinitives. 
 
 7 cjlj iuaja, 'went on listening,' imperfective. 
 
 y-BJie^eHa and no-rpyxeaa are short forms of passive 
 participles: the long forms are y-BJie i ieHHafl (from y-BJie i iB) 
 and no-rpy;KeHHaH (from no-rpy3H tb) ; both are perfectives. 
 
 8 KJmj, 'a thought': the same word denotes a deliberative 
 body: ropojicKaa tffna, 'a town-council': the Russian House 
 of Commons is called the Duma, and is pronounced Doo-ma. 
 
 9 KaKi) 6bi, 'as if: there are many equivalent expressions — 
 KaKT> 6f ^to, 6f ji,to, ciobho etc. 
 
 6ecfc,n;yji : pres. gerund of oecfc^o-BaTB. 
 io npo-roBopnjra, 'articulated': the prefix npo- suggests that 
 
 she had difficulty in bringing out the words. 
 n v-6htbih is past part. pass, of y-CiiTB, 'to kill,' but can mean 
 
 less than 'killed' : ,no cMepni, 'to death,' is often added to the 
 
 verb, to make the meaning precise. 
 12 Bee 6to, i.e. the pattering of the summer rain on the leaves, 
 
 and Nature in general. 
 
 jiiofiftjia, 'used to love': imperfective. 
 13-16 Yes, says the poet; your power of loving was such as no 
 
 one ever possessed before ; and yet I was able to survive your 
 
 death ! 
 
 14 y-,n,aBaTBca is an impersonal verb, used with the dative: 
 He 3Haro, yjtacTca-Jiir mh^, 'I do not know whether I shall 
 be successful'; xeo-fe yjjajiocB, 'thou wert successful'; eiuy 
 y-AaeToa, 'he is successful.' 
 
 y-,a;aBaJiocB is imperfective: note that negative and inter- 
 rogative sentences tend to use imperfective rather than per- 
 fective in the past tense : see Appendix I § 11. 
 
 15 rociio^n : voc. of Tocno^B: one of the few vocatives pre- 
 served in the language; Boate, '0 God,' from Bon., is another. 
 
 11 .4to nepe-aiHTB, 'to survive even this!' We should not 
 use the infinitive quite in this way. 
 
 Note that jkiitb, 'to live,' imperfective and intransitive, 
 becomes, when compounded with nepe-, both perfective and 
 transitive — ' to outlive.' 
 
58 
 
 16 pa3-o-pB^JiocL : pa3- = 'asunder/ and pBaTB, Ho tear,' 
 when compounded with pa3-, becomes perfective, with 
 pa3-pHB^Tt as its imperfective. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 THE CONVICTS. 
 
 A party of convicts, moving in chains along the dusty high- 
 road, strike up a song to raise their spirits, and the subject of 
 their singing is the life of freedom on the wide steppes and 
 great rivers of Russia. Alexei Tolstoi is admirably skilful in 
 describing scenes of the road : see xiv and xxn. 
 The metre is Heine's ballad-metre, with three beats : 
 Du hast Diamanten und Perlen, 
 Hast Alles, was Menschenbegehr. 
 The third 1. sometimes rhymes with the first, and sometimes 
 not. 
 i c-nycKieTCJi, 'is sinking': but c-nfcniTCJi, 'will sink.' 
 Note that all compounds of nycRaTB are imperfective, and all 
 compounds of nycTHTB perfective. 
 
 3a crenii: 3a, 'behind,' here takes ace. because the sun is 
 moving: for 3a with instr., see xxi 22. 
 2 bji^ih, adv., is for bb ji;ajrH, 'in the distance,' from ^ajiB. The 
 setting sun gilds the grass. 
 
 4 B3-MeTaic>TB, 'stir up': the prefix, a form of B03-, means 
 'upwards.' The men wear chains (KaHjLajiEi) on their legs. 
 
 Distinguish blub, — n, f. 'dust,' from iillib, 'flame.' 
 
 5 n,nfTB, 'they are walking' : see n. to x6^;ktb (vi 14). 
 dp^TBili is pass. part, of 6piiTB, 'to shave.' 
 
 .n6a*Mii : jio6b, gen. i6a; so potb, 'mouth,' gen. pia: bo i6y, 
 ''on the forehead,' bo pTy, 'in the mouth.' The shaven fore- 
 head was in old days a mark, not only of the convict but of 
 the newly-enrolled recruit in the Army. 
 
 7 c-ji;B^Hyjin, 'they have moved close,' i.e. knitted : perfective. 
 
 8 The past tense of jie^B is .ierB, lend, — 6, — ri ; also per- 
 fective. 
 
 9 tbhh, i.e. their own shadows. 
 
 io kjik^b : gen. sing. : see n. to xi 5. 
 
 Be3fTB: Be3Tri, 'to carry (on wheels),' makes Be3f, Be3emB 
 etc. : 'to carry in your hand or arms' is HecT^. 
 
 
 
 
59 
 
 ii c-Tii6&x, pres. gerund of c-rn6£ri, which has co-rHfTB as 
 perfective. 
 
 12 n^nb shows that the guards are on foot too: the cart 
 conveys necessaries for the party. 
 
 13 tto = 'well,' 'I say.' 
 
 3a-TiffleMTe, 'let us strike up': 3a-TimeMB, 1st pers. pi., 
 pres. tense of the perfective 3a-Tjraf tb, can bear this meaning 
 of itself, but -Te is often added to a verb so used : 'let us go' 
 may be expressed either by no-fineaiB, or by no-n,n;eH-Te. Thus 
 3a-6f ji;eMB below = 'let us forget.' 
 
 15 yatB, contracted form of vase' : one of the commonest words 
 in conversation, with the meaning 'certainly' : jik6 more often 
 means 'already'; but both forms can have either meaning. 
 
 Note that fate (so accented) is 'more narrowly.' 
 
 16 Ha-HHcaHa is predicate, and the verb 6Bi.ia is not expressed. 
 Ha poji;f, 'at birth': for the loc. in -f, see n. to v 14. The 
 
 convicts console themselves by reflecting that they cannot 
 escape their destiny. So when the old miller was drowned 
 in Aksakov's Childhood, the maids say, yatB ewf TattB Ha po,nf 
 HanncaHO (p. 220). 
 
 17 . no-BejiH, 'they started off,' from no-BOflrfTB. 
 
 18 hoiotb: from n^TB. 
 
 3a-jiHBaTB-ca, a reflexive compound of -jehb&tb, 'to pour,' 
 is often said of singers f using loud and high notes. 
 
 Cf. 3a-JHB^TB-CJi cfiTExoMB, ' to laugh heartily,' and 3a- 
 MBaTB-ca cjEe3inn, 'to weep copiously.' 
 
 19 npo : see n. to xi 24. 
 
 mnp6Kofi : in poetry the adj. often follows the noun. 
 
 20 a&poMB, originally the instr. of sapB 'a gift,' is used as an 
 adverb, meaning 'as a gift,' 'for nothing,' 'with nothing to 
 show for it': see xv 1. 
 
 Miraf Binie : past part. act. of Miraf tb. 
 
 22 flriKyio b6jk>, 'the freedom of the wild'; b6jlsl means 
 (1) freedom, (2) control. 
 
 23 Bee : here an adv. 
 Lvfenii : nom. plur. 
 
 24 MeifiB: MecTH, 'to sweep,' makes Meif, MexeniB etc. . 
 
60 
 
 XIV. 
 A PICTURE OF TRAVEL. 
 
 This poem, like the last, describes a Russian landscape and 
 figures seen by a traveller — a weir, a lake, and a mill, peasants 
 sitting on the grass, a Jew walking over the weir, a boy in the 
 reed-bed ; and the traveller has the sensation that he saw all 
 this once before. 
 
 For Mr Baring's translation of this poem, see Appendix II. 
 
 2 pEiftatriir, an adj. from pH6aKi>, 'a fisherman': so nacifiniS 
 from nacTfxT) (x 5). 
 
 3 ^en, (from 'fcxaTB), and not iueTB, is said of the carriage 
 as well as of the persons conveyed in it : comp. I 6. 
 
 4 Hen : loc, with h prefixed owing to the preposition : as the 
 loc. is only used after prepositions, Hen and Heart are the only 
 forms found. 
 
 5 .noporofi, 'on the way' : soporofi is an adj., meaning 'dear.' 
 8 sepeBHH does not have the zero ending, ^epeBHL, for its gen. 
 
 plur., but inserts a vowel after the b. 
 io npo-xoflim: see n. to vi 14. 
 
 113-6-pBaHHLifr, 'ragged,' is originally past part, passive of 
 H3-o-pBaTt (with imperfective 113-pLiBaTL), 'to tear in pieces.' 
 
 ffinj'L: rather an offensive word for a Jew, who is more 
 politely spoken of as eBpefi, 'a Hebrew.' 
 
 13 Note the idiom nrpaTB Ha sfjjK'B of a musical instrument 
 but nrpaTL bt> KapTBi, 'to play at cards,' and nrpaTB bt> k^kih, 
 'to play with dolls.' 
 
 14 3a-6paBmn-CL: past gerund of 3a- 6paTbCfl. 
 
 15 B3-.ieT^Bmifl : nom. pi. fern., past part. act. of B3-.ieT'BTB: 
 for the meaning of the prefix B3-, see n. to xiii 4. 
 
 16 no^Hfljii, 'have raised': perfective: comp. xv 8. 
 
 20 noi,-B03iiTB, 'carries up': distinguished from the inf. 
 noj-B03RTb by accent and final letter: imperfective, as the 
 meaning shows; the perfective is noji;-Be3TH. 
 
 21 K&ateTCfl : Ka3aTBCfl, 'to seem,' from which this comes, must 
 not be confused with KacaTBCfl, 'to touch,' e.g. *ito #0 neHa 
 KacaeTCH, 'so far as I am concerned.' 
 
 22 xotb : contracted form of xotr, which was once the pres. 
 gerund of xotbtb, 'to wish,' but has now become a con- 
 junction meaning 'although.' 
 
61 
 
 He is accented, because 6li.ib and oblio (but not 6ti.ia) 
 throw back their accent when they follow He. 
 
 rOBopt., lit. 'talking' : a noun formed from roBopHTB. 
 
 ryMHO is a stack-yard with a threshing-floor in it. 
 
 Kor,na-TO, 'some time or other': to, tacked on to kto, Tro, 
 KaKT., r^B, Korji,a etc., serves to make the pronoun or adv. 
 indefinite. 
 
 pKB, 'already,' here. 
 
 mh6io, 'by me' : for this use of the instr. to express agency, 
 see vii 12. 
 
 CTynlia, 'was walking': uncompleted actions are de- 
 scribed, and the imperfective is therefore needed; the four 
 following verbs are all past imperfectives. 
 
 TaKie-a»,B, 'just the same': comp. TaKVKe, 'also.' 
 
 niejiB, 'was walking,' irregular past of h^th, with fern, nuia 
 and pi. hijiii. 
 
 xcuhjBj also imperfective, would mean 'used to walk': 
 see n. to vi 14. 
 
 XV. 
 SPRING. 
 
 Perhaps this is the best of Tyuchev's spring songs, perfect 
 alike in fancy, form, and music. Landor, in his happiest 
 moments, might have written something like it. 
 
 3iiMa, but 3H.uy (1. 6) : see n. to v 19. 
 
 He jiapoMB, 'not for nothing,' i.e. with good reason : see n. to 
 xin 20. 
 
 'Her time has passed away.' 
 
 npo-nua must not be confused with npn-mjia\ which has 
 the opposite meaning, 'has come': 9^a 6ojib3hb CKopo 
 npo-iUeTB, 'that illness will soon pass.' 
 
 ea (pronounce ye-yo) : gen. of oho*. 
 
 nopa generally means a point of time, and BpeMH a period : 
 MHi nopa, 'I must be going' : but nopa here means a period. 
 
 Bt okho, 'at the window.' 
 
 CTyinTca: there is little difference in meaning between 
 CTyHaTB-cji, the reflexive form of this verb, and the simple 
 form CTyiaTL, 
 
62 
 
 4 r6HHT r b: ruaTB, 'to chase,' makes rom6, r6HHfflB etc.: 
 note the shift of accent: see n. to I 3. 
 
 co #Bop& = 'away': lit. 'from the court-yard'; but /r n,Bopi» 
 loses its original sense in this phrase and in Ha ABC-pi, 'out 
 of doors' (xxiii 1). 
 
 5 Bee : a noun here and subject of the verbs. 
 
 6 BOHTb, 'out': an adv. like Latin foras: not to be confused 
 with bohb, — h, f., 'an evil smell.' 
 
 8 Tpe-3B6H r B, properly 'a peal of three or more bells'; hence 
 'joy-bells' generally: 3bohi> is the sound made by church- 
 bells, and 3b6hk1h is 'bell-like,' 'ringing.' 
 
 9 xjronoTaTB makes xjiono^f, xjionb^emB etc. ; and xoxo- 
 t^tl is inflected in the same way in pres. ind 
 
 ii xa, 'the other,' i.e. spring: comp. xoxt (iv 23). 
 
 eft Bt rjia3a, 'into her face' : cf. vm 20 xe6t bx> jihd;6. 
 
 12 nfme, 'more': npe^KHjiro, 'than before,' is often added: 
 this adv. has no positive, other than MHoro. 
 
 13 BS-dicHJiacB : the prefix B3- turns 6^chxb-cji into a per- 
 fective. For the meaning, comp. 6icx, 'the devil,' 6 , BBieHCTBO, 
 'fury' etc. 
 
 3idii, 'ill-natured': fern, of 3Jioft. 
 
 14 CH'fery, 'some snow': the gen. in -y is especially common in 
 this partitive sense: e.g. Kyc6^eKX, e&xapy, 'a lump of sugar.' 
 
 3a-xBaTfl is a pres. gerund, formed from the perfective 
 verb 3a-xBaTHTL : such gerunds are always past in meaning, 
 e.g. y-BH^ii, 'having seen'; but it is exceptional for a per- 
 fective verb to form a present gerund at all (Forbes, p. 199). 
 
 15 nycTHia, 'let fly': past perfective, with nycKajia for imper- 
 fective. 
 
 Though most perfective verbs are compound, being made 
 perfective by the addition of no- or some other prefix to the 
 simple verb, a certain number are simple : nycxnxB is one of 
 these. Therefore nf cxhxx. = 'he will let go,' and nycKfeB, 
 'he lets go.' Other simple perfectives found in these poems 
 are CTaTB, 'to begin,' and #axB, 'to give.' 
 
 y-6 r firas, 'while running away': pres. gerund of y-6 r fer^TB 
 which has as perfective y-diataxB. 
 17 'Spring does not care': lit. 'to spring there is even little 
 of distress' : r6pa Majio is often used thus in prose after a dat. 
 of the person. 
 
63 
 
 [8 y-Miiiac-ji, 'she washed her face and hands': y-MEiB^TB-cji 
 (perfective v-h^itb-cji) does not mean 'to take a bath,' which 
 is Kyna^B-ca. 
 
 For the superfluous -r added to the reflexive verb, see 
 n. to v 43. 
 
 CHirf , loc, but CH-fcry, gen. (1. 14), and also CHBTy, dat. 
 [9 pyMiraM, 'more ruddy': in the predicate, the comparative 
 of the adv. is regularly used for that of the adj. : e.g. a. Tor^a" 
 M0Ji6;Ke, r Jifvme, KameTCJi, 6bijt^, 'I was younger then, I was 
 probably prettier.' 
 
 The normal termination of the comp. adv. is -'fee, but the 
 poets use -ifi freely when they want one syllable and not two. 
 jo Bparf : dat. : 'in defiance to' is the Russian idiom. 
 
 K 
 
 XVI. 
 
 THE FIRST LEAVES. 
 
 A description of one of the fairest sights the year offers — 
 the 'mist of green' with which trees are veiled in spring; the 
 poet calls the young leaves the 'living dreams' of the trees 
 which now have come to light with the first blue sky ; and he 
 ends with the striking thought, that here there is life only with 
 no admixture of death. 
 
 1 jihctb: collective here, 'the foliage.' 
 
 2 JiricTBeMB : instr. of jincTBe, — lk. 
 
 3 od-BtaHLi, 'fanned': the leaves / are in motion: comp. 
 BiaTB xjib^b, 'to winnow corn'; BtepB, 'a fan.' 
 
 4 3^JieHBio, instr. of 3^jreHB, 'verdure'; in apposition with 
 
 JE^CTBeMB. 
 
 CKB03H0ir : comp. x 4. 
 6 #aBH6, 'long ago' : but He-ji,aBHO, 'not long ago' (see xvn 5), 
 with a change of accent. 
 
 hmb rpe3HJiocB BecH6t, 'they dreamt of spring': the 
 verb is impersonal and takes an instr. of the thing dreamt of. 
 npo-6iijniCB, 'have pierced through,' perfective: the verb 
 is suited, not to dreams but to the leaves which are identified 
 with them. 
 Ha, 'into.' 
 2 o-mbItbixb : gen. plur., past part, passive of o-mbitb. 
 
64 
 
 14 no nxt #biijk£hlio, 'by their motion': no with dat. often 
 = 'by means of.' 
 
 Note that nxt, not being governed by no, does not change 
 to HHxi. : see iv 19. 
 
 15 TLMaxt, ' tens of thousands ' : this is clearly the meaning here, 
 as it is in Biblical language ; but TtMa, like ' myriad,' has now 
 come to stand for 'a multitude.' 'A million emeralds break 
 from the ruby-budded lime' — thus Tennyson describes the 
 same sight. r 
 
 16 He BCTp^TiiniL, 'one will not meet': for this use of the 
 2nd pers. sing, in a generalising sense, see in 26. 
 
 The verb being negatived, its direct object JiiiCTa is in the 
 genitive. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 THE CLOUD. 
 
 Turgenev, discussing the different ways in which poets 
 describe nature, says of Pushkin, that his descriptions are 
 never morbid but as simple and natural as an ancient Greek's. 
 'Who does not know his "Cloud"? But I shall not deny 
 myself the pleasure of copying out the whole of it.' He then 
 does so, underlining for their special excellence 11. 3, 4, 7, 8, 12 ; 
 and adds the comment, 'Marvellous !' (Vol. x p. 414). 
 
 The metre is anapaestic, with four beats : 
 
 1 nocji^HJiii : for the soft termination, see n. to vi 7. 
 pa3-ctnHH0il ; lit. 'sown broadcast,' i.e. dispersed. The 
 
 prefix pa3- of itself implies separation. 
 
 2 HecenibCJi, 'earnest thyself,' i.e. art borne. 
 
 Jia3fpii, dat. of ia3fpt, no having its common local sense of 
 
 'through,' 'along.' 
 4 jniKfroinin: pres. part, of jriiKOBaTL, which makes iiiKfio, 
 
 — j eniL : see n. to vn 26. 
 e KpyroMT. is the instr. of a noun, used as an adv.: comp. 
 
 flapoMiD (xiii 20). 
 
 06-Jierajra: all the verbs in this stanza are past imper- 
 
 fectives. 
 7 rpoM-L : a compound of this word, no-rp6MT,, 'a riot,' directed 
 
 especially against the Jews, has found its way into English 
 
 dictionaries. 
 
65 
 
 8 3£mjiio, ace. of 3eM.mi : for the shift of accent, see n. to v 19. 
 non ,ia : the perfective of this verb occurred iv 8. 
 
 9 co-Kpofi-cji : imperative of co-kpbItb-cji (or c-KpiiTt-ca) : 
 imperfective co-KpHBaTB-ca. 
 
 nopa MiiHOBaiacL : cf. xv 2 npo-mjia nopa" : this imper- 
 fective is followed by two perfectives. One would expect 
 MHHf Jiaci. here ; but the past imperfective of this verb seems 
 to be often used with the sense of the perfective. 
 
 1 1 JiacKaa, pres. gerund. 
 
 ji;peBec r L : flpe^o, h£6o, and nf #o (a miracle) are three common 
 neuter nouns which make their pi. in — eca, — ecB. 
 
 12 cb, 'from.' 
 
 y-c-HOK6eHHBixB : past part. pass, of y-c-noK6nxB, 'to 
 pacify.' 
 
 XVIII. 
 THE HAWK'S THOUGHTS. 
 
 The young man compares himself to a hawk in captivity, 
 and asks whether he shall never have freedom to rove afar 
 and see the world ; he decides to spread his wings in defiance 
 of all risks. There is a haunting quality in this little poem. 
 
 The metre is common in national songs: the line has two 
 beats : 
 
 i 6j^j a jkiitb, 'shall I continue to live?' The present of 
 the perfective, i.e. npo-miiBf , would give a different shade of 
 meaning. 
 
 Note that 6f ay, like craHy, is always followed by the imper- 
 fective inf. : 6j ay npo-atiiTB is not Russian at all. 
 
 2 cH^HeMB, lit. 'as a sitter' : instr. of cn,n;eHt, which is applied 
 to a bedridden person or a child that is long in walking. 
 
 ji,6Ma, 'at home,' adv.: ji,om6h, 'homewards,' with a change 
 of accent. 
 
 4 hh Ha *it6 = #dpoML, 'for nothing.' When hhkto and 
 hh^t6 are governed by a preposition, the prep, is inserted 
 between hh- and the pronoun : hence hh 3a tto, 'for nothing'; 
 hh o ^e'MB, 'about nothing' etc. 
 
 6 nojjB okhomb : see n. to vm 2. 
 
 7 no ^opbrfe, 'along the road' : dat. 
 
 d. 5 
 
66 
 
 8 jeHfc : ace. of time. 
 
 9 y coKOJia, 'belonging to the hawk. 5 
 
 10 Ky&JLhK, pi. Of KpELl6. 
 
 This stanza is quoted by Turgenev in CuepTL (3anncKH 
 
 OxoTHHKa, p. 252). 
 ii nyTL, a very common masc. noun, is declined thus: nyTB, 
 
 nyTH, nyTent, nyTif ; pi. nyT#, nyren, nyubrb etc. 
 12 3a-Ka3aHH, 'forbidden 5 : our No Admittance is Tyrb xoji;i1tl 
 
 3a-Ka3aHO. 
 15 Ma^nxon: the unkindness of a stepmother is proverbial in 
 
 many languages: a Eussian proverb says, MaTL Ma^mi no 
 
 mepcTii, Ma^inxa npoTiiBB, 'a mother strokes the wool the right 
 
 way, a stepmother the wrong way. 5 
 18 xoneT-ca = xo^if : the impers. verb is often used. 
 
 20 np6ciiT-ca : distinguish from npocnTL-cji (inf.). This word 
 means 'to beg to go somewhere 5 : in fairy stories, it is said of 
 the ripe fruit, caMii BB poT^ TaK-L 11 npocaTca, 'they positively 
 beg to enter your mouth. 5 
 
 21 OHa: not, I think, a nesh-and-blood woman, but his own 
 thought and desire personified. 
 
 24 JiLeTi) (pronounce lyot), 3rd pers. sing., pres. ind. of juitl. 
 
 PBkoh, 'like a river 5 : for this use of the instr., see n. to 
 iv 12. 
 
 27 Bee, 'continually 5 : adv. 
 
 28 30BeTT>: 3BaTt, 'to call, 5 makes 30Bf, 30Benit etc. 
 
 29 eojiho mhb chji.'btb, 'I have had enough of sitting 5 : comp. 
 xxii 19. 
 
 30 bbkb, 'for ever 5 : adv.: it is a contraction of bt> b^kb, 
 'during life. 5 
 
 33 co ftBopa : see n. to xv 4. 
 
 no-fiftf, 'I will go 5 : the perfective of n,nf, 'I go, 5 is formed 
 by adding the prefix no-. He goes on foot ; otherwise he would 
 say no-'fe^y. 
 36 yat/B: not 'already,' but simply affirmative here : see n. to 
 xiii 15. 
 BCinTB, 'shall command 5 : see n. to XI 3. 
 
67 
 
 XIX. 
 
 POOE PEOPLE. 
 
 Alexander Shishkov, the leader of a literary movement at 
 the beginning of the 19th century, was appointed President 
 of the Russian Academy in 1813, and, in that capacity, pro- 
 posed Pushkin for membership in 1832. 
 
 I have taken his poem from a note by S. Aksakov to his 
 Years of Childhood, p. 79. Aksakov's edition of the book which 
 contained it was dated 1792. The poem is of interest, for its 
 own merit; and it is also remarkable that it was written at 
 least seven years before Pushkin was born, and is therefore 
 many years earlier than any other of these poems. 
 
 4 x.wb = x6jeoit> : see n. to rv 28. 
 
 c-HOcrfjTL, 'endured': so He-CH6cHBiS, 'unendurable 5 : 
 c-Hecni is the perfective form. 
 
 5 Tepiui: pres. gerund of Tepn^TL. 
 
 paa-Jiii^HH has dropped the termination -a, which it ought 
 to have as an attributive adj.: see n. to in 12. There are 
 other instances of this below. 
 
 7 moh must not be confused with Mofl, or both sense and metre 
 will suffer. 
 
 8 tito noKon, 'what rest [is].' 
 
 9 bcxoiy: gen. in -y : the case is due to the negative verb: 
 comp. xvi 16. 
 
 io hii pa3y, 'not once,' in the sense of 'never'; but He pa3B, 
 'not once,' in the sense of 'more than once,' like Latin non semel. 
 p&3y is gen. in -y. 
 
 npo-cnaTL ^ito-to is 'to miss a thing by sleeping,' as 
 npo-3BBaTB, 'to miss a thing by carelessness,' lit. by yawning. 
 15 to..., to, 'at one time,... at another.' 
 
 jtporHyjiT), 'shivered,' a perfective of ^po^aTB: this verb, 
 like many others, is formed by adding -hv-, the 'suffix of 
 unity of action,' to the stem ; and all such verbs are perfective, 
 even without any prefix: comp. B03-^Bflr-Hy-:i , L (1. 22). 
 See Boyer, p. 23, n. 10. 
 X 6 Beet, 'all over' ; so bck> in xn 2. 
 
 bb nBLiH : the loc. after bb and Ha tends to accent the final 
 syllable; so bb 3a6BiTBH, 'unconscious,' bb kpobh, 'bleeding.' 
 17 3a, 'engaged upon ' ; lit. ' at the back of.' 
 19, 20 He built strong dykes to prevent rivers from rushing 
 wildly over their banks. 
 
 5—2 
 
68 
 
 20 o-jnijiT,, perfective : o-^BBa^, imperfective. 
 
 21 ,h;6mh: ftOMa is the commoner form of the plural. Stone 
 houses in those days would belong only to rich people. 
 
 24 Tjjia CBOifxB, 'for my own family' : see n. to v 44. 
 
 25 o#h£ko is one of the words to which ate (in the form mt^) is 
 constantly tacked on : tio is another. 
 
 6to BpeMJi : 6totb, generally meaning ' this,' is also used in 
 many places where we should say ' that.' 
 
 26 6bibb, 'having been'; past gerund of 6htl: not, I think, 
 in use now. 
 
 m6jio,ii;b, 3,n,op6B'L : the predicative forms (111 12) of mojio^oh, 
 
 3#0p6BHH. 
 
 27 6peMii : one would expect o'pe'iviemi (gen.) after the negative 
 verb ; but the ace. is used also, though much more rarely, in 
 this position. 
 
 28 ciixb: cefi, cii, cie, is now expressed by £tott>, &Ta, 6to: 
 it is preserved in cei-^act, 'immediately,' and in some stereo- 
 typed phrases, like cii6 Miiiif tv, ' this very minute. 5 
 
 29 H3-JiiiiiiKy: gen. in -y from ns-JLimewh. 
 
 31 cboio, 'my': like cbohxb (1. 24). 
 
 32 chttb : the short, predicative, form of ceJthh. 
 
 33 MJi&RocTb = mojio^octl : see n. to rv 28. 
 
 34 ' It no longer exists.' 
 
 The unexpressed verb in this sentence is ecTL (is) ; and when 
 the substantive verb 'to be' is negatived, the subject is in the 
 gen., e.g. ero TaMB He 6hjio, 'he was not there' ; bb Pocciii hbtb 
 HH^ero noji;66Haro, 'there is nothing similar in Eussia.' Thus 
 en (pronounce ye-yo), and not oh£, must be used here. See 
 n. to xxv 13. 
 
 66jiBe is stripped of its last syllable, for the sake of metre : 
 the poets differ about this, some writing 66jrBe and yet treating 
 it as dissyllabic. 
 
 35 co-rHfjia, 'has bent': the perfective corresponds here to 
 our perfect, in 1. 33 to our aorist. 
 
 38 ciipi: predicative form of crfpxiii: the adj. is rare in prose, 
 but the noun ciipoT^, 'orphan,' very common. 
 
 39 cm^pth : verbs of expecting take the gen. : comp. ix 10. 
 
 40 CTajiT., 'has become. 1 
 
 Mipt, 'world,' is thus spelt, to distinguish it from MiipB, 
 'peace': there is no other case in which i is used before a 
 consonant. 
 
69 
 
 XX. 
 
 THE BIRD'S VOICE. 
 
 The poet repeats Hood's lament : 
 'But now 'tis little joy- 
 To know I'm further off from Heaven 
 Than when I was a boy,' 
 But he draws hope for the future from the song of the nightin- 
 gale. 
 
 The metre is like that of xiv. 
 i OT-myM^Bmaro : gen. sing, masc, past part, active of 
 OT-inyM'ETB, 'to cease to sound,' a perfective of inyM^TL. For 
 the meaning of the prefix, cf. CTyna^B, 'to step,' OT-CTyn^Tb, 
 'to step back,' 'to retreat.' 
 2 tiixohbko: dim. of Tifxo : Trixift OKedHi>, 'the Pacific 
 Ocean.' 
 
 TeiLiH : this and the five following verbs are imperfectives, 
 as they describe what was happening at a given time. 
 
 5 ns-B-sa, 'from behind' : another compound prep, is nst-nos-L, 
 'from under' ; H3'L-no^'L no^f meni), 'from under the pillows.' 
 
 6 KaKT, 6f ;i;to : see n. to xn 9. 
 
 9 6ujl£ jitl ji;yin£ moh, 'whether my soul was...'; indirect 
 questions are expressed very simply in Russian by jiii which 
 is placed second in the question; so Tro6t y-3HaTB, jehbT) Jin a, 
 'in order to find out whether I was alive.' 
 
 t$ ro,pi, 'those pagt years': totb is the pronoun of the 
 remote object, whether past or future: hence tot^ cb-bti. 
 is 'the next world.' 
 11, 12 Both verbs in the conditional sentence are perfective: 
 'I would not have believed..., I would not have done'; 
 BipiiTb and j-kiaTL are the imperfectives. 
 
 12 MHoraro, gen. of MHoroe, after the negative verb. 
 
 13 me, 'but.' 
 
 16 y-Hec.16, lit. 'it has carried away,' i.e. they have been carried 
 away. Impersonal verbs are common in Russian, and the 
 compounds of HeciH are very often so used : so moct-b c-Hec.16, 
 'the bridge was covered with snow'; flBop'B 3a-Heci6, 'the 
 court was deep in snow.' 
 
70 
 
 18 aotfpifi (for aoGpte: see n. to xv 19), 'better,' 'kinder.' 
 k 6-£Ljn> Jij *ime would mean, 'I was handsomer* ; but af^inil 
 is the regular adjective meaning 'better.' 
 
 23 y-TtniB-c^: imperative of y-rfemiiTL-ca. 
 
 cbtvh : imperative of c^TOBaTL, which makes cfcTyio, cfrryeniL 
 in indicative. 
 
 24 to BpeMfl, 'that past time.' 
 
 BepueT-cfl, 'will return' : BepufrL-cfl is perfective of BeprETL- 
 ca : for the suffix -Hy-, see n. to xix 15. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 WINTER EVENING. 
 
 Pushkin describes an evening such as he often spent in the 
 winter of 1825, when he was living in a crazy old country- 
 house belonging to his family, with no companion but his old 
 nurse, Anna Ardalionovna. She had told him fairy-tales and 
 sung him songs in his infancy; and he tells us in Eugene 
 Onegin (iv 35) that he read the poetry of his manhood to no 
 one but his 'old nurse, the companion of his youth.' She 
 died in 1829 and ought to be as famous in literary history 
 as Moliere's housekeeper. 
 
 The metre is trochaic : 
 
 1 Kp6erL: kplitb, 'to cover,' makes Kp6io, Kp6eiiiB etc. 
 
 2 KpyTJi : pres. gerund of KpyTHTt. 
 
 3 t6...t6: see xix 15. 
 
 3a-B6eTt and the three following verbs are all present- 
 perfectives, so that each has a future sense; yet in English 
 we should say, 'it howls,' 'it wails' etc. 
 
 This is a common idiom, however: see xxn 5. The per- 
 fective is used, because the actions described are not con- 
 tinuous : the wind howls for a moment, and then wails instead. 
 But the sky remains covered with mist ; therefore the imper- 
 fective KpoeTB is used in 1. 1. 
 
 The imperfectives of the four verbs are bbitb, iu^KaTB, 
 inyM^TL, cxy^aTt. 
 6 coji6Mofi, 'with the straw.' 
 9-10 This house, which no longer exists, was called Mihailovskoe ; 
 
71 
 
 it was a wooden house of one storey and in bad repair in 1825. 
 It was in the Government of Pskov. 
 12 npi-y-MOJKja, 'have you been silent for a time': the last 
 three words convey this meaning of the prefix npn- : it has 
 other meanings. 
 
 14 310 ft Jtpyrfc : spyrB, though masculine, is often addressed to 
 a woman: no-apfra is generally used of a woman's female 
 friends, jpyrt. implies special intimacy: not every npiare.iL 
 is by any means a spyr^. 
 
 15 .upeM.ieiHt: 2nd pers. sing., pres. ind. of jpena'TB. 
 
 noji;T>, 'to the sound of : no^t more often takes ace. in this 
 sense. 
 
 16 CBoero, 'your' : see n. to v 44. 
 
 17 Bii-nteMb, 'let us drink': the 1st pers. pi. of the present- 
 perfective expresses this meaning, either by itself or with the 
 addition of -Te : see xiii 13. 
 
 ftoopan, 'kind,' the opposite of 3.ian. 
 19 cb ropn, 'from sorrow,' i.e. to drown sorrow. 
 
 21 c-nofr, imperative of c-niTB, which is perfective of n'frrB, 
 'to sing': so c-nrpaTi Ham ^TO-Hnoy^B, 'play us something,' 
 c-BirpaTB being perfective of iirpaiB. 
 
 The two songs are traditional in Russia : 
 3d MopeMi ciimmKa 
 He' nBinmo anLia, 
 
 and 
 
 yjiEni no moctoboh 
 
 nua ^BHna 3a bo;k6S, 
 are the first lines of each. 
 
 22 3a MopeMi, 'across the sea': 3a robs MdpeML of its accent: 
 so 3d ropo^OMt, 'out of town.' 
 
 24 3a Bo^ofi, 'to fetch water': common use of 3a with instr. : 
 so no-cjiaTB 3a ^OKTopoiiL, 'to send for a doctor.' 
 nofrpy here, but noyipf in x 5. 
 mjia, 'walked' : past tense of njTTH. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 THE POST-HOUSE. 
 
 Russian literature has many descriptions — Turgenev's 
 Karatdev is one — of the intense boredom of travellers kept 
 waiting at post-houses until they can get horses to proceed 
 
72 
 
 on their journey. The usual resource is the caMOB^pt (tea- 
 urn) ; but the writer does not mention even this. 
 
 Tolstoi here uses another of Heine's ballad-metres, with a 
 trochaic rhythm : 
 
 Anfangs wollt' ich fast verzagen, 
 Und ich glaubt', ich triig es nie. 
 
 i ht6 3a: for this constr., see n. to ix 9. 
 
 2 KaK6fi 3HaK6Miifi, or KaKB 3HaK6MB, but never KaKB 3Ha- 
 k6mbih: see n. to xi 6. 
 
 The traveller is painfully familiar with the aspect of such 
 a room. 
 
 3 3a crfeH6fi, 'behind the wall,' i.e. in the next room. 
 
 4 MaaTHii kb : there is a clock on the wall, with a long pendulum 
 which ticks. 
 
 5 CTfEHeTi.: from erfKHyTB, a perfective of ctv^tb, formed 
 with the suffix of single action, -Hy-. 'It gives one tick to the 
 right, one tick to the left,' will represent the difference between 
 erf khctb and CTy^HTB. See nn. to xix 15 and xxi 3. 
 
 6 6f r a;HT'B: not to be confused with 6 yjjHTB (inf.). 
 
 7 bb HesiB (pronounce vnyom), 'in it,' i.e. the m^ijithhkb. 
 
 8 3a-TBep3te'HHBie : past part. pass, of 3a-TBep,n;riTB. 
 
 io #o-ropi>Biiiafl, 'that has burnt down': the prefix jo- is 
 
 used constantly with this meaning of ending or completion: 
 
 thus jjo-roBopHTB, 'to end your speech.' 
 ii necB (pronounce pyoss), gen. nca, is a more contemptuous 
 
 name for a dog than cooaKa. 
 12 x6#iitb, 'keeps moving' : if it moved only once, h^Sti would 
 
 be used : see n. to vi 14. 
 
 CTy^a" : gerund of CTynaTB : erf KHyTB forms no pres. gerund. 
 14 Bee, 'all the time'; adv. 
 
 17 roT6BBi, '[are] ready.' 
 
 18 efcjiB, 'I have taken my seat': past tense of efccTB, the 
 perfective of caji;HTB-ca. 
 
 KH6riTKa, a carriage; it is also the name for a Tatar hut. 
 CKaqf : from CKaKaTB. 
 
 19 n6jmo = 'too bad !' 
 TaKB ih, 'can it be true?' 
 
 22 KpyroMB : instr. used as an adverb. 
 
73 
 
 XXIII. 
 A MIDNIGHT THOUGHT. 
 
 Another picture of an interior by the same writer. In a 
 sleeping house, in stormy weather, the owner looks out into 
 the dark and thinks — thinks of his own death and of the fate 
 which will then befall his old house. 
 
 The metre is that of xiii, xiv, and xx. 
 i Ha flBopii : see n. to xv 4. 
 
 2 cntfTB, 'the people are asleep': an indefinite plural for 
 subject: cf. in 3. 
 
 3 B3-,n;oxHf bb : past gerund of B3-;noxHf tb : the pres. gerund, 
 B3-,a;Bixaji, is formed, as usual, from the imperfective. 
 
 no^-xomf : compounds of xo^^tb are imperfective, com- 
 pounds of iiftTii perfective. 
 
 4 BB^eHB, predicative form of Bii^HBiii. 
 
 6 The verb Ho be' being here negatived, the subject (sb^s- 
 flO^Kii) is in the gen : see nn. to xix 34, xxv 13. 
 
 9 6htb, 'to beat,' makes 6 bio, 6BemB, 6i>eTB; so hhtb makes 
 
 iibio, nBemB, nBe'TB. 
 ii 3a dik^iiomb, 'behind the cupboard.' 
 
 12 6yMa^HBiH means (1) made of paper; (2) made of cotton: 
 the latter is probably meant here : Pushkin, describing an 
 old-fashioned house, speaks of mTO(J)HBie 06611 (Onegin, n 2). 
 
 13 OH'fc, 'they,' the mice, mbibib being fern. 
 
 14 y-MpeTB, 'shall die': Russian, like Latin, uses the future 
 where we prefer the present: y-Mpf, 'I will die,' and y-Mnp^io, 
 'I am dying,' show the two aspects of this verb. 
 
 !5 no-K^HeTB, 'will desert'; but no-Knji;aeTB, 'is deserting.' 
 !6 jkhjib, 'used to live' : imperfective. 
 
 po#i> : the rhyme shows here (and in 1. 4) that -j^b is 
 
 sounded like our t. 
 17, 18 Both verbs are future in sense, belonging to the perfectives, 
 
 3a-nycrfsTb and 3a-M6xHyTB: in the latter, the inf. differs 
 
 from 3rd pers. pi. of the pres. ind. by the last letter only. 
 18 CTyneHB must be distinguished from de'neHB : both are fern. 
 
 and declined alike, and akin in meaning; they differ in their 
 
 first vowel and in accent. 
 
XXIV. 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 THE EXILE. 
 
 This is the poem which was selected for special praise by 
 Turgenev, when he published a criticism of Tyuchev' s poetry 
 in 1854. He then set Tyuchev at the head of living Russian 
 poets, above Nekrasov, Maikov, and Fet. 'We do not 
 prophesy popularity for Tyuchev,' he wrote; 'but we do 
 prophesy the deep and warm sympathy of all to whom Russian 
 poetry is dear ; and such poems as The Exile, and others, will 
 go through Russia from end to end, and will survive much 
 contemporary literature which now seems permanent and 
 enjoys resounding success.' 
 
 no-injiH rocnojjB, 'may God send': no-in.iH is imperative of 
 no-cjraTL, and the 2nd pers. is used where most languages use 
 the 3rd : comp. the common phrase He #air Bon>, 'God forbid,' 
 flafi being 2nd pers. of the imperative. 
 
 For the voc. rocnofln, see n. to xn 15. 
 
 Tonf, kto: the regular relative pronoun is K0T6pnir, — aa ; 
 — oe ; but kto, the interrogative pr., is used as a relative after 
 certain antecedents, of which tott> is the commonest. Note 
 that the antecedent to kto may be of any number or gender. 
 
 easy : gen. with -y ending, distinguished by accent from the 
 loc. in -j (bt> caflf , 'in the garden'), but identical with the dat. 
 of casTj. 
 
 cbhbk), 'with shade' : instr. of cehb, a rare word in prose. 
 
 pa3-poc.i*icL : the prefix denotes the expansion and spreading 
 growth of the trees. 
 
 iio-bhcb, lit.' has been hung,' i.e. hovers : no-BHc-Hy-TB, per- 
 fective of biicetb, makes, in its past tense, bo-biIcb, no-BHC.ia, 
 no-BHdo. 
 
 MaHiiTT; : the accent MaHiiTT. is often preferred. 
 
 iibijib, 'dust,' is often used of particles of spray or fine snow. 
 
 rjiaBii, the older form of tojiobbi : see n. to iv 28: the gen. 
 is due to the negative verb. 
 
 ue o-cb'Ejkht'b. 'will not refresh' : the verb is perfective. 
 
75 
 
 XXV. 
 
 THE TRIUMPH OF LOVE. 
 
 Semyon Nadson (1862-1887) enjoyed during his short life 
 greater contemporary reputation than has ever been gained 
 by any Russian poet. But life brought him little happiness. 
 He suffered from consumption for six years before his death, 
 living at health-resorts and undergoing repeated operations. 
 We are told that his fame did not avail to lighten the thought 
 of coming death. 
 
 This famous poem is considered Nadson' s masterpiece. It 
 is nobly conceived, and moves to a most noble music. 
 
 The metre is made up of pure anapaests : 
 
 CTpaj^iomiii : pres. participle of CTpa^TB. 
 
 kto 6t> th hi* 6Hjnb, 'whoever thou art': comp. in 10, 
 viii 9, and see n. to the latter passage. 
 
 He na^aii: imperfective, as usual, in the prohibition: see 
 n. to in 30. 
 
 aynjbf , ' in heart' : $$ xom'b is used in prose : oht> yna\iT> 
 af xom-b, ' he lost heart.' 
 
 nycTL... : 'let falsehood and evil reign' : cf. in 31. 
 
 The 3rd pers., sing, and pi., of the imperative is expressed by 
 nycTL or iiycKaii (imperatives of nycTHTL and nycKaTt) followed 
 by a 3rd pers. of pres. ind.; e.g. nycTL Ha-niimeTij, 'let him 
 write.' The following verb is generally perfective, as in in 31 ; 
 but this is not always so: here both napflT-L and CTpyHTCJi 
 are imperfectives ; and such instances are not rare. 
 
 The verb ecTL is suppressed as usual, and the participles 
 have their predicative form, instead of pa3-6HTHn and no- 
 pf raHHiift. For the form of sentence, cf. 
 
 nycKafi xoje6,h;hoh) 3eMJieK) 
 3a-cEinaH'B a, 
 'let me be covered over with cold earth' (Lermontov). 
 
 B$pi> : imperative of B^piiTb. 
 
 Ha-craHeTT>, 'will come' : from Ha-CT^TL (perfective). 
 
 nopd, 'the right time,' 'the hour.' 
 
76 
 
 »HeTT>, "will be destroyed': from no-rri6Hyn> (per- 
 fective). 
 
 Bate = the Powers of Evil. 
 
 8 BepneT-cji : see xx 24. 
 
 9 bt, = ' wearing,' as often. 
 iVEneTi, gen. pi. 
 
 1 1 Mipt : see n. to xix 40. 
 
 12 Ch = ' holding.' 
 
 13 He 6j #eTi> puts all the nouns which form its complement in 
 the gen.: see n. to xix 34: exes?* He" 61MO, 'there were no 
 tears'; hbtt> cie3T>, 'there are no tears'; He 6f r a;eT'b cie3t, 
 'there will be no tears.' 
 
 14 'Crossless graves,' Le. nameless graves, are those of suicides : 
 cf. Lermontov, 
 
 KpoB&Baa MeHH Morula m^e'Ti., 
 Mornjia 6e3T> mojihtb-l h 6e3i> KpecT^ 
 
 (a bloody grave awaits me, a grave without prayers and 
 
 without a cross). 
 
 MorHJiTb : gen. pi. with zero ending. 
 
 15 MepTBamei, 'killing': gen. sing, fern., pres. part, act., of 
 
 MepTBHTL. 
 
 X 6 no36pHHH CTO^t, ' a pillory.' 
 
 17 Me^T6ii might have been written here equally well : ' the 
 predicate in Russian is put in the nominative or the in- 
 strumental, and often the choice between the two cases is 
 immaterial,' Boyer, p. 11. 
 
 X 8 o#h£ = 'merely.' 
 
 !o o-rjiJiHH-CL, 'look all round': 
 perfective. 
 
 jtki>, 'by this time.' 
 
 rHeieTT> : 3rd pers. sing., pres. 
 
 21 y-CTdHerL, 'will grow weary,' 
 
 kto H3T> HacL y-CT^HeTt npeaejiie, 'we shall see which of us 
 will tire first' : this and the next three verbs are all perfective 
 presents: they contain a prophecy and refer to the future. 
 
 23 noji;-HflTL (perfective) makes nofl-Hiraf, no^-HHMeniL, noji;- 
 hhmct'b; 'he is raising' is nofl-HHM^ert, imperfective. 
 
 24 mojil66h : n6jmiifi, 'full,' may take either the instr., as here, 
 or the gen. 
 
 imperative of o-rjnrafTL-cji, 
 
 ind., of rHecTH. 
 from y-CTan>: 
 
 SO Y-BrfflnMS, 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 ASPECTS— IMPERFECTIVE AND PERFECTIVE. 
 
 1. Every verbal notion may be expressed in Russian in 
 either of two Aspects, the Imperfective and Perfective; and 
 every Russian verb belongs to one or other of these two Aspects. 
 
 2. Most perfective verbs are compound, being formed by 
 the addition of a prefix (such as Ha-, no-, B03-, bh-, and 
 others) to a simple and imperfective verb: thus nuca^B (to 
 write) is imperfective, but Ha-nircaTB (to write) is perfective 1 . 
 
 3. A verb in the imperfective aspect expresses continued 
 action: R nuc^^ Be cB fleHB, 
 
 I was writing all day. 
 A verb in the perfective aspect expresses completed action : 
 B^epd r Ha-nncajiB kb BaMB, 
 / wrote to you yesterday. 
 
 4. The present tense of every imperfective is present in 
 meaning: e.g. a mim f f 
 
 I write, or, I am writing. 
 But the present tense of every perfective is future in meaning : 
 a Ha-niinif, 
 I shall write. 
 
 5. The prefix which serves to convert an imperfective verb 
 into a perfective loses its special meaning. 
 
 Thus Ha-, when used as a prefix, generally bears the meaning 
 of on or against ; but a Ha-nnnif means simply, I shall write. 
 
 6. Any other prefix than Ha-, placed before -uiic^tb, 
 retains its meaning: hence o-nncaTB = to describe, nepe-nncaTB 
 = to copy, no,n-niicdTB = to sign, etc. 
 
 7. Those prefixes which retain their meaning also change 
 the imperfective verb, e.g. nucaTB, to a perfective. 
 
 Hence a o-unmf means / shall describe. 
 
 8. How then is it possible to express / am describing ? 
 This is done by a change in the stem of the verb 2 . 
 
 Either -iib- or -lib is inserted between the stem and 
 
 1 UUC&Th=yp(i<f>eii>, and Ha-nHCciTB=7poi/'ai: the perfective is in 
 fact an ( aorist voice.' 
 
 2 Comp. the change by which (3aX\eii>, when compounded with any 
 other element than a preposition, becomes -ftoKdv. 
 
78 
 
 termination of the simple verb; and every compound of this 
 form is imperfective, and the prefixes keep their meaning : e.g. 
 
 o-nrfc-HB-aio, I describe, 
 
 nepe-UHC-HB-aio, 1 copy, 
 
 non-nHc-UB-aio, I sign. 
 
 9. It has been explained already that the perfective has no 
 true present. Similarly, the imperfective has no true future, 
 but makes one with an auxiliary verb, as English does : 
 
 6f ay nucaTL, / shall write (not once, but from time to time). 
 N.B. Auxiliary verbs, such as 6j ny, CT^Hy, nepe-CTaHy, etc., 
 are never followed by a perfective infinitive. 
 
 10. Both aspects form an imperative : 
 
 (i) nnmif, nmn^ie ; 
 (ii) Ha-niimri, Ha-nnm^Te. 
 Of these, the perfective imperative, Ha-niimii, is the more 
 peremptory. 
 
 11. Both aspects form a past tense : 
 
 (i) a niicajrt, I was writing, I used to write, I tried to write. 
 N.B. This aspect is commonly used in negative and inter- 
 rogative sentences, even where the sense of 'continuance' is 
 not obvious. 
 
 (ii) r Ha-micaa'b, I wrote, I have written, I had written. 
 
 12. Both aspects form past participles, active and passive, 
 and a past gerund : 
 
 (i) nucaBinifi, nricaHHHii, hhc£bt>, 
 
 (ii) Ha-nHcaBiiiifi, Ha-nricaHHUir, na-nncdB'&. 
 
 13. But the pres. participles and pres. gerund, 
 
 DHniymii, niictomfi and nHma, 
 are formed only from the imperfective aspect. 
 
 14. In every part of the verb which is found in both aspects, 
 completed action is expressed by the perfective, and continuous 
 action by the imperfective. The distinction is generally clear 
 enough ; but, in the case of the past tense and the infinitive, 
 it is difficult at times to account for the aspect chosen. 
 
 Note. Much fuller information will be found in Forbes' 
 Russian Grammar, §§ 101-117; see also Boyer's Russian 
 Reader, the Index under the heading Aspect, 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 The two following translations by Mr Maurice Baring are 
 reprinted, by permission, from his Outline of Russian Literature 
 (Messrs Williams and Norgate), pp. 120 and 236. 
 
 III. 
 
 I want to be alone with you, 
 
 A moment quite alone. 
 The minutes left to me are few, 
 
 They say I'll soon be gone. 
 And you'll be going home on leave, 
 Then say... but why? I do believe 
 There's not a soul who'll greatly care 
 To hear about me over there. 
 
 And yet, if someone asks you there, 
 
 Let us suppose they do — 
 Tell them a bullet hit me here, 
 
 The chest, — and it went through. 
 And say I died and for the Tsar, 
 And say what fools the doctors are; — 
 And that I shook you by the hand, 
 And thought about my native land. 
 
 My father and my mother, too! 
 
 They may be dead by now; 
 To tell the truth, it wouldn't do 
 
 To grieve them anyhow. 
 If one of them is living, say 
 I'm bad at writing home, and they 
 Have sent us to the front, you see, — 
 And that they needn't wait for me. 
 
 We had a neighbour, as you know, 
 
 And you remember I 
 And she... How very long ago 
 
 It is we said goodbye! 
 She won't ask after me, nor care, 
 But tell her ev'rything, don't spare 
 Her empty heart; and let her cry; — 
 To her it doesn't signify. 
 
80 
 
 XIV. 
 
 irough the slush and the ruts of the highway, 
 
 By the side of the dam of the stream, 
 Where the fisherman's nets are drying, 
 
 The carriage jogs on, and I dream. 
 I dream, and I look at the highway, 
 
 At the sky that is sullen and grey, 
 At the lake with its shelving reaches, 
 
 And the curling smoke far away. 
 By the dam, with a cheerless visage, 
 
 Walks a Jew, who is ragged and sere. 
 With a thunder of foam and of splashing, 
 
 The waters race over the weir. 
 A boy over there is whistling 
 
 On a hemlock flute of his make; 
 And the wild ducks get up in a panic 
 
 And call as they sweep from the lake. 
 And near the old mill some workmen 
 
 Are sitting upon the green ground, 
 With a wagon of sacks, a cart horse 
 
 Plods past with a lazy sound. 
 It all seems to me so familiar, 
 
 Although I have never been here, 
 The roof of that house out yonder, 
 
 And the boy, and the wood, and the weir. 
 And the voice of the grumbling mill-wheel, 
 
 And that rickety barn, I know, 
 I have been here and seen this already, 
 
 And forgotten it all long ago. 
 The very same horse here was dragging 
 
 Those sacks with the very same sound, 
 And those very same workmen were sitting 
 
 By the rickety mill on the ground. 
 
 And that Jew, with his beard, walked past me, 
 And those waters raced through the weir; 
 
 Yes, all this has happened already, 
 But I cannot tell when or where. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 Most of the abbreviations will be readily understood: 
 instr. stands for the instrumental case, and loc. for the locative 
 or prepositional. 
 
 The gender of nouns is given only where the termination of 
 the nominative leaves the gender doubtful. 
 
 Where two infinitive forms of the verb are given together, 
 the first is always imperfective, the second, in brackets, per- 
 fective. 
 
 The order of the alphabet is: a, 6, b, r, #, e, m, 3, h, i, 
 
 fl, K, J, M, H, 0, n, p, C, T, Y, <J), X, II, % III, m, B, LI, B, *, 9, K), 
 
 a. Of these, i, b, bi, b, are never initial. 
 
 a, but, and. 
 aKanja, acacia. 
 ajnHBiS, thirsty. 
 aHreiiB, angel. 
 aH^apB, the poison-tree. 
 Ap3pfMB, Erzerum. 
 
 BaajiB, Baal. 
 
 6a3apB, — a, market-place. 
 6apa6aHHTB, to drum. 
 6aioinKii-6ai6 J hush-a-by. 
 6e3-3B,B'iTRUR > infinite. 
 6e3-K0H6*iH0, infinitely. 
 6e3-Kp6cTHBifi, without a cross. 
 6e3-npo-CB , BTHBiS, uncivilised, 
 
 hopeless. 
 6e3-fMHHH, senseless. 
 6e3-yT'EiiiHO, inconsolably. 
 
 D. 
 
 6e3B, prep, with gen., without. 
 66perB (or 6perB), pi. 6epera, 
 
 bank. 
 6epe3a, birch tree. 
 6epy : pres. indie, of 6paTB. 
 6ectji;oBaTB (no-6eci,n;oBaTi>), to 
 
 converse. 
 6^TBa, battle. 
 6iiTB (no-6^TB), to beat. 
 6jaro-B6HHBiii, fragrant. 
 6jiaro-c.iOBHTB (6iarocioBriTi>), 
 
 to bless. 
 6jiem;yTB: see 6juicraTB. 
 6jiii3b, prep, with gen., near. 
 6jiiicTaTB, 6jiiiCTaio and 6jiem,f , 
 
 CjiemeniB, to shine. 
 6jiyat^;aTB (no-^Jiym^axB), to 
 
 wander. 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 6.i , b^;hhS, pale. 
 
 6or^iTCTBO, wealth. 
 
 6oraTBipi>, — A, m., hero. 
 
 EorB, God. 
 
 6oeB6S, — aa, — 6e, of battle. 
 
 6ofi, 66n, battle. 
 
 66jl^ (and 66ji r fee), adv., more. 
 
 6opoji;^TBifi, bearded. 
 
 6op6TLca (ho-6op6tlcji), to 
 
 wrestle. 
 6opB, pine-forest. 
 6opB6£, a struggle. 
 6oji3J[^bo, timidly. 
 6oflTBc>a (no^oiTBCii), to fear. 
 6p^HHHH, warlike. 
 6paTeijB, — n,a, little brother, 
 
 comrade. 
 6paiB, brother, comrade, 
 6paTB (b3^tb), to take. 
 6pe^eTB : from 6pecTii. 
 dpe'jyia, — eHH, n., burden. 
 6pecTit (no-6pecT^), to drag 
 
 oneself along. 
 6priTBiit, shaven. 
 6poBB, — h, f., eyebrow. 
 6y,n;rfTB (pa3-6y,n^TB), 6ymf, 
 • 6JARjRh, to arouse. 
 6yji,B: imperative of 6bitb. 
 6yM^aiHHH, of paper, of stuff. 
 6fp,a, storm. 
 
 6bi or 6b : conditional particle. 
 6eijib, 6bli&, 6b1jio : past tense 
 
 of 6bitb. 
 6htb, to be : fut. 6f ay, — emB ; 
 
 imperative 6y%h. 
 
 6bitb M6meTB, may-be, per- 
 haps. 
 
 6bk>, 6BemB, 6bStb: from 6htb. 
 
 6^tb, course. 
 
 6%&& J calamity. 
 
 6b#hbih, poor. 
 
 6£jk£tb (jio-6^iTh), to run. 
 
 6bjibih, white. 
 
 6bji , etb, to be white. 
 
 6ic^TLca (B3-6ic^TBca), to be 
 furious. 
 
 BaiB, — a, a wave. 
 BBe^epf , adv., at evening. 
 b-bo^tb, to introduce. 
 B-,n;a.iiri, adv., in the distance. 
 B-sajiB, adv., far. 
 b-^ojtb, prep, with gen., along. 
 BftpyrB, suddenly. 
 b-^bb^tb (b-^tb), to push in. 
 Be3T^ (no-Be^m), to draw along. 
 BejiBTB, to command. 
 BepeT6H6, spindle. 
 BepTBTB (BepHfTB), to turn ; 
 
 BepHfTBca, to return. 
 Be'cejio, adv., merrily. 
 Bec^HHifi, — a&, — ee, of spring. 
 BecHa, spring. 
 BecB, bcji, Bee, all. 
 B^Txin, ancient. 
 Be^epmfi, of evening, 
 b3-6bc#tbcji : see 6'eciitbcji. 
 B3-rjm,a;B, a look. 
 
 B3-£BIX^TB (B3-JI,OXHfTB), to 
 
83 
 
 B3-JieT'ETL, to take flight, 
 
 B3-MeT^TL (B3-MeTHfTb), to Stir 
 
 up. 
 
 B3opi>, look, glance* 
 
 bh^ho, clearly. 
 
 b^hhh, visible. 
 
 bh^b, aspect, sight. 
 
 bh^btb (v-bh^btb), to see. 
 
 biih6, wine, spirits. 
 
 bjicbtb (no-BHCHVTB), to hang 
 (intr.). 
 
 BlixopB, — xpa, m., whirlwind. 
 
 BJia^BiKa, m., lord. 
 
 BJiacTHLift, powerful, authori- 
 tative. 
 
 b-jtebo, adv., to the left. 
 
 BHHM^TeiBHLiS, attentive. 
 
 bo^, water. 
 
 B03-Bpam,^TLC5 (B03-BpaT^TB- 
 
 cr), to return. 
 
 B03-,HBHr^TB (B03-Ji;B^rHyTB), 
 
 to erect. 
 
 B63-,nyxB, air. 
 
 B03,n;fDiHLifi, airy, unsubstan- 
 tial. 
 
 B03BMf, B03BMemB, pres. ind. 
 of B3HTB: see 6paTB. 
 
 b6hhb, warrior. 
 
 BO-KpfrB, adv., around. 
 
 B6jira, the Volga. 
 
 BOIHOB^TBCfl (B3-BOJIHOB^TLCJl), 
 
 to be excited. 
 BOJiin66Hima, sorceress. 
 B6jia, freedom. 
 bohb, adv., out. 
 
 bop^^tb (boph^tb), to scold 
 Boctokb, — 6Ka, the East. 
 botb, lof see! 
 B-nepe^B, adv., forward. 
 B-np^BO, adv., to the right. 
 Bpar-L, ■ — i, enemy. 
 BpajK,na\ enmity. 
 BpeMJi, Bp^MeHir, n., time. 
 B-py^iaTB (b-pv^ihtb), to hand 
 
 over. 
 Bee, adv., constantly. 
 Bee, adj.: neut. of BecB. 
 BcejieHHaa, the universe. 
 b-ckoib3b, adv., in passing. 
 BC-n6MHHinB: see b6mhhtb. 
 
 B-CTpB^aTB (B-CTpBTHTB), to 
 
 meet. 
 bc-xo^htb (b30-iitA) , to rise up. 
 bc-xo,h;b, — a, rising. 
 bcb: pi. of BecB. 
 bch) : fern. ace. of BecB. 
 BCflKiit, every, any, 
 bb (and bo), prep, with loc. 
 
 or ace., in, into, to, on. 
 bb noj[-r6jroca, in a low voice. 
 Bii-jieTB, flight ; Ha Bti-jreTB, 
 
 right through. 
 BLi-nBeMB: see biitb. 
 BHc6Kit, tall, high. 
 BBicoTa, height. 
 BBi-cBiiaTB (BBi-cjiaTB), to send 
 
 out. 
 
 BBITB (3a-BBlTB), to howl. 
 BBI-XOftHTB (BLi-H^TH), to go 
 
 out, come out. 
 
 6—2 
 
84 
 
 B^^BMa, witch. 
 
 Bi»K,ii;a, eyelid. 
 
 b^kb, adv., all through life. 
 
 B'SH^n'L, — B,d, crown. 
 
 BBpa, faith. 
 
 BiipiiTL (no-B'fepHTB), to believe. 
 
 bbtbb, — h, f., branch. 
 
 BBTep6KB, — ui, breeze. 
 
 BBTepB, — Tpa, wind, breeze. 
 
 bb^ho, adv., for ever. 
 
 ra^TB (no-ra^aTB), to tell for- 
 tunes. 
 
 rap^MB, — a, harem. 
 
 Tjifk, where. 
 
 r.H'fe-TO, somewhere. 
 
 rri6ejiB, — h, f., destruction. 
 
 rri6HyTB (no-r^6HyTB), to be 
 destroyed. 
 
 rjiaBa = tojlob£. 
 
 rjia36KB, — k£, little eye. 
 
 ma3B, — a, eye: pi. na3a\ 
 
 Mac^TB, to speak. 
 
 rji6xHyTB (3a-rji6xHyTB), to 
 grow deaf. 
 
 TJEHftBTB (nO-Ma^iTB), to look. 
 
 maTB (no-rHaTB), to chase. 
 rHecT^ (y-rHecTH), to oppress. 
 rHeiB, — a, oppression. 
 rH^BB, wrath. 
 roBop^TB (cKa3^Tt), to say, to 
 
 speak. 
 r6BopB, clack. 
 ro,a;B, — a, year. 
 
 rojOB^, head. 
 t6jiocb, voice-, pi. roJioc£. 
 rojiy66fi, — aa, — 6e, blue. 
 toh^b, roHijd, courier, herald. 
 TOHE&, r6HiimB: pres. indie, of 
 
 THaTB. 
 
 rop^Bifi, proud. 
 
 r6pe, — si, grief. 
 
 r6pBKiii, bitter. 
 
 rop^TB (c-roptiB), to burn 
 
 (intr). 
 ropifoil, burning. 
 rocno^B, T6cno^a, voc. T6c- 
 
 nosii, the Lord, God. 
 rocTe-npiriHHBifi, hospitable. 
 
 rOT6BHTBCfl (npiI-rOTOBIITBCtf), 
 
 to get ready. 
 roT6BBit, ready. 
 rpe^JUi, a weir. 
 rpe3a, a dream. 
 rp63iiTBC£, to dream. 
 rp63HBifi, threatening. 
 rpoMB, thunder-clap. 
 rpoTB, grotto. 
 rpy;n&, — ii ; f., breast. 
 rpfcTHBiii, sad. 
 ry6a, lip. 
 ry6HTB (no-ry6^TB), to destroy, 
 
 ruin. 
 ryMH6, threshing-floor. 
 rycT6fi, — is., — 6e, thick. 
 rafpB, Giaour. 
 
 ,a;a, yes ; but, and. 
 .naB&TB (s^tb), to give. 
 
85 
 
 ,a;aBH6, adv., long ago. 
 
 HajeEifi, distant. 
 
 fla-jrBmfi, distant. 
 
 flaaiB, / will give : see jaBaTt. 
 
 jjaHB, — a, — 6, o/wew. 
 
 ^^poiit, adv., m vain, for no 
 
 reason. 
 #Ba, ^bb, ^Ba, fwo. 
 SBuaceHBe, movement. 
 flBopB, court-yard: Ha aBopB, 
 
 ow£ of doors', co SBopa, o/f 
 
 the place. 
 %enh, SHfl, m., day: pi. flHn, 
 
 SHeS, flHaMB. 
 ^ep^BHa, village. 
 ^peBo, — a, n., tree: pi. 
 
 ^epe'BBa. 
 AatnrrfTB, cavalier. 
 SHBhbih, wondrous. 
 H^KiS, wrc'W, savage. 
 jHTfl, — tbtii, n., cMeZ: plur. 
 
 JPHHHBIH, ZoW#. 
 
 ^js, prep, with gen., /or $e 
 
 sa&e o/, /or. 
 3;HeBH6ft, — is., — 6e, o/ 
 
 day. 
 RHefi : see ji;eHB. 
 ^o, prep, with gen., tmfo'Z. 
 ^66jiecTHLifi, valiant. 
 ,n;66pBiii, good, kind. 
 AOb6:ibho, adv., it is enough. 
 ti;ob6jibhbiS, sufficient. 
 ^o-ropBTB, to burn low. 
 tfOJKftB, — a, m., rain. 
 
 #6.iro, adv., for long. 
 KOJiro-TepirBHie, long-suffering, 
 
 endurance. 
 SOJHHa, a dell. 
 floaia, adv., at home. 
 .HOMoii, adv., home, to one's 
 
 house. 
 flOMB, — a, house. 
 sopora, road, journey. 
 SopoaiKa, path. 
 jtopoaxHBiii, of the road, travel- 
 
 SpeBHiii, — naa, — Hee, an- 
 cient. 
 SpeBO, tree: pi. apeBeca^, 
 
 — B^CB. 
 
 SpeMaTB (3a-^peM^TB), to sleep. 
 SpeMJH, imperative of spe- 
 
 MaiB. 
 SpeMyaiS, thick, close. 
 jjporHjTB, to shiver. 
 SpoaiaTB (no-spoffi^TB), to 
 
 shiver. 
 spyrofi, — in, — 6e, other, 
 
 second. 
 spyrt, — a, friend. 
 flf sua, a pipe. 
 flf Ma, a thought. 
 afMaTB (no-AfnaTB), to think. 
 syxB, — a, scent. 
 Ayni£, soul, darling. 
 ^yaiHCTHfi, fragrant. 
 flBforaoB", smoke-like. 
 3lim6kb, — Kci, faint smoke. 
 SBDiB, — a, smoke. 
 
86 
 
 flHm&rL (no-ftBima^B), to 
 
 breathe. 
 fl^Brina, girl. 
 .UBiaTB (c-^jraTL), to do. 
 infacKifi, childlike. 
 
 eBHfxi), eunuch. 
 
 er6, him, it : ace. of ohb. 
 
 ev6 (gen.), of him, his. 
 
 e#Ba\ adv., hardly. 
 
 ee : ace. of OHa\ 
 
 el: dat. of OHa\ 
 
 emf : dat. of ohb. 
 
 6cjeh, if. 
 
 ecxB, there is. 
 
 eme, still; eme He, wo£ yef. 
 
 ear gen. of OHa\ 
 
 jE^BopoHOKTb, — Ka, lark. 
 
 adjKnymiH, thirsty. 
 
 majiB, adv., = Z ra/reJ. 
 
 ata-nfe. (no-JKajiBTt), to p%. 
 
 JKapKiit, burning. 
 
 at^p^e, more hotly, comp. of 
 
 atapKO. 
 atapB, heat. 
 .jk^^tb (hoj^o-jkji^tb), to expect, 
 
 await. 
 ffie (and jkb), enclitic particle, 
 
 Gmrf, but. 
 jKeH^, w*/e: pi. JKeHBi. 
 ate^B (c-me^h), to burn : pres. 
 
 ind. s&tj, atmeinB. 
 jkhb6h, — a\a, — 6e, 
 jkh^b, — i, a Jew. 
 
 m^3HeHHBi&, of life. 
 
 3KH3HB, HE, f., life. 
 
 JKHTB (npO-SKHTB), tO^ UvC 
 JKHBf, JKHBeniB. 
 
 atHTBe, — bh, wa?/ 0/ fo/e. 
 atyatJKaHBe, humming. 
 3KB = ate. 
 
 3a, prep, with ace. and instr., 
 
 behind, beyond, for. 
 3a6BeHBe, oblivion. 
 3a-6HpaTBca (3a-6p£rBCfl), to 
 
 clamber up. 
 3a6oTa, care. 
 
 3a-6HB^TB (3a-6BiTB), to forget. 
 3a-6BiTBiH, forgotten. 
 3a-6BiTBe, oblivion: bb 3a- 
 
 6bitbh\ unconscious. 
 3a-BiiTOKB, — k&, a curl. 
 3a-B6eTB: see bbitb. 
 3aBTpa, to-morrow. 
 3a-BBiBaHBe, howling. 
 sa-B'fenieHHHH, curtained. 
 sa-BiiHame, a last will. 
 3a-rji6xHyTB, to be choked. 
 sa-syMmiBO, thoughtfully. 
 3a-Ka3aHBifi, forbidden. 
 3a-KdjIIIBaTB (3a-Ka.n*iTB), to 
 
 temper (of steel). 
 
 3a-KpBIBaTB (3a-KpBlTB), to 
 
 close. 
 
 3a-JIIIBaTBCfl (3a-lrfTBCfl), to 
 
 sing lustily. 
 3a-MiipaTB (3a-Mep^TB), to die 
 away. 
 
87 
 
 3a-MiHaTB (aa-M'BTITTL), to 
 
 notice. 
 3ana,HB, the West. 
 sa-ma^ieTB : from 3a-miaKaTB: 
 
 see DJiaKaTB. 
 3a-no3ji;ajiHrr, belated. 
 3a-nycTiBaxB (3a-nycT^TB), to 
 
 become empty. 
 3a-CHfTB: see 3a-CBin^TB. 
 3a-CTaBaTB (3a-CTaTB), to find, 
 
 come upon. 
 3a-CTyqaxB: see CTy^aTB. 
 
 3a-CTHB^TB (3a-CTBiTB), to C0- 
 
 agulate. 
 3a-cyeTiiTBCH, to become busy. 
 3a-cBinaTB (3a-CHfTB), to go to 
 
 sleep. 
 3a-TBepjKHBaTB (sa-TBep^^TB), 
 
 to learn by heart. 
 
 3a-THXaTB (3a-T^XHyTB), to 
 
 quiet down. 
 
 3a-TflrHBaTB (3a-THHyTB), to 
 
 strike up. 
 
 3a-XBaTBIBaTB (3a-XBaT^TB), to 
 
 catch up. 
 3a-xjie6aTbca (3a-xie6HfTBca), 
 
 to be choked. 
 3a-^i;]\iB, why? 
 3a-myM*iTB: see inyMfe,. 
 3Bd,TB (no-3BdTB), to summon. 
 3B6HKifr, hud, ringing. 
 3ByKB ; — a, sound. 
 SByq^TB (npo-SBy^iaTB), to 
 
 sound. 
 3B^3jiid,, star. 
 
 SBB^o^Ka, little star. 
 
 3BipB, — a, m., wild beast 
 
 3ji;op6BBifi, healthy. 
 
 3,a;icB, here. 
 
 3ejreHBili, green. 
 
 3^ieHB, — n, f., verdure. 
 
 sejieH^TB, to grow green. 
 
 •seMJia, — h, land, earth. 
 
 3HMa, winter. 
 
 3HMHif , of winter. 
 
 3iaKB, grass. 
 
 3jr^TBca (o6-o-3i^TBca), to be 
 
 angry. 
 310, — a, evil. 
 
 3JI0H, — aa, — 6e, wicked, cruel. 
 3Mii, — ia, serpent. 
 3HaK0MBifr, familiar. 
 3HaiB ; to know. 
 SHa^HTB, to signify. 
 3hoh, 3Hoa, sultry heat. 
 3h6hhbih, sultry. 
 30BeTB: pres. ind. of 3BaTB. 
 30jroTricTBifi, golden. 
 
 30I0T^TB (n0-30I0T^TB), to 
 
 gild. 
 30jot6ii, — aa, — 6e, golden. 
 3opBKa, dear one. 
 3piTB, to behold. 
 
 n, and, even, also. 
 
 nrp^TB (c-Birp&TB), to play. 
 
 n^eaJiTb, ideal. 
 
 iuth (no-fiTa), Hflf, Hji,einB, 
 
 to come, go (on foot). 
 113-rHaHHHKB, an exile. 
 
88 
 
 H3-^aB{iTB (h3-^^tb), to give 
 forth. 
 
 H3-jiHiiieKB, — mKa, excess. 
 
 ii3M-'f;Ha, treason. 
 
 h3-mbhatb (hs-m^hhtb), to be- 
 tray. 
 
 H3-6-pBaHHBifi, ragged. 
 
 H3B, prep, with gen., from, 
 from among. 
 
 H3B-3a, prep, with gen., from 
 
 rfjni (and hl), or. 
 
 b:mh : instr. plur. of ohb. 
 
 MM) : instr. sing, and dat. pi. 
 
 Of OHB. 
 HM^TB, tO pOSSeSS, 
 
 HHO-njieM^HHBiH, foreign. 
 HCKaTB (no-HCKaTB), to seek. 
 nc-nfrB, — a, terror. 
 hc-xo,hhtb, to traverse on foot 
 hxb: gen. and ace. pi. of 
 
 ohb, OHa. 
 hxb, of them, their, 
 
 KaBKa3B, the Caucasus. 
 Ka3aKB, — a, Cossack. 
 ,Ka3aTBca, to seem; KameTCfl, 
 
 it seems. 
 Ka3aTrin, — a^Ba, — a^iBe, adj., 
 
 Cossack. 
 KaKoS, — aa, — 6e, what, 
 
 which. 
 KaKB, how, when, as. 
 KaKB 6f ato, as if. 
 KaKB 6bi, as if. 
 
 KaMeHHBifi, of stone. 
 KaMeHB, — MHa, m., stone. 
 KanaTB (3a-KanaTB), to drip: 
 pres. hid. Kanax), — naeinB, 
 aod Kaniro, — nieniB. 
 Kamia, — h, a drop. 
 KapTHHa, a picture. 
 Kii6nTKa, travelling carriage. 
 KHHatajLB, dagger. 
 KiacTB (no-JioatHTB), to lay, 
 
 place. 
 KjieHB, — a, a maple. 
 kio^okb, — Ka, fragment. 
 KJia^ia, a sorry horse. 
 K6BaHBin, mailed. 
 KOBapHBifi, deceitful. 
 KOBapcTBO, cunning. 
 kobbIjib, — n, m., prairie grass. 
 Kor#a, when; Kor^^-TO, long 
 ago. 
 
 KOJidjiiHHKB, a convict. 
 
 KOJLu66jih, L, cradle. 
 
 KOjrfcHO, knee: pi. kojtbhh. 
 
 KOiacKa, open carriage. 
 
 kohbohhhh, a guard. 
 
 koh^hb, KOHB,a, end. 
 
 KOHHHHa, death. 
 
 Kopa, bark. 
 
 KdpeHB, — pHa, m., pi. K6pHH, 
 root. 
 
 kopmhtb (Ha-KopM^TB), tofeed, 
 support. 
 
 Kpafi, Kpaii, country. 
 
 Kpacoia, beauty. 
 
 kp^cthbih, of the Cross. 
 
EpecT-L, — i, cross. 
 KpnKi), — a, cry. 
 Epn^aTB (3a-Kpn^^TB),^o shout. 
 k$6bjul, roof. 
 
 KpOBB, H, f., blood. 
 
 Kp6eTB : pres. ind. of kpbitb. 
 Kpyr6iiB, adv., entirely, around. 
 KpfiKKa, drinking cup. 
 
 KpjTHTB (3a-KpyiHTB). to whirl 
 
 about. 
 kpbli6, wing: pi. kplItbji. 
 kphjbd.6, balcony. 
 kphtb (ho-kplItb), to cover. 
 KpBima, roof. 
 kto, who, any. 
 KT6-Hii6yji;B, someone. 
 Kysa, whither. 
 KyufniKa, cuckoo. 
 KycTB, — a, bush. 
 kb (ko), prep, with dat., to, 
 
 towards. 
 
 5a3fpHHfi, blue. 
 
 Jia3fpB, - — ii, f., blue sky. 
 
 JiacKaTB (no-jiacKaTB), to caress. 
 
 JianfjEKa, tumble-down house 
 
 jiaaTB (3a-jiaflTB), to bark. 
 
 jierK6, easily, lightly. 
 
 JierB, Jiena, jierjo, past tense 
 
 of je^B: see .noaiHTBca. 
 ■neataTB (no-JieataTB), to lie. 
 jienapB, — a, doctor. 
 .i^neTB, babble. 
 aerfcrB (no-jierfcTB), to fly. 
 
 pres. ind. Jie^f, JieT^niB. 
 
 jih (and — jib), interrogative 
 
 particle. 
 .miKfionuft, triumphant. 
 jiiikb, face. 
 
 incTo^eKB, — ^na, leaf. 
 jihctb, — a, leaf, foliage : pi. 
 
 IHCTBfl, — eBB. 
 .incTBe, — sl, foliage. 
 jlhtb (hpo-jihtb), to pour. 
 ji^TBca (no-iHTBca), to flow. 
 Jinx6fi, — aa, — 6e, cruel. 
 jiheo, face. 
 jinniB, only. 
 jio6b, Ji6a, forehead. 
 jiojEHTBca (le^B), to lie down. 
 jioho, breast. 
 jioma^Ka, horse. 
 jioma^B, — h, f., horse. 
 .lyroBHHa, a stretch of grass. 
 jiyKaBHH, cunning. 
 JiyHa, moon. 
 jiyiB, — a, ray. 
 jiliko, n. plur. jibikii, matting. 
 jib = jiii. 
 jibiotch : 3rd plur., pres. ind. 
 
 Of JIHTBCH. 
 
 jiiHHBBiii, idle. 
 jrfccB, — a, a wood. 
 jffeTHin, — rk, — ee, of sum- 
 mer. 
 jifeo , summer : pi. JL^ii, years. 
 jiio6htb (iio-jik)6htb), to love. 
 jho66bb, jiio6bh, f., love. 
 jnfan, — 6fi, people: pi. of 
 
 ^eJIOB^KB. 
 
90 
 
 jri6cTpa, chandelier, 
 JiioTHfi, cruel. 
 
 MdficKit, adj., of May. 
 
 MajEHfi, little. 
 
 MijihmiK'h, boy. 
 
 Majii6TKa, little one. 
 
 MaHHTB (no-MaHHTL), to beckon 
 
 to. 
 MaTB, M^Tepii, mother. 
 MaxaTB (MaxH^TB), to wave. 
 Ma^nxa, step-mother. 
 MaaTHUKB, pendulum. 
 Mrjra, — bi, mist, darkness. 
 M^jreHHo, adv., slowly. 
 M6m>Ry (and MeatB), prep, with 
 
 instr. ; between. 
 MejiBHHiiia, a mill. 
 MeHi : gen. and ace. of a. 
 Me'pKHyTB, to grow dark. 
 MepiBHE, dead. 
 MepTB^mifi, killing. 
 iiecTH (BBi-MecTii), to sweep. 
 Me^T^, a dream. 
 Me^B, — a, a sword. 
 mhjibih, dear. 
 ■mhmo, prep, with gen., past. 
 
 MHHOBaTB (MJlRJTh), to pttSS 
 
 away. 
 JiipB, the world. 
 MJiaji^HeuB, — Hna, infant. 
 Mjra^ocTB = m6j[o^;octb. 
 MHoro-ji;op6jKHBiH, of many 
 
 MH6roe, n. adj., much. 
 
 mhoh (and mh6k>) : instr. of a. 
 mhbt dat. and loc. of a. 
 Mornjia, a grave. 
 moS, Moa, iioe, my : nom. plur. 
 
 MOH. 
 
 m6kpbih, wet. 
 MOJiHTBa, prayer. 
 
 MOJIHTBCJI (nO-MOIHTBCfl), to 
 
 pray. 
 
 M6jmiji, lightning. 
 
 mojio^oh, — aa, — 6e, young. 
 
 m6jio,h;octb, — n, f., youth. 
 
 MOJi^ajiHBBin, silent. 
 
 MOJiB^a, prayer. 
 
 Mope, — k, sea. 
 
 MOCTOBaa, pavement. 
 
 MpaKB, — a, darkness. 
 
 MyHtiiKB, — i, peasant. 
 
 Myat^HHa, m., man. 
 
 M^Ka, torment. 
 
 MycyjiBMaHB, Moslem* 
 
 MfTHHt, turbid. 
 
 M^aTBca (no-M^dTBca), to has- 
 ten: pres. ind. M^ycB, 
 
 MHHEIBCJL 
 
 mbi: pi. of a. 
 mbicjib, — e, f., thought. 
 mhdil, — h, f., mouse. 
 M-fecTO, place. 
 mbcjibb, moon. 
 MinioKB, — k£, sack. 
 
 Ha, prep, with loc. or ace, on, 
 in, to, on to, for ; Ha slbj , in 
 a waking state. 
 
91 
 
 Ha-fiir^TL (Ha-6^JE^TL), to run 
 
 towards. 
 Ha-BO#fiTB (Ha-BecTH), to bring 
 
 on. 
 Ha-Bcerji;a\ for ever. 
 Ha-r6pHiif , on the mountains. 
 Haroia, nakedness. 
 Ha^ffifla, hope. 
 Ha^'L (and Ha\a;o), prep, with 
 
 instr., over. 
 Ha-eji;HH , B, adv., alone together. 
 HaMH: instr. of mh. 
 HaMi,: dat. of mh. 
 Ha-nepeK6p r b, in defiance of. 
 Ha-nricaHHfi, written, decreed. 
 Ha-H^THBaTB (Ha-HHT^TB), to 
 saturate. 
 
 Ha-no^TB: see eo^tb. 
 
 HanpacHO, in vain. 
 
 Ha-n'feBB, a tune. 
 
 Hap6#B, — a, people, nation. 
 
 Ha-daa^aTBca (Ha-ciaftriTBCtf), 
 to enjoy oneself. 
 
 Ha-ci'B7;HHKB, heir. 
 
 Ha-CTaBaTB(Ha-cT^TB),io arrive. 
 
 HacB: ace. of mbi. 
 
 HaiHH^TB (Ha^aTB), to begin. 
 
 HamB, — a, — e, our, ours. 
 
 He, not. 
 
 He6^CHBi&, of heaven. 
 
 B.660, heaven, shy : pi. He6eca\ 
 He6£cB. 
 
 HeB3r6ji;a, misfortune. 
 
 He-BHHHHH, innocent. 
 
 Her6 — er6. 
 
 He-s^BHO, lately. 
 He-,no-CTfiiHBiH, inaccessible. 
 He,nfrB, — a, sickness. 
 
 He-HCTOBBIH, funOUS. 
 
 Hefi: loc. of OHa\ 
 HefiTH (for He h^,t^), not to go. 
 B.QMJ: dat. of OHB. 
 hSmb: loc, of ohb. 
 He-Ho6i r nHMHH, invincible. 
 He-Hor6j;a, bad weather. 
 He-noK6pHBifi, disobedient. 
 He-nop6EHBiH, free from vice. 
 He-npaB,na, untruth. 
 He-npoHim^eMHH, impenetra- 
 ble. 
 He-p6BHHH, uneven. 
 HecTHCB (no-HecTHCB), to rush, 
 
 hh, negative particle, neither, 
 
 nor; not even. 
 HH-Kor,a;d, never. 
 hh-kt6, no one. 
 
 HHMB = HMB. 
 HHMH = HMII. 
 
 HH-Eer6, nothing, not at all. 
 
 HHmifi, a beggar. 
 
 ho, but. 
 
 HOBo-poatfteHHBiH, new-born. 
 
 h6bbih, new. 
 
 Hor^i, foot, leg. 
 
 hohh6S, — aa, — 6e, of the 
 
 night. 
 ho^b, — 11, night. 
 H6ma, — h, burden. 
 Hy, inter j., well 
 
92 
 
 Hym^ai, need. 
 HBiB^ie, to-day. 
 hlihb 1 , now. 
 Brfera, softness. 
 H^^HEifi, tender. 
 h£tb, no, not. 
 
 o, interj., o, oh! 
 
 o6BeTinajiHH, dilapidated. 
 
 06-BiiBaTL (o6-bhtb), to wrap 
 round. 
 
 od-B'EjiTLy to fan all round. 
 
 o6HxejiL, — II, f., dwelling. 
 
 66jiaKT>, a cloud. 
 
 06-JieraTB (o6-jl6^j>), to sur- 
 round. 
 
 06-jieTaTL (od-jieT-ETL), to fly 
 over. 
 
 o6MaHB, deceit. 
 
 06611, m. pi., wall-paper. 
 
 o6pa36K , B, — Ka, little image. 
 
 o6b (and 660), prep, with loc, 
 about. 
 
 O-rjItf^BIBaTBCJI (O-IJLKRJThCK), 
 
 to look all round. 
 
 orHeBog, — aa, — 6e, fiery. 
 
 orHB: see oroHB. 
 
 oroHB, orHa, m., fire. 
 
 orpaji;a, railings. 
 
 o-xaparB (o-^aprfiB), to pre- 
 sent. 
 
 o,ii;hhb, o,n;Ha\ o^h6, a, one, 
 alone. 
 
 CHRaKO, however. 
 
 oxpB, bed. 
 
 o-^^b^tb (o-^btb), to clothe, 
 cover. 
 
 o-JKHji;dTB, to wait for. 
 
 o-3a66 i ieHB, concerned : perf . 
 pass. part, of o-3a66TiiTBca. 
 
 63epo, a lake. 
 
 o-3HpaTBca (o-3piTBefl), to look 
 about. 
 
 okho, window. 
 
 oko, eye: pi. 6^11. 
 
 OKomKO, window. 
 
 o-KfTaHHHft, wrapped up. 
 
 o-npaiaTB (o-Mpa^tiTB), to 
 darken. 
 
 o-me£tbih, drenched, 
 
 oh£: fern, of ohb. 
 
 ohb, oh£, oh6, he, she, it: 
 pi. ohh, OH-fe, they, 
 
 onacHBifi, dangerous. 
 
 o-ne^idjiiiTB : see ne^aiHTB. 
 
 o-noMHiiTBca, to become con- 
 scious. 
 
 o-nycKaTB(o-nycT^TB), to lower. 
 
 onaTB, again. 
 
 opejiB, opjia, eagle. 
 
 o-pomaTB (o-poc^TB), to wet. 
 
 o-CB-fc^aTs (o-CBimiiTB), to re- 
 fresh. 
 
 o-c.ia6^JiB : see cjiadiTB. 
 
 ocTaBaTBca (ociaTBca), to re- 
 main: ocrai6cB, ocTaemBca 
 (ocTdHycB, ocTaBemBCn). 
 
 ocTaBJiflTB (ocTaBHTB), to leave. 
 
 OT-BLIK&TB (OT-BBIKHyTB), to 
 
 grow unaccustomed. 
 
93 
 
 otb^tb, answer. 
 OT-^aB^TB (ot-^tb), to sur- 
 render 
 ot^eb, om&, father. 
 o-TiipaTB (o-Tep^TB), to wipe. 
 OT-Jtorift, sloping. 
 OTpa^a, consolation. 
 
 OT-peEaTBCil (OT-p6lBCfl), to 
 
 deny. 
 OT-Tf^a, from there. 
 OT-inyMiiB, to cease sounding. 
 otb, prep, with gen., from. 
 1 iap6BBiBaTB (o^apoBaTB), to 
 
 enchant. 
 6^eHB, very, very much. 
 6^n : see 6eo. 
 
 n^^aTB (y-e£ctb), to fall. 
 
 e^eopoteeeb, fern. 
 
 n^pHTB, to scorch. 
 
 ndcMypHBin, dull. 
 
 nacTfmifi, — eibe, — niBe, of 
 a shepherd. 
 
 nepBLiii, first. 
 
 Ee"peji;B, prep, with instr., in 
 front of, before. 
 
 nepe-jEiiBaTB (nepe-at^TB), to 
 survive. 
 
 nepe-EpecTOKB, cross-road. 
 
 nepe-HOCHTB (Eepe-secTri), to 
 transport. 
 
 nee 6 kb, — r&, sand, 
 
 necB, a dog. 
 
 ne^ajiHTB (o-nenliHTB), to dis- 
 tress. 
 
 ne^JiBHBift. sad. 
 
 eecutb (Ha-nnc^TB), to write. 
 
 niiTB (bbt-eetb), to drink: 
 pres. ind. ebio, EBemB. 
 
 n^asaTB (3a-E.iaKaTB), to weep. 
 
 E.iaEjB, — a, cloak. 
 
 EJiecEaTB (njiecRJ tb), to splash : 
 pres. ind. niem,j, EJie^eniB. 
 
 EJie^o, — i, shoulder. 
 
 eiox6e, — as, — 6e, bad. 
 
 E.iyrB, — a, a plough. 
 
 eo, prep, with ace., dat. or 
 loc., on, through, by, ac- 
 cording to. 
 
 eo-6b1tb, to be for a time. 
 
 eo-bbcb: see biicbtb. 
 
 eo-bo#Etb (EO-BecTH)^ to start 
 off. 
 
 eo-bb'petb: see b^phtb. 
 
 no-ramfe (no-racHTB), to ex- 
 
 no-rH6HeTB: see rii6HyTB. 
 no-roji;a, weather. 
 no-rpyseHHBifl, absorbed. 
 eojl-bosetb (noji;-Be3TH), to 
 
 carry up. 
 noft-KyiLieHHBin, bribed. 
 
 EOft-EEH&TB (nO^-HSTb), to 
 
 raise. 
 
 no-^pyaiEa, dear friend (fe- 
 male). 
 
 eo^-cbe^eeeb, candlestick. 
 
 Eoa-xo^HTB, to approach. 
 
 eo^b, prep, with instr., under ; 
 to the sound of. 
 
94 
 
 noexB: pres. of hbtb. 
 
 no3opHiif , shameful. 
 
 hoittb (Ha-noHTL), to saturate, 
 give drink to. 
 
 noHMenb : see hohhm^tb. 
 
 hohth, to 'proceed: pres. ind 
 nofiflf, — emB. 
 
 noKa\..He, until. 
 
 no-Kii^TL (no-KHHyiL), to 
 forsake. 
 
 hokjiohhhkb, worshipper. 
 
 iiok.7i6ht>, greeting. 
 
 iiok6h, — 6a, rest. 
 
 noKopjiTL (noKopi^TB), to con- 
 quer. 
 
 HO-KpHB^TB (nO-EptlTB), to 
 
 cover. 
 
 n6jr-ji;eHB, jlojij-j^rk, m., noon. 
 
 n6jie, — a, pi. uojik, field. 
 
 HOJI3TH (no-noji3TH), to creep: 
 pres. ind. noi3f , — 3emB. 
 
 hojikb, — a*, regiment. 
 
 nojrao-BjracTHO, adv., with full 
 power. 
 
 hoji-h6hhbih, of midnight. 
 
 nojiHBifi, full; nojmo MBvfe, / 
 • have had enough. 
 
 no-jroatHTB : see KiacTB. 
 
 nojiy-npospa^HBit, half-trans- 
 parent. 
 
 n6-MHHTB (bc-iio-mhhtb), to re- 
 member. 
 
 no-M^CTBe, estate. 
 
 nO-HIIM^TB (nO-HHTB, IIO-lfolf, 
 
 no-HMemB), to understand. 
 
 to 
 
 noHHTHBifi, intelligible. 
 
 no-nji^KaTB, to weep a little. 
 
 nopa\ time, season, the r, 
 time. 
 
 no-pam^TB (ho-poji;htb), 
 bring forth. 
 
 nopoKB, — a, vice. 
 
 iiopfraHHBifi, reviled. 
 
 no-cjiajiB : see ho-cbiji^tb. 
 
 no-cjiynuniBBiH, obedient. 
 
 no-cjifmHO, obediently. 
 
 nocxBflHifi, — &sl, — ee ; last. 
 
 no-CMOTp'feTB : see CMOTpl5TB. 
 
 nocTHTBCA, to fast, 
 
 no-CBiiaTB (ho-c.i£tb), to send. 
 
 no-Te^B, to start off. 
 
 eo-t6mb. afterwards. 
 
 no-TyxarB (no-TfxHyTB), to be 
 extinguished. 
 
 iiotb, sweat. 
 
 no-yTpf, in the morning. 
 
 hox6,hb, campaign. 
 
 no-n^JiOBaTB : see h^jiob^tb. 
 
 noLykifn, a kiss. 
 
 no^Ba, soil, ground. 
 
 no-nuiH : imperative of no- 
 cji^tb: see ciaTB. 
 
 no-^emB : see ixaTB. 
 
 hoi6tb: pres. of hbtb. 
 
 no-aBJiaTBca (ho-jibhtbcji), to 
 appear. 
 
 npaBfta, truth. 
 
 np^BO, adv., truly. 
 
 npe-ji;aBaTB (npe-flte), to sur- 
 render. 
 
95 
 
 npe'jo = n^pe^B. 
 
 npeji;^.!!., frontier, kingdom. 
 
 npeamifi, — an, — ee, former. 
 
 npeKp^CHHit, pretty. 
 
 npe-CTyiueHBe, crime. 
 
 nps, prep, with loc, in pre- 
 sence of. 
 
 uPH-bIjtb, greeting. 
 
 npn,n;eTi>: see npn-xo^HTt. 
 
 npn-3HaBaTBCii (npn-3H^TBca), 
 to confess. 
 
 npii-3paKB, a vision. 
 
 npn-3LiBHon, adj., summoning. 
 
 npn-HOCHTB (npn-HecTH), to 
 bring, fetch. 
 
 npn-p6,na, nature. 
 
 Dpii-cjfninBaTBca, to listen 
 attentively, 
 
 npn-cBi!aTB (npn-cia^B), to 
 send. 
 
 npn-xo^nTB (npn^Tii), to ar- 
 rive. 
 
 npn-x6ji;B 3 arrival. 
 
 npi-y-MOiK^TB (npi-y-M6.iK- 
 hytb), to be silent. 
 
 npo, prep, with ace, con- 
 cerning. 
 
 npo-6iiBaTBCJi (npo-OHTBca), to 
 break through. 
 
 npo-BO^iiTB (npo-BecTii), to 
 spend (of time). 
 
 npo-BOSsaiB, to see off. 
 
 npo-B6pHHfi, active. 
 
 npo-ro-BapiiBaiB (npo-roBO- 
 Phtb), to articulate. 
 
 npo-3paiHBi&, transparent. 
 npo-fae'TB : see npo-xo^TB. 
 npo-K.inHaTB (npO-K.IflCTB), to 
 
 curse. 
 npo-JinBaTB (npo-JHTB), to shed. 
 npo-MejBKaTB (npo-iieiBE- 
 
 h^tb), to flash past. 
 npo-MOKaTB (npo-M6KHyTB), to 
 
 be wet through. 
 npo-MHarBCJi, to speed past. 
 npop6KB, — a, prophet. 
 npociiTBCJi, to ask to go. 
 npo-cnaTB, to over-sleep. 
 npo-xjia^a, coolness. 
 npo-xjia^HBin, cool. 
 npo-xo^,HTB (npo-fiTH), to pass 
 
 by, walk on. 
 npo^B, adv., away, on. 
 npo-nija: past tense of npo- 
 
 fi^TH. 
 
 npom,ajBHHS, of farewell, 
 
 nTiiija, bird. 
 
 nT*Kin, — TiBfl, — ^iBe, of a 
 
 bird. 
 nf jh, a bullet. 
 nycKaii: imperative of ny- 
 
 CKaTB. 
 
 nycKaTB (bvcthtb), to let, to 
 
 throw. 
 nycTofi, — aii, — 6e, empty. 
 nycTBiHHBifi, uninhabited. 
 nycTBiHJi, desert, wilderness. 
 nycTB : imperative of nycT^TB. 
 nfTHiiKB, traveller. 
 nyTB, — rf, m., way, journey. 
 
96 
 
 
 nfme, adv., more. 
 
 nHJia'TL (sa-nELia'TL), to flame. 
 
 iibijib, — ii, f., dust. 
 
 iibStb : from hhtb. 
 
 ntna, foam. 
 
 ntceHKa, a little song. 
 
 itbchji, a song. 
 
 iibtb (c-hbtb), to sing. 
 
 ejit£, heel. 
 
 pa66iaTL (no-pa66TaTB), to 
 
 work. 
 pa6cKifi, of a slave. 
 padB, — a, slave. 
 paBHLift, equal ; Bee paBH6, all 
 
 the same. 
 paaiflaTBCJi (pos^TBCfl), to be 
 
 born. 
 pa3-6HTBifi, worn-out, broken 
 
 in pieces. 
 pa3-BpaTB, — a, debauchery. 
 pa3-ji;aBaTBCii (pa3-,a;aTi>CB:), to 
 
 spread, to be heard. 
 pa3-^,aBJIHBaTB (pa3-^aBHTB), 
 
 to crush. 
 pa3-^npaTB (pa3-o-,np^TB), to 
 
 cleave. 
 pa3-^;6jiBe, expanse, room. 
 pa3-ji;fMbe, doubt. 
 pa3-jiriiHBiH, different. 
 pa3HLiii, various. 
 pa3-o-cjrajiB : see pa3-CBiiaTB. 
 pa3-o-niBt& : see pac-miiBaTB 
 pa3-pacTaTB (pa3-pocTH), to 
 
 grow strongly. 
 
 pa3-pHB^TBCa (pa3-0-pB^lTBCfl), 
 
 to be torn asunder. 
 pa3-cKa3B, — a, tale. 
 pa3-CKa3HBaTB (pa3CKa3aTB), 
 
 to tell. 
 
 pa3-CTaB^TBCfl (pa3-CTaTBCJl), 
 
 to part. 
 pa3-CBiJiaTB (pa3-o-CJiaTB), to 
 
 deal out. 
 pa3-CBBaTB (pa3-c^aTB), to dis- 
 perse. 
 pa3B, — a, time; hh pa3y, not 
 
 even once. 
 paHa, wound. 
 paHeHB, wounded. 
 paHHTB (no-paHHTB), to wound. 
 paHHiS, — kk, — ee, early. 
 pacKaie'HHBiH, red-hot. 
 pac-TonicB : see toiihtb. 
 pac-miiBaTB (pa3-o-mHTB), to 
 
 embroider. 
 peBHHBHii, jealous. 
 po6Kifi, timid. 
 poji;HJica: see paat^aTBca. 
 poftHoii, — in, — 6e, native, 
 
 own. 
 po#B, birth, family; Ha poaf.. 
 
 at birth. 
 pocHCTBin, dewy. 
 pocK6niHBiii, luxuriant. 
 p6cKOiBB, — n, f., luxury. 
 ponja, a wood. 
 pyjEBe, — Ba, n., gun. 
 pyKa, hand, arm. 
 pyMflHeuB, ' — L,a, red colour. 
 
97 
 
 pyMflHHH, ruddy. 
 PfccKif , Russian. 
 PycL, — h, f., Russia. 
 pyne'i!, — ™, stream. 
 pH6&Hift, — gtn, — HLe, of 
 
 fishermen. 
 P^bbiS, impetuous. 
 piita, n'ver. 
 pa^i, — a, i», line. 
 
 ca6.ua, — h, sword. 
 cafl^TBCJi (cfeCTL), to si£ <foww. 
 cafli., — a, garden. 
 cajiLHH&, of tallow. 
 caMB, — a, — 6, -self: plur. 
 
 caMH: caM r b-co66io, alone. 
 cbo66^hhh, free. 
 cbo.hi, — a, vault, roof. 
 cboS, — ok, — oe, mme, 
 
 his. 
 
 CB'tmin, fresh. 
 
 CBiT^TL (ho-cb-bt^tb), to shine. 
 
 cbItjibih, bright. 
 
 cb^tohb, a torch. 
 
 cbbtb, world, light. 
 
 CBB^a, candle. 
 
 c-Bfl3aHHii, tied together. 
 
 cb3t6h, — aa, — 6e, sacred, holy. 
 
 c-rn6aTB (co-rafTB), to bend. 
 
 c-,ii,BHraTB (c-j^B^HyTB), to knit 
 (the brows). 
 
 c-s'BJiaTB : see jvfejiaTB. 
 
 ce6A, ce6i, co66S, reflexive 
 pron., oneself, myself, thy- 
 self etc. 
 
 cef , cia, cie, this. 
 ceieme, — a, settlement. 
 ceMB^mKa, little family. 
 cep^HLiIj of the heart. 
 ce'pjme, heart. 
 cepeHa^a, serenade. 
 cri,neHB, — ppa, a sitter. 
 CHftBTB (ho-ch^tb), to be sit 
 
 crfjia, power. 
 
 CHH'riija, blue bird. 
 
 cripLifi, bereaved. 
 
 chxb: gen. plur. of cen. 
 
 ciflHie, glitter. 
 
 CKaatH : imperative of CKa3aTB» 
 
 CKa3aTB: see iobophtb. 
 
 CKa3Ka, fairy-tale. 
 
 CKa3BiBaTB (cKa3aTB), to tell. 
 
 CKaEaTB (no-cmniiTh), to gallop. 
 
 CKai£, rock. 
 
 CKB03HTB, to peep through, let 
 light through. 
 
 ckbo3h6h, — aa, — 6e, trans- 
 parent. 
 
 ckbo3b, prep, with ace, 
 through. 
 
 C-KJiaVUBIBaTB (c-jromiiTB), to 
 fold. 
 
 C-KJIOHflTBCa (C-KJIOHilTBCJl), to 
 
 stoop. 
 ckojbko, how many, how much. 
 ck6p6hbih, sorrowful. 
 ckop6b, — n, f. 5 trouble. 
 CK6po, soon-, KaKB CKopo, as 
 
 soon as. 
 
 7 
 
98 
 
 C-KpHBaTBCH (c-KptTTBCfl), to 
 
 hide oneself. 
 CKfflHtiit, beggarly. 
 CKyn6S, — aa, — 6e, barren. 
 CKy^aTL (no-CKy^aTt), to be 
 
 homesick. 
 cia6^TL (o-cjia6 , fcTL), to grow 
 
 weak. 
 cjiasa, glory. 
 CiaBHTL (npo-cjiaBiiTL), to 
 
 glorify. 
 cjia^Kiftj sweet. 
 cjra^ocTB, — h, f., sweetness. 
 ciaTB (no-cnaTB), to send. 
 cjie3a, tear: pi. ciesBi. 
 ciobho, like, as if. 
 c-.iojk;hbiiiii : see cKJia^BiBaTB. 
 cifniaTB (no-cjif m&Th), to listen. 
 ciiifflHO, neut. adj., audible. 
 cm^pthbih, deadly, of death. 
 CMepTB, — n, f., death. 
 c-MHp^HHBi&, humble. 
 CMOJia, resin. 
 CMOTp^xejiB, post-master. 
 
 CMOTpBTB (nO-CMOTpBTB), to 
 
 look. 
 
 CM'feio, adv., boldly, 
 c-H6Ba, adv., afresh. 
 c-hochtb (c-HecTH), to endure. 
 ch^: loc. of COHB. 
 ch-etb, — a, snow. 
 chb , jkhbi& > snowy, 
 co-6nparB (co-6paTB), to collect. 
 co-r6^HHHf, bent, boived. 
 co-rafTB: see c-rnoaTB. 
 
 co-3H^TejrBHBifi, conscious. 
 cofiseniB: see c-xoarfTt. 
 c6koib, falcon. 
 co-Kp6ftcii : imperat. of ckpbI- 
 
 TBCa. 
 
 c6iHe T iHBiif, of the sun. 
 c6jnme, sun. 
 
 cojiob^h, — bbh, nightingale. 
 cojioMa, straw. 
 cohho, adv., sleepily. 
 c6hhhS, asleep, sleeping. 
 cohb, CHa, sleep, a dream. 
 cocfc^Ka, female neighbour. 
 cocb-^b, — a, neighbour : n. 
 
 plur. cocfcfln. 
 co-xpaHHTB: see xpaHixB. 
 cnacaTB (cnaciri), to save. 
 cnaTB (no-cnaTB), to sleep: 
 
 cmio, cnHfflB etc. 
 chh: imperative of cnaTB. 
 c-hoh: imperative of c-iibtb. 
 cnoKOHHBiir, quiet, calm. 
 c-noi6 : pres. ind. of c-iibtb : 
 
 see n^TB. 
 cnpamiiBaTB (cnpocliTB),fo ask. 
 cnpocHTB: see cnpamnBaTB. 
 c-nycKaTBCn (c-nyCTrfTBca), to 
 
 descend. 
 cnamiii : pres. part, of cnaTB. 
 cpe;nH\ prep, with gen., amid. 
 
 CTaBHTB (iIO-CTdBHTBJ, to place. 
 
 CTaM6f.iB, Stambul, Constan- 
 tinople. 
 CTaHOBfiTBCtf (ciaTB), ti become, 
 
CT^Hy : pres. of CTaTB. 
 CTaHU,ia, a post-house. 
 CTapHHd, old times. 
 CTapriHHHfi, old-fashioned. 
 CTapfxa, old woman. 
 CTapfmsa, old woman. 
 ct^phh, old. 
 CTaTL, to become, begin : CT^Hy, 
 
 CT^Henrt; past ct&jb. 
 c-TeK^TL (c-tc^b), to exude. 
 CTent, — ii, f ., steppe, prairie. 
 ctoji6b, — i, pillar, post. 
 ctoatb (ho-cto^tl), to stand. 
 CTpa^aTB (no-CTpa^TB), to 
 
 suffer. 
 CTpaH^, country. 
 ctp^ictho, passionately. 
 CTpacTB, — it, f., passion. 
 CTpaxB, — a, fear. 
 CTpeMa, — eMeHH, n., stirrup. 
 dpy^TBca, to flow. 
 CTpya, jet, flow. 
 CTpijid, arrow. 
 CT^KHyTB, to tick. 
 dyndTB (cTynnTB), to walk. 
 CTyneHB, — e'HH, f., step. 
 CTy^^TB (no-CTyndTB), to knock. 
 ctb-h^, wall. 
 cy,a,B6a\ fortune. 
 cyp6BBifi, hard, harsh. 
 c-xo^tb (co-htii), to descend. 
 c^acrie, happiness. 
 cb (and co), prep, with instr. 
 
 or gen., (1) with; (2) from. 
 cbItbih, sufficiently fed. 
 
 c^BepB, the North. 
 ci^eiBite, a saddle. 
 cbmb : see ca^HTBca. 
 cfeHB, — h, f., tent. 
 cfcpBifi, grey. 
 cfeTOBaTB, to complain. 
 cfeTB, — ii, f., a net. 
 
 Ta^HCTBeHHBit, mysterious. 
 
 t^hho, secretly. 
 
 TaK6BB, — b£, — b6, such. 
 
 TaKoft, — aa, — 6e, such. 
 
 TaKB, thus, so, merely ; t^kb ate, 
 in the same way. 
 
 TajincM^HB, talisman, charm. 
 
 TaMB, there. 
 
 Tam^TB (no-Tani,iiTB), to draw. 
 
 TBepji^TB, to repeat. 
 
 TBep^Hfi, firm. 
 
 tboh, — aa, — oe, thine. 
 
 Te6a : gen. and ace. of tbi. 
 
 TeKJi^ : from Te^B. 
 
 Teji'fera, a cart. 
 
 TeMHBif, dark. 
 
 TenepB, now. 
 
 Tenant, warm. 
 
 Temrie, adv., more warmly. 
 
 TepH6BBifi, of thorns. 
 
 TepuiiB (no-TepirfeTB), to en- 
 dure. 
 
 Te^iB (no-Te^B), to flow. 
 
 THrpB, tiger. 
 
 Trixifi, — aa, — oe, still. 
 
 t^xo, adv., quietly, peacefully. 
 
 thx6hbko, adv., with no noise. 
 
100 
 
 THinHHa, stillness. 
 Tjie-TB6pHHH, pestilential. 
 to: neut. of totb: to... to, at 
 
 one time... at another. 
 to66k> or to66h : instr. of 
 
 TBI. 
 
 TOin^, host, crowd. 
 
 TOJin^TLCH (C-TOIH^TLCa), to 
 
 come crowding. 
 t6jibko, only. 
 
 TOM*ITBC,a (lIC-TOM^TLCfl), to 
 
 grow weary. 
 tomj : dat. of totb. 
 T6HKift, fine, delicate. 
 Ton^Tt (pac-ToniiTL), <o melt. 
 TopatecTBO, triumph. 
 TopatecTBOBaTB, to triumph. 
 Toponji^BLiil, hasty. 
 TOCKa, grief. 
 totb, Ta, to, demonstr. pron., 
 
 that. 
 TOH^TL(Ha-TO^^TL),^o sharpen. 
 t6hho, exactly. 
 
 TpaB^i, grass. 
 
 Tpe3B6H'B > peal, carol. 
 
 Tp^3BBiif, sober. 
 
 TpeneTB, tremor. 
 
 Tpona, path. 
 
 TpocTH^EB, reed-bed. 
 
 Tpy(5a\ pipe. 
 
 Tpy^TLca (no-Tpy^TBaa), to 
 labour. 
 
 Tpyflt, — a, labour. 
 
 TpicKiil, jolty. 
 
 Ty: ace. fern, of totb. 
 
 tvm^hb, — a, mist, 
 T^a, — h, rain-cloud. 
 th, thou: pi. BBI. 
 THca^a, a thousand. 
 TBMa, a myriad. 
 t$: plur. of totb. 
 tbmb: instr. of totb. 
 ifeB, f., shadow. 
 TarocTHHfi, painful. 
 TR%Leji6, heavily. 
 
 y, prep, with gen., belonging 
 
 to, near. 
 y-6iiTBiH, crushed. 
 y66rii, crippled. 
 y-6iraTB (y-diatdTB), to run 
 
 y-Bie^ieHHBifi, carried away. 
 y-Bfl^mifi, faded. 
 yrpi&MBiir, sullen. 
 y-ji;aBaTBCii (y-^aTBCji), to suc- 
 ceed. 
 ytfpywB (yjjpy^TB), to op- 
 
 yjKe (and yatB), already, by 
 
 this time; surely.. 
 y-3HaBaTB (y-3HaTB), to learn. 
 y-Kpaji.Kofr, adv., by stealth. 
 y-KpBIBaTBCfl (y-KpmTBca), to 
 
 shelter (intr.). 
 yjiBi6Ka, a smile. 
 y-MHpaTB (y-Jep^TB), to die. 
 
 y-MHBaTBCfl (y-MHTBCfl), to 
 
 wash oneself. 
 y-M^aTB, to carry off. 
 
 
101 
 
 y-HOcrfTB (y-HecTri), to bear xopob6ji;b, train. 
 
 away. xot^tb (3a-xorfeTB), to wish. 
 
 y-HLijinfi, doleful. xota (and xotb), although. 
 
 y-na^f : see na,naTB. xoxotsitb (3a-xoxoTaTB), to 
 y-nHBaTLca (y-n^TBca), to in- laugh loud. 
 
 toxicate oneself. xpaH^TB (co-xpaHiiTb), to pre- 
 ynpfrifi, supple. serve. 
 
 yparaHB, hurricane. xpan*TB, to snore. 
 
 y-c-noK6eHHBii , calmed. xpe6e"TB, — Ta, back-bone. 
 
 yda, pi. n., lips. xpycTajTBHBifi, of crystal. 
 y-CTaBaTB (y-craTB), to grow 
 
 weary- ijapiiTB, to reign. 
 
 y-CTajiBrii, tired. ^ a p I() _^ fa^ 
 
 y-CTpeMJiflTB (y-CTpeM^TB), to ^ B i CT ^ ( 3 a-ii,BicTrf), to bloom. 
 
 direct. u.ijiOBaTB (no-i^ioBaTB), to 
 jtksl, a duck. fags, 
 
 y-TOMMTB (y-TOM^TB), to wear ^hii, whole. 
 
 out - b^hb, — h, f.., chain. 
 fTpo, morning. 
 
 yTp66a, bosom. ^acoBofi, sentinel. 
 
 y-xiinaTBCJi (y-TiumiTBca), to ^acB, — a, hour. 
 
 be comforted. HaxiBifi, plague-stricken. 
 
 naiua, cup. 
 <{)OHTaHB, —a, spring, foun- ^er6: gen. of ™. 
 
 tain. ^o> forehead. 
 
 ^eiOBiKB, man. 
 xiapHS = xoj^hbih, cold. ?epe3B, prep, with ace, 
 xjiajiB = xojio^b. through. 
 
 xaonoTaTB (no-xionOTaTB), to ^epe3^ pB, adv., beyond mea- 
 
 fuss. sure - 
 
 xojtfTB (c-xojii^TB), to go, walk, ^epHHfr, black. 
 
 move. HepH^TB, to grow dark. 
 
 X03AHHB, master of the house. ^^puaTB (^epimfTB), to draw, 
 xojl6,h,hbih, cold. drink. 
 
 x6io^b, cold. h^ctho, adv., honourably. 
 
102 
 
 ^e^HT,, mountaineer, duootb : 3rd pers. plur., pres. 
 
 ^ctbih, pure, clean. ind. of ciaTL. 
 
 ^to, that; why? iuojiK'b, silk. 
 
 *ito, that which. myMB, — a, noise. 
 
 tt6-6bi or T iTo6t, that. myMBTB (sa-myarETL), to make 
 
 ^fBCTBOBaxb(no-i:fBCTBOBaTb), a noise. 
 
 to feel. 
 
 ^f jkxhh, foreign. ixaTB (no-isxaTb), i&y, ijemi, 
 
 gyatofi, — -aa, — 6e, foreign. to go (not on foot). 
 ^yTL, adv., hardly. 
 
 ^JRTh (no-^faTb), to scent out. 3totb. 3ia, 3to, to. 
 
 maraTB (marnfTL), to step. K>rB, £Ae #ow^. 
 
 maaainB, — a, to. i&hoctb, — n, f., youth. 
 
 inaTKit, shaky. 
 
 me-ib, ^e walked: past tense a, MeHa, mhb, hk6k> or mhoh, 
 
 of hji,th. 7j me. 
 
 menTaTL (menHf tl), to whisper, rbj: see Ha. 
 
 mKant, — a, cupboard. ajjoBliTBifi, poisonous. 
 
 fflHp6Kifi, broad. a^B, — a, poison. 
 
 mjia, she walked: past tense apuiS, bright. 
 
 of E^Trf. acHHfi, dear, bright. 
 
 
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